Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from University of Alberta Libraries https://archive.org/details/illustratedencycOOwrig EVERYMAN’S LIBRARY EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS REFERENCE ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLO- PAEDIA OF GARDENING BY WALTER P. WRIGHT THIS IS NO. 555 OF THE PUBLISHERS WILL BE PLEASED TO SEND FREELY TO ALL APPLICANTS A LIST OF THE PUBLISHED AND PROJECTED VOLUMES, ARRANGED UNDER THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS: TRAVEL ^ SCIENCE $ FICTION THEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY HISTORY ^ CLASSICAL FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ESSAYS » ORATORY POETRY & DRAMA BIOGRAPHY REFERENCE ROMANCE IN FOUR STYLES OF BINDING! CLOTH, FLAT BACK, COLOURED TOP; LEATHER, ROUND CORNERS, GILT TOP; LIBRARY BINDING IN CLOTH, & QUARTER PIGSKIN London: J. M. DENT & SONS, Ltd. New York: E. P. DUTTON & CO. ^ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA o/GARDENING WALTER P.WRIGHTM LONDON ©• TORONTO J M- DENT S’ SONS LTD. "St? NEW YORK E P- DUTTON S CO First Issue of this Edition . 1911 Reprinted .... 1913, 1918, 1921 library OF-^Tffp'wsfRf^siTY OF ALBERTA INTRODUCTION The Everyman’s Library has placed within the reach of all classes a means of benefiting by the wisdom of every age. It has unlocked storehouses of literary treasures that hitherto were open only to the rich. Almost every sphere of human activity has been considered. The addition of a volume on Gardening marks a decision to recognise the trend of modern taste. Gardening as a healthful and agreeable recreation, as well as a source of income, has made a notable advance in recent years. Thousands follow it as a pleasant pastime, many others as a means of livelihood. Readers find a happy association in plants and books. Poets gain inspiration from flowers. Artists learn that the making of gardens is an aid to painting beautiful pictures. The present volume provides plant growers generally, in- cluding amateur gardeners, with a guide to the culture ol popular plants and to garden practice. Its scope embraces all the flowers, fruits, vegetables, ferns, palms, trees, and shrubs in general cultivation. The term “ popular plants ” has a real meaning in my mind. The writer of a gardening encyclopaedia has always before his eyes the spectre of incompleteness. He fears to omit an obscure plant lest an irate purchaser of the volume with a taste for rarities should be aggrieved. This nervousness respecting omissions grows, and leads to the inclusion of hundreds of plants which are of no real importance. Thousands of species are never seen outside botanical gardens or the collections of a handful of virtuosi. To include them vii B0662S viii Encyclopedia of Gardening with the popular plants means that they rob really important things of valuable space, and prevent adequate treatment of them, except in a large and expensive volume. The object in the present case being to produce a practical work which every one can afford, the alternatives of treating a large number of kinds inadequately or a limited number ade- quately present themselves. The latter has been chosen. Special attention has been devoted to Bulbs, Flower Garden, Fruit, Greenhouse, and Kitchen Garden, under which heads a considerable amount of detailed information has been gathered together. WALTER P. WRIGHT. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING Abele Tree (abe-le), the White Poplar, Populus alba. Abelia (abe-lia, after Dr. Abel. Ord. Caprifoliaceae) . — Green- house shrubs which are sometimes grown outside in mild districts. They are propagated by layers in spring and by cuttings under a. bell glass in summer. Loam and peat, with sand, suit them. Floribunda, a spring bloomer with rosy purple flov/ers, is the most popular species. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 4316. Abies, Spruce Firs (a-bies, from abeo, to rise, in allusion to the tall habit. Ord. Coniferae). — Several important species are now re- ferred to other genera by botanists, notably Albertiana, now Tsuga Mertensiana; Douglasii, now Pseudostuga Douglasii; excelsa, now Picea excelsa; Mertensiana, now Tsuga Mertensiana; Morinda, now Picea Morinda ; and Smithiana, now Picea Morinda. These species still appear under Abies in the catalogues of many nurserymen. Of the most important species kept under Abies by botanists may be named balsamea, the Balm of Gilead; cephalonica, concolor (also known as lasiocarpa), grandis, nobilis, nordmanniana, pectinata (Silver Fir) and Pinsapo. These are all good Conifers, suitable for the garden, and make handsome trees in deep, fertile soil. If the- natural soil is poor the young trees ought to be given a start with a barrowload of loam each. Plant in autumn or winter. The Abies are closely connected -with the Piceas, but have upright instead of drooping cones, and flat, soft leaves instead of round, hard ones. They are evergreens. Abronia (abro-nia, from abros, delicate. Ord. Nyctaginae). — A. small genus of perennial trailing plants, suitable for rockeries. They like sandy soil, and are commonly known as Sand Verbenas. Cut- tings strike in sandy soil in spring under glass. A stock can be- raised in the first place from seed, which may be sown in a frame in autumn. Arenaria, yellow, July; and fragrans, white. May, are pro- curable. Both are sweet. Umbellata, pink, spring, is also grown. Abrus (a-brus, from abros, delicate. Ord. Leguminosae) . — The- species precatorius is a stove climber, with purple flowers, and is of interest on account of the pretty scarlet and white seeds, which are used for rosaries, and also as weights. Carat, a proportional measure of of the fineness of gold, is said to derive from retti (Greek keration) a name applied to these seeds. They must be sown in heat. Abutilon (abu-tilon, mallow-like, from the Arabic. Ord. Mai- • vaceae). — Greenhouse plants, sometimes grown in pots, but often planted out, and allowed to run up rafters, walls, or pillars. They 2 Encyclopaedia of Gardening produce large evergreen leaves, and bright, drooping, bell-shaped flowers. With the exception of Thomsonii, which is often mixed with flowering plants in the garden for the beauty of its mottled leaves; and vexillarium, which also has handsome foliage and scarlet and yellow flowers, the species have been discarded in favour of the modern varieties. Propagated by cuttings and seeds. The former (pieces of young, flowerless wood with the lower leaves removed) may be inserted, and the latter sown, in sandy soil in gentle bottom heat in spring. They thrive in sandy loam, but a third of peat may be added. Pinch out the tips, first, soon after the cuttings have rooted, and subsequently, when the resulting shoots have extended a few inches. This will make them form side shoots. If they are to be grown in pots they must have successive shifts as the pots get filled with roots, say from 3 to 6 and from 6 to lo-inch. Give a light position. They love water, both at the roots and over the foliage, throughout the summer, but not much wall be required in autumn and winter. The winter temperature may be 45°. Sanderianum has beautiful foliage. Acacia (aca-cia, from akazo, to sharpen. Ord. Leguminosae). — Most of these beautiful shrubs and trees have yellow, primrose, or white flowers in the form of small globes or cones, with feathery leaves; but a few have flat foliage. The well-known “ mimosa ” of the florists’ shops is Acacia dealbata, otherwise known as the Silver Wattle. Armata, yellow; Drummondii, lemon, pretty foliage; leprosa, primrose, charming against a pillar with the flowering shoots drooping; pulchella, deep yellow, one of the smallest growers; Riceana, yellow, graceful, dependent habit; and verticillata, yellow, cone-shaped, all flower in spring, and thrive in the green- house. For cuttings, the tips of the shoots should be taken a few weeks after flowering, when they are fairly well matured, inserted in sandy soil, and covered with a bell glass. Acacias will do in fibrous loam, lightened with sand, but one-third of leaf mould is an advantage. The soil should be made firm at each repotting, if they are grown in pots, but they are often planted out. If straggly, prune hard after flowering, and new growth will break from the old wood, especially if they are well syringed. They must not be allowed to suffer for water in summer. Winter temperature for all the species named, 45°. Acaena. See Flower Garden — Rockery. Acalypha (a-cal-ypha, from akalepe, a nettle. Ord. Euphor- biaceae). — Stove shrubs, principally grown for their handsome leaves, but hispida (sanderiana) has crimson spikes of bloom in summer. Macafeeana and musaica have marbled foliage. They may be in- creased by cuttings in a propagator in spring or summer, and thrive in equal parts of loam and leaf-soil, with sand. Acanthus (acan-thus, irora. akantha, spine. Ord. Acanthaceae) . — Herbaceous plants, generally represented by the species mollis (whose leaves suggested the Corinthian style of architecture), although lusitanicus (latifolius) is finer. They grow about 4 ft. high, and have white or pink flowers in summer, but are chiefly Encyclopedia of Gardening 3 remarkable for their handsome foliage. They may be raised from seed in a warm greenhouse or frame in spring, and should be planted out in rich soil. Subsequently they may be increased by division. Acer, Maple (a-cer, from acer, sharp. Ord. Sapindaceae). — An im- portant genus of trees, embracing the Common, Silver, Japanese, ISTorway, and Scarlet Maples, as well as the Sycamore. There is also the variegated Negundo, which, although not quite hardy, survives the winter in most districts if it has partial shelter. The following species may be named: Campestre, the Common Maple, with small divided leaves; there are varieties with gold and silver margins; dasycarpum, the Silver Maple; Japonicum, several varieties; Negundo variegata, with green and white foliage, a small tree; palmatum, the Japanese Maple, many varieties; platanoides, the Norway Maple, many varieties; Pseudo-platanus, the Sycamore, many varieties; and rubrum, the Scarlet Maple, with heart-shaped leaves. The varieties of the Japanese Maple, and Negundo varie- gata, are well adapted for small gardens, as they give welcome colour and beauty of form in places not exposed to cold winds or hard frosts in spring. The Sycamore is perfectly hardy, and being cheap, as well as a rapid grower, is very useful, but it should not be planted too largely, as it is liable to be disfigured by blotches. Propagated by layers or seeds, the choicer varieties also by grafts and buds, but the small planter will buy young trees from nursery- men. A stiff, damp soil is not suitable for the majority, which prefer well-drained loam, but the Scarlet Maple will thrive in wet soil. Achillea, Milfoil (achille-a, from Achilles, who used it medicinally. Ord. Compositae). — Pretty hardy plants, mostly suitable for borders, but Clavennae, which has hoary leaves, and bears white flowers in spring; and tomentosa, which has woolly leaves and produces yellow flowers in summer, are good for the rockery also, as they only grow from 6 to 9 ins. high. Of the taller ones, Milli- folium roseum, the red Milfoil, 2 ft. high, a summer bloomer; and Ptarmica, The Pearl, 2 ft. high, with double white flowers, are the best known. Propagated by division of the roots in autumn or spring, or by seeds if preferred. They are not at all particular as to soil, and will thrive in stiff, cool ground. Sericea, i ft.. May, white, is pretty. Achimenes (achime-nes, from cheimaino, sensitiveness to cold. Ord. Gesneraceae) . — See Bulbs. Acis. — See Bulbs. Section of pan with Achimenes. {See also Bulbs.) Aconite, Winter (Eranthis hyemalis). — See Bulbs. Aconitum, Monkshood, Wolf’s-bane (aconi-tum, grown near Acona. Ord. Ranunculaceae) . — The common Monkshood, Aconi- tum Napellus, is one of the most poisonous, yet most handsome, of hardy plants. The root has been mistaken for Horseradish, and eaten, with highly unpleasant results. Some people exclude it from their gardens on account of its poisonous properties, but that 4 Encyclopaedia of Gardening ought not to be necessary. It grows about 4 ft. high, and bears blue, helmet-shaped flowers in summer ; there is a white variety. Other handsome species are Anthora, 2 ft. high, yellow ; Fischeri, 4 ft., blue; Wilsoni, 4 ft., pale blue; and Lycoctonum, 4 ft., yellow. Propagation is by division in spring ; in view of the poisonous nature of the roots it should be done by some responsible person, who may be trusted to avoid the dangerous practice of care- lessly leaving portions of root about. A cool, substantial soil such as suits Dahlias, Sweet Peas, and Roses, will grow Monkshoods to perfection. They enjoy a shaded position. Acroclinium (acroclin-ium). — See Annuals — Half-hardy. Adam’s Needle. — See Yucca. Adiantum, Maidenhair (adian-tum, from adiantos, dry. Ord. Filices). — Beautiful and popular ferns, nearly all requiring green- house or stove treatment. There is an immense number of species, and a still larger number of varieties. The following are the prin- cipal : Capillus- V eneris, the British Maidenhair, which, although not generally hardy, grows wild in Cornwall, imbricatum is a beauti- ful variety of it; caudatum, stove ; concinnum, good for baskets, a stove species which has a charming variety called latum ; cunea- tum, the popular Maidenhair, so greatly esteemed as a table plant, and for association with cut flowers, gracillimum, grandiceps, and Pacotti are pretty varieties of it, it likes a warm greenhouse ; Far- leyense, beautiful, broad, tinted fronds, stove ; macrophyllum, a large stove species ; and pedatum, hardy. Propagation is by spores and division. Sow in a propagating case, or in heat, and cover with a bell-glass. But cuneatum is easily propagated by splitting it up, and Farleyense, which does not produce spores, is exclusively increased in this way. Soil ; 2 parts of loam, i each of peat and leaf mould, and ^ part of sand. In the main the plants must have shade, but it should not be dense ; a soft, diffused light is best. When cuneatum has become rusty through being used in rooms it should be cut right down, in fact many growers make autumn pruning an annual function. It may be kept fresh in a living-room for several months if great care is taken in watering, and, while giving it air, preserving it from cold draughts. All ferns like moisture, but the soil should not be kept sodden. When fronds of Maidenhairs are to be associated with flowers, they should be cut and laid in water for a few hours before being used, then they last better. Adonis. — See Flower Garden — Rockery. Aerides (aerides, from aer, air. Ord. Orchidaceae). — Evergreen Orchids, with flowers in racemes. Fieldingii, which bears white, rose, and brown flowers in late spring, and grows about 3 ft. high, is the principal species. The Aerides require a warm, moist house. They may be planted in pans or baskets in crocks and sphagnum moss. The spring and summer temperature, when the plants are growing, may range from 75° to 85°, but in autumn and winter 10® less will suffice. Abundance of water will be required throughout the growing period, both at the roots and in the air, but the supply must be reduced in winter. Encyclopaedia of Gardening 5 Aesculus, Chestnut (aes-culus, having edible fruit, from the Greek. Ord. Sapindaceae) . — The Chestnut, Aesculus Hippocastanum, is a well-known British tree, handsome in form and foliage, and very- beautiful when in bloom. There are several varieties, including a double with pink and white flowers, and one with variegated leaves. Parviflora (small-flowered) is a handsome dwarf species which pro- duces white flowers in spring. Propagated by seeds for the common, and by grafting for the choicer varieties, but the small planter should buy small transplanted trees in autumn, winter, or spring, and plant and stake firmly. Soil: rich, moist loam, but the tree will attain to fair dimensions in most kinds of soil. Aethionema. — See Flower Garden — Rockery. Agapanthus, African Lily (agapan-thus, from agape, love, and anthos, flower. Ord. Liliaceae). — A beautiful Cape plant with long, sword-shaped, light green leaves, and blue flowers borne in an umbel on a stout stem about 3 ft. high. It is not perfectly hardy, but is found to pass the winter in mild districts when planted out near water. More often, when used for outdoor effect, it is grown in a large tub or pot, so that it can be stood in appropriate positions, such as at the top of flights of steps, and moved indoors for the winter. It is often grown in tubs for the adornment of large con- servatories. The only species is umbellatus, but there are several varieties of it. Most of them are blue, but there are also whites, and a double. Propagated by division in spring. Soil: 3 parts loam, I decayed manure, i leaf mould, and ^ sand, well mixed and made firm. Agaricus campestris. — See Kitchen Garden — Mushroom. Agathaea coelestis. — See Chrysanthemum — Marguerite. Agave, Aloe (aga-ve, from agavos, admirable form of flower. Ord. Amaryllideae) . — Handsome greenhouse plants, with fleshy, spiny leaves, and greenish-yellow, funnel-shaped flowers. They are slow growers, and bloom rarely. A tradition has grown up out of the latter fact that they flower every 100 years, but it is an error. The principal species is americana, and it is so nearly hardy that it is made use of for the garden, often being grown in large tubs and stood in prominent positions, but it will not pass the winter in cold districts. There are several varieties of it, notably picta and varie- gata, which have variegated leaves. Filamentosa has leaves the margins of which are furnished with long threads. Sartori is a dwarf grower and a comparatively free bloomer. Propagated by suckers, which form at the base of the plant, and may be pulled off and potted. Soil: 3 parts loam, i dried cow manure, i leaf mould, ^ part sand, pressed quite firmly. They will take a good deal of water in summer, but the supply must be reduced in autumn, and very little given in the winter. Ageratum (agera-tum, from a, without, and geras, old = always bright. Ord. Compositae) . — Pretty dwarf plants, generally treated as annuals, being raised from seed in spring, and thrown away after seeding in autumn. If desired the fading flowers can be pinched off to prevent seed formation, and the plants preserved through the 6 Encyclopedia of Gardening winter in a cool house, to be subsequently increased by cuttings, which may be inserted either in autumn or spring; this plan may be adopted in order to make quite sure of keeping a variety true, but as a rule they come pretty true from seed. Where seedlings are preferred the seed may be sown in a greenhouse or heated frame in spring, and the seedlings hardened and planted out as margins to borders, or in mixed beds. Any friable, well-drained soil will do; the plants do not like a stiff, wet, adhesive soil. Mexi- canum is the best-known species, and is much grown, but such varieties as Imperial Dwarf Blue and Swanley Blue are generally preferred. Agrostemma coronaria (Rose Campion). — See Annuals — Hardy. Agrostis. — See Grasses under Annuals. Ailanthus (ailan-thus, from ailanto, tree of heaven. Ord. Sima- rubeae). — Ailanthus (or Allan tus) glandulosus is a handsome small tree which may be regarded as hardy, although liable to injury if exposed to cold winds. It loses its leaves in autumn. At Kew the plan is adopted of growing young plants in rich soil and cutting them back close to the ground in autumn. In the following spring the best of the shoots which start is selected, and grown on, to produce beautiful leaves in due course. Ajuga. — See Flower Garden — Rockery. Alder (Alnus glutinosa. Ord. Cupulifereae). — A well-known tree, not in great demand for parks and gardens, but esteemed because of its adaptability for damp positions. The name Alnus comes from al, near, and Ian, river-bank. It will thrive in swampy places. It may be pruned annually, and made to do duty as covert. There are several distinct varieties of it, and of these aurea, with yellov/ foliage, is one of the best known. Allamanda (allaman-da, after Dr. Allamand. Ord. Apocynaceae) . — Beautiful stove plants, which produce large, trumpet-shaped flowers freely during summer. All the principal species — and among these Hendersoni is the best known — have yellow flowers. Their growth is so vigorous that they may be used as climbers, being trained along the rafters ; or they may be trained on balloon- shaped trellises in large pots. Propagated by cuttings in spring, formed of the ends of partially matured shoots, inserted in sandy soil, and placed in a propagating case. Soil; 4 parts loam, i each decayed manure and leaf mould, sand. The young plants should be pinched when they have fairly started into growth. They will take a good deal of water w'hen growing in summer, but the supply must be reduced in autumn. The plants may be pruned hard in late winter, and repotted ; they will then start into growth vigorously. Allium. — See Bulbs. Allotments. — Small pieces of land, suitable for culture by work- ing men, of special benefit in districts, whether urban or rural, where the gardens attached to the dwellings are small, or unsuitable for cropping. Flowers, fruit, and vegetables can all be grown on Encyclopaedia of Gardening 7 allotments, and in some cases pigs and poultry may be kept on them; but in view of the fact that the plots are generally held on a yearly tenancy, it is not the rule for holders to go to much expense for buildings or fittings. Large structures, which might keep the sun from other plots, should not be permitted. Land for allotments can generally be got without serious difficulty in the country, but in case of trouble parish councils have the power of acquiring land for the purpose. It is desirable that the ground be reasonably near the cottages, and that it be fair agricultural land. The pieces should be cut up into parallel rectangular strips. Twenty square rods, poles, or perches (equal to an eighth of an acre) constitute a good average size, but it may vary according to circumstances. It is often more convenient to make smaller plots. Much larger ones are best avoided, as a man who is following a regular occupation throughout the day can hardly keep more than 20 rods clean and well cropped. Most of the county councils give instruction in allotment cultivation through their staff instructors. Deep culture and correct manuring are advised. The soil should be double dug {see Kitchen Garden — Bastard trenching) and manured {see Manures). Except in particular circumstances, vegetables should have most of the space. The principal crops are Potatoes, Winter Greens (Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Kale, and Savoys), Onions, Cabbages, Beetroot, Carrots, Parsnips, Cauliflowers, Celery, Tomatoes, Peas, Beans, Turnips, Leeks, Vegetable Marrows, and Rhubarb. Arti- chokes, Spinach, Shallots, Cucumbers, Horseradish, Salads (Lettuces, Radishes, etc.), and Herbs (Mint, Sage, Thyme, and so forth), may also be grown if desired. It is a good plan to arrange these in some order, and crop the ground in rotations. This is not easy on very small plots, where it is necessary to give up nearly half the ground to Potatoes, but it is not altogether impossible. In the &st place, the vegetables might be thrown into three groups: (i) Potatoes and Winter Greens (the latter to be planted between or after early Potatoes in summer) ; (2) Peas, Beans, Turnips, Celery, Leeks, Spinach, and Onions (the Turnips and Spinach going between the Peas and Beans, the Leeks and Celery following the early Peas in summer); (3) Beet, Carrot, Parsnips, and Tomatoes. The following year Sections 2 and 3, taken together, may change places with Section i. The third year Section 2 may occupy the ground which Section 3 had the first year, and Section 3 that of Section 2, Section i going back to its original place. The principal crops not provided for may be arranged as follows : Cabbages for spring may be raised early in August and planted in October on ground cleared of Onions. Cauliflowers for autumn may be sown in spring and planted in summer after early Peas or Potatoes. Rhubarb, Arti- chokes, and Herbs may have a permanent place at one end of the plot. Vegetable Marrows and Cucumbers may be raised in pots, and planted out in summer between early Peas, to subsequently succeed them. Lettuces may be grown on Celery ridges or between Peas. The various kinds are all dealt with under Kitchen Garden in this work. It is not, as a rule, wise to plant much fruit on small allotments, and in any case the trees should not be mixed up in- discriminately with the vegetables. If planted, they should either S Encyclopaedia of Gardening form a group at one end, or else be planted in straight lines a1 intervals of about 20 ft. across the plot. Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, and bush Apples on the Paradise stock would be most ■suitable. A bed of Strawberries may be provided if space permits. Flowers, such as annuals, may be grown in a border alongside the main path. Weeds should never be tolerated on allotments, as apart from robbing the soil they may, if they seed, prove a source of injury to other allottees than the man on whose ground they are permitted to grow. The paths should be kept neat and clean. Allspice. — See Calycanthus. Almond. — The Almond is one of the most useful of flowering trees, because it blooms so early in spring. In mild districts it may be out in March, and it is rarely later than April, except in very cold parts. The pale pink flowers cover the long branches from tip to base, so that the tree makes a very cheerful object. There are several varieties of the common Almond. Dulcis is the Sweet Almond, and Amara the Bitter Almond. Propagation need hardly be considered, because those who want trees will purchase the necessary number, probably in autumn. Soil : the Almond is not in the least particular; it will grow almost anywhere. It is a common object in the suburbs of London and other large towns. Aloe (al-o-e, from the Arabic alloch. Ord. Liliaceae). — The Aloes often excite astonishment when planted out in public parks. The flowers may be 20 or 30 ft. above the ground. They are used in sub-tropical gardens in summer, and put under cover in winter, for they are not hardy. Several of the species are suitable for cultiva- tion in greenhouses, notably striata, with spotted leaves; succo- trina, with a rosette of glaucous leaves ; and variegata, the popular variegated Aloe. Ikopagated by suckers. Soil: equal parts of loam and peat, with a quarter of shattered brick. A temperature of about 45° will be suitable in Winter, when very little water must 1 be given. Alonsoa (alons6-a, after Alonzo. Ord. Scrophularineae) . — A genus of graceful plants, including several which may be treated as annuals, being sown under glass in a warm house or frame in winter, pricked off and potted singly. They are occasionally used in flower beds. Linifolia, Warscewiczii and W. compacta, all with scarlet flowers, may be treated in this way. Sandy loam suits them. Alpine Garden and Plants. — See Flower Garden — Rockery. Alstromeria.— Bulbs. Althaea, Mallow (alth3,e-a, from altheo, to cure. Ord. Malvaceae). — A useful genus, which includes the popular Hollyhock, A. rosea [see Hollyhocks). Another important plant is frutex [see Hibiscus •syriacus) ; there are several varieties. Ficifolia is the Fig-leaved Hollyhock, and has fringed flowers. The Althaeas are handsome shrubbery plants and thrive in any good friable soil. Alyssum (alyss-um, from a, without, and lyssa, rage = allaying anger. Ord. Cruciferae). Charming dwarf plants, with bright •flowers produced in great profusion. Maritimum is a fragrant Encyclopasdia of Gardening 9 white annual, often grown under the name of Koniga maritima. There is a variegated form which is in great favour as an edging plant. Saxatile is a yellow-flowered perennial, and its variety com- pactum is highly popular for spring bedding, also for rockeries; there are other varieties, including a double and a variegated. Propagated by seeds or cuttings, the perennials also by division, but maritimum and saxatile compactum are generally propagated by seeds, the former in March or April to flower the same year, the : latter in May or June to flower the following year. They are not very particular as to soil, but do not care for a heavy, wet medium. Amaranthus (amaran-thus, from a, not, and maraino, waste, alluding to the durability. Ord. Amaranthaceae) . — Caudatus, the ! Love-lies-bleeding; and hypochondriacus. The Prince’s Feather, j are summer-flowering hardy annuals, and may be sown out of doors in spring. Melancholicus ruber, salicifolius, and tricolor are ; handsome foliage plants. The first is not infrequently used as a bedding plant where rich leaf -col our is wanted; the other two are more often grown in pots. All are raised from seed, which should be sown on a hotbed near a warm house, the seedlings pricked off when they begin to crowd each other, subsequently hardened in a I cool house, and potted as needed. They will appreciate abundance of root and atmospheric moisture. Soil; loam, with a third of I decayed manure and a sprinkling of sharp sand. I Amaryllis. — See Bulbs. ■ American Blight.— The Woolly Aphis, Schizoneura lanigera, attacks various trees, but principally Apples, which it often damages seriously, in part by its direct action, in part by preparing the ground for that fell scourge, canker. It fastens itself on the roots as well as on the branches, and young trees bought in should always i be examined to make sure that there are none of the woolly tufts on them. The insect is really a brownish aphis, which has the , power of covering its colonies with fluff. It pierces the bark and I extracts the juice. Females bring forth living young in summer, I and lay eggs in autumn; the former are termed viviparous. In case of a slight attack on a part of the tree easily accessible, paraffin j oil or methylated spirits may be applied with a small brush, exer- I cising care to bring the fluid to bear directly on the bodies of the ; insects. In the case of bad attacks on large trees this method is - impracticable. The first step should be to apply water alone in a : powerful spray, preferably through a hose-pipe, in order to wash , away the fluff and expose the bodies of the aphides. Then a j paraffin emulsion may be applied, and this can be made by boiling ! I pint of good soft soap in i quart of water, stirring in \ pint of ^ paraffin oil directly it is taken off the fire, and then churning up by ' means of a syringe in 6 gallons of water. Apply through a knap- sack sprayer or spraying syringe. This may be put on while the trees are in leaf. If the trouble continues use the following as a 1 winter spray — \ lb. soft soap, s pints paraffin oil, lo gallons soft water {see T, 2, 3 below) ; 2 lb. caustic soda {see 4 below), i I . Dissolve the soft soap in i gallon of water. lo Encyclopedia of Gardening 2. Add the paraffin oil and beat up. 3. Pump through a spray nozzle and churn up the emulsion. 4. Dissolve the soda in 9 gallons of rain water. 5. Add the emulsion and apply. In case of trouble from American blight on the roots, 2 oz. c bisulphide of carbon may be forced into the soil 2 ft. from the sten avoiding the roots, in early summer, by means of a Vermorel injectoi American Cowslip. — See Dodecatheon. American Cress. — See Kitchen Garden — Salads. Ampelopsis, Virginian Creeper (ampelop-sis, from ampelos, a vine and opsis, resemblance. Ord. Ampelideae) . — The common Virginiai Creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia or hederacea, is a well-knowi plant, which is rightly falling into desuetude. It is rank, coarse and lacks the beautiful colour of Veitchii, now called by botanisti Vitis inconstans. The latter is a fine natural climber, giving riel tints before losing its leaves in autumn. It should always b< planted in preference to the common. Propagated principally bj cuttings, which may be inserted in a greenhouse in September The plant will grow almost anywhere, and most soils suit it. Anagallis (anagall-is). — Pretty plants, mostly grown as green- house annuals. Linifolia, blue, i ft. high, blooms freely in the greenhouse in summer. The variety Breweri is often offered by seedsmen. These may be raised from seed in spring in the green- house, pricked off, and subsequently potted. Soil; 3 parts loam, I leaf mould, and part sand will suit them. Anchusa (anchu-sa, from anchousa, a cosmetic. Ord. Boragineae). — Hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials, of which Italica, a blue- flowered perennial, blooming in summer, and the Dropmore variety, are the most popular. The latter is very rich in colour and should be preferred to the type. The Anchusas are vigorous growers, and should not be given manure. Propagated by division in autumn or spring, by root cuttings in spring, or by seeds sown in summer to give flowers the following year. Andromeda (androm-eda, a classical name. Ord. Ericaceae). — The number of species in this genus has been greatly reduced by botanists, who have transferred them to other genera. This applies to the best known, floribunda, which is now called Pieris floribunda {see the Botanical Magazine, t. 1566). It grows 3 to 6 ft, high, and bears white flowers in spring. Of the rest, the most popular is polifolia, which grows about a foot high, has pink flowers in June and coloured foliage in autumn. They like a well-drained soil of sandy peat and a sheltered position. Propagated by layers in autumn, or by seeds. Androsace (andros-a-ce, from aner, man, and sakos, buckler, form of anther. Ord. Primulaceae). — Charming little rockery plants, of which carnea, 3 ins. high, pink flowers in summer; lanuginosa, 9 ins., rose, summer; sarmentosa, 4 ins., pink, spring; and villosa, 4 ins., rose, spring; are four of the best. Chumbyi resembles sarmentosa. Propagated by division in spring, or by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in a frame in summer. Soil: peat, with a liberal admixture of Encyclopedia of Gardening 1 1 sand and mortar rubbish. They thrive best in positions among stones where they get plenty of root but little overhead moisture. Small squares of gl%ss should be fixed for throwing off rain in winter. ! Anemone, Wind 'Flower (anem-on-e, from anemos, wind, growing in exposed places. Ord. Ranunculaceae) . — See Bulbs. Angelica (angel-ica, named from its medicinal virtues. Ord. ^Umbelliferae). — See Kitchen Garden — Herbs. j Angraecum (angrae-cum, from angurek, Malay term for epiphytal I Orchids. Ord. Orchidaceae) . — Tropical Orchids, several of which are both beautiful and fragrant ; citratum, a dwarf species with lemon-coloured flowers, is particularly sweet. Falcatum, white, very dwarf, is also perfumed. Eburneum, i-| ft. high, white ; and Hsesquipedale, 2 ft. high, with white flowers in winter and spring, ijare popular species. The latter, with its long spur, is particularly iquaint and interesting. Propagated by offsets in spring. Crocks and Sphagnum moss should be used instead of soil. The small kinds are generally grown in baskets, and the larger in pots. They ■love a moist, warm temperature, and in large establishments are Igrown in the East Indian house, in which a high temperature and a saturated atmosphere are maintained. The air may be kept a little drier when the plants are flowering, but arid conditions are fatal to them when they are making their growth. I Anguloa (angulo-a, from Angulo, a Spaniard. Ord. Orchidaceae) . i — These handsome Orchids do well in an intermediate house, i.e., bne with a winter temperature of 55° to 60°. At that season they play be kept fairly dry, and a saturated atmosphere must be avoided |while they are in bloom in spring, but while they are making their growth in summer they enjoy abundance of root and atmospheric jnoisture. They should be grown in crocks and Sphagnum moss. Soil is not required. Clowesii, ft. high, yellow, is perhaps the best-known species ; but Ruckeri, ft., crimson and yellow, and uniflora, ft., cream, are also esteemed. There are several i^arieties of both these species. Propagated by division. Annuals. — Annuals are plants which complete their life-cycle. Torn germination to seed-ripening, within a year. No experienced flower-gardener will neglect the annuals, because they will have iroved their worth to him. Bought in the first place very cheaply, !;hey will have shown that under a very simple system of culture phey are capable of giving beautiful displays over a long period. Pertain of the annuals, notably China Asters, Ten -week Stocks, phlox Drummondii, Godetias, Clarkias, and Sweet Peas, are, indeed, amongst the most valuable of all garden plants, yet they can be jiloomed from seed in a few weeks. They give beauty of flower, ;ieat habit, long duration, and in some cases delicious perfume. ?or garden purposes it is convenient to divide the annuals into two sections, hardy and half-hardy, the former being sown out of ioors where they are to bloom, the latter in a greenhouse or frame md transplanted. j Sowing hardy annuals. — Hardy annuals may be used for forming beds, or for patches in herbaceous and other borders. It is not 12 Encyclopasdia of Gardening annu^ir'buT^ ^ ^ of h; ?on ^ V-^ reason why it should not be done ^ tall things like Sweet Peas and the beautiful pink Lavatera tow the centre, and dwarfer kinds like Godetias, Nasturtiums Clarl Larkspurs.. Love-in-a-mist. Poppies, and Mignonette near tS fr I be really beautifuL In such a case should be sown in groups. The ground should be well dug may have a dressing of manure if poor; but it is easy to make and a'JpnTf burnt re tn dnn a superphosphate per square yard will be preferj j f ‘ surface may be left lumpy when digging and ra down fine just before sowing. As the seed of many kinds is sn necessary to prepare a fine tilth. Early April good time to sow if the weather is favourable. Thought should given to space. It is not prudent to sow patches of different kii of plants within a foot of each other, making no allowance for tl development. Remember that even if only f small qr^tTty of s^ is sown there may be 50 plants in each patch. As a safegu' wen ^ prevents the different kinds from bei ^^splayed, and is bad for the individuals, every distinct fc should be sown m a ring as far from its neighbour as that ol' sowing is p?ef k£d Ld^at th? ^ it gi'^es a defined area fo? e eiamnt?^,-f t f reduces the labour of thinning. I example, if a ring a foot across is reserved for, say a particul variety of Godetia, and the seed is sprinkled thinly in a shalh circular drill there is likely to be much less seed Led than if square foot of ground is sown with the same kind; moreover wi thlnn??/''! there will be less thinning-out to do.’ A the ring of plants will be just as effective as the Ltch It suffici prff I 1 thinning, act before the plants have grov large enough to get tangled and weakly. A preliminarv “ r^ Wgh fa^RatesTheTrf the seLlingsLe aboutL inc ^ f the final singling,” as it gives a sturdy lot of plan to choose from. One sometimes sees 50 annuals crowding 6 in there should only be one plant on that area. Three^ will make a better clump in a small area than io( back to froTatas apart the seed in thinly, and put a small label to each row?^ The^boxi may be stood on a greenhouse shelf or stage, or in a frame ' in an^L^aLd'f^ hotbed the plants must be hardened afterwarc m an unheated frame. As soon as they begin to crowd in the see hSt ah^Ll^'" be pricked off 3 ins. apart in other boxes, kept in Bv th^ ^ watered sufficiently to prevent flaggini S^mfid e^LhZrLT'' f weather will problbl singTy ^ they may be potte Encyclopedia of Gardening i 3 || Summer treatment outdoors. — Half-hardy annuals may be planted in beds, used as lines, set in groups in mixed borders. After they have been planted they need practically the same treatment as hardy annuals which have been thinned. One point is hoeing, which is beneficial to all classes of annuals; it keeps weeds down and aerates the soil. Staking will only be needed with a few of the latter kinds, but when plants begin to sprawl about they should be drawn together and supported [see remarks under Flower Garden j — Herbaceous plants). If slugs and snails are troublesome, freshly slaked lime should be dusted over the plants at night. Most annuals bloom for a longer period than they would do naturally if the fiowers are gathered before they have time to ripen their seeds. GOOD IF Name. Abronia umbellata Agrostemma coronaria . Alyssum, Sweet Asperula azurea setosa i Bartonia aurea Calendula, Prince of Orange ! Candytuft, White Spiral j „ carmine Centranthus macrosiphon I Chrysanthemum inodor um, f Bridal Robe I Chrysanthemum, Evening Star ■ „ Morning Star „ Burridgeanum I Clarkia elegans, double „ ,, Firefly ,, marginata j ,, dwarf pink 1 Collinsia bicolor j „ candidissima ! Collomia coccinea I Convolvulus major I ,, minor I Coreopsis coronata 1 ,, Drummondii j Cornflower, Victoria j Erysimum arkansanum Eschscholtzia crocea ,, Rose Cardinal j Eutoca viscida J Gamolepis Tagetes Gilia dichotoma ,, tricolor „ ,, alba ANNUALS Colour. Feet High rose trailer crimson I white I blue yellow I orange white I carmine I red I white f yellow 1 + primrose crimson, white, and yellow 2 salmon 2 pink 2 orange red 2 rose and white I pink I lilac and white i white I orange f various rambling various I yellow li brown and yellow blue I yellow orange I rose blue I yellow white lavender and white white 14 Encyclopaedia Name. Glaucium luteum ,, phoeniceum Godetia, Bridesmaid „ Duchess of Albany ,, Lady Albemarle ,, Lady Satin Rose ,, Schamini fiore pleno GypsophUa elegans ,, muralis Helichrysum (Everlasting) lonopsidium acaule Jacobaea (Senecio) Kaulfussia amelloides Kochia tricophila (scoparia) Larkspur, Butterfly ,, Dwarf Rocket ,, Stock-flowered Lavatera rosea splendens „ alba splendens Layia elegans Leptosiphon hybridus Lirpnanthes Douglasi Linaria Linum grandiflorum rubrum Love-in-a-mist, see. Nigella Love-lies-bleeding Lupinus Hartwegi ,, hybridus atrococcineus albus Malope grandiflora Mathiola bicornis (Night-scented Stock) Mignonette, Giant ,, Machet Nasturtium, Tom Thumb ,, „ ,, varie- gated-leaved Nasturtium, tall ,, ,, variegated- leaved Nemophila insignis ,, ,, alba Nigella, Miss Jekyll Oenothera rosea ,, Drummondii nana Phacelia campanularia Poppies, double ,, Shirley „ The Mikado „ umbrosum of Gardening Colour. Feet Higi yellow 2 orange 2 rose and white I white I carmine I rose I double rose li white rose 4 various I violet i various I blue, crimson i handsome leafage 2 blue I various I various 2 to 3 pink 3 to 4 white 3 to 4 yellow I various yellow and white \ various scarlet I red 2 blue and white 2 scarlet ^nd white 2 white 2 red 3 lilac I white I red I red I various I various I various rambling various rambling blue i white blue li- rose i yellow I blue 1 various 2 various rose and white 2 scarlet, black spots 2 Encyclopedia of Gardening 15 (u f' Name. Platystemon calif ornicus [_ Portulaca, single I ,, double Prince’s Feather Rudbeckia, Golden Sunset Salvia, Blue Beard Sanvitalia procumbens I Saponaria calabrica ,, ,, alba Vaccaria Scabious, large-flowered i Schizopetalon Walkeri I Senecio, see Jacobaea Silene armeria ,, pendula I „ ,, compacta I „ ,, alba r Sphenogyne speciosa I Statice spicata (Everlasting) ' ,, Suworowi Sunflower, double single ! Sweet Peas, see special notes I ’ Sweet Sultan I Venus’ Looking-glass Venus’ Navel-wort ' Virginian Stock Viscaria cardinalis ; ,, oculg,ta ‘ Wallflower, annual Whitlavia grandiflora I Xeranthemum (Everlasting) Colour. lemon various various red yellow blue yellow pink white pink various white rose pink pink white orange puce rose yellow yellow various blue white red, white crimson pink, purple eye various violet various Feet High. I i 3 I i 1 2 2\ i- I If 3 to 8 3 to 8 3. i i 1 I I 1 2 Nemophilas, Silenes, and Saponarias may be sown outdoors in September to flower in spring. GOOD HALF-HARDY ANNUALS Those marked p are good for pots. Those marked * are not true annuals. I Name. p Acroclinium (Everlasting) Ageratum * Antirrhinums Arctotis grandis Asters, China, Comet p „ „ Chrysanthemum- flowered p Asters, China, Dwarf Bouquet p ,, ,, Victoria „ „ Quilled Colour. rose, white blue various white, mauve, and yellow various various various various various Feet High. I I I to 2 I .2. 4 X 1 6 Encyclopaedia of Gardening Name. Asters, China, Ostrich Plume ,, ,, Paeony-flowered p Balsam, Camellia-flowered p Brachycome (Swan River Daisy) p Carnation, Marguerite p Celosia plumosa aurea p ,, ,, coccinea Cobaea scandens Cosmea (Cosmos) bipinnata * Dianthus (Indian Pink) * ,, Heddewigii p Diascia Barberae Dimorphotheca aurantiaca Eccremocarpus scaber Gaillardia, single ,, double Gilia coronopifolia Golden Feather p Heliotrope Helipterum (Everlasting) * Lobelia speciosa Maize, Japanese Striped ,, Four-coloured Marigold, French ,, African IMartynia fragrans * Mimulus tigrinus * ,, caxdinalis p Nemesia strumosa Suttoni * Mina lobata * Nicotiana affinis * ,, Sanderae * Pansy Perilla nankinensis * Petunia, single p ,, double Phlox Drummondii p Rhodanthe (Everlasting) Ricinus Gibsoni p Salpiglossis p Schizanthus Statice sinensis „ sinuata hybrida p Stock, Ten- week ,, W allflower-leaved Tagetes signata purtula Venidium calendulaceum * Verbena Zinnia, single p „ double Colour. various various various blue various yellow red purple pink, white various various coral orange orange shades of orange various scarlet yellow leaves lilac, mauve yellow blue variegated leaves coloured foliage striped lemon, orange purple spotted on yellow scarlet various cream white shades of red various dark foliage various various various pink, white dark foliage various various yellow and white mauve, white, and yellow various various orange orange various various various Feet High. 2 li 2 2 rambler I I f 1 rambler 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 rambler 2 H i 1 2 1 3 2 I to 2 li I I f I Encyclopaedia of Gardening 17 Ornamental Grasses. — A collection of ornamental Grasses which will thrive under the treatment given to hardy annuals as described above is a good and useful feature of the flower garden. The follow- ing may be selected : Agrostis nebulosa, Avena sterilis, Briza maxima, Eragrostis elegans, Hordeum jubatum, Lagurus ovatus, Pennisetum longistylum, Stipa pennata. The sprays will be charming for vases if gathered before they mature. Anomatheca. — See Bulbs. Antennaria. — See Flower Garden — Rockery. Anthemis, Camomile (an-themis, from anthemon, a flower. Ord. Compositae). — Showy border plants, thriving in almost any soil, and easily propagated by division in spring. Tinctoria, the dyer’s Camomile, is one of the best, and there are several varieties; they grow about 2 ft. high and bloom in July. Aizoon, May, white, is pretty. Nobilis, the common Camomile, has white flowers. Anthericum (anther-icum, from kerkos, a hedge, and anthos, a flower=tall stems. Ord. Liliaceae). — Graceful plants, of which Liliago, the St. Bernard’s Lily; and Liliastrum, the St. Bruno’s Lily, both growing 18 ins. to 2 ft. high, and bearing white flowers in June, are the two best known. There is a large variety of each called major. Propagated by division of the root after flowering. A. fertile, well-drained soil is desirable. They are hardy, and may be planted in autumn or spring. Anthurium (anthu-rium, from oura, a tail, and anthos, aflower=: the spadix. Ord. Aroideae). — Handsome stove plants, with large leaves and brilliant spathes, which may be scarlet, crimson, rose, or white. The best - known species are Andreanum, which has a scarlet spathe and a white spadix; and Scherzerianum, which is all scarlet. There are many varieties of each, varying in size and colour. Veitchii and Warocqueanum are the two principal orna- mental-leaved species. Propagated by dividing the crowns in spring, each portion with roots at the base. Soil: 3 parts of peat in a fibrous, lumpy state, i part of leaf mould, i of Sphagnum moss, and I in equal proportions of broken crocks, charcoal, and sand. The pots must be thoroughly drained with abundance of crocks. The plants enjoy moisture, and a good deal of water should be given throughout the summer, both at the roots and in the atmo- sphere. This, combined with occasional repotting as needed, and a temperature with a night minimum of 65°, will insure free and healthy growth. Shade is required during hot sunshine. In winter a temperature 10° less will suffice, and less water will be needed. Antirrhinum, Snapdragon (antirrhi-num, from anti, like, and rhin, a snout, in reference to the form of the flowers. Ord. Scrophu- lariaceae). — Antirrhinum majus, as represented by its beautiful modern offspring, has developed into a florist’s flower, and the varieties are grown under special names, like Roses and Sweet Peas. The plant is especially esteemed in Scotland, where much good work has been done in developing the flower. Varieties of one colour only are procurable, such as crimson, rose, yellow, and white; 1 8 Encyclopaedia of Gardening and these are suitable for groups and masses. But there are also beautiful forms with flaked and striped flowers. A bed of these is both bright and interesting. The type, which has pink flowers, grows about 2 ft. high. There is a dwarf strain called the Tom Thumb, which only grows about 9 ins. high. Compact strains between the two can be got, and they are perhaps the most useful of all. The value of the Snapdragons lies almost as much in their long period of blooming, and their adaptability to nearly all kinds of soil, as in their beautiful flowers. They grow continuously for several months, and almost every little side shoot forms flower buds. They will thrive in shallow, chalky soil; and they will luxuriate in cool clay. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. It is always well to raise some from seed, because, if care is taken to get it from a well-known florist, good new varieties are quite likely to appear. If sown in a greenhouse or frame in February or March, the seedlings pricked off and kept sturdy by being grown close to the glass and given plenty of air, the plants will be in flower before midsummer. Cuttings may be inserted in sandy soil in a frame in summer or autumn. It is wise to insert a few cuttings of any specially good variety that comes from seed, in order to make sure of increasing a true stock of it. Ants. — Gardeners dislike ants among their plants because, whether they do any direct injury or not, they certainly encourage aphides. They probably do direct as well as indirect injury, parti- cularly to fruits. The best means of reducing their numbers is to trap them with old bones, or with pieces of sponge smeared with treacle; boiling water will do the rest. Paraffin oil also disturbs them. Aphides (green and other -plant flies). — Aphides or sucking flies are familiar to all gardeners, because one species or another attacks almost every class of plant. The green fly of Roses, Solanums, Tulips, and other plants; the black fly of Asters and Broad Beans; the blue fly of Plums, are all forms of aphis. If the aphides are allowed to multiply they speedily increase to such an extent as to all but smother the plants they attack, and their rapidity of increase is such that a few individuals soon grow to as many thousands. For this reason it is wise to attack them directly they are seen, and fortunately they are easy to kill. Those who are troubled with aphides in glass structures will find that fumigating with one of the ” vaporisers ” which are sold in various sizes to suit large and small houses by nurserymen, seedsmen, and dealers in horticultural sundries, provides a ready and inexpensive means of keeping them down. An ounce of washing soda dissolved in a gallon of water heated up to 150° forms a simple destroyer, which may be syringed on to outdoor plants through gloved hands. A decoction of quassia, made by soaking a handful of quassia chips in a gallon of water, will also destroy aphides. Various proprietary washes are advertised for the purpose, and may be applied according to the directions supplied with them. Aponogeton (aponoge-ton, from apon, water (Celtic), and geiton, neighbour=growing near water). — See Flower Garden — Water. Encyclopaedia of Gardening 19 Apple. — See Fruit. Apricot. — See Fruit. I Aquatic Plants. — See Flower Garden — Water. Aquilegia, Columbine (aquile-gia, from aquila, an eagle (alter- natively from aquilegus, a water-collector) . Ord. Ranunculaceae) . — The graceful Columbine is one of the most popular of hardy herba- ceous flowers, and there are few gardens in which it is not represented. ! The majority are best suited for borders, but a few are well adapted for the rockery. The following are a few of the principal species ' and hybrids: alpina, a charming blue rockery plant, i ft. high; caerulea, 15 to 18 ins., blue and white; caerulea hybrida, 18 to 30 ! ins., obtainable from seedsmen, gives a variety of colours, and the j flowers have long spurs; chrysantha, 3 ft., yellow; glandulosa, blue, lilac, and white, i ft., an exquisite but short-lived plant that needs frequent renewal, and of which there are several pretty varieties ; pyrenaica, blue and lilac, only a few inches high, suitable for the rockery; sibirica, 10 to 12 ins., blue, good for rockwork; Skinneri, 2 ft., red, green, and yellow; and Stuarti, 9 ins., blue and white, a charming hybrid. The Columbines begin to flower very I early, often being in bloom in May, and they continue for a long period. They are useful for cutting. Propagated by seeds, sown I in June, transplanted in August, and flowering the following year, i Also by division. Soil : the strong kinds will thrive in almost any soil, from clay to chalk. The weaker ones, like glandulosa, pyre- naica, and Stuarti, should have a light, warm, well-drained loam. Arabis, Rock Cress (ar-abis. Ord. Cruciferae). — Very cheap and easily grown plants, flowering off and on in mild spells throughout the winter, but at their best in spring, when they grow rapidly, and ; bloom as they extend. They are charming in the rockery, in bulb beds, at the front of mixed borders, and at the edge of basins of aquatic plants. Alpina and albida, both white-flowered and much 1 alike, but the former a little dwarfer and more compact than the I latter, are the two principal species; but the newer double white variety, flore pleno, bids fair to outdo both in public esteem. It is very graceful, having long spikes of bloom, and lasts well. Lucida variegata, which has pretty green and yellow leaves, is also a useful Arabis. Aubrietioides has large pink flowers. Alba variegata has a white-edged leaf. The single varieties are propagated by seed, sown outdoors in May or June for flowering the following season; I by cuttings, or by division after flowering ; the double by cuttings, ! which may be taken from the clumps after flowering, and struck ' in sandy soil in a frame, or in a shady spot out of doors. They grow ! well in all soils, and no special provision need be made. ' Aralia (ara-lia. Ord. Araliaceae). — Handsome foliage plants, some hardy, others requiring a greenhouse or stove. The most , popular species, Japonica or Sieboldii (now called Fatsia Japonica 1 by botanists), is much esteemed as a greenhouse and room plant, 1 being grown for its large, dark green, deeply-cut leaves. Elegantis- ' sima and Veitchii gracillima are two beautiful sorts, but they i require a warm house. The same remark applies to Kerchoveana 20 Encyclopaedia of Gardening and Reginae. Racemosa is hardy. Japonica and most of the indoor species are propagated by cuttings of ripe wood, preferably in bottom heat; Veitchii gracillima by grafting; racemosa by division. Soil : 3 parts loam, i leaf mould, i peat, part sand. Araucaria (arauca-ria, from the Araucanos tribe. Ord. Coniferae). — A large genus of Conifers, which embraces the well-known Monkey Puzzle, imbricata, one of the few really hardy kinds, and a con spicuous object in the pleasure grounds of many places. Excelsa is the most important of the greenhouse species, and it has several varieties, such as glauca, Goldieana, and variegata. They make nice table plants. All are evergreens. Propagated by cuttings, the tops of plants being first struck, and then the shoots which start from the old stumps; they root readily in sandy loam and leaf mould in a greenhouse if kept shaded. Soil: 3 parts loam, i leaf mould, ^ part sand for the pot plants. The Monkey Puzzle is not very fastidious, but does best in a deep, well-drained, loamy soil. Arbor vitae (Thuya). — Cheap, hardy, and easily grown ever- greens, often used for hedges, as well as for individual effect. When planted for forming hedges they should be inserted about 9 ins. apart. They are not quite so cheap as Privet and Thorn, but have a little more distinction. The American Arbor vitae (Thuya occi- dentalis) is the species most largely used for this purpose. Propa- gated by seeds or cuttings. Almost any soil that is deep, substan- tial, and well drained will suit. See also Thuya. Arbour. — See Flower Garden — Summer-houses. Arbutus, Strawberry Tree (arbu-tus, from arbotse (Celtic), referring to the rough fruit. Ord. Ericaceae). — Arbutus Unedo is a hand- some evergreen shrub, growing from 8 to 15 ft. high, and bearing white flowers in September, which are followed by scarlet fruits somewhat resembling Strawberries. There are pink and red- flowered varieties of it. It is hardy, generally speaking, though it may be injured in severe winters if planted in an exposed place in a cold district. Propagated by seeds sown in spring. Warm, well-drained peaty soil is de- sirable. Arches. — See Flower Garden — Arches. Arctotis (arcto-tis, from arktos, a bear, and ous, an ear=shaggy fruit. Ord. Compositae). — See Annuals — Half- hardy. Areca. — See Chrysalidocarpus. Arenaria (arena-ria, from arena, sand. Ord. Caryophyllaceae) . — See Flower Garden — Rockery. Aristolochia, Birthwort (aristolo-chia, from aristas, best, and locheia, parturition. Ord. Aristolochiaceae) . — Singular climbers. A plain galvanised wire arch. Encyclopedia of Gardening 21 some evergreen, others deciduous ; some hardy, others tender. One ! of the best known is Sipho, the “ Dutchman’s pipe,” a hardy ' climber with curious brown and yellow flowers late in spring, and with handsome foliage. The most remarkable of the indoor species is gigas Sturtevantii, a stove climber with an immense greyish flower furnished with a long tail. Propagated by cuttings of young wood with a heel, preferably in a propagating case. Soil : 3 parts ; loam, I each decayed manure and leaf mould, J sand, for the indoor i kinds; ordinary garden soil for Sipho, I Armeria (Thrift). — See Flower Garden — Rockery, j Arnebia, Prophet Flower (arne-bia, Arabic name. Ord. Boragi- i naceae). — Arnebias cornuta and echioides are pretty dwarf plants, suitable for the frame and borders, or for rockwork. The former, I which grows 18 ins. high, and has yellow flowers in July, is an [I annual, and may be grown from seed sown under glass in spring, j It likes a loamy, gritty, well-drained soil. Echioides grows about 9 ins. high, is a perennial, and has yellow flowers with five black dots I (“ marks of Mahomet,” hence the name Prophet Flower) in late I spring; the spots fade as the flowers age. It is propagated by cuttings or pieces of root in spring in heat. It thrives in any good soil if not dry. ‘ Arrowhead. — See Flower Garden — Water, i Artichoke. — See Kitchen Garden. I Artificial Manures. — See Manures. I Arum (ar-um, from aron, an Egyptian word. Ord. Aroideae). — The Arums are distinguished by singular flowers, resembling those of the Arum Lily in form, and in some cases by marked leaves. Italicum, which grows about 18 ins, high, and produces greenish- white flowers in April, is perhaps the best-known species. It has variegated leaves, and is hardy. Maculatum, with its poisonous scarlet autumn berries, is the native Cuckoo pint. Palaestinum or Sanctum, sometimes called the Black Calla, requires greenhouse cultivation. Cornutum is the so-called “ Monarch of the East.” The flowers are red, spotted with black; and the stems are spotted. It should be kept dry in winter, and needs protection from frost. Crinitum has immense red spotted flowers, and marked stems. Dracunculus has mottled stems, large leaves, and purplish flowers. Propagation is by division in spring. Any good, moist garden soil suits ; nearly all are the better for litter over the roots in winter. Arum Lily. — This plant, which is remarkable for its beautiful white spathe, is grown under various names, such as Lily of the Nile, Calla aethiopica, Richardia aethiopica, and R. Africana. The last is now the accepted botanical name. Although the plant will some- times pass the winter out of doors unharmed it is not hardy, and is almost universally grown for flowering in winter and spring. It is particularly in demand for church decoration at Easter. There are several garden varieties of it, notably Childsiana and grandiflora, which are very large; Little Gem, a miniature form; Pearl of Stutt- gart, dwarf ; and The Godfrey, another miniature form. All are 2 2 Encyclopedia of Gardening white. There are also two yellow Arum Lilies, namely, Elliottiana and Pentlandii. The latter has dark green leaves with reddish petioles. Both sorts are beautiful, but much more expensive than the white. Propagation is by division or offsets in spring. Soil; 3 parts loam, i part decayed cow manure, ^ part sand. The Arum Lilies are often planted out in the garden in summer, and potted up about the middle of September. They will do in a minimum winter temperature of 45°, but require more heat for early winter bloom. Arundinaria (arundinar-ia, from arundo, a reed. Ord. Gramineae). — A genus of Bamboos, several of which, notably Falconer!, 6 to 8 ft. high, green foliage; Hindsii, 8 to 12 ft. ; Japonica, 6 to 8 ft. (also known as Bambusa Metake) ; auricoma, 2 to 4 ft. ; humilis, 3 to 4 ft. ; and nobilis, 8 to 10 ft.; are hardy. Simoni and its variegated form are very handsome, but are not quite hardy. Falcata and Veitchii require a greenhouse. Like the other two genera of Bamboos, Bambusa and Phyllostachys, the Arundinarias are the better for shelter when grown out of doors, as they are liable to be severely cut by cold winds. They do best in a moist climate. When they have flowered they die. Propagation is by division. Soil: loam, peat, and leaf mould. Arundo, Great Reed (arun-do, from arundo, a reed. Ord. Gramineae). — Arundo conspicua, with its fine, silky white panicles, which may rise to 8 ft. high in August, is no mean rival to the Pampas Grass. It looks best in a bed on grass near water. Donax is still taller, often attaining to 12 ft. Although the panicles are reddish at first, they fade off white. There is a dwarf variety of this called versicolor, which has variegated leaves. Propagation is by seeds or division in spring. Any cool, moist garden soil suits; a thin, dry soil is not good. Ash (Fraxinus). — The Ash is one of the best known of timber trees, but is eschewed as a garden tree, owing to the greed of the roots, which run all over the place and rob the crops. Fraxinus Americana is the White Ash, F. Excelsior the Common Ash, and F. Ornus the Manna Ash. There are several varieties of each. The wood of Ash is tough and elastic; gardeners like it for the handles of their tools. Propagation is by seeds in spring for the species, by grafting for the varieties. Any soil. Ash, Mountain (Rowan). — This is quite distinct from the ordinary Ash, and belongs to a different genus — Pyrus, species Aucuparia. It is a very handsome tree, and is in great demand for garden plant- ing, on account of its prettily cut foliage, and still more on account of the bright orange berries which it bears in autumn. It does not, as a rule, grow to very large dimensions; a tree 25 ft, high is a good specimen. There are several varieties; one, with yellow fruit, is called fructu-luteo; others are distinguished by particularly erect or pendulous habit, or by variegated foliage. Although it loses its leaves in autumn, the Mountain Ash should not be overlooked when trees are being chosen for the garden; and it will grow in most soils. Asparagus (culinary). — See Kitchen Garden. Encyclopaedia of Gardening 23 Asparagus — ornamental (aspar-agus, from sparasso, to tear, in allusion to the prickles on some kinds. Ord. Liliaceae). — The ordinary Asparagus of the kitchen garden is sometimes pressed into service for ornamental purposes in its season, and other species are still more ornamental, apart from the fact that they are available at different periods. Plumosus and its variety nanus are particularly esteemed for cutting, as they are graceful and lasting. Popularly known as “ Asparagus fern,” they rival the Maidenhair in favour for associating with cut flowers. Sprengeri and its variety variegatus are charming basket plants; retrofractus is also good for this pur- pose. Verticillatus is a graceful, vigorous species suitable for grow- ing up a pillar under glass, and bears abundance of red berries. Medeoloides is the plant popularly called Smilax, which grows freely when cut back annually, trained to perpendicular strings in a warm house, and syringed. All of those named will succeed in a warm greenhouse in a compost of loam and leaf soil (equal parts) with sand. They may be raised from seed and division of the roots. Aspen. — This tree is a species of Populus (tremula, or trembling Poplar). The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon aespe. Owing to the petiole of the leaf being flattened at right angles to the plane of the leaf near the blade, a very light wind suffices to move it; con- sequently, the leaves are in motion when other foliage is still. It is a good tree to plant in damp places. There are several varieties of it, including a weeping form. Asperula (asper-ula, from asper, rough. Ord. Rubiaceae). — The most useful species is azurea setosa, which is commonly grown as an annual {see Annuals). It has blue flowers in summer, and grows about a foot high. The white-flowered British plant called Sweet Woodruff is Asperula odorata. Hirta forms a white carpet in J uly. Asphodelus, Asphodel (asphod-elus, as-phodel, from a, not, and sphallo, to supplant, a suggestion of surpassing beauty. Ord. Lilia- ceae).— One or two of the Asphodels are worth including in the herbaceous border, notably ramosus, a tall, white-flowered plant which blooms in spring, and will grow in a shady place. Acaulis is a much dwarfer plant with pink flowers. Treat like herbaceous plants. See Flower Garden. Aspidistra (aspidis-tra, from aspidiseon, a shield, possibly refer- ring to the form of the flower, which is pushed up direct from the roots, and must be looked for just above the soil. Ord. Liliaceae). — The popular Parlour Palm is about the best of all plants for rooms and corridors, as it will endure draughts better than almost any other plant. Watering as needed, and an occasional sponging, keep it in good health a long time. Lurida and its form variegata may be grown. Sandy loam suits them. Propagated by division in spring, at which season they should be repotted when they need it, but that is not often. Aspidium (aspid-ium, from aspidion, a small buckler. Ord. Filices). — A genus of ferns to which botanists have now added Cyrtomium and Polystichum, together with certain minor genera; consequently, the ferns still commonly grown as Polystichum 24 Encyclopaedia of Gardening aculeatum, P. angulare, and P. Lonchitis (respectively the Hard Shield, the Soft Shield, and the Holly ferns), are now classed as Aspidiums. There are several handsome forms of the first two, notably aculeatum proliferum and angulare grandiceps. For culture, see Ferns. Asplenium, Spleenwort (asple-nium, from a, not, and splen, spleen, in allusion to medicinal value. Ord. Filices). — A large and important genus of ferns, including kinds suitable for cool and warm greenhouses, rooms, and gardens. The Lady Fern, once called Athyrium filix-foemina, is now classed with the Spleenworts by botanists. The following are the principal species: — Adiantum-nigrum, the Black Spleenwort, hardy; acutum is a nice form of it. bulbiferum, a greenhouse species which produces tiny swarthy plantlets on the fronds, by which it can be propagated; Fabi- anum and laxum are good varieties; bulbiferum is one of the best of room ferns. Ceterach (syn. Ceterach officinarum) , the hardy Scale fern, falcatum, a greenhouse species. filix-foemina, the Lady Fern, hardy, of which the following are good forms: Barnesi, dissectum, and Victoriae. flaccidum, greenhouse, good for baskets. Nidus, the Bird’s-nest fern, a graceful species requiring a warm greenhouse. Trichomanes, the Maidenhair Spleenwort, hardy. For culture, see Ferns. Aster, China (Aster sinensis). — See Annuals. Aster, Perennial, Michaelmas Daisy, Starwort (aster, from aster, a star, referring to the shape of the original single form. Ord. Compositae). — See Flower Garden — Herbaceous borders. Astilbe (astfi-be, from a, not, and stilbe, brightness, flower not showy. Ord. Saxi- fragaceae) . — This genus would be unim- portant were it not that it includes the popular Spiraea japonica, of which roots are sold in large quantities by bulb dealers in autumn for spring bloom. It thrives in the bulb soil, and if given plenty of water it will throw up beautiful white plumes in Propagating Perennial abundance. It may be put into rooms Aster (Michaelmas Daisy) when coming into bloom. Astilboides, 3 ft. BY Cuttings. high, a spring bloomer; rivularis, 4 ft., a The dotted line shows the summer bloomer, good for the waterside; dept to insert. Thunbergi, 2 ft., aspring bloomer, are all good species, with white flowers, and may be grown in borders in moist places. Propagate by division in spring. Astragalus, Milk Vetch (astrag-alus, from the Greek. Ord. Leguminosae) . — A large but not very important genus. Perhaps monspessulanus, an evergreen trailer which produces purple flowers Encyclopedia of Gardening 25 in early summer, is the most useful, as it can be used for the rock garden. It may be propagated by cuttings in a cold frame, sandy soil being used. Astrantia (astran-tia, from astron, star, and anti, comparison, alluding to the arrangement of the umbels. Ord. Umbelliferae). — Hardy herbaceous perennials, thriving in ordinary well-drained, friable soil, and propagated by division in spring. Carniolica, with white, and major, with striped, flowers are perhaps the most esteemed. Aubrietia, Rock Cress (aubrie-tia, after M. Aubriet. Ord. Cruci- ferae). — Splendid dwarf hardy plants for the rock garden, and for carpeting and margining beds. They are evergreen, form dense tufts, and are in flower most of the year. Easily raised from seed in June and planted in autumn. Any soil. Dr. Mules, Leichtlinii, Campbelli (syn. Hendersoni) rosea. Fire King, Lavender, H. Marshall, Lloyd Edwards, argentea variegata, and Prichard’s A i are good. See also Flower Garden — Rockery. Aucuba (au-cuba, from the Japanese. Ord. Cornaceae). — Useful evergreen, marbled-leaf shrubs, which will grow in almost any soil, in sun or shade, in town or country, and bear abundance of beautiful berries if both kinds are planted. The sex-flowers are on different plants. Propagated by cuttings outdoors in spring or autumn, and by seeds. See also Flower Garden — Shrubs. Auricula, Bear’s-ear (auric-ula, from the shape of the leaf. Ord. Primulaceae). — Although the show or “ stage ” Auricula of the florists *" has hard work to hold its own, the border varieties tend to grow in favour. Stage Auriculas have a band of paste round the tube, and a margin of green, grey, Cuttings in and white round the border colour, „ , , u u ^ ^ 1 , n j , The lower leaves should be removed and unless they have a yellow or dark cutting inserted to the dotted line, margin, in which case they are called seifs; border varieties are double the size, and mostly run in shades of yellow, primrose, cream, and white. Alpine Auri- culas have large flowers and rich colours, such as violet, plum, purple, and blue. No lover of spring flowers should fail to sow a mixed packet of Alpine and border Auriculas every spring. If the strain is good, some charming varieties are sure to appear. Any particularly good ones can be propagated and kept true by dividing them after flowering, and planting them out in a cool spot in rich soil. These Auriculas are well adapted for filling a spring bed in company with coloured Primroses, Polyanthuses, and Oxlips. They may be planted a foot apart in autumn. The show Auricula is a more delicate plant, and should have frame culture all the year 26 Encyclopsedia of Gardening round. The good exhibition varieties increase but slowly, there- fore they are never likely to be cheap plants. They are repotted in late spring, when any offsets which have formed are removed and potted separately, to be grown on into flowering plants. A com- post of loam (4 parts), decayed manure, and leaf mould (i part each), and sand is used. A suitable size of pot for the old plants is 5 -in. The frame is set to face north for the summer, and is fully ventilated. In autumn it is turned to the south, and watering is reduced, very little being given in winter. The plants are looked over periodically for louse, which is brushed off and destroyed. The following are good varieties: Green-edged, Rev. F. D. Horner and John Garrett; grey-edged. Colonel Champneys and George Rudd; white-edged. Acme and Heather Bell. Selfs, Heroine and Mrs. Potts. Alpines, Celtic Kmg,yQ\\o'w', Masterpiece, maroon and yellow. The botanical name of the Auricula is Primula Auricula. Azalea (aza-lea, from azaleas, dry, referring to the habitat. Ord. Ericaceae), — The Azalea is one of the most brilliant of early-flower- ing plants. It is valuable for the flower garden {see Shrubs under Flower Garden) and also for the greenhouse or conservatory. Its culture as a pot plant is made simple by the skill of Belgian gardeners, who specialise the plant just as Dutchmen do Hyacinths. Instead of a bulb, however, they send a plant on a clean stem a few inches long, the head of which is well set with flower-buds. There is a recognised special trade in these Belgian Azaleas. The amateur who buys them through a florist or bulb dealer is not asked an exorbitant price. He places the plants in a mildly heated house, waters them when the pots ring hollow, and sees them gradually break into a sheet of glowing bloom. These little standard Azaleas are very useful for breaking the uniformity of a flat stageful of dwarf bulbs or other plants, and they can be brought into the rooms for special occasions. A person with command of two or more houses can have a succession of bloom by forcing some of them in greater heat than the others. After flowering the blooms should be pinched off carefully to avoid injuring the growth, and the plants will grow on and make leaves. They may be stood outdoors in summer, and watered as required, when they will set a fresh lot of flower-buds. They like a peaty soil, and may be grown successfully in a compost of 3 parts peat, i loam, and a good sprinkling of sand. Young shoots may be removed as cuttings and struck in sandy peat under a bell-glass in bottom heat. Grafting is done in the nurseries. Good varieties of the Indian and Chinese sections for pots: Fielder’s white, single; Reine des Fleurs, single salmon; Bernard Andre, double violet; Deutsche Perle, double early white; Souvenir de Prince Albert, double rose ; and Simon Mardner, carmine rose. The following are good varieties for growing in peaty soil in the garden : — Ghent Azaleas. Hybrid Mollis Azaleas. Comte de Flandre, carmine. Madame Thibaut, cream. Unique, yellow. Alphonse Lavallee, orange. Anthony Koster, yellow. Duchess of Portland, cream and rose. Glory of Boskoop, orange. Encyclopaedia of Gardening 27 Babiana (babia-na, from babianer, baboon (Dutch). Baboons eat the bulbs. Ord. Irideae). — See Bulbs. Ringens, scarlet; and stricta, blue and white, with the varieties of the latter, are the most popular. Balm. — See Kitchen Garden — Herbs. Balsam, Annual. — See Annuals — Half-hardy. Bambusa, Bamboo (bambu-sa, from bambos, the Indian name. Ord. Gramineae). — There are three great genera of Bamboos: Arundinaria, Bambusa, and Phyllostachys. The Bamboos are graceful plants, and do well outdoors in sheltered places in northern climes, especially if the soil is peaty. They do not thrive if exposed to cold winds. They may be propagated by division. The follow- ing are the principal species: arundinacea, aurea, nana, palmata, pygmaea, and tessellata. Japonica and metake are both called Arundinaria Japonica by botanists now. Simoni is called Arundin- aria Simoni. Viridi-glaucescens is called Phyllostachys viridi- glaucescens. Bartonia (barto-nia, after Dr. Barton. Ord. Loasaceae). — See Annuals. Basil. — See Kitchen Garden — Herbs. Bastard trenching. — See Kitchen Garden and Soil. Beans.-— See Kitchen Garden. Bear bind (Bindweed). — See Calystegia. Bed, Bedding-out. — See Flower Garden. Beech. — The common Beech, Fagus sylvatica, is one of the largest and handsomest of park trees, and the Purple-leaved Beech is one of the few large trees that should be admitted to gardens. See Flower Garden. Beet (Beetroot) . — See Kitchen Garden. Begonia (bego-nia, after M. Begon. Ord. Begoniaceae) . — This brilliant plant has made great strides in public favour, both as a summer and a winter-blooming plant. The same kinds are not used for both purposes. Varieties resulting from hybrids between tuberous-rooted species are used for summer flowering, and the off- spring of fibrous-rooted species are employed for winter. We see, therefore, that there are two distinct types of Begonia, one of which produces a tuber, and another which does not. The tuberous Begonias have sprung from the South American species Boliviensis, Clarkei, Davisi, Pearcei, rosaeflora, and Veitchii. Some hybrids have now been raised between selected tuberous-rooted varieties and the fibrous-rooted species socotrana, and they are very beauti- ful. The following are examples: — Winter Cheer, carmine, semi-double tuberous orange-scarlet variety and socotrana. Julius, rose, semi-double tuberous white variety and socotrana. These are semi-tuberous. 28 Encyclopaedia of Gardening The tuberous Begonias are suitable both for pot and garden culti- vation, but they should not be used outdoors in shallow chalky or sandy soils unless the grower is prepared to do a good deal of water- ing in hot, dry summers. He should also mulch with short manure Propagating Rex Begonias by Leaves laid on Sandy Soil. I. Veins cut. 2. Tubers. 3. Tubers put in a box. or cocoa-nut fibre refuse, to check the evaporation of moisture. When the Begonia is to be used as a bedding plant, it is wise to buy mixed tubers and embed them in leaf mould in boxes in March. If kept in a frame or greenhouse they will break into growth, and by June will be well advanced. They can then be given a good water- Propagating Begonia Gloire de Lorraine. A plant which has grown again after being cut back. I. Shoots of this kind are suitable for cuttings. Propagating Begonia Gloire de Lorraine by Cuttings. ing to settle the soil about their roots, and planted out a foot apart. They will probably be at their best in October, unless early frosts check them. When they are over they may be lifted, the tubers Encyclopaedia of Gardening 29 dried and stored in fine sawdust for the winter. Named varieties may be chosen for pots if desired, but mixed tubers are cheaper. They may be potted in 5 -in. pots in bulb soil [see Bulbs) in February or March, and brought on steadily in a greenhouse. Any good variety can be propagated by striking cuttings of the young shoots in sandy soil, or the tubers may be cut in halves the follow- ing spring. These Begonias can be flowered the same year from seed if there is heat available for it to be sown in winter. The seed is snuff-like, and a very fine surface must be prepared for it. The pan should be shaded with glass and paper until the seeds germinate. The seedlings will require careful watering {see Watering) and hand- ling at the first pricking off. They will grow slowly until their tubers are formed, then much faster. The best winter-flowering Begonia is the beautiful pink Gloire de Lorraine, which has pretty foliage as well as abundance of flowers. The habit of this splendid plant is one of its chief charms, making it suitable for a hanging basket. It thrives in a temperature of 55° to 65° in winter, and when in bloom may be kept somewhat cooler. After it has bloomed it may be gradually dried off, pruned back to short stumps, and rested. With fresh watering and syringing in summer shoots will push, and these may be taken off at 3 ins. long and struck as cuttings. Another method of propagation is to take mature leaves before drying off, lightly nick the ribs, and lay them on the surface of the soil, when roots will form. Plants from leaves come somewhat more compact than those from cuttings, and bloom later. While in full growth plenty of water and a moist atmosphere are good for Gloire de Lorraine. It is beautiful under artificial light. Master- piece is a deeper pink. Turnford Hall is a good white form, and alba grandiflora another. Other beautiful winter-flowering Begonias ar^ Gloire de Sceaux, which has handsome brownish leaves and pink flowers; and Weltoniensis, with pink flowers. Gloire de Sceaux is a grand hybrid. It may be propagated by cuttings from the base in March, and the house should be fumigated every three weeks to keep down the mite which attacks it. It lasts in bloom many weeks. The foliage Begonias must not be overlooked, notably Rex and decora. The former is a popular window plant. Belladonna Lily. — See Bulbs. Bell-glass. — A dome-shaped glass, fitted with a knob, and made in various sizes, used for covering cuttings to exclude air till rooting has taken place. Beilis, Daisy (bell-is, from bellus, pretty. Ord. Compositae). — The garden Daisies, varieties of Beilis perennis, are esteemed for spring flowering. They are low growers, but they produce large, bright flowers, especially in the case of such varieties as Alice, Long- fellow, Rob Roy, and Snowflake. The Hen-and-chickens is a curious variety, producing small secondary flowers. The Daisies may be planted in autumn in ordinary garden soil, either as carpets for beds, or as lines; and may be propagated by division after flowering. Berberidopsis (berberidop-sis, from berberis, and opsis, like, refer- ring to the resemblance to the Berberis. Ord. Berberideae). — The 30 Encyclopaedia of Gardening only species grown, corallina, is a handsome evergreen rambling shrub {see the Botanical Magazine, t. 5343). It bears crimson flowers at the ends of the branches in spring. It is not very parti- cular as to soil, but likes a mild, sheltered place. It may be pro- pagated by cuttings of young wood in spring, or by layering the branches in autumn. Berberis, Barberry (ber-beris, from berberys (Arabic). Ord. Ber- berideae). — Extremely valuable and beautiful shrubs, parti- cularly the evergreen species, most of which have handsome foliage as well as pretty flowers. In Darwini, orange; and steno- phylla, yellow (the latter a hybrid), the branches are clothed in flowers from base to tip in spring. The common species, vulgaris, has hand- some fruit, which is sometimes preserved. Aquifolium, often grown under the older name of Mahonia aquifolia, is a use- ful shrub, as it grows almost anywhere, is evergreen, and bears purplish fruit. Darwini and stenophylla give of their best when sheltered from cut- Propagating Berberis by Suckers in ting winds. They may be Autumn. propagated by suckers or cut- I. Roots. 2. Young growth starting. tings of ripe wood in autumn. Insert to dotted line. ^ Bergamot. — A name given to Monarda didyma, whose leaves, wEen lightly rubbed, give a bergamot-like odour. It grows 2 to 3 ft. high, has red flowers in late summer, and may be grown as an ordinary herbaceous plant. Beta (Beet). — See Kitchen Garden. Beta cicla is sometimes used for the flower garden, and may be raised from seed in spring. Betula, Birch (bet-ula, from beiu, the Celtic name. Ord. Cupuli- ferae) . — The common or Silver Birch, Betula alba, is a graceful tree, worth planting in parks and on the outskirts of gardens. There are a good many forms of it, such as weeping (pendula), a cut-leaved weeping (laciniata pendula), a dark-leaved (purpurea), and a varie- gated-leaved (foliis-variegatis) . They will grow in most soils if planted in autumn. Nice trees of the Silver Birch can be bought wdth long, straight stems and pyramidal heads at a low cost. Biennials. — Biennial plants are those which complete their life- cycle in the second year from germination. Sown one year they bloom and ripen their seed the next. Several hardy biennials are of the utmost value in the flower garden, and the fragrant Wall- flower stands out prominently as an indispensable plant that is best treated as a biennial. The Sweet William is another useful old Encyclopedia of Gardening 3 1 plant that thrives with treatment as a hardy biennial. If there were only these two the section would be important, but, as the table shows, there are several. The best method of treatment for the biennials is to sow the seed in well-pulverised soil in drills drawn a foot apart in May or June, thin, hoe, set out a few inches apart in a spare bed in July, and plant in beds and borders in autumn. When treated thus they are strong and sturdy, transplant well in showery weather, branch freely, and bear a long succession of flowers. GOOD HARDY BIENNIALS Name. Adlumia cirrhosa Androsace lactiflora Aster Bigelovii Campanula pyramidalis „ „ alba Canterbury Bell ,, ,, Cup and Saucer Dianthus Heddewigii Foxglove (Digitalis) Gilia aggregata Michauxia campanuloides Poppy, Iceland Stock, Brompton Sweet Rocket Sweet William Verbascum olympicum Wallflower Colour. flesh white lilac blue white blue, rose, white blue, white various various scarlet white various various purple, white various yellow red, yellow, brown, etc. Ft. High. rambler 1 2 4 to 6 4 to 6 H 4 6 to 10 I 4 I 1 2 I 4 The Dianthuses are often treated as annuals (see Annuals), and Eschscholtzias are almost always grown as annuals, together with Sweet Scabiouses, although both are biennials. Antirrhinums (Snapdragons) and Pentstemons are admirable when sown in boxes in autumn, wintered in a frame and planted out in spring; they bloom nearly all the following year, thus proving their worth as biennials. Wallflowers become perennial if left, but in regular garden practice it is most convenient to discard old plants after they go out of flower in late spring and raise a fresh supply from seed for the following year. Wallflowers and Snapdragons will thrive in most soils, but they are the best of all hardy flowers for poor limestone. Bignonia (bigno-nia, after Abbe Bignon. Ord. Bignoniaceae) . — Brilliant hothouse climbers, with compound leaves, well suited to train up the pillars or roof of a large heated house. They are best planted out in a compost of fibrous loam and peat in equal parts, with sand. They are propagated by cuttings of half-ripe side shoots kept close in heat; also by seed and layers. The principal species are magnifica, with purplish-crimson flowers; speciosa or picta, pink; tweediana, yellow; and venusta, orange. Capreolata, 32 Encyclopasdia of Gardening which has scarlet flowers, may be grown outdoors in mild, sheltered places. This species may be increased by root cuttings. Bignonia radicans, which has orange flowers, and is illustrated in the Botanical Magazine, t. 485, is now called Tecoma radicans by botanists. Bilberry, — This is the Vaccinium Myrtillus of botanists, a dwarf hardy British shrub bearing pink flowers in spring. Its dark blue berries are edible. It is also called the Blaeberry or Whortleberry. The Cranberry is Oxycoccus palustris. Billbergia (billber-gia, after Billberg, a Swede. Ord. Bromeliaceae). — Hothouse plants, with thick, fleshy leaves crowded on a short stem, and dense heads of brilliant bloom. They thrive in equal parts of loam and peat, with a little decayed manure and a good sprinkling of sand. Propagation is by suckers. Moreli, blue and rose; thyrsoidea, scarlet; and vittata, green, red, and violet, are three of the best-known species. All bloom in autumn or winter. Bindweed. — See Calystegia. Birch. — See Betula. Bird Cherry, Prunus Padus. Birds. — Although birds do damage to various crops, they are in the main friends of the gardener, through destroying large numbers of caterpillars, grubs, and insects. Tits, swallows, robins, thrushes, starlings, wrens, flycatchers, whitethroats, cuckoos, and redstarts are mainly (in some cases wholly) insectivorous. The most damage is done to crops by blackbirds, thrushes, starlings, finches, and house sparrows. Seedlings and fruit must be protected with thread, netting, and scares. The balance of Nature should not be interfered with, and birds of prey, such as owls and hawks, should be preserved equally with song-birds. Bird’s-eye Primrose, Primula farinosa. Bird’s-nest Fern, Asplenium nidus. Birthwort, Aristolochia. Bitter Almond, Prunus (Amygdalus) communis amara. Bitter-sweet, Solanum dulcamara. Bitter Vetch, Orobus. Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus). — See Fruit. Black Fly. — See Aphides. Black Thorn, Prunus spinosa. Bladder Senna, Colutea. Bladderwort, Utricularia. Blanching. — See Kitchen Garden — Celery, Lettuce, etc. Blandfordia (blandfor-dia, after the Marquis of Blandford. Ord. Liliaceae). — Pretty semi-bulbous plants, suitable for the green- house. They are propagated by offsets and thrive in the bulb soil {see Bulbs). The flowers are drooping and funnel-shaped. Grandi- flora (Cunninghami), with crimson flowers in summer; and flammea Encyclopasdia of Gardening 33 aurea, yellow, summer, are two of the best. Both grow about 18 ins. high. Blechnum (blec-num, from blechnon, Greek. Ord. Filices). — A large genus of ferns, allied to Lomaria. The popular species Spicant is now called by ^otanists Lomaria Spicant. It is a British plant, and will therefore thrive outdoors in northern climes, but it is worth growing in pots for the cool greenhouse. For culture, see Ferns. Blood, as manure. — See Manure. Bloodwort or Bloodroot, Sanguinaria. Bloom, Blossom. — These names are popularly applied to flowers. Bloom is also used to describe the down-like covering on the skins of Grapes and other fruit. While ‘‘.bloom ” is used generally as an alternative for flowers, “ blossom ” is usually reserved for the in- florescence of fruit trees. Bluebell. — The English Bluebell is Scilla nutans {see Bulbs) ; the Scotch is Campanula rotundifolia. Blue-bottle (Centaurea Cyanus, the Cornflower). — The French call it Bluets. See Annuals — Hardy. Bocconia, Plume Poppy (bocco-nia, after Dr. Boccone. Ord. Papaveraceae) . — Bocconia cordata is a very handsome hardy herba- ceous plant, and in moist, substantial soil, such as well-worked clay, attains to a height of 4 or 5 ft. The foliage is expansive, and the inflorescence is in the form of a tall spike of buff-coloured flowers. It may be propagated by division in spring. This fine plant is well worth a place in the border. It does not care for dry, shallow soil. Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata). — See Flower Garden — Water. Boiler. — See Greenhouse — Heating. Bolting. — A term used to indicate the running to seed of Cabbages, Celery, Lettuces, etc. It is commonly due to drought. See Kitchen Garden. Boltonia (bolt5-nia, after Professor Bolton. Ord. Compositae). — Boltonia asteroides is a vigorous, autumn-flowering, hardy herba- ceous plant, with pale pink flowers which might easily be mistaken for a Michaelmas Daisy. It grows about 4 ft. high, and spreads freely in most soils. It is easily propagated by division in spring. It is well worth adding to any border, as its foliage is pretty. For staking, etc., see Flower Garden. Bones. — See Manures. Borage. — See Kitchen Garden — Herbs. The blue-flowered hardy annual Borage, Borago officinalis, is an aromatic plant beloved of bees. The leaves are sometimes used in salads, and for flavouring liquors. It may be raised from seed in spring, and thrives in almost any soil that is not stiff and wet. Bordeaux Mixture. — Modern agricultural science has done no better service than in putting at our disposal certain liquids which destroy the fungoid diseases of crops. Of these the most famous is the Bordeaux Mixture, which originated in one of the great wine- 34 Encyclopaedia of Gardening growing districts of France, and has been found useful by Potato- growers, Tomato-cultivators, and fruit-growers generally, as well as viticulturists. It consists of sulphate of copper (" bluestone ”), lime, and water. The following are suitable proportions: — Fresh white stone lime is important, and as it cannot always be procured when wanted, it is a good plan to make a stock solution of one pound of each ingredient to a gallon of water, and keep it in a closed vessel. When wanted for use the stock solution may be diluted with water till brought to the strength advised above. In preparing the stock solution, first dissolve the pound of bluestone in half a gallon of water in a wooden vessel, then place the fresh lumps of lime in half a gallon of water, and leave both for an hour. Stir the two liquids, and pour them together through a piece of muslin to strain out any lumps. Air-slaked lime is not suitable for making Bordeaux Mixture, as it scorches the foliage of fruit trees. When applying Bordeaux Mixture, use it at the very first sign of an attack, employing a sprayer which will distribute it in a dew-like state. For Potatoes it should be applied to the under as well as the upper surface of the leaves. One application at the end of June and another at the middle of July suffice. Border. — See Flower Garden — Herbaceous borders. Borecole or Kale. — See Kitchen Garden. Boronia (boro-nia, after Signor Boroni. Ord. Rutaceae). — New Holland plants with wiry shoots and hair -like roots, which need much care in watering to keep healthy. Given this they are suitable for culture in a greenhouse, and are not only pretty, but fragrant. One species, megastigma, is deliciously sweet; it has brownish flowers. Elatior, with rosy flowers, is also sweet. Heterophylla, with bright rose flowers, is the most showy but the least fragrant. Peat and loam in equal parts, with sand, suit. Propagation is by cuttings of the young shoots inserted in sandy soil under a bell-glass in August. Bottle Brush. — See Callistemon. Bougainvillea (bougainvill-ea, after M. Bougainville. Ord. Nyctagineae). — B. glabra is a handsome plant of vigorous growth, well adapted for training up the wall of a greenhouse. It blooms profusely, in fact it becomes quite covered with bracts, which are of a lilac-rose shade and of satiny texture. It is best planted out in a border of loamy soil. After flowering it should be kept dry, and in the winter the young shoots may be pruned back to the old wood, and a fresh crop will appear. Blooming in autumn, the Bougainvillea is a very useful plant. It may be propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under a bell-glass. For Fruit Trees. 8 lb. bluestone 8 lb. lime 100 gallons of water For Potatoes. 14 lb. bluestone 9^ lb. lime 100 gallons of water Encyclopaedia of Gardening 35 Bouvardia (bouvar-dia, after Dr. Bouvard. Ord. Rubiaceae). — One of the prettiest of evergreen shrubs, and may be had in bloom in winter. The plants are dwarf and bushy in habit, and may be grown successfully in 5 -in. or. 6-in. pots in a compost of loam (3 parts), decayed manure or leaf moutd (i part), and sand. They A Bouvardia cut back after Flower- ing TO YIELD Shoots for Cuttings. 1. Mature shoots. 2. Stem. 3. Bud. 4. Collar. 5. Roots. 6. Depth to pot. shoots suitable for cuttings. can be grown in a frame throughout the summer, or even stood out- side, and brought into a warm house in winter. Propagation may be effected by taking pieces of the root and covering them with half an inch of soil; or young shoots may be struck under a bell-glass in spring. With care in watering {see Watering) and a minimum temperature of 50°, the plants will give their pretty sprays of white or pink, fragrant flowers in winter. After flowering they may be partially dried off, then cut back hard, and syringed, when they Dividing old Box. A Shoot of Box and depth to plant. will give plenty of young shoots suitable for cuttings. Pinch young plants to make them bushy. Good varieties: Priory Beauty, pink; Dazzler, scarlet; President Garfield, double pink; Alfred Neuner, double white. Box, Buxus (bux-us, from pyl.nos, dense, in allusion to the wood. Ord. Euphorbiaceae) . — The species and varieties of Box are hardy 36 Encyclopaedia of Gardening evergreens, some of which are used for the shrubbery border, while sempervirens suffruticosa, the common Box edging, is used for bordering beds. It harbours slugs, and likewise impoverishes the soil, but its old-world appearance is in its favour, and causes people to plant it in spite of its drawbacks. It looks particularly appro- priate in old Dutch gardens, with Yew hedges and trained trees. When allowed to get scraggy and gappy it is not, however, pleasing. Young rooted pieces should be planted against a straight edge of soil cut down with the spade in spring or autumn, and soil trodden against them. Clipping should be done annually in June. Brachycome (Swan River Daisy). — See Annuals — Half-hardy. Brake Fern, Pteris aquilina. Bramble or Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus). — See Fruit. Brassavola (brassavo-la, after Signor Brassavola. Ord. Orchida- ceae). — A genus of Orchids, thriving either in pots, on blocks, or in baskets if given a warm house. Peat and Sphagnum moss should be used for compost. The plants will require a great deal of water while growing, but very little while at rest. Digbyana, green and purple, fringed lip, is the most important species. It has been crossed with Cattleyas, giving the new genus Brassocattleya, of which Baron, Cliftoni, Holfordi, and Langleyensis are good forms; and with Laelias, resulting in the genus Brassolaelia, of which some of the best representatives are Clio, Helen, and Veitchii. There is even the tri-genus Brassocattlaelia, with rare and expensive members such as Fowleri, Lawrencei, and Wigani. Brassia (brass-ia, after Mr. Brass. Ord. Orchid aceae) . — An in- teresting genus of Orchids, of which the species verrucosa is the most popular. It is suitable for culture in a large, deep Orchid pan in a warm house, and produces its yellow, green, and brown flowers in spring. Being borne on arching spikes they are very graceful. Peat and Sphagnum moss make a suitable compost. When in growth and bloom regular supplies of water are necessary, but the plants need little while at rest. Brassica (brass-ica, from bresic, cabbage (Celtic). Ord. Cruci- ferae). — This is the generic name for Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Colewort, Kohl Rabi, Rape, Savoy, Swede, and Turnip. The Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels Sprout, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Colewort, and Savoy have all sprung from the wild Cabbage, Brassica oleracea, which grows wild on parts of the sea-shores of Great Britain, See Kitchen Garden. Bravoa (bravo-a, after Senor Bravo. Ord. Amaryllideae) . — A small genus of greenhouse bulbs, of which the principal species is geminiflora, which produces spikes of orange flowers in Jul5^ It may be given the general bulb treatment. See Bulbs. Breastwood. — Fruit-growers generally speak of the summer shoots which spring from the front of the main branches of flat- trained trees as breastwood, but some use the term to indicate small shoots generally, and speak of front shoots as fore-right shoots. Such frontal shoots may be cut out. Only the side shoots should Encyclopasdia of Gardening 37 be trained in, where young wood is wanted, as in Peaches. See Fruit. Brier, Common, Sweet, and Penzance. — The common Brier, or dog Rose, Rosa canina, is used as a stock for Roses, being taken from the hedges in autumn and budded in summer {see Roses). The Sweetbrier, Rosa rubiginosa, is often used as an inner garden hedge, chiefly on account of the delicious odour which it diffuses after a shower. The Penzance Briers are hybrids, one of the parents of which is the Sweetbrier. They are strong growers in good soil, suitable for pillars, and bear abundance of large brilliant flowers, followed by large scarlet hips. The following are good varieties: Amy Robsart, Anne of Geierstein, Lucy Ashton, Meg Merrilies, and Rose Bradwardine. The Austrian Brier, Rosa lutea, is a pretty plant with pale yellow flowers. Briza, Quaking Grass (bri-za, from brizo, to nod. Ord. Gramineae). — See Annuals. Maxima and minor (the latter also known as minima and gracilis) are both annuals. Broccoli. — See Brassica and Kitchen Garden. Brodiaea (brodiae-a, after Mr. Brodie. Ord. Liliaceae). — See Bulbs. Bromelia (brome-lia, after Bromel, a Swede. Ord. Bromeliaceae). — Handsome herbaceous perennials, requiring a hothouse. Brac- teata (now referred by botanists to the genus Aechmea), with pink flowers in September; and Pinguin (Binotii), red flowers in spring, are two of the best species. Loam, with a third of decayed manure and some sand, is suitable. Propagation is by suckers. The plants ought to be kept on the dry side in winter. Broom. — A name commonly applied to certain species of Cytisus, Genista, and Spartium. The Butcher’s Broom is Ruscus aculeatus; it is a good plant to grow under trees. The Brooms are very useful owing to their adaptability for light, sandy soils. The early Broom, Cytisus praecox ; the Portuguese Broom, C. albus ; and the Spanish Broom, Genista hispanica, are all good shrubs. Still more hand- some is the beautiful brown and yellow Cytisus scoparius Andreanus. All these are worth planting in beds or shrubberies. Brussels Sprout. — See Brassica and Kitchen Garden. Buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata). — See Flower Garden — Water plants. Buckthorn, Rhamnus. Buckthorn, Sea, Hippophae rhamnoides. Budding. — Both fruit trees {see Fruit) and Roses {see Brier and Flower Garden) are propagated by means of budding, the buds being inserted in the stocks in summer, preferably after a shower. A proper budding-knife, such as seedsmen sell, is desirable, as with the flat tip of the handle the edges of the bark can be raised quickly and without tearing. It is most desirable that the buds should be kept moist ; if they are allowed to get dry they will turn black and shrivel. If Roses are budded early they will often make strong 38 Encyclopaedia of Gardening shoots the same year, and even bloom; but generally they do not grow till the following spring, when the stocks may be shortened to stumps, to which the young growth may be tied until they have united thoroughly. Buddleia (buddlei-a, after Mr. Buddie. Ord. Loganiaceae) . — Beautiful shrubs, in some cases so nearly hardy as to be suitable for planting outdoors in sheltered places. B. globosa (also called capitata) bears its inflorescence in an orange ball in spring, and when well flowered is an interesting and beautiful object. B. varia- bilis and its variety Veitchiana bear long. Lilac-like bunches of rosy lavender flowers in July and August. All these may be planted outdoors. In rich soil they may grow 15 or 20 ft. high. They may be propagated by cuttings under a handlight in September. Buds. — A study of buds is interesting, and it is important in the case of fruit trees, as it is necessary to know the difference between leaf buds, which are generally thin and conical, and blossom buds, which are thick and globular. Bugle (Ajuga reptans). — A useful rockery plant. See Flower Garden — Rockery. Bugloss. — See Anchusa. Bulb. — A bulb is an underground bud with fleshy scales, the roots of which die annually. The Onion and the Tulip may be instanced as typical bulbs. Some plants form bulbs on the stems or at the base of the flowers. See Bulbs. Bulbocodium (bulboco-dium, from bolhos, a bulb, and kodion, wool, in allusion to the woolly covering. Ord. Liliaceae). — See Bulbs. Bulbs. — Always popular on account of their usefulness both for garden and greenhouse culture, bulbs have grown in favour since their adaptability for culture in bowls has been proved. They are valuable for every class of flower lover. Those who may not feel any special predilection for the glowing Tulip or the brilliant Hyacinth may succumb to the charm of the Daffodil or the refine- ment of the Iris. Cheap, easily grown, flowering in spring, when gay blossoms are doubly welcome after the long, dreary months of winter, bulbs are at the command of every one. The majority of bulb lovers only know of such popular kinds as Hyacinths, Tulips, Daffodils, Crocuses, and Irises, but there are many other beautiful bulbous flowers besides these, and a list of them shall be given. First, however, a few words about the principal kinds and the best methods of culture. Bulbs for the garden. — Bulbs are extremely useful for garden decoration, because they can be planted when the summer flowers are over. Thus, when the ground is cleared of the various summer bedders {see Flower Garden — Bedding-out) another set of plants is ready to go in. It is true that when the bulbs are planted and covered the ground is left bare for several weeks, but soil is not an eyesore if it is cultivated. Moreover, those who strongly object to bare ground may plant the bulbs in widely separated groups and plant clumps of Wallflowers among them; or they may plant dwarf Encyclopsedia of Gardening 39 things like Arabis, Aubrietia, and Forget-me-not at the same time that the bulbs are put in. The beds should be well dug when the summer plants are cleared away, and the soil crumbled with the fork. Before finishing, the soil should be thrown well up from the grass verges, and these neatly trimmed with the shears. Separate groups of bulbs look better than concentric lines. The number per clump may vary from 3 to 12. The bulbs composing each clump may stand 9 ins. from each other, and there should be a clear space of a foot between the various groups. It is a good plan to sprinkle some sand in the holes. A light dressing of decayed manure, supple- mented with basic slag at the rate of half a pound per square yard, will suffice for enriching the soil. Crocuses may be covered with an inch of soil; Hyacinths, Tulips, and the small-bulbed Narcissi with 2 ins.; large Daffodils with 3 ins. It should be remembered in grouping that the large Narcissi are somewhat taller than the Hyacinths and early Tulips, but that most of the May-blooming Tulips are not only later in flowering than any of the preceding, but are also taller. The order of blooming is: (i) Crocuses; (2) Hyacinths; (3) Dutch Tulips; (4) May Tulips. There is not much difference between (2) and (3). The drawback to planting bulbs in borders {see Flower Garden — Herbaceous borders) is that the plants are out of sight for the greater part of the year, and careless workmen plant other things over them irt autumn, or injure them in digging. The remedies are: (i) labels, which must be renewed now and then; (2) careful digging. When bulbs are unearthed in autumn it is found that they are rooting freely and have commenced top growth; when replanted at once they sustain no injury. Bulbs in grass. — It is common to plant bulbs in turf nowadays. Daffodils are particularly suitable, and Crocuses and Snowdrops are also good. Hyacinths and Tulips should be kept for open soil. The bulbs may be planted in autumn, either by taking up pieces of turf here and there, stirring the soil, adding a little sand and basic slag, and replacing the turf; or by using a special bulb-planter, an implement which obviates lifting the turf. All the Narcissi look nice in grass, and the Poet’s must not be forgotten for late bloom- ing. It is not advisable to plant in tennis lawns, or in grass close to the house, as cutting has to be deferred, for the sake of the bulbs, till the middle or end of June; and by that time the grass has grown long and tangled. Bulbs may be planted freely in the woodland and wild garden. Bulbs in pots. — Every greenhouse-owner learns the value of bulbs in winter and spring. They give him charming material for his stages. Despite a little stiffness. Hyacinths are pre-eminent; but Tulips and Daffodils are beautiful too. All love a gritty, loamy soil; and a splendid compost is 3 parts loam, i part leaf mould, and part sand, all well mixed and used in a moist but not sodden state. The best sizes of flower-pot are 5 -in. and 6-in., the former for i Hyacinth or Polyanthus Narcissus, the latter for 3 Tulips or Daffodils. The potting may be done in October, and the soil should be pressed firmly, though not quite hard, round the bulbs, the tips of which may be left protruding. 40 Encyclopaedia of Gardening By standing the pots on a bed of cinders and covering with a few inches of cocoa-nut fibre refuse, the bulbs can be safely disposed of for 6 or 8 weeks. They will not want watering. The fibre will check top-growth till root action has developed, which is desirable. The tips should not extend more than an inch in the fibre, however. When brought out the plants can be kept quite cool, or subjected to gentle heat, according as late or early bloom is wanted. Strong heat is not desirable. With water, staking, liquid manure twice a week when buds show, and a light, airy place, the plants will be successful. Tulips and Daffodils may be planted out after they have gone out of bloom if desired, but Hyacinths are not worth keeping. Bulbs in bowls of fibre. — This modern method of growing bulbs has much to recommend it, especially from the point of view of the room-gardener. It is clean, interesting, light, and gives results equal to those from pots. Wide-mouthed, dark green China bowls, costing threepence to a shilling each, according to size, are suitable. Peat-moss fibre, mixed with fine shell and a little charcoal, is the material used. It should be thoroughly moistened while it is being turned about in the mixing process. Tulips and Daffodils, used in threes in 6-in. -wide bowls, look well. Hyacinths and Liliums may be used also. The tips of the bulbs may protrude slightly from the fibre, which should be made firm. As soon as the bowls are filled they should be stood in a dark, cool place. A dry cupboard near a fire is not good; a cellar is better. The fibre must never be allowed to remain quite dry for long. In 6 or 8 weeks the bowls may be brought into the light. Stakes will . be needed for the Hyacinths and the larger Daffodils. Bulbs in water. — Water culture is not practised much now that fibre has proved so good, but Hyacinths may be grown in glasses if desired. The cottage widow loves to have a few glasses on her window-ledge, and her better-placed sisters also find great interest and pleasure in this system of culture. All bulb dealers and most crockery makers supply suitable glasses, which only need filling with clean water containing 2 or 3 pieces of charcoal to be ready for the bulbs. Even, firm-based bulbs should be chosen, and set in just above the water. A few weeks in the dark will set the roots moving freely, and then the plants can have light. Wire supports will be needed when the plants bloom. Bulbs in boxes for transplanting. — When dealing with bulbs in autumn it is a good plan to fill one or two shallow boxes with Tulips and Daffodils, as it often happens that places can be found for bowls of bulbs in spring which are not vacant in autumn. The plants can be shifted successfully from the boxes when they are in bud, and if moss is packed round and over them they look fresh, neat, natural, and pretty when they come into bloom. Bulbs in bowls of water. — Bulbs may also be grown in bowls partially filled with bright, clean pebbles and then filled up with water. Polyanthus Narcissi look very nice done in this way. The “ Joss Lily,” so popular a few years ago, belongs to this class. Bulbs in window-boxes. — All the popular kinds come in very useful for window-boxes when the summer occupants are cleared away. I Encyclopedia of Gardening 41 The hints on height, season of bloom, and distance already given will guide in planting. Selections of bulbs. — The following are selections of the most important kinds of bulbs; — Achimenes. — A genus of Gesneraceous plants, forming tubercles at the root, to which the plants die back in autumn, and from which they start again the following spring. They are particularly suit- lable for hanging baskets, and will thrive in bulb soil that is kept in the basket by a lining of moss. The tubercles may be started into growth in pans or boxes in a warm house or frame in winter, and potted or put 3 ins. apart round the baskets when they are 3 ins. I high. The plants like a moist atmosphere and plenty of water I while in growth. When in full bloom they may be hung in a cool mouse. Among many good varieties. Admiration, violet-magenta; Ambroise Verschaffelt, white, netted yellow; Dazzle, vermilion; mnd Rose Queen, rose, may be named. {See also page 3.) A CIS. — Closely allied to the Snowflakes {see Leucojum). The principal species is autumnale, white, tinged rose, growing about J6 ins. high and blooming in summer. It does best in sandy peat on ^ the rockery. ‘ Aconite, Winter (Eranthis hyemalis). — A pretty, low, winter- blooming plant with a green frill round the pale yellow flowers. 1 Plant 6 ins. apart and an inch deep. i Allium. — The white Neapolitanum is the best known; Moly, I yellow; Ostrowskyanum, rose ; and triquetrum, white, drooping, are ! also good. Alstroemerias. — These grow about a yard high and make thick clumps, bearing flowers streaked and spotted with orange, red, and yellow. Aurantiaca, Chilensis, and Pelegrina are good species, i There is a white variety of the last. Plant a foot apart. Amaryllis. — The beautiful large-flowered hybrids which bloom in advance of their leaves in warm houses in winter are now called Hippeastrums. They are handsome pot plants, having flowers 6 to 9 ins. across, of handsome form and brilliantly coloured. The bulbs go to rest in summer, and may be re-started in batches in autumn and winter in order to get a succession of bloom. Grow in 5 -in. and 6-in. pots. Amaryllis Belladonna is lovely in a sheltered place out of doors in September. The plants may be lifted and , potted when they show bud. The leaves come after the flowers. (This beautiful plant is called the Belladonna Lily. There are j several forms, differing in tint and size. Amaryllis formosissima is , the J acobean Lily, a plant which produces bright crimson flowers ] in May and is well adapted for the unheated greenhouse. Amaryllis i purpurea, otherwise Vallota purpurea, is the brilliant scarlet Scar- I borough Lily, a fine plant for a cool greenhouse or room window. Very little water is needed in winter and spring, but a good deal in , summer. Amaryllis (more often Sternbergia) lutea is a beautiful i little Crocus-like bulb with bright yellow flowers in early autumn, ' borne in advance of the leaves, suitable for the garden ; it should 'be planted in late summer. Amaryllis (more correctly Nerine) Isarniensis is the lovely Guernsey Lily, wLich requires the same treatment as the Belladonna. We see that the Amaryllises are 42 Encyclopaedia of Gardening good for both greenhouse and garden, but they are chiefly valuable as yielding beautiful flowers in the greenhouse. Anemones (Windflowers). — These, together with Crocuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli, many Irises, Ranunculuses, and Winter Aconites are not bulbs, botanically speaking, but are generally classed with them. Anemones are among the most brilliant and useful of garden plants, and one kind or other can be had in bloom all the year round by using cool frames part of the year. The fulgens class is very beautiful. Annulata, single scarlet; King of Scarlets, double scarlet; Rose de Nice, double pink; and Snowball, double white, are gems in this section. The tubers may be planted in late summer, autumn, and winter. The St. Brigid and Alder- borough are large strains of Poppy Anemone, which bear single, semi-double, and double flowers of the most brilliant and varied colours. Seeds may be sown in spring, or roots planted 9 ins. apart in spring or autumn. The Japanese Anemone, A. japonica, is a grand late summer plant, with large flowers on long stems. This may be grown in the herbaceous border. Honorine Jobert, white; Lady Ardilaun, white; Queen Charlotte, pink, semi-double; Silver Vase, double white; and Whirlwind, double white, are popular varieties. Of the smaller species of Anemone, Apennina, blue; blanda, deep blue, a dwarf winter bloomer ; nemorosa Robinsoniana, a blue form of the Wood Anemone; and Pulsatilla, silky purple, are perhaps the best. These are all good for the rockery. A nomatheca. — The most popular species is cruenta, a pretty plant growing 6 to 9 ins. high, and bearing crimson flowers in summer. It should have a warm spot on the rockery, and be grown in a frame. Babianas are pretty Cape bulbs suitable for culture like Ixias {see page 48). Brodiaea. — This is a very charming genus, and a great favourite with bulb lovers, although not known to the majority of amateurs. The plants are good for rockeries and cool greenhouses. Coccinea, with drooping crimson flowers; grandiflora, violet; ixioides splen- dens, yellow; and laxa, purple, are all good. Bulbocodium. — There is only one important plant in this small genus, and it is the pretty little purple-flowered. Crocus-like B. vernum, which flowers in winter or early spring. It likes a sandy, loamy soil, and a sunny spot on the rockery or at the front of the border. Propagation is by offsets. There is a variety of it called versicolor. Calochorius (Mariposa Lily) . — A lovely genus, with flowers as large as Tulips and beautifully marked. They thrive in light, gritty soil in sheltered, sunny places, and may be grown in pots. They should be planted 9 ins. apart and 3 ins. deep in autumn. Albus, white; luteus, yellow; pulchellus, yellow; splendens, lilac; and venustus, white, are the best species. Camassia esculenta. — Useful for the herbaceous border in May, bearing handsome spikes of blue, starry flowers. Plant 2 ins. deep and 9 ins. apart in autumn. Chionodoxa (Glory of the Snow). — An exquisite little blue and white bulb, flowering in winter with the Snowdrops. It is good for the rockery, or for planting in colonies at the front of the border. Propagating Clivias BV Offsets. I. Drainage. 2. Soil. Encyclopaedia of Gardening 43 [nsert an inch deep and 3 ins. apart in autumn. Sardensis is a jcntian blue, quite distinct from the typical Luciliae. ' Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger). — Not a true bulbous plant, but none the less one of the most beautiful of those handled by bulb iealers. The best time to plant it is September, and those who snow their business take care to order it with their earliest bulbs, ind to plant a foot apart before the summer has gone. It thrives ;} ;n most soils, and enjoys shade. Madame Fourcade is a fine variety, ind so is maximus; both have white flowers. If the clumps can ji pe covered with handlights there ought to be no doubt of a supply Df stainless flowers at Christmas. The Lenten Rose (Helleborus orientalis) may be considered with the Christmas Rose, to which it forms a succession. The foliage is brighter in colour, and the flowers are larger and more varied. There are many varieties. Clivia (Imantophyllum). — A great favourite for greenhouse and room decoration. House gardeners esteem the Clivia highly, not only because it has handsome habit and bright flowers, but because it is not affected by arti- ficial illuminants. The plants thrive in the 4ock bulb compost, and bloom best when they become pot-bound, so that they should not be repotted frequently. When they are Rowing freely large quantities of water shoul I be given, with liquid manure twice a week. Miniata and its vaiieLies may bit chosen. Propagation is by offsets. Colchicum (Meadow Saffron). — Pretty autumn-flowering bulbs. iAutumnale is the best known, but speciosum is a finer plant. They thrive in cool places and make pretty clumps. Crocus. — One of our most popular cheap early bulbs, good for beds, borders, margins, and grass, but not effective in pots. The olden yellow is the best, but must be protected from birds by stringing black threads above it, otherwise the effect may be. spoiled. King of the Blues and King of the Whites are two fine varieties; Purpurea grandiflora is a good dark. Set 6 ins. apart when lines hre being formed. Many of the species are worth planting on the rockery, notably vernus, Sieberi, iridiflorus, and zonatus. Crown Imperial (Fritillaria imperialis). — A very handsome plant, hllied with the common Fritillary, but of totally different habit, growing 2 to 3 ft. high, and bearing a cluster of large, drooping flowers. A red and a yellow may be got, also a duplex variety balled ^ Crown-upon-Crown. These are splendid plants for the Dorder, and should be set 18 ins. apart. Cyclamen. — The hardy Cyclamens are much smaller than the varieties of persicum which we see grown in pots for green- house decoration, but they are just as beautiful in their way; in fact, it would be difficult to find anything in the way of hardy flowers more charming than a colony of coum, europaeum, or Nea- politanum established in a shady spot. To get the best result a 44 Encyclopasdia of Gardening dozen or more corms should be set 6 ins. apart and 3 ins, deep in clump. They like peaty soil, or loam thoroughly impregnated wit leaf mould ; lime rubbish is als( good for these dainty littl plants. The greenhouse varietie are very beautiful, and may b raised from seed in late summe: put singly into small pots whei they have made 3 or 4 leaves and transferred to 5 -in. or 6-in the following summer. Dur- ing hot summer weather the} How TO PLANT Daffodils. 1. Base of large bulb 5 ins. from the surface. ohniiTd in T'frfl'rnp'rv 2. Top of large bulb ins. from the surface. SUOUlQ be kept in a frame O. 3. Smaller bulb with top in. from the surface. Narcissus Bulbocodium, woodland, pots, and bowls. cool, shady house. The an should be kept humid b} syringing frequently. An} flowers which show should be picked out until mid-autumn when the plants will cornel gradually into flower and re main in beauty in a warm greenhouse for several weeks, Most growers raise fresh stock every year, and discard the old plants after blooming, thus treating them as biennials ; but others keep the old plants after flowering. Cyclamens grow slowly in the seedling stage because they have to form the corm Daffodil (Narcissus). — The most popular of all bulbs, and, as we have seen, good alike for beds, borders, rockeries, grass. The following are good varieties: — Early Trumpet Daffodils. ♦Golden Spur ♦Henry Irving ♦Obvallaris Later Trumpet Varieties. Cernuus ♦Emperor ♦Empress Glory of Leyden ♦Horsefieldi King Alfred Madame de Graaff Mrs. Walter T. Ware Van Waveren’s Giant Victoria Chalice Narcissi. Blackwell C. J. Backhouse ♦Cynosure Frank Miles Gloria Mundi Homespun Lady M. Boscawen ♦Stella superba ♦Sir Watkin Poeticus Varieties, Almira Ben Jonson Encyclopedia of Gardening 45 ►Ornatus (early) 1‘Pheasant’s Eye fPlenus (double) Various Sections. •“Barri conspicurs, Barri section Firebrand, Bcrbidgei section I John Bain, LeeJsii section Seagull ,, ,, : Duchess of Westminster, Leedsii i section I Elvira, Poetaz section For Rockeries. ♦Double incomparabilis (Butter and Eggs) ♦Orange Phoenix (Eggs and Bacon) ♦Poeticus plenus ♦Sulphur Phoenix ♦Telamonius plenus Polyanthus Narcissi. Bathurst ♦Double Roman ♦Grand Monarque ♦Paper White White Pearl Jonquils. ♦Campernelle ♦Double Odorus rugulosus ♦Single Sweet “Johnstoni, Queen of Spain Minimus Triandrus Double Daffodils. Cernuus plenus A few choice varieties are here intermingled with the popular, nexpensive sorts. The latter are marked ♦. Dicentra (Dielytra). — The popular species spectabilis is the well- mown Bleeding Heart, which has drooping, lyre-shaped, coral-pink lowers on long pendulous stems. It succeeds in sheltered places out of doors if roots are planted in autumn. It is much used for greenhouse work, and answers well if potted in bulb soil in Autumn, kept cool through the winter, and given a warm greenhouse, light, air, and abundance of water in spring. Eximia and formosa are two ^ood species of Dicentra which may be grown in herbaceous borders. Erythronium (Dog’s Tooth Violet). — Charming bulbs, with quaint Iflowers, well adapted for cool, shady spots in the rock garden, where they will flower in spring. The common Dog’s Tooth Violet varies in colour; there are rose and white forms of it. Americanum, yellow spotted with brown; and giganteum, cream with orange patches, are good species. They may all be planted about 6 ins. deep and 9 ins. apart in autumn. Freesia. — One of the most fragrant of bulbs and a real gem for blooming in winter and spring. By putting several bulbs an inch japart in 5 -in. pots in bulb soil in autumn, placing them in a frame (not plunged in fibre), and bringing them into heat in batches, it is easy to get a long succession of bloom. The plants are nearly hardy, and may be used for an unheated greenhouse. They like a light, airy position, and plenty of water once the buds have formed. After flowering they should be dried off by degrees, and finally spread on a shelf in thfe sun to ripen. Refracta alba, white with yellow mark- ings, is the original kind. Leichtlini major has primrose flowers, and is a very strong grower. Hybrids are being developed, and ishould be looked out for by bulb lovers ; Chapmanii, yellow, is one. Fritillaria (Snake’s Head Lily). — The chequered lilac flowers of IFritillaria Meleagris have a subdued and composed appearance. 'There is nothing brilliant and assertive about them, but they are 46 Encyclopaedia of Gardening quaint and pleasing. They droop on their stems at a height 0 about a foot from the ground. The Snake’s Head looks very wel in grass, and it may be grown on the rockery, or near the front o the border. Well-drained sandy soil should be provided, and th bulbs may be put 4 ins. deep in autumn. White and pink varietie of Meleagris are procurable, and there is a yellow species namec aurea. FunMa (Plantain Lily). — The bulb dealer handles this pretty broad-leaved, Lily-like plant, which thrives in shady places, anc looks well near the front of the herbaceous border. The variegated leaved varieties look well in pots in conservatories and rooms. The} may be put in the bulb compost in autumn. Fortunei and subcor data grandiflora are two of the best plain-leaved forms for the garden. Undulata variegata is a pretty striped sort. Gladiolus. — The most beautiful of all the pseudo-bulbous plants, and one to which special attention should be devoted. Combining, as it does, beautiful form, graceful habit, and bril- liant colours with a period of blooming which brings it between the summer and autumn flowers, it is almost indispensable. Gladioli are not difficult plants to grow if the soil is well drained and free from wire-worm, but they do not like stiff, damp soil, and on newly broken pasture-land they suffer severely from ground pests. Well-drained loamy soil suits them best. It should be broken up deeply and a coat of decayed manure put under the top-spit. If this is done in winter, the surface may be left rough and dressed with soot or wood ashes to which super- phosphate or bone flour at the rate of lb. per square yard has , been added. This should be dug well in. The corms may be planted a foot apart and 3 ins. deep in April. The plants will need staking before they come into bloom. The smaller, early-blooming varieties, like Blushing Bride (delicatissima), cardinalis, and Colvillei alba, are gcoi for pots, and may be put in the bulb compost in autumn and treated like other bulbs. The flower gardener who does not care to specialise Gladioli under names may buy mixed hybrids of Gandavensis, Childsii, and Lemoinei. He should also get the fine scarlet Brenchleyensis, which is brilliant in colour, lasts long in beauty, and is cheap. If, however, he wants a collection of named varieties he might procure the following: — Angele, tinted white 1 Canicule, scarlet, lemon tliroat Armagnac, crimson Halle, blush Black Prince, violet j Hercules, scarlet Increasing Gladioli. I. New corm. 3. Spawn. Small corms. 5. Old decayed corm. 47 Encyclopaedia of Gardening Marie Therese, white, lemon throat Pearl, white Pius X., pink, white, and lemon Safrano, yellow Sanspareil, salmon-pink, white throat Van Dael, pink These are all of the finest quality. It is well to take the corms up, ivith their labels, in early winter, and store them in a dry, frost- proof place till spring. Gladiolus lovers should look out for the aybrids of primulinus and Gandavensis, a modern race, the inner Segment of whose flowers droops over so as to make them look like the Orchid Anguloa. The colours are shades of yellow. Guernsey Lily. — See Amaryllis and Nerine. I Helleborus. — See Christmas and Lenten Roses, i Hemevocallis (Day Lily). — This short-lived flower makes up for its 'ugacity by blooming abundantly, and the plant is a graceful one, well adapted for sunny positions in the herbaceous border. If planted a foot apart in clumps in autumn it makes an effective lisplay in early summer, and goes on flowering a long time. Auran- tiaca major is a fine orange-coloured variety. Flava is a lemon- :oloured species. Fulva is a large orange-coloured species of which there is a variegated-leaved variety; both grow 2\ to 3 ft. high and need more room than the others. Kwanso is a double with bronzy flowers; there is a variegated -leaved variety of this also. The Day Lilies may be increased by division in spring. Hyacinth. — Perhaps the most popular of all pot bulbs. The culture has already been dealt with, and it only remains to give a selection of varieties — ' Varieties for Forcing. ; White Roman (pot in August and successionally) Italian, various colours Dutch Miniature, various colours Single Pink. Cardinal Wiseman Gertrude Gigantea Jacques I L’Ornement Rose j Single Red. Amy Robert Steiger Roi des Beiges Single White. Baroness van Tuyll La Grandesse LTnnocence Single Blush. Grandeur a Merveille La Franchise Single Blue. GAnd Maitre, medium King of the Blues, dark Queen of the Blues, light Schotel, light Single Yellow. City of Haarlem King of the Yellows Doubles. La Tour d’ Auvergne, white Laurens Koster, blue It is not necessary to buy first-size named Hyacinths for bedding, as dealers supply special-size bulbs in distinct colours, i Grape Hyacinths (Muscari) are beautiful little plants for cool, shady parts of the rock garden. Botryoides, blue; b. alba, white; [and conicum. Heavenly Blue, are all charming. The bulbs may be planted an inch deep and 3 ins. apart in autumn. 48 Encyclopaedia of Gardening Musk Hyacinth (Muscari moschatus), with yellow, musk-scent flowers, is an interesting plant which may be treated like t Muscaris. The mauve Feather Hyacinth (Muscari plumosus), the bl Starch Hyacinth (Muscari racemosus) , and the Amethj^st Hyacin (Muscari amethystinus) , may also be grown. Hyacinthus {Galtpnia) candicans. — This is the noblest of all Hyacinths, bearing a flower-spike which rises to a height of 4 f' and a cluster of large, expanded, pendent, bell-shaped flowers, group of it in a border, or a bed, planted 3 ft. apart and interspersi with the cheap scarlet Gladiolus Brenchleyensis, looks very fin Both plants will thrive in any well-drained soil, and will probabl be at their best in August. Iris. — See Iris. Ixia. — Pretty, if somewhat artificial-looking, bulbs, well adapted for culture in pots, but also thriving in sunny spots outdoors whe: the soil is light and well drained. They are useful for a cool green house, succeeding the spring bulbs. Three may be put in a 5-i: pot and given the bulb soil and treatment generally. The leave are long and slender, like those of Gladioli, and the flowers are born in Gladiolus-like spikes. The following are pretty varieties : — Azurea, blue Brutus, yellow Bucephalus, carmine Crateroides, scarlet Lady Slade, pink Queen of Roses, rose Snowflake, white Viridiflora, green Lachenalia. — Pretty, graceful, free-blooming bulbs, suited for pot culture, and still more for hanging baskets. Five bulbs could be put in a 6-in. pot, or several 2 ins. apart round the sides of wire basket lined with moss and filled with bulb soil. They are charming for cool greenhouses, flowering late in spring. The most popular kinds are pendula, red green, and purple; Nelsoni, yellow; and tricolor, yellow, green, and red Lilium. — A large and very im portant genus, giving us beautiful plants for conservatory, greenhouse, and garden; and exquisite flowers for wreaths and table and church decoration. The Liliums are true bulbs, and thrive in the bulb soil already recommended. The only real difference in culture is that as they have a habit of producing roots above the bulb, at the lower part of the stem, it is desirable to place the bulbs rather low in the pots, and give a top-dressing of soil when the stem roots appear. Other- wise they may be treated like Hyacinths. They also do well in bowls or pots of peat-moss fibre and shell. When used for garden decoration Liliums should be given sheltered places. The soil should Offsets on Liliums. Fibrous roots. 2. Offsets. Encyclopaedia of Gardening 49 :be well drained, and if stiff, lightened with road scrapings, leaf mould, peat, and sand. They may be covered twice their own depth. The best varieties for pot culture are speciosum (lancifcAium) Kraet- zeri, white; speciosum roseum and rubrum, white spotted with red; longiflorum, white; and longiflorum Harrisii, white. The most popular kinds for the garden are aura turn, the Golden-rayed Japanese Lily, and its varieties rubro-vittatum, virginale, and Wittei : candidum, the white Garden or Madonna Lily, and its double variety; Chalcedonicum, the scarlet Turk’s cap; croceum, the Orange Lily; Martagon, purple, and its white variety; tigrinum, the Tiger Lily, and its varieties Fortunei and splendens. From 3 to 6 bulbs planted a foot apart in groups look well. Candidum ought to be bought towards the end of summer, the others in autumn or spring. Other good Liliums are giganteum, very tall, pure white flowers, likes a cool, moist place; Henryi, orange; pomponium, scarlet; pyrenaicum, the yellow Turk’s cap; and sulphureum, pale yellow. Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis). — This deliciously scented old favourite should be grown both outdoors and in. It is of the easiest cultivation, and inexpensive. It may be forced or treated as a simple greenhouse plant with equal success. Those who are satisfied with flowers in April need give no artificial heat whatever. It suffices to put half a dozen “ flowering crowns ” with the tips exposed in a 5 -in. pot in autumn in the bulb soil, plunge them in fibre like Hyacinths, and put them in the greenhouse a few weeks later. They will remain with little or no sign of growth until the warm weather of spring comes, and then will come into bloom rapidly. What is more, the leaves will follow quickly on the flowers. When the crowns are forced in bottom heat the flowers come in advance of the leaves. By Offset of Lily of the Valley. getting retarded crowns — that is, crowns kept dormant by cold storage — flowers may be had within a month from starting the forcing, and with successions the supply can be maintained over a long period. The crowns may be put in damp moss or moist cocoa-nut fibre refuse for forcing, and should be kept in the dark until the spikes are well up, then put in the light and potted when the flowers show. To succeed with Lilies of the Valley in the garden it is necessary to choose a moist, shady place. A dressing of peat and leaf mould will improve the soil. It is well to buy special clumps for planting in autumn, not to rely on forced crowns. Fortin’s Giant is a fine variety. Berlin crowns are good for forcing. Montbretia. — A quasi-bulbous plant which bulb dealers handle, and which does well if bought and planted in autumn. The Mont- 50 Encyclopaedia of Gardening bretias are very useful, for they will thrive in almost any soil, and while they like a cool, rather shady place, with abundance ol moisture, they will grow in most places. They form thick masses of long, narrow, Iris-like leaves, from the midst of which the flower- stems rise. They may be propagated by division in spring. Most of the sorts are yellow or orange in colour, and the flowers are borne in large quantities over a long period. George Davison, yellow; Germania, scarlet; Golden Sheaf, yellow; Pluie d’or, apricot; and Prometheus, orange, are good varieties. Narcissus. — See Daffodil. Nerine. — A beautiful genus of half-hardy and tender bulbs, suit- able for cool houses or for warm, sheltered places indoors in mild districts. The brilliant, glistening flowers are borne in umbels in late summer. Increasing slowly, and being impatient of disturb- ance, they are rather more expensive than the majority of bulbs, but the rates are not exorbitant. Nerine (Amaryllis) sarniensis, the Guernsey Lily, is one of the most beautiful of the genus, and there is a large trade done in it in late summer, the plants being bought with Roman Hyacinths when the flower-spikes are rising from the bulbs. They make their growth after blooming, and should be watered until they show signs of going to rest in spring, when they should be dried off for the summer. The bulb soil suits them. It is best to leave them in the same pot until they get very crowded, as frequent shifting is bad. The following are beautiful Nerines: Bowdeni, pink; corusca major, scarlet; Fothergilli major, crimson; and Salmon Queen, salmon. Ornithogalum. — Best known through the pretty white “ Star of Bethlehem,” O. umbellatum, a fragrant flower often grown on the rockery or near the front of the border, hardy, and thriving in ordinary soil if the bulbs are planted an inch deep and 6 ins. apart; it likes a shady spot. Arabicum, on the other hand, prefers a warm, sunny spot; it is a beautiful and fragrant species, the white flowers having a central boss of shining black. It may be grown in pots for spring flowering, and as it is both pretty and sweet it is worth a place in the greenhouse, Lacteum, white with yellow anthers ; and nutans, grey, are also popular. Pancratium. — A beautiful white greenhouse bulb, with long sepals. It thrives in the usual bulb soil, and may be grown singly in 5 -in. or 6-in. pots. Most of the Pancratiums are agreeably scented. Calathina and fragrans, white, sweet, are perhaps the best-known species. Maritimum is also grown a good deal. The last may be grown out of doors in sandy, well-drained soil in a sunny place. Ranunculus. — This florists’ flower has lost some of its old-time favour, and is rarely bedded by florists as was once the case. The flowers are symmetrical and brilliantly coloured, but rather stiff. The Turban class are early bloomers, and may be planted 2 ins. deep and a foot apart, claws downward, in autumn; the French and Persian, which bloom later, may be planted in February or March. They all like a sandy,' friable, well-drained soil. Schizostylis coccinea (scarlet Kaffir Lily). — The great value ol this bright little plant is that it blooms in autumn and early winter, when Encyclopaedia of Gardening 5 1 flowers are scarce. It might be called a miniature Gladiolus, for its leafage and flower spikes resemble those of the Gladiolus; it is, however, much smaller. It is quite hardy, and a few clumps of it look very cheerful in the border on a winter day. They should be given a sunny, sheltered position and left to spread. The Kaffir Lily is well worth growing in pots, and 3 plants put into a 5 -in. pot in bulb soil in autumn will enliven the cool greenhouse in winter. I - S cilia (Squill). — Bright little bulbs, charming in spring beds or on the rockery. They will grow almost anywhere and bloom early. |Plant an inch deep and 6 ins. apart in autumn. They make pretty imargins, and also look well in grass. The Scillas come into bloom [with the Snowdrops, and make charming companions for those dainty little flowers. Bifolia, dark blue ; and Sibirica, bright blue, I are pretty dwarf species; and there are white varieties of both. jCampanulata, the wood Hyacinth, is a taller plant, and there are now several good garden varieties of it, blue, white, rose, or lavender in colour. Nutans is the English Bluebell, and there are white and pink varieties of it. Peruviana, the Cuban Lily, is a handsome ; plant, and there are white and pink varieties of this also. I Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis). — Pretty little hardy bulbs, the i Snowdrops never look nicer than when hanging their bells above the grass. They are, of course, good for margins, for colonies near ! the front of a border, for rockeries, and also for pots. They like a cool, shady spot better than a dry, sunny one; and when they have established themselves they should be left undisturbed. The bulbs may be planted 2 ins. deep and 6 ins. apart. Both the common ! single and double are good, but Elwesii and plicatus are larger. Snowflake (Leucojum). — The Snowflakes succeed the Snowdrops, flowering in spring and early summer. Both aestivum and vernum I have white flowers tipped with green, and are larger in bloom and taller than the Snowdrops. Vernum is the earlier in flower, and is ' fragrant. The bulbs may be planted 3 ins. deep and 9 ins. apart, I and a shady spot is desirable. One of the finest of all the Snow- flakes is Vageneri, which flowers late in spring. ' Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum). — A distinct and graceful plant, growing 2 to 3 ft. high, thriving in shade, and bear- ing greenish flowers on a long, arching stem. It is perfectly hardy, and may be planted out in autumn, but many grow it in pots, using ! bulb soil and forcing it gently. ! Sparaxis. — Cape bulbs, somewhat resembling Ixias, but flowering rather earlier, and dwarfer. They are good for rockeries and the front of borders, and thrive when planted in light, well-drained, fertile soil; or they may be grown in pots like Ixias. The species pulcherrima is quite distinct from the others, flowering in autumn and growing several feet high. It is hardy in friable, well-drained soil. Tigridias. — Short-lived but richly-marked flowers, blooming late j in summer. They are fairly hardy, thriving in sandy, friable, well- j drained soil in a sunny spot; but not reliable in cold, damp soil. I Conchiflora, the shell flower, yellow spotted with red; grandiflora i alba, white, spotted; grandiflora rosea, pink; and Pavonia, red with darker spots, axe good sorts. 52 Encyclopedia of Gardening Trillium grandiflorum. — The American Wood Lily is a beautifu and distinct plant, admirably adapted for cool, shady positions ii the woodland or wild garden. The flowers are large and pure white borne in May. The bulbs may be planted 2 ins. deep and 9 ins apart in autumn. Triteleia. — Pretty dwarf bulbs, blooming in spring. They an good for rockeries and the front of borders. Uniflora is the best- known species; the white flowers are delicately suffused with lilac and have a pleasant perfume. Violacea is a darker-coloured variety. They may be planted 2 ins. deep and 6 ins. apart in autumn, or grown 3 in a pot, and treated like other indoor bulbs, for flowering in winter under glass. Tritonia or Crocosmia. — The species aurea, which bears long, graceful racemes of orange-coloured flowers in summer, is a bright and popular plant. It is hardy in warm, sunny spots, and in well- drained, friable soil. It is well worth growing in pots for the cool greenhouse, and may be given the general bulb treatment. Crocata is also an orange-coloured species. Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa). — A fragrant, pure- white bulb, with long flower stems, which rise in summer. The bulbs are pro- curable in winter and spring, and should be potted singly like Hyacinths and given the general bulb treatment. They are quite easy to manage. The favourite variety is Pearl, which has double, fragrant flowers that are charming for bouquets, wreaths, and general cut-flower work. Tulips. — The Tulip grows rapidly in favour every year as a garden flower, and runs the Daffodil an increasingly hard race for supremacy. Its great value lies in the fact that by making a choice of varieties we can have Tulips in bloom from mid-April to June. Moreover, we can have plants with flower stems a foot high, and varieties 3 ft. high. Few flowers have a wider range of colours than the Tulip, but it does not give us blue. It has already been pointed out that the Tulip is very useful for pot culture, and in this respect the early Dutch varieties, beginning with the Due van Thols, are the most suitable. The method of culture has been indicated. The plants sometimes throw abortive flowers, but this rarely happens with large, well-ripened bulbs, unless there has been a serious error in culture, such as keeping the plants too long in fibre (see previous remarks as to potting bulbs), forcing them too hard, or giving in- sufficient water. It may be remarked that British-grown Tulips are quite as good as Dutch, and the buyer must not be alarmed by loose skins, as they do not affect the flowering. The Tulip differs from the Hyacinth in bulbing freely after flowering, and consequently any good varieties should be kept. If the soil is good, and the season not a very dry one, they are sometimes better the second year than the first. It has been noted (see Flower Garden) that there are plenty of plants which may be raised in readiness for planting out in June, so that no one need hesitate to plant late Tulips freely on the ground that they occupy the beds too long. They make noble colour groups in borders. The following are beautiful early Dutch single Tulips, suitable for pots, bowls, and beds: — Encyclopaedia of Gardening 53 Chrysolora, yellow Cottage Maid, pink, dwarf Couleur de Cardinal, cardinal Due van Thol, red and yellow, also other colours Joost van Vondel, striped, also white form Keizer’s Kroon, red and yellow, very tall Ophir d’Or, yellow Pink Beauty, rose and white Proserpine, yellow Thomas Moore, orange Vermilion Brilliant, scarlet White Swan, white The following are good early double varieties; — La Candeur, white Rex Rubrorum, red Salvator Rosa, rose Tournesol, red and yellow ,, yellow Yellow Rose, sweet The following are splendid May bloomers: — Caledonia, cardinal Clara Butt, pink Gesneriana lutea, yellow Grand Monarque, chocolate La Merveille, coppery, sweet La Tulipe noire, purple Le Reve, mauve Loveliness, lilac-pink Maiden’s Blush, white, rose edge Mrs. Krelage, mauve, white edge Pride of Haarlem, crimson Summer Beauty, rose flake Walter T. Ware, orange Watsonia. — A small genus of beautiful Cape bulbs, of which two sorts, Ardernei and Meriana O’Brieni, have pure- white flowers. They are worth growing in pots, and may be potted singly, like Hyacinths, but the bulbs are not procurable till early winter. They may be started in pots in spring if desired, and planted out in early summer. The flowers are borne in long, graceful spikes. Bullace (Prunus insititia). — A fruit hardly worth growing. See Fruit — Damsons. Buphthalmum (buphthal-mum, from bous, an ox, and ophthalmos, eye, in allusion to the disk. Ord. Compositae). — These are tall, hardy herbaceous perennials, suitable for the border, and thriving in ordinary well-drained soil in a sunny position. Propagation is by division in spring. The best are salicifolium grandiflorum, speciosissimum (Telekia speciosissima), and speciosum (cordifolium), all of which grow about 2 ft. high and have yellow flowers in summer. Burgundy Mixture. — This is a substitute for Bordeaux Mixture, and is used for spraying Potatoes in order to keep off blight. Soda is used instead of lime, and the proportions are: 6 lb. sulphate of copper, 7^ lb. washing soda, 50 gallons of water. Burning Bush, Dictamnus Fraxinella. Butcher’s Broom (Ruscus). — A good shade plant. Ruscus derives from beus (Celtic), box, and kelem, holly; and the plant is also called the Box Holly. The Butcher’s Brooms belong to the order Liliaceae, and grow about a foot high. They are grown as foliage plants. Butomus umbellatus (Flowering Rush). — See Flower Garden — Water plants. • Butterbur, Petasites vulgaris. Buttercup, Ranunculus bulbosus, etc. 54 Encyclopaedia of Gardening Butterfly Flower, Schizanthus. Butterwort. — See Pinguicula. Buxus. — See Box. -See Brassica and Kitchen Garden. Cabbage. Cactus. — Cactus is not a genus, but a class. The term is applied collectively to a number of genera which have a common character, such as Cereus, Echinocactus, Echinopsis, Epiphyllum, Mamillaria, Melocactus, Opuntia, Pereskia, Phyllocactus, Pilocereus, and Rhip- salis. All of these plants are Cacti. The majority of them were originally grouped in one genus, called Cactus, in allusion to the spininess of the first member so named. They are fleshy plants, mostly of slow growth, thriving in a cool, airy house. One or two, notably Epiphyllums, are good room plants. The Cactuses require a plain, gritty soil, such as loam with a good sprinkling of shattered brick and sand. They may be given water in summer when the soil becomes dry, but should be kept with hardly any in winter. They are propagated by seeds, grafting, cuttings, and division. When seeds are available they may be sown in very gritty, porous compost in well -drained pots, preferably in a greenhouse in spring. Kinds that form stems may be propagated by cuttings of these growths, which should be laid in the sun for a few days to get rid of some of the sap, otherwise they may damp off ; they should then be inserted in gritty soil. Species of tufted habit may be divided when the plants are repotted in spring. Epiphyllums are generally grafted on to stocks of Pereskia or Cereus. As natives of arid districts. Cacti are used to a dry atmosphere, but they may have a moist one when growing in summer. The following are some of the principal species: — Cereus flagelliformis, pink flowers in spring. „ grandiflorus, white, summer, a night bloomer. „ Macdonaldiae, white and red, summer. ,, nycticalus, white, summer, a night bloomer. ,, speciosissimus, scarlet, summer. Echinocactus gibbosus, white, autumn. ,, ,, nobilis, white, autumn. ,, Leeanus, yellow, spring. Echinopsis cristata, cream, summer. ,, ,, purpurea, purple, summer. ,, Eyriesii, white, summer, sweet. „ ,, flore pleno, double. ,, Pentlandii, white and red, summer. Epiphyllum Russellianum, rose, spring. ,, truncatum, rose, spring and summer. (The latter is a popular Cactus for rooms, and produces its brilliant flowers on the edges of the branches, hence the name, which comes from epi, upon, and phyllon, leaf. There are several varieties, differing in colour from the original species. Grafting an Epi- PHVLLUM ON A Pereskia Stock. The grafts are pinned on with spines from the stock. Encyclopaedia of Gardening 55 It is generally grafted on to Cere us speciosissimus or Pereskia aculeata, but those who have no stocks may insert cuttings. The plants may be started in a warm greenhouse about mid- winter, put into a cool house in summer, and given very little water in winter.) Mamillaria crassispina, red, summer. ,, dolichocentra, rose, white spines, summer. „ echinata, yellow, summer. ' ,, elongata, yellow, summer. ,, longimamma, yellow, summer. ,, Zuccariniana, crimson, early summer. I Melocactus communis, rose (Melon Cactus). I Opuntia decumana, orange, summer. I ,, leucotricha (ursina), white, early summer (Grizzly Bear i Cactus). Opuntia Rafinesqui, red and yellow, summer, Pereskia aculeata, white, autumn (American Gooseberry). Phyllocactus Ackermannii, crimson, summer. 1 (There are many hybrids and varieties of Phyllocactus, of I which the following are good: Agatha, rose; Brilliant, scarlet; ; Cooperi, cream; Epirus, pink; Niobe, deep red.) Pilocereus senilis, white spines and long white hairs (Old Man Cactus) . I Rhipsalis Cassytha, green and white, late summer. ! ,, sarmentacea, white, a good basket plant. ! Caladium (cala-dium, from haladion, a cup. Ord. Aroideae). — , Except for the species argyrites, these are large-leaved, expansive : plants, and need large pots and a roomy . house to be done justice to. They are grown I entirely for their foliage, which is of great , size, borne shield-like on the stems so as to show to advantage, and beautifully coloured, ' They thrive best in a warm greenhouse in which a humid atmosphere can be main- tained. When huddled with other plants in a small, dry house they soon lose their glow. They form tubers, to which they die back in autumn, and from which they start afresh in winter or spring, according to the heat available. Loam (3 parts), leaf mould (i part), and sand suit them. They may be propagated by division while at rest. Good varieties — A Caladium tuber. I. Point of division. Argyrites (species) Clio • Duchess of Fife Roncador Rose Laing Silver Cloud Calanthe (calan-the, from halos, beautiful, and anthos, flower. Ord. Orchidaceae) . — The Calanthe is one of the most important of all Orchids, because in addition to great beauty it has the advantage of easy culture. It is what is called a " terrestrial ” Orchid, that is, it is grown in soil, not on blocks. Most of the species are evergreen, but vestita is deciduous. One of the most valuable traits is the long duration of the flowers, and fortunately this quality is retained 56 Encyclopaedia of Gardening || Avhen the spikes are cut and put in water. The deciduous kinds resll in winter, when no more water should be given than is required tc keep the pseudo-bulbs fresh. The plants ma} be started into fresh growth in a warm house towards the end of winter, when they should be repotted. The pots should be filled up to one- third their depth with crocks, and the remainder with loam, leaf mould (or peat), and Sphagnum moss in equal parts, the whole lightened with sand and broken charcoal. The material should be filled in nearly to the brim, and the plants set on the top. This plan allows a free run to the strong roots. The plants must have a light place, and be kept moist in a temperature of 65° to 75°, When the pseudo-bulbs are full grown they may go in a cooler, drier house. Propaga- tion is by division of the pseudo-bulbs when repotting. The following are the principal species and varieties : — Masuca, violet, winter bloomer; Veitchii, rose, winter (syn. Lima- todes rosea); veratrifolia, white, spring; vestita, pink and white, winter. There are several good varieties of the last, notably nivalis, white ; oculata gigantea, white, red blotch on lip; and rubro-oculata, crimson and white. There are also varieties of Veitchii. Calceolaria (calceola-ria, from calceolus, a slipper, referring to the form of the flower. Ord. Scrophularineae). — There are two dis- tinct types of Calceolaria, the herbaceous and the shrubby. The former dies back to the roots at the end of the growing season, the latter holds its stems and leaves. Herbaceous Calceolarias are generally grown as annuals, fresh batches being raised from seed every year. The principal seedsmen have raised beautiful strains, which form large plants under good culture, covered with large, richly-coloured pouches. The seed is somewhat expensive, and being small should be handled with care (see Begonias, and Water- ing). It may be sown in spring. When the seedlings are fairly started they grow rapidly, and may be repotted till they have 6-in. or 7-in. pots, in which they may bloom. They will be safe in an airy frame or cool greenhouse in summer, and may be given a warm greenhouse in autumn if early bloom is required, otherwise they will do in a cool greenhouse. The ordinary shrubby Calceolaria is the dwarf yellow which is often used in flower gardening. It is a brilliant plant, nearly hardy, but is subject to disease, which carries off large numbers in summer. It should be planted a foot apart in April, and sprayed (see Bordeaux Mixture). Cuttings of the young shoots may be taken in October, and put in sandy soil in a cold frame, over which a mat may be thrown in cold weather in winter. Golden Glory is the best variety. Several hybrid, yellow-flowered Calceolarias of more vigorous growth than the bedders have been raised, and they are useful for flowering in greenhouses and conservatories in autumn, winter, and spring. Clibrani is a par- ticularly good one, blooming profusely and being very bright. —1 A Calanthe Tuber. 1. Drainage. 2. Compost. Encyclopaedia of Gardening 57 Burbidgei is also good. They are of rambling habit, and make large, showy plants. Calendula (Marigold). — See Annuals. Calla (cal-la, from halos, beautiful. Ord. Aroideae). — Much the most important plant in this genus is the Arum Lily, often called Calla aethiopica, but now called by botanists Richardia africana. See Arum Lily and Bulbs. Calliopsis (calliop-sis). — See Coreopsis and Annuals, Callistemon, Bottle Brush (calliste-mon, from kalistos, most beauti- ful, and stemon, stamen, in allusion to the long scarlet stamens). — Singular and attractive evergreens, suitable for a cool house, but must be kept safe from frost in winter. The close spikes, with their long stamens, have gained the popular name of Bottle Brush. The plant enjoys a compost of peat and loam in equal parts, with sand. It may be propagated by cuttings inserted in sandy peat in late spring. The principal species are lanceolatus (syn. semperflorens, also called Metrosideros citrina and M. semperflorens) and speciosus (also called Metrosideros speciosa), both of which have crimson flowers. Callistephus (callisteph-us, from kalistos, most beautiful, and Stephanos, crown). — The China Aster, C. hortensis (syn. chinensis) is offered by some seedsmen under the name of Aster sinensis, and is well worth growing, as it produces large blue flowers freely in summer. It should be grown as a half-hardy annual. See Annuals. Calluna, Ling, Heather (callu-na, from kalluno, to adorn. Ord. Ericaceae). — The common Ling or Heather is Calluna vulgaris, a British plant with purplish flowers. It is well known as a wilding, but its varieties, alba, white ; Hammondi, white; pygmaea, dwarf; argentea, silvery leaves, are more esteemed for gardens. They like peaty soil, but will grow in most good garden soils; Propagation is by cuttings. For the best Heaths, see Erica. Callus. — A swelling at the base of a severed shoot, which springs from the cambium layer at the junction of bark and wood. It is the precursor of rooting. Gardeners speak of cuttings " callusing.” Calochortus (calochor-tus, from kalos, beautiful, and chortus, grass, in allusion to the slender leaves. Ord. Liliaceae). — See Bulbs. Caltha, Marsh Marigold (cal-tha, from kalathos, a goblet. Ord. Ranunculaceae). — The Marsh Marigold is a useful waterside plant, and several good garden forms are procurable, such as bicolor, white; monstrosa fiore pleno, large double; and nana flore pleno, dwarf double. They thrive in moist soil, and are increased by division in spring. Calycanthus, Allspice (calycan-thus, from kalyx, calyx, and anthos. flower, referring to the coloured calyx). — These plants are fragrant' both in bloom and leaf. The brownish flowers of C. floridus are not conspicuous, but they are deliciously fragrant. They are borne in June. It is illustrated in the Botanical Magazine, t. 503. There are several varieties of it, of which asplenifolius and variegatus are 58 Encyclopaedia of Gardening J eaflU S two of the best, Occidentalis, which bears red flowers in August! is also very sweet. These plants are nominally hardy in Greai Britain, but it is best to give them a sheltered place in a shrubbei or near a wall. They like peaty soil, but are not fastidious. Propa- gation is by layering in summer, or by seeds in a frame. The plan! sometimes grown under the name of Calycanthus praecox is Chimonanthus fragrans. Calystegia, Bearbind, Bindweed (calyste-gia, from kalyx, calyx, and staga, a covering, from the calyx being obscured by bracts. Ord. Convolvulaceae) . — While some of these relatives of the Con- volvulus have beautiful flowers, notably hederacea (pubescens), with rosy flowers in early summer; and sepium dahurica, with rosy purple flowers in summer, the genus as a whole must be regarded with suspicion When the common Bindweed gets a footing in a garden it is apt to become a nuisance twining round many plants which would look much better without it. The best way of keeping it under is to chop off the shoots as fast as they appear above ground; if, how- ever, the root can be traced it should be pulled out altogether. The Calystegias may be propagated by division in spring, or by seeds. Quamash, the — See Bulbs. Grafting Camellias. Camellias may be propa Camassia (camass-ia, gated bv grafting m t j- ' if the base of the Indian name. spring scion is inserted in bottle of water. 1. Stock. 2. Scion. from Ord. Liliaceae) Camellia (camall - ia, after Camellus, a Moravian. Ord. Ternstromiaceae). — One of the noblest of our evergreen shrubs, the Camellia is so nearly hardy that it may be grown in cool houses in northern climes, and outdoors in warm, moist, southern districts of England. It is a beauti- ful plant, its habit being bushy and com- ^ pact, its leaves glossy, its flowers symmetrical, substantial, and of brilliant colours. The white varieties are quite wax-like in texture. The double Camellias are the most popular. The one serious difficulty with the Camellia is its habit of casting its flower buds, which it does on very slight provocation. The trouble is less serious with planted-out than with pot plants, and probably turns on correct water- ing {see Watering). Turfy loam and peat in equal parts, with broken charcoal and sand. The cuttings may consist of suit as compost. The plant makes its growth matured young wood, and after flowering. Propagation can be effected bottom heat, by striking young shoots in sandy soil in a shaded frame in July. Grafting, layering, and inarching are practised in the nurseries. Repotting should never be done with Propagating Camellias BY Cuttings. Encyclopedia of Gardening 59 established plants until the pots are quite full of roots, and then it is best done directly the buds set. Large plants in borders may be pruned into shape after flowering. Good varieties— Alba plena, white; Comtessa Lavinia Maggi, white, carmine stripes; C. M. Hovey, crimson; Donckelaari, crimson and white; Lady Hume’s Blush, flesh; Marchioness of Exeter, rose. Campanula, Bell Flower (campan-ula, from campana, a bell, in reference to the form of the flower. Ord. Campanulaceae) . — A large and valuable genus, giving good material alike for greenhouse, border, and rockery. The Canterbury Bell is a Campanula (C. medium), and this, with C. pyramidalis, is best treated as a biennial {see Biennials). Both of these beautiful kinds may be grown in pots. The best of the border Campanulas other than the Canter- bury Bell are as follows : — carpatica, blue, early summer, 9 ins. high. ,, alba, white, early summer, 9 ins. high. ,, venusta, lavender, early summer, 9 ins. high, glomerata, blue, early summer, 18 ins. high. ,, dahurica, blue, early summer, 18 ins. high, latifolia, blue, early summer, 24 ins. high. ,, macrantha, blue, early summer, 24 ins. high, persicaefolia, blue, early summer, 24 ins. high. ,, alba plena, double white, 24 ins. high. Trachelium, blue, summer, 3 ft. high. All of these are readily raised from seed sown out of doors in May, and most of them may be propagated by division in spring. They will thrive in ordinary well-drained soil. Pyramidalis and its white variety should be sown in spring for pot work, pricked off, potted singly in 3 -in., shifted to 6-in., and wintered in a greenhouse. The species fragilis (syn. Barrelieri), with blue flowers in summer; and isophylla, blue, summer, are nice basket plants. The white variety of the latter is even prettier than the blue. For rockwork, carpatica and its varieties; garganica and its variety hirsuta; portenschlagiana (syn. muralis) and the Bavarian variety; Allionii, pulla and the variety G. F. Wilson, pusilla and Raineri, may be chosen. See Flower Garden. Campion. — See Agrostemma, Lychnis, and Flower Garden. Canary Creeper, Tropaeolum aduncum or canariense (Ord. Geraniaceae). — A pretty yellow-flowered creeper, which comes in useful for verandahs, palings, window-boxes, balconies, and other places. Although a perennial it answers well to treatment as an annual. It is generally raised under glass in March and planted out in May, but if the soil is friable and the position sheltered, it may be sown out of doors at the end of April, and will flower in summer. Candytuft. — The pretty white, carmine, crimson, and other Candytufts which we grow as hardy annuals {see Annuals) are the offspring of Iberis coronaria and I. umbellata. The latter is a very old plant, a native of Spain, and bears purple flowers. It is illus- trated in the Botanical Magazine, t. 106. The Candytufts are among the best of the hardy annuals. 6o Encyclopaedia of Gardening Canker. — One of the commonest diseases of fruit trees, canker is particularly destructive to Apples. It attacks young as well as old trees of certain varieties, and in particular soils. For remedies, see Apple. The following mixture of chemical fertilisers has been found good when spread under the trees in February and pointed in: 12 parts superphosphate, lo parts nitrate of potash, 8 parts sulphate of lime, 4 parts common salt, i part sulphate of iron ; use 4 oz, per square yard. Canna (can-na (Celtic), a cane. Ord. Scitamineae) . — The Canna grows in favour more rapidly as a greenhouse than as an outdoor plant. It is perhaps less used now in the garden because “ sub- tropical ” gardening has given place to the culture of hardy herba- ceous plants. The new dwarf forms have finer flowers than the old race, and make really beautiful plants in 7-in. pots. They develop large spikes of brilliant flowers at about 2 ft. high, and the rich colours are well set off by the abundant and handsome foliage, which in some varieties is brown, and in others green. These varieties may, of course, be planted out in beds if desired. They should be started in pots, and planted out 2 ft. apart in deep, rich soil towards the end of May. They enjoy weekly soakings of liquid manure. Young plants started in spring, and put in 6-in. pots in a compost of loam (3 parts), leaf mould (i part), and sand, will bloom well by midsummer, but with more heat the roots can be started earlier and flowered by the end of May. When the plants die away in autumn the root stocks can be stored in a dry, frost- proof place like Dahlias. They may be divided when growth starts if more plants are required. Good varieties — Africa, scarlet; Charles Naudin, salmon; Elizabeth Hoss, yellow, spotted; Hermann Fischer, vermilion; Italia, orange and yellow; Souvenir de A. Crozy, scarlet, yellow edge ; Van der Schoot, yellow, spotted. Canterbury Bell. — See Biennials and Campanula. Cantua (can-tua, from cantu, a Peruvian name. Ord. Polemonia- ceae). — Cantua buxifolia (dependens) is a handsome greenhouse evergreen, growing 4 to 6 ft. high, and bearing rosy flowers in spring. It thrives in a sandy mixture of peat and loam, and may be propa- gated by cuttings under a bell-glass. Cape Gooseberry. — See Physalis. Cape Jasmine. — See Gardenia. Caper Spurge. — See Euphorbia Lathyris. Capparis (cap-paris, from kabar, caper (Arabic). Ord. Cappari- deae). — This genus is not important from the garden point of view, but it has economic value, as the species spinosa yields the com- mercial “ capers.” It has white flowers, and may be grown in a greenhouse in peat and loam if desired. Propagation is by cuttings of mature wood, inserted in sandy soil under a bell-glass. Capsicum. — See Kitchen Garden. Cardamine, Lady’s Smock (cardami-ne, from kardamon, water- cress, on account of the hot flavour. Ord. Cruciferae). — The Encyclopaedia of Gardening 6i common Lady’s Smock, with its white or lilac flowers (“ lady’s smocks, all silver white ”), is Cardamine pratensis. Garden lovers prefer the double white. They grow about i8 ins. high and bloom in May. C. diphylla (Dentaria diphylla of the older botanists) is also pretty. It bears white flowers in May, and grows about 1 8 ins. high. They like moist soil in a cool spot, and may be propagated by division. Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis. Cardoon. — See Kitchen Garden. Carex, Sedge (ca-rex, from keiro, to cut, in allusion to the sharp edges. Ord. Cyperaceae). — One or two of the Carexes are good for growing in pools among Water Lilies, and the species Pseudo- cyperus may be mentioned particularly in this connection. It has triangular stems, and grows about 3 ft. high. Plant at the same time as the Water Lilies. See Flower Garden. Carnations, Picotees, and Pinks. — Whether represented by the huge-bloomed, long-stemmed, highly perfumed American Carna- tions; the fragrant Malmaisons; the flaked flowers beloved of old- time florists; the Cloves of the border; or the Pinks of the cottage garden, this lovely genus wins our admiration and love. Carna- tions, Picotees, and laced Pinks have sprung from Dianthus caro- phyllus, and the common white Pink from Dianthus plumarius. Carnations have been specialised for hundreds of years, and it would be difficult to trace their upward progress from the small, irregular early forms to the large, symmetrical varieties which we have to-day. Florists have worked patiently on them for century after century, with the result that we have at our command an almost embarrassingly rich assortment of lovely varieties. Garden Carnations. — The best garden Carnations are drawn from the self or one-coloured class, the modern representatives of which combine perfect form with brilliant colours and (in many cases) delicious scent. Would that we could add freedom from insects and fungi, but the truth is that modern Carnations, whether from over-fertilisation, excessive propagation, or unnecessary coddling under glass, are not constitutionally vigorous. It is best to start with a collection of young, clean plants in spring, and plant them in deeply tilled but not heavily manured soil. Friable, well- drained, sandy loam is the best; should the soil be stiff and heavy it will be wise to crumble it well by digging after frost, and adding road scrapings, mortar rubbish, and ashes, both of wood and coal. If the soil is rich the plants had better be set 18 ins. apart. Neat flower stakes must be put to the plants as the flower stems rise, and care must be taken not to bind stem and stake tightly. The plants may be grown in beds or in border clumps. Where there are several beds to fill one might well be devoted to Carnations and Picotees, for the plants will be more varied, and more interesting the summer through, than Geraniums or Begonias, if less brilliant at a particular season. It must be remembered that the plants are evergreen, and as long as they are healthy they are attractive. Diseases. — Unfortunately, the beauty of the silvery foliage is 62 Encyclopaedia of Gardening || often marred by fungi, which cause dark blotches, rusty patches and shrivelling. The remedy is to spray the plants with water in which fresh liver of sulphur has been dissolved at the rate of half an ounce per gallon, and this must be done at the first sign of attack. Ill-health may arise from underground enemies, such as wireworm, leather-jacket grubs, and surface caterpillars, but an attack from this source is generally shown in puny growth rather than patched leaves. Traps of Potato and Mangel slices may be set among the plants to draw ofiE the grubs. The pieces should be impaled on sticks and examined frequently. tJnwonted pallor in summer may be due to a maggot which works within the stems; its burrow should be found and well probed with a long needle. Propagation. — If the plants are healthy and the soil good they will produce strong, non-flowering side shoots, which can be turned into separate plants by making a slit along the stem a few inches from the root stock in August, and pegging them into a small heap of sandy soil. In 6 or 7 weeks, when they have rooted freely, the young plants may be severed from the old ones and planted out. It is, however, well to put a reserve into small pots and winter them in a cool frame, giving them plenty of air in fine weather. They may prove useful in filling gaps in spring. Summer show Carnations. — A good garden self Carnation is often a good show variety too, but so high is the standard of exhibition quality which has been reached that it is almost impossible to attain to it without growing the plants in pots, and giving them the shelter of glass. A light, airy pit or greenhouse is desirable; and a brisk, lively atmosphere must be maintained. With a close, warm air the plants would fall a prey to disease. Loam, with a quarter of decayed manure and a liberal dash of sand, makes a good compost. Two plants may be grown in a 7-in. or 8-in. pot, and each re- stricted to one flower stem, the buds on which may be thinned to three. Winter and spring Carnations. — There are 3 sections of winter and spring Carnations: the Tree, the American, and the Malmaison. The Tree or Perpetual is less popular than it was, the larger flowers, longer stems, and richer fragrance of the Americans having brought this class (which is really a glorified Tree) into greater favour. The culture is practically the same, as both kinds are raised from cut- tings in spring in a warm house or frame, potted as required, grown under cool, airy conditions through the summer, and flowered in gently heated houses the following winter. They may be grown singly in 5 -in. or 6-in. pots, in a similar compost to that recom- mended for show varieties. They should be staked as needed, watered regularly in summer and as required in winter, and given weak liquid manure twice a week when coming into bloom. The Malmaisons are given substantially the same treatment, but they are not so accommodating as the others, and are easily upset by a mistake in watering or ventilating. On this account they are not much grown in mixed collections of plants, but are left to large establishments where a separate house can be devoted to them, and they can be put in charge of a skilled man. Carnations from seed. — In days when there is not much trouble Encyclopaedia of Gardening 63 from disease it is not every Carnation lover who will bind himself to named varieties, propagated vegetatively by layers or cuttings; many prefer to trust to seedlings, which, if they do not produce flowers of the highest quality, judged by the exhibition standard, are nevertheless beautiful and sweet. It is a good thing to sow a packet of seed from a reliable florist in spring, using sandy, friable soil, and aiding germination with gentle bottom heat. In due course the seedlings are pricked off, hardened in an unheated frame, and then planted out 9 ins. apart in a spare bed. In September they are treated like newly-rooted layers: i.e., planted out or potted for the winter. A sowing of hardy border mixtures may be , made out of doors in June, with tlie Wallflowers and other biennials. I Propagation of Pinks. — Garden Pinks are propagated by pulling young shoots from the old plants and inserting in moist, sandy soO I in summer. They are hardy, healthy, and will thrive in almost any soil with the simplest treatment. The laced Pinks are more deli- jcate, and need careful Carnation treatment; they are declining in I favour. The following are selections in the various colours : — Self Carnations for Border and Show. Banner, scarlet Bendigo, purple Ben Ghazi, crimson Exile, rose Firebrand, scarlet Garville Gem, heliotrope I Gil Polo, crimson I Hildegarde, white 1 Lady Hermione, salmon-pink ' Lady Nina Balfour, peach Lord Roberts, yellow [ Miss A. Campbell, primrose I Mrs. Eric Hambro, white Queen of Bedders, pink - Seagull, blush I Trojan, white 1 Uriah Pike, crimson, clove- ! scented \Bizarre and Flake Carnations for I Show. \ Admiral Curzon, scarlet bizarre ! Robt. Houlgrave, scarlet bizarre Master Fred, crimson bizarre Rifleman, crimson bizarre Sarah Payne, pink and purple I bizarre Wm. Skirving, pink and purple : bizarre j Gordon Lewis, purple flake I James Douglas, purple flake Alisemond, scarlet flake Rob Roy, rose flake Thalia, rose flake Picotees for Garden or Show. Brunette, heavy red-edged J. B. Bryant, heavy red-edged Charlotte Bronte, medium red- edged Mrs. Gorton, light red-edged Thomas William, light red- edged Mrs. Pajme, heavy rose-edged Clio, medium rose-edged Ethel, light rose-edged Favourite, light rose-edged Chancellor, heavy purple-edged Zerlina, heavy purple-edged Amy Robsart, medium purple- edged Ann Lord, light purple-edged Tree. Deutsche Brant, white Mdlle. T. Franco, pink Uriah Pike, crimson Wm. Robinson, scarlet American. Beacon, scarlet Britannia, scarlet Carola, dark crimson Enchantress, pink Lady Bountiful, white Lady C. Waring, yellow 64 Encyclopaedia of Gardening May Day, pink Mrs. Burnett, salmon Winsor, soft rose White Enchantress Garden Pinks. Anne Boleyn, purple Ascot, pink Ernest Ladhams, blush Mrs. Sinkins, white Yellow Ground Carnations and Picotees. Brodick Childe Harold Gertrude Gronow Hidalgo Lucy Glitters Rabelais The Pilgrim Carnations from Seed. Double Border, mixed colours. Grenadin, a type growing about a foot high, scarlet flowers. Marguerite, a mixed type, single and double, flowering the same year if sown in a warm place in late winter. Perpetual Prize or Self, saved from exhibition varieties. Carpenteria californica (carpenter-ia, after Professor Carpenter. Ord. Saxifrageae) . — A beautiful evergreen shrub, which produces large, white, fragrant flowers in June. It may be grown out of doors in northern climes if it can be given the shelter of a wall, otherwise it must be kept in a greenhouse. It is well worth planting out in a large conservatory. It is not particular as to soil, and may be propagated by cuttings. A plate will be found in the Botanical Magazine, t. 6911. Carpinus, Hornbeam (carpi-nus, from car, wood (Celtic), and pix, head; the wood was used to make yokes. Ord. Cupuliferae). — The Hornbeam, C. Betulus, of which there are several varieties, is used as a hedge plant, particularly by nurserymen, who find its fast growth, and habit of holding its leaves, useful for getting divisional shelters quickly. It thrives in most soils, and is easily increased by seeds, suckers, or layers. Carpocapsa pomonella (carpocap-sa), the Codlin Moth. — See Fruit. Carrot, Daucus (dau-cus) carota. — See Kitchen Garden. Cassandra (cassan-dra, mythological. Ord. Ericaceae). — Allied to Andromeda. The shrubs often called Andromeda angustifolia and H. calyculata are now classed as Cassandras, the former being con- sidered a variety of the latter. They are North American shrubs, growing about 2 ft. high, and producing white flowers in spring. They like a peaty soil. Cassia (cass-ia, from kasian. Ord. Leguminosae) . — The best- known species is corymbosa, which produces yellow flowers in early summer. It is an evergreen shrub about 3 ft. high, and requiring a warm greenhouse or conservatory {see the Botanical Magazine, t. 633). Loam, with a third of leaf mould and some sand, suits. Propagation is by seeds or cuttings in spring. There are many other species, and some yield the senna of commerce. Castanea, Chestnut (casta-nea, from the Thessalian town. Ord. Gupuliferae). — The Horse Chestnut is one of our most beautiful trees ! Encyclopedia of Gardening 65 I ' when in full bloom, and there are several varieties {see Aesculus). The Sweet Chestnut is Castanea sativa, and its nuts are much esteemed. They will keep a long time if stored in dry sand, and are very tasty when roasted. There are several varieties, differing in the form and colour-marking of the leaves. Castor-oil Plant. — See Ricinus. Catalpa (catal-pa, the Indian name. Ord. Bignonia.ceae) . — ; Handsome trees, of which the North American species bignonioides is the most important. It is a tree growing 20 to 30 ft. high, and bearing white, purple-spotted flowers in July. There are several varieties, including one with yellow and another with silver -varie- i gated leaves. It is a good town tree, as it does not grow to a great ! size, or run immoderately at the root, yet the head has a nice spread and the flowers are pretty. It is not particular as to soil, and will grow near towns. Propagation is by seeds in spring or layers in j autumn. Cordifolia (speciosa) and Kaempferi are two other good hardy species. ; Catananche (catanan-che, from hatanangke, in reference to its use I in love-potions, hence also the name Cupidone, under which it is ; sometimes grown. Ord. Compositae.) — Caerulea, blue; and its blue and white variety bicolor, are hardy herbaceous perennials, ! growing 2 to 3 ft. high, and flowering in summer. The flowers are I dried for winter use. They are not particular as to soil, and may be ! propagated by seed or division. I Catasetum (catase-tum, from kata, downward, and seta, a bristle, in allusion to the position of the horns of the column. Ord. Orchi- daceae). — A large but not very important genus of hothouse Orchids, generally grown on blocks or in baskets, but also available for pot I culture in crocks and a fourth of peat and some Sphagnum moss. They should be given a good deal of water while growing, but when ! growth is completed they should receive very little. Propagated ! by division when fresh growth starts. They want abundance of I heat and moisture in summer. The most popular species is Bunge- rothii, which has white flowers; there are several varieties of it. ; Macrocarpum and splendens, with their varieties, are also esteemed. ! Catchfly. — See Silene. Caterpillars. — Caterpillars, hatching from the eggs of certain butterflies and moths, are very destructive to many kinds of plants. Several kinds attack fruit trees {see Fruit), while others infest green vegetables {see Kitchen Garden). Dusting them with Hellebore powder is a simple means of destroying caterpillars on bushes of small size. Hand-picking and syringing with brine may be resorted to. Birds eat large quantities of caterpillars, and should be encouraged in gardens. Cattleya (catt-leya, after Mr. Cattley. Ord. Orchidaceae). — One of the most important genera of Orchids, giving noble flowers of beautiful and varied colours. They may be grown either in pots (alternatively pans) or baskets. In the former case the pots should be nearly filled with fibrous peat. Sphagnum moss, and crocks, and the plants set on the top. The pots may be 3 parts filled with 66 Encyclopaedia of Gardening crocks to begin with, then the plant should be set on a layer of moss, and the roots packed in with peat and Sphagnum in the proportion of 2 and I respectively. Repotting may be done every other year, and the best time is when roots begin to push from the young growths. They like a winter temperature of 55° to 65°, and a spring heat of 60° to 70°. An airy house is required, with light shade in summer. They must have abundance of water while grow- ing, but only enough to prevent the pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling in the resting period. They may be increased by division when fresh growths start. There is considerable variation in height and habit among Cattleyas. Of recent years many hybrids have been raised, both specific and generic. Cattleyas have been crossed with Laelias, and also with Brassavolas (see Brassocattleya and Brasso- catlaelia). The following are the principal species ; for the hybrids, of which there are large numbers, specialists should consult a standard book on Orchids: — Aclandiae, 6 ins, high, late spring, citrina, 6 ins. high, spring, intermedia, 15 ins. high, spring, labiata vera, 12 ins. high, autumn. Lawrenceana, 9 ins. high, spring. Loddigesii, 1 5 ins. high, late summer. Mendelii, 1 5 ins. high, late spring. Mossiae, 1 5 ins. high, late spring. Schilleriana, 6 ins. high, spring, Skinneri, 10 ins. high, spring. Trianae, 15 ins. high, winter. Warscewiczii (gigas), 15 ins. high, early summer. Cauliflower. — See Brassica and Kitchen Garden. Ceanothus (ceano-thus, from keanothus. Ord. Rhamneae). — Beautiful shrubs, the most useful of which are the hardy deciduous kinds, such as americanus, white, and its variegated variety; azureus, blue, and its fine variety Gloire de Versailles; dentatus, blue; and Veitchianus, blue; inasmuch as they can be utilised for house walls. All flower in late spring or early summer. They like a sunny aspect, and ordinary soil that is not heavy and damp. They may be planted in autumn or late winter. Propagation is by layers, or by cuttings of side shoots in sandy soil under a bell-glass in August, Few wall plants are capable of making a more charming picture on a dwelling than a healthy Ceanothus. Cedar, Cedrus (ce-dar, ce-drus, from kedron, or from Ced.ron, a brook in Judea. Ord. Coniferae). — The Cedar of Lebanon is Cedrus Libani, an impressive tree. The Mount Atlas Cedar is C. atlantica ; and the Deodar or Indian Cedar is C. Deodara. All are hand- some, and not the least so is atlantica, which has a pyramidal habit. There are several horticultural varieties of each of the species named. A deep, well-drained sandy soil is best. StifiE, cold clay is unsuitable. Celandine. — The Greater Celandine is Chelidonium majus, and the Lesser Celandine is Ranunculus Ficaria. Both are British wildings. Encyclopaedia of Gardening 67 Celeriac, Turnip-rooted Celery. Celery, Apium (a-pium) graveolens. — See Kitchen Garden. Celmisia (celmis-ia, after Celmisius, a mythological being. Ord. Compositae). — The species coriacea is not infrequently grown as a hardy herbaceous plant. It will thrive in ordinary soil, and produce white and yellow flowers. Holosericea, white, yellow centre, is pretty. Cover with glass in winter. Propagation is by seeds or ! division in spring. Celosia (cel5-sia, from kelos, burnt, in allusion to the scorched appearance of the flowers. Ord. Amarantaceae) . — The two most I popular members of this genus are cristata, the Cockscomb ; and I the feathered sub-variety, plumosa. They are greenhouse annuals, I generally grown in pots, but plumosa, red, and its yellow form, I aurea, are sometimes used in flower-beds in summer. These two , are really sub-varieties of cristata pyramidalis, the pyramidal Cocks- comb. They should be sown under glass in late winter, pricked off, I potted singly, and planted out in June. If kept in pots they may be i transferred to 6-in., or for large plants to s-in. and then to 8 -in. j They should be kept warm and moist, and have weekly doses of I liquid manure, till the flowers show, when they may go into a con- servatory or “ flowering house.” The Cockscomb is grown in ; practically the same way. If the plants come leggy they may be I decapitated with a few inches of stem and struck in sandy soil after I the head has formed if they are kept close in a warm place under a I hand-light. With dwarf plants the combs curl inwards until the tips nearly reach the side of the pot. They like a compost of loam ! with a little leaf mould or decayed manure, and sand. Celsia (cel-sia, after Professor Celsius. Ord. Scrophularineae) . — i A small genus allied to Verbascum (Mullein). The best-known I species is Arcturus, a half-hardy shrub growing about 4 ft. high, ^ and bearing yellow flowers in August {see the Botanical Magazine, ' t. 1962). It may be propagated by cuttings of the young wood in a greenhouse. Cretica is a half-hardy biennial, with yellow flowers in J uly, and may be raised from seed in a greenhouse in spring. i Centaurea (centau-rea, from centaur. Ord. Compositae). — Inas- j much as this genus gives us the Cornflower and the Sweet Sultan it I is one of much interest. C. Cyanus is the Cornflower, and there are I several colours in addition to the popular blue. This is a hardy annual, and may be grown as such {see Annuals). Moschata is the ! purple Sweet Sultan, of which seedsmen offer white and yellow varieties; the latter is called odorata by some botanists, thus making it a distinct species from the purple. Grow as hardy annuals, j Depressa is a dwarf blue annual species. The most useful of the perennial species are Cineraria, otherwise Cineraria candidissima, ; which is grown for its silvery leaves, and is raised from seed in heat j in spring; macrocephala, a tall yellow perennial; and montana, i blue, 2 ft. high ; the white variety of the latter is a good border plant, i hardy and free-flowering, but needs careful tying, as its habit is : straggly. Ragusina used to be grown a good deal for its silvery I leaves, but Cineraria maritima is a better plant. The hardy 68 Encyclopaedia of Gardening perennials grow in ordinary soil, and are propagated by division in spring. Centranthus, Valerian (centran-thus, from hentron, a spur, and anthos, a flower, in allusion to the spur at the base. Ord. Valeri- aneae). — The Valerians are bright and free-blooming plants. Macrosiphon, red; and albus, its white variety, are two good hardy annuals, which grow about 2 ft. high and bloom in summer. Ruber (Valeriana rubra) is the common red Valerian, a hardy perennial often naturalised on chalky cuttings in Great Britain. It increases itself by self-sown seeds, and must be kept in hand, or it will spread too much. There is a white variety. Both will establish them- selves on walls if a few seeds are dropped into crevices. Centropogon (centrop5-gon, from kentron, a spur, and pogon, a beard, in allusion to the fringe round the stigma. Ord. Campanu- laceae). — The one member widely grown is Lucyanus, a hybrid growing 2 ft. high and bearing rosy flowers in autumn. It may be grown in a warm greenhouse in equal parts of loam and peat, and propagated by cuttings of the young shoots in bottom heat under a bell-glass, using sandy soil. Cephalaria (cephala-ria. Ord. Dipsaceae). — An unimportant genus, except for the one species alpina (Scabiosa alpina), which grows about 5 ft. high, and produces yellow flowers in summer. It will grow almost anywhere, and may be propagated by seed. Cerastium (ceras-tium, from keras, a horn, referring to the shape of the seed vessel. Ord. Caryophylleae). — The Mouse-ear Chick- weed is useful as a carpeter, and may be grown on the rockery where there is room for it to spread without encroaching on more delicate plants. It will thrive in almost any soil, and seeds freely, springing up in all directions. The two species Biebersteinii and tomentosum are much alike, and both may be increased by cuttings or division in spring where a good many plants are wanted ; or the self-sown seedlings may be transplanted. They have white flowers as well as silvery leaves. They may be sown on walls, and are useful as edgings. Cerasus, Cherry (cer-asus, from the town of that name in Asia. Ord. Rosaceae). — The genus Cerasus is now put under Prunus by botanists, but nurserymen and gardeners grow certain species under the old generic name, notably avium (dulcis or domestica), the wild Geaii; Cerasus, the common Cherry; Laurocerasus, the common Laurel ; lusitanicus, the Portugal Laurel ; Padus, the Bird Cherry; Pseudo-cerasus; and serrulata. There are several good varieties of each. Multiplex, double; pendula, weeping; and laciniata, cut-leaved, are varieties of avium. Rhexii flore pleno is a good ornamental variety of Cerasus. Argentea is a nice variety of the Bird Cherry. Watered, a double form, represents Pseudo- cerasus, and may be grown in large pots to be gently forced in winter. The others may be grown in the shrubbery, where they may be planted in autumn, preferably in light, well-drained soil. The special varieties are propagated by budding and grafting. For fruiting Cherries, see Fruit. Encyclopedia of Gardening 69 Cerds, Judas Tree (cer-ds, from kerkis, a shuttlecock, so named by Theophrastus. Ord. Leguminosae). — Among the several trees on which Judas Iscariot is reputed to have ended his life is Cercis siliquastrum, a native of Southern Europe, which produces purplish- red flowers in May {see the Botanical Magazine, t. 1168). The flowers are attractive, and the tree is worth planting in the flower garden, but in cold districts it should be given a sheltered place. Cereus. — See Cactus. Cestrum (ces-trum, an old Greek name. Ord. Solanaceae). — Allied to Habrothamnus. The most popular species is aurantiacum, a warm-house shrub which produces orange flowers in early summer, and may grow to 5 ft. high. It looks well against a wall or pillar. Loam, with a little peat and some sand, suits. Propagation is by cuttings in sandy soil in spring. Prune after flowering. Ceterach (cet-erach, from keterak, the Arabic name). — As we have already seen, the hardy Scale fern, Ceterach offlcinarum, is now called Asplenium ceterach by botanists. It is suitable for the rockery. Chalk. — Useful as an application to sour, acid soils. See Manure and Lime. Chamaecyparis (White Cedar). — See Cupressus. Chamaepeuce (chamaepeu-ce, from chamai, dwarf, and peuke, pine, pine-like leaves. Ord. Compositae). — Two plants are grown under this name, although modern botanists put them in the genus Cnicus. They are C. Casabonae and C. diacantha, the former of which is known as the Fish-bone or Herring-bone Thistle. They are grown for their foliage, being planted out in sub-tropical gardens. They may be raised from seed in a warm house in spring, and have ordinary garden soil. Chamaerops (chamae-rops, from chamai, dwarf, and rhops, a twig — literally, small palm. Ord. Palmeae). — Fan-leaved palms, gracefully cut. C. humilis is a popular plant, and is comparatively hardy, so that it may be grown in a cool house, or even out of doors in mild districts. Loam, with a little leaf mould and some sand, will suit. Propagation is by seed in a warm house, or by suckers. It may be grown in a room, and with careful watering and an occa- sional sponging of the leaves, will remain healthy a long time. Charcoal. — The result of burning wood with exclusion of air, charcoal is almost pure carbon, and as such is good for mixing with composts for plants of almost all kinds. When broken into pieces about the size of cob-nuts it may be put at the bottom of flower- pots, where it will help to keep the soil sweet. A few bits in bulb glasses and bowls are good. Orchid growers make considerable use of it. Chards. — When the principal heads of Globe Artichokes have been used, the plants are cut back, and new growths break. When these are about 2 ft. high they are bound round with straw and earthed to blanch them. In about 6 weeks the stems will be ready, and are then called Chards. 70 Encyclopedia of Gardening II Charlock, Ketlock (Brassica Sinapistrum. Ord. Cruciferae).— II This yellow-flowered weed is common in the fields and sometime! invades the garden. It may be killed by an application of blue ca stone (sulphate of copper) at the rate of 1 5 lb. per 40 gallons of water Cheilanthes (cheilan-thes, from cheilos, a lip, and anthos, a flower, referring to the form of the fructifying organs. Ord. Filices). — A genus of ferns, of which two or tliee species are popular plants. The best known is fragrans, a half-hardy perfumed species. Micro- phylla, myriophylla elegans and farinosa, which require a warm house, are also esteemed; the last has powdery leaves {see the Botanical Magazine, t. 4765). Equal parts of loam and peat, with sand and a little charcoal, make a suitable compost. Propagation is by spores, sown in a warm, moist house. Cheimatobia brumata (Winter Moth). — See Apples. Cheiranthus (cheiran-thus, from cheir, the hand, and anthos, a flower, alluding to the popularity of the Wallflower as a nosegay. Ord. Cruciferae). — By far the most important member of this genus is Cheiri, the common Wallflower {see Biennials and Wallflower). Alpinus, which grows about 9 ins. high and has yellow flowers in May; and Marshalli, i ft. high, orange flowers in May, are both popular plants, and may be used on the rockery. Allionii, orange, is beautiful ; and mutabilis, bronzy orange, a hybrid, is also good. They like a dry limestone soil. Propagation is by seeds, or cuttings under a shaded bell-glass in summer. Chelone (chelo-ne, from chelone, a tortoise, a fancied resemblance of the flower. Ord. Scrophularineae). — Allied to Pentstemon. The best-known species is barbata, now called Pentstemon barbatus, which grows about 3 ft. high and bears scarlet flowers in July. A plate of it will be found in the Botanical Register, t. 116. Lyoni, 4 ft., purple flowers in August, is also grown. Obliqua, 4 ft., purple, August, is sometimes seen. They may be raised from seed in spring, or propagated by division. Ordinary garden soil. Chenopodium (chenopo-dium, from chen, a goose, and pous, a foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves. Ord. Chenopodiaceae) . — Only two members of this genus axe grown to any extent, viz. : atriplicis (purpurascens) , an annual growing about 5 ft. high, with purple flowers in August, used as an ornamental plant ; and Bonus- Henricus, Mercury, or Good King Henry, which is grown in Lincoln- ! shire as a substitute for Spinach, A newer plant, amaranticolor, is beginning to arrest attention. It will grow 7 ft. high the same year from a spring sowing in favourable conditions, and the young leaves may be cooked. They are bright red, and when rubbed the pigment comes off on the fingers. It does not ripen seeds in Great Britain. Cherry. — See Cerasus and Fruit. Cherry Laurel, another name for Common Laurel. Cherry Pie, Heliotrope, Cherry Plum, Prunus cerasifera. Chervil. — See Kitchen Garden. Encyclopasdia of Gardening 71 : Chestnut. — Handsome trees. See Aesculus and Castanea. ! Chickling Vetch (Lathyrus sativus). — Often, but erroneously, called Lord Anson’s Pea, which is Lathyrus magellanicus (syn. ^lervosus). Chickweed (Stellaria media. Ord. Caryophyllaceae) . — A common A^eed, easily kept under by regular hoeing. Chicory. — See Kitchen Garden. I Chimonanthus, Japanese Allspice (chimonan-thus, from cheima, winter, and anthos, flower, in allusion to the season of blooming, brd. Calycanthaceae) . — There is but one species, the deliciously perfumed fragrans, which bears yellow and red flowers {see the potanical Magazine, t. 466). There is a larger variety called grandi- florus. One flower, laid in a saucer of water, will perfume a fairly large room. It likes peaty soil, and a sheltered wall angle. Propa- gation is by layers in autumn, and by seeds sown in a warm house n spring. Chinodoxa, Glory of the Snow (chinodox-a, from chion, snow, and ioxa, glory. Ord. Liliaceae). — See Bulbs. ! Chives (Allium schoenoprasum. Ord. Liliaceae). — Used as a Substitute for young Onions in spring salads. Ordinary soil. They nay be grown from seed or offsets in spring. I Chlorophyll. — The green colouring of leaves. The granules must !iave light, hence the whiteness of plants grown in the dark. Chloro- J)hyll is able to decompose carbonic acid. Chlorophytum (chlorophy-tum, from chloros, green, and phyton, a blant. Ord. Liliaceae). — This genus is allied to Anthericum, and datum variegatum, which is used in summer bedding for its varie- fated foliage, is often called Anthericum variegatum. Loamy soil ;uits, and propagation is by division. It is an evergreen, and ihould be wintered in the greenhouse. I Choisya (choi-sya, after M. Choisy. Ord. Rutaceae). — The only pedes grown, ternata, is an evergreen shrub, forming a dwarf bush n a sheltered place, and bearing white flowers in early summer, fhe leaves are green and glossy. It likes loamy soil, and may be bropagated by cuttings in sandy soil under a bell-glass either in pring or autumn. In cold districts it should be grown in pots in a bool house. I Chorozema or Chorizema (choroze-ma, from choros, a dance, and ■ena, a drink, owing to the dance of joy which followed the discovery )f water near the habitat of the plant in New Holland. Ord.. ^eguminosae) . — Attractive greenhouse evergreens, liking peat, with |i third of loam and some sand and charcoal. Propagated by buttings in sandy soil under a bell-glass in summer. They flower in pring, and may be put out of doors for the summer. They will ;equrre a good deal of water then, but not much in winter. When they start growing they may be pruned and repotted. Angusti- plium, with red and yellow flowers; cordatum, red, and its variety plendens; and Henchmanni, scarlet {see the Botanical Magazine, 3607), are the principal kinds. Flavum and superbum are the >ame as cordatum. 72 Encyclopedia of Gardening . Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger). — See Bulbs. Chrysalid, Chrysalis. — The stage of insect life before the perh winged butterfly or moth. The study of chrysalids is interestir 1“^ as they mimic various things on which they are laid to escape t eyes of birds. Those of recognised garden pests should be destroy* when found. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens. — ^The same as Areca lutescens, handsome warm-house palm, which thrives in a sandy compost loam and leaf mould. See Palms. Chrysanthemum (chrysan-themum, from chrysos, gold, and antho flower. Ord. Compositae). — Thousands of people who visit Chry anthemum shows in autumn are impelled to grow this beautifi flower. It gives us a great range of colours and large, handson flowers at a period of the year when bloom is getting very scarc( Moreover, it is a good town plant. Some of the most beautifi collections are grown in densely populated districts in East Londoi in one case — Southwark Park — close to the Thames, where th atmosphere is never of the purest, and where fogs are not uncommor Large flowers prevail in the prize competitions, and very remarkabl they are, as exhibited by the best growers. Blooms of the J apanes section lo ins. deep and wide are not rare. Of perfect form, beauti fully finished, with broad, evenly folded florets, and bright, fresl colours, they are indeed noble examples of floricultural skill. A the same time, the charming single and small double (generallj spoken of as ‘‘ decorative ”) varieties have a wide circle of admirers and we must remember that these play an important part in smal houses, and in providing abundance of flowers for cutting. It is mainly from the ranks of the decorative varieties that we draw Chrysanthemums for outdoor culture, and every year the Autumn Queen extends her sway in outside beds and borders. History. — The history of the Chrysanthemum may be briefly summarised as follows; The species indicum and sinense were natives of China, and the latter was introduced to Great Britain in 1764. From them certain varieties were raised. The first double variety was grown at Kew towards the end of the eighteenth century, and within the next 25 years several others appeared. The first show is said to have been held at Norwich in 1829; the first in London was held at Stoke Newington in 1847. The raising of new varieties became active about 1830; the first Incurved appeared about 1836, and the first Japanese in i860 or 1861. The Pompon Chrysanthemum was raised from a species introduced in 1846. Classification. — With the introduction of many different types, and the rise in popularity of the flower, a system of classification became desirable, and by slow stages the following system was arrived at: The flowers were classified in 10 groups, namely, Japanese (large flowers with long flat or quilled florets); Incurved (smaller flowers, cup-shaped, with quilled florets that curve in towards the centre); Japanese Incurved (larger than ordinary In- curved, with long, broad florets) ; Reflexed (small, circular flowers with reflexed florets); Japanese Reflexed (like a small Japanese, florets broad and reflexed); Large Anemone-flowered (flat ring of Encyclopaedia of Gardening 73 orets round a raised disc of quilled ones); Japanese Anemone- owered (outer ring of fiat drooping florets round a raised disc of uilled ones) ; Pompon (small, roundish double flowers not more aan 2 ins. across) ; Pompon Anemone (small form of the large .nemone-flowered) ; Single (round, flat flowers, with only 2 or 3 )ws of florets, centre open). As we may reckon in with the apanese the great majority of the small-flowered double “ decora- ,ve ” varieties grown for greenhouse and garden decoration ^though a few of these are Pompons), it is much the most important lass. Next to the Japanese for show only comes the Incurved, but br general purposes the Single holds second place. The rank and le of Chrysanthemum growers could well afiord to ignore all the lasses except the Japanese and single. Growing for large show blooms. — This is a distinct and specialised brm of culture, which should not be embarked on except by those >ho can give attention to the plants for the better part of a year, lake a study of bud production, provide special soil and pots, and row large varieties. The routine is briefly as follows: (i) Strike luttings (preferably short, sturdy suckers from the base) in Novem- |er or December, in 3 -in. pots filled with loam well lightened with ?af mould and sand; keep close till rooted, then in a light, cool, iry house till March, when they may be shifted to 5 -in. pots and food on a bed of cinders in a cold frame, a mat being put over on jrosty nights; strike a few more cuttings from tops in spring. 2) Stop such plants as require it in spring, so as to get 3 shoots for living crown buds in August. The varieties vary a great deal in Aspect to spring stopping, as the following examples of certain lopular Japanese sorts will show: — i Variety. When to Stop. 1 Crown Bud. Llgernon Davis end of March 2nd Jessie Godfrey end of May ist Krilliant natural break ist Dorothy Gouldsmith 3rd week in May ist jbuchess of Sutherland end of April ist With Jameson end of April 1st J. Brooks early in April 2nd f.mily Towers 3rd week in May ist florence Penfold natural break ist J. S. Vallis end of May ist ^ W. Lever ist week in May ist leorge Mileham natural break ist larry Wood natural break ist lenry Perkins early in April 2nd lenry Stowe 1st week in April ist I. J. Jones natural break ist Ion. Mrs. Lopes ist week in March ist I. W. Meadows natural break ist . H. Silsbury middle of April 2nd . Lock ist week in April ist ohn Peed natural break ist . W. Molyneux natural break 1st D 74 Encyclopaedia of Gardening Chrysanthemums — continued. Variety, When to Stop. Crown Bue Joseph Stoney middle of April 2nd Lady Conyers 3rd week in March 2nd Lady Frances Rider 3rd week in March 2nd Lady Hopetoun end of March 2nd Lady Talbot 1st week in March ist Leigh Park Rival early April 2nd Leigh Park Wonder 3rd week in March 2nd Madame C. Terrier end of April ist Madame G. Rivol middle of April ist Madame Paolo Radaelli middle of April ist Madame R. Cadbury middle of April ist Magnificent 3rd week in March 2nd Marquise V. Venosta middle of April 2nd Master David middle of April ist Master James natural break ist Melchett Beauty natural break 2nd Miss Elsie Fulton 1st week in June ist Miss Mildred Ware end of March 2nd Miss Olive Miller natural break ist Mrs. A. H. Lee natural break ist Mrs. A. T. Miller natural break ist Mrs. Barkley natural break 2nd Mrs. Beckett ist week in April 2nd Mrs. Eric Cross! ey end of March 2nd Mrs. F. W. Vallis 1st week in April 2nd Mrs. F. C. Stoop ist week in April ist Mrs. George Mileham end of May 1st Mrs. G. F. Coster end of March 2nd Mrs. Greenfield early June 2nd Mrs. H. Weeks 1st week in March ist Mrs. L. Thorn natural break ist Mrs. N. Davis 3rd week in March 2nd Mrs. Percy S. Cleave natural break ist Mrs. R. H. B. Marsham ist week in April ist Mrs. R. H. Pearson middle of April 2nd Mrs. Trevor Williams mid-April ist Mrs. Walter Jinks early in April ist Mrs. W. Knox end of April 2nd N. C. S. Jubilee 3rd week in March 2nd Norman Davis 3rd week in March 2nd O. H. Broomhead natural break ist Pockett’s Surprise early in April 2nd President Viger early in March 2nd Reginald Vallis 3rd week in March 2nd Revd. R. D. Eves middle of April 1st Rose Pockett 3rd week in March 2nd Sidney Penford natural break ist Sir Albert Rollit 1st week in April ist Splendour end of March 2nd Valerie Greenham natural break ist Encyclopaedia of Gardening 75 Variety. Valter Jinks V. Beadle Incurved — H. Hall laron Hirsch Juttercup Charles H. Curtis imbl^me Poitevine alene '.ady Isabel jladame Edmond Roger lladame Ferlat Irs. Barnard Hankey Irs. F. Ashworth rlrs. G. Denyer /Irs. Robert H. Hall iouvenir de W. Clibran Topaze Orientale Biddle N. Pascoe When to Stop. 3rd week in April end of March natural break natural break 3rd week in May 3rd week in May 3rd week in May 3rd week in May 3rd week in May 3rd week in March middle of March 3rd week in March end of April 3rd week in April 3rd week in March ist week in April natural break natural break early in May Crown Bud. I St 2nd I St ist I St ist ist ist ist 2nd 2nd 2nd ist 2nd 2nd 2nd ist ist ist Stopping ” is nipping off the top of the plant. The result is that he plants break into three shoots. Any side shoots which form on hese throughout the summer should be picked out at once. Flower |)uds with leaf shoots round them will form in summer. These are ailed crown buds. In the column for crown buds it will be seen hat some are marked ist and some 2nd. With those marked ist he first crown buds which form should be kept, and the leaf shoots ound them picked out; with those marked 2nd the first crown )uds, with all but one of the leaf shoots round them, should be removed; the shoots left will then grow on and form a second Wtrown bud, with leaf shoots as before; in this case the bud should be kept and the leaf shoots rubbed out. This procedure, varied as ;o time of first stopping according to the peculiarity of each variety, [nust be adopted with all prize Chrysanthemums. Without it, it ,lvould be impossible to get all the varieties at their best together. The peculiarities of every variety grown must be learned by con- sultation with experts. Speaking generally, prize flowers require crom 12 to 13 weeks to arrive at perfection from the time of bud brmation. (3) Transfer the plants to 8 -in. or g-in. pots about the middle of June, using some such compost as the following, and amming it in well: 4 parts fibrous loam, i part decayed manure, S part leaf mould and enough sand to make it gritty. A quart of [jone meal may be well mixed in each bushel of soil. The pots should be drained by laying some overlapping crocks in the bottom -and covering with rough flakes of soil. Stand the pots on a bed of binders in the open air. (4) Support the shoots as they grow throughout the summer, and water regularly — several times a day if necessary. If the soil gets so dry as to shrink from the side of the pot, success will be jeopardised very seriously. Give liquid manure when the buds show colour. (5) Put the plants under 76 Encyclopsedia of Gardening Chrysanthemums — continued. glass by the end of September, give plenty of air, and use syringe. If there is any trace of mildew, dissolve an ounce of fi liver of sulphur in 3 gallons of water and S5nringe the plants wit This may be done even when they are in bloom. The same rem^ may be used for rust. Growing for bushes. — Much less trouble is involved when it is o: a case of growing plants as bushes to yield a larger number smaller flowers. To begin with, a later start may be made, as i not necessary to strike the cuttings till spring. The tortuous qu| tion of bud selection may be dropped entirely. It is true t‘ stopping may be advisable, but it is merely to get a shapely pla: Thus if the tips are pinched ofi when the young plants are abi 6 ins. high it will encourage them to throw out side shoots. A; plants which tend to straggle may be stopped again. Flower bu| will appear in clusters late in summer, and may be thinned or nl at discretion. If thinning is done the buds left form larger flow than without thinning, but of course there are fewer of them, Culture in the garden. — The Chrysanthemum is a very beautif autumn flower for the garden, and every garden lover will ta' care to have a collection of plants, some for lifting when they co: into bud and replanting to fill bare places, some for groups in be or borders, some, perhaps, in a reserve bed merely to yield flowei for cutting. If plants are shifted from one place to another in la- summer, the precaution should be taken of giving the soil roun them a good soaking just before, and they should also be watere in. But perhaps a spell of showery weather will come at a suitabl' time to favour the operation. Plants set 3 ft. apart in clumps 3 or more make beautiful colour groups. The way to make a star! is to buy young plants freshly rooted from cuttings in sprin Plant them in deep, manured soil, and give an occasional soakini of water and liquid manure in dry weather. Give each plant strong stake when necessary, and tie securely, as the growths ar rather brittle and liable to be broken in windy weather. Ni stopping is required. When the plants go out of bloom lift them cut them back to stumps, pack them with their labels in boxes with moist soil round them, and put them in a sheltered place where some litter can be thrown over them in hard weather, or in a frame, When shoots push up from the roots 3 or 4 ins. long take them off, strike them, and so get a fresh stock of good plants for the coming year. In sandy, friable, well-drained soils the roots may be left in the ground all the winter, and they will throw up fresh shoots in spring like an herbaceous plant. Varieties. — It is somewhat dangerous to recommend varieties of a plant which, like the Chrysanthemum, is still being developed actively by the florists, as the sorts are quickly out of date. Cer- tainly those who want to specialise the flower for exhibition or other purposes should keep themselves in touch with the principal societies and raisers. But there are certain varieties of established merit which are not likely to be superseded quickly. The Japanese and Incurved varieties named in the foregoing table are reliable. The following are good in the other classes: — ' Encyclopedia of Gardening 77 I- Reflexed. Dr. Sharp r , King of Crimsons J 1 : Large A nemone-flowered. Descartes ' Gluck i Lady Margaret Pompon- Anemone. Calliope I Gem of Earlswood ' Pompon. ' Mdlle. Elise Dordan , Wm. Westlake j Single. Altrincham Yellow ! Caledonia ,i Florrie King I Gaiety I Gem of Merstham I Ideal i Ladysmith ! Mrs. Tresham GUbey ^ Pyrethrum I Sandown Radiance ♦These would make a good six. 'he list includes both early and late bloomers. ' 1 Species of hardy summer Chrysanthemums. — The value of the lenus is far from being exhausted by the beautiful varieties of the orists’ Chrysanthemum which blooms in autumn. There are sveral good hardy species which flower in the garden in summer, otably the Ox-eye Daisy, C. Leucanthemum ; the Pyrenean or loon Daisy, C. Maximum; and C. (otherwise Pyrethrum) uligi- osum. The two first grow about a yard high and make good lUshes. They are extremely useful plants, as they thrive in almost ,ny soil, and bear their large white flowers on long stems. The ollowing are a few good varieties of the Moon Daisy; all have white [owers : — G. H. Sage, fringed | Princess Henry King Edward VII. j Triumph uliginosum is a taller, less bushy plant, and blooms later. All )f the foregoing are hardy herbaceous perennials, may be propa- gated by division in spring, and are good for herbaceous borders, i^or annual Chrysanthemums, see Flower Garden — Annuals. Of the )ther Chrysanthemums the most important are frutescens, the well- tnown Marguerite; and Parthenium, the Golden Feather. The diarguerite is a valuable pot plant for cool greenhouses and con- Double Garden Varieties. Aquitaine Bijou Rose Champ d’Or Evelyn ♦Firefly Gascoigne ♦Guinea Gold Horace Martin ♦Le Pactole Minnie Carpenter Nina Blick Roi des Blancs ♦Ryecroft Glory ♦September Belle Victor Mew ♦White Quintus Double Varieties for Pot Bushes. Altman’s Yellow Framfield Pink Kathleen Thompson L. Canning Market Gold Money Maker Source d’Or W. H. Lincoln Winter Cheer 78 Encyclopaedia of Gardening llj servatories, and is also useful for window-boxes. It grows frellWs] forms nice bushes, blooms abundantly, and is easily grown. (l|Uei tings of young shoots, or from the base, strike readily in sprffl|ay summer, or autumn in sandy soil. Good plants can be grownHuias 6-in. pots. If grey lines show in the leaves, indicating the prese||(iigb of a grub, they should be pinched between thumb and finger. TUttre yellow Marguerite, Etoile d’Or, is now almost as popular as ILhic white, and toth may be grown successfully under similar treatmellool The Blue Marguerite belongs to a different genus. It is AgathJliai coelestis. It may, however, be grown in the same way as the tiKto( Marguerites. The Golden Feather is used for lines and designslEp formal beds. It may be treated like an annual, being sown in a b||na in frame, put in a heated frame or greenhouse, pricked off, harden||ol in an unheated frame, and planted out in summer. The soil millbf not be made rich, or the plants will grow rank and green. Thllol should be pinched regularly with finger and thumb to keep thMS dwarf. Hn Chrysocoma, Goldilocks (chrysoc5-ma, from chrysos, gold, aW home, hair, alluding to the yellow florets. Ord. Compositae). — Tw best- known species is Lynosyris, a hardy herbaceous plant now call® Aster Linosyris by botanists. It may be grown in the borde|| C. Coma-aurea is a greenhouse evergreen, growing about 2 ft. hial and producing yellow flowers in July {see the Botanical Magaziy^ t. 1972). Peat and loam in equal parts, with sand, suit. Propagai tion is by cuttings under a bell-glass in spring. |l Chrysogonum (chrysog-onum, from chrysos, yellow, and gonu, II joint. Ord. Compositae). — Virginianum is a good yellow sprin® flowering hardy herbaceous perennial, i ft. high. Loamy soil| Propagated by division in early summer. Cibotium. — See Dicksonia. Cichorium (Chicory). — See Kitchen Garden. Cimicifuga, Bugwort (cimicif-uga, from cimex, bug, and fugo, t< drive away. Ord. Ranunculaceae). — Very handsome hardy herba ceous plants, well worth growing in the border. They do best in £ heavy, moist soil. In light, dry soil they ought to have a shadj place. Propagation is by division in spring. The following are good: cordifolia, 3 ft. high, July, white flowers (see Botanical Magazine, t. 2069); foetida (syns. frigida, simplex), 3 ft., white; and racemosa, 4 to 5 ft., August, white. Cinchona (cincho-na, after the Countess of Cinchon. Ord. Rubia- ceae). — Of no garden value, but of medicinal interest as yielding quinine, which is prepared from the bark and is famous as a febrifuge. Cineraria (cinerar-ia, from cineres, ashes, in allusion to the grey leaves. Ord. Compositae). — The Cineraria of the florists, whether represented by the round-flowered, smooth-edged strains that were the joy of an older generation, or the “ star-flower ” type (stellata) which enjoys so much favour to-day, is a free-blooming, brilliant, and easily-grown plant, well worthy of the high esteem in which it is held. Easily raised from seed, almost hardy, blooming in winter Encyclopedia of Gardening 79 id spring, it is a most valuable plant. Good strains of seed are ither dear, but they are worth their cost. They may be sown in :ay and June similarly to Calceo- (rias, pricked off into boxes, then put hgly in small pots, and finally trans- ;rred to 6-in., 7-in., and 8-in. pots, in hich they will flower. They must have bol, airy conditions in summer, and a fame suits them. They may even be food in the open air. Green fly {see ;phides) must be kept away. Cineraria jaritima, a dwarf plant with silvery bliage, is often used in bedding. It may e raised from seed in spring. Such ther species as are grown are now called lenecios by botanists, but only one is |iuch used in gardens, and that is |ruenta, a greenhouse perennial growing jbout 2 ft. high and with purplish a Seedling Cineraria lowers in summer {see the Botanical ready for pricking off. Magazine, t. 406). Cinnamomum, Cinnamon (cinnamo-mum, from kinamon (Arabic). Jrd. Laurineae). — Unimportant horticulturally, but important fconomically, as C. zeylanicum yields cinnamon and C. Camphora jives camphor. ' Cinquefoil. — See Potentilla. ; Cissus (ciss-us, from kissos, Ivy, in allusion to the habit. Ord. tmepelideae) . — One species, discolor, is grown. It produces jreenish flowers in September, but is chiefly grown for its handsome eaves, which are velvety green marked with white {see the Botanical Vlagazine, t. 4763). It may be grown in peat and loam in equal jarts, with sand, on the roof of a hothouse. Propagation is by luttings of side shoots under a bell-glass in heat. I Cistus, Rock Rose (cis-tus, from kiste, a box, alluding to the shape if the seed vessel. Ord. Cistineae). — Brilliant shrubs, suitable for he rock garden, flowering in June, and thriving in warm, sunny, heltered places. They like well-drained, sandy soil. Propagation S by seeds in spring, in a frame or greenhouse, or by cuttings in ^ay and layers in late summer. The following are the best: Ubidus incanus, white ; crispus, purple ; cyprius, white ; and ialvifolius, white, all 2 ft. high; and ladaniferus, white, and its li-arieties, such as maculatus, spotted ; laurifolius, white ; lusitanicus, vhite or yellow; and longifolius, white; all of which grow 4 ft. (ligh. Citrus (cit-rus, from Citron, a town in Judea. Ord. Rutaceae). — A jenus of little value from the garden point of view, but very im- portant economically, giving, as it does, the Orange (C. Aurantium) , the Shaddock (C. decumana), the Citron (C. medica), the Lime (C. medica Limetta), and the Lemon (C. medica Limonum). The ptaheite Orange is sometimes grown as a pot plant {see Fruit, p. 1 54) ; nice dwarf plants can be grown in 6-in. pots, and low standards in 8 -in. 8o Encyclopedia of Gardening Clarkia (clark-ia, after Captain Clark. Annuals. Ord. Onagrarieae). — Clary (Salvia sclarea). — An old English plant, getting its nam Clary (dear-eye) from its supposed value in eye affections. I sown in spring for use as a pot-herb. Clay. — See Soil, Kitchen Garden, and Drainage. Clematis (clem-atis or clemat-is, from klema, a vine-shoot, all ing to the habit. Ord. Ranunculaceae). — One of our most valual rambling plants, thriving in most soils, and giving a profusion beautiful flowers. The lovely white montana, which blooms early summer, may be propagated by cuttings after floweri Jackmanii, and most of the garden varieties and hybrids, are pro gated in the nurseries by grafting on the species Vitalba {see Gra] ing) ; but they may sometimes be struck from cuttings of mati side shoots under a bell-glass in summer, or from layers in Septembi The Clematises are not fastidious about soil; they prefer light heavy land if it is manured; damp, stiff soil is not suitable. Th should not be planted where the roots will be subject to constai drip in wet w^eather. It is wise to plant the Jackmanii set earJ and cut them back to within a foot of the ground at once ; they a: then sure to break strongly ; when planted late, and unpruned, thi often fail. The pruning of the different kinds varies, and it may well to classify them : Coccinea group : these are hybrids from co cinea (syn. Pitcheri), a scarlet, urn-shaped species flowering in Jul the following are good; Countess of Onslow, deep red; Duchess Albany, pink; and Sir Trevor Lawrence, crimson; thin as require Florida group : these are suitable for cool greenhouses ; Battle Woking, double, grey; and Duchess of Edinburgh, double, whit( are popular sorts ; thin out crowded shoots in late wdnter and leavl the rest. Jackmanii type: Jackmanii, violet; J. alba Smith’ variety, white; Madame Edouard Andre, red ; and Prince of Wale: puce, are four of the best of this set, and they should be pruned har annually, the flowered shoots of one year being cut back to the ol wood, making way for strong new shoots, which will bloom well th same year. Lanuginosa group : these are large and beautiful flowers suitable for pillars; Beauty of Worcester, violet; Enchantress double, white; and Venus Victrix, double, lavender, are three of th best; they do well with the same pruning as the Florida group Patens group: beautiful for arches and pillars; Fair Rosamond, blush Lady Londesborough, silver ; Miss Bateman, white ; and The Queen lavender, are good; they should have the same pruning as the Florida set. Viticella group: Lady Bovill, silvery blue; Viticella alba, white; and V. rubra grandiflora, red, are three of the best, and may have Jackmanii pruning. Of the old species, Flammula, hardy, white, sweet; indivisa and its variety lobata, white, green- house; and Vitalba, hardy, white, the Traveller’s Joy or Old Man’s Beard, may be mentioned. The last is beautiful in the hedgerows in autumn, but montana is a much better garden plant ; the newer variety of it, rubra, is desirable. Glerodendron (cleroden-dron, from kleros, chance, and dendron, a tree, in allusion to uncertain medicinal qualities. Ord. Verbena- Encyclopasdia of Gardening 8 1 ceae). — Although this is a fairly large genus, only one or two species are grown to any extent. Much the most popular is Balfouri, a variety of Thomsonae, which produces its brilliant light scarlet flowers at the end of summer. It is a beautiful plant, but not easy to do well. It likes the temperature of a hothouse, and a compost of fibrous loam with a fourth of leaf mould and some sand. If stock is required, a few of the young side shoots may be taken off in spring and struck in sandy peat under a bell-glass. Water liberally in summer, but sparingly in winter. Balfouri is of vigorous habit ^nd may be used as a climber. Fallax is dwarf er and also has scarlet ifiowers. This and splendens are evergreens, whereas Balfouri loses |its leaves in winter. I Clethra (cleth-ra, from klethra, adder (Greek), in reference to the resemblance of the leaves. Ord. Ericaceae). — Only two species are 'grown to any extent: alnifolia, white, 4 ft. high, hardy, blooming jin late summer; and arborea, white, flowering in September, and requiring a greenhouse. The latter is illustrated in the Botanical Magazine, t. 1057. It is a shrub growing 6 to 8 ft. high; there is a dwarf variety called minor and one with variegated leaves called Ivariegata. Peat, with a third of loam, and sand, suit the Clethras. i Arborea isjjest propagated by cuttings in spring under a bell-glass; alnifolia by cuttings in summer or layers in autumn, j Clianthus, Glory Pea (clian-thus, from kleios, glory, and anthos, i flower. Ord. Leguminosae). — Brilliant flowers. The best-known i species are Dampieri, the Parrot-beak flower, scarlet with black iboss, which does well in a hanging basket in a cool house; and puniceus, crimson, which will thrive outdoors in sheltered places, but is best in a cool greenhouse in cold districts. They are ever- green shrubs, which may be raised from seed in spring, and further I propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under a bell-glass. They like , peat and loam in equal parts, with sand. I Click-beetle. — See Wireworm. I Climbers and Creepers. — People use the word " climber ” in a some- I what loose way in connection with plants, applying it equally to a j Gloire de Dijon Rose which spreads over a considerable area of wall I by mere vigour, and to Veitch’s Virginian Creeper, which throws I out adhesive suckers and actually climbs as certainly as an Indian 1 climbs with his slings. Accepting the broad definition, we have a ; large selection of climbers, and there is no reason why walls, fences, [ palings, arches, pillars, pergolas, and summer-houses should go bare. For high walls there is nothing better than the Virginian Creeper and selected Ivies [see Hedera) ; but a vigorous Rose, such as William Allen Richardson, will cover a considerable area of wall if planted in good soil. This Rose may be thought of for an east wall, an aspect on which it will thrive better than most plants. Ivy also does on east and north walls. Roses {see Flower Garden) and Ceanothuses {see Ceanothus) may be considered for south and west walls, with Pyrus (Cydonia) Japonica for low positions under windows. The latter plant produces large, brilliant flowers, followed by edible fruit. A good Honeysuckle is Lonicera flexuosa, for it is a strong grower, free flowering and sweet. Clematises {see Clematis) 82 Encyclopasdia of Gardening must not be overlooked, for they comprise two particularly vah plants in montana and Jackmanii, and several others of muchl portance. There is no more beautiful creeper than the Fl| Nasturtium, the Tropaeolum speciosum of botanists; but it | not thrive in dry, hot positions. It must have root and atmospl moisture to give its true beauty. Climbers and creepers sometil fail because they are planted in a position where they catch from a roof. This should be avoided, if necessary by plani rather farther from the wall, and then training in. An am mulching of manure helps the plants. In most cases pruning ta the form of thinning out the older growth to make room for your wood. In a few cases, notably the Wistaria, the young wood spurred to older branches. Climbers must also be selected for arcl pillars, pergolas, and summer-houses {see Flower Garden), following selections may be useful : — Hardy Perennial Climbers. Ampelopsis Aristolochia Calystegia Clematis Eccremocarpus Hedera (Ivy) Jasmine Lonicera (Honeysuckle) Periploca Polygonum Rose Tropaeolum Vitis Wistaria Tender Perennial Climbers. Allamanda Aristolochia Asparagus Bignonia Bougainvillea Cestrum Clematis Clerodendron Cobaea Ficus Gloriosa Hoya * Ipomaea Lapageria Maurandya Passifiora Smilax Tacsonia Thunbergia Vitis Hardy Annual Climbers. Convolvulus Polygonum Tropaeolum Tender Annual Climbers. Ipomaea Mina Thunbergia All of the plants are dealt with under their own names. »Cocl Clivia, Imantophyllum (cli-vea, after a member of the Cliv family. Ord. Amaryllideae) . — See Bulbs. Cobaea (co-baea, after Senor Cobo. Ord. Polemoniaceae). — Onlj one member of this genus is grown to any extent, and that scandens, a rambler bearing purple flowers in summer {see the Botanical Magazine, t. 85 1). There is a variety with white-margined leaves. It is suitable for the roof of a cool house, or for pillars out side in summer, and the best plan is to treat it as an annual, sowing in heat in spring, hardening in a frame, and planting out in June, Ordinary soil. Encyclopaedia of Gardening 83 ^'Cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris). — In its grub stage the May bug f“eds on the roots of trees and as a beetle on the leaves. The most ^irm is done as grubs, more particularly because, working under >^ound, they are not seen. If trees suffer from no apparent cause ' is well to fork up the soil and leave the starlings to find the pests. j Cockscomb. — See Celosia. } Cockspur Thorn, Crataegus crista-galli. i Cocoa-nut Fibre Refuse. — This is the best material for plunging \;ee Bulbs), and it may be used repeatedly for the purpose. In a loist state it is good for freshening up imported Lilium bulbs before |»otting them. It is also useful for mulching beds in summer, checking the escape of moisture. I Cocos (co-cos, from coco (Portuguese), a monkey, in reference to he shape. Ord. Palmae). — The Cocoa-nut Palm, C. nucifera, has 10 particular value horticulturally ; but the species Weddeliana is me of the most graceful of small palms for greenhouse and room iiecoration. See Palms. ! Codiaeum, Croton (codiae-um, from codebo, the Malayan name. Drd. Euphorbiaceae) . — See Croton. ! Codlin Moth. — See Fruit — Apples. I Coelogyne (coelog-yne, from koilos, hollow, and gyne, female, illuding to the pistil. Ord. Orchidaceae). — A charming genus of [)rchids, the most popular members of which are cristata and its /■arieties. The flowers of the species are white crested with yellow ; chose of alba, white; those of lemoniana, white with lemon lip. They are easily grown, as they will thrive in a cool house with Cypri- pedium insigne, ' Odontoglossum crispum, and other kinds. They ire best grown in baskets with fibrous peat. Sphagnum moss, and Scrocks. They will appreciate abundance of water both at the root knd overhead while in full growth; the supply should be reduced ^hen growth is mature, but they should never be dried off. If cepotting is necessary it should be done when new growth starts (cowards the end of winter. Dayana, a beautiful species with long , drooping spikes of yellow and brown flowers, should have a warmer house, as should pandurata, with green and black flowers. I Coix (Job’s Tears). — A small genus of grasses (Ord. Gramineae) of which the species Lachryma-Jobi is grown, being treated as a tender annual, and raised from seed in heat in spring, hardened in a frame, and planted out. The seeds are ornamental. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 2479. Colchicum, Meadow Saffron (col-chicum, from Colchis in Asia Minor. Ord. Liliaceae). — See Bulbs. Coleus (c6-leus, from koleos, a sheath, alluding to the combina- tion of the stamens. Ord. Labiateae). — These evergreen shrubs are valued for their coloured leaves; the flowers are inconspicuous in most cases. One species, however, thyrsoideus, has sufficiently attractive flowers to be grown for its inflorescence alone ; the leaves are green and of little ornament. The flowers are pale blue, and 84 Encyclopedia of Gardening are borne on long stems in winter. The species is useful for gro\ in a collection of plants in a warm greenhouse or conservatc The ordinary Coleuses are remarkable for the rich and varied cole of their leaves, in which crimson and green, purple, yellow, ; white may be seen. Some have one-coloured leaves, others are flal others marbled, others margined. Plants may be grown intej nice size the same season if seed is sown in heat in early spring, with a little pinching they will be compact, shapely bushes. Spec varieties may be increased by cuttings. The weakest seedlini SroppiNG Coleuses. 1. Shoots breaking after the pinching. Propagating Coleuses BY Cuttings. 1. Drainage. 2. Rough soil. 3. Fine soil. 4. Sand. showing the most colour, are generally the best. Six-inch pots wi| be large enough to flower them in, unless very large plants ar wanted, as they develop the richest colour when pot-bound. VerJ few species are now grown. The following are good garden varieties! Beckwith’s Gem, Countess of Dudley, Decorator, Pineappll Beauty, Pride of the Market, and Sunset. Colewort. — See Kitchen Garden. Collinsia (collxns-ia, after Mr. Collins. Ord. Scrophularineae) See Annuals. Coloured plates of the species will be found as follows bartsiaefolia in the Botanical Magazine, t. 3488 ; grandiflora in th' Botanical Register, t. 1 107; verna in the Botanical Magazine, t. 4927 But bicolor is the most important. Collomia (collo-mia, from holla, glue, in allusion to the mucus on the seed. Ord. Polemoniaceae) . — Pretty hardy annuals [see Annuals for culture), of which the most useful are coccinea, red; and grandi- flora, red and yellow. Both grow about 2 ft. high and flower in early summer. Coltsfoot, Tussilago. Columbine. — See Aquflegia. Colutea, Bladder Senna (colu-tea, from koloutea, a name given by Theophrastus. Ord. Leguminosae) . — The most important species is arborescens, a shrub growing some 10 ft. high, and producing yellow flowers in summer, followed by inflated seed pods. It may be raised from seed in spring and increased by cuttings in September. No special soil is needed. Encyclopaedia of Gardening 85 Conifers (Coniferae). — Trees and shrubs which bear cones, or TOody bracts containing the flowers, such as Cedars, Firs, Larches, ind Pines. The difierent kinds are described under their own lames in this work. Conservatory. — This structure is a display house, intended to how at their best, and in a tasteful manner, the plants grown in )ther houses. It is a somewhat expensive house, as it is more )rnate than a greenhouse, and it must be well built, or drip wall Drove a nuisance. It should be near the dwelling, and may be ittached to it, so that it can be entered from the drawing-room or )ther apartment. In large conservatories beds are made for .Acacias, Camellias, Palms, and other large plants, while such plants is Passion Flowers, Tacsonias, and Lapagerias are planted to cover ;he roof. If there are fairly wide paths, tubs containing Clivias, Vlyrtles, and other favourite plants may be stood here and there. See also Greenhouse. I Convallaria (Lily of the Valley). — See Bulbs. I Convolvulus (convol-vulus, from convolvo, to entwine. Ord. Convolvulaceae) . — These beautiful twiners are related to Calystegias and Ipomaeas. There are many species, and they differ a good deal, some being hardy and some tender annuals, others greenhouse pr stove evergreens, and others again deciduous perennials. It is unnecessary to enumerate a quarter of the species, as they are of purely botanical interest. Althaeoides, a hardy perennial with pink flowers in June, is good; it is illustrated in the Botanical Magcizine, t. 359. Cneorum is an attractive dwarf species with pink flowers in May, and silvery leaves {see the Bot. Mag., t. 459); it should be grown in the greenhouse, or in a sheltered place. Major (Ipomaea purpurea) is the popular “ climbing Convolvulus ” of the seedsmen and of cottage gardens. Mauritanicus is a lovely little trailing shrub, well suited to basket culture in a greenhouse, br to the garden in summer; it may be raised from seed in heat in spring; the flowers are rich blue and come in summer. Tricolor is the dwarf annual Convolvulus of the seedsmen. j Coprosma (copros-ma, from kopros, faeces, and osme, small, in lallusion to the odour. Ord. Rubiaceae). — Only one species, Baueri, is grown to any extent, and that is more often than not represented ■by its varieties picturata and variegata, which have handsome Ileaves. They are greenhouse shrubs, thriving in loam with a third !of peat and some sand. Propagation is by cuttings in heat under !a bell-glass in spring. Coptis, Gold Thread (cop-tis, from kopto, to cut, alluding to the leaf division, Ord. Ranunculaceae). — A small genus, the best- known member of which is trifolia (Helleborus trifoliatus) , which grows about 6 ins. high, and produces white flowers in April. It likes a moist, peaty soil and a sheltered place. A herbaceous perennial, it may be propagated by division after flowering. Corbularia. — See Bulbs — Daffodils. Corchorus Japonicus. — See Kerria Japonica. 86 Encyclopaedia of Gardening Cordyline, Club Palm (cordyli-ne, from kordyle, a club. Liliaceae). — These plants, which are related to Dracaenas,! grown for their foliage, which is slender and graceful. Aust and indivisa are the two most popular species ; there are varies forms of both. They are sometimes planted out of doors, but are not hardy. Loam, with a fourth of leaf mould, and sand,| them. They are propagated by suckers. Tall, leggy plants be decapitated, the tops struck in bottom heat, and the stems! in moist soil or cocoa-nut fibre refuse in heat to induce shoot! break for cuttings. See Dracaena. Coioi 'ittie' V'^ \i)b, [«?., ))uttn Coreopsis, Calliopsis (coreop-sis, from koris, a bug, and opsis, l| in allusion to the seed. Ord. Compositae). — Useful plants, annual species of which are generally grown under the name Calliopsis [see Annuals). Lanceolata is a good hardy pereni growing about 2 ft. high and bearing yellow flowers in summer the Botanical Magazine, t. 2451). Grandiflora (syn. longipes)| also a good perennial with yellow flowers in summer. Drummoi and tinctoria are the best of the annuals ; both have red and yell! flowers. Grantii, yellow, blooms in the greenhouse in winter. Coris monspeliensis. — A pretty rockery plant (Ord. Primulaceal which grows about a foot high, and produces lilac flowers in Ju| {see the Botanical Magazine, t. 2131), It likes a dry, sunny sp(f with sandy peat. It is easily raised from seed sown under glass spring. Corn Flag. — See Gladiolus, under Bulbs. Cornflower. — See Centaurea and Annuals. Cornish Moneywort, Sibthorpia europaea. Corn Salad. — See Kitchen Garden. Cornus, Dogwood (cor-nus, from cornu, a horn, alluding to th! hardness. Ord. Cornaceae). — Deciduous shrubs, much esteeme for the beauty of their foliage and the brightness of the bark. Alba a Siberian species, has white flowers in July. Spathi and variegat: are popular varieties of it. Capitata has white flow^ers in August it is not quite hardy; fruit sometimes ripens on a wall in Great Britain, but it is not edible; this is the Benthamia fragifera of the Botanical Magazine, t. 4641. Florida has white flowers in spring it is one of the best, and there are good varieties in rubra and pendula. Mas (syn. mascula), the Cornel or Cornelian Cherry, has yellow flowers in February {see the Botanical Magazine, t. 2675). There are several varieties of it, aurea elegantissima being one of the best. Sanguinea is the common British Dogwood; the berries are black; it is often planted for winter effect, the red branches being bright. There are one or two herbaceous perennials, the best being canadensis (see Botanical Magazine, t. 880), with yellowish flowers in summer, suitable for the rock garden where peat can be given. The shrubby Dogwoods need no special soil, but they do not like a dry spot. Propagation is by seeds, layers, cuttings, and division. Encyclopasdia of Gardening 87 i , Coronilla, Crown Vetch (coronill-a, from corona, a crown, alluding i( the arrangement of the flowers. Ord. Leguminosae) . — The most a popular member of this genus is glauca, a greenhouse evergreen Vub, bearing yellow flowers in late spring {see the Botanical lagazine, t. 13); it grows 2 to 3 ft. high; variegata {Bot. flag., t. 2179) is a garden form of it. They like loam, with a jurth of peat and some sand. Propagation is by cuttings under i; bell-glass. Cappadocica (syn. iberica), cream flowers in summer Bot. Mag., t. 2646); and varia, pink [Bot. Mag., t. 258), are hardy irailers suitable for the rockery; they like loam, peat, and grit, i Corydalis, Fumitory (coryd-alis, from korydalos, a lark, in allusion b the spur resembling a lark’s. Ord. Fumariaceae). — A useful fenus, as the plants will thrive in dry limestone soils, but C. lutea nust be kept in hand, or it will become a weed. C. nobilis is jood; it grows a foot high, and bears yellow flowers from May mward {see the Botanical Magazine, t. 1953). Wilsoni, grey leaves; ind cheiranthifolia, cream flowers and fern-like foliage, are pretty. \ny soil that is not wet and stiff suits. Propagation is by division 11 spring. Corylus, Nut (cor-ylus, from korys, hood, referring to the nut eing covered by the calyx. Ord. Cupuliferae). — See Fruit. Corypha australis. — See Livistona australis. Cosmos, Cosmea (cos-mos, from kosmos, beautiful. Ord. Com- ositae). — A small genus which includes one very useful plant in le annual bipinnatus; the type has purple flowers, but seedsmen 3II mixtures which include the purple, white, and others; they ower profusely and long, and the leaves are prettily cut. The eight is about 3 ft. {see Annuals for culture). C. diversifolius is a ardy tuberous perennial, with lilac flowers in September {see the 'otanical Magazine, t. 5227); there is a dark variety called atro- j^anguineus. Cotoneaster (cotoneas-ter, from cotonea, quince (Pliny), and aster i(ad instar), like. Ord. Rosaceae). — Hardy shrubs, suitable for [growing against walls. Most of them grow from 4 to 6 ft. high, and thrive in any well-drained soil. Propagation is by seeds sown when ripe, by cuttings in spring or autumn, and by layers in autumn. The most popular species are microphylla and Simonsii; the former has small, glossy, evergreen foliage, and produces white flowers in spring, followed by scarlet berries {see the Botanical Register, t. 1114). Glacialis (syn. congesta) is a variety of it. Buxifolia is a dwarfer species sometimes used for rockwork. Cotyledon, Navelwort (cotyle-don, name given by Pliny. Ord. Crassulaceae) . — This, with the additions which have been made to it by modern botanists, is a very large genus. The Echeverias have been added to it, and so have the Pachyphytums and Umbilicuses, with some smaller genera. They are succulents, with glaucous foliage. The Cotyledons proper are of shrubby habit, whereas the Echeverias are low and flattened. The latter were more used in the old carpet-bedding days than they are now. Of the species 88 Encyclopedia of Gardening generally grown under the name of Cotyledon may be mentione coccinea, scarlet; gibbiflora, pink and yellow; and orbiculata, rec all of which flower in late summer and are suitable for a cool greei house. The variety of gibbiflora called metallica, and other specieJ such as glauca, retusa and its variety glauca, secunda and its variety glauca, and rosea, are commonly grown as Echeverias. These may b