ZOOLOGY LIBRARY
VERSITY OF TORONTO

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/illustratedflor01 brit

Pee ws TRATED FLORA

NORTHERN UNITED STATES, CANADA
AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS

FROM NEWFOUNDLAND TO THE PARALLEL OF THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF
VIRGINIA, AND FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN WESTWARD
TO THE 102p MERIDIAN

BY

NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Pu.D., Sc.D., LL.D.

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW VORK BOTANICAL GARDEN; PROFESSOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
AND

HON. ADDISON BROWN, A.B., LL.D.

PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

CHIEFLY PREPARED BY PROFESSOR BRITTON, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN
SEVERAL GROUPS; THE FIGURES ALSO DRAWN UNDER HIS SUPERVISION

SECOND EDITION—REVISED AND ENLARGED

IN THREE VOLUMES obs 6
Nor F.

22

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE TO POLYGONACEAE

FERNS TO BUCKWHEAT

NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
1913

CopyYRIGHT, I913
By NatHaniet L. Britton AND HELEN C. Brown,

Executrix of the Estate of
App1son Brown, deceased.

PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME J.

INTRODUCTION,

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS,
GLossARY OF SPECIAL TERMS,

GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES,
InpEx To Latin GENERA IN VOLUME I.
Symesots UseEp,

I. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE I
2. OSMUNDACEAE 7
3. HyMENOPHYLLACEAE 8
4. SCHIZAEACEAE 9
1. PINACEAE
1. TYPHACEAE 68
2, SPARGANIACEAE 69
3. ZANNICHELLIACEAE 74
4. NAIADACEAE
5. ZOSTERACEAE 90
6. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE QI
7. ALISMACEAE 03
8. VALLISNERIACEAE 104
9. HypROCHARITACEAE 106
10. GRAMINEAE 107
11. CYPERACEAE 205
1. SAURURACEAE 577
2. JUGLANDACEAE 578
3. MyrICACEAE 584
4, LEITNERIACEAE 586
5. SALICACEAE 587

PTERIDOPHYTA I
5. PoLyPoDIACEAE 10 9. LycoPpoDIACEAE
6. MARSILEACEAE 36 10, SELAGINELLACEAE
7. SALVINIACEAE 37 11. ISOETACEAE
8. EQUISETACEAE
SPERMATOPHYTA 55
GY MNOSPERMAE 55
55 2. TAXACEAE 67
ANGIOSPERMAE 68
Monocotyledones 68
12. ARACEAE 441 23. CONVALLARIACEAE
13. LEMNACEAE 446 24. TRILLIACEAE
14. MAYACACEAE 450 25. SMILACEAE
15. XYRIDACEAE 450 26. HAEMODORACEAE
16. ERIOCAULACEAE 453 27. AMARYLLIDACEAE
17. BROMELIACEAE 456 28. DioscoREACEAE
18. COMMELINACEAE 457 29. IRIDACEAE
19. PONTEDERIACEAE 462 30. MARANTACEAE
20. JUNCACEAE 465 31. BURMANNIACEAE
21. MELANTHACEAE 485 32. ORCHIDACEAE
22, LILIACEAE 495
Dicotyledones 577
Choripetalae 577
6. BETULACEAE 605 11. URTICACEAE
7. FAGACEAE 614 12. LORANTHACEAE
8. ULMACEAE 625 13. SANTALACEAE
9. Moraceae 630 14. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
10. CANNABINACEAE 633 15. PoLyGONACEAE

ENGLISH NAMES

FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES

1. Apper’s ToNGUE FAMILY I
2. ROYAL-FERN FAMILY 7
3. FILMY-FERN Famity 8
4. CLIMBING-FERN FAMILY 9

5
6
We
8

. FERN FAMILY 10
. MARSILEA FAMILY 36
SALVINIA FAMILY 37

. Horsetart FAMILY 38

v-Xili
xiv-xvi
XVii-xxi
XX1I-XXix
678

iv

9. CLus-Moss FAMILY
10, SELAGINELLA FAMILY
11. Quittwort FAMILY

50

634
638
639
641
646

42
48
50

1. Prine FAMILY—CONIFERS

. CaT-TAIL FAMILY

. Bur-REED FAMILY

PoNDWEED FAMILY

Naras FAMILy

EeEL-GrRAss FAMILY

ARROW-GRASS FAMILY

. WaTER-PLANTAIN
FAMILY

8. TApE-GRASS FAMILY

9. Froc’s-BIT FAMILY

. GRASS FAMILY

. SEDGE FAMILY

. ARUM FAMILY

WOWEe DH

1. LizArp’s-TAIL FAMILY
2. WALNUT FAMILY

3. BAYBERRY FAMILY

4. CorK-woop FAMILY
5. WitLtow FamILy

CONTENTS.

SEED-BEARING PLANTS

68
69
74
80
90
oI

93
104
106
107

205
441

577
578
584
586
587

SEEDS NAKED 55
55

SEEDS ENCLOSED 68

Cotyledon one 68

13. DucK-wEED FAMILY 446
14. Mayaca FAMILY 450
15. YELLOW-EYED GRASS
450
16. PrpEwort FAMILY 453
17, PINE-APPLE FAMILY 456
18. SPIDERWORT FAMILY 457
19. PICKEREL-WEED
FaMILy 462
20. RusH FAMILY 465
21. BUNCH-FLOWER
FAMILY 485
22. Liry FaMmiILy 495
Cotyledons two 577
Petals distinct, or none
6. BrrcH FAMILY 605
7. BEECH FAMILY 614
8. ELm FAamiLy 625
9. MuLBerry FAMILY 630
10. Hemp FAMILY 633

577

|
|

on

2. YEw FAMILY

Vor. I.

67

23. LiLy-oF-THE- VALLEY

ND
w

WwWWwWhbNNHNND
CASTES

InpeEx or Latin Generic NAMES IN VoLUME I.

SYMBOLS USED

° is used after figures to indicate feet.
“is used after figures to indicate inches.
“is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch.
” over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel.

~ over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of

the vowel.

In THE METRIC SYSTEM.

The metre = 30.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches.

The decimetre = 3.94 inches.
The centimetre = 2 of an inch, or 4? lines.

The millimetre = >; of an inch, or # a line.
24 millimeters = 1 line.

very nearly.

OI Duns

FAMILY 513
WAKE-ROBIN FAMILY 522

. SMILAX FAMILY 526
. BLoopwort FAMILY 530
. AMARYLLIS FAMILY 531

Yam FAMILY 535
. IRIS FAMILY 536
. ARROW-ROOT FAMILY 546
. BURMANNIA FAMILY 546
. OrcHID FAMILY 547
. NETTLE FAMILY 634

. MISTLETOE FAMILY 638
. SANDALWOOD FAMILY 639
. BrrtHwort FAMILY 641
. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 646

678

INTRODUCTION.

aim is to illustrate and describe every species, from the Ferns upward, recognized as

distinct by botanists and growing wild within the area adopted, and to complete the
work within such moderate limits of size and cost as shall make it accessible to the public
generally, so that it may serve as an independent handbook of our Northern Flora and as a
work of general reference, or as an adjunct and supplement to the manuals of systematic
botany in current use.

The first edition (6000 copies) was exhausted during the period from 1806 to 1909. The
continued public demand for the work has induced the authors to prepare and publish a
second edition, which has been materially revised and enlarged. About 300 pages have been
added to the text and the number of species illustrated has been increased from 4162 to
4666, besides many others redrawn for improvement. This increase of about one-eighth
both in the text and in the number of plants figured is due in part to the more complete
botanical exploration of the geographical area, in part to the more critical delimitation of
species and in part to the introduction, in recent years, of additional alien species from the
Old World and from the western and southern United States. Exploration and critical
study have been greatly stimulated by the first edition, and much of the additional informa-
tion now brought into the second edition was elicited by the use of the first, by students all
over the country.

To all botanical students, a complete illustrated manual is of the greatest service; always
useful, often indispensable. The doubts and difficulties that are apt to attend the best
written descriptions will often be instantly solved by figures addressed to the eye. The
greatest stimulus, moreover, to observation and study, is a clear and intelligible guide; and
among the aids to botanical enquiry, a complete illustrated handbook is one of the chief.
Thousands of the lovers of plants, on the other hand, who are not botanists and are not
familiar with botanical terms or the methods of botanical analysis, will find in the illustra-
tions of a complete work the readiest means of comparison and identification of the plants
that grow around them; and through the accompanying descriptions they will at the same
time acquire a familiarity with botanical language. By these facilities, not only is the study
of our native plants stimulated and widened among all classes, but the enjoyment, the knowl-
edge and the scientific progress derivable from these studies are proportionately increased.

Though most European countries have complete illustrations of the flora of their own
territory, no similar work has hitherto been attempted here. Our illustrated works, some of
them of great value, have been either sumptuous and costly monographs, accessible to com-
paratively few, or confined to special groups of plants, or have been works of a minor and
miscellaneous character, embracing at most but a few hundred selected species, and from
incompleteness, therefore, unsuited for general reference. Scarcely one-third of the species
illustrated in the present work have ever been figured before. That no such general work
has been previously attempted is to be ascribed partly, perhaps, to the imperfect exploration
of our territory, and the insufficiency of the collections to enable such a work to be made
approximately complete; partly to the great number of species required to be figured and
the consequent difficulty and cost of the undertaking, and partly to the lack of any apparent
demand for such a work sufficient to warrant the expense of the enterprise.

In the first edition, it was shown that many more species existed within the geographical
area of the work than previous publications had recorded, and many collectors and students
have, since its publication, been eager to detect and describe others. This enthusiasm for
additional species had led, in some instances, to the descriptive publication as species, of a
considerable number which appear to be not sufficiently different from plants already well
known to warrant their recognition as distinct; some of these have been satisfactorily

i

T | \HE present work is the first complete Illustrated Flora published in this country. Its

vi INTRODUCTION. Vor. I.

relegated to synonymy, while others have been recognized in this edition by brief notes in
order to call attention to them and to indicate the necessity for their further study, in order
to ascertain their true status. Similar notes have been entered relative to a few species of
which the occurrence within the area has become known to the authors during the prepara-
tion and composition of the work, which has covered a period of nearly four years, a course
which has been taken in order to supersede the need of an Appendix.

A few species illustrated in the first edition have been omitted, except by the entry of
notes upon them, in the second, for reasons explained by such notes, mostly because they
have been ascertained to be undistinguishable specifically from others.

The enterprise, projected by Judge Brown, and maintained and supervised by him
throughout, has been prosecuted for the past twenty-two years. Its execution has been
mainly the work of Dr. Britton. The text, founded upon a careful examination of living or
herbarium specimens, has been chiefly prepared by him, with the assistance, however, of
specialists in a few groups who have contributed the descriptions for certain families as
stated in the footnotes. The figures also have been drawn by artists under his immediate
supervision; except those of most of the grasses, drawn for the first edition by Mr. Holm,
under the eye of Prof. Scribner, and those in the other families contributed by specialists
who have supervised them; while the work in all its parts has been carefully revised by both
authors. The keys to the genera and species, based upon a few distinctice characters, will,
it is believed, greatly facilitate the determinations.

In preparing a new work of this character, the authors have felt that there should be no
hesitation in adopting the matured results of recent botanical studies here and in Europe, so
as to bring the work fully abreast of the knowledge and scientific conceptions of the time,
and make it answer present needs. Although this involves changes in systematic order, in
nomenclature, and in the division of families and genera, such as may seem to some to be
too radical, no doubt is entertained that time will fully justify these changes in the judgment
of all, and demonstrate that the permanent advantages to Botanical Science will far out-
weigh any temporary inconveniences, as has been already so fully shown in Ornithology and
other zoological sciences.

The first edition was issued in three volumes, published consecutively in 1896, 1897 and
1808. The second edition is issued in three volumes simultaneously published.

Area.

The area of the work extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward, in general, to the
to2d Meridian, a little beyond that of Gray’s Manual, so as to include the whole of the State
of Kansas; and northward from the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and Ken-
tucky to the northern limits of Labrador and Manitoba. For convenience, the whole of
Nebraska has been included, thus permitting the illustration of practically the entire Flora
of the northern portion of the Great Plains. Western North and South Dakota are not
included.

The Flora of Canada and the British possessions not being distinguishable by any well
marked features from that of the adjacent parts of the United States, and not embracing
more than about 400 additional species, it was deemed best to include this more northern
territory, in order to present a manual of the whole Flora of the northeastern part of the
continent, with the exception of that of Greenland and the Arctic Circle, which is much the
same on both continents; nearly all the Arctic plants are, however, included, as but very few
of them are strictly confined to the Arctic Zone.

Further botanical exploration will, doubtless, reveal additional species, especially along
the southern and western boundaries, and in the north.

Figures.

Within the above area there are over 4600 recognized species, more than three times the
number in Bentham’s Illustrated Handbook of the British Flora. To illustrate all these in a
work of moderate size and cost, only parts of each plant could usually be figured, and these
mostly below life-size. To exhibit full-page illustrations would have added fourfold to the
bulk of the work, and the consequent more limited sales would have necessarily increased
the price in a much greater proportion, and thus have thwarted the primary objects, viz., to

Vor. I. INTRODUCTION. vii

supply a work adapted to general circulation and use. On the other hand, it was found that
any considerable further reduction of the figures in order to reduce the size of the work,
would be at the sacrifice of the clearness and usefulness of the illustrations.

In the general plan adopted and in giving parts only of the larger plants, it has been the
constant aim to make the reduction of each figure as little below life-size as possible, to
select the most characteristic parts for illustration and to preserve the natural proportion.
In these respects, it is believed, the present work will be found to be at least not inferior to
that above named and often superior.

The cuts are all from original drawings for this work, ether from life or from herbarium
specimens, though reference has constantly been made to published plates and figures. All
have been first drawn life-size from medium-sized specimens, and afterwards reduced to the
proportion indicated by the fraction near the bottom of each cut, most of them being from
3 to 8 of medium life-size. By this method the illustrations do not suffer from the use of a
magnifier, but are improved by it and retain their full expression.

The large number of additional figures in the second edition and the incorporation into
the main text of the appendix to the first edition, have necessitated the renumbering of the
figures consecutively.

Enlargements of special parts are added in most of the illustrations in order to show
more clearly the floral structure, or minute organs, or the smaller flowers. These are in
various degrees of enlargement, not deemed necessary to be stated. The figures are
uncolored, because coloring, except in costly work, obscures the fineness of linear definition
and injures the cuts for descriptive and educational uses.

The Classification of Plants.

The Plant Kingdom is composed of four subkingdoms, divisions or primary groups:

1. Thallophyta, the Algae, Fungi and Lichens.
2. Bryophyta, the Mosses and Moss-allies.

3. Pteridophyta, the Ferns and Fern-allies.

4. Spermatophyta, the Seed-bearing plants.

Individuals are grouped, by similarity, into races; races into species; species into genera;
genera into families; families into orders; orders into classes; classes into divisions or
subkingdoms.

In addition to these main ranks, subordinate ones are sometimes employed, when closer
grouping is desirable: thus a Class may be separated into Subclasses, as the Class Angio-
spermae into the Sublasses Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones; Families may be separated
into Tribes, as in the treatment of Gramineae in the following pages; Genera are often sepa-
rated into Subgenera; Species into Subspecies.

Critical field observations of plants in the wild state, supplemented by the cultivation
side by side of species supposed to be distinct and by the lessons learned from experimental
plant breeding, have developed the theory that many species, perhaps all, are composed of a
greater or lesser number of races, differing from each other too little to cause them to be
regarded as species, notwithstanding the fact that they may breed true from seed to such
slight or trivial differentiations. It also seems to have been proved, by DeVries and others,
that such differentiations may originate abruptly from seed, in a single generation, and remain
constant for at least several generations thereafter if so isolated from their relatives as to
prevent cross-pollination. These recently ascertained phenomena of mutation are most sug-
gestive, and experimentation and observation concerning them are now occupying the atten-
tion of many students.

In the present edition of “Illustrated Flora,” the view is taken that the races composing
many species are often too numerous and too slightly characterized to be described so as
to be recognized; many of them have been described as species and many more as varieties,
and varieties of different degrees of differentation have been suggested. We here regard
species alone as entitled to distinct botanical appelation; it has been suggested that races may
be indicated numerically.

Other than the omission of descriptions of varieties, the general system of classification
used in the first edition has been maintained in the second. A few new family groups and
a number of genera have been separated or distinguished from their congeners.

viii INTRODUCTION. Vor. I.

The grouping of Races into Species, of Species into Genera, and of Genera into Families,
though based upon natural characters and relationships, is not governed by any definite rule
that can be drawn from nature for determining just what characters shall be sufficient to
constitute a Species, a Genus or a Family. These groups are, therefore, necessarily more or
less arbitrary and depend upon the judgment of scientific experts, in which natural characters
and affinities, as the most important and fundamental factors, do not necessarily exclude
considerations of scientific convenience. The practice among the most approved authors has
accordingly been various. Some have made the number of genera and families as few as
possible. This results in associating under one name species or genera that present marked
differences among themselves. The present tendency of expert opinion is to separate more
freely into convenient natural groups, according to similarity of structure, habit, form or
appearance. While this somewhat increases the number of these divisions, it has the distinct
advantage of decreasing the size of the groups, and thus materially facilitates their study.
This view has been taken in the present work, following in most instances, but not in all, the
arrangement adopted by Engler and Prantl in their great work, “ Nattrliche Pflanzen-
familien,” in which nearly all known genera are described.

Systematic Arrangement.

The Nineteenth Century closed with the almost unanimous scientific judgment that the
order of nature is an order of evolution and development from the more simple to the more
complex. Inno department of Natural Science is this progressive development more marked
or more demonstrable than in the vegetable life of the globe. Systematic Arrangement
should logically follow the natural order; and by this method also, as now generally recog-
nized, the best results of study and arrangement are obtained. The sequence of Families
formerly adopted has become incongruous with our present knowledge; and it has for some
time past been gradually superseded by truer scientific arrangements in the later works of
many authors.

It now seems probable that continued investigation and consideration will again modify
the sequence of various groups. Many suggestions in this regard have already appeared in
botanical literature; notably, in our own country, those of Professor Charles E. Bessey.

The more simple forms are, in general, distinguished from the more complex, (1) by
fewer organs or parts; (2) by the less perfect adaptation of the organs to the purposes they
subserve; (3) by the relative degree of development of the more important organs; (4) by
the lesser degree of differentiation of the plant-body or of its organs; (5) by considerations
of antiquity, as indicated by the geological record; (6) by a consideration of the phenomena
of embryogeny. Thus, the Pteridophyta, which do not produce seeds and which appeared
on the earth in Silurian time, are simpler than the Spermatophyta; the Gymnospermae in
which the ovules are borne on the face of a scale, and which are known from the Devonian
period onward, are simpler than the Angiospermae, whose ovules are borne in a closed cavity,
and which are unknown before the Jurassic.

In the Angiospermae the simpler types are those whose floral structure is nearest the
structure of the branch or stem from which the flower has been metamorphosed, that-is to
say, in which the parts of the flower (modified leaves) are more nearly separate or distinct
from each other, the leaves of any stem or branch being normally separated, while those are
the most complex whose floral parts are most united. These principles are applied to the
arrangement of the Subclasses Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones independently, the Mono-
cotyledones being usually regarded as the simpler, as shown by the less degree of differentia-
tion of their tissues, though their floral structure is not so very different nor their antiquity
much greater, so far as present information goes. For these reasons it is considered that
Typhaceae are the simplest of the Monocotyledones, and Orchidaceae the most complex;
Saururaceae the simplest family of Dicotyledones in our area, and Compositae the most
complex

Inasmuch as evolution has not always been progressive, but some groups, on the con-
trary, have clearly been developed by degradation from more highly organized ones, and
other groups have been produced by divergence along more than one line from the parent
stock, no linear consecutive sequence can, at all points, truly represent the actual lines of
descent.

7-4

Vou. I. INTRODUCTION. ix

Nomenclature.

The names of genera and species used in this work are in general accordance with the
Code of Nomenclature recommended by the Nomenclature Commission of the Botanical
Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, published in Bulletin of
the Torrey Botanical Club 34: 167-178, 1907, to which reference is made. The synonyms
given under each species in this work include the recent current names, and thus avoid any
difficulty in identification.

The necessity for rules of nomenclature arose from the great confusion that has existed
through the many different botanical names for the same species or genera. Some species
have had from Io to 50 different names, and, worse still, different plants have often had the
same name. For about 200,000 known species of plants there are not fewer than 700,000
recorded names. Such a chaotic condition of nomenclature is not only extremely unscien-
tific, burdensome and confusing in itself, but the difficulty and uncertainty of identification
which it causes in the comparative study of plants made it a serious and constant obstruction
in the path of botanical inquiry.

The need of reform, and of finding some simple and fixed system of stable nomen-
clature, has long been recognized. This was clearly stated in 1813 by A. P. DeCandolle in
his “ Théorie Elémentaire de la Botanique” (pp. 228-250), where he declares priority to be
the fundamental law of nomenclature. Most systematists have acknowledged the validity of
this rule. Dr. Asa Gray, in his “Structural Botany,” says (p. 348): “For each plant or
group there can be only one valid name, and that always the most ancient, if it is tenable;
consequently no new name should be given to an old plant or group, except for necessity.”

This principle was applied to Zoology in the “ Stricklandian Code,” adopted in 1842 as
Rules of the British Association, and revised in 1860 and 1865 by a committee embracing the
most eminent English authorities, such as Darwin, Henslow, Wallace, Clayton, Balfour,
Huxley. Bentham and Hooker. In American Zoology the same difficulties were met and
satisfactorily overcome by a rigid system of rules analogous to those here followed and now
generally accepted by zoologists and palaeontologists.

At an International Botanical Congress held at Paris in 1867, A. DeCandolle presented a
system of rules which, with modifications, were adopted, and are the foundation of the
present rules of the botanists of the American Association. These rules were in part
adopted also by the International Botanical Congress held at Genoa in 1892, and by the
Austro-German botanists at their meeting in September, 1904.

The Botanical Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
adopted rules for Nomenclature at meetings held in 1892 and 1893, which were followed in
our first edition. An International Botanical Congress assembled at Vienna in 1905, and
materially modified the Paris rules of 1867, and another Congress was held at Brussels in
1910. In the present edition the Code of Nomenclature recommended by the American
Commission in 1907, is closely followed, as above stated.

Types of Genera and Species.

The critical study of plants, resulting in the present knowledge by botanists of many
more genera and species than formerly, has made necessary more exact definition and
determination of both genera and species by basing them on types, a method previously
reached in zoology. The following principles are contained in the Code of Nomenclature
above referred to:

1. The nomenclatorial type of a species or subspecies is the specimen to which the describer
originally applied the name in publication.

(a) When more than one specimen was originally cited, the type or group of specimens

in which the type is included may be indicated by the derivation of the name from
that of the collector, locality or host.

(b) Among specimens equally eligible, the type is that first figured with the original
description, or in default of a figure the first mentioned.

(c) In default of an original specimen, that represented by the identifiable figure or (in
default of a figure) description first cited or subsequently published, serves as
the type.

x INTRODUCTION. Vor. I.

2, The nomenclatorial type of a genus or subgenus is the species originally named or desig-
nated by the author of the name. If no species was designated, the type is the first
binomial species in order eligible under the following provisions:

(a) The type is to be selected from a subgenus, section or other list of species originally
designated as typical. The publication of a new generic name as an avowed substi-
tute for an earlier invalid one does not change the type of a genus.

(b) A figured species is to be selected rather than an unfigured species in the same work.
In the absence of a figure, preference is to be given to the first species accompanied
by the citation of a specimen in a regularly published series of exsiccatae. In the
case of genera adopted from prebinomial authors (with or without change of name),
a species figured by the author from whom the genus is adopted should be selected.

(c) The application to a genus of a former specific name of one of the included species,
designates the type.

(d) Where economic or indigenous species are included in the same genus with foreign
species, the type is to be selected from (1) the economic species or (2) those indige-
nous from the standpoint of the original author of the genus.

(e) The types of genera adopted through citations of nonbinomial literature (with or
without change of name), are to be selected from those of the original species
which receive names in the first binomial publication. The genera of Linnaeus’
Species Plantarum (1753) are to be typified through the citations given in his
Genera Plantarum (1754).

In the present edition, the type species of genera are cited or otherwise indicated.

English Names of Plants.

The general desire for some English name for the different plants described has been met
so far as possible. All names in common use have been inserted, so far as they have come
to the authors’ knowledge, except such as were merely local, or where they were too numer-
ous for insertion. An exception has also been made in a few instances where a common
name, from its false suggestion, as in the name of Dog’s-tooth Violet for Adder’s-tongue,
is calculated to mislead as to the nature of the plant. Where no previous names in common
use could be found, the names given are founded on some characteristic circumstance of
description, habitat, site or author.

In the first edition, many thousand popular names, compiled mostly by Judge Brown,
were printed in the General Index only. In this edition, they are all carried into the body
of the work in their appropriate places in connection with the descriptive text—a great
convenience to those interested in plant-nomenclature. A few additional common names are
given in this edition.

No similar compilation of American plant-names has been hitherto published in any other
work. Many of them are not to be found in any general dictionaries. To the mass of the
people they will afford, in connection with the illustrations, the readiest means of plant-
identification.

The popular names are full of interest, from their origin, history and significance. Hun-
dreds of them, brought to this country by the early English Colonists, are still in current
use among us, though now obsolete in England. As observed in Britten and Holland’s
work cited below, “they are derived from a variety of languages, often carrying us back to
the early days of our country’s history, and to the various peoples who as conquerors or
colonists have landed on our shores and left an impress on our language. Many of these
old-world words are full of poetical associations, speaking to us of the thoughts and feelings
of the people who invented them; others tell of the ancient mythology of our ancestors, of
strange old medicinal usages, and of superstitions now almost forgotten.”

Most of these names suggest their own explanation. The greater number are either
descriptive or derived from the supposed uses, qualities or properties of the plants; many
refer to their habitat, appearance or resemblance real or fancied to other things; others come
from poetical suggestion, affection or association with saints or persons. Many are very
graphic, as the western name, Prairie Fire (Castillera coccinea) ; many are quaint or humor-

Vor. I. INTRODUCTION. x1

ous, as Cling-rascal (Galium Aparine) or Wait-a-bit (Smilax rotundifolia) ; and in some the
corruptions are amusing, as Aunt Jerichos (N. Eng.) from Angelica. The words Horse,
Ox, Dog, Bull, Snake, Toad are often used as a prefix to denote size, coarseness, worthless-
ness or aversion. Devil or Devil’s is used as a prefix for upwards of 40 of our plants, mostly
expressive of dislike or of some traditional resemblance or association. A number of names
have been contributed by the Indians, such as Chinquapin, Wicopy, Pipsissewa, Wankapin,
etc.; while the term Indian, evidently a favorite, is applied as a descriptive prefix to upwards
of 80 different plants.

There should be no antagonism in the use of scientific and popular names, since their
purposes are quite different. Science demands certainty and universality, and hence a single
universal name for each plant. For this the Latin has been adopted, and the Latin name
should be used, when only scientific objects are sought. But the vernacular names are a part
of the growth and development of the language of each people. Though these names are
sometimes indicative of specific characters and hence scientifically valuable, they are for the
most part not at all scientific, but utilitarian, emotional or picturesque. As such, they are
invaluable; not for science, but for the common intelligence, and the appreciation and enjoy-
ment of the plant world. These names, in truth, reflect the mental attitude of each people,
throughout its history, toward the plant kingdom; and the thoughts, suggestions, affections
or emotions which it has aroused in them. If these are rich and multitudinous, as in the
Anglo-Saxon race, so will the plant-names be also.

Usually the most common or the favorite plants have a variety of names; but this is
noticeably otherwise with the Asters and the Golden-rods, of which there are about 125
species within our area, the common names of which, considering their abundance and variety,
are comparatively few. The Golden-rods, without distinction, are also known as Yellow-
weed or Yellow-tops; the Asters are called also Frost-weed, Frost-flowers, Good-bye Summer
and by the Onandaga Indians, “It brings the Frost.” A few like Aster ericoides have several
interesting names, but most of the species in each genus resemble each other so much that
not a quarter of the species have suggested to the popular apprehension any distinctive name;
while other less showy plants, like the Pansy (Viola tricolor), the Marsh Marigold (Caltha
palustris), the Spotted Touch-me-not (Impatiens biflora), Bluets (Houstonia coerulea) and
others, have a score of different names.

In compiling these names, reference has been made to numerous general and special
botanical works, to our state and local Floras, to Hobbs’ Botanical Handbook (pharma-
ceutical), to Beal’s, Scribner’s and Pammel’s works on Grasses, to Sudworth’s Arborescent
Flora, to Britten and Holland’s Dictionary of English Plant Names (London, 1886), and to
the valuable papers of Mrs. F. D. Bergen on Popular Plant Names in the Botanical Gazette

’ for 1892, p. 365; for 1893, p. 420; for 1894, p. 420, and for 1896, p. 473. Prof. E. S. Burgess
has also supplied about 100 popular names not before noted that are in use at Martha’s
Vineyard and in Washington, D. C.; and Mrs. Horner, of Georgetown, Mass., and Miss
Bartlett, of Haverhill, Mass., have each contributed some.

Pronunciation.

In botanical names derived from Greek or Latin words, their compounds, or derivatives,
the accent, according to the ordinary rule, is placed upon the penultimate syllable, if it is
long in Latin quantity; otherwise, upon the antepenult. Many names, however, have been
given to plants in honor of individuals, which, having nothing Latin about them except the
terminal form, and the pronunciation given to them by botanical authors being diverse, are
here accented like the names of the persons, so far as euphony will permit. This rule is fol-
lowed because it is believed to agree with the prevailing usage among botanists in ordinary
speech; because it is in accord with the commemorative object of such names, which ought
not to be obscured by a forced and unnatural pronunciation; and because the test applied to
words properly Latin, viz., the usage of the Latin poets, cannot be applied to words of this
class. We therefore give Toérreyi, Vaseyi, Careyi, Jamesii, Alleni, rather than Torréyi,
Vaséyi, Caréyi, Jamésii, Alléni.

The acute accent is used to denote the short English sound only; as in bat, bét, bid, nét,
nut; the grave accent, to denote either of the other English sounds, whether long, broad or
open; as a in bale, ball, bar, bare, laud; e in éve, thére; i in pine, pique, machine; o in note,
move; « in pire, ride. The accent for the short or longer English sound is based upon cur-

xii INTRODUCTION. Vor. IL.

rent English usage, as given in the chief English dictionaries from Walker’s to the most
recent, and without reference to the supposed ancient pronunciation.

Much diversity has been found in botanical works in the accented syllable of many
modern Latin adjectives ending in -inus, -ina, -inum, derived from Latin words. As these
adjectives are derived from Latin roots and are regularly formed, their pronunciation should
properly follow classical analogies. When signifying, or referring to, time, material, or
inanimate substances, they should, therefore, according to Andrews & Stoddard’s rule, have
the penult usually short, and the accent on the antepenult; as in gossipina, cannabina, secalina,
salicina, amygdalina, and other adjectives derived from plant names, like the classic nard-
inus, c¥prinus, faginus. When these adjectives have other significations than those above
referred to, the penult under the ordinary Latin rule is usually long and accented; as in
lupulina, leporina, hystricina, like the classic ursina, canina.

The Use of Capital Letters.

In accordance with the recommendations of the Nomenclature Commission of the
Botanical Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, specific or
varietal names derived from persons, or used as the genitive of generic names or as sub-
stantives, are printed with the initial capital letter. There is much difference of opinion
as to the desirability of this practice, many botanists, and almost all zoologists, following
the principle of writing all specific names with a small initial letter. Should this custom
prevail, much information concerning the history and significance of the specific names would
be lost. Thus in the Tulip-tree, Liriodendron Tulipifera, the specific name Tulipifera was
the ancient generic name; and the same with Lythrum Salicaria, L. Hyssopifolia, L. Vul-
neraria, and many other species. In all other forms of writing, personal adjectives such as
Nuttallii, Engelmanni or Torreyi are printed with capitals. We adhere to the ordinary
literary usage.

Keys.

A general Key of the Orders and Families has been prepared by Dr. Britton according
to the method followed in the Keys to the genera and species. This general Key has been
elaborated on the natural method, dividing the two subkingdoms of plants described in the
work into Classes, Subclasses, Orders and Families successively. The Orders are not
described in the work itself, but their principal distinguishing characters are given in this
key. The natural method adopted necessitates a considerable number of exceptions to
statements, owing to the varying degree of development of floral organs in the derivation
of plants from their ancestors; these exceptions are either noted under the headings or indi-
cated by cross-references.

In using this key, or any of the keys to genera or to species, the student will often find,
in the analysis of a plant that it does not provide all the information necessary for its deter-
mination; this is generally owing to the incomplete condition of the specimen collected; it
may be in flower, while the characteristic differences between it and others are only to be
found in the fruit, or vice versa; or the species may be dioecious, or polygamous, when its
other organs, perchance the characteristic ones, must be sought on another individual, and
there are various other causes for incompleteness. It is therefore earnestly recommended
that collections be carefully made, seeking to reduce as far as possible this more or less
necessary incompleteness. Where satisfactory material can not be obtained, it will usually be
found possible to reach the desired analysis by following out two or more lines of the key,
and by comparing the results reached with the descriptions to determine the family, genus
or species. The illustrations provide an almost indispensable aid in such cases.

Assistance and Codperation.

In the preparation of both the first edition and of the second we have had valued
coéperation from many botanists, which is here gratefully acknowledged. The late Pro-
fessor Thomas C. Porter contributed much to the first edition by suggestion, specimens,
and the examination of proof sheets. Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell has contributed specimens
studied for both editions and read the proof sheets of the first. Dr. John K. Small has
assisted in the preparation of both editions, contributing the entire text of several families,

Vor. I. INTRODUCTION. xiii

and has read the proof sheets of the second. The Pteridophyte text was contributed to the
first edition by the late Professor Lucien M. Underwood, and to the second edition by Mr.
William R. Maxon. The text of the Grass Family has been written by Mr. George V. Nash
for both editions; many of the drawings of grasses made by Mr. Theodore Holm for the
first edition were supervised by Professor F. Lamson Scribner. The late Mr. Charles E.
Smith critically examined the final proof sheets of the first edition. Mr. Frederick V.
Coville has contributed the text of Juncaceae to both editions. The late Dr. Thomas Morong
wrote the text of several families for the first edition. The text of the Carrot Family in
both editions has been examined by Dr. J. N. Rose. Most of the drawings for the first
edition were supervised by Dr. Arthur Hollick.

For the second edition Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie has contributed the text of Carex,
and supplied many specimens for study; Mr. W. W. Eggleston has written the text of
Crataegus; Dr. Ezra Brainerd has written the text of Viola; Dr. Per Axel Rydberg has
aided in the determination of specimens; and many others have aided by specimens, notes
and information.

Draughtsmen.

Most of the drawings for the first edition were executed by Mr. F. Emil; he made all
the figures of the Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, and nearly all of the Monocotyledones, with
the exception of those of Gramineae, Melanthaceae, Liliaceae and Convallariaceae; also
nearly all of the apetalous Choripetalae, and a considerable portion of the Sympetalae. Miss
Millie Timmerman (now Mrs. Heinrich Ries) drew the bulk of the polypetalous Chori-
petalae, the enlarged parts being mostly inserted by Dr. Arthur Hollick; she also did some
work on several of the sympetalous families. Mr. Joseph Bridgham drew the Melanthaceae,
Liliaceae and Convallariaceae; also the Ericaceae, Primulaceae and several related families.
Mr. Theodore Holm drew most of the Gramineae. Dr. Hollick has made some drawings
and numerous enlargements of special parts throughout the work. Miss Mary Knight and
Mr. Rudolph Weber have also contributed drawings.

The additional drawings needed for the second edition, and some corrections of the
old ones, have been made by Mr. A. Mariolle, Miss Mary E. Eaton and Miss Rachel
Robinson.

New York,
April 15, 1913.

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.

A. Benn. Bennett, Arthur.

A.Br. Braun, Alexander.

Adans. Adanson, Michel.

Ait. Aiton, William.

Ait. f. Aiton, William Townsend.

All. Allioni, Carlo.

Anders. Andersson, Nils Johan.

Andr. Andrews, Henry C.

Andrz. Andrzejowski, Anton Lukianowicz.

Angs. Angstrom, Johan.

Ard. Arduino, Luigi.

Arn. Arnott, George Arnold Walker.

Aschers. Ascherson, Paul Friedrich August.

Asch. & Graebn. Ascherson, Po OBA; sand
Graebner, Paul.

Aubl. Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusce.

Aust. Austin, Coe Finch.

Bab. Babington, Charles Cardale.

Baldw. Baldwin, William.

Baill. Baillon, Henri.

Bartl. Bartling, Friedrich Gottlieb.
Bart. Barton, William P. C.

Bartr. Bartram, John. f

Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J.
Benth. Bentham, George.

Benth.& Hook. Bentham, George, and Hooker,
Joseph Dalton.

Berch. Berchtold, Friedrich von.

Bernh. Bernhardi, Johann Jacob.

Bess. Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von.

Bieb. Bieberstein, F. A. M. von.

Bigel. Bigelow, Jacob.

Bisch. Bischoff, Gottlieb Wilhelm.

Biv. Bivona-Bernardi, Antonio.

Boeckl. Boeckeler, Otto.

Boehm. Boehmer, George Rudolf.

Boiss. Boissier, Edmond.

Borck. Borckhausen, Moritz Balthazar.

Brack. Brackinridge, William D.

Brew. Brewer, William Henry.

Britt. Britton, N. L.

B.S. P. Britton, N. L.; Sterns, Emerson Alex-
ander; Poggenburg, Justus.

Brongn. Brongniart, Adolphe Theodore.

Brot. Brotero, Felix de Avellar.

Buch. Buchenau, Franz.

Buckl. Buckley, Samuel Botsford. ;

Burgsd. Burgsdorff, Friedrich August Ludwig
yon.

Carr. Carriere, Elie Abel.

Casp. Caspary, Robert.

Cass. Cassini, Henri.

Cav. Cavanilles, Antonio José.

Celak. Celakowsky, Ladislav.

Cerv. Cervantes, Vicente.

Cham. Chamisso, Adalbert von.

C. & S., Cham. & Sch. Chamisso and Schlech-
tendahl.

Chapm. Chapman, Alvan Wentworth.

Chois. Choisy, Jacques Denis.

C. Chr. Christensen, Carl.

Clairv. Clairville, Joseph Philippe de.
Clayt. Clayton, John.

Cogn. Cogniaux, Alfred.

Coult. (Dips.) Coulter, Thomas.

Coult. Coulter, John Merle.

C.&R. Coulter,J.M.,and Rose, Joseph Nelson.
Darl. Darlington, William.

Xiv

Davenp. Davenport, George Edward.

DC. De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus.

A. DC. De Candolle, Alphonse.

Decne. Decaisne, Joseph.

Desf. Desfontaine, René Louiche.

Desr. Desroussoux, Louis Auguste Joseph.
Desv. Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin.

Dicks. Dickson, James.

Dietr. Dietrich, David Nathaniel Friedrich.

Dill. Dillen, John Jacob.
Dougl. Douglas, David.
Drej. Drejer, Saloman Thomas Nicolai.

Dryand. Dryander, Jonas.

Dufr. Dufresne, Pierre.

Dumort. Dumortier, Barthélemy Charles.
Duperr. Duperry, Louis Isidore.

Durazz. Durazzini.

Eat. Eaton, Amos.

Eat. & Wr. Eaton, Amos, and Wright, John.
Eberm. Ebermaier, Karl Heinrich.

Eggl. Eggleston, Willard Webster.

Ehrh._ Ehrhart, Friedrich.

Ell. Elliott, Stephen.

Endl. Endlicher, Stephen Ladislaus.

Engelm. Engelmann, George.

Esch. Escholtz, Johann Friedrich.

Fabr. Fabricius, Philipp Konrad.

Fisch, Fischer, Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von.
F. & M. Fischer and Meyer, C. A.

Foug. Fougeroux, Auguste Denis.

Forsk. Forskal, Pehr.

Forst. Forster, Johann Reinhold and George.
Fourr. Fourreau, Jules.

Fresen. Fresenius, Johann Baptist Georg Wolf-

gang.

Froel. Froelich, Joseph Aloys.

Gaert. Gaertner, Joseph.

Gaertn. f, Gaertner, Carl Friedrich.

Gal. Galeotti, Henri.

Gaud. Gaudichaud-Beaupré, Charles.

Gey. Geyer, Carl Andreas.

Gill. Gillies, John.

Ging. Gingins de Lassaraz, Frédéric Charles
Jean.

Glox. Gloxin, Benjamin Peter.

Gmel. Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb.

Gmel. J. F.. Gmelin, Johann Friedrich.

Gooden. Goodenough, Samuel.

Gren. & Godr. Grenier, Charles, and Godron,

D. A.

Grev. Greville, Robert Kaye.

Griseb. Grisebach, Heinrich Rudolf August.

Gronov._ Gronovius, Jan Frederik.

Guss. Gussone, Giovanni.

Hack. Hackel, Eduard.

Hall. Haller, Albert von.

Hamilt. Hamilton, William.

Hartm. Hartman, Carl Johann.

Hassk. Hasskarl, Justus Carl.

Hausskn. Haussknecht, Carl.

Haw. Haworth, Adrian Hardy.

HBK. Humboldt, Friedrich Alexander von;
Bonpland, Aime, and Kunth, Carl Sieges-
mund.

Hegelm. Hegelmaier, Friedrich.

Hedw. f. Hedwig, Romanus Adolf.

Heil. Hellenius, Carl Niclas.

Heist. Heister, Lorenz.

Vor. I.

Herb. Herbert, William.

Hitche. Hitchcock, Albert Spear.

Hochst. Hochstetter, Christian Friedrich.

Hoffm. Hoffman, George Franz.

Hoffmg. Hoffmansegg, Johann Centurius.

Holz. Holzinger, Johann Michael.

Holl. Hollick, Arthur.

Hook. Hooker, William Jackson.

H. & A, Hooker, W. J., and Arnott, George A.
Walker.

Hook. f. Hooker, Joseph Dalton.

Hornem. Hornemann, Jens Wilken.

Huds. Hudson, William.

Irm. Irmisch, Thilo.

Jacq. Jacquin, Nicholas Joseph.

Juss. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent.

A. Juss. Jussieu, Adrien de.

B. Juss. Jussieu, Bernard de.

Karst. rsten, H.

Kit. Kitaibel, Paul.

Kl. Klotsch, Johann Friedrich.

Kuehl. Kiihlwein.

L. Linnaeus, Carolus, or Carl von Linné.

L. f. Linné, Carl von (the son).
L’Her. WHeritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis.
Laest._ Laestadius, Lars Levi.

Lag. WLagasca, Mariano.

Lall. Lallemant, Charles.

Lam. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre
Monnet.

Lamb. Lambert, Aylmer Bourke.

L. C. Rich. Richard, Louis Claude Marie.

Leavenw. Leavenworth, Melines C.

Ledeb. Ledebour, Carl Friedrich von.

Lehm. Lehmann, Johann Georg Christian.

Le Peyr. Le Peyrouse, Philippe.

Lepech. Lepechin, Iwan.

Lesp.& Thev. Lespinasse, G.,and Theveneau, A.

Less. Lessing, Christian Friedrich.

Lestib. Lestiboudois, Francois Joseph.

Lightf. es aia John.

Lilj. Liljeblad, Samuel.

Lindl. Lindley, John.

Lodd. Loddiges, Conrad.

Loefl. Loefling, Pehr.

Lois, Loiseleur-Deslongechamps, Jean Louis
Auguste.

Loud. Loudon, John Claudius.

Lour. Loureiro, Juan.

Mack. Mackenzie, Kenneth K.

MacM. MacMillan, Conway.

Marsh. Marshall, Humphrey.

Mars. Marsson, Theodor.

Mart. Martens, Martin. :

Mart. & Gal. Martens, Martin, and Galeotti,
Henri.

Max. Maximilian, Alexander Philipp, Prince
of Wied.

Maxim. Maximowicz, Carl Johann.

Medic. Medicus, Friedrich Cassimir.

Meisn. Meisner, Carl Friedrich.

Mer. Merat, Francois Victor.

Mert. & Koch., M. & K. Mertens, Franz Karl,
and Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph.

Mett. Mettenius, George Heinrich.

Mey. Meyer, Ernest Heinrich Friedrich.

Michx. Michaux, André.

Michx. f. Michaux, Francois André.

Mill. Miller, Philip.

Millsp. Millspaugh, Charles Frederic.

Mitch. Mitchell, John.

Mont. Montagne, Jean Francois Camille.

Moric. Moricand, Moise Etienne.

Moq. Moquin-Tandon, Alfred.

Muell. Arg. Miiller, Jean, of Aargau.

Muench. Muenchhausen, Otto von.

Muhl. Miihlenberg, Heinrich Ludwig.

Murr. Murray, Johann Andreas.
Neck. Necker, Noel Joseph de.
Newm. Newman, Edward.

Nestl. Nestler, Christian Gottfried.

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.

XV

Nutt. Nuttall, Thomas.

Ort. Ortega, Casimiro Gomez.

Pall. Pallas, Peter Simon.

Parl. Parlatore, Filippo.

P. Br. Browne, Patrick.

Pers. Persoon, Christian Hendrik.

Planch. Planchon, Jules Emile.

Plum. Plumier, Charles.

Poir. Poiret, Jean Louis Marie.

Poll. Pollich, Johann Adam.

Pourr. Pourret, Pierre André.

R. Br. Brown, Robert.

Raf. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Constantino Samuel.

Redf. & Rand. Redfield, John H., and Rand,
Edward S.

Reichb. Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Lud-

wig.

Retz. Retzius, Anders Johan.

Richards. Richardson, John.

Ridd. Riddell, John L.

Rivin. Rivinus, August Quirinus.

Robb. Robbins, J. W.

Roem. Roemer, Johann Jacob.

R. & S. Roemer, J. J., and Schultes, Joseph
August.

Roem. & Ust, Roemer, J. J., and Usteri, Paulus.

Rostk. Rostkovius, Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb.

Rottbh. Rottboell, Christen Fries.

Roxb. Roxburgh, William.

R.&P. Ruiz, Lopez Hipolito, and Pavon, Josef.

Rupp. Ruppius, Heinrich Bernhard.

Rupr. Ruprecht, Franz J

Rydb. Rydberg, Per Axel.

St. Hil. St. Hilaire, August de.

Salisb. Salisbury, Richard Anthony.

Sarg. Sargent, Charles Sprague.

Sartw. Sartwell, Henry P.

Sav. Savi, Gaetano.

Schk. Schkuhr, Christian.

Schlecht. Schlechtendal, Diedrich Franz Leon-
hard von.
Schleich. Schleicher, J. C.

Schleid. Schleiden, Matthias Jacob.

Schrad. Schrader, Heinrich Adolph.

Schreb. Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von.

Schult. Schultes, Joseph August.

Sch. Bip. Schultz Bipontinus, Karl Heinrich.

Schum. Schumacher, Christian Friedrich.

Schwein. Schweinitz, Lewis David von.

Scop. Scopoli, Johann Anton.

Scribn, Scribner, Frank Lamson.

Scribn. & Ryd. Scribner, F. L., and Rydberg,
PAY

Ser. Seringe, Nicolas Charles.

Seub. Seubert, Moritz.

Sheld. Sheldon, Edmund P.

Shuttlw. Shuttleworth, Robert.

Sibth. Sibthorp, John.

Sieb. & Zucc. Siebold, Philipp Franz von, and
Zuccarini, Joseph Gerhard.

Soland. Solander, Daniel.

Spreng. Sprengel, Kurt.

Steud. Steudel, Ernest Gottlieb.

Stev. Steven, Christian.
Sudw. Sudworth, George B.
Sw. Swartz, Olof.

S. Wats. Watson, Sereno.

Thuill. Thuillier, Jean Louis.

Thunb. Thunberg, Carl Peter.

Thurb. Thurber, George.

Torr. Torrey, John.

Torr.& Schw. Torrey, J., and Schweinitz, L. D.

Torr. & Hook. Torrey, John, and Hooker, Wil-
liam Jackson.

Tourn. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de.
Tratt. Trattinnick, Leopold.
Trel. Trelease, William.

Traut. Trautvetter, Ernest Rudolph.
Trin. Trinius, Karl Bernhard.
motes Rupr. Trinius, Karl B., and Ruprecht,

xvi ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.

Tuckerm. Tuckerman, Edward.

Turcz. Turczaninow, Nicolaus.

Underw. Underwood, Lucien Marcus.

Vaill, Vaillant, Sébastien.

Vell. Velloso, José Marianno de Conceigao.

Vent. Ventenat, Etienne Pierre.

Vill. Villars, Dominique.

Wahl. Wahlenberg, Georg.

Wahlb. Wahlenberg, Pehr Friedrich.

W. & K. Waldstein, Franz Adam von, and
Kitalbal, Paul.

Wallr. Wallroth, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm.

Walp. Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard.

Walt. Walter, Thomas.

Wang. Wangenheim, Friedrich Adam Julius
von.

Wats. & Coult. Watson, Sereno, and Coulter,

John Merle.

Vou. I.

Web. Weber, Friedrich.
Wedd. Weddell, H. A.

Weinm. Weinmann, i ZAs
W ender. Wenderoth, George Wilhelm Franz.
Wendl. Wendland, iene Christoph.

Wetist. Wettstein, R. von.
Wigg. Wiggers, Friedrich Heinrich.
Willd. Wilidenow, Carl Ludwig.
Wimm. Wimmer, Friedrich.
Wisliz. Wislizenus, A.

With. Withering, William.
Wolfg. Wolfgang, Jan.

Woodv. Woodville, William.
Wormsk. Wormskiold, M. von.
Wr. Wright, john.

Wulf. Wulfen, Franz Xavier.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

Acaulescent. With stem subterranean, or nearly
so.
Accumbent. Cotytedons with margins folded

against the hypocotyl.

Achene. A dry one-seeded indehiscent fruit with
the pericarp tightly fitting around the seed.

Acicular. Needle-shaped.

Acuminate. Gradually tapering to the apex.

Acute. Sharp pointed

Adnate. An organ adhering to a contiguous dif-
fering one; an anther attached longitudinally
to the end of the filament.

Adventive. Not indigenous, but apparently be-
coming naturalized.

Albumen. See Endosperm.

Alliaceous. Onion-like, in aspect or odor.

Alternate. Not opposite; with a single leaf at
each node.

Alveolate. Like honeycomb; closely pitted.

Ament. A spike of imperfect flowers subtended
by scarious bracts, as in the willows.

Amphibious. At times inhabiting the water.

Amphitropous. Term applied to the partly in-
verted ovule.

Ampblexicaul. Clasping the stem, or other axis.

Anastomosing. Connecting so as to forma well-
defined network.

Anatropous. Applied to an inverted ovule with
the micropyle very near the hilum.

Androgynous. Flower clusters having stami-
nate and pistillate flowers; in Carex, a spike
wal upper flowers staminate and lower pistil-
ate.
Angiospermous. Pertaining to the Angio-
spermae; bearing seeds within a pericarp.
Anther. The part of the stamen which contains
the pollen.

Antherid. The male organ of reproduction in
Pteridophyta and Bryophyta.

Anthesis. Period of flowering.

Apetalous. Without a corolla.

Aphyllopodic. In Carex, with lower leaves
bladeless or with rudimentary leaves only.

Apical. At the top, or referring to the top.

Apiculate. With a minute pointed tip.

Appressed. Lying against another organ.

Arborescent. Tree-like, in size or shape.

Archegone. The female reproductive organ in
Pteridophyta and Bryophyta.

Areolate. Reticulated.

Areolation. The system of meshes in a net-
work of veins.

Areole. A mesh in a network of veins.

Aril. A fleshy organ growing about the hilum.

Arillate. Provided with an aril.

Aristate. Tipped by an awn or bristle.

Aristulate. Diminutive of aristate.
Ascending. Growing obliquely upward, or up-
curved

Asexual. Without sex.

Assurgent. See Ascending.

Auricled. (Auriculate) with basal ear-like lobes.

Awn. A slender bristle-like organ.

Axil. The point on a stem immediately above
the base of a leaf.

Axile. In the axis of an organ.
Axillary. Borne at, or pertaining to an axil.
Baccate. Berry-like.

Barbellate. Furnished with minute barbs.

Basifixed. Attached by the base.

Berry. A fruit with pericarp wholly pulpy

Bilabiate. With two lips.

Bipinnate. Twice pinnate.

Bipinnatifid. Twice pinnatifid.

Blade. The flat expanded part of a leaf.

Bract. A leaf, usually small, subtending a flower
or flower-cluster, or a sporange.

Bracteate. With bracts.

Bracteolate. Having bractlets.

Bractlet. A secondary bract, borne on a pedicel,
or immediately beneath a flower; sometimes
applied to minute bracts.

Bulb. A bud with fleshy scales, usually subter-
ranean.

Bulblet. A small bulb, especially those borne on
leaves, or in their axils.

Bulbous. Similar to a bulb; bearing bulbs.

Caducous. Falling away very soon after devel-
opment.

Caespitose. Growing in tufts.

Callosity. A small, hard protuberance.

Callus. An extension of the inner scale of a
grass spikelet; a protuberance.

Calyx. The outer of two series of floral leaves.

Campanulate. Bell-shaped.

Campylotropous. Term applied to the curved
ovule.

Cancellate. Reticulated, with the meshes sunken.

Canescent. With gray or hoary fine pubescence.
Canaliculate. Channelled; longitudinally
grooved.

Capitate. Arranged in a head; knob-like.

Capsular. Pertaining to or like a capsule.

Capsule. A dry fruit of two carpels or more,
usually dehiscent by valves or teeth.

Carinate. Keeled; with a longitudinal ridge.

Carpel. The modified leaf forming the ovary, or
a part of a compound ovary.

Caruncle. An appendage to a seed at the hilum.

Carunculate. With a caruncle.

Caryopsis. The grain; fruit of grasses, with a
thin pericarp adherent to the seed.

Caudate. With a slender tail-like appendage.

Caudex. The persistent base of perennial herbs,
usually only the part above ground.

Caudicle. Stalk of a pollen-mass in the Orchid
and Milkweed Families.

Cauline. Pertaining to the stem.

Cell. A cavity of an anther or ovary.

Chaff. Thin dry scales.

Chalaza. The base of the ovule.

Chartaceous. Papery in texture.

Chlorophyll. Green coloring matter of plants.

Chlorophyllous. Containing chlorophyll.

Ciliate. Provided with marginal hairs.

Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.

Cilium. A hair.

Cinereous. Ashy ; ash-colored.

Circinnate. Coiled downward from the apex.

Circumscissile. Transversely dehiscent, the top
falling away as a lid.

Clavate. Club-shaped.

Cleistogamous. Flowers which do not open, but
are pollinated from their own anthers.

Cleft. Cut about halfway to the midvein.

xvii

X Vili

Clinandrium. Cavity between the anther-sacs in
orchids.

Cochleate. Like a snail shell.

Coma. Tuft of hairs at the ends of some seeds.

Commissure. The contiguous surfaces of two
carpels.

Conduplicate. Folded lengthwise.

Confluent. Blended together.

Connate. Similar organs more or less united.

Connective. The end of the filament, between
the anther-sacs.

Connivent. Converging.

Convolute. Rolled around or rolled up longi-
tudinally.

Coralloid. Resembling coral.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.

Corm. <A swollen fleshy base of a stem.

Corolla. The inner of two series of floral leaves.
Corona; Crown. An appendage of the corolla;
a crown-like margin at the top of an organ.

Coroniform. Crown-like.

Corymb. A convex or flat-topped flower-cluster
of the racemose type with pedicels or rays
arising from different points on the axis.

Corymbose. Borne in corymbs; corymb-like.

Costate. Ribbed.

Cotyledon. A rudimentary leaf of the embryo.

Crenate. Scalloped; with rounded teeth.

Crenulate. Diminutive of crenate.

Crustaceous. Hard and brittle.

Cucullate. Hooded, or resembling a hood.

Culm. The stem of grasses and sedges.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.

Cusp. A sharp stiff point.

Cuspidate. Sharp-pointed; ending in a cusp.

Cyme. A convex or flat flower-cluster of the
determinate type, the central flowers first un-
folding.

Cymose. Arranged in cymes; cyme-like.

Deciduous. Falling away at the close of the
growing period.

Decompound. More than once-divided.

Decumbent. Stems or branches in an inclined
position, but the end ascending.

Decurrent. Applied to the prolongation of an
organ, or part of an organ running along the
sides of another.

Deflexed. Turned abruptly downward.

Dehiscence. The opening of an ovary, anther-
sac or sporange to emit the contents.

Dehiscent. Opening to emit the contents.

Deltoid. Broadly triangular, like the Greek let-
ter delta, A.

Dentate. Toothed, especially with outwardly
projecting-teeth.

Denticulate. Diminutive of dentate.

Depauperate. Impoverished, small.

Depressed. Vertically flattened.

Dextrorse. Spirally ascending to the right.
Diadelphous. Stamens united into two sets.
Diandrous. Having two stamens.

Dichotomous. Forking regularly into two nearly
equal branches or segments.

Dicotyledonous. With two cotyledons.

Didymous. Twin-like; of two nearly equal seg-
ments.

Diffuse. Loosely spreading.

Digitate. Diverging, like the fingers spread.

Dimorphous. Of two forms.

Dioecious. Bearing staminate flowers or an-
therids on one plant, and pistillate flowers or
archegones on another of the same species.

Discoid. Heads of Compositae composed only
of tubular flowers, rayless; like a disk.

Disk. An enlargement or prolongation of the
receptacle of a flower around the base of the
pistil; the head of tubular flowers in Com-
positae.

Dissected. Divided into many segments or lobes.

Dissepumgnts A partition-wall of an ovary or

ruit.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

Voz. I.

Distichous. Arranged in two rows.

Distinct. Separate from each other; evident.

Divaricate. Diverging at a wide angle.

Divided. Cleft to the base or to the mid-nerve.

Dorsal. On the back, or pertaining to the back.

Drupaceous. Drupe-like.

Drupe. A simple fruit, usually indehiscent with
fleshy exocarp and bony endocarp.

Drupelet. Diminutive of drupe.

Echinate. Prickly.

Ellipsoid. A solid body, elliptic in section.

Elliptic. With the outline of an ellipse; oval.
Emarginate. Notched at the apex.
Embryo. A rudimentary plant in the seed.

Embryo-sac. The macrospore of the flowering
plants, contained in the ovule.

Endocarp. The inner layer of the pericarp.

Endogenous. Forming new tissue within.

Endosperm. The substance surrounding the
embryo of a seed; albumen.

Ensiform. Shaped like a broad sword.

Entire. Without divisions, lobes, or teeth.

Ephemeral. Continuing for only a day or less.

Epigynous. Adnate to or borne on the upper
part of the ovary.

Epiphytic. Growing on other plants, but not
parasitic.

Equitant.
dling.

Erose. Irregularly margined, as if gnawed.

Evanescent. Early disappearing.

Evergreen. Bearing green leaves throughout
the year.

Excurrent. With a tip projecting beyond the
main part of the organ.

Exfoliating. Peeling off in layers.

Exocarp. The outer layer-of the pericarp.

Exogenous. Forming new tissue outside the
older.

Exserted. Prolonged past surrounding organs.

Exstipulate. Without stipules.

Extrorse. Facing outward.

Falcate. Scythe-shaped.

Farinaceous. Starchy, or containing starch.

Fascicle. A dense cluster.

Fascicled. Borne in dense clusters.

Fastigiate. Stems or branches which are nearly
erect and close together.

Fenestrate. With window-like markings.

Fertile. Bearing spores, or bearing seed.

Fertilization. The mingling of the contents of
a male and female cell.

Ferruginous. Color of iron-rust.

Fetid. Ill-smelling.

Fibrillose. With fibres or fibre-like organs.

Filament. The stalk of an anther; the two form-
ing the stamen.

Filamentous. Composed of thread-like struc-
tures; thread-like.

Filiform. Thread-like.

Fimbriate. With fringed edges.

Fimbrillate. Minutely fringed.

Fistular. Hollow and cylindric.

Flabellate. Fan-shaped, or arranged like the
sticks of a fan.

Flaccid. Lax; weak.

Folded around each other; strad-

Flexuous. Alternately bent in different direc-
tions.

Floccose. With loose tufts of wool-like hairs.

Foliaceous. Similar to leaves.

Foliolate. With separate leaflets.

Follicle. A simple fruit dehiscent along one
suture.

Follicular. Similar to a follicle.

Foveate. Foveolate. More or less pitted.

Free. Separate from other organs; not adnate.

Frond. The leaves of ferns.

Frutescent. Fruticose. More or less shrub-like.
Fugacious. Falling soon after development.
Fugitive. Plants not native, but occurring here

and there, without direct evidence of becom-
ing established.

Vou. I.

Funiculus. The stalk of an ovule or seed.
Fusiform. Spindle-shaped,

Galea, A hood-like part of a perianth or corolla.
Galeate. With a galea.

Gametophyte. The sexual generation of plants.
Gamopetalous. With petals more or less united.
Gemma. A bud-like propagative organ.

Gibbous. Enlarged or swollen on one side.
Glabrate. Nearly without hairs.

Glabrous. Devoid of hairs.

Gladiate. Like a sword-blade.

Gland. A secreting cell, or group of cells.

Glandular. With glands, or gland-like.

Glaucous. Covered with a fine bluish or white
bloom; bluish-hoary.

Globose. Spherical or nearly so.

Glomerate. In a compact cluster.

Glomerule. A dense capitate cyme.

Glumaceous. Resembling glumes.

Glume. The scaly bracts of the spikelets of
grasses and sedges.

Granulose. Composed of grains.

Gregarious. Growing in groups or colonies.

Gynaecandrous. In Carex, a spike with upper
flowers pistillate and lower staminate.

Gynobase. A prolongation or enlargement of
the receptacle, supporting the ovary.

Habit. General aspect.

Habitat. A plant’s natural place of growth.

Hastate. Halberd-shaped; like sagittate, but
with the basal lobes diverging.

Haustoria. The specialized roots of parasites.

Head. A dense round cluster of sessile or
nearly sessile flowers.

Herbaceous. Leaf-like in texture and color;
pertaining to an herb.

Hilum. The scar or area of attachment of a
seed or ovule.

Hirsute. With rather coarse stiff hairs.

Hispid. With bristly stiff hairs.

Hispidulous. Diminutive of hispid.

Hyaline. Thin and translucent.

Hypocotyl. The rudimentary stem of the em-
bryo; also termed radicle.

Hypogynium. Organ supporting the ovary in
some sedges.
Hypogynous. Borne at the base of the ovary, or

below. :
Hyponym. A generic or specific name untypi-
fied

Imbricated. Overlapping.

Imperfect. Flowers with either stamens or pis-
tils, not with both.

Incised. Cut into sharp lobes.

Included. Not projecting beyond surrounding

parts.
He aii With the back against the hypo-
cotyl.
Indehiscent. Not opening.
Indusium. The membrane covering a sorus.
Inequilateral. Unequal sided.
Inferior. Relating to an organ which arises or

is situated below another. 7
Inflexed. Abruptly bent inward.
Inflorescence. The flowering part of plants; its
mode of arrangement.
Integument. A coat or protecting layer.
Internode. Portion of a stem or branch be-
tween two successive nodes.
Introrse. Facing inward.
Involucel. A secondary involucre.
Invollucellate. With a secondary involucre.
Involucrate. With an involucre, or like one.
Involucre. A whorl of bracts subtending a
flower or flower-cluster.
Involute. Rolled inwardly.
Irregular. A flower in which one or more of
the organs of the same series are unlike.
Labiate. Provided with a lip-like organ.
Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes or segments.
Lanceolate. Considerably longer than broad,

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

.
X1X

tapering upward from the middle or below;
lance-shaped.

Latex. The milky sap of certain plants.

Leaflet. One of the divisions of a compound leaf.

Legume. A simple dry fruit dehiscent along
both sutures.

Lenticular. Lens-shaped.

Ligulate. Provided with or resembling a ligule.

Ligule. A strap-shaped organ, as the rays in
Compositae.

Limb. The expanded part of a petal, sepal, or
gamopetalous corolla.

Linear. Elongated and narrow with sides nearly
parallel.
Lineolate. With fine or obscure lines.

Lobed. Divided to about the middle.

Loment. A jointed legume, usually constricted
between the seeds.

Loculicidal. Applied to capsules which split
longitudinally into their cavities.

Lodicules. Minute hyaline scales subtending the
flower in grasses.

Lunate. Crescent-shaped.

Lyrate. Pinnatifid, with the terminal lobe or
segment considerably larger than the others.

Macrosporange. Sporange containing macro-
spores.
Macrospore. The larger of two kinds of spores

borne by a plant, usually giving rise to a
female prothallium.

Marcescent. Withering but remaining attached.

Medullary. Pertaining to the pith or medulla.

Mericarp. One of the carpels of the Carrot
Family.

Mesocarp. The middle layer of a pericarp.

Micropyle. Orifice of the ovule, and correspond-
ing point on the seed.

Microsporange. Sporange containing micro-
spores.

Microspore. The smaller of two kinds of spore
borne by a plant, usually giving rise to a male
prothallium ; pollen-grain.

Midvein (Midrib). The central vein or rib of a
leaf or other organ.

Monadelphous. Stamens united by their fila-
ments.

Moniliform. Like a string of beads.

Monoecious. Bearing stamens and pistils on
the same plant, but in different flowers.

Monstrous. Unusual or deformed.

Mucronate. With a short sharp abrupt tip.

Mucronulate. Diminutive, of mucronate.

Muricate. Roughened with short hard processes.

Muticous. Pointless, or blunt.

Naked. Lacking organs or parts which are nor-
mally present in related species or genera.
Naturalized. Plants not indigenous to the re-
gion, but so well established as to have become

part of the flora.

Nectary. A sugar-secreting organ.

Node. The junction of two internodes of a
stem or branch, often hard or swollen, at
which a leaf or leaves are usually borne.

Nodose. Similar to nodes or joints; knotty.
Nodulose. Diminutive of nodose. ;
Nut. An indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a

hard or bony pericarp.
Nutlet. Diminutive of nut.
Obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped.
Oblanceolate. Inverse of lanceolate.
Oblong. Longer than broad with the sides
nearly parallel, or somewhat curving.

Obovate. Inversely ovate.

Obovoid. Inversely ovoid.

Obsolete. Not evident; gone, rudimentary, or
vestigial.

Obtuse. Blunt, or rounded.

Ochreae. The sheathing united stipules of Poly-

gonaceae.

Ochreolae. The ochreae subtending flowers in
the Polygonaceae.

Ochroleucous. Yellowish white.

bos GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

Oésphere. The cell of the archegone which is
fertilized by spermatozoids.

Operculate. With an operculum.
Operculum. A lid. J
Orbicular. Approximately circular in outline.

Orthotropous. Term applied to the straight
ovule, having the hilum at one end and the
micropyle at the other.

Ovary. The ovule-bearing part of the pistil.

Ovate. In outline like a longitudinal section of
a hen’s egg.

Ovoid. Shaped like a hen’s egg.

Ovule. The macrosporange of flowering plants,
becoming the seed on maturing.

Palate. The projection from the lower lip of
two-lipped personate corollas.

Palet. A bract-like organ enclosing or subtend-
ing the flower in grasses.

Palmate. Diverging radiately like the fingers.

Pandurate ; Panduriform, Fiddle-shaped.

Panicle. A compound flower cluster of the
racemose type, or cluster of sporanges.

Paniculate. Borne in panicles or resembling a
panicle.

Papilionaceous. Term applied to the irregular
flower of the Pea Family.

Papillose. With minute blunt projections.

Pappus. The bristles, awns, teeth, ete., sur-
mounting the achene in the Chicory and
Thistle Families.

Parasitic. Growing upon other plants and ab-
sorbing their juices.

Parietal. Borne along the wall of the ovary, or
pertaining to it.

Parted. Deeply cleft.

Pectinate. Comb-like.

Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a flower-
cluster, or of a sporange.

Peduncle. Stalk of a flower, or a flower-cluster,
or a sporocarp,

Pedunculate. With a peduncle.

Peltate. Shield-shaped; a flat organ with a
stalk on its lower surface.

Penicillate. With a tuft of hairs or hair-like
branches.

Perfect. Flowers with both stamens and pistils.

Perfoliate. Leaves so clasping the stem as to
appear as if pierced by it.

Perianth. The modified floral leaves (sepals or
petals), regarded collectively.

Pericarp. The wall of the fruit, or seed-vessel.

Perigynium. The utricle enclosing the ovary or
achene in the genus Carex.

Perigynous. Borne on the perianth, around the
ovary.

Peripheral. Pertaining to the periphery.

Persistent. Organs remaining attached to those
bearing them after the growing period.

Petal. One of the leaves of the corolla.

Petaloid. Similar to petals; petal-like.

Petiolate. With a petiole.

Petiole. The stalk of the leaf.

Phyllode. A bladeless petiole or rachis.

Phyllopodic. In Carex, with lower leaves of
the fertile culms normally blade-bearing.

Pilose. With long soft hairs.

Pinna. A primary division of a pinnately com-
pound leaf.

Pinnate. Leaves divided into leaflets or seg-

ments along a common axis.

Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft to the middle or
beyond.
Pinnule. A division of a pinna.

Pistil. The central organ of a flower containing
the macrosporanges (ovules).

Pistillate. With pistils; and usually employed
in the sense of without stamens.

Placenta. An ovule-bearing surface.

Plicate. Folded into plaits, like a fan.

Plumose. Resembling a plume or feather.

Plumule. The rudimentary terminal bud of the
embryo.

Wor. 1.

Pollen. Poilen-grain. Contents of the anther.
See Microspore.

Pollinia. The pollen-masses of the Orchid and
Milkweed Families.

Polygamous. Bearing both perfect and imper-
fect flowers.

Polypetalous. With separate petals.

Pome. The fleshy fruit of the Apple Family.

Procumbent. Trailing or lying on the ground.

Prophylla. Bractlets.

Prothallium. The sexual generation of Pteri-
dophyta. :

Puberulent. With very short hairs.

Pubescent. With hairs.

Punctate.
Pungent.

With translucent dots or pits.

With a sharp stiff tip.

Pyriform. Pear-shaped.

Raceme. An elongated determinate flower-
cluster with each flower pedicelled.

Racemose. In racemes, or resembling a raceme.

Rachilla. The axis of the spikelet in grasses.

Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf, or of a
spike or raceme.

Radiant. With the marginal flowers enlarged
and ray-like.

Radiate. With ray-flowers; radiating.

Radicle. The rudimentary stem of the embryo;
hypocotyl. e

Radieulan: Pertaining to the radicle or hypo-
cotyl.

Raphe (Rhaphe). The ridge connecting the hi-
lum and chalaza of an anatropous or amphi-
tropous ovule; the ridge on the sporocarp of
Marsilea.

Ray. One of the peduncles or branches of an um-
bel; the flat marginal flowers in Compositae.
Receptacle. The end of the flower stalk, bear-
ing the floral organs, or, in Compositae, the
flowers; also, in some ferns, an axis bearing

sporanges.

Virgate. Wand-like.

Recurved. Curved backward.

Reflexed. Bent backward abruptly.

Regular. Having the members of each part alike
in size and shape.

Reniform. Kidney-shaped.

Repand. With a somewhat wavy margin.

Reticulate. Arranged as a network.

Retrorse. Turned backward or downward.

Retuse. With a shallow notch at the end.

Revolute. Rolled backward.

Rhachis. See Rachis.

Rhizome. See Rootstock.

Ringent. The gaping mouth of a two-lipped
corolla.

Rootstock. A subterranean stem, or part of one.

Rostellum. Beak of the style in Orchids.

Rostrate. With a beak.

Rosulate. Like a rosette.

Rotate. With a flat round corolla-limb.

Rugose. Wrinkled.

Runcinate. Sharply pinnatifid, or incised, the
lobes or segments turned backward.

Sac. A pouch, especially the cavities of anthers.

Saccate. With a pouch or sac.

Sagittate. Like an arrow-head, with the lobes
turned downward.

Samara. A simple indehiscent winged fruit.

Saprophyte. A plant which grows on dead
organic matter.

Scabrous. Rough.

Scale. A minute, rudimentary or vestigial leaf.

Scape. A leafless or nearly leafless stem or pe-
duncle, arising from a subterranean part of a
plant, bearing a flower or flower-cluster.

Scapose. Having scapes, or resembling a scape.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and translucent, not green.

Scorpioid. Coiled up in the bud, unrolling in
growth.

~Secund. Borne along one side of an axis.

Segment. A division of a leaf or fruit.
Sepal. One of the leaves of a calyx.

a

a

Cyr a ee

Vor. I.

Septate. Provided with partitions.

Septicidal. A capsule which splits longitudi-
nally into and through its dissepiments.

Serrate. With teeth projecting forward.

Serrulate. Diminutive of serrate; serrate with
small teeth.

“<cssile. Without a stalk.

Setaceous. Bristle-like.

Setose. Bristly.

Silicle. A silique much longer than wide.

Silique. An elongated two-valved capsular fruit,
with two parietal placentae, usually dehiscent.

Sinuate. With strongly wavy margins.

Sinuous. In form like the path of a snake.

Sinus. The space between the lobes of a leaf.

Sorus (Sori). A group or cluster of sporanges.

Spadiceous. Like or pertaining to a spadix.

Spadix. A fleshy spike of flowers.

Spathaceous. Resembling a spathe.

Spathe. A bract, usually more or less concave,
subtending a spadix.

Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula ; spoon-shaped.

Spermatozoids. Cells developed in the antherid,
for the fertilization of the odsphere.

Spicate. Arranged in a spike; like a spike.

Spike. An elongated flower cluster or cluster of
sporanges, with sessile or nearly sessile flow-
ers or sporanges. ;

Spikelet. Diminutive of spike; especially ap-
plied to flower-clusters of grasses and sedges.

Spinose. With spines or similar to spines.

Spinule. A small sharp projection. ;

Spinulose. With small sharp processes or spines.

Sporange. A sac containing spores.

Spore. An asexual vegetative cell. :

Sporocarp. Organ containing sporanges or sori.

Sporophyte. The asexual generation of plants.

Spreading. Diverging nearly at right angles;
nearly prostrate.

Spur. A hollow projection from a floral organ.

Squarrose. With spreading or projecting parts.

Stamen, The organ of a flower which bears the
microspores (pollen-grains).

Staminodium. A sterile stamen, or other organ
in the position of a stamen.

Standard. The upper, usually broad, petal of a
papilionaceous corolla.

Stellate. Star-like.

Sterigmata. The projections from twigs, bear-
ing the leaves in some genera of Pinaceae.

Sterile. Without spores, or without seed.

Stigma. The summit or side of the pistil to
which pollen-grains become attached.

Stipe. The stalk of an organ.

Stipitate. Provided with a stipe.

Stipules. Appendages to the base of a petiole,
often adnate to it.

Stipulate. With stipules.

Stolon. A basal branch rooting at the nodes.

Stoloniferous. Producing or bearing stolons.

Stoma (Stomata). The transpiring orifices in
the epidermis of plants.

Strict. Straight and erect.

Strigose. With appressed or ascending stiff
hairs.

Strophiole. An appendage to a seed at the hilum.

Strophiolate. With a strophiole.

Style. The narrowed top of the ovary.

Stylopodium. The expanded base of a style.

Subacute. Somewhat acute.

Subcordate. Somewhat heart-shaped.

Subcoriaceous. Approaching leathery in texture.

Subfalcate. Somewhat scythe-shaped.

Subligneous. Somewhat woody in texture.

Subterete. Nearly terete.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. xxi

Subversatile. Partly or imperfectly versatile.

Succulent. Soft and juicy.

Sulcate. Grooved longitudinally.

Superior. Applied to the ovary when free from
the calyx; or to a calyx adnate to an ovary.

Suture. A line of splitting or opening.

Symmetrical, Applied to a flower with its parts
of equal numbers.

Syncarp. A fleshy multiple or aggregate fruit. ©

Tendril. A slender coiling organ.

Terete. Circular in cross section.

Ternate. Divided into three segments, or ar-
ranged in threes.

Tetradynamous. With four long stamens and
two shorter ones.

Thallus. A usually flat vegetative organ with-
out differentiation into stem and leaves.

Thyrsoid. Like a thyrsus.

Thyrsus. A compact panicle.

Tomentose. Covered with tomentum.

Tomentulose. Diminutive of tomentose.

Tomentum. Dense matted wool-like hairs.

Torsion. Twisting of an organ.

Tortuous. Twisted or bent.

Tracheae. The canals or ducts in woody tissue.

Tracheids. Wood-cells.

Triandrous. With three stamens.

Tricarpous. Composed of three carpels.
Trimorphous. Flowers with stamens of three
different lengths or kinds; in three forms.
Triquetrous. Three-sided, the sides channeled.
Truncate. Terminated by a nearly straight

edge or surface.

Tuber. A thick short underground branch or
part of a branch.

Tubercle. The persistent base of the style in
some Cyperaceae; a small tuber.

Tuberculate. With rounded projections.

Turbinate. Top-shaped.

Uliginous. Inhabiting mud.

Umbel. A determinate, usually convex flower-
cluster, with all the pedicels arising from the
same point.

Umbellate. Borne in umbels; resembling an
umbel.

Umbellet. A secondary umbel.

Umbelloid. Similar to an umbel.

Uncinate. Hooked, or in form like a hook.

Undulate. With wavy margins.

Urceolate. Urn-shaped.

Utricle. A bladder-like organ; a one-seeded
fruit with a loose pericarp.

Valvate. Meeting by the margins in the bud,
not overlapping; dehiscent by valves.

Vascular. Relating to ducts or vessels.

Vein. One of the branches of the woody por-
tion of leaves or other organs.

Veinlet. A branch of a vein.

Velum. A fold of the inner side of the leaf-
base in Jsoetes.

Velutinous. Velvety; with dense fine pubes-
cence.

Venation. The arrangement of veins.

Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in the
bud.

Versatile. An anther attached at or near its
middle to the filament.

Verticillate. With three or more’ leaves or
branches at a node; whorled.

Vestigial. In the nature of a vestige or rem-
nant.

Villous.
together.

Whorl. A group of three similar organs or
more, radiating from a node. Verticil.

Whorled. See Verticillate.

Winged. With a thin expansion or expansions.

With long soft hairs, not matted

GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES

Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA. I: I-54.

SPORES DEVELOPING INTO FLAT OR IRREGULAR PROTHALLIA, WHICH BEAR THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
(ANTHERIDIA AND ARCHEGONIA) ; FLOWERS AND SEEDS NONE.

1. Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne on the back of a leaf, in spikes or panicles, or
in special conceptacles. Order 1. FILIcaLes.

* Spores all of one sort and size (isosporous families).

+ Vernation erect or inclined ; sporanges in spikes, or panicles, opening by a transverse slit.
Fam.1. Ophioglossaceae. 1:1.
++ Vernation coiled; sporanges reticulated, usually provided with a ring (annulus).
Sporanges opening vertically.

Sporanges panicled, with a rudimentary ring; marsh ferns. Fam. 2. Osmundaceae. 1: 7.
Sporanges sessile on a filiform receptacle ; leaves filmy, translucent.

Fam. 3. Hymenophyllaceae. 1:8.

Sporanges ovoid, in panicles, or spikes, provided with an apical ring. Fam. 4. Schizaeaceae. 1:9.

Sporanges opening transversely, provided with a vertical ring; borne in sori on the back or margin

of a leaf. Fam. 5. Polypodiaceae. 1: 19.

** Spores of two sizes (microspores and macrospores).
Plants rooting in the mud; leaves 4-foliolate, or filiform. Fam. 6. Marsileaceae. 1: 36.
Plants floating ; leaves entire, or 2-lobed. Fam. 7. Salviniaceae. 1: 37.

2. Spores produced in sporanges, which are clustered underneath the scales of a terminal cone-
like spike; stems jointed, rush-like.
Order 2. EQuisETALES.
One family.
Fam. 8. Equisetaceae. 1: 38.
3. Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne in the axils of scale-like or tubular leaves.
Order 3. LycopopIALeEs.

Spores all of one sort and size. Fam. 9. Lycopodiaceae. 1: 42.
Spores of two sizes (microspores and macrospores). i
Leaves scale-like, 4—many-ranked, on branching stems. Fam. 10. Selaginellaceae. 1: 48.

Leaves tubular, clustered on a corm-like trunk; aquatic or mud plants.
Fam. 11. Jsoetaceae. 1:50.

Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA. D2 55:

MICROSPORES (POLLEN-GRAINS) DEVELOPING INTO A TUBULAR PROTHALLIUM (POLLEN-TUBE) ; MACRO-
SPORES (EMBRYO-SAC) DEVELOPING A MINUTE PROTHALLIUM, AND, TOGETHER WITH IT,
REMAINING ENCLOSED IN THE MACROSPORANGE (OVULE) WHICH RIPENS INTO A SEED.

Class1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. I: 55-68.

Fruit a cone, with several or numerous scales, sometimes berry-like by their cohesion.
Fam.1. Pinaceae. 1:55.

Fruit (in our genus) a fleshy integument nearly enclosing the seed. Fam. 2. Taxvaceae. 1:67.
Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE, Ovules enclosed in an ovary. "1: 68.
Subclass 1. MoNnocoTyLEDONEs. I: 68

EMBRYO WITH I COTYLEDON ; STEM WITH NO DISTINCTION INTO PITH, WOOD AND BARK; LEAVES MOSTLY
PARALLEL-VEINED.,

1. Carpels 1, or more, distinct (united, at least pauls in Family 6, Scheuchzeriaceae, where
they are mostly united until maturity, and Family 8, Vallisneriaceae, aquatic herbs,
with monoecious or dioecious flowers) ; parts of the flowers mosty unequal in number.

* Inflorescence various, not a true spadix.

+ Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales (glumes) ; our species aquatic or marsh plants.

t Endosperm mealy or fleshy; perianth of bristles or chaffy scales; flowers monoecious, spicate or

capitate.
Order 1. PANDANALES.

Flowers spicate, the spikes terminal. Fam.1. Typhaceae. 1: 68.

Flowers capitate, the heads axillary to leaf-like bracts. Fam. 2. Sparganiaceae. 1: 69.

tt Endosperm none, or very little; perianth corolla-like, or herbaceous, or none.

Perianth wanting, or rudimentary. Order 2. NAIADALES.
Carpels distinct ; stigmas disk-like or cup-like. Fam. 3. Zannichelliaceae. 1:74.
Carpels united ; stigmas slender.

Flowers axillary ; leaves spinose-dentate. Fam 4. Naiadaceae. 1: 89.
Flowers on a spadix; leaves grass-like. Fam. 5. Zosteraceae. 1:99.

Perianth present, of 2 series of parts.
XXil

Vor. I. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. xxiii

Carpels distinct. Order 3. ALISMALES.
Petals similar to the sepals; anthers mostly elongated. Fam. 6. Scheuchzeriaceae. 1:91.
Petals not similar to the sepals ; anthers short. Fam. 7. Alismaceae. 1: 93.

Carpels united. Order 4. HypDRocHARITALES.
Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentae. Fam. 8. Vallisneriaceae. 1: 104.
Ovary 6-9-celled. Fam. 9. Hydrocharitaceae. 1: 106.

77 Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy scales (glumes), arranged in spikes or spikelets.

; Order 5. GRAMINALES (Glumiflorae).

Fruit a caryopsis (grain) ; stems (culms) mostly hollow in our species. Fam.10. Gramineae. 1: 107.

Fruit an achene; stems (culms) solid. Fam. 11. Cyperaceae. 1: 295.

(Order 6, PALMALES, including only the family Palmaceae, Palms, and Order 7, CycLANTHALES,
including only the family Cyclanthaceae, are not represented in our territory.)

** Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a spathe; or plants minute, floating free, the fowers few or

solitary on the margin or back of the thallus.

Order 8. Araces (Spathiflorae).

Large herbs, with normal foliage and well-developed spadix. Fam. 12. Araceae. 1: 441.
Minute floating thalloid plants. Fam. 13. Lemnaceae. 1: 446.
2. Carpels united into a compound ovary; parts of the usually complete flowers mostly in 3’s or 6’s.

* Seeds with endosperm.

T Flowers regular, or nearly so (corolla irregular in Commelina and Pontederia).
+ Endosperm mealy ; ovary superior.
. Order 9. XyriDALEs (Farinosae).
a. Ovary 1-celled.
Aquatic moss-like leafy herbs; flowers solitary. Fam.14. Mayacaceae. 1: 450.
Erect rush-like herbs; flowers in terminal scaly heads or spikes. Fam.15. Xyridaceae. 1: 450.
Mud or aquatic herbs, the flowers subtended by spathes (Heteranthera in Pontederiaceae 1: 462).

b. Ovary 2-3-celled (except in some Pontederiaceae).

Flowers very small, densely capitate, monoecious or dioecious. Fam. 16. Eriocaulaceae. 1: 453.
Flowers perfect.
Epiphytes ; leaves scurfy. Fam. 17. Bromeliaceae. 1: 456.

Terrestrial or aquatic herbs; leaves not scurfy.
Perianth of 2 series of parts, the outer (sepals) green, the inner (petals) colored.
Fam. 18. Commelinaceae. 1: 457.
Perianth 6-parted. Fam. 19. Pontederiaceae. 1: 462.
ti Endosperm fleshy or horny; ovary superior or inferior.
Order 10. LILIALEs.
a. Ovary superior (except in Aletris, in the Liliaceae, and some species of Zygadenus in the
Melanthaceae).
Perianth-segments distinct, green or brown, not petal-like; herbs with grass-like leaves and small
flowers. Fam. 20. Juncaceae. 1: 465.
Perianth-segments distinct, or partly united, at least the inner petal-like.
Fruit a capsule (except in Yucca baccata, where it is large, fleshy and indehiscent).
Capsule mostly septicidal; plants rarely bulbous. Fam. 21. Melanthaceae. 1: 485.
Capsule loculicidal (septicidal in Calochortus) ; plants mostly bulbous.
Fam. 22. Liliaceae. 1: 495.
Fruit a fleshy berry (except in Uvularia of the Convallariaceae).
Erect herbs; tendrils none; flowers perfect.
Leaves basal or alternate. Fam. 23. Convallariaceae. 1: 513.
Leaves verticillate. Fam. 24. Trilliaceae. 1: 522.
Vines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect; flowers dioecious, in axillary umbels.
Fam. 25. Smilaceae. 1: 526.

b. Ovary inferior, wholly or in part.

Stamens 3, opposite the inner corolla-segments. Fam. 26. Haemodoraceae. 1: 530.
Stamens 6 in our species.
Erect perennial herbs; flowers perfect. Fam. 27. Amaryllidaceae. 1: 531.
Twining vines; flowers dioecious. Fam. 28. Dioscoraceae. 1: 535.
Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 29. Iridaceae. 1: 536.

+i Flowers very irregular; ovary inferior.
Order 11. SCITAMINALES.
One family represented in our territory. d Fam. 30. Marantaceae. 1: 546.

** Seeds without endosperm,very numerous and minute; ovary inferior.
Order. 12. OrcurpaLes (Microspermae).

Flowers regular; stem-leaves reduced to scales. Fam. 31. Burmanniaceae. 1: 546.
Flowers very irregular. Fam. 32. Orchidaceae. 1: 547.
Subclass 2. DrcoryLEeDONES. ys S77:

EMBRYO NORMALLY WITH 2 COTYLEDONES ; STEMS MOSTLY DIFFERENTIATED INTO PITH, WOOD AND BARK ;
LEAVES MOSTLY NET-VEINED.
Series 1. CHORIPETALAE. 1: 577 to 2: 666.
Petals distinct to the base, or wanting (exceptions noted Vol. 1: 577).

A. Petals none, except in Porfulacaceae and in most Caryophyllaceae, which are herbs with leaves
nearly always opposite, the seeds with endosperm, and in the pistillate flowers of the walnuts
(Juglans).

1. Calyx none (except in the Juglandaceae, which are trees with odd-pinnate leaves).

Marsh herbs with perfect flowers in nodding spikes. Order 1. PIPERALes.

xxiv GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Vor. I.

One family only.
Fam. 1. Saururaceae. 1: 577.
Trees or shrubs; staminate flowers, and sometimes also the pistillate, in aments.
Leaves odd-pinnate ; fruit a nut enclosed in a husk. Order 2. JUGLANDALES.
One family only.
Fam. 2. Juglandaceae. 1: 578.

Leaves simple.

Fruit 1-seeded. Order 3. MyrIcaLes.
Ovule erect, orthotropous. Fam. 3. Myricaceae. 1: 584.
Ovule laterally attached, ascending, amphitropous. Fam. 4. Leitneriaceae. 1: 586.

Fruit many-seeded ; seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end. Order 4. SALICALES.

One family only.
Fam. 5. Salicaceae. 1: 587.
2. Calyx present.
* Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments.
Order 5. FAGALES.
Both staminate and pistillate flowers in aments. Fam. 6. Betulaceae. 1: 605.
Pistillate flowers subtended by an involucre, which becomes a bur or a cup in fruit.
Fam. 7. Fagaceae. 1:614.
+#* Flowers not in aments (in ament-like spikes in Morus), but variously clustered, rarely solitary.

a. Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous (sometimes perfect in Ulmus) ;
ovary superior, 1-celled.
Order 6. URTICALEs.
Fruit not an achene; trees, shrubs or herbs; ovule pendulous.

Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milky. Fam. 8. Ulmaceae. 1: 625.

Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap. Fam. 9. Moraceae. 1: 630.
Fruit an achene; herbs with small clustered greenish flowers.

Ovule pendulous; styles or stigmas 2. Fam. 10. Cannabinaceae. 1: 633.

Ovule erect or ascending; style or stigma 1. Fam. 11. Urticaceae. 1: 634.

(Order 7, PRoTEALES, extensively developed in the southern hemisphere, is not represented in
our area.)
b. Flowers dioecious, or perfect; ovary inferior, at least in part.

Ovary 1-celled. Order 8. SANTALALES.
Tree-parasites, with opposite leaves or scales; fruit a berry. Fam. 12. Loranthaceae. 1: 638.
Root-parasites, or shrubs; leaves alternate in our genera; fruit a drupe, or nut.

Fam. 13. Santalaceae. 1: 639.

Ovary several- (usually 6-) celled; flowers perfect. Order 9. ARISTOLOCHIALES,

One family in our area.
Fam. 14. Aristolochiaceae. 1: 641.

c. Flowers mostly perfect in our genera (dioecious in some species of Rumex in Polygonaceae,

monoecious or dioecious in some Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae) ; ovary superior.
7 Embryo straight, or nearly so; fruit an achene.
Order 10. POLYGONALES.
One family.
Fam. 15. Polygonaceae. 1: 646.
+7 Embryo coiled, curved, or annular; fruit not an achene.
Order 11. CHENOPODIALES (Centrospermae).
Fruit a utricle; stipules none

Bracts and sepals scarious. Fam. 16. Amaranthaceae. 2:1.
Bracts none, or not scarious. Fam, 17. Chenopodiaceae. 2:8.
Fruit a berry in our genus. Fam. 18. Phytolaccaceae. 2:25.

Fruit a utricle; stipules present (except in Scleranthus which has subulate, opposite connate leaves).
Fam. 19. Corrigiolaceae. 2: 26.

Fruit an anthocarp, the persistent base of the corolla-like calyx enclosing a utricle. _
Fam. 20. Nyctaginaceae. 2: 30.

Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves, or teeth.

Capsule 2-several-celled; petals none. ~ Fam. 21. Aizoaceae. 2:34.
Capsule 1-celled; petals mostly present.
Sepals 2. Fam. 22. Portulacaceae. 2: 35.
Sepals 5 or 4, distinct or united.
Sepals distinct ; ovary sessile. : Fam. 23. Alsinaceae. 2: 41.
Sepals united ; ovary stipitate. Fam. 24. Caryophyllaceae. 2: 61.

B. Petals present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae—aquatic herbs with whorled dissected leaves; in
many Ranunculaceae; in Calycocarpum—a dioecious vine of the Menispermaceae; in Laura-
ceae—alternate-leaved aromatic trees and shrubs; in Podostemaceae—aquatic herbs, the
simple flowers involucrate; in Liquidambar—a tree with palmately-lobed leaves and capitate
flowers of the Hamamelidaceae—in Sanguisorba—herbs with pinnate leaves of the Rosaceae;
in Xanthoxylum—trees with pinnate leaves of the Rutaceae; in Euphorbiaceae; in Callitrich-
aceae, Empetraceae and Buxaceae; in some of the Aceraceae and Rhamnaceae; in Thymele-
aceae, Elaeagnaceae, and in some species of Ludwigia in Onagraceae and of Nyssa in Cor-
naceae).

I. Ovary superior, free from the calyx (partly or wholly inferior in some Saxifragaceae,
in Grossulariaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Malaceae and Loasaceae).

1. Carpels solitary, or several or distinct (united in Nymphaeaceae); stamens mostly hypogynous
and more numerous than the sepals; sepals mostly distinct. Order 12. RANALEs.

* Aquatic herbs; floating leaves if present, peltate, or with a basal sinus.
Pistil 1; petals none; leaves whorled, dissected. Fam. 25. Ceratophyllaceae. 2:75.

Vor. I. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. XxXV

Carpels 3 or more; petals large; floating leaves not dissected.
Carpels distinct.

Carpels not in a receptacle. Fam. 26. Cabombaceae. 2:75.
Carpels in a fleshy receptacle. Fam. 27. Nelumbonaceae. 2: 76.
Carpels united into a compound ovary. Fam. 28. Nymphaeaceae. 2: 77.

** Land or marsh plants (some Ranunculaceae aquatic).

Stamens numerous; sepals distinct; petals present (except in some Ranunculaceae and in Calyco-
carpum of the Menispermaceae).
Receptacle not hollow; leaves alternate (except in Clematis).
Flowers perfect (except in some species of Clematis and Thalictrum).
Fruit aggregate, cone-like; trees; sepals and petals in 3 series, or more, of 3.

Fam. 29. Magnoliaceae. 2: 8o.
Fruit not aggregate, the carpels separate, at least when mature.
Anthers not opening by valves; pistils usually more than 1.

Sepals 3; petals 6; shrubs or trees. Fam. 30. Annonaceae. 2: 83.
Sepals 3-15; petals (when present) about as many; our species herbs or vines
(Xanthorrhiza shrubby). Fam. 31. Ranunculaceae. 2: 84.

Anthers opening by valves (except in Podophyllum) ; pistil 1.
Fam. 32. Berberidaceae. 2: 126.
Dioecious climbing vines with simple leaves; fruit drupaceous.
Fam. 33. Menispermaceae. 2: 130.
Receptacle hollow, enclosing the numerous pistils and achenes; opposite-leaved shrubs.
Fam. 34. Calycanthaceae. 2: 132.
Stamens 9 or 12, in 3 or 4 series of 3; anthers opening by valves; aromatic trees or shrubs with no
petals, more or less united sepals, and 1 pistil. Fam. 35. Lauraceae. 2: 133.

2. Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary; stamens hypogynous; sepals mostly distinct.
* Plants not insectivorous.
Order 13. PAPAVERALES (Rhoeadales).
Sepals 2 (very rarely 3 or 4) ; endosperm fleshy.
Flowers regular; stamens 8—many. Fam. 36. Papaveraceae. 2: 136.
Flowers irregular ; stamens 6. Fam. 37. Fumariaceae. 2: 141.
Sepals or calyx-segments 4-8 ; endosperm none.
Capsule 2-celled by a longitudinal partition, usually 2-valved, rarely indehiscent; sepals and
petals 4. Fam. 38. Cruciferae. 2: 146.
Capsule 1-celled, of 2-6 carpels.
Sepals and petals 4, regular, or petals irregular; capsule of 2 carpels, 2-valved.
Fam. 39. Capparidaceae. 2: 196.
Sepals and petals 4-8, irregular; capsule of 3-6 carpels, 3—6-valved at the top; disk large.
Fam. 40. Resedaceae. 2: 199.

** Insectivorous plants, secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and scapose flowers.

Order 14. SARRACENTALES.
Ovary 3-5-celled ; leaves hollow. Fam. 41. Sarraceniaceae. 2: 201.
Ovary 1-celled; leaves circinate in unfolding, the blade flat. Fam. 42. Droseraceae. 2: 202.

3. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or sometimes united; stamens mostly perigynous or
epigynous; sepals mainly united or confluent with the concave receptacle. Order1s5. ROSALES.

* Small aquatic fleshy herbs, with a spathe-like involucre, and a 2-3-celled capsule; perianth none.
Fam. 43. Podostemaceae. 2: 205.
** Land or rarely swamp plants without an involucre.

+ Endosperm present, usually copious and fleshy.

Herbaceous plants.
Carpels as many as the sepals.
Carpels distinct, or united below, longitudinally dehiscent ; succulent plants.
Fam. 44. Crassulaceae. 2: 205.
Carpels united to the midlde, circumscissile ; plants not succulent.
Fam. 45. Penthoraceae. 2: 211.
Carpels fewer than the sepals.
Carpels 3 or 4, united into a 1-celled ovary; staminodia present.
Fam. 46. Parnassiaceae. 2: 211.
Carpels mostly 2, distinct, or only partly united; no staminodia.
Fam. 47. Saxifragaceae. 2: 214.
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves opposite. Fam. 48. Hydrangeaceae. 2: 230.
Leaves alternate.
Fruit a 2-5-celled capsule.
Capsule thin-walled, almost free from the calyx-tube (hypanthium).
Fam. 49. Iteaceae. 2: 233.
Capsule woody, or thick-walled, adnate to the calyx-tube.
Ovule solitary, suspended ; calyx-limb or calyx-limb and petals present.

Fam. 50. Hamamelidaceae. 2: 234.
Ovules several or numerous; no calyx-limb nor petals. Fam. 51. Altingiaceae. 2: 235.
Fruit a 1-celled berry. Fam. 52. Grossulariaceae. 2: 236.

+t Endosperm none, or very little (copious in Opulaster, shrubs of the Rosaceae).

t Trees with broad leaves and small monoecious capitate flowers.
Fam. 53. Platanaceae. 2: 242.

tt Flowers perfect (dioecious in Aruncus and in species of Fragaria of the Rosaceae; in Gleditsia
and Gymnocladus of the Caesalpiniaceae, and rarely in some Fabaceae).

XXVi GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Vor. I.

a. Flowers regular.

Pistils usually several or numerous (one only in Cercocarpus and some species of Alchemilla and
Aphanes ; in Sanguisorba, Poteridium and Poterium).
Carpels distinct, sometimes adnate to the calyx, ripening into follicles or achenes.
Fam. 54. Rosaceae. 2: 242.
Carpels united, enclosed by the calyx-tube and adnate to it, the fruit a pome.
Fam. 55. Malaceae. 2: 286.
Pistil only 1. :
Ovary 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe; leaves simple. : Fam. 56. Amygdalaceae. 2: 322.
Ovary several-ovuled ; fruit a legume; leaves 2-3-pinnate. Fam. 57. Mimosaceae. 2: 330.

b. Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in Gleditsia and Gymmnocladus.
trees of the Caesalpiniaceae).

Fruit a legume; upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud; leaves compound, mostly

stipulate. Fam. 58. Caesalpiniaceae. 2: 334.
Fruit spiny, indehiscent ; leaves simple, exstipulate. Fam. 59. Krameriaceae. 2: 340.
Fruit a legume or loment; upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud; leaves compound

(sometimes 1-foliolate), stipulate. Fam. 60. Fabaceae. 2: 341.

4. Carpels united into a compound ovary; sepals mostly distinct.
* Stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as the sepals.

+ Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer, and opposite them, or more numerous.
t+ Ovules mostly pendulous, with the raphe toward the axis of the ovary.

Order 16, GERANIALES.
Stamens more than one; land plants.
Filaments partially united (distinct in some Geraniaceae) ; herbs, the leaves not punctate.
Leaves not pinnately compound.
Capsule at length splitting into its 5 carpels; leaves lobed or dissected.
Fam. 61. Geraniaceae. 2: 425.
Capsule 2-5-celled, not splitting into its carpels.
Stamens 2-3 times as many as the petals; leaves 3-foliolate in our species.

: Fam. 62. Oxalidaceae. 2: 430.
Stamens as many as the petals; leaves entire. Fam, 63. Linaceae. 2: 435.
Leaves pinnately compound. Fam. 66. Zygophyllaceae. 2: 442.

Filaments distinct (united in some Balsaminaceae).
Flowers very irregular; calyx with a spurred or saccate sepal.
Fam. 64. Balsaminaceae. 2: 440.
Flowers regular ;

Herbaceous plants with pinnately divided leaves. Fam, 65. LIMNANTHACEAE. 2: 441.

Our species trees or shrubs with compound leaves, often punctate; flowers dioecious %r
polygamous.

Leaves punctate. Fam. 67. Rutaceae. 2: 443.

Leaves not punctate, but the bitter bark with oil-sacs.
Fam. 68. Simaroubaceae. 2: 445.
Flowers very irregular; petals 3; stamens usually 8; ours low herbs.
Fam. 69. Polygalaceae. 2: 446.
Flowers regular, often apetalous, small, monoecious or dioecious; carpels mostly 3; herbs or

low shrubs, mostly with milky juice. Fam. 70. Euphorbiaceae. 2: 452.
Stamen only 1; perianth none; styles 2; small aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants with opposite
entire leaves. Fam. 71. Callitrichaceae. 2: 477.

tt Ovules pendulous, with the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or ascending.
Order 17. SAPINDALES.
Petals none (or 3 in Empetrum) ; flowers monoecious or dioecious; leaves evergreen.
Stamens mostly 3; low heath-like shrubs. Fam. 72. Empetraceae. 2: 478.
Stamens 4-7; our species an herb with broad leaves and spiked flowers.
Fam. 73. Buxaceae. 2: 480.
Petals present ; leaves deciduous, except in Cyrillaceae and some Ilicaceae.
Ovary 1-celled (in ours) ; fruit a small drupe. Fam. 74. Anacardiaceae. 2: 480.
Ovary 2-several-celled.
Leaves simple, pinnately veined.
Seeds not arilled.
Fruit dry ; flowers racemed, perfect. Fam. 75. Cyrillaceae. 2: 485.
Fruit a small drupe; flowers not racemed, mostly polygamo-dioecious ; ovules pedulous.
Fam. 76. Ilicaceae. 2: 486.
Seeds arilled; ovules erect; capsule fleshy. Fam. 77. Celastraceae. 2: 490.
Leaves simple and palmately veined, or compound.
Leaves opposite.
Fruit a bladdery 3-lobed capsule. Fam. 78. Staphyleaceae. 2: 493.
Fruit of 2 winged samaras. Fam. 79. Aceraceae. 2: 494.
Fruit a leathery capsule; flowers irregular; leaves digitately compound. :
Fam. 80. Aesculaceae. 2: 498.
Leaves alternate; fruit various. : Fam. 81. Sapindaceae. 2: 500.

tt Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate with them, opposite the petals when
these are present; ovules erect.
Order 18. RHAMNALES.
Shrubs, small trees, or vines; petals 4 or 5, or none; fruit a drupe or capsule.
Fam. 82. Rhamnaceae. 2: 501.
Vines, climbing by tendrils, rarely shrubs; petals caducous; fruit a berry.
Fam. 83. Vitaceae. 2: 505.

Vor. I. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. XXVii

** Stamens usually very numerous (except in some Hypericaceae, in Elatinaceae, Violaceae and
Passifloraceae) ; disk inconspicuous or none.

7 Sepals valvate; placentae united in the axis. Order 19. MALVALES.
Stamens in several sets; anthers 2-celled; embryo straight. Fam. 84. Tiliaceae. 2: 511.
Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1-celled; embryo curved. * Fam. 85. Malvaceae. 2: 513.
+7 Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or convolute (except in Loasaceae, in which the calyx-tube
is adnate to the ovary) ; placentae mainly parietal, sometimes united in the axis.

ak : Order 20. Hypericates (Parietales).
Sepals distinct, mostly persistent.

Endosperm little or none.
Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, and large solitary axillary flowers.

7 : Fam. 86. Theaceae. 2:526.
Herbs or low shrubs with opposite, rarely verticillate leaves.

Leaves punctate or black-dotted, exstipulate. Fam. 87. Hypericaceae. 2: 527.
Leaves stipulate ; minute or small marsh or aquatic herbs with axillary flowers.

; Fam. 88. Elatinaceae. 2: 537.
Endosperm copious.

Flowers regular, but the 2 outer sepals smaller; stamens numerous; ovules orthotropous.

: : Fam. 89. Cistaceae. 2: 539.
Flowers irregular, some often cleistogamous; stamens 5; ovules anatropous.

u f Fam. 90. Violaceae. 2: 545.
Sepals more or less united into a gamosepalous calyx.
A fringed crown in the throat of the calyx; our species vines; stamens 5; ovary free from
the calyx. 2 Fam. 91. Passifloraceae. 2: 564.
No crown; our species herbs; stamens numerous; ovary adnate to the calyx.
Fam. 92. Loasaceae. 2: 565.
II. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, wholly, or in part (except in Lythraceae and our Melasto-
maceae, where it is usually merely enclosed by it, and in Thymeleaceae and Elaeagnaceae,
which are shrubs or trees, with no corolla).
1. Fleshy spiny plants, often with jointed stems, the leaves very small in our species, or none;
calyx-segments and petals mostly numerous.
Order 21. OPUNTIALES.
One family.
Fam. 93. Cactaceae. 2: 568.
2. Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy nor spiny; calyx-segments and petals (when present) rarely
more than 5.

Petals none in our species; shrubs or trees; ovary 1-ovuled. Order 22. THYMELEALES.
Leaves green; seed pendulous. Fam. 94. Thymeleaceae. 2: 574.
Leaves silvery-scurfy ; seed erect. Fam. 95. Elaeagnaceae. 2: 575.

Petals present (except in some Haloragidaceae, which are small aquatic herbs).
Ovules several or numerous in each cavity of the ovary (except in Haloragidaceae and Trap-

aceae). Order 23. Myrtaces (Myrtiflorae).
Land or marsh plants, or, if aquatic, submerged leaves not dissected.
Calyx-tube merely enclosing the ovary, but free from it (except at the base).

Anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Fam. 96. Lythraceae. 2: 577.
Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Fam. 97. Melastomaceae. 2: 582.
Calyx-tube almost wholly adnate to the ovary. Fam. 98. Onagraceae. 2: 584.

Aquatic or amphibious herbs, the submerged leaves dissected (except in Hippuris, which
has whorled narrow leaves and only 1 stamen.
Petioles of the broad floating leaves inflated; flowers rather large, white.
Fam. 99. Trapaceae. 2: 611.
Leaves most sessile; petioles, if present, not inflated; flowers small, greenish; seeds

with 1 coat. Fam. 100. Haloragidaceae. 2: 612.

Ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Order 24. UMBELLALES (Umbelliflorae).
Stamens 5; styles 2-5, rarely united; flowers umbellate or capitate.

Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe. Fam. 101. Araliaceae. 2: 616.

Fruit dry when mature, splitting into two mericarps. Fam, 102. Ammiaceae. 2: 619.

Stamens 4; style 1; stigma 1; shrubs and trees; flowers not umbellate.
Fam. 103. Cornaceae. 2: 660.
Series 2. GAMOPETALAE.
2: 666 to 3: 560.
Petals more of less united. (See exceptions noted on page 666, Vol. 2.)
A. Ovary superior (except in Vacciniaceae and Symplocaceae, in which it is partly or wholly
inferior).
I. Stamens mostly free from the corolla, or adnate merely to its base (at the sinuses of the corolla
in Diapensia and Pyxidanthera of the Diapensiaceae), as many as the lobes and
alternate with them, or twice as many. Order 1. ERICALES.
Stamens free from the corolla, or merely adnate to its base, not united into a tube.
Ovary superior; fruit a capsule, or rarely drupaceous.
Corolla essentially polypetalous.
Ovary 3-celled; shrubs; leaves deciduous. Fam. 1. Clethraceae. 2: 666.
Ovary 4-s-celled; low, mostly evergreen perennials. Fam. 2. Pyrolaceae. 2: 667.
Corolla distinctly gamopetalous (except in Monotropa and Hypopitys of the Monotropaceae
and Ledum of the Ericaceae).
Herbaceous saprophytes without green leaves. Fam. 3. Monotropaceae. 2: 673.
Shrubs with normal, often evergreen leaves. Fam. 4. Ericaceae. 2: 675.
Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, forming a many-seeded berry in fruit.
Fam. 5. Vacciniaceae. 2: 694.

Xxvili GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Vor. I.

Stamens borne at the sinuses of the corolla, or united in a 10-lobed tube. . .
Fam. 6. Diapensiaceae. 2: 705.

II. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and opposite them, or twice as many, or more.

Herbs. Order 2. PRIMULALES.
Style 1; fruit a capsule. “ Fam. 7. Primulaceae. 2: 707.
Styles 5; fruit an achene or utricle. Fam. 8. Plumbaginaceae. 2: 717.

Shrubs or trees. Order 3. EBENALES.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Fam. 9. Sapotaceae. 2: 7109.
Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, or more.

Styles 2-8; flowers mostly monoecious or dioecious. Fam. 10. Ebenaceae. 2: 720.
Style 1, simple or lobed; flowers mostly perfect. iy
Stamens in several series. Fam. 11. Symplocaceae. 2:711.
Stamens in I series. Fam. 12. Styracaceae. 2:711.

{II. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or fewer, and alternate with them (in our
species of Fraxinus and Forestiera of the Oleaceae there is no corolla).
* Corolla not scarious, nerved.
+ Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae, and in Gentianaceae and Menyanthaceae, in which
the ovary is compound, with 2 cavities, or rarely more, or with 1 cavity and 2
placentae) ; flowers regular; stamens mostly adnate to only the
lower part of the corolla; leaves mostly opposite.
Order 4. GENTIANALES (Contortae).
a. Stamens (usually 2), fewer than the corolla-lobes, or corolla none; our species
trees or shrubs.
Fam. 13. Oleaceae. 2: 723.
b. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes; mostly herbs.
Stigmas distinct ; juice not milky ; ovary 1, compound.
Ovary 2-celled; leaves stipulate, or their bases connected by a stipular line.
Fam. 14. Loganiaceae. 2: 729.
Ovary 1-celled; leaves not stipulate.
Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate; corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud.
Fam. 15. Gentianaceae. 3:1.
Leaves basal or alternate; corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud; marsh or aquatic

herbs. Fam. 16. Menyanthaceae. 3: 17.
Stigmas united ; juice milky ; ovaries 2 in our species.
Styles united; stamens distinct; pollen of simple grains. Fam.17. Apocynaceae. 3: 19.

Styles distinct ; stamens mostly monadelphous; pollen-grains united into waxy masses.

Fam. 18. Asclepiadaceae. 3: 23.
++ Ovary 1, compound (2-divided in Dichondra; in Boraginaceae and Labiatae mostly deeply
4-lobed around the style) flowers regular or irregular; stamens mostly adnate to
the middle of the corolla-tube or beyond; leaves opposite or alternate.

Order 5. PoLtemMontaces (Tubiflorae).
a. Corolla regular (irregular in Echium of the Boraginaceae).
Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as separate nutlets at maturity.

Ovary 2-divided. Fam. 19. Dichondraceae. 3: 39.
Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled; style 1, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted; mostly twining vines.
Leaves normal. Fam. 20. Colvolvulaceae. 3: 40.

White or yellowish parasitic vines, the leaves reduced to minute scales.

Fam. 21. Cuscutaceae. 3: 48.
Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, linear; herbs, not twining. Fam. 22 Polemoniaceae. 3: 52.

Ovary 1-celled (2-celled in Nama) ; style 1, 2-lobed, or 2-parted; herbs, not twining.
Fam. 23. Hydrophyllaceae. 3: 65.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed (Heliotropium) ; carpels separating as nutlets.
Fam. 24. Boraginaceae. 3:72.
b. Corolla irregular, more or less 2-lipped (regular in Solanaceae, in Mentha and Lycopus of the

Labiatae, and nearly or quite so in Verbena and Callicarpa of the Verbenaceae).
1. Carpels 1—2-seeded.
Ovary not lobed, 2~4-celled, the style apical ; carpels separating into 1-seeded nutlets.

Fam. 25. Verbenaceae. 3:94.
Qvyary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening into 1-seeded nutlets. Fam. 26. Labiatae. 3: 99.

2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Acanthaceae).
i Fruit a berry, or more commonly a capsule which is 1-2-celled, 2-valved, circumscissile, or irregularly
bursting, not elastically dehiscent.
Placentae axile.
Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 3-5-celled.
Flowers regular; fertile stamens 5 (4 in Petunia) ; fruit a berry or capsule.
Fam. 27. Solanaceae. 3: 154.
Flowers more or less irregular; fertile stamens 2 or 4 (5 in Verbascum) ; fruit a capsule.
Fam. 28. Scrophulariaceae. 3: 172.
Ovary 1-celled; marsh or aquatic herbs with flowers on scapes.
Fam. 29. Lentibulariaceae. 3: 225.
Placentae parietal.
Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, the leayes reduced to scales, not green; ovary
1-celled. Fam. 30. Orobanchaceae. 3: 233.
Trees, vines, shrubs, or herbs, the foliage normal.
Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; capsule 2-celled; seeds winged in our genera.
Fam. 31. Bignoniaceae. 3: 236.

Vo. I. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. XX1X

Opposite-leaved herbs; capsule 1-celled in our genus; seeds wingless.
Fam. 32. Martyniaceae. 3: 239.
{i Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent; opposite-leaved herbs; placentae
axile.
Fam. 33. Acanthaceae. 3: 239.
3. Ovary and fruit 1-celled with 1 erect orthotropous ovule and seed; herb with spicate flowers
and reflexed fruits.
Fam. 34. Phrymaceae. 3: 244.
** Corolla scarious, nerveless.
Order 6. PLANTAGINALES.
Herbs with small spicate or capitate flowers; one family. Fam. 35. Plantaginaceae. 3: 245.

B. Ovary inferior.

I. Anthers distinct.

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer in Linnaea of the Capri-
foliaceae), or twice as many; ovary compound, with 1 ovule or more in each cavity; leaves

opposite, or verticillate. Order 7. RUBIALES.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes.
Leaves always stipulate, usually blackening in drying. Fam. 36. Rubiaceae. 3: 250.
Leaves usually exstipulate, not blackening in drying. Fam. 37. Caprifoliaceae. 3: 267.

Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes; low herb with ternately divided leaves.
; Fam. 38. Adoxaceae. 3: 283.
Stamens mostly fewer than the corolla-lobes ; ovary 1-celled with 1 pendulous ovule, or 3-celled with

2 of the cavities without ovules. Order 8. VALERIANALES (Aggregatae).
Ovary 3-celled, 2 of its cavities empty. Fam. 39. Valerianaceae. 3: 284.
Ovary 1-celled; flowers densely capitate, involucrate. Fam. 40. Dipsacaceae. 3: 288.

II. Anthers united (except in Campanula and Specularia of the Campanulaceae, in Ambrosiaceae,
and in Kuhnia of the compositae). Order 9. CAMPANULALES (Campanulatae).

Flowers not in involucrate heads; juice mostly milky.
Endosperm none; flowers monoecious or dioecious; our species vines.

Fam. 41. Cucurbitaceae. 3: 290.
Endosperm present, fleshy ; flowers perfect.
Flowers regular. Fam. 42. Campanulaceae. 3: 293.
Flowers irregular. Fam. 43. Lobeliaceae. 3: 299.
Flowers in involucrate heads.
Flowers all expanded into rays (ligulate) ; juice milky. Fam. 44. Cichoriaceae. 3: 304.
Flowers all tubular, or the outer expanded into rays; juice very rarely milky.
Stamens distinct, or nearly so. Fam. 45. Ambrosiaceae. 3: 338.
Stamens united by their anthers into a tube around the style (except in Kuhnia).
Fam. 46. Compositae. 3: 347.

tei ShRATED PREORA,

Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA.*

FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES.

Plants containing woody and vascular tissues in the stem and producing spores
asexually, which, on germination, develop small mostly flat green structures called
prothallia (gametophyte). On these are borne the sexual reproductive organs,
the female known as archegones, the male as antherids. From the fertilization
of the odsphere in the archegone by spermatozoids produced in the antherids, the
asexual phase (sporophyte) of the plants is developed; this phase is represented
by an ordinary fern, lycopod or horsetail.

This subkingdom comprises about 6,000 living species, of which more than three-fourths
are confined to tropical regions. The number of extinct species known probably exceeds
those living. They appeared on the earth in the early part of the Palaeozoic Era, reached
great abundance in Carboniferous Time, but have since been mainly replaced by plants of

higher organization, so that at present they form only a small proportion of the total flora.
The time of year noted under the species indicates the season at which the spores are mature.

Family 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl, Tent. Pterid. 6. 1836.

ADDER’S-TONGUE FAMILY.

Succulent plants consisting of a short fleshy rootstock bearing one or several
leaves and numerous fibrous often fleshy roots. Leaves erect or pendent, con-
sisting of a simple, palmately or dichotomously lobed, pinnately compound or
decompound, sessile or stalked, sterile blade, and one or several separate stalked
fertile spikes or panicles (sporophyls), borne on a common stalk. Sporanges
formed from the interior tissues, naked, each opening by a transverse slit. Spores
yellow, of one sort. Prothallia subterranean, usually devoid of chlorophyl and
associated with an endophytic mycorhiza.

Five genera, the following well represented in both hemispheres; the others tropical.

Veins reticulate; sporanges cohering in a distichous spike. 1. Ophioglossum.
Veins free; sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 2. Botrychium.

1. OPHIOGLOSSUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.

Small terrestrial plants, with small, erect, fleshy, often tuberous, rootstocks bearing
fibrous naked roots and 1-6 slender, erect leaves, these consisting usually of a short, cylindric
common stalk, bearing at its summit a simple entire lanceolate to reniform sessile or short-
stalked sterile blade with freely anastomosing veins and usually a single simple long-stalked
spike, the sporophyl, formed of 2 rows of large coalescent sporanges; spores copious, sulphur
yellow. Bud for the following season borne at the apex of the rootstock, exposed, distinct
and free from the leaf of the present season. [Name from the Greek, signifying the tongue
of a snake, in allusion to the form of the narrow spike.]

About 45 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following 4 others occur in the
southern and western United States and Alaska. Type species: Ophioglossum vulgatum L.

Leaves usually solitary; sterile blade obtuse or acutish, never apiculate. 1. O. vulgatum.
Leaves often in pairs; sterile blade acutish or apiculate.
Sterile blade elliptic, rarely ovate, apiculate; areoles broad. 2. O. Engelmanni.
Sterile blade lanceolate, acutish, somewhat apiculate; areoles narrow. 3. O. arenarium.

* Text (except Equisetaceae and Isoetaceae) revised by William R. Maxon.
I

is)

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Ophioglossum vulgatum L.
Adder’s-tongue. Fig. 1.
Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753-

Rootstock short, oblique or erect; leaves usually soli-
tary, 3-16’ long, the common stalk usually one-half or
more above ground and constituting one-third to two-
thirds the length of the plant; sterile blade lanceolate,
oblanceolate or spatulate, elliptical, oblong or ovate, 1-5’
long, 4’-2’ broad, sessile, obtuse or acutish, the middle
areoles long and narrow, the outer ones shorter and
hexagonal, with included veins; sporophyl #2’ long,
borne on a stalk 410’ long, solitary, apiculate from
the prolongation of the axis.

In moist meadows and boggy thickets, Prince Edward
Island to Ontario, south te Florida. Also in Europe and
Asia. The genus is also called Adder’s-fern or -spear.
Snake’s-tongue. Serpent’s-tongue. May—Aug.

2. Ophioglossum EngelmAnni Prantl. Engelmann’s
Adder’s-tongue. Fig. 2.

Oolsoglossim Engelmanni Prantl, Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 1: 351.
1883.

Rootstock cylindric, with long brown roots; leaves com-
monly 2-5, mostly fertile, 3’-9’ long, the common stalk often
mostly below the ground and usually sheathed by the more or
less persistent bases of old leaves; sterile blade elliptic or
rarely ovate, 1-33’ long, 3’-2’ broad, sessile, usually acute,
apiculate, with wide oblique areoles containing numerous
anastomosing or free veins; sporophyl 6’—-12” long borne on
a stalk 1’-4’ long, apiculate; sporanges 12-27 pairs.

In damp, sterile places or on rocks in cedar woods, mainly in

the Central States, from Indiana and Virginia to Louisiana, Texas
and Arizona. April—Oct.

3. Ophioglossum arenarium E. G. Britton. Sand
Adder’s-tongue. Fig. 3.
oO. srenamian E. G. Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 555. pl. 3178.

1897.

Rootstock slightly thickened, with numerous fleshy, spread-
ing (sometimes proliferous?) roots; leaves slender but rigidly
erect, single or often in pairs, mostly fertile, 2-7’ long, the
common stalk one-half its length below ground and consti-
tuting one-third or less the length of the plant; sterile blade
lanceolate, with a long tapering base, or somewhat elliptic,
1-2’ long, 3-6” broad, acutish or somewhat apiculate, with
long, narrow areoles with a few indistinct included veinlets,
the outer areoles shorter; sporophyl 6’-13” long, borne on a
slender stalk 2’-33’ long, apiculate; sporanges 12-26 pairs.

Gregarious in a colony of many plants in sandy ground under
trees at Holly Beach, New Jersey, the type locality. Also in
New York and New Hampshire. July.

2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18002: 8. 1801.

Fleshy terrestrial plants, with stout erect rootstocks, bearing clustered, fleshy, often corru-
gated roots and 1 or sometimes 2 or 3 erect leaves, these consisting of a short cylindric wholly
or partially hypogean common stalk, bearing at its summit a simple 1-3-pinnately compound

GENUS 2. ADDER’S TONGUE FAMILY. 3

or decompound free-veined sterile blade and a single long-stalked fertile spike or 1-4-pinnate
panicle, the sporophyl, with numerous globular distinct sporanges in two rows, sessile or
nearly so; spores copious, sulphur yellow. Bud for the following season at the apex of the
rootstock, enclosed within the base of the common stalk, either wholly concealed or visible
along one side. [Name in allusion to the grape-like arrangement of the sporanges.]

About 20 species, largely natives of the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Type species:
Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw.

Buds of the following season wholly concealed within the base of the common stalk; sterile blade
more or less fleshy; cells of the epidermis straight.
Sporophyl and sterile blade both erect in the bud. 1. B. simplex.
Sporophyl or sterile blade, or both, at least slightly bent over in bud.
Buds glabrous; sterile blade pinnate (or, in no. 10, sometimes subternate) ; spores maturing
in early summer.
Sterile blade slightly bent over in bud, clasping the nearly erect sporophyl.
Leaves usually stout, the sterile blade nearly sessile, oblong, with close (often
imbricate) segments. 2: B. Lunaria.
Leaves slender, the sterile blade usually stalked, oblong to deltoid, with cuneate
mostly distant segments.
Sterile blade distinctly bent over at the tip in the bud, always pinnately divided ;

segments 3-4 pairs. 3. B. onondagense.
Sterile blade with the tip slightly inclined in bud, entire, or with 1-3 pairs of
smaller segments. 4. B. tenebrosum.
Sterile blade and sporophyl bent over in bud.
Sterile blade distinctly stalked. 5. B. neglectum.
Sterile blade closely sessile. 10. B. lanceolatum.

Buds piloge; sterile blades subternately divided; spores maturing in late summer or autumn.
Sterile blades membranous in drying; segments mostly acutish, serrulate to laciniate.
Segments mostly acute or acutish, serrulate-dentate. 6. B. obliquum.
Segments laciniate, often deeply so. 7. B. dissectum.
Sterile blades thick, leathery in drying; segments obtuse, crenate to sinuate.
Leaves 3-7’ long; sterile blade at most 2’ broad; segments few. 8. B. Matricariae.
Leaves 8’-18’ long; sterile blade 4’-8’ broad; segments numerous. 9. B. silaifolium.
Bud of the following season exposed along one side; sterile blade very thin; cells of the epi-
dermis flexuous. 11. B. virginianum.

1. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock. Hitch-
cock’s or Little Grape-fern. Fig. 4.

B. simplex E. Hitchcock, Amer. Journ. Sci. 6: 310. 1823.

Leaves 2’-6’ long, slender and variable, the common stalk
usually about half under ground; sterile blade and sporo-
phyl straight in the bud. Sterile blade usually short-
stalked, thickish, ovate, obovate or oblong, simple and
roundish, or pinnately 3-7-lobed (rarely binate or ternate,
the divisions pinnately lobed), the segments cuneate to
somewhat lunulate, usually apart, the veins forking from
the base; sporophyl long-stalked (often one-half or more
the height of the plant), simple or 1-2-pinnate.

In meadows and pastures, Prince Edward Island to Mary-
land, California and Oregon. Europe and Asia. May-June.

2. Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort.
Moon-fern. Fig. 5.

f Osmunda Lunarta L. Sp. Pl. 1064. 1753.
sf B. Lunaria Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800°*: 110. 18o0r.

Leaves very fleshy, usually stout, 2-12’ long, variable,
the common stalk nearly all above ground and consti-
tuting about one-half the length of the plant, the sterile
blade bent over in the bud only at the apex, clasping
the nearly erect sporophyl. Sterile blade nearly sessile,
broadly oblong, once pinnately divided into 2 to 8 pairs
of lunate subentire, crenate or somewhat incised, often
close or imbricate segments, the radiating veins several
times forked; sporophy] 2-3-pinnate, paniculate.

Newfoundland to Alaska, Connecticut, New York, Michi-
gan, British Columbia and in the Rocky Mountains to
Colorado. Europe and Asia. June—July.

4 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Vor. I.

3. Botrychium onondagénse Underw.
Underwood’s Moonwort. Fig. 6.

Botrychium onondagense Underwood, Bull. Torr. Club,
30: 47. 1903.

Leaves 4-63’ long, slender, the common stalk slen-
der, rather weak and spreading, 3'-4%’ long, nearly
all above ground, the sterile blade bent over in the
bud only at the apex, clasping the nearly erect sporo-
phyl. Sterile blade oblong, often narrowly so, #’/-13’
long, distinctly stalked (up to 8’), pinnately divided
into 3 to 4 (casually 7) pairs of mostly distant
broadly cuneate subentire to flabellately lobed seg-
ments; sporophyl 3-1’ long, mostly 2-pinnate, borne
upon a slender stalk 1’-13’ long.

On shaded rocky slopes, near Syracuse, New York.
Also in Montana and northern Michigan.

4. Botrychium tenebroésum A. A. Eaton.
Eaton’s Grape-fern. Fig. 7.
Botrychium tenebrosum A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull. 7: 8. 1899.

Leaves 1’-9' long, slender, delicate and lax, shining,
light or yellowish green, eventually decumbent and
stramineous, the common stalk very long, usually more
than half the length of the plant; buds rather small,
the sporophyl erect, the tip of the sterile blade slightly
inclined. Sterile blade short-stalked, simple, lobed, or
usually with 1-3 pairs of distant, alternate, lunulate or
cuneate, decurrent, usually entire segments, the apex
emarginate; sporophyl short-stalked, simple or rarely a
little branched, flattened, the large sporangia somewhat
immersed in rows or groups on either side.

In rich moist woods and swamps, New York and New
England.

5. Botrychium negléctum Wood.
Wood’s Grape-fern. Fig. 8.

Botrychium neglectum Wood, Class Book Bot. ed. 2,

635. 1847.

B. matricariaefolium of most American writers.

Leaves 2’-12’ long, often very fleshy, erect, bright
green, the common stalk relatively stout, nearly all
above ground, devoid of sheathing bases of previous
years; buds stout, the sporophyl and sterile blade
both bent over at the tip, the latter enfolding the
former. Sterile blade short-stalked, 3’-23’ long, ob-
long, ovate or deltoid-ovate, acute, pinnate or deeply
2-pinnatifid, the segments oblong or ovate, obtuse,
crenately lobed or divided, the divisions ovate-
oblong; sporophyl 2-3-pinnate, with terete branches,
the sporanges sessile or short-stalked.

In grassy woods and swamps, Nova Scotia to Mary-

land, west to South Dakota and Nebraska. Also in
Washington and in Europe. May-June.

GENUS I. ADDER’S TONGUE FAMILY.

6. Botrychium obliquum Muhl.
Ternate Grape-fern. Fig. 9.

Botrychium obliquum Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. Pl. 5:63. 1810.
Botrychium ternatum var, obliquum D. C. Eaton, Ferns N.

Am, I: 149. 1878.

Leaves 6-20’ long, usually robust, the common stalk
short and under ground; bud pilose, the sporophyl and |
sterile blade bent down. Sterile blade usually long- ¥
stalked, commonly 2-5’ broad, subpentagonal, subter-
nately 3-pinnatifid, or 3-pinnate below, the principal
divisions stalked; ultimate segments obliquely ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, acutish, the terminal ones elongate,
3’-1’ long; margins variously serrulate-dentate; sporo-
phyl long-stalked, 3-4-pinnate, usually stout.

In moist woods and thickets, or open slopes, New Bruns-
wick to Florida, Missouri and Minnesota. Very variable
especially in New York and New England. Several forms
have the divisions of the sterile blade longer-stalked and

lax, with fewer and rounded segments, or the segments
usually long and acute.

wn

ante

Ye

7. Botrychium disséctum Spreng. Cut-
leaved Grape-fern, or Moonwort. Fig. 10.

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Anleit. 3: 172. 1804.
Botrychium ternatum var. dissectum D. C. Eaton,

Ferns N. Am. 1: 150. 1878.

Leaves 8-16’ long, usually slender, the com-
mon stalk short, under ground; bud pilose, the
sporophyl and sterile blade both bent down.
Sterile blade long-stalked, subpentagonal, rarely
more than 6’ broad, subternately divided, the
basal divisions unequally and broadly deltoid,
decompound, the upper and secondary pinnae
deltoid-lanceolate, pinnate, with laciniate or deeply
cut pinnules, the ultimate divisions divergent,
narrow and incised; sporophyl 2-4-pinnate, usually
long-stalked.

In low woods and thickets or wooded slopes,
Maine to Virginia, Kentucky and Indiana. Con-
gested forms closely resemble the preceding.

8. Botrychium matricariae (Schrank)
Spreng. Grape-fern. Fig. 11.

Osmunda matricariae Schrank, Baier. Fl. 2: 419. 1780.
Botrychium rutaceum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18007:

110. 1801.

Botrychium matricarioides Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 62. 1810.
Botrychium rutaefolium A. Br. in Doell, Rhein. Fl. 24.

1843.

Leaves single or in pairs, the fertile 3’-7’ long,
usually slender, fleshy, coriaceous in drying, some-
what glaucous, the common stalk 3’-2’ long, wholly
under ground; bud densely pilose, both sporophyl
and sterile blade bent over. Sterile blade stalked
(?-2’), triangular or subpentagonal, 17-2’ broad,
nearly as long, subternately divided, 2-3-pinnate, the
basal pinnae nearly equalling the middle division,
the ultimate divisions few, oval or obliquely ovate,
rounded, the margins obscurely crenate or sinuate;
sporophyl long-stalked, large, 2-3-pinnate.

In old meadows and upon open hillsides, Labrador and
Newfoundland to New Brunswick, northern New Eng-

land and New York. Reported from northern Michigan.
Also in Europe. Aug.—Sept.

10. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.)
Angs. Lance-leaved Grape-fern.

Osmunda lanceolata S. G. Gmel. Nov. Comment.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Vot. I.

Acad. Petrop. 12: 516. 1768.

B. lanceolatum Angs. Bot. Notiser, 1854: 68. 1854.

g. Botrychium silaifolium Pres].
Leathery Grape-fern. Fig. 12.

B. silaifolium Pres], Rel. Haenk. 1: 76. 1825.
Botrychium ternatum subvar. intermedium D. C.
Eaton, Ferns N. Am. 1: 149. 1878.
i! B. occidentale Underw. Bull. Torr. Club, 25:538. 1898.

Leaves single or sometimes two, 8-18’ long,
thick and fleshy, coriaceous in drying, glaucous,
the common stalk short and stout, wholly under
ground; bud silky pubescent, the sporophyl and
sterile blade both bent down. Sterile blade broadly
triangular or subpentagonal, 4-8’ broad, nearly
Sas long, subternate, the stalk 1—4’ long, the basal
S~ pinnae large and 3-pinnate, the ultimate segments
numerous, ovate to obovate, obtuse, cuneate, ad-
nate, the margins irregularly crenulate; sporo-
phyl 2-5-pinnate, long-stalked, stout and diffuse.

In moist meadows, sandy pastures and borders of
low woods, northern New England to British Co-
lumbia, Oregon, Idaho and Minnesota. Aug.—Sept.

Hig. 13.

Leaves 2’-12’ long, fleshy, the common stalk
nearly all above ground, long, usually three-
fourths the length of the plant; sporophyl bent
down in the bud, the sterile blade recurved upon
it. Sterile blade sessile, 3/24’ broad, nearly as
long, either subternately parted with divisions
acutely pinnatifid, or broadly deltoid, with 3-4
pairs of deeply pinnatifid pinnae, the segments
ovate or ovate-oblong and lobed; sporophyl
short-stalked, 2-3-pinnate, the branches usually
stout and diffuse.

In meadows and moist woods, Nova Scotia to
Alaska, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Colorado

and Washington.

Europe and Asia.

June-July.

11. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.
Virginia Grape-fern. Fig. 14.

Osmunda virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 1064. 1753.

Botrychium. virginianum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot.
18007: 111. 1801.

B. gracile Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 656. 1814.

Leaves 4/-24° long, the common stalk slen-
der, nearly all above ground, comprising one-
half to two-thirds the length of the plant;
bud pilose, both the sporophyl and_ sterile
blade wholly bent down. Sterile blade nearly
or quite sessile, spreading, membranous, del-
toid, 2’-16’ broad, nearly as long, ternate, the
short-stalked primary divisions 1I-2-pinnate,
the numerous segments 1-2-pinnatifid, the ulti-
mate segments oblong, toothed at the apex;
sporophyl long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate.

In rich woods, Labrador to British Columbia,
Washington, Arizona, and the Gulf states. Mexico,
Europe and Asia. June-July. Rattlesnake-fern,
Hemlock-leaved-moonwort.

GENUS I. ROYAL FERN FAMILY. 7

Family 2.5 OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 161. 1810.
Roya Fern Famiy.

Large ferns with creeping or suberect rootstocks. Stipes winged at the base,
the blades 1—2-pinnate or tripinnatifid, with free mostly forked veins extending
to the margins. Sporanges naked, large, globose, mostly stalked, borne on modi-
fied contracted pinnae and nearly covering them or (in Todea and Leptopteris-
Old World genera) in clusters (sori) on the lower surface of the pinnules or
segments, opening in 2 valves by a longitudinal slit; ring wanting or mere traces
of one near the apex.

Three living genera, Osmunda and the two mentioned.

1. OSMUNDA [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 1063. 1753.

Tall swamp or lowland ferns, the leaves in large crowns, long-stalked, the blades bipin-
natifid or bipinnate, with regularly forked prominent veins, the fertile portions much con-
tracted and devoid of chlorophyl, the short-stalked sporanges thin, reticulated, opening in
halves, a few parallel thickened cells near the apex representing the rudimentary transverse
ring. Spores copious, greenish. [From Osmunder, a Saxon name for the god Thor.]

Eight species, the following in North America. Type species: Osmunda regalis L.

Blades bipinnate, some of them fertile at the apex. 1. O. regalis.
Herbaceous blades bipinnatifid.
Pinnae of sterile blade with a tuft of tomentum at the base; blades normally dimorphous.
2. O. cinnamomea.

Pinnae of sterile blade lacking a tuft of tomentum at the base; blades normally fertile only

in the middle. 3- O. Claytoniana,

1. Osmunda regalis L. Royal Fern. Fig. 15.

Osmunda regalis L. Sp. Pl. 1065. 1753.

Rootstock stout, bearing a cluster of several
long-stalked leaves, 2°-6° high, the apical pinnae
fertile, contracted, forming an upright terminal
panicle, the pinnules linear-cylindric, greenish
before maturity, dark brown and withering with
age. Sterile pinnae 6-12’ long, 2-4’ wide, the
pinnules oblong-ovate or lanceolate-oblong, ses-
sile or slightly stalked, glabrous, finely serrulate,
especially near the apex and occasionally crenate
toward the truncate, oblique, or even cordate, base,

In low woods, swamps and marshes, Newfoundland
to Florida, west to Mississippi, Nebraska and Sas-
katchewan. Also in Tropical America, Europe and
Africa. May-July. Called also Royal Osmond.
Bracken, Buckhorn-brake. King’s-, flowering-, water-,
tree-, snake- or ditch-fern. Bog-onion, Herb Christo-
pher, Hartshorn-bush.

SUNS :

2. Osmunda cinnamomea L.
Cinnamon-fern. Fig. 16.
Osmunda cinnamomea L. Sp. Pl. 1066. 1753.

Rootstock very large, widely creeping, bear-
ing a circular cluster of sterile leaves with one
or more fertile ones within. Stipes 1° or more
long, clothed with ferruginous tomentum when
young, glabrous with age. Sterile blades 1°-5°
long, oblong-lanceolate, deeply bipinnatifid, the
pinnae linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into
oblong obtuse segments, the margins usually en-
tire. Fertile blade contracted, bipinnate, soon
withering; sporanges cinnamon-colored.

In wet woods, swamps and low grounds, New-
foundland to Minnesota, the Gulf states and New
Mexico. Also in Mexico, Brazil, the West Indies
and eastern Asia. Forms occur with leaves variously
intermediate between the fertile and sterile. May—
June. Bread-root. Fiddle-heads. Swamp-brake.

225
Wires

8 OSMUNDACEAE. Vor. I.

3- Osmunda Claytoniana L.
Clayton’s Fern. Fig. 17.

Osmunda Claytoniana L. Sp. Pl. 1066. 1753.
Osmunda interrupta Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 273.

1803.

Rootstock stout, creeping; leaves 2°-6° long,
loosely tomentose when young, glabrous with age,
the outer ones usually sterile and spreading, the
inner erect and usually fertile in the middle.
Blades oblong-lanceolate, 1°-4° long; sterile pinnae
oblong-lanceolate, decply cleft into ovate-oblong
close or slightly imbricate segments, the margins
usually entire; fertile pinnae 2-5 pairs, fully pin-
nate, the cylindric divisions very close, greenish
at first, dark brown, brittle and withering with
age.

In swamps and moist woods, Newfoundland to
Minnesota south to North Carolina, Kentucky and
Missouri. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Also in

N China and India. May-July. Interrupted- or Clay-
—— ton’s-flowering-fern.

Family 3. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Gawd. in Freyc. Voy. 262. 1826.

FILMY-FERN FAMILY.

Membranaceous, mostly tropical small ferns, with slender often filiform creep-
ing or rarely suberect rootstocks, the leaves usually much divided, the leaf-tissue
pellucid, usually of a single layer of cells. Sporanges sessile upon a filiform,
usually elongate receptacle, within an urn-shaped or tubular truncate or two-
lipped marginal indusium, terminal upon the veins; ring complete, transverse,
opening vertically.

Two genera, Hymenophyllum and the following, comprising some 450 or more species, abun-
dant in the humid tropics and mainly epiphytic.

1. TRICHOMANES L. Sp. Pl. 1097. 1753.

Blades entire, pinnatifid or lobed, or several times pinnately divided. Indusiuma tubular
or funnel-shaped, truncate or sometimes broadly two-lipped, the sporanges sessile, mostly
upon the lower portion of the slender often exserted receptacle. [Greek, in allusion to the
delicate hair-like ultimate segments of some of the species.]

About 210 species, mostly tropical. Besides the following, 3 species occur in the southern
United States. Type species: Trichomanes crispum L.

!
@

1. Trichomanes Boschianum Sturm.
Filmy-fern. Bristle-fern. Fig. 18.

Trichomanes Boschianum Sturm; v. d. Bosch,

Ned. Kr. Arch. 57: 160. 1861.

Trichomanes radicans of American writers. Not

Sw.

Rootstocks filiform, wiry, tomentose, creep-
ing. Stipes (petioles) ascending, 17-3’ long,
naked or nearly so; blades 2’-8’ long, 8-13’
wide, membranaceous, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, 2-3-pinnatifid; pinnae ovate, obtuse,
the upper side of the cuneate base parallel with
or appressed to the narrowly winged rachis;
segments toothed or cut into linear divisions;
indusia terminal on short lobes, 1-4 on a pin-
nule, the mouth slightly 2-lipped; receptacle
more or less exserted, bristle-like, bearing the
sessile sporanges mostly near the base.

On wet rocks, Kentucky to Florida and Alabama,

GENUS I. CLIMBING FERN FAMILY. 9

Family 4. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 39. 1828.
CLIMBING FERN FAMILY.

Plants with erect, simple, pinnate or dichotomous, or vine-like, twining, elon-
gate leaves, with stalked, alternate, paired and mostly palmately lobed or pinnate
leafy divisions. Sporanges borne in double rows on narrow specialized lobes or
segments, obovoid, pyriform or globose, sessile, provided with a transverse apical
ring and opening vertically by a longitudinal slit.

Genera 4 or more; species about 125, mainly tropical.

Leaves short, tufted, rigid. 1. Schizaca.
Leaves elongate, climbing. 2. Lygodium.

1. SCHIZAEA J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad. Turin 5: 419. pl. 10. f. 9. 1793.

Mostly small plants, with erect or recurved slender filiform simple or dichotomously
divided or cleft leaves. Sporanges in 2 rows along the close slender segments of small pin-
nate terminal spikes and partially protected by the narrowly reflexed indusiiform margin.
[Greek, in allusion to the divided or deeply cleft leaf-blades of some species.]

tribution, mostly in tropical regions. Type species:
Schizaea dichotoma (L.) J. E. Smith.

1. Schizaea pusilla Pursh. Curly-grass. Fig. 19.
Schizaea pusilla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 657. 1814.
Rootstock minute, horizontally creeping, the leaves
tufted. Sterile leaves linear, very slender, flat-
tened and tortuous. Fertile leaves longer, 3'—5’
high, the fertile portion terminal, consisting of
about 5 pairs of crowded pinnate divisions, form-
ing a distichous spike; sporanges ovoid or pyriform,
sessile in two rows along the single vein of the nar-
row incurved linear divisions of the fertile spike,
partially concealed by the incurved hairy margins.

In wet soil, pine barrens of central and eastern New
Jersey, the historic region. Also in Newfoundland and
Nova Scotia. Rare and local. Aug.—Sept.

2. LYGODIUM Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot.
18007: 106. 1801.

A genus of about 25 species, of wide geographic dis- %

Twining vine-like ferns. Leaves elongate, the rachis wiry and flexuous; leafy parts con-
sisting of the stalked palmately lobed or pinnate (or compound) secondary pinnae, borne
in pairs upon short stalks arising alternately from the rachis. Sporanges borne on contracted
divisions of the leaf, as short or elongate spikes, the lower surface bearing a double row of
imbricate hood-like indusia fixed by their broad bases and concealing each 1 (rarely 2)
sporanges. [Name Greek, in allusion to the flexible rachis.]

About 26 species, mostly of tropical distribution.
Type species: Lygodium scandens (L.) Sw.

1. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Climb-
ing-fern. Hartford-fern. Fig. 20.

Gisopteris palmata Bernh. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18007:
129. 1801. :
Lygodium palmatum Sw. Syn. Fil. 154. 1806.
Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender, flexible
and twining; leaves 1°-3° long, their short alternate
branches 2-forked, each fork bearing a nearly orbic-
ular 4-7-lobed pinnule more or less cordate at the
base with a narrow sinus; surfaces naked; fertile
pinnules contracted, several times forked, forming a
terminal panicle; sporanges solitary, borne on alter-
nate veins springing from the flexuous midvein of
the segments, each covered by a scale-like indusium.
In moist thickets and open woods, New Hampshire
to Pennsylvania, south to Florida and Tennessee. As-
cends to 2100 ft. in eastern Pennsylvania. Summer.
Called also Creeping or Windsor-fern.

10 POLY PODIACEAE. Vor. L

Family 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 145. 1810.
FERN FamMILy.

Leafy plants of various habit, the rootstocks horizontal and often elongate,
or shorter and erect, the leaf-blades simple, once or several times pinnate or
pinnatifid, or decompound, coiled in vernation. Sporanges borne on the under
surface of the foliaceous leaf-blades, or upon slender or contracted, partially
foliose or non-foliose leaves or parts of leaves, or, as in most of our species, in
clusters (sori) upon the backs of the leaf-blades ; distinctly stalked, provided with
an incomplete vertical ring of thickened cells (the annulus), and opening trans-
versely. Sori either with or without a membranous covering (indusium). Pro-

thallia green.

About 145 genera and 4500 or more species of very wide geographic distribution. This
family includes by far the greater number of living ferns.

Leaves strongly dimorphous, the fertile ones with divisions greatly contracted, brownish, berry-
like or necklace-like.
Sterile blades deeply pinnatifid; veins freely anastomosing. 1. Onoclea. —
Sterile blades deeply 2-pinnatifid; veins free. 2. Matteuccia.
Leaves mostly uniform; if dimorphous, the fertile blades flat, the divisions green, not as above.
Sori dorsal upon the veins, not marginal.
Sori roundish.
Indusium wholly or partially inferior.

Indusium wholly inferior, the divisions stellate or spreading. 3. Woodsia.
Indusium attached by its base at one side of the sorus, hood-shaped, withering.
5. Filix.

Indusium, if present, superior.
Stipes jointed to the rootstock; indusia wanting. 20. Polypodium.
Stipes continuous with the rootstock (not jointed) ; indusia present in most species.
Indusium (present, in our species) orbicular-peltate, centrally attached.
6. Polystichum.
Indusium, if present, orbicular-reniform, attached at its sinus.
7. Dryopteris.
Sori oblong to linear.
Sori in chain-like rows parallel to the midrib and rachises.
Leaves uniform; veins free between the sori and margin. 8. Anchistea.
Leaves dimorphous; veins of sterile blade freely anastomosing. 9. Lorinseria.
Sori oblique to the midribs or irregularly disposed.
Veins free; sori all oblique to the midribs.
Sori confluent in pairs ; indusia single, contiguous, appearing double. 10. Phyllilis.
Sori single on the outer side of veinlet, or crossing it and recurved.
Sori straight or slightly curved; leaves mostly evergreen. 12. Asplenium.
Sori usually curved, often crossing the veinlet and recurved ; leaves herbaceous.
13. Athyrium.

Veins freely anastomosing; sori variously disposed. 11. Camptosorus.
Sori borne at or very near the margin. ;
Sporanges borne within a special cup-shaped indusium. 4. Dennstaedtia.

Sporanges not borne within a special cup-shaped indusium.
Sori without indusia, somewhat protected by the revolute leaf-margin.
19. Notholaena.
Sori with indusia formed entirely or in part by the revolute or reflexed more or less
modified leaf-margins.
Sori distinct, borne on the under side of the reflexed lobes. 14. Adiantum.
Sori wholly or partially confluent.
Sori borne on a vein-like receptacle connecting the ends of the free veinlets;

indusium double. 15. Pteridium.
Sori borne at or near the ends of the free veinlets; indusia single.
Leaves dimorphous. 16. Cryptogramma.

Leaves uniform or nearly so.
Sori confluent, forming a wide submarginal band; segments smooth or
nearly so. 17. Pellaea.

Sori distinct or contiguous; segments usually pubescent, tomentose or scaly,
18. Cheilanthes.

1. ONOCLEA L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.

Coarse lowland ferns with leaves of two very dissimilar sorts borne separately upon a
creeping rootstock, the sterile ones foliaceous and suberect, withering with frosts, the fertile
ones rigidly erect, with pinnules greatly contracted into separate hard rounded berry-like
divisions, these (until maturity) completely concealing the included sori, finally dehiscent and
persistent throughout the winter. Sori roundish, on elevated receptacles, partially covered
by delicate hood-shaped indusia fixed at the base of the receptacles. [Name ancient, not
originally applied to this plant.]

A single species, O. sensibilis L,

GENUS I. FERN FAMILY. II

1. Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern.
Fig. 21.

Onoclea sensibilis L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.

Rootstock rather slender, copiously rooting. Fer-
tile leaves 1°-23° high, persistent over winter, the
fertile portion bipinnate, much contracted, the short
pinnules rolled up into closed berry-like bodies and
forming a narrow close panicle. Sterile leaves 1°-43°
high, the blades broadly triangular, deeply pinnatifid,
the rachis winged; pinnae lanceolate-oblong, entire,
undulate, or the lower and sometimes the middle
ones sinuate-pinnatifid; veins freely anastomosing,
forming a somewhat regular series of narrow elon-
gate areoles next the midvein and numerous smaller
areoles between this series and the margin.

In moist soil, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south
to Oklahoma and the Gulf states. Ascends to 3000 ft.
in Virginia. Various intermediate forms between the

sterile and fertile leaves occur. Sensitive to early
frosts. Aug.—Nov.

2. MATTEUCCIA Todaro, Giorn. Sci. Nat. Palermo 1: 235. 1866.
[StruTHiopTERis Willd. 1809, not Weiss, 1770.]

Coarse lowland ferns with dissimilar leaves in a close crown upon a stout ascending
rootstock. “Sterile leaves tall, in a complete circle, the shorter fertile leaves appearing late
in the season, borne within, rigidly erect, the pinnae closely contracted into necklace-like or
pod-like divisions, these concealing the sori, finally dehiscent. Sori roundish, on elevated

cylindrical receptacles, partly covered by delicate fugacious lacerate indusia attached below.
[Named in honor of Carlo Matteucci, an Italian professor of physics.]

Species 3, the following, which is the generic type, and 2 Asiatic species.

1. Matteuccia Struthidpteris (L.) Todaro.
Ostrich-fern. Fig. 22.

Osmunda Struthiopteris L. Sp. Pl. 1066. 1753.

Onoclea Struthiopteris Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl, 2: 11.
Strathiopteris germanica Willd. Enum. 1071. 1809.
Matteuccia Struthiopteris Todaro, Giorn. Sci. Nat.

Palermo 1: 235. 1866.

Rootstock stout, ascending, with slender under-
ground stolons. Fertile leaves 1°-14° high, the
pinnae dark brown, slightly crenate, contracted,
with closely and widely revolute margins, the
included sori crowded and confluent. Sterile
leaves 2°-7° high, 6-15’ broad, broadly oblan-
ceolate or spatulate, abruptly short-acuminate,
gradually narrowed below the middle, the lower
pinnae greatly reduced; pinnae narrow, deeply
pinnatifid, glabrous, the segments oblong, obtuse,
entire.

In moist thickets, especially along streams, Nova
Scotia to Virginia, west to British Columbia and

Iowa. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Vermont. Also in
Europe and Asia. July—Oct.

3. WOODSIA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 158. 1810.

Small or medium-sized ferns, growing in rocky places, the rootstocks in dense tufts.
Leaves numerous, the stipes often jointed above the base and separable, the blades 1-2-pinnate
or deeply 3-pinnatifid. Sori roundish, borne on the simply-forked free veins. Indusia slight
and often evanescent, inferior in attachment, either roundish and soon cleft into irregularly

12 POLY PODIACEAE. Vor. I.

jagged lobes, or deeply stellate, the filiform divisions concealed beneath the sporanges or
inflexed and partially covering them. [Named in honor of Joseph Woods, 1776-1864, an
English architect and botanist. ]

About 25 species, mainly of temperate or cold regions. Besides the following, another occurs
in the southwestern United States. Type species: Polypodium ilvense L

Indusium small or inconspicuous, the divisions narrow or filiform.
Stipes jointed near the base; filiform divisions of the indusium more or less inflexed over
the sporanges. :

Blades with more or less rusty chaff underneath. 1. W. ilvensis.
Blades glabrous or nearly so.
Blades oblong-lanceolate ; divisions of the indusium numerous. 2. W. alpina.
Blades linear or linear-lanceolate ; divisions of the indusium few. 3. W. glabella.

Stipes not jointed; divisions of the indusium spreading, mostly concealed beneath the sporanges.
Puberulent, usually hispidulous; indusium deeply cleft into narrow flaccid segments.
4. W. scopulina.
Glabrous; indusium divided to the center into a few short whitish turgid beaded hair-like
segments. 5. W. oregana.
Indusium ample; the divisions broad, early spreading. 6. W. obtusa.

1. Woodsia ilvénsis (L.) R. Br. Rusty Woodsia. Fig. 23.

Acrostichum ilvense L. Sp. Pl. 1071. 1753-
W oodsia ilvensis R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 158. 1810.

Rootstocks short, ascending, growing in masses, the
leaves closely caespitose. Stipes short, stoutish, jointed
near the base, rusty chaffy with narrow filiform scales;
blades lanceolate, 4’-10’ long, pinnate, nearly glabrous
above, more or less covered with rusty chaff beneath;
pinnae crowded, sessile, pinnately parted, the crowded
segments oblong, crenate; sori borne near the margins
of the segments, somewhat confluent with age; indu-
sium minute, concealed beneath the sorus, cleft into
numerous filiform segments, these inflexed over the
sporanges and inconspicuous.

On exposed rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to North

\\ S Carolina, Kentucky and Iowa. Ascends to 5000 ft. in New

\ S) Hampshire. Also in Greenland, Europe and Asia. June-—
, Aug. Ray’s Woodsia, Oblong Woodsia.

2. Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. Alpine Woodsia. Fig. 24.

Acrostichum alpinum Bolton, Fil. Brit. 76. 1790.

Acrostichum hyperborewm Liljeb. Kgl. Vetensk. Akad.
Nya Handl. 14: 201. 1793.

Woodsia hyperborea R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Noy. Holl. 1:
158. 1810.

W. alpina S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 17. 1821.

Rootstocks short, ascending, the leaves densely
caespitose. Stipes slender, chestnut-colored, shining,
somewhat chaffy below, jointed near the base; blades
narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 2’-6’ long, 8-12” wide,
scarcely narrower below the middle, deeply bipinna-
tifid; pinnae somewhat apart, cordate-ovate or trian-
gular-ovate, pinnately 5-7-lobed, glabrous or very
nearly so on both surfaces; sori near the margin,
usually distinct ; indusium as in the preceding species.

On moist rocks, Labrador to Alaska, Maine, northern
New York and western Ontario. Also in Greenland.
Ascends to 4200 ft. in Vermont. July—Aug. Called
also Northern Woodsia, Flower-cup-fern.

GENUS 3. FERN FAMILY.

3. Woodsia glabélia R. Br. Smooth Woodsia.

Woodsia glabella R. Br. App. Franklin's Journ. 754.
1823.

Rootstocks small, ascending, densely clustered.
Stipes very slender, usually stramineous, jointed
above the base; blades delicate, linear or narrowly
lanceolate, 2’-5’ long, 4-8” wide, once pinnate;
pinnae deltoid to roundish-ovate, crenately lobed,
glabrous, the lower pinnae remote, obtuse, often
somewhat smaller than the middle ones; sori few,
distinct or with age confluent; indusium minute,
with 6-10 hair-like incurved or radiating segments.

On moist rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to New
Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York
and British Columbia. Also in Greenland and arctic
and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.

4. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. Rocky Mountain Woodsia. Fig. 26.

Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. 2: 90. 1865.
Woodsia Cathcartiana Robinson, Rhodora 10: 30. 1908.

Rootstock short, creeping, densely chaffy, the nu-
merous leaves borne close together. Stipes 2’-6’
long, not jointed, bright rusty or chestnut-colored
at the base, paler above; blades lanceolate, 6’-12’
long, finely glandular-puberulent and usually his-
pidulous with jointed whitish hairs; pinnae numer-
ous, oblong-ovate, deeply pinnatifid into 10-16 oblong
toothed segments, or fully pinnate, the larger pin-
nules nearly free and deeply incised; indusium con-
cealed, cleft into narrow or slender spreading flaccid
segments.

In crevices of rocks, Michigan and western Ontario
to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to
Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Also
in Gaspé County, Quebec. Summer.

5. Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton. Oregon Woodsia.

Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. II. 2: 90.

1865.

Rootstock short, creeping, chaffy, the numerous
leaves very densely clustered. Stipes not jointed,
brownish and chaffy below, paler or stramineous
above, glabrous; blades 2’—-10’ long, elliptic-lanceolate,
deeply bipinnatifid or partially bipinnate, the sterile
shorter than the fertile; pinnae glabrous, deltoid-
oblong, obtuse, deeply pinnatifid, the lower smaller
and remote; segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, ad-
nate or the largest nearly free, dentate or crenate, the
teeth often revolute and covering the submarginal
sori; indusia minute, concealed, consisting of a few
short whitish turgid hair-like segments.

British Columbia and Athabasca to Manitoba, Wis-
consin, northern Michigan, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colo-

rado, Arizona and California. Also in eastern Quebec.
July—Aug.

14 POLY PODIACEAE. Vot. I,

6. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Blunt-
lobed Woodsia. Fig. 28.

Polypodium obtusum Spreng. Anleit. 3: 92. 1904.
Wesdsia obtusa Torr. Cat. Pl, in Geol. Rep. N. Y. 195.

1840.

Rootstock short, creeping, with relatively few
leaves. Stipes not jointed, straw-colored, chaffy,
3-6’ long; blades broadly lanceolate, 6’-15’ long,
minutely glandular-puberulent, nearly or quite 2-pin-
nate; pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate or
oblong, pinnately parted into oblong obtuse crenate-
dentate segments, or usually pinnate, the lower pin-
nules free and parted nearly to the midveins; sori
nearer the margin than the midveins; indusia con-
spicuous, at first enclosing the sporanges, at length
splitting into several broad jagged spreading lobes.

On rocks, Nova Scotia and Maine to Wisconsin and
south to Georgia, Alabama, and Texas. Also in Alaska
and British Columbia. Variable. Ascends to 2200 ft.
in Virginia.

4. DENNSTAEDTIA Pernh. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18002: 124. 18or.

[DicKsoniA in part of some authors, not L’Her. 1788.]

Mostly medium-sized ferns, with slender wide-creeping hairy rootstocks and scattered
2-3-pinnate erect leaves, 2°-6° high. Sori marginal, terminal upon the free veinlets, the
sporanges clustered upon a very small receptacle within a special cup-shaped indusium formed
in part of the more or less modified reflexed segment of the leaf-margin. [Name in honor
of August Wilhelm Dennstaedt.]

About 50 species mainly of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: D. flaccida
(Forst.) Bernh.

1. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. Hay-scented Fern. Fig. 20.
Nephrodium punctilobulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 268,

1803.
Dicksonis pilosiuscula Willd. Enum. 1076. 1809.
Dicksonia punctilobula A. Gray, Man. 628. 1848.
Dennstaedtia punctilobula Moore, Ind. Fil. xcvii. 1857.

Rootstock slender, extensively creeping, not chaffy.
Stipes stout, chaffless, usually castaneous at the base;
blades 1°-3° long, 5-9’ wide, ovate-lanceolate to
deltoid-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, frequently
long-attenuate, usually 3-pinnatifid, thin and delicate,
the rachis and under surface minutely glandular and
pubescent; pinnae numerous, lanceolate, the seg-
ments ovate to oblong, close and deeply lobed, the
margins with oblique rounded teeth; sori minute,
each on a recurved tooth, usually one at the upper
margin of each lobe; sporanges few, borne within
the delicate cup-shaped indusium.

In various situations, most abundant on open hill-
sides, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario and
Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri.
Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. Aug. Called also
Fine-haired-fern, Hairy dicksonia, Boulder-fern.

Ee FILIX Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 20, 558. 1763.

[Cystopterts Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. 1*: 26. 1806.]

Delicate rock ferns with slender stipes, 2-4-pinnate blades, and roundish sori borne on
the backs of the veins. Indusium membranous, hood-like, attached by a broad base on its
inner side and partly under the sorus, early thrust back by the expanding sporanges and at
least partly concealed by them, withering, the sori thus appearing naked with age. Veins free.

About ro species mainly natives of temperate regions; the following in North America. Type
species: Polypodium bulbiferum L.
Blades lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, 2~—3-pinnate.

Blades broadest at base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath. 1. F. bulbifera,

Blades searcely broader at base, short-pointed; no bulblets. 2. F. fragilis.
Blades deltoid-ovate, 3—4-pinnate. 3. F. montana.

GENUs 5. FERN FAMILY. 15

1. Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw. Bulblet
Cystopteris. Fig. 30.
Polypodium bulbiferum L. Sp. Pl. 1091. 1753.
Galas baere Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot.
tS. 20. Iso06.
Filix bulbifera Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed. 6, 119. 1900.
Rootstock short, somewhat chaffy at the apex.
Stipes clustered, 4-6’ long, light-colored; blades
1°-23° long, usually 3-pinnatifid, deltoid-lanceolate,
the gradually tapering narrow apex sometimes greatly
elongate; pinnae numerous, oblong-ovate to lanceo-
late-oblong, horizontal, pinnate; pinnules close or
somewhat apart, unequally oblong-ovate, obtuse, at
least the largest deeply pinnatifid and free, the others
more or less adnate and variously incised; rachis and }
pinnae underneath bearing large fleshy bulblets,
these falling and giving rise to new plants; indusia
short, convex, truncate. ~
On wet rocks and in ravines, especially on limestone,
Newfoundland to Manitoba, Wisconsin and Iowa, south
to northern Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. Ascends
to 3500 ft. in Virginia. July—Aug.

2. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Brittle
Fern. Fig. 31:

Polypodium fragile L. Sp. Pl. rog1. 1753.

Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ.

Bot. 17: 27. 1806.

Filix fragilis Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed.6, 119. 1900.

Rootstock extensively creeping, chaffy, espe-
cially at the apex. Stipes 4-10’ long, slender,
brittle; blades thin, broadly lanceolate, slightly
tapering below, 4-10’ long, 2-3-pinnatifid or
pinnate; pinnae deltoid-lanceolate to deltoid-
ovate, acute, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, the
segments ovate or oblong-ovate, pinnatifid or
incised, acutish, mostly decurrent upon the
usually winged rachis; indusia roundish or
nearly ovate, deeply convex, delicate.

On rocks and in moist grassy woods, New-
foundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to
Georgia, Alabama, Kansas, Arizona, and southern
California. Also in Greenland. Almost cosmo-
politan in distribution and very variable. As-
cends to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. May-July.

3. Filix montana (Lam.) Underw.
Mountain Cystopteris. Fig. 32.

Called also Bottle-, Brittle-, or Bladder-fern.
Bapeegien montanum Lam, Fl. Franc. 1: 23.

1778.

Cytobieris montana Bernh.; Desvy. Mém. Soc.

Linn. Paris 6: 264. 1827.

Filix montana Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed. 6, 1109.

1900.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping, the
leaves few and distant. Stipes 6-9’ long,
slender; blades broadly deltoid-ovate, 3-4-pin-
nate, about 4-6’ long and broad, the basal
pinnae much the largest, unequally deltoid-
ovate, their inferior pinnules 1-2’ long; pin-
nules deeply divided into oblong or ovate-
oblong lobes, these deeply toothed or again
pinnate; sori numerous; indusia ovate, deeply
convex, delicate, very early thrust back and

e Nz
i; ; es
My ye ia
Nf
mat ;
ats 8
AOS
concealed or evanescent.

n
On rocks, Labrador and Quebec to British SRN ty
Columbia and Alaska, south to the northern shore SKA) ay
of Lake Superior. Also in Colorado, and in sh ys
northern Europe and Asia. Aug. Called also + ¥,

Wilson's-, Mountain-, or Bladder-fern.

16 POLY PODIACEAE, Vor. I.

6. POLYSTICHUM Roth, Romer’s Arch. Bot. 2*: 106. 1799.

Coarse and usually rigid erect ferns of harsh texture, with pinnatifid to quadripinnatifid
leaves borne typically in a crown upon a suberect or decumbent rootstock, the stipe not jointed
to it. Sterile and fertile leaves similar, the vascular parts usually chaffy; divisions of the
blade mainly auriculate and spinulose or mucronate, with free veins. Sori round; indusium
superior, orbicular, attached at its middle. [Greek, signifying many rows, in allusion to the
numerous regular rows of sori in P. Lonchitis (L.) Roth, the typical species.]

About roo species, of wide distribution, mainly in temperate regions.

Leaves simply pinnate. rf
Lower pinnae gradually much reduced; upper (soriferous) pinnae conform.
1. P. Lonchitis.
Lower pinnae scarcely reduced; upper (soriferous) pinnae of fertile fronds contracted.
2. P. acrostichoides.
Leaves bipinnatifid or bipinnate.
Leaves coriaceous, the pinnae deeply lobed at their base. 3. P. scopulinum.
Leaves herbaceous, fully bipinnate. 4. P. Braunii.

1. Polystichum Lonchitis (L.) Roth. Holly-fern. Fig. 33.

Polypodium Lonchitis L. Sp. Pl. 1088. 1753.

Aspidium Lonchitis Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18007: 30.
1801.

Polystichum Lonchitis Roth, Rém. Arch. Bot. 2": 106.

107, .

® Papanter Lonchitis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 813. 1891.

Rootstock short, stout, densely chaffy. Stipes
1-5’ long, bearing large ferruginous scales with
smaller ones intermixed; blades rigid, coriaceous,
evergreen, 62° long, linear-lanceolate, once pinnate ;
pinnae numerous, close, broadly lanceolate-falcate,
1-13’ long, acute, strongly auricled on the upper
side at the base, obliquely truncate below, notably
spinulose-dentate, the lowest commonly triangular
and shorter; sori large, borne usually in two rows,
nearly equidistant between the margin and midrib,
subconfluent with age; indusium entire.

On rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Nova Scotia,
Ontario, Wisconsin, Montana and Washington, and in
the mountains to Utah, Colorado and California. Also
in Greenland, Europe and Asia. Called also Rough
alpine fern. Aug.

2. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas-fern. Fig. 34.

Nephrodium acrostichoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 267.
Metin acrostichoides Sw. Syn. Fil. 44. 1806.
Polystichum acrostichoides Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834.
Dryopteris acrostichoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 812, 1891.
Rootstock stout, creeping. Stipes 5’-7’ long, densely
chaffy; blades lanceolate, 1°-2° long, 3’-5’ wide, rigid,
evergreen, subcoriaceous, once pinnate; pinnae 1’-3'
long, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, somewhat falcate,
acutish at the apex, half halberd-shaped at the base,
with appressed, bristly teeth, the lower pinnae scarcely
smaller, sometimes deflexed; fertile fronds contracted
at the apex, the reduced pinnae soriferous, their under
surface nearly covered with large contiguous sori in 24
rows, confluent with age; indusium entire, persistent.

In woods and on hillsides, most abundant in rocky
places, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to
Texas and the Gulf states. Ascends to 2700 ft. in Mary-
land. July—Aug. Called also Christmas shield-fern.

Forms with cut-lobed or incised pinnae are known as
var. Schweinitsii; occasional forms are 2-pinnatifid.

GENUs 6. FERN FAMILY.

SS

3. Polystichum scopulinum (D.C. Eaton)
Maxon. Eaton’s Shield-fern. Fig. 35.

Aspidium aculeatum var. scopulinum D. C. Eaton,
Ferns N. Am. 2: 125. pl. 62, f. 8. 1880.

P. scopulinum Maxon, Fern Bull. 8: 29. 1900.

Rootstock stout, ascending, with numerous cord-
like roots. Leaves 9-17’ long, the stipe 2-5’
long, densely chaffy at the base with both broad
and narrow bright brown scales; blades 6-12’
long, linear to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 14’-2}’
broad, coriaceous, the chaff largely deciduous
from the rachis; pinnae numerous, 7”-15” long,
4-8” broad at the base, ovate, obtuse, the basal
portion pinnately lobed, the apical half serrate
with pointed or aculeate teeth, the lower pinnae
usually much reduced; sori near the midvein;
indusium large, somewhat lobed, glabrous.

On rocky slopes, Washington to Idaho, Utah and
Southern California. Gaspé county, Quebec.

4. Polystichum Brainii (Spenner) Fée. Braun’s
Holly-fern. Prickly Shield-fern. Fig. 36.

Aspidium Braunii Spenner, Fl. Frib. 1: 9. 1825.

A, aculeatum var. Braunii Doell, Rhein. Fl. 21. 1843.

Polystichum Braunii Fée, Gen. Fil. 278. 1850-52.

Dryopteris aculeata var. Braunii Underw. Native Ferns,
ed. 4, 112. 1893.

Dryopteris Braunii (Spenner) Underw. in Br. & Brown,
MI. Fl.ved. 1, 2: 15. 1896.

Rootstock stout, suberect. Stipes 4’-5’ long, chaffy
with both broad and narrow brown scales; blades
lanceolate, 1°-2° long, herbaceous, 2-pinnate, the
rachis chaffy ; pinnae numerous, close, oblong-lanceo-
late, slightly broadest at the base, the middle ones
23-4’ long, the lower gradually shorter; pinnules
ovate to oblong, truncate and nearly rectangular at
the base, mostly acute, sharply toothed, beset with

// long soft hair-like scales; sori small, mostly nearer
the midvein than the margin; indusium small, entire.

In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, to northern
New England, the mountains of Pennsylvania, to Michi-
gan and British Columbia. Ascends to 5000 ft. in
Vermont. Aug.

7. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 20, 550. 1763.

[Asprpium Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18007: 29, in part. 18or.]

Mainly woodland ferns, commonly of upright habit, the fertile and sterile leaves usually
similar, not jointed to the rootstock. Blades 1-3-pinnate or dissected, with veins free in
northern species, uniting occasionally or even freely in some of the southern. Sori round or
rarely elliptical in outline, borne upon the veins, indusiate or non-indusiate, the indusium (if
present) in northern species orbicular-reniform, fixed at its sinus; sporanges numerous.

A genus of several hundred species, widely distributed in the tropics, its limits variously
understood. Besides the following, some 13 species occur in the southern and western United
States. Type species: Polypodium Filix-mas L.

Indusia present (§ Eudryépteris).
Texture membranous; veins simple or once forked.
Lower pinnae gradually and conspicuously reduced. 1. D. noveboracensis.
Lower pinnae scarcely reduced.
Veins once or twice forked. . D. Thelypteris.
Veins simple. 3. D. simulata,
Texture firmer, sometimes subcoriaceous; veins freely forked.
Blades 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate; segments not spinulose.
Leaves small; rachis commonly chaffy throughout. 4. D. fragrans.
Leaves larger, 114°-5° high; rachis naked or deciduously chaffy.

2

i]

18 POLY PODIACEAE.

Indusia flat, thin.

Vot. I.

Blades narrow, linear-oblong to lanceolate ; sori nearly medial. 5. D. cristata. : .
Blades broader, narrowly oblong, ovate or triangular ovate; sori_near midvein.

Apex attenuate ; pinnae broadest at base ; sori 3—7 pairs.

6. D. Clintoniana.

Apex short-acuminate, often abruptly so; pinnae broadest above the base;

sori 6-10 pairs.
Indusia convex, firm.
Sori near the margin.
Sori near the midvein.

7. D. Goldiana.

8. D. marginalis.
g. D. Filix-mas.

Blades 2-pinnate to 3-pinnate ; segments spinulose or mucronate. <
Blades ovate-lanceolate, triangular, or broadly oblong, usually not narrowed below.
Indusia glabrous or nearly so; pinnae usually somewhat oblique to the rachis, the
lowest broadly and unequally ovate to triangular.
Pinnules flat, decurrent; sori terminal on the veinlets; scales pale brownish,
10. D. spinulosa.
Pinnules concave, some not decurrent ; sori mostly subterminal ; scales dark brownish.
; i1. D. dilatata.
Indusia glandular; pinnae usually at right angles, the lowest unequally lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate. 12. D. intermedia.
Blades elongate-lanceolate, usually narrowed below. 13. D. Boottit.
Indusia wanting (§ Phegopteris). F
Basal pinnae sessile or partially adnate: rachis more or less alate. ’
Blades usually longer than broad; rachis and midveins freely chaffy ; under surfaces pilose.
14. D. Phegopteris.
Blades usually broader than long; rachis and midveins scarcely scaly; under surfaces
slightly pubescent. 15. D. hexagonoptera.
Basal pinnae long-stalked; rachis not alate.. : j
Blades nearly horizontal, glabrous or nearly so, subternate, the basal pinnae approaching

the terminal portion in size. : _ 16. D. Dryopteris.
Blades suberect, copiously glandular, triangular-ovate, the basal pinnae considerably smaller
than the terminal portion. 17. D. Robertiana.

1. Dryopteris noveboracénsis (L.) A. Gray.
New York Fern. Fig. 37.

Polypodium noveboracense L. Sp. Pl. 1091. 1753.
Aspidium noveboracense Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot.

18007: 38. 1801.

Dryopteris noveboracensis A. Gray, Man. 632. 1848.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping. Stipes slen-
der, short; blades lanceolate, tapering both ways
from the middle, 1°-2° long, 4-7’ wide, membra-
nous, once pinnate, the apex long-acuminate; pinnae
14’-3%’ long, lanceolate, sessile, long-acuminate,
deeply pinnatifid, pilose along the midribs and veins,
especially beneath, ciliate, the lower (2-7) pairs
gradually shorter and deflexed, commonly distant,
the lowest auriculiform; segments flat, oblong, ob-
tuse, the basal ones often enlarged; veins simple or
those of the basal lobes forked; sori near the mar-
gin; indusia small, delicate, glandular, withering.

In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to On-
tario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and
Arkansas. Ascends to 5000 ft, in Virginia. Sometimes
sweet-scented in drying. July—Sept.

2. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray.
Marsh Shield-fern. Fig. 38.

Acrostichum Thelypteris L. Sp. Pl. 1071. 1753.

Aspidium Thelypteris Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18007: 40.
1801.

Dryopteris Thelypteris A. Gray, Man. 630. 1848.

Rootstock slender, creeping, blackish. Leaves long-
stipitate, the blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
scarcely narrowed at base, 1°-23° long, 4-6’ wide,
short-acuminate, membranous, once pinnate; pinnae
14’-3’ long, linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile,
horizontal or decurved, broadest at the base, short-
acuminate, pubescent or pilose beneath, deeply pinnat-
ifid; segments oblong, obtuse or appearing acute from
the strongly revolute margins; veins regularly once or
twice forked; sori nearly medial, crowded; indusia
small, glabrous.

In marshes and wet woods, rarely in dry soil, New
Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida, Louisiana and
Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Vermont. Europe and
Asia. Summer. Wood-, Swamp-, Quill- or Marsh-Fern.

GENUS 7. FERN FAMILY. 1g

3. Dryopteris simulata Davenp. Dodge’s
Shield-fern. Fig. 39.
Aspidium simulatum Davenp. Bot. Gaz. 19: 495. 1894.
Dryopteris simulata Davenp. Bot. Gaz. 19: 497. 1894.

As synonym.

Rootstock wide-creeping, slender, brownish; stipes
6’-20’ long, straw-colored, dark brown at base, with
deciduous scales; blades 8-20’ long, 2’-7’ wide,
oblong-lanceolate, membranous, once pinnate, little
or not at all narrowed at the base, the apex abruptly —
acuminate, attenuate; pinnae 12-20 pairs, lanceolate,
deeply pinnatifid, the segments oblique, oblong, ob-
tuse, entire or lightly crenate, slightly revolute in the
fertile leaf, ciliate, finely pubescent along the mid-
ribs; veins simple; sori rather large, somewnat
apart, mostly nearer the margin than the midrib;
indusia finely glandular, withering, persistent.

In woodland swamps, Maine to Maryland. Reported
also from Missouri. Late summer.

4. Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott.
Fragrant Shield-fern. Fig. 4o.

Polypodium fragrans L. Sp. Pl. 1089. 1753.
Aspidium fragrans Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18007:35. 1801,
Dryopteris fragrans Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834.

Rootstock stout, erect, densely chaffy with brown
shining scales. Stipes 2’-4’ long, chaffy; blades lanceo-
late to narrowly oblanceolate, 3’-12’ long, firm, aromatic,
nearly or quite 2-pinnate, the apex acute; pinnae numer-
ous, 4-13’ long, oblong-lanceolate to deltoid-lanceolate,
usually subacute; segments oblong, obtuse, adnate, de-
current, deeply incised to subentire, nearly covered by
the sori; indusium thin, very large, nearly orbicular,
long-persistent, its margin ragged and sparingly gland-
ular, the sinus narrow.

On ;xocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Wisconsin and Minnesota.

Ascends to 4000 ft. in Vermont. Also in Greenland,
Europe and Asia. Fragrant wood-fern.

5. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray. Crested Shield-fern. Fig. 41.

Polypodium cristatum L. Sp. Pl. togo. 1753-
mg cristatum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800°: 37.
1s0!.
Dryopteris cristata A. Gray, Man. 631. 1848.
Rootstock stout, creeping, densely chaffy. Sterile
leaves low, short-stipitate, spreading, much shorter
than the fertile, evergreen. Fertile leaves rigidly
erect, 14°-34° long, long-stipitate, withering; blades
1°-24° long, 3-6’ broad, linear-oblong to lanceolate,
acuminate, deeply bipinnatifid, dark green; pinnae
spaced, oblong-lanceolate to triangular-ovate or the
lower ones subtriangular; deeply pinnatifid into 6-10
pairs of oblong to triangular-oblong, obtuse, finely
serrate segments, the basal ones more deeply cut;
sori nearly medial; indusia large, orbicular-reniform,
glabrous.

In wet woods and swamps, Newfoundland to Sas-
katchewan, south to Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, Ne-
braska and Idaho. Ascends to 2700 ft. in Maryland.
Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. Crested-fern or
crested wood-fern.

20

POLY PODIACEAE. Vor. I.

6. Dryopteris Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton)
Dowell. Clinton’s Fern. Fig. 42.

Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum D. C. Eaton in Gray,
Man. ed. 5, 665. 1867. : ;

Dryopteris cristata var. Clintoniana Underw. Native Ferns, ed.
4, 115. 18093.

Dryopteris Clintoniana Dowell, Proc. Staten Id. Assoc. Arts

& Sc. 1: 64. 1906.

Rootstocks stout, creeping, densely chaffy. Leaves 2}°-43°
high; stipes 1° or more long, straw-colored or brownish,
with thin concolorous or often dark-centered scales; blades
13°-3° long, 5’-10’ broad, oblong to ovate-oblong, acute or
acuminate, deeply bipinnatifid; pinnae apart, oblong-lancéo-
late, broadest at the base, or lower ones unequally elongate-
triangular, deeply pinnatifid; segments oblong, usually ob-
tuse, serrate, or the basal ones pinnately cut; sori 3-7 pairs,
borne near the midvein; indusia orbicular-reniform, glabrous.

In swampy woods, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, and

North Carolina. Often confused with the preceding and the
following species.

7. Dryopteris Goldiana (Hook.) A. Gray.
Goldie’s Fern. Fig. 43.
Aspidium Goldianum Hook. Edinb. Philos, Journ, 6:
- 1822.

Drvasiens Goldiana A, Gray, Man. 631. 1848.

Rootstock stout, ascending, chaffy. Leaves up to
53° long, in a crown; stipes 10-18’ long, densely cov-
ered below with large lanceolate usually dark lus-
trous scales; lamina 2°-4° long, 10-16’ broad, ovate
to oblong, short-acuminate, nearly glabrous, dark
green above, nearly 2-pinnate; pinnae 6’-0’ long, 1-2’
broad, broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, broad-
est above the base, acuminate, pinnatifid almost to
the midrib; segments about 20 pairs, narrowly ob-
long, acute or subacute, subfalcate, serrate, the teeth
appressed; sori 6-10 pairs, near the midrib, distinct ;
indusia glabrous, nearly orbicular, the sinus narrow.

In rich woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south
to North Carolina, Tennessee and Iowa. Ascends to

5000 ft. in Virginia and to 2500 ft. in Vermont. July—
Aug. Goldie’s Wood-fern.

8. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray. Evergreen Wood-fern. Fig. 44.

Polypodium marginale L, Sp. Pl. rogr. 1753.
Aspidium marginale Sw. Syn. Fil. 50. 1806.
Dryopteris marginalis A, Gray, Man. 632. 1848.

Rootstock stout, woody, ascending, densely covered
with bright brown shining scales, the leaves borne in a
crown. Stipes 4-10’ long, chaffy below; blades ovate-
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, chartaceo-coriaceous, 6’—23°
long, nearly or quite 2-pinnate, acuminate, usually a
little narrowed at the base; pinnae numerous, sessile or
nearly so, glabrous, 2’-5’ long, the lowermost unequally
deltoid-lanceolate, those above lanceolate to broadly
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; segments oblong or lan-
ceolate, obtuse or subacute, subfalcate or falcate, sub-
entire, crenate or pinnately lobed, partially adnate or
the lowermost distinct; sori distant, close to the mar-
gin; indusia orbicular-reniform, glabrous.

In rocky woods and on banks Nova Scotia to British
Columbia, south to Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Kansas

and Oklahoma. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Leaves
evergreen. July-Aug. Marginal Shield-fern.

GENUs 7. FERN FAMILY. af

g. Dryopteris Filix-mas (L.) Schott. Male Fern. Fig. 45.

Polypodium Filix-mas L. Sp. Pl. 1ogo. 1753.

Aspidium Filix-mas Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800*: 38.
1801.

Dryopteris Filix-mas Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834.

Rootstock stout, woody, ascending or erect, chaffy.
Leaves up to 4° high, in an erect crown; stipes 4’-10’
long, densely chaffy below; blades nearly evergreen,
1°-3° long, 6-11’ broad, broadly oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, narrowed at the base, nearly or quite 2-pin-
nate; pinnae narrowly deltoid-lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate; segments adnate, oblong, obtuse
and biserrate, or partially adnate, ovate-oblong, acutish
and deeply incised; sori numerous, large, nearer the
midvein than the margin; indusia orbicular-reniform,
glabrous.

In rocky woods, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska,
south to Vermont, northern Michigan, South Dakota, Ari-
zona and California. Aug. Also in Greenland. Numer-
ous related forms of wide distribution are referred to this
species; the type is European. The rootstock of this and
the preceding species furnish the drug Filix-mas used as
a vermifuge. Basket-fern. Male shield-fern. Shield-roots.
Bear’s-paw-roots. Sweet or knotty brake.

10. Dryopteris spinulésa (Muell.) Kuntze.
Spinulose Shield-fern. Fig. 46.

Polypodium spinulosum Muell. Fl, Fridr. 113. f. 2. 1767.

Aspidium spinulosum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800*: 38.
1801.

Dryopteris spinulosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 813. 1891.

Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy. Leaves in an in-
complete crown, the taller erect, the others spreading,
stipes 4’-14’ long, with pale brownish scales; blades
3°-14° long, 34-9’ broad, avate-lanceolate to oblong,
acuminate, deeply 2-pinnatifid; pinnae usually oblique,
pinnately divided, the lower ones unequally deltoid,
those above lanceolate from a broad base, acuminate;
pinnules flat, oblong to lanceolate, acute, decurrent,
pinnately cut, segments incised, teeth mucronate, falcate,
appressed; sori submarginal, terminal on veinlets; in-
dusia without glands.

In rich low woods, Labrador to Selkirk and Idaho, to

Virginia and Kentucky. Also in Europe. Called also
Narrow Prickly-toothed Fern.

11. Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) Gray. Spreading Shield-fern. Fig. 47.

Polypodium dilatatum Hoftm. Deutschl. Fl. 2: 7. 1795.

Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum Hook. Brit. Fl. 444.
1830.

Dryopteris spinulosa var. dilatata Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed.
4, 116. 1893.

Rootstock creeping, or ascending. Leaves equal,
spreading, in a complete crown; stipes 4°-14° long, with
dark brownish often darker-centered scales; blades
#°-2}° long, 4’-16’ broad, triangular to ovate or broadly
oblong, acuminate, 3-pinnatifid; pinnae variable, the
lower ones broadly and unequally ovate or triangular,
those above lanceolate to oblong, acute or acuminate,
the lowermost at least pinnately divided; pinnules con-
vex, oblong to lanceolate, acute, the largest not decur-
rent, pinnately divided, segments pinnately lobed, teeth
mucronate, straight or falcate, usually not appressed;
sori mostly subterminal; indusia glabrous, or with a
few glands.

A high mountain species of rocky woods, Newfoundland
to Alaska, California, Idaho, Tennessee and North Caro-
lina, Greenland. Also in Eurasia, Japan and the Madeira
Islands. Broad Prickly-toothed Wood-fern.

22

13. Dryopteris Boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw.

Rootstock stout, ascending. Stipes 8—12’ long,
covered below with thin pale-brown scales; blade
of fertile leaves elongate-oblong or lanceolate, acu-
minate, slightly narrowed toward the base, firm,
bipinnate, or 3-pinnatifid, 1°-23° long, 3’-5’ wide, the
sterile ones commonly shorter and less divided;
middle and upper pinnae lanceolate with a broad
base, acuminate, those below unequally deltoid-
lanceolate, the lowest elongate-triangular; pinnules
oblong—ovate, constricted at the base, the lower ones
nearly sessile, often pinnatifid, those above adnate
and slightly decurrent upon the narrowly winged
rachis, serrate, the margins spinulose throughout;
sori numerous, distinct, medial or nearer the mid-
vein; indusia orbicular-reniform, glandular.

In low woods and wet thickets, Nova Scotia to Min-
nesota, south to Virginia and West Virginia. July—Sept.

POLY PODIACEAE. Vor. I.

12. Dryopteris intermédia (Muhl.) Gray. American Shield-fern. Fig. 48.

\ Polypodium intermedium Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 262.
1810.
- , Aspidium americanum Davenp. Am. Nat. 12: 714. 1878.

Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia Underw. Nat. Ferns,

ed. 4, 116. 1893.

Rootstock creeping. Leaves equal, spreading in a
complete crown; stipes 4-14’ long, with light brownish
or darker-centered scales; blades similar in size and
shape to those of D. spinulosa, glandular-pubescent
goa” when young; pinnae usually at right angles to the rachis,

sna the lower ones at least pinnate, unequally lanceolate to
Tee ovate-lanceolate; the upper ones lanceolate to oblong,

acuminate; pinnules convex, oblong or lanceolate, acute,
the largest not decurrent, pinnately divided, nearly at
right angles; segments dentate, usually straight; sori sub-
marginal, subterminal; indusia glandular.

In moist woods, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, south to

North Carolina and Tennessee. Known only from eastern
North America. Called also Common Wood-fern.

Boott’s Shield-fern. Fig. 49.

Several American writers regard D. Boottii as a natural hybrid between D. cristata and D.

intermedia. Other supposed hybrids have recently been described, which have been confused
either with D. Boottii or with species of which they were regarded as aberrant forms. The
characters of these are such as to support strongly the hybridity hypothesis. They should be
sought in localities exceptionally favorable to a mingling of the supposed parent forms. A list of
these, including D. Boottii, follows:

Dryopteris Clintoniana x Goldiana Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 137. 1908.

Dryopteris Goldiana celsa Palmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13: 65. 1899.

Dryopteris Clintoniana x intermedia Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 136. 1908.
Dryopteris Clintoniana x marginalis Slosson, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 202. 1910.
Dryopteris Clintoniana x spinulosa Benedict, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 45. 1909.
Dryopteris cristata x Goldiana Benedict, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 47. 1900.
Dryopteris cristata x intermedia Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 136. 1908.

Aspidium Boottii Tuckerm. Hovey’s Mag. 9: 145. 1843.
Aspidium spinulosum var. Boottii D. C. Eaton in A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 665. 1867.
Dryopteris Boottii Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed. 4, 117. _189

Bt
Dryopteris cristata X spinulosa intermedia Slosson, Fern Bull. 16: 97. 1908.

Dryopteris cristata x marginalis Davenp. Bot. Gaz. 19: 497. 1894, as syn.

Aspidium cristatwn X marginale Davenp. Bot. Gaz. 19: 494. 1894.

Dryopteris cristata x spinulosa (Milde) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. 259. 1905.

Aspidium cristatum X spinulosum Milde, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.-Carol. 26: 533. 1856.

Dryopteris Goldiana x intermedia Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 138. 1908.
Dryopteris Goldiana x marginalis Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 139. 1908.
Dryopteris Goldiana < spinulosa Benedict, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 47. 1909.
Dryopteris intermedia x marginalis Benedict, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 48. 1900.
Dryopteris marginalis x spinulosa Slosson, Fern Bull. 16: 99. 1908.

Dryopteris pittsfordensis Slosson, Rhodora 6: 75. 1904.
Nephrodium pittsfordense Davenp. Rhodora 6: 76. 1904, as syn.
Aspidium spinulosum X marginale Eggleston, Rhodora 6: 138. 1904.

GENUS 7. FERN FAMILY. 23

14. Dryopteris Phegopteris (L.) C. Chr. Long Beech-fern. Fig. 50.

Polypodium Phegopteris L. Sp. Pl. 1089. 1753.

Phegopteris polypodioides Fée, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52.

Phegopteris Phegopteris Underw.; Small, Bull. Torr.
Club, 20: 462. 1893.

Dryopteris Phegopteris C. Chr. Ind. Fil. 284. 1905.

5 iS f)
Rootstock slender, creeping, somewhat chaffy. f} 3 2

res

4 LE

Stipes stramineous, 6-14’ long, ‘blades triangular, BS

thin, mostly longer than wide, 4-9’ long, 3’-8’ wide, 4 s\Z8 :
long-acuminate, pilose, especially on the veins be- aS Y 2
neath, the rachis and midribs with narrow rusty or xX eed
brownish scales; pinnae close, lanceolate or linear-

lanceolate, broadest above the base, acuminate, pin-
nately parted nearly to the rachis into oblong obtuse \
entire or crenate close segments, the lowest pair \,
deflexed; basal segments, at least those of the upper LV)
pinnae, adnate to the rachis and decurrent; sori small, LT
near the margin, non-indusiate.

Moist woods and hillsides, Newfoundland to Alaska, Jv
the mountains of Virginia, Michigan to Washington. Jes

SS

Ascends to 4000 ft. in Vermont. Greenland, Europe a ee
and Asia. Aug. Sun-fern. Common beech-fern.

15. Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. Chr. Broad Beech-fern. Fig. 51.

Polypodium hexagonopterum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:
271. 1803.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera Fée, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-

52.
D. hexagonoptera C. Chr, Ind. Fil. 270. 1905.

Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, somewhat
fleshy. Stipes 8-18’ long, greenish or brownish
straw-colored; blades triangular, 7-15’ broad, us-
ually broader than long, acuminate, slightly pubes-
cent, often glandular beneath; pinnae adnate to the
irregularly winged rachis, acuminate, the upper and
middle ones lanceolate, pinnatifid into numerous
obtuse oblong subentire or crenate segments, the
lowermost pinnae broader, unequally ovate to lan-
ceolate-ovate. with the middle pinnules elongate,
spaced, often deeply pinnatifid; sori mostly near the
margin, non-indusiate.

In dry woods and on hillsides, Quebec to Min-

nesota, Florida, Louisiana, Kansas and Oklahoma.
Aug. Called also Hexagon Beech-fern.

16. Dryopteris Dryopteris (L.) Britton.
Oak-fern. Fig. 52.

Polypodium Dryopteris L. Sp. Pl. 1093. 1753.
Phegopteris Dryopteris Fée, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52.
Dryopteris Linneana C. Chr. Ind. Fil. 275. 1905.

Rootstock blackish, very slender, wide-creeping.
Stipes slender, straw-colored, 4-12’ long, chaffy at
least below; blades thin, at right angles to the stipe,
nearly or quite glabrous, 4’-11’ broad, broadly tri-
angular, subternate by the enlargement of the basal
pinnae, these triangular, very deeply 2-pinnatifid,
long-stalked ; second pair of pinnae oblong or deltoid-
oblong, sessile and nearly pinnate, or (rarely) stalked
and 2-pinnatifid; upper pinnae gradually adnate, pin-
natifid; segments oblong, blunt, entire to serrate-
crenate; sori near the margin, non-indusiate.

In moist woods, thickets and swamps, Newfoundland
and Labrador to Alaska, south to Virginia, Kansas,
Colorado and Oregon. Ascends to 2400 ft. in the
Catskills. Also in Greenland, Europe and Asia. Aug.

Pale-mountain, or tender three-branched-polypody.

24 POLY PODIACEAE. Vor. I.
eS

17. Dryopteris Robertiana (Hoffm.) C. Chr.
Scented Oak-fern. Fig. 53.

Polypodium Robertianum WHoffm, Deutschl. Fl. 2:
(add. 4]. 1795. |
Phegopteris Robertiana A. Br.; Aschers. Fl. Brand. 2:
198. 1850.
Polypodium calcareum Sm, Fl. Brit. 1117. 1804.
Phegopteris calcarea Fée, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52.
Rootstock slender, creeping, branched. Stipes
slender, straw-colored, 6-13’ long; blades 6’-8’
long, 5-7’ broad, copiously glandular, suberect, tri-
angular-ovate; basal pinnae largest, 3-43’ long,
unequally deltoid-ovate, long-stalked, 2-pinnatifid ;
second pair of pinnae distant, short-stalked or ses-
sile, pinnate or 2-pinnatifid, deltoid-oblong; suc-
ceeding pinnae sessile, narrower, mostly pinnatifid;
segments close, oblong to elongate-oblong, the mar-
gins subentire to crenate-dentate, reflexed; sori near
the margin, non-indusiate, numerous.

On shaded limestone, Labrador to Alaska, New
Brunswick and Iowa. Rare and local Also in Europe.

similar in outline to the sterile. Veins united in a single series of elongate areoles next to
the secondary rachis and midveins of the segments, the veinlets arising from these simple
or once-forked, extending to the margin, almost invariably free. Sori superficial, borne on
the inner side of the transverse vein forming the outer side of the areole, elongate-linear to
oval, covered by convex indusia attached at the outer margin. [Name from the Greek, in
allusion to the alliance with Woodwardia.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

1. Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl.
Virginia Chain-fern. Fig. 54.

Blechnum virginicum L, Mant. 2: 307. 177%.
Woodwardia virginica J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad.

Turin 5: 412. 1793.
Anchistea virginica Presl, Epim. Bot. 71. 1851.

Rootstock rather slender, creeping, spar-
ingly branched, chaffy at the apex. Stipes
stout, 1°-3° long, toward the base purplisn
brown and polished; blades 1°-2° long, 6’-0’
broad, oblong-lanceolate, acute, subcoriaceous,
bipinnatifid; pinnae linear-lanceolate, usually
alternate, oblique, glabrous, sessile, acuminate,
3-0’ long, deeply pinnatifid into numerous and
usually close ovate or oblong obtuse segments,
their margins serrulate; sori along the sec-
ondary rachis elongate-linear, those of the
seginents shorter, elliptical; indusia subentire
or erose, extrorse, obscured at maturity.

In swamps, often in deep water, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida,
Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascends to 1300 ft. in Pennsylvania. Also in Bermuda. June-July.

9. LORINSERIA Presl, Epim. Bot. 72. 1851.

Swamp ferns of medium size, with dimorphous leaves, the sterile ones spreading, with
deeply pinnatifid blades, the veins copiously anastomosing; fertile leaves rigidly erect. the
pinnae somewhat foliaceous, but greatly reduced in width, with a single series of elorgate
costal areoles and a few short excurrent veinlets. Sori in a single row, linear to elliptic,
borne as in Anchistea, superficial, sometimes appearing immersed from the pustulate mem-
branous leaf-tissue beneath. Indusium extrorse, firmly membranous, persistent and scarcely
reflexed with age. [Name in honor of Gustav Lorinser, an Austrian physician and botanist.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

GENUS 9. FERN FAMILY.

1. Lorinseria areolata (L.) Presl. i
Net-veined Chain-fern. Fig. 55.
Acrostichum areolatum L. Sp. Pl. 1069. 1753.
Woodwardia angustifolia J. E. Smith, Mem.
Acad. Turin 5: 411. 1793.

Lorinseria areolata Presl, Epim. Bot. 72. 1851.
Woodwardia areolata Moore, Ind. Fil. xlv. 1857.
Rootstock slender, widely creeping, chaffy,
with scattered leaves. Fertile leaves erect,
surpassing the sterile; stipes 1°-2° long, stout,
puplish-brown, lustrous; blades 6’-12’ long,
ovate-oblong; pinnae linear, distant, usually
connected by a slight wing. Sterile leaves
spreading; stipes 6-14’ long, slender, green-
ish; blades 6-15’ long, ovate-oblong to deltoid-
ovate, acuminate, membranous, deeply pinna-
tifid; pinnae linear-lanceolate to oblong-lan-
ceolate, acute, lightly or sometimes deeply
sinuate, serrulate, usually connected by a var-
jable wing, or the lower pairs free; veins

joined in numerous hexagonal areoles.
In swamps and moist soil, Maine to Florida,
Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas; also in

Michigan. Aug.—Oct. Called also Netted chain-
fern. Various imperfectly fertile forms occur.
to. PHYLLITIS Ludwig, Inst. Hist. Phys. Reg.-Veg., ed. 2, 142. 1757.

[ScoLopenprium Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 20. 1763.]

Small or medium-sized ferns with deltoid, oblong or strap-shaped mostly entire leaves,
and linear elongate sori almost at right angles to the midrib and contiguous in pairs, one on
the upper side of a veinlet, the other on the lower side of the next contiguous veinlet of the
group above, the closely adjacent sori each with a narrow laterally attached indusium meeting
that of the other, the double sorus thus appearing to have a common indusium opening longi-
tudinally along its middle. [Greek name of fern.]

About 5 species, mainly of temperate regions, only the following known in North America.
Type species: Aspleniumy Scolopendrium L,

iS)
On

1. Phyllitis Scolopéndrium (L.) Newm.
Hart’s-tongue. Fig. 56.

Asplenium Scolopendrium L. Sp. Pl. 1079. 1753.

Scolopendrium vulgare J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad.
Turin 5: 421. 1703.

Phyllitis Scolopendrium Newm. Hist. Ferns, ed.
2: 10. 1844.

Scolopendrium Scolopendrium Karst. Deutsch.
Fl. 278. 1880-83.

Rootstock short, erect or ascending, chaffy
with light brown scales, the leaves in a spread-
ing crown. Stipes 2’-6’ long, deciduously
fibrillose-chaffy; blades simple, linear-ligulate,
7’-18’ long, 1-24’ broad, bright green, firm,
cordate or auricled at the base, entire or lightly
sinuate, usually repand; veins once or twice
dichotomous near the midrib, free; pairs of
sori distinct, 2”-8” long, the indusia whitish
at first, soon thrust back and wholly concealed
by the heavy lines of dark brown sporanges.

Shaded limestone cliffs and depressions, in
central New York, near Woodstock, N. B., in
Bruce and Grey Counties, Ontario, and near
south Pittsburg, Tennessee. Very rare. Eur-
asia. Widely different forms are cultivated in
Europe. Snake-fern, Sea-weed fern.

11. CAMPTOSORUS Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 69. 1833.

Slender ferns with narrow tapering simple entire or lightly sinuate leaves, bearing linear
or oblong sori several times longer than boad, irregularly scattered on either side of the
reticulate veins or sometimes crossing them, partly parallel to the midrib and partly oblique
to it, the outer ones more or less approximate in pairs. Indusium membranous. [Greek,
referring to the bent or curved sori.]

Two species, the following, which is the generic type, the other of northern Asia.

26 POLY PODIACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Linix.
Walking-fern. Fig. 57.

Asplenium rhizophylla L. Sp. Pl. 1078, in part. 1753.
C. rhizophyllus Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 69. 1833.

Rootstock short, usually creeping, somewhat
_chaffy. Stipes light green, 17-6’ ‘long, tufted,
spreading; blades evergreen, 4’-9’ long, rather
thin or somewhat chartaceous, simple, lanceolate,
the bases usually cordate or auriculate, sometimes
hastate, the basal auricles occasionally much elon-
gate, the apex of the blade long-attenuate and
usually filiform, rooting at the tip and giving rise
to a new plant by the ultimate withering of the
tissue, but 2-4 plants sometimes thus connected;
sori usually numerous, irregularly placed.

In shaded situations, usually upon moist mossy
rocks, preferring limestone, Quebec to Minnesota,
Georgia, Alabama and Kansas. Ascends to 2500 ft.
in Virginia. Aug.—Oct. Called also Walking-leaf.

12, ASPLENIUM L. Sp. Pl. 1078. 1753.

Large or small ferns of various habitat, with simple lobed or 1-3-pinnatifid or pinnate
mostly uniform leaves, the veins free; scales of the rootstock firm, with thick-walled cells.
Sori straight or sometimes slightly curved, oblong to linear, borne on the oblique veins,
usually somewhat apart. Indusia invariably present, attached lengthwise along the veins,
usually at the inner side. [Ancient Greek name, being a supposed remedy for the spleen.]

About 400 or more species of wide distribution. Besides the following, 9 species occur in
Florida and. 4 in the western United States. Type species: Asplenium Trichomanes L.
Biades pinnatifid, or pinnate only below, the apices long-attenuate.
Stipe and rachis dark purplish brown throughout. x 1. A. ebenoides.
Stipe dark brownish below, green above; rachis green. 2. A. pinnatifidum.
Blades 1-3-pinnate, the apices not long-attenuate.
Blades 1-pinnate only.
Stipe and rachis blackish, reddish or purplish brown throughout.
Sori short, nearer the margin than the midvein. 3
Sori longer, medial or nearer the midvein.
Fertile leaves rigidly erect; pinnae more or less auriculate. 4.
Fertile leaves spreading like the sterile; pinnae not auriculate. 5
Stipe dark only at the base, green above like the rachis.
Blades small, 2’—-8’ long, linear. 6.
7.
8

. resiliens,

. platyneuron.
. Trichomanes.

A
A
A
A. viride.
Blades large, 1°-244° long, lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate. A. pycnocarpon.
Blades 2—-3-pinnatifid.
Stipe and rachis green throughout. A
Stipe dark brownish, at least toward the base. |
Stipes dark at the base, greenish above; rachis green,

Ruta-muraria.

Blades deltoid-ovate to deltoid-lanceolate. 9. A. montanum.
Blades linear-lanceolate. 10. A. fontanum.
Stipe and lower rachis (at least) dark chestnut-brown. 11. A. Bradleyi.

1. Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott.
Scott’s Spleenwort. Fig. 58.

Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott, Journ. Roy Hort. Soc.

87. 1866

Rootstock short, chaffy, with dark, shining scales.
Stipes tufted, 13’/-7’ long, purplish brown; blades trian-
gular-lanceolate, rarely almost linear, variable in out-
line and size, 3’-12’ long, 1-3’ wide at the base, firm,
tapering into a long narrow acuminate apex, pinnatifid,
or commonly pinnate below, the segments or pinnae lan-
ceolate from a broad base, acute or acuminate, variable
in length, the lower sometimes shorter than those just
above; sori straight or nearly so; indusium narrow, re-
flexed at maturity

Rare. Vermont to Missouri, south to Virginia and Ala-
bama, where it is self-perpetuating. Now proved by Miss
Margaret Slosson to be a hybrid between Camptosorus

rhizophyllus and Asplenium platyneuron. Ascends to 1400
ft. in Virginia.

Eo

.
.

GENUS 12. FERN FAMILY.

2. Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt
Pinnatifid Spleenwort. Fig. 59.

Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. Gen. 2: 251. 1818.

Rootstock short-creeping, branched, conspic-
uously chaffy, with firm lanceolate dark brown
iridescent scales. Stipes often densely clustered,
polished, dark brown below, greenish above,
2’-5’ long; blades 3-10’ long, rigidly herbaceous
or coriaceous, narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, ta-
pering upward to a long narrow or filiform
sinuate apex, deeply pinnatifid or the lower parts
pinnate, the basal pinnae or occasionally sey-
eral pairs sometimes long attenuate like the
apex; lobes or pinnae rounded or the lowest
acuminate; sori commonly numerous, straight
or slightly curved, copiously confluent with
age.

On rocks, Connecticut and New York to Mis-
souri, south to Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas and
Missouri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in North Carolina.
July—Oct.

3. Asplenium resiliens Kunze. Small Spleenwort.
Fig. 60.

Asplenium parvulum Mart. & Gal. Mém. Acad. Brux. 15°: 60.

1842, not Hook. 1840.

Asplenium resiliens Kunze, Linnaea 18: 331. 1844.

Rootstock short, creeping, chaffy with black stiff scales.
Stipes tufted, blackish and shining, 1-23’ long; blades
firm, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, 3-10’ long,
5-12” wide, once pinnate; pinnae 2-6” long, mostly oppo-
site, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled on the
upper side or sometimes hastate-auriculate, nearly sessile,
the middle ones the longest, the lower gradually shorter,
distant and reflexed; rachis dark brown or black; sori
oblong, short, nearly or quite straight, borne rather nearer
the margin than the midrib, often strongly confluent with
age and appearing as a broad submarginal band.

On limestone, Virginia to Florida, west to Kansas, Texas
and New Mexico. Ascends to 2400 ft. in Virginia. Also in
Mexico and Jamaica. June-Oct. Called also Little Ebony
Spleenwort.

4. Asplenium platynetron (L.) Oakes. Ebony Spleenwort. Fig. 61.

Acrostichum platyneuros L. Sp. Pl, 1069. 1753.
Asplenium ebeneum Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 462. 1780.
Asplenium platyneuron Oakes; D. C. Eaton, Ferns N.

Am, 1: 24. 1879.

_Rootstock short-creeping,ethe fertile leaves up-
right, usually much surpassing the spreading sterile
ones. Stipes densely tufted, purplish or reddish
brown, shining, 1-5’ long; blades linear-oblanceo-
late, 8-15" long, 1-23’ wide above the middle, firm,
once pinnate, the rachis like the stipes; pinnae 20-40
pairs, lanceolate, subfalcate, alternate or partly so,
sessile, crenate, serrate or incised, auricled on the
upper side at the base and occasionally also on the
lower; lower pinnae gradually smaller and oblong
or triangular; sori numerous, oblique, linear-oblong,
nearer the midvein than the margin, often confluent
with age.

On rocks and banks, preferring limestone soil, Maine
and Ontario to Colorado, southward to Texas and the
Gulf states generally. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North
Carolina. Erroneously ascribed to Jamaica. South
African specimens, however, are identical. Several
deeply incised or pinnatifid forms have been described
from the United States. July—Sept.

28 POLY PODIACEAE. Vor. I.

5. Asplenium Trichomanes L. Maiden hair Spleenwort. Fig. 62.
Asplenium Trichomanes L. Sp. Pl. 1080. 1753.

Rootstock short, nearly erect, chaffy with blackish
scales. Stipes densely tufted, commonly numerous,
1’-23’ long, purplish-brown and shining; blades linear,
often somewhat reduced toward the base, 3-8’ long,
4’-9” wide, rather rigid, once pinnate, evergreen, the
rachis dark brownish; pinnae mostly oval or roundish-
oblong, inequilateral, partly opposite, partly alternate,
or nearly all opposite, cuneate at the base, the margins
slightly crenate; lower pinnae smaller and relatively
broader, farther apart, often fan-shaped in outline; sori
3-6 pairs, short, commonly confluent at maturity; spo-
ranges dark brown.

On rocks, preferring limestone, throughout nearly the
whole of North America north of Mexico except the
extreme north. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vermont. Also

in Europe and Asia. July—Sept. Called also Wall- or
dwarf-spleenwort ; water-wort, english maiden-hair.

Fig. 63.

6. Asplenium viride Huds. Green Spleenwort. ) é
= q VA
Asplenium viride Huds. Fl. Angl. 385. 1762. QZ Ke we

Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy with brown nerve- mz NZ
less scales, the leaves usually borne in dense tufts. \ Y
Stipes numerous, stout or sometimes very slender, We
brownish below, green above, 1-3 long; blades linear- S NZ, S
lanceolate, 2’-8’ long, 4”-10” wide, once pinnate, pale VY WE S V
green, soft-herbaceous or almost membranous ; rachis a Wa

NZ

green; pinnae 12-20 pairs, roundish-ovate or rhombic,
deeply crenate, obtuse, unequal-sided, broadly cuneate WV /
at the base, the lower side obliquely truncate; sori near \ }
the midvein, oblong, usually numerous and confluent,
or sometimes fewer and somewhat apart.

On rocks, Quebec and New Brunswick to Alaska, south |

to Washington, Wyoming, and the Green Mountains of f iN
Vermont. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer, GAI\\\

7. Asplenium pycnocarpon Spreng. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. Fig. 64.

Asplenium angustifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 265.

1803. Not Jacq. 1786.

Asplenium pycnocarpon Spreng. Anleit. 3: 112. 1804.
Athyrium pycnocarpon Tidestrom, Elys. Marianum 36.

1906. .

Rootstock stout, creeping, rooting along its whole
length. Stipes clustered, naked, dark brown at the
base, green and somewhat fleshy above, 8-15’ long;
blades lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 1°-23° long,
once pinnate, glabrous, membranous; pinnae 20-30
pairs, 2’-5’ long, short-stalked, lightly crenulate,
linear-oblong, attenuate, flaccid, obtuse or broadly
cuneate at the base, those of the fertile blades usually
smaller and considerably narrower than those of the
fertile, often falcate; sori 20-30 pairs, close, linear,
slightly curved, oblique; indusium firm, convex, con-
cealed by the strongly confluent sori at maturity.

In moist woods and shaded ravines, Quebec to Wis-
consin, south to Georgia, Alabama, Missouri and Kan-
sas. Ascends to 1700 ft. in the Adirondacks and to
2300 in the Catskills. Aug. Swamp-spleenwort.

Se a Se PST 26 EO ae oe rey 1h eae ae

SS ee eee eee ee eee ee ee ee ee

GENUS 12. FERN FAMILY.

20

8. Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. Wall Rue Spleenwort. Fig. 65.

Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. Sp. Pl. 1081. 1753.

Rootstock short, creeping or ascending, the small
evergreen leaves closely clustered. Stipes naked, 2-3’
long, green throughout; blades ovate or deltoid-ovate,
2'-5’ long, glabrous, evergreen, 2-3-pinnate, at least
below; pinnae and pinnules mostly alternate, stalked;
pinnules very variable in shape, size and marginal cut-
ting, commonly rhombic or obovate, obtuse, with the
margins dentate or incised, but often cuneate-spatulate,
the margins deeply fimbriate; veins flabellate; sori few,
linear-oblong, confluent when mature and covering
nearly the whole pinnule; membranous, delicate.

On limestone, Vermont to southern Ontario and Michi-
gan, south to Alabama and Missouri. Ascends to 2100 ft.
in Virginia. Also in Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
July-Sept. Dwarf Spleenwort. Tentwort. Stone-rue. Stone-
fern. Rue-fern. White maiden-hair. A hybrid between this
species and A. Trichomanes, described originally from
European specimens, has been found also in Vermont.

g. Asplenium montanum Willd. Mountain Spleenwort. Fig. 66.

VA Asplenium montanum Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 342. 1810.
a
TZ

Rootstock short, creeping, dark-chaffy at the apex.
Stipes tufted, slender, naked, dark brown at the base,
green above, 2’—43’ long; blades deltoid-ovate to deltoid-
lanceolate, acuminate, rather firm, evergreen, 1-2-pin-
nate; lower pinnae largest, deltoid, pinnate or pinnatifid,
the lobes or segments ovate or rhombic-oblong, dentate,
often narrowly cuneate; upper pinnae less divided,
merely toothed or incised; rachis green, winged toward
the apex; veins obscure; sori linear-oblong, short, the
lower ones sometimes double, usually abundant, often
confluent at maturity and concealing the narrow mem-
branous indusia.

On dry and moist rocks, Connecticut and New York to
Ohio, south to Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. Ascends
to 4500 ft. in.North Carolina. June-Aug.

to. Asplenium fontanum (L.) Bernh. Rock Spleenwort. Fig. 67.

Polypodium fontanum L. Sp. Pl. 1089. 1753.
Asplenium fontanum Bernh. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1799':

314. 1799.

Rootstock short, ascending, clothed with narrow
dark scales at the apex. Stipes tufted, 17-3’ long,
somewhat blackish at the base, especially on the
inner side, usually glabrous; blades linear-lanceolate,
broadest above the middle, 2-3-pinnate, 3’-6’ long,
6’-1}’ wide, acuminate, gradually narrowed at the
base, the lower pinnae often greatly reduced; rachis
narrowly winged; pinnae 10-15 pairs, deltoid-lanceo-
late to ovate, or the lower ones fan-shaped and
flabellately divided, the segments deeply dentate
with spinulose teeth; sori short, only 1 to 4 on each
segment, rarely confluent; indusia membranous, sub-
entire.

On rocks, Lycoming Co., Pa., and Springfield, Ohio.

One of the rarest ferns of the United States; common
in Europe. Summer. Called Smooth Rock-spleenwort.

30 POLY PODIACEAE. Vor. I.

11. Asplenium Brdadleyi D. C. Eaton. Bradley’s
Spleenwort. Fig. 68.
A, Bradleyi D, C. Eaton, Bull. Torr. Club 4: 11. 1873.

Rootstock short, covered with dark narrow scales.
Stipes tufted, slender, 2’-33’ long, dark chestnut-brown
throughout, shining; blades oblong-lanceolate to oblong,
acuminate or scarcely narrowed at the base, pinnate,
with 8-12 pairs of short-stalked mostly oblong-ovate,
obtuse pinnae, the lower pinnae often unequally deltoid,
pinnatifid or pinnate with oblong obtuse lobes or pin-
nules, these toothed at the apex, the upper pinnatifid
with dentate or nearly entire lobes; rachis brown or
greenish above; sori short, borne near the midveins;
indusia membranous, persistent.

On rocks, preferring limestone, New York to Georgia
Alabama, Arkansas and Missouri. Local. July—Sept.

,
13. ATHYRIUM Roth, Rémer’s Arch. Bot.
22 TOs sel 7200:

Medium-sized or large ferns with greenish succulent stipes and 1-3-pinnate or pinnatifid
blades; veins free; scales of the rootstock delicate, of thin-walled cells. Sori usually curved,
oblong to linear-oblong, or crossing the vein and recurved, sometimes unequally hippocrepi-
form, rarely roundish. Indusia shaped like the sorus, attached as in Asplenium, subentire to
fimbriate, rarely vestigial and concealed. [Greek, shieldless, of doubtful application.]

A genus of about 85 species, mainly of tropical regions. A. cyclosorum occurs in western
North America. Type species: Athyrium Filix-foemina (L.) Roth.

Blades bipinnatifid; segments lightly crenate-serrate. 1. A. thelypteroides.
Blades bipinnate; pinnules variously incised or deeply serrate. 2. A, Filix-foemina.

1. Athyrium thelypterdides (Michx.) Desv.
Silvery Spleenwort. Fig. 69.

Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18007:
54. 1801. Not Athyrium acrostichoideum Bory, 1836.
Asplenium thelypteroides Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. 2: 265. 1803.
Athyrium thelypteroides Desvy. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6:

266. 1827.

Rootstock slender, sinuous, creeping. Stipes 8-16’
long, straw-colored, somewhat chaffy below, at least
when young; blades lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or
ovate-oblong, 1°-3° long, 6-12’ wide, acute or acumi-
nate, narrowed to the base, very deeply bipinnatifid;
pinnae linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sessile,
acuminate, deeply pinnatifid into numerous oblong
obtuse or subacute lightly serrate-crenate segments;
sori crowded, curved or straight, the lower often double;
indusium light-colored and shining when young.

In rich moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Mis-
souri and Georgia. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia.
Closely related forms occur in eastern Asia. Aug.—Oct.

2. Athyrium Filix-foémina (L.) Roth.
Lady-fern. Female-fern. Fig. 70.
Polypodium Filix-foemina L. Sp. Pl, 1090. 1753.
Asplenium Filix-foemina Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ.

Bot. 17: 26. 1806.

A, Filix-foemina Roth, Romer’s Arch. 2': 106. 1799.

_Rootstock. creeping or ascending, slender for the
size of the plant. Stipes tufted, 6-12’ long, straw-
colored, brownish or reddish; blades broadly oblong-
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1°-3° long,
2-pinnate; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, short-stalked
or the upper ones sessile, 4’-8’ long; pinnules oblong-
lanceolate to broadly elliptical, incised or serrate, the
lobes or teeth often again toothed, those toward the
ends of the pinnae confluent; sori short; indusia
straight or curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped.

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to British Co-
lumbia, the Gulf states, and California. Ascends to
6000 ft. in North Carolina, and to 2000 ft, in Vermont.
Europe and Asia. June~Aug. Backache-brake.

17 ap ee

ee

GENUS I4. FERN FAMILY. 3r

14. ADIANTUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 1094. 1753.

Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods and ravines, with much divided leaves, the stipes
and branches slender or filiform, rigid, polished, usually dark-colored and shining. Sori
appearing marginal, borne at the ends of the free forking veins, on the under side of reflexed
indusiiform marginal lobes of the pinnules or segments. [Name ancient.]

A genus of about 175 species, largely tropical American. Besides the following another occurs
in Florida, one in Texas and one in California and Nevada, Type species: A. Capillus-Veneris L.

Blades ovate-lanceolate in outline, with a continuous main rachis. 1. A. Capillus-Veneris.
Blades reniform-orbicular, the two equal divisions with pinnate branches. 2. A. pedatum.

1. Adiantum Capillus-Véneris L.
Venus-hair Fern. Fig. 71.
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L. Sp. Pl. 1006. 1753.

Rootstock creeping, rather slender, chaffy
with light-brown scales. Stipes very slender,
black, or nearly so and shining, 3-12’ long;
blades ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2-pinnate
below, simply pinnate above, membranous,
6’-2° long, 4-12’ wide at the base; pinnules
and upper pinnae wedge-obovate or rhomboid,
rather long-stalked, glabrous, the upper mar-
gin rounded and more or less deeply incised,
the sterile lobes crenate or dentate-serrate, the
fertile ones with lunate or transversely oblong
indusia; main and secondary rachises and stalks
of the pinnules black or dark brown.

In ravines, Virginia to Florida, west to Mis-
souri, Utah and California. Also in South Da-
kota. Ascends to 1300 ft. in Kentucky. Also in
tropical America, and in the warmer parts of the
Old World. June—-Aug. True or black maiden’s-
hair. Lady’s-hair. Dudder-grass.

2. Adiantum pedatum L. Maiden-hair
or Lock-hair Fern. Fig. 72.
Adiantum pedatum L. Sp. Pl. 1095. 1753.

Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, root-
ing along its whole length. Stipes 9-18’
long, dark chestnut-brown, polished and shin-
ing, once forked at the summit; blades reni-
form-orbicular in outline, 8’-18’ broad, mem-
branous, the pinnae arising from the outer
sides of the two equal branches, somewhat
pedately arranged, the larger ones 6-10’ long,
1-2’ wide; pinnules oblong, triangular-oblong,
or the terminal one fan-shaped, short-stalked,
the lower margin entire and slightly curved,
the upper margin cleft or lobed, the lobes
bearing the linear-oblong, often short sori.

In woods, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Alaska,
south to Georgia, Louisiana, Kansas; Rocky
Mountains to Utah and California. Ascends to
5000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Asia. July-Sept.
Most of the western and northwestern specimens
and from the Gaspé region, Quebec, are referable
to the var. aleuticum Rupr., characterized by its
fewer and more strict pinnae and more deeply
cleft pinnules and stouter suberect rootstock.

nie PTERIDIUM Scop. Fl. Carn. 169. 1760.

Coarse ferns of open or partially shaded situations, the triangular or deltoid-ovate com-
pound blades borne upon stout stipes, these scattered upon a slender freely branched woody
rootstock creeping underground. Sori in a continuous marginal line, arising from a trans-
verse vein-like receptacle connecting the ends of the forked free veins. Indusium double, the
outer conspicuous, formed by the reflexed membranous margin of the blade; the inner
obscure, delicate, borne upon the receptacle. [Greek name for ferns.]

Variously regarded as containing one or several species of the widest distribution, the several
forms closely allied to the following, the generic type. P. caudatum occurs in Florida.

AE
Q

32 POLY PODIACEAE. Vot. I.

1. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Brake.
Bracken. Fig. 73.

Pteris aquilina L. Sp. Pl. 1075. 1753.

Pteridium aquilinum Kuhn, in Decken’s Reisen III.

Bot. Ost.-Afrika 11. 1879.

Stipe 1°-3° long, straw-colored or brownish, rigid,
without chaff, swollen at the base. Blade 2°-4°
long, 1°-3° broad, triangular to deltoid-ovate, usually
subternate, the long-stalked basal pinnae and the
middle ones 2-pinnate, those above 2-pinnate to
lobed or simple; segments oblong to lanceolate, the
under surface glabrous or pubescent.

In thickets or open situations throughout most of
North America. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina.
Aug. Nearly cosmopolitan. July-Sept. Earnfern,
Eagle-fern, Lady-bracken, Adder-spit, Hog-brake.

The var. pseudocaudatum Clute, from Massachusetts
southward, has long linear pinnules, nearly simple.

16. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. App.
Franklin’s Journ. 767. 1823.

Small mainly alpine or boreal ferns with dimorphous leaves, the stipes greenish or straw-
colored, the blades 2-3-pinnate, the fertile exceeding the sterile. Sori borne at or near the
ends of the free forking veins, at length confluent. Indusia formed of the altered reflexed
margin of the segment. [Greek, alluding to the sori hidden before maturity. ]

Four species, the following and 2 of Europe and Asia. Type species: C. acrostichoides R. Br.
Rootstocks stout, clustered, ascending; fertile segments linear. 1. C. acrostichoides.
Rootstocks slender, creeping; fertile segments much broader. 2. C. Stelleri.

1. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br.
American Rock-brake. Fig. 74.
Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br, App. Frank-

lin’s Journ. 767. 1823.

Rootstock stout, short, chaffy; leaves clus-
tered, the fertile ones surpassing the sterile.
Stipes 276’ long, chaffy below, those of the
sterile leaves slender, greenish and of the fer-
tile stouter and stramineous; blades ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, thin, glabrous, 2-3-pinnate, the
sterile ones with the ultimate segments and
pinnules crowded, ovate, oblong or obovate,
obtuse, crenate or incised; fertile blades with
segments 3-6” long, 1” or less wide, the thin
margins involute to the midrib at first, at
maturity expanded, exposing the sporanges.

Among rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to
Lakes Huron and Superior, in the mountains to
Colorado and California. Summer.

Ha
‘al

Tos

2. Cryptogramma Stélleri (S. G. Gmel.)

Prantl. Slender Cliff-brake. Fig. 75.
Pteris Stelleri S. G. Gmel. Nov. Com. Acad.

Petrop. 12: 519. pl. 12. f. I. 1768.

Pellaea gracilis Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 138. 1858.
Cryptogramma Stelleri Prantl, Engler’s Bot.

Jahrb. 3: 413. 1882.

Rootstock slender, creeping, somewhat scaly.
“Stipes scattered, 2-5’ long, straw-colored or
pale brown, slightly chaffy below; blades thin-
membranous, ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-5’ long,
1-2’ wide; pinnae few, the lower nearly 2-pin-
nate, the middle pinnate, the upper simple;
segments of sterile blades ovate to obovate,
cuneate, crenately lobed, those of the fertile
linear-oblong or lanceolate; indusium broad.

On rocks, preferring limestone, Labrador to
Alaska, Pennsylvania, Iowa, Wisconsin and Colo-
rado. Also in Asia, Aug.—Sept.

GENUS 17. FERN FAMILY. 33

17. PELLAEA Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59. 184r.

Rock-loving small or medium-sized ferns, with nearly uniform leaves, the blades
I-3-pinnate, smooth, the fertile divisions commonly narrower than the sterile. Sori roundish
or elongate, on the free veins, usually confluent in a submarginal line. Indusium formed by
the reflexed margins of the segments. [Greek, alluding to the dark-colored stipes.]

About 50 to 60 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following several occur
in the western and southwestern United States. Type species: Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link.

Blades pinnate or 2-pinnate with large pinnules. 1. P. atropurpurea.
Blades small, 3-pinnate, the pinnules narrow. 2, P. densa.

1. Pellaea atropurptrea (L.) Link.

Purple-stemmed Cliff-brake. Fig. 76.

Pteris atropurpurea L. Sp. Pl. 1076. 1753-
Pellaea atropurpurea Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59.

1841.
PR AEE Mett.; Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 87. 18609.

Rootstock short, densely clothed with long-
attenuate rusty scales. Stipes tufted, 28’
long, dark purple, smooth, or, with the rachis,
more or less pubescent with hair-like chaff;
blades coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate
or deltoid-ovate, 4’-12’ long, 2’-6’ wide, simply
pinnate, or below 2-pinnate; pinnules and
upper pinnae 1-2’ long, glabrous, or sparsely
fibrillose below, 3” or less wide, short-stalked
or sessile; veins obscure.

On rocks, preferring limestone, Ontario to
British Columbia and Mackenzie, Georgia, Mis-
sissippi, Texas and California. Reported from
northern Mexico. June-Sept. Clayton’s Cliff-
brake, Rock- or Winter-brake, Indian’s Dream.

2. Pellea dénsa ( Brack.) Hook. Oregon
or Clayton’s Cliff-brake. Fig. 77.

Onychium densum Brack. Fil. U. S. Expl. Exp.
120. 1854.
Pellaea densa Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 150. 1858.
Rootstocks slender, creeping, entangled, chaffy
with narrow blackish scales. Stipes numer-
ous, densely tufted, wiry, slender, light brown,
3-9 long; blades ovate or triangular-oblong,
1-3 long, densely 3-pinnate, the segments
3-6” long, linear, nearly sessile, acuminate or
_ mucronate, those of the fertile blades taper-
7 ing at each end, with narrowly recurved mar-
gins; indusium distinctly scarious; segments
of the rarely sterile blades broader and serrate.
Mt. Albert, Gaspé, Quebec and Grey county,
Ontario; British Columbia to Montana, Wyoming
and California. Summer. Indian’s Dream.

18. CHEILANTHES Sw. Syn. Fil.
126. 1806.

Small rock-loving ferns, mostly with pubescent, tomentose or scaly leaves, the blades
uniform, I-3-pinnate, the divisions often minute and bead-like. Sori terminal upon the
veins, marginal, roundish and distinct, or somewhat confluent, often obscured by the hairy
or scaly covering. Indusia formed of the revolute or reflexed usually modified margins of
the segments. [Greek, in allusion to the marginal sori.]

About 100 or more species, of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following numer-
ous other species occur in the southwestern and western United States and in Mexico. Type
species: Cheilanthes micropteris Sw.

Blades nearly glabrous. 1. C. alabamensis.
Blades hirsute or tomentose. a8 ;
Blades hirsute and glandular; indusia discontinuous. 2. C. lanosa.

Blades tomentose; indusia mostly continuous.
3

34 POLY PODIACEAE. Vo. I.

Blades 2’-5’ long; stipes slender; indusia herbaceous. 3. G. Feer.
Blades 6’-15’ long; stipes stout, tomentose; indusia membranous. - 4. C. tomentosa.

1. Cheilanthes alabaménsis ( Buckl.)
Kunze. Alabama Lip-fern. Fig. 78.

Pteris alabamensis Buckl. Amer, Journ. Sci. 45.
177- 1843.
C. alabamensis Kunze, Linnaea 20: 4. 1847.

Rootstock creeping, rather stout and short,
clothed with very slender hair-like dark fer-
ruginous scales. Stipes black, 3-7’ long,
slender, wiry, villous at least towards the
base with rusty hair-like scales; blades lan-
ceolate, glabrous, 2-10’ long, 2-pinnate;
pinnae numerous, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, very short-stalked, the lowest usually
smaller than those above; pinnules oblong
or triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often
auriculate on the upper side at the base, or
the larger ones on both sides and above
more or less lobed; indusia pale, mem-
branous, continuous or sometimes slightly
interrupted by the incising of the pinnules.

On rocks, Virginia to Alabama, Illinois, Mis-
souri, Arkansas and Arizona. Aug.—Oct.

2. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt.
Hairy Lip-fern. Fig. 79.
Nephrodium lanosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am,2: 270. 1803.

Cheilanthes vestita Sw. Syn. Fil. 128. 1806.
C. lanosa Watt, Trimen’s Journ. Bot. 12: 48. 1874.

Rootstock short, creeping, with pale rusty-brown
scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, chestnut-brown, 2-4’
long, hirsute with rusty jointed hairs; blades her-
baceous, oblong-lanceolate, 4’-9’ long, 17-2’ wide,
gradually attenuate to the apex, 2-pinnate; pinnae
somewhat distant, especially the lower ones, deltoid-
ovate to ovate-oblong, more or less densely hirsute
like the stipe and rachis and usually somewhat
glandular; pinnules in several pairs, close or some-
what apart, oblong, deeply pinnatifid into close
roundish or oblong lobes, the margins of these form-
ing separate herbaceous indusia.

On rocks, Connecticut and southern New York to
Georgia, west to Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 1900
ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept. Clothed Lip-fern.

3. Cheilanthes Feei Moore. Slender
Lip-fern. Fig. 80.

Myriopteris gracilis Fée, Gen. Fil. 150. 1850-52.
C. lanuginosa Nutt.; Hook, Sp. Fil. 2: 99. 1858.
C. gracilis Mett. Abh. Senck. Nat. Gesell. 3: 80.

1850.
Cheilanthes Feei Moore, Ind. Fil. xxxviii. 1857.

Rootstock short, covered with narrow brown
scales lined with black. Stipes densely tufted,
slender, about as long as the leaves, at first cov-
ered with woolly hairs, at length nearly glabrous;
blades ovate-lanceolate, 2-5’ long, 17-2’ wide,
2-3-pinnate, the upper surface slightly tomentose,
the lower densely woolly with soft whitish-brown
hairs; pinnae mostly oblong-ovate and contiguous,
the lowermost deltoid-ovate and distant; pinnules
pinnate or crenately pinnatifid into several pairs
of crowded minute roundish segments, the reflexed
margin forming an herbaceous indusium.

On rocks, Illinois and Minnesota to British Co-
lumbia, to Texas and New Mexico. July—Oct.

|
|

Genus 18. FERN FAMILY.

4. Cheilanthes tomentosa Link. Woolly
Lip-fern. Fig. 81.

Cheilanthes tomentosa Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 42. 1833.

Rootstock stout, short, densely chaffy with rigid
slender striped and concolorous bright brown scales.
Stipes tufted, 4-8’ long, rather stout, densely brown-
tomentose even when mature; blades oblong-lanceo-
late, 3-pinnate, 6-18’ long, densely tomentose, espe-
cially beneath, with brownish-white obscurely artic-
ulated hairs; pinnae and pinnules ovate-oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, the ultimate pinnules distinct,
usually obovate, about 3” long, the terminal ones
sometimes twice as large as the others, the reflexed
margin forming a narrow continuous indusium.

On rocks, Virginia to Georgia, Texas, Arizona and
Mexico. July-Oct. Webby Lip-fern.

19. NOTHOLAENA R. Pr. Prodr. FI.
Nov. Holl. 1: 145. 1810.

Small rock-loving ferns, mainly of arid or semi-arid regions, the blades of various
shape, 1-4-pinnate, the under surfaces hairy, densely tomentose or scaly, or in some species
covered with a white or yellow waxy powder. Sori roundish or oblong, borne near the
margin upon the free veins, at or near their extremities, soon more or less confluent laterally
in a broad or narrow marginal band. Indusia wanting, the revolute margins at first covering
the sporanges in some species, the sporanges often partially concealed otherwise by the hairy,
scaly or waxy covering of the under surface. [Greek, meaning spurious cloak, no proper
indusium being formed. ]

; About 50 species of wide distribution. Besides the following numerous other species occur
in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Type species: Acrostichum Marantae L.

1. Notholaena dealbata ( Pursh) Kunze.
Powdery Notholaena. Fig. 82.

hetlanihes dealbata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 671.

Natholaéna dealbata Kunze, Amer. Journ. Sci.
(II.) 6: 82. 1848.

Notholaena nivea var. dealbata Davenp. Cat.
Davenp. Herb. Suppl. 44. 1883.
Rootstock short, chaffy with slender brown

scales. Stipes closely tufted, wiry, very
slender, shining, dark brown, 17-4’ long;
leaves triangular-ovate, acute, broadest at
the base, 1-4’ long, 3-4-pinnate, the rachis
dark brown or blackish and wiry; pinnae
ovate or deltoid-ovate, mostly with long
slender stalks, the pinnules also mostly
stalked; segments ovate-oblong, or some-
what elliptical by contraction, small, white
and powdery on the lower surface.

On dry calcareous rocks, Missouri and Ne-
braska to Texas and Arizona. June-Sept.

20. POLYPODIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp.
Pl. 1082. 1753.

Mainly shade-loving species of various habit, commonly epiphytic in the humid tropics,
the leaves articulate to the creeping or ascending rhizome at the base of the stipe, the blades
ranging from simple to bipinnate or several times pinnatifid, the veins free. Sori round or
less commonly oval or elliptical, dorsal or sometimes terminal on the veins. Indusia wanting.
[Greek, probably in allusion to the numerous knob-like prominences of the rootstock.]

As here limited to free-veined species, the genus comprises several hundred species, mainly of

tropical and subtropical regions. Several additional species occur in the southern and western
United States. Type species: Polypodium vulgare I

Lower surface of the blade glabrous; plant green. 1. P. vulgare.
Lower surface of the blade densely scaly; plant grayish. 2. P. polypodioides.

36 POLY PODIACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Polypodium vulgare L. Common or
Golden Polypody. Fig. 83.
Polypodium vulgare L. Sp. Pl. 1085. 1753.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping, densely
covered with cinnamon-colored scales. Stipes
light colored, glabrous, 2’-6’ long; blades
ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong, subcoria-
ceous or chartaceous, evergreen, glabrous,
3-10’ long, 1-3 wide, cut nearly to the rachis
into entire or slightly toothed, obtuse or sub-
acute, linear or linear-oblong segments; sori
large, about midway between the midrib and
margins of the segments, upon the anterior
branch of the mostly 1-3-forked veins.

On rocks or rocky banks, occasionally on trees,
Labrador and Newfoundland to Manitoba and
Keewatin, south to Georgia, Alabama and Mis-
souri. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. The
blade varies much in cutting, and numerous
forms have been described. One of these, the
var. cambricum, is notable for its broad pin-
natifid segments. Male polypody, golden locks,
golden maiden’s-hair. Adder’s-, moss-, wood-,
male-, sweet-fern; Rock- or Stone-brake.

S. Hitchcock. Gray Polypody. Fig. 84.

Acrostichum polypodioides L. Sp. Pl. 1068. 1753.
P.incanum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1645. 1806.
Polypodium polypodioides A. S. Hitchcock, Rep.

Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 156. 1893.

Rootstock widely creeping, woody, covered
with small brown scales. Stipes densely scaly,
1-4’ long; blades oblong-lanceolate, acute, cori-
aceous, evergreen, 1-7’ long, 1/2’ wide, cut
very nearly or quite to the rachis into entire
oblong or linear-oblong obtuse segments, gla-
brous or nearly so on the upper surface, the
lower densely covered with gray peltate scales
with darker centers, as also the rachises; veins
indistinct, unconnected or casually joined.

On trees or less commonly on rocks, Pennsyl-
vania to Florida, west to lowa, Kansas and Texas.
Widely distributed in tropical America. July—
Sept. Called also Hoary-, Scaly-, Tree-Polypody ;
Rock-brake. Resurrection-fern.

2. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) A. y

Family 6. MARSILEACEAE R. Pr.
Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 166. 1810.

MarsILeA FAMILY.

Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, with slender creeping root-stocks
and 2- or 4-foliolate or filiform leaves. Asexual propagation consisting of sporo-
carps borne on peduncles which rise from the rootstock near the leaf-stalk or are
consolidated with it, containing both megaspores and microspores. The mega-
spores germinate into prothallia which bear mostly archegonia, while the micro-
spores grow into prothallia bearing the antheridia.

Three genera and some 60 species of wide distribution known as Pepperworts.

1. MARSILEA L. Sp. Pl. 1099. 1753.

Marsh or aquatic plants, the leaves commonly floating on the surface of shallow water,
slender-petioled, 4-foliolate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, arising from their bases or
more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of two vertical
valves with several transverse compartments (sori) in each valve. [Name in honor of
Giovanni Marsigli, an Italian botanist, who died about 1804.]

About 53 species, widely distributed. Besides the following 2 or 3 others occur in Texas.
Sporocarps glabrous and purple when mature. 1. M. quadrifolia.
Sporocarps densely covered with hair-like scales. 2. M. vestita.

ee oe

f°6 eee Sry

GENUS I. MARSILEA FAMILY. 37

1. Marsilea quadrifolia European
Marsilea or Pepperwort. Fig. 85.
Marsilea quadrifolia L. Sp. Pl. 1099. 1753.

Rootstock slender, buried in the muddy bot-
toms of shallow lakes or streams. Petioles usu-
ally slender, 2-5’ high, or when submerged
sometimes elongated to 1° or 2°. Leaflets mostly
triangular-obovate, variable in outline, 3-8”
long, 2-6” wide, glabrous or rarely with scat-
tered hairs when young, the margins entire;
sporocarps 2 or rarely 3 on a branching peduncle
which is attached to the petiole at its base,
covered with short yellowish-brown hairs when
young, becoming glabrous and dark purple when
mature; sori 8 or 9 in each valve.

Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., Conn.; thence intro-

duced into other parts of the country, from Massa-
chusetts to Maryland. Native of Europe and Asia.

2. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev.
Hairy Pepperwort. Fig. 86.

M. vestita Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. pl. 159. 1831.

Marsilea mucronata A, Br. Amer. Journ. Sci.
(II.) 3: 55. 1847.

Rootstocks slender, creeping. Petioles slen-
der, 2’-5’ high; leaflets similar to those of the
preceding species, entire or toothed; sporo-
carps 2”-4” long, 2’-3” wide, with a short
raphe, a short and blunt lower tooth and an
acute and sometimes curved upper one, densely
covered with soft spreading narrow hair-like
scales or (in the forms known as M. mucro-
nata) these short and appressed or almost
wanting; sori 6-11 in each valve.

In wet sand or in shallow ditches, Florida to

Kansas, Arizona and Mexico, California and
British Columbia.

x
Family 7, SALVINIACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 30. 1828.
SALVINIA FAMILY.

Small floating plants with a more or less elongated and sometimes branching
axis bearing apparently 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps soft, thin-walled, borne 2 or
more on a common stalk, 1-celled, with a central often branched receptacle, which
bears megasporanges containing a single megaspore or microsporanges containing
numerous microspores. The megaspores germinate into prothallia which bear
archegones, the microspores into prothallia which bear antherids.

The family consists of two genera.
Leaves 6”—-9” long, 2-ranked, on mostly simple stems. 1. Salvinia,
Leaves minute, closely imbricated on pinnately branching stems. 2. Asolla.

1. SALVINIA Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 15. 1763.

Floating annual plants with slender stems bearing rather broad 2-ranked leaves, these
finely papillose on the upper surface. Sporocarps globose, depressed, 9-14-sulcate, mem-
branous, arranged in clusters, 1 or 2 of each cluster containing 10 or more sessile mega-
sporanges, each containing a single megaspore, the others containing numerous smaller globose
pedicelled microsporanges with very numerous microspores. [Name in honor of Antonio
Maria Salvini, 1633-1720, Italian scientist.]

About 13 species widely distributed. Only the following, the generic type, in the United States.

38 SALVINIACEAE. Vor. 1.

1. Salvinia natans (L.) Hofim. Salvinia.
Floating Moss. Fig. 87.

Marsilea natans L. Sp. Pl. 1099. 1753.
Salvinia natans Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 2: 1. 1795.

Leaves oblong, rather thick, obtuse or emarginate
at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, entire,
spreading, 6-12’ long, pinnately veined, bright green
and papillose above, the lower surface densely matted
with pellucid brown hairs; sporocarps 4-8 in a clus-
ter, the upper ones containing about Io megaspo-
ranges, each containing a single megaspore, the re-
mainder containing numerous microsporanges each
with numerous microspores; megaspores marked
with 3 obtuse lobes, these meeting at the apex.

Bois Brulé Bottoms, Perry Co., Missouri, and near
Minneapolis, Minn. Introduced into ponds on Staten
Island, N. Y. Reported by Pursh in 1814 from centrai
New York, but his exact station is unknown. Widely
distributed in Europe and Asia.

2. AZOLLA Lam. Encycl. 1: 343. 1783.

Minute moss-like reddish or green floating plants, with pinnately branched stems covered
with minute imbricated 2-lobed leaves, and emitting rootlets beneath. Sporocarps of two
kinds borne in the axils of the leaves, the smaller ovoid or acorn-shaped, containing a single
megaspore at the base and a few corpuscles above it whose character is not fully known,
the larger globose, producing many pedicelled sporanges, each containing several masses of
microspores which are often beset with a series of anchor-like processes of unknown func-
tion. [Greek, signifying killed by drought.]

About 5 species of wide geographic distribution.
Type species: Azolla filiculoides Lam.

1. Azolla caroliniana Willd. Carolina
Azolla. Fig. 88.

solla caroliniana Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 541. 1810.

Plants greenish or reddish, deltoid or triangular-
ovate in outline, pinnately branching, sometimes
covering large surfaces of water. Leaves with
ovate lobes, their color varying somewhat with
the amount of direct sunlight, the lower usually
reddish, the upper green with a reddish border.
Megaspores minutely granulate, with three acces-
sory corpuscles; masses of microspores armed
with rigid septate processes.

Floating on still water, Ontario and Massachusetts
to British Columbia, south to Florida, Arizona and
Mexico. Also in tropical America. Naturalized
in lakes on Staten Island, N. Y.

Family 8. EQUISETACEAE Michx.
Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 281. 1803.

Horsetait FAMILy,

Rush-like perennial plants, with mostly hollow jointed simple or often much-
branched grooved stenis, provided with a double series of cavities and usually
with a large central one, the branches verticillate, the nodes provided with dia-
phragms. Rootstocks subterranean. Leaves reduced to sheaths at the joints,
the sheaths toothed. Sporanges 1-celled, clustered underneath the scales of ter-
minal cone-like spikes. Spores all of the same size and shape, furnished with 2
narrow strap-like appendages attached at the middle, coiling around the spore
when moist and spreading when dry and mature, in the form of a cross (elaters).
Epidermis impregnated with silica, rough. Prothallium on the surface of the
ground, green, usually dioecious.

The family consists of the following genus:

2 a a a se

GENus I. HORSETAIL FAMILY.

39

1. EQUISETUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 1061. 1753.

Characters of the family. [Name ancient, signifying horse-tail, in allusion to the copious

branching of several species.] Called also Toad-pipe, Lad-pipe.

About 25 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Type species: Equisetum fluviatile L.

Stems annual; stomata scattered.

Stems of two kinds, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile.

Fertile stems simple, soon withering; sheaths of branches of sterile stems 4-toothed.

Fertile stems branched when old, only the apex withering.
Branches of the stem simple, their sheaths 3-toothed.

Branches compound.

Stems all alike ; spores mature in summer; branches simple or none.

1. E. arvense.

2. E. pratense.
3. E. sylvaticum.

Sheaths rather loose; branches usually long; stems bushy below, attenuate upwards.

Central cavity very small; spike long.

Central cavity about one-half the diameter of stem; spike short.

Sheaths appressed; branches usually short.

4. E. palustre.
5. E. littorale.
6. E. fluviatile.

Stems mostly perennial, evergreen; spikes tipped with a rigid point; stomata in regular rows.

Stems tall, usually many-grooved. ;
Stems rough and tuberculate, prominently ridged.

Ridges with 1 line of tubercles; ridges of sheath tricarinate; stem stout.

7. E. robustum.

Ridges of the stem with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles; ridges of sheath obscurely 4-

carinate; stem slender.
Stems not tuberculate; sheaths enlarged upward.
Stems low, slender, tufted, usually 5—10-grooved.
Central cavity small; sheaths 5~10-toothed.
Central cavity none; sheaths 3-toothed.

1. Equisetum arvénse L. Field Horsetail.
Fig. 80.
Equisetum arvense L. Sp. Pl. 1061. 1753.

Stems annual, provided with scattered stomata, the
fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile.
Fertile stems 4-10’ high, not branched, soon wither-
ing, light brown, their loose scarious sheaths mostly
distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown acuminate
teeth; sterile stems green, rather slender, 2’-2° high,
6-19-furrowed, with numerous long mostly simple verti-
cillate 4-angled or rarely 3-angled solid branches, the
sheaths of the branches 4-toothed, the stomata in 2 rows
in the furrows.

In sandy soil, especially along roadsides and railways,
Newfoundland and Greenland to Alaska, south to Virginia
and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Ascends to at
least 2500 ft. in Virginia. An occasional form in which
the sterile stem bears a terminal spike is known as var.
serotinum. Sterile stems sometimes very short and with
long prostrate or ascending branches. Called also Corn-

field Horsetail; Bottlebrush, Horse- or Snake-pipes; Cat's-
tail. May.

2. Equisetum praténse Ehrh.
Horsetail.

8. E. hyemale.
9. E. laevigatum,

10. E. variegatum.
11. E. scirpoides.

Thicket or Meadow

Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Hanov. Mag. 9: 138. 1784.

Stems annual, 8’-16’ high, with scattered stomata, the
fertile appearing in spring before the sterile, branched
when old, only its apex withering, the two becoming similar
in age; stems rough, 8-20-ridged with narrow furrows and
cylindric or cup-shaped sheaths; branches straight, rather
short, simple, densely whorled, 3-angled or rarely 4-5-
angled, solid; sheaths of the stem with about 11 short
ovate-lanceolate teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed;
rootstocks solid, acutely angled.

In sandy places, Nova Scotia and Rupert River to Minne-
sota, and Alaska, south to New Jersey, Iowa and Colorado.
Also in Europe and Asia. July-Seprt.

40 EQUISETACEAE. Vor. I.
3. Equisetum sylvaticum L. Wood Horsetail. Bottle-brush. Fig. 91.
Equisetum sylvaticum L. Sp. Pl, 1061. 1753.

Stems annual, provided with scattered stomata, the
fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, at first
simple, at length much branched and resembling the sterile,
only its naked apex withering. Stems usually 12-furrowed,
producing verticillate compound branches, the branchlets
curved downward; sheaths loose, cylindric or campanulate,
those of the stem with 8-14 bluntish teeth, those of the
branches with 4 or 5 teeth, those of the branchlets with 3
divergent teeth; central cavity nearly one-half the diameter
of the stem; branches and branchlets solid.

In moist sandy woods and thickets, Newfoundland and
Greenland to Alaska, south to Virginia and Iowa. Also in
Europe and Asia. May.

4. Equisetum palistre L. Marsh Horsetail. Fig. 92.

Equisetum palustre L. Sp. Pl. 1061. 1753. i os

(tn

br

sam

wih
i

I
i

Stems annual, slender, all alike, 1018’ long, very
deeply 5-9-grooved, the grooves separated by narrow
roughish wing-like ridges, the central canal very small;
sheaths rather loose, bearing about 8 subulate-lanceolate
whitish-margined teeth; branches simple, few in the
whorls, 4-7-angled, always hollow, barely sulcate, more
abundant below than above, their sheaths mostly
5-toothed; spike rather long; stomata abundant in the
furrows.

In wet places, Nova Scotia to Alaska, Connecticut,
western New York, Illinois and Arizona. Also in Europe
and Asia. July-Aug. Marsh-weed, Paddock-or Snake-
pipes ; Cat-whistles.

5. Equisetum littorale Kuehl. Shore Horsetail. Fig. 93.

Equisetum littorale Kuehl. Beitr. Pflanz. Russ.
Reichs, 4: 91. 1845.

Stems annual, very slender, all alike, 8-18’
high, slightly roughened, 6-19-grooved, the ridges
rounded, the central canal one-half to two-thirds
the diameter; sheaths sensibly dilated above, the
uppermost inversely campanulate, their teeth her-
baceous, membranous at the margins, narrow,
lanceolate; branches of two kinds, simple, some
4-angled and hollow, some 3-angled and solid,
the first joint shorter or a trifle longer than the
sheath of the stem; spike short with abortive
spores, these commonly with no elaters.

On sandy river and lake shores, New Brunswick
and Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west
to British Columbia. Also in Europe. Supposed to
be a hybrid. Aug.—Sept.

ot Bae 5

|

GENUs I. HORSETAIL FAMILY. 41

6. Equisetum fluviatile L. Swamp Horsetail. Fig. 94.

Equisetum limosum L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.
Equisetum limosum L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.

Stems annual, all alike, 2°-4° high, slightly 10-30-
furrowed, very smooth, usually producing upright
branches after the spores are formed, the stomata
scattered. Sheaths appressed with about 18 dark
brown short acute rigid teeth, air cavities wanting
under the grooves, small under the ridges; central
cavity very large; branches hollow, slender, smaller
but otherwise much like the stems, short or elon-
gated; rootstocks hollow.

In swamps and along the borders of ponds, Nova
Scotia to Alaska, south to Virginia, Nebraska and
Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Water Horse-
tail, Paddock-pipes. May—June.

7. Equisetum robistum A. Br. Stout Scouring-rush. Fig. 95.

{ Equisetum robustum A, Br.; Engelm, Amer. Journ.
Sci. 46: 88. 1844.

Equisetum hyemale robustum A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull.
II: 75. 1903.

ay

Stems perennial, stout, tall, evergreen, 3°-11° high,
sometimes nearly 1’ in diameter, 20-48-furrowed,
simple or little branched. Ridges of the stem rough-
ened with a single series of transversely oblong
siliceous tubercles; sheaths short, nearly as broad
as long, cylindric, appressed, marked with black
girdles at the base, and at the bases of the dark
caducous teeth; ridges of the sheath 3-carinate;
branches when present occasionally fertile; spikes
tipped with a rigid point.

In wet places, Ohio to Louisiana and Mexico, west
to British Columbia and California. Also in Asia.
May-June.

8. Equisetum hyemale L. Common Scouring-rush. Fig. 96.

Equisetum hyemale L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.

Stems slender, rather stiff, evergreen, 2°-4° high,
with the stomata arranged in regular rows, rough,
8-34-furrowed, the ridges with two indistinct lines
of tubercles, the central cavity large, from one-half
to two-thirds the diameter; sheaths rather long,
cylindrig marked with one or two black girdles,
their ridges obscurely 4-carinate; teeth brown, mem-
branous, soon deciduous; spikes pointed; stem rarely
producing branches which are usually short and
occasionally fertile; forms are sometimes found with
longer sterile branches.

In wet places and on banks, especially along rivers
and lakes, throughout nearly the whole of North
America, Europe and Asia. The rough stems of this
and related species are used for scouring floors. The
species consists of numerous races. Called also Horse-
pipe, Mare’s-tail, Shave-grass, Shave-weed, Pewter-
vee Rough Horsetail, Dutch-rush, Gun-bright. May-
une.

es

42 EQUISETACEAE. Vou. I.

g. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Smooth
Scouring-rush. Fig. 97.
Equisetum laevigatum A. Br.; Engelm. Amer. Journ.

Sci. 46: 87. 1844.

Stems 1°-5° high, simple or little branched, pale
green, annual or persistent, 14~30-furrowed, the
ridges almost smooth. Sheaths elongated and en-
larged upward, marked with a black girdle at the
base of the mostly deciduous, white-margined teeth
and rarely also at their bases; ridges of the sheath
with a faint central carina and sometimes with faint
short lateral ones; stomata arranged in single series;
central cavity very large, the wall of the stem very
thin, spikes pointed.

Along streams and rivers, especially in clay Soil,
Ontario to New Jersey, North Carolina, Louisiana,
British Columbia and the Mexican border. May—June.

10. Equisetum variegatum Schleich.
Variegated Equisetum. Fig. 98.
Equisetum variegatum Schleich. Cat. Pl. Helvet. 27.

1807.

Stems slender, perennial, evergreen, 6-18’ long,
rough, usually simple from a branched base, com-
monly tufted, 5-10-furrowed, the stomata borne in
regular rows. Sheaths campanulate, distinctly 4-cari-
nate, green, variegated with black above, the median
furrow deep and excurrent to the teeth and down-
ward to the ridges of the stem, the teeth 5-10, each
tipped with a decidugus bristle; central cavity small,
rarely wanting.

Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south to Con-
neticut, western New York, Nebraska and Nevada.
Also in Europe and Asia. Consists of several races.
May-June.

11. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Sedge-
like Equisetum. Fig. 99.
Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 281. 1803.

Stems perennial, evergreen, very slender or filiform,
3-6’ long, somewhat rough, flexuous and curving,
growing in slender tufts, mostly 6-furrowed with acute
ridges, simple or branching fromnear the base. Sheaths
3-toothed, distinctly 4-carinate, the central furrow
broad, the lateral narrow, the bristly teeth rather per-
sistent; central cavity entirely wanting.

On moist or wet wooded banks, Labrador to Alaska,

south to Pennsylvania, Illinois and British Columbia.
Also in Europe and Asia. May-June.

Family 9. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 281. 1803.
Ciyp-mMoss FAMILY. .

Somewhat moss-like, erect or trailing terrestrial herbs with numerous small
lanceolate or subulate simple leaves, sometimes oblong or roundish, arranged in
2-many ranks, the stems often elongated, usually freely branching. Sporanges
1—3-celled, solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper surfaces. Spores
uniform, minute. Prothallia (as far as known) mostly subterranean, with or
without chlorophyll, monoecious,

ey

i —

GENUS I. CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. 43

Four genera and about 110 species. Besides the following, Psilotum occurs in Florida, the
two other genera only in Australia.

1. LYCOPODIUM L. Sp. Pl. 1100. 1753.

Perennial plants with evergreen 1-nerved leaves arranged in 4-16 ranks. Sporanges
coriaceous, flattened, reniform, 1-celled, situated in the axils of ordinary leaves or in those
of the upper modified, bract-like ones, which are imbricated in sessile or peduncled spikes,
opening transversely into 2 valves, usually by a line around the margin. Spores all of one
kind, copious, sulphur-yellow, readily inflammable from the abundant oil they contain.
[Greek, meaning wolf’s-foot, perhaps in allusion to the branching roots of some species.]

About 100 species of wide geographic distribution, the largest occurring in the Andes of South
America and in the Himalayas. Type species: Lycopodium clavatum L.

Sporophyls not closely associated in terminal spikes.
Stems rigidly erect; leaves ascending, nearly uniform. 1. L. Selago.
Stems ascending; leaves spreading or deflexed, longer or shorter in alternating zones.
Leaves distinctly broadest above the middle, there usually erose-denticulate.
. 2. L. lucidulum.
Leaves linear or nearly so, entire or minutely denticulate. 3. L. porophilum,
Sporophyls closely associated in terminal spikes.
Sporophyls similar to the foliar leaves in form and texture; sporanges subglobose.
Sporophyls linear-deltoid, mostly entire; plants small. 4. L. inundatum.
Sporophyls linear to lanceolate from a broader base; plants larger.
Peduncles slender, the leaves incurved and mostly appressed; spikes slender, the sporo-
phyls less than 3” long, abruptly subulate, incurved. 5. L. adpressum.
Peduncles very stout, the leaves more numerous and close, mostly ascending, not in-
curved ; spikes stout, the sporophyls more than 4” long, attenuate, ascending, spreading
or reflexed. 6. L. alopecuroides.
Sporophyls bract-like, very unlike the foliar leaves; sporanges reniform.
Stems with numerous erect or assurgent leafy aerial branches, the spikes terminal upon
some of these.
Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in 5 or more rows.
Main stem creeping deep in the ground; aerial branches few, tree-like.
5 7. L. obscurum.
Main stem prostrate, or (in no. 10) a little below the surface; aerial branches
numerous, not tree-like.

Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in 5 rows. 10. L. sitchense.
Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in more than 5 rows.
Spikes solitary, sessile. 8. L. annotinum.
Spikes one or several, on elongate peduncles. 12, L. clavatum.

Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in 4 rows.
Spikes sessile upon leafy branches. 9. L. alpinum.
Spikes borne upon bracteate peduncles, these terminal upon leafy branches.
‘Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches adnate considerably more than half their

length.
Ultimate aerial branches conspicuously flattened; leaves of the under row
greatly reduced, minute, deltoid-cuspidate. 14. L. complanatum.
Ultimate aerial branches narrower and less flattened; leaves of the under row
scarcely reduced, acicular. 15. L. tristachyum.

Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches adnate about half their length or less.

; : 11. L. sabinaefolium.
Stems without leafy aerial branches, the elongate peduncles arising directly from the

prostrate stem. 13. L. carolinianum.

1. Lycopodium Selago L. Fir Club-moss.
Fig. 100.
Lycopodium Selago L. Sp. Pl. 1102. 1753.

Stems rigidly erect from a short slender curved
base, several times dichotomous, the densely folia-
ceous vertical branches forming mostly compact
level-topped tufts 2’-6’ high; leaves nearly or quite
uniform, very numerous, crowded, more or less
appressed, or at least ascending, narrowly deltoid-
lanceolate or somewhat acicular from a broader base,
shining, pale green or yellowish, usually entire, acute,
those bearing the sporanges (below the summit) a
little shorter but not differing otherwise; plant fre-
quently gemmiparous in the axils of the upper leaves.

On rocks, Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south
to the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont
and northern New York, on the summits of the higher
Alleghenies to North Carolina, and to Michigan and

Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Autumn,
Upright Club-moss, Fir-moss, Tree-moss, Fox-feet.

LYCOPODIACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining
Club-moss. Fig. 101.

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 284. 1803.

Stems rising 6-10’ from a curved or decumbent base,
1-3 times dichotomous, the branches forming a loose clus-
ter of a few leafy vertical stems; leaves dark green, shin-
ing, wide-spreading or finally deflexed, acute, somewhat
oblanceolate, broadest above the middle, there more or less
erose-denticulate, tapering gradually to a narrower base,
arranged in alternating zones of longer and shorter leaves,
the latter more often bearing the sporanges, less denticu-
late, even entire; plant often gemmiparous, the gemmae
early falling and giving rise to young plants.

In cold, damp woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia,
south to South Carolina, Tennessee and Iowa. Ascends to
nearly 5700 ft. in Virginia. Trailing evergreen, Moonfruit-
pine. Aug.—Oct.

3. Lycopodium pordéphilum Lloyd &
Underw. Lloyd’s Club-moss.
Fig. 102.

Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw.

Bull, Torrey Club 27: 150. 1900.

Stems rising 24’ from a curved or
decumbent base, I-3 times dichotomous,
the branches forming a rather close tuft
of densely leafy vertical stems; leaves
spreading or somewhat deflexed, entire or
minutely denticulate, arranged in alternat-
ing series of longer and shorter, the former
linear to linear-lanceolate, slightly broader
above the middle, alternate, the latter dis-
tinctly broadest at the base, gradually
tapering to an acuminate apex, and more
often bearing the sporanges; plant often
gemmiparous.

On partially shaded rocks, apparently pre-

ferring sandstone, Wisconsin to Indiana and
Alabama; probably of wider distribution.

O
Ba

4. Lycopodium inundatum L. Bog or Marsh
Club-moss. Fig. 103.

Lycopodium inundatum L. Sp. Pl. 1102. 1753.

Plants small, with simple or 1-2-forked horizontal pros-
trate or slightly arched slender, often lax, leafy stems;
peduncles 3’—23’ long, arising directly from the creeping
stem, terminated by a slender spike 4’-13’ long, or the spike
rarely subsessile; leaves of the stem linear-lanceolate,
acute, mostly entire, curved upward, those of the peduncle
more slender, spreading; sporophyls similar to the sterile
leaves but wider at the base (linear-deltoid), spreading,
entire or sometimes toothed just above the base.

In sandy bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south and west to
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, Idaho and Wash-
ington. Also in Europe and Asia. Slender elongate forms,

mainly from New England, are known as the var. Bigelovii
Tuck. ; they indicate a possible transition into the next species.

er ay Pr

ee RE NG Oh il ALS A ES A Te a TES oe eae ER I

GENUS I. CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. 45

5. Lycopodium adpréssum (Chapm.)
Lloyd & Underw. Chapman’s
Club-moss. Fig. 104.

Lycopodium inundatum var. adpressum Chapm,

Fl. So. States, ed. 2: 671. 1883.

Lycopodium adpressum Lloyd & Underw. Bull.

Torrey Club 27: 153. 1900.

Lycopodium Chapmani Underw. Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus. 23: 646. 1901.

Stems prostrate or slightly arching, 616’
long, simple or rarely branched, leafy; pedun-
cles 4-12’ long, slender, rigidly erect, arising
directly from the creeping stem, terminated by
a slender spike 9-23’ long; leaves of the
stem lanceolate-acuminate, curved upwards,
irregularly toothed, sometimes doubly so;
leaves of the peduncle more slender, incurved,
mostly appressed, yellowish green or strami-
neous, the lower ones sharply toothed, the
upper ones entire or nearly so; sporophyls
mostly incurved and subappressed, abruptly
subulate from an ovate more or less toothed
base.

Moist banks and borders of swamps, New
York to the Gulf states, mainly near the coast.

6. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Fox-tail
Club-moss. Fig. 105.

Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Sp. Pl. 1102. 1753.

Stems stout, mostly recurved and more or less pros-
trate, elongate, 1°-2° long, densely leafy throughout;
peduncles very stout, 813’ long, erect, arising usually
from the arches of the sterile stems, terminating in
stout densely leafy spikes 9’-4’ long, 4-5” thick;
Jeaves of the stem spreading, lanceolate-attenuate to
linear-subulate, conspicuously bristle-toothed, especially
below the middle, and hairy below near the base; leaves
of the peduncle similar, spreading or ascending; sporo-
phyls similar but broader at the base, longer, with long
setaceous tips, ascending, spreading, or eventually re-
flexed, not hairy below.

In pine-barren swamps, New York to Florida, near the
coast, west to Mississippi. Aug.—Oct. In tropical America.

SS
=
=>

7. Lycopodium obsctrum L. Ground-pine.
Fig. 106.

~

SSS
SS

~ SS

Lycopodium obscurum L. Sp. Pl. 1102. 1753.
L, dendroideum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 282. 1803.

b
%}
”

S
=
ih

<a

=
—
\y i

Main stem creeping horizontally, deep in the
ground, giving off a few distant upright aerial

ant uy peep
branches, these 4-10’ high, tree-like, with numerous Y= Ei eo,
bushy branches; leaves 8-ranked on the lower LL =e

wy
: Y
branches, 6-ranked on the terminal, spreading, curved yA V We
upwards, linear-lanceolate, twisted, especially above,
the upper branches thus more or less dorsiventral, che
sometimes conspicuously so; sporophyls broadly } Q
ovate, acuminate, the margins scarious, erose. \

In moist woods, Newfoundland and Labrador to \
Alaska, south to the mountains of North Carolina and | y \
to Indiana. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in Virginia. Also in > y

Asia. July-Sept. Spiral-pine, Tree-like-club-moss, Bunch-
evergreen, Crow-foot.

46 LYCOPODIACEAE. Vor. L

8. Lycopodium annotinum L. Stiff
Club-moss. Fig. 107.
Lycopodium annotinum L. Sp. Pl. 1103. 1753.

Stems prostrate, creeping, 1°-3° or more long, stiff,
rarely pinnately branching, leafy, with numerous
aerial branches, these 5’-10’ high, simple or 1-3 times
forked, the divisions mostly fertile; leaves uniform,
8-ranked, spreading horizontally or somewhat re-
flexed, with upward curved apices, lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, broadest at the middle or above,
serrulate, pungent; spikes 1 or several, oblong-
cylindric, 4-14’ long, the sporophyls broadly ovate-
subulate, with erose margins.

In woods and thickets, commonly in dry soil, Lab-
rador to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colo-
rado and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia.
Mountain forms with more rigid pointed leaves have

heen separated as var. pungens. Autumn. Called also
Interrupted club-moss.

g. Lycopodium alpinum L. Alpine

Club-moss. Fig. 108. ow, S

ry SYS) Se

Lycopodium alpinum L. Sp. Pl. 1104. a, Ly xy
1753. Ny SAYS

" Sh :

Main stem prostrate, creeping (914°
long) at or near the surface, with
numerous ascending freely branched
aerial stems 14’-4’ high; branches
crowded, glaucous, the fertile ones
terete and longer than the others, with
subulate leaves, the foliar ones strongly
dorsiventral with leaves of 3 kinds in
4 rows, those of the upper row nar-
rowly ovate, acute, those of the lateral
rows thick, asymmetrical, faleate, the
tips decurved, those of the under row
trowel-shaped; spikes sessile, 8-3’ long;
sporophyls ovate, erose, acute.

In woods, Quebec and Labrador to
Washington and Alaska. Also in Europe

and Asia. Cypress-moss. Heath-cypress,
Savin-leaved club-moss.

Olam

10. Lycopodium sitchénse Rupr. Alaskan
Club-moss. Fig. 109.

Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. Beitr. Pfl. Russ. Reich. 3:
30. 1845.

Stems prostrate, 8’-15’ long, nearly superficial,
sending up numerous aerial stems, these several
times dichotomous, the branches terete, vertical,
forming compact tufts 2’-3’ high, with few or
numerous stronger projecting fertile branches;
leaves of the branchlets 5-ranked, appressed or
spreading and curved upwards, linear, thick, entire,
acute; spikes sessile or upon short (up to #’ long)
minutely bracteate peduncles, solitary, cylindric;
sporophyls ovate, acuminate or long-subulate, the
margins erose.

In cold woods, Labrador and Quebec to Alaska, south
to Washington, New York and northern New England.

2

ir-> *

GENUS I. CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. 47

11. Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd.
Cedar-like Club-moss. Fig. r1o.

Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 20.

1810.

Horizontal stems extensively creeping at or
near the surface of the ground and occasion-
ally branching, with numerous freely branched
assurgent aerial stems, the branches of these
2’-4' long, loosely clustered, dorsiventrally
flattened; leaves ascending, slender, subulate,
nearly equal, in 4 rows upon the terminal and
subterminal branchlets, those of the lateral
rows slightly larger, thicker and more widely
spreading than the usually subappressed leaves
of the upper and lower rows; peduncles 3-2’
long, slender, bracteate, terminal upon the
main terete branches; spikes mostly solitary
(casually 3), 3-11’ long, the sporophyls broadly
ovate, acuminate, greenish, with scarious erose
margins.

In cold mountain woods, Prince Edward Is-
land, Quebec, northern New England and Ontario,

12. Lycopodium clavatum L. Running-pine.
Club-moss. Fig. 111.
Lycopodium clavatum L. Sp. Pl. rro1. 1753.

Main stems prostrate, extensively creeping (3°-9°)
along the ground, branching horizontally, with numer-
ous very leafy ascending pinnately branched aerial
stems; leaves crowded, many-ranked, linear, bristle-
tipped, entire or denticulate, those of the main stems
strongly denticulate; peduncles stout, 23-43’ long,
channeled, with slender whorled or scattered denticu-
late bristle-tipped bracts, simple or several times
forked near the summit; spikes linear-cylindric, the
sporophyls deltoid-ovate, acuminate, or bristle-tipped,
the margins scarious, erose.

In woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to North Caro-
lina, Michigan and Washington. Also in Europe, Asia
and tropical America. The spores of this species, and
those of L. complanatum, furnish the inflammable power
known as Lycopodium powder or vegetable sulphur, used
in stage effects. Aug—Oct. Calledalsorunning-moss. Fox-
tail. Buck’s-horn. Buck’s-grass. Staghorn-moss. Snake-
a moss. Wolf’s-claws. Ground-pine. Toad’s-tail. Lamb’s-
tails. Creeping-bur. Creeping Jennie. Coral-evergreen.

<=>

==

2

eee

7

——
=S

LEZ
eee
aw a

SS

i
ee
SS

fy
Za

iy

\

13. Lycopodium carolinianum L. Carolina
Club-moss. Fig. 112.

Lycopodium carolinianum L. Sp. Pl. 1104. 1753.

Stems short, 1-6’ long, prostrate, pinnately branch-
ing, rooting below; leaves strongly dimorphic, those of
the sides large, ovate-lanceolate, falcate, recurved, asym-
metrical, acute, those of the upper side smaller, subu-
Jate from a broad base; peduncles 2’-83’ long, slender,
with a few whorled or scattered subulate bracts; spikes
4-2’ long, slender; sporophyls deltoid, acuminate, entire
or somewhat erose.

_ In moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Lou-
isiana near the coast.

48 LYCOPODIACEAE. WOtm 1,

14. Lycopodium complanatum L. Trailing
Christmas-green. Ground-pine. Fig. 113.
Lycopodium complanatum L. Sp. Pl. 1104. 1753.

Horizontal stems prostrate, wide-creeping, flattened
above, sparingly branched, with numerous erect irregu-
larly forked aerial stems, the branches of these broadly
flattened, somewhat glaucous, 2-3-forked, the divisions
few and somewhat apart or, more commonly, numer-
ous, closer, and fan-like, leafy throughout, the leaves
4-ranked, minute and (excepting those of the under
row) imbricate and strongly decurrent, those of the
upper row narrow and incurved, of the lateral rows
broad, with spreading tips, and of the under row minute,
deltoid-cuspidate; peduncles slender, 17-5’ long, bract-
= eate, rarely simple, usually once or twice dichotomous,
each branch terminating in a slender cylindric spike
s about 9” long; sporophyls broadly ovate, acuminate.
In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Alaska, south

to North Carolina, Indiana, Minnesota and Idaho. Also
in Europe and Asia. Ground-cedar, Festoon-pine, Crow-

15. Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh.
Ground-pine. Fig. 114.
L. tristachyum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 653. 1814.
Lycopodium chamaecyparissus A. Br. in Doll, Rhein.

Fl. 36. 1843.

Horizontal stems extensively creeping 17-4’ be-
low the surface of the ground, terete, sparingly
branched, with numerous erect or assurgent
repeatedly-forked aerial stems, the branches of
these glaucous, narrow, somewhat flattened, with
very numerous, crowded, erect divisions; ulti-
mate divisions leafy throughout, the leaves
4-ranked, minute, imbricate, appressed, strongly
decurrent, nearly equal and alike, those of the
under row scarcely differing from the others,
those of the lateral rows a little thicker, with
the tips usually incurved downward; peduncles
3-5’ long, bracteate, usually 2 (casually 3) times
dichotomous at the summit; spike and sporophyls
similar to those of the preceding.

In dryish open woods or clearings, usually in sandy
soil, northern Maine to Minnesota and Georgia.
Also in Europe. Early August.

Family 10. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. Native Ferns 103. 1881.

Terrestrial, annual or perennial, moss-like plants with branching stems and
scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform, or 4-ranked and of two
types spreading in two planes. Sporanges t-celled, solitary in the axils of
leaves which are so arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spilkes, some
containing 4 megaspores (megasporanges), others containing numerous micro-
spores (microsporanges), which develop into small prothallia, those from the
megaspores bearing archegones, those from the microspores antherids.

The family consists of the following genus:

1. SELAGINELLA Peauy. Prodr. Aetheog. ror. 1805.

Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selago, an ancient name of some Lycopodium.]
About 340 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the tropics. Besides the following
some five others occur in western North America. Type species: Lycopodium selaginoides L.
Stem-leaves all alike, many-ranked.
Stems compact with rigid leaves; spikes quadrangular. . S. rupestris.

I
Stems slender; leaves lax, spreading; spikes enlarged, scarcely quadrangular. 2. S. sclaginoides.
Stem-leaves of 2 kinds, 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes. 3. S. apus.

GENUs I. SELAGINELLA FAMILY.

1. Selaginella rupéstris (L.) Spring.
Rock Selaginella. Festoon-pine.
Fig. 115

Lycopodium rupestre L. Sp. Pl. 1101. 1753.
Selaginella rupestris Spring in Mart. Fl. Bras,

1-208. 9 840:

Stems densely tufted, with occasional sterile
runners and sub-pinnate branches, 1/3’ high,
commonly curved when dry. Leaves rigid,
appressed-imbricated, 1” or less long, linear
or linear-lanceolate, convex on the back, more
or less ciliate, many-ranked, tipped with a dis-
tinct transparent awn; spikes sessile at the
ends of the stem or branches, strongly quad-
rangular, 6-12” long, about 1” thick; bracts
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, broader
than the leaves of the stem; megasporanges
and microsporanges borne in the same spikes,
the former more abundant.

On dry rocks, New England and Ontario to 4
Georgia and the middle West. Ascends to at i mr»
least 2000 ft. in Virginia. Dwarf club-moss. R f :

ct. \

Christmas-evergreen. Resurrection-plant. Aug—

2. Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link.
Low Selaginella. Fig. 116.

Lycopodium selaginoides L. Sp. Pl. 1101. 1753.
S. spinosa Beauy. Prodr. Aetheog. 112. 1805.
Selaginella selaginoides Link, Fil. Hort. Berol.

158. 1841.

Sterile branches prostrate-creeping, slender,
3’-2’ long, the fertile erect or ascending,
thicker, 1-3’ high, simple; leaves lanceolate,
acute, lax and spreading, sparsely spinulose-
ciliate, 1-2” long; spikes solitary at the ends
of the fertile branches, enlarged, oblong-linear,

' subacute, 1’ or less long, 2-23” thick: bracts
of the spike lax, ascending, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, strongly ciliate.

On wet rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to
New Hampshire, Michigan and Colorado. Also
in northern Europe, Greenland and Asia. Moun-
tain-moss. Prickly club-moss. Summer.

3. Selaginella apus (L.) Spring.

Creeping Selaginella. Fig. 117.

Lycopodium apodum L. Sp. Pl. 1105. 1753.
S. apus Spring in Mart. Fl. Bras. 17: 119. 1840.
Annual, light green, stems _ prostrate-
creeping, 17-4’ long, much branched, flac-
~ cid, angled on the face. Leaves minute,
membranous, of 2 kinds, 4-ranked, spread-
ing in 2 planes; upper leaves of the lower
plane spreading, the lower reflexed, ovate,
acute, serrulate, not distinctly ciliate; leaves
of the upper plane ovate, short-cuspidate;
spikes 3-8” long, obscurely quadrangular;
bracts ovate, acute, sometimes serrulate,
acutely keeled in the upper half; megaspo-
ranges more abundant toward the base of the

spike.

In moist shaded places, often among grass,
Maine and Ontario to the Northwest Terri-

tory, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas.
Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. July—Sept.

50 ISOETACEAE. Vo. 1.

Family 11. ISOETACEAE Underw. Native Ferns, 104. 1881.

Aquatic or marsh plants rooting in the mud, with a short buried 2-lobed or
3-lobed trunk (stem) sending out abundant roots and sending up a compact tuft
of rush-like leaves. Sporanges sessile in the axils of the leaves, some containing
megaspores (megasporanges), others microspores (microsporanges) ; the former
germinate into prothallia bearing only archegones, the latter into prothallia bear-
ing usually only a single antherid.

1. ISOETES L. Sp. Pl. 1100. 1753.

Submerged, amphibious or uliginous plants with a cluster of elongated awl-shaped leaves
rising from a more or less 2~3-lobed fleshy short stem, the leaves with or without peripheral
bast-bundles, with or without stomata, bearing a small membranous organ (ligule) above
the base. Sporanges sessile in the excavated bases of the leaves, orbicular or ovoid, the
sides more or less covered with a fold of the inner side of the leaf-base (velum). The
sporanges of the outer leaves usually contain spherical, mostly sculptured macrospores,
those of the inner ones contain minute powdery usually oblong microspores. [Name Greek,
taken from Pliny, apparently referring to the persistent green leaves. ]

The family consists of the following genus only.

About 60 species, widely distributed. Besides the following 2 are known from the southern
United States, 7 from the Pacific Coast and 2 from Mexico. Owing to their aquatic habitat and
apparently local distribution, these plants are popularly little known. The spores mature in summer
and autumn. Type species: Jsoetes lacustris L.

Leaves without peripheral bast bundles.
Leaves without stomata; plants submerged.

Leaves stiff and erect. 1. [. macrospora.
Leaves slender and mostly recurved.
Leaves about %” in diameter. 2. I. Tuckermanti.
Leaves at least 1%4” in diameter. 3. I. hieroglyphica,

Leaves with stomata; plants partially submerged, or emersed.
Leaves green.
Macrospores armed with spines. 4 4.
Macrospores without spines, merely crested or warted.
Leaves 2’~3’ long; macrospores less than’ 550 in diameter. 5.
Leaves 4’-8’ long; macrospores about 6ocu in diameter. 6.
Leaves reddish, or rarely olive green. Fi
Leaves with stomata and bast bundles.
Aquatic, but usually inhabiting the water’s edge, sometimes completely emersed.
Leaves from 12’~30’ long; macrospores with convolute labyrinthine ridges.
8

. Braunii.

I

I. saccharata.
. riparia.

. foveolata.

AN

; I. Eatoni.
Leaves shorter; macrospores otherwise marked.
Bast bundles only 4, except in some forms of J. Engelmanni.

Monoecious.
Macrospores coarsely crested. 9. I. Dodgei.
Macrospores merely reticulated. 10. J. Engelmanni.
Polygamous; microspores rare. 11. J. Gravesti
Bast bundles 4, with extra ones near periphery. 12. I. melanopoda.
Terrestrial, or rarely growing near water’s edge. 13. J. Butleri.

! 1. Isoetes macréspora Durieu. Lake Quill-
wort. Fig. 118.

Isoetes macrospora Durieu, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 11:

; 101. 1864.
NY Isoetes heterospora A, A. Eaton, Fernwort Papers 8.
Ne 1900.
Submerged or rarely above water in dry seasons;

leaves 10-30, rigid, rather thick, scarcely tapering,
dark or olive green, obtusely quadrangular, 2’-6’
long; stomata none; peripheral bast-bundles want-
ing; sporange orbicular or broadly elliptic, unspotted ;
velum rather narrow; ligule triangular, short or
somewhat elongated; macrospores 600-800 # in

diameter, marked all over with distinct or somewhat

\\ > confluent crests, and bearing three converging ridges;
} | microspores 30-46 “4 long, smooth or papillose.

: ocoe In 1°-5° of water, Labrador to the Northwest Terri-

if
\ { 8
( WX eo eo tory, south to eastern Massachusetts and New Jersey.
y/, psy K 0S oe Formerly confused with Jsoetes lacustris L., of the

Old World.

ee

GENUS I. QUILLWORT FAMILY.

2. Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. Tuckerman’s
Quillwort. Fig. 119.

Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5s,
676. 1867.
Isoetes Tuckermani borealis A. A. Eaton, Fernwort
Papers 10. 1900.
Tsoetes Harveyi A. A. Eaton, Fernwort Papers 11. 1900,
Submerged or rarely partly or wholly emersed
during very dry seasons; leaves 10-40, very slender,
tapering, olive-green, quadrangular, 2’-5’ long, with-
out peripheral bast-bundles, the outer recurved;
sporange oblong, mostly white, its upper one-third
covered by the velum; macroscpores 440-785 wu in
diameter, with wavy somewhat parallel and branch-
ing ridges on the upper half, separated by the three
converging ridges, the lower covered with an ir-
regular network; microspores 26-42 “ long, nearly
smooth, or with minute spines.

In ponds, Newfoundland to Massachusetts and Con-
necticut ; clustered in shallow water.

3. Isoetes hieroglyphica A. A. Eaton.
Warty Quillwort. Fig. 120.

Isoetes hieroglyphica A, A, Eaton, Fernwort
Papers 10. 1900.

Submerged with a bilobed trunk. Leaves
10-20, 23’-3’ long, blunt at the apex, without
stomata; sporange spotted with dark cells,
covered one-third to two-thirds by the velum;
macrospores 486-720 # in diameter, polished,
covered with bold vermiform, subconfluent
and somewhat reticulated ridges, becoming
naked near the equator; microspores 31-44 #
in diameter, distinctly verrucose.

Nova Scotia to Quebec and Maine; usually
growing in ponds and lakes.

4. Isoetes Bratinii Durieu. Braun’s Quillwort.
Bion r2 1.

Isoetes Braunii Durieu, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 11: ror.
1864.

Isoetes echinospora var. Braunii Engelm. in A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 5, 676. 1867.

Isoetes echinospora Boottii Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 676. 1867. :

Isoetes echinospora robusta Engelm. Trans. St. Louis
Acad. 4: 380. 1882.

Tsoetes echinospora muricata Engelm. in A. Gray, Man,
Ed. 5, 676. 1867.

Submerged or in dry seasons emersed, leaves 10-70,
tapering, soft, green, 3-12’ long, without peripheral bast-
bundles, bearing stomata only toward the tip; sporange
orbicular or broadly elliptic, spotted, one-half to three-
fourths covered with the velum; macrospores 400-620 #
in diameter, covered with broad spinules which are
often slightly confluent and incised at the tips; micro-
spores 25-32 » long, smooth.

Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and California.

iS)

ISOETACEAE. Vor. I.

Nn

5. Isoetes saccharata Engelm. Sugary Quill-
wort.. Fig. 122.
Isoetes saccharata Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 676.

1867.

Amphibious or uliginous with a flat depressed trunk.
Leaves 10-30, green, pale at the base, spreading, 2’—3°
long, quadrangular, bearing numerous stomata;
sporange oblong, unspotted, with a narrow velum
covering only one-fourth or one-third of its surface;
peripheral bast-bundles wanting; ligule triangular,
rather short; macrospores 420-510 in diameter, with
very minute distinct or rarely confluent warts as if
sprinkled with grains of sugar; microspores sparingly
papillose, 22-30 » long.

In_ mud overflowed by the tides, eastern Maryland
and District of Columbia.

6. Isoetes riparia Engelm. Riverbank
Quillwort. Fig. 123.

Tsoetes riparia Engelm.; A. Br. Flora, 29: 178. 1846.

Amphibious or uliginous, usually emersed when
‘mature; leaves 10-30, green, rather rigid, 4-8’
long, quadrangular, bearing numerous stomata;
peripheral bast-bundles wanting; ligule rather
short, triangular; sporange mostly oblong, dis-
tinctly spotted with groups of brown cells, one-
fourth to three-fourths covered with the velum;
macrospores 450-756 # in diameter, marked with
distinct or anastomosing jagged crests or some-
what reticulate on the lower side; microspores
28-32 m» long, more or less tuberculate.

Borders of the lower Delaware River.

7- Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton. Pitted Quillwort. Fig. 124.

Tsoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton; Dodge, Ferns
and Fern Allies of New Eng. 38. 1806.
Tsoetes foveolata pleurospora A, A. Eaton,

Rhodora 5: 280. 1903.

Amphibious from a bilobed or rarely
trilobed base. Leaves 15-70, stout, 2’-6’
long, pinkish even when dry, or rarely
dark green; stomata scattered, found only
near the tips; no peripheral bast-bundles;
monoicous or becoming dioicous; velum
covering 4+ or 4 of the sporange; ligule
round-ovate; sporanges thickly sprinkled
with dark cells which are often collected
in groups; macrospores 380-560 u, covered
beneath with very thick-walled reticulations,
the openings appearing like little pits; re-
ticulations elongate on the upper surface
of the spore; microspores dark brown,
22-35 uw long, densely reticulate and usually
slightly papillose.

In muddy banks, New Hampshire, Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut.

GENUS 1. QUILLWORT FAMILY. 53

8. Isoetes Eatoni Dodge. Eaton’s
Quillwort. Fig. 125.

Isoetes Eatoni Dodge, Ferns and Fern Allies of

New Eng. 39. 1896.

Amphibious from a large trunk 3-1} in
diameter. Leaves of the submerged plant 30—
200, varying in length up to 28’, marked with
an elevated ridge on the ventral side; leaves
of the emersed plant shorter, 3-6; stomata
abundant; peripheral bast-bundles irregular in
occurrence or often wanting; velum covering
4 of the sporange, polygamous; sporanges
large, 0.4’ by 0.15’, pale spotted; macrospores
small, 300-450 # in diameter, marked with con-
volute labyrinthine ridges and cristate on the
angles of the inner face; microspores 25-30 u
in diameter, minutely tuberculate.

In mud flats, New Hampshire to New Jersey.

g. Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton. Dodge’s
Quillwort. Fig. 126.

Tsoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull. 6:6. 1898.
Tsoetes canadensis A. A. Eaton, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus. 23: 650. 1gor.

Plant amphibious from a bilobed trunk.
Leaves 10-75, 8-18’ long when submersed,
erect, or spirally ascending when scattered;
emersed leaves 4-6’ long, tortuous and often
interlaced, with numerous stomata and usually
4 bast-bundles; velum narrow, covering + to }
of the sporange; sporanges thickly sprinkled
with light brown cells; macrospores more
numerous on submersed plants, globose, 500—
675 “ in diameter, sparsely covered with ir-
regular crests which at maturity separate into
irregular groups leaving bare spaces, serrate
or spinulose at the top; microspores more
numerous on emersed plants, 22-44 w, ashy,
papillose or wrinkled.

Growing in mud flats, East Kingston, New
Hampshire.

to. Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. Engelmann’s
Quillwort. Fig. 127.

Tsoetes Engelmanni A. Br. Flora, 29: 178. 1846.

Isoetes Engelmanni fontana A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull. 13:
52. 1905.

Tsoetes Engelmanni gracilis Engelm. in A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 677. 1867.

Tsoetes Engelmanni valida Engelm. in A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 677. 1867.

Amphibious, usually partly emersed when mature.
Leaves 25-100, light green, quadrangular, tapering,
9-20’ long, bearing abundant stomata; peripheral
bast-bundles present; monoecious; sporange oblong
or linear-oblong, unspotted; velum narrow; macro-
spores 320-750 w in diameter, covered with honey-
comb-like reticulations; microspores 24-30 # long,
mostly smooth.

In ponds and ditches, rooting in mud, Maine to Vir-
ginia and Pennsylvania, Illinois and Missouri.

ISOETACEAE. Vor. I.

11. Isoetes Gravesii A.A. Eaton.
Grave’s Quillwort. Fig. 128.

TIsoetes Gravesii A. A. Eaton, Fernwort
Papers 14. 1900.

Polygamous; leaves 20-150, 5-11’
long and 1-13” in diameter, erect,
reddish or dark green; sporanges
with an abundance of light brown
cells, 3-4 covered by the velum;
macrospores 351-405 # in diameter,
the upper hemisphere depressed,
covered with short truncate single
columns; microspores 22-30 # long,
high-cristate or tuberculate.

Edges of ponds and streams; Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut.

12. Isoetes melanépoda J. Gay. Black-based
Quillwort. Fig. 129.
I. melanopoda J. Gay, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 11: 102. 1864.
Terrestrial with a subglobose deeply 2-lobed trunk.
Leaves 15-60, slender, erect, bright green, with a black-
ish shining base, 5’—18’ long, triangular, bearing stromata
throughout, well developed peripheral bast-bundles, thick
dissepiments and small air cavities within; ligule tri-
angular, awl-shaped; sporange mostly oblong, spotted,
with a narrow velum; polygamous; macrospores 250—
400 # in diameter, with low more or less confluent
tubercles, often united into worm-like wrinkles, or
almost smooth; microspores 23-30 4 long, spinulose.

In moist prairies and overflowed fields, Illinois to Iowa
Oklahoma and California.

13. Isoetes Butleri Engelm.

Butler’s Quillwort.

Fig. 130.
Tsoetes Butleri Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 3: 1. 1878.

Terrestrial from a subglobose trunk. Leaves 860,
bright green, paler at the base, triangular, 3’-7’ long,
bearing numerous stomata, and with well developed
peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small
air cavities within; sporange usually oblong, spotted;
velum very narrow or none; ligule small, triangular;
dioecious; macrospores 400-630 # in diameter, with
distinct or confluent tubercles; “microspores 28-34 #
long, dark brown, papillose.”

On rocky hillsides, Illinois and Kansas, southward to
Tennessee and Oklahoma

PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS.

ws
ws”

Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA.

SEED-BEARING PLANTS.

Plants producing seeds which contain an embryo formed of one or more
rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (hypocotyl, radicle), and a terminal
bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes undifferentiated before germination.
Microspores (pollen-grains) are borne in microsporanges (anther-sacs) on the
apex or side of a modified leaf (filament). The macrosporanges (ovules) are
borne on the face of a flat or inrolled much modified leaf (carpel) and contain
one macrospore (embryo-sac) ; this develops the minute female prothallium, an
archegone oi which is fertilized by means of a tube (pollen-tube), a portion of
the male prothallium sprouting from the pollen-grain.
The Seed-bearing plants form the most numerous group in existence, not Jess than 120,-
000 species being known. The subkingdom was formerly known as Phanerogamia, or Phae-
ja and more recently as Anthophyta, this term signifying the presence of flowers,
which characterizes most of the group. But the consideration that the spore-bearing organs
of the Pine Family cannot well be regarded as flowers, and the fact that the production of

seeds is the most characteristic difference between these plants and the Pteridophyta, are
reasons which have led to the acceptance of the term here adopted.

There are two classes in the subkingdom, which differ from each other as follows:
Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale; stigmas none. Class 1. GyMNOSPERMAE.
Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary). Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Clas 1. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this represented by
a scale or apparently wanting. Pollen-grains (microspores) dividing at maturity
into two or more cells, one of which gives rise to the pollen-tube (male prothal-
lium), which directly fertilizes an archegone of the nutritive endosperm (female
prothallium) in the ovule.

The Gymnosperms are an ancient group, first known in Silurian time. They became most
numerous in the Triassic age. They are now represented by not more than 500 species of trees
and shrubs.

There are three orders, Coniferales, Cycadales and Gnetales, the first of which is represented
in our area by the Pine and Yew Families.

Family 1. PINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 313. 1836.
Pine Famity. Contrers.

Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale-like
leaves, the wood uniform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids marked by
large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate spikes (aments).
Perianth none. Stamens several together, subtended by a scale; filaments more
or less united ; pollen-sacs (anthers) 2-several-celled, variously dehiscent; pollen-
grains often provided with two lateral inflated sacs. Ovules with two integu-
ments, orthotropous or amphitropous, borne solitary or several together on the
surface of a scale, which is subtended by a bract in most genera. Fruit a cone
with numerous, several or few, woody, papery or fleshy scales ; sometimes berry-
like. Seeds wingless or winged. Endosperm fleshy or starchy, copious. Embryo

straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several.

About 25 genera and 240 species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions.
Scales of the cone numerous (except in Larir); leaf-buds scaly.

Cone-scales woody ; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a sheath. 1. Pinus.
Cone-scales thin: leaves linear-filiform, scattered or fascicled, not in sheaths.
Leaves fascicled on very short branchlets, deciduous. 2. Larix.

Leaves scattered, persistent.
Cones pendulous; leaves jointed to short persistent sterigmata.
Leaves tetragonal, sessile. 3. Picea.
Leaves flat. short-petioled. 4. Tsugea.
Cones erect; sterigmata inconspicuous or none. 5. Abies.
Scales of the cone few (3-12) ; leaf-buds naked.

Cone-scales spiral, thick; leaves deciduous. 6. Taxodium,
Cone-scales opposite; leaves persistent.
Cone oblong, its scales not peltate. >. Thuja.
Cone globose, its scales peltate. 8. Chamaecyparis.
Fruit fleshy, berry-like, a modified cone. 9. Juniperus.

56 PINACEAE. Vot. I.

1, PINUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 1000. 1753.

Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves, the primary ones linear or scale-like, decidu-
ous, the secondary ones forming the ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, arising from the axils
of the former in fascicles of 2-5 (rarely solitary in some western species), subtended by the
bud-scales, some of which are united to form a sheath. Staminate aments borne at the
bases of shoots of the season, the clusters of stamens spirally arranged, each in the axil of
a minute scale; filaments very short; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovule-bearing aments solitary or clustered, borne on the twigs of the preceding season, com-
posed of numerous imbricated minute bracts, each with an ovule-bearing scale in its axil,
ripening into a large cone, which matures the following autumn, its scales elongating and
becoming woody. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale, winged above, the testa crustaceous.
{Name Celtic. The popular names of the species are much confused. ]

About 100 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, 25 others
occur in southern and western North America. Type species: Pinus sylvestris L., of Europe.
The group of which Pinus Strobus L. is the type is regarded by some authors as a distinct genus.

Leaves 5 in a sheath; cone-scales little thickened at the tip. : 1. P. Strobus.
Leaves 2 or 3 in a sheath; cone-scales much thickened at the tip.
Cones terminal or subterminal.

Leaves 2 in a sheath; cones 114’—2%’ long, their scales pointless. 2. P. resinosa,
Leaves 3 in a sheath; cones 4’—10’ long, their scales prickle-tipped.
Cones light, 6-10’ long; leaves 10’-16’ long. . palustris.

Cones very heavy and woody, 3’-4%4’ long; leaves 3’—6’ long.
Cones lateral.
Cone-scales with neither spine nor prickle; leaves in 2’s. 5.
Cone-scales tipped with a spine or prickle.
Leaves some or all of them in 2’s.
Cones 1%4’-2%’ long, their scales tipped with prickles.

. scopulorum.

ee
Ae) Mgs)ast las)

. Banksiana.

Leaves stout, 114’-21%4’ long. 6. P. virginiana.
Leaves slender, 3’—5’ long. - 7. P. echinata.
Cones 3%4’—-s’ long, their scales tipped with very stout short spines.
P. pungens.
Leaves in 3’s (very rarely some in 2’s or 4's).
Cones oblong-conic ; leaves 6’—10’ long; old sheaths 6”—-10” long. 9. P. Taeda.

Cones ovoid.
Leaves 3’-5’ long; cone-scales with stiff prickles. 10. P. rigida.
Leaves 6’-10’ long; cone-scales with small slender deciduous or obsolete prickles.
11. P. serotina.

1. Pinus Strobus L. White Pine. Weymouth Pine. Fig. 131.

Pinus Strobus L. Sp. Pl. roor. 1753.

A large forest tree, reaching a maximum height
of over 225° and a trunk diameter of 103°, the
bark nearly smooth except when old, the branches
horizontal, verticillate. Leaves 5 in a sheath, very
slender, pale green and glaucous, 3-5’ long, with
a single fibro-vascular bundle, the dorsal side
devoid of stomata; sheath loose, deciduous;
ovule-bearing aments terminal, peduncled; cones
subterminal, drooping, cylindric, often slightly
curved, 4’-6’ long, about 1’ thick when the scales
are closed, resinous; scales but slightly thickened
at the apex, obtuse and rounded or nearly trun-
cate, without a terminal spine or prickle.

In woods, often forming dense forests, Newfound-
land to Manitoba, south to Delaware, along the
Alleghanies to Georgia and to Illinois and Iowa.
Ascends to 4300 ft. in North Carolina and to 2500
ft. in the Adirondacks. Wood light brown or nearly
white, soft, compact, one of the most valuable of
timbers ; weight per cubic foot, 24 Ibs. June. Called
also Soft, Deal, Northern or Svruce-pine.

4

Ce a es Se a a ee ee Se —E i —— es —_ « == eae =

GENUS I. PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS. 57

2. Pinus resinosa Ait. Canadian Pine.
RedsEmess Hig, 132:

Pinus resinosa Ait, Hort. Kew. 3: 367. 1789.

A tall forest tree, reaching a maximum height
of about 150° and a trunk diameter of 5°, the bark
reddish, rather smooth, flaky when old. Leaves 2
in each sheath, slender, dark green, 4-6’ long,
with 2 fibro-vascular bundles; sheaths 6-12”
long when young; staminate aments 6-9” long;
cones subterminal spreading, oval-conic, 14’—23’

long, usually less than 1’ thick while the scales are
closed; scales thickened at the apex, obtuse,
rounded and devoid of spine or prickle.

In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Minne-
sota. Wood compact, not strong, light red; weight
per cubic foot 30 Ibs. May-June. Called also
hard- and norway-pine.

3. Pinus palustris Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Georgia Pine. Fig. 133.

Pinus palustris Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 14. 1768.
Pinus australis Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 1: 64. pl. 6. 1810.

A large tree, sometimes attaining a height of 120° and
a trunk diameter of 5°, the bark nearly smooth. Leaves
in 3's, slender, dark green, clustered at the ends of the
branches, much elongated, 8-16’ long, with 2 fibro-
vascular bundles; sheaths 117’ long; buds long; stami-
nate aments rose-purple, 2’-33’ long, very conspicuous;
cones terminal, spreading or erect, conic-cylindric, 6’—10’
long, 2’-3’ thick before the scales open; scales thickened
at the apex, which is provided with a transverse ridge
bearing a short central recurved prickle.

In sandy, mostly dry soil, often forming extensive for-
ests, southern Virginia to Alabama, Florida and Texas,
mostly near the coast. Wood hard, strong, compact, light
red or orange; weight per cubic foot 44 lbs. This tree is
the chief source of our turpentine, tar, rosin, and their
derivatives. Also known as Southern, Yellow, Hard or
Pitch Pine; Fat, Heart, Turpentine-pine; Virginia, Florida,
Texas Yellow and Long-straw pine; Pine-broom and White
Rosin-tree. March—April.

4. Pinus scopulérum (Engelm.) Lemmon. Rock
Pine. Fig. 134.
P. ponderosa scopulorum Engelm. in Brewer & Watson,

Bot: Cal. 2: 126. 1880.

P. scopulorum Lemmon Gard. & For. 10: 183. 1897.

A large tree, attaining a maximum height of about
120° and a trunk diameter of 34°. Branches widely
spreading or somewhat drooping; bark nearly black,
scaly; leaves in 3's (rarely some of them in 2’s), rather
stout, 3-6’ long; cones subterminal, very dense and
heavy, ovoid-conic, 3-4’ long, 14’-23’ thick; scales thick-
ened at the apex, the transverse ridge prominent, with a
short slender recurved prickle.

South Dakota to Nebraska, Texas, Utah and Arizona.
Wood hard, strong, light brown; weight per cubic foot
29 lbs. United in first edition with Pinus ponderosa
Dougl. April-May. Long-leaved, Red, Bull, Western
pitch, and Gambier Parry’s-pine.

PINACEAE. Vor. I.

5. Pinus Banksiana Lamb. Labrador Pine.
Gray Pine. Fig. 135.
Pinus sylvestris var, divaricata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 366.
Pic honk Iamb. Pinus, 1: 7. pi. 3. 1803.
Pinus divaricata Gordon, Pinetum, 163. 1858.

A slender tree, usually 40-60° high, but sometimes
reaching 100°, and a trunk diameter of 3°, the branches
spreading, the bark becoming flaky. Leaves in 2's,
stout, stiff, more or less curved, spreading or oblique,
light green, crowded along the branches, seldom over
1’ long; fibro-vascular bundles 2; cones commonly very
numerous, lateral, oblong-conic, usually upwardly
curved, 1-2’ long, 9’-15” thick when mature; scales
thickened at the end, the transverse ridge a mere line
with a minute central point in place of spine or prickle
at maturity; young scales spiny-tipped.

In sandy soil, sometimes forming extensive forests, Nova Scotia to Hudson Bay and the
Northwest Territory, south to Maine, northern New York, northern Illinois and Minnesota. Wood
soft, weak, compact, light brown: weight per cubic foot 27 Ibs. Also called Hudson Bay Pine,
Northern scrub-pine; Black, Bank’s-, Shore-, Jack- and Rock-pine; Unlucky-tree. May—June.

6. Pinus virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. Scrub
Pine. Fig. 136.

Pinus virginiana Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 9. 1768.

Pinus inops Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 367. 1780.

A slender tree, usually small, but sometimes at-
taining a height of 110° and a trunk diameter of 3°,
the old bark dark colored, flaky, the branches spread-
ing or drooping, the twigs glaucous. Leaves in 2’s,
dark green, rather stout and stiff, 14-2)’ long, with
2 fibro-vascular bundles; young sheaths rarely more
than 2)” long; cones commonly few, lateral, recurved
when young, spreading when old, oblong-conic, 13’-
2) long, their scales somewhat thickened at the apex,
the low transverse ridge with a short more or less
recurved prickle.

In sandy soil, Long Island, New York to Georgia,
Alabama and southern Indiana and Tennessee, sometimes
forming forests. Ascends to 3300 ft. in Virginia.
Wood soft, weak, brittle, light orange; weight per cubic
foot 33 Ibs. April-May. Called also Short-shucks,
Short-leaved or Short-shot Pine; Spruce, Cedar, Nigger
and River-pine.

7. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. Spruce
Pine. Fig. 137.
Pinus echinata Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 12. 1768.
Pinus mitis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 204. 1803.

A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about
120° and a trunk diameter of 43°, the branches spreading,
the old bark rough in plates. Leaves some in 2’s, some in
3's, slender, not stiff, dark green, 3-5’ long, spreading when
mature; fibro-vascular bundles 2; young sheaths 5’-8”
long; cones lateral, oblong-conic, about 2’ long, usually
less than 1’ thick when the scales are closed; scales thick-
ened at the apex, marked with a prominent transverse ridge
and armed with a slender small nearly straight early de-
ciduous prickle.

In sandy soil, southern New York to Florida, west to
Illinois, Kansas and Texas. Wood heavy, strong, orange;
one of the most valuable timbers; weight per cubic foot 38
Ibs. Also called Short-leaved or Short-shot Pine, and Bull,
Carolina, Pitch, and Slash-pine. May—June.

GENUS I. PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS. 59

8. Pinus pingens Lambert. Table-Mountain Pine. Hickory Pine. Fig. 138.

Pinus pungens Lambert; Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 1: 61.

pl. 5. 1810.

A tree with a maximum height of about 60° and
trunk diameter of 33°, the branches spreading, the old
rough bark in flakes. Leaves mostly in 2’s, some in 3's,
stout and stiff, light green, 23-4’ long, crowded on the
twigs; fibro-vascular bundles 2; young sheaths 5”-8”
long; cones lateral, usually clustered, long-persistent on
the branches, ovoid, 33-5’ long, 2’-3’ thick while the
scales are closed, nearly globular when these are ex-
panded; scales very thick and woody, their ends with a
large elevated transverse ridge, centrally tipped by a
stout reflexed or spreading spine 2”—23” long.

In woods, sometimes forming forests, western New
Jersey and central Pennsylvania to Georgia and Tennes-
see. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Wood soft,

weak, brittle, light brown; weight per cubic foot 31 Ibs.
May. Called also Prickly pine, Southern Mountain-pine.

g. Pinus Taéda L. Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine.
AA q Pinus Taeda L. Sp. Pl. 1000. 1753.
ty |

A large forest tree, reaching, under favorable con-
ditions, a height of rso° and a trunk diameter of 5°,
the branches spreading, the bark thick and. rugged, flaky
in age. Leaves in 3's (rarely some of them in 2's),
slender, not stiff, light green, ascending or at length
spreading, 610’ long; fibro-vascular bundles 2; sheaths
8-12” long when young; cones lateral, spreading,
oblong-conic, 3-5’ long, 1-14’ thick before the scales
open; scales thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge
prominent, acute, tipped with a central short triangular
reflexed-spreading spine.

Southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mostly near
the coast, north through the Mississippi Valley to Ar-
kansas. Wood not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light
brown; weight per cubic foot 34 lbs. Springs up in old
fields or in clearings. Also called Frankincense, Sap, Torch,
Slash, Swamp, Bastard, Long-straw or Indian-pine; Long-

shucks; Foxtail, Shortleaf, and Rosemary pine. April-
ay.

ro. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. Torch Pine. Fig. r4o.
Pinus rigida Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 10. 1768.

A forest tree reaching a maximum height of about
&0° and a trunk diameter of 3°, the branches spreading,
the old bark rough, furrowed, flaky in strips. Leaves
in 3’s (very rarely some in 4's), stout and stiff, rather
dark green, 3-5’ long, spreading when mature; fibro-
___vascular bundles 2; sheaths 4”-6” long when young;
cones lateral, ovoid, 13-3’ long, becoming nearly glob-
ular when the scales open, commonly numerous and
clustered; scales thickened at the apex, the transverse
ridge acute, provided with a stout central triangular
recurved-spreading prickle.

In dry, sandy or rocky soil, New Brunswick to Georgia,
west to southern Ontario, Ohio, West Virginia, Tennessee
and Alabama. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. This forms
most of the “pine barrens” of Long Island and New
Jersey. Wood soft, brittle, coarse-grained, light reddish-
brown; weight per cubic foot 32 Ibs. Also called Sap.
Hard, Yellow, and Black Norway or Candlewood-pine;
produces shoots from cut stumps. April-May. Leaves
sometimes only 1%" long on mountain trees.

60 PINACEAE. Vot. I.

11. Pinus serétina Michx. Pond Pine.
Fig. 141.
P. serotina Michx. Fl, Bor. Am, 2: 105. 1803.

A tree of ponds and swamps, reaching a
maximum height of about 75° and a trunk
diameter of 3°, its trunk usually short, the
bark fissured into small plates. Leaves in 3’s
(rarely some in 4’s), pale green, glaucous,
6-10’ long, with 2 fibro-vascular bundles;
sheaths about 3’ long; cones ovoid to globular-
ovoid, about 23’ long, the scales bearing a
slender, incurved, usually deciduous prickle.

Atlantic coastal plain, southern New Jersey;
Virginia to Florida. Wood soft, brittle, coarse-
grained; weight per cubic foot about 409 Ibs.

Pinus sylvestris L., the Scotch Pine, of
northern Europe, which resembles P. resinosa
Ait. in having two needles to each sheath and
\ unarmed cone-scales, is much planted for orna-
YX ment and has become established on the coasts
# of Maine and Massachusetts.

2. LARIX [Tourn.] Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 480. 1763.

Tall trees with horizontal or ascending branches and small narrowly linear deciduous
leaves, without sheaths, in fascicles on short lateral scaly bud-like branchlets. Aments short,
lateral, monoecious, the staminate from leafless buds; the ovule-bearing buds commonly leafy
at the base, and the aments red. Anther-sacs 2-celled, the sacs transversely or obliquely
dehiscent. Pollen-grains simple. Cones ovoid or cylindric, small, erect, their scales thin,
spirally arranged, obtuse, persistent. Ovules 2 on the base of each scale, ripening into 2
reflexed somewhat winged seeds. [Name ancient, probably Celtic.]

About 9 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following, 2
others occur in western North America. Type species: Larix Larix (L.) Karst., of Europe, much
planted for ornament, and reported as established in Connecticut.

1. Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. American
Larch. Tamarack. Fig. 142.

Pinus laricina Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 49. 1771.

Pinus pendula Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 369. 1780.

Larix americana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 203. 1803.

Larix laricina Koch, Dendrol. 2: Part 2, 263. 1873.

A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of
about 100° and a trunk diameter of 3°, the branches
spreading, the bark close or at length slightly scaly.
Leaves pale green, numerous in the fascicles, 5’—12”
long, about 2” wide, deciduous in late autumn; fasci-
cles borne on short lateral branchlets about 2” long;
cones short-peduncled at the ends of similar branch-
lets, ovoid, obtuse, 6’-8” long, composed of about 12
suborbicular thin scales, their margins entire or
slightly lacerate.

In swampy woods and about margins of lakes, New-
foundland to the Northwest Territory, south to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana and Minnesota. Wood
hard, strong, very durable, resinous, light brown; weight
per cubic ft. 39 Ibs. Called also Hackmatack, Hack-
male Black or Red Larch, Juniper Cypress. March—

pri .

3. PICEA Link, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1827: 179. 1827-1830.

Evergreen conical trees, with linear short 4-sided leaves spreading in all directions, jointed
at the base to short persistent sterigmata, on which they are sessile, falling away in drying,
the bare twigs appearing covered with low truncate projections. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate
aments axillary, nearly sessile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, the con-
nective prolonged into an appendage; pollen-grains compound; ovule-bearing aments, terminal,
ovoid or oblong; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into 2 more or less
winged seeds. Cones ovoid to oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales numerous, spirally
arranged, thin, obtuse, persistent. [Name ancient. ]

About 18 species, of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following, 5 others
occur in the northwestern parts of North America. Type species: Picea Abies (L.) Karst., of
Europe, which is much planted for ornament and is reported as spontaneous in Connecticut.
Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, glaucous; cones oblong-cylindric, 1. P. canadensis.
Twigs pubescent, brown; cones ovoid or oval.

Leaves glaucous; cones persistent. 2. P. mariana.
Leaves not glaucous; cones deciduous. 3- P. rubens.

Mg PPS Ty Yam i a ee

ae: oe

GENUS 3. PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS.

1. Picea canadénsis ( Mill.) B.S.P. White or
Pine Spruce. Fig, 143.

Abies canadensis Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 4. 1768.

Pinus alba Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 371. 1789.

Picea alba Link, Linnaea, 15: 519. 1841.

Picea canadensis B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 1888.

A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of
about 110° and a trunk diameter of 3°, but usually
much smaller. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, pale
and glaucous; leaves light green, slender, 6’—-8” long,
very acute; cones cylindric or oblong-cylindric, pale,
14’-2’ long, 6”-8” thick before the scales open; scales
almost membranaceous, their margins usually quite
entire; bracts incised.

Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south to
Maine, northern New York, Michigan and South Da-
kota. Wood soft, weak, light yellow; weight per cubic

foot 25 lbs. Called also Cat Pine or Spruce; and Single,

Black or Skunk-spruce. Sometimes with a skunk-likeodor. April—Ma

Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce. Fig. 144.

Abies mariana Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 5. 1768.

Pinus nigra Ait. Hort Kew. 3: 370. 1789.

Abies nigra Desf. Hist. Arb, 2: 580. 1809.

Picea nigra Link, Linnaea, 15: 520. 1841.

Picea mariana B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 1888.

Picea brevifolia Peck, Spruces of the Adirondacks 13. 1897.
A slender tree, sometimes 90° high, the trunk reaching a

diameter of 2°-3°, the branches spreading, the bark only

slightly roughened. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata pubes-

cent; leaves thickly covering the twigs, deep green, glau-

cous stout, straight or curved, rarely more than 3 long,

obtuse or merely mucronate at the apex; cones oval or

ovoid, 1-13’ long, persistent on the twigs for two or more

seasons, their scales with entire or erose margins.
Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory,

south to New Jersey, along the higher Alleghanies to North

Carolina and to Michigan and Minnesota. Wood soft, weak,

pale red or nearly white; weight per cubic foot 28 Ibs.

Called also Yew or Spruce Pine; He Balsam; Spruce Gum-

tree; Juniper; and Blue, Double, White and Cat Spruce.

3. Picea rubens Sargent. Red Spruce.
Fig. 145.
Pinus rubra Lamb. Pinus, 1: 43. pi. 28. 1803.
Not Mill.
Picea rubra Dietr. Fl. Berl. 2: 795. 1824.
Picea rubens Sargent, Silva N. A. 12: 33. 1808.
A slender tree, sometimes reaching a height
of 100° and a trunk diameter of 4°, the
branches spreading, the bark reddish, nearly
smooth. Twigs slender, sparingly pubescent;
sterigmata glabrate; leaves light green, slender,
Straight or sometimes incurved, very acute at
the apex, 5-8” long; cones ovoid or oval,
seldom more than 14’ long, deciduous at the
end of the first season or during the winter,
their scales undulate or lacerate.
Newfoundland to northern New York, Minne-
sota and along the higher Alleghanies to Vir-
ginia and Georgia. Ascends to 4500 ft. in the

Adirondacks. Wood similar to that of the pre-
ceding species. May-June.

Picea australis Small, of the high southern
Alleghanies with very slender leaves, glabrous
sterigmata and smaller cones, may be specifically
distinct.

62 PINACEAE. Vot. I.

4. TSUGA Carr. Trait. Conif. 185. 1855.

Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping branches, flat narrowly linear scat-
tered short-petioled leaves, spreading and appearing 2-ranked, jointed to very short sterigmata
and falling away in drying. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate aments axillary, short or subglo-
bose; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective slightly produced beyond
them; pollen-grains simple. Ovule-bearing aments terminal, the scales about as long as the
bracts, each bearing 2 reflexed ovules on its base. Cones small, ovoid or oblong, pendulous,
their scales scarcely woody, obtuse, persistent. Seeds somewhat winged. [Name Japanese.]

About 7 species; the following in North America, 2 in northwestern North America, 3 or
4 Asiatic. Type species: Tsuga Sieboldi Carr. (Abies Tsuga Sieb. & Zucc.) of Japan.

Cones 6”-10” long, their scales remaining appressed. 1. T. canadensis.

Cones 1-114’ long, their scales widely spreading at maturity. 2. T. caroliniana.

1. Tsuga canadénsis (L.) Carr. Hem-
lock. Fig. 146.

Pinus canadensis L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1421. 1763.

ae canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 206.

1603.

Tuna canadensis Carr. Trait. Conif. 189. 1855.

A tall forest tree, sometimes 110° high, the
trunk reaching 4° in diameter, the lower
branches somewhat drooping, the old bark
flaky in scales. Foliage dense; leaves obtuse,
flat, 6-9” long, less than 1” wide, dark green
above, pale beneath, the petiole less than one-
half as long as the width of the blade; cones
oblong, obtuse, as long as or slightly longer
than the leaves, their scales suborbicular, ob-
tuse, minutely lacerate or entire, not widely
spreading at maturity.

Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Delaware,
along the Alleghanies to Alabama and to Michi-
gan and Wisconsin. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the
Adirondacks. One of the most ornamental ot
evergreens when young. Wood soft, weak,
brittle, coarse-grained, light brown or nearly
white; weight per cubic foot 26 lbs. Bark much
used in tanning. April-May. Called also Spruce
Pine, Hemlock Spruce.

2. Tsugacaroliniana Engelm. Carolina
Hemlock. Fig. 147.

Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 6:

223. 1881.

Abies caroliniana Chapm. Fl. S. States, Ed. 2,

650. 1883.

A forest tree attaining a maximum height of
about &o° and a trunk diameter of 33°, the
lower branches drooping. Leaves narrowly
linear, obtuse, rather light green above, nearly
white beneath, 7-10” long, the petiole nearly
as long as the width of the blade; cones 1-11’
long, the scales firm but scarcely woody, ob-
long, obtuse, widely spreading at maturity.

Southwestern Virginia to South Carolina and
Georgia in the Alleghanies. Wood soft, weak,
brittle, light brown; weight per cubic foot about
27 lbs. A more graceful and beautiful tree than
the preceding at maturity. Ascends to 4200 ft.

in North Carolina. Called also Southern Hem-
lock. April.

5. ABIES [Tourn.] Hill, Brit. Herb. 509. 1756.

Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spreading so as to appear
2-ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to sterigmata, and commonly quite per-
sistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of their bases. Staminate aments
axillary; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective prolonged into a
short knob or point; pollen-grains compound. Ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect; ovules

GENUS 5. PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS. 63

2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, the scale shorter than or exceeding the thin or papery,
mucronate or aristate bract. Cones erect, subcylindric or ovoid, their scales deciduous from
the persistent axis, orbicular or broader, obtuse. [Ancient name of the firs.]

About 25 species, natives of the north temperate zone, chiefly in boreal and ‘mountainous
regions. Besides the following, 8 others occur in the western parts of North America and 1 in
Mexico. Type species: Pinus Picea L., Abies Picea (L.) Lindley, of Europe.

Bracts surrulate, mucronate, shorter than the scales or but little longer. 1. A. balsamea.
Bracts aristate, reflexed, much longer than the scales. 2. A. Fraseri.

1. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.

Pinus balsamea L. Sp. Pl. 1002. 1753.
Abies balsamea Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 3.

1768.

A slender forest tree attaining a maximum
height of about 90° and a trunk diameter of
3°, usually much smaller and on mountain tops
and in high arctic regions reduced to a low
shrub. Bark smooth, warty with resin “ blis- \Wy
ters.’ Leaves fragrant in drying, less than 1” \\
wide, 6’—10” long, obtuse, dark green above,
paler beneath or the youngest conspicuously
whitened on the lower surface; cones cylindric,

AN) Wahras
2 MOAN
WAC DAS) bi

2’-4’ long, 9-15” thick, upright, arranged in
rows on the upper side of the branches, violet
or purplish when young; bracts obovate, ser-
rulate, mucronate, shorter than the broad
rounded scales.

Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson Bay
and Alberta, south to Massachusetts, Pennsyl-
vania, along the Alleghanies to Virginia and to
Iowa and Minnesota. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the
Adirondacks. Wood soft and weak, light brown;
weight per cubic foot 24 lbs. Canada balsam is
derived from the resinous exudations of the
trunk. Called also Fir-tree, Fir or Blister-pine,
American Silver Fir, Single Spruce, Balm of
Gilead. May-June.

)
(\

WS
y
vy,
ny)

N2
\}
4)

2. Abies Fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Fraser’s
Balsam Fir. Fig. 149.

Pinus Fraseri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 639. 1814.
Abies Fraseri Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 5: 35.
1817.

A forest tree, reaching a maximum size
rather less than that of the preceding species,
the smooth bark bearing similar resin “blis-
ters.” Leaves, especially the younger, con-
spicuously whitened beneath, 5’-10” long,
nearly 1” wide, emarginate or some of them
obtuse at the apex; cones oblong-cylindric or
ovoid-cylindric, 2-3’ high, about 1’ thick, their
scales rhomboid, much broader than high,
rounded at the apex, much shorter than the
papery bracts, which are reflexed, their sum-
mits emarginate, serrulate and aristate.

On the high Alleghanies of southwestern Vir-
ginia, West Virginia; North Carolina and Ten-
nessee. Wood similar to that of the northern
species, but slightly lighter in weight. Called
ae Double Spruce, She or Mountain Balsam.

ay.

6. TAXODIUM L.C. Rich. Ann. Mus. Paris, 16: 298. 1810.

Tall trees with horizontal or drooping branches, and alternate spirally arranged sessile
linear or scale-like leaves, deciduous in our species, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, some
of the twigs commonly deciduous in autumn. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate aments very
numerous, globose, in long terminal drooping panicled spikes, appearing before the leaves;
anthers 2-5-celled, the sacs 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments ovoid, in small terminal clusters,
their scales few, bractless, each bearing a pair of ovules on its base. Cones globose or nearly

64 PINACEAE, Vor. I.

so, the scales thick and woody, rhomboid, fitting closely together by their margins, each
marked with a triangular scar at its base. Seeds large, sharply triangular-pyramidal. [Name
Greek, referring to the yew-like leaves. ]

Three known species, the following of southeastern North America, one Mexican. Type
species: Taxrodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich.

Leaves linear, 2-ranked, spreading. 1. T. distichum.
Leaves awl-shaped, closely appressed to the twigs. 2. T. ascendens.

1. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. Bald Cypress. Fig. 150.

Cupressus disticha L. Sp. Pl. 1003. 1753-
\f MY T. distichum L. C. Rich. Ann. Mus, Paris, 16: 298. 1810,

| = A large forest tree, attaining a maximum height
7——— of about 150° and a trunk diameter of 14°, the old

a bark flaky in thin strips. Leaves narrowly linear,
———— flat, thin, 5-10” long, 4” or less wide, rather light

green, acute, those on some of the flowering branches
smaller, scale-like; cones globose or slightly longer
than thick, pendent at the ends of the branches, very
compact, about 1’ in diameter; surfaces of the scales
irregularly rugose above the inversely triangular scar;
seeds 4-5” long.

In swamps and along rivers, southern New Jersey to
Florida, west to Texas, north in the Mississippi Valley
region to southern Indiana, Missouri and Arkansas.
Wood soft, not strong, brown, very durable; weight
per cubic foot 27 Ibs. The roots develop upright conic
““knees’”’ sometimes 4° high and 1° thick. Called also
White, Red, Black or Virginia Swamp-cypress; Sabino-
tree. March—April.

2. Taxodium ascéndens Brongn.
Pond Cypress. Fig. 151.

Cupressus disticha imbricaria Nutt. Gen, 2:
224. 1818.

Taxodium ascendens Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat.
go: 182. 1833.

Taxodium imbricarium Harper, Bull. Torr. 4
Club 29: 383. 1902.

A tree with maximum height of about
80° and trunk diameter of about 3° above
the greatly enlarged base, tapering upward,
its thick fibrous bark deeply furrowed.
Leaves awl-shaped, closely appressed to the
slender twigs, 2’-5” long, long-pointed,
keeled above, concave beneath, the tips
somewhat spreading; cones similar to those
of T. distichum.

In ponds and swamps, southern Virginia to
Florida and Alabama. Wood heavier and
stronger than that of the Bald cypress.

ie THUJA I Sps Els 10025) 1753:

Evergreen trees or shrubs with frond-like foliage, the leaves small or minute, scale-like,
appressed, imbricated, opposite, 4-ranked, those of the ultimate branchlets mostly obtuse, those
of some of the larger twigs acute or subulate. Aments monoecious, both kinds terminal, the
staminate globose; anthers opposite, 2-4-celled, the sacs globose, 2-valved. Ovule-bearing
aments ovoid or oblong, small, their scales opposite, each bearing 2 (rarely 2-5) erect ovules.
Cones ovoid or oblong, mostly spreading or recurved, their scales 6-10, coriaceous, opposite,
not peltate, dry, spreading when mature. Seeds oblong, broadly or narrowly winged or wing-
less. [Name ancient.]

About 4 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, another
occurs from Montana, Idaho and Oregon to Alaska. Type species; Thuja occidentalis L.

GENUS 7. PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS. 65

1. Thuja occidentalis L. White Cedar.
Arbor Vitae. Fig. 152.
Thuja occidentalis L. Sp, Pl. 1002. 1753.

A conical tree, reaching a height of about 70°
and a trunk diameter of 5°, the old bark decidu-
ous in ragged strips. Scale-like leaves of the
ultimate branchlets nearly orbicular, obtuse,
1-14” broad, the two lateral rows keeled, the two
other rows flat, causing the twigs to appear much
flattened; leaves of the older twigs narrower and
longer, acute or acuminate; cones 4”—-6” long, their
scales obtuse; seeds broadly winged.

In wet soil and along the banks of streams, form-
ing almost impenetrable forests northward, New
Brunswick to James’ Bay and Manitoba, south to
New Jersey, along the Alleghanies to North Caro-
lina, Tennessee and to Illinois and Minnesota. As-
cends to 3500 ft. in the Adirondacks. Wood soft,
brittle, weak, coarse-grained, light brown; weight
per cubic foot 20 lbs. Called also False White and
Feather-leaf Cedar. May-June.

8. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach, Hist. Veg. rr: 329. 1842.

Evergreen trees, similar to the Thujas, with minute opposite appressed 4-ranked scale-
like leaves, or those of older twigs subulate, and small monoecious terminal aments. Stami-
nate aments as in Thuja, but the filaments broader and shield-shaped. Ovule-bearing aments
globose, their scales opposite, peltate, each bearing 2-5 erect ovules. Cones globose, the scales
thick, peltate, each bearing 2-5 erect seeds, closed until mature, each with a central point or
knob. Seeds winged. [Greek, meaning a low cypress.]

About 6 species, the following of the eastern United States, 2 in western North America,
the others Asiatic. Type species: Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach.

1. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.
Southern White Cedar. Fig. 153.

Cupressus thyoides L, Sp. Pl. 1003. 1753.

Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach, Hist. Veg. 11: 331.
1842.

Chamaecyparis thyoides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71.
1888.

A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about
go° and a trunk diameter of 44°. Leaves of the ulti-
mate branchlets ovate, acute, scarcely 4” wide, those
of the lateral rows keeled, those of the vertical rows
slightly convex, each with a minute round discoid
marking on the centre of the back, those of the
older twigs narrower and longer, subulate; cones
about 3” in diameter, blue, each of their closely
fitting scales with a small central point; seeds nar-
rowly winged.

In swamps, southern Maine and New Hampshire to
northern New Jersey, south to Florida and Mississippi,
mostly near the coast. Wood soft, weak, close-grained,
light brown; weight per cubic foot 21 lbs. April—May.
Called also Post or Swamp Cedar, Juniper.

9. JUNIPERUS L. Sp. Pl. 1038. 1753.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate, subulate or scale-like, sessile

leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious, small short axillary

or terminal aments. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate aments oblong or ovoid; anthers 2-6-celled,
each sac 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments of a few opposite somewhat fleshy scales, or these
rarely verticillate in 3’s, each bearing a single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones globose, berry-
like by the coalescence of the fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony seeds. [Name Celtic.]

About 40 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 10 others
occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Juniperus communis L.

Leaves all subulate, prickly pointed, verticillate; aments axillary,

Small erect tree or shrub; leaves slender, mostly straight. 1. J. communis.

Low depressed shrub; leaves stouter, mostly curved. 2. J. sibirica.
Leaves of 2 kinds, scale-like and subulate, mostly opposite ; aments terminal.

Tree; fruit on short straight branches. 3. J. virginiana,

Depressed shrub; fruit on short recurved branches. 4. J. horizontalis.

5

66

Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. Anleit. 2: 124. 1787.

PINACEAE. Vor. f.

1. Juniperus communis L. Juniper. Fig. 154.
Juniperus communis L. Sp. Pl. 1040. 1753.

A low tree or erect shrub, sometimes attaining a
height of 30° and a trunk diameter of 12’, usually smaller,
the branches spreading or drooping, the bark shreddy.
Leaves all subulate, rigid, spreading, or some of the
lower reflexed, mostly straight, prickly pointed, verticil-
late in 3’s, often with smaller ones fascicled in their
axils, 5’-10” long, less than 1” wide, channeled and
commonly whitened on the upper surface; aments axil-
lary; berry-like cones sessile or very nearly so, dark
blue, 3-4” in diameter.

On dry hills, Massachusetts to Alaska,-south to New

) Jersey, North Carolina, Michigan, western Nebraska and

in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Ascends to
goo ft. in Pennsylvania. Also in Europe and Asia. The
fruit, called Melmot berries, is used for flavoring gin.
Called also Horse Savin, Hackmatack, Aiten. April-May.
Fruit ripe Oct.

2. Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. Low Juniper. Fairy Circles. Fig. 155.

Juniperus nana Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 854. 1806.
J. communis depressa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 646. 1814.
Juniperus communis var. alpina Gaud. Fl. Helv. 6:

gor. 1830.

A depressed or trailing rigid shrub, seldom over 18’
high, forming circular patches often 10° in diameter.
Leaves similar to those of the preceding species, but
stouter, similarly channeled and often whitened above,
appressed-ascending, rather rigid, spiny tipped, 4-6”
long, mostly incurved, densely clothing the twigs,
verticillate in 3’s; aments axillary; berry-like cones
blue, 4-5” in diameter.

In dry, open places, Labrador to British Columbia,
south to Massachusetts, New York, Michigan and in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in Europe
and Asia. Although the characteristic growth in a de-
pressed circular patch gives a very different aspect from
the true Juniper, the plant may, perhaps, be better re-
garded as a race of J. communis L. April-May.

3. Juniperus virginiana L. Red Cedar.

Savin. Fig. 156.

Juniperus virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 1039. 1753.

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 100°
and a trunk diameter of 5°, conic when young, but the
branches spreading in age so that the outline becomes
nearly cylindric. Leaves mostly opposite, all those of
young plants and commonly some of those on the older
twigs of older trees subulate, spiny-tipped, 2-4” long,
those of the mature foliage scale-like, acute or sub-
acute, closely appressed and imbricated, 4-ranked, caus-
ing the twigs to appear quadrangular; aments terminal ;
berry-like cones light blue, glaucous, about 3” in diam-
eter, borne on straight peduncle-like branchlets of less
than their own length, 1-2-seeded, maturing the first
season.

In dry soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario and South
Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Wood soft, not
strong, straight-grained, compact, odorous, red, the sap-
wood white; weight per cubic foot 31 Ibs.; used in large
quantities in the manufacture of lead pencils. April-May.

Fruit ripe Sept-Oct. Called also Red Savin or Juniper;
Juniper-bush, Carolina Cedar, Pencil-wood.

Juniperus scopulorum Sargent, the Rocky Mountain Red Cedar, which differs from J. wir-

giniana mainly in maturing its fruit during the second season, has been reported from Nebraska.

GENUS 9. PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS. 67

4. Juniperus horizontalis Moench. Shrubby
Red Cedar. Creeping Juniper. Fig. 157.

Juniperus horizontalis Moench, Meth. 699. 1794. ~ \ \
Juniperus prostrata Pers. Syn. 2: 632. 1807. KAN
Juniperus Sabina var. procumbens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. YW

647. 1814.

A depressed, usually procumbent shrub, seldom more
than 4° high. Leaves similar to those of the preced-
ing species, those of young plants and the older twigs
of older plants subulate, spiny-tipped, those of the
mature foliage scale-like, appressed, 4-ranked, acute or
acuminate; aments terminal; berry-like cones light
blue, somewhat glaucous, 4-5” in diameter, borne on
recurved peduncle-like branchlets of less than their own
length, 1-4-seeded.

On banks, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to
Massachusetts, northern New York, Minnesota and Mon-
tana. Has been confused with J. Sabina of Europe.
April-May.

LE.

Family 2. TAXACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 316. 1836.
Yew Famity.

Trees or shrubs, resin-bearing except Taxus. Leaves evergreen or deciduous,
linear, or in several exotic genera broad or sometimes fan-shaped, the pollen-sacs
and ovules borne in separate clusters or solitary. Perianth wanting. Stamens
much as in the Pinaceae. Ovules with either one or two integuments ; when two,
the outer one fleshy, when only one, its outer part fleshy. Fruit drupe-like or
rarely a cone.

About to genera and 75 species, of wide geographic distribution, most numerous in the
southern hemisphere. The Maiden-hair Tree, Ginkgo biloba, of China and Japan, with fan-shaped
leaves, is an interesting relative of the group, now much planted for ornament.

me TAXUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. to40. 1753.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, with spirally arranged short-petioled linear flat mucronate
leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, and axillary and solitary, sessile or subsessile very
small aments; staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8 stamens, their fila-
ments united to the middle; anthers 4-6-celled. Ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by
a fleshy, annular disk, which is bracted at the base. Fruit consisting of the fleshy disk which
becomes cup-shaped, red, and nearly encloses the bony seed. [Name ancient.]

_ _About 6 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs
in Florida, one in Mexico and one on the Pacific Coast. Type species: Tarus baccata L.

1. Taxus canadénsis Marsh. American
Yew. Ground-hemlock. - Fig. 158.

Taxus baccata var. minor Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.

2: 245. 1803.

Taxus canadensis Marsh. Arb. Am, 151. 1785.
Taxus minor Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 19.

1893.

A low straggling shrub, seldom over 5° high.
Leaves dark green on both sides, narrowly
linear, mucronate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, 6-10” long, nearly 1” wide, persistent
on the twigs in drying; the staminate aments
globose, 1” long, usually numerous; ovules
usually few; fruit red and pulpy, resinous,
oblong, nearly 3” high, the top of the seed not
covered by the fleshy integument.

In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south
to New Jersey, in the Alleghanies to Virginia,
and to Minnesota and Iowa. Ascends to 2500
ft. in the Adirondacks. April-May. Called also
Dwarf Yew, Shin-wood, Creeping Hemlock.
Very different from the European Yew, 7. bac-
cata, in habit, the latter becoming a large forest
tree, as does the Oregon Yew, 7. brewvifolia.

68 TYPHACEAE. VoL. 1.

Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary) formed by the
infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel), or
of several such leaves joined together, in which the seeds are ripened. The pollen-
grains (microspores) on alighting upon the summit of the carpel (stigma) germi-
nate, sending out a pollen-tube which penetrates its tissue and reaching an ovule
enters the orifice of the latter (micropyle), and its tip coming in contact with a
germ-cell in the embryo-sac, fertilization is effected. In a few cases the pollen-
tube enters the ovule at the chalaza, not at the micropyle.

Cotyledon one; stem endogenous. ; : Sub-class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Cotyledons almost always two; stem (with rare exceptions) exogenous.
Sub-class 2. DicoTyLEDONES,

Sub-class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Embryo of the seed with but a single cotyledon and the first leaves of the
germinating plantlet alternate. Stem composed of a ground-mass of soft tissue
(parenchyma) in which bundles of wood-cells are irregularly imbedded; no dis-
tinction into wood, pith and bark. Leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate
and entire, commonly sheathing the stem at the base and often with no distinction
of blade and petiole. Flowers mostly 3-merous or 6-merous.

Monocotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Triassic time. They constitute between
one-fourth and one-third of the living angiospermous flora.

Family 1. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 1: 60. 1805.
CaT-TAIL FAMILY.

Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots and glabrous
erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, flat, ensiform, striate, sheathing at the base.
Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in terminal spikes, which are subtended by
spathaceous, usually fugacious bracts, and divided at intervals by smaller bracts,
which are caducous, the staminate spikes uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Stamens
2-7, the filaments connate. Ovary 1, stipitate, 1-2-celled. Ovules anatropous.
Styles as many as the cells of the ovary. Mingled among the stamens and pistils
are bristly hairs, and among the pistillate flowers many sterile flowers with clavate
tips. Fruit nutlike. Endosperm copious. Only the following genus:

1. TYPHA [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 971. 1753.

Characters of the family. [Name ancient.]
About 10 species, of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Typha latifolia L.
Spikes with the pistillate and staminate usually contiguous, the former without bractlets; stigmas

spatulate or rhomboid; pollen 4-grained. 1. T. latifolia.
Spikes with the pistillate and staminate usually distant, the former with bractlets; stigmas linear
or oblong-linear; pollen in-simple grains. 2. T. angustifolia.

1. Typha latifolia L. Broad-leaved Cat-tail.
Fig. 159.

Typha latifolia L. Sp. Pl. 971. 1753.

Stems stout, 4°-8° high. Leaves 3-12” broad;
spikes dark brown or black, the staminate and pistil-
late portions usually contiguous, each 3-12’ long and
often 1’ or more in diameter, the pistillate without
bractlets; stigmas rhomboid or spatulate; pollen-
grains in 4’s; pedicels of the mature pistillate flowers
1-13” long.

In marshes, throughout North America except the
exterme north. Ascends to 1600 ft. in the Adirondacks
and to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia.
June-July. Fruit, Aug.—Sept. Called also Great-Reed-
mace, Cat-o’-nine-tail, Marsh Beetle, Marsh Pestle, Cat-
tail Flag, Flax-tail, Blackamoor, Black-cap, Bull-segg,
Bubrush, Water-torch, Candlewick.

in a

GENUS I. CAT-TAIL FAMILY.

2. Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cat-
tail. Fig. 160.

Typha angustifolia L. Sp. Pl. 971. 1753.

Stems slender, 5°-10° high. Leaves mostly narrower
than those of the preceding species, 2”-6” wide; spikes
light brown, the staminate and pistillate portions usually
distant, the two together sometimes 15’ long, the pistil-
late, when mature 2’-8” in diameter, and provided with
bractlets; stigmas linear or linear-oblong; pollen-grains

Ww

simple; pedicels of the mature pistillate flowers 4” long
or less.

Abundant in marshes along the Atlantic Coast from
Nova Scotia to Florida, but also occurring rather rarely
inland, and in California. Also in tropical America and
South America. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July.
Fruit, Aug.—Sept. Called also Lesser Reed-mace and most
of the names of the preceding species.

Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh, Theor. Syst. Pl.
Bur-REED FAMILY.

Marsh or pond plants with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, erect or
floating simple or branched stems, and linear alternate leaves, sheathing at the
base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in globose heads at the upper part
of the stem and branches, the staminate heads uppermost, sessile or peduncled.
Spathes linear, immediately beneath or at’a distance below the head. Perianth
of a few irregular chaffy scales. Stamens commonly 5, their filaments distinct;
anthers oblong or cuneate. Ovary sessile, mostly t-celled. Ovules anatropous.
Fruit mostly 1-celled, nutlike. Embryo nearly straight in copious endosperm.

The family comprises only the following genus.

1. SPARGANIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 971. 1753.

Characters of the family. [Greek, referring to the ribbon-like leaves.]
About 22 species, of temperate and cold regions. Besides the following, 3 others occur in
western North America. Type species: Sparganium erectum L.
Achenes broadly obovoid or cuneate-obpyramidal, sessile, distinctly beaked; inflorescence com-
pound; fruiting heads 10’—15” in diameter. 1. S. eurycarpum.
Achenes fusiform (in S. minimum somewhat obovoid, but short-beaked and short-stipitate).
Stipe and beak of the achene each 1” long or more; fruiting heads 714” in diameter or more;
anthers 3-4 times as long as broad.
Beaks straight or slightly curved; stigmas linear.
Heads all axillary; beak shorter than the body of the achene; leaves keeled.
Achenes dull; stigmas 1” long or less.
Inflorescence branched, the branches geniculate, bearing 3-7 staminate heads.
2. S. androcladum.
Inflorescence simple, or, if branched, the branches strict and bearing o-2 stami-
nate heads. 3. S. americanum.
Achenes glossy; stigmas 114”-134” long. 4. S. lucidum.
Heads, at least some of them, supra-axillary.
Leaves, at least the middle ones, strongly triangular-keeled ; stem usually erect, strict.
Fruiting heads over 10” in diameter; leaves broad; bracts ascending-spreading;
beak fully as long as the body of the achene.
Leaves 3%2”-7%4” wide, strongly veined; fruiting heads about 15” in
diameter; achenes brown, shining, each gradually tapering into the beak.
5. S. simplex.
Leaves 114”-4” wide, weakly veined; fruiting heads 10”—12%4” in diameter:
achenes green, dull, each abruptly contracted into the beak.
6. S. chlorocarpum.
Fruiting heads rarely 10” in diameter; leaves narrow; bracts almost erect.
Heads distant, nearly 10” in diameter; achenes grayish-brown, distinctly

nerved. ‘ 7. S. diversifolium.
Heads approximate, about 7'%4” in diameter; achenes dark olive-brown, not
pp 1
nerved. 8. S. acaule.

Leaves not keeled, or only slightly so, narrow and slender; stem weak and often
floating ; beak decidedly shorter than the body of the achene.
Leaves usually 2%4”-5” wide; leaves and bracts conspicuously scarious-margined ;
fruiting heads 8'4”-10” in diameter; achenes gradually beaked.
9. S. multipedunculatum,
Leaves 134”-2” wide; leaves and bracts not conspicuously scarious-margined ;
fruiting heads about 74” in diameter; achenes abruptly beaked.
10. S. angustifolium,

*Text revised by Dr. Joun KunKEL SMALL.

Vi) SPARGANIACEAE. Vou. I.

Beaks gladiate-curved ; stigma short oblong. Tite S. fluctuans.
Stipe and beak of the achene short or none, always less than %4” long; fruiting heads about 5”
in diameter; stigmas oblong; anthers 1%~—2 times as long as broad. :
Heads all sessile, or the lowest short-pedicelled, axillary; the staminate head distant from
the pistillate ones; achenes short-beaked. y 13. S. minimum.
Lower pistillate heads distinctly pedicelled and supra-axillary ; the staminate head close to
the upper pistillate one. 12. S. hyperboreum.

1. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm.
Broad-fruited Bur-reed. Fig. 161.
Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 2, 430. 1856.

Stem stout, 3°-8° high, branching. Leaves
linear, flat, slightly keeled beneath, the lowest
3°-5° long; staminate heads numerous; pistil-
late heads 2-4 on the stem or branches, sessile
or more commonly peduncled, hard, compact
and 10-16” in diameter; style 1; stigmas I-2;
nutlets sessile, 37-5” long, obtusely 4-5-angled,
narrowed at the base, the top rounded, flat-
tened or depressed, abruptly tipped with the
style; scales as long or nearly as long as the
fruit, often with 2 or 3 other exterior ones,
somewhat spatulate, the apex rounded, dentic-
ulate or eroded.

| In marshes and along streams, Newfoundland
i j to British Columbia, Florida, Missouri, Utah and
La

California. May—Aug.

2. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong.
Branching Bur-reed. Fig. 162.
Sparganium simplex androcladum Engelm.; A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 5, 481. 1867.

Sparganium androcladum Morong, Bull, Torrey Club 15:

78. 1888.

Sparganium americanum androcladum Fernald & Eames,

Rhodora 9: 87. 1907.

Stem branching, 1°-33° high; leaves 13°-33° long,
triangular at the base; bracts similar to the leaves,
bases slightly dilated, and but narrowly scarious-mar-
gined; inflorescence branched; branches and peduncles
axillary, branches zigzag; fruiting heads 6’-12” diam-
eter; nutlets brown, dull, fusiform, 23’—3” long, terete
or obtusely angled, often constricted at the middle;
stigma linear, 1” long.

In bogs or shallow water, Newfoundland to Minnesota,
Florida and Louisiana. June—Aug.

3. Sparganium americanum Nutt. Nuttall’s Bur-
Teedansaiecumoss

Sparganium americanum Nutt. Gen. 2: 203. 1818.
Sparganium simplex Nuttallii Engelm.: A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,

481. 1867.

Stem simple or nearly so, 1°-23° high; leaves 1°-34° long,
keeled, somewhat scarious-margined near the base; bracts,
at least the lower ones, similar to the leaves, but shorter,
dilated and scarious-mareined near the base; inflorescence
usually simple, with the heads sessile, or the lower pistillate
ones peduncled, the branches, when present, straight; fruit-
ing heads 9-12” in diameter; nutlets brown, dull, fusiform,
23”-3” long; stigma oblong, seldom over 3” long.

In low grounds or ponds, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Iowa,
South Carolina and Oklahoma. June—Aug.

GENUS I. BUR-REED FAMILY. 71

4. Sparganium lucidum Fernald & Eames.
Shining-fruited Bur-reed. Fig. 164.

Sparganium lucidum Fernald & Eames, Rhodora g:
87. 1907.

Stem stout, 2°-33° high; leaves 1°-2° long,
strongly keeled, 13”-6” wide; bracts similar to
the leaves but shorter; inflorescence simple or
somewhat branched, with the branches, or heads,
axillary, the main axis bearing 2-4 sessile pistil-
late heads and 6-10 staminate heads, the branches,
when present, bearing 1 pistillate head and some-
times I-4 staminate heads; fruiting heads about
15” in diameter; nutlets olive-brown, shining, the
body fusiform, about 4” long; stigma linear,
14-13” long.

In ponds and streams, Massachusetts to New York,
Illinois and Missouri. July—Sept.

5. Sparganium simplex Huds. Simple-

stemmed Bur-reed. Black-weed. Fig. 165.
Sparganium erectum B L. Sp. Pl. 971. 1753.
Sparganium simplex Huds. Fl. Aug. ed. 2. 401. 1788.

Stem rather stout, 14°-2° high; leaves 14°-3°
long, triangular-keeled, 4-8” wide; bracts flat or
slightly keeled; inflorescence usually simple, the
pistillate heads 2-5, at least some of them supra-
axillary, the lower 1 or 2 peduncled, the staminate
heads 4-8; fruiting heads about 15” in diameter;
nutlets brown or sometimes greenish-brown, the
body fusiform, 23”-3” long, often constricted at
the middle; stigma linear, about 1” long.

In lakes and streams, Quebec and Ontario, and in

Washington and British Columbia. Also in Europe
and Asia. July—Sept.

6. Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb.
Green-fruited Bur-reed. Fig. 166.

Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb, N. A. Fl. 17°: 8.
1909.

Stem slender, 1°-2° tall, or sometimes floating;
leaves 1°-2° long, at least the middle ones keeled,
14-34” wide; bracts similar to the leaves, slightly,
if at all, dilated or scarious at the base; inflores-
cence simple, the pistillate heads 2-4, sessile or
the lowest one peduncled, the staminate heads 3-7;
fruiting heads 10’-12” in diameter: nutlets green,
rather dull, the body fusiform, 2-24” long;
stigma less than 1” long,

In marshes and rivers, western New York to Iowa
and Indiana. July—Sept.

SPARGANIACEAE, Vor. I.

7. Sparganium diversifolium Graebner.
Various-leaved Bur-reed. Fig. 167.
Sparganium diversifolium Graebner, Schrift. Nat.

Ges. Danzig. II. 9: 335. 1895.

Stem rather stout, 2°-3° high; leaves narrow,
13-23” wide, abruptly pointed, the lower ones
flat, the upper ones convex on the back or sharply
keeled near the base; bracts similar to the upper
leaves; inflorescence simple, often nodding at the
tip, the pistillate heads 1-3, distant, the staminate
heads 1-6, distant; fruiting heads 10” in diameter;
nutlets grayish-brown, the body prominently-
nerved, obovoid; stigma linear-lanceolate.

In bogs, Newfoundland, New Hampshire and Min-
nesota. Also in Europe. July—Sept.

UA
8. Sparganium acaule (Beeby) Rydb. Stem-
less Bur-reed. Fig. 168.
Sparganium simplex acaule Beeby; Macoun, Cat. Can.
Pl. 5: 367. 1890. :
Sparganium diversifolium acaule Fernald & Eames,
Rhodora 9: 88. 1907
Sparganium acaule Rydberg, N. A. Fl. 17°: 8. 1909.

Stem rather slender, 3°-1° high; leaves very nar-
row, 1-2” wide, triangular-keeled; bracts nearly
similar to the leaves, but dilated and with broad
scarious margins at the base; inflorescence simple,
erect, the pistillate heads solitary or 2 or 3, and
approximate, usually sessile, supra-axillary, the stam-
inate 2-4, less crowded than the pistillate ones; fruit-
ing heads 7-8” in diameter; nutlets olive-brown, the
body not nerved, fusiform, 13-2” long.

In swamps and on muddy shores, Newfoundland to
Iowa, South Dakota and Virginia. July—Sept.

g. Sparganium multipedunculatum ( Morong)
Rydb. Many-stalked Bur-reed. Fig. 169.

Sparganium simplex multipedunculata Morong, Bull.

Torrey Club 15: 79. 1888.

Sparganium multipedunculatum Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club

32: 598. 1905.

Stem 1°-12° high or less, or floating, rather slen-
der; leaves narrow, 23-5” wide or rarely less,
slightly keeled, dilated and scarious-margined at the
base; bracts similar to the leaves, but relatively more
dilated at the base; inflorescence usually simple, the
pistillate heads 2-5, the lower 1 or 2 decidedly pedun-
cled, some of them supra-axillary, the staminate
heads 3-5, approximate to each other, but usually
distant from the nearest pistillate one; fruiting
heads 7-10” in diameter; nutlets brown, the body
fusiform, about 2” long; stigma linear, about 3”
long.

In ponds and marshes, Mackenzie to western On-
tario, Colorado, British Columbia and California.
July-Sept.

GENUs I. BUR-REED FAMILY. 73

10. Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Narrow-
leaved Bur-reed. Fig. 170.

Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Fl, Bor. Am. 2: 189.

1803.

Sparganium natans angustifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 34.

1814.

Sparganium simplex angustifolium Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 249.

1843.

Stem floating and elongated, or occasionally 4°-1°
high; leaves usually very narrow, 14-2” wide, not
keeled; bracts various, the lower ones similar to the
leaves, dilated and sometimes slightly scarious-margined
at the base, the upper ones much shorter than the lower,
lanceolate to ovate; inflorescence simple, the pistillate
heads 2-4, the lower 1 or 2 usually on supra-axillary
peduncles, the staminate heads usually approximate;
fruiting heads 7’-8” in diameter; nutlets dirty-brown,
except the reddish brown bases, the body constricted at
the middle or above it; stigma 3” long or less.

In slow streams and ponds, Newfoundland to British Co-
lumbia, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Colorado and Cali-
fornia. Illustrated in first edition as Sparganium simplex. July—Sept.

11. Sparganium flictuans (Morong) Rob-
inson. Floating Bur-reed. Fig. 171.

Sparganium simplex fluitans Engelm.; A. Gray Man.
Ed. 5, 481. 1867.

Sparganium androcladum fluctuans Morong, Bull.
Torrey Club 15: 78. 1888.

Sparganium fluctuans Robinson, Rhodora 7:60. 1905.

Stem floating, slender, usually elongated; leaves
rather narrow, 2’-53” wide, slightly, if at all,
keeled, cellular-reticulate; bracts much shorter
than the leaves, dilated and somewhat scarious-
margined near the base; inflorescence’ usually
branched, the main axis with 2-4 staminate heads,
the branches usually bearing 1 pistillate and 2
staminate heads; fruiting heads about Yo” in
diameter ; nutlets brown, the body fusiform, some-
times constricted at the middle; stigma obliquely
oblong.

In ponds and cold lakes, Maine to Connecticut and
Minnesota. July—Sept.

12. Sparganium hyperboreum Laest.
Northern Bur-reed. Fig. 172.

Sparganium natans submuticum WHartm. Handb.
Skand. Fl. ed. 4: 312. 1843.

Sparganium hyperboreum Laest.; Beurl. Oefvers.
Vet. Akad. Foerh. g: 192. 1852.

Stem floating and elongated, or decumbent, or
ascending and 4’-8’ high; leaves light green, very
narrow, 4-2” wide, flat or slightly round-keeled
near the base, in the case of floating plants some-
times greatly elongated; leaf-sheaths slightly di-
lated near the base, but not scarious-margined;
pistillate heads 2-4, the lower 1 or 2 usually
peduncled and supra-axillary; fruiting heads
4-5” in diameter; nutlets dark-yellow, dull, the
body ellipsoid; stigma oval.

In ponds and streams, Greenland to Newfound-
land, Hudson Bay and Alaska Also in northern
Europe and Asia. July—Sept.

SPARGANIACEAE. Vou. I.

13. Sparganium minimum Fries. Small Bur-reed.
Fig. 173.
Sparganium natans Oeder. Fl. Dan. 2°: 5. 1764. Not S. natans
1753.
Sparganium minimwn Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 560. 1849.
Sparganium angustifoliwm A.-Gray, Man, Ed. 5, 430. 1856. Not

S. angustifolium Michx. 1803.

Stem floating and sometimes elongated, or decumbent, as-
cending or erect, and relatively short; leaves dark-green, nar-
row, mostly 1’—33” wide, flat; upper leaf-sheaths somewhat
dilated, but not scarious-margined; pistillate heads solitary,
or 2 or 3 and placed about equally distant, axillary; fruiting
heads about 5” in diameter; nutlets greenish-brown, dull, the
body broadly ellipsoid, usually constricted below the middle;
stigma obliquely oblong or oval.

In ponds and streams, Labrador to Alaska, New Jersey, Ten-
nessee (?), Utah and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia. June—Aug.

//|

Se |

Family 3. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 61. 1829.*

PoNDWEED FAMILY.

Perennial marine or fresh-water plants with floating or submerged leaves, or
both. Leaf-blades petioled or sessile, capillary or expanded into a proper blade,
or rarely reduced to terete phyllodes. Flowers perfect or monoecious, in sessile
or peduncled spikes, or in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Perianth none, but
flowers sometimes enclosed in a hyaline sheath. Androecium of 1-4 stamens.
Anthers extrorse, 1—2-celled, the connective sometimes becoming perianth-like.
Gynoecium of 1-4 distinct, 1-seeded carpels. Fruits mostly nut-like or drupe-
like, sessile or stipitate. Endosperm wanting.

About 4 genera and 7o species of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in temperate
regions. The months noted in the descriptions indicate the fruting period.

Flowers perfect ; stamens more than 1.

Stamens 4; fruit sessile. 1. Potamogeton.
Stamens 2; fruit stalked. 2. Ruppia.
Flowers monoecious; stamen 1. 3. Zannichellia.

1. POTAMOGETON L. Sp. Pl. 126. 1753.

Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of 2 kinds, submerged and floating,
the submerged mostly linear, the floating coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate or oval. Spathes
stipular, often ligulate, free or connate with the base of the leaf or petiole, enclosing the
young buds and usually soon perishing after expanding. Peduncles axillary, usually emersed.
Flowers small, spicate, green or red. Perianth none. Stamens 4. Anthers sessile, the con-
nective dilated, perianth-like (Fig. 186). Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, atten-
uated into a short erect or recurved style, or with a sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 ovoid or sub-
globose drupelets, the pericarp usually thin and hard or spongy. Seeds crustaceous, campylo-
tropous, with an uncinate embryo thickened at the radicular end. [Greek, in allusion to the
aquatic habitat.] Water Spike.

About 65 well-defined species, natives of temperate regions. Besides the following, about 3
others occur in the southern parts of North America. Type species Potamogeton natans L.

Stipules axillary and free from the rest of the leaf.
With floating and submerged leaves.
Submerged leaves bladeless.

Nutlets more or less pitted. 1. P. matans.
Nutlets not pitted. 2. P. Oakesianus.
Submerged leaves with a proper blade.
Submerged leaves of 2 kinds, lanceolate and oval or oblong
Uppermost broadly oval or elliptical, lowest lanceolate. 3. P. amplifolius.
Uppermost lanceolate and pellucid, lowest oblong and opaque. 4. P. pulcher.
Submerged leaves all alike, capillary or linear-setaceous.
1-nerved or nerveless. 25. P. Vaseyt.
3-nerved. 26. P. lateralis.

Submerged leaves all alike, linear.

*Text of this family and of the two following ones contributed to the first edition by
the late Rev. THomAs Morong, revised for this edition by Mr. NorMAN TAYLOR,

i at

*

GENUS I. PONDWEED FAMILY. 75
Nearly the same breadth throughout, obtusely pointed, coarsely cellular-reticulated in
the middle. 5. P. epihydrus.
Broader at base, acute, without cellular-reticulation. 9. P. heterophyllus.
Submerged leaves all alike, lanceolate.
Uppermost leaves petioled, lowest sessile. 6. P. alpinus.

All the leaves petioled.
Floating leaves large, broadly elliptic, rounded or subcordate at base.
11. P. illinoensis.
Floating leaves narrowly elliptical, tapering at base. 7. P. americanus.
Floating leaves mostly obovate or oblanceolate, tapering at base.
8. P. Faxoni,
All the leaves sessile or subsessile.

Fruit only 1 line long, obscurely 3-keeled. 10. P. varians.
Fruit 1% lines long, distinctly 3-keeled. 12. P. angustifolius.

With submerged leaves only.
Without propagating buds and without glands.
Leaves with broad blades, mostly lanceolate or ovate, many-nerved.
Leaves subsessile or short-petioled, mostly acute or cuspidate. 13. P. lucens.
Leaves semi-amplexicaul, obtuse and cucullate at the apex. 14. P. praelongus.
Leaves meeting around the stem, very obtuse at the apex, not cucullate.
15. P. perfoliatus.
Leaves with narrow blades, linear or oblong-linear, several-nerved.
Leaves oblong-linear, 5~7-nerved, obtuse at the apex. 16. P. mysticus.
Leaves narrowly linear, 3-nerved, acute at the apex. 21. P. foliosus.
Leaves with narrow blades, capillary or setaceous, 1-nerved or nerveless.
17. P. confervoides.

With propagating buds or glands, or both.
With buds, but without glands.
Leaves serrulate, 3—7-nerved. 18. P. crispus.
Leaves entire, with 3 principal and many fine nerves. 19. P. compressus.
Commonly with glands, but no buds.
Stems long-branching from the base; leaves lax, flat, 3-nerved, abruptly acute or
cuspidate. 20. Alli.
Stems simple; leaves strict, revolute, 3—-5-nerved, acuminate. 24. P. rutilus.
With both buds and glands,
Glands large and translucent; buds rare. zs
Glands small, often dull; buds common.
Leaves linear, 5~7-nerved. 2
Leaves linear, 3-nerved. 2
Leaves capillary, 1-nerved or nerveless. 2
Stipules adnate to the leaves or petioles.
With both floating and submerged leaves.
Submerged peduncles as long as the spikes, clavate, often recurved. 29. P. diversifolius.
Submerged peduncles none, or at most hardly a line long. 30. P. dimorphus.
With submerged leaves only.
Stigma broad and sessile.

. obtusifolius,

. pusillus.

P.
P.
P.
P. Friesii.
P
P. gemmiparus.

Sheath of stipule less than 4” long. 31. P. filiformis.
Sheath of stipule more than 7” long. 32. P. interior.
Style apparent; stigma capitate.
Fruit without keels or obscurely keeled. 33. P. pectinatus.
Fruit strongly 3-keeled.
Leaves entire, 3-5-nerved. 34. P. interruptus.
Leaves minutely serrulate, finely many-nerved. 35. P. Robbinsit.

1. Potamogeton natans L. Common Floating Pondweed. Fig. 174.
Potamogeton natans L. Sp. Pl. 126. 1753.

Stems 2°-4° long, simple or sparingly branched.
Floating leaves thick, the blade ovate, oval or ellip-
tic, 2’-4’ long, 1-2’ wide, usually tipped with a short
abrupt point, rounded or subcordate at the base,
many-nerved; submerged leaves reduced to phyllodes
or bladeless petioles which commonly perish early
and are seldom seen at the fruiting period; stipules
sometimes 4’ long, acute, 2-keeled; peduncles as
thick as the stem, 2’-4’ long; spikes cylindric, very
dense, about 2’ long; fruit turgid, 2’—2}” long, about
1}” thick, scarcely keeled, narrowly obovoid, slightly
curved on the face; style broad and facial; nutlet
hard, more or less pitted or impressed on the sides,
2-grooved on the back; embryo forming an incom-
plete circle, the apex pointing toward the base.

In ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to British Co-
lumbia, New Jersey, Missouri and Nebraska. Also in

Europe and Asia. Called also Tench-weed, Batter-
dock, Deil’s-spoons. July-Aug.

76 ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins. Oakes’ Pondweed. Fig. 175.

Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins in A, Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 485. 1867.

Stems very slender, often much branched from
below. Floating leaves elliptic, mostly obtuse,
rounded or slightly subcordate at the base, 1’-2’
long, 5°-9” wide, 12-20-nerved; petioles 2’-6’
long; submerged leaves mere capillary phyllodes,
often persistent through the flowering season;
peduncles 1-3’ long, commonly much thicker than
the stem, mostly solitary; spikes cylindric, 3/1’
long; stipules acute, hardly keeled; fruit obovoid,
about 13” long, 1” thick, nearly straight on the
face, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp; style apical
or subapical; sides of the nutlet not pitted, but
sometimes slightly impressed; embryo circle in-
complete, the apex pointing toward the base.

In still water, Anticosti to Wisconsin and New
Jersey. Summer.

3. Potamogeton amplifélius Tuckerm. Large-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 176.

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Am. Journ, Sci.

CII.) 6: 225. 1848.

Potamogeton amplifolius ovalifoliuns Morong; A.

Benn. Journ. Bot. 42: 70. 1904.

Stems long, simple or occasionally branched.
Floating leaves oval or ovate, abruptly pointed at
the apex, rounded at the base, 2’-4’ long, 11’-2”
wide, many-nerved; petioles 3-5’ long; submerged
leaves mostly petioled, the uppermost often elliptic
or oval, 3-6’ long, 17-23’ wide, the lowest lanceo-
late, often 8’ long, with the sides closed and as-
suming a falcate shape; stipules tapering to a
long sharp point, sometimes 4’ long; peduncles
thickened upward, 2-8’ long; spikes cylindric,
1-2’ long; fruit 2”-23” long, 13” thick, turgid,
the pericarp hard, obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled;
face more or less angled; style subapical; embryo
slightly incurved.

In lakes, Ontario to British Columbia, south to
Georgia and Nebraska. July—Sept.

4. Potamogeton pilcher Tuckerm. Spotted
Pondweed. Fig. 177.

Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Am, Journ. Sci. 45:
38. 1843.

Stems simple, terete, black-spotted, 1°-2° long.
Floating leaves usually massed at the top on short
lateral branches, alternate, ovate or round-ovate,
subcordate, 2’-43’ long, 9-33’ wide, many-nerved ;
peduncles about as thick as the steam, 2’-4’ long,
spotted; submerged leaves of 2 kinds, the upper-
most pellucid, lanceolate, long-acuminate, undu-
late, 3-8’ long, 6-18” wide, tapering at the base
into a short petiole, 10-20-nerved; the lowest
much thicker, opaque, spatulate, oblong or ovate,
on petioles 3-4’ long; stipules obtuse or acumi-
nate, 2-carinate; fruit 2”-23” long, 13” thick,
turgid, tapering into a stout apical style, the back
sharply 3-keeled; face angled near the middle,
with a sinus below; embryo coiled.

In ponds and pools, Massachusetts to Georgia and
Arkansas. July.

GENUs I. PONDWEED FAMILY.

5. Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Nuttall’s

epumneeton epihydrus Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 354.
1506.
Potamogeton Nuttallii Cham. & Schl. Linnaea, 2:

226. pl, 6. f. 25. 1827.

Potamogeton Claytonii Tuckerm. Am. Journ, Sci.

45: 38. 1843.

Stems slender, compressed, 1°-6° long. Float-
ing leaves opposite, elliptic to obovate, obtuse,
short-petioled, 13’-33’ long, 4-12” wide, many-
nerved; submerged leaves linear, 2-ranked, 2’-7’
long, 1-3” wide, 5-nerved, the 2 outer nerves
nearly marginal, the space between the 2 inner
and the midrib coarsely reticulated; stipules ob-
tuse, hyaline, not keeled; peduncles 1-5’ long;
spikes 3’-1’ long; fruit round-obovoid 1}’-2”
long, 1-13” thick, 3-keeled, the sides flat and
indistinctly impressed; style short, apical; embryo
coiled one and one-third times.

In ponds and streams, Newfoundland to British
Columbia, North Carolina and Iowa. Creek-grass.
June-Aug.

Ber. 5.

1815.

Pondweed. Fig. 178.

fin

6. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis. Northern Pondweed. Fig. 179.

Potamogeton alpinus Balbis, Misc. Bot. 13. 1804.
Potamogeton rufescens Schrad.; Cham, Adn. Fl.

_ Plant of a ruddy tinge ; stems simple or branched,
somewhat compressed. Floating leaves spatulate
or oblanceolate, obtuse, many-nerved, tapering

+ ‘

nf ape

into petioles 1-5’ long; submerged leaves semi-
pellucid, the, lowest sessile, the uppermost petioled,
oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or rarely
acute, narrowed at the base, 3’-12’ long, 2’-9”
wide, 7-nerved; stipules broad, faintly 2-carinate,
obtuse or rarely acute; peduncles 2’-8’ long;
spikes 17-12’ long; fruit obovoid, lenticular, red-
dish, 14” long, 1” thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel
sharp, the face arched, beaked by the short re-
curved style; apex of the embryo pointing directly
to the basal end.

In ponds, Labrador to British Columbia, Florida
and California. Also in Europe. July—Aug.

7. Potamogeton americanus Cham. & Schl. Long-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 180.

Potamogeton fluitans Roth, Fl. Germ. 1: 72. 1788?
Potamogeton americanus Cham. & Schl. Linnaea, 2:

226. 1827.

Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. (II.)

6: 226. 1848.

Potamogeton lonchites noveboracensis Morong. Mem.

Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 20. 1893.

Stem terete, much branched, 3°-6° long. Floating
leaves rather thin, elliptic, pointed at both ends, 2-0’
long, 6-24” wide, many-nerved, on petioles 2’-8’ in
length; submerged leaves pellucid, 4’-13’ long, 2-12”
wide, rounded at the base or tapering into a petiole
1-4’ long; stipules 1-4’ long, acuminate, acute or
obtuse, strongly or faintly 2-carinate; peduncles
thickening upward, 2’-5’ long; spikes cylindric, 1-3’
long; fruit about 2” long, 17-14” thick, obliquely
obovoid, the face nearly straight, the back 3-keeled,
the middle keel rounded or often with a projecting
wing under the style, not impressed on the sides;
embryo slightly incurved, apex pointing slightly in-
side of the base.

In ponds and slow streams, New Brunswick to Wash-
ington, Florida, West Indies, and California. July-Oct.

78 ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Vor. I.

8. Potamogeton Faxoni Morong. Faxon’s
Pondweed. Fig. 181.

Potamogeton Faxoni Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3:

Part 2, 22. 1893.

Floating leaves numerous, mostly obovate or
oblanceolate, blunt-pointed or obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, often strikingly like those
of P. varians, 2’-33}’ long, 8-12” wide, 13-17-
nerved, on petioles 2’-6’ long; submerged leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute or sometimes obtuse,
3-5 long, 6-12” wide, 5-13-nerved, often with
an irregular areolation on each side of the midrib,
borne on petioles 47-2" in length; peduncles
slightly thicker than the stem, 2-5’ long; spikes
dense, 1-2’ long; fruit not collected.

Little Otter Creek and Lake Champlain, Ferris-
burg, Vermont.

V
g. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Various-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 182.

Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Spicil. Fl.

Lips.21 770.

Potamogeton heterophyllus var. maximus Mo-
rong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 25. 1893.
Potamogeton heterophyllus var. longipenduncu-
latus Morong, Mem, Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 24.

1893.

Patan ceion heterophyllus graminifolius Morong.

Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 24. 1893.
Potamogeton heterophyllus myriophyllus Morong,

Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 24. 1893.
Potamogeton heterophyllus minimus Morong,

Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 25. 1893.

Stems slender, compressed, much branched,
sometimes 12° long. Floating leaves pointed
at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base,
8-4’ long, 4-14” wide, 10-18-nerved, on pe-
tioles 17-4’ long; submerged leaves pellucid,
sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate
or cuspidate, rather stiff or flaccid, 1-63’ long,
1-8” wide, 3-7-nerved, the uppermost often
petioled; peduncles often thickened upward,
1-7’ long, sometimes clustered ; stipules spread-
ing, obtuse, 8’-12” long; spikes 9-14’ long;
fruit roundish or obliquely obovoid, 17-13”
long, 3’—1” thick, indistinctly 3-keeled; styleshort, obtuse, apical; apex of the embryo
nearly touching the base, pointing slightly inside of it.

A very variable species, occurring in different forms throughout almost all North America ex-
cept the extreme north. Also in Europe. July—Sept.

to. Potamogeton varians Morong. Spat-
ulate-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 183.

Potamogeton gramineus var. (?) spathulaeformis

Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 487. 1867.
Potamogeton varians Morong; Fryer, Jour. Bot. 27:

33. 1880.

Potamogeton spathulaeformis Morong, Mem. Torr.

Club, 3: Part 2, 26. 1893.

Stems many, branched, 2°-3° long. Floating
leaves obovate or elliptic, abruptly acute at the
apex, rather thin, 13-23-nerved, 1’-23’ long, 6-13”
wide, borne on slender petioles; submerged leaves
pellucid, spatulate-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 2’—4’
long, 3-9” wide, 5-13-nerved, cuspidate or spines-
cent, sessile or subsessile, often reduced to phyl-
lodes with a very narrow blade and a long acumi-
nation at the base and apex; peduncles often
thickening upward, 1-2’ long; stipules obtuse,
faintly keeled, the apex slightly hooded; spikes
large; fruit about 1” long, roundish or obliquely
ovoid, obscurely 3-keeled, with a curved or slightly

~

Genus I. PONDWEED FAMILY. 79

angled face; embryo with the apex pointing slightly inside of the base.

In Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass. Also in Europe. Summer. Apparently a mere form of the
preceding, or perhaps a hybrid between P. angustifolius and P. heterophyllus.

11. Potamogeton illinoénsis Morong.
Illinois Pondweed. Fig. 184.

Potamogeton illinoensis Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz.

5: 50. 1880.

Stems stout, much branched above. Floating
leaves opposite, numerous, thick, 4-53’ long, 2’-3}’
wide, many-nerved, oval or broadly elliptic, short-
pointed at the apex, rounded, subcordate or nar-
rowed at the base; petioles 1-4’ long; submerged
leaves numerous, 4~-8’ long, 17-2’ wide, 13-19-
nerved, acuminate or the uppermost acute, mostly
tapering at the base into a short broad flat petiole,
rarely reduced to phyllodes; stipules 2-3’ long,
obtuse, strongly 2-carinate; peduncles 2-4’ long;
spikes 17-2’ long; fruit roundish or obovoid,
14”-2” long, 1-12” thick, dorsally 3-keeled; style
short, blunt.

In ponds, Illinois to Iowa and Minnesota. Aug.
12. Potamogeton angustifolius Berch. &
Presl. Ziz’s Pondweed. Fig. 185.

P. angustifolius Berch. & Pres], Rost. 19. 1821.
Potamogeton Zizti Roth, Enum. 1: 531. 1827.
Potamogeton lucens connecticutensis Robbins in A.

Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 488. 1867.

Potamogeton angustifolius var. Methyensis A. Ben-

nett, Journ. Bot. 29: 151. 1891.

Stems slender, branching. Floating leaves ellip-
tic, 13-4 long, 6-12” wide, many-nerved; petioles
mostly short; submerged leaves mostly lanceolate
or oblanceolate, thin, acute or cuspidate, 2-6’
long, 3-15" wide, 7-17-nerved; stipules 6-18”
long, obtuse, 2-keeled; peduncles thicker than the
stem, 23’-6’ long; spikes 1-2’ long; fruit obliquely
obovoid, 13’-2” long, about 1” thick, the face
dorsally 3-keeled; style short, blunt, facial; apex
of the embryo pointing directly to the base.

In lakes and streams, Quebec to California, Florida
and Wyoming. Also in Europe. July—Aug.

13. PotamogetonlicensL. Shining Pond-
weed. Cornstalk-weed. Fig. 186.
Potamogeton lucens L. Sp. Pl. 126. 1753.

Stems thick, branching below and often with
masses of short leafy branches at the summit.
Leaves all submerged, elliptic, lanceolate or the
uppermost oval, shining, acute or acuminate and
cuspidate, or rounded at both ends and merely
mucronulate, sessile or short-petioled, 2}’-8’ long,
8-20” wide, the tips often serrulate; stipules
1-3’ long, 2-carinate, sometimes very broad;
peduncles 3-6’ long; spikes 2’-2}’ long, cylindric,
very thick; fruit about 14” long and 13” thick,
roundish, the face usually with a slight inward
curve at the base; apex of the embryo pointing
transversely inward.

In ponds, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to California
and Mexico. Local. Also in Europe. Sept.—Oct.

So

ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Vor. I.

14. Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. White-stemmed Pondweed. Fig. 187.

Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. in Roem. Arch. 3:

331. 1805.

Stems white, flexuous, flattened, much branched,
growing in deep water, sometimes 8° long. Leaves
all submerged, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, semi-
amplexicaul, bright green, 2-12’ long, 3-14’ wide,
with 3-5 main nerves, stipules white, scarious,
obtuse and commonly closely embracing the stem;
peduncles 3-20’ long, erect, straight, about as thick
as the stem; spikes 17-2’ long, thick, cylindric;
fruit dark green, obliquely obovoid, 2’—23” long,
13-2” thick, the back much rounded, often with
the upper curve nearly as high as the style; the
middle keel sharp; style short, obtuse, facial.

Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New
Jersey, Minnesota and California. Also in Europe.
Fruits in June and July, and usually withdraws its
stems beneath the water as soon as the fruit is set.

15. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Clasping-leaved Pondweed.

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Sp. Pl. 126. 1753.
Potamogeton perfoliatus lanceolatus Robbins in A, Gray,
Man. Ed. 5, 488. 1867. Not Blytt 1861.
Potamogeton perfoliatus Richardsonii A, Bennett, Journ.
Bot. 27: 25. 1880.
Potamogeton Richardsoniti Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32:
599. 1905. '
Potamogeton bupleuroides Fernald, Rhodora 10: 46. 1908.
Stems slender, much branched. Leaves all sub-
merged, orbicular or ovate, sometimes lanceolate,
obtuse or acutish and minutely serrulate at the apex,
cordate-perfoliate at the base, 5’—20” long, 3/12
wide; peduncles 14’ long, usually erect or slightly
spreading; spikes 8-12” long, often flowering and
fruiting under water; fruit obliquely obovoid, 14’’-2”
long, 14” thick, obscurely 3-carinate on the back,
the face slightly curved outwardly toward the top,
the sides with a shallow indentation which runs into
the face; style nearly facial; embryo slightly incurved
or with its apex pointing directly toward the base.
In ponds and streams, Newfoundland to British Co-

lumbia, south to Florida and California. Also in Europe and Asia.

16. Potamogeton mysticus Morong. Mystic Pond
Pondweed. Fig. 189.
Potamogeton mysticus Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 5: 50. 1880.

Whole plant very slender and delicate, stems irregularly
branching above, nearly filiform, terete, 1°-4° long. Leaves
all submerged, scattered, oblong-linear, 1-13’ long, 1-3”
wide, 5-7-nerved, obtuse and rarely with minute serrula-
tions near the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base and
sessile or partly clasping; stipules obtuse, about 6” long,
hyaline and with many fine nerves, mostly deciduous, but
sometimes persistent and closely sheathing the stem; spikes
few, capitate, 4-6-flowered, borne on erect peduncles 12’
long; immature fruit obovoid, less than 1” long, about 4”
wide, obscurely 3-keeled on the back, slightly beaked by
the slender, recurved style.

Mystic Pond, Medford, and Miacount Pond, Nantucket,
Mass. Aug.—Sept. Apparently a depauperate form of the
preceding, and scarcely distinct from it. Perhaps a hybrid.

GENUS I. PONDWEED FAMILY. 81

17. Potamogeton confervoides Reichb. Alga-like Pondweed. Fig. 190.

Potamogeton confervoides Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. & Helv. 7:
13. 1845.

Potamogeton trichoides A, Gray, Man. 457. 1848. Not Cham.

Potamogeton Tuckermani Robbins; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 434.
1856.

Stems slender, terete, much branched, the upper branches
repeatedly forking, 6-18’ long. Leaves very delicate, flat,
setaceous, 1-23’ long, the broadest scarcely 4’’ wide, taper-
ing to a long hair-like point, I-3-nerved and often with a
few cross-veins, bright green or yellowish; stipules deli-
cate, obtuse, 2’—3” long; peduncles 2’-8’ long, erect, some-
what thickened upward; spikes capitate, 3-4” long; fruit
roundish-obovoid, 1-13” long and about as thick, the back
sometimes a little angular or sinuate, 3-keeled, the middle
keel sharp, the face notched near the base, the sides im-
pressed with a shallow indentation which runs into the
notch of the face; apex of the embryo nearly touching the
base a little to one side.

In cold or mountain ponds, Maine and New Hampshire to
New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Aug.—Sept.

18. Potamogeton crispus L. Curly Muck-weed. Pondweed. Fig. ror.
Potamogeton crispus L. Sp. Pl. 126. 1753.

Stems branching, compressed. Leaves 2-ranked,
linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, sessile or semi-
amplexicaul, obtuse at the apex, serrulate, crisped,
37-4’ long, 3-7” wide, 3-7-nerved, the midrib often
compound and the outer nerves very near the mar-
gin; stipules small, scarious, obtuse, early perishing;
peduncles 1~-2’ long, frequently recurved in fruit,
sometimes very numerous; spikes about 3’ long,
appearing very bristly with the long-beaked drupe-
lets when in fruit; fruit ovoid, about 13” long, 1”
or more wide, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel
with a small projecting tooth near the base, the face
slightly curved, the style facial and nearly as long
as the drupelet; embryo small, its apex pointing
directly toward its base. The plant is mainly propa-
gated by peculiar winter buds.

In fresh or salt water, about cities, Massachusetts to
Pennsylvania and Virginia. Also in Europe. Aug.

1g. Potamogeton compréssus L. Eel-grass
Pondweed. Fig. 192.

Potamogeton compressus L. Sp. Pl. 127. 1753.
meameecion sosteraefolius Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell. 50.

Iso!l.

Stems much flattened, sometimes winged, widely
branching. Leaves linear, obtuse and mucronate or
short-pointed at the apex, 2’-12’ long, 1-2” wide, with
3 principal nerves and many fine ones; stipules scarious,
obtuse, finely nerved, soon perishing; peduncles 14-4’
long; spikes cylindric, about 4’ long, 12-15-flowered;
fruit obovoid with a broad base, about 2” long, 14-14”
thick, 3-keeled on the back, the lateral keels rather
obscure; face arched, beaked with a short recurved
Style; embryo slightly incurved. The plant is propa-
gated by the terminal leaf-buds, which sink to the bot-
tom, and rest during the winter.

In still or running water, New Brunswick to New York,
west to Oregon. Also in Europe. July-Aug. Grass-wrack,

6

82

ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Vor. I.

20. Potamogeton Hillii Morong. Hill's Pond-
weed. Fig. 193.

Potamogeton Hillii Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 6: 290. 1881.

Stems slightly compressed, slender, widely branching,
1°-2° long. Leaves linear, acute or cuspidate, or often
almost aristate, 1-21’ long, 4’—-14” wide, 3-nerved, the
lateral nerves delicate and nearer the margins than the
midrib; stipules whitish, many-nerved, obtuse, 37-5”
long; peduncles about 2’ long, erect or slightly recurved,
more or less clavate; spikes capitate, 3-6-fruited; fruit
obliquely obovoid, obtuse at the base, about 2” long,
1-17” thick, 3-carinate on the back, the middle keel
sharp and more or less undulate, flat on the sides, face
slightly arched; style nearly facial, short; embryo coiled.

In ponds, eastern New York to Michigan, south to
Pennsylvania and Missouri. There are two forms of the

species, the one 2-glandular at the base of the leaves, the
other glandless. July—Sept.

21. Potamogeton folidsus Raf. Leafy Pondweed. Fig. 194.

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5:
354. 1808.

Potamogeton paucifiorus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
121. 1814. Not Lam. 1789.

Potamogeton niagarensis Tuckerm. Am. Journ.
Sci. (II.) 7: 354. 18409.

Potamogeton foliosus niagarensis (Tuckerm.)
Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 39.
1893.

Stems flattened, much branched, 1°-3°
long. Leaves 17-3’ long, 3’—1” wide, acute,
3-5-nerved, not glandular at the base;
stipules white, hyaline, obtuse or sometimes
acute, 6-10” long; peduncles more or less
clavate, erect, about 3’ long; spikes 4-12-
flowered; fruit lenticular or nearly orbic-
ular, about 1” in diameter, 3-keeled on the
back, the middle keel winged, sinuate-
dentate, often with projecting shoulders or
teeth at each end, the face strongly angled
or arched, sharp, often with a projecting
tooth at the base; style apical.

In ponds and streams, New Brunswick to
British Columbia, south to Florida, New Mexico and California. July—Aug.

22. Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & Koch.
Blunt-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 195.

Potamogeton compressus Wahl. Fl. Suec. 1: 107. 1824.

Not L. 31753-

Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & Koch, Deutsch. FI.

1: 855. 1823.

Stems usually slender, compressed, widely branch-
ing, especially above. Leaves linear, 2’-3’ long, 4’-2”
wide, obtuse, often mucronate, usually 3-nerved with
a broad midrib, sometimes 5-7-nerved, 2-glandular
at the base, the glands large and translucent; stipules
white or scarious, many-nerved, obtuse, 6’—9” long,
often as long as or longer than the internodes;
peduncles numerous, 1-13’ long, slender, erect; spikes
3°-4” long, ovoid, 5-8-flowered; fruit obliquely obo-
void, about 14” long and 1” thick, 3-keeled; style
short, blunt, nearly facial.

In still water, Quebec to Minnesota, south to northern
New York and Kansas. Also in Europe. July—Aug.

as

nm le ea

_ emersed fertile forms in shallow water, and the more

GENUS I. PONDWEED FAMILY, 83

23. Potamogeton Friésii Ruprecht. Fries’
Pondweed. Fig. 196.

Potamogeton compressus J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. 3:
pl. 418. 1794. Not L. 1753.

Potamogeton pusillus var. major Fries, Novit, Ed. 2,
48. 1828.

Potamogeton Friesii Ruprecht, Beitr. Pfl. Russ. Reichs,
4: 43. 1845. —

Potamogeton majar Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part
2, 41. 1893. Not P. pusillus var. major M. & K. 1823,

Stems compressed, 2°-4° long, branching. Leaves
13-23’ long, about 1” wide, acute, obtuse or cuspi-
date at the apex, mostly 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved,
2-glandular at the base, the glands small; stipules
white, hyaline, finely nerved, obtuse or acute, 6’—12”
long; peduncles 1-13’ long, often thicker than the
stem and sometimes thickening upward; spikes, when
developed, interrupted; fruit quite similar to that of
P. pusillus, but with a recurved style, usually with a
shallow pit on the sides, and with the apex of the
embryo pointing toward the basal end.

In still water, New Brunswick to New York, west to ;

North Dakota and Iowa. Also in Europe. Propagating buds occasional. July—Aug.

24. Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg. Slender

Pondweed. Fig. 197.

Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg.; R.& S. Mant. 3: 362. 1827.

Stems very slender, 824’ long, compressed, simple

or nearly so. Leaves 1-13" long, 4-3” wide, acute

or acuminate, strict, nearly erect, 3-5-nerved, revo-

lute, the nerves prominent beneath, often 2-glandular

at base and bright green; stipules acute, 6’—10” long,

often longer than the internodes and hiding the bases

of the leaves above, persistent, becoming white and

fibrous with age; peduncles 6-18” long; spikes 3-5”

long, usually dense, but sometimes interrupted; fruit

obliquely obovoid, about 1” long and 3” thick, ob-

scurely keeled or the back showing only 2 small

grooves; apex of the drupelet tapering into a short

facial nearly straight recurved style; embryo circle

not complete, the apex pointing towards or outside
the base.

Anticosti and James Bay to Michigan and Minnesota.

south to New York. Also in Europe. Propagating

buds usually wanting.

25. Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins. Vasey’s
Pondweed. Fig. 108.

Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,
485. 1867. .

Potamogeton Vaseyi var. latifoliuns Morong, Mem. Torr.
Club, 3: Part 2, 44. 1893.

Stems filiform, widely branching below, and with
many short lateral branches above, 1°-13° long, the

common sterile submerged forms in water from 6°-8°
in depth. Floating leaves on the fertile stems only,
coriaceous, in I-4 opposite pairs, oval oblong or
obovate, 4-5” long, 2-3” wide, with 5-9 nerves
deeply impressed beneath, tapering at the base into
petioles 3’-4” long; submerged leaves capillary, 1-13’
long; stipules white, delicate, many-nerved, acute or
obtuse, 2-3” long; peduncles 3-6” long, thickening
in fruit; spikes 2”-3” long, 2-6-fruited; fruit round-
ish-obovoid, about 1” long and nearly as_ thick,
3-keeled, the middle keel rounded, tipped with a
Straight or recurved style.

Quebec to Wisconsin, south to southern New York.
The plant is furnished with propagating buds. July—Aug,

84 ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Vor. I.

26. Potamogeton lateralis Morong. Opposite-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 199.

Potamogeton lateralis Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 5:

51. 1880.

Stems filiform, much branched. Floating leaves
on sterile shoots only, coriaceous, elliptic, obtuse,
4-5” long, 1”-2” wide, 5-7-nerved, the nerves
deeply impressed beneath, usually in 1-2 opposite
pairs which stand at right angles to the stem,
on petioles 3-10” long; submerged leaves linear,
acute, 1-3’ long, 3-2” wide, 1-3-nerved, 2-glan-
dular at the base, but the glands small and
often obsolete; stipules small, hyaline, many-
nerved, obtuse, deciduous; peduncles and floating
leaves lateral, with a peculiar appearance,
widely spreading at maturity, sometimes recurved,
thickening in fruit, 4’-15” long; spikes capitate
or often interrupted, 3-4-flowered; fruit obliquely
obovoid, about 1” long, lenticular, the back
much curved and 2-grooved, the face arched and
surmounted by the nearly sessile stigma; curve
of the embryo oval, its apex nearly touching its
base. -

In lakes and slow streams, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Proliferous shoots at the sum-
mit of the stem and on the upper branches appear late in the season, as the plants are beginning to
decay. July-Aug. A rare and local plant, which, in an incompletely developed state, when it
lacks the broad floating leaves, has the aspect of P. pusillus; its affinities are probably with
P. Vaseyi and P. diversifolius.

27. Potamogeton pusillus L. Small Pondweed. Fig. 200.

Potamogeton pusillus L. Sp. Pl. 127. 1753.
Potamogeton panormitanus Biv. Sic. Pl. 1806-7.
Potamogeton pusillus polyphyllus Morong, Coult. Bot.

Gaz. 5: 51. 1880.
Potamogeton pusillus sturrockii A. Bennett in Hook. S

Stud. Fl. Ed. 3, 435. 1884.

Potamogeton pusillus panormitanus Morong, Mem. ~oeN |

Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 46. 1893.

Stems filiform, branching, 6’-2° long. Leaves
all submerged, linear, obtuse and mucronate or
acute at the apex, 2-glandular at the base, 1’-3’
long, about 3” wide, 1-3-nerved, the lateral nerves
often obscure, or the leaf apparently nerveless;
stipules short, hyaline, obtuse; peduncles usually
3-9”, or rarely 3’ long; spikes 3-10-flowered;
fruit obliquely ellipsoid, about 1” long and 3”
thick curved and 2-grooved on the back or some-
times with 3 distinct keels, the face slightly
arched, beaked by a straight or recurved style;
apex of the embryo slightly incurved and point-
ing inside the base. Propagative buds occur in
greater or less abundance.

In ponds and slow streams, New Brunswick to
British Columbia, south to Virginia, Texas and Cali-
fornia. Also in Europe. July-Aug. The forms listed

in the above synonymy are all more or less dis-
»

tinctly, if inconstantly variable from the type. They
are not sufficiently stable to merit specific recognition,
This is the commonest of the completely submerged Pondweeds. It may readily be distin-

guished from all other species of its group by its boat-shaped stipules which are usually twice as
wide as the base of the leaf.

GENUS I. PONDWEED FAMILY. 85

28. Potamogeton gemmiparus (Robbins) Morong. Thread-like Pondweed.
Fig. 201.

' Potamogeton pusillus var. (?) gemmiparus Rob-
bins in A, Gray, Man. Ed, 5, 489. 1867.

Potamogeton gemmiparus Morong, Coult. Bot.
Gaz. 5: 51. 1880.

Stems filiform, terete, branching, 54° long.
Leaves capillary, sometimes not as wide as the
stem, often with no perceptible midrib, taper-
ing to the finest point, 1-3’ long, 2-glandular
at the base; stipules 4-1’ long, acute or obtuse,
mostly deciduous; spikes interrupted, 3-6-flow-
ered; peduncles filiform or sometimes slightly
thickened, 4’-2’ long; fruit seldom formed,
similar to that of P. pusillus.

In ponds, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode
Island. It is commonly propagated by its abun-
dant buds, the leaves and stems are often alike
in thickness so that the plant seems to consist
of threads. Aug.—Sept. A very slender form of
the preceding and doubtfully distinct from it.

BE
4

29. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Rafinesque’s Pondweed. Fig. 202.

Potamogeton hybridus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1:
ror. 1803. Not Thuill. 1790.

Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Med. Rep. (II.)
5: 354. 1808,

Potamogeton diversifolius multidenticulatus Mo-
rong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 48. 1893.

Potamogeton diversifolius trichophyllus Morong,
Mem. Torr. Club, 3: part 2, 49. 1893.

Stems flattened or sometimes terete, much
branched. Floating leaves coriaceous, the
largest 1’ long by 4’ wide, oval or elliptic and
obtuse, or lanceolate-oblong and acute; petioles
generally shorter, but sometimes longer than
the blades, filiform or dilated; submerged
leaves setaceous, seldom over +” wide, 17-3’
long; stipules obtuse or truncate, 3-5” long,
those of the floating leaves free, those of the
submerged leaves sometimes adnate; emersed
peduncles 3-7” long; submerged peduncles
2’-3” long, clavate, as long as the spikes;
emersed spikes 3-5” long, occasionally inter-
rupted;. fruit cochleate, rarely over 4” long,
3-keeled, the middle keel narrowly winged and usually with 7-12 knob-like teeth on the mar-
gin, the lateral keels sharp or toothed; embryo coiled 14 times.

In still water, Maine to Florida, west to California and Texas. June-Sept. A common and
well-marked species which often covers large areas of water, practically to the exclusion of every-
thing else. From P. dimorphus, its nearest relative, it may readily be distinguished by its distinctly
stalked submerged spikes of flowers.

86 ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Vor. I.

30. Potamogeton dimérphus Raf. Spiral
Pondweed. Fig. 203.
Potamogeton dimorphus Raf. Month. Mag, Crit. Rev.

Tes) 3582) E0Su7z=
Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. (II.)
6: 228. 1848.

Potamogeton Spirillus curvifolius Peck, N.. Y. State

Mus. Rep. 49: 28. 18096.

Stems compressed, branched, 6-20’ long, the
branches often short and recurved. Floating leaves
oval or elliptic, obtuse, the largest about 1’ long and
3’ wide, with 5-13 nerves deeply impressed beneath,
their petioles often 1’ long; submerged leaves linear,
13-2” long, about 3” wide, mostly 5-nerved; stipules
of the upper floating leaves free; those of the sub-
merged leaves adnate to the blade or petiole; spikes
above water 37-5” long, continuous, the lower mostly
sessile, capitate and 1-10-fruited; fruit cochleate,
roundish, less than 1” long, flat and deeply impressed
on the sides, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel
winged and rarely 4-5-toothed; style deciduous; em-
bryo spiral, about 14 turns.

In ponds and ditches, Nova Scotia and Ontario toMinnesota, south to Virginia, Missouri and
Nebraska. June—Aug.

31. Potamogeton filifé6rmis Pers. Filiform
Pondweed. Fig. 204.

Potamogeton filiformis Pers, Syn. 1: 152. 1805.

Potamogeton filiformis Macouniti Morong; Macoun, Cat.

Can. Pl. 4: 88. 1888.

Stems from a running rootstock, slender, 3°-20°
long, filiform above, stout and thick towards the
base. Leaves numerous, 2-12’ long, 37-3” wide,
I-nerved with a few cross veins; sheaths about 2”
long and the free part of the stipule shorter, scarious
on the edges; flowers on long, often recurved pedun-
cles, 2-12 in each whorl, the whorls #1’ apart; fruit
1-13” long, slightly less than 1” wide, the sides even,
the back not keeled, the face nearly straight or ob-
tusely angled near the top; stigma nearly or quite
sessile, remaining on the fruit as a broad truncate
projection. Embryo a complete spiral, the curved
apex pointing inside the base.

In ponds and lakes, Anticosti to western New York
and Montana. August.

32. Potamogeton intérior Rydb. Inland
Pondweed. Fig. 205.

Potamogeton interior Rydb. Fl. Colorado 13. 1906.
Potamogeton marinus occidentalis Robb. Bot. King’s

Exp. 339. 1871.

Potamogeton filiformis occidentalis A. Benn. Ann. Con-

serv. Jard. Genev. 9: 102. 1905.

Stem slender, much branched and longer than in
the preceding; leaves all submerged, capillary or
narrowly linear, with an acute or more or less pun-
gent apex, 2-6’ long, }”-3” wide, mostly 1-nerved;
stipules adnate to the leaf-bases, the sheath at least
7” long, the free part shorter; spikes few-flowered,
often interrupted, 3-33’ long; peduncles as thick as
the stem, 12-7’ long; nutlets sometimes slightly
pitted, without keels or inconspicuously 1-keeled;
style almost invisible; embryo an incomplete spiral,
the straight apex pointing directly towards the base.

Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to Utah
and Colorado.

GENUs I. PONDWEED FAMILY. 87

33. Potamogeton pectinatus L. [ennel-
leaved Pondweed. Fig. 206.

Potamogeton pectinatus L. Sp. Pl. 127. 1753.

* Stems slender, much branched, 1°-3° long, the
branches repeatedly forking. Leaves setaceous, atten-
uate to the apex, 1-nerved, 1-6’ long, aften capillary
and nerveless; stipules half free, 4’-1’ long, their
sheaths scarious on the margins; peduncles filiform,
2’-12' long, the flowers in verticils; fruit obliquely
obovoid, with a hard thick shell, 14-2” long, 1-14”
wide, without a middle keel, but with obscure lateral
ridges on the back, plump on the sides and curved or
occasionally a little angled on the face; style straight
or recurved, facial; embryo apex pointing almost
directly toward the basal end.

In fresh, brackish or salt water, Cape Breton to Brit-
ish Columbia, south to Florida, Texas and California.
Also in Europe. Pondgrass. July—Aug.

34. Potamogeton interriptus Kitaibel. Inter-
rupted Pondweed. Fig. 207.
Potamogeton interruptus Kitaibel in Schultes, OEst. FI.

Ed. 2, 328. 1814.
Potamogeton flabellatus Bab. Man. Bot. Ed. 3, 343. 1851.

Stems arising from a running rootstock which often
springs from a small tuber, 2°-4° long, branched, the
branches spreading like a fan. Leaves linear, obtuse or
acute, 3-5 long, 1’—13’" wide, 3-5-nerved with many
transverse veins; narrow, I-nerved leaves on some
plants, these acuminate, as P. pectinatus; stipules par-
tially adnate to the leaf-blade, the adnate part 4-1’ long,
sometimes with narrowly scarious margins, the free part
shorter, scarious, obtuse; peduncles 1-2’ long; spikes
interrupted; fruit broadly and obliquely obovoid, obtuse
at the base, the largest 2” long and nearly as broad,
keeled and with rounded lateral ridges on the back, the
face nearly straight; style facial, erect.

In ponds and streams, Michigan, Nebraska, Saskatche-
wan and Wisconsin. Also in Europe. August.

35. Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes.
Robbins’ Pondweed. Fig. 208.

Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes, Hovey’s Mag.
7: 180. 1841.

Stems stout, wide-branching, 2°-4° long,
from running rootstocks. Leaves linear,
3-5’ long, 2-3” wide, acute, many-nerved,
crowded in 2 ranks, minutely serrulate,
auriculate at attachment with the stipule;
stipules with the adnate portion and sheath-

~~ ing base of the leaf about 4’ long, the free
part 4-1’ long, acute, persistent, white,
membranous, lacerate; peduncles 1’-3’ long,
inflorescence frequently much branched,
with 5-20 peduncles; spikes interrupted,
¥-1’ long, flowering under water; fruit
obovoid, about 2” broad and 14” wide,
3-keeled on the back, middle keel sharp,
lateral ones rounded, face arched, sides
with a shallow depression running into the
face below the arch; style subapical, thick,
slightly recurved; apex of the embryo
pointing a little inside the basal end.
In ponds and lakes, New Brunswick to Oregon, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and
Michigan. The plant is freely propagated by fragments of the stems which throw out rootlets
from each joint, but this is the rarest of our species to form fruit. Aug.—Sept.

85 ZANNICHELLIACEAE. VoL. I.
2. RUPPIA L. Spalelle 7am L753.

Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillary stems, slender alternate 1-nerved leaves
tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths. Flowers on a capillary spadix-
like peduncle, naked, consisting of 2 sessile anthers, each with 2 large separate sacs attached
by their backs to the peduncle, having between them several pistillate flowers in 2 sets on
opposite sides of the rachis, the whole cluster at first enclosed in the sheathing base of the
leaf. Stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit a small, obliquely pointed drupe, several in each cluster
and pedicelled; embryo oval, the cotyledonary end inflexed, and both that and the hypocotyl
immersed. [Name in honor of Heinrich Bernhard Rupp, a German botanist. ]

In the development, the staminate flowers drop off, the peduncle elongates, bearing the pistillate
flowers in 2 clusters; after fertilization it coils up and the fruit is drawn below the water.

Three or four species, occurring in salt and brackish waters all over the world. Type species:
Ruppia maritima L. The following are the only ones known to occur in North America.

Sheaths 3’—-4” long; drupes about 1” long. 1. FR. maritima.

Sheaths %4’-114’ long; drupes 114”-2” long. 2. R. occidentalis.

1. Ruppia maritima L. Sea-or Ditch-grass. Tassel Pondweed. Fig. 209.

Ruppia maritima L. Sp. Pl. 127. 1753.
Ruppia curvicarpa A, Nelson, Bull. Torrey

Club 26: 122. 1899.

Stems often whitish, 2°-3° long, the in-
ternodes irregular, naked, 1-3’ long. Leaves
1-3’ long, #” or less wide; sheaths 3/-4”
long, with a short free tip; peduncles in
fruit sometimes 1° long; pedicels 4-6 in a
cluster, 4’-13’ long; drupes with a dark hard
shell, ovoid, about 1” long, often oblique or
gibbous at the base, pointed with the long
style, but varying much in shape; forms
with very short peduncles and pedicels, and
with broad, strongly marked sheaths occur.

Common along the coasts and in saline dis-
tricts in the interior. Old World and South
America. Tassel-grass. July—Aug.

2. Ruppia occidentalis S. Wats. West-
ern Ruppia. Fig. 210.

Ruppia occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.

25: 138. Sept. 1890.

Ruppia lacustris Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 5: 372.

Nov. 1890.

Stems stouter, 1°-2° long, the branching
fan-like. Leaves 3’-8’ long, their large sheaths
4’-13’ long; branches and leaves often thickly
clustered at the nodes, the sheaths overlapping
each other; drupes larger, 13’-2” long, ovoid
or pyriform, borne on pedicels about 1’ long,
the peduncles bright red when fresh and some-
times nearly 2° in length.

In saline ponds, Nebraska to British Columbia.

3. ZANNICHELLIA L. Sp. Pi. 960.

Stems, flowers and leaf-buds all at first enclosed in a hyaline envelope, corresponding to
the stipule in Potamogeton. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same axil; the staminate
solitary, consisting of a single 2-celled anther, borne on a short pedicel-like filament; the
pistillate 2-5. Ovary flask-shaped, tapering into a short style; stigma broad, hyaline, some-
what cup-shaped, its margins angled or dentate. Fruit a flattish falcate nutlet, ribbed or
sometimes toothed on the back. Embryo bent and coiled at the cotyledonary end. [In honor
of J. H. Zannichelli, 1662-1729, Italian physician and botanist.]

Two or three species of wide distribution in fresh water, the following typical.

GENUS I. NAIAS FAMILY. 89

1. Zannichellia palustris L. Horned
Pondweed. Fig. 211.
Zannichellia palustris L. Sp. Pl. 969. 1753.
Z. mtermedia Torrey; Beck Bot. 385. 1833.
Stems capillary, sparsely branched, the rhi-
zome creeping, the roots fibrous. Leaves 17-3’
long, #” or less wide, acute, thin, 1-nerved
with a few delicate cross-veins; spathe-like
envelope separate from the leaves and fruits
at maturity; fruits 2-6 in a_ cluster, 1 —2"
long, sometimes sessile, sometimes pedicelled,
sometimes the- whole cluster peduncled; style j
persistent, 4°-1” long; plant flowering and (94
ripening its fruit under water. (
In fresh or brackish water, nearly throughout
North America, except tiie extreme north.
Widely distributed in the Old World. July—Sept.

Family 4. NAIADACEAE (Lindl.)
Asch. Linnaea 35: 160. 1867.

Submerged marine or fresh-water herbs with fibrous roots and slender, branch-
ing stems. Internodes spiny or unarmed. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled,
the blades linear, spiny on the margins or the back, or both, acute or obtuse at the
apex, sometimes tipped with one or more subulate spines, sheathing at the base.
Leaf-sheaths rounded or auriculate, entire or with spinulose teeth. The 2 intra-
vaginal scales minute and hyaline. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in
the axils. Staminate flowers with a double perianth-like envelope, the inner
hyaline, the outer 4-horned or entire. Stamen 1, sessile. Anthers 1—4-celled.
Pistillate flowers of a single pistil. Style short or wanting. Stigmas 2-4 and
sometimes intermingled with 1-3 stigmoids. Fruit a sessile drupelet, the solitary
seed filling the pericarp. The seed apparently smooth and shining, or reticulated
with angled or roundish areolae. Embryo straight. Only the following genus:

1. NAIAS L. Spa plestons man 763:

Characters of the family. Slender, branching, submerged aquatics. Flowers sessile or
pedicelled. Sterile flowers with a double perianth, the exterior one entire or 4-horned at the
apex, the interior one hyaline, adhering to the anther; stamen sessile or stalked, 1-4-celled,
apiculate or 2-lobed at the summit. Fertile flowers of a single ovary which tapers into a
short style; stigmas 2-4, subulate. Mature carpel sessile, ellipsoid, its pericarp crustaceous.
Seed conformed to the pericarp, the raphe distinctly marked. [Greek, water-nymph.]

About 10 species in fresh water all over the world. There is one other American species
known only from Florida and Cuba. Type species: Naias marina L.

Sheaths broadly rounded, their margins entire or with a few large teeth. 1. N. marina.

Sheaths narrowly and obliquely rounded, each margin with 5-10 minute teeth; leaves linear.
Seeds shining, with 30-50 rows of faint reticulations. 2. N. flexilis.
Seeds dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. 3. N. guadalupensis.

Sheaths auriculate ; leaves filiform. 4. N. gracillima.

1. Naias marina L. Large Naias. Fig. 212.

Natas marina L. Sp. Pl. 1015. 1753.

Naias major All, Fl. Ped. 2: 221. 1785.

N. marina gracilis Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10: 255. 1885.
Naias marina recurvata Dudley, Cayuga Fl. 104. 1886.
Natas gracilis Small, Fl. S. E. U. S. 40. 1903.

Dioecious, stem stout, compressed, commonly armed
with teeth twice as long as their breadth. Leaves oppo- .
site or verticillate, 6-12” long, about 1” wide, with
spine-pointed teeth on each margin and frequently sev-
eral along the back; sheaths with rounded lateral edges;
fruit large, 2-24” long, the pericarp as well as the seed
rugosely reticulated, tipped with a long persistent style
and 3 thread-like stigmas; seed not shining.

In lakes, Central New York to Florida, west to Califor-
nia. Summer. Also in Europe.

NAIADACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Naias fléxilis ( Willd.) Rost. &
Schmidt. Slender Naias. Fig. 213.
Caulinia flexilis Willd. Abh. Akad. Berlin, 95.

1803.

N. flenilis Rost. & Schmidt, Fl. Sed. 384. 1824.
Naias flexilis robusta Morong, Coult, Bot. Gaz.

IO: 255. 1885.

Stem slender or stout, 3°-6° long, forking.
Leaves linear, pellucid, acuminate or abruptly
acute, 3/-1' long, 2-1” wide, numerous and
crowded on the upper parts of the branches,
with 25-30 minute teeth on each edge; sheaths
obliquely rounded with 5-10 teeth on each
margin; fruit ellipsoid with very thin pericarp,
1-2” long, 3-3” in diameter; style long, per-
sistent; stigmas short; seed smooth, shining,
straw-colored, sculptured, though sometimes
quite faintly, with 30-40 rows of square or
hexagonal reticulations scarcely seen through
the dark pericarp.

3. Naias guadalupénsis ( Spreng.) Morong.
Guadaloupe Naias. Fig. 214.

Caulinia guadalupensis Spreng. Syst. 1: 20. 1825.
Naias guadalupensis Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3:
Part 2, 60. 18093.

Stem nearly capillary, 1°-2° long, widely branched
from the base. Leaves numerous, 6-9” long,
SUM) 3a =5 z 5
4-3” wide, acute, opposite or in fascicles of 2-5,
frequently recurved, with sheaths and teeth like
those of N. flexilis but generally with 4o-50 teeth
on each margin of the leaf; fruit about 1” long;
pericarp dark and strongly marked by 16-20 rows
of hexagonal or rectangular reticulations which
are transversely oblong; seed straw-colored.

In ponds and lakes, Pennsylvania to Oregon,
Florida and Texas. Tropical America. July—Sept.

Ky \ 4. Naias gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus.
WA Thread-like Naias. Fig. 215.
V Naias Indica var, gracillima A, Br.; Engelm, in A.
oY ye Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 681. 1867.
| J Naias gracillima Magnus, Beitr. 23. 1870.
/ Monoecious, stem capillary, 6-15’ long, much
branched, the branches alternate. Leaves numer-

ous, opposite or often fascicled in 3’s-5’s or more,
pit : :
setaceous, 4-2’ long, usually with about 20 minute

Sa
BR \ teeth on each margin; sheaths auricled, with 6 or
<I 7 teeth on each auricle, the teeth standing upon
an setaceous divisions of the sheath; stigmas very
XY short; fruit oblong-cylindric, 3” long, 4” in diam-
3 \\ eter, slightly curved inwardly or straight, the peri-
»,

carp straw-colored or purplish, marked by about
25 rows of irregularly oblong reticulations.
In pools and ponds, eastern Massachusetts to Delaware, Pennsylvania and Missouri. July—Sept.

Family 5. ZOSTERACEAE Demort. Anal. Fam. 65, 66. 1829.

EEL-GRASS FAMILY.
Perennial marine plants with creeping rootstocks and flattened, branching
stems. Leaves all alternate, 2-ranked, linear, flat or complicate, acute or obtuse
at the apex and sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arranged

GENUs f. EEL-GRASS FAMILY. 9:

on a one-sided spadix and enclosed in a close fitting ultimately rupturing spathe.

Perianth none, but some of the flowers covered by a hyaline envelope. Staminate

flower of a single, sessile, 1-celled anther. Pistillate flower of two, united carpels,

with a short or elongated style and 2 thread-like stigmas. Seeds ribbed or smooth.
Represented in North America by two genera, one Pacific and the following:

1. ZOSTERA L. Sp. Pl. 968. 1753.

Marine plants with slender rootstocks and branching compressed stems. Leaves 2-ranked,
sheathing at the base, the sheaths with inflexed margins. Spadix linear, contained ina spathe.
Flowers monoecious, arranged alternately in 2 rows on the spadix. Staminate flower merely
an anther attached to the spadix near its apex, I-celled, opening irregularly on the ventral
side; pollen thread-like. Pistillate flower fixed on its back near the middle; ovary 1; style
elongated; stigmas 2, capillary; mature carpels flask-shaped, membranous, rupturing irregu-
larly beaked; seeds ribbed; embryo ellipsoid. [Greek, referring to the ribbon-like leaves.]

About 6 species of marine distribution, the following the type of the genus.

1. Zostera marina L. Eel-grass. Grass-wrack or Sea-wrack. Fig. 216.

Zostera marina L. Sp. Pl. 968. 1753.

Leaves ribbon-like, obtuse at the apex, 1°-6° |W
long, 1-4” wide, with 3-7 principal nerves. Spa- |
dix 1-23’ long; flowers about 3” long, crowded,
usually from 10-20 of each kind on the spadix;
ovary somewhat vermiform; at anthesis the stig-
mas are thrust through the opening of the spathe
and drop off before the anthers of the same
spadix open; the anthers at anthesis work them-
selves out of the spathe and discharge the glutin-
ous stringy pollen into the water; seeds cylindric,
strongly about 20-ribbed, about 12” long and 3”
in diameter, truncate at both ends, the ribs show-
ing very clearly on the pericarp.

In bays, streams and ditches along the Atlantic
Coast from Greenland to Florida and on the Pacific
from Alaska to California. Also on the coasts of
Europe and Asia. Called also Wrack or Widgeon-
grass; Sea, Sweet, Barnacle and Turtle-grass, Grass-
weed, Tiresome-weed, Bell-ware, Drew. Summer.

Family 6. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Agardh, Theor. Syst. Pl. 44. 1858.
ARROW-GRASS FAMILY.

Marsh herbs with rush-like leaves and small spicate or racemose perfect
flowers. Perianth 4-6-parted, its segments in two series, persistent or deciduous.
Stamens 3-6. Filaments very short or elongated. Anthers mostly 2-celled and
extrorse. Carpels 3-6, I-2-ovuled, more or less united until maturity, dehiscent
or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight.

Four genera and about to species of wide geographic distribution.

Leaves all basal; flowers numerous on naked scapes, spicate or racemed. 1. Triglochin.
Stem leafy; flowers few in a loose raceme. 2. Scheuchzeria.

1. TRIGLOCHIN L. Sp. Pl. 338. 1753.

Marsh herbs with basal half-rounded ligulate leaves with membranous sheaths. Flowers
in terminal spikes or racemes on long naked scapes. Perianth-segments 3-6, concave, the 3
inner ones inserted higher up than the outer. Stamens 3-6; anthers 2-celled, sessile or nearly
so, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments and attached by their backs. Ovaries 3-6,
1-celled, sometimes abortive; ovules solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Style short or none.
Stigmas as many as the ovaries, plumose. Fruit of 3-6 cylindraceous oblong or obovoid
carpels, which are distinct or connate, coriaceous, costate, when ripe separating from the base
upward from a persistent central axis, their tips straight or recurved, dehiscing by a ventral
suture. Seeds erect, cylindraceous or ovoid-oblong, compressed or angular. [Greek, in allu-
sion to the three-pointed fruit of some species.]

About 9 species, natives of the temperate and subarctic zones of both hemispheres. Type
species: Triglochin palustris L. Only the following are known to occur in North America.
Carpels 3. :

Fruit linear or clavate, tapering to a subulate base. 1. T. palustris.

Fruit nearly globose. : 2. T. striata.
Carpels 6; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 3. T. maritima,

g2 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Triglochin palistris L. Marsh Arrow-grass.
Fig. 217.
Triglochin palustris L, Sp. Pl. 338. 1753.

Rootstock short, oblique, with slender fugacious
stolons. Leaves linear, shorter than the scapes, 5’-12’
long, tapering to a sharp point; ligules very short; scapes
I or 2, slender, striate, 8-20’ high; racemes 5’-12’ long;
pedicels capillary, in fruit erect-appressed and 23’’-33”
long; perianth-segments 6, greenish-yellow; anthers 6,
sessile; pistil of 3 united carpels, 3-celled, 3-ovuled;
stigmas sessile; fruit 3-33” long, linear or clavate; ripe
carpels separating from the axis and hanging suspended
from its apex, the axis 3-winged.

In bogs, Greenland to Alaska, south to New York, In-
diana and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. July—Sept.

2. Triglochin striata R. & P. Three-ribbed
Arrow-grass. Fig. 218.

Triglochin striata R. & P. FI. Per. 3: 72. 1802.
Triglochin triandra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 208. 1803.

Rootstocks upright or oblique. Scapes I or 2, more
or less angular, usually not over 10’ high; leaves slen-
der, slightly fleshy, nearly or quite as long as the
scapes, #”-1” wide; flowers very small, light yellow or
greenish, in spicate racemes; pedicels 3-1” long, not
elongating in fruit; perianth-segments 3, stamens 3;
anthers oval, large; pistil of 3 united carpels; fruit sub-
globose or somewhat obovoid, about 1” in diameter,
appearing 3-winged when dry by the contracting of the
carpels; carpels coriaceous, rounded and 3-ribbed on
the back; axis broadly 3-winged.

In saline marshes, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana.
Also in California and tropical America. June-Sept.

3. Triglochin maritima L. Seaside Arrow-
grass. Spike-grass. Fig. 219.

Triglochin maritima L, Sp. Pl. 339. 1753+
Triglochin elata Nutt. Gen. 1: 237. 1818.
Triglochin maritima var. elata A. Gray, Man. Ed.

2, 437. 1852. In part.

Rootstock without stolons, often subligneous,
the caudex thick, mostly covered with the sheaths
of old leaves. Scape stout, nearly terete, 6’-2°
high; leaves half-cylindric, usually about 1” wide;
raceme elongated, often 16’ or more long; pedicels
decurrent, 1-13” long, slightly longer in fruit;
perianth segments 6, each subtending a large ses-
sile anther; pistil of 6 united carpels; fruit oblong
or ovoid, 24’”—-3” long, 13”-2” thick, obtuse at the
base, with 6 recurved points at the summit; car-
pels 3-angled, flat or slightly grooved on the back,
or the dorsal edges curving upward and winged,
separating at maturity from the hexagonal axis.

; In salt marshes, along the Atlantic seaboard from Labrador to New Jersey, and in fresh or
saline marshes to Alaska, California and Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. July—Sept.

GENUS 2. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. 93
2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Sp. Pl. 338. 1753.

Rush-like bog perennials with creeping rootstocks, and erect leafy stems, the leaves elon-
gated, half-rounded below and flat above, striate, furnished with a pore at the apex and a
SA beanGis ligulate sheath at the base. Flowers small, racemose. Perianth 6-parted, regu-
larly 2-serial, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments; filaments
elongated; anthers linear, basifixed, extrorse. Ovaries 3 or rarely 4-6, distinct or connate at
the base, 1-celled, each cell with 1 or 2 collateral ovules. Stigmas sessile, papillose or slightly
fimbriate. Carpels divergent, inflated, coriaceous, I-2-seeded, follicle-like, laterally dehiscent.
Seeds straight or slightly curved, without endosperm. [Name in honor of Johann Jacob

Scheuchzer, 1672-1733, Swiss scientist.] 2
A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone.

1. Scheuchzeria palustris L. Fig. 220.
Scheuchzeria palustris L. Sp. Pl. 338. 1753.

Leaves 4-16’ long, the uppermost reduced to
bracts; stems solitary or several, usually clothed at
the base with the remains of old leaves, 4-10’ tall;
sheaths of the basal leaves often 4’ long with a
ligule 3’ long; pedicels 3-10” long, spreading in
fruit; flowers white, few, in a lax raceme; perianth-
segments membranous, I-nerved, 13” long, the inner
ones the narrower; follicles 2’-4” long, slightly if
at all united at the base; seeds oval, brown, 23’-3”
long with a very hard coat.

In bogs, Labrador to Hudson Bay and British Co-

lumbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin
and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

Family 7. ALISMACEAE DC. FI. Franc. 3: 181. 1805.*
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

Aquatic or marsh herbs, mostly glabrous, with fibrous roots, scapose stems
and basal long-petioled sheathing leaves. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate.
Flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, pedicelled, the pedicels verticil-
late and subtended by bracts. Receptacle flat or convex. Sepals 3, persistent.
Petals 3, larger, deciduous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or more; anthers
2-celled, extrorse or dehiscing by lateral slits. Ovaries numerous or rarely few,
t-celled, usually with a single ovule in each cell. Carpels becoming achenes in
fruit in our species. Seeds uncinate-curved. Embryohorseshoe-shaped. Endo-
sperm none. Latex-tubes are found in all the species, according to Michell.

About 13 genera and 65 species, of wide distribution in fresh water swamps and streams.
Carpels borne in one series; achenes verticillate. 1. Alisma.
Carpels borne in several series; achenes capitate.

Flowers perfect.
Style not apical ; fruit-heads not echinate ; achene turgid, obscurely beaked. 2. Helianthium.
Style apical; fruit-heads echinate ; achene flat, prominently beaked. 3. Echinodorus.
Flowers polygamous, monoecious or dioecious.

Lower flowers of the inflorescence perfect. 4. Lophotocarpus.
Lower flowers of the inflorescence pistillate. 5. Sagittaria.

1. ALISMA L. Sp. Pl. 342. 1753.

Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or floating leaves, the blades several-ribbed,
the ribs connected by transverse veinlets, or seemingly pinnately veined. Scapes short or
elongated. Inflorescence paniculate or umbellate-paniculate. Flowers small, numerous on
unequal 3-bracteolate pedicels, the petals white or rose-tinted. Stamens 6 or 9, subperigynous.
Ovaries few or many, borne in one whorl! on a small flat receptacle, ripening into flattened
achenes which are 2-3-ribbed on the curved back and 1-2-ribbed on the sides. [Greek, said
to be in reference to the occurrence of the typical species in saline situations. ]

About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Only the following
are known to occur in North America. Type species: Alisma Plantago-aquatica L.
Achenes longer than wide, grooved on the back, the inner edges not meeting in the whorl;
peduncles and pedicels straight, ascending.

Petals slightly longer than the sepals; corolla 1%4”-2%” wide. 1. A. subcordatum,
Petals much longer than the sepals; corolla ¥ "614" wide. 2. A. brevipes.
Achenes as wide as long, ridged on the back, the inner edges meeting in the whorl; peduncles and

__Pedicels recurved in fruit. 3. A. Geyeri,

* Text revised by Dr. JOHN KuNKEL SMALL.

ALISMACEAE. Vot. I.

1. Alisma subcordatum Raf. Amer-
ican Water-plantain. Fig. 221.

Alisma subcordatum Raf. Med. Repos, N. Y. 5:
362. 1808.
Alisma Plantago Bigel. Fl. Bost. 87. 1814.
Alisma Plantago parviflorum Torr, Fl. N. U. S.
382. 1824.
Alisma Plantago americanum R. & S. Syst. 7:
1598. 1830. 2
Plants erect; leaves oblong, elliptic, oval or
ovate, or sometimes narrower, 14-6’ long,
usually abruptly pointed at the apex, cuneate
to truncate, or cordate at the base, the petioles
often longer than the blades; scapes 3°-3° tall,
solitary or several together, the branches and
& pedicels in whorls of 3-10, variable in length,
usually slender, sometimes filiform; bracts

Bo lanceolate or linear, often acuminate; sepals
broadly ovate to suborbicular, obtuse; petals
white or pinkish, 4-1” long; achene-heads

\5 13-23” broad, the achenes obliquely obovate,

3 }’-1” long, the beak small, ascending.

4 In shallow water and mud, Massachusetts to

Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Differs froin

the Old World A. Plantago-aquatica L., with which it has been united. Great Thrumwort, Mad-

dog-weed, Deil’s-spoons. June—Sept.

2. Alisma brévipes Greene. Western Water-
plantain. Fig. 222.
Alisma brevipes Greene, Pittonia 4: 158. 1900. .
Alisma superbum Lunell, Bull. Leeds Herb, 2: 5. 1908.
Plants similar to A. subcordatum in habit, but com-
monly larger; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate to
ovate, 2-73’ long acute, sometimes abruptly pointed at
the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base
or sometimes gradually narrowed to the petiole which
commonly exceeds the blade in length; scapes 3° tall or
less, the branches and pedicels very numerous, except in
small plants; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate;
sepals suborbicular or orbicular-ovate, mostly over 13”
long; petals white, 23”—3” long; achene-heads 23’—3}”
broad, the achenes obovate, 14-13” long.
In swamps and streams, Nova Scotia to Ontario, British
Columbia, North Dakota and California. July—Sept.

1907.

3. Alisma Geyeri Torr. Geyer’s
Water-plantain. Fig. 223.

Alisma arcuatum Lunell, Bot. Gaz. 43: 210.
Not Michalet.

1854.

Alisma Geyeri Torr. in Nicollet, Rep. Hydro-
graph. Miss. Riv. 162. 1843.

Plants diffuse; leaves oblong, elliptic,
oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, or
rarely linear, 2’-33’ long, acute or slightly
acuminate at the apex. narrowed at the
t base, the petioles usually longer than the
blades; scapes mostly 3°-13° long, more or
less diffusely spreading, the branches and
pedicels relatively stout; bracts lanceolate;
sepals orbicular-ovate, about 14” long;
petals pink, 1”—-2” long; achene-heads 2}’—
2?” broad, the achenes suborbicular, about
1” in diameter, the beak erect or nearly so.

In mud and shallow water, New York to
North Dakota, Oregon and Nevada. July—Sept.

GENUS 2. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 95

2. HELIANTHIUM Engelm.; Britton, Man. Ed. 2, 54. 1905.

Annual or perennial scapose marsh or aquatic herbs. Leaves erect or ascending, or
floating, narrow and gradually narrowed into the petiole or broad and deeply cordate at the
base, 3-several-ribbed. Scapes as long as the leaves or longer, terminating in a few-flowered
whorl or a many-flowered panicle, the pedicels spreading or recurving in fruit. Flowers per-
fect. Sepals 3, broad, embracing the fruit-head or reflexed beneath it. Petals 3, mainly
white or pink, about as long as the sepals. Stamens 6 or 9; filaments elongate; anthers very
short, often broader than long. Carpels relatively few, borne in few series on an elevated
receptacle. Style not apical, minute; stigma acute. Achenes forming a globular or depressed
head, turgid, crested-ribbed, obscurely beaked or beakless. [Name from the Greek, meaning
sunflower. ]

Two known species, the following, and one in Cuba. Type species: Echinodorus parvulus
Engelm.

Helianthium parvulum (Engelm.) Small. Dwarf Water-plantain. Fig. 224.

?Alisma tenellum Mart.; R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7:
1600, 1830.

Echinodorus parvulus Engelm. in A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 2, 438. 1856.

?Echinodorus tenellus Buchenau, Abh. Nat.
Gesell. Bremen 2: 18. 1868.

Helianthium tenellum Britton, Man. Ed. 2, 54.

1904.

Belianthium parvulum Small, N. A. Fl. 17':

45. 1909.

Plants 6’ tall or less; leaves linear to
elliptic or oblong, 4-15” long, acute or
acutish at the apex, 3-veined, gradually nar-
rowed into the slender petioles which usually
somewhat exceed the blade in length; scapes
solitary or few together, mostly as long as
the leaves or longer; pedicels mostly 2-8,
recurved in fruit, 14-24” long; sepals or-
bicular-ovate or deltoid-ovate, 7-2” long;
petals suborbicular, about as long as the
sepals, emarginate at the apex; fruit-heads
globular, 13°—2” in diameter, embraced by
the persistent calyx; achenes 4’—}” long, the
ribs obscurely crested. ;

In mud and shallow water, Massachusetts
to Western Ontario, Minnesota, Florida, Texas
and Mexico. Also in Cuba. April-Aug. This
species was referred in the first edition of
this work to Alisma tenellum Mart, a plant
similar in habit, which appears to be con-
fined to South America; it has been re-
garded by other authors as an Echinodorus.

ay ECHINODORUS Rich.; Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 460. 1848.

- Perennial or annual herbs with long-petioled, elliptic, ovate or lanceolate often cordate

or sagittate leaves, 3-9-ribbed and mostly punctate with dots or lines. Scapes often longer
than the leaves; inflorescence racemose or paniculate, the flowers verticillate, each verticil
with 3 outer bracts and numerous inner bracteoles; flowers perfect; sepals 3, distinct, per-
sistent; petals white, deciduous; receptacle large, convex or globose; stamens 12-30; ovaries
numerous; style obliquely apical, persistent; stigma simple; fruit achenes, more or less com-
pressed, coriaceous, ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads. [Greek, in allusion to the
spinose heads of fruit.]

About 14 species, mostly natives of America. Only the following are known in North
America. Type species: Alisma rostratum Nutt.

Scapes reclining or prostrate; style shorter than the ovary; beak of achene short. 1. E. radicans.
Scapes erect; style longer than the ovary; beak of achene long. 2. E. cordifolius.

ALISMACEAE. - Vou. I.

1. Echinodorus radicans ( Nutt.)
Engelm. Creeping Bur-head. Fig. 225.

Sagittaria radicans Nutt. Trans. Am, Phil, Soc.
(II.) 5: 159. 1833-37.

Echinodorus radicans Engelm. in A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 2, 438. 1856.

Leaves coarse, ovate, obtuse, cordate, 2’-8’
long, 13’-73’ wide, marked with short pellucid
lines, nerves 5-9; cross—veins netted. Petioles
sometimes 20’ long; scapes creeping, 2°-4°
long, scabrous, often rooting at the nodes;
verticils distant; bracts linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, dilated at the base; pedicels 3-12,
unequal, 1-24’ long, slender; sepals persistent,
shorter than the heads; petals larger, obovate,
about 3” long; stamens about 20; style shorter
than the ovary; achenes numerous, about 2”
long, 6-1ro-ribbed, with 2-several oval glands
on each side and beaks about one-fourth their
length; fruiting heads 4” in diameter.

In swamps, Illinois to North Carolina and
Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. June-July.

2. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb.
Upright Bur-head. Fig. 226.

Alisma cordifolia L. Sp. Pl. 343. 1753.

Echinodorus rostratus Engelm. in A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 2; 538: 1856.

‘ Echinodorus cordifolius Griseb. Abh. Kon,
Gesell. Wiss. Gott. 7: 257. 1857.

Echinodorus cordifolius lanceolatus Mack, &
Bush; Fl. Jackson Co. 10. 1902.

a

Leaves various, ovate, obtuse, cordate, 6-8
long and wide, in smaller plants sometimes
lanceolate, acute at each end, 1-2’ long; pe-
tioles angular, striate, 1-10’ high; scapes I or
more, erect, 5-16’ tall; flowers 3-6 in the ver-
ticils; pedicels 4’—4’ long, erect after flowering;
bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, dilated at
the base; sepals shorter than the heads; petals
2-3” long; stamens often 12; styles longer
than the ovary; fruiting heads bur-like, 2-3”
in diameter; achenes 12” long, narrowly obo-
vate or falcate, 6-8-ribbed; beak apical, half
the length of the achene.

In swamps and ditches, Illinois to Florida,
west to Missouri and Texas. Also in tropical
America. June-July.

4. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. X. 1888.

[Lopuiocarpus Miquel, Fl. Arch. Ind. 1: Part 2, 50. 1870, Not Turcz. 1843.]

Perennial, bog or aquatic herbs with basal long-petioled sagittate or cordate leaves, simple
erect scapes bearing flowers in several verticils or 2-3 at the summit, the lower perfect, the
upper staminate. Sepals 3, distinct, persistent, erect after flowering and enclosing or enwrap-
ping the fruit. Petals white, deciduous. Receptacle strongly convex. Stamens 9-15, hypo-
gynous, inserted at the base of the receptacle. Filaments flattened. Pistils numerous; ovule
solitary, erect, anatropous; style elongated, oblique, persistent. Achenes winged or crested.
Embryo horseshoe-shaped. [Greek, signifying crested fruit.]

About 7 species, the following of eastern North America, the others in the Southern States,
California and tropical America. Type species: Sagittaria calycina Engelm.

Leaves hastate or sagittate; plants of fresh-water ponds or marshes.

Leaves with large basal lobes fully as long as the terminal one. 1. L. calycinus.
Leaves with small basal lobes shorter than the terminal lobe. 2. L. depauperatus.
Leaves imperfect or obsolete, the phyllodia thick or partially flattened; plants of salt or brackish
water.
Phyllodia terete or nearly so, prominently nodose-septate. 3. L. spongiosus.

Phyllodia flat. more or less spatulate, not prominently nodose. 4. L. spathulatus.

GENUS 4. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. 97

1. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G.
Smith. Large Lophotocarpus. Fig. 227.
Sagittaria calycina Engelm. in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound

Surv. 212. 1859.

Lophiocarpus calycinus Micheli, in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3:

61. 1881.

Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith, Mem.

Torrey Club 5: 25. 1804.

Lophotocarpus calycinus maximus Robinson in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 7, 84. 1908.

Plants mostly emersed; leaves 4°-2° tall, the petioles
stout, the blades sagittate, hastate or lunate, 23-12’
long, the basal lobes usually longer than the broad
terminal lobe, usually caudate-acuminate ; scapes shorter
than the leaves, the inflorescence usually simple, with
2-7 whorls; sepals suborbicular to orbicular-reniform,
becoming 43’-73” long; fruiting pedicels very thick,
usually elongate, mostly 14-2” long; fruit-heads 53’-8
in diameter; achenes broadly cuneate, 1-12” long, the
beak stout, the dorsal wing thin.

In swamps, South Dakota to Delaware, Alabama, Texas
and New Mexico. July—Sept.

°

2. Lophotocarpus depauperatus J. G.
Smith. Small Lophotocarpus. Fig. 228.

Lophotocarpus depauperatus J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo.

Bot. Gard. 11: 148. 1890.

Plants mostly emersed; leaves 4°-1° tall, the
petioles relatively slender, the blades oblong, ellip-
tic, sagittate or hastate, 7-14’ long, including the
basal lobes which are usually more or less spread-
ing; scapes about one-half as long as the leaves,
mostly with 1 or 2 whorls; sepals suborbicular,
becoming 37-33” long; fruit-bearing pedicels
rather stout, 4-17’ long; fruit-heads 33-4” in
diameter ; achenes cuneate, fully 1” long, or rarely
shorter, the beak slender, the dorsal wing thin.

On margins of ponds, Wisconsin to Illinois, Mis-
souri and Oklahoma. June—Sept.

v

3. Lophotocarpus spongidsus( [-ngelm. )
J. G. Smith. Spongy Lophotocarpus.
Fig. 2209.

Sagittaria calycina spongiosa Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 5, 493. 1867.
Lophotocarpus spongiosus (Engelm.) J. G, Smith,
Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard, 11: 148. 1890.

Plants submerged; leaves 4°-8° tall, the
petioles stout and spongy, conspicuously no-
dose-septate, the blades spatulate, oblong, ellip-
tic, sagittate or hastate, 4’-1}’ long, the basal
lobes, when present, more or less falcate;
scapes about one-half as long as the leaves or
less, the inflorescence simple, with one or two
whorls; sepals broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate,
becoming 5-6” long; fruiting pedicels very
stout, 4’-}’ long, or rarely longer; fruit-heads
33-5” in diameter; achenes cuneate, 1-13”
long, the beak short, at the top of the achene-
body, the dorsal wing thin.

On margins of brackish ponds and tide-water
marshes, New Brunswick to Virginia. July—Aug.

7

95 ALISMACEAE. Vor. I.

4. Lophotocarpus spathulatus J. G.
Smith. Spatulate Lophotocarpus.
Fig. 230.

Z Lophotocarpus spathulatus J. G. Smith, Rep.
Mo. Bot. Gard. 11: 149. 1899.

Plants aquatic; leaves less than 4’ tall,
the petioles stout, not conspicuously septate,
the blades linear or spatulate dilations at
the top of the petioles, or wanting; scape
shorter than the leaves, stout but weak, the
inflorescence with but one whorl; sepals
ovate to orbicular-ovate, becoming 13”
long; fruiting pedicels stout, about 5” long
or Jess; fruit-heads 23-3” in diameter;
achens cuneate, 7’—1” long, the beak much
below the top of the achene-body, the nar-
row dorsal wing thin.

On sandy beaches above salt-water, New-
buryport, Massachusetts. July—Sept.

5. SAGITTARIA L. Sp. Pl. 993.
1753.

Perennial aquatic or bog herbs, mostly with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks, fibrous
roots, basal long petioled nerved leaves, the nerves connected by numerous veinlets, and erect,
decumbent or floating scapes, or the leaves reduced to bladeless phyllodia (figs. 241, 242).
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summits of the scapes in verticils of 3’s,
pedicelled, the staminate usually uppermost. Verticils 3-bracted. Calyx of 3 persistent sepals,
those of the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading in our species. Petals 3, white, deciduous.
Stamens usually numerous, inserted on the convex receptacle; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by
lateral slits; staminate flowers sometimes with imperfect ovaries. Pistillate flowers with
numerous distinct ovaries, sometimes with imperfect stamens; ovule solitary; stigmas small,
persistent. Achenes numerous, densely aggregated in globose or subglobose heads, com-
pressed. Seed erect, curved; embryo horseshoe-shaped. [Latin, referring to the arrow-
shaped leaves of some species, known generally as Arrow-head or Arrow-leaf.]

About 40 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 18
others occur in southern and western North America. Type species: Sagittaria sagittifolia L.

Fertile pedicels slender, ascending, not reflexed in fruit.
Leaf-blades sagittate or hastate.
Basal lobes one-fourth to one-half the length of the blade.
Beak of the achene erect.
Achene long-beaked, the beak mostly % the length of the body or more.
Achene obovate or orbicular-obovate, usually with 1 facial wing. 1. S. longirostra.
Achene cuneate, usually with 2 prominent facial wings. 2. S. Engelmanniana.
Achene short-beaked, the beak mostly 1% the length of the body or less.
Achene with thick nearly equal wings, the blunt beak over the inner edge of the

ventral wing. 2 3. S. cuneata.
Achene with thin unequal wings, the sharp beak over the outer edge of the
ventral wing. “ 4. S. brevirostra.

Beak of the achene horizontal. :
Achene with nearly even faces: bracts and pedicels glabrous. 5. S. latifolia.
Achene faces prominently winged; bracts and pedicels pubescent. 6. S. pubescens.

Basal lobes two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the blade. 7. S. longiloba,
Leaves entire, or rarely hastate or cordate.
Filaments tapering upward; leaves seemingly pinnately veined. 8. S. ambigua.
Filaments glabrous ; bracts connate.
Filaments cobwebby-pubescent ; bracts mostly distinct. 9. S. falcata.
Filaments abruptly dilated, pubescent ; veins distinct to the base. 10. S. rigida,

Fruiting heads sessile or very nearly so.
Both staminate and pistillate flowers pedicelled.
Leaves with terete or 3-sided blades, often imperfectly developed.
Achene with thick merely uneven facial wings or ridges, the beak erect.
11. S. teres.
Achene with thin crested facial wings, the beak oblique. 12. S. cristata.
Leaves with flat blades.
Filaments suborbicular; anthers longer than the filaments, 13. S. Eatonii.
. Filaments oblong; anthers about as long as the filaments. 14. S. graminea.
Fertile pedicels stout, reflexed in fruit; filaments dilated.
Filaments pubescent ; leaf-blades ovate or ovate-elliptic. 15. S. platyphylla.
Filaments glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate or reduced to phyllodia.
Filaments about as long as the anthers; achene with 3 undulate or slightly toothed crests.
16. S. subulata.

GENUS 5. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. 99

Filaments much longer than the anthers; achene with 5-7 tuberculate or prominently
toothed crests. 17. S. lorata.

1. Sagittaria longiréstra (Micheli) J.
G. Smith. Long-beaked Arrow-head.
Fig. 231.

Sagittaria sagittaefolia var. longirostra Micheli

in DC. Monog. Phan. 3: 69. 1881.

Sagittaria longirostra J, G. Smith, Mem. Torr.

Club, 5: 26. 1894.

Monoecious, glabrous, scapes erect, rather
stout, 13°-3° tall. Leaves hastate or sagittate,
4-12’ long, abruptly acute at the apex, the /
basal lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate or linear,
acute, one-third to one-half the length of the
blade; scape usually longer than the leaves,
6-angled below; bracts triangular-lanceolate,
acuminate, 7-15” long, longer than the fertile
pedicels; petals 8-14” long; filaments gla-
brous; styles curved, twice as long as the
ovaries; achene obovate, about 2” long, winged
on both margins, the ventral margin entire or
undulate, the dorsal eroded, its sides with a
short crest, its beak stout, erect or recurved.

In swamps and along ponds, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Florida and Alabama. July—Sept.

2. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith. En-
gelmann’s Arrow-head. Fig. 232.

Saggittaria variabilis var. (?) gracilis S. Wats. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 6, 555. 1889. Not Engelm.

Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:

25. 18094.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect or ascending, slender,
8-20’ high. Leaves narrow, 14’-8’ long, 1-4” wide, acute
yor obtuse at the apex, the basal lobes narrowly linear,
acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of the blade;
scape striate, about as long as the leaves; bracts lanceo-
late, acute, shorter than the slender fertile pedicels, 4-6”
long; flowers 7”-12” broad; filaments glabrous; style about
twice as long as the ovary; achene cuneate, 2” long, winged
on both margins and with 1-3 lateral wing-like crests on

each face, the beak stout, erect, about 4” long.

In shallow water, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode
Island. Arrow-leaf. Aug.—Sept.

3. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon. Arum-leaved
Arrow-head. Fig. 233.
Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 283.

1893.

peer i Nutt.; J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard.
$32. 1894.

Sagittaria arifolia stricta J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard,
=—6: 34. 1894.

Glabrous or nearly so, terrestrial or submerged, scape
weak, ascending or floating, 4°-2° long. Leaves sagit-
tate, linear-lanceolate to ovate, 1}’-6}’ long, acute or
acuminate, long-petioled; phyllodia, when present, of
two kinds, the one petiole-like and about as long as the
leaves, the other lanceolate and clustered at the base of
the plant; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, or
rarely ovate-lanceolate; flowers 6-12” broad; achene
cuneate-obovate, 1-11” long, the beak minute, erect
over the ventral wing.

In mud or water, Nova Scotia and Maine to Quebec,
British Columbia, Connecticut, Kansas, New Mexico and
California. July-Sept. In the first edition both figures
196 and 197 and the descriptions apply to this species.

100 ALISMACEAE. Voz. I.

4. Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush.
Short-beaked Arrow-leaf. Fig. 234.
Sagittaria variabilis diversifolia Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 5, 493. 1867.

Sagittaria brevirosta Mack. & Bush, Rep. Mo. Bot.

Gard. 16: 102. 1905.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect, 14°-23° tall,
simple or branched. Leaves ovate to lanceolate,
sagittate or hastate, 5-17’ long, acute at the apex,
the basal lobes lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
about 4 the length of the blade; scape usually
taller than the leaves, 4-6-angled; bracts lanceo-
late to linear-lanceolate, attenuate; flowers 1’
broad or less; filaments glabrous, slender; achene
suborbicular to cuneate-obovate, 147-12” long,
broadly winged on both margins, and ridged on
the sides, the short erect beak less than 4 as long
as the body.

In bogs and shallow streams, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Florida and Tennessee. Aug.—Oct.

5. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved Arrow-
head. Fig. 235.
Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 409. 1806.
Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 461. 1848.
Monoecious or sometimes dioecious, glabrous or nearly
so, scape stout or slender, 4’-4° tall, simple or branched.
Leaves exceeding variable in form and size, sometimes
linear-lanceolate and acuminate at the apex, sometimes
wider than long and obtuse; basal lobes from #4 to 3 as
long as the blade; bracts acute, acuminate or obtuse, the
upper ones sometimes united; flowers 1-13’ wide; filaments
slender, glabrous; achene 1-2” long, broadly winged on
both margins, its sides even or 1-ribbed, the beak about
one-third its length, horizontal or nearly so.

In shallow water, throughout North America, except_ the
extreme north, extending to Mexico. Variable. July—Sept.

& j

6. Sagittaria pubéscens Muhl. Hairy
Arrow-leaf. Fig. 236.

Sagittaria pubescens Muhl. Cat. 86. 1813.
Sagittaria sagittifolia pubescens Torr. Comp, 356.

1826.

Sagittaria variabilis pubescens Engelm, in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 5, 493. 1867.

Sagittaria latifolia pubescens J. G. Smith, Mem.

Torrey Club 5: 25. 18094.

Monoecious or rarely dioecious, pubescent, scape
erect, 1°-2° tall, simple or rarely branched. Leaves
ovate, deltoid or deltoid-lanceolate, mostly acute,
rarely acuminate at the apex; basal lobes 4 the
length of the blades or nearly so; bracts obtuse,
sometimes broadly rounded; flowers 3-1’ wide;
filaments very slender, glabrous; achene 13’-2”
long, winged on both margins, its sides promi-
nently winged, the beak about 2 its length.

In bogs and shallow water, Nova Scotia to Wis-
consin, Missouri and Kansas. July—Sept.

GENUS 5. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. 1ot

7. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. Long-lobed
Arrow-head. Fig. 237.

Sagittaria longiloba Engelm, in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.

Surv. 212. 1859.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape slender, simple or
rarely branched, 1°-2° tall. Leaves long-petioled,
the apex acute, the basal lobes linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, about three-fourths the length of the blade;
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4” long, much shorter
than the very slender fertile pedicels which are
longer than the sterile ones; stamens numerous, the
filaments longer than the anthers; achene about 1”
long, quadrate-obovate, somewhat broader above than
below, winged on both margins, its beak exceedingly
short.

In shallow water, Nebraska to Colorado, south to
Texas and Mexico.

8. Sagittaria ambigua J G. Smith. Kansas
Sagittaria. Fig. 238.

Sagittaria ambigua J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 6: 48. pl. 17. 1894.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect or ascending,
simple or sparingly branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves
lanceolate, entire, long-petioled, acute or acuminate
at both ends, seemingly pinnately veined, really 5-7-
nerved, 5-8 long, equalling or shorter than the scape;
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 5”-8” long, much shorter
than the slender fruiting pedicels, connate at the
base, papillose; stamens 20-25; filaments glabrous,
longer than the anthers; achene about 1” long, ob-
long, curved, narrowly winged on both margins, its
sides smooth and even, its beak short, oblique.

In ponds, Kansas and Oklahoma.

g. Sagittaria falcata Pursh. Scythe-fruited
Sagittaria. Fig. 230.

Sagittaria falcata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 207. 1814.

Sagittaria lancifolia falcata J. G. Smith, Mem. Torrey
Club 5: 25. 1894.

Monoecious, glabrous to the inflorescence, scape
erect, longer than the leaves, sometimes branched.
Leaves erect or nearly so, almost linear to elliptic,
the blades mostly 4’-16’ long, often slightly acumi-
nate, much shorter than the petioles; whorls of the
inflorescence few or many; flowers 9-15” broad;
bracts ovate, less than 5” long, obtuse or acutish,
granular-papillose; filaments not dilated, pubescent;
anthers shorter than the filaments; achene cuneate,
about 1” long, narrowly winged, the slender beak
usually ascending.

In shallow water and swamps, Delaware to Florida,
Texas and Mexico. Sagittaria lancifolia L., admitted
as including this species in the first edition, is distinct
from it, and inhabits Florida and tropical America.

102 ALISMACEAE. Vor. 1.

10. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Sessile-fruited Arrow-head. Fig. 240.

Sagittaria rigida Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. 397. 1814.
Sagittaria heterophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 396. 1814. Not
Schreb. 1811.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape simple, weak, curving, as-
cending or decumbent, shorter than the leaves. Leaves
very variable, linear, lanceolate, elliptic or broadly ovate,
acute or obtuse at the apex, entire or with 1 or 2 short or
slender basal lobes; bracts ovate, obtuse, 2’—4” long, united
at the base or sometimes distinct; heads of fruit sessile or
very nearly so; pedicels of the sterile flowers 3-1’ long;
filaments dilated, mostly longer than the anthers, pubes-
cent; achene narrowly obovate, 14’-2” long, winged on
both margins, crested above, tipped with a stout nearly
erect beak of about one-fourth its length.

In swamps and shallow water, Quebec to Minnesota, south

to New Jersey, Tennessee, Missouri and Nebraska. Petioles
rigid when growing in running water. July—Sept.

11. Sagittaria téres S. Wats. Slender Sagittaria.
Fig. 241.

Sagittaria teres S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 555. 1890.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape slender, erect, simple, 6-18"
long, bearing only 1-3 verticils of flowers. Leaves usually
reduced to elongated terete nodose phyllodia or some of
them short and bract-like, one or two of the longer ones
occasionally bearing a linear blade; bracts ovate, obtuse,
about 12” long, much shorter than the filiform fruiting
pedicels which are longer than the sterile ones; flowers
6-8” broad; stamens about 12, their dilated filaments
pubescent, shorter than the anthers; achene broadly obo-
vate, 1” long, the ventral margin winged, the dorsal
7-11-crested, the sides bearing several crenate crests, the
beak short, erect.

In ponds, Massachusetts to South Carolina. Aug.—Sept.

12. Sagittaria cristata Engelm. Crested Sagittaria. Fig. 242.

Sagittaria cristata Engelm.; Arthur, Proc, Davenport Acad.
4: 29. 1882.

Monoecious, scape slender, erect, 1°-24° high, simple,
bearing 4 or 5 verticils of flowers at or above the sur-
face of the water. Leaves long-petioled, spongy and
rigid, reduced to slender phyllodia or bearing linear-
lanceolate or elliptic blades 2’-4’ long and 3’-12” wide;
bracts acute, 2”—4” long, much shorter than the slender
fertile pedicels; flowers 8-10” broad; stamens about
24; filaments dilated, pubescent, at least at the middle,
longer than the anthers; achene obliquely obovate, the
dorsal margin with a broad crenate wing, the ventral
straight-winged, each side bearing 2 crenate crests, the
beak short, oblique.

In shallow water, Iowa and Minnesota. Phyllodia are
commonly developed from the nodes of the rootstock.
July—Aug.

GENUS 5. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. 103,

13. Sagittaria Eatonii J. G. Smith. RY S
Eaton’s Sagittaria. Tig. 243.
Sagittaria Eatonii J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard.

11: 150. 1899.

Monoecious, scape very slender, 4-6’ tall,
Leaves represented by flat phyllodia which are
attenuate from broad bases and often also by
longer blade-tipped petioles, the blades linear
or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 10’-173” long,
acute or acuminate; bracts ovate, about 1” long,
united at the base; pedicels of the pistillate
flowers filiform, mostly less than 5” long, those
of the staminate flowers longer than the former;
sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, becoming 14”—
2” long; corolla 33”-43” broad; filaments sub-
orbicular, pubescent, much shorter than the
anthers; anthers suborbicular, conspicuously
larger than the filaments; fruits not seen.

On sandy shores, between low and high tide,

Massachusetts, Connecticut and Long Island, New
York. July—Sept.

i
14. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Grass-leaved Sag-
ittaria. Fig. 244.
Sagittaria graminea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 190. 1803.
Monoecious or dioecious, glabrous, scape simple, erect, 4’-2°
tall. Leaves long-petioled, the blades linear, lanceolate or
elliptic, acute at both ends, or rarely with spreading or recurved
basal lobes, 2-6’ long, 3-3” wide, 3-5-nerved, the nerves
distinct to the base, some of them occasionally reduced to
flattened phyllodia; bracts ovate, acute, 13-3” long, much
shorter than the slender or filiform fruiting pedicels, connate
to the middle or beyond; flowers 4’-6” broad; stamens about
18; filaments dilated, pubescent, longer than or equalling the
anthers; achene obovate, 4-1” long, slightly wing-crested on
the margins and ribbed on the sides, the beak very short.

In mud or shallow water, Newfoundland to Ontario and South
Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Early leaves often purplish.
July—Sept.

15. Sagittaria platyphylla (Ingelm.) J. G.
Smith. Ovate-leaved Sagittaria. Fig. 245.

Sagittaria graminea var. platyphylla Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 5, 494. 1867.

Sagittaria platyphylla J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot.

Gard. 6: 55. pl. 26. 18094.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect, simple, rather
weak, mostly shorter than the leaves. Leaves rigid,
the blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic,
short-acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, grad-
ually narrowed or rarely cordate or hastate at the
base, seemingly pinnately veined, 2’-6’ long; bracts
broadly ovate, acute, connate at the base, 2”-4” long;
flowers 8”-14”" broad; fertile pedicels stout, diver-
gent in flower, reflexed in fruit, 4’-23’ long; fila-
ments dilated, pubescent, rather longer than the
anthers; achene obliquely obovate, winged on both
margins, the dorsal margin somewhat crested, the
sides with a sharp wing-like ridge.

In swamps and shallow water, southern Missouri to

Mississippi and Texas. Phyllodia, when present, ob-
long or oblanceolate. July—Sept.

104 ALISMACEAE. Vor. I.

16. Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buchenau.
Subulate Sagittaria. Fig. 246.

Alisma subulata L. Sp. Pl. 343. 1753.
Sagittaria pusilla Nutt. Gen. 2: 213. 1818.
S. subulata Buchen. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 2: 490. 1871.
Monoecious or rarely dioecious, scape very slender,
2'-6’ high, few-flowered, about equalling the leaves.
Leaves all reduced to rigid phyllodia or sometimes
bearing linear or linear-lanceolate blades, 1’-14’
long; bracts united or partly separated; flowers 5-8”
broad; fertile pedicels reflexed, longer than the
bracts in fruit; stamens about 8; filaments about
equalling the anthers, dilated, glabrous; achenes less
than 1” long, obovate, with narrow wings, 2 or 3
crests on each side, sometimes crenate; beak short.
In tide-water mud, New York to Florida and Ala-
bama. July—Sept. = eS

17. Sagittaria lorata (Chapm.) Small. Thong-
leaved Sagittaria. Fig. 247.

Sagittaria natans lorata Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 449. 1860.
?Sagittaria natans (2) gracillima S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 6, 556. 1890.

?Sagittaria subulata gracillima J. G. Smith, in Mem. Torrey

Club 5: 26. 1894.

Sagittaria lorata Small, N. A. Fl. 17': 52. 1909.

Monoecious, scape elongate, 4°-33° long. Leaves with
bladeless petioles or blades when present floating, elliptic,
oblong or ovate-oblong, 73’—25” long, rounded, subcordate
or hastate-truncate at the base; phyllodia flattened, strap-
like; whorls one or several; bracts thin, acuminate; sepals
becoming 13”-2}” long; corolla fully 10” wide; achenes
1-14” long, with 5-7 prominently dentate or crenate crests, \ |
the beak erect or curved upward. : S \ WY

In ponds and streams, New Jersey to Florida. The form S. natans gracillima (the fruit of
which is unknown) in Massachusetts and Connecticut.

Butomus umbellatus L., a plant of the related family Butomaceae, with many-ovuled ovaries,
rose-colored flowers and narrow ensiform leaves, native of Europe and Asia, has been found on
the shores of the St. Lawrence River, near Montreal.

Family 8. WALLISNERIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 54. 1829.
TAPE-GRASS FAMILY.

Submerged or floating aquatic herbs, the leaves various. Flowers regular,
mostly dioecious, appearing from an involucre or spathe of 1-3 bracts or leaves.
Perianth 3—-6-parted, the segments either all petaloid or the 3 outer ones small
and herbaceous, the tube adherent to the ovary at its base in the pistillate flowers.
Stamens 3-12. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae. Styles
3, with entire or 2-cleft stigmas. Ovules anatropous or orthotropous. Fruit

ripening under water, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, without endosperm.

About 6 genera and 25 species of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Besides
the following, another genus, Halophila, occurs on the coast of Florida.

Stem branched; leaves whorled or opposite. 1. Philotria.
Acaulescent; stoloniferous ; leaves grass-like, elongated. 2. Vallisneria.

1. PHILOTRIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 175. 1818.

[Etopea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 20. 1803. Not Elodes Adans. 1763.]

Stems submerged, elongated, branching, leafy. Leaves opposite or whorled, crowded,
1-nerved, pellucid, minutely serrulate or entire. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, arising
from an ovoid or tubular 2-cleft spathe. Perianth 6-parted, at least the 3 inner segments
petaloid. Staminate flowers with 9 stamens, the anthers oblong, erect. Ovary 1-celled with 3
parietal placentae. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded.
[Name from the Greek, referring to the leaves, which are often whorled in three’s.]

About 10 American species. Type species Elodea canadensis Michx.

GENUS I. TAPE-GRASS FAMILY. 105

Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse; staminate flowers unknown. 1. P. canadensis.
Leaves linear or oblong, acute ; hermaphrodite flowers unknown.
Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 1”-114” wide; spathe of the staminate flowers 214”-3” long,
anthers 1”-114” long. 3. P. Nuttallii.

ur

Leaves linear, rarely 1” wide; staminate spathe 1”-114” long; anthers about 14” long.

Leaves 5”-10” long; sepals and petals 34”—1” long. 2. P. angustifolia.
Leaves 242”-4” long; sepals and petals %4”-34” long. F 4. P. minor.
1. Philotria canadénsis (Michx.) Britton. Water-weed.

Fig. 248.
Elodea canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 20. 1803.
Elodea latifolia Casp, Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 1: 467. 1858.
pecors canadensis Babingt, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, II. 1: 85.
1848.
Philotria canadensis Britton, Science II. 2: 5. 1895.

Stem slender, 1°-33° long, usually with short internodes. Leaves
verticillate in 3's or 4’s, or the lower ones in 2’s, sessile, oblong
or ovate-oblong, usually obtuse, 23-5” long, 1-2” wide, minutely
serrulate; staminate flowers unknown; flowers in the typical
American form usually hermaphrodite, in the European (Anacha-
ris Alsinastrum), pistillate; sheath tubular, 5-73” long; tube of
the hypanthium 2’-4’ long; sepals and petals elliptic, obtuse, about
2” long; stamens usually 3, rarely 4-6, or reduced to mere fila-
ments; anthers oblong, nearly sessile; stigmas 3, spreading, pur-
plish, emarginate about equaling the petals and sepals.

In ponds and slow streams, Quebec to Virginia and Minnesota.
Naturalized in Europe. Called also Choke Pondweed.

G
2. Philotria angustifolia (Muhl.) Britton.
Narrow-leaved Water-weed. Fig. 249.
Serpicula verticillata angustifolia Muhl. Cat. Pl. Am.

Sept. 84. 1813.

?Serpicula occidentalis Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 33. 1814.
?Apalanthe Schweinitzii Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III.

Ir: 76. 1849.

Philotria angustifolia Britton; Rydb, Bull. Agr. Exp.

Sta. Colo, 100: 15. 1906,

Dioecious water plant; stem slender, flaccid, 1°—33°
long. Leaves in 3’s or 2’s, sessile, linear, 5’—-10” long,
about 4” wide, rarely 3” wide, acute; spathe of the
staminate flowers 1’-13” long, sessile, ovoid; sepals
and petals elliptic or oval, the former about 1” long,
the latter smaller; anthers about 4” long; spathe of
the pistillate flowers tubular, 4-1” long; hypanthium
13-4’ long; sepals and petals elliptic, the former 7-1”
long; stigmas 2-cleft.

In streams New York and Pennsylvania to Florida.

) \/
\ £

<f)

SS

3. Philotria Nuttallii (Planch.) Rydb. Nuttall’s
Water-weed. Fig. 250.
Serpicula verticillata Muhl. Cat. Pl. Am. Sept. 84. 1813.
Not S. verticillata L. 1781.
“gerd Bpettalls Planch. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 1:
5. 1848.
Philotria Nuttallii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 461. 1908.
Dioecious water-plant; stem slender, 1°-3}° long;
with the internodes often longer than the leaves. Leaves
usually in 3’s or the lower ones in 2's, sessile, oblong or
lance-oblong, acute, 23’-5” long, 1-13” wide, finely
serrulate; spathe of the staminate flowers ovoid, sessile,
24-3” long; flower without a tube; sepals and petals
oblong, the former scarcely exceeding the oblong an-
thers, which are 1’-1}” long; sheath of the pistillate
flowers about 5” long, 2-cleft; tube of the hypanthium
2’-6’ long; sepals and petals elliptic, 1” long; filaments
rudimentary; stigmas slightly exceeding the petals,
2-cleft at the apex.
In slow streams and ponds, New York to Virginia. This
figure was used for P. canadensis in our first edition, formerly confused with this species.

106 VALLISNERIACEAE. Vor. I.

4. Philotria minor (Engelm.) Small.
Lesser Water-weed. Fig. 251.

Udora verticillata (2) minor Engelm.; Casp.
Jahrb. Wiss. Bot, 1: 465, as synonym under
Anacharis Nuttallii. 1858.

Philotria minor Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 47. 1903.
Dioecious water-plant ; stems filiform, 1°-13°

long. Leaves in 3's or 2’s, linear, 24’—4” long,

3” broad or less, acutish; staminate spathe

about 23” long, ovoid, sessile; sepals and

petals oval, 3-3?” long; anthers about 2”

long; pistillate spathe about 5” long; hypan-

thium-tube ?/-2’ long (rarely longer) ; petals
and sepals elliptic, 3”—3” long; stigmas slen-
der, longer than the sepals, deeply 2-cleft.

In ponds, lakes and slow streams. Wisconsin
to Ohio, Kentucky, Kansas and Arkansas.

2z. VALLISNERIA L.
Spa el roms st 7i53

Aquatic dioecious submerged perennials, with long grass-like floating leaves. Staminate
flowers with a 2-3-parted spathe on a short scape, numerous, nearly sessile on a conic recep-
tacle ; perianth 3-parted; stamens generally 2 (1-3). Pistillate flowers on a very long flexuous
or spiral scape, with a tubular, 2-cleft, 1-flowered spathe; perianth-tube adnate to the ovary,
3-lobed and with 3 small petals; ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; stigmas 3, nearly
sessile, short, broad, 2-toothed with a minute process just below each sinus; ovules numerous,
borne all over the ovary-wall, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindric, crowned with the
perianth. [Named for Antonio Vallisneri, 1661-1730, Italian naturalist. ]

A genus consisting of 2 species, the one of
wide distribution both in the Old World and the
New, the other confined to the Gulf States.
Type species: Vallisneria spiralis L.

1. Vallisneria spiralis L. Tape-grass.
Eel-grass. Fig. 252.
Vallisneria spiralis L. Sp. Pl. 1015. 1753.

Plant rooting in the mud or sand, stolon-
iferous. Leaves thin, narrowly linear, 5-
nerved, obtuse, sometimes serrate near the
apex, +°-6° long, 2”-9” wide, the 2 marginal
nerves faint; the staminate bud separates from
the scape at the time of flowering and ex-
pands upon the surface of the water; pistil-
late flower upon a long thread-like scape,
the spathe 3-1’ long, enclosing a_ single
white flower; ovary as long as the spathe,
after receiving the pollen from the staminate
flowers the scape of the pistillate contracts
spirally; ripe fruit 2-7’ long.

In quiet waters, New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia to North Carolina, west to South Dakota
and Indiana. The ‘‘ Wild or Water Celery” of

Chesapeake Bay, and a favorite food of the can-
vas-back duck. Aug.—Sept.

Family 9. HYDROCHARITACEAE Aschers.

Froe’s-Bir FAMILy.

Aquatic or mud-inhabiting herbs, with broad or narrow leaves borne on a very
short stem. Flowers regular, monoecious or dioecious, arising from spathes of
distinct or united bracts. Perianth superior, 6-parted, the segments usually all
petaloid, the flower-tube adnate to the ovary in the pistillate flowers. Stamens
6-12, distinct or monodelphous. Ovary usually 6-9-celled. Styles 6-9. Ovules
numerous. Fruit somewhat fleshy, usually indehiscent. Seeds numerous.

About 8 genera and 20 species, in temperate and tropical regions. Thalassia in Florida,

GENUS I. FROG’S-BIT FAMILY. 107
Ms LIMNOBIUM IL. C. Richard, Mem. Inst. Paris, 32: 66. pl. 8. 1811.

Aquatic, stoloniferous herbs, the leaves fascicled at the nodes, petioled, broad, cordate.
Flowers monoecious, white, arising from sessile or stipitate, 2-leaved, membranous spathes.
Perianth 6-parted; segments petaloid, the 3 outer oblong to oval, the 3 inner oblong to linear.
Staminate flowers 2-4 in a spathe, long-penduncled, the stamens united in a column bearing
6-12 anthers at different heights, sometimes producing only 9-12 staminodia, the filaments
tipped with abortive anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile or short-peduncled with 3-6 vesti-
gial stamens; ovary 6-9-celled with as many central placentae; stigmas as many as the
cells, each 2-parted. Fruit a many-seeded berry. [Greek referring to the aquatic habitat.]

Species, 3 or 4, natives of America. Type species: L.
Bosci L. C. Richard, the same as the following.
1. Limnobium Spongia (Bosc.) L. C. Richard.
Frog’s-bit. Fig. 253.
Hydrocharis cordifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 241. 1818,
H. Spongia Bosc, Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 396, pl. 30. 1807.
Limnobium Spongia L. C. Richard, Ment Inst. Paris, 32:
66, pl. 8. 1811.

; Limnocharis Spongia L. C. Richard; Steud. Nomencl. Ed.
meebart 2: 45. 18413

Blades of the leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cor-
date or reniform, faintly 5-7-nerved and cross-veined,
purplish and spongy beneath, 10’—2’ broad, on _peti-
oles 1-10’ in length. Stolons rooting and sending
up flowers and leaves at the nodes; peduncles of the
staminate flowers 3-4’ long, those of the pistillate
flowers stouter, 1-2’ long, nodding in fruit.

In shallow, stagnant water, Lake Ontario, to Florida,
west to Illinois, Missouri and Texas. July—Aug.

Family to. GRAMINEAE Juss. Gen. e 1780.*
Grass FAMILy.

Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees. Culms
(stems) generally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed. Leaves
sheathing, the sheaths usually split to the base on the side opposite the blade; a
scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or hairy, rarely wanting, called the ligule,
is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or panicu-
late, consisting of spikelets composed of two to many 2-ranked imbricated bracts,
called scales (glumes), the two lowest in the complete spikelet always empty, one
or both of these sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper scales, except
sometimes the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually enclosed
by a bract-like awnless organ called the palet, placed opposite the scale and with
its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, generally 2-keeled ; sometimes
the palet i is present without the flower, and vice versa. Flowers perfect, pistillate,
or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, subtended by 1-3 minute hyaline
scales called the lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usually 3. Anthers 2-celled, versatile.
Ovary t-celled, 1-ovuled. Styles 1-3, commonly 2 and lateral. Stigmas hairy or
plumose. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis). Endosperm starchy.

About 4500 species, widely distributed throughout the world, growing in water and on ail
kinds of soil. Those yielding food-grains are called cereals. The species are more numerous

in tropical countries, while the number of individuals is much greater in temperate regions, often
forming extended areas of turf. The time of year noted is that of ripening seed.

A. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales or a subtending involucre, or attached to and
deciduous with the internodes of a readily disarticulating rachis, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered
the lower imperfect, usually staminate; rachilla not extending beyond the uppermost scale.

Spikelets round or dorsally compressed; hilum punctiform.
Fruiting scale and palet hyaline, thin, much more delicate in structure than the thick-mem-
branous to coriaceous empty scales.
Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in the upper, part of

the same spike. I. MAYDEAE.
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, perfect, the other pedicellate, perfect, staminate or empty,
sometimes reduced to a single scale or wanting. II. ANDROPOGONEAE.

Fruiting scale and palet never hyaline and thin, as firm as the empty scales, or firmer.
Fruiting scale and palet membranous; spikelets naked, spiny (in ours). III. Zoysieae.

* Text contributed by Mr. Grorcr V. Nasu.

108 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

Fruiting scale and palet chartaceous or coriaceous, differing in color and appearance from
the remaining scales; spikelets sometimes enclosed in an involucre. IV. PANICEAE.
Spikelets laterally compressed ; hilum linear. 4 V. ORYZEAE.
B. Spikelets articulated above the empty scales (below them in nos. 38, 41, 49, 57 and 64) which
are persistent, 1-many-flowered ; rachilla sometimes extending beyond the uppermost scale.
Culms herbaceous, hence annual; leaf-blades sessile, not articulated with the sheath.
Spikelets in panicles or racemes, usually upon distinct and often long pedicels.
Spikelets 1-flowered.
Empty scales 4; palets 1-nerved. VI. PHALARIDEAE,
Empty scales 2 (rarely 1); palet usually 2-nerved. VII. AGrostIDEAE,
Spikelets 2—-many-flowered.
Flowering scales usually shorter than empty ones, awn dorsal, bent. VIII. AvENEAE.
Flowering scales usually longer than the empty ones, awnless, or if awned the awn
terminal and straight, rarely dorsal. X. FESTUCEAE.
Spikelets borne in 2 rows:
On one side of a continuous axis, forming 1-sided spikes or racemes. IX. CHLORIDEAE.
On opposite sides of a continuous or sometimes articulated axis, forming equilateral
spikes (unilateral in Nardus). XI. HorpeEat.
Culms woody, perennial; leaf-blades petiolate, articulated to the sheath. XII. BamBusear,

Tribe I. Maypeae.
Pistillate spikelets imbedded in the internodes of the thick rachis. 1. Tripsacum.

Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE.

Internodes of the rachis of the racemes thickened, appressed to the pedicels of the primary spike-
lets, thus forming excavations for the reception of the secondary or sessile spikelets; fertile
flowering scales awnless. 2. Coelorachis.

Internodes not thickened, and without excavations for the reception of the spikelets.

Spikelets all perfect, awned.
Rachis of the racemes continyous; panicle axis short, racemes subflabellate. 3. Miscanthus.
Rachis articulated; panicle axis elongated. 4. Erianthus,
Sessile spikelets perfect, the pedicellate staminate or empty, awnless, sometimes wanting.
Inflorescence simple or compound, made up of 1 or more spike-like racemes which are
sessile or on very short peduncles.
Raceme single; pedicels and internodes of the rachis clavate, spongy, usually stout, with
a deep cup-shaped depression at the top. 5. Schizachyrium.
Racemes not single; pedicels and rachis-internodes filiform, or flat and linear, not
spongy, nor appendaged at the apex.
Racemes in pairs, or digitate in 5’s or less, sessile, or only 1 pedunculate; pedicels

and internodes not sulcate nor with a median hyaline line. 6. Andropogon.
Racemes numerous, on an elongated axis, more or less pedunculate; pedicels and
internodes of the rachis with a median hyaline line. 7. Amphilophis,
Inflorescence decompound.

Pedicellate spikelet wanting. 8. Sorghastrum.

Pedicellate spikelet present. 9. Holcus.

Tribe III. ZoysiEar.
Spikelets in a terminal spike; second scale spiny. 10, Nazia.

Tribe IV. PANICEAE,

Spikelets without a subtending involucre of bristles or valves.
Spikelets all alike.
Palets not enlarged when mature.
Fruiting scale chartaceous the margins hyaline and flat.
Spikelets in slender racemes borne toward the summit of the stem. 11. Syntherisma.
Spikelets in an open panicle on long pedicels. 12. Leptoloma.
Fruiting scale indurated, rigid, the margins inrolled and not hyaline.
Opening in the fruiting scale turned toward the rachis.
Spikelets with a swollen ring-like callus at the base; fruiting scale mucronate or
awn-pointed. 13. Eriochloa,
Spikelets without a callus; fruiting scale not mucronate. 14. Anastrophus.
Opening in the fruiting scale turned away from the rachis.
Spikelets plano-convex, in secund racemes, usually of 3 scales. 15. Paspalum.
Spikelets unequally bi-convex, in panicles, or rarely in secund racemes; scales 4.
Scales or some of them awned; fruiting scale cuspidate, 16. Echinochloa.
Scales awnless.
Second scale like the third, few-nerved not broad and saccate. 17. Panicum.
Second scale unlike the third, r1-13-nerved, broad, saccate. 18. Sacciolepis.
Palet in the axil of the third scale much enlarged and somewhat indurated when mature,

_ forcing the spikelet open. 19, Steinchisma,
Spikelets of 2 kinds, one in termirjal panicles and not producing seed, the other subterranean
and perfecting seed. 20. Amphicarpon,

Spikelets with an involucre:

Of bristles, persistent; inflorescence a dense cylindric spike-like panicle. 21. Chaetochloa,
Of 2 spine-bearing valves enclosing the spikelets, deciduous with them. 22. Cenchrus.

Tribe V. ORyYZEAE.

Spikelets unisexual; plants monoecious ; tall aquatic grasses.
Pistillate spikelets ovate, at the base of each branch of the panicle. 23. Zizaniopsis.
Pistillate spikelets linear, on the upper branches of panicle. 24. Zizania,
Spikelets all perfect, broad, compressed; in swamps or wet grounds. 25. Homalocenchrus.

a

\"

GRASS FAMILY. 109

Tribe VI. PHALARIDEAE.
Third and fourth scales

Small and empty, or rudimentary, not awned; stamens 3. 26. Phalaris.
Empty, awned upon the back; stamens 2. s 27. Anthoxanthum.
Subtending staminate flowers, stamens 3; fertile flowers, stamens 2. 28. Savastana.

Tribe VII. AGROSTIDEAE.

Flowering scale indurated at maturity, firmer than the empty scales.
Spikelets with no basal callus; flowering scale awnless, margins inrolled. 29. Milium.
Spikelets with a basal callus; flowering scale awned, the margins flat.
Awn simple.
Flowering scale broad, the awn deciduous; callus short, obtuse.

Flowering scale glabrous, or pubescent with short hairs. 31. Oryzopsis.
Flowering scale pubescent with copious long silky hairs. 30. Eriocoma,
Flowering scale narrow, awn persistent; callus commonly acute. 32. Stipa.
Awn 3-parted. 33. Aristida.

Flowering scale membranous, not firmer than the empty scales.
Flowering scale with a terminal awn or awn-pointed, tightly enclosing the grain.
Rachilla not prolonged beyond the base of the flowering scale; empty scales usually evident.
34. Muhlenbergia.
Rachilla extending beyond the base of the flowering scale as a bristle-like appendage ; empty
scales minute, the first sometimes wanting. 35- Brachyelytrum.
Flowering scale awnless, or with a dorsal awn, loosely enclosing the grain.
Spikelets readily deciduous entire at maturity.

Empty scales awnless. 38. Alopecurus.
Empty scales awned. 41. Polypogon.

Spikelets not deciduous entire, the empty scales persistent, flowering scales usually deciduous.
Empty scales awned. 37. Phleum.

Empty scales awnless.
Flowering scales 1-nerved.

Panicle dense and spike-like, the spikelets markedly compressed laterally, ciliate
on the keel. 36. Heleochloa.

Panicle open or narrow, the spikelets not markedly laterally compressed, the

keel glabrous.
Grain loosely enclosed in the pericarp, from which it readily separates and
falls at maturity; flowering scales with no hairs at the base.

Empty scales minute; low arctic grass. 39. Phippsia.
Empty scales evident. 40. Sporobolus,
Grain adherent to the pericarp and not separating from it at maturity; flower-
ing scale with a ring of long hairs at the base. 47. Calamovilfa.

Flowering scales 3-5-nerved.
Stamen 1; flowering scale stipitate; palet usually 1-nerved.43. Cinna.
Stamens 3; flowering scale sessile; palet 2-nerved.
Rachilla not prolonged beyond the flowering scale.
Empty scales shorter than flowering scale; spikelets large 42. Arctagrostis.
Empty scales longer than the flowering scale; spikelets small. 44. Agrostis.
Rachilla prolonged beyond the flowering scale.
Prolongation of the rachilla glabrous; flowering scale glabrous at the base,
and with a long awn just below the bifid apex. 48. Apera.
Prolongation of the rachilla with long hairs; flowering scale awned at or
below the middle.
Flowering scale membranous ; spikelets 4” long or less.
45. Calamagrostis.
Flowering scale chartaceous; spikelets 5”-6” long. 46. Ammophila.

Tribe VIII. AveENEAE.

Spikelets deciduous; lower flower perfect, upper staminate, awned. 49. Nothoholcus.
Spikelets not deciduous ; empty scales persistent, flowering ones deciduous.

Spikelets of 2 perfect flowers; rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper one. 50. Aspris.

Spikelets 2-many-flowered; rachilla prolonged beyond the upper scale.

Awn of flowering scale dorsal, inserted below the teeth.
Flowers all perfect, or the upper ones staminate or wanting.
Spikelets less than 6” long; grain free, unfurrowed.
Flowering scales convex ; awn arising from or below the middle. 51. Deschampsia.

Flowering scales keeled; awn arising from above the middle. 52. Trisetum.
Spikelets over 6” long; grain furrowed, usually adherent to the scales. 53. Avena.
Upper flower perfect, lower staminate, its scale strongly awned. 54. Arrhenatherum.

Awn from between the lobes or teeth of flowering scale, generally twisted. 55. Danthonia.

Tribe IX. CHLORIDEAE.

Spikelets with perfect flowers, or sometimes some of them rudimentary or unisexual.
Spikelets deciduous entire.
Spikelets narrow, lanceolate; rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet. 57. Spartina.
Spikelets broad, orbicular; rachis of the spike not produced. 64. Beckmannia.
Spikelets not deciduous entire; empty scales persistent; flowering scales deciduous.
One perfect flower in each spikelet (rarely 2 in no. 56).
No empty scales above the flower.

Spikes 2-6, digitate. 56. Capriola.

Spikes many, scattered. 61. Schedonnardus.
One to several empty scales above the flower.

Lower empty scales 4; spike solitary, dense. 58. Campulosus.

110 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

Lower empty scales 2.
Spikes in false whorls or closely approximate; scales long-awned. 59. Chloris.
Spikes remote, or the lowest only approximate.

Spikelets scattered or remote in long filiform spikes. 60. Gymnopogon.
Spikelets crowded in short stout spikes.
Spikes 4 or less; spikelets numerous, 25 or more. 62. Bouteloua.

Spikes numerous, 12 or more; spikelets few, 12 or less. 63. Atheropogon,
2-several perfect flowers in each spikelet.
Spikelets densely crowded; spikes digitate.
Spikes with terminal spikelets. 6s. Eleusine.
Spikes with rachis extending beyond them in a naked point. 66. Dactyloctenium.
Spikelets distinctly alternating; spikes remote.
Branches of the inflorescence slender; spikelets less than 2” long, numerous, the

palets not gibbous. i : 67. Leptochloa.
Branches of the inflorescence stout, rigid; spikelets 4” long or more, few, the palets
gibbous at the base. ; pind ie 68. Acamptoclados.
Spikelets with unisexual flowers, very unlike; plants dioecious. 69. Bulbilis.
Tribe X. FESTUCEAE.
Rachilla with hairs longer than flowering scales enveloping them. 71. Phragmites.

Rachilla and flowering scales glabrous, or if hairy the hairs shorter than the scales.
Stigmas barbellate; spikelets in clusters of 3-6 in axils of spinescent leaves. 70. Munroa.
Stigmas plumose; spikelets not in the axils of leaves; inflorescence various.
Spikelets of 2 forms, the fertile 1-3-flowered, surrounded by the sterile consisting of many
empty pectinate scales. gt. Cynosurus.
Spikelets all alike.
Flowering scales 1-3-nerved, rarely with faint additional intermediate nerves.
Flowering stales not coriaceous in fruit; seed beakless and not exserted.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scales pilose.
Internodes of rachilla long, the deeply 2-lobed flowering scale attached by a
long pointed callus, which is pilose on the outer surface. 75. Triplasis.
Internodes of rachilla and callus of flowering scales short, the latter blunt.
Spikelets on pedicels of varying length, arranged in a contracted or open,
simple or compound panicle.
Inflorescence a contracted or open panicle; leaf-blades not cartilaginous

on margins. 73. Tridens.
Inflorescence a short congested raceme; leaf-blades with thick con-
spicuous cartilaginous margins. 74. Erioneuron.
Spikelets on short pedicels of approximately the same length, appressed to
the long branches of the simple panicle. 77. Diplachne.

Lateral nerves of the flowering scales glabrous.
Callus of flowering scale conspicuously pubescent with long hairs.
Panicle contracted; flowering scales broadly oval, rounded at the apex.
79. Rhombolytrum,
Panicle open, diffuse; flowering scaies jianceolate, acute. 76. Redfieldia.
Callus of the flowering scale glabrous.
Second empty scale very dissimilar from the first, broad and rounded at
the summit. 81. Sphenopholis.
Second empty scale similar to the first.
Panicle narrow, branches appressed.
Panicle dull, interrupted; rachilla articulated. 78. Molinia.
Panicle shining, dense, spike-like ; rachilla continuous. 82. Koeleria.
Panicle open, the branches more or less spreading.
Rachilla continuous ; flowering scales deciduous in fruit. 80. Eragrostis.
Rachilla articulated; flowering scales and palets both deciduous with
the rachilla internodes. 83. Catabrosa.
Flowering scales coriaceous in fruit; seed beaked and exserted. 85. Korycarpus.
Flowering scales 5—-many-nerved.
Flowering scales 3-toothed at the apex. 72. Sieglingia.
Flowering scales not 3-toothed at the apex.
Spikelets with 2 or more of the upper scales empty, broad and _ enfolding each
other, forming a club-shaped mass. 84. Melica.
Spikelets with the upper scales flower-bearing, or if empty similar in shape to the
other scales.
Keels of the palet winged or with a linear appendage. 86. Pleuropogon.
Keels of the palet not winged or appendaged.
Stigmas placed at or near the apex of the ovary; flowering scales usually
awnless, or awned in nos. 90 and 08.
Scales more or less strongly compressed and keeled.
Empty basal scales 3-6; spikelets flat, 2-edged. 87. Uniola.
Empty basal scales 2; spikelets somewhat flattened.
Spikelets unisexual; plant dioecious, 88. Distichlis.
Spikelets perfect.
Spikelets arranged in 1-sided dense capitate clusters at the end
of the branches ; flowering scales awned. 90. Dactylis.
Spikelets not arranged as above; flowering scales awnless.
Rachilla of the spikelets glabrous, or with webby hairs;
flowering scales scarious-margined.
Spikelets cordate at the base, large. 80. Brisa.
Spikelets not cordate, usually small.
Empty scales projecting beyond the uppermost
flowering ones; arctic grass. 93. Dupontia.

GENUS I. GRASS FAMILY. 111

Empty scales shorter than the uppermost flowering
ones. 92. Poa.
Rachilla of the spikelets hirsute, extending into a hairy
appendage ; flowering scales membranous.
95. Graphephorum.
Scales rounded on the back, at least below.
Flowering scales with basal ring of hairs, apex toothed.
94. Scolochloa.
Flowering scales naked at the base.
Flowering scales obtuse or subacute and scarious at the apex,
usually toothed.
Manifestly 5-7-nerved; styles present. 96. Panicularia.
Obscurely 5-nerved; no styles. 97. Puccinellia,
Flowering scales acute, pointed, or apex awned. 098. Festuca.
Stigmas arising below apex of the ovary; scales rarely awnless.

: 99. Bromus.
Tribe XI. HorpbEae,

Stigma 1; spike unilateral; spikelets 1-flowered, narrow. 100. Nardus.
Stigmas 2; spikes symmetrical. i
Spikelets solitary at the notches of the rachis.

Flowering scales with their backs turned to the rachis. tor. Lolium.
Flowering scales with their sides turned to the rachis.
Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, in slender articulate spikes. 102. Lepturus.
Spikelets 2-many-flowered, in stout inarticulate spikes. 103. Agropyron,
Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis; scales mostly long-awned.
Spikelets 1-flowered, or with the rudiment of a second flower. 104. Hordeum,
Spikelets 2-many-flowered.
Rachis of the spike articulated, readily breaking up. 105. Sitanion.
Rachis of the spike continuous, not breaking up.
Empty scales a little smaller than the flowering ones, 106. Elymus.
Empty scales very small or none. 107. Hystrix.
Tribe XII. BAmBusEAE.
Tall canes with large flat spikelets in panicles or racemes. 108. Arundinaria.

1. TRIPSACUM L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10. 1261. 1750.

Tall perennial monoecious grasses with thick rootstocks, rather broad flat leaves and
spicate or racemose inflorescence. Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, in terminal or axillary, solitary
or clustered, elongated spikes. Staminate spikelets in 2’s at each node of the axis, 2-flowered.
consisting of four scales, the two outer coriaceous or membranous, the two inner thinner, the
palet hyaline; stamens 3. Pistillate spikelets in excavations at the lower joints of the spike,
1-flowered; stigmas exserted; style slender. Grain partly enclosed in the excavations of the
spikes, covered in front by the horny exterior lower scale. [Name from the Greek, in allusion
to the polished outer scales. ]

About 7 species, in tropical and temperate America. Type species: Tripsacum dactyloides L.

1. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama- Sesame-
or Bull-grass. Fig. 254.

Coix dactyloides L. Sp. Pl. 972. 1753.
Tripsacum dactyloides L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1378. 1763.
Tripsacum dactyloides var. monostachyum Wood, Class-

book Ed. 2, 623. 1847.

Culms stout, erect, 4°-8° tall. Leaves smooth and
glabrous; blades 1° or more long, 4-1)’ wide, long-
acuminate, truncate or subcordate at the base; spikes
terminal and in the upper axils, solitary or 2 or 3
together, 4’-9’ long, the lower spikelets pistillate, the
upper staminate and very numerous; outer scales of
the staminate spikelets linear and obtuse, 33-53”
long, faintly many-nerved; exterior scale of the
pistillate spikelets horny, shining, closely appressed
in fruit.

In swamps or along streams, Rhode Island to Ne-

braska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico, the southern
Bahamas, Haiti and South America. June-Sept.

2. COELORACHIS Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Coq. Bot. Phan. 64. 1829.

Mostly tall perennials, with narrow flat leaves and cylindric jointed spikes, terminal and
from the upper axils. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the excavated rachis, one sessile

112 GRAMINEAE. Vo. I.

and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate or empty. Scales of the perfect
spikelet 4, the outermost thick and coriaceous, covering, together with the pedicel of the
sterile spikelet, the excavation in the rachis; second scale chartaceous ; third and fourth hyaline,
the latter subtending the palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain
free. [Name Greek, meaning hollowed rachis.]

About 20 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate countries.

Leaf-sheaths broad, compressed, keeled ; plants without rootstocks. 1. C, rugosa.
Leaf-sheaths narrow, round, not keeled; plants with creeping rootstocks. 2. C. cylindrica.

1. Coelorachis rugosa (Nutt.) Nash.
Wrinkled Joint-grass. Fig. 255.

Rottboellia rugosa Nutt. Gen. 1: 84. 1818.
R. corrugata Baldw. Am. Journ. Sci. 1: 355. 18109.
Manisuris rugosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 780. 1891.

ELD LEY

3 Manisuris rugosa Chapmani Scribn, Mem. Torr.
iS Club 5: 28. 18094.
N C. rugosa Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 86. 1909.

i

\y Smooth and glabrous. Culms 2°-5° tall, com-
| pressed, much-branched above, branches spread-

ing; sheaths compressed; blades flat, acuminate,
613° long, 1-5” wide; racemes partially included
in the sheath or more or less exserted, 13’—23’
long ; outermost scale of the sessile spikelet oblong-
ovate to ovate, 1#’—23” long, strongly transversely
rugose, the wrinkles continuous or interrupted.

In wet soil along the coast, southern New Jersey
to Maryland, Florida and Texas. June—Sept.

WN

2. Coelorachis cylindrica (Michx.) Nash.
Pitted Joint-grass. Fig. 256.
Tripsacum cylindricum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 60.

1803.
Rottboellia cylindrica Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 159.

1857.
Manisuris cylindrica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 779. 1891.
Coelorachis cylindrica Nash, N.A.Fl. 17: 85. 1909.

Culms from creeping rootstocks, round, 1°-33°
tall, slender; blades 1° long or less, 3’—14” wide;
racemes 4-8’ long, the rachis barely if at all
contracted at the nodes; sessile spikelets 2}’—23”
long, about equalling the internodes, the first
scale more or less pitted in longitudinal lines, or
rarely unpitted, the pits often containing a subu-
late hair; pedicellate spikelets reduced to I or 2
short scales, the pedicel linear, shorter than the
sessile spikelet and curved around its margin.

In sandy soil at low elevations, Georgia and
Florida to Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. Summer.

3. MISCANTHUS Anderss. Oefy. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Férh. 1855: 165. 1856.

Tall erect perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades, and terminal ample commonly
hairy panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, unequally pedicellate, arranged in pairs along the con-
tinuous branches of the panicle, articulated with the pedicel. Scales 4; outer 2 larger, empty,
membranous, muticous; third scale also empty but thinner; fourth scale thinly hyaline, sub-
tending a perfect flower, 2-toothed at the apex, the awn arising from between the teeth,
usually slender, often with a twisted column at the base and geniculate, sometimes straight,
rarely very short or wanting; palet thin, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas
plumose. [Greek; in allusion to the stalked spikelets. ]

A genus of about ro species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Eulalia japonica Trin.

—_ ae

GENUS 3. GRASS FAMILY. 113

1. Miscanthus sinénsis Anderss. Japanese
Plume-grass. Fig. 257.

Vet

Saccharum polydactylon B Thunb. Fl. Jap. 43. 1784.

Saccharum japonicum Thunb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2:
328, in part. 1794.

Erianthus japonicus Beauv.; R. & S. Syst. 2: 324.
1817.

Ripidium japonicum Trin. Fund. Agrost. 169. 1820,

Eulalia japonica Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI.

2: 333- 1832.
Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Oefv. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
Férh, 1855: 166. 1856.

Stems 3°-6° tall; leaf-blades up to 3° long and
8” wide; panicle 8-16’ long, its branches erect or
ascending; spikelets 2%’-23” long, yellowish
brown, shining, glabrous, encircled at the base
with white or purplish hairs equaling or exceed-
ing them, the awn 4-5” long, spirally twisted at
the base.

Escaped from cultivation at Washington, D. C., x: VR
and on Long Island; also in Florida. A native of mes. U7, Z
China, Japan and the Celebes. ~

4. ERIANTHUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 54. 1803.

Tall generally robust perennial grasses, with long flat leaves, and perfect flowers in
terminal panicles. Spikelets generally with a ring of hairs at the base, 2 at each node of the
jointed rachis, one sessile, the other with a pedicel, generally 1-flowered. Scales 4, the two
outer indurated, the inner hyaline, the fourth bearing a terminal straight or contorted awn;
palet small, hyaline; stamens 3. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, referring
to the woolly spikelets.]

About 21 species, natives of the temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Besides

the following, three or four others occur in the Southern States. Type species: Anthoxanthum
giganteum Walt.

Awns flat, closely spiral at the base, geniculate; apex of the fourth scale deeply 2-cleft.
Basal hairs twice as long as the yellowish spikelets which are nearly concealed in the copious

hairs of the cream-colored panicle. 1. E. divaricatus.
Basal hairs sometimes equaling but not exceeding the brown spikelets which are plainly
visible through the brown panicle. 2. E. contortus.

Awn terete, or flat only at the very base, not spiral at the base, straight; fourth scale usually
entire, rarely shortly 2-toothed.
Spikelets 2”-3” long, exceeded by the basal hairs. 3. E. saccharoides.
Spikelets 4’-414” long, much exceeding the basal hairs. 4. E. brevibarbis.

1. Erianthus divaricatus (L.) Hitche. Woolly
Beard-grass. Fig. 258.

Andropogon divaricatus L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 1783

Andropogon alopecuroides L, Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753-

i alopecuroides Ell, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 38.

I1d16.

Erianthus divaricatus Hitche. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.

I2: 125. 1908.

Culms stout, erect, 6°-10° tall; nodes naked or
barbed, the summit and the axis of the panicle
densely pubescent with appressed long rigid silky
hairs. Sheaths glabrous or hirsute; blades usually
glabrous, 6’-2° long, }’-1’ wide, acuminate, narrowed
and sometimes hairy on the upper surface near the
base; panicle oblong, 7-12’ long, 2’-3’ wide, branches
3’-5' long, slender, loose; outer scales of the spike-
let about 3” long, exceeding the pedicel and about
two-thirds as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate,
acuminate; inner scales shorter, the awn 6-8”
long, scabrous.

In damp soil, New Jersey to Oklahoma, south to
Florida and Texas. Sept. Plume-grass (Tenn.).

8

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

2. Erianthus contortus Ell. Spiral-awned
Beard-grass. Fig. 259.

Erianthus contortus Ell, Bot. S, C. & Ga. 1: 40. 1816.

Erianthus saccharoides contortus Hack. in DC. Monog.
Phan, 6: 131. 1889.

Culms 3°-8° tall; leaf-sheaths smooth or rough,
sometimes hirsute at the apex; blades 6’-32’ long,
jj, 24-10” wide, smooth or rough; panicle 6’-16’ long,
“ \'-2%" wide; spikelets crowded, equalling or exceed-
t ing the basal hairs, the outer 2 scales 33’-43” long,
Wy pilose with long hairs, the fourth scale 2-cleft at
Z the apex, the teeth long and subulate, the awn 7”-12”
long, the included portion spiral at the base, the
remainder loosely spiral.

In moist soil, Delaware (?) and Maryland to Florida
and Texas. Sept.—Oct.

3. Erianthus saccharoides Michx.
Plume-grass. Fig. 260.
Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:

55. 1803.

Erianthus compactus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22:

419. 1895.

Culms robust, erect, 3°-10° tall, barbed at
the nodes, the summit and the axis of the pan-
icle densely pubescent with appressed long
rigid silky hairs. Sheaths glabrous or spar-
ingly hairy below, densely pubescent at the
throat with long more or less spreading
silky hairs; blades glabrous or appressed-
pubescent, 6’-2° long, 3-1" wide, long-acumi- Wi
nate, somewhat narrowed towards the base; NY
panicle lax, broadly oblong, 5’-15’ long, 2’—4’
wide, its branches 2’-4’ long, slender; outer
scales of the spikelet about 2”-3” long, a little
exceeding the pedicel and about one-half as
long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, acuminate; I ots 3 "
inner scales shorter, the awn 107’-12” long, Mare end sendy, 50 sence Neve ee
straight, scabrous. in Cuba. Aug»Sept. Gama, or sesame grass.

4. Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. Short-
bearded Plume-grass. Fig. 261.

4

Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.1: 55. 1803.

Erianthus saccharoides sub-sp. brevibarbits Hack, in D,

C. Monog. Phan. 6: 131. 1880.

Culms stout, erect, 3°-5° tall, the nodes naked or
scantily barbed, the summit and axis of the panicle
smooth or scabrous. Sheaths hirsute at the summit;
blades rough, 6-18’ long, 3-5” wide, acuminate;
panicle linear-oblong, 8-12’ in length, 17-13’ wide,
the branches erect, 2’-5’ long; outer scales of the
spikelet 4’-43” long, twice the length of the pedicel
and equalling or twice as long as the basal hairs,
lanceolate, long-acuminate; inner scales shorter, the
awn 9’—12” long, straight, scabrous.

In moist soil, Delaware to Florida, thence west to
Louisiana. Autumn.

GENUS 5. GRASS FAMILY. 115

5. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees, Agrost. Bras. 331. 1829.

Annual or perennial grasses, tufted or from rootstocks, with flat or involute leaf-blades,
and spikelike racemes, singly disposed, terminating the culm or its branches. Internodes of
the articulated rachis cup-shaped or crowned at the apex with a toothed or bifid appendage.
Spikelets in pairs at each node of the frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicel-
late. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed, of 4 scales; first scale 2-keeled, with the margins
infolded; second scale 1-keeled; fourth scale usually 2-cleft at the apex, often almost to the
base, bearing a perfect usually geniculate awn, the spiral column usually straight. Pedicellate
spikelet flowerless, of 1 or 2 scales, rarely of 4 scales and bearing a staminate flower, or
wanting. Stamens usually 3, very rarely 1 or 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Name
Greek, referring to the deeply cleft flowering scale.]

About 35 species, mainly in tropical and warm temperate regions. Besides the following,
others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Type species: Andro-
pogon brevifolius Sw.

Hairs at the apex of the rachis internodes short, 14”-114” long; plant usually green or purplish,

rarely glaucous. 1. S. scoparium.
Hairs at the apex of the rachis internodes 2”—2%” long; plant glaucous, the leaf-sheaths much
compressed. 2. S. littorale.
1. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) \
Nash. Broom Beard-grass. Fig. 262. -
Andropogon scoparium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 57. e
1803.
Schizachyrium scoparium Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. x
yes. 59- 903.

Culms simple or much-branched, 14°-43° tall;
sheaths smooth or scabrous, sometimes glaucous,
glabrous or pubescent; blades 613° long, 1-4”
wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent; racemes
1-2)’ long, loose, on long-exserted slender
peduncles; rachis slender, flexuous, the joints
and pedicels ciliate with spreading hairs; outer-
most scale of sessile spikelet 23’--33” long,
acuminate, scabrous; awn spiral, more or less
bent at point of exsertion, 4’-8” long, scabrous;
pedicellate spikelet reduced to a single awn-
pointed scale.

In dry sandy fields, Maine to Saskatchewan and
Montana, south to Florida, Texas and New Mexico.
Broom-grass or -sedge; Bunch-grass; Red-stem or
Blue-stem-grass; Big Blue-joint. Aug.—Oct.

2. Schizachyrium littorale (Nash) Bick-
nell. Seacoast Beard-grass. Fig. 263.
Andropogon littoralis Nash, in Britton, Man. 60.

Igor.

Sehicachyrnim littorale Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club

35: 182. 1908.

A densely tufted perennial, the innovations
with glaucous leaves with much-compressed
sheaths. Culms 23°-34° tall, © compressed,
branched; sheaths rough, keeled; blades up to
8’ long, 13”-33” wide, rough, acute, strongly
keeled; racemes usually 17-13’ long, the rachis
commonly straight, the internodes long-ciliate on
the margins, the hairs at the apex 2”-23” long,
the pedicels, which are usually recurved, long-
ciliate; sessile spikelets 4’-5” long, linear-lanceo-
late, glabrous, the fourth scale shortly 2-toothed
at the apex, ciliate, the awn 5’-73” long, the
brown column tightly spiral, barely if at all
exserted from the scales; pedicellate spikelet a
single awned scale.

In sand along the coast, Nantucket to New York,
south to Virginia. Summer and fall.

6. ANDROPOGON [. Sp. Pl. 104s. 1753.

Perennial grasses with usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and axillary racemes.
Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other

a

ee

¢

\y G

ie

ge,

116 GRAMINEAE. Vor:

with a pedicel, staminate, empty, or reduced to a single scale, or sometimes wanting. Perfect
spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outermost coriaceous, 2-keeled, the second keeled and
acute, the two inner hyaline, the fourth more or less awned and subtending a palet and
perfect flower. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the bearded rachis.]

About 150 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following,
some 25 others in southern and western North America Type species: Andropogon hirtum L.

Pedicellate spikelets empty, of 1 or 2 scales, much smaller than the sessile spikelets, or wanting.
Stamen 1; racemes, or some of them, included in the spathes ; rachis internodes slender.
Sheaths at the upper part of the culm not enlarged; racemes equally exserted,

Inflorescence oblong; branches divided into corymbiform masses. 1. A. glomeratus.
Inflorescence long, linear, little divided, not corymbiform. 2. A, virginicus.
Sheaths at the summit or upper part of the stem much enlarged; racemes on one of the

branches exserted much beyond the others. 3. A. Elliottii.

Stamens 3; racemes usually exserted beyond the spathes; rachis internodes stouter.
Intercarinal space of the first scale of the sessile spikelet nearly nerveless; terminal hairs

of the internodes about twice their length. 4. A. ternarius.
Intercarinal space with 2 or 3 nerves running the length of the scale; terminal hairs of the
internodes about equaling them in length. 5. A. Cabanisii.

Pedicellate spikelets staminate, of 3 or 4 scales, equaling or exceeding the sessile spikelets.
Rachis internodes copiously pubescent with long hairs.
Awn perfect, with a defined column; culms tufted, or with short rootstocks.
Sessile spikelets hispidulous; rachis hairs 1” long or less. 6. A. furcatus.
Sessile spikelets mostly glabrous; rachis hairs 114”—2” long, yellow. 7. A. chrysocomus.
Awn imperfect, rarely spiral at the base; rootstocks long, horizontal. 8. A. Hallii.
Rachis internodes glabrous, or with a few weak crimped hairs. 9. A. paucipilus.

I. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S. P.
Bushy Beard-grass. Fig. 264.

Cinna glomerata Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788.

Andropogon macrourum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 56. 1803.
Andropogon glomeratus B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y.67. 1888.
Andropogon corymbosus Nash, in Britton, Man. 70. 1901.

Culms erect, 13°-3° tall, smooth, simple below, much
branched above, upper nodes of branches barbed;
sheaths compressed, scabrous, glabrous or pubescent;
leaves 1-23” wide, scabrous, long-acuminate, the basal
two-thirds as long as to equalling the culm, those of the
culm 67-12’ long; branches elongated, forming a com-
pact terminal inflorescence; racemes in pairs, 10°-15”
long, loose, protruding from the side or exserted from
the apex of the scabrous spathes; rachis flexuous, the
joints and pedicels pubescent with long spreading silky
hairs; outermost scale of sessile spikelet about 2-23”
long; awn 6-9” long, scabrous; pedicelled spikelet re-
duced to a single scale or wanting.

Damp soil, Nantucket to southern New York, south to
Florida and Mississippi. Sept-Oct. Indian Beard-grass,
Brook-grass, Bushy Blue-stem.

z. Andropogon virginicus L. Virginia
Beard-grass. Broom-sedge. Fig. 265.
Andropogon virginicus L. Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753.
Cinna lateralis Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788.
A, dissitiflorus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 57. 1803.
A, vaginatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 148. 1817.
A, tetrastachyus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 150. 1817.
Culms erect, smooth, 13°—-4° tall, simple at base,
branching above; sheaths, at least the lower, more
or less hirsute; blades 614° long, 1-3” wide,
long-acuminate, scabrous on the margins, usually
hirsute above; branches of culm short, forming
a loose and elongated inflorescence; racemes in
pairs, occasionally 3 or 4, 10-30” long, loose,
protruding from the side of the _ spathes,
the rachis flexuous, slender, the joints and pedicels
pubescent with long spreading silky hairs; outer-
most scale of sessile spikelet 13’—-2” long; awn
Jz 4’-9” long, straight, scabrous; pedicellate spike-
(let generally wanting, occasionally a rudimentary
j~ scale present.
In dry or moist fields, Massachusetts to Illinois,

Florida and Texas; in the Bermudas, Bahamas and
tropical America. Aug.—Sept.

Ore

‘Genus 6. GRASS FAMILY. 117

3. Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. Elliott’s
Beard-grass. Fig. 266.

Andropogon Elliottii Champ. Fl. S. States, 581. 1860.
Culms erect, 1°-3° tall, simple or sparingly
branched above, the branches strongly bearded at
the upper nodes; sheaths glabrous or loosely
villous, the lower narrow, the upper elongated,
inflated, imbricated; blades 2’-10’ long, 4-23”
wide; racemes in pairs, rarely in 3's, 1-2’ long,
loose, some of them long-exserted; rachis
slender, flexuous, its joints and the pedicels
pubescent with long spreading silky hairs; outer-
most scale of the sessile spikelet 14-2” long,
scabrous on the keel; awn 6-9” long, scabrous;
pedicellate spikelet a minute scale or wanting.

In dry or moist places, southern New Jersey to
Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.—Sept.

4- Andropogon ternarius Michx. Silvery Beard-grass. Fig.

Andropogon ternarius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 57. 1803.
Andropogon argenteus Ell, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 148.

1817. Not DC. 1813.

Andropogon argyraeus Schultes, Mant. 2: 450. 1824.
Andropogon Belvisii Desy. Opusc. 67. 1831.
Andropogon mississippiensis Scribn. & Ball, Bull. U. S.

Dep. Agr. Agrost. 24: 40. 1rgor.

Culms erect, 2°-4° tall, simple at base, generally
much branched above; sheaths somewhat compressed,
glabrous or pubescent; basal leaves 6’-1°; upper
2’-8’ long, 1-13” wide, acuminate, smooth to sca-
brous above, glabrous or pubescent beneath; racemes
1’-2’ long, on more or less exserted slender pedun-
cles; joints of the rachis and pedicels pubescent with
long silky white spreading hairs; outermost scale of
sessile spikelet 24’—34’" long, acuminate, scabrous;
awn loosely spiral, 6-12” long, scabrous; pedicellate
spikelet reduced to a minute lanceolate acuminate
scabrous scale, which is early deciduous.

In dry sandy soil, Delaware to Missouri, south to
Florida and Texas. Sept. Silver-beard.

5. Andropogon Cabanisii Hack. Cabanis’
Beard-grass. Fig. 268.

Andropogon Cabanisii Hack. Flora 68: 133. 1885.

Culms 2°-33° tall, the branches in 1’s or 2’s;
sheaths smooth or a little roughened; blades 10’
long or less, 1’-2” wide, smooth beneath, rough
above; racemes in pairs on a peduncle which is
densely barbed at the apex, 13’-3’ long, grayish,
the hairs at the apex of the internodes about
equalling them, rather scant; sessile spikelets
24-33” long, broadly lanceolate, tapering from
the middle, the first scale strongly hispidulous and
2-5-nerved between the keels, the nerves running
the entire length of the scale, the fourth scale
bearing a very slender awn 1’-1}’ long, slightly
spiral at the base; pedicellate spikelets of a single
hispidulous scale.

In sandy places, Pennsylvania (according to
Hackel) and Florida.

118 GRAMINEAE. Vot. I.

6. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Forked
Beard-grass. Fig. 269.

Andropogon furcatus Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 919. 1806.
Andropogon provincialis subvar, furcatus Hack. in DC.

Mon. Phan. 5: 442. 1889.

Culms erect, stout, smooth and glabrous, 3°-6°
tall, simple at base, branched above. Leaves gla-
brous or hirsute; blades sinooth or rough, 6-18’
long, 2”-7” wide, acuminate; racemes 2-6, in pairs
or approximate at the summit, 2-5’ long; joints
of rachis and pedicels ciliate with short hairs; outer-
most scale of sessile spikelet 33’—5” long, twice the
length of the rachis-joints, scabrous; awn 33’-7”
long, perfect; pedicelled spikelet consisting of 4
scales.

In dry or moist soil,.Maine to Assiniboia, south to
Florida and Texas and northern Mexico. Aug.—Sept.
Broom-grass, Big Blue-stem, Blue-joint.

7. Andropogon chrysécomus Nash. Yel-
low-haired Beard-grass. Fig. 270.
Andropogon chrysocomus Nash, in Britton, Man, 7o.

IgOl.

A tall usually stout grass, with extravaginal
innovations. Culms 2°-5° tall, the branches in
1’s-3’s; sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades up
to 1° long, 33” wide or less, smooth beneath, a
little roughened above; racemes in 2’s-4’s, 2’-33’
long, stout, long-exserted, the hairs of the inter-
nodes and pedicels 14’-2” long, usually yellow;
sessile spikelets 4’—5” long, lanceolate, barbed at
the base with hairs about 4” long, the first scale
hispid on the keels, the intercarinal space canalicu-
late-depressed and hispidulous toward the apex,
the fourth scale bearing a perfect geniculate awn
5-6” long; pedicellate spikelets equalling the
sessile ones, awnless.

In dry usually sandy places, Nebraska and Colo-
rado to Texas. Summer and fall.

8. Andropogon Hallii Hack. Hall’s Beard-grass. Fig. 271.
Andropogon Hallii Hack. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 89: 127.

1884.
Andropogon geminatus Hack.; Beal, Grasses N. A. 2: 55.
18096.

Stems from a creeping rootstock, 3°-6° tall, simple
at base, branched above, smooth, more or less glaucous;
leaves glaucous; blades 1° or less long, 3°-5” wide,
smooth; racemes 2 or 3, 1-4’ long, the lateral ones often
included in the spathes; joints of rachis and pedicels
pubescent with spreading silky white or yellow hairs of
about their own length; outermost scale of sessile spike-
let 4”’-6” long, acuminate, , glabrous at base, from
sparingly to copiously silky-pubescent toward the apex,
awnless or with a glabrous imperfect awn shorter than
the scale; pedicellate spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the
outermost generally larger than the corresponding scale
of the sessile spikelet and subtending a palet and three
stamens.

Dry sandy soil, North Dakota and Wyoming to Texas
and Arizona. Aug —Sept. Turkey-foot Grass.

Genus 6. GRASS FAMILY. 1 fe)

g. Andropogon paucipilus Nash. Few-haired
Beard-grass. Fig. 272.

Andropogon paucipilus Nash, in Britton, Man. 70. 1901.

A glabrous perennial. Culms up to 33° tall,
sparingly branched above; blades erect, firm, usually
somewhat glaucous, long-acuminate, the lower 8-12"
long and 23’-34" wide; racemes in pairs, 2’-3'
long, the rachis internodes glabrous, or the margins
with a few long weak crimped hairs; sessile spike-
lets lanceolate, about 5” long, acuminate, the first
scale sulcate on the back, the intercarinal space
2-nerved, the fourth scale with an imperfect awn
less than 4 its length; pedicellate spikelets stami-
nate, a little smaller than the sessile ones, the first
scale g-nerved, not sulcate, the pedicels sparsely
pilose with long weak crimped hairs.

——

In sand, Nebraska and Montana. Summer and fall.

——

7. AMPHILOPHIS Nash, in Britton, Man.
lRLOO Us

Perennial grasses with usually flat leaf-blades and showy, often silvery white,
panicles, the axis short or elongated. Racemes usually numerous, the internodes of
the rachis and the pedicels with manifestly thickened margins, the median portion
thin and translucent, the margins ciliate with long hairs. Spikelets dorsally compressed.
Sessile spikelets of 4 scales, perfect, or rarely the lower pair or pairs staminate or empty;
first scale 2-keeled, the margins narrowly inrolled; second scale 1-nerved; fourth scale stipe-
like, the blade wanting, merging into a usually geniculate perfect, rarely imperfect, awn, or
the awn rarely wanting. Pedicellate spikelets awnless, staminate and similar to the sessile
ones, or empty and smaller than them. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
[Greek, in reference to the hairs surrounding the spikelets.]

A genus of about 15 species. Besides the following several others occur in the United States.
Type species: Andropogon Torreyanus Steud.

1. Amphilophis sacchardides (Sw.) Nash.

Torrey’s Beard-grass. Fig. 273.
Andropogon saccharoides Sw. Prodr, 26. 1788.
Andropogon glaucus Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.1: 153. 1824.

Not Muhl. 1817.

Andropogon Torreyanus Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2,93. 1841.
Andropogon saccharoides var. Torreyanus Hack. in DC,

Monog. Phan. 6: 495. 1880.

Culms erect, 14°-34° tall, simple or branched, gla-
brous, the nodes naked or barbed; sheaths glabrous,
rarely pubescent, more or less glaucous; blades 3’—10°
long, 2-4 wide, long-acuminate, smooth and gla-
brous towards the base, scabrous on margins and at
the apex, glaucous; racemes 1’-14’ long, in a termi-
nal long-exserted panicle 2’-4’ long; joints of the
rachis with a thin translucent median line; outer-
most scale of sessile spikelet 14’-2'’ long, about
equalling the terminal hairs of the rachis-joints,
lanceolate, acute, pubescent at base with long silky
hairs; awn 4''-8” long, spiral, bent, scabrous; pedicel-
late spikelet reduced to a single narrow scale.

In dry soil, Missouri to Kansas and Colorado, north-
ern South America, and in Jamaica. Feather Sedge-
grass. Aug.—Sept.

8. SORGHASTRUM Nash, in Britton, Man. 71. 1go1.

Generally tall perennial grasses, with long narrow flat leaves and terminal decompound
panicles. Sessile spikelets consisting of 4 scales, the two outer indurated and shining, the
inner hyaline, the fourth with a perfect, rarely imperfect, awn, and subtending a palet and
perfect flower, or the palet sometimes wanting. Pedicellate spikelets wanting. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, resembling Sorghum.]

_About 12 species, in temperate and tropical countries. Type species: Sorgastrum avenaceum
(Michx.) Nash.

120

GRAMINEAE. Vor. 1.

Awns 3 times as long as the spikelets or less ; column straight, rarely geniculate. 1. S. nutans.
Awns 4-5 times as long as the spikelets, the column geniculate. 2. S. Elliottii.

1. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Indian-grass. Fig. 274.

Andropogon nutans L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753.

Andropogon avenaceum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 58.
1803.

Sorghum nutans A. Gray, Man: 617. 1848.
Sorghum avenaceum Chapm. F1.S. States, 583. 1860.

Chrysopogon avenaceus Benth; Vasey, Grasses U.

SepzOsloase
Sorghastrum nutans Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. Ss.

66. 1903.

Culms erect, 3°-S8° tall, smooth, the nodes
pubescent; sheaths glabrous, or the lower pubes-
cent; blades 2° or less in length, 2”-8” wide, long-
acuminate, scabrous; panicle 4-12’ long; branches
2’-4’ long, slender, erect-spreading; spikelets in
pairs, or in 3’s at the ends of the branches, erect
or somewhat spreading; first scale of sessile spike-
let 3-4” long, acute, pubescent with long hairs;
second scale glabrous; awn 5°-10” long, the
column straight.

In dry fields, Maine to Manitoba, south to Florida

and northern Mexico. Aug-Sept. Wood-grass. Bushy
blue-stem. Wild oat-grass.

2. Sorghastrum Ellittii (C. Mohr) Nash. Wii 7) i \

Long-bristled Indian-grass. Fig. 275.

Sorghum nutans Linnaeanum Hack. in Mart. FI.

Bras. 2°: 276. 1883.
Chrysopogon Elliottii C. Mohr, Bull. Torrey Club 24:
21. 1897.

Sorghastrum Linnaeanum Nash, in Small, Fl. SE.
U.S. 66. 1903.

Sorghastrum Elliottii Nash, N. Am. Fl.17: 130. 1912.

Culms 3°-4#° tall; sheaths smooth and gla-
brous; blades 14° long or less, up to 5” wide,
very rough; panicle 6-12’ long, the apex usually
nodding, its branches erect or nearly so, at least
the lower ones much exceeding the internodes of
the axis, 24-3’ long, the ultimate divisions
straight; spikelets 3-4” long, lanceolate, deep
chestnut brown at maturity, hirsute, the awn
1-14’ long, the column: geniculate.

In dry soil, Virginia and Tennessee to Florida and
Texas.

9. HOLCUS L. Sp. Pl.

[Sorghum Moench, Meth.

1047.

1753-

1794.]

Is
INS

Annual or perennial grasses with long broad flat leaves and terminal ample panicles.
Spikelets in pairs at the nodes, or in 3’s at the ends of the branches, one sessile and perfect,

the others pedicellate, and staminate or empty. Sessile spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the
outer indurated and shining, obscurely nerved. the inner hyaline, the fourth awned and sub-
tending a small palet and perfect flower, or palet sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles

distinct. Grain free.

[Name Greek, taken from Pliny.]

About ro species, of wide distribution in tropical and warm-temperate regions. Type species:

Holcus Sorghum L.

GENUS 9. GRASS FAMILY. 121

1, Holcus halepénsis L. Johnson-grass.
Evergreen Millet. Fig. 276.

Holcus halepensis L. Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753.
Andropogon halepensis Brot. Fl. Lusit. 1: 89. 1804.
Sorghum halepense Pers. Syn. 1: 101. 1805.

Culms erect, 3°-5° tall, simple or sometimes
branched, smooth and glabrous; sheaths smooth;
blades 2° or less long, }—1’ wide, long-acuminate ;
panicle open, 4°-14° long, the generally whorled
branches spreading and naked towards the base;
outer scales of sessile spikelet 2’—3” long, ovate-
lanceolate, usually purplish, pubescent with long
appressed hairs; awn readily deciduous, 4-8” long,
more or less bent; pedicellate spikelets of 4 scales,
the outer two 24”-33” long, membranous, 7-9-
nerved, their inrolled margins ciliate, the inner two
shorter and narrower, hyaline, sometimes with
staminate flowers.

In fields and waste places, New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania to Kansas and Arizona, south to Florida and
Texas. Widely distributed by cultivation in tropical
America. Native of southern Europe and Asia. July— |
Sept. Maiden-cane, Egyptian Millet, Cuba, Syrian or /

St. Mary’s-grass. x
to. NAZIA Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 31. 1763.

[Tracus Hall. Hist. Stirp. Helv. 2: 203. 1768. Lappaco Schreb. Gen. 55. 1789.]

Annual grasses, diffusely branched, with flat leaves and 1-flowered deciduous spikelets,
either solitary or in clusters of 3-5 in a terminal spike. Scales of spikelet 2 or 3, the outer-
most small or wanting, the second rigid and covered with hooked prickles, the third mem-
branous, subtending a palet and perfect flower.

Species 2 or 3, in tropical and temperate
regions. Type species: Cenchrus racemosus L.

1. Nazia racemésa (L.) Kuntze.
Prickle-grass. Fig. 277.

Cenchrus racemosus L. Sp. Pl. 1049. 1753.
Lappago racemosa Willd, Sp. Pl. 1: 484. 1798.
Nazia racemosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 780. 1891.

Culms 2’-14’ tall, erect, simple to diffusely
branched, smooth below, pubescent above.
Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 17-3’
long, 1-2” wide, acuminate, rather strongly
ciliate; spike 17-4’ long, sometimes partially
included in the somewhat inflated upper
sheath; spikelets 1-flowered; first scale very
small, almost hyaline; second scale coria-
ceous, 13” long, acute, 5-nerved, each nerve
armed with a row of hooked prickles; third
scale 1” long, keeled, sharp-pointed 1-nerved,
membranous, enclosing a palet of like texture
and a perfect flower.

Occasional in ballast and waste places abou

the Atlantic seaports. Native of Europe and
Asia. July-Sept. Burdock-grass.

iz. SYNTHERISMA Walt. FI. Car.
76. 1788.
[Dierrarta Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 1: 52. 1772. Not Heist. 1763.]

Annual grasses with flat leaves, and spikelets borne in pairs or sometimes in 3’s, in
secund racemes which are digitate, in whorls, or approximate at the summit of the culm.
Racemes with the rachis angled or winged. Scales of the spikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the
suppression of the lowest one; the fourth or innermost scale chartaceous, the margins hyaline
and not inrolled, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3.
Stigmas plumose. [Greek, crop-making, in allusion to its abundance.]

About 20 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Syn-
therisma praecox Walt.

122 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

Rachis of the racemes wingless; first scale of spikelet wanting, or rudimentary.
Racemes short, 1-4’ long; spikelets less than 1” long. 1. S. filiforme.
Racemes exceeding 4’ long, rarely shorter; spikelets over 1” long. . villosum.

Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles broadly winged.

Pedicels terete, glabrous or nearly so; first scale wanting.
Leaves pubescent; second scale % as long as the spikelet or less.
Leaves glabrous; second scale nearly as long as the spikelet.

Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous; first scale minute.
Spikelets about 114” long; third scale with nerves mostly hispid.
Spikelets about 114” long; third scale with the nerves smooth.

hv
YH

S. serotinum.
S. Ischaemum.

». Sanguinale.
S. marginatum.

an hw
2)

1. Syntherisma filiforme (L.) Nash. Slender Finger-grass. Fig. 278.
Panicum filiforme L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753.

Digitaria filiformis Koel. Descr. Gram. 26. 1802.
Syntherisma filiformis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 420.

1895.

Culms erect, 1°-4° tall, slender, smooth. Sheaths
hirsute; blades 1-8’ long, 3’-2” wide, erect, hirsute or
glabrous on the lower surface, rough on the upper;
racemes 2-5, filiform, 1’-4’ long, approximate at the
summit of the culm, erect or nearly so; rachis 3-angled,
very slender, not winged; spikelets less than 1” long,
elliptic, pubescent, in pairs, occasionally in 3's; first
scale rarely present; second three-fourths as long as
or equalling the third, which equals the fourth.

Dry sandy soil, New Hampshire to Michigan, south to
North Carolina and Oklahoma. July—Sept. Wire-grass.

2. Syntherisma vill6sum Walt. Southern
Slender Finger-grass. Fig. 279.
Syntherisma villosum Walt. Fl. Car. 77. 1788.

Culms densely tufted, 6’-43° tall; sheaths, at
least the lower ones, hirsute; blades 3-10’ long,
14’-3” wide, hirsute on both surfaces; racemes
2-8, usually exceeding 4’ long, rarely shorter,
erect or ascending; spikelets over 1” long, elliptic,
usually in 3's, the first scale wanting, the second
3-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut brown
at maturity.

Sandy soil, Virginia to Missouri, south to Florida 1
and Texas. June—Oct. \y
3. Syntherisma serotinum Walt.
Late-flowering Finger-grass. Fig. 280.

Syntherisma serotinum Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788.
Panicum serotinum Trin, Gram. Panic. 166. 1826.

Culms slender, erect, often creeping and branching
at the base, 8-24’ tall, smooth and glabrous; sheaths
about one-half as long as the internodes, pilose with
long spreading hairs; blades linear-lanceolate to
lanceolate, 1’-4’ long, 2”—4” wide, acuminate, pilose
on both surfaces; inflorescence composed of 2-6
1-sided slender erect or ascending spike-like racemes
1-43’ long, arranged singly, in pairs, or scattered
and approximate; spikelets numerous, oval, about 2”
long and one-half as broad, acute, in pairs, in 2 rows
on one side of a flat and winged rachis less than 3”
wide; first scale wanting, the second about one-half
as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the third scale 7-
nerved, both appressed-pubescent on the margins.

Fields and roadsides, southern Pennsylvania and
Delaware to Florida and Mississippi.

GENUS II. GRASS FAMILY. 123

4. Syntherisma Ischaémum (Schreb.) Nash. Small Crab-grass. Fig. 281.

Panicum lineare Krock. FI. Sil. 1: 95. 1787. Not L.

Panicum Ischaemum Schreb.; Schweigger, Spec. Fl.
Erlang. 16. 1804.

Panicum glabrum Gaud. Agrost. 1: 22. 1811.

Syntherisma linearis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 420.

Be ceona humifusum Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
I: 469. 1900.
Syntherisma Ischaemum Nash, N. Am. Fl.17: 151. 1912.
Culms erect or decumbent, 3°-2° long, smooth and
glabrous; leaves glabrous, the blades 1’-3’ long,
1-2” wide, acuminate; racemes 2-6, 2-4’ long,
narrowly linear, digitate or approximate at the sum-
mit of the culm; rachis flat, winged; spikelets about
1” long, in pairs, sometimes in 3's; first scale rarely
present, second and third as long as the fourth.
In cultivated grounds and waste places, Nova Scotia

to South Dakota, south to Florida and Kansas. Nat-
uralized from Europe. July-Sept. Smooth Finger-grass.

5. Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Large Crab-grass. Finger-grass. Fig. 282.
Panicum sanguinale L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753.

Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. Fl. Carn, Ed. 2,1:52. 1772.
Syntherisma praecox Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788.
Paspalum sanguinale Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176
Syntherisma sanguinale Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22:

420. 1895.

Culms erect or decumbent, often rooting at the
lower nodes, 1°-3° long, smooth. Sheaths, at least
the lower, papillose-hirsute; blades 2-6’ long, 2”-5”
wide, acuminate, more or less pubescent; racemes
3-10, narrowly linear, 2’-6’ long, digitate or in ap-
proximate whorls at the summit of the culm; rachis
flat, winged; spikelets 13” long, in pairs, elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, the first scale minute, rarely want-
ing, the second one-third to one-half as long as the
spikelet, 3-nerved, the third 7-nerved.

In cultivated or waste places, throughout North
America, except the extreme north. Naturalized from
Europe. Widely distributed as a weed in all cultivated
regions. July-Aug. MHairy Finger-grass; Crowfoot or
Pigeon-grass.

6. Syntherisma marginatum (Link)
Nash, Fringed Crab-grass. Fig. 283.

Digitaria marginata Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1:
226. 1827.

Panicum fimbriatum Link, Hort. Bot. Berol. 1:
226. 1827.

Syntherisma fimbriatum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club
25: 302. 1808.

Syntherisma marginatum Nash, N. Am. Fl. 17:
154. 1912.

Culms 3° long or less, finally prostrate at the
base and rooting at the lower nodes; sheaths,
at least the lower, densely papillose-hirsute;
blades 14’-8’ long, 2”-5’’ wide, more or less
papillose-hirsute on both surfaces; racemes

, 2-7’ long; spikelets 14” long, elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, in pairs, the first scale mi-
nute, the second scale 3-nerved, about 4 as
long as the spikelet, the third scale 7-nerved.

Dry sandy soil, Maryland to Kansas, south to
Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America.
June-Sept.

124 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

12, LEPTOLOMA Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Ig: 191. 1906.

Perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaf-blades, and diffuse panicles, which break away
when mature and act as tumble-weeds. Spikelets 1-flowered, solitary, or rarely in pairs.
Scales 4, or sometimes 3 by the abortion of the first minute scale; second scale 3-nerved;
third scale 5-7-nerved; fourth scale elliptic, acute, indurated in fruit, the delicate and hyaline
margins flat, not inrolled, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Grain
free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, from the delicate hyaline margins of the fruit-
ing scale.] J

Species 4 or 5; besides the following typical one 3 or 4 others occur in Australia.

1. Leptoloma cognatum (Schultes) Chase. Diffuse Crab-grass. Fig. 284.

Panicum nudum Walt. Fl. Car. 73. 1788?
Panicum divergens Muhl. Gram. 120. 1817. Not

(Ly H-BiK.- srs:
t Panicum cognatum Schultes, Mant. 2: 235. 1824.
| 7 Panicum autumnale Bosc; Spreng. Syst. 1: 320. 1825.
. J Leptoloma cognatum Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19:
- \ é 192. 1906.
S Woes f VA Culms erect or decumbent, 1°-2° tall, generally
\ much branched at the base, slender. Sheaths

shorter than the internodes, the upper glabrous,
the lower sometimes densely pubescent; leaves
13’-4’ long, 1-3” wide, ascending, acuminate,
glabrous; panicle 5’-12’ long, bearded in the axils,
the lower branches 4’-8’ long, at first erect with
the lower portion included in the upper sheath,
finally exserted and widely spreading at maturity;
spikelets lanceolate, about 13” long, acuminate,
glabrous or pubescent, on capillary pedicels of many
times their length; first scale minute; second and
third equal, acute, glabrous or sometimes villous,
the fourth lanceolate, 13” long.

In dry soil, Illinois to Florida, Minnesota, Kansas
and Arizona. Recorded from New Hampshire. July-
Sept.

13. ERIOCHLOA H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 94. 1815.

[HeLorpus Trin. Fund. Agrost. 103. 1820.]

Perennial grasses with flat leaves, and short-pedicelled spikelets borne in secund spikes,
which form a terminal panicle. Spikelets with an annular callus at the base and articulated
to the pedicel. Scales 3, the two outer membranous, acute, the inner one shorter, indurated,
and subtending a palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Grain free. [Greek, signifying wool-grass.]

Species about ro, in tropical and temperate countries
Type species: Eriochloa distachya H.B.K.

1. Eriochloa punctata (L.) W. Hamilton.
Dotted Millet. Fig. 285.

Milium punctatum L, Amoen. Acad. 5: 392. 1750.

Eriochloa polystachya H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 95. pl. 31.
1815.

Eriochloa punctata W. Hamilt. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Oce. 5.
1825.

°o 0

Culms erect or ascending, 1°-3° tall, glabrous.
Sheaths glabrous or sometimes pubescent; ligule a
fringe of short white hairs; leaves 2’-10’ long, 2’—
3” wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent; spikes
4-25, 1-2’ long, sessile or nearly so; rachis pubes-
cent; spikelets about 2” long, ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate; outer scales pubescent with appressed
silky hairs, the first a little exceeding the second,
the third about 1” long, rounded at the apex and
bearing a pubescent awn about 3” long.

_ Nebraska and Missouri to Mexico. Widely distributed
in tropical America. Everlasting-grass.

GENUS 14. GRASS FAMILY. 125

14. ANASTROPHUS Schlecht. Bot. Zeit. 8: 681. 1850.

Perennial grasses, often with long creeping stolons which are thickly clothed with leaves
bearing short blades, and erect stems. Spikes 1-sided, in pairs at the summit of the stem, or
sometimes with an additional one a short distance below, or occasionally in scattered whorls,
the rachis winged. Spikelets elliptic to lanceolate, obtuse or acute, glabrous or pubescent,
singly disposed, articulated below the empty scales. Scales 3, the outer 2 membranous, 2-
several-nerved, the third scale with its opening turned toward the rachis, chartaceous in
flower, becoming indurated in fruit, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, in reference to the position of the
spikelets. |

About 12 species, distributed in warm temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Pas-
palum platyculmum Thouar.

Spikelets not exceeding 114” long, pubescent. F 1. A. compressus.
Spikelets 2”-3” long, glabrous. 2. A. furcatus.

1. Anastrophus compréssus (Sw.)
Schlecht. Flat Joint-grass. Fig. 286.

Milium.compressum Sw. Prod. 24. 1788.
Paspalum tristachyon Lam, Ill. 1: 176. 1791.
P, platycaule Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 34. 1804.
Paspalum compressum Ness, in Mart. Fl. Bras.

mie2g. 1820.

Anastrophus compressus Schlecht.; Doell, in

Mart. Fl. Bras, 27: 102. 1877.

Stolons numerous, leafy, sometimes 2° long.
Culms 43° tall, slender, compressed, gla-
brous; sheaths loose; blades glabrous, some-
times ciliate, obtuse, those of the culm 2’~4’
long, 2-4” wide, those of the stolons about
1’ long, 1’-2” wide; racemes in pairs, approxi-
mate at the summit of the long and slender
stalk, or sometimes with an additional one
below, 1-4’ long; spikelets about 1” long, ob-
tuse or acute, the outer scales 3-5-nerved, or
2-4-nerved by the suppression of the mid-
nerve.

Fields and roadsides, Virginia (?), Georgia and
Florida to Louisiana. Widely distributed in tropi-
= America. Carpet-grass. Louisiana-grass, Aug.—

ept.

2. Anastrophus furcatus (Fluegge)
Nash. Flat Crab-grass. Fig. 287.

Paspalus furcatus Fluegge, Gram. Monog. 114.
1810.

Paspalum Elliottii S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. Ed.
6, 629. 1890.

Paspalum paspaloides Scribn. Mem. Torrey Club
5: 20, in part. 1894. Not Digitaria paspalo-
des Michx. 1803.

A. paspaloides Nash, in Britton, Man. 75. 1901.

Axonopus furcatus Hitche. Rhodora 8: 205. 10906.
Culms 1°-33° tall; sheaths much compressed,

keeled, glabrous or pubescent; blades 1° long

or less, 3-8” wide, linear, glabrous, ciliate on
the margins, or hirsute on both surfaces;

spikes ascending, 1-6’ long; spikelets 2’-3”

long and about }” wide, acute, the first scale

5-nerved, the second usually 4-nerved by the
suppression of the midnerve, the third scale

4-8 as long as the others.

In fields and woods, Maryland to Florida,
thence west to Texas. July—Aug.

15. PASPALUM L. Syst. Ed. to, 2: 855. 17509.
Perennial grasses of various. habit, with generally flat leaves and 1-flowered spikelets

borne in 2 rows in 1-sided spikes, which are single, in pairs, or panicled. Spikelets oblong
to orbicular, flat on the inner surface, convex on the outer. Scales 3, rarely 2 by the absence

126 GRAMINEAE. Vor. L

of the outermost, the outer ones membranous, the inner one indurated and subtending a
palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate; stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or
oblong, free. [Greek name for some grass, used by Hippocrates. ]

About 160 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions, most abundant in
America. Type species: Panicum dissectum L.

Wings of the rachis broad, membranous, inrolled on the spikelets.
Racemes 20 or more; spikelets elliptic, acute, about 34” long, pubescent. 1. P. mucronatum,
Racemes less than 10; spikelets oval, obtuse, 1” long or more, glabrous. 2. P. dissectum.
Wings of the rachis narrow, not membranous nor inrolled on the spikelets.
Racemes 1—many, never conjugate at the summit of the culm, always distant one from the other.
One to several raceme-bearing naked branches arising from the uppermost leaf-sheath.
Leaf-blades glabrous on the lower surface, midnerve sometimes sparsely pubescent.
Spikelets about 34” long; leaves moresnumerous at the base of the stem.
3. P. longipedunculatum.
Spikelets 1” long or more; leaves scattered.
Blades firm, appressed-pubescent on the upper surface with short hairs.
4. P. stramineum.
Blades thin, membranous, glabrous on the upper surface. 5. P. ciliatifolium,
Leaf-blades densely pubescent on both surfaces. 2
Pubescence of copious soft short appressed hairs.

Stems prostrate; lower leaf-blades 4’ long or less. 6. P. psammophilum.
Stems erect; lower leaf-blades 6’ long or more. 7. P. Bushii.
Pubescence of long stiff spreading hairs.
Culms long-hirsute below the racemes. 8. P. pubescens.
Culms glabrous.
Spikelets less than 1” long. 9. P. setaceum.

Spikelets over 1” long.
Racemes on the main culm 1, or sometimes 2; spikelets glabrous; leaf-blades

not thick. § 10. P. Muhlenbergii.
Racemes on the main culm 2 or 3; spikelets usually more or less pubescent; leaf-
blades thick. 11. P. debile.

No branches arising from the uppermost leaf-sheath.
Spikelets rounded or obtuse at the apex; not ciliate on the margins.
Spikelets 114” long or less.
Fruiting scale white to yellowish.
Spikelets singly disposed.
Spikelets oval, % as thick as broad or more, the outer scales firm.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes ciliate on the margins; blades glabrous, or

sparingly hirsute on the upper surface. 12. P. laeve,
Leaf-sheaths as well as the blades hirsute. 13. P. plenipilum.
Spikelets circular or nearly so, }-4 as thick as broad, the outer scales thin and
usually wrinkled. 14. P. circulare.
Spikelets in pairs. 15. P. laeviglume.
Fruiting scale deep seal brown. 16. P. Boscianum,

Spikelets more than 114” long.
Leaf-blades short, the larger ones usually 6’ long or less; racemes short.
17. P. difforme,

Leaf-blades long, exceeding 8’; racemes long. 18. P. floridanum,

Spikelets acute, ciliate with very long hairs. 19. P. dilatatum.
Racemes conjugate at the summit of the culm, rarely in 3’s or with an additional one a short

distance below. 20. P. distichum.

1. Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. Water Paspalum. Fig. 288.

Paspalum paniculatum Walt Fl. Car. 75. 1788. Not L.

1750.

Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. Cat. 8 1813.
Ceresia fluitans Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 109. 1817.
Paspalum fluitans Kunth, Rey. Gram, 24. 1829.

Culms ascending, 6’-3° long, from a floating or creep-
ing base, branched. Sheaths very loose or inflated,
smooth or scabrous, glabrous or pubescent; blades 3’—
12’ long, }’-1’ wide, acuminate, scabrous; racemes 20-
100, 3’-5’ long, alternate or whorled, slender; rachis
flat, thin, exceeding the spikelets, long-acuminate,
scabrous, its margins nearly enclosing the spikelets;
spikelets in two rows, 3-3” long, elliptic, pubescent;
outer scales very thin, 2-nerved, the first one usually a
little the longer.

In water or on mud, Virginia to southern Illinois and
Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical
America. Sept.

q

GENUS I5. GRASS FAMILY.

2. Paspalum disséctum L. Walter’s Paspa-
lum. Fig. 289.
Panicum dissectum L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753.
Paspalum dissectum L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 81. 1763.
Paspalum membranaceum Walt. Fl. Car. 75. 1788.
Not Lam. 1791.
Paspalum Walterianum Schultes, Mant. 2: 166. 1824.
Culms erect or ascending, much branched, smooth,
creeping at the base. Sheaths a little inflated,
smooth; blades 14’—34’ long, 2-4” wide, flat, smooth,
acute; racemes 3-7, alternate, about 1’ long, the
lower ones usually included in the upper sheath;
rachis not exceeding the spikelets, flat, thin, 1’—13”
wide, acute, smooth, many-nerved, its incurved
margins partly enclosing the spikelets; spikelets
about 1” long, crowded in 2 rows, oval, obtuse,
glabrous; outer scales 5-nerved; third scale lentic-
ular, slightly shorter than the outer ones.

Moist or wet grounds, or sometimes in water, New
Jersey to Florida and Texas. Sept.

3. Paspalum longipedunculatum Le Conte.
Long-stalked Paspalum. Fig. 290.

Paspalum longipedunculatum Le Conte, Journ. de Phys. g1:
284. 1820.

Paspalum ciliatifolium brevifolium Vasey, Proc. Phila. Acad.
Sci. 1886: 285. 1886.

Stems 10723° tall, leafy at the base. Sheaths gla-
brous, excepting on the ciliate margin; blades 1-4’ long,
2”’-44” wide, lanceolate to linear, glabrous, or shortly
appressed-pubescent on the upper surface, ciliate along
the margins and the mid-nerve; peduncles 1-2 from the
upper sheath; racemes f or 2, 1-3’ long, more or less
curved, the rachis very narrow, more or less flexuous;
spikelets in pairs, about 3” long, broadly obovate, the
first scale 3-nerved, glabrous, the second 2-nerved by the
suppression of the midnerve, glabrous.

Sandy soil, North Carolina and Kentucky to Florida.

Aug.—Sept.

4. Paspalum stramineum Nash. Straw-
colored Paspalum. Fig. 291.

Paspalum stramineum Nash, in Britton, Man. 74.
1901.

A tufted branching perennial, with light
yellowish green foliage, flat leaf-blades which
are appressed-pubescent on the upper surface,
and usually pubescent spikelets; culms 83° tall;
leaf-sheaths glabrous, excepting on the ciliate
Margins, the basal ones softly and densely pubes-
cent; blades firm, erect, linear or lanceolate,
with a few scattered long hairs in addition to the
shorter pubescence on the upper surface, long-
ciliate on the margins, 10’ long or less, 23”-5”
wide; racemes 14-4’ long, on the main culm
usually 2; spikelets in pairs, orbicular, about 1” in
diameter, the first scale 3-nerved, pubescent with
short spreading glandular-tipped hairs, or some-
times glabrous, the second scale glabrous or nearly
so, 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve.

In sandy places and fields, Nebraska and Mis-
souri to Texas. Aug. and Sept.

128 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

6. Paspalum psammophilum Nash.
trate Paspalum. Fig. 293.

Paspalum prostratum Nash, in Britton, Man.
Not Scribn. & Merr. trogo1.

Paspalum psammophilum Nash; Hitche. Rhodora 8:

205. 1906.

A tufted branching softly pubescent perennial with
prostrate culms forming dense mats, flat leaf-blades,
and densely pubescent spikelets. Culms 13°

sheaths softly and densely pubescent w

hairs; blades erect or nearly so, of medium texture,
softly and densely pubescent on both surfaces, ciliate
on the margins, lanceolate, up to 4’ long, 23’-4” wide;

racemes on the main culm 2, rarely more or only 1,

1

2’-3' long, the rachis less than 3” wide; spikelets in
pairs, 1” long and a little less than 1” wide,
first scale 3-nerved, the second usually 2-nerved by

the suppression of the midnerve.

In dry sandy soil, southern New York to Delaware.

5. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Ciliate-
leaved Paspalum. Fig. 292,

Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 44.

1803.

A tufted branching perennial, with flat leaf-
blades, which are glabrous excepting on the ciliate
margins, and glabrous spikelets. Culms 14°-23°
tall; sheaths ciliate on the margin; blades 10’
long or less, 3’-8” wide, linear to lanceolate;
racemes single, or sometimes in pairs, 2-44’ long,
the rachis 34” wide or less; spikelets in pairs,
about 1” long and less than 1” wide, oval to
broadly obovate, the two outer scales 3-nerved,
or the second one rarely 2-nerved by the suppres-
sion of the midnerve.

In rocky or sandy soil, Maryland to Florida and
Mississippi. June—Aug.

Pros-

74. 1901.

-3° long;
ith short

oval, the

7. Paspalum Bushii Nash. Bush’s Pas-
palum. Fig. 294.

Paspalum Bushii Nash, in Britton, Man. 74. 1901.

A tufted branching perennial, with flat ciliate
leaf-blades, and pubescent spikelets. Culms erect
or ascending, 1°-3° tall; sheaths, at least the
lower ones, softly pubescent, ciliate on the margin ;
blades erect or ascending, rather firm in texture,
softly and densely pubescent on both surfaces
with short hairs and with a few long rather stiff
hairs intermixed, lanceolate, 2’-8’ long, 2-8”
wide; racemes usually in pairs on the main culm,
23’-5’ long, the rachis less than 4” wide; spike-
lets in pairs, about 1” long, orbicular or nearly
so, the empty scales densely pubescent, 3-nerved,
or the second sometimes 2-nerved by the suppres-
sion of the midnerve.

In dry soil, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas.

¥

GENUS I5. GRASS FAMILY. 129

8. Paspalum pubéscens Muhl. Pubescent
Paspalum. Fig. 295.

Paspalum pubescens Muhl.; Willd. Enum. Hort.
Berol. 89. 1809.

A tufted branching perennial, with flat pubes-
cent leaf-blades, and glabrous spikelets. Culms
1}°-24° tall, densely pubescent below the racemes;
sheaths glabrous, or sometimes pubescent on the
margins or toward the apex, the basal ones some-
times pubescent all over; blades of medium tex-
ture, the pubescence long, spreading and rather
stiff, linear, 10’ long or less, 13’—3” wide; racemes
usually 1, rarely 2 on the main culm, 24-5’ long;
spikelets in pairs, about 1” long and 3” wide,
broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales 3-nerved, or
the second 2-nerved by the suppression of the
midnerve.

In fields and dry woods, New York and New
Jersey to Texas. Aug. and Sept.

g. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Slender Paspa-
lum. Fig. 296.

Paspalum setaceum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 43. 1803.

Stems 8’—24° tall, slender. Sheaths and blades very
pubescent, the latter 3’-8’ long, 17-3” wide, erect or
ascending; racemes 14’-34’ long, more or less curved,
generally solitary, occasionally 2, on a long-exserted
slender peduncle, with 1 or 2 additional shorter pedun-
cles from the same upper sheath; spikelets about 3”
long, broadly obovate; the first scale 3-nerved, pubes-
cent, with glandular hairs, the second scale 2-nerved,
the midnerve rarely if ever present, glabrous or nearly
so.

In dry fields, New Hampshire to Nebraska, Florida and

Texas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Aug.—Sept. Beard-
grass. Pitchfork-grass.

10. Paspalum Muhlenbérgii Nash. Muhlen-
berg’s Paspalum. Fig. 297.
Paspalum Muhlenbergii Nash, in Britton, Man. 75. 1901.

A tufted branching perennial, with pubescent
narrow leaf-blades, and glabrous spikelets. Culms
at first erect, finally reclining, 1}°-24° long; sheaths
commonly pubescent all over with long hairs, or
sometimes only on the margins; blades flat, of
medium texture, more or less pubescent on both sur-
faces with long hairs, linear to linear-lanceolate, 8’
long or less, 33-6” wide; racemes single or in
pairs, 2-4’ long, the rachis less than 4” wide;
spikelets in pairs, about 1” long and less than 1”
wide, oval or broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales
3-nerved, or the second one rarely 2-nerved by the
suppression of the midnerve.

In fields or in sandy or stony ground, New Hamp-
shire to Florida and Texas. Aug.—Oct.

9

130

GRAMINEAE. Vor. L

11. Paspalum débile Michx. Yellow-
haired Paspalum. Fig. 208.
Paspalum debile Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.

I: 44.
q 1803.
y Paspalum supinum Bosc; Poir. in Lam. Encycl.
Qq 5: 29. 1804. a
a Paspalum dasyphyllum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. I:
\

105. 1817.

A tufted branching yellowish green peren-
nial, with flat leaf-blades which are pubescent
with long yellowish hairs, and pubescent spike-
lets. Culms 82° tall, stout; leaves densely
pabescent with long yellowish spreading hairs;
biades flat, thick, lanceolate, 8’ long or less,
usually 5-10” broad; racemes usually but
little exserted, in 2’s or 3’s on the main culm,
single on the branches, 13-4’ long, rather
stout, the rachis about 3” wide; spikelets in
pairs, about 1” long and a little less than 1”
wide, broadly obovate, the first scale usually
more or less pubescent with glandular-tipped

hairs, 3-nerved, the second scale glabrous,
commonly 2-nerved.

QBAZIPLB?

In dry sandy places, South Carolina to Mis-
June-Sept.

souri, south to Florida and Texas.
. 5 9 a.
12. Paspalum laéve Michx. Field Paspalum.

Fig. 299.
Paspalum laeve Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 44. 1803.
Paspalum angustifolium Le Conte, Journ. de Phys. 91:

285. 1820.

Paspalum australe Nash, in Britton, Man. 1039. 1901.

A nearly glabrous perennial, with flat leaf-blades
and glabrous spikelets. Culms 1°-3° tall; leaf-
sheaths glabrous, or hirsute on the margins, com-
pressed; blades up to 16’ long, 23’-4” wide, erect or
nearly so, often drooping at the apex, glabrous, or
the upper surface more or less hairy; racemes 2-6,
11-4’ long, the rachis less than 4” wide; spikelets
singly disposed, 13-12” long and 1-14” wide, oval,

the outer 2 scales firm, 5-nerved, the lateral nerves
approximate.

In fields and sandy places, Maryland to Florida and
Texas,

13. Paspalum plenipilum Nash. Many-
haired Paspalum. Fig. 300.

Paspalum laeve pilosum Scribn. Bull, Univ. Tenn.

Exp. Sta. 7: 34. 1894. Not P. pilosum Lam.
1791.

Paspalum plenipilum Nash, in Britton, Man. 73. 1901.

Paspalum praelongum Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S.

74. 1903.

A tufted pubescent perennial with flat leaf-
blades and glabrous spikelets. Culms 14°-3°
tall; leaf-sheaths tuberculate-hirsute with long
spreading hairs, compressed; blades 1° long or
less, 3-5” wide, erect, hirsute on both surfaces
with long spreading hairs; racemes 2-4, spreading
or ascending, 2’-4’ long, the rachis about 4” wide;
spikelets singly disposed, oval, about 14” long and
1” wide, the outer 2 scales 5-nerved, the lateral
nerves near the margin, approximate.

In fields and along roadsides, New Jersey to Mis-
souri, south to Florida and Alabama. Aug.

GENUS I5. GRASS FAMILY.

14. Paspalum circulare Nash. Round-
flowered Paspalum. Fig. 301.

Paspalum circulare Nash, in Britton, Man. 73. 1901.

A tufted perennial with flat leaf-blades, and
orbicular glabrous spikelets. Culms 14°-33° tall;
leaf-sheaths tuberculate-hirsute with spreading or
ascending hairs, compressed; blades erect, more
or less hirsute on both surfaces, 1° long or less,
23-4” wide; racemes 2-4, erect or ascending,
23-4’ long, the rachis about 4” wide; spikelets
singly disposed, about 14” in diameter, their thick-
ness about one quarter their diameter, the outer
2 scales thin and usually wrinkled when dry, 5-
nerved, the lateral nerves near the margin and
approximate, quite distinct.

In fields, New York to Missouri, south to North
Carolina and Texas. July—Sept.

15. Paspalum laeviglime Scribn. Smooth-
scaled Paspalum. Fig. 302.

Paspalum remotum glabrum Vasey, Bull. Torrey
Club 13: 166. 1886. Not P. glabrum Poir. 1804.
Paspalum pubiflorum glabrum Vasey; Scribn. Bull.

Tenn. Exp. Sta. 7: 32. 1804.

Paspalum laevighume Scribn.; Nash, in Small, FI.

SEU .o8 75a) 1003:

A stout glabrous perennial, usually rooting at
the lower nodes, with flat leaf-blades, and gla-
brous spikelets. Culms 13°-43° tall, the nodes
pubescent; leaf-sheaths glabrous, excepting the
hirsute margins; blades 4-16’ long, 5-10” wide,
linear, glabrous on both surfaces; racemes 4-8,
spreading or ascending, the lower ones commonly
2’-4’ long; spikelets in pairs, 13-14” long, about
1” broad, oval to broadly obovate, the first scale
3-5-nerved, the second 5-7-nerved.

In moist places, Maryland and Kentucky to North

16. Paspalum Boscianum Fluegge. Bosc’s
Paspalum. Fig. 303.

Paspalum virgatum Walt. Fl. Car. 75. 1788. Not L.
1753.

peeues Boscianus Fluegge, Gram. Monog. 170.
1810,

Beaune purpurascens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 108.
1817.

__ A rather stout glabrous perennial with com-

pressed culms, which often root at the lower
nodes, flat leaf-blades, and glabrous spikelets.
Culm 14°-4° tall; leaf-sheaths compressed, gla-
brous, or the basal ones hirsute; blades of medium
texture, hirsute above near the base, linear, 1°
long or less, 13-5” wide; racemes 2-13, spread-
ing or ascending, 14’-4’ long, the straight rachis
1-1” wide; spikelets in pairs, 1-13” long, 3’—
1” wide, broadly obovate, the first scale 5-nerved,
the second 3-nerved.

In meadows and moist places, Virginia and Ten-
messee to Florida, west to Texas. Aug. and Sept.

Carolina and Texas.

18. Paspalum floridanum Michx. Florida Pas-

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

17. Paspalum différme Le Conte. Le
Conte’s Paspalum. Fig. 304.

Paspalum difforme Le Conte, Journ. de Phys. 91:

284. 1820.

A perennial, usually glaucous, grass, with
short flat leaf-blades, and large glabrous
spikelets. Culms 13°-3° tall; leaf-sheaths
glabrous, or the outer basal ones sometimes
pubescent, the uppermost one usually blade-
less; blades erect or ascending, thickish, gla-
brous, or the upper surface with long hairs,
linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, com-
monly less than 6’ long and 5” wide; racemes
usually 2, or sometimes I or 3, rarely 4, erect
or ascending, less than 4’ long, the rachis
often flexuous and about 4” wide; spikelets
singly disposed, sometimes in pairs, 13-2”
long and 13-13” wide, oval, the outer 2
scales 3-nerved, the third scale brownish when
mature.

In sandy soil, New Jersey and Maryland to
Florida and Texas. Aug.—Sept.

palum. Fig. 305.

Paspalum floridanum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 44. 1803.
Paspalus macrospermus Fluegge, Gram. Monog. 172. 1810,
Paspalum arundinacewm Poir. in Lam, Encycl. Suppl. 4:
Bp iine endian glabratum Engelm.; Vasey, Contr,

U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 20. 1892.

A tall perennial, sometimes glaucous, with long gla-
brous or hirsute leaves, and glabrous spikelets. Culms
3°-63° tall; leaf-sheaths rather loosely embracing the
culm; blades erect or nearly so, flat, rather firm, linear,
1°-23° long, 3-8” wide; racemes 3-6, rarely fewer,
erect or neary so, 3-6’ long, the rachis about 3” wide;
spikelets singly disposed or in pairs, 13-23” long and
13-12” wide, oval, the outer 2 scales 3-nerved.

In dry or moist soil, Delaware to Kansas, south to

Florida and Texas.

19. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Tall Paspalum.
Fig. 306.
Paspalum dilatatum Poir. in Lam, Encycl. 5: 35. 1804.
Paspalum ovatum Nees, Trin. Gram, Pan, 113. 1826.
Culms erect, 13°-6° tall, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths compressed, smooth and glabrous; leaves 1°
or less long, 13”-6” wide, long-acuminate, rather
scabrous on the margins, sometimes with a tuft of hairs
at the base; racemes 3-8, 2-5’ long, erect or ascending,
the rachis less than 1” wide, somewhat flexuous, sca-
brous; spikelets in pairs, about 13” long, acute; outer
scales 5-7-nerved, the first ciliate with long hairs on the
margins, the second glabrous or sparsely ciliate, the
third nearly orbicular, minutely punctate-striate.

In moist soil, Virginia and Tennessee to Florida and
Texas. Aug.—Sept. Large Water-grass.

Genus 16. GRASS FAMILY. 133

20. Paspalum distichum L. Joint-grass. Fig. 307.
Paspalum distichum L. Syst, Nat. Ed. 10, 855. 1759.
Digitaria paspaloides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 46. 1803.

Paspalum Michauxianum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 25. 1829.

Culms erect, 4’/-2° tall, extensively creeping at the
base. Sheats smooth, sometimes ciliate on the
margins, or sparsely pubescent; blades flat, 13’-5’
long, 1”-3” wide, acuminate, smooth; racemes 1’—
2’ long, in pairs, or occasionally with a third, the
rachis flat, 4”-1” wide, smooth; spikelets 13-14”
long, ovate, acute, nearly sessile in 2 rows, the outer
scales 5-nerved, the first glabrous, the second ap-
pressed-pubescent, the acute third sparingly bearded
at the apex.

On the seashore or along rivers, Virginia to Mis-
souri, California and Washington, south to Florida,
Texas and Mexico. Also in tropical America. Aug.—
Sept. Knot-grass. Devil’s-grass. Seaside-millet.

16. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 53. 1812.

Usually tall grasses, commonly annuals, with broad leaf-blades, and a terminal inflores-
cence consisting of 1-sided racemes. Spikelets 1-flowered, singly disposed, or in smaller
racemes or clusters on the ultimate divisions of the inflorescence. Scales 4, the outer 3
membranous, hispid on the nerves, the third and usually also the second scale awned or awn-
pointed, the awn often very long, the fourth scale indurated at maturity, shining, pointed,
the margins thick and inrolled, enclosing a palet of similar texture, which is free at the tip,
and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, in reference
to the hispid hairs of the spikelets.]

Species about 12, mostly in warm and tropical regions. Type species: Panicum Crus-galli L.

Sheaths glabrous.

Spikelets 112” long, the second and third scales more or less awned. 1. E. Crus-galli,
Spikelets 1” long, the second and third scales merely awn-pointed. 2. E. colona.
Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose-hirsute. 3. E. Walteri.

1. Echinochloa Cris-galli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard-grass. Cockspur-grass.
Barn-grass. Water-grass. Fig. 308.

Panicum Crus-galli L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.

Echinochloa Crus-galli Beauv. Agrost. 161. 1812.

Culms 2°-4° tall, often branching at base. Sheaths
smooth and glabrous; blades 6’-2° long, 3-1’ wide,
glabrous, smooth or scabrous; panicle composed of
5-15 sessile erect or ascending branches, or the lower
branches spreading or reflexed; spikelets ovate, green
or purple, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side
of the rachis; second and third scales about 13”
long, scabrous or hispid, the third scale more or less
awned, empty, the fourth ovate, abruptly pointed.

In cultivated and waste places, throughout North
America except the extreme north. Widely distrib-
uted as a weed in all cultivated regions. Naturalized
from Europe. Aug.—Oct. Loose panic-grass.

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

2. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Jungle Rice.
Fig. 309.
Panicum colonum L. Syst. Ed. 10, 870. 1759.
Panicum Walteri Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 115. 1817. Not
Pursh, 1814.
Echinochloa colona Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833.

10

Culms tufted, smooth and glabrous, 623° tall, * often
decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths com-
pressed, usually crowded; blades flat, 17’ long, 1-4” wide;
inflorescence composed of 3-18 1-sided more or less spreading
dense racemes, }#—1%’ long, disposed along a 3-angled rachis
and generally somewhat exceeding the length of the inter-
nodes; spikelets single, in pairs, or in 3's in 2 rows on one
side of the hispidulous triangular rachis, obovate, pointed,
the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved,
the second and third scales a little more than 1” long, awn-
less, 5-nerved, hispid on the nerves, the fourth scale cuspidate.

Fields and roadsides, Virginia to Kansas, south to Florida
and Texas. Common in all tropical countries. March—Sept.

\

3. Echinochloa Walteri (Pursh) Nash. Salt-
marsh Cockspur-grass. Fig. 310.

Panicum hirtellum Walt. Fl. Car. 72. 1788. Not All.
1785.
Punicum Walteri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 66. 1814.
Panicum hispidum Muhl. Gram. 107. 1817.
Panicum Crus-galli var. hispidum Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2:
424. 1843.
Echinochloa Walteri Nash, in Britton, Man. 78. t1ogor.
Culms 3°-6° tall, robust, smooth. Sheaths, at least
the lower ones, papillose-hispid; blades 1° or more
long, 4-1’ wide, generally smooth beneath, strongly
scabrous above; panicle 6’-18’ long, consisting of 10-40
ascending or spreading branches; spikelets ovate-
lanceolate, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side
of the scabrous and hispid rachis, brownish purple;
second and third scales about 14” long, scabrous
and hispid, tipped with upwardly barbed awns,
sometimes 10-20 times their length; fourth scale
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.
In marshes and ditches along the coast, Ontario to
Rhode Island, Florida and Texas. Aug.—Oct.

17. PANICUM L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753.

Annuals or perennials of various habit, foliage and inflorescence. Spikelets 1-2-flow-
ered, when 2-flowered the lower one staminate only. Scales 4, awnless, the 3 lower mem-
branous, empty, or the third with a staminate flower, varying in the same species; the inner
or fourth scale chartaceous, becoming indurated in fruit, the margins thick and inrolled,
shining, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened fruiting scale and palet. [Old Latin
name for some grass, probably millet, referring to its panicle, taken from Pliny.]

About 500 species, in temperate and tropical regions. The old English name, Panic or Panic-
grass, is often applied to any of the species. Type species: Panicum miliaceum L.

Spikelets on one side of the rachis on short pedicels forming 1-sided racemes. I. PASPALOIDEA.
Spikelets arranged in panicles, the divisions sometimes strict and narrow but not 1-sided.
Basal leaf-blades long and narrow, similar to those of the stem; no rosulate tufts of leaves
in the fall; spikelets lanceolate to ovate, acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse.
Spikelets manifestly tuberculate. II. VERRUCOSA.
Spikelets not tuberculate.
Basal leaf-sheaths round or but little flattened, not keeled.

‘

i

Annuals. IIT. Caprivarta,
Perennial by long rootstocks or stoions.
Rootstocks and stolons naked or with a few large scales. TV. HaLopntta.
Rootstocks and stolons with numerous small broad scales. V. VirGATA.

Basal leaf-sheaths much compressed, broad, keeled, often equitant. VI. Acrostorpra.
Basal leaf-blades unlike those of the culm, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; perennial by rosulate
tufts which form in the fall at the base of the culms; spikelets elliptic to spheric, usually

obtuse, rarely acute, never acuminate. VII. DicHotoma,
I. PASPALOIDEA,
Spikelets ovate, acute, about 114” long; an aquatic grass. 1. P. hemitomon,

Spikelets oval or obovate, obtuse, about 114” long. 2. P. obtusum.

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY. 135

II. Verrucosa.
A single species ‘in our range; spikelets tuberculate. 3. P. verrucosum.

IIT. CaprLvaria.

Spikelets lanceolate or elliptic, 134” long or less.
Leaves glabrous. 4. P. dichotomiflorum.
Leaves pubescent.
Spikelets 114” long or less, panicles broad.
Panicle large and diffuse, occupying more than one half of the plant. 5. P. capillare.
Panicle not occupying over one third of the plant, usually exserted from the sheath.
Spikelets 1” long or more; culms stout; blades 4”-5” wide. 7. P. Gattingeri.

Spikelets less than 1” long; blades 1”—3” wide. 8. P. philadelphicum.
Spikelets 114”-134” long.
Panicle narrow, its branches ascending or nearly erect. 9. P. flexile.
Panicle open, diffuse, broader than long, its branches spreading or the lower ones
reflexed. 6. P. barbipulvinatum.
Spikelets ovate, 2”-214” long. 10. P. miliaceum.
IV. Hatopuira,
Culms densely tufted; spikelets about 214” long. 11. P. amarulum.

Culms scattered, from stout branching rootstocks ; spikelets 214%4”-3” long. 12. P. amarum.

‘ V. VirGata.
Stems tall, simple; panicle usually ample. 13. P. virgatum.

VI. AcrosToIDEA.
Rootstocks present. 14. P. anceps.
Rootstocks wanting.
Fruiting scale sessile.
Panicle broad, open, its branches spreading.
Ligule naked; culms finally much-branched; spikelets numerous. 15. P. agrostoides.
: Ligule ciliate; culms simple or sparingly branched; spikelets few. 17. P. longifolium.
Panicle oblong, narrow, dense, its branches erect. 16. P. condensum.
Fruiting scale distinctly stalked. 18. P. stipitatum.
VII. Dicnotoma,

Culms simple, or with basal branches and panicles only; not fasciculately branched later.
Spikelets acute, usually over 114” long, the second and third scales extending beyond the
fruiting scale. 19. P. depauperatum,
Spikelets obtuse, rarely acutish, 114” long or less; outer scales not exceeding fruiting scale.
Secondary panicles present. -
Panicle-branches erect; spikelets obtuse, about 114” long. 20. P. perlongum.
Panicle branches spreading ; spikelets acutish, 1”-114” long. 21. P. lineartfolium,
Secondary panicles wanting.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous or merely ciliate on the margins.
Blades ciliate their entire length; plants yellowish green. 24. P. ciliatum.
Blades not ciliate or sparingly so at the very base; plants green or grayish green.
Spikelets less than 1” long.
Panicle much longer than broad; upper blades not smaller than the lower ones.
32. P. polyanthes.
Panicle nearly as long as broad, upper blades smaller than the lower ones.
gi. P. sphaerocarpen.
Spikelets 1” long or more.

Blades linear, less than 214” wide. 22. P. Werneri.
Blades linear-lanceolate, 3’—10” wide.
Panicle narrow, its branches appressed. 64. P. xanthophysum.
Panicle broad, open, its branches spreading. 23. P. Bicknellit.
Leaf-sheaths spreading-hirsute.
Spikelets glabrous, 44” long; culms hirsute. 25. P. strigosum.
Spikelets pubescent, about 1” long; culms glabrous. 26. P. laxiflorum.

Culms simple only at first; later with fasciculate branches at the upper nodes.

Middle blades of main culm less than 8” wide, the base rounded to subcordate.

Blades of the main culm usually elongated and narrowed at both ends.
Plants large; culms over 3° long; leaf-blades up to 8’ long.

Spikelets 114” long, very acute, strongly nerved. 69. P. scabriusculum.
Spikelets 114” long, barely acute, less strongly nerved. 70. P. aculeatum.

Plants small; culms under 3° long; leaf-blades rarely exceeding 4’ long.
Spikelets pubescent, narrowed at the base.
Spikelets 1” long; mature state of the blades involute. 28. P. aciculare.
Spikelets 114” long; mature blades flat, or involute only on the margins.
Nodes not barbed; branches of the panicle spreading. 27. P. angustifolium.
Nodes barbed; branches of the panicle ascending. 29. P. consanguineum.
Spikelets glabrous, not narrow at the base. 30. P. Bushii.
Blades of the culm not elongated nor conspicuously narrowed at the base.
Spikelets less than 114” long.
Spikelets glabrous.
Spikelets strongly nerved, acute; blades up to 8’ long. 69. P. scabriusculum.
Spikelets relatively obscurely nerved, obtuse; blades rarely exceeding 4’ long.
Nodes densely barbed; spikelets about 34” long. 38. P. microcarpon.
Nodes naked, or rarely the lowermost ones sparingly barbed.

Spikelets usually less than 34” long. 42. P. octonodum.
Spikelets 1” long:
Obovoid; culms puberulent. 60, P. Nashianum,

Elliptic ; culms glabrous.

136 GRAMINEAE. Vot. I.

Culms erect, the branches fasciculate near the middle.
35. P. dichotomum.
Culms at length long and trailing, branches fasciculate at all the nodes.
36. P. lucidum.
Spikelets 114” long. 37. P. yadkinense.
Spikelets pubescent.
Sheaths glabrous, the margins ciliate, or the basal ones sometimes pubescent.
Blades velvety. 39. P. annulum.
Blades not velvety.
Ligule 1%” long or less.
Spikelets less than 1” long. :
Culms slender, the leaf- Fisdes 1’ long or less; spikelets elliptic.
33. P. ensifolium.
Culms stouter, the leaf-blades larger; spikelets nearly globose.
Panicle longer than broad; upper leaf-blades not smaller than
the lower. 32. P. polyanthes.
Panicle nearly as long as broad; upper blades smaller than the
lower ones..
Blades less than 4” wide, glabrous. 34. P. tenue.
Blades exceeding 4” wide, ciliate on the margins toward

the base. 31. P. sphacrocarpon,
Spikelets over 1” long. :
Culms puberulent. 71. P. Ashei.

Culms glabrous.
Leaf-blades cordate, usually over 5” wide. 72. P. commutatum,
Leaf-blades not cordate at the base, usually less than 5” wide.
Blades erect, ciliate toward the base; fruiting scale not exceed-

ing the others. 40. P. boreale.
Blades spreading, glabrous; fruiting scale exceeding the other
scales. 41. P. mattamuskeetense.
Ligule 1”-21%4” long.
Spikelets over 1” long. 48. P. scoparioides.

Spikelets less than 1” long.
Panicle much longer than broad.
Spikelets less than 34” long, almost globose when mature,
sparsely pubescent with short hairs. 43. P. paucipilum.
Spikelets over 34” long, elliptic, densely pubescent with long hairs.
44. P. spretum.
Panicle as long as broad. 45. P. Lindheimeri.
Sheaths pubescent.
Sheaths merely puberulent.
Spikelets elliptic, over 1” long. 71..P. Ashet.
Spikelets obovoid, 1” long. 60. P. Nashianum.
Sheaths pubescent with longer hairs.
Plants velvety.
Spikelets over 1” long.
Culms stout, a broad bare ring below each node; spikelets 1”-114”
long; primary panicles. exceeding 3’ long. 67. P. scoparium.
Culms slender; no conspicuous bare ring; spikelets 11%4”-1'%” long;
panicle less than 3’ long. 68. P. malacophyllum.
Spikelets less than 1” long.
Hairs on the sheaths long and shaggy; ligule over 1” long.
55. P. lanuginosum,
Hairs on the sheaths short and inconspicuous; ligule less than 4”
long. 39. P. annulum.
Plants not velvety.
Spikelets ovate, pointed; blades and panicles usually 5’ long or more.
69. P. scabriusculum.
Spikelets not as ahove; blades and panicles shorter.
Spikelets less than 1” long.
Pubescence spreading.
Blades glabrous above or nearly so. 54. P. tennesseense.
Blades pubescent on the upper surface.
Upper surface of blades with short appressed hairs.
475 Ps Jimachucae.
Upper surface with long erect hairs 1%” long or more.
Culms forming branches when primary panicles are
mature; spikelets 34” long.
Panicle 1’-114’ long, its axis minutely pubescent.
2. P. meridtonale.
Panicle 2-3’ long; axishirsute. 51. P. implicatum.
» Culms forming branches before maturity of primary
panicles; spikelets 1” long. 50. P. praecocius.
Pubescence not spreading.
Ligule obsolete ; culms villous-puberulent, at least below.
Culms with 2 or 3 primary leaves, the blades 114” wide
or less, up to 3’-4’ long, ee growded at the base.
Owenae.
Culms with 4-6 primary leaves, ad blades 2” ”-4"” wide,
usually less than 3’ long, branches at all the nodes.
Culms erect, rigid; plants grey green.
58. P. columbianum.
Culms weak, fasciculately decumbent and forming
mats; plant blue-green. 59. P. tsugetorwm.

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY. 137

Ligule 1%” long or more; culms, at least at the base, pubescent
with long stiff appressed hairs.
Blades glabrous on the upper surface; spikelets about
%” long. 46. P. leucothrix.
Blades pubescent on the upper surface with long hairs;
spikelets exceeding %” long. 52. P. meridionale.
Spikelets 1” long or more.
Pubescence spreading.
Autumnal state erect; pubescence papillose-hispid; upper sur-
face of blades glabrous or nearly so. 48. P. scoparioides,
Autumnal state prostrate ; pubescence hirsute ; upper surface of
blades long-hairy. 490k villosissimum.
Pubescence not spreading.
Panicle 114’-2’ long, oblong, dense; spikelets 1” long.
56. P. Addisoni,
Panicle 21%4’-31%4’ long, broadly ovoid, open; spikelets 114”
“ long. 57. P. Commonsianum.
Spikelets 114” long or more.
Spikelets hirsute with long hairs, the first scale usually over % as long as the
spikelet, often narrow and attenuate. 61. P. Liebergii.
Speke glabrous, or if pubescent the hairs short.
Leaf-blades glabrous, at least on one surafce.
Panicle narrow, its branches usually appressed. 64. P. xanthophysum,
Panicle broad, nearly as wide as long.
Spikelets 114” long; blades commonly much elongated.

Blades rough, usually erect, not ciliate. 70. P. aculeatum,
Blades Smicothy) Spreading, ciliate. 73. P. mutabile.
Spikelets over 114” long; blades not elongated.

Blades softly ae densely pubescent beneath with short hairs.
Culms papillose-hispid with appressed or ascending hairs; blades
usually 6” wide or more. 66. P. Ravenelii.
Culms villous; blades 5” wide or less. 63. P. oligosanthes.
Blades glabrous, or rarely puberulent beneath.
62. P. Scribnerianum,
Leaf-blades pubescent on both surfaces.
Blades erect, less than 3” wide; pubescence hispid. 65. P. Wilcoxianum.
Blades spreading, exceeding 3” wide; pubescence soft. 68. P. malacophyllum.
Middle blades of the main culm more than 8” wide, usually cordate and clasping at the base.
Spikelets less than 114” long.
Blades glabrous on both surfaces.

Spikelets less than 1” long; culms simple. 32. P. polyanthes.

Spikelets more than 1” long; panicle nearly as broad as long; culms branched.
Sheaths papillose-hispid, especially the terminal ones. 76. P. clandestinum,
Sheaths glabrous. 72. P. commutatum.

Blades densely villous on both surfaces. 67. P. scoparium.

Spikelets 114” long or more.
Panicle narrow, its branches appressed, rarely a little spreading. 64. P. xanthophysum.
Panicle open, its branches spreading.
Blades lanceolate, thick, glabrous above, densely pubescent on the lower surface with

short spreading hairs. 66. P. Ravenelii.
Blades thin, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, or sometimes sparsely pubescent.
Nodes barbed. 75. P. Boscii.

Nodes naked.
Spikelets 114” long ; blades rarely exceeding 8” wide. 73. P. mutabile.
Spikelets nearly 2” long; blades exceeding 10” wide. 74. P. latifolium.

1. Panicum hemitomon Schult. Maiden-cane.
Simpson’s-grass. Fig. 311

Panicum hemitomon Schult. Mant. 2: 227. 1824.
Panicum carinatum Torr. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1:
137. 1835. Not Presl, 1830.
Panicum digitarioides Carpenter; Steud, Syn. Pl. Gram.
75. 1855.
_ Panicum Curtisii Chapm. Fl. S. States, 573. 1860.
Not Steud. 1855.
Brachiaria digitarioides Nash, in Britt. Man. 77. 1901,
Glabrous, culms erect from a long and stout creep-
ing rootstock, 3°-5° tall, simple, stout, smooth.
Sheaths smooth; blades 4’-10’ long, 4-8” wide,
long-acuminate; panicle linear, 6’-12’ long, its
branches 1-3’ long, erect; spikelets about 14” long,
ovate, acute; first scale about one-half as long as
the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved; second about 1” long,
5-nerved and a little exceeded by the 3-nerved third
one; the fourth slightly shorter than the third.

In water, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. July—Aug.

135 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

2. Panicum obtusum H.B.K. Blunt Panic-
grass. Wire-or Range-grass. Fig. 312.

Panicum obtusum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 98 1816.
Brachiaria obtusa Nash, in Britt. Man. 77. 1901.

Glabrous, culms erect, 1°-2° tall, simple or branch-
ing at base, smooth. Sheaths smooth; blades 22’~0’
long, 17-3” wide, usually erect, long-acuminate;
panicle linear, 2’-6’ long; branches #14’ long, ap-
pressed; spikelets about 1%” long, crowded, oval or
obovoid, obtuse, turgid; first scafe shorter than the
rest, obtuse, 5-nerved; second, third and fourth

scales about equal, the second and third 5-nerved.

Usually in dry soil, Missouri to Arizona and Mexico,
Vine Mesquite-, or Grape-vine-grass. July—Sept.

3. Panicum verrucosum Muhl. Warty Panic-
grass. Fig. 313.

Panicum verrucosum Muhl. Gram. 113. 1817.
Panicum debile Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 129. 1817. Not
Desf. 1800.

Culms erect or decumbent, slender, generally much
branched at base, 1°-6° long. Sheaths glabrous, much
shorter than the internodes; ligule short, ciliate; blades
2’-7’ long, 1’-4” wide, erect or ascending, glabrous,
rough on the margins; panicle 3-12’ long, its lower
branches 2-6’ long, naked below, strict and ascending,
or lax and spreading, and smaller panicles sometimes
produced at the lower part of the culm; spikelets about
i” long, elliptic, acutish; the first scale about one-
quarter as long as the warty second and third, the
fourth scale apiculate.

Moist soil, Massachusetts to Missouri, south to Florida
and Texas, mostly near the coast. July—Sept.

4. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Spreading Witch-grass. Fig. 314.

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 48.
Bane geniculatum Muhl. Gram. 123. 1817.

Culms at first erect, 1°-2° tall, simple, later de-
cumbent and geniculate, 4°-6° long, branched at all
the upper nodes. Sheaths loose, glabrous, some-
what flattened; ligule ciliate; blades 62° long,
2”-10” wide, long-acuminate, scabrous on the mar-
gins and occasionally on the nerves; panicle pyram-
idal, 4’-16’ long, lower branches 3/-6’ long, at
length widely spreading; spikelets 1-13” long,
crowded, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, sometimes
purplish; first scale about one-fourth as long as the
spikelet, enclosing its base; second and third scales
about equal, acute, 5-7-nerved; fourth scale elliptic,
shining, shorter than or equalling the third.

In wet soil, Maine to Nebraska, Florida, Texas and
California. Also in the West Indies and continental

tropical America. Formerly confused with P. prolif-
erum Lam. Sprouting Crab-grass. July—Sept.

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY. 139

5. Panicum capillare L. Witch-grass.
Tumble-weed. Fig. 315.

Panicum capillare L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753.

Culms erect or ascending, 1°-2° tall, simple or
sometimes sparingly branched. Sheaths papillose-
hispid; blades 6’-1° long, 3-8” wide, more or less
pubescent; terminal panicle generally 8-14’ long,
lower branches at first included in the upper sheath,
finally exserted and spreading, 6-10’ long; lateral
panicles, when present, smaller; spikelets 17-1}
long, acute; first scale one-fourth to one-half as long
as the spikelet; second and third scales nearly equal,
exceeding the fourth.

In dry soil, common as a weed in cultivated fields,
Nova Scotia to North Dakota, south to Florida and
Texas. Also in Bermuda. Old-witch-grass. Tickle-
grass. Fool-hay. July—Sept.

6. Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash.
Barbed Witch-grass. Fig. 316.

Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash; Rydb. Mem. N. Y.

Bot. Gard. 1: 21. 1900.

Annual. Culms 8-18’ tall, smooth and gla-
brous; sheaths papillose-hispid with spreading
hairs; blades up to 5’ long, 2-5” wide, lanceo-
late, hirsute; panicle occupying usually more
than 4 of the plant, much-exserted, broader than
long, its branches widely spreading or the lower
ones reflexed, the pulvinus in the axils well-
developed and strongly hirsute; spikelets 14-13”
long, acuminate, glabrous, the scales acuminate,
the first 4 as long as the second which is longer
than the third, the fruiting scale 2 as long as the
spikelet.

In dry places, Wisconsin to British Columbia, Ne-
braska, Texas and California. Aug. and Sept.

7. Panicum Gattingeri Nash. Gattinger’s Witch-
grass. Fig. 317.

Panicum capillare var. campestre Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94.
1887. Not P. campestre Nees. 1826.

Panicum capillare Gattingeri Nash, in Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl.
I: 123. 18096.

Panicum Gattingeri Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 92. 1903.
Annual. Culms slender, hispid, finally branched at all

of the nodes and the branches again dividing, often

prostrate at the base, 1°-2° long, or rarely depauperate

and but a few inches high; sheaths papillose-hirsute ;

blades 6’ long or less, 2-3” wide, pubescent to nearly

glabrous, erect; primary panicle 4’-6’ long, its branches

ascending, the larger ones usually 2’-3’ long, the lateral

panicles smaller; spikelets about 1” long, elliptic, acute,

glabrous.

In poor, often moist soil, Maine to North Carolina, Iowa
and Missouri. Aug.—Oct. Illustrated for P. capillare L. in
the first edition.

140 GRAMINEAE. Vou. I.

8. Panicum philadélphicum Bernh. Wood Witch-grass. Fig. 318.

Panicum capillare var. minor Muhl. Gram, 124. 1817.
Panicum capillare var. sylvaticum Torr. Fl, 149. 1824.

Not P, sylvaticum Lam. _ 1797.

Panicum diffusum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 68. 1814.

Not Sw. 1788.

Panicum minus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 421. 1895.
Panicum philadelphicum Bernh.; Trin. Gram. Pan. 216,

1826,

Culms erect, or occasionally decumbent, 8’-2° long,
slender, often branched at base. Sheaths hirsute;
blades 2-4’ long, 1-3’ wide, erect, more or less
pubescent; panicle 4-9’ long, its lower branches 3’—4’
long, spreading or ascending; spikelets about 3” long,
elliptic, acute, smooth, borne commonly in pairs at
the extremities of the ultimate divergent divisions of
the panicle; first scale about one-third as long as the
equal acute second and third ones, which barely
exceed the fourth.

In dry woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Wis-
consin, Georgia, Texas and Oklahoma. Aug.—Sept.

g. Panicum fléxile (Gattinger) Scribn. Wiry Witch-grass. Fig. 319.

Panicum capillare var. flexile Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94.
1887.

Panicum flexile Scribn, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 476. 1893.

Culms erect, 62° tall, rather stiff, slender, simple
or somewhat branched at base, bearded at the nodes.
Sheaths papillose-hispid; blades 4’-9’ long, 2-3”
wide, erect, long-acuminate, pubescent or almost gla-
brous; panicle 4-9’ long, narrowly ovoid to oblong
in outline, its branches ascending, the lower ones
2’-33’ long; spikelets 13’-1}” long, single on the
ultimate divisions of the panicle, acuminate; first
scale one-fourth to one-half as long as the spikelet;
second and third scales about equal, 5-7-nerved,
about one-third longer than the fourth scale.

In moist or dry soil, Ontario to South Dakota, south to
Florida and Texas. Aug.—Oct.

to. Panicum miliaceum L. Millet. Broom-corn Millet. Hirse-grass. Brown
Millet. Fig. 320.

Panicum miliaceum L, Sp. Pl. 58. 1753.

Culms erect or decumbent, rather stout, 1° or more

tall, glabrous or hirsute. Sheaths papillose-hispid;
blades 5’-10’ long, 4-1’ wide, more or less pubescent;
panicle rather dense, 4’-10’ long; branches erect or
ascending; spikelets 2-23” long, acuminate; first scale
about two-thirds as long as the spikelet, acuminate,
5-7-nerved; second scale 2”-23” long, acuminate, 13-
nerved, somewhat exceeding the 7-13-nerved acuminate
third one, which subtends an empty palet; fourth scale
shorter than the third, becoming indurated, obtuse.

In waste places, Maine to Florida, Michigan and Cali-
fornia. Adventive from the Old World. July—Sept.

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY. 141

iz. Panicum amarulum Hitche. & Chase. South-

ern Sea-beach Grass. Bitter Panic. Fig. 321.
Panicum amarulum Hitche, & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.

15: 96. IgI0,

Smooth and glabrous, glaucous, the tufted culms 13°-43°
tall; sheaths overlapping; blades 6’-1° long, 3-6” wide,
long-acuminate, thick and leathery, involute on the margins,
at least toward the apex, the uppermost leaf exceeding the
panicle; panicle contracted, 1°-24° long, its branches erect;
spikelets about 23” long; the first scale one-half to two-
thirds as long as the spikelet, the third somewhat longer
than the second, usually with a palet and staminate flower,
the fourth elliptic, about 13” long.

On sea-beaches, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi; also
in the Bahamas, Cuba and Jamaica. Confused in our first edi-
tion with the following species. Sept.—Nov.

12. Panicum amarum Ell. Smaller Sea-
beach Grass. Fig. 322.

Panicum amarum Ell. Bot. S.C. & Ga, 1: 121. 1817.
Panicwn amarum var. minor Vasey & Scribn. Bull. U,
S. Dep. Agr. Bot. 8: 38. 1889.

DEH easy amaroides ene: & Merr. Cire. U. S. Dep.
Agrost. 29: 5. Igo.

Glaucous and glabrous. Culms scattered, 14°-3°
tall, from a stout creeping rootstock; leaves thick
and firm; sheaths overlapping; blades up to 1° long,
3°-5” wide, flat, or involute toward the apex; panicle
6’-14° long, contracted, narrow, the short branches
appressed; spikelets 23”-3” long, commonly broad
and stout, the first scale more than 3 as long as the
spikelet to nearly equalling it, the second and third
scales about equal, all acute.

In sands along the coast, Connecticut and Long
Island to Florida and Mississippi. Aug.—Oct.

13. Panicum virgatum L. Switch-grass. Wild Red-top. Fig. 323.

Panicum virgatum L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753.
P. virgatum var. cubense Griseb, Cat. Pl. Cub. 233. 1866.
Panicum wvirgatum var. obtusum Wood, Am. Bot. & Fl.

392. 1870.

Panicum virgatum var. breviramosum Nash, Bull. Torr.

Club 23: 150. 18096.

Culms erect from a creeping rootstock, 3°-6° tall,
glabrous. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades elon-
gated, 1° or more long, 3-6” wide, flat, long-acumi-
Nate, narrowed toward the base, glabrous, rough on
the margins; panicle 6-20’ long, the lower branches
4-10 long, rarely shorter, spreading or ascending;
spikelets ovate, acute to acuminate, 14’-2}” long; first
scale acuminate, about one-half as long as the spikelet,
3-5-nerved ; second scale generally longer than the others,
5-7-nerved, the third similar and usually subtending a
palet and staminate flower; fourth scale shining, shorter
than the others.

In moist or dry soil, Maine to the Saskatchewan, south
to Florida, Arizona and Costa Rica. Also in the West In-
dies. Thatch-grass, Wobsqua-grass, Black-bent, Aug.—Sept.

14. Panicum anceps Michx.

15. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Red-top
Panic. Fig. 325
Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Pugill. 2:

Culms erect, 14°-3° tall, much
pressed, smooth. Sheaths compressed, glabrous, or

branched, com-

GRAMINEAE. Vot. 1.

Beaked or Flat-stemmed Panic-grass. Fig. 324.

Panicwm anceps Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 48. 1803.
Panicum rostratum Muhl. Gram. 121. 1817.

Culms erect from a creeping scaly branched root-
stock, 13°-6° tall, much branched, compressed,
stout, smooth. Sheaths compressed, glabrous, or
the lower ones pubescent; blades 1° long or more,
2’’-5”’ wide, acuminate; ligule very short; panicles

BS

pyramidal, 6-16’ long; axis and ascending branches
scabrous; spikelets 13”-1{” long, crowded, lanceolate,
acuminate, curved, longer than the scabrous pedicels;
first scale less than one-half as long as the spikelet;
second and third scales curved at the apex, much
exceeding the fourth scale which is minutely pubes-
cent at the apex.

Moist soil, Rhode Island to Kansas, south to Florida
and Texas. July—Sept. : : . :

Panicum rhizomatum Hitche. & Chase, differing in
smaller spikelets and narrower panicle, occurs from Vir-
ginia to Florida and Texas.

4. I815.

sometimes hairy at the throat; ligule very short,
naked; leaves 1° long or more, 2’-4” wide, acumi-
nate; panicles pyramidal, 4-12’ long, terminating
the culm and bratches; primary branches of the
panicle spreading, secondary appressed or divergent;
spikelets #’’-1” long, acute, straight, on usually
sparsely hairy pedicels; first scale 3-nerved, acute;
second and third scales 5-nerved, about twice as long
as the first and longer than the oval fourth scale,
which is sessile.

Wet ground, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida

and Texas. July—Sept.

16. Panicum condénsum Nash. Dense

Panic-grass. Fig. 326. -

Panicum condensum Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S.
93- 1903.

Culms 23°-43° tall; sheaths smooth and gla-
brous; ligule +” wide; blades 820’ long, 4’-6”
wide, flat or folded; primary panicle up to 1°
long, narrowly oblong, the branches erect, the
spikelets densely arranged, the lower branches
naked at the base, the secondary panicles similar
but smaller and produced on long peduncles from
the upper sheaths; spikelets about 1’7—1}” long,
glabrous, acute, on glabrous short pedicels.

Wet places and along streams, southern New Jersey
and Pennsylvania to Virginia and Florida; also in
the Bahamas, Cuba and Guadeloupe. Aug. and Sept.

eer

i gn oe SL

pay
.

pire —a ee Petey | ee

ve

a Ges

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY. 143
17. Panicum longifolium Torr. Long-leaved Panic-grass. Fig. 327.
Panicum longifolium Torr. Fl. U. S. 149. 1824.

Culms erect, 1°-2° tall, slender, simple, or occa-
sionally with a single lateral panicle, flattened,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth and _ gla-
brous; blades 8-12’ long, 1-23” wide, acuminate
into a long, slender point, rough, glabrous; ligule
short, pilose; panicles 5-9’ long; primary branches
long and slender, spreading, secondary very short,
appressed, generally bearing 1-3 spikelets; spikelets
1’-1}” long, acute; first scale acute, about one-half
as long as the acuminate second one; third scale
equalling the second, acute, one-third longer than the
elliptic obtuse fourth one, which is sometimes
minutely pubescent at the apex.

Moist soil, Rhode Island to Maryland, Florida, Missis-
sippi and Texas. Aug.—Sept.

18. Panicum stipitatum Nash. Tall Flat Panic-grass. Fig. 328.

Panicum elongatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 69. 1814. Not
Salisb. 1796.

Panicum stipitatum Nash, in Britt. Man. 83. 1901.

Culms erect, 3°-5° tall, much branched, stout,
compressed, smooth. Sheaths smooth and gla-
brous, compressed; blades 1° long or more, 2”-4”
wide, acuminate, scabrous; panicles pyramidal,
terminating the culm and branches, 4-12’ long;
primary branches spreading or ascending, the sec-
ondary appressed or divaricate; spikelets about 14”
long, crowded, acuminate; first scale acute or
acuminate, one-third the length of the equal or
nearly equal second and third; fourth scale narrowly
elliptic, about one-half as long as the third and
raised on a delicate stalk about }” long.

_ Moist soil, southern New York and New Jersey to
Kentucky, Missouri, Georgia and Louisiana. July—Sept.

1g. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved Panic-grass. Fig. 329.

Panicum strictum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 69. 1814. Nov
R. Br. 1812.

Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Gram. 112. 1817.

Panicum involutum Torr. Fl. U. S. 124. 1824.

Culms erect, 15’ tall or less, simple or branched at
base. Sheaths glabrous or hirsute; blades erect, elon-
gated, 4’-2” wide, up to 8’ long, mostly crowded at
base and equalling or one-half as long as the culm, the
upper culm leaf often much exceeding the panicle;
primary panicle generally much exserted from the upper
sheath, 1-3’ long, elliptic to linear, its branches
ascending or erect; secondary panicles on very short
basal branches and often concealed by the lower leaves;
spikelets glabrous, 1}’-2” long.

In dry places, Maine to Minnesota, south to Georgia
and Texas. June-Sept.

144

21. Panicum linearifolium Scribn.
White-haired Panic-grass.

Panicum Enslini Nash, in Britt. Man. 83. 1901.
Not Trin.

Bigs 33m.

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

20. Panicum perlongum Nash. Long-stalked
Panic-grass. Fig. 330.

Panicum perlongum Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 575.
1899.

Culms 8-16’ tall, simple; sheaths hirsute with long
ascending hairs; blades elongated, linear, erect,
papillose-hispid beneath, 1-13” wide, the upper one
commonly 3-53’ long; primary panicle long-stalked,
much-exserted, generally extending beyond the apex
of the upper leaf, 13’-23’ long, its branches erect or
nearly so; spikelets about 14” long, about 4 as wide,
glabrous or pubescent with a few scattered long
hairs, strongly nerved.

On praries and in dry soil, Michigan to South Da-
kota, Manitoba and Texas. June—Aug.

Low

Panicum linearifolium Scribn.; Nash, in Britt. &

Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 500. 1898. ,

Culms tufted, slender, erect, smooth and gla- }
brous, simple, 67-16’ tall. Sheaths glabrous
or pilose with long white hairs, longer than
the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; |
blades elongated, smooth or rough, glabrous
or more or less pilose, especially upon the
lower surface, 3-10’ long, 1-2” wide, the
uppermost leaf the longest and often extend-
ing beyond the panicle; primary panicle loose
and open, often long-exserted, 13-4’ long, its
branches lax, ascending, secondary panicles
small and contracted on very short culms and
partly concealed by the bases of the long
culms: spikelets 1-13” long, obtuse or acutish,
pubescent with spreading hairs.

Dry soil, especially hillsides, Nova Scotia to Michigan, south to Georgia, Arkansas and Texas.

May-July.

22. Panicum Weérneri Scribn. Werner’s
Panic-grass. Fig. 332.

Panicum Werneri Scribn.; Nash, in Britt. & Br. Ill.
Fl. 3: 501. 1898.

Smooth and glabrous, light green. Culms tufted,
erect, slender, simple or later sparingly branched,
to-18’ tall; sheaths equalling or shorter than the
internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades erect,
elongated, linear, acuminate, 23’-4}’ long, 13’—23”
wide, panicle finally long-exserted, loose and open,
23’-33’ long, its branches ascending; spikelets about
1” long on longer hispidulous pedicels, oval, minutely
and sparsely pubescent, the first scale orbicular,
about one-quarter as long as the spikelet, 1-nerved,
the second and third scales 7-nerved, the fourth scale
oval, slightly apiculate.

Dry knolls in swamps. Maine to Ontario, Ohio, Mis-
souri and Texas. June-July.

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY. 145

23. Panicum Bicknéllii Nash. Bicknell’s
Panic-grass. Fig. 333.

Panicum Bicknellii Nash, Bull. Torrey Club, 24: 193.

1897.

Culms erect or decumbent at the base, slender,
8-16’ tall, at length sparingly branched, the lower
internodes puberulent, the nodes sparingly barbed.
Sheaths generally longer than the internodes, cili-
ate on the margins, the lowermost pubescent; ligule
a fringe of very short hairs; blades elongated, in-
creasing in length toward the top of the culm, erect,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed toward the
ciliate base, 7-9-nerved, primary leaves 3’-7’ long,
23”-5” wide; primary panicle 24’-3’ long, its branches
ascending, secondary panicles smaller, with appressed
branches; spikelets obovate or oval, 14-14” long,
pubescent with short spreading hairs, the first scale
I-nerved, the second and third scales 9-nerved.

Dry wooded hills, Connecticut, New York and Penn-
sylvania to Georgia. July—Aug.

24. Panicum ciliatum Ell. Dwarf Panic-
grass. Fig. 334.
P. ciliatum Ell. Bot. S, C. & Ga. 1: 126. 1817.

Plant yellowish green. Culms tufted, 4-7’ tall,
simple, glabrous; sheaths shorter than the internodes,
ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous; blades up
‘to 23’ long, 23-5” wide, glabrous on both surfaces,
conspicuously ciliate, somewhat crowded at the base,
narrowly elliptic, linear or lanceolate; panicle 1’-2’
long, broad, open, its axis and spreading branches
hirsute; spikelets about 1” long and 4 as wide,
elliptic, pubescent with short spreading hairs, rarely
nearly glabrous.

In sandy soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida and
Mississippi. May to July.

25. Panicum strigosum Muhl. Rough-hairy
Panic-grass. Fig. 335.
Panicum strigosum Muhl.; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 126.

1817.

Panicum longipedunculatum Scribn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Exp.

Sta. 7: 53. 1894.

Culms 8-18’ tall, simple, tufted, hirsute; leaves
crowded at the base of the culm; sheaths much shorter
than the internodes, hirsute; blades 1’-3’ long, 3-44”
wide, erect, lanceolate, papillose-ciliate on the margins,
long-hirsute on the surface; panicle much-exserted,
14’-3’ long, the axis long-hirsute, open, its branches
spreading or ascending; spikelets 3” long or a little
less, oval, glabrous.

Sandy woods, southeastern Virginia to Tennessee,

Florida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba, Mexico and Guate-
mala. May-—Aug.

10

GRAMINEAE. Vou, I.

26. Panicum laxiflorum Lam. lLax-flowered
Panic-grass. Fig. 3306.

Panicum laxiflorum Lam. Encycl. 4: 748. 1797.
Panicum xalapense H.B.K. Noy. Gen. & Sp. 1: 103. 1816.

Culms erect, 8-16’ tall, simple, glabrate, the nodes
barbed. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, hirsute
with reflexed hairs; blades 23’-5’ long, 2’-5’ wide,
erect, generally narrowed at base, long-acuminate, pubes-
cent or glabrous, excepting the ciliate margin; panicle
2’-4’ long, its axis and erect or spreading lax branches
sometimes hirsute; spikelets about 1” long, ellipsoid or
narrowly obovoid, strongly pubescent; first scale minute,
I-nerved; second and third about equal, 9-nerved, very
pubescent, as long as the shining obtuse minutely apicu-
late fourth one; third scale usually with an empty palet.

Moist soil, Maryland to Missouri, south to Florida and
Mexico. Cuba and Haiti. June—Aug.

27. Panicum angustifolium Ell. Narrow-leaved
Panic-grass. Fig. 337.

Panicum angustifolium Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 129. 1817.
Panicum consanguineum S, Wats. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, y
633, in part. 1890. Not Kunth, 1835.

Culms erect, 1°-2° tall, glabrous or pubescent toward
the base, at first simple, later profusely branched above.
Sheaths glabrous or the basal ones pubescent, those on
the culm shorter than the internodes, those on the branches
crowded; blades elongated, 3-6’ long, 1-3” wide, nar-
rowed to the base, firm, glabrous, those of the culm dis-
tant, those of the branches shorter and crowded; primary
panicle long-exserted, 13’—33’ long, its branches spreading;
lateral panicles smaller, shorter than the leaves; spikelets
few, about 14” long, elliptic to obovoid; first scale one-
fourth to one-third as long as the spikelet; second and
third oval, 9-nerved, pubescent; fourth oval, minutely
pubescent at the apex.

Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. June—Aug.

28. Panicum aciculare Desv. Grisebach’s
Panic-grass. Fig. 338.

panieuay aciculare Desv.; Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 4: 274.
ISI6,
?Panicum neuranthum Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 232. 1866.
Culms tufted, slender, at length much branched,
the primary simple, erect, glabrous or pubescent, 12’—
30 tall. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower pubescent,
the primary about one-half as long as the internodes,
those on the branches overlapping; ligule a ring of
hairs; blades smooth and glabrous, the primary
erect, acuminate, 17-4’ long, 1’-23”’ wide, those on
the branches shorter, erect or ascending, usually
involute when dry, concealing the small secondary
panicles; primary panicle 17-4’ long, its branches at
first erect, at length widely spreading; spikelets
numerous, broadly obovate, about 1” long, densely
pubescent with short spreading hairs, the second and
third scales 7-nerved.

’ Dry or. moist soil along the coast, New Jersey to Flor-
ida and Texas. Recorded from West Indies. June—Oct.

“| aaa!

> ee Wee

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY.

29. Panicum consanguineum Kunth. Kunth’s
Panic-grass. Fig. 339.

Panicum villosum Ell. Bot. S, C. & Ga. 1: 124. 1817.
Not Lam. 1791.
P. consanguineum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 36. 1829.

Culms 1°-23° tall, finally much-branched, the
nodes densely barbed with spreading hairs; sheaths
shorter than the internodes, densely villous; blades
erect, linear-lanceolate, the primary ones 14’—3’
long, 14-5” wide, those on the branches much
smaller, flat, usually less than 2’ long; primary
panicle 13-3’ long, oval, its branches ascending;
spikelets about 13” long and about 4 as wide,
broadly obovoid, densely pubescent with spreading
hairs.

In dry sandy soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida and
Texas. June and July.

°

30. Panicum Bushii Nash.
Fig. 340.

Bush’s Panic-

Panicum Bushii Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 26: 568. 1899.

A tufted nearly glabrous perennial. Culms about
1° tall, finally much-branched; blades erect, linear,

acuminate, very rough on the margins, ciliate at
the base with a few long hairs, otherwise glabrous,
the larger primary blades 3-4’ long, 14-2” wide;
panicle much-exserted, 23’-3’ long, its branches
ascending; spikelets 12” long and about 1” wide,
obovoid, glabrous.

In dry ground, Missouri. June and July.

31. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Round-fruited Panic-grass. Fig. 341.

Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 125. 1817.

Culms generally erect, simple or somewhat branched

at base, 10’-2° tall, smooth, or the nodes sometimes”

pubescent. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, or over-
lapping, glabrous, the margins ciliate; blades 2’-4’ long,
2”-7” wide, acuminate, cordate-clasping at base, sca-
brous above, smooth beneath, the margins cartilaginous
and minutely serrulate, ciliate towards the base; panicle
ovoid, 2-4’ long, about as broad as long; spikelets less
than 1” long, nearly spherical or somewhat longer than
thick, obtuse, purple; first scale broadly ovate, obtuse;
third and fourth scales three to four times as long as
the first, suborbicular, 7-nerved; fourth scale oval,
obtuse, 1” long.

Dry soil, Vermont to Kansas, south to Florida, Texas and
Mexico, northern South America. July—Sept.

148 GRAMINEAE. Vor. J.

32. Panicum polyanthes Schultes. Small-
fruited Panic-grass. Fig. 342.

Panicum polyanthes Schultes, Mant. 2: 257. 1824.
Panicum microcarpon Muhl, Gram, 111, June, 1817. Not

Ell. Jan. 1817.

Culms generally erect, 2°-3° tall, simple, smooth.
Sheaths smooth, glabrous, longer than the internodes;
ligule none; blades 5’-8’ long, 4’-1’ wide, long-acumi-
nate, smooth, cordate-clasping and sparingly ciliate at
the base; panicle 3’-8’ long, elliptic, longer than broad;
branches slender, ascending; spikelets }” long, obovoid
to nearly spherical, numerous; first scale minute,
second and third about equal, 7-nerved, puberulent, the
fourth white and shining; palet of third scale usually
empty.

Woods and along thickets, southern New York to Okla-
homa, south to Georgia and Texas. July—Sept.

33- Panicum ensifolium Baldw. Small-leaved
Panic-grass. Fig. 343.

Panicum ensifolium Baldw.; Ell. Bot. S.C. & Ga.1:126. 1817.
Panicum Brittoni Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 194. 1897.

Smooth and glabrous. Culms coarsely striate, finally
branched, tufted, slender, erect, rigid, 4-8’ tall; sheaths
less than one-half as long as the internodes; ligule a ring
of short hairs; blades longer than the sheaths, those on
the culm up to 14’ long, the basal longer, 1’-14” wide, erect,
acuminate, 5-7-nerved; panicle ?’-11’ long, its branches
spreading or ascending; spikelets one-half as long as the
pedicels, or less, obovoid, obtuse, #” long, the first scale
one-third as long as the spikelet, the second and third
scales 7-nerved, densely pubescent with spreading hairs.

Moist sand in the pine barrens, southern New Jersey to
Florida and Mississippi. May-July.

34. Panicum ténue Muhl. White-edged Panic-
grass. Fig. 344.

4 Panicum tenue Muhl. Gram, 118. r8r7.

Glabrous, excepting the spikelets. Culms densely
tufted, 8-16’ tall, finally branched toward the base, the
upper part of the culm naked; leaves usually 2; sheaths
much shorter than the internodes; blades erect, thick,
stiff, lanceolate, with a prominent white thick margin,
usually 14’ long or less, rarely longer, 1-33” wide;
panicle #14’ long, broadly ovate, open; spikelets ellip-
tic, less than }#” long and about 4 as wide, pubescent
with short spreading hairs.

In pine lands, Dismal Swamp, Virginia, to Florida and
Louisiana; also in Cuba. June and July.

r

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY. 149

35. Panicum dicho6tomum L. Forked Panic-
grass. Fig. 345.
Panicum dichotomum L. Sp, Pl. 58. 1753.
P. barbulatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 49. 1803.
P. gravius Hitchc, & Chase, Rhodora 8: 205. 1906.
Smooth and glabrous, or the lower nodes barbed.
Culms erect, 4°-2° tall, at first simple, later pro-
fusely dichotomously branched at about the middle;
blades light green, widely spreading, generally
much narrowed toward the base, the primary ones
distant, 2’-3’ long, 2”-3” wide, those of the branches
1’ long or less, 4-1” wide, sometimes involute;
primary panicle usually long-exserted, 1-2’ long;
branches lax, spreading, bearing few spikelets; sec-
ondary panicles smaller, not exceeding the leaves,
their branches with very few spikelets; spikelets
about 1” long, ellipsoid, glabrous.

: In woodlands and thickets, New Brunswick to Mich-
igan, Florida and Texas. May—Aug.

36. Panicum licidum Ashe. Bog Panic-grass. Fig. 346.
P. lucidum Ashe, Journ. Mitch. Sci. Soc. 15: 47. 1808.

Culms slender, smooth and glabrous, 14°-3° long,
at length much elongated, dichotomously much
branched and declining. Sheaths smooth and gla-
brous, or the lower ones pubescent, -one-half the
length of the internodes or less; ligule a short ring;
blades erect, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces,
lanceolate, principal nerves 5-7, the primary leaves
1-23’ long, 1-5” wide, those on the branches 13’
or less long, concealing the small contracted pan-
icles; primary panicle loose and open, 14’-3’ long,
its branches spreading or ascending, the lower 3-13
long; spikelets on elongated pedicels, scattered, 1”
long, oval to obovate, the scales glabrous, the first
less than one-half as long as the spikelets.

Sphagnum bogs and wet woods, New York and south-
ern New Jersey to Florida and Texas. June-Sept. Has
been confused with P. sphagnicola Nash.

Panicum coeruléscens Hack., of the southern states,
Bahamas and Cuba, differing by blue-green foliage and
erect culms, is recorded from New Jersey and Virginia.

37. Panicum yadkinénse Ashe. Spotted-
sheath Panic-grass. Fig. 347.
Panicum dichotomum var. elatum Vasey, Bull. U. S.
Dep. Agr. Bot. 8: 31. 1880.

P. yadkinense Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc. 16: 85.
1900.

A glabrous perennial. Culms up to 3° tall, finally
somewhat branched; sheaths much shorter than the
internodes, usually white-spotted; ligule less than
4” long; blades 3’-5’ long, 2-6” wide, glabrous;
panicle 3-5’ long, broadly ovate or oval, its branches
long, ascending; spikelets about 14” long and 4 as
wide, acute, elliptic, glabrous, the second and third
scales longer than the fruiting scale.

Moist woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Georgia,
Illinois and Louisiana. June—Aug.

Panicum roanokénse Ashe, of the southern states, dif-
fering by erect leaf-blades, and smaller turgid, strongly
nerved spikelets, ranges north to Virginia.

150 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

38. Panicum microcarpon Muhl. Barbed Panic-grass. Fig. 348.

P, barbulatum Nash, in Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. 1: 120.

1896. Not Michx. 1803.

P. microcarpon Muhl.; Ell, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 127.

1817.

Culms at first simple, erect, 2°-3° tall, later pro-
fusely branched for their whole length, 3°-4° long,
prostrate or leaning, the nodes strongly barbed;
blades smooth and glabrous, generally truncate or
rounded at the base, the primary ones 3-5’ long,
about 2’ wide, widely spreading, the lower ones
usually reflexed, those of the branches 4-2’ long,
1-2” wide; primary panicle 3-5’ long, exserted,
ovoid, its branches ascending, rigid; secondary
panicles smaller, lax, not exceeding the leaves, the
branches bearing few spikelets; spikelets about 2”
long, ellipsoid, purple, glabrous; first scale about
one-third as long as the spikelet, acute.

Moist soil, Massachusetts to Missouri south to Florida
and Texas. Bearded Joint-grass. June—Aug.

Panicum nitidum Lam., differing by its larger pubescent
spikelets, ranges from Virginia to Florida, the Bahamas and
Texas.

39. Panicum annulum Ashe. Ringed Panic-grass.
Fig. 349.
P. annulum Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc. 15: 58. 1898.

Culms 16’-23° tall, glabrous or sparingly pubescent,
tufted, finally branched, the nodes densely barbed with
spreading hairs, appearing like a ring; sheaths glabrous
or the lower ones softly pubescent; ligule less than 3”
long; blades 23-5’ long, 3’-7” wide, velvety pubescent on
both surfaces; panicle 13’-4’ long, open, its branches erect-
ascending or ascending, rarely spreading; spikelets about
1” long and nearly 4 as wide, elliptic, strongly pubescent
with spreading hairs.

In dry rocky woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to
Georgia, Missouri and Mississippi. June and July.

40. Panicum boreale Nash. Northern Panic-grass. Fig. 350.

\ 0 Pp-2

\ 9 07 | a Panicum boreale Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 421. 1895.

Culms at first erect and simple, 1°-2° tall, later de-
cumbent and somewhat branched, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, usually smooth,
ciliate; ligule short, ciliate; blades 3'-5’ long, 4’—3’ wide,
erect, truncate or rounded at the sparsely ciliate base,
acuminate; panicle 2-4’ long, ovoid, its branches 17-2’
long, spreading or ascending; spikelets 1” long, about
equalling the pedicels, ellipsoid, somewhat pubescent;
first scale ovate, obtuse, about one-third as long as the
spikelet; second and third scales oblong-ovate, 7-nerved,
pubescent, equalling the fourth, which is oval, acute, and
slightly more than 3” long; palet of third scale usually
empty.

Moist soil, Newfoundland to Ontario south to New York,
Indiana and Minnesota. June and July.

¥e¢-

GENUS 17.

41. Panicum mattamuskeeténse Ashe. Clute’s
Panic-grass. Fig. 351.

P. mattamuskeetense Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc.
15: 45. 1808.
P. Clutei Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 569. 1899.
Plant usually purplish. Culms tufted, 14°-33° tall,
glabrous, the nodes sometimes puberulent or the
lower ones barbed; sheaths loose, the upper ones
glabrous excepting on the margins and occasionally
toward the summit, the lower ones often softly
pubescent ; blades 23’-52’ long, 3-6” wide, firm, lan-
ceolate, ascending or sometimes reflexed, glabrous;
panicle 23-4’ long, broad and open; spikelets about
14” long, a little more than 4 as wide, pubescent with
short hairs.

Sandy borders of Sy amps and bogs, Massachusetts
July.

to North Carolina.

GRASS FAMILY.

43. Panicum paucipilum Nash.
Fig. 353-

Panic-grass.

P. paucipilum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 26: 573.

42. Panicum octondédum J. G. Smith. Eight-
jointed Panic-grass. Fig. 352.
P. octonodum J. G. Smith; Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep.
Agr. Agrost. 17: 73. 1899.

Plant glabrous and usually purple. Culms erect,
2°-34° tall, finally branched; sheaths much shorter
than the internodes; ligule a narrow ring usually

less than 3” wide; blades erect, firm, 14’-43’ long,
2”-4” wide, lanceolate; panicle 3’-5’ long, {-13’

wide, dense, longer than broad, its branches erect
or erect-ascending; spikelets less than }” long and
3” wide, oval, glabrous.

In wet places, New Jersey to Florida and Texas.
May-Aug.

Purple

1899.

Plant usually purple. Culms 2°-34° tall, finally
somewhat branched, smooth and glabrous; sheaths
ciliate on the margin toward the summit, otherwise
glabrous; ligule over 1” long; blades 24-33’ long,
24-34” wide, erect or ascending, thickish, rather
firm, sometimes minutely puberulent on the lower
surface, usually with a few hair-bearing papillae at
the base; panicle 2’-4’ long, longer than broad, its
branches erect or erect-ascending, rather
spikelets #” long or a little less, a little over 4 as
wide, oval, pubescent with spreading hairs.

dense;

In wet soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and
Mississippi. July and Aug.

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

On
NN

44. Panicum sprétum Schult. Eaton’s Panic-grass. Fig. 354.
Panicum spretum Schult. Mant. 2: 248. 1824.
Panicum Eatoni Nash, Bull. Torr, Club, 25: 84. 1898.

Smooth and glabrous. Culms 14°-32° tall, erect,
at length dichotomously branched and swollen at
the nodes; sheaths much shorter than the internodes,
usually more or less ciliate on the margins; ligule
a ring of long hairs; blades erect, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 14’-4’ long, 12”-5’’ wide; panicle finally long-
exserted, dense and contracted, 3-5’ long, 14’ or
less broad, its branches erect-ascending; spikelets
oval, from over %?” to nearly 1” long, acutish, the
first scale about one-third as long as the spikelet,
pubescent, I-nerved, the second and the third scales
broadly oval when spread out, 7-nerved, densely
pubescent with spreading hairs.

Along the coast, in damp or wet places, Maine to New
Jersey and northern Indiana. May-—Aug.

45. Panicum Lindheimeri Nash. Lindheimer’s Panic-grass. Fig. 355.

P. nitidum Nash, in Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. r: 120. 1866.
Not Lam. 1797.
P. Lindheimeri Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 196. 1897.
Culms at first simple, 12’-18’ tall, later profusely
dichotomously branched, 2°-3° long, glabrous-or pubes-
cent below. Sheaths less than half as long as the
elongated internodes, glabrous, excepting the ciliate
margin, or the lower sometimes pubescent; ligule over
2” long; blades glabrous, or sparingly ciliate toward
the base, sometimes puberulent below, the primary
ones 17-3’ long, 13’-4” wide, erect or ascending, some-
times reflexed, those of the branches 4-1’ long, 1” wide
or less; primary panicle long-exserted, 17-23’ long,
ovoid, as broad as long or nearly so, those of the
branches smaller and exceeded by- the leaves; spikelets
about 3?” long, obovoid, pubescent.

Common in dry sandy soil, Maine to Ontario and Cali-
fornia, south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug.

46. Panicum leticothrix Nash. Roughish Panic-
f } grass. Fig. 356.

} W P. leucothrix Nash, Bull. Torr, Club, 24: 41. 1897.

\ Culms 1°-2° tall, densely tufted, erect, appressed
YIN. = papillose-hirsute, finally branched; sheaths similarly
iV \ pubescent but the hairs more spreading; ligule 13”
MW long; blades 17-2’ long, 2-3” wide, lanceolate, erect

or ascending, firm, softly pubescent on the lower sur-
face, ciliate at the base, glabrous on the upper surface;
primary panicle 1’-2’ long, rarely larger or smaller,
broadly ovate, its branches ascending; spikelets a
little over #”” long and about 4 as wide, oval, pubescent
with short-spreading hairs.

In usually dry sandy soil, southern New Jersey to
Florida and Texas. Cuba. June and July.

Panicum Wrightianum Scribn., of the southern states
and Cuba, which differs in still smaller spikelets, is re-
corded from southern New Jersey.

oe ae

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY.

47- Panicum huachiicae Ashe. Hairy Panic-grass.

P. pubescens Nash, in Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. 1: 121. 1896.

Not Lam. 1797.

P. huachucae Ashe, Journ. E, Mitch. Sci, Soc. 15: 51, 1808,
P. huachucae silvicola Hitchc. & Chase, Rhodora, 10: 64.

1908.

Culms at first erect and simple, later profusely
branched and leaning or ascending, papillose-hirsute
with ascending hairs, the nodes barbed; sheaths papil-
lose-hirsute; ligule 2’—2” long; blades copiously pilose
on the upper surface, densely pubescent on the lower,
erect to spreading, firm or lax, those of the culm 2’-3"
long, those of the branches much shorter; primary
panicle 12-4’ long, ovoid, the branches ascending or
spreading; lateral panicles much smaller, not exceeding
the leaves; spikelets about 3?” long, pubescent.

In dry soil, Maine to South Dakota, Florida, Texas and

California, June-Sept. Has been mistaken for P. unci-
phyllum Trin,

153

Fig. 357.

4
ff | 48. Panicum scoparioides Ashe. Stiff Hairy

Panic-grass. Fig. 358.
Wh Panicum scoparioides Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch, Sci. Soc.
i 15: 53. 18098. :
Culms 1°-24° tall, rather slender, pubescent with
ascending hairs, finally branched; sheaths strongly
papillose-hispid with ascending hairs; ligule 1’-14”
# long; blades 27-4’ long, 23’-4” wide, lanceolate,
' ascending, glabrous on the upper surface, the lower
surface more or less pubescent with scattered spread-
ing hairs; panicle barely exserted, 2’-3’ long, its
branches ascending; spikelets a little less than 14”
long and about 4 as wide, elliptic, pubescent.

In dry soil, Vermont to Pennsylvania, Delaware and
Minnesota. July and August.

Panicum languidum Hitch. & Chase, of Maine, Massa-
chusetts and New York, differs from this and related
species by its pointed spikelets.

49. Panicum villosissimum Nash. White-
haired Panic-grass. Fig. 359.

P. villosissimum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 149. 1896.
P. atlanticum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 346. 1897.

Papillose-pilose with long white spreading hairs.
Culms tufted, at length branched, 12’-20’ tall, erect
or ascending, a smooth ring below the nodes which
are barbed with spreading hairs; sheaths shorter
than the internodes; ligule a ring of hairs 1-2)”
long; blades erect or ascending, rigid, thickish,
lanceolate, 14’-4’ long, 2’-33” wide, acuminate,
middle leaves the longest; panicle 14’-3’ long,
14-2?’ wide, the branches and their divisions his-
pidulous; spikelets numerous, obovate to elliptic,
about 17” long, 3” wide, densely pubescent with
short spreading hairs.

Dry soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Florida, Texas
and Missouri. June—Aug.

Panicum pseudopubéscens Nash, differs in nearly ap-
pressed pubescence of the culms and glabrous upper leaf-

surfaces. It ranges from Connecticut to Illinois, Florida
and Mississippi.

GRAMINEAE. Vou. I.

50. Panicum praecocius Hitche. & Chase.
Early-branching Panic-grass. Fig. 360.
P. praecocius Hitch. & Chase, Rhodora, 8: 206. 1906.

Culms 67-18’ tall, slender, branching almost at
once, the secondary panicles appearing before the
primary ones are mature, strongly pubescent with
long weak spreading hairs over 13” long; sheaths
similarly pubescent; ligule 14-2” long; blades
13-3’ long, 2”-33” wide, lanceolate, hirsute with
long hairs on both surfaces, the hairs on the
upper surface erect and over 2” long; primary
panicle 13’-23’ long and about as wide, its
j branches spreading or ascending; spikelets a

little less than 1” long, obovoid, pubescent with
Suey, long weak spreading hairs, the first scale 4 as

Wy long as the spikelet or a little less.

ij

Dry places, Michigan to Texas. June-Aug.

51. Panicum implicatum Scribn. Slender-
stemmed Panic-grass. Fig. 361.

P. implicatum Scribn.; Nash, in Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl.
3: 408. 18098.

Culms tufted, erect, 10-22’ tall, very slender,
more or less pubescent, at length much branched.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, densely papil-
lose-hirsute, at least the lower ones; ligule a ring
of long hairs; blades erect, lanceolate, 4’-2}’ long,
1-3” wide, at least the lower ones papillose-hirsute
on both surfaces, especially beneath; panicle open,
ovate, 1-24’ long, hirsute, its branches widely
spreading; spikelets broadly obovate, obtuse, pur-
plish, about #” long, the outer 3 scales pubescent
with short spreading hairs, the first scale nearly
one-half as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate,
obtuse, 1-nerved, the second and third scales orbic-
ular-oval, 7-nerved.

Dry soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, District of Co-
lumbia and Kentucky.

52. Panicum meridionale Ashe. Matting
Panic-grass. Fig. 362.

Panicum meridionale Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc.
Soc. 15: 59. 1808. m :

Panicum filiculme Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc. 15:
59. 1898. Not Hack. 1895.

Panicum subvillosum Ashe, loc. cit. 16: 86. 1900.

?Panicum albemarlense Ashe, loc. cit. 84. 1900.

Panicum oricola Hitche. & Chase, Rhodora, 8: 208.
1906.

Culms densely tufted, 4’-16’ tall, later much-
branched and often decumbent and forming mats,
hirsute below with ascending or nearly erect hairs,
the upper part of the culm puberulent; sheaths
hirsute with ascending or somewhat spreading hairs;
ligule commonly over 1” long; blades #—3’ long,
1-3” wide, erect or nearly so, lanceolate, the upper
surface with erect hairs over 13” long, or some-
times nearly glabrous, the lower surface appressed-
pubescent with shorter hairs; panicle up to 2’ long,
the axis puberulent or very shortly pilose, the
branches spreading or ascending; spikelets from a
little less than 3” to nearly 1” long, pubescent.

Sandy places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia and
Missouri. June and July.

~y ia? *

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY. 155

53. Panicum Owenae Bicknell. Mrs. Owen's
Panic-grass. Fig. 363.

Panicum Owenae Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 35: 185.
1908.

Culms tufted, erect or ascending, 61° tall, villous-
puberulent below, later branched, the branches crowded
at the base; leaves 2 or 3; sheaths puberulent and often
pilose; ligule a ring of hairs 4” long or less; blades on
the culm erect, up to 3-4’ long, 13” wide or less, gla-
brous above, appressed-pubescent beneath, the basal
blades shorter and broader; panicle up to 23’ long,
the axis and the ascending or nearly erect branches

puberulent; spikelets nearly 1” long, oval, densely
pubescent with spreading hairs.

Sandy places, Nantucket, Mass. June—Sept.

Fe |i. 54. Panicum tennesseénse Ashe. Tennessee
Si Hiy g Panic-grass. Fig. 364.
WY P. tennesseense Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc. ie
52. 1898.
Culms tufted, 1o’-2° tall, slender, ascending, papil-
% lose-hirsute with long spreading hairs, finally much-
branched and prostrate and forming broad mats;
ty sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long spread-
y ing hairs; ligule 2” long or more; blades 14’-4’ long,
j 24-5” wide, the upper surface glabrous or with a
» few long scattered hairs at the base, the lower sur-
face densely and softly pubescent, the blades on the
branches much shorter and spreading; panicle 14’—4’
long, ovate, its branches ascending; spikelets 4”
long or a little more, about 4 as wide, elliptic or
obovoid, strongly pubescent with long spreading
hairs.
In moist ground or in woods, Maine to Minnesota,
south to Georgia and Texas. July and Aug.

55. Panicum lanuginodsum Ell. Woolly
Panic-grass. Fig. 365.

P. lanuginosum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 123. 1817.
Panicum auburne Ashe, Bull N. C. Exp. Sta. 175:

115. 1900.

Culms, sheaths and leaves villous with spread-
ing hairs, those on the leaves and the upper part
of the culm shorter. Culms leafy, tufted, 1°-23°
tall, erect, at length branched, a smooth ring
below each barbed node; sheaths shorter than
the internodes; ligule a ring of long hairs; blades
erect, lanceolate, acuminate, 14’-5’ long, 2”-43”
broad; panicle ovate, 14’-4’ long, the axis pubes-
cent, the branches ascending, the larger 1-2’ long;
spikelets numerous, broadly obovate, from a little
less than 7” to nearly 1” long, the first scale
orbicular, glabrous or pubescent, 1I-nerved, the
second and third scales nearly orbicular when
spread out, 7-9-nerved, densely pubescent with
spreading hairs.

Dry sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida,
Louisiana and Texas. July and Aug.

GRAMINEAE. Vor. 1.

56. Panicum Addisonii Nash. Low Stiff
Panic-grass. Fig. 366.
P. Addisonii Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 83. 1808.

,

Culms 10-15’ tall, rigid, tufted, erect or decum-
bent at the base, at length much branched, the
branches erect, pubescent below with long nearly
appressed hairs which decrease in length toward
the summit where they are very short. Sheaths
often longer than the internodes, appressed-pubes-
cent, at least the lower ones; ligule a ring of hairs;
blades erect, lanceolate, thickish, smooth and gla-
brous on both surfaces, rough on the margins,
acuminate, 17-3’ long, 13”-3” wide; panicle ovate
to oblong, #23’ long, its branches spreading or
ascending; spikelets obovate, 1” long, the first scale
acute or acutish, about one-half as long as the
spikelet, I-nerved, pubescent, second and third scales
o-11-nerved, densely pubescent with spreading hairs.

Sandy soil, Massachusetts to South Carolina. May-
June.

57- Panicum Commonsianum Ashe. Com-
mons’ Panic-grass. Fig. 367.

P. Commonsianum Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc.
15: 55. 1808.

Culms tufted, 12-20’ tall, pubescent below with
long nearly appressed hairs, the upper portion gla-
brous or puberulent, finally branched, the nodes
barbed with spreading hairs; sheaths, at least the
lower ones, pubescent with long often appressed
hairs; ligule 4” long or more; blades 14-4’ long,
ae wide, erect, lanceolate, appressed- pubescent
on the lower surface with stiff hairs, the upper sur-
face glabrous or with some long spreading hairs
toward the base; panicle 13’-3’ long, ovate, its
branches spreading or ascending; spikelets 14” to a
little less than 3” long and 4 as broad, obovoid,
pubescent with spreading hairs, the first scale about
2 as long as the spikelet.

In dry sandy soil near the coast, Connecticut to
North Carolina and Florida. June and July.

58. Panicum columbianum Scribn. Amer-
ican Panic-grass. Fig. 368.

Panicum columns Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.

Div. Agrost. 1897
P. psammophilum Gach Bull. Torrey Club, 26: 576.

1899.

P3 Hs Oe var. thinium Hitche. & Chase, Rhodora,

Io: 64. 1908.

Culms tufted, erect, softly pubescent, 82° tall, at
length dichotomously branched, the branches erect.
Lower sheaths pubescent, the upper glabrous, the
primary one-half as long as the internodes; ligule
a ring of short hairs; blades lanceolate, erect, thick-
ish and firm, glabrous above, the lower ones more
or less pubescent beneath, the primary 14’-23’ long,
2”-3” wide, those on the branches smaller; panicle
small, ovate, 17-13’ long, its branches ascending;
spikelets broadly obovate, a little more than }”
long, the outer 3 scales densely pubescent with
spreading hairs, the first scale about one-half as
long as the spikelet, 1-nerved, the second and third
scales 7-nerved.

Fields and open woods, Maine to Virginia, Tennessee
and Alabama. June—Sept.

i

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY.

59. Panicum tsugetorum Nash. Hemlock Panic-
grass. Fig. 369.
P. tsugetorum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 86. 1898.

Culms and sheaths pubescent with short appressed
or ascending hairs intermixed toward the base with
longer ones. Culms tufted, 14° or less tall, somewhat
slender, at length much branched and decumbent or
prostrate; sheath shorter than the internodes; ligule
a ring of hairs about 4” long; blades erect or ascend-
ing, firm, lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, minutely appressed-
pubescent beneath, smooth and glabrous above, or the
upper primary leaves sometimes with a few long erect
hairs, the primary leaves 14’-3’ long, 23-4” wide, those
on the branches smaller and partly concealing the
small panicles; primary panicles broadly ovate, 14’-24’
long, the branches spreading-ascending; spikelets
broadly obovate, about %’ long, the outer 3 scales
pubescent, with short spreading hairs.

Dry soil in woods, Maine to Virginia, Illinois and Ten-

nessee,

60. Panicum Nashianum Scribn. Nash’s
Panic-grass. Fig. 370.

Panicum Nashianum Scribn. Bull, U. S. Dept. Agric.
Div. Agrost. 7: 79. 1897.
P. patulum Hitche. Rhodora, 8: 209. 1906.

Culms tufted, glabrous or puberulent, slender,
6’-15’ tall, at length much branched. Sheaths
glabrous, or the lower pubescent, the primary
about one-third as long as the internodes, those
on the branches overlapping; ligule a short sca-
rious ring; blades erect or ascending, lanceo-
late, acuminate, smooth and glabrous, ciliate, at
least at the base, #2’ long, 1-23” wide, the
leaves of the branches smaller; primary panicle
1-2’ long, the branches widely spreading; spike-
lets about 1” long, obovate, the first scale 1-nerved,
the second and third scales 7-nerved, densely
pubescent with short spreading hairs.

Pine lands, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi;

61. Panicum Liebérgii (Vasey) Scribn. Lie-
berg’s Panic-grass. lig. 371.

Panicum scoparium Lam. var. Liebergii Vasey, Bull. U.
Dept. Agric. Div. Bot. 8: 32. 1880.
Be tberet Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Agrost. 8:
. 18809.

Culms erect, slender, glabrous, roughish, espe- 4}
cially near the nodes, 1°-2° tall, at length branched.
Sheaths papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs, usu-
ally longer than the internodes; ligule a short sca-
rious ciliolate ring; blades erect or ascending, lan-
ceolate, 2-4’ long, 3-6” wide, acuminate at the
apex, rounded at the partly clasping base, papillose-
hispid beneath and sometimes sparingly so on the
rough upper surface; panicle oblong, 2-4’ long, its
branches erect or ascending; spikelets 14-2” long,
oval, the outer three scales papillose-hirsute with
long spreading hairs, the first scale about one-half
as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute, I-3-nerved, the
second and third scales broadly oval when spread
out, 7-9-nerved.

Dry soil, western New York to Manitoba and Kansas,
June-July.

also in the West Indies.

155

63. Panicum oligosanthes Schult. Few-
flowered Panic-grass.

P. paucifiorum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 120. 1817.
Not R. Br. 1810.
P. oligosanthes Schult. Mant. 2:

Culms tufted, erect, 1°-24° tall, villous, finally
branched; sheaths,
branches, papillose-hispid, ciliate on the margin;
blades erect or ascending,
lanceolate to linear, softly and densely pubescent
on the lower surface, the upper surface glabrous
or with a few long hairs near the base; primary
panicle 2’-4’ long, its branches ascending; spike-
lets 12-2” long and about :

bescent.

In dry soil, New Jersey to Florida, Illinois and
Texas. June-—Sept.

lw

Bigs 373.

256. 1824.

those on the

g, 23-5” wide,

as wide, oval, pu-

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

62. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. Scribner’s
Panic-grass. Fig. 372.
Panicum scoparium S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 632.
1890. Not Lam. 1797.
P, pauciflorum A. Gray, Man. 613. 1848. Not Ell. 1817.
P. Scribnerianum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 421. 1895.
Culms erect, 62° tall, simple or late in the season
dichotomously branched above, sparingly pubescent.
Sheaths strongly papillose-hispid; sometimes glabrate;
blades 2-4’ long, 3-6” wide, rounded or truncate at
base, acuminate, more or less spreading, smooth above,
scabrous beneath; panicles small, the primary one ex-
serted, ovoid, 13-3’ long, the secondary ones much
smaller and more or less included; branches of the
primary panicle spreading, 8-13’ long, often flexuous;
spikelets turgid, obovoid, a little over 13” long.
In dry or moist soil, Maine to British Columbia, south
to Virginia, Texas and Arizona. June—Aug.

Panicum Hélleri Nash, of the south-central states, dif-
fers in being glabrous or nearly so, and with smaller spike-
lets. It is recorded from Missouri.

°

64. Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. Slender
Panic-grass. Fig. 374.

P. xanthophysum A, Gray, Ann. Lyc, N. Y. 3: 233. 1835.
P. calliphyllum Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc. 15: 31.
1808.

Plant light green, becoming yellowish in drying.
Culms erect, 1°-2° tall, simple. Sheaths sparingly
papillose-pubescent; ligule very short; blades 3-6’ long,
}’-}’ wide, rounded at base, long-acuminate, erect,
smooth and glabrous; panicle long-exserted, linear,

-14’-4’ long, its branches appressed, rarely somewhat

ascending; spikelets few, 14”-2” long, obovoid, pubes-
cent or rarely glabrous, first scale about one-half as
long as the nearly equal obtuse second and third; fourth
scale indurated and shining, elliptic or oval.

Dry soil, Quebec to Manitoba and Pennsylvania. June-
Aug.

-

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY. 159

65. Panicum Wilcoxianum Vasey. Wilcox’s
Panic-grass. Fig. 375.

Panicum Wilcoxianum Vasey, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.
Bot. Div. 8: 32. 1889.

Culms erect, 610’ tall, sparingly pubescent. Sheaths
papillose-hispid; ligule a ring of hairs; blades 14’-3’
long, less than 2” wide, long-acuminate, strongly pu-
bescent with long hairs; panicle about 14’ long, about
one-half as wide, oblong to ovoid, compact; branches
less than 1’ long, ascending, flexuous; spikelets 14’-13”
long, ellipsoid; first scale about one-quarter as long as
the spikelet; second and third scales about equal, pu-
bescent; fourth scale about as long as the third, obtuse.

In dry soil, North Dakota to Manitoba, Iowa and Kan-
sas. July-Aug.

66. Panicum Ravenélii Scribn. & Merr.
Ravenel’s Panic-grass. Fig. 376.
P. scoparium Chapm, FI. S. St. 575. 1860. Not Lam.
1797-

P. Ravenelii Scribn. & Merr. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.
Agrost. 24: 36. 1900.

Culms tufted, erect, 16’—2° tall, finally branched,
papillose-hispid below with spreading or ascending
hairs, the pubescence above softer; sheaths densely
papillose-hirsute with ascending hairs; blades 3-5’
long, 5-10" wide, cordate at the clasping base,
broadly lanceolate, erect or ascending, glabrous on
the upper surface, densely and softly pubescent on
the lower surface; panicle 3-5’ long, its branches
ascending; spikelets about 2” long and nearly 4 as
wide, obovoid, pubescent with rather weak hairs.

In woods, Maryland to Missouri, Florida and Texas.
May-July.

67. Panicum scoparium Lam. Velvety Panic-grass. Fig. 377.

Panicum scoparium Lam, Encycl. 4: 744. 1797+ “
P, pubescens Lam. Encycl. 4: 748. 1797.
P. viscidum Ell, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 123. pl. 7. f. 3- 1817.

Culms erect, 2°-4° tall, simple or at length much
branched above, villous. Sheaths shorter than the
internodes, villous; blades generally narrowed, some-
times rounded or truncate at base, softly pubescent,
those of the culm 4’-7’ long, 5-8” wide, distant, those
of the branches 1-24’ long, 2”-5” wide, crowded;
primary panicle 3-6’ long, ovoid, branches ascending;
secondary panicles much smaller, not exceeding the
leaves; spikelets ovoid to oval, about 14” long, pu-
bescent; first scale broadly ovate, about one-fourth as
long as the spikelet; second and third scales nearly
orbicular, 9-nerved, pubescent, the fourth oval, apicu-
late, 1” long.

Moist soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Florida, Oklahoma and Texas. Cuba. June-Aug.

69. Panicum scabritsculum Ell.
Panic-grass.
P. scabriusculum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 121, 1817.

roughened, glabrous or

Fig. 379.

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

68. Panicum malacophyllum Nash. Soft-

leaved Panic-grass. Fig. 378.
P. malacophyllum Nash, Bull, Torr. Club, 24: 198. 1897.

Culms 1°-2° tall, slender, finally somewhat
branched above, papillose-hirsute with long spread-
ing hairs, the nodes densely barbed; sheaths papillose-
hirsute with long spreading hairs; blades 2’-4’ long,
23”-6” wide, lanceolate, ascending, softly pubescent
on both surfaces; panicle up to 23’ long, its axis and
spreading branches densely hirsute with spreading
hairs; spikelets 14’—-14” long, broadly oval or obo-
void, densely hirsute with long spreading hairs.

In sandy woods, Missouri to Texas; also in Ten-
nessee. May-July.

Tall Swamp

minutely pubescent, finally branched; sheaths nearly
glabrous or papillose-hispid; ligule very short;
blades 4’-8’ long, 4-6” wide, ascending or spread-
ing, sometimes reflexed, linear-lanceolate, glabrous;
panicle 4’-8’ long, its branches spreading or ascend-
ing; spikelets lanceolate, glabrous or minutely pu-
bescent, strongly nerved, acute, about 14” long and
3” wide, ovate to ovate-lanceolate.

In swampy places and ponds, Maryland to West °
Virginia, Florida and Texas. May—Aug.

Panicum cryptanthum Ashe, differs by its smaller
size, glabrous sheaths, and unbranched culms, and occurs
from New Jersey to Florida and Texas.

7o. Panicum aculeatum Hitche. & Chase.

Tall Rough Panic-grass. Fig. 380.
P. aculeatum Hitche. & Chase, Rhodora, 8: 209. 1906,

Culms 3°-4° tall, tufted, rough, sometimes hispid
below; sheaths papillose-hispid, or the upper ones
glabrous; ligule a mere ring; blades 4-8’ long,
4-7" wide, linear, elongated, stiff, ascending or
erect, usually rough; panicle 3-5’ long, nearly as
wide, its branches spreading or ascending; spikelets
14” long, elliptic, glabrous or nearly so, the first
scale 4-4 as long as the spikelet, the second and third
scales neither so prominently nor so sharply nerved
as in the above species.

In swampy woods, New York to District of Columbia
and North Carolina. July.

GENUS 17. GRASS FAMILY. 161

7x. Panicum Ashei Pearson. Ashe’s Panic-
grass. Fig. 381.

P. Ashei Pearson, Journ. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc. 15: 35.

1898.

Culms tufted, 8-16’ tall, erect, usually sparingly
branched, rarely much-branched and prostrate, pu-
berulent; sheaths puberulent, usually less than 4 as
long as the internodes, ciliate on the margin; blades
2’-3' long, rarely longer, 3-5’ wide, occasionally
broader, somewhat cordate at the base, erect or
ascending, sometimes spreading, lanceolate, sparsely
ciliate at the base with long hairs; panicle 2’-3’ long,
its branches ascending; spikelets about 14” long and
3” wide, elliptic, obtuse, pubescent with rather long
weak hairs.

In dry woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, south to
Florida, Mississippi and Missouri. May—Aug.

72. Panicum commutatum Schultes. Variable
Panic-grass. Fig. 382.
P. nervosum Muhl. Gram. 116. 1817? Not Lam. 1797.
Panicum commutatum Schultes, Mant. 2: 242. 1824.
Culms erect, 16’-23° tall, rather slender, glabrous,
puberulent at the nodes, simple, finally dichotomously
branched above. Sheaths ciliate on the margin, and
pubescent at the apex, otherwise glabrous; blades
spreading or ascending, cordate and clasping at the
base, 2’-5’ long, 4’-1’ wide, ciliate at the base, glabrous
or puberulent, those of the branches generally broader
and more crowded than those of the main stem; panicle
2’-5’ long, lax, the branches spreading; spikelets 14” to
nearly 14” long, elliptic; second and third scales equal,
7-nerved, pubescent; fourth scale oval, obtuse, apiculate,
about 1” long.

In dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Missouri,
Florida and Texas. June—Aug.

Panicum Joorii Vasey, of the southeastern states and
Mexico, differs by decumbent culms, leaves scarcely cor-
date and unsymmetrical, ranges north to Virginia.

73. Panicum mutabile Scribn. & Sm. Tall
Fringed Panic-grass. Fig. 383.

-P. mutabile Scribn, & Sm.; Nash, in Small, Fl. SE.
S. 103. 1907.

Culms tufted, 163° tall, glabrous or minutely |):
puberulent below; sheaths glabrous, excepting the %
ciliate margin; blades 24’-5’ long, 10-20” wide,
horizontally spreading, conspicuously ciliate, espe-
cially the broader ones at the base, glabrous on the
surfaces; panicle 3’-6’ long and nearly as wide;
spikelets about 14” long, elliptic, pubescent, the first
scale 4-4 as long as the spikelet.

In sandy soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida and
Mississippi. June and July.

It

162 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

74. Panicum latifolium L. Broad-leaved
Panic-grass. Fig. 384.
P. latifolium L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753.
Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte; Torr. Cat. 91. 1819.

°

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple, later somewhat
branched above, smooth; the nodes, at least the
upper ones, naked. Sheaths smooth and glabrous,
excepting the pubescent ring at the apex and the
ciliate margin; blades 3-7’ long, 9-12’ wide,
cordate-clasping at base, acuminate, smooth and gla-
brous or nearly so on both surfaces, ciliate; panicle
3-6’ long, generally long-exserted, rarely included,
its branches with few spikelets and more or less
ascending; spikelets 14-2” long, turgid, oval to
obovoid; second and third scales broadly oval, ob-
tuse, 9g-nerved, pubescent, the fourth oval, rather
acute, 13” long.

= 7
In woods, Maine to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Kansas, July—Aug.

ms Panicum Béscii Poir. Bosc’s Panic-grass. Fig. 385.
Q

P. Boscii Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 278. 1816.

P. latifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 73. 1788. Not L. 1753.

Panicum Walteri Poir. in Lam. Encycl, Suppl. 4: 282. 1816.
Not Pursh, 1814.

P. Porterianum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 420. 1895.

P. pubifolium Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 26: 577. 1899.

Culms erect, 1°-23° tall, simple, later somewhat dicho-'Qq
tomously branched above, the nodes densely barbed.
Sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent; blades ovate to
broadly lanceolate, 2’-5’ long, #’-13’ wide, cordate-clasping
at base, acute, glabrous or softly pubescent; panicle in-
cluded or somewhat exserted, 23-4’ long; branches spread-
ing or ascending, bearing few elliptic short-pedicelled
appressed spikelets 2’—23” long; first scale one-third to
one-half as long as the pubescent and equal second and
third ones; fourth scale about as long as the third.

In woods, Massachusetts to Missouri, Oklahoma, Florida and
Texas. June—Aug.

76. Panicum clandestinum L. Corn Grass. Deer-tongue Grass. Fig. 386.

Panicum clandestinum L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753.
Panicum pedunculatum Torr. Fl. U. S. 141. 1824.
EER Te decoloratum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 26: 570.

1899.

Culms erect or ascending, 14°-4° tall, rather stout,
simple at first, much branched later in the season.
Sheaths longer than the internodes, much crowded
on the branches, papillose-hispid, especially the
upper ones; blades 2’-8’ long, 4-13’ wide, cordate-
clasping at base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous,
the margins ciliate at base; primary panicle some-
times long-exserted, 3’-5’ long, its branches ascend-
ing; panicles of the branches included in the sheaths,
rarely slightly exserted; spikelets 1-13” long, pu-
bescent, elliptic; first scale about one-third as long
as the spikelet; second and third oval, acutish,
g-nerved, the fourth oval, obtuse, apiculate, whitish,
shining.

In thickets and moist places, Maine to Kansas, south
to Florida and Texas. June-July.

when mature. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, the first scale small, the second one much
larger than the rest, many-nerved, strongly saccate at the base, the fourth scale much
shorter than the third, chartaceous, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, in reference to the
large saccate scale of the spikelet.]

Species 6 or 7, in both the Old World and the New. Type species: Panicum gibbum Ell.
1. Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash. Gibbous Panic-
grass. Fig. 387.

Holcus striatus L. Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753.
Panicum striatum Lam, Ill. 1: 172. 1791.
Panicum gibbum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 116. 1817.
Sacciolepis gibba Nash, in Britt. Man. 89. 1Igo1.
S. striata Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 30: 383. 1903.

Culms erect from a creeping base, 2°-6° tall, dicho-
tomously branched below. Lower sheaths densely hirsute,
the upper generally glabrous; blades 37-7’ long, 2’-10
wide, usually spreading, more of less pubescent; panicle
3-9’ long, dense and contracted; branches 4-1’ long,
erect; spikelets 13’—2” long, elliptic, somewhat acute; first
scale about one-quarter as long as the spikelet; second

. scale gibbous at base, 11-nerved; third scale about equalling

Genus 18. GRASS FAMILY. 163
18. SACCIOLEPIS Nash, in Britt. Man. 89. Igor.

Perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades and terminal contracted panicles. Spikelets

numerous, I-flowered, articulated to the pedicels below the empty scales, readily deciduous

the second, 7-nerved, empty, the fourth one shorter than
the second.

Swamps, New Jersey to Oklahoma, south to Florida and
Texas. Also in the West Indies. July—Sept.

19. STEINCHISMA Raf. in Bull. Bot. Seringe 220. 1830.

Perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaf-blades, and loose open panicles. Spikelets
1-flowered, articulated to the pedicels below the empty scales, the outer 3 scales mem-
branous, the first scale short, the second about as long as the spikelet, the third scale bearing
in its axil a much enlarged and inflated papery palet which exceeds in length the fourth
scale, the fourth scale indurated in fruit and enclosing a palet of similar texture and a
perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles long, united only at the base. Stigmas plumose.
{Derivation unknown.]

Species 2. Type species: Panicum hians Ell.

1. Steinchisma hians (Ell.) Nash. Gaping Panic-
grass. Fig. 388.

S. hians Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 105. 1903.

Panicum hians Ell, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 118. 1817.

Glabrous, culms erect, 1°-24° tall, generally simple, some-
times creeping at base, smooth. Blades 3-5’ long, 1-3”
wide, acuminate, generally erect; panicle 3’-8’ long;
branches few, generally spreading, the longer ones often
drooping, the lower naked below the middle; spikelets
about 1” long; fourth scale exceeded by the third and its
usually empty palet which is much enlarged, generally forc-
ing the spikelet wide open.
$ In moist ground, North Carolina to Missouri and Okla-
homa, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.—Sept.

20. AMPHICARPON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 175. 1818.

Erect perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and spikelets of two kinds; one kind borne
in terminal panicles, deciduous without perfecting fruit; the other solitary, terminating sub-
terranean peduncles, and maturing seed. Scales 3, membranous, the innermost subtending

164 GRAMINEAE, Vou. I.

a palet and a perfect flower; the scales of the subterranean spikelets become indurated and
enclose the grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, from the two kinds of spikelets.]

Species 2, one of them restricted to Florida. Type species: Milium Amphicarpon Pursh.

x : os
} y 1. Amphicarpon Amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash.
f Pursh’s Amphicarpon. Fig. 389.
M, Amphicarpon Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 62. pl. 2. 1814.
Milium ciliatum Muhl. Gram. 77. 1817.

Amphicarpum Purshii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 28. 1829.
A, Amphicarpon Nash, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 352. 1894.

Culms erect, 12-18’ tall, slender, glabrous. Sheaths
papillose-hirsute; ligule pilose; blades 16’ long, 2”-6”
wide, erect, acuminate, hirsute and ciliate; panicle
linear, 4-6’ long, branches 3-4, erect, bearing few
spikelets; spikelets about 2” long, elliptic; outer scales
| 5-nerved, membranous, glabrous; subterranean spikelets
: ==-W\_S ovoid in fruit, about 3” long, acute, the scales all be-
coming much indurated.

In moist pine barrens, New Jersey; also in Florida (ac-
cording to Chapman). Aug.—Sept.

| = 21. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Bull. U. S.
\ Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4: 38. 1897.
[Serarta Beauv. Agrost. 113. 1812. Not Ach. 1708.]

Mostly annual grasses with erect culms, flat leaf-blades, the inflorescence in spike-like
panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, or rarely with a second staminate flower, the basal bristles
single or in clusters below the articulation of the rachilla, and therefore persistent. Scales
of the spikelet 4, the three outer membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely
a staminate flower; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, often becoming indurated in fruit,
subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elon-
gated. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, bristly-grass.]

Species about 35, in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Setaria longiseta Beauv.

Bristles downwardly barbed. 1. C. verticillata.
Bristles upwardly barbed.

Inflorescence racemose; second scale shorter than the spikelet ; bristles 5-16, involucrate.
Annual; spikelets exceeding 114” long; bristles yellowish brown. 2. C. glauca.
Perennial; spikelets 114” long or less; bristles green, yellowish, or purple. 3: C. imberbis.

Inflorescence paniculate; second scale as long as the spikelet; bristles 1-3, not involucrate.
Fruiting scales dull, faintly rugose, obtuse, rather thin.

Inflorescence 1-31’ long, 4’ thick or less; spikelets about 1” long; bristles green.
4. C. viridis.
Inflorescence 4'-9’ long, %4'-2' thick; spikelets about 114” long; bristles usually purple.
gs. C. ttalica:
Fruiting scales shining, perfectly smooth, very acute, hard, 6. C. magna.

1. Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn. Fox-
tail-grass. Fig. 390.

Panicum verticillatum L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 82. 1762.

Setaria verticillata Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812.

Chamaeraphis verticillata Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 196.
1893.

Ixophorus verticillatus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 422.
1895.

C. verticillata Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4: 309.
1897.

Culms erect or decumbent, 1°-2° tall, more or less
branched. Sheaths glabrous; blades 2’-8’ long, 3/3’
wide, scabrous above; spikes 2’-3’ long; spikelets about
1” long, equalled or exceeded by the downwardly barbed
bristles; first scale less than one-half as long as the
spikelet, I-nerved; second and third scales 5-7-nerved,
equalling the oval fourth one; palet of third scale
empty.

About dwellings and in waste places, Nova Scotia and
Ontario to New Jersey, Missouri and Nebraska. Natural-
ized from Europe. Bristly or Brown Foxtail; Rough
Bristle-grass. July—Sept.

GENUS 21. GRASS FAMILY. 165

2. Chaetochloa glatica (L.) Scribn. Yellow Foxtail. Pigeon-grass. Fig. 391.

Panicum glaucum L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.
Setaria glauca Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812,
Chamaeraphis glauca Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 767. 1891.
Ixophorus glaucus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 423. 1895.
Chaetochloa glauca Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost,

4: 39. 1897.

Culms erect or sometimes decumbent, 1°-4° tall,
more or less branched. Sheaths glabrous; blades
2'-6’ long, 2”-4” wide; spikes 1-4’ long; spikelets
12’-13” long, oval, much shorter than the up-
wardly barbed yellowish brown bristles; first scale
I-3-nerved, somewhat shorter than the 5-nerved
second one; third scale 5-nerved, equalling the
fourth which is coarsely transversely rugose, very
convex, V-shaped in cross-section, about twice as
long as the second; palet of third scale usually
empty.

In waste places and cultivated grounds, throughout
North America except the extreme north. Often a
troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. Yellow
or Glaucous Bristly Foxtail. July—Sept.

soot So

Kise a

eae
Sey

ro
==

3. Chaetochloa imbérbis (Poir.) Scribn. Per-
ennial Foxtail-grass. Fig. 392.
Panicum imberbe Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 272.

1816.
C. imberbis Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4: 39.
1897.
C. versicolor Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 105. 1808.
C. occidentalis Nash, in Britt. Man. 90. 1901.

Culms single or somewhat tufted, from a branch-
ing rootstock, 1°-3° tall; leaf-sheaths glabrous, com-
pressed, keeled; blades up to 1° long and 4” wide,
glabrous, or nearly so; inflorescence 1-3’ long,
7-10" wide, the bristles 4-6” long; spikelets
13’-14” long, the first scale about 4 as long as the
spikelet, 3-nerved, the second scale 3-5-nerved, the
third scale 5-nerved, the fourth scale strongly trans-
verse-rugose, elliptic, often purple-tipped.

In moist or saline soil, Massachusetts to Kansas, south

to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America, and in
the Bahamas,

4. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. Green Foxtail-grass. Fig. 393.

Panicum viride L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 83. 1762.

Setaria viridis Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812.

Chamaeraphis viridis Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 196.
1893.

Ixophorus viridis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 423. 1895.

Chaetochloa viridis Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost.

4: 39. 1807.

Culms erect or ascending, 1°-3° tall, simple or.
branched. Sheaths glabrous; blades 3-10’ long, 2”-6”
wide, usually scabrous above; spikes 1-4’ long; spike-
lets about 1” long, elliptic, much shorter than the greenS
or sometimes yellowish, upwardly barbed bristles; first
scale less than one-half as long as the spikelet,
I-3-nerved; second and third scales 5-nerved; fourth
scale finely and faintly transversely rugose, or pitted,
striate, only moderately convex, equalling or slightly
exceeding the second; palet of third scale usually empty.

In waste places and cultivated grounds, throughout North
America except the extreme north, and often a trouble-

some weed. Naturalized from Europe. Green Bottle-grass,
Wild Millet, Pigeon-grass. July—Sept.

166 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

5. Chaetochloa italica (L.) Scribn. Italian Millet.
Hungarian Grass. Fig. 394.

Panicum italicum L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.
Setaria italica R. & S. Syst. 2: 493. 1817.
Chamaeraphis italica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 768. 1891.
Ixophorus italicus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 423. 1895.
C. italica Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4: 39. 1897.
Culms erect, 2°-5° tall. Sheaths smooth or scabrous;
blades 6’-1° or more in length, 4’-13’ wide, generally sca-
brous; spikes 4’-0’ long, 4’-2’ thick, usually very compound;
spikelets about 13” long, elliptic, equalled or exceeded by
the upwardly barbed generally purplish bristles; first scale
less than one-half as long as the spikelet, 1-3-nerved;
second and third 5-7-nerved; fourth scale equalling or
somewhat exceeding the second, finely and faintly trans-
verse-rugose, or pitted, striate, only moderately convex;
palet of third scale minute or wanting.

In waste places, escaped from cultivation, Quebec to Minne-
sota, south to Florida and Texas. Native of the Old World.
German or hungarian millet. Golden or cat-tail millet. July—Sept.

6. Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.) Scribn.
Giant Foxtail-grass. Fig. 395.

Setaria magna Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 554. 1864.

C. magna Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4:
39. 1807.

Culms 4°-16° tall, stout; sheaths densely hirsute
on the margins, otherwise glabrous; blades up to
3° long, 1-2’ wide, very rough on both surfaces;
panicles. 82° long, 17-23’ thick, nodding above;
spikelets 1” long, the first scale about 3 as long
as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the second scale as long
as the spikelet, 7-nerved, the fourth scale oval,
very acute, smooth and shining.

In swamps, Delaware and Virginia to Florida and
Texas; also in Cuba. July and Aug.

22. CENCHRUS L. Sp. Pl. 1049. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses with usually flat leaves. Inflorescence in spikes. Spikelets
subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with them at maturity. Scales 4; the
first hyaline; the second and third membranous, the latter sometimes having a palet and
staminate flower in its axil; the fourth chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar structure
which encloses a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles united below. Stigmas plumose. Grain
free, enclosed in the scales. [Ancient Greek name for some grass, probably millet.]

About 20 species, in tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Cenchrus echinatus L.
Body of the involucre 3’—4” broad, pubescent with very long hairs, the spines commonly 2%”—4” long.
1. C. tribuloides.
Body of the involucre rarely exceeding 2%” broad, pubescent, the spines 114”—2” long.
2. C. carolinianus.

|

GENUS 22. GRASS FAMILY. 167

1. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Bur-grass.
Hedgehog-grass. Fig. 396.
Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753.
C. macrocephalus Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost.

17: 110. 1899.

Culms at first erect, up to 1° tall, later elongated,
trailing and much-branched; sheaths glabrous, ex-
cepting the ciliate margin, compressed, very loose,
the upper one often partly enclosing the inflores-
cence; blades flat or complanate, smooth and gla-
brous, 4’ long or less, 2’—4’’ wide; spikes stout, 1’-2’
long; involucres 5-12, the body 3-4” broad, pubes-
cent with very long hairs, the spines usually 24-4”
long; spikelets 3-33” long, not exserted beyond
the involucre.

In sands along the coast, Long Island and New Jersey
to Florida and Mississippi. Bear-grass, Sand-spur,
Sand-bur. Aug. and Sept.

2. Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Small Bur-
grass. Fig. 397.
Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Fl. Car. 79. 1788.

Culms at first erect, later prostrate and forming mats,
8’-2° long or more, branched; sheaths glabrous, except-
ing the ciliate margin, compressed; blades 24-5’ long,
2”-4” wide, smooth or rough, usually flat; spikes 1’-3'
long; involucres 6-20, the body rarely exceeding 23”
broad, pubescent with relatively short hairs, the spines
13”-2” long; spikelets 3’-33” long, usually not ex-
serted beyond the involucre.

In dry sandy places, Maine to Wisconsin and California,
south to Florida and Mexico; also in the Bahamas and
tropical America. Figured for C. tribuloides L. in our first
edition. June-Sept.

23. ZIZANIOPSIS Doell & Aschers. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: Part 2, 12. 1871.

Tall aquatic monoecious grasses, with long flat leaf-blades and paniculate inflorescence.
Spikelets 1-flowered, the staminate borne at the top of the branches, the pistillate at the
base. Scales 2, nearly equal, membranous, the outer one in the pistillate spikelets broad,
acute and bearing an awn. Stamens 6. Styles united. d
Grain nearly globose, the pericarp readily separable.
[Name in allusion to the resemblance of this grass
to Zizania.]

A monotypic genus, of temperate and tropical America,
Type species: Zizania miliacea Michx.

1. Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell &
Aschers. Zizaniopsis. Fig. 398.
Zizania miliacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 74. 1803.
Z. miliacea Doell & Aschers.; Baill. Hist. Pl. 12: 293.

1893.

Culms 4°-15° tall from a long and creeping root-
stock, robust, glabrous. Sheaths loose, glabrous ;
ligule 4”-7” long, thin-membranous; blades 1° long
or more, 4’-1’ wide, smooth, glabrous; panicle dense,
1°-14° long, narrow; branches erect; staminate
spikelets 3’-4” long, the outer scale 5-nerved, the
inner 3-nerved, both acute; pistillate spikelets about
3” long, the outer scale about equalling the inner,
bearing an awn 1-3” long, scabrous, 5-nerved;
inner scale 3-nerved, acute.

Swamps, Virginia to Ohio (according to Riddell),
south to Florida and Texas. June-July.

168 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

24. ZIZANIA L. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753.

A tall aquatic monoecious grass with long flat leaf-blades and an ample panicle. Spikelets
1-flowered, the pistillate borne on the upper branches of the panicle, the staminate on the
lower. Scales 2, membranous, the outer somewhat longer, acute in the staminate, long-
awned in the pistillate spikelets. Stamens 6. Styles nearly distinct. Grain linear. [From
an ancient Greek name for Darnel.]

A monotypic genus of North America and Asia. Type species: Zizania aquatica L.

1. Zizania aquatica L. Wild Rice. Indian
Rice. Water Oats. Fig. 399.

Zizania aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753.
Zizania palustris L. Mant. 295. 1771.

Culms erect from an annual root, 3°-10° tall,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, glabrous;
ligule about 4’ long, thin-membranous; blades 1° or
more long, 34-13’ wide, more or less roughened,
especially above, glabrous; panicle 1°-2° long, the
upper branches erect, the lower ascending or spread-
ing; staminate spikelets 3-6” long, scales acute or
awn-pointed, outer 5-nerved, the inner 3-nerved;
scales of the linear pistillate spikelets 4-12” long,
the outer one 5-nerved, with an awn 17-2’ long, the

inner narrower, 3-nerved, awn-pointed.

In swamps, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to
Florida and Texas. Canada-rice. Water-rice. June—
Oct.

25. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg, in Soc. Phys.-med. Basil, Act. Helv. 4:
307. 1760.
[Leersta Soland.; Sw. Prod. 21. 1788. Not Hedw. 1782.]

Marsh grasses with flat narrow generally rough leaf-blades, and paniculate inflorescence.
Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, strongly flattened laterally, and usually more or less imbri-
cated. Scales 2, chartaceous, the outer one broad and strongly conduplicate, the inner much
narrower. Stamens 1-6. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek,
in reference to the supposed resemblance of these grasses to Millet.]

About 5 species, natives of temperate and tropical countries. Besides the following, 2 others
occur in the southern United States. Type species: Phalaris orysoides L.

Spikelets oblong, their width less than one-half their length, somewhat imbricated. Cs
Spikelets 1'4”-1'%” long; panicle-branches usually rigid. 1. H. virginicus.
Spikelets 2”—21%4” long; panicle-branches generally lax. 2. H. oryzoides.

Spikelets oval, their width more than one-half their length, much imbricated. 3. H. lenticularis.

1. Homalocenchrus virginicus ( Willd.) Britton.
White Grass. Fig. 400.

Leersia virginica Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 325. 1707.

Asprella virginica R. & S, Syst. 2: 266. 1817.

Homalocenchrus virginicus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.

Sci: (Qs Tas) reco.

Culms glabrous, decumbent, 1°-3° long, much
branched, slender, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes; ligule short; blades 2’-6’ long,
1-8” wide, acute, usually narrowed toward the base,
scabrous; terminal panicle finally long-exserted, 3’-8’
long, its branches generally spreading, usually naked
below the middle; lateral panicles smaller and usually
included; spikelets 14’-14” long, about 3” wide, oblong,
appressed; outer scale hispid on the keel and margins;
inner scale hispid on the keel; stamens 1 or 2.

Swamps or wet woods, Maine to Ontario, Florida and
Texas. White or False rice. White grama. Aug.—Sept.

ae om

-— eee, Wr er oe

GENUS 25. GRASS FAMILY. 169

2. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Rice
Cut-grass. Fig. gor.

Phalaris oryzoides L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753.
Homalocenchrus oryzoides Poll. Hist. Pl. Palat.1:52. 1776.
Leersia oryzoides Sw. Prodr. 21. 1788.

Culms glabrous, decumbent, 1°-4° long, much
branched, rather stout, smooth. Sheaths shorter than
the internodes, very rough; ligule very short; blades
3-10 long, 2”-5” wide, acute, narrowed toward the
base, scabrous; terminal panicle 5’-9’ long, finally long-
exserted, its branches lax, naked at the base, at first
erect, later more or less widely spreading; lateral
panicles generally included; spikelets 2’—23” long, about
i” wide, elliptic; scales pubescent, the outer one hispid
on the keel and on the margins; inner scale much nar-
rower, hispid on the keel; stamens 3; anthers yellow.

In swamps and along streams, often forming dense
tangled masses, Newfoundland to Oregon, south to Florida

and Texas. Also in the temperate parts of Europe and
Asia. False grass. Rice’s-cousin. Aug.—Sept.

3- Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Michx.) Scribn.
Catch-fly Grass. Fig. 402.

Leersia lenticularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 39. 1803.
H. lenticularis Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 33. 1894.

Culms glabrous, erect, 2°-4° tall, usually simple, smooth.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, scabrous; ligtile very
short; blades 4-12’ long, 4-10” wide, acute, more or less
narrowed at the base, scabrous; panicle 43-9’ long, finally
exserted, its branches lax, naked below, at first erect, later
spreading; spikelets much imbricated, 2-23” long, 1”-1%’
wide, broadly oval; scales smooth or sparingly hispid-
scabrous, the outer one strongly 3-nerved, hispid on the
keel and margins, the inner much narrower, strongly
I-nerved, hispid on the keel; stamens 2.

Wet grounds. Virginia to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Texas. July—Sept.

26. PHALARIS L. Sp. Pl. 54. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades, the inflorescence spike-like, capitate or
a narrow panicle. Spikelets crowded, 1-flowered. Scales 5, the first and second about equal
in length, strongly compressed laterally, usually wing-keeled; third and fourth scales much
smaller or reduced to mere rudiments; fifth scale subtending a palet similar to itself and a
perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, smooth,
enclosed in the scales. [Greek, alluding to the shining grain.]

About 10 species, mostly natives of southern Europe. Besides the following, 3 others occur in
the United States. Type species: Phalaris arundinacea L.

Outer scales not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle. " : 1. P. arundinacea,
Outer scales broadly winged; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle. ,
Spikelets narrow; third and fourth scales much reduced, rigid, subulate, hairy. x
2. P. caroliniana.
Spikelets broad; third and fourth scales thin-membranous, broadly lanceolate, glabrous or
sparingly hairy. 3. P. canariensis.

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

1. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass.
Fig. 403.
Phalaris arundinacea L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753.

Glabrous, culms erect, 2°-5° tall, simple, smooth.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 1-3” long,
obtuse, membranous; blades 32’-10’ long, 3-8” wide,
acuminate, smooth or scabrous; panicle 3’-8’ long, dense,
its branches 4’-13’ long, erect or sometimes slightly
spreading; spikelets 23’-3” long; outer scales scabrous,
3-nerved; third and fourth scales less than one-half
as long as the fifth, subulate, rigid, hairy; fifth scale
about three-fourths as long as the spikelet, chartaceous,
pubescent with long appressed silky hairs, subtending
a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower.

In moist or wet soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia,
south to New Jersey and Colorado. Also in Europe and
Asia. Lady-grass, Spires, Doggers, Sword-grass, Ladies’ or
Bride’s-laces, London-lace. July-Aug. The Ribbon-grass
or Painted-grass of cultivation, the so-called variety picta,
has leaves variegated with green and white stripes, is a
derivative of this species, and sometimes escapes from
gardens.

2. Phalaris caroliniana Walt. Carolina Canary-
grass. Fig. 404. F H

Phalaris caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 74. 1788.

Phalaris intermedia Bosc.; Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppk

I: 300. 1810.

Phalaris americana Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 101. 1817.

Culms 1°-33° tall, erect or sometimes decumbent at
base, simple or somewhat branched, smooth or roughish,
glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes;
ligule 17-3” long, rounded, thin-membranous; blades
2’-6’ long, 2’-5’ wide, smooth or slightly scabrous;
spike-like panicle 1/4’ long, dense, its branches about
2’ long, erect; spikelets 23” long, the outer scales more
or less scabrous, 3-nerved, wing-keeled; third and
fourth scales less than one-half as long as the fifth,
subulate, hairy; fifth scale about two-thirds as long
as the spikelet, acuminate, pubescent with long ap-
pressed silky hairs.

In moist soil, South Carolina to Missouri and California,
south to Florida, Texas and Arizona. Southern or Wild
Canary-grass. Ribbon-grass, California Timothy, Southern
Reed-grass. Fox-tail-grass. June—Aug.

3. Phalaris canariénsis L. Canary or Bird-
seed-grass. Fig. 405.

Phalaris canariensis L. Sp. Pl. 54. 1753.

More or less roughened, culms 1°-3° tall, erect,
simple or branched, glabrous. Sheaths shorter than
the internodes; ligule about 1” long, rounded; blades
2’-12’ long, 2”-6” wide, strongly scabrous; spikes
3’-13’ long, ovoid or oblong; spikelets 3-4” long;
outer scales glabrous or sparingly pubescent; third
and fourth scales about half the length of the fifth,
broadly lanceolate, thin-membranous, — sparingly
hairy; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the
spikelet, acute, pubescent with appressed silky hairs.

In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Virginia,
Missouri and Colorado. Naturalized from Europe. The
grain is the common food of canary birds. July—Aug.

SS ae eee Ee ey eee

GENUS 27. GRASS FMAILY. 171
27. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sp. Pl. 28. 1753.

Fragrant annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and spike-like panicles. Spike-
lets 1-flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed. Scales 5; the two outer acute or produced
into a short awn, the first shorter than the second; third and fourth scales much shorter,
2-lobed, awned on the back; the fifth scale shorter than the others, obtuse. Stamens 2.
Styles distinct. Stigmas elongated, plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales, [Greek,
referring to the yellow hue of the spikelets in some species.]

A genus of 4 or 5 species, natives of Europe. Type species: Anthoxanthum odoratum L.
Perennial; third and fourth scales pubescent nearly to the apex, the awn of the latter arising

about one-fifth above the base. 1. A. odoratunt.
Annual; third and fourth scales pubescent only below the middle, the awn of the latter arising
about one-third above the base. 2. A. Puelii.

1. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet
Vernal-grass. Fig. 406.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L, Sp. Pl. 28. 1753.

Culms 1°-2° tall, erect, simple or branched,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the
internodes; ligule 1-2” long, acute, membranous;
blades 3-6’ long, 1-3” wide, glabrous or nearly
so; spike-like panicles 1-23’ long, branches short,
erect or ascending; spikelets 4” long, crowded;
outer scales acute, glabrous or pubescent, the first
I-nerved, half as long as the second which is
3-nerved; the third and fourth very hairy, the
former with an awn longer than itself inserted
about the middle, the fourth scale bearing near
the base an awn more than twice its length; fifth
scale about two-thirds as long as the fourth,
obtuse or rounded at the apex, and bearing a
fertile flower.

In fields and meadows throughout nearly the whole
of North America, Very fragrant in drying. Natu-
rae from Europe. Spring- or Prim-grass. June-
uly.

4, 2. Anthoxanthum Puélii Lecoq & Lamotte.
Long-awned Vernal-grass. Fig. 407.
A. Puelii Lecog & Lamotte, Cat. Pl. Auver. 385. 1848.
Culms up to 1° tall, slender, often branching above
the base, leaves smooth and glabrous; sheaths shin-
ing; ligule scarious, obtuse, about 1” long; blades
flat, up to 4’ long and 2” wide; panicle 4-14’ long,
spike-like; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about
3° long, the first scale about one-half as long as the
second, the third and fourth scales about 14” long,
pubescent below the middle, the former with an awn
twice as long as itself, the fourth bearing an awn
24-4 times as long as itself.

Sparingly introduced, or escaped from cultivation in
waste places, New England to Ontario and Pennsyl-
vania. A native of Europe. May to August.

28. SAVASTANA Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1:
337-1780.
[HrerocHLoE J. G. Gmel. Fl. Sib. r: tor. 1747.]
Aromatic perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles. Spike-
lets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate. Scales 5; the first and
second nearly equal, acute, glabrous; the third and fourth somewhat shorter, obtuse, entire,
emarginate, 2-toothed or 2-lobed, with or without an awn, enclosing a palet and stamens;
fifth scale often produced into a short awn, enclosing a palet and perfect flower. Stamens
in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free,
enclosed in the scales. [Name in honor of Francesco Eulalio Savastano.]
About 8 species, natives of temperate and cold regions. Type species: Savastana hirta Schrank.

Third and fourth scales not awned,
Entire, culms 1°-3° tall. |
Panicle 4’ long or less, its branches 2’ long or less; blades short, broad. 1. S. odorata,

172 GRAMINEAE. Vot. I.

Panicle 6’ long or more, its branches 4’—8’ long; blades long, narrow. 2. S. Nashii.
Erose-truncate, culms 6’ tall or less. 5 5 pauciflora.
Third and fourth scales awned, 4. S. alpina.

1. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. Holy Grass. Seneca-grass. Fig. 408.

Holcus odoratus L. Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753.

Hierochloa borealis R. & S. Syst. 2: 513. 1817.

Hierochloa odorata Wahl. Fl. Ups. 32. 1820.

Savastana odorata Scribn. Mem, Torr: Club; 5: 34. 18094.

Glabrous, culms 1°—-2° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths
smooth; ligule 1”-2” long; lower blades elongated, 4’-8’
long, 1”-3” wide, scabrous, the upper ones 4’-2’ long;
panicle 2-4’ long, its branches 1-2’ long, usually spreading,
naked below; spikelets yellowish-brown and purple, 2’-3”
long; first and second scales about equal, glabrous; third
and fourth villous and strongly ciliate, entire, awn-pointed,
the fifth smaller than the others, villous at the apex.

Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey,
Iowa and Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia.
June-July. This and other sweet-scented grasses are strewn

before the churches in northern Europe, whence the name
Holy-grass. Also known as Vanilla-grass.

2. Savastana NAshii Bicknell. Nodding Vanilla-grass. Fig. 409.

Savastana Nashii Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 104. pl.

328. 1808.

Plant smooth, glabrous and shining. Culms erect,
slender, simple, 2°-3° tall. Sheaths overlapping,
striate; ligule scarious, 2”-3” long; blades erect or
ascending, elongated, a little roughened above, the
culm leaves 5 or 6, 2’-8’ long, 2’-3”” wide, acuminate;
panicle long-exserted, loose and open, 7-17’ long, its
apex nodding, the capillary branches drooping, the
larger 3-7’ long, in pairs, the divisions more or less
flexuous ; spikelets 23’—4” long, on capillary pedicels;
scales 5, the outer 2 empty, abruptly long-acuminate,
the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved, the third and
fourth scales about 23” long, rough, ciliate on the
margins with ascending hairs, 5-nerved, acute, usu-
ally awn-pointed, the fifth scale smaller, smooth, his-
pidulous at the apex, sometimes awn-pointed.

Along brackish marshes, New York City. July—Aug.

3. Savastana pauciflora (R. Br.) Scribn. Arctic
Holy Grass. Fig. 410.

Hierochloa pauciflora R. Br. App. Parry’s Voy. 293. 1824.

S. pauciflora Scribn. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5: 353. 1804.

Glabrous, culms 6’ high or less, erect, simple, smooth.
Sheaths mostly at the base of the culm, overlapping; ligule
about 4” long; blades smooth, the basal ones 17-2’ long,
3” wide, involute at least when dry; culm-blades 3’ long
or less, 1” wide, flat; panicle less than 1’ long, contracted ;
spikelets few, 13’-2” long; first and second scales 13-2”
long, smooth and glabrous; third and fourth shorter, sca-
brous, erose-truncate, the fifth shorter than the others,
obtuse, villous at the apex.

Arctic America. Summer.

Genus 28. GRASS FAMILY. 173

4. Savastana alpina (Sw.) Scribn. Alpine Holy Grass. Fig. 411.

Holcus alpinus Sw.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 937. 1806.
Hierochloa alpina R. & S. Syst. 2: 515. 1817.
Savastana alpina Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 34. 1894.

Glabrous and smooth, culms 6-18’ tall, erect,
simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
less than 1” long; lower blades elongated, 3’-6’ long,
about 1” wide, the upper much shorter, 4’-2’ long,
1-2” wide; panicle #13’ long, contracted, branches
short, erect or ascending; occasionally the panicle is
larger with longer and spreading branches; spikelets
23-33” long, crowded; first and second scales gla-
brous, 22”-34” long; third and fourth shorter, sca-
brous, ciliate on the margins, the former bearing an
awn about 1” long, the latter with a more or less
bent awn about 3” long; fifth scale shorter than the
others, acute, usually awn-pointed, villous at the apex.

Greenland to Alaska, south to the high mountains of
New England and New York. Also in northern Europe
and Asia. July—Aug.

29. MILIUM L. Sp. Pl. 61. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal lax panicles. Spikelets
I-flowered. Scales 3, obtuse, not awned; the outer about equal; the third thin-membranous,
at length rigid, glabrous or pubescent, awnless, and with the margins inrolled; palet scarcely
shorter. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free,
tightly enclosed in the rigid and shining scale and palet. [Latin name for Millet.]

Species 5 or 6, chiefly in Europe and Asia. Type species: Milium effusum L.

1. Milium efftisum L. Tall Millet-grass.
Fig. 412.

Milium effusum L. Sp. Pl. 61. 1753.

Glabrous throughout, culms 2°-6° tall, erect,
simple, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the in-
ternodes; ligule 14’-3” long, truncate, erose-
dentate; blades 3-9’ long, 3-8” wide, narrowed
toward the base, acuminate, smooth or scabrous;
panicle 3’-10’ in length, lax, its branches 2-3’
long, slender, somewhat flexuous, naked at base
and dividing above the middle, at length widely
spreading; spikelets 12’-14” long; outer scales
equal, smooth or scabrous, the third scale shorter,
smooth. white.

In woods, Cape Breton Island to Ontario, south
to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Illinois, Also
in northern Europe and Asia. June-July.

30. ERIOCOMA Nutt. Gen. 1: go. 1818.

Perennial tufted grasses, with usually involute leaves and a contracted or open panicle.
Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales 3; outer 2 membranous, glabrous; third scale firmer, becoming
hard in fruit, densely pubescent with long silky hairs, and bearing a terminal readily deciduous
awn, the callus at the base of the scale short and obtuse. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose.
Grain free, enclosed in the scale. —[Greek, referring to the copious silky hairs of the flower-
ing scale.]

A small genus of 2 or possibly more species, natives of western North America. Type species:
Stipa membranacea Pursh.

174 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.
1. Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Wild or Indian Millet. Silky Grass. Fig. 413.

aoe Stipa membranacea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 728. 1814. Not
i. 17536

Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Gen. 1: 40. 1818.

Oryzopsis cuspidata Benth.; Vasey, Special Rep. U. S.
Dept. Agric. 63: 23. 1883.

O. membranacea Vasey, Grasses S. W. Part 2, pl. ro. 1891.

Culms glabrous, 1°-2° tall, erect, rigid, simple. smooth.
Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth or
somewhat rough; ligule 1-2” long, acute; leaves 6’-12’
long, less than 1” wide, involute, stiff, smooth or some-
what scabrous; panicle 6-1° long, diffuse, generally
partially included in the upper sheath, its branches
widely spreading and many times forked, the ultimate
divisions flexuous; outer scales of the spikelet 3-4” in
length, long-acuminate, glabrous; third scale about one-
half as long, acute, densely pubescent with long silky
erect hairs nearly twice its own length, the awn 2-3”
long.

On prairies, Saskatchewan to Washington, Iowa, Texas and Mexico. Bunch-grass. May-July.

31. ORYZOPSIS Michx. FI. Bor. Am. 1: 51. 1803.
[UracHNneE Trin. Fund. Agrost. 109. 1818.]

Usually tufted grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spike-
lets 1-flowered, broad. Scales 3; the two lower about equal, obtuse or acuminate; the third
scale shorter or a little longer, broad, bearing a terminal awn which is early deciduous, the
callus at the base of the scale short and obtuse, or a mere scar. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, tightly enclosed in the convolute scale. [Greek, in
allusion to the supposed resemblance of these grasses to rice.]

About 24 species, distributed through temperate and subtropical regions, rarely extending into

the tropics. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of North America.
Type species: Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx,

Spikelet, exclusive of awn, 1%4”—2” long.
Awn not 1” long, shorter than the scale; outer scales 114”-2”. 1. O. pungens.
Awn 3”-4” long, more than twice as long as the scale; outer scales about 114” in length.
2. O. micrantha.
Spikelet, exclusive of awn, 3-4” long.
Culms nearly naked, leaves all crowded at the base; panicle 2’—3’ long, its branches 1’ in
length or less, erect. 3. O. asperifoha,
Culms leafy to the top; panicle 6-12’, branches 2'—4’ long, spreading. 4. O. racemosa.

1. Oryzopsis pingens (Torr.) Hitche. Slender
Mountain-rice. Fig. 414.

Milium pungens Torr.; Spreng. Neue Entd. 2: 102. 1821.
Oryzopsis canadensis Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 433. 1843.
Oryzopsis juncea B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888.
Oryzopsis pungens Hitche. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 151.

1908.

Culms glabrous, 62° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, usually crowded at
the base of the culm; ligule about 1” long, decurrent;
blades smooth or scabrous, erect, involute, the basal about
one-half the length of the culm, occasionally equalling it,
filiform, those of the culm 1’-4’ long, the uppermost often
very small or reduced to the sheath only; panicle 1’—23’
long, the branches 4-1’ in length, erect or ascending, the
lower half naked; spikelets 13-2” long, the outer scales
about equal, glabrous, whitish; third scale about the same
length or a little longer, pubescent with short appressed
silky hairs, the awn less than 1” long.

In dry rocky places, Pennsylvania to Labrador and British
Columbia. May—June.

GENUS 31. GRASS FAMILY. 175

2. Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. & Rupr.) Thurb. Small-flowered Mountain-rice.
Small Indian Millet. Fig. 415.

Urachne micrantha Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St.
Petersb. (VI.) 5: 16. 1842.

O. micrantha Thurb. Proc. Phila, Acad. 1863: 78. 1863.
Culms glabrous, 1°-24° tall, erect, slender, simple,
smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule |
about 3” long, truncate; blades erect, scabrous, the RY:

basal one-half the length of the culm, less than 4”
wide, usually more or less involute, the culm leaves
2’-8’ long, #’-1” broad, the larger attenuate into a 3
long slender point; panicle 3’-6’ long, the branches
finally spreading, the lower ones 1’-2’ long, naked for
about two-thirds their length; spikelets 1’-11” long, \
the outer scales about equal, acute, glabrous; third
scale shorter, glabrous, bearing an awn 3’—4” long.

In canons and on dry hills, Saskatchewan to Nebraska,
New Mexico and Arizona. June-July.

3. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. White-grained
Mountain-rice. Fig. 416.

Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 51. 1803.

Urachne asperifolia Trin. Unifl. 1: 174. 1824.

Culms glabrous, 10’—20’ tall, erect, simple, smooth or sca-
brous. Sheaths 1-2’ long, crowded at base; ligule very
short, truncate; blades erect, scabrous, especially above, the
basal ones elongated, often equalling or exceeding the
culm, 2’-4” wide, attenuate into a long point, the 1 or 2
culm-blades much reduced, less than 4’ long; panicle 23’
long, contracted, the branches 1’ in length or less, erect;
spikelet, exclusive of awns, 3-4” long; outer scales gla-
brous, usually apiculate, the first somewhat shorter; third
scale whitish, equalling the second or a little shorter, spar-
ingly pubescent, the awn 34-5” long.

In woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Minnesota and in the Rocky Mountains
to New Mexico. May-June.

4. Oryzopsis racemosa (J. E. Smith) Ricker.
Black-fruited Mountain-rice. Fig. 417.
Milium racemosum J. E. Smith, in Rees, Cyclop. 23: no. 15.

aaisis melanocarpa Muhl. Gram. 79. 1817.
Urachne racemosa Trin. Unifl. 1: 174. 1824.
Orysopsis racemosa Ricker; Hitche. Rhodora 8: 210. 1906.
Glabrous, culms 14°-3° tall, erect, simple, roughish.
Sheaths smooth or scabrous, the lower ones usually
longer, the upper slightly shorter than the internodes;
ligule very short; blades 5’-12’ long, 2-7” wide, narrowed
toward the base, acuminate at apex into a long slender
point, scabrous especially above; panicle branched or
nearly simple, 3-12’ long, its branches 2’-4’ long, spread-
ing or ascending, the lower half naked; outer scales of
the spikelet about equal, 3-4” in length, acute; third
scale shorter, acute, dark colored, sparingly pubescent,
the awn 8-12” long.

Rocky woods, Maine to Ontario, south to Maryland and Kentucky. July—Aug.

176 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

32. STIPA L. Sp. Pl. 78. 1753.

Generally tall grasses, the leaf-blades usually convolute, rarely flat, the inflorescence panic-
ulate. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow. Scales 3; the two outer narrow, acute or rarely bearing
an awn, the third rigid, convolute, with a hairy callus at the base, and bearing a more or less
bent persistent awn, which is spiral at the base. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3, rarely fewer.
Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale.
[Greek, in allusion to the tow-like plumes of some species.]

A genus of about 120 species, distributed throughout the temperate and tropical zones.
Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Type species: Stipa pennata L.

Outer scales of the spikelet 2”-6” long:

Obtuse or blunt-pointed, 2” in length. 1. S. canadensis.
Acute, 4”-6” in length.
Awn less than five times the length of the scale. 2. S. viridula.
Awn more than seven times the length of the scale. 3. S. avenacea.

Outer scales of the spikelet 10” long or more. :
Base of panicle usually included in the upper sheath ; third scale 4”-6” long ; awn slender, curled.
‘ 4. S. comata,
Panicle exserted from the upper sheath; third scale 7”-12” long, bent. 5. S. spartea,

t. Stipa canadénsis Poir. Macoun’s or Richardson’s Feather-grass. Fig. 418.

Site juncea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 54. 1803. Not
Stipa eee ronsié Poir. Encycl. 7: 452. 1806.
Stipa Richardsonii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 249. 1856.

Not Link, 1833.

Stipa Macounti Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 5:

390. 1890.

Culms glabrous, 1°-2° tall, erect, simple, slen-
der, smooth or somewhat scabrous. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes; ligule about 1” long,
obtuse or truncate; blades 2’-5’ long, 4-1” wide,
flat, becoming involute-setaceous in drying, sca-
brous; panicle 2-5’ long, contracted, the branches
1-2’ long, erect, naked below; spikelets borne at
the ends of the branches; outer scales about 2”
long, obtuse or blunt-pointed, glabrous; third
scale somewhat shorter, pubescent with long ap-
pressed silky hairs, callus obtuse; awn 4-5” long,
contorted.

Shaded places, New Brunswick to northern New
York, Ontario, Saskatchewan and northward. July.

2. Stipa viridula Trin. Feather Bunch-grass.
Fig. 419.
ese viridula Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 2: 39.
Stipa spartea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 237. 1840. Not Trin.
1631.

Glabrous, culms 14°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 1-2” long;
blades smooth or scabrous, the basal ones involute-
filiform, one-third to one-half as long as the culm, those
of the culm 3-0’ long, broader; panicle spike-like, strict
and erect, branches appressed; outer scales of spike-
let 3-4” long, long-acuminate, glabrous; third scale
shorter, more or less pubescent with long appressed
silky hairs, callus acute; awn 2-11’ long, bent, loosely
spiral at base.

Meadows and prairies, Athabasca to Minnesota and
Colorado. Wild Oat-grass. July—Aug.

*

GENUS 32. GRASS FAMILY. 177

3. StipaavenaceaL. Black Oat-grass. Fig. 420.

Stipa avenacea L. Sp. Pl. 78. 1753.

Stipa barbata Michx. Fl, Bor. Am. 1: 53. 1803.
Stipa virginica Pers. Syn. 1: 99. 1805.

Stipa bicolor Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 73. 1814.

Culms glabrous, 1°-24° tall, erect or leaning, simple,
smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
about 1” long, obtuse; blades involute-filiform, smooth
beneath, scabrous above, the basal one-third to one-
half the length of the culm, those of the culm 37-5’
long; panicle 5’-8’ long, loose, the branches lax, erect
or finally spreading, naked below; outer scales of the
spikelet 4-5” long, acute, glabrous; third scale a little
shorter, scabrous near the summit, black, pilose at base
and with a ring of short hairs at the top, otherwise
smooth and glabrous; callus hard, acute; awn 13’-23’ 2
long, bent, loosely spiral below. 5

In dry woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Florida and
Texas. Feather-grass. May-June.

/ ///, 4 Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Bunch-grass.
y Needle-grass. Silk-grass. Fig. 421.
Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb.

Sheaths usually longer than the internodes, smooth
or scabrous, the uppermost very long and _ inflated,
enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule 1-2” long,
obtuse; blades smooth or somewhat scabrous, the
basal involute-filiform, one-quarter to one-half as
long as the culm, the culm blades 3'-6’ long, a little
broader than the basal ones, involute; panicle 6’-9’
long, loose, the branches 37-5’ in length, erect-
ascending, naked at base; outer scales of the spikelet
g”-12” long, glabrous, acuminate into an awn 2-4”
in length; third scale 4’-6” long, callus acute; awn
4-8’ in length, slender, curled, spiral and pubescent
below.

Dry places, Yukon to Iowa, Texas and California.

Porcupine- or Blow-out-grass. Needle and Thread.
June-July.

Y,, CVE.) 5: 75. 1842
(Y| Glabrous, culms 1°-2° tall, erect, simple, smooth.
4

5. Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine-grass. Fig..
422.
S. spartea Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1: 82. 1831.

Culms glabrous, 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth.
Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth or some-
what scabrous; ligule 1-2” long, obtuse; blades smooth
beneath, scabrous above, the basal one-third to one-
half as long as the culm, 1” wide or less, usually invo-
lute, those of the culm 6-12’ long, about 2” wide,
generally flat, attenuate into a long slender point;
panicle finally long-exserted, 4’-10’ in length, its
branches 3’-6’ long, erect, naked below; outer scales
of spikelet 12-18” long, acuminate into a long slender
point, glabrous; third scale 7’-12” long, callus acute;
awn 4’-8’ long, stout, usually twice bent, tightly spiral
and pubescent below, doubly spiral about the middle.

On prairies, British Columbia to Michigan and Kansas.
June-July.

12

178 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

33. ARISTIDA L. Sp. Pl. 82. 1753.

Grasses varying greatly in habit and inflorescence. Leaf-blades narrow, often involute-
setaceous. Spikelets narrow, I-flowered. Scales 3, narrow, the two outer carinate; the third
rigid and convolute, bearing three awns occasionally united at the base, the lateral awns
rarely wanting or reduced to rudiments. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Stigmas plumose. Grain free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [Latin, from arista, an awn.]

About 120 species, in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. The English name Three-
awned Grass is applied to all the species. Type species: Aristida adscenstonis L.

Awns not articulated to the scale.
Central awn coiled at the base.
First scale usually equalling or sometimes slightly shorter than the second scale, which is
commonly 3%4”—4%” long. 1. A, dichotoma.
First scale much shorter than the second (often but little more than %4 as long), which
is 5”-8” long.
Lateral awns short, straight and erect, 1%4”-1” long, the central awn usually more than
five times their length, its straight portion 214%4”—-4” long. 2. A. Curtissii.
Lateral awns more or less spreading, usually a little spiral at the base, the central awn
from %4 again to twice their lenth, its straight portion 5”—8” long. 3. A. basiramea,
Central awn not coiled ct the base.
Panicle narrow, lincar to oblong, branches short (or long in no. 13), erect or ascending.
Central awns and sometimes the lateral ones also stronlgy reflexed, the bend semicircular.
4. A, ramosissima.
Central awn from ercct to spreading with no such bend at the base.
First scale much shorter than the second, usually about % as long.
Spikelets crowded, 4—G on the short branches, which are spikelet-bearing to the
base or nearly so. 5. A. fasciculata.
Spikelets not crowded, usually 1-3 on branches naked at the base.
Second scale of spikelet 8” long or less, equalling or exceeding flowering scale.
Panicle simple or nearly so, its branches bearing 1 spikelet; culms com-
monly naked above. 6. A. Fendleriana.
Panicle compound, its branches bearing 2 or more spikelets; culms usually
eafy. 7. A. Wrightii.
Second scale of the spikelet 10” long or more, 114-2 times as long as the

flowering scale. 8. A. longiseta.
First scale from a little shorter than to exceeding the second.
Spikelets exceeding 10” long; first scale 5—7-nerved. 9. A. oligantha.

Spikelets less than 8” long; first scale 1-3-nerved.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
First scale generally shorter than or equalling the second.
Flowering scale 2%4”—3” long, its central awn usually 3”-5” long.
10. A. gracilis.
Flowering scale 314”-41%4” long, its central awn exceeding 7” in length.

11. A. intermedia.
First scale exceeding the second. 12. A. purpurascens,
Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely wooly. 13. A. lanosa.
Panicle diffuse and open, the branches very long and widely spreading. 14. A. divaricata.
Awns articulated to the scale, united at the base into a spiral column.
Column conspicuous, 3” long or more. 15. A. tuberculosa.

Column inconspicuous, 1” long or less. 16. A. desmantha,

1. Aristida dichoétoma Michx. Poverty-grass.
: Fig. 423.
Aristida dichotoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 41. 1803.

Culms 6’-2° tall, erect, slender, dichotomously
branched, smooth or roughened. Sheaths much shorter
than the internodes, loose, smooth and glabrous; ligule
very short, ciliate; blades 1/3’ long, less than 1” wide,
involute, acuminate, usually scabrous; spike-like racemes
or panicles 2’-5’ long, slender; spikelets about 3” long;
outer scales nearly equal or the lower somewhat shorter,
usually awn-pointed ; third scale shorter than the second,
the middle awn horizontal, coiled at base, the terminal
straight portion 2’-3” long, the lateral awns 1” long
or less, erect

Dry sandy soil, Maine to Nebraska, south to Georgia and
Texas. Aug.—Sept.

GENUS 33. GRASS FAMILY. 172

2. Aristida Curtissii (A. Gray) Nash. Cur-
tiss’s Triple-awned Grass. Fig. 424.

A. dichotoma var. Curtissii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 640.
1890.
Aristida Curtissii Nash, in Britt. Man. 94. 1901.

Culms tufted, 8-20’ tall, branched; blades 14’-6’
long, #’-1” wide, sometimes sparsely pilose above
near the base; panicle 2’-4’ long, the branches erect;
spikelets commonly 5”-6” long, rarely longer, the
first scale much shorter than the second which usu-
ally about equals the body of the flowering scale,
rarely somewhat exceeding it, the flowering scale
33-54” long, the lateral awns very short, 3-1”
long, straight and erect, usually less than 3 as long
as the central awn which has the straight portion
24”-4” long.

In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Oklahoma; also
in Virginia. Sept.—Oct.

3. Aristida basiramea Engelm. Forked Triple-
awned Grass. Beard-grass. Fig. 425.

Aristida basiramea Engelm.; Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 9:

76. 1884.

Glabrous and smooth, culms 6-18’ tall, erect, slender,
much branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
loose; ligule very short, ciliate; blades 2-6’ long, about
1” wide, involute-setaceous; spike-like panicle 3’-5’
long; first scale of spikelet half to three-quarters as
long as the second, which is 5-7” in length, both awn-
pointed; third scale shorter than the second; middle
awn 6”-9” long, coiled at base, horizontal, lateral awns
one-quarter to one-half as long, erect or divergent,
somewhat spiral at the base.

< In dry fields, Illinois to Minnesota and Nebraska. July-
ept.

4. Aristida ramosissima Engelm. Branched
Aristida. Fig. 426.
A. ramosissima Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 618. 1867.

Aristida ramosissima var. uniaristata A. Gray, Man. Ed.

5, 618. 1867.

Glabrous, culms 6’-2° tall, erect, slender, branched,
smooth. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes,
loose; ligule very short; blades 14’-3’ long, 1” wide or
less, flat, attenuate into a long point, smooth beneath,
scabrous above; spikelets few, borne in loose spikes
from 2’-4’ in length; first scale awn-pointed; second
scale 8’-10” in length, exceeding the first, terminated
with an awn 17-3” long; third scale as long as the
second; middle awn about 1’ long, horizontal or re-
flexed and forming a hook, the lateral awns erect, 1-2”
long, rarely wanting.

5 In dry soil, Indiana to Missouri and Tennessee. July-
ept.

1So GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

5. Aristida fasciculata Torr. Triple-awned
Beard-grass. Needle-grass. Fig. 427.
Aristida fasciculata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 154. 1824.
Aristida dispersa Trin, & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb.

(VIL) 5 229 CaSae:

Glabrous, culms 1°-2° tall, erect, slender, branched,
smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, ligule
short, ciliate; blades 2’-6’ long, 1” wide or less, flat,
attenuate into a long point, smooth or scabrous; panicle
3-7’ long, at first strict, the branches finally more or
less ‘spreading; first scale of spikelet 1-nerved, or occa-
sionally with an obscure additional nerve on each side,
shorter than the second scale; third scale equalling or
longer than the second; awns divergent, the middle
one 4-8” long, the lateral ones shorter.

Dry soil, Kansas to California and Mexico. Dog-town
Grass. Purple beard-grass. Aug.—Sept.

6. Aristida Fendleriana Steud. Fendler’s Triple-
awned Grass. Fig. 428.

A. Fendleriana Steud. Syn. Gram. 420. 1855.

Culms densely tufted, 6-10’ tall, erect, rigid, simple;
leaves confined to the base of the culm; sheaths with a
tuft of hairs on each side at the apex; blades involute,
often curved, #” in diameter, those on the culm usually
2, up to 2’ long, the basal ones longer; panicle 3-4’ long,
strict, its branches short and appressed and usually
bearing but a single spikelet; spikelets 6-73” long, the
2 outer scales 1-nerved, the first scale about 4 as long
as the second, the flowering scale 43”—6” long, equalling
or a little shorter than the second scale, the awns
ascending, the central one 17-2’ long, the lateral awns
a little shorter. .

In dry sandy soil, South Dakota to Utah, Texas and New

Mexico. Figured in our first edition for 4. purpurea Nutt.,
which has not as yet been detected within our limits.

y 7 Aristida Wrightii Nash. Wright's Triple-
awned Grass. Fig. 4209.

A. Wrightii Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 116. 1903.

Culms tufted, 1°-2° tall, simple, leafy; blades in-
volute, those on the culm usually 3 or 4, 17-8’ long,
often curved, as are the commonly longer basal
ones; panicle 4-8’ long, its branches more or less
spreading, the longer usually bearing 2-4 spikelets;
spikelets 6-73” long, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved,
the first scale about + as long as the second, the
flowering scale 5-6” long, usually a little shorter
than the second scale, the awns ascending, the cen-
tral one 1-14’ long, the lateral awns a little shorter.

In dry sandy soil, Kansas to Texas and New Mexico.
July, Aug.

GENUS 33. GRASS FAMILY. 181

8. Aristida longiséta Steud. Long-awned
Aristida. Fig. 430.

A, longiseta Steud. Syn. Gram, 420. 1855.

Culms tufted, 8’-16’ tall, simple; blades 1-4’ long,
involute; panicle 4-8’ long, its branches usually
ascending, bearing generally 1 spikelet, or in the
longer branches sometimes 2 spikelets; spikelets
10-124” long, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, the first
one about 2 as long as the second, the flowering scale
6’-8” long, occasionally a little shorter, from a little
over 4 to % as long as the second scale, the awns
ascending, the central one 24’-4%’ long, the lateral
ones equalling it or a little shorter.

In dry sandy soil, Montana and Washington to Ne-
braska, Texas and Mexico. July, Aug.

g. Aristida oligantha Michx. Few-flowered Aristida. Fig. 431.
Aristida oligantha Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. 1: 41. 1803.

Glabrous, culms 1°-2° tall, erect, slender, dichot-
omously branched, smooth or roughish. Sheaths ex-
ceeding the internodes, loose; ligule very short, minutely
ciliate; blades 1-6’ long, 2’”—1” wide, smooth, the larger
ones attenuate into a long slender point; spikelets few,
borne in a lax spike-like raceme or panicle; first scale
5-nerved, occasionally 7-nerved at base, acuminate or
short-awned, equalling or somewhat shorter than the
second, which bears an awn 2’-4” long; third scale
shorter than the first, awns divergent or spreading, the
middle one 14’-23’ long, the lateral somewhat shorter.

Dry soil, New Jersey to Nebraska, and Texas, Aug.—
Sept. Ant-rice.

to. Aristida gracilis Ell. Slender Triple-awned
Grass. Fig. 432.

Aristida gracilis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 142. 1817.

Aristida gracilis var. depauperata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,
618. 1867.

Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms 6’-2° tall,
erect, simple or branched. Sheaths shorter than the
internodes; ligule very short; blades 1’-4’ long, 1” wide
or less, flat, or involute when dry; panicle spike-like,
3-7’ long, slender; spikelets about 3” long; outer scales
equal, or the lower somewhat shorter, awn-pointed;
third scale about equalling the second, generally mottled,
middle awn horizontal, the terminal straight portion
3”-7” in length, the lateral awns 1-3” long, erect.

Dry soil, New Hampshire to Missouri, south to Florida
and Texas. Aug.—Sept.

182 GRAMINEAE. Vor. f.

Ts f| 11, Aristida intermadia Scribn. & Ball. Plains
f \ Aristida. Fig. 433.
|

A. intermedia Scribn. & Ball, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.
Agrost. 24: 44. I9QOI.

| | Culms slender, finally branching, 1°-23° tall;

sheaths glabrous or sparsely hirsute; blades 2’-6’

long, 1” wide or less, erect, involute; panicle 8-16

\') long, slender, its branches appressed; spikelets 4-5”
long, the empty scales manifestly awned, about equal,
the flowering scale strongly hispidulous above the
middle, equalling or exceeding the empty scales, the
awns spreading, the middle one 7-13” long, the
lateral ones shorter.

In sandy soil, Iowa and Kansas to Mississippi and
Texas. Aug.—Oct.

12. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Arrow-grass.
Broom-sedge. Fig. 434.

Aristida purpurascens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 1:

452. 1810.

Glabrous and smooth, culms 1°-23° tall, erect, simple
or sparingly branched at the base. Sheaths longer than
the internodes, crowded at the base of the culm; ligule
very short; blades 4’-8’ long, about 1” wide, flat, or
becoming involute in drying, attenuate into a long
point; spike-like panicles 5’-18’ long, strict, or some-
times nodding, its branches appressed; outer scales of
spikelet awn-pointed, the first longer than the second;
the third scale from two-thirds to three-quarters as
long as the first, middle awn 9-12” long, horizontal,
the lateral awns somewhat shorter, erect or divergent.

In dry soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to
Florida and Texas. Sept.—Oct.

13. Aristida lanosa Muhl. Woolly Triple-awned Grass. Fig. 435.

Aristida lanata Poir. in Lam, Encycl. Suppl. 1: 453. 1810.
Not Forsk. 1775.

Aristida lanosa Muhl. Gram. 174. 1817.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths longer than the internodes, crowded at the
base of the culm, woolly; ligule very short, minutely
ciliate; blades 1° long or more, about 2” wide, attenuate
into a long slender point, smooth beneath, scabrous
above; panicle 1°-2° long, strict, branches erect or occa-
sionally somewhat spreading; outer scales of the spike-
let awn-pointed, the first 5-7” long, exceeding the
second; third scale slightly shorter than the second,
middle awn 8”-12” long, usually horizontal, the lateral
awns about two-thirds as long, erect or divergent.

Dry sandy soil, Delaware to Florida, Oklahoma and
Texas. Aug.—Sept.

GENUS 33. GRASS FAMILY. 183

14. Aristida divaricata H. & B. Spreading Triple-awned Grass. Fig. 436.

Aristida divaricata H. & B.; Willd. Enum. Hort, Berol. ]

99. 1809.

Culms 13°-3° tall, tufted, erect. Sheaths over-
lapping, rough, usually with a tuft of long hairs on
each side at the apex; ligule a short ciliate ring;
blades smooth beneath, rough above, those of the
culm 6-12’ long, 1-2” wide, erect or ascending; the
sterile shoots from one-third to one-half as long as
the culm, the leaves narrower; panicle comprising
one-half of the plant, or more, often included at the
base, its branches rigid, at length widely spreading;
spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about #4’ long,
numerous; empty scales acuminate, usually awn-
pointed; flowering scale commonly slightly shorter
than the empty ones, firm, sometimes spotted with
purple, hispidulous above; awns not articulated to
the scale, the lateral ones shorter than the central,
which is 6’-10” long; callus pilose.

Dry sandy soil, Kansas to Arizona and Mexico.

15. Aristida tuberculésa Nutt. Sea-beach
Triple-awned Grass. Fig. 437.

Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Gen. 1: 57. 1818.

Glabrous, culms 672° tall, erect, dichotomously
branched, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes; ligule short, ciliate; blades 5-9’ long, about 1”
wide, attenuate into a long slender point, smooth
beneath, scabrous above; panicle 5’-8’ long, branches
slender, ascending; outer scales of the spikelet about
equal, awned, the third scale shorter; awns divergent
or reflexed, more or less coiled, united at the base into
a column 3-6” long which is articulated to the scale.

Sandy soil, especially on sea-beaches, Massachusetts to

Georgia. Also about the Great Lakes. Long-awned
Poverty-grass. Aug.—Sept.

16. Aristida desmantha Trin. & Rupr. West-
ern Triple-awned Grass. Fig. 438.

Aristida desmantha Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St.
Petersb. (VI.) 5: 109. 1842.

Culms 1°-2° tall, erect, branched, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth,
glabrous or the lower sometimes pubescent; ligule
short; blades 6-12’ long, less than 1” wide, attenuate
into a slender point, smooth beneath, scabrous above:
panicle about 6’ long, the branches slender, ascend-
ing; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, the
third one shorter; awns spreading or reflexed, some-
what coiled, united at base into a column less than
1” long, which is articulated to the scale.

In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas. Aug.—Sept.

184 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

34. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 171. 1791.
[VaAseya Thurb. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 79. 1863.]

Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence.
Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets 1-flowered, very rarely 2-flowered. Scales 3, very rarely
4; the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute and sometimes awned; third scale
3-5-nerved, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse, acute, or very often produced
into a capillary awn; palet 2-keeled. Stamens often 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Callus minute. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [In honor of Henry
Muhlenberg, 1756-1817, North American botanist.]

About 60 species, chiefly natives of America, a few Asiatic. Type species: Muhlenbergia
Schreberit Gmel.

Panicle contracted, narrow, often slender, its branches erect or appressed.
Outer scales 14 as long as the flowering scale or less.
First scale minute, often wanting; flowering scale with an awn twice its length or less.

1. M. Schreberi.
First scale about 24 as long as the second; flowering scale with an awn 3-4 times its length.
2. M. palustris.
Outer scales more than 1% as long as the flowering scale.
Plants with numerous and conspicuous rootstocks covered with short appressed scales.
Flowering scale awnless, or sometimes awn-pointed.
Outer scales ovate to broadly lanceolate, cuspidate, about % as long as the flowering
scale. 3. M. sobolifera.
Outer scales subulate, equalling or exceeding the flowering scale, awn-pointed or awned.
Outer scales about equal in length to the flowering scale, about 1142” long, sharp-

pointed. 4. M. mexicana.

Outer scales exceeding the flowering scale, generally twice its length, about 214”

long, awned. 5. M. racemosa.

Flowering scales long-awned, the awn usually twice as long as the scale, sometimes
shorter,

Outer scales %—% as long as the flowering scale, ovate to broadly lanceolate, cuspidate.

6. M. tenuiflora.
Outer scales equalling the flowering scale, subulate.

Basal hairs not more than ™% as long as the flowering scale.

Spikelets consisting of 3 scales and 1 perfect flower. 7. M. umbrosa,
Spikelets consisting of 4 scales, the third with a perfect flower, the fourth

empty and awned. 8. M. ambigua,

Basal hairs as long as the flowering scale. 9g. M. comata.

Plants without rootstocks, or these rarely present and with few scattered long scales.
Annual; outer scales less than % as long as the spikelet, rounded or truncate at the
erose apex. 10. M. simplex.
Perennial; outer scales % as long as the spikelet or more, acute or acuminate.
Culms simple at the base, finally much-branched above; ligule about 1” long, acutish ;
outer scales about % as long as the spikelet, acute. 11. M. brevifolia.
Culms branched at the very base only, simple above; ligule 14” long or less, erose-
truncate; outer scales more than ™% as long as the flowering scale, attenuate.

4 é 12. M. cuspidata,
Panicle open, its branches long and spreading, slender.

Culms 16’ tall or less, from much-branched rootstocks; blades 2’ long or less.
Secondary branches of the panicle single; basal leaves short, numerous, strongly recurved.

: i 13. M. gracillima.
Secondary branches of the panicle fasciculate ; basal leaves few, not recurved.

14. M. pungens.
Culms 20’ tall or more; rootstocks none; blades elongated. 15. M. capillaris.

1. Muhlenbergia Schréberi Gmel. Nimble Will.
Dropseed- or Wire-grass. Satin-grass. Fig. 430.

M. Schreberi Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 171. 1791.
M. diffusa Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 320. 17098.

Glabrous, culms 1°-3° long, decumbent, or often pros-
trate or creeping and ascending, very slender, diffusely
branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, loose;
ligule short, fringed; blades 14’-33’ long, 34”—2” wide,
scabrous; panicle 2'-8’ long, slender, somewhat lax, its
branches 17-2’ long, erect; outer scales of the spikelet
minute, the lower one often wanting; the third scale,
exclusive of the awn, about 1” long, strongly scabrous,
particularly upon the nerves; the awn 4-2” in length.

On dry hills and in woods and waste places, Maine to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.—Sept.

GENUS 34. GRASS FAMILY.

2. Muhlenbergia palustris Scribn. Swamp Drop-
seed. Fig. 440.

M. palustris Scribn, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 11: 47.
1898.

M. Schreberi palustris Scribn. Rhodora, 9g: 17. 1907.

Culms slender, weak, 2°-3° long; sheaths smooth and
glabrous; blades erect, 1-2’ long, about 1” wide, smooth
beneath and rough above; panicle slender, contracted,
4-6’ long, its branches appressed; spikelets, exclusive
of the awn, 14-14” long, the first scale about § as long
as the second which is 4+ as long as the spikelet, the
flowering scale about 1}” long, shortly 2-toothed at the
apex, and bearing an awn between the teeth 3-4 times
its length, the callus hairy.

= In swampy ground, District of Columbia and Illinois.
ept.

3. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Rock Dropseed. Fig. 441.

—S \ Agrostis sobolifera Muhl.; Willd. Enum. 95. 1809.
Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin. Unifl. 189. 1824.
Glabrous, culms 2°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple,
or sparingly branched above, smooth. Sheaths

smooth, those of the culm shorter than the inter-
nodes, those of the branches overlapping and
crowded; ligule very short, truncate; blades rough,
those of the culm 4-6’ long, 14’’-3” wide, those of
the branches 17-3’ long, about 1” wide; panicle 3’-6’
in length, slender, its branches 1’ long; outer
scales about 4” long, half to two-thirds the length
of the spikelet, equal, or the lower somewhat shorter,
acute, scabrous, especially on the keel; third scale
scabrous, obtuse, 3-nerved, the middle nerve usually
excurrent as a short point.

Rocky woods, New Hampshire to Minnesota, south to
Virginia, Tennessee and the Indian Territory. Sept—
Oct.

4. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Satin-grass. Wood-grass. Fig. 442.

Agrostis mexicana L. Mant. 1: 31. 1767.
Agrostis filiformis Willd. Enum. 95. 1809.
Muhlenbergia mexicana Trin. Unifl. 189. 1824.
M. foliosa Trin. Gram. Unifl. 190. 1824.

Glabrous, culms 2°-4° long, erect, or often prostrate,
much branched, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the
internodes, excepting at the extremities of the branches,
where they are crowded and overlapping, smooth or
scabrous; blades scabrous, those of the culm 4’-6’ long,
1-3 wide, the branch leaves smaller; panicle 2’-6’
long, contracted, its branches spike-like, 1’-2’ long, erect
or appressed; spikelets 14’—-14” long; outer scales some-
what unequal, exceeding the flowering one, or slightly
shorter, acuminate or short-awned, scabrous especially
on the keel; third scale acuminate, scabrous, particu-
larly toward the apex.

In swamps and borders of fields, New Brunswick to
Wyoming, south to North Carolina and Texas. Knot-root
grass. Aug-Sept.

186 GRAMINEAE. Vou. I.

5. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P. Wild Timothy. Satin-grass.
Fig. 443.

Agrostis racemosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 53. 1803.
Muhlenbergia glomerata Trin. Unifl. 191. 1824.
Muhlenbergia racemosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, usually much branched,
smooth and glabrous. Sheath smooth, those of the
culm shorter than the internodes, those of the branches
overlapping and often crowded; ligule about 4” long,
erose-truncate; blades 2’-5’ long, 1”—3” wide, scabrous;
panicle 2’-42’ in length, usually dense and interrupted,
the branches 4-1’ long, erect or appressed, the spike-
lets much’ crowded; outer scales of the spikelet acumi-
nate, 2”-3” long, including the awn, smooth or sca-
brous, especially on the keel; third scale one-half to
two-thirds as long, acuminate, the strongly scabrous
midrib excurrent in a short point.

In wet places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south
to New Jersey, Maryland and New Mexico. Aug.—Sept.

6. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P. Slender Satin-grass. Fig. 444.

Agrostis tenuiflora Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 364. 1798.
Agrostis pauciflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 63. 1814.
Muhlenbergia Willdenovii Trin. Unifl. 188. 1824.

M. tenuiflora B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888.

Glabrous, culms 2°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple or
sparingly branched, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than
the internodes; ligule short and truncate; blades 23’-7’
long, 1-4” wide, narrowed toward the base, acuminate,
scabrous; panicle 5’-9’ long, slender, its branches 1-33’
long, appressed; outer scales of the spikelet unequal, half
to two-thirds the length of the third one, awn-pointed,
scabrous; third scale 14’-12” long, scabrous, bearing an
awn 2-4 times its length.

In rocky woods, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Alabama and
Texas. Slender-flowered Dropseed. Aug.—Sept.

7. Muhlenbergia umbroésa Scribn. Wood or Woodland Dropseed. Fig. 445.

Agrostis diffusa Muhl. Gram. 64. 1817. Not Host, 1809.
Agrostis sylvatica Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 87. 1824. Not L.

1763.

Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y. State, 188.

1840.

M. umbrosa Scribn. Rhodora, 9: 20. 1907.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, branched, smooth or some-
what scabrous. Sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous,
those of the culm shorter than the internodes, those
of the branches overlapping and often crowded; ligule
about 3” long, erose-truncate; blades 2’-7’ long, 1-3”
wide, rough; panicle 3’-7’ in length, somewhat lax, the
branches 1’-3’ long, erect or ascending; outer scales of
the spikelet 13-14” long, awn-pointed, scabrous; third
scale equalling or somewhat exceeding the outer ones,
strongly scabrous, attenuate into a slender awn 2-4
times its length.

In moist woods and along streams, New Brunswick to

South Dakota, south to North Carolina and Oklahoma.
Aug.-Sept.

GENUS 34. GRASS FAMILY. 187

8. Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr. Minnesota Drop-
seed. Fig. 446.

Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr. Nicollet’s Rep. 164. 1843.

Glabrous, culms 1° tall or lower, erect, branched, smooth.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule about 4” long
erose-truncate; blades 17-3’ long, 1-2” wide, scabrous;
panicle 1-3’ long, rigid, its branches 41’ long, dense, ap-
pressed; outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, unequal.
the longer about 2” in length and exceeding the body of y
the third scale which is scabrous, villous, and attenuate into N iy
an awn 2-3 times its length; a fourth narrow awned scale WG
is nearly always present.

Along a lake shore in Minnesota.

g. Muhlenbergia comata (Thurb.) Benth. Hairy
Dropseed. Fig. 447.

Vaseya comata Thurb. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1863: 79. 1863.

M. comata Benth.; Vasey, Cat. Grasses U. S. 39. 1885.

Culms 1°-23° tall, erect, slender, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or slightly
scabrous; ligule about 2” long, truncate, naked or minutely
ciliate; blades 23’-5’ long, 1-2” wide, erect, flat, rough;
panicle often tinged with purple, 2-4’ in length, dense,
branches 37-1)’ long, erect; outer scales of the spikelet
equal, or the second a little the longer, smooth, scabrous
on the keel; third scale shorter, smooth and glabrous, bear-
ing an awn 2-3 times its length, the basal hairs silky, erect,
fully az long as the scale.

On prairies, Montana to Washington, south to Kansas (?)
and Colorado. Aug.—Sept.

10. Muhlenbergia simplex (Scribn.) Rydb.
Slender Dropseed. Fig. 448.

Sporobolus simplex Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost.
Ir: 48. 1808.

M, simplex Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club, 32: 600. 1905.

A smooth and glabrous annual. Culms slender, up
to 1° tall, but usually 4 that height; ligule about 1”
long, acute; blades erect, up to 2’ long, 3” wide, flat,
involute; panicle slender, sometimes interrupted be-
low, 1-24’ long, the slender branches appressed;
spikelets, exclusive of the short awn when present,
a little over 1” long, the outer scales Jess than 4 as
long as the spikelet, rounded or truncate at the erose
apex, the flowering scale very acute and often with
a short point or awn.

In meadows and along brooks, Montana to Nebraska
and Colorado. Aug. and Sept.

188 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.
11. Muhlenbergia brevifdlia (Nutt.) Nash. Short-leaved Rush-grass. Fig. 449.

Agrostis brevifolia Nutt. Gen. 1: 44. 1818.
Sporobolus Richardsonis Merrill, Rhodora, 4: 46. 1902.
Sporobolus brevifolius Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 39. 1895.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 6-18’ tall, arising from a
horizontal rootstock, erect, slender, decumbent and branch-
ing above. Sheaths much shorter than the internodes;
ligule #’-1” long, acutish; blades #’-2’ long, involute-
setaceous; panicle 3’—3’ in length, usually about 14’, linear,
its branches }’—2’ long, erect or appressed; spikelets 14-13”
long, the outer scales unequal, about one-half as long as the
third, scabrous on the keel and at the apex; third scale
long-acuminate, sometimes cuspidate, scabrous toward the
apex,

In meadows and along rivers, Anticosti Island and Maine

to British Columbia, south in the mountains to New Mexico
and California. Summer.

12. Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Nash. Prairie Rush-grass. Fig. 450.

Vilfa cuspidata Torr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 238. 1840.
Sporobolus cuspidatus Wood, Bot. & Fl. 385. 1870.

Sporobolus brevifolius Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 39. In
part. 1894.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 1°-2° tall, erect, simple
above, branched at the base. Sheaths shorter than the
internodes; ligule a mere ring, ?” long or less, erose-trun-
cate; blades 1'-4’ long, less than 1” wide at the base, erect,
involute-setaceous, at least when dry; panicle 13-5’ in
length, slender, its branches 4-1’ long, appressed; spike-
lets 13’—13” long, the outer scales half to three-quarters
as long, acuminate or cuspidate, scabrous on the keel;
third scale long-acuminate and cuspidate, sparingly
scabrous.

In dry soil, Manitoba to Alberta, south to Missouri and
Kansas. Aug.—Sept.

13. Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. Filiform Dropseed. Fig. 451.

M. gracillima Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4: 155. 1875.

Glabrous, culms 4’-14’ tall, from a slender creeping
rootstock, erect, slender, simple, rigid. Sheaths smooth;
ligule 1-2” long, entire and acuminate, or variously
cleft, with acuminate teeth; blades 17-2’ long, involute-
setaceous, smooth or somewhat scabrous, rigid, the
basal numerous, usually strongly recurved, the 1-3 culm
blades crect or ascending; panicle 2’-9’ in length, open,
the branches finally widely spreading, 1’-3’ long, fili-
form; spikelets about as long as the filiform pedicels
which are clavate-thickened at the apex; outer scales
unequal, usually awn-pointed or short-awned, slightly
scabrous; third scale 13”-13” long, longer than the
outer ones, sometimes twice as long, scabrous; awn
1-2” long.

On prairies, Kansas to Colorado, south to Texas and
Arizona. Sept.—Oct.

GENUS 34. GRASS FAMILY. 189

14. Muhlenbergia pingens Thurb.
Prairie Dropseed. Fig. 452.

Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. Proc. Acad. Phila.

1863: 78. 1863.

Culms 6-15’ tall from a creeping rootstock,
erect from a decumbent branching base, rigid,
minutely pubescent. Sheaths overlapping,
crowded at the base of the culm, scabrous;
ligule a ring of soft silky hairs; blades 1’-2'
long, involute-setaceous, rigid, scabrous; pan-
icle 3-6’ in length, open, the branches 2’—23’
long, single, distant, much divided from near
the base, the divisions apparently fascicled;
spikelets on long pedicels, which are clavate-
thickened at the apex; outer scales, when ma-
ture, equalling or often shorter than the body
of the third one, scabrous, especially on the
keel; third scale, when mature, }’—1” long, sca-
brous, the awn shorter than its body.

On prairies, Nebraska to Utah, south to Texas
and Arizona. Blow-out-grass. Aug.—Sept.

15. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Long-awned Hair-grass. Fig. 453.

Stipa capillaris Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 158. 1791.
Muhlenbergia capillaris Trin. Unifl. 191. 1824.

Glabrous, culms 14°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth or
nearly so. Sheaths smooth, the lower short and over-
lapping, the upper ones much longer; ligule about 2”
in length; blades 6’-1° long, 1-2” wide, scabrous;
panicle 7’-1° in length or more, diffuse, the capillary
branches 4’-8’ long, at length widely spreading; spike-
lets on long hair-like pedicels which are clavate-
thickened at the apex; outer scales unequal, acute or
short-awned, slightly scabrous; third scale, exclusive
of the awn, 2” long, about twice as long as the first
one, scabrous, the awn 3-9” in length.

In dry sandy or rocky soil, Massachusetts to Kansas,
Florida and Texas. Bahamas and Cuba. Panicle usually
light purple. Sept.—Oct.

_ Muhlenbergia glabriflorus Scribn., an imperfectly known species, is reported from Illinois. It
is said to resemble M. mexicana, and to differ from that species in the glabrous softer scales.

35. BRACHYELYTRUM Peauv. Agrost. 39. 1812.

A tall grass with flat leaves and a narrow panicle. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, the
rachilla produced beyond the flower and sometimes bearing a minute scale at the summit.
Scales 3; the outer small and inconspicuous, the lower often wanting; the third much longer,
rigid, 5-nerved, acuminate into a long awn; palet scarcely shorter, rigid, sulcate on the back,
2-nerved. Stamens 2. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose, elongated. Grain oblong,
free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the minute outer scales.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

190 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

1. Brachyelytrum eréctum (Schreb.) Beauv.
Bearded Short-husk. Fig. 454.
Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb. Besch. Gras. 2: 139. pl.

50. 1772-9.

Brachyelytrum erectum Beauv. Agrost. 155. 1812.
Brachyelytrum aristatum R. & S. Syst. 2: 413. 1817.
Brachyelytrum aristatum var. Engelmanni A, Gray, Man.

Ed. 5, 614. 1867.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth or
rough, pubescent at and near the nodes. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes, scabrous toward the
apex, more or less villous especially at the throat;
ligule about ?” long, irregularly truricate; leaves 2-5’
long, 3-9” wide, acuminate at both ends, scabrous;
panicle 2’-6’ in length, slender, branches 1’-3’ long,
erect or appressed; outer scales of the spikelet un-
equal, the upper less than one-third as long as the
flowering scale, the lower minute or wanting; third
scale, exclusive of the awn, 43’-6” long, 5-nerved,
scabrous, especially on the midnerve, the awn erect,
g’-12” long; rachilla produced beyond the flower
about half the length of the third scale and lying in
the groove of the palet.

/
| ke Y,
CRAY

Moist places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas. Ascends to 5000 ft.
in North Carolina, July—Aug.

36. HELEOCHLOA Host, Gram. 1: 23. pl. 29, 30. 1801.

[Crypsts Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 166. 1791. Not Ait. 1789.]

Perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and spicate or paniculate inflorescence. Spike-
lets 1-flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, somewhat unequal, membranous, acute, ciliate-
keeled; the third scale similar, a little longer; palet shorter, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek,
signifying meadow-grass. ]

About 8 species, chiefly natives of the Mediterranean region, one or two also widely distributed
through middle Europe and Asia. Type species: Heleochloa alopecuroides Host.

1. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host. Rush-
like Timothy; Rush Cat’s-tail Grass. Fig. 455.

Phleum schoenoides L. Sp. Pl. 60. 1753.
Crypsis schoenoides Lam. Tabl. Encyl. 1: 166. pl. 42. 1791.
Heleochloa schoenoides Host, Gram. 1: 23. pl. 30. 1801.
Glabrous, culms 4’-18’ tall, erect or sometimes decum-
bent at the base, branched, smooth. Sheaths about half
the length of the internodes, the upper loose, the one
immediately below the spike inflated and usually par-
tially enclosing it; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves
1-3’ long, 1-2” wide, flat, acuminate, smooth beneath,
scabrous above; spikelets 13” long, the empty scales
acute, compressed, ciliate-keeled, 1-nerved, the lower
shorter than the upper; third scale equalling or longer
than the second, acute, compressed, ciliate-keeled,
otherwise glabrous, I-nerved; palet shorter, obtuse.

In waste places, southern New York to Delaware and
Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. July—Aug.

37. PHLEUM L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence. Spikelets
1-flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, membranous, compressed, keeled, the apex obliquely
truncate, the midnerve produced into an awn; the third scale much shorter, broader, hyaline,
truncate, denticulate at the summit; palet narrow, hyaline. -Stamens 3. Styles distinct,
somewhat elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the scale and palet.
[Name Greek, taken from Pliny; originally applied to some very different plant.]

About 10 species, inhabiting the temperate zones of both hemispheres. The following only

are natives of North America. The English name Cat’s-tail Grass is applied to all the species.
Type species: Phleum pratense L.

GENUS 37. GRASS FAMILY. Ig!

Spikes usually elongated, cylindric; awns less than one-half the length of the outer scales; upper
sheath not inflated. 1. P. pratense.
Spikes not elongated, ovoid to oblong and cylindric; awns about one-half the length of the outer
scales ; upper sheath inflated. 2. P. alpinum.

t

1. Phleum praténse L. Timothy. Herd’s-grass.
Fig. 456.

Phleum pratense L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753.

Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so throughout, the
culms 1°-4° tall erect, simple. Sheaths usually exceeding
the internodes, sometimes shorter, the upper one long and
not inflated, or very slightly so; ligule 1-2” long,
rounded; blades 3’-9’ long, 2-3” wide, smooth or sca-
brous; spike usually elongated, cylindric, 14-7’ in length,
24-4” in diameter; outer scales of the spikelet, exclusive
of the awn, 14” long, ciliate on the keel, the awn less than
half their length.

In fields and meadows nearly throughout North America.
Also in Europe and Asia. Widely cultivated for hay. The
scales are sometimes modified into small leaves. Meadow
Cat's-tail. Rat-tail. Soldier’s-feather. July—Aug.

2. Phleum alpinum L. Mountain Timothy or Fox-

tail. Fig. 457.
Phleum alpinum L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753-

Glabrous, culms 6-18’ tall, erect or sometimes decum-
bent at the base, simple, smooth. Sheaths often much
shorter than the internodes, sometimes longer, the upper
one usually much inflated; ligule about 1” long, truncate;
blades smooth beneath, scabrous above, the lower 2’-3'
long, 1-4” wide; upper leaf generally very short, less
than 1’ long; spike short, ovoid to oblong and cylindric,
3’-2’ in length, 3-6” in diameter; outer scales of the
spikelet, exclusive of the awn, 13” long, strongly ciliate
on the keel, the awn about one-half their length.

Labrador to Alaska, south to the mountains of New Hamp-

shire, Vermont, Arizona and California. Also in northern
Europe, Asia, and in Patagonia. Summer. Alpine cat's-tail.

38. ALOPECURUS L. Sp. Pl. 60. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses with erect or decumbent culms, usually flat leaf-blades, and
spicate inflorescence. Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened; scales 3, the 2 lower empty, acute,
sometimes short-awned, more or less united below, compressed-keeled; keel ciliate or some-
what winged; third scale truncate or obtuse, hyaline, 3-nerved, awned on the back, subtending
a perfect flower and usually a palet; palet hyaline, acute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct or rarely united at the base. Stigmas elongated, hairy. [Greek, signifying
Fox-tail Grass, in allusion to the spikes.]

About 30 species, principally natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some
4 others occur in western North America. Type species: Alopecurus pratensis 1

Outer scales of spikelet united for half their length, keel smooth to hispid. 1. A. myosuroides,
Outer scales of the spikelet united for one-quarter their length or less, long-ciliate on the keel.
Scales 1”-1'4” in length.
Awn inserted at 14 above the base of flowering scale, exserted from the spikelet about 1”.
2. A. geniculatus.
Awn inserted at or about middle of scale, barely exserted from spikelet. 3. A. aristulatus,
Scales 2”-3” in length.
Spike 1'4'-214' long; outer scales glabrous or sparingly pubescent on the lateral nerves.
4. A. pratensis.
Spike 14’ long or less; outer scales villous. 5. A. alpinus.

192 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

1. Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. Slender Fox-
tail. Fig. 458.

Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. Fl. Angl. 23. 1762.

Alopecurus agrestis L. Sp, Pl. Ed. 2, 89. 1762.

Smooth or slightly scabrous, culms 1°-2° tall, erect,
simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 1”
long, truncate; blades 13’-7’ long, 1’-3’ wide, scabrous,
especially above; spike 13’-4’ long, 2’—4” thick; outer scales
of the spikelet united at the base for about half their length,
narrowly wing-keeled, 2”-23” long, the nerves smooth or
scabrous, sometimes hispid below, especially on the keel;
third scale equalling or slightly exceeding the outer ones,
smooth and glabrous, the awn inserted near the base, about
twice its length, bent.

In waste places and ballast, southern Massachusetts, New
York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Adventive from Europe.
Native also of Asia. July-Aug. Mousetail; Bennet-weed.
Black bent. Black couch-grass. Hunger-grass.

2. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Marsh Foxtail. Fig. 459.
Alopecurus geniculatus L Sp. Pl. 60. 1753.

Glabrous or very nearly so, culms 6-18’ tall, usually
decumbent at the base, simple or sparingly branched,
smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes,

1

loose or somewhat inflated; ligule 13’-3” long; blades
rarely exceeding 3’ long, +”-2” wide, rough, especially
above; spikes 1/3’ in length, 2-4” thick; outer scales
of the spikelet slightly united at the base, 14”-13” long,
obtuse or subacute, smooth, glabrous except on the
pubescent lateral nerves and strongly ciliate keel; third
scale: somewhat shorter, obtuse, smooth and glabrous,
the awn inserted about 4+ above the base of the scale,
and extending for about 1” beyond the spikelet.

In wet soil, Newfoundland to Kansas, south to Florida
and Texas. Also in Europe and Asia. Introduced. Some-
times found on ballast. July-Sept. Water or floating fox-
tail. Flote-grass.

3. Alopecurus aristulatus Michx. Short-
awned Foxtail. Fig. 460.

A, aristulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 43. 1803.

A. geniculatus var. aristulatus Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 97.
1824.

Culms 6’20’ tall, erect or somewhat decumbent at
the base; sheaths shorter than the internodes;
blades up to 6’ long, 1”-2” wide, rough; spikes 17-3’
long, 2”-3” in diameter; spikelets 1-13” long, the
outer scales slightly united at the base, pubescent,
acutish, the keel ciliate, the flowering scale a little
shorter, obtuse, glabrous, the awn inserted at or near
the middle of the scale, barely exserted beyond the
spikelet.

Wet meadows, Maine to Alaska, Pennsylvania and
California, June—Aug.

Genus 38. GRASS FAMILY.

4. Alopecurus praténsis L. Meadow Foxtail.
Fig. 461.
Alopecurus pratensis L. Sp. Pl. 60. 1753.

Nearly or quite glabrous, slender, culms 1°-24° tall,
erect, simple. Sheaths usually much shorter than the
internodes, loose or somewhat inflated; ligule about #”
long, erose-truncate; blades 14’-33’ long, 1-3” wide,

thick; outer scales of the spikelet united at the base for
about one-quarter their length, 2-3” long, acute, gla-
brous except the sparingly pubescent lateral nerves and
the strongly ciliate keel; third scale slightly shorter, ob-
tuse, smooth and glabrous, the awn inserted about quarter
way up the scale and exceeding it.

In meadows, Newfoundland to southern New York, wew
Jersey and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. June-July.

5. Alopecurus alpinus J. E.Smith. Alpine Foxtail.
Fig. 462.
Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. pil. 1126. 1803.
Culms glabrous and smooth or nearly so, 5’—2° tall, erect,
sometimes decumbent at the base, simple. Sheaths generally
shorter than the internodes, loose, often inflated; ligule
1-2” long, rounded at the apex; blades 17-7’ long, 1-3”
wide, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; spike 13’ in
length or less, 3’-6” thick; outer scales of the spikelet
united only at the base, 2” long, obtuse, villous and ciliate;
third scale about equalling the outer ones, obtuse, glabrous
except at the villous apex, the awn inserted about one-third
the way up, a little exceeding the scale.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine
Europe and Asia. Summer.

39. PHIPPSIA R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy.
285. 1824.

A low annual tufted grass, with flat leaf-blades and spike-like panicles. Spikelets
t-flowered ; scales 3; the 2 outer empty, minute, the first often wanting; the third scale thin-
membranous, keeled. Palet somewhat shorter, 2-keeled. Stamen 1, rarely 2 or 3. Styles
short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, enclosed in the scale and palet, which
readily split and allow it to drop out. [In honor of John Constantine Phipps, 1744-1792,
Arctic navigator. ]

A monotypic genus of the arctic regions.

1. Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br. Phipp- 4
sia. Fig. 463. a

Agrostis algida Solander, in Phipps’ Voy. 200. 1810.
A la algida R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 28s.
1824.

Smooth and glabrous throughout, culms 1’-5’ iY
tall, erect, simple; ligule 4” long; blades 1’ in
length or less, #’-1 wide, obtuse; panicle }/-11’
in length, contracted ; branches 1’-}’ long, erect or
appressed; spikelets 4-3” long; outer scales mi-
nute, unequal, acutish, the first often wanting;
third scale broad, 1-nerved, obtuse, or sub-trun-
cate and somewhat erose, the palet about two-
thirds as long, broad, 2-keeled, erose-truncate.

Arctic and alpine regions of both the Old World
and the New. Summer.

2

13

194 GRAMINEAE. Vo. I.

40. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 169. 1810.

Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and open or con-
tracted panicles. Spikelets generally small, 1-flowered, occasionally 2-3-flowered. Scales in
the 1-flowered spikelets 3, membranous; the 2 outer empty, the first somewhat shorter; the
third scale equalling or longer than the empty ones; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles
very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, and often early deciduous. [Greek,
referring to the deciduous grain.]

About roo species, in tropical and temperate regions, very numerous in America. Besides the
following, several others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species: Agrostis
tmdica .

Panicle contracted.

Annuals.
Spikelets 2” long; flowering scale pubescent. 1. S. vaginaeflorus,
Spikelets 114”-1'%4” long; flowering scale glabrous. 2. S. neglectus.
Perennials.

Plants tufted; no rootstocks.
Panicle occupying but a small part of the plant.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so,
Flowering scale pubescent.
Palet long-acuminate, much longer than the flowering es
Palet simply acute, about as long as the flowering scale.
Flowering scale glabrous.
Spikelets 2” long ; inflorescence slender. 5
Spikelets 2%4”-3” long; inflorescence stout. 6.
Leaves, at least the lower ones, papillose-hirsute. ae
8.
9.

. clandestinus.
canovirens.

OUAY

base

S. Drummondii,
S. asper.

S. pilosus,

S. angustus.
S. virginicus.
in no. 15).

Panicle occupying %—™% of the plant.
Plants with long creeping rootstocks.
Panicle open, its branches spreading, at least at maturity (sometimes contracted
Annuals,
Empty scales but little shorter than the flowering scale, usually pubescent.
10. S. confusus,
Empty scales % as long as the flowering scale, glabrous. 11. S. uniflorus.
Perennials.
Culms tufted; no rootstocks.
Spikelets 1”-1%4” long; empty scales ovate to lanceolate.
Panicle branches verticillate.
Spikelets 34” long, green. 12. S. argutus.
Spikelets 114”-11%4” long, purple. 13. S. gracilis.
Panicle branches alternate.
Leaf-sheaths naked, or sparingly ciliate at the throat; panicle usually exserted.
14. S. airoides.
Leaf-sheaths densely pilose at the throat; base of the panicle generally included.
15. S. cryptandrus.
Spikelets 2”-3” long; first scale subulate, much narrower than the second.
16. S. heterolepis.

Culms from long running rootstocks.

First scale of the spikelet 1% as long as the second or less. 17. S. texanus.
First scale about equalling the second.
Culms erect, simple; leaf-blades elongated. 18. S. torreyanus.
Culms decumbent and branched below; leaf-blades short. 19. S. asperifolius.

Sporobolus vaginaeflorus Torr. Sheathed
Rush-grass. Fig. 464.
Vilfa vaginaeflora Torr.; A. Gray, Gram. and Cyp. No. 3.
1834

Sporobolus vaginaeflorus Torr. ; Wood, Classbook, 775. 1861.
Sporobolus minor Vasey; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 646. 1890,

Culms 8-18’ tall, erect, slender, smooth or scabrous.
Sheaths usually inflated, about half as long as the inter-
nodes; ligule very short; blades 1” wide or less, smooth
and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy near the base
above, attenuate into a slender involute point, the lower
elongated, the upper 1’-3’ long, setaceous; panicles ?—2’
in length, the terminal one exserted or sometimes par-
tially included, strict, the branches 4’ long or less, erect,
the lateral ones enclosed in the sheaths; spikelets
13-23” long, the outer scales unequal, acuminate,
smooth, the lower one shorter; third scale scabrous,
especially toward the apex, about as long as the second
and equalling or slightly exceeded by the very acute
palet.

In dry soil, southern Maine to South Dakota, south to
Georgia and Texas. Southern poverty-grass. Aug.—Sept.

j

_ Sporobolus canovirens Nash, in Britt. Man. 1042. 1go1.

GENUS 40. GRASS FAMILY. 195

2. Sporobolus negléctus Nash. Small Rush-grass. Fig. 46s.

Sporobolus neglectus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 464. 1895.

Culms 6-12’ tall, erect from a usually decumbent
base, slender, often much branched, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths about half as long as the internodes,
inflated ; ligule very short; blades 1” wide or less at the
base, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy
near the base above, attenuate into a slender point, the
lower elongated, the upper 17-3’ long, setaceous; ter-
minal panicle 1-23’ in length, usually more or less in-
cluded in the upper sheath, strict; lateral panicles en-
closed in the sheaths; spikelets about 12” long, the outer
scales acute, the lower one slightly shorter; third scale
acute, glabrous, a little longer than the second and about
equalling the acute palet.

In dry soil, New Brunswick to North Dakota, Virginia
and Missouri. Aug.—Sept.

3. Sporobolus clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitche. Rough Rush-grass. Fig. 466.

Agrostis clandestina Spreng. Fl. Hal. Mant. 32. 1807.
S. clandestinus Hitche. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:

150. 1908.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
a mere ring, less than 3?” long, naked; blades 3’-15’
long, 1-2” wide at the base, attenuate into a long
slender involute tip, smooth and glabrous beneath,
scabrous above, or somewhat hairy at the base;
panicle 2’-5’ in length, linear, strict, its branches
1-2’ long, appressed; spikelets 3’—4” long, the outer
scales unequal, acute; third scale pubescent at the
base, much longer than the second and greatly ex-
ceeded by the long-acuminate almost awned palet.

In dry soil, Connecticut to Missouri, south to Florida

and Texas. Described and figured as S. asper in our
first edition. Prairie-grass. Aug.—Sept.

4. Sporobolus canévirens Nash. Grey-green
Rush-grass. Fig. 467.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect; leaf-blades 10’ long or less,
4”-14” wide, attenuate and filiform above; panicle
2’-5’ long; spikelets 24-3” long, the scales acuminate,
the empty ones unequal, the flowering scale appressed-
pubescent below with long hairs, about equalling or a
little exceeded by the acute palet.

Sandy soil, Tennessee to Missouri and Mississippi.
Sept.

GRAMINEAE Vor. I.

5. Sporobolus Drummondii (Trin.) Vasey.
Drummond’s Rush-grass. Fig. 468.

Vilfa Drummondii Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb.
VI. 57: 106. 1840.

S. Drummondii Vasey, Cat. Grasses U. S. 44. 1885.

Culms 13°-3° tall, erect, slender; leaf-blades 1°
long or less, 3’—13” wide, attenuate and filiform at
the apex; panicle 4-6’ long, slender; spikelets
about 2” long, the empty scales acute, the first
shorter than the second, the flowering scale gla-
brous, acute or obtusish, longer than the second
one and about equalling the acutish palet.

In dry soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas.
Sept.—Oct.

Sporobolus attenuatus Nash has been reported as
introduced along railroads in Jackson Co., Mo. It is
related to the above and may be distinguished by its
smaller spikelets about 144” long.

6. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. Long-leaved Rush-grass. Fig. 469.

Agrostis aspera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 52. 1803.
Agrostis longifolia Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 90. 1824.
S. asper Kunth. Rev. Gram. 1: 68. 1829.

S. longifolius Wood, Class-book, 775. 1861.

Culms 13°-33° tall, erect, simple or occasionally
branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes; ligule very short, minutely
ciliate; leaves 4’-18’ long, 1-2” wide at the base,
attenuate into a long slender involute tip, smooth
and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy at the
base above; panicle more or less included in the
upper sheath, 3’-10’ in length, linear, strict, the
branches 1’-2’ long, erect; spikelets 23’-3” long;
outer scales unequal, acutish, glabrous, the lower
shorter; third scale glabrous, acutish or obtuse, ex-
ceeding the second and equalling or a little shorter
than the obtuse palet.

In dry soil, Maine to South Dakota and Texas.
Prairie-grass. Aug.—Sept.

7. Sporobolus pildsus Vasey. Hairy Rush-
grass. Fig. 470.

Sporobolus pilosus Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 16: 26. 1891.

Culms 1°-1° tall, erect, rigid, stout, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths shorter than the inte.nodes, crowded
and overlapping at the base of the culm; ligule very
short, minutely ciliate; blades 3’-6’ long, 1-2” wide at
base, erect, rigid, attenuate into a slender involute tip,
the lower papillose-hirsute on both sides, the upper
usually glabrous beneath, scabrous above and some-
what hairy near the base; panicle 2’-3’ in length, in-
cluded at the base, erect, strict, its branches 3-1’ long,
erect; spikelets 23” long, the outer scales unequal, gla-
brous, obtuse, the lower shorter; third scale obtuse,
glabrous, somewhat exceeding the second and equalling
or a little longer than the obtuse palet.

In dry soil, Kansas and Missouri. Aug.—Sept.

GENUS 40. _ GRASS FAMILY. 197

8. Sporobolus angustus Buckley. Dense Rush-
grass. Smut-grass. Fig. 471.

S. indicus Nash, in Ill, Fl. Ed. 1, 1: 154. 1896. Not. R.
Br. 1810.
S. angustus Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1862: 88. 1863.

Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms 1°-4° tall,
erect, tufted, simple or rarely sparingly branched.
Sheaths few, long, shorter than the internodes;
ligule a ring of very short hairs; blades 1’-3” wide,
attenuate into a long slender point, the lower 81°
long, the upper shorter; panicle 4’-15’ in length, usu-
ally elongated, narrow, spike-like; spikelets 3-1”
long, the outer scales unequal, about half as long
as the third, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the lower
one shorter and often erose-truncate; third scale
acute, somewhat exceeding the obtuse or acutish
palet.

In meadows and waste places, Virginia to Florida, west to Missouri and California. Also
in Bermuda, the Bahamas and the West Indies. Black-seed, Swamp-grass, Sweet-grass. July—Sept.

g. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. Sea-shore Rush-grass. Fig. 472.

Agrostis virginica L. Sp, Pl. 63. 1753.
Sporobolus virginicus Kunth, Rey. Gram. 1: 67. 18209.
Culms 672° tall, erect or sometimes decumbent,
simple or branched at the base, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths numerous, short, overlapping and crowded at
the lower part of the culm, smooth, glabrous or some-
times pilose on the margins and at the throat; ligule
a ring of short hairs; blades 1’-8’ long, 2” wide or less
at the base, distichous, acuminate into a long point,
involute on the margins and at the apex, smooth be-
neath, scabrous above or sometimes sparingly hairy;
panicle 1’-3’ long, 2-5” thick, dense and spike-like,
usually exserted; spikelets 1-13” long, the outer scales
about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous; third scale
smooth and glabrous, acute, slightly shorter than the
second and about equalling the obtuse palet.

On sandy shores, Virginia to Florida, Texas, Mexico and
South America. West Indies. Aug.—Sept.

10. Sporobolus confusus (Fourn.) Vasey.
Vasey’s Dropseed. Fig. 473.

Vilfa confusa Fourn. Mex. Pl. Gram. 101. 188r.
S. confusus Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 293. 1888.

Culms tufted, 4’-12" tall, slender; blades 2’ long or
less, not over }” wide; panicle open, 1’-8’ long, its
slender branches spreading or ascending; spikelets about
1?” long, on capillary pedicels which are abruptly thick-
ened at the apex, the empty scales shorter than the
flowering scale, glabrous or pubescent, the flowering
scale usually pubescent.

Usually in wet places, Montana and Nebraska to Mexico. q
June-Sept. :

198 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

11. Sporobolus unifldrus Muhl. Late-flowering Dropseed. Fig. 474.

Poa uniflora Muhl. Descr. Gram. 151. itiy

Agrostis serotina Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 88. 1824.

Sporobolus serotinus A. Gray, Man. 577. 1848.

S. uniflorus Muhl.; Scribn. & Merr, Circ. U. S. Dep. Agr.
Agrost. 27: 5. 1900.

Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so, culms 6-18’
tall, from an annual root, erect, slender, simple.
Sheaths short, confined to the lower part of the culm;
ligule less than 4” in length, irregularly truncate;
blades 2” wide or less, slightly scabrous above, flat,
the basal one-third to half the length of the culm,
those of the culm 2’-4’ long; panicle 3-9’ in length,
the branches capillary, erect or ascending, the lower
1’-23’ long; spikelets about 8” long, the outer scales
subequal, obtuse, smooth or sometimes sparingly sca-
brous; third scale twice the length of the outer ones,
acuminate.

In wet sandy soil, Maine to Ontario and Michigan, south
to New Jersey. Sept.—Oct.

12 Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth. Pointed Dropseed-grass. Fig. 475.

A

Vilfa arguta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 2: 395. 1820. =
Sporobolus argutus Kunth, Enum, 1: 215. 1833.

Culms 1° tall or less, erect, or somewhat decumbent
at the base, simple or sometimes branched, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, their
margins sometimes hirsute at the top; ligule a ring of
short hairs; blades 1-2’ long, 1-2” wide at the base,
acuminate, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and
often sparingly hairy at the base above; panicle 13’-3'
in length, the branches 4-1’ long, verticillate, at first
appressed, finally widely spreading; spikelets 3?” long;
outer scales smooth and glabrous, the first rounded or
obtuse, one-quarter the length of the acute second one;
third scale about equalling the second, acute.

In sandy and rocky places, Kansas and Colorado, south
to Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. July—Sept.

13. Sporobolus gracilis (Trin.) Merrill. Purple Dropseed-grass. Wire-grass.

Fig. 476.
Agrostis juncea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 52. 1803. Not
Lam. 1783.
Vilfa gracilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 57: 74.
1840.

Sporobolus junceus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 68. 1829,
S. ejuncidus Nash, in Britt. Man. 106. trgot.
S. gracilis Merrill, Rhodora, 4: 48. 1902.

Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms 1°-2° tall,
tufted, erect, slender, simple. Sheaths shorter than the
internodes; ligule very short; blades filiform or seta-
ceous, the basal 6’-1° long, numerous, those of the culm
few, 1-3’ long; panicle 3’-7’ in length, open, the
branches verticillate, the lower 1’-2’ long, widely spread-
ing; spikelets 14-13”, purple, the outer scales very
unequal, the first obtuse or acutish, one-fourth to one-
third the length of the acute second one; third scale
subacute or blunt, equalling the second and the obtuse
palet.

Dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Texas.
Rush-grass. Aug.—Sept.

GENUS 40. GRASS FAMILY. 199
14. Sporobolus airoides Torr. Hair-grass Dropseed. Fig. 477.

Agrostis airoides Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 151. 1824.
S. airoides Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 7: Part 3, 21. 1856.

Culms 14°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths generally shorter than the internodes, some-
times sparsely ciliate at the throat; ligule very short;
blades smooth beneath, scabrous above and sometimes
sparingly hairy near the base, 4”-14” wide at the base,
attenuate into a long slender involute point, the basal
about one-half as long as the culm, the upper culm
leaves 2’-5’ in length; panicle 5/15’ long, usually ex-
serted, the branches alternate or the upper verticillate,
at length widely spreading, the lower 3’-7’ long; spike-
lets #’-1” long, the scales acute, glabrous, the outer
unequal, the lower one about half as long as the upper;
third scale equalling the second and the palet.

Prairies, Nebraska to Montana, California and Texas.
Rush-grass. Salt-grass. Fine-top salt-grass. Aug.—Sept.

15. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A Gray. Sand Dropseed. Fig. 478.

Agrostis cryptandra Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 151. 1824,
Sporobolus cryptandrus A. Gray, Man. 576. 1848.

Culms 14°-33° tall, erect, simple or sometimes branched
at the base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth, with
a dense pilose ring at the summit, the lower short, crowded
and overlapping, the upper much longer, generally enclos-
ing the base of the panicle; ligule a ring of short hairs;
blades 3’-6’ long, 1’-2” wide, flat, glabrous beneath, sca-
brous above, long-acuminate; panicle 6-10’ in length, the
base generally included in the upper sheath, rarely entirely
exserted, the branches spreading or ascending, alternate,
the lower 14’-3’ long; spikelets 1-14” long, the scales
acute, glabrous, the outer scabrous on the keel, the lower
one-third as long as the upper; third scale somewhat longer
or shorter than the second.

In sandy soil, Massachusetts to Montana, Pennsylvania and
Mexico. Prairie-grass. Aug.—Oct.

16. Sporobolus heterélepis A. Gray. Northern Dropseed. Fig. 479.

Vilfa heterolepis A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 233. 1835.
Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray, Man, 576. 1848.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths sometimes sparingly pilose at the summit, the
lower short, loose, and overlapping, the upper much
elongated and tight to the culm; ligule a ring of short
hairs; blades involute-setaceous, glabrous, the margins
and upper part of the midrib very rough, the basal about
three-fourths the length of the culm, occasionally equal-
ling it, those of the culm shorter; panicle 3-10’ in length,
its branches erect or ascending, alternate or sub-verticil-
late, the lower 14’-34’ long; spikelets 2”-23” long, the
scales smooth and glabrous, the outer unequal, acuminate,
the lower subulate, about half the length of the broad
second one, often awn-pointed; third scale obtuse or
acute, shorter than the second or occasionally equalling it.

In dry soil, Quebec to Saskatchewan, south to Connecti-

St Pennsylvania, Missouri and Texas, Bunch-grass. Aug.—
ept.

GRAMINEAE. Vor. 1.

17. Sporobolus texanus Vasey. Texas Drop-
seed. Fig. 480.

S. texanus Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 57. 1890.

Culms 1°-2° tall, branching below; sheaths
crowded, the lower ones papillose-hirsute; blades
erect, firm, 12-6’ long, 13-23” wide, smooth be-
neath, very rough above; panicle included at the
base, the upper branches finally widely spreading,
2’-4’ long; spikelets a little exceeding 1” long, on
long slender pedicels; scales smooth and glabrous,
the first scale narrow, acuminate, less than 4 as long
as the second which equals the third scale.

In dry places, Kansas to Mexico. July—Sept.

18. Sporobolus Torreyanus (Schultes) Nash.
Flat-stemmed Dropseed. Fig. 481.

Agrostis compressa Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y. 91. 1819. Not
Willd. 1790.
A. Torreyana Schult. Mant. 2: 203. 1824.
Sporobolus compressus Kunth, Enum. 1: 217. 1830.
Sporobolus Torreyanus Nash, in Britt. Man. 107. 1901.
Culms 1°-2° tall, from a horizontal rootstock, stout,
simple, much compressed, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
compressed, overlapping, sometimes scabrous at the sum-
mit; ligule very short; blades 5’-10’ long, 1” wide or less,
folded, slightly rough; panicle 4-10’ in length, the
branches erect or ascending, the lower 2’-3’ long; spike-
lets about %” long; outer scales subequal, obtuse or some-
what acute, smooth and glabrous; third scale obtuse and
apiculate, strongly scabrous, slightly exceeding the outer
ones.

In bogs, Long Island and in the pine barrens of New
Jersey. Sept.—Oct.

1g. Sporobolus asperifdlius (Nees & Meyen) Thurber. Rough-leaved
Dropseed. Fig. 482.
Vilfa asperifolia Nees & Meyen; Trin. Mem. Acad. St.

a Petersb. (VI.) 6: 95. 1840.
S. asperifolius Thurber; S. Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 269. 1880.

h

\ \y Culms 67-18’ tall, erect from a decumbent and
N vy. branched base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths short,
Z crowded and overlapping, the upper usually enclosing
\ 2 : the base of the panicle; ligule 7” long, erose-truncate ;
Y/ ; blades numerous, 1’-33’ long, 1’-14” wide at the base,
SS. Y acuminate, strict, often erect, flat, glabrous, smooth
e [| VVESS S beneath, very rough above; panicle 3’-8’ in length, in-
dl > cluded at the base, rarely entirely exserted, the capillary
MX Ly : — branches spreading or ascending, the lower 2’-4’ long;
iL a ~ 7 spikelets occasionally 2-3-flowered, #” long; outer scales
AS AN SS subequal, acute, glabrous, sparingly scabrous; third
y Y* N SS scale obtuse or acute, glabrous, somewhat exceeding the

UY

second.

Dry soil, Saskatchewan to British Columbia, south to
Missouri and Mexico. Aug.—Sept.

GENUS 4I. GRASS FAMILY. 201

41. POLYPOGON Desf. Fl. Atl. 1: 66. 1798.

Mostly annual grasses, with decumbent or rarely erect culms, flat leaf-blades and spike-
like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered; scales 3; the 2 outer empty, each extended into an awn;
third scale smaller, generally hyaline, short-awned from below the apex, subtending a palet
and perfect flower; palet shorter than the scale. Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct.
Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the
many long awns which resemble a beard.]

About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate and warm regions, rare in the tropics. Type
species: Alopecurus Monspeliensis L.

1. Polypogon Monspeliénsis (L.) Desf.
Annual Beard-grass. Fig. 483.

Alopecurus Monspeliensis L. Sp. Pl. 89. 1753.
P. Monspeliensis Desf. Fl. Atl 1: 67. 1798.

Culms 2° tall or less, erect from a usually de-
cumbent base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
generally shorter than the internodes, loose,
sometimes slightly scabrous; ligule 14’-4” long;
blades 14-6’ long, 14’-3” wide, scabrous, espe-
cially above; panicle 1’-4’ in length, dense and
spike-like, the branches 4’ in length, ascending;
spikelets crowded; outer scales about 1” long,
obtuse, slightly bifid, scabrous, bearing a more or
less bent awn 2’-3” long; third scale much
shorter, erose-truncate, hyaline, bearing a delicate
awn about 3” long, inserted below the apex.

In waste places, Maine to Georgia, and in Texas,
mostly near the coast. Very abundant in western
North America, from British Columbia to Mexico,

Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
July—Sept.

42. ARCTAGROSTIS Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 434. 1853.

Perennial grasses with flat leaves and contracted panicle. Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales
3; the 2 outer empty, unequal, somewhat acute, membranous; the third scale exceeding the
second, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse; palet obtuse, 2-nerved. Stamens 2 or 3
Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet.
Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Latin, signifying an arctic Agrostis-like grass.]

A genus of 5 or 6 species, inhabiting arctic and sub-
arctic regions. Type species: Colpodium latifoliun-
R. Br.

1. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb.
Arctagrostis. Fig. 484.

Colpodium latifolinm R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry's Voy.
286. 1824.
A, latifolia Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 434. 1853.

Culms 6’-2° tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent
at the base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes; ligule 2” long, truncate +
blades 1-7’ long, 1-4” wide, usually erect, scabrous;
panicle 14’-8’ long, narrow, its branches 4-2’ ir
length, ascending or erect; spikelets 14’-2” long;
outer scales unequal, acutish, the lower about two-
thirds to three-fourths the length of the upper; third
scale obtuse, exceeding the second, hispid on the keel.

Greenland to Hudson Bay and Alaska. Also in arctic
Europe and Asia. Summer.

202 GRAMINEAE. Vou. I

43. CINNA L. Sp. Pl. 5. 1753.

Tall grasses with flat leaf-blades and panicled spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales 3;
the 2 outer empty, keeled, acute; the third scale similar, but usually short-awned on the back,
subtending a palet and a stalked perfect flower; palet a little shorter, 1- or 2-nerved.
Stamen 1. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, enclosed in the
scale and palet. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, from Dioscorides.]

Four known species, inhabiting temperate regions of Europe and North America. Besides the
following, another occurs in the western United States. Type species: Cinna arundinacea L.

Panicle narrow at maturity, its filiform branches erect or drooping; spikelets 21%4”-3” long; first

scale much shorter than the second. q ; 1. C. arundinacea.
Panicle open, its capillary branches flexuous and drooping; spikelets 114”-2” long; first scale
about equalling the second. 2. C. latifolia.

/~ . Cinna arundinacea L. Wood or Sweet
Wb Reed-grass. Fig. 485.
yi Cinna arundinacea L, Sp. Pl. 5. 1753.
Ug Z Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and
ZEA glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the in-

ternodes, overlapping at the base of the culm,
smooth or roughish; ligule 1’—2” long, truncate;
blades 6’/-1° long, 2”-7” wide, scabrous; panicle
6-12’ in length, usually contracted, sometimes
purple, the filiform branches erect or drooping,
the lower 14’-4%’ long; spikelets 23”—3” in length,
the scales acute, scabrous, especially on the keel,
the first one shorter than the second; third scale
| slightly exceeded or equalled by the second, usu-
ally bearing an awn about 4” long from the
2-toothed apex.
In moist woods and swamps, Nova Scotia to On-
tario, Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 1700 ft. in
North Carolina. Indian Reed-grass, Aug.—Sept.

|

z

2. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Slender
Wood or Sweet Reed-grass. Fig. 486.

Agrostis latifolia Treviran, in Goeppert, Beschr. d. Bot.
Gart. Breslau, 82. 1830.

Cinna pendula Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 6:
280. 1841.

C. latifolia Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 435. 1853.
Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, usually slender, simple,

smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the in-

ternodes, sometimes slightly scabrous; ligule 1’—2”

long; blades 4’-10’ long, 2”-6” wide, scabrous; |Z

panicle 5-10’ in length, open, the capillary branches |

generally spreading, flexuous and often drooping,
the lower 13-5’ in length; spikelets 14’—2” long:
scales scabrous, the outer acute, strongly hispid on
the keel, the first about equalling the second; third
scale usually exceeded by the second and bearing a
rough awn 2’-1” long from the 2-toothed apex.

In damp woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia,
New Jersey and Washington and in the Alleghanies to
North Carolina, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colo- ,
rado and Utah. Also in northern Europe. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Aug.—Sept.

44. AGROSTIS L. Sp. Pl. 6. 1753.

Annual or perennial tufted grasses with flat or bristle-like leaves and paniculate inflores-
cence. Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, membranous, keeled, acute; the
third shorter, obtuse, hyaline, sometimes bearing a dorsal awn, subtending a perfect flower;
palet shorter than the scale, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens usually 3. Styles dis-
tinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adherent to the
pericarp. [Name Greek, referring to the field habitat of many species.]

A genus of about 100 species, distributed throughout the world, numerous in temperate regions ;
15 others are found in western North America. Type species: Agrostis alba L.

Palet conspicuous, at least one-half as long as the scale.
Panicle open in flower, branches long and spreading; an upland grass. 1. A. alba,

GENUS 44. GRASS FAMILY. 203

Panicle dense and contracted, spike-like, its branches short and appressed; a grass of brackish

marshes and wet sands. 2. A. maritima.
Palet inconpicuous, minute, or wanting.
Branches of the contracted panicle short, spikelet-bearing to the base. 3. A. asperifolia.
Branches of the panicle slender, naked below.
Flowering scale awned.
Awn flexuous, barbellate, twice the length of the 34” spikelet. 4. A. Elliottiana.
Awn stouter, glabrous, rigid, usually bent, not twice the length of the spikelet.
Branches of the panicle usually ascending ; spikelets 1” long.
Culms 6’ tall or less; panicle 1’ long or less; alpine grass. 5. A. rupestris.
Culms 1°-2° tall; panicle exceeding 2’ long. 6. A. canina.
Branches of the mature panicle spreading; spikelets 114”-14%4” long.
Awn exserted; panicle branches glabrous or hispidulous. 7. A. borealis.

Awn short; panicle branches hispid. 8. A. geminata.
Flowering scale awnless, or very rarely with a short awn. J
Culms weak, decumbent or prostrate at the base; blades lax. g. A. Schweinitzit.

Culms and blades erect.

Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, usually dividing above the middle, the

spikelets often crowded at the extremities.

Spikelets 34”-1” long; blades short. 12. A. hyemalis.
Spikelets 14%4”-1%4” long; blades elongated. 11. A. altissima.
Branches of the panicle not elongated, usually dividing at or below the middle.
Spikelets about 1” long; a grass of low elevations. 10. A, perennans.
Spikelets 144”-114” long; a high mountain grass. 13. A. oreophila.

1. Agrostis alba L. Red-top. Fiorin. Herd’s-grass. Fig. 487.
Agrostis alba L. Sp. Pl. 63. 1753.
Agrostis vulgaris With. Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl. Ed.

3, 132. 1796.

A, alba var. aristata A. Gray, Man. 578. 1848.
Agrostis alba var. vulgaris Thurber in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 6, 647. 1890.

Culms 823° tall, erect or decumbent at the
base, often stoloniferous, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the
internodes, often crowded at the base of the
culm; ligule 4” long or less; blades 2’-8’ long,
1-3” wide, scabrous; panicle 2’-9’ in length,
contracted or open, green or purplish, the
branches ascending or erect, the lower 17-3’
long; spikelets 1-13’ long; outer scales
about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous, ex-
cept on the hispid or scabrous keel; third
scale shorter, rarely awned near the base, the
palet at least one-third its length.

Fields and meadows nearly throughout North
America, extensively cultivated for fodder. Na-
turalized from Europe, and perhaps also native
northward. White-top; White, Marsh or Creep-
ing Bent; Black Quitch, Tussocks, Water Twitch,
Fine John; Monkey’s, Burden’s or Summer
Dew-grass; Conch or Bonnet-grass. July—Sept.

aN

&

2. Agrostis maritima Lam. Dense-flowered
Bent-grass. Fig. 488.
A. maritima Lam. Encycl. 1: 61. 1783.
Agrostis coarctata Ehrh.; Hoffm, Deutsch, Fl. Ed. 2,
I: 37. 1800.
A, abe maritima Meyer, Chloris Hanov. 656. 1836.
Glabrous. Culms tufted, erect, or decumbent at
the base and often rooting at the lower nodes,
smooth, 12’-20’ tall, at length branching; sheaths
shorter than the internodes; ligule scarious, 3-1”
long; blades erect, rough on both surfaces, 14’-31’
long, 14” or less wide; panicle dense and con-
tracted, 13’-4’ long, 3/-#’ thick, its branches erect,
the longer 12’ long or less; spikelets numerous,
crowded, acute at both ends and lanceolate when
closed, 1”-1?” long, on shorter hispidulous pedicels
which are much thickened at the apex ; empty scales
acute, hispidulous on the upper part of the keel,
especially in the first scale; flowering scale hyaline,
about three-quarters as long as the spikelet, den-
ticulate at the truncate or rounded apex; palet about one-half as long as the scale.

204 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

Wet sands or brackish marshes aiong the coast, Maine and Quebec to Delaware. Also in Europe.
July—Sept.

3. Agrostis asperifolia Trin. Rough-leaved
Bent-grass. Fig. 489.
Agrostis asperifolia Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb, (VI.)
6: Part 2, 317. 1845.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at
the base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually

shorter than the internodes, smooth or roughish; ligule
1-33” long, more or less decurrent; blades 1’-8’ long,
1-4” wide, generally erect, flat or involute, scabrous;
panicle contracted, 23’-10’ in length, often interrupted
or glomerate, the branches 14-3’ in length, erect, spike-
let-bearing to the base; spikelets crowded, 1-13” long,
the outer scales subequal, scabrous, especially on the
keel; third scale about three-fourths the length of the
second, obtuse or subacute; palet minute.

Manitoba to Washington, south to western Texas and
California.. Northern Red-top. Aug.—Sept.

4. Agrostis Elliottiana Schultes. Elliott’s Bent-grass. Fig. 490.

Agrostis arachnoides Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 134. 1817.
Not Poir, 1810.
Agrostis Elliottiana Schultes, Mant. 2: 202. 1824.

Culms 57-14’ tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth
or slightly scabrous, strongly striate; ligule 1” long;
blades rough, 4-2’ long, 1” wide or less; panicle 2-5’
in length, usually narrow, sometimes open, the branches
slender, naked below, erect or ascending, the lower
1-13’ long; spikelets $’” long; outer scales subequal,
scabrous on the keel, acute; third scale about three-
quarters as long as the first, erose-truncate, acute or
2-toothed, bearing a very finely filiform flexuous bar-
bellate awn, 2-4 times its length, inserted just below
the apex; palet short.

In dry soil, South Carolina to Kentucky and Kansas,
Florida and Texas. Spider Bent-grass. May-July.

5. Agrostis rupéstris Allioni. Rock Bent-
grass. Fig. 491.

Agrostis rupestris Allioni, Fl. Pedem, 2: 237. 1785.

Culms tufted, 6’ or less tall, slender, erect, or
decumbent at the base, smooth and _ glabrous.
Sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule about
3” long; blades smooth and glabrous, those on the
culm 1’ or less long, the basal leaves from one-third
to one-half as long as the culms; panicle contracted,
1’ or less long, its axis and branches smooth, the
latter erect or nearly so, spikelet-bearing above the
middle; spikelets about 1” long; empty scales about
equal, r-nerved, acute, usually purple, hispidulous
on the keel; flowering scale shorter, hyaline, den-
ticulate at the obtuse or truncate apex, bearing
about the middle a dorsal scabrous awn a little
over 1” long; palet wanting.

Labrador. Also in Europe. Summer.

GENUS 44. GRASS FAMILY. 205

6. Agrostis canina L. Brown bent-grass. Fig. 492.

Agrostis canina L. Sp. Pl. 62. 1753.

Culms 1°-2° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
4”-13” long; blades 1-3’ in length, 1” wide or less,
scabrous; panicle 2’-7’ in length, contracted in fruit,
the branches slender, naked below, ascending or spread-
ing in flower, the lower 1’-23’ long; spikelets 1” long,
on appressed pedicels, the outer scales subequal, acute,
strongly scabrous on the keel; third scale about two-
thirds the length of the first, obtuse, smooth and gla-
brous, bearing a straight or somewhat bent dorsal awn
1-2” long, inserted just above the middle; palet minute
or none.

In meadows, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Penn-
sylvania and Tennessee. Native northward; naturalized

from Europe southward. Rhode Island or Dog Bent-grass;
Fine-top, Furze-top. Much used for lawns. July—Sept-.

7. Agrostis borealis Hartm. Red Bent-grass. Fig. 493.

Agrostis rubra L. Sp. Pl. 62. 1753.
J Agrostis borealis Hartm. Scand. Fl, Ed. 3, 17. 1838.
A, rupestris Chapm. Fl. S. States, 551. 1860. Not All.
1785.
Agrostis rubra var. americana Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can.
Pl. 5: 391. 1890.

Smooth or very nearly so, glabrous, culms 62° tall,
erect or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple.
Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; ligule 1”
long; blades 2’-4’ long, 3-13” wide; panicle 23’-5’ in
leneth, open, the branches generally widely spreading
and more or less flexuous, rarely erect, the lower 17-23’
long; spikelets 14’-13” long, the outer scales acute,

= | scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter than the first,

obtuse, bearing a usually bent dorsal awn 2”-23” long,
inserted below the middle.

Summits of the highest mountains of New England,
New York and North Carolina. Europe. Summer.

Agrostis paludésa Scribn., of Labrador, differs by an
awnless flowering scale.

J

——-

2
Sy

8. Agrostis geminata Trin. Twin Bent-
grass. Fig. 494.

Agrostis geminata Trin. Gram. Unifl. 207. 1824.

A, hiemalis geminata Hitche. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.
Pl. Ind. 68: 44. 1905.

Culms 2’-4’ tall, tufted; leaf-sheaths smooth and
glabrous, overlapping; ligule 1-14” long; blades
smooth and glabrous, erect, usually complanate;
panicle 24’-s’ long, usually included at the base,
its branches very rough, ascending; spikelets about
14” long, the first scale longer and broader than the
second, the third scale about 4 as long as the first.

Labrador to Alaska. This may differ specifically
from the true 4, geminata Trin. Summer.

206 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

g. Agrostis Schweinitzii Trin. Thin-grass. Fig. 495.

Agrostis Schweinitsii Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 67:
gli. 1841.

Culms 1°-23° long from a decumbent or prostrate
base, weak, slender, simple or sparingly branched
above, smooth and glabrous; ligule 4” long; blades
2'-6' long, 1-2” wide, lax, scabrous; panicle 4-8’ in
length, open, the branches 17-2’ long, widely spreading,
the branchlets and pedicels divergent; spikelets #’—1”
long, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel;
third scale about three-quarters the length of the first,
smooth and glabrous, not awned; palet small or
wanting.

In shaded damp places, Quebec to Wisconsin, south to
South Carolina and Kansas. Ascends to 6600 ft. in
North Carolina. Panicle usually light green, sometimes
purplish. Twin-grass. This species was described and
figured as Agrostis perennans in our first edition. July—
Sept.

10. Agrostis perénnans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Upland Bent-grass. Fig. 496.

Cornucopiae perennans Walt. Fl, Car. 74. 1788.
A. perennans Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 44. 1843.
Agrostis intermedia Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 476.
1893. Not. Balb. 1801.
A, pseudo-intermedia Farwell, Ann. Rep. Com, Parks & Boul.
Detroit 11: 46. 1900.
A, Scribneriana Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 126. 1903.
Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths smooth, those at the base of the culm often
crowded and overlapping; ligule 17-2” long; blades
4’-9’ long, 1’-3”” wide, scabrous; panicle 4’-0’ in length,
the branches 14’-3’ long, ascending, dividing at or below
the middle, the divisions divergent, the pedicels ap-
pressed; spikelets about 1” long, the outer scales acute
or acuminate, scabrous on the keel; third scale about
three-fourths the length of the first, smooth; palet small
or wanting.

In dry soil, Massachusetts and New York to New Jersey,
Tennessee and Missouri. Aug.-Oct

11. Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. Tall
Bent-grass. Fig. 497.

Cornucopiae altissima Walt. Fl. Car. 74. 1788.

Agrostis altissima Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 44. 1843.

Agrostis elata Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb, (VI.) Part

2, 364. 1845.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth, usually stiff.
Sheaths overlapping, scabrous, the upper one elon-
gated; ligule 1-2” long; blades elongated, 61° in
length, 1-13” wide, scabrous; panicle 7’-9’ long, the
branches ascending or erect, somewhat scabrous, the
lower 2’-4’ in length, spikelet-bearing at the extremi-
t’-14” long, the outer scales acute,

ties; spikelets 14
scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter§ obtuse, sca-
brous, occasionally bearing a short awn; palet small or
wanting.

In sandy swamps, Long Island and New Jersey to

Florida and Mississippi. Panicle usually purplish. Tall
Thin-grass. Aug.—Oct.

GENUS 44. GRASS FAMILY. 207

12. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Rough
Hair-grass. Fool-hay. Silk-grass. Fig. 498.

Cornucopiae hyemalis Walt. Fl. Car. 73. 1788.
Agrostis scabra Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 370. 1798.
Agrostis hyemalis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 68. 1888.

Culms 1°-2° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths generally shorter than the internodes ;
ligule 1’-2” long; blades 2-5 long, 4-13” wide, usually
erect, roughish; panicle 6’-2° long, usually purplish, the
capillary scabrous branches ascending, sometimes widely
spreading, or often drooping, the lower 3'-6’ long, divid-
ing above the middle, the divisions spikelet-bearing at the
extremities; spikelets #’—-1” long, the outer scales acute,
scabrous toward the apex and on the keel; third scale
two-thirds the length of the first or equalling it, obtuse,
rarely bearing a short awn; palet usually very small.

In dry or moist soil, nearly throughout North America ex-
cept the extreme north. Tickle-grass. Fhy-away, Rough or
Rough-leaved Bent-grass. July—Aug.

Agrostis antecédens Bicknell, of eastern Massachusetts,
differs in having the spikelets clustered at the ends of the
branches.

13. Agrostis oredphila Trin. New England
Bent-grass. Fig. 499.

? Agrostis novae-angliae Tuckerm. Hovey’s Mag. 9: 143.
April, 1843.

?Agrostis altissima var. lara Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci.
45: 44. October, 1843

A. oreophila Trin. ents ‘Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 6:
1845.

Culms 8-15’ tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths longer than the internodes, gener-
ally overlapping; ligule 1” long; blades 17-34’ long,
1” wide or less, erect, usually involute, scabrous;
panicle 33’-7’ in length, open, the branches spreading
or ascending, dividing at or below the middle, the
divisions divergent, the pedicels often appressed;
spikelets 13’-14” long, the outer scales acute, strongly
scabrous on the keel; third scale somewhat shorter,
obtuse.

Newfoundland, south to the high mountains of New
England, New York and North Carolina.

,
45. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 31. 1763.
[Deyeuxia Clarion; Beauv. Agrost, 43. pl. 9. f. 9, 10. 1812.]

Generally perennial grasses, of various habit, with flat leaf-blades and paniculate inflores-
cence. Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla usually prolonged beyond the flower and pubescent.
Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, carinate, membranous; the third scale hyaline, shorter than the
outer, obtuse, usually copiously long-hairy at the base, or rarely the hairs scanty or short, and
bearing a straight, bent or twisted dorsal awn; palet shorter, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles
short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adherent to the
pericarp. [Greek, signifying Reed-grass.]

A genus of about 150 species, widely distributed throughout temperate and mountainous
regions, and particularly numerous in the Andes. Besides the following, some 25 others occur. in
the western parts of North America. The English name Small-reed is applied to any of the species.
Type species: Arundo Calamagrostis L.

Prolongation of the rachilla hairy its whole length.
Awn strongly bent, exserted, hairs of the callus usually much shorter than the scale.
Leaf-sheaths naked at the summit, rarely bearded; panicle tinged with purple; empty scales
rather thick. ¥ ;
Basal hairs % as long as the flowering scale or less. 1. C. Pickeringii.
Basal hairs about 14-34 as long as the flowering scale. ; 2. C. lacustris.
Leaf-sheaths bearded at the summit; panicle pale; empty scales thin.
Spikelets 2”—3” long; callus hairs sparse ; palet about equalling the scale. 3. C. Porteri.
Spikelets 134”-2” long; callus hairs copious; palet shorter than the scale. 4. C. perplexa.
Awn straight, included, hairs of the cailus little if any shorter than the scale.
Panicle open, the lower rays widely spreading.
Spikelets 2”-3” long, very acuminate. 5. C. Langsdorfit.
Spikelets 114”-2” long; panicle usually loosely flowered. 6. C. canadensis.
Spikelets 1”-114” long; panicle rather densely flowered. 7. C. Macouniana.

208 GRAMINEAE. VoL. I.

Panicle more or less contracted.
Culms and almost filiform leaf-blades soft, not rigid. 8. C. neglecta,
Culms and wide leaf-blades hard, rigid.
Panicle elongated, loosely flowered; culms not tufted, or little so. 9. C. inexpansa.
Panicle short, dense and spike-like; culms strongly tufted.
Panicle narrow, much interrupted below; awn much shorter than the scale.
10. C, labradorica,
Panicle thick, continuous, or little interrupted; awn about equalling the scale.
11. C. hyperborea.
Prolongation of the rachilla hairy only at the summit. 12. C. cinnoides.

1. Calamagrostis Pickeringii Gray. Picker-
ing’s Reed-grass. Fig. 500.
C. sylvatica var. breviseta A. Gray, Man. 582. 1848.
C. Pickeringtt A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 547. 1856.
C. breviseta Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 41. 18094.
C. breviseta debilis Kearney, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.

Agrost. I1: 25. 18098.

Culms 12’-18" tall, erect, rigid, simple, scabrous
below the panicle. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, the
lower overlapping, the upper one elongated; ligule
1-3” long; blades 13’-4’ long, 2” wide, erect, smooth
beneath, rough above; panicle 3’-43’ in length, the
branches ascending or erect, the lower 17-13’ long;
spikelets 13-2” long, purple tinged, the outer scales
acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter than
the second, obtuse, scabrous, the basal hairs very
short; awn bent, not twisted, equalling or slightly
exceeding the scale.

In wet places, Newfoundland to the mountains of New

England and northern New York. Occurs in the alpine
region of the White Mountains. Aug.—Sept.

2. Calamagrostis lactstris (Kearney) Nash.
Lake Reed-grass. Fig. 501.

C. breviseta lacustris Kearney, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.
Agrost. I1: 25. 1808.

C. Pickeringii lacustris Hitche. in Gray, Man. Ed. 7,
134. 1908

Culms 14°-3° tall, from rather stout rootstocks ;
leaf-sheaths sometimes bearded at the summit; blades
4-8’ long, 1-2” wide, sometimes involute; panicle
up to 6’ long, its branches short and erect; spikelets
about 13” long, the empty scales acute, strongly his-
pidulous on the keel, the flowering scale rather thin,
the awn attached 4-4 way above the base, the basal
hairs one-half to two-thirds as long as the scale, the
palet markedly shorter than the flowering scale.

Mountains of New England and along the Great Lakes
to Minnesota.

po \
3. Calamagrostis Pérteri A.Gray. Porter’s Reed-
grass. Fig. 502.

C. Porteri A, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, 6: 79. 1862.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, slightly scabrous,
with a villous ring at the summit; ligule 2’—-23” long;
blades 6-12’ long, 2”-4” wide, rough; panicle 4’-8’ in
length, the branches erect, the lower 1-2’ long; spikelets
2’-23” long, the outer scales strongly scabrous, acute;
third scale shorter than or equalling the second, obtuse,
scabrous, the lateral basal hairs about one-third the length
of the scale, those at the back short or wanting; awn bent,
about equalling the scale, the lower part twisted.

In dry woods, southern New York to Virginia. Aug.—Sept.

GENUS 45. GRASS FAMILY. 209

4. Calamagrostis perpléxa Scribn. \WWood Reed-
grass. Fig. 503.
C. nemoralis Kearney, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Agrost. 11:

36. 1898. Not Philippi, 1896.

Calamagrostis perplexa Scribn. Circ. U. S. Dept. Agric.

Agrost. 30: 7. 1901.

Culms 3°-5° tall, erect; leaf-sheaths glabrous, ex-
cepting the usually pubescent summit; blades flat,
rather thin, rough, sometimes glabrous on the upper
surface, lax, up to 1° long, 14-3” wide; panicle 3-5’
long, 3-1’ wide, contracted, acute, its slender, some-
what flexuous hispidulous branches erect or nearly so;
spikelets 13’-2” long, the empty scales lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sometimes keeled, the
flowering scale ovate-oblong, about as long as the
second empty scale, obscurely toothed at the apex or
entire, rather firm, the awn attached near the base and
extending somewhat beyond the scale, stout, bent near
the middle, somewhat twisted at the base, the callus
hairs white, about three-fourths as long as the scale.

In dry rocky woods, Maine and western New York.

5. Calamagrostis Langsdorfii (Link) Trin.
Langsdorf’s Reed Bent-grass. Fig. 504.
Arundo Langsdorfii Link, Enum. 1: 74. 1821.
C. Langsdorfii Trin. Unifl. 225. pl. 4. f. 10. 1824.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth or roughish.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 17-3” long;
blades 4-12’ long, 2’-4” wide, scabrous; panicle 2’-6’
in length, the branches ascending or sometimes erect,
the lower 1’-2’ long, naked at the base; spikelets 2’—3”
long, the outer scales acuminate, strongly scabrous;
third scale equalling or shorter than the second, sca-
brous, the stout awn as long as or a little exceeding the
copious basal hairs which are usually somewhat shorter
than the scale.

In meadows and on rocks, Greenland to Alaska, south
in the mountains to North Carolina, Michigan, New Mexico

and California. Also in northern Europe and Asia.
Purple-top. Northern blue-joint. Summer.

6. Calamagrostis canadénsis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue-joint Grass. Fig. 505.

Arundo canadensis Michx, Fl, Bor. Am. 1: 73. 1803.
Calamagrostis canadensis Beauv. Agrost, 15. 1812.
C. canadensis acuminata Vasey, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.

Agrost. 5: 26. 18097.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth or somewhat
scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
1-3” long; blades 61° long or more, 1”-4” wide,
rough; panicle 4’-7’ in length, open, usually purplish,
the branches spreading or ascending, the lower 14’—3'
long, naked at the base; spikelets 14-2” long, the outer
scales equal or subequal, acute, strongly scabrous; third
scale equalling or slightly shorter than the second, sca-
brous, the awn delicate and equalling the copious basal
hairs which are about as long as the scale or some of
them shorter.

In swamps and wet soil, Newfoundland to British Co-
lumbia, south to North Carolina, New Mexico and Cali-

fornia. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Blue-
stem, July—Sept.

14

210 GRAMINEAE. Vou. I.
7. Calamagrostis Macouniana Vasey. Macoun’s Reed-grass. Fig. 506.

Deyeuxia Macouniana Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10: 297.
1885.

Calamagrostis Macouniana Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3: 81. 1892.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 1” long;
blades 3-7’ long, 1-23” wide, erect, acuminate, sca-
brous; panicle open, 3-43’ in length, the branches
ascending, or sometimes erect, the lower 17-13’ long,
naked at the base; spikelets 1” long, the outer scales
acute, scabrous, the first shorter than the second; third
scale equalling the second, the awn a little exceeding it;
basal hairs about as long as the scale.

Manitoba to Missouri, west to Washington. Summer.

8. Calamagrostis neglécta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. Narrow Reed-grass. Fig. 507.

Arundo neglecta Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 137. 1791.

Calamagrostis neglecta Gaertn, Fl. Wett. 1: 94. 1799.
Calamagrostis stricta Beauv. Agrost. 15. 1812.

C. neglecta borealis Kearney, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Agrost.

II: 35. 1898.

Culms 1°-24° tall, erect, simple, slender, from a slender
rootstock. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
3” long or less, truncate; blades narrow, soft, smooth,
sometimes involute, the basal one-third as long as the
culm, those of the culm 2-5’ long, erect; panicle con-
tracted, 24’-4’ in length, the branches 1’ long or less,
erect; spikelets 2” long, the outer scales acute; third
scale obtuse, about three-fourths as long as the second
and a little longer than the basal hairs; awn-attached
at or below the middle.

Shores and mountains, Labrador to Alaska, south to
northern Maine, Wisconsin, Colorado and Oregon. Also in
Europe and Asia. Yellow-top, Pony-grass. Summer.

g. Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray. Bog Reed-grass. Fig. 508.

W H C. confinis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 547. 1856. Not Nutt. 1818,
j \ / Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray; Torr. Fl. U.S. 2: 445. 1843.

Culms 14°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth or rough.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule about 1” long;
blades 2” wide or less, rough, flat, or involute at the apex,
the basal often one-half to two-thirds as long as the culm,
the stem leaves 2-10’ long; panicle contracted, 23-9’ in
length, the branches 1/2’ long, erect; spikelets about 2”
long, the scales somewhat scabrous, the outer acute; third
scale obtuse, the basal hairs equalling it or three-fourths
as long; awn more or less bent, from a little shorter to
slightly longer than the scale.

In bogs, New York and New Jersey to South Dakota and
Colorado. Aug.—Sept.

GENUS 45. GRASS FAMILY. 211

10. Calamagrostis labradorica Kearney. Lab-
rador Reed-grass. Fig. 509.

C. labradorica Kearney, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost.
Ir: 38. 18098.

Culms 1°-2° tall, rather stout; leaf-sheaths gla-
brous; ligule #”-13” long; blades up to 8’ long, 13”
wide or less, very involute, filiform toward the apex,
erect, glabrous on the lower surface; panicle 2-4’
long, less than 3’ wide, linear to oblong-lanceolate,
much interrupted below, strict, its stout branches
short and appressed; spikelets about 2” long, the
empty scales ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, firm,
purple or purplish, the flowering scale broad, rough
on the back, the awn attached at or below the
middle, slender, erect, straight.

Rocks on the seashore, Labrador. July.

11. Calamagrostis hyperboérea Lange. North-
ern Reed-grass. Fig. 510.

C. hyperborea Lang, Fl. Dan. 50: pl. 3. 1880.

C. robusta Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb, 3: 82. 1892.

C. hyperborea elongata Kearney, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.

Agrost. Ir: 40. 1808.

C. hyperborea americana Kearney, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.

Agrost. II: 41. 1898.

Culms 14°-3° tall, rigid, densely tufted; leaf-
sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades rough on both
surfaces, flat, or often involute toward the apex,
stiff, 4-12’ long, 23” or less wide; panicle contracted,
3'-6’ long, its short branches erect or ascending;
spikelets 13”-2” long, the empty scales scabrous,
acute, the flowering scale with the callus-hairs from
a little shorter than to nearly equalling it, the awn
about equalling the scale.

Meadows and swamps, Greenland to Alaska, south to
Pennsylvania, Colorado and California. Very variable.
June-Aug.

12. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn.
Nuttall’s Reed-grass. Fig. 511.

Arundo cinnoides Muhl. Gram. 187. 1817.
C Nuttalliana Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 190. 1855.
C. cinnoides Scribn. Mem, Torr. Club, 5: 42. 1895.

Culms 3°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or rough,
the lower sometimes sparingly hirsute, and rarely with a
villous ring at the summit; ligule 1-2” long; blades
4-1° long or more, 2”-5” wide, attenuate into a long
point, scabrous, occasionally sparingly hirsute; panicle
3-7’ in length, contracted, the branches erect, the lower
1-2’ long; spikelets 3-4” long; scales strongly scabrous,
the outer about equal, acuminate and awn-pointed; third
scale shorter, obtuse, the basal hairs one-half to two-
thirds its length; awn stout, exceeding or equalling the
scale; prolongation of the rachilla bearing a terminal
tuft of hairs.

In moist soil, Maine to Ohio, south to Georgia and Alabama. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Penn-
sylvania. Reed Bent-grass. Wild Oats. July—Aug.

212 GRAMINEAE. — Vo. I.
40. AMMOPHILA Host. Gram. Austr. 4: 24. pl. 41. 1809.

Tall perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades, convolute above, and dense spike-like panicles.
Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower and hairy. Scales 3, rigid,
chartaceous, acute, keeled; the 2 outer empty, the lower I-nerved, the upper 3-nerved; third
scale 5-nerved, with a ring of short hairs at the base, subtending a chartaceous 2-nerved palet
and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely
enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, sand-loving, from the habitat of these grasses. ]

Two species, the following widely distributed along the fresh and salt-water shores of the
northern hemisphere, the other European. Type species: Arundo arenaria L

1. Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. Sea Sand-

reed. Sea Mat-weed. Marram. Fig. 512.
Arundo arenaria L, Sp. Pl. 82. 1753.

Calamagrostis arenaria Roth, Fl. Germ. 1: 34. 1788.
Ammophila arundinacea Host. Gram. Austr. 4: 24. 1800.
Ammophila arenaria Link Hort. Berol. 1: 105. 1827.

Glabrous, culms 2°-4° tall, erect, rigid, stout, smooth,
arising from a long horizontal branching rootstock.
Sheaths smooth, the lower short, crowded and overlap-
ping, the upper longer; ligule a mere ring; blades 6'-1°
long or more, rigid, attenuate into a long slender invo-
lute point, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike-like
panicle dense, 4’-12’ in length, 6’—8” thick, its branches
13’ long or less, appressed; spikelets 5-6” long, the
scales scabrous, about equal in length, the third usually
with the rudiment of an awn just below the apex; basal
hairs 1-2” long. ;

In sands of the sea coast from Newfoundland to North
Carolina, and inland along the shores of the Great Lakes.
Also on the coasts of northern Europe. Reed- or Sea-
shore-bent. Beach-grass. Spires. Sea Sand-grass, Sea-reed.
Aug.—Sept.

47- CALAMOVILFA Hack. True Grasses 113. 1890.

Tall grasses with stout horizontal rootstocks, elongated leaf-blades, which are involute at
the apex, and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla not prolonged beyond
the flower. Scales 3, 1-nerved, acute, the 2 outer unequal, empty; third scale longer or shorter
than the second, a ring of hairs at its base; palet strongly 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. Seed adherent to pericarp. [Greek, a reed-like grass. |

Species 4 or 5 in the temperate and subtropical regions of North America. Type species:
Arundo brevipilis Torr.

Flowering scale and palet glabrous. 1. C. longifolia,

Flowering scale and palet pubescent. Me
Spikelets 2”-214” long; a plant of southern New Jersey. 2.'C. brevipils.
Spikelets 314”—4” long; a plant of the western United States. 3. C. gigantea.

1. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack.
' Long-leaved Reed-grass. Fig. 513.

Calamagrostis longifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 241.

1840.

C. longifolia Scribn. in Hack. True Grasses 113.

1890.

Calamovilfa longifolia magna Scribn. & Merr. Circ.

U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 35: 3. I901.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, stout, smooth
and glabrous. Sheaths crowded and overlapping,
glabrous or sometimes hairy; ligule a ring of
hairs about 1” long; blades 81° long or more;
panicle generally narrow, often 1° long or more,
commonly pale, the branches erect, or occasionally
open with the branches somewhat spreading;
spikelets 23-3 long; scales acute, the first
shorter than the second, the third glabrous, a
little longer or shorter than the second, the copious
basal hairs from % as long as to nearly equalling
the scale; palet slightly shorter than the third
scale.

In sandy places, western Ontario to Mackenzie,

south to northern Indiana, Kansas and Colorado.
Big Sand-grass. Carizzo. July—Sept.

GENUS 47. GRASS FAMILY. 213

2. Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. Short-
haired Reed-grass. Purple Bent-grass. Fig. 514.

Arundo brevipilis Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 95. 1824.
Calamagrostis brevipilis Beck, Bot. North. & Mid. St. 401.

i

1833.
Balan poilfe brevipilis Hack. True Grasses 113. 1890.

Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so, culms 2°-4°
tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes;
ligule a ring of very short hairs; blades 6-12’ long, 14”
wide or less, attenuate into a long slender involute tip,
smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; panicle open,
5-10’ in length, the branches ascending, the lower 2’—4’
long; spikelets 2’-23” long; scales acute, scabrous
toward the apex, the outer unequal, the first one-half as
long as the second; third scale exceeding the second,
pubescent on the lower half of the keel; basal hairs one-
third the length of the scale; palet nearly equalling the
scale, pubescent on the lower half of the keel.

In swamps, pine barrens of New Jersey. Aug.—Sept.

3. Calamovilfa gigantéa (Nutt.) Scribn. &
Merr. Giant Reed-grass. Fig. 515.
Calamagrostis gigantea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II.

5: 143. 1837.

Calamovilfa gigantea Scribn. & Merr. Circ. U. S. Dep.

Agr. Agrost. 35: 2. 1901.

A stout glabrous perennial with stout creeping
rootstocks, rigid often involute leaf-blades, and
large open panicle. Culms 3°-6° tall; leaf-sheaths
exceeding the internodes; blades up to 1° long or
more; panicle 1°-23° long, the spreading or ascend-
ing branches naked at the base, the longer up to 1°
long; spikelets 33’—4” long, the empty scales acute,
the first shorter than the second, the third scale a
little longer or shorter than the second scale, long-
hairy on the back and keel, the basal hairs copious.

In sandy places, Kansas to Arizona.

48. APERA Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 495. 1763.

Annual grasses with narrow flat leaf-blades, and
ample open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-flow-
ered, small, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower
into a bristle. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, unequal,
thin, membranous, keeled, acute; the third scale a little shorter, membranous, bearing a long
slender awn inserted just below the shortly 2-toothed apex; palet a little shorter than the
scale, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain
narrow, free, included in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, signifying not
mutilated, whole or entire; application uncertain. ]

Two species, natives of Europe and western Asia.
Type species: Agrostis Spica-venti L.

1. Apera Spica-vénti (L.) Beauv. Silky \ \\
Bent-grass. Windlestraw. Fig. 516. XX

Agrostis Spica-vent: L. Sp. Pl. 61. 1753.
Apera Spica-venti Beauv. Agrost. 151. 1812.

be Z-

Culms 1°-2° tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth \ | ELE
and glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than the in- | L, 7 ge
ternodes, the upper one generally including the base N LB
of the panicle; ligule 1-3” long; blades 1’-7’ long, \\\/ Yo ¥

“-2" wide, scabrous; panicle 3’-9’ in length, the ee
branches erect or ascending, capillary, 14-3’ long; “
Outer scales of the spikelet 1’-1%” long, acute, \ Z (EE;
smooth and shining; third scale hairy or nearly Va 8 “Sit
smooth, bearing a dorsal scabrous awn 3-4” long; yy ve —
rudiment at the end of the rachilla less than t” long. J ee

; Y < <—

In waste places and on ballast, Maine to southern 3 a

New York and Pennsylvania. Adventive from Europe. | ar

Wind-bent, Wind-grass, Corn-grass. June-July. j

214 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

49. NOTHOHOLCUS Nash.
[Hotcus L. Sp. Pl. 1047, in part. 1753.]

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades and spike-like or open panicles. Spike-
lets deciduous, 2-flowered; lower flower perfect, upper staminate. Scales 4; the 2 lower
empty, membranous, keeled, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved and often short-awned;
flowering scales chartaceous, that of the upper flower bearing a bent awn. Palet narrow,
2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in
the scale. [Greek, alluding to the reference of these grasses to the genus Holcus.]

About 8 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Holcus lanatus L.

AWN VA 1. Nothoholcus lanatus(L.) Nash. Velvet-grass.
\) Sx Meadow or Woolly Soft-grass. Fig. 517.

Holcus lanatus L. Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753.

Softly and densely pubescent, light green, culms
13°-3° tall, erect, often decumbent at the base, simple.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 3’—1” long;
blades 17-6’ long, 2-6” wide; spikelets 2” long, the
empty scales white-villous, the upper awn-pointed;
flowering scales 1” long, smooth, glabrous and shining,
the lower sparsely ciliate on the keel, somewhat obtuse,
the upper 2-toothed and bearing a hooked awn just

. below the apex.

In fields, meadows and waste places, Nova Scotia to
Ontario and Illinois, North Carolina and Tennessee. Also
on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Velvet
Mesquite. Old White-top. Salem-, Rot-, Dart- or

Feather-grass. Whites. Yorkshire-fog. White-timothy,
Calf-kill. June—-Aug.

,
50. -ASPRIS Adans. Fam. 2: 496. 1763.
[Arra L. Sp. Pl. 63, in part. 1753.]

Mostly annual grasses with narrow leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets
small, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous,
acute, subequal, persistent; the flowering scales usually contiguous, hyaline, mucronate or
2-toothed, deciduous, bearing a delicate dorsal awn inserted below the middle; palet a little
shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain enclosed
in the scale and palet, and often adhering to them. [Greek, from Theophrastus.]

Six or seven species, natives of Europe. Type species: Aira praecoxr L,

Panicle open; flowering scales about 1” long; plants 5’—10’ tall. 1. A. caryophyllea,
Panicle contracted; flowering scales about 1%” long; plants 2’—4’ tall. 2. A. praecox.

1. Aspris caryophyllea (L.) Nash. Silvery Hair-grass. Fig. 518.

Aira caryophyllea L. Sp. Pl. 66. 1753.

Smooth and glabrous throughout, culms 5’—10’ tall,
erect from an annual root, simple, slender. Sheaths
mostly basal; ligule 13” long; blades 3-2’ long, involute-
setaceous; panicle 1-4’ in length, silvery, shining, open,
the branches spreading or ascending, the lower 1’ long
or less; spikelets 1’—-14” long, the empty scales acute;
flowering scales very acute, 2-toothed, 1” long, bearing
an awn 14’-2” Jong.

In fields and waste places, eastern Massachusetts to
Ohio and Virginia. Also on the Pacific Coast. Local.
Naturalized from Europe. Mouse-grass. May-July.

ae

GENUS 50. GRASS FAMILY. 215

2. Aspris praécox (L.) Nash. Early Hair-
grass. Fig. 519.

Aira praecox L. Sp. Pl. 65. 1753.

Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms 2’-4’ tall,
erect, from an annual root, simple, rigid. Sheaths
clothing the whole culm, the upper one often enclosing
the base of the panicle; ligule about 13” long; blades
1’ long or less, involute-setaceous; panicle contracted,
strict, 4’-1’ in length; spikelets about 13” long, the
empty scales acute; the flowering scales acuminate,
2-toothed, about 12” long, bearing an awn 13’-2” long.

In dry fields, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania
to Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. May-July.

51. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Agrost. 91. pl. 18. f. 3. 1812.

Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaf-blades, and contracted or open panicles.
Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the hairy rachilla extended beyond the flowers or
rarely terminated by a staminate one. Scales 4 (rarely more), the 2 lower empty, keeled,
acute, membranous, shining, persistent; the flowering scales of about the same texture,
deciduous, bearing a dorsal awn, the apex toothed. Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale. [In honor of
J. C. A. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, 1774-1849, French physician and botanist.]

About 20 species, inhabiting cold and temperate regions, a few occurring in the high mountains
of the tropics. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western parts of Nort America.
Type species: Aira caespitosa L.

Upper flowering scale reaching or extending beyond the apex of the empty sales:

Flowering scales about 114” long, erose-truncate ; leaves flat. . D. caespitosa.
Flowering scales about 3” long, acute or obtuse : leaves involute. . D. flexuosa.
Empty scales extending much beyond the upper flowering scale. zs D. atropurpurea,

1. Deschampsia caespitosa(L.) Beauv. Tufted Hair-grass. Fig. 520.

Aira caespitosa L. Sp. Pl. 64. a.
D. caespitosa Beauv. Agrost. dag Fi Texte 3e x812,
Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths much shorter than the internodes; ligule 1-3”
long; blades flat, 1’-14” wide, smooth beneath, strongly
scabrous above, the basal ones numerous, one-quarter
to one-half as long as the culm, those of the culm
2’-6’ long; panicle open, 3-0’ in length, the branches
widely spreading or ascending, often somewhat flexu-
ous, naked at the base, the lower 2’-5’ long; spikelets
1}’-2” long; flowering scales about 14” long, erose-
truncate at the apex, the awns somewhat shorter or a
little longer, the upper scale reaching to or extending
beyond the apices of the empty ones.

Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, IIli-
nois, Minnesota and in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra
Nevada to New Mexico and California, mostly in wet
soil. Also in Europe and Asia. MHassock-grass, Bull-
poll, Bullpates, Windlestraw. July—Aug.

216 GRAMINEAE, Vou. I.

2. Deschampsia flexudsa (L.) Trin. Wavy Hair-grass. Fig. 521.

Aira flexuosa L. Sp. Pl. 65. 1753.
Deschampsia flexuosa Trin. Bull. Acad. Sci. St.

Petersb. 1: 66. 1836.

Glabrous throughout, culms 1°-23° tall, erect,
slender, simple, smooth. Sheaths much shorter
than the internodes; ligule 1” long or less; blades
involute-setaceous, smooth beneath, scabrous above,
the basal very numerous, one-fifth the length of
the culm or less, those of the culm 17-3’ long;
panicle open, 2-8’ in length, the branches ascend-
ing or erect, sometimes widely spreading, naked at
the base, flexuous, the lower 13’-5’ long; spikelets
24-23” long; flowering scales about 2” long,
acutely toothed at the apex; awns bent and twisted,
much exceeding the scale; upper scale reaching to
or extending beyond the apices of the empty ones.

In dry soil, Greenland and Newfoundland to On-
tario, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. As-

cends to 5100 ft. in the Adirondacks. Also in Europe,
Wood Hair-grass. July—Aug.

3. Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele. Mountain Hair-grass. Fig. 522.

Aira atropurpurea Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 37. 1812.

D. atropurpurea Scheele, Flora 27: 56. 1844.

Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so, culms
6’-18’ tall, erect, simple, rigid. Sheaths shorter than
the internodes; ligule 1” long or less, truncate;
blades 1-2” wide, erect, sometimes slightly scabrous
above, the basal 23’-5’ long, those of the culm
shorter; panicle contracted, usually purple or pur-
plish, 17-2’ in length, the branches erect, or some-
times ascending, the lower 3’—13’ long; spikelets 23”
long; flowering scales about 14” long, erose-truncate
at the apex; awns bent and much longer than the
scales; upper scale much exceeded by the very acute
outer ones.

On alpine summits, from New England to Colorado
and Oregon, north to Labrador and Alaska. Also in
Europe. July—Aug.

Sai

52. TRISETUM Pers. Syn. 1:97. 1805.

Mostly perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaf-blades and spike-like or open panicles.
Spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowers all perfect, or the uppermost staminate; rachilla glabrous
or pilose, extended beyond the flowers. Scales 4-6, membranous, the 2 lower empty, unequal,
acute, persistent; flowering scales usually shorter than the empty ones, deciduous, 2-toothed,
bearing a dorsal awn below the apex, or the lower one sometimes awnless. Palet narrow,
hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in
the scale. [Latin, referring to the three bristles (one awn and two sharp teeth) of the flow-
ering scales in some species. |

z About 60 species, widely distributed in temperate or mountainous regions. Besides the follow-
ing, about 8 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Avena striata Lam.

Flowering scales all bearing long dorsal awns.
Panicle contracted, dense; flowering scales 2%” long or less. 1. T. spicatum.
Panicle open, loose; flowering scales 2%” long or more. 2. T. flavescens.
Lower flowering scale not bearing a long dorsal awn, a rudiment sometimes present.
3. T. pennsylvanicum.

“on

GENUS 52. GRASS FAMILY.

th
~
ss!

1. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter. Narrow

Aira spicata L. Sp. Pl. 64. 1753.

Aira subspicata L. Syst. Veg. Ed. 10, 673. 1759.
Avena mollis Michx, Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 72. 1803.

Trisetum subspicatum Beauv. Agrost. 180. 1812.
T. spicatum Richter, Pl. Europ. 1: 59. 1890.

Softly pubescent or glabrous, culms 62° tall, erect,
simple. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes;
ligule #’-1” long; blades 1’-4’ long, 4’-2” wide; panicle
spike-like, 1’-5’ in length, often interrupted below, its
branches 13’ or less long, erect; spikelets 2-3-flowered,
the empty scales hispid on the keel, shining, the second
about 24” long, the first shorter; flowering scales 2’—
24” long, acuminate, scabrous, each bearing a long bent
and somewhat twisted awn.

In rocky places, Labrador to Alaska, south on the moun-
tains to North Carolina, New Mexico and California. Also
in Europe and Asia. Downy Oat-grass. Aug.—Sept.

2. Trisetum flavéscens (L.) Beauv. Yellow False Oat. Fig. 524.

Avena flavescens L. Sp. Pl. 809. 1753.
Trisetum pratense Pers. Syn. 1: 97. 1805.
T. flavescens Beauv. Agrost. 88. 1812.

Culms 14°-23° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, more or
less pubescent; ligule 4” long; blades 14’-5’ long,
1”-3” wide, scabrous, sometimes sparingly hairy;
panicle open, 2’-5’ in length, the branches ascending
or erect, somewhat flexuous, naked below, the lower
1-2’ long; spikelets 3-4-flowered; empty scales
smooth and glabrous, the second acute, 24” long, the
first about half as long, narrower, acuminate; flow-
ering scales 23’-3” long, scabrous, bearing a long
bent and twisted awn.

Introduced into Missouri and Kansas. Native of
Europe and Asia. Panicle yellow, turning dull brown.
Golden, Tall or Yellow Oat-grass. July—Aug.

J

3. Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. Marsh
False Oat or Oat-grass. Fig. 525.

Avena pennsylvanica L. Sp. Pl. 79. 1753-
Avena palustris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 72. 1803.
Trisetum pennsylvanicum Beauy.; R. & S. Syst. 2: 658. 1817.

Trisetum palustre Torr. Fl, U. S. 1: 126. 1824.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple, slender and often weak,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
sometimes scabrous; ligule 4” long; blades 1’-6’ long, xt

1-3” wide, rough; panicle 2’-8’ in length, yellowish, nar- WV
row, the branches ascending, the lower 1’-2’ long; spike-
lets 2-flowered; outer scales smooth, shining, subequal, the M4
second 2-24” long; flowering scales 2”-24” long, scabrous,

the lower not long-awned, but a rudimentary awn some-
times present, the upper with a long bent and twisted awn.
In swamps and wet meadows, Massachusetts to Illinois, south ,

to Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. &
Panicle sometimes loose and nodding. June-July.

218 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

53. AVENA L. Sp. Pl. 79. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades and panicled’ spikelets. Spike-
lets 2-many-flowered, or rarely 1-flowered; lower flowers perfect, the upper often staminate
or imperfect. Scales 4-many (rarely 3) ; the 2 lower empty, somewhat unequal, membranous,
persistent; flowering scales deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal
awn, the apex often 2-toothed. Palet narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct.
Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the scale and palet, free or
sometimes adherent to the latter. [Old Latin name for the Oat.] :

About 50 species, widely distributed in temperate regions, chiefly in the Old World. Type
species: Avena sativa L

Spikelets, exclusive of the awns, 8” long or more; annuals.
Flowering scales more or less hispid, the awn with a pronounced spiral column; rachilla hispid.
1. A. fatua.
Flowering scales glabrous, awnless or with a straight awn slightly spiral at the base.
2. A. sativa.
Spikelets, exclusive of the awns, less than 8” long; perennials.
Empty basal scales much shorter than the spikelet; flowering scales herbaceous, with the awn
inserted near the apex.
Flowering scales with a ring of hairs at the base; awn equalling or exceeding the scale.
3. A. Torreyi.
Flowering scales naked at the base; awn not more than ™% as long as the scale.
4. A. Smithii.
Empty scales, at least the second one, as long as the spikelet or nearly so; flowering scales scari-
ous and hyaline above, the awn inserted about the middle, 5. A. Hookeri.

1. Avena fatua L. Wild Oat. Fig. 526.

Avena fatua L, Sp. Pl. 80. 1753.

Culm 1°-4° tall, erect, simple, stout, smocth and gla-
brous. Sheaths smooth, or scabrous at the summit,
sometimes sparingly hirsute, the lower often overlap-
ping; ligule 1-2” long; blades 3/-8’ long, 1’-4” wide;
panicle open, 4’-12’ in length, the branches ascending;
spikelets 2-4-flowered, drooping; outer scales #/-1’ in
length, smooth, enclosing the flowering scales; flower-
ing scales 6-9” long, with a ring of stiff brown hairs
at the base, pubescent with long rigid brown hairs,
bearing a long bent and twisted awn.

In fields and waste places, Ontario and Ohio (according
to Hitchcock) and westward to Missouri; abundant on the
Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe or Asia. Haver-
corn. Poor Oat. Hever. Drake. July—Sept.

Avena stérilis L., a native of Europe, is reported as
occurring sparingly as an adventive plant in New Jersey
and near Philadelphia, Penn. It can be distinguished
from the above by its larger spikelets and longer awns.

2. Avena sativa L. Oats. Fig. 527.
Avena sativa L. Sp. Pl. 79. 1753.

A glabrous annual. Culms up to 3° tall; blades
flat, up to 1° long and 3’ wide, acuminate; panicle
4’-9’ long, its branches ascending; spikelets, exclusive
of the awns, 8-12” long, the empty scales broad,
acute, the flowering scales glabrous, awnless, or with
an imperfect awn which is rarely a little spiral at
the base.

Persisting in old fields and as a weed along road-
sides and waste places. A native of Europe and Asia.

GENUS 53. GRASS FAMILY. 219

3. Avena Torreyi Nash. Purple Oat. Fig.
528.
Avena striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 73. 1803. Not

Lam. 1783.

Trisetum purpurascens Torr. Fl. U. S. 127. 1824.

Not Avena purpurascens DC. 1813.

Culms 1°-2° tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth
and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
smooth or slightly scabrous; ligule 2” long or less;
blades erect, 1’-6’ long, 1’-3” wide, smooth beneath,
usually scabrous above; panicle 23’—-5’ in length, lax,
the branches erect or ascending, naked below, the
lower 17-23’ long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, the
empty scales smooth, the second 3-34” in length,
3-nerved, the first two-thirds to three-quarters as
long, I-nerved; flowering scales 3-4” long, with a
ring of short hairs at the base, strongly nerved,
scabrous; awns as long as the scales or longer.

In woods, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Penn-
sylvania, Minnesota and Colorado. July—Aug.

4. Avena Smithii Porter. Smith’s Oat. Fig. 529.

Avena Smithii Porter; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 3, 640. 1867.
Melica Smithii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 294. 1888.

Culms 23°-5° tail, erect, simple, scabrous. Sheaths

shorter than the internodes, very rough; ligule 2” long;
blades 4’-8’ long, 3-6” wide, scabrous; panicle 6-12’ in
length, the branches finally spreading; spikelets 3-6-flow-
ered; empty scales smooth, the second 3’-4” in length,
5-nerved, the first shorter, obscurely 3-nerved; flowering
scales 5” long, naked at the base, strongly nerved, sca-
brous, bearing an awn one-fourth to one-half their
length.

Northern Michigan and Isle Royale. Summer.

5. Avena Hookeri Scribn. Hooker’s Oat.
Fig. 530.
A. pratensis americana Scribn. in Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl.

2: 243. 1888.

A. Hookeri Scribn, True Grasses 123. 1890.
A. americana Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost.

7: 183. 1897.

A glabrous perennial. Culms tufted, 6-18’ tall,
erect; sheaths keeled; blades erect, up to 4’ long,
flat, thick, the midnerve thickened as are the rough
margins, linear, acute, those on the culm up to 2”
wide, those of the innovations much narrower;
panicle contracted, 2’-4’ long, its branches erect;
spikelets, exclusive of the awns, 6-7” long, the
empty scales acute, scarious above, the second
equalling the spikelet or nearly so, the flowering
scale 44-6” long, brown and firm at the base, sca-
rious above the middle, acute, the awn inserted
about the middle, about 4’ long and bent near the
middle, spiral at the base.

On ridges and hillsides, Saskatchewan to South
Dakota, west to Alberta and Colorado. June-Aug.
Avena pubéscens Huds., of Europe, reported as adventive in Vermont and New Jersey, can be
distinguished by its pubescent foliage and the very long hairs on the rachilla.

220 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

54. ARRHENATHERUM Beauwv. Agrost. 55. pl. 11. f. 5. 1812.

Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets
2-flowered; lower flower staminate, upper perfect; rachilla extended beyond the flowers.
Scales 4, the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or awn-pointed, unequal,
persistent, flowering scales rigid, 5-7-nerved, deciduous, the first bearing a long bent and
twisted dorsal awn, inserted below the middle, the second unawned; palet hyaline, 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek, referring
to the awn of the staminate scale. ]

Six species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Avena elatior L.

1. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Oat-
grass. Fig. 531.

Avena elatior L. Sp. Pl. 79. 1753.

A, avenaceum Beauv. Agrost, 152. Name only, 1812.

A, elatius Beauv.; M. & K. Deutsch. Fl. 1: 546. 1823.
Glabrous, culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple. Lower

sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule 1” long;

blades 23’-12’ long, 1-4” wide, scabrous; panicle 4’-12"

\ in length, contracted, the branches erect, the lower 1-2’
\ long; empty scales finely roughened, the second 4” long,
\ the first shorter; flowering scales about 4” long.
WS In fields ‘and waste places, Newfoundland to Ontario and
Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee and Nebraska.

Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Tall,
or False Oat-grass; Pearl-, Hever-, Evergreen-, Button- or
Onion-grass; Button-, Butter- or Onion-twitch; Grass of
the Andes. June-Aug.

55. DANTHONIA DC. FI. Fran. 3: 32. 1805.

Ww

2 Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-
“sh \ blades and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets
: \ 3-many-flowered, the flowers all perfect, or the upper
staminate; rachilla pubescent, extending beyond the flowers. Scales 5-many, the 2 lower
empty, keeled, acute, subequal, persistent, generally extending beyond the uppermost flower-
ing one; flowering scales rounded on the back, 2-toothed, deciduous, the awn arising from
between the acute or awned teeth, flat and twisted at base, bent; palet hyaline, 2-keeled near
the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain
free, enclosed in the scale. [Name in honor of Etienne Danthoine, a Marseilles botanist of
the last century.]

A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions, chiefly in
South Africa. Type species: Avena spicata L.
Spikelets, exclusive of the awns, less than %4’ long.

Teeth of flowering scales merely acute, not awned; panicle contracted, spike-like. 1. D. spicata.

Teeth of the flowering scales long-awned; panicle commonly open, its branches spreading,

and usually reflexed at flowering time. 2. D. compressa.

Spikelets, exclusive of the awns, exceeding %4’ long.

Panicle loose and open, green; awns 5” long or more.

Foliage and flowering scales pubescent. 3. D. sericea.
Foliage glabrous ; flowering scales pubescent on margins and base only. 4. D. epilis.
Panicle contracted, spike-like, dense, purple-variegated ; awns 3”—4” long. 5. D. intermedia,

1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Common
Wild Oat-grass. Fig. 532.

Avena spicata L. Sp. Pl. 80. 1753.
Danthonia spicata Beauy.; R. & S. Syst. 2: 690. 1817.

Culms 1°-23° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous, nearly terete. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes, glabrous or often sparingly pubescent below;
ligule very short; blades rough, 1” wide or less,
usually involute, the lower 4-6’ long, the upper
1-2’ long; inflorescence racemose or paniculate, 1-2’
in length, the pedicels and branches erect or ascend-
ing; spikelets 5-8-flowered; empty scales 4’—5” long,
glabrous; flowering scales broadly oblong, sparingly
pubescent with appressed silky hairs, the teeth about
4” long, acute or short-pointed, the bent spreading
awn closely twisted at the base, loosely so above.

In dry soil, Newfoundland to South Dakota, south
to North Carolina and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in
Virginia. June-grass. July—Sept.

" Genus 55. GRASS FAMILY. 221
i
i‘ 2. Danthonia compréssa Austin. Flattened Wild Oat-grass. Fig. 533.

»* Danthonia compressa Austin; Peck, Rept. Reg. N. Y. State
Univ. 22:-54. 1869.
Denthonia Alleni Austin, Bull. Torr. Club 3: 21. 1872,

Culms 14°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, flattened,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes; ligule pilose; blades 1” wide or less, rough, lax,
the basal from one-third to one-half the length of the
culm; lower culm leaves 6-8’ long, the upper 3-6’;
panicle open, 23’-4’ in length, the lower branches gen-
u erally spreading; spikelets 5-10-flowered; empty scales
5-6” long, glabrous; flowering scales oblong, with a
a ring of short hairs at base, pubescent with appressed
silky hairs, the awn erect or somewhat bent, strongly
twisted below, slightly so above, the teeth 1-13” long,
acuminate, awned.

—_

In woods, Maine to New York, south to North Carolina
and Tennessee. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina.
Tennessee Oat-grass. July—Sept.

3. Danthonia sericea Nutt. Silky Wild Oat-
grass. Fig. 534.

Danthonia sericea Nutt. Gen. 1: 71. 1818.

Culms 14°-3° tall, simple, glabrous. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes, usually villous; ligule pilose;
blades rough and more or less yillous, 1-13” wide,
the basal one-quarter to one-half the length of the
culm, usually flexuous, those of the culm 1-4’ long,
erect; panicle 24’-43’ in length, contracted, the branches
erect or ascending; spikelets 4-10-flowered; empty
scales 7”-8” long, glabrous; flowering scales oblong,
strongly pubescent with long silky hairs, the awn erect
or somewhat bent, closely twisted below, loosely so
above, the teeth 1-14” long, acuminate, awned.

In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, south
to Florida and Mississippi. May-July.

on

4. Danthonia €pilis Scribn. Smooth Wild Oat-grass. Fig. 53

Danthonia glabra Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 42. 1897. Vi
Not Philippi, 1806.

Danthonia epilis Scribn. Circ. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost.

go: 7. 1901.

Glabrous. Culms erect, tufted, 16’-28’ tall, slightly
roughened just below the panicle and puberulent below
the brown nodes; sheaths usually shorter than the in-
ternodes; ligule densely ciliate with long silky hairs;
blades smooth excepting at the apex, 1-2” wide, erect,
those on the sterile shoots 6’ or more long, the culm
leaves 2’-4’ long; panicle 2’-3’ long, contracted; spike-
lets, including awns, 9”-10” long, 5-10-flowered, on
hispidulous appressed pedicels; empty scales acumi-
nate; flowering scales 24’-3” long to the base of the
teeth, pilose on the margins below and sometimes spar-
ingly so on the midnerve at the base, the remainder of
the scale glabrous, teeth including the awns, 1-14”
long, the central awn 43’-6” long, more or less
spreading.

VT

In swamps, southern New Jersey to Georgia. May-July.

222, GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

5- Danthonia intermédia Vasey. Vasey’s
Wild Oat-grass. Fig. 536.

D, intermedia Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 10: 52. 1883.

A glabrous tufted perennial. Culms 4’-18' tall;
blades up to 6’ long and 2” wide, often involute;
panicle 13’-2” long, contracted, dense, spike-like,
variegated with purple, its branches short and ap-
pressed; spikelets 7’-8” long, exclusive of the awns,
the empty scales broad, acuminate, variegated with
purple, the flowering scales 33-4” long, pubescent
only on the margins below the middle and at the
base, the teeth acute and usually awned, the central
awn 3’-4” long.

Hillsides and meadows, Quebec; northern Michigan;
Saskatchewan to British Columbia, Washington and

Oregon, and southward in the mountains to Colorado.
July and Aug.

56. CAPRIOLA Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 31.
1763.
[Cynopon Rich.; Pers. Syn. 1: 85. 1805.]
Perennial grasses swith short flat leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence, the spikes digitate.
Spikelets 1-flowered, secund. Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, keeled; flowering scale broader,
membranous, compressed; palet a little shorter than the scale, Byala 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain free. [Name mediaeval Latin for the wild
goat that feeds on this grass in waste rocky places.]

Four known species, of which three are Australian, the following widely distributed. Type
species: Panicum Dactylon L.

1. Capriola Dactylon(L.) Kuntze. Bermuda- \
grass. Scutch-grass. Dog’s-tooth Grass. Wi lf }

Fig. 537.

Panicum Dactylon L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753.
Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Syn. 1: 85. 1805.
Capriola Breer Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 764. 1891. l/

Culms 4’-12’ tall, erect, from long creeping and
branching stolons, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
glabrous or somewhat hairy, crowded at the bases
of the culms and along, the stolons; ligule pilose;
blades 1’-2’ long, 1-2” wide, flat, rigid, smooth
beneath, scabrous above; spikes (45 ¥-2' in length,
digitate; rachis flat; spikelets 1” long; outer scales
hispid on the keel, narrow, the first shorter than the y

second, about two-thirds as long as the broad and Ey

S
ee

strongly compressed third one. Ni
In fields and waste places, Massachusetts and southern
New York to Missouri, Florida and Mexico. West Indies Y I _L —
and South America, Cultivated for pasture. Natural- =
ized from Europe. Wire-grass, Cane-grass, Bahama- \

. ea
grass, Indian Doob. July—Sept. r

57. SPARTINA Schreb.; Gmel. Syst. 123. 1791.

Perennial glabrous grasses, with long horizontal rootstocks, flat or involute leaves, and an
inflorescence of one-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow,
deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with the very short pedicels below
the scales. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, keeled, very unequal; the third subtending a perfect
flower, keeled, equalling or shorter than the second; palet often longer than its scale, 2-nerved.
Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated. Stigmas filiform, papillose or shortly plumose. Grain
free. [Greek, referring to the Gard-like leaves of some species.]

About 7 species, widely distributed in saline soil, a few in fresh-water marshes. Type species:
Spartina Schreberi Gmel.

First scale awn-pointed, equalling the third; second long-awned. 1. S. Michauriana.
First scale acute, shorter than the third, usually one-half as long.
First scale strongly scabrous-hispid on the keel.
Leaves 1%’ wide or more, flat. 2. S. cynosuroides,
Leaves 14’ wide or less.
Spikes ascending or erect; leaves narrow, involute; coast plant. 3. S. patens,
Spikes appressed ; leaves usually flat at the base; western species. 4. S. gracilis.
First scale smooth on the keel or occasionally lightly scabrous. 5. S. stricta.

GENUS 57. GRASS FAMILY.

1. Spartina Michauxiana Hitche. Tall Marsh-grass.

S. cynosuroides Gray, Man. 585. 1848. Not Roth, 1806.
Spartina Michauxiana Hitche. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:

153. 1908.

Culms 2°-6° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths long,
overlapping, those at the base of the culm crowded;
ligule a ring of hairs; blades 1° long or more, 3’-7”
wide, scabrous on the margins, becoming involute in
drying, attenuate into a long slender tip; spikes 5-30,
2’-s’ long; often on peduncles 3/1’ in length, ascending
or erect; rachis rough on the margins; spikelets much
imbricated, 6-7” long; outer scales awn-pointed or
awned, strongly hispid-scabrous on the keel; third scale
as long as the first, the scabrous midrib terminating just
below the emarginate or 2-toothed apex; palet some-
times exceeding the scale.

In swamps and streams of fresh or brackish water, Nova
Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to New Jersey, Texas and

Sometimes glaucous. Called also Fresh-water

Cord-grass, Bull-grass, Upland Creek-stuff. Aug.—Oct.

2. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth. Salt Reed-grass. Fig. 5309.

Dactylis cynosuroides L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753.

Trachynotia polystachya Michx. Fl, Bor. Am. 1: 64. 1803.
T. cynosuroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 64. 1803.

S. cynosuroides Roth, Catalect. 3: 10. 1806.

Spartina polystachya Ell, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 95. 1817.

Culms 4°-9° tall, erect, stout, simple, smooth. Sheaths
overlapping, those at the base of the culm crowded;
ligule a ring of hairs; blades 1° long or more, 4-1’
wide, flat, scabrous at least on the margins, attenuate
into a long slender tip; spikes 20-50, ascending, often
long-peduncled, 2’—4’ in length, the rachis rough on the
margins; spikelets much imbricated, 4-5” long, the
outer scales acute, strongly scabrous-hispid on the keel,
the first half the length of the second; third scale sca-
brous on the upper part of the keel, obtuse, longer than
the first and exceeded by the palet.

In salt and brackish marshes, Connecticut to Florida
and Mississippi. Creek-thatch, Creek-stuff. Aug.—Oct.

3. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Salt-meadow Grass. Fig. 540.

Dactylis patens Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 104. 1789.
Spartina patens Muhl. Gram. 55. 1817.
Spartina juncea Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 94. 1817.
S. caespitosa A, A. Eaton, Bull. Torr. Club 25: 338. 1898.
Culms 1°-3° tall, smooth. Lower sheaths overlap-
ping and crowded; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades
4°-1° long, 1-2” broad, involute, attenuate into a long
tip, smooth and glabrous beneath; spikes 2-10, 1-2’
long, usually ascending, more or less peduncled, the
rachis slightly scabrous; spikelets 3’-4” long; outer
scales acute, scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first usu-
ally rather less than one-half as long as the second;
third scale somewhat scabrous on the upper part of the
keel, emarginate or 2-toothed at the apex, longer than
the first and exceeded by the palet.
On salt meadows and sandy beaches, Newfoundland to
Quebec, Florida and Texas. This and Juncus Gerardi,
the “ Black Grass,” furnish most of the salt meadow hay

of the Atlantic Coast. Fox-grass, Rush Salt-grass, Three-
fork-grass, White-rush, Salt-marsh-grass. Aug.—Oct.

224 GRAMINEAE. Vor L

4. Spartina gracilis Trin. Inland Cord-grass. Fig. 541.

S. gracilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VL) 6: 1:0.
1840.

Culms 1°—3° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths _
overlapping, those at the base of the culm short and
crowded; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades 1° long or
less, 1-3” wide, flat or involute, attenuate into a long
tip; spikes 4-8, 1-2’ long, appressed, more or less
peduncled; spikelets 3’—4” long; outer scales acute,
scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first half the length
of the second; third scale obtuse, slightly shorter than
the second and about equalling the obtuse palet.

In saline soil, Saskatchewan to British Columbia, south
to Kansas and California. Slender Cord-grass, Aug.—Sept.

5. Spartina stricta (Ait.) Roth. Smooth or Salt Marsh-grass. Fig. 542.

Dactylis maritima Walt. Fl. Car. 77. 1788. Not
Curt. 1785.
Dactylis stricta Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 104. - 1780.
Spartina stricta Roth, Neue Beitr. 101. 1802.
Spartina alterniflora Lois. Fl, Gall. 2: 719. 1807.
Spartina glabra Muhl. Gram. 54. 1817.
Spartina stricta alterniflora A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,
552. 1856.
Spartina stricta maritima Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club
5: 45- 1894.
Culms 1°-9° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths
overlapping, those at the base shorter and looser,
much crowded; ligule a ring of short hairs;

”

blades up to 2° long, 2”-7” wide at the base, in-
volute, at least when dry; spikes 3-5, erect or
nearly so, 1-2’ long, or slender and 3-5’ long;
spikelets 6-8” long, loosely to rather densely
imbricated; empty scales acute or acutish,
1-nerved, the first shorter than the second, which
exceeds or equals the third which is glabrous or
pubescent; palet longer than the third scale.

Very variable. Common, in some one of its
forms, along the coast from Maine to Florida and
Texas. Also on the coast of Europe. Spart-grass,

Twin Spike-grass, Low Creek-stuff. Creek-sedge or
-thatch. Aug.—Oct.

58. CAMPULOSUS Desv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189. 1810.
[Crentum Panzer, Deutsch, Akad. Muench. 1813: 288. pl. 73. 1814.]

Tall pungent-tasted grasses, with flat or convolute narrow leaves and a curved spicate in-
florescence. Spikelets borne pectinately in two rows on one side of the flat curved rachis,
1-flowered. Lower 4 scales empty, the first very short, hyaline; the second, third, fourth
and fifth awned on the back, the latter subtending a perfect flower and palet, the uppermost —
scales empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, loosely
enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in allusion to the curved spike.]

Seven known species, four of them American, the others in the eastern hemisphere. Type
species: Chloris monostachya Michx.

- Fy

Genus 58. GRASS FAMILY. 225

1. Campulosus aromaticus ( Walt.) Scribn.
Toothache-grass. Fig. 543.

Aegilops aromatica Walt. Fl. Car. 249. 1788.

Ctenium americanum Spreng. Syst. 1: 274. 1825.

Campulosus aromaticus Scribn, Mem. Torr. Club 5:
45. 1894.

Culms 3°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth or some-
what scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes, rough; ligule 1” long, truncate; blades 1-6’

” ”

long, 1’-2” wide, flat or involute, smooth; spike
terminal, solitary, curved, 2’-4’ long, the rachis

extended into a point; spikelets about 3” long; | J

second scale thick and rigid, awn-pointed, bearing ’

just above the middle a stout horizontal or recurved |

awn; third, fourth and fifth scales membranous,

scabrous, awned from below the 2-toothed apex, the |

fifth subtending a perfect flower, the others empty. | /
In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Virginia to NAVI

Florida and Mississippi. Lemon-grass, Wild Ginger. \\ ty

July—Sept. Hy

5 3 My y \
59. CHLORIS Sw. Prodr. 25. 1788. x ~ WW X

Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence, the spikes solitary,
few, or numerous and verticillate or approximate. Spikelets 1-flowered, arranged in two
rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, unequal, keeled, acute; third
and fourth usually awned, the former subtending a perfect flower; palet folded and 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek,
greenish-yellow, referring to the color of the herbage.]

About forty species, mostly natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following some
10 others occur in the southern United States. Type species: Agrostis cruciata L.

1. Chloris verticillata Nutt. Windmill-grass.
Y ys Prairie Chloris. Branching Foxtail. Fig. 544.
VW , Chloris verticillata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)

5: 150. 1833-37-

t .
i Culms 6-18’ tall, erect, or decumbent and rooting
NY), SY at the lower nodes, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths
YY Yi shorter than the internodes, smooth, or roughish at
XY} ‘

Z

the summit; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades 1’-3’

» 4) r = :
SN PS long, 1-2” wide, obtuse, often apiculate, scabrous;
SN | WY — . , , .
¥ NY) NY, spikes slender, usually spreading, 2’-44’ long, in one
Yi ~ | NY gs, }
S WANG or two whorls, or the upper ones approximate;

“2

spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 14” long, the
first scale about one-half the length of the second;
the third 1” long, obtuse, ciliate on the nerves, espe-
cially on the lateral ones, bearing just below the apex
a scabrous awn about 24” long; fourth scale as long
as or shorter than the third, awned near the usually
truncate apex.

On prairies, Missouri to Colorado and Texas. May-
July.

Chloris élegans H.B.K., common from New Mexico to
2 California and southward, has been reported from Kan-
ah sas. Distinguished from the above by its short stout
spikes and the tuft of long hairs at the summit of the
lateral nerves of the flowering scales.

60. GYMNOPOGON Peauv. Agrost. 41. pl. 9. f. 3. 1812.

Perennial grasses with flat and usually short rigid leaf-blades and numerous slender alter-
nate spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, almost sessile, the rachilla extended and bearing a small
scale which is usually awned. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, unequal, narrow, acute;
third broader, fertile, 3-nerved, slightly 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an erect awn; the
fourth empty, small, awned; palet 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Grain linear, free, enclosed in the rigid scale. [Greek, naked-beard, referring to the pro-
longation of the rachilla.]

Six species, all but one American. Type species: Andropogon ambiguus Michx.

Spikes bearing spikelets their whole length; awn longer than flowering scale. 1. G. ambiguus.
Spikes bearing spikelets above the middle; awn shorter than flowering scale. 2. G. brevifolius,

15

226 GRAMINEAE. Vo. I.

1. Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P.
VY Broad-leaved or Naked Beard-grass. Fig.545.
f Andropogon ambiguus Michx, Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 58. 1803.
y/ Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv. Agrost. 164. 1812,

Wy G. ambiguus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69. 1888.

Culms 12’-18’ tall, erect, or decumbent at the base,
simple or sometimes sparingly branched, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths short, glabrous, excepting a vil-
lous ring at the summit, crowded at the base of the
culm; ligule very short; blades 17-4’ long, 2”-6”
wide, lanceolate, acute, cordate at the base, spread-
ing, smooth or a little scabrous above; spikes slender,
spikelet-bearing throughout their entire length, at
first erect, the lower 4-8 long, at length widely
spreading; spikelets, exclusive of awns, 2’—23” long;
first scale shorter than the second; third scale ex-
ceeded by the second, the callus at the base hairy,
the awn 2’-3” long.

In dry sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Kansas,
south to Florida and Texas. Aug.—Oct.

4
Wh
y/

S&

2. Gymnopogon brevifdlius Trin. Short-
leaved Beard-grass. Fig. 540.
Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. Unifl. 238. 1824.

Culms 1°-2° long, from a decumbent base, simple,
slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than
the internodes, sometimes crowded near the middle
of the culm; ligule very short; blades 17-2’ long,
1-4” wide, usually spreading, lanceolate, acute, cor-
date at the base; spikes very slender, spikelet-bearing
above the middle, the lower 4’-6’ long, at first erect,
finally widely spreading; spikelets, exclusive of the
awns, 12” long; first scale shorter than the second;
third scale equalling or exceeded by the second, short-
awned, sparingly villous or glabrous, the callus hairy.

In dry soil, New Jersey to Florida, west to Missis-
sippi. Aug.—Oct.

61. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. Syn. Pl.
Gram. 146. 1855.

YL

An annual grass with branching culms, narrow leaf-blades and slender spikes arranged
along a common axis. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile and alternate on the rachis. Scales 3;
the 2 lower empty, narrow, membranous, acuminate; the flowering scale longer, of similar
texture; palet narrow, shorter. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain linear,
free, enclosed in the rigid scale. [Greek, resembling the genus Nardus.]

A monotypic genus of central North America. Type species: Schedonnardus texanus Steud.

1. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Tre-
lease. Schedonnardus. Fig. 547.

Lepturus paniculatus Nutt. Gen. 1: 81. 1818.

Schedonnardus texanus Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 146. 1855.

Schedonnardus paniculatus Trelease, Branner & Coville,
Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1888: Part 4, 236. 1801.

Culms 8-18’ tall, erect, slender, rigid, branching at
the base, scabrous. Sheaths crowded at the base of
the culm, compressed, smooth and glabrous; ligule Teg
long, truncate; blades 1-2’ long, 1” wide or less, flat,
usually erect; spikes numerous, rigid, widely spread-
ing, alternate, the lower 2’-4’ long, the axis and
branches triangular; spikelets 14-13” long, sessile and
appressed, alternate; scales hispid on the keel, the sec-
ond longer than the first and exceeded by the acute
third one.

Open ground, North Dakota and Montana to Illinois,
Texas and New Mexico. Texas Crab-grass, Wire-grass.
July—Sept.

GENUS 62. GRASS FAMILY. 227

62. BOUTELOUA Lag. Var. Cienc. y Litter. 2: Part 4, 134. 1805.

. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaf-blades and numerous spikelets in
one-sided spikes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of a flat rachis,
the rachilla extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 1-3 awns and 1-3 rudimentary
scales. Two lower scales empty, acute, keeled; flowering scale broader, 3-toothed, the teeth
awn-pointed or awned; palet hyaline, entire or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free. [In honor of Claudius Boutelou, a Spanish botanist.]

About 30 species, particularly numerous in Mexico and in the southwestern United States.
Rachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns glabrous; second scale strongly papillose-hispid

on the keel. - 1. B. hirsuta.
Rachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns with a tuft of long hairs at the apex; second
seale scabrous and sparingly long-ciliate on the keel. 2. B. oligostachya.

1. Bouteloua hirstta Lag. Hairy Mesquite-
grass. Fig. 548.

B. hirsuta Lag. Var. Cienc. y Litter. 2: Part 4, 141. 1805.

Culms 6-20’ tall, erect, simple or sometimes spar-
ingly branched at the base, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths mostly at the base of the culm, the lower short
and crowded, the upper longer; ligule a ring of short &
hairs; blades 1-5’ long, 1” wide or less, erect or QW
ascending, flat, scabrous, sparingly papillose-hirsute SX
near the base, especially on the margins; spikes 1-4,
3-2’ long, usually erect or ascending, the rachis ex-
tending beyond the spikelets into a conspicuous point;
spikelets numerous, 23-3” long, pectinately arranged ;
first scale hyaline, shorter than the membranous second
one, which is strongly papillose-hirsute on the keel;
third scale pubescent, 3-cleft to the middle, the nerves
terminating in awns; rachilla without a tuft of hairs
under the rudimentary scales and awns.

In dry soil, especially on prairies, Illinois to South Dakota and Mexico; also in Florida.
Bristly Mesquite, Black Grama; Buffalo-grass. July—Sept.

2. Bouteloua oligostachya ( Nutt.) Torr. Grama-
grass. Mesquite-grass. Fig. 549.

Atheropogon oligostachyus Nutt. Gen. 1: 78. 1818.
B. oligostachya Torr.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 553. 1856.

Culms 6’-18’ tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of
short hairs; blades 1-4’ long, 1” wide or less, involute,
at least at the long slender tip, smooth or scabrous;
spikes 1-3, 1’-2’ long, often strongly curved, the rachis
terminating in a short inconspicuous point; spikelets
numerous, pectinately arranged, about 3” long; first
scale hyaline, shorter than the membranous second one,
which is scabrous and sometimes long-ciliate on the
keel, and sometimes bears a few papillae; third scale
pubescent, 3-cleft, the nerves terminating in awns;
rachilla with a tuft of long hairs under the rudimentary
scales and awns.

On prairies, Wisconsin to North Dakota, south to Texas
se Mexico. Blue or Common Grama, Buffalo-grass. July—

ept.

63. ATHEROPOGON Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 937. 1806.

Perennial grasses with narrow flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of numerous
short scattered 1-sided spreading or reflexed spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded in 2 rows,
Sessile, imbricated, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales and extending beyond the
flower, its summit bearing scales or awns. Scales 3 or more, the lower 2 empty, unequal,
acute, narrow, keeled, the third scale thicker and broader, enclosing a narrow 2-toothed
hyaline palet and a perfect flower, 3-toothed at the apex, the teeth more or less awned, the
Small upper scales minute, awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain
free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in reference to the awns of the flowering scales.]

: Species about 15, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Atheropogon
apludoides Muhl.

228 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

1. Atheropogon curtipéndulus (Michx.) Fourn. Tall Grama-grass. Fig. 550.

Chloris curtipendula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 59. 1803.
Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Var. Cienc. y Litter. 2: Part 4,
I4I. 1805.
Bouteloua curtipendula Torr. Emory’s Rep, 153. 1848.
pibechoeen curtipendulus Fourn. Mex. Pl. Gram, 138.
Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of
short hairs; leaves 2’-12’ long, 2” wide or less, flat or
involute, rough, especially above; spikes numerous,
3-8” long, widely spreading or reflexed; spikelets
4-12, divergent from the rachis, 33’—-5” long, scales
scabrous, especially on the keel, the first shorter than
or equalling the second; the third 3-toothed, the nerves
extended into short awns; rachilla bearing at the sum-
mit a small awned scale, or sometimes a_ larger
3-nerved scale, the nerves extended into awns; anthers
vermilion or cinnabar-red.

In dry soil, Connecticut to North Dakota and Wyoming, south to New Jersey, Tennessee,
Mississippi and Mexico. Side-oats Grama, Mesquite-grass. July—Sept.

64. BECKMANNIA Host, Gram. Austr. 3: 5. pl. 6. 1805.

A tall erect grass with flat leaf-blades and erect spikes borne in a terminal panicle. Spike-
lets 1-2-flowered, globose, compressed. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, membranous, sac-
cate, obtuse or abruptly acute; the flowering scales narrow, thin-membranous; palet hyaline,
2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in
the scale and palet. [In honor of Johann Beckmann, 1739-1811, teacher of Natural History
at St. Petersburg. ]

A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. Type
species: Phalaris erucaeformis L.

1. Beckmannia erucaeférmis (L.) Host. Beck-
mann’s Grass. Slough-grass. Fig. 551.

Phalaris erucaeformis L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753.
B. erucaeformis Host, Gram. Austr. 3: 5. 1805.
Beckmannia erucaeformis var. uniflora Scribn.; Wats. &

Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 628. 1890.

Glabrous, culms 14°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth.
Sheaths longer than the internodes, loose; ligule
2’-4” long; blades 3-9’ long, 2’-4” wide, rough;
panicle 4’-10’ in length, simple or compound, the

spikes about 2’ long; spikelets 1’-13” long, 1-2-flow-

Lys

wi D))

hig
us
Dy

Dy
Dy,

a)

>
D)

ered, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of
the rachis; scales smooth, the outer saccate, obtuse or
abruptly acute; flowering scales acute, the lower gen-
erally awn-pointed, the upper rarely present.

In wet places, western Ontario to Alaska, south to Iowa,
Colorado and California. July—Sept.

65. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 1: 7.
pl. tT. 1788.

Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence, the
spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spikelets several-flowered,
sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is not extended
beyond them; flowers perfect or the upper staminate. Scales compressed, keeled; the 2
lower empty; the others subtending flowers, or the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Stigmas plumose. Grain loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [From the Greek name of
the town where Ceres was worshipped.]

Species 6, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, two’ others have been found in
ballast fillings about the eastern seaports. Type species: Cynosurus coracanus L.

GENusS 65. GRASS FAMILY. 229

1. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Wire-grass. Crab-grass. Yard-grass. Fig. 552.

Cynosurus indicus L. Sp. Pl. 72. 1753.
Eleusine indica Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 1: 8 1788.

Culms 672° tall, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the
base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, overlap-
ping and often short and crowded at the base of the
culm, glabrous or sometimes sparingly villous; ligule
very short; blades 3’-12’ long, 1-3” wide, smooth or
scabrous; spikes 2-10, 1-3’ long, whorled or approxi-
mate at the summit of the culm or one or two some-
times distant; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 14-2” long;
scales acute, minutely scabrous on the keel, the first
I-nerved, the second 3-7-nerved, the others 3-5-nerved.

In fields, dooryards and waste places all over North
America except the extreme north. Naturalized from the
warmer regions of the Old World. Dog’s-tail or Goose-
grass, Crop-grass. June—Sept.

66. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Enum. 1029. 1809.

Annual grasses with flat leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence, the spikes in pairs or
digitate. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of
the rachis which is extended beyond them into a sharp point. Scales compressed, keeled, the
2 lower and the uppermost ones empty, the others subtending flowers. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, rugose, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek,
referring to the digitately spreading spikes.]

A genus of a few species, natives of the warmer parts of the Old World. Type species: Cyno-
surus aegyptius L.

1. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.
Crowfoot or Yard-grass. Egyptian Grass.
Fig. 553.

Cynosurus aegyptius L. Sp. Pl. 72. 1753.

Eleusine aegyptia Pers. Syn. 1: 87. 1805.
Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum Willd. Enum. 1029. 1809.

Culms 6’-2° long, usually decumbent and extensively
creeping at the base. Sheaths loose, overlapping and
often crowded, smooth and glabrous; ligule very short;
blades 6’ in length or less, 1”-3” wide, smooth or
rough, sometimes pubescent, ciliate toward the base;
spikes in pairs, or 3-5 and digitate, 4-2’ long; spikelets
3-5-flowered; scales compressed, scabrous on the keel,

pointed.

In waste places and cultivated ground, southern New
York, Pennsylvania and Virginia to Illinois and Cali-
fornia, south to Florida and Mexico. Widely distributed
in tropical America. Naturalized from Asia or Africa.
Crab-grass. Finger-comb-grass. July—Oct.

67. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 71. pl. 15. f. 1. 1812.

Usually tall annual grasses, with flat leaf-blades and numerous spikes forming a simple
panicle. Spikelets usually 2-many-flowered, flattened, alternating in two rows on one side of
the rachis. Scales 4-many; the 2 lower empty, keeled, shorter than the spikelet; the flower-
ing scales keeled, 3-nerved. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the slender spikes.]

About 12 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following,
3 others occur in the southern United States. Type species: Cynosurus virgatus L.

the second awned, the flowering ones broader and |

230 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

Flowering scales 34” long, the hairs on the nerves long and copious. 1. L. filiformis.
Flowering scales less than %” long, the hairs on the nerves short and scant. 2. L. attenuata.

1. Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Slender Grass. Feather- or Salt-grass.
Fig. 554.

Festuca filiformis Lam, Ill. 1: 191. 1791.

Eleusine mucronata Michx. FI. Bor, Am. I: 65. 1803.
Leptochloa filiformis Beauv. Agrost. 166. 1812.
Leptochloa mucronata Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 91. 1829.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, branched, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth
and glabrous; ligule short, lacerate-toothed; blades
2’-8’ long, 1-3” wide, scabrous; spikes numerous,
slender, rigid, spreading or ascending, the lower 2’-6’
long; spikelets usually 3-flowered, about 1” long, the
empty scales shorter than the spikelet, acute, 1-nerved,
slightly scabrous on the keel; flowering scales 2-toothed
at the apex, ciliate on the nerves.

In dry or moist soil, Virginia to Illinois, and Cali-
fornia, south to Florida and Mexico. Also in tropical
America. July—Sept.

2. Leptochloa attenuata Nutt. Sharp-scaled Leptochloa. Fig. 555.

L. attenuata Nutt.; Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 209. 1855.

Culms tufted, branching at the base, 8-16’ tall,
rarely taller; lower sheaths sparingly pilose; blades
134’”-4’ long; spikes numerous, finally spreading, up
to 2’ long, rarely longer; spikelets 1#’—12” long, the
scales 5 or 6, the outer 2 subulate, acuminate, awn-
pointed, usually about equal, or the first shorter than
the second, which reaches or extends beyond the
apex of the second flowering scale.

In sandy river bottoms, Illinois to Oklahoma and
Louisiana. Sept. and Oct.

68. ACAMPTOCLADOS Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 139. 1903.

Perennial tufted grasses with stiff culms and a panicle composed of scattered distant
widely spreading rigid branches. Spikelets scattered and distinct, singly disposed in two
rows, sessile, 4-6-flowered. Scales 6-8, firm; two lower scales empty, acuminate, about equal,
the first 1-nerved, the second usually 3-nerved; flowering scales very acute, becoming harder
in fruit, 3-nerved, the nerves glabrous, the lateral nerves vanishing at the margin below the
apex; palet compressed, its two nerves ciliolate, gibbous at the base, obtuse at the apex.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, in reference to its rigid branches.]

A monotypic genus of south central United States.

——

GENUS 68. GRASS FAMILY. 23%

1. Acamptoclados sessilispicus ( Buckley) Nash.
Stiff Prairie-grass. Fig. 556.
Eragrostis sessilispica Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 97.
Diplochne rigida Vasey, Grasses S. W., Part 2. pl. 41. 1891.
A, sessilispicus Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 140. 1903.
Culms 8—33° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths short, crowded at the base of the culm, smooth,
pilose at the summit; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades
2'-6' long, i’—-13” wide, rough above, glabrous or spar-
ingly pilose beneath; panicle 8-16’ in length, the
branches stout, rigid, widely diverging; spikelets scat-
tered, closely sessile, appressed, 5-12-flowered, 4’-7”
long, empty scales about equal in length, acute; flower-
ing scales very acute, about 2” long, the lateral nerves
very prominent.

Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Aug.—Sept.

69. BULBILIS Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 4: 190. 1819.
[Bucuioz Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 1: 432. pl. 14. figs. I-17. 1859.]

A perennial stoloniferous monoecious or apparently dioecious grass with flat leaf-blades
and spicate inflorescence. Staminate spikelets borne in two rows on one side of the rachis,
the spikes at the summit of the long and exserted culms. Pistillate spikelets in spike-like
clusters of 2 or 3, on very short culms, scarcely exserted from the sheath. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct, long. Stigmas elongated, short-plumose. Grain ovate, free, enclosed in the
scale. [Name apparently from the supposed bulb-like base of old plants.]

A monotypic genus of central North America.

1. Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. Buf-

falo-grass. Early Mesquite. Fig. 557.

Sesleria dactyloides Nutt. Gen. 1: 65. 1818.
Buchloé dactyloides Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad.

I: 432. 1859.
Bulbilis dactyloides Raf.; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 763.
1891,

Culms bearing staminate flowers 4’-12’ tall,
erect, slender, naked above, smooth and glabrous;
those bearing pistillate flowers 4-3’ long, much
exceeded by the leaves; ligule a ring of short
hairs; blades 1” wide or less, more or less papil-
lose-hirsute, those of the staminate culms 17-4’
long, erect, those of the stolons and _ pistillate
culms 1’ long or less, spreading; staminate spikes
2 or 3, approximate; spikelets 2’-24” long, flat-
tened, 2-3-flowered, the empty scales 1-nerved,
the flowering 3-nerved; pistillate spikelets ovoid,
the outer scales indurated.

On plains and prairies, Minnesota to Saskatchewan,
south to Arkansas, Texas and northeastern Mexico.
A valuable fodder grass. June-July.

yo. MUNROA Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4: 158. 1856.

Low diffusely branched grasses, with flat pungently pointed leaf-blades crowded at the
nodes and the ends of the branches. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6, nearly sessile in the axils
of the floral leaves, 2-5-flowered, the flowers perfect. Two lower scales empty, lanceolate,
acute, I-nerved, hyaline; flowering scales larger, 3-nerved; I or 2 empty scales sometimes
present above the flowering ones; palet hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated.
Stigmas barbellate or short-plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor
of Gen. William Munro, English agrostologist.]

Three known species, the following typical one of the plains of North America, the others
South American.

232 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

1. Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. Mun-
ro’s Grass. False Buffalo-grass. Fig. 558.

Crypsis squarrosa Nutt. Gen. 1: 49. 1818.
M. squarrosa Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4: 158. 1856.

Culms 2’-8’ long, tufted, erect, decumbent or
prostrate, much branched, smooth or rough.
Sheaths short, crowded at the nodes and ends
of the branches, smooth, pilose at the base and
throat, sometimes ciliate on the margins; ligule
a ring of hairs; blades 1’ long or less, 3”—1” wide,
rigid, spreading, scabrous, pungently-pointed;
spikelets 2-5-flowered, the flowers perfect; empty
scales I-nerved, shorter than the flowering scales
which are about 2%” long, 3-toothed, the nerves
excurrent as short points or awns, tufts of hairs
near the middle; palets obtuse.

On dry plains, Saskatchewan to Nebraska and
northern Mexico. Aug.—Oct.

71. PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820.

Tall perennial reed-like grasses, with broad flat leaf-blades and ample panicles. Spikelets
3-several-flowered, the first flower often staminate, the others perfect; rachilla articulated
between the flowering scales, long-pilose. Two lower scales empty, unequal, membranous,
lanceolate, acute, shorter than the spikelet; the third scale empty or subtending a staminate
flower; flowering scales glabrous, narrow, long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the
scale and palet. [Greek, referring to its hedge-like growth along ditches. ]

Three known species, the following of the north temperate zone, one in Asia, the third in South
America. Type species: Arundo Phragmites L.

1. Phragmites Phragmites (L.) Karst. Com-
mon Reed-grass. Fig. 559.

Arundo Phragmites L. Sp. Pl. 81. 1753.
Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820.
Phragmites Phragmites Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 379. 1880-83.

Culms 5°-15° tall, erect, stout, from long horizontal
rootstocks, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlap-
ping, loose; ligule a ring of very short hairs; blades
6’-1° long or more, 3’—2’ wide, flat, smooth, glabrous;
panicle 61° long or more, ample; spikelets crowded
on the ascending branches; first scale 1-nerved, half
to two-thirds as long as the 3-nerved second one;
flowering scales 5’—6” long, 3-nerved, long-acuminate,
equalling the hairs of the rachilla

In swamps and wet places nearly throughout the United
States, extending north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba and Brit- &
ish Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. Rarely ripening
seed. Pole-, Bog- or Dutch-reed. Spires. Bennels. Wild Broom-corn. Aug.—Oct.

72s SIEGLINGIA Bernh. Syst. Verz. Pfl. Erf. 40. 1800.

Perennial tufted grasses with flat leaf-blades and a narrow simple panicle. Spikelets
few, 3-5-flowered, the rachilla internodes short. Scales 5-7, the lower 2 empty, equalling
or nearly as long as the spikelet, the flowering scales very firm, rounded on the back,
obscurely 9-nerved, the nerves more prominent at the shortly 3-toothed apex, pilose near the
margins, the callus short and obtuse, pilose; palet 2-keeled, ciliate on the keels. Stamens 3.
Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Named in
honor of Prof. Siegling, German botanist.]

A monotypic genus of the Old World. Type species: Sieglingia decumbens Bernh,

GENUS 72. GRASS FAMILY. 233

1. Sieglingia decumbens (L.) Kuntze. Heath- or Heather-grass. Fig. 560.

_ Festuca decumbens L. Sp. Pl. 75. 1753+
Triodia decumbens Beauv. Agrost. 76. 1812.
S. decumbens Bernh. Syst. Verg. Erf. 1: 20, 44. 1800.

Culms 6-18" tall, erect, often decumbent at the
base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes, villous at the summit; ligule a
ring of very short hairs; blades smooth beneath,
usually scabrous above, 4’-14” wide, the basal 3’-6’
long, those of the culm 17-3’ long; panicle 1’-2’ long,
contracted, the branches 1’ long or less, erect; spike-
lets 3-5-flowered, 3’—-5” long, the joints of the rachilla
very short; lower scales equalling the spikelet, acute;
flowering scales broadly oval, ciliate on the margins
below, obtusely 3-toothed, with two tufts of hair on
the callus.

Introduced into Newfoundland. Native of Europe and
Asia. Moor-grass. Summer.

73. TRIDENS R. &S. Syst. 2:34. 1817.

[Tricuspis Beauv. Agrost. 77. 1812. Not Pers. 1807.]

Usually perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades, and the inflorescence com-
posed of open or contracted and sometimes spike-like panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered,
the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 5-many, membranous, sometimes
firmer, the 2 lower empty, keeled, obtuse to acuminate, usually shorter than the rest, some-
times longer; flowering scales 3-nerved, the midnerve or all the nerves excurrent, the mid-
nerve and the lateral nerves or the margins pilose, the apex entire or shortly 2-toothed, the
teeth obtuse to acute, the callus short and obtuse; palet shorter than the scale, compressed,
2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Latin, in reference to the
teeth of the flowering scales.]

‘Species about 30, natives chiefly of temperate regions. Type species: Poa coerulescens Michx.

Panicle open, the branches spreading and often drooping. 1. T. flava.
Panicle contracted, spike-like.
Second empty scale 1-nerved ; flowering scales about 2” long. 2. T. stricta,
Second empty scale 3—-5-nerved ; flowering scales 2%4”—3” long. 3. T. elongata,

1. Tridens flava (L.) Hitche. Tall Red-top. Fig. 561.

Poa flava L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753.

Poa seslerioides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 68. 1803.

Tricuspis seslerioides Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 463. 1843.

Sieglingia seslerioides Scribn, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 48. 1894.
Tridens flava Hitche. Rhodora, 8: 210. 1906.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, often viscid above. Sheaths
sometimes villous at the summit, equalling or shorter than
the internodes; ligule a ring of very short hairs; blades
4-1° long or more, 3-6” wide, flat, attenuate into a long
tip, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 6-18’ long,
the branches finally ascending or spreading, the lower
4-10’ long, usually dividing above the middle; spikelets
4-8-flowered, 3-4” long, purple; joints of the rachilla
short; empty scales glabrous, obtuse, generally slightly
2-toothed; flowering scales oval, the nerves pilose, ex-
current as short points.

In fields, Massachusetts and New York to Kansas, south to
Florida and Texas. July—Sept.

234 GRAMINEAE, Vou. I.

2. Tridens stricta (Nutt.) Nash. Narrow Three-toothed Grass. Fig. 562.

147. 1833-37. i
Tricuspis stricta A. Gray, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1862: 335.
1863.
Sieglingia stricta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 789. 1891.
Tridens stricta Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 143. 1903.

Culms 13°-4° tall, erect. Sheaths shorter than the
internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades 61°
long or more, flat, long-acuminate, smooth beneath,
scabrous above; spike-like panicle 5’-12’ in length,
the branches appressed, the lower 17-2" long; spike-
lets 4-10-flowered, 2”-3” long, the joints of the
rachilla very short; lower scales usually about two-
thirds as long as the spikelet, rarely extending be-
yond the flowering scales, acute, glabrous; flowering
scales ovate, the nerves pilose for more than half
their length, the middle and often the lateral excur-
rent as short points.

Moist soil, Missouri and Kansas to Mississippi and Texas. July—Oct.

3. Tridens elongata (Buckley) Nash. Long-panicled Three-toothed Grass.
Fig. 563.

Uralepis elongata Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. Sci.

1862: 89. 1863.

Sieglingia elongata Nash, in Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. 3:

504. 18098.

Tricuspis elongata Nash, Britt. Man. 127. 1901.
Tridens elongata Nash, in Small, Pl. SE. U. S. 143.

1903. :

Culms 1°-3° tall, tufted, erect, rough. Sheaths
rough, longer than the internodes, a ring of hairs
at the apex, the lower sheaths usually sparingly
papillose-pilose; blades rough, usually involute
when dry, 3-10’ long, 1-2” wide; panicle nar-
row, 5-10’ long, 3’ wide, its branches erect, 13’
or less long; spikelets 10-12-flowered, 43”-6”
long, the empty scales scabrous, hispidulous on
the midnerve, the first 1I-nerved, the second
3-nerved; flowering scales about 3” long, obtuse
at the scabrous apex, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
vanishing at or below the apex, the midnerve
usually excurrent in a short point, all the nerves
pilose below the middle.

Prairies, Missouri to Colorado, Arizona and Texas. June—Aug.

74. ERIONEURON Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 143. 1903.

Perennial tufted grasses, with thick linear leaf-blades having thickened white margins,
and dense contracted almost capitate panicles. Spikelets several-many-flowered; empty
basal scales 2, narrow, acuminate; flowering scales broad, 3-nerved, pubescent on the nerves
below, and sometimes also on the body of the scale at the base, with long silky white hairs,
the apex acuminate, entire or slightly 2-toothed, the awn terminal or arising between the
minute teeth. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. [Greek, in reference to the hairy nerves
of the flowering scale.]

A monotypic genus of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Type species: Uralepis
pilosa Buckley.

Windsoria stricta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:°

‘-

GENUS 74. GRASS FAMILY. 235

(Buckley) Nash. Sharp-scaled Erioneuron. Fig. 564.

Urakegss pilosa Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 94.
Gears pilosa Nash, in Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 504. 1808.
Erioneuron pilosum Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U.S. 144. 1903.

Culms tufted, 23-12’ tall, smooth and glabrous, the
sterile shoots 4’ tall or less. Sheaths smooth, a tuft of
hairs on each side at the apex, much shorter than the
internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades strict or
curved, thick, linear, obtuse, I-nerved, the margins white,
serrulate, 13’ long or less, less than 1” wide, folded, at
least when dry, pubescent with long hairs, especially be-
neath; panicle almost racemose, long-exserted, 4/-13’
long; spikelets 3-10, crowded, 8-12-flowered; empty scales
acuminate, I-nerved; flowering scales 3-34” long, acumi-
nate, 3-nerved, the midnerve generally excurrent in a short
-point, all the nerves (the lateral at the top and bottom,
the midnerve below the middle), the callus, and the base
pilose.

Dry soil, Kansas to Nevada and Mexico. April—Sept.

75. TRIPLASIS Beauv. Agrost. 81. 1812.

Grasses with narrow, flat or involute leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles. Spike-
lets shortly pedicelled, 2-6-flowered, the glabrous rachilla articulated between the flowers,
the internodes very long. Scales 4-8, membranous, the lower 2 empty, keeled, the flowering
scales dorsally rounded at the base, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves pilose, deeply 2-lobed at the
apex, long-awned between the lobes, the callus long and subulate, pubescent on the outer
surface; palet 2-keeled, the keels long-ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas
plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, referring to the 3 divisions of the
flowering scales.]

Species 3, natives of the eastern and southern parts of North America. Type species: Triplasis
americana Beauy.

1. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Sand-grass. Fig. 565.

Aira purpurea Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788.

Tricuspis purpurea A. Gray, Man. 589. 1848.
Triplasis purpurea Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 560. 1860.
Sieglingia purpurea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 789. 1891.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, prostrate or decumbent,
smooth and glabrous or the nodes pubescent. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes, rough; ligule a ring of
short hairs; blades 4-23’ long, 1” wide or less, rigid,
scabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate; panicle 1/3’ in
length, the branches rigid, finally widely spreading, the
lower }’-14’ long; spikelets 2-5-flowered, 24’-4” long,
the joints of the rachilla half as long as the flowering
scale; lower scales glabrous; flowering scales oblong,
2-lobed at the apex, the lobes erose-truncate, the nerves
strongly ciliate, the middle one excurrent as a short
point; palets long-ciliate on the upper part of the keel.

In sand, especially on sea beaches, Maine to Texas, and

along the Great Lakes. Also from Illinois and Nebraska
to Texas. Plant acid. Aug—Sept.

76. REDFIELDIA Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 14: 133. 1887.

A tall perennial grass, with long narrow leaf-blades and an ample panicle. Spikelets
1-3-flowered, the flowers all perfect. Empty scales 2, about equal, shorter than the spikelet,
I-nerved; flowering scales membranous, 3-nerved, with a ring of hairs at the base. Palet
2-nerved, shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. Styles long, distinct. Stigmas short, plumose.
Grain oblong, free. [In honor of John H. Redfield, 1815-1895, American naturalist.]

A monotypic genus of the western United States. Type species: Graphephorum flexuosum Thurb.

236 GRAMINEAE. Vora

1. Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb.) Vasey. Red-
field’s-grass. Fig. 566.

Graphephorum (?) fleruosum Thurb. Proc. Acad. Phila.
18603: 78. 1863.
R. flexuosa Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 14: 133. 1887.

Culms 13°-4° tall, erect from a long horizontal
rootstock, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
smooth, the lower short and overlapping, often
crowded, the upper much longer; ligule a ring of
short hairs; blades 1°-2° long, 1”-2” wide, invo-
lute; panicle ample and diffuse, 822’ in length, the
branches finally widely spreading, flexuous, the
lower 3’-8 long; spikelets about 3” long, 1-3-flow-
ered, the empty scales acute, glabrous; fowering
scales with a ring of hairs at the base, minutely
scabrous, twice the length of the empty ones, acute,
the middle nerve usually excurrent as a short point.

On prairies, South Dakota to Colorado and Okla-
homa. Blow-out-grass. Aug.—Sept.

77. DIPLACHNE Beauv. Agrost. 80. pl. 16. f. 9. 1812.

Tufted grasses, with narrow flat leaf-blades and long slender spikes arranged in an open
panicle, or rarely only one terminal spike. Spikelets several-flowered, narrow, sessile or
shortly pedicelled, erect. Two lower scales empty, membranous, keeled, acute, unequal;
flowering scales 1-3-nerved, 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned between the teeth.
Palet hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely
enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, referring to the 2-toothed flowering scales.]

About 15 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following

species, about 6 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species:
Festuca fascicularis Lam.

Awn less than % as long as the flowering scale.
Spikelets 2’’-4”’ long, the flowering scales acute or obtuse at the 2-toothed apex, lateral nerves

often excurrent. 1. D. fascicularis.
Spikelets 5’’-6” long, the flowering scales acuminate at the usually entire apex, the lateral nerves
rarely excurrent. 2. D. acuminata.
Awn ¥, as long as the flowering scale or more. 3. D. maritima.

1. Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv.
Salt-meadow Diplachne. Clustered 3 iP
Salt-grass. Spike-grass. Fig. 567. pf yp
Festuca fascicularis Lam, Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. ) Ve

1791.
Diplachne fascicularis Beauv. Agrost. 160, 1812. i }

Culms 1°-23° tall, erect, ascending, or root- iy ( f}
ing at the lower nodes, finally branched, } L
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than y y
the internodes, loose, smooth or rough, the yy eZ
upper one longer and enclosing the base of y
the panicle; ligule 1”-2” long; blades 3-8’ a phat Vz
long, 1-13” wide, scabrous; panicle 4’-12’ in V4
length, often exceeded by the upper leaf, the
branches erect or ascending, the lower 2’-5’
long; spikelets 8-r1o-flowered, 2-4” long;
lower scales glabrous, rough on the keel;
flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 13’-2”
long, the midnerve extending into an awn 2”
long or less.

In brackish marshes, Florida to Texas, and u

y/
'P
the Mississippi to Illinois and Missouri. Also in the West Indies. Aug.—Oct.

be

GENUS 77. GRASS FAMILY.

2. Diplachne acuminata Nash. Sharp-
scaled Diplachne. Fig. 568.

D. acuminata Nash, in Britt. Man. 128. 1901.

Culms tufted, 1°-2° tall, finally branching;
blades erect, 4’-1° long, 23” wide or less, usually
involute when dry, very rough; racemes numer-
ous, erect or ascending, the larger 3-6’ long;
spikelets 5’-6” long, the scales 8-11, the flower-
ing scales 3-33” long, acnminate at the entire or
occasionally slightly 2-toothed apex, the lateral
nerves rarely slightly excurrent, the midnerve ex-
tending into an awn #” long or less.

Wet or moist soil, Arkansas and Missouri to Ne-
braska and Colorado. June—Aug.

3. Diplachne maritima Bicknell. Long-
awned Diplachne. Fig. 569.
Festuca procumbens Muhl. Gram. 160. 1817.
Diplachne procumbens Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 145.
1903. Not Arech. 1896.
D. maritima Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 195. 1908,
Culms tufted, finally branching, 8’-16’ tall; blades
erect, 3-8’ long, 2” wide or less, involute when dry;
racemes numerous, erect, the larger 27-3’ long;
spikelets about 5” long; scales 8-10, the empty ones
usually awned or awn-pointed, the flowering scales,
exclusive of the awn, 2’—43” long, acuminate at
the slightly 2-toothed apex, the midnerve extending
into an awn 4 or more as long as the scale.

Brackish marshes and shores, Massachusetts to South
Carolina; also on the shore of Onondaga Lake, N. Y.
Aug.-Oct.

78. AIRA L. Sp. Pl. 63. 1753.
[Mottnta Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1: 100. 1789.]

Perennial tufted grasses, with narrow flat leaf-blades and paniculate inflorescence.
Spikelets 2-4-flowered. Two lower scales empty, somewhat obtuse or acute, unequal, shorter
than the spikelet; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the back, 3-nerved; palets
scarcely shorter than the scales, obtuse, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short. Stigmas short,
plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek name for Lolium
temulentum.]

A genus of a few species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type
species: Aira coerulea L.

1. Aira coertilea L. Purple Melic- or Moor Grass.
Lavender-grass. Indian-grass. Fig. 570.

Aira coerulea L. Sp. Pl. 63. 1753.
Molinia coerulea Moench, Meth. 183. 1794.

Culms 1°-34° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths overlapping and confined to the lower part of the
culm, smooth and glabrous; ligule a ring of very short
hairs; blades 4’-1° long or more, 1-3” wide, erect, acu-
minate, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; panicle
3-10° in length, green or purple, the branches usually
erect, 1-4’ long; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 23-4” long; empty
scales acute, unequal; flowering scales about 2” long,
3-nerved, obtuse.

Sparingly introduced on ballast and in waste places, Maine to
New York. Adventive from Europe. Aug.—Sept.

238 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

79: RHOMBOLYTRUM Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 296. 1823.

Perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades, and a narrow contracted spike-like
panicle. Spikelets numerous. Scales several, the outer 2 empty ones I-nerved, the flowering
scales broad, rounded at the apex, 3-nerved, the nerves glabrous, the lateral ones vanishing
below the margin, the midnerve at the margin or sometimes excurrent as a short tip, the
callus pilose; palet 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain
free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in reference to the round flowering scales.]

Species 4 or 5, natives of warm countries. Type species: Rhombolytrum rhomboideum Link.

1. Rhombolytrum albéscens (Vasey) Nash.
White Prairie-grass. Fig. 571.

Triodia albescens Vasey, Bull. U. S. Dept, Agric. Div.
Bot. 12: Part 2, 33. 1891.

Sieglingia albescens Kuntze; L. H. Dewey, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 2: 538. 1804.

R. albescens Nash, in Britt. Man. 129. 1901.

Culms tufted, erect, smooth and glabrous, 1220’
tall, the sterile shoots one-half as long as the culm
or more. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
smooth; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades smooth
beneath, roughish above, acuminate, 23-11’ long,
1-2” wide; panicle dense and contracted, white,
23-5’ long, +’—-}’ broad, its branches erect or ascend-
ing, 1’ or less long; spikelets about 7-11-flowered,
2”-23” long, the empty scales white, I-nerved, about
equal; flowering scales about 13” long, 3-nerved, the
lateral nerves vanishing below the apex, all the
nerves glabrous, the midnerve excurrent in a short
scabrous point, denticulate and irregularly and ob-
scurely lobed at the truncate apex.

Prairies, Kansas to New Mexico and Texas. Aug.—Sept.

80. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Agrost. 70. pl. 14. f. 11. 1812.

Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, from a few inches to several feet in height,
the spikelets in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, more or less flat-
tened. Two lower scales empty, unequal, shorter than the flowering ones, keeled, 1-nerved,
or the second 3-nerved; flowering scales membranous, keeled, 3-nerved; palets shorter than
the scales, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually persisting on the rachilla after the fruit-
ing scale has fallen. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free,
loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, signifying probably a Love-grass.]

A genus of about 120 species, widely distributed throughout all warm and temperate countries.
Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Type species: Briza Eragrostis L.

Culms not creeping; plants with perfect flowers.
Annuals.
Spikelets 2-5-flowered, 1’’"-1%” long.
Culms branched only at base; pedicels and branches of panicle long and capillary.
Flowering scales 114”-1%4” long; culms rarely over 20’, slender. 1. E. capiillaris.
Flowering scales 2’-2'%"’ long; culms 2° tall or more, usually stout. 2. E. hirsuta.
Culms branched above the base; pedicels and branches of the panicle short. 3. E. Frankii.
Spikelets 5-many-flowered, 114’’-8” long.
Spikelets 34” wide or less.
Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the lateral nerves faint or wanting;

spikelets about 14" wide. 4. E. pilosa.
Flowering scales firm, usually dull purple or green, the lateral nerves very prominent ;
spikelets about 34"’ wide. 5. E. Purshii.
Spikelets 1’ wide or more.
Lower flowering scales about 34’’ long; spikelets 1’’ wide. 6. E. Eragrostis.
Lower flowering scales 1/-11%4"" long; spikelets 114-14" wide. 7. E. major.

Perennials,
Spikelets not clustered.
Branches of the open panicle stiff, widely spreading, at least when old.
Pedicels long, commonly at least the length of the spikelets. 8. E. pectinacea.
Pedicels commonly much shorter than the spikelets.
Blades elongated; branches of the panicle long and slender; spikelets scattered,

6—25-flowered. 9. E. refracta.
Blades not elongated; branches of the panicle short and stout, rigid, the spikelets
crowded, 5—12-flowered. 10. EB. curtipedicellata.
Branches of the elongated panicle erect or ascending, capillary. 11. E. trichodes.
Spikelets clustered on the very short erect or ascending branches. 12. E. secundiflora.
Culms extensively creeping; plants dioecious.
Flowering scales less than 1” long, glabrous. 13. E. hypnoides.

Flowering scales 114’/-2” long, pubescent. 14. E. Weigeltiana.

atl og ,

GENUS 8o. GRASS FAMILY. 239

1. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Lace-grass. Tiny Love-grass. Fig. 572.

Poa capillaris L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753.

Poa tenuis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 156: 1817.
Eragrostis capillaris Nees, Agrost. Bras. 505. 1829.
E. tenuis Ell.; Steud. Syn. Gram. 273. 1855.

Culms 8-18’ tall, erect, slender, sparingly branched
at the base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths short,
overlapping and crowded at the base of the culm,
glabrous or sparingly hairy, the upper enclosing the
base of the panicle; ligule a ring of very short hairs;
blades 37-10’ long, 1-2” wide, long-acuminate,
smooth beneath, scabrous above and sparingly hir-
sute near the base; panicle diffuse, 4-15’ in length,
the branches capillary, spreading or ascending, 14’-5’
long; spikelets ovate, 2-4-flowered, little flattened,
1-14” long; empty scales about equal, acute; flow-
ering scales acute, the lower }” long, the lateral
nerves obscure.

In dry places, New Hampshire to Kansas, south to
Georgia and Texas. Aug.—Sept.

2. Eragrostis hirsita (Michx.) Nees.
Stout Love-grass. Fig. 573.

Poa hirsuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 68, 1803.
Eragrostis hirsuta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 508. 1829.

Culms densely tufted, rather stout, 2°-44° tall;
sheaths, at least the lower ones, strongly papillose-
hispid, each with a tuft of hairs at the apex;
blades of the lower leaves 1°-2° long, less than
5” wide, long-acuminate, flat; panicle 203° long,
diffuse, its branches finally widely spreading;
spikelets 3-5-flowered, 14’-2” long, the flowering
scales 1”-13” long.

In dry fields, thickets and woodlands, Virginia (ac-
cording to Kearney) to Florida and Texas. July—
Sept.

3. Eragrostis Frankii Steud. Frank’s Love-
grass. Fig. 574.

Eragrostis Frankii Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 273. 1855.

E. erythrogona Nees; Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 273. 1855.

Glabrous, culms 6-15’ tall, tufted, erect, or often
decumbent at the base, branched, smooth. Sheaths
loose, shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of
hairs; blades 2’-5’ long, 1-2” wide, smooth beneath,
scabrous above; panicle 2’-6’ in length, open, the
branches ascending, the lower 1-14’ long; spikelets
ovate, 3-5-flowered, 1’-13”’ long; empty scales acute,
the first shorter than the second; flowering scales acute,
the lower 7” long, the lateral nerves obscure.

In moist places, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Mississippi,

Louisiana and Kansas. Short-stalked Meadow-grass. Sept.—
ct.

240 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.
4. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Small Tufted Love-grass. Fig. 575.

Poa pilosa L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753.
Eragrostis pilosa Beauv. Agrost. 162. 1812.

Culms 67-18’ tall, tufted, erect, slender, branched,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the in-
ternodes, smooth, sometimes pilose at the throat; ligule
a ring of short hairs; blades 17-5’ long, 1” wide or less,
smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 2’-6’ in length,
the branches at first erect, finally widely spreading,
1-13’ long, often hairy in the axils; spikelets 5-12-flow-
ered, 14’”-3” long, about 4” wide; lower scales acute,
the first one-half as long as the second; flowering scales
acute, the lower %” long, thin, usually purplish, the
lateral nerves faint or wanting.

Waste places or cultivated ground, Massachusetts to Mich-
igan and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Naturalized
from Europe. Also in the West Indies. Aug.—Sept.

5. Eragrostis Purshii Schrad. Pursh’s Love-grass. Fig. 576.

?Poa caroliniana Spreng. Mant. Fl. Hal. 33. 1807.
Eragrostis Purshiit Schrad. Linnaea, 12: 451. 1838.
E, caroliniana Scribn. Mem, Torr. Club 5: 49. 1895.

Culms 6-18’ tall, tufted, usually decumbent at the
base and much branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
loose, shorter than the internodes, smooth and gla-
brous; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades 14’-33’ long,
1” wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle
open, 3-8’ long, the branches spreading, 1’-23’ long,
naked in the axils; spikelets 5-15-flowered, dull purple
or green, 13’-4” long, about #” wide; empty scales
acute, the lower about two-thirds as long as the upper,
scabrous on the keel; flowering scales acute, firm, the

lower ones 3” long, the lateral nerves prominent.

In dry places, Maine to Ontario and North Dakota,
south to Florida and Texas. Southern Spear-grass. Aug.—
Sept.

6. Eragrostis Eragrostis (L.) Karst. Low Love-grass. Fig. 577.

Poa Eragrostis L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753.
Eragrostis poaeoides Beauv. Agrost. 162. 1812.
Eragrostis minor Host, Fl. Austr. 1: 135. 182

Ge
Eragrostis Eragrostis Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 389. 1880-83.

Culms seldom over 15’ tall, tufted, usually decumbent
and much branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
loose, shorter than the internodes, smooth, sometimes
a little pubescent, sparingly pilose at the throat; ligule
a ring of short hairs; blades 1/23’ long, 4-2” wide,
smooth beneath, rough above and somewhat pilose near
the base; panicle 2’-43’ in length, the branches spread-
ing or ascending, #13’ long; spikelets 8-18-flowered,
3-5” long, about 1” wide; empty scales acute, the first
two-thirds as long as the second; flowering scales ob-
tuse, 2” long, the lateral nerves prominent.

In waste places or cultivated ground, Massachusetts, New

York and Pennsylvania. Locally naturalized from Europe.
July—Sept.

—“~w oe-

GENUS 8o. GRASS FAMILY.

7. Eragrostis major Host. Strong-scented Love-grass.

E. major Host, Gram. Austr. 4: 14. pl. 24. 1809.

Eragrostis poaeoides var. megastachya A, Gray, Man. Ed. s,
631. 1867.

Culms 62° tall, erect, or decumbent at the base,
usually branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes, smooth, sparingly pilose
at the throat; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades 2’-7’
long, 1-3” wide, flat, smooth beneath, scabrous above;
panicle 2-6’ in length, the branches spreading or ascend-

ing, 1-2’ long; spikelets 8-35-flowered, 23-8” long, ¢
about 13” wide, very flat; empty scales acute, the first =

slightly shorter than the second; flowering scales ob-
tuse, 1-14” long, the lateral nerves prominent.

In waste and cultivated places nearly throughout the
United States, and in Ontario. Naturalized from Europe.
Unpleasantly scented, handsome. Candy-grass. Aug.—Sept.

8. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Purple Love-grass.

Poa pectinacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 69.
Eragrostis pectinacea Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 272. 1855.

Fig. 578.

Fig. 579.
1803.

Eragrostis pectinacea var. spectabilis A, Gray, Man. Ed.

5, 632. 1867.

Culms 1°-23° tall, erect or ascending, rigid,
simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping,
smooth, glabrous or villous, the upper one often
enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule a ring of
hairs; blades 5-12’ long, 2-4” wide, smooth be-
neath, scabrous above and sparingly villous at the
base; panicle 6-24’ in length, purple or purplish, the
branches 3’-10’ long, strongly bearded in the axils,
widely spreading or the lower often reflexed; spike-
lets 5-15-flowered, 14-4” long, on pedicels of at
least their own length; scales acute, the empty ones
about equal, the flowering ones about %” long, their
lateral nerves very prominent.

In dry soil, Maine to South Dakota, south to Florida
and Texas. Pink-grass. False Red-top. Aug—Sept.

g. Eragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. Meadow Love-grass.

Poa refracta Muhl. Gram. 146. 1817.

Eragrostis campestris Trin. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb.
I: 70. 1836.

E. refracta Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club 5: 49. 1804.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth
and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, smooth and
glabrous; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades 5’-12’
long, 1-2” wide, smooth beneath, rough above,
and villous toward the base; panicle 8-20’ long;
branches slender, 4’-10' long, at length widely
spreading, the axils often bearded; spikelets 6-25-
flowered, 24-6” long, on pedicels shorter than
themselves; empty scales acute, the first somewhat
shorter than the second; flowering scales very acute,
1” long, the lateral nerves prominent.

In sandy soil, Delaware and Maryland to Florida, west
to Texas. Aug.—Sept.

16

Fig. 580.

242 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

10. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckley. Short-stalked Love-grass. Fig. 581.

Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckley, Proce. Acad. Phila.
1862: 97. 1862.

Culms 673° tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, smooth, pilose at the
summit; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades 2’-8’ long,
1-2” wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle
4-12’ in length, the branches widely spreading, 14’-4}’
long; spikelets 5-12-flowered, 13”—3” long, on pedicels
of less than their own length; scales acute, the empty
ones somewhat unequal, the flowering ones about #7
long, scabrous on the midnerve, their lateral nerves

prominent.

Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Aug.—Sept.

11. Eragrostis trichddes (Nutt.) Nash. Hair-like Love-grass. Fig. 582.

Poa trichodes Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 146.
1833-37.

Eragrostis tenuis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 564, in part. 1856.

E, trichodes Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 465. 1895.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths overlapping, smooth, pilose at the throat;
ligule a ring of very short hairs; blades 6’-28’ long,
1-2” wide, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above,
attenuate into a long slender tip; panicle 9-26’ in
length, narrow and elongated, the branches erect or
ascending, capillary, subdividing, somewhat flexuous,
3-7’ long; lower axils sometimes bearded; spikelets
usually pale, 3-10-flowered, 24’—44” long; lower scales
very acute, about equal; flowering scales acute, the
lower ones 14’—13” long, their lateral nerves manifest.

In dry sandy soil, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Texas.
Blow-out-grass. Aug.—Sept.

Poa interrupta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 146.
1833-37. Not Lam. 1791.

Eragrostis secundiflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 276. 1830.
Eragrostis oxylepis Torr. Marcy's Report, 269. 1854.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 63° tall, erect, simple.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of
hairs; blades 2’-12’ long, 1’-2” wide; panicle 13’-6’
in length, the branches 4-14’ long, erect or ascend-
ing; spikelets crowded or clustered, sessile or nearly so,
strongly flattened, 8-40-flowered, 3’-10” long, 17-23”
wide; lower scales acute, about equal; flowering scales
14-17” long, acute, usually purple-bordered, the lateral

nerves prominent.

In dry soil, Kansas and Colorado, south to Texas and
Florida. Aug.—Sept.

Genus 80. GRASS FAMILY. 243

13. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.)
B.S.P. Smooth Creeping Love-
grass. Fig. 584.

Poa hypnoides Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 185.

1791.
Eragrostis reptans Nees, Agrost. Bras. 514.

1829.
Eragrostis hypoides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y.

69. 1888.

Ne-eragrostis hypnoides Bush, Trans. St.

Louis Acad. 13: 180. 1903.

Culms 1-18’ long, extensively creep-
ing, branched, smooth and glabrous, the
branches erect or ascending, 1-6’ high.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, vil-
lous at the summit; ligule a ring of
short hairs; blades 2’ long or less, 4”—1”
wide, flat, smooth beneath, rough above;
spikelets dioecious, 10-35-flowered, 2’—
8” long; lower scales unequal, the first
one-half to two-thirds as long as the
second; flowering scales about 14” long,
the lateral nerves prominent; scales of
the pistillate flowers more acute than
those of the staminate.

On sandy or gravelly shores, Vermont
and Ontario to Washington, south to Florida
and Mexico. Also in tropical America.
Aug.-Sept.

14. Eragrostis Weigeltiana (Reichenb.)
Bush. Hairy Creeping Love-grass.
Fig. 585.

Poa Weigeltiana Reichnb. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb.
Vilvrs40;) 837.

Poa capitata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 5: 146.
1837.

Eragrostis capitata Nash, in Britt. Man. 1042. 1901.

Ne-eragrostis Weigeltiana Bush, Trans. St. Louis
Acad. 13: 178. 1903.

E. Weigeltiana Bush, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 13:
180. 1903.

Plants dioecious. Culms branching and creep-
ing, rooting at the nodes which send up branches
24’-4’ tall; sheaths, at least those on the
branches, pubescent; blades spreading or as-
cending, 4’-13’ long, 13” wide or less, flat, lan-
ceolate, pubescent; panicle 7-14’ long, nearly
or quite as broad, oval; spikelets crowded,
clustered, pubescent, 12-30-flowered, 3’-7” long,
the flowering scales 14’-2” long.

In sandy, usually wet, soil, Nebraska to Louis-
jana and Texas; also in Mexico and northern South
America. July—Oct.

81. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Rhodora 8: 142. 1906.
[Eaton1a Endlich. Gen. 99. 1837. Not Raf. 1819.]

Tufted perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades and usually contracted panicles.
Spikelets 2-3-flowered, the rachilla extended beyond the flowers. Two lower scales empty,
shorter than the spikelet, the first linear, acute, 1-nerved, the second much broader, 3-nerved,
obtuse or rounded at the apex, or sometimes acute, the margins scarious; flowering scales
narrower, generally obtuse. Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short.
Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, referring to
the wedge-shaped second scale of the spikelet.]

A genus of 7 or 8 species, confined to North America. Type species: Aira obtusata Michx.

Empty scales unequal, the first shorter and about one-sixth as wide as the second.
Second scale obovate, often almost truncate. 1. E. obtusata,
Second scale oblanceolate, obtuse or abruptly acute. 2. E. pallens,
Empty scales equal, the first not less than one-third as wide as the second. 3. E. nitida,

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

1. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.)
Scribn. Early Bunch-grass. Fig.
586.

Aira obtusata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:62. 1803.

Eatonia obtusata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 558. 1856.

Eatonia pubescens Scribn. & Merr. Cire. U. S.
Dep. Agr. Agrost. 27: 6. 1900.

E, robusta Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 32: 602. 1905.

S. obtusata Scribn, Rhodora 8: 144. 1906.

10°

Culms 1°-23° tall, erect, simple, often stout,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than
the internodes, usually more or less rough,
sometimes pubescent; ligule 3’”-1” long; blades
1-9’ long, 1-4” wide, scabrous; panicle 2-6’
in length, dense and generally spike-like, strict,
the branches 14’ long or less, erect; spikelets
crowded, 134”-12” long; empty scales unequal,
often purplish, the first narrow, shorter than
and about one-sixth as wide as the obtuse or
almost truncate second one; flowering scales
narrow, obtuse, ?’—1” long.

In dry soil, Maine to Saskatchewan, Florida and
Arizona. Prairie-grass. June—Aug.

2. Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn.
Tall Eaton’s Grass. Fig. 587.
Aira pallens Spreng. Fl. Hal. Mant. 33. 1807.
Eatonia pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 558, in
part. 1856.
S. pallens Scribn. Rhodora 8: 145. 1906,

Usually glabrous, culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple,
slender, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes; ligule 2” long; blades 23’-7’ long, 1-3”
wide, rough; panicle 3-7’ in length, contracted,
often nodding, lax, its branches 17-23’ long;
spikelets 13”-17” long, usually numerous, some-
what crowded and appressed to the branches;
empty scales unequal, the first narrow, shorter
than and about one-sixth as broad as the obtuse
or abruptly acute second one, which is smooth,
or somewhat rough on the keel; flowering scales
narrow, acute, 14” long, rarely awned.

In hilly woods or moist soil, Newfoundland to
British Columbia, Georgia and Texas. June—July.

LY

3. Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scribn.
Slender Eaton’s-grass. Fig. 588.

Aira nitida Spreng. Fl. Hal. Mant. 32. 1807.

Eatonia Dudleyi Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 11: 116, 1886.
Eatonia nitida Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 511. 1895.
E, glabra Nash, in Britt. Man. 1043. 1901.

S. nitida Scribn. Rhodora 8: 144. 1906.

Glabrous, culms 1°-2° tall, erect, very slender,
smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, gen-
erally pubescent; ligule 4” long; blades 4-3’ long,
1” wide or less, often pubescent, the uppermost very
short; panicle 2’-6’ in length, lax, the branches
spreading at flowering time, afterwards erect, 1-23’
long; spikelets not crowded, 13” long; empty scales
smooth, the first about one-third as wide as and
equalling the second, which is obtuse or almost trun-
cate, often apiculate; flowering scales narrow, 1-13”
long, obtuse or acutish, smooth.

In dry woods, Vermont to Michigan, Georgia and Mis-
sissippi. May-June.

Genus 82. GRASS FAMILY. 245

82. KOELERIA Pers. Syn. 1:97. 1805.

Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat or setaceous leaf-blades and mostly spike-
like panicles. Spikelets 2-5-flowered. Two lower scales empty, narrow, acute, unequal,
keeled, scarious on the margins; the flowering scales 3-5-nerved. Palet hyaline, acute,
2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the
scale and palet. [In honor of Georg Ludwig Koeler, German botanist.]

About 15 species of wide geographic distribution. The following, which may contain two forms,

occurs in North America. Type species: Poa nitida Lam.
Vv

1. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Koeler’s-
grass. Crested Hair-grass. Fig. 580.

Aira cristata L. Sp. Pl. 63. 1753.
Koeleria cristata Pers. Syn. 1: 97. 1805.
Koeleria nitida Nutt. Gen. 1: 74. 1818.
Koeleria cristata var. gracilis A. Gray, Man. 591. 1848.

Culms 1°-23° tall, erect, simple, rigid, smooth,
often pubescent just below the panicle. Sheaths
often shorter than the internodes, smooth or sca-
brous, sometimes hirsute; ligule 4” long; blades
1-12’ long, 4-13” wide, erect, flat or involute,
smooth or rough, often more or less hirsute; panicle
1-7’ in length, pale green, usually contracted or
spike-like, the branches erect or rarely ascending, 1’
long or less; spikelets 2-5-flowered, 2-3” long, the
scales rough, acute, the empty ones unequal; flower-
ing scales 13’-2” long, shining.

In dry sandy soil, especially on prairies, Ontario to
British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania, Texas and Cali-

fornia. Alsoin Europe and Asia. Very variable. Prairie
June-grass. July—Sept.

83. CATABROSA Beauv. Agrost. 97. pl. 19. f. 8. 1812.

A perennial grass, with soft flat leaf-blades and an open panicle. Spikelets usually
2-flowered. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, much shorter than the flowering
ones, unequal, rounded or obtuse at the apex; flowering scales membranous, erose-truncate.
Palet barely shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Greek,
in allusion to the erose top of the flowering scales.]

A monotypic genus of arctic and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere. Type
species: Aira aquatica L,

1. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. Water
Whorl-grass. Fig. 590.

Aira aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 64. 1753.
Catabrosa aquatica Beauv. Agrost. 157. 1812.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 4’-2° tall, erect, from
a creeping base, bright green, flaccid. Sheaths usu-
ally overlapping, loose; ligule 14”-24” long; blades
1}’-5’ long, 1”-3” wide, flat, obtuse; panicle 1’-8’
in length, open, the branches whorled, spreading or
ascending, very slender, 3-2’ long; spikelets 14-12”
long, the empty scales rounded or obtuse, the first
about half as long as the second, which is crenulate
on the margins; flowering scales 1-13” long,
3-nerved, erose-truncate at the apex.

In water or wet soil, Labrador and Newfoundland to
Alaska, south to Nova Scotia, Nebraska and Colorado.
Also in Europe and Asia. Water-grass, Water Hair-
grass. Summer.

246 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

84. MELICA L. Sp. Pl. 66. 1753.

Perennial grasses, with usually soft flat leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles.
Spikelets 1-several-flowered, often secund, the rachilla extended beyond the flowers and
usually bearing 2-3 empty club-shaped or hooded scales, convolute around each other. Two
lower scales empty, membranous, 3-5-nerved; flowering scales larger, rounded on the back,
7-13-nerved, sometimes bearing an awn, the margins more or less scarious; palets broad,
shorter than the scales, two-keeled. Stamens three. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain
free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name used by Theophrastus for Sorghum; said to be
in allusion to the sweet culms of some species. ]

About 30 species, inhabiting temperate regions. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in
the Rocky Mountains and on the Pacific Coast. Type species: Melica ciliata L.

Terminal scales of the spikelet differing in shape from those below, forming a hood-shaped mass
which is much shorter than the other scales.
Spikelets 2-flowered, the second empty scale nearly as long as the spikelet, the flowering scales
terminating on the same plane. 1. M. mutica.
Spikelets usually 3-flowered, the second empty scale much shorter than the spikelet, the second
flowering scale terminating beyond the apex of the first. 2. M.nitens.
Terminal scales like the others in shape, forming a convolute but not hood-shaped mass, which equals
or extends beyond the apex of the other scales, 3. M. Porteri.

1. Melica mutica Walt. Narrow Melic-grass. Fig. 591.

Melica mutica Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788.
Melica mutica var. glabra A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 626.

M ciksena Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788. Not L. 1753.
Melica diffusa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 77. 1814.
Melica mutica var. diffusa A, Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 626,

1867.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, usually slender, simple,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths often overlapping,
rough; ligule 1-2” long; blades rough, 4’-9’ long,
1-5” wide; panicle 33’-103’ in length, narrow,
the branches spreading or ascending, 1-2’ long;
spikelets about 2-flowered, 33’-43” long, nodding,
on more or less flexuous pubescent pedicels;
empty scales very broad, acutish to obtuse, the
first shorter than the second, which is nearly as
long as the spikelet or sometimes equals it; flow-
ering scales 3-4” long, generally very obtuse,
scabrous.

In rich soil, Maryland to Wisconsin, south to
Florida and Texas. June—July.

2. Melica nitens Nutt. Tall Melic-grass. Fig. 592.

Melica nitens Nutt.; Piper, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 387.

1905.

Culms 14°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
the lower often overlapping; ligule 1-2” long;
blades 4/-7’ long, 2”-4” wide, rough; panicle 63’”—
8 in length, open, the branches spreading or as-
cending, the lower 13’-3’ long; spikelets usually
numerous, about 3-flowered, 43’—-53” long, nod-
ding, on slender, more or less flexuous pubescent
pedicels; empty basal scales very broad, obtuse or
acutish, the first shorter than the second, which is
generally much exceeded by the spikelet; flowering

v7

scales 33-42” long, acute or obtuse, scabrous.
Woods and cliffs, Pennsylvania to Nebraska and
Texas. Erroneously called Melica diffusa Pursh, in

our first edition, that name proving to be a synonym of
the preceding species. May—June.

GENUS 84. GRASS FAMILY. 247

3. Melica Porteri Scribn. Small Melic-
grass. Fig. 593.

Melica mutica var. parviflora Porter; Porter & Coulter,
Fl. Colo. 149. 1874.

Melica Porteri Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1885: 44. pl.
Teeel7, 1s.» 1885.

M. parviflora Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club 5: 50. 1894.

Culms 14°-24° tall, erect, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths short, overlapping, more or less
rough; ligule 1” long; blades 5-0’ long, 1-2” wide,
rough; panicle 5-7’ in length, contracted, the
branches erect, the lower 1-2’ long; spikelets few,
4-5-flowered, 5-63” long, nodding, on somewhat
flexuous strongly pubescent pedicels; lower scales
obtuse or acutish, the first shorter than the second,
which is much exceeded by the spikelet; flowering
scales 34’-4” long, acutish, scabrous.

Cliffs and hillsides, Iowa to Missouri, Colorado, Ari-
zona and Texas,

85. KORYCARPUS Zea, Act. Matrit. 1806.

[Driarina Raf. Journ. Bot. 2: 169. 1809.]
[DiaArRHENA Beauv. Agrost. 142. 1812.]

Erect grasses, with long flat leaf-blades and narrow paniculate or racemose inflorescence.
Spikelets 3-5-flowered, the rachilla readily disarticulating between the flowers. Upper scales
empty, convolute. Two lower scales empty, the first narrow, 3-nerved, acute, the second
broader, 5-nerved; flowering scales broader than the lower ones, acuminate or mucronate,
rounded on the back, finally coriaceous and shining, 3-nerved. Palet 2-keeled. Stamens 2,
rarely 1. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain beaked, free. [Greek, in allusion
to the beaked grain.]

Two known species, the following North American, the other Japanese. Type species: Kory-
carpus arundinaceus Zea.

1. Korycarpus arundinaceus Zea. American Kory-
carpus. Fig. 594.

Festuca diandra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 67. pl. 10. 1803. Not
Moench, 1794.

Korycarpus arundinaceus Zea, Act. Matrit. 1806.

Diarrhena americana Beauv. Agrost. 142. pl. 25. f. 11. 1812.

Korycarpus diandrus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 772. 1891.

Culms 14°-4° tall, erect, simple, very rough below the
panicle. Sheaths overlapping, confined to the lower part
of the culm, smooth or a little rough at the summit, some-
times pubescent; ligule very short; blades 8-24’ long, 5"’-9”
wide, long-acuminate at the apex, usually scabrous; panicle
often reduced to a raceme, 2’-73’ in length, the branches
erect, 1'-2’ long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 6’’-8” long, the
lower scales unequal, the first shorter than the second,
which is much exceeded by the spikelet; flowering scales
somewhat abruptly acuminate; palets shorter than the
scales and exceeded by the beaked grain.

In rich woods, Ohio to South Dakota, south to Georgia and
Texas. Aug.—Sept.

86. PLEUROPOGON R. Br. App. Parry’s Voy. 289. 1824.

Erect grasses with flat leaf-blades and racemose inflorescence. Spikelets 5-14-flowered;
flowers perfect, or the upper staminate. Two lower scales empty, unequal, thin-membranous,
I-nerved, or the second imperfectly 3-nerved; flowering scales longer, membranous, 7-nerved,
the middle nerve excurrent as a short point or awn. Palet scarcely shorter than the scale,
2-keeled, the keels winged or appendaged. Stamens 3. Styles short. Stigmas plumose.
Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, side-beard, from the appendages to the
palets.]

Three known species, the following arctic, the others Californian. Type species: Pleuropogon
Sabinii R. Br.

248 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

1. Pleuropogon Sabinii R. Br. Sabine’s
Pleuropogon. Fig. 595.

P, Sabinii R. Br. App. Parry’s Voy. 289. 1824.

Smooth, culms 6’ or less tall, erect, simple,
glabrous. Sheaths one or two; ligule 1” long;
blades 3-1’ long, erect, glabrous; raceme 1’-2’ in
length; spikelets 3-6, 5-8-flowered, about 5” long,
on spreading or reflexed pedicels 1” or less in
length; lower scales smooth, the first acute, shorter
than the obtuse second; flowering scales oblong,
2''-23" long, erose-truncate at the scarious sum-
mit, scabrous, the midnerve sometimes excurrent
as a short point; palet slightly shorter than the
scale, truncate and somewhat 2-toothed at the
apex, bearing an awn-like appendage on each keel
near the middle.

Arctic regions of both the Old World and the New.
Summer.

87. UNIOLA L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753.

Erect and often tall grasses with flat or convolute leaf-blades and paniculate inflorescence.
Spikelets 3-many-flowered, flat, 2-edged, the flowers perfect, or the upper staminate. Scales
flattened, keeled, sometimes winged, rigid, usually acute; the lower 3-6 empty, unequal; the
flowering scales many-nerved, the uppermost scales often smaller and empty; palets rigid,
2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain compressed, free, loosely
enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name diminutive of unus, one, of no obvious application. ]

_ About ro species, natives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southeastern
United States. Type species: Uniola paniculata L.

Spikelets about 1%4’ in length; panicle spike-like. 1. U.laxa.
Spikelets exceeding 1%’ in length; panicle open.
Panicle lax, the branches pendulous; spikelets on long capillary pedicels. 2. U. latifolia.
Panicle strict, the branches erect, rigid; spikelets on short stout pedicels. 3. U. paniculata.

1. Uniola laxa (L.) B.S.P. Slender Spike-grass. Fig. 596.

Holcus laxus L. Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753.
Uniola gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 71. 1803.
Uniola laxa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69. 1888.

Smooth and glabrous, culms, 14°-4° tall,
erect, simple, slender. Sheaths shorter than
the internodes; ligule very short; blades 5/15’
long, 1-3” wide, usually erect, flat,. attenuate
into a long tip, smooth or slightly rough; pan-
icle spike-like, 4’/-12’ in length, erect, strict, or
nodding at the summit, the branches erect,
1-2’ long; spikelets short-stalked or nearly }
sessile, 3-6-flowered, about 3” long; lower
scales much shorter than the flowering ones,
which are 13”-2" long, acuminate, spreading
in fruit; palet arched, about two-thirds as long
as the scale; stamen TI.

Sandy soil, Long Island to Kentucky, south to
Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. As-
cends to goo ft. in North Carolina. Union-grass.
Aug.—Sept.

GENusS 87. GRASS FAMILY. 249

2. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broad-leaved
Spike-grass. Fig. 597.

U. latifolia Michx, Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 70. 1803.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes;
ligule 4’ long, lacerate-toothed; blades 4’-9’
long, #/-1' wide, flat, narrowed into a somewhat
rounded, often ciliate base, acuminate at the
apex, smooth, excepting on the margins; panicle
lax, 54/-10’ in length, its branches filiform and
pendulous, the lower 2’-5’ long; spikelets many-
flowered, oblong to ovate, ?’-14’ long, on long
capillary pendulous pedicels; lower scales much
smaller than the flowering ones, which are 43'’-6”"
long, ciliate-hispid on the winged keel; stamen 1.

In moist places, Pennsylvania and Delaware to
Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to
2000 ft.in North Carolina. Wild Oats. Aug.—Sept.

3. Uniola paniculata L. Sea Oats. Spike-grass. Beach-grass. Fig. 598.

Uniola paniculata L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753.

Glabrous throughout, culms 3°-8° tall, erect,
simple, smooth. Sheaths often longer than the
internodes; ligule a ring of hairs about 4” long;
blades 1° long or more, about 2?’ wide, involute
when dry, attenuate into a long slender tip; pan-
icle 9’-1° in length or more, the branches erect
or ascending, strict, rigid, the lower 2}’-5’ long;
spikelets many-flowered, short-pedicelled, ovate to
oval when mature, 3’-1' long; lewer scales much

(

—
\

—

shorter than the flowering ones, which are 4’—5
long and scabrous on the keels; stamens 3.

In sands of the seacoast, Virginia to Florida and
west to Texas. Also in the Bahamas and other West
Indies and South America. Spikelets persistent into
the winter. Seaside Oats. Oct.—Nov.

88. DISTICHLIS Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 104. 1819.

Dioecious grasses, with rigid culms creeping or decumbent at the base, flat or convolute
leaf-blades and spike-like paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets flattened, more numerous on
the staminate plants than on the pistillate, 6-16-flowered; rachilla continuous in the staminate
spikelets, articulated in the pistillate. Two lower scales empty, narrow, keeled, acute, shorter
than the flowering ones; flowering scales broader, many-nerved, acute, rigid; palets 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles thickened at the base, rather long, distinct. Stigmaslong-plumose. Grain
free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, signifying two-ranked, probably in reference
to the spikelets. ]

Four known species, natives of America, inhabiting the seacoast or alkaline soil; one of them is
also found in Australia. Type species: Distichlis maritima Raf.

250 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

1. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. Marsh Spike-grass. Alkali-grass. Salt-grass.
Fig. 599.

\ OUniola spicate L. Sp. Pl, 71. 1753.
Distichlis maritima Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 104. 1819.

(
a Ny Uniola stricta Torr. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 1: 155. 1824.
MZ a D. spicata Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2: 415. 1887.
y My Distichlis spicata var. stricta Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club
: Y Bast T8044:
Mf
Nii Glabrous throughout, culms 32° tall, erect from
y Vi a horizontal rootstock, or often decumbent at the
NY , base. Sheaths overlapping and often crowded; ligule
Wy a ring of very short hairs; blades 3’-6’ long, 1-2”
NY wide, flat or involute; panicle dense and spike-like,
4 t ,
Wi Hy }/-23’ in length, the branches 1’ long or less, erect;

spikelets 6-16-flowered, 4’-9” long, pale green; empty
scales acute, the first 1-3-nerved, two-thirds as long
as the 3-5-nerved second one; flowering scales 14’
i 23” long, acute or acuminate.

to Texas, in saline soil throughout the interior, and
— on the Pacific Coast north to British Columbia. Also

4 On salt meadows along the coast from Nova Scotia

in the Bahamas and other West Indies. The main figure
is that of the staminate plant. June-Sept.

89. BRIZA L. Sp. Pl. 70. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and open or rarely con-
tracted panicles. Spikelets large, flattened, tumid, many-flowered, nodding, the flowers perfect.
Scales thin-membranous, strongly concave, the 2 lower empty, 3-5-nerved, somewhat unequal ;
flowering scales imbricated, broader than the empty ones, 5-many-nerved; uppermost scales
often empty; palets much shorter than the scales, hyaline, 2-keeled or 2-nerved. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain usually free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek
name for some grain, perhaps rye.] :

About 12 species, natives of the Old World and temperate South America. Type species:
Briza minor L.

Perennial; ligule 1%4” long or less, truncate; spikelets 5—-12-flowered, 2”-21%4” long. 1. B
Annual; ligule 1” long or more, acute; spikelets 3-6 flowered, 1”-114” long. 2. B. minor.

1. Brizamédia L. Quake-grass. Quaking-
grass. Fig. 600.

Briza media L, Sp. Pl. 70. 1753.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 6’—2° tall, erect,
from a perennial root, simple. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes; ligule 3” long or less, trun-
cate; blades 1'-3’ long, 1-23” wide; panicle 13’-5’
in length, the capillary branches spreading or as-
sending, 1'-23’ long; spikelets 2’’-24” long, orbicu-
lar to deltoid-ovate, 5-12-flowered; scales scarious-
margined, the lower ones about 1” long; flowering
scales 1-13” long, broader than the lower ones,
widely spreading.

In fields and waste places, Ontario to Massachu-
setts and Rhode Island. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of Asia. Maidenhair, Shakers, Cow-quake,
Lady’s-hair, Wag-wanton. Pearl-, Fairy-, Dodder-
Dithering- or Jockey-grass. June-July.

GeENus 80. GRASS FAMILY. 251

2. Briza minor L. Lesser or Smaller
Quaking-grass. Fig. 601.

Briza minor L. Sp. Pl. 70. 1753.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 4’-15’ tall, erect
from an annual root, simple. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes; ligule 1-3’ long, acute;
blades 1'-5’ long, 1-4” wide, sometimes scabrous;
panicle 2’-5’ in length, open, the capillary branches
spreading or ascending, 1/-23’ long; spikelets
3-6-flowered, 1-14” long, about 2” broad, trun-
cate at the base; scales scarious-margined, the
lower ones about 1” long; flowering scales much
broader and deeply saccate, about #” long.

In ballast and waste places, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia; common in California, and widely distributed
in tropical America. Adventive or naturalized from
Europe. June-July.

go. DACTYLIS L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753.

Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets
3-5-flowered, short-pedicelled, in dense capitate clusters, the flowers perfect or the upper
staminate. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, keeled, unequal, mucronate; flowering
scales larger than the empty ones, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled, the midnerve extended into a point
or short awn; palets shorter than the scales, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas
plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name used by Pliny for some grass
with finger-like spikes. ]

A genus of several species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species: Dactylis glomerata L.

1. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard-grass.
Cock’s-foot. Fig. 602.

Dactylis glomerata L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753.

Culms 2°-4° tall, tufted, erect, simple, smooth
and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
smooth or rough; ligule 1-2" long; blades 3'-0’
long, 1’’-3” wide, flat, scabrous; panicle 3-8’ in
length, the branches spreading or ascending in
flower, erect in fruit, the lower 12’ long, spikelet-
bearing from above or below the middle; spikelets
in dense capitate clusters, 3-5-flowered; lower
scales I-3-nerved, the first shorter than the second;
flowering scales 2-3” long, rough, pointed or short-
awned, ciliate on the keel.

In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to
British Columbia, south to Florida and California.
Naturalized from Europe and cultivated for fodder.
Dew- or Hard-grass. June-July.

a
or, /CYNOSURUS EL. Sp. Pl:72) 1753:

Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaf-blades and dense spike-like inflorescence.
Spikelets of two kinds, in small clusters; lower spikelets of the clusters consisting of narrow
empty scales, with a continuous rachilla, the terminal spikelets of 2-4 broader scales, with an
articulated rachilla and subtending perfect flowers. Two lower scales in the fertile spikelets
empty, I-nerved, the flowering scales broader, 1-3-nerved, pointed or short-awned; upper
scales narrower, usually empty. Scales of the sterile spikelets pectinate, spreading, all empty,
linear-subulate, 1-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas loosely plumose. Grain
finally adherent to the palet. [Greek, signifying dog’s tail, referring to the spike.]

About 5§ species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Cynosurus cristatus L.

|

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

1. Cynosurus cristatus L. Dog’s-tail-grass.
Fig. 603.
Cynosurus cristatus L. Sp. Pl. 72. 1753.

Culms 1°-23° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 3’
long, truncate; blades 13’-5’ long, 3-2’ wide, smooth,
glabrous; spike-like panicle 2’-4’ in length, 23’’-6’’ wide,
long-exserted; spikelets arranged in clusters, the terminal
fertile, the lower larger and sterile; scales of the former
about 13” long, pointed or short-awned, the scales of the
sterile spikelets very narrow, pointed, strongly scabrous
on the keel.

In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Ontario, south-
ern New York and New Jersey. Adventive from Europe.
Hendon Bent, cr Crested Dog’s-tail-grass. Leghorn-straw-
grass. June—Aug.

92. POA L. Sp. Pl. 67. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves
and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-6-flowered,
compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous; flowers perfect,
or rarely dioecious. Scales membranous, keeled; the 2 lower empty, 1-3-nerved; the flower-
ing scales longer than the empty ones, generally with a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base,
5-nerved, the marginal nerves usually pubescent, often also the dorsal one; palets a little
shorter than the scales, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas
plumose. Grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palet. [Name Greek, for grass or
herbage. |

A genus of about 150 species, widely distributed in all temperate and cold regions. The Eng-

lish name Meadow-grass is often applied to most of the species. Besides the following some
50 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Poa pratensis L.

Annuals,
Flowering scales distinctly 5-nerved, not webby at the base. 1. P. annua.
Flowering scales 3-nerved, or obscurely 5-nerved, webby at base. 2. P. Chapmaniana,
Perennials.

Innovations Serer plants often bearing rootstocks or stolons.
Culms tufted, usually densely so.
Rootstock slender ; plants often stoloniferous.
Culms less than 8’ tall; low arctic or alpine grasses.
Flowering scales pubescent all over. 3. P. abbreviata.
Flowering scales glabrous, or slightly pubescent. 4. P.laxa,
Culms exceeding 8’ tall.
Flowering scales not webby at the base.
Flowering scales glabrous below between the nerves. 6. P. glauca.
Flowering scales pubescent below between the nerves.
Panicle narrow, contracted, its branches short, erect. 22. P. arida.
Panicle open, branches long, flexuous, spreading. 13. P. autumnalis.
Flowering scales webby at the base.
Flowering scales glabrous; culms manifestly compressed. 9. P. debilis.
Flowering scales somewhat pubescent; culms round or little compressed.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous.
Plant yellowish green; flowering scales 114” long 8. P. trivialis.
Plant green; flowering scales 134” long. 15. P.alsodes.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale pubescent.
Lower half of the flowering scales densely villous between the nerves;
arctic grass. 18. P. cenisia.
Lower half of the flowering scales glabrous between the nerves (some-
times somewhat pubescent in No. 14).
Spikelets 2” long or less; panicle-branches dividing and spikelet-
bearing at or below the middle.
Intermediate nerves of the flowering scale obscure.
Panicle erect, rarely exceeding 5’, branches ascending.
10. P. crocata.
Panicle drooping, up to 1°, or more, branches spreading.
11. P. triflora.
Intermediate nerves prominent.
Midnerve of the flowering scales pubescent only below; spike-
lets crowded on the branches. 12. P. pratensis.
Midnerve pubescent its whole length; spikelets scattered on
the spreading often reflexed branches. 14. P. sylvestris.
Spikelets 214” long or more; panicle-branches usually dividing and
eoicien bearing only at the end.
Flowering scales very webby at the base, nerves eon pilose:

innovation leaves much shorter than culms. P. Wolfi..
Flowering scales little webby; nerves sparsely re ‘innovation
leaves equalling or exceeding culms. 17. P. brachyphylla.

Rootstocks short and stout; no stolons.

GENUS 92. GRASS FAMILY. 253

Ligule acute, 2” long ; flowering scales lanceolate, 114” long. 7. P.pseudopratensis.
Ligule truncate, 1” long; flowering scales ovate, 2” long. 5. P. alpina.
Culms not tufted; rootstocks long, creeping.
Flowering scales naked or with short hairs at the base.
Culms compressed, slender; plant bluish green; spikelets 114”-3”. 19. P. compressa.

Culms not compressed, stout; spikelets above 5” long. 21. P. eminens.
Flowering scales with webby hairs at the base longer than scale. 20. P. arachnifera.
Innovations intravaginal, hence plants without rootstocks or stolons.
Flowering scales strigose below, hispidulous above. 23. P. Buckleyana.
omerink scales hispidulous all over.
igules 14%4”—2” long, glabrous. 24. P. laevigata.
Ligules %”-1” long, hispidulous on the outside. 25 ee cunieie
1. Poa annua L. Annual or Dwarf Meadow- Z

grass. Low Spear-grass. Fig. 604.
Poa annua L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753.

Culms 2’-1° tall, from an annual root, erect or
decumbent at the base, somewhat flattened, smooth.
Sheaths loose, usually overlapping; ligule about 1”
long; blades 3’-4’ long, #’-13” wide, smooth; panicle

‘-4' in length, open, branches spreading, }’/-13’ long,
naked at the base; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 14’’-23”
long; lower scales smooth, the first narrow, acute,
t-nerved, about two-thirds as long as the broad and
obtuse 3-nerved second one; flowering scales 13-23”
long, distinctly 5-nerved, the nerves pilose below.

In waste and cultivated places nearly throughout North
America. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia. May-, Six-weeks- or Causeway-grass. May-—Oct.

4

: at 2. Poa Chapmaniana Scribn. Chapman’s
Spear-grass. Fig. 605.

A: P. cristata Chap. Fl. S. States, 562. 1860. Not Walt. 1788.
P. Chapmaniana Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club 21: 38. 1894.
~ Culms 3-6’ tall, erect from an annual root, simple,
rigid, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths tight, mostly at
the base of the culm; ligule 4” long, truncate; blades
3'-1' long, 3” wide or less, smooth; panicle 1-2’ in
length, the branches usually erect, sometimes spread-
ing or ascending, }’ long or less, naked at the base;
spikelets 3-7-flowered, 12”-13” long; lower scales about

equal, 3-nerved, acute; flowering scales webbed at the
base, obtuse, 3-nerved, sometimes with two additional
obscure nerves, the prominent ones sometimes pilose

for three-fourths their length.

In dry soil, Virginia to Iowa, south to Florida and
Mississippi. April—May.

3. Poa abbreviata R. Br. Low Spear-grass.
Fig. 606.

Poa abbreviata R. Br. Bot. App. Parry’s Voy. 287. 1824

Culms 6' tall or less, erect, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths and leaves crowded at the base
of the culm; ligule 3” long; blades 3-1’ long, 4”
wide; panicle contracted, 3’-1' long, branches very
short and erect; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 24” long;
lower scales acute, smooth and glabrous; flowering
scales about 13” long, obtuse, strongly pubescent all
over, the intermediate nerves very obscure.

Arctic America from Greenland and Labrador to the
Pacific. Summer.

254 GRAMINEAE. Vor. 1.

4. Poa laxa Haenke. Wavy Meadow-grass.
Mountain Spear-grass. Fig. 607.

P. lava Haenke, in Jirasek, Beob. Riesengeb. 118. 1791.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 1° tall or less, erect,
simple. Sheaths often overlapping; ligule about 1”
long; blades 1'-3’ long, 3’-1” wide, acuminate; pan-
icle 1’-3' in length, the branches usually erect, some-
times ascending, r’ long or less; spikelets 3—-5-flow-
ered, 2-23" long; lower scales usually 3-nerved,
acute, glabrous, rough on the keel at its apex; flow-
ering scales 13'’-13” long, obtuse, 3-nerved, or some-
times with an additional pair of obscure nerves, the
midnerve pilose on the lower half, rough above, the
lateral ones pilose for one-third their length.

Greenland to Alaska, south to the high mountains of
New England and New York. Also in Europe and Asia,
Summer.

5. Poa alpina L. Alpine or Mountain Spear-grass. Fig. 608.

Poa alpina L. Sp. Pl. 67. 1753.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 4’-18' tall, erect, simple.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 1” long,
truncate; blades 1/-3’ long, 1’-2"" wide, abruptly acute;
panicle 1’-3’ in length, the branches generally widely
spreading, 1’ long or less; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 24'’-3”
long; lower scales broad, glabrous, rough on the keel,
acute; flowering scales about 2’ long, obtuse, pilose
for half their length, pubescent between the nerves
toward the base.

Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Nova
Scotia, Quebec, Lake Superior and Washington, and in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia.
Summer.

6. Poa glatica Vahl. Glaucous Spear-grass. Fig. 609.

Poa glauca Vahl, Fl. Dan. pl. 964. 1790.
Poa caesia J. E. Smith, Eng. Bot. pl. 1779, 1807.

Culms 672° tall, erect, rigid, glabrous, somewhat
glaucous. Sheaths overlapping, confined to the lower
half of the culm; ligule 1” long; blades 1-2’ long, 1”
wide or less, smooth’ beneath, scabrous above; panicle
1’-3’ in length, open, the branches erect or ascending,
4-13’ long; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 23’’-3” long; empty
basal scales acute, 3-nerved, glabrous, rough on the
upper part of the keel; flowering scales 14’’-13” long,
obtuse or acutish, rough, not webbed at the base, the
lower half of the midnerve and marginal nerves silky-
pubescent, the intermediate nerves obscure and occa-
sionally sparingly pubescent at the base.

Greenland and Labrador to Maine and White Mountains
of New Hampshire and Minnesota. Also in Europe. July
and August.

GENUS 92.

GRASS FAMILY. 255

7- Poa pseudopraténsis Scribn. & Ryd. Prairie Meadow-grass. Fig. 610.

Poa pseudopratensis Scribn. & Rydb. Contr. Nat. Herb.
3: 531. 1896.

Culms 1°-23° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth
or slightly rough; ligule 2” long, acute, decurrent;
blades 1-3 wide, smooth beneath, a little rough
above and on the margins, those of the culm 1’-33'
long, the basal 6’-10’ in length; panicle 2’-5’ long,
open, the branches spreading or ascending, 1-2’ long;
spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-4’ long, exceeding their
pedicels; lower scales nearly equal, acute, 3-nerved;
flowering scales acutish, about 14” long, rough above,
5-nerved, pubescent between the nerves below, the
marginal nerves and midnerve silky-pubescent about
half their length.

Manitoba and Assiniboia to Nebraska and Colorado.

8. Poa trivialis L. Rough-stalked Meadow-grass. Fig. 611.

Poa trivialis L. Sp. Pl. 67. 1753.

Culms 1°-3° tall, usually more or less decumbent at
the base, simple, smooth or slightly scabrous. Sheaths
usually shorter than the internodes, rough; ligule 2’—3’’
long, acutish; blades 2’-7' in length, 1-2’ wide, gener-
ally very rough; panicle 4’-6’ long, open, the branches
usually spreading or ascending, 1’-2’ long; spikelets 2-
or sometimes 3-flowered, 13” long, exceeding their pedi-
cels; scales acute, the empty basal ones rough on the
keel, the lower I-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved
upper; flowering scales 1’’-14”” long, webbed at the base,
5-nerved, the midnerve silky-pubescent below, the lateral
nerves naked, the intermediate ones prominent.

In meadows and waste places, Newfoundland to Ontario,
South Carolina and Louisiana. Naturalized from Europe.
Fowl or Round-stalked Meadow-grass, Natural grass, Bird-

grass. June—Aug.

g. Poa débilis Torr. Weak Spear-grass. Fig.
612.

’

Poa debilis Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 459. 1843.

Culms 1°-2$° tall, erect, slender, simple, somewhat
flattened, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths compressed,
much shorter than the internodes; ligule 4-1” long;
blades 17-43’ long, 1” wide or less, erect, smooth be-
neath, rough above; panicle 2'-6’ in length, open, often
nodding at the top, the branches erect or ascending,
sometimes spreading, 14’-3' long; spikelets 2-4-flow-
ered, 14’’-2” long, their pedicels longer; empty scales
unequal, acute, the first 1I-nerved, shorter than the
3-nerved second one; flowering scales 14” long, obtuse,
sparingly webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the nerves
naked.

In woods, Quebec and Ontario to Rhode Island, Penn-
sylvania, Illinois and Iowa. June—Aug.

11. Poa triflora Gilib. False Red-top.
Fowl Meadow-grass. Fig. 614.

Poa serotina Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 83. Name only. 1791.
P. triflora Gilib. Exercit. 531. 1792.

Culms 14°-5° tall, erect, simple or rarely branch-
ed, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule
1-2” long; blades 2'-6' long, 1’’—2"’ wide, smooth
or rough; panicle 6’-13' in length, open, the
branches spreading or ascending, 2’-5’ long, di-
vided and spikelet-bearing above the middle;
spikelets 3-5-flowered, 14-2 long, exceeding
their pedicels; lower scales acute, glabrous, rough
above on the keel, the lower usually 1-nerved, the
upper 3-nerved; flowering scales obtuse, some-
what webby at the base, 1’—13” long, silky-pubes-
cent on the lower half of the marginal nerves and
the midnerve, the intermediate nerves obscure or
wanting.

GRAMINEAE.

1o. Poa crocata Michx.
Northern Spear-grass.
Poa caesia var. strictior A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 629.
P. crocata Michx, Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 68.
Culms 6’-2° tall, erect, simple, slender, sometimes
rigid, smooth and glabrous.
than the internodes; ligule 4’—1"’ long, truncate; blades
wide or less, erect, smooth or rough;
panicle 2’-5’ in length, open, the branches erect or
ascending, rarely spreading, 1-2’ long; spikelets 2-5-
flowered, 13-23" long; lower scales acute or acumi-
flowering scales obtuse or acute,
1-13” long, faintly 5-nerved, somewhat webby at base,
the midnerve and the marginal nerves silky-pubescent
on the lower half.
Labrador to Yukon, Vermont, Minnesota and Alberta, and
in the mountains to Colorado and Arizona.
Poa nemoralis L., a grass of Europe and Asia, may be
found as an occasional introduction.
guished from the above by its much narrower empty scales.

Wood Meadow-grass.

Sheaths usually shorter

1-4’ long, 1”

nate, I-3-nerved;

It may be distin-

Voz. I.

In swampy places, Newfoundland to Vancouver Island, south to New Jersey and Colorado.

Also in Europe and Asia. Duck-grass. July-Aug. Formerly confused with Poa flava L

1833.

rootstocks,

es)

naked.

In meadows, fields and woods, almost throughout North America.
and pasture, Also in Europe and Asia. In North America probably indigenous only in the northern
and mountainous regions. Variable. Natural or green-grass.

12. Poa praténsis L.
June-grass.

Kentucky Blue-grass.

Poa pratensis L. Sp. Pl. 67.
P. pratensis var. angustifolia Kunth, Enum. 1:

Glabrous, culms 1°-4° tall, from long runnin
5

longer than the internodes; ligule 3” long or less,
truncate; blades smooth or rough, 4’’-3’’ wide, those
of the culm 2-6’ in length, the basal much longer;
usually pyramidal,
branches spreading or ascending, sometimes flexuous,

panicle 23’-8'

1-3’ long, divided and spikelet-bearing above the
middle; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 2’’-23” long, exceed-
ing their pedicels; scales acute, the lower unequal,
glabrous, rough on the keel, the lower 1-nerved, the
upper 3-nerved; flowering scales 14” long, webbed
at the base, 5-nerved, the marginal nerves and mid-
nerve silky-pubescent below, the intermediate ones

Widely cultivated for hay

Common meadow-grass.

353+

a ae

GENUS 92. : GRASS FAMILY. 257

13. Poa autumnalis Muhl. Flexuous Spear-grass. Fig. 616.

Poa autumnalis Muhl.; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 159. 1817.
P. flexuosa Muhl. Gram, 148. 1817. Not J. E. Smith, 1803.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths usually much shorter than the inter-
nodes; ligule 4’’ long; blades 1” wide or less, smooth
beneath, rough. above, those of the culm 13’-6’ long, the
basal much longer; panicle 3’-9’ in length, the branches
long and slender, spikelet-bearing at the extremities, 2'-5’
long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 23”-3" long; empty basal
scales acute, the first 1-nerved, narrow, shorter than the
broad 3-nerved second; flowering scales rounded or re-
tuse at the apex, 14’—2” long, not webbed at the base,
pubescent on the lower part, 5-nerved, the midnerve
silky-pubescent for three-fourths its length.

In woods, New Jersey to Missouri, south to Florida and
Texas. March—May.

14. Poa sylvéstris A. Gray. Sylvan Spear-grass. Fig. 617.

g Poa sylvestris A, Gray, Man. 596. 1848.
i Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, slightly flat-

tened, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the in-

ternodes; ligule 3’’ long or less; blades smooth beneath,

the branches’ spreading or ascending, often reflexed
in age, 14’-3’ long, spikelet-bearing at the extremities;
spikelets 2-4-flowered, 1’-2” long; empty basal scales
acute, the lower 1-nerved, the upper longer and 3-nerved;

flowering scales about 11” long, webbed at the base,
obtuse, often pubescent below, 5-nerved, the midnerve
pubescent nearly its entire length and the marginal
nerves below the middle.

rough above, 1-3” wide, those of the culm 14’-6' in
V length, the basal much longer; panicle 3’-7’ in length,

In thickets and meadows, New York to Wisconsin, Ne-
braska, south to Florida and Texas. 3ranches of the
panicle sometimes reflexed when old. June-July.

15. Poa alsddes A. Gray. Grove Meadow-grass. J -
Fig. 618.

Poa alsodes A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 562. 1856.

Culms 8’-24° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than the internodes;
ligule 4’ long; blades usually rough, 1-2" wide, those
of the culm 2’-8' in length, the basal longer; panicle
3)’-8’ in length, the branches spreading or ascending,
14’-3’ long, spikelet-bearing at the ends; spikelets 2-3-
flowered, about 23” long; scales very acute, the empty
basal ones unequal, the lower 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved;
flowering scales about 2” long, webbed at the base, the
midnerve pubescent near the base, the marginal nerves
naked, the intermediate ones very faint.

In woods and thickets, Quebec to Minnesota, south to 4 4
North Carolina and Tennessee. May-June. é

17

258 GRAMINEAE. Vou. I.

16. Poa Wolfii Scribn. Wolf's Spear-grass.
Fig. 619.
Poa Wolfti Scribn, Bull. Torr. Club 21: 228. 1894.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
4” long; blades 1’’ wide or less, smooth beneath, rough
above, those of the culm 2'-4' in length, the basal much
longer; panicle 3’-6’ in length, lax, its branches erect or
ascending, flexuous, 14’-24' long; spikelets 2-4-flowered,
2}-3"’ long; scales acute, the lower unequal, 3-nerved, ©
glabrous, rough on the keel, the first-shorter than the
second; flowering scales about 2’ long, copiously webbed
at the base, 5-nerved, the marginal and midnerves silky-
pubescent for more than half their length, the interme-
diate nerves prominent, naked.

Illinois to Minnesota and Tennessee.

17. Poa brachyphylla Schult. Short-leaved Spear-grass. Fig. 620.
Poa brevifolia Muhl. Gram. 138. 1817. Not DC. 1806.
Poa brachyphylla Schult. Mant. 2: 304. 1824.

Culms 1°-3° tall. Sheaths often shorter than the
internodes; ligule 4/’-13” long; leaves smooth be-
neath, rough above, 1’—2’’ wide, abruptly acute, those
of the culm 3’-4' long, the uppermost sometimes
almost wanting; basal leaves usually equalling or
nearly as long as the culm; panicle 24’-5’ in length,
open, the branches ascending, widely spreading or
often reflexed, 14’-3’ long, spikelet-bearing at the
ends; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 23-34" long; empty
basal scales unequal, acute, glabrous, the lower
1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved; flowering scales slightly
webbed at the base, 2’’—23"" long, obtuse, 5-nerved,
the keel and marginal nerves sparingly pubescent,
the intermediate nerves prominent, naked.

In rocky woods, southern New York to Illinois,
Georgia and Tennessee. April-June.

18. Poa cenisia All. Arctic Spear-grass. Fig. 621.

% Poa cenisia All. Auct. Fl. Ped. 40. 1780.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 4/—15’ tall, erect, slender,
simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
1” long or less, truncate; blades 1'-4’ long, 3-1” wide;
panicle 1’-4’ in length, open, the branches generally
widely spreading and more or less flexuous, 1-23’ long;
spikelets 3-5-flowered, 23-33” long; lower scales acute
. or acuminate, 1-3-nerved; flowering scales about 2”
long, faintly 5-nerved, the nerves short-pilose on the
lower half, minutely pubescent between the nerves,
somewhat webbed at the base.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south in the higher
peaks of the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe.
Summer.

GENUS 92. GRASS FAMILY. 259

19. PoacompréssaL. Wire-grass. Flat-stemmed
Meadow-grass. English Blue-grass. Fig. 622.

Poa compressa L. Sp. Pl. 69. 1753.

Pale bluish green, glabrous, culms 62° tall, decumbent
at the base, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth, much
flattened. Sheaths loose, flattened, shorter than the inter-
nodes; ligule 4” long; blades 17-4’ long, about 1” wide,
smooth beneath, rough above; panicle usually contracted,
the branches erect or ascending, 1’ long or less, spikelet-

bearing nearly to the base; spikelets 3-9-flowered, 13’-3”

Ww

long; lower scales acute, 3-nerved; flowering scales 1’—14
long, obscurely 3-nerved, the nerves sparingly pubescent
toward the base.

Waste places and cultivated grounds and woods almost
throughout North America. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia.
Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Varies from
weak and slender to quite stiff. Squitch-grass. June—Aug.

20. Poa arachnifera Torr. Texas Blue-grass. Fig. 623.

Poa arachnifera Torr. Marcy’s Exped. 301. 1853.

Culms tufted, 1°-3° tall, smooth and glabrous, from
running rootstocks; sterile shoots from one-half as
long as the culms to equalling them. Sheaths longer
than the internodes, smooth or roughish, hyaline on the
margins; ligule a short membranous ring; blades
linear, erect, usually folded when dry, smooth beneath,
rough above, 14-9’ long, 13”-3” broad, abruptly acute;
panicle dense and contracted, sometimes interrupted
below, 3’-63’ long, 4-13’ broad, its branches ascend-
ing or erect; spikelets numerous, 4-7-flowered, the
scales acuminate, the empty ones hispidulous on the
midnerve; flowering scales 2-23” long, often pointed,
pubescent at the base with copious long cobwebby
hairs, 5-nerved, the midnerve and lateral nerves pilose
below the middle.

Prairies, Kansas to New Mexico, south to Louisiana
and Texas. Also introduced in Florida. April-May.

21. Poa éminens Pres]. Large-flowered Spear-
grass. Fig. 624.

P. eminens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 273. 1830.

P. glumaris Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1: 379.

1831.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 6’-3° tall, erect or as-
surgent, simple. Sheaths loose, usually shorter than the
internodes; ligule 4” long, truncate; blades 4’-10’ long,
1-4” wide; panicle 4’-10’ in length, the branches erect
or ascending, 1-2’ long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 4-6”
long; lower scales about equal, acute, slightly scabrous
on the keel, the first 1-3-nerved, the second 3-nerved,
rarely 5-nerved; flowering scales 3-4” long, usually
acutish, scabrous, 5-7-nerved, pubescent at base and on
the lower part of the midnerve and lateral nerves, not

webbed.

Beaches and shores, Labrador to Quebec, Washington and
Alaska. Summer.

260 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

22. Poa arida Vasey. Prairie or Bunch Spear-
grass. Fig. 625.
Poa andina Nutt.; S. Wats. Bot. King’s Exp. 388. 1871. Not

Trin. 1836.

Poa arida Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 270. 1893.
Poa pratericola Rydb, & Nash; Rydb. Mem, N. Y. Bot. Gard.

I: 51. 1900.

Culms 1°-2° tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths usually overlapping, smooth or somewhat
roughish; ligule 1’—2’’ long, acute; blades smooth beneath,
rough above, 3’—1” wide, flat or folded, pungently pointed,
those of the culm 4’-1’ long, erect, the basal leaves 3-6’
long; panicle contracted, 2-5’ in length, the branches erect,
spikelet-bearing nearly to the base, 14’ long or less; spike-
lets 4-7-flowered, 23’-33” long; lower scales nearly equal,
acute, 3-nerved; flowering scales 13’-2” long, erose-trun-
cate at apex, strongly silky-pubescent on the nerves for
half their length, the lower part very pubescent between
the nerves; intermediate nerves very obscure.

On prairies, Kansas to Utah, Wyomjng, North Dakota and Manitoba. July—Sept.

23. Poa Buckleyana Nash. Buckley’s Spear-
grass. Fig. 626.
Pea tenuifolia Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 96. 1862.
Vot A. Rich. 1851.
Poa Buckleyana Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 465. 1805.
Culms 672° tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
2”-3” long, acute; blades 1’-4’ long, about 1” wide,
erect, flat, or becoming involute, smooth or rough;
panicle 1-4’ in length, contracted, the branches erect,
12’ long or less, spikelet-bearing nearly to the base;
spikelets 2-5-Howered, 2’-3” long; scales acute, the
lower nearly equal, scabrous on the keel; flowering
scales about 2” long, obtuse or acutish, sparingly pubes-
cent on the nerves below, sometimes slightly hispid
toward the base between the nerves.

South Dakota to Kansas, California and British Columbia.
Bunch Red-top. Oregon Blue-grass. July—Aug.

24. Poa laevigata Scribn. Smooth Spear-
grass. Fig. 627.

Poa laevis Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 273.
1893. Not Barb. 1877.

Poa laevigata Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 5:
31. 1897.

Culms densely tufted, 13°-23° tall, erect, slender,
the innovations 4’-8’ long; sheaths smooth and gla-
brous; ligule 13’-2” long, glabrous; blades narrow
and involute, 4’ long or less; panicle slender, 3’-6’
long, its largergbranches 1’-2’ long; spikelets 23’—
32” long, 3-4-flowered, the flowering scales 14’-2”
long, hispidulous all over, obtuse to acutish.

On dry hillsides and in meadows, Ouebee to Wash-
ington, south in the mountains to Colorado. June—

Aug.

GENUS 02. GRASS FAMILY. 261

25. Poa conftsa Rydb. Tufted Spear-
grass. Fig. 628.

P. confusa Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 32: 607. 1906,

Culms densely tufted, 14°-3° tall, erect’, slender;
sheaths smooth and glabrous; ligule 4’—-1” long,
obtuse or acutish, hispidulous on the outside;
blades up to 8’ long, 1-13” wide, flat or involute,
puberulent; panicle narrow, 4-6’ long, its branches
short and appressed; spikelets about 4” long, com-
monly 4-flowered, the empty scales shining, strigu-
lose above, the flowering scales narrow, a little
less than 2” long, obtuse or rounded at the apex,
rounded on the back below, hispidulous.

In open places and on hills, Nebraska and Montana
to Colorado. June—Aug.

93- DUPONTIA R. Br. Parry’s Voy. App. 290. 1824. '

Low grasses, with flat leaf-blades and generally narrow panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flowered.
the flowers all perfect. Two lower scales empty, extending beyond the flowering scales,
membranous; flowering scales entire, membranous, with a tuft of hairs at the base.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Name in honor of J. D. Dupont, French

botanist. ]

Two arctic species, both circumboreal. Type species: Dupontia Fisheri R. Br.

1. Dupontia Fisheri R. Br. Fisher's Du-
pontia. Fig. 629.

D. Fisheri R. Br. Parry’s Voy. App. 291. 1824.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 5-12’ tail, erect
simple. Sheaths overlapping; ligule 1” long or
less; blades 17-6’ long, 1-2” wide, flat; panicle
usually contracted, 147-33’ long, the branches
less than 14’ long, erect, or sometimes ascend-
ing; spikelets few, about 2-flowered, 3’-4” long;
empty basal scales thin, generally acute, the first
I-nerved, somewhat shorter than the second,
which is usually 3-nerved, the lateral nerves often
vanishing at about the middle; flowering scales
23”-3” long, I-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved;

basal hairs about 4” long.

Arctic regions of North America. Also in arctic
Europe and Asia. Summer.

94. SCOLOCHLOA Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 136. 1827.

Tall aquatic or marsh grasses, with flat leaf-blades and ample panicles. Spikelets
2-4-flowered, the flowers perfect. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, 3-5-nerved;
flowering scales rigid, with a tuft of hairs at the base, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, some
of the nerves usually excurrent as short points; palets about equalling the scales, 2-nerved.
Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. Grain hairy at the apex. [Greek, referring
to the prickle-like projecting nerves of the flowering scales.]

wie 2, in the north temperate zones of both continents. Type species: Arundo festucacea
illd,

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

1. Scolochloa festucacea ( Willd.) Link.
Prickle Fescue. Fig. 630.

Arundo festucacea Willd. Enum. 1: 126. 1809.
S. festucacea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 137. 1827.

Graphephorum festucaceum A. Gray, Ann. Bot. Soc.
Can. 1:57. 1861.

Culms 3°-5° tall, erect, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths often overlapping; ligule 1-2” long;
blades 7’-1° long or more, 2’—4” wide, flat, sca-
brous on the margins; panicle 8—12’ in length,
usually open, the branches ascending, naked at
the base, the lower 3’-4’ long; spikelets 3/4”
long; empty basal scales acute, the first shorter
than the second; flowering scales scabrous,
7-nerved.

Wet places, Iowa and Nebraska, north to Manitoba
and Saskatchewan. July—Aug.

95- GRAPHEPHORUM Desy. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189. 1810.

Slender erect grasses, with flat leaf-blades and a usually contracted nodding panicle.
Spikelets 2-4-flowered, flattened, the rachilla hirsute and extending beyond the flowers. Two
lower scales empty, somewhat shorter than the flowering scales, thin-membranous, acute,
keeled; flowering scales membranous, obscurely nerved, entire, sometimes short-awned just
below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain glabrous. [Greek,
pencil-bearing, referring to the tuft of hairs at the end of the rachilla.]

Three or four species, natives of northern North America, Type species: Aira melicoides Michx.

1. Graphephorum melicoideum (Michx.)
Beauy. Graphephorum. Fig. 631.
Aira melicoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 62. 1803.
Graphephorum melicoideum Beauy. Agrost. 164. pl. 15.
f. 8. 1812.
Dupontia Cooleyi A. Gray, Man, Ed. 2, 556. 1852.
Graphephorum melicoides var. major A. Gray, Ann.
Bot. Soc. Can. 1: 57. 1861.

Culms 1°-23° tall, erect, simple, rough just below
the panicle. Sheaths usually shorter than the inter-
nodes, smooth, or the lower often villous; ligule
rv” long or less, truncate; blades 14’-9’ long, 1’-2”
wide, long-acuminate, rough; panicle 2-6’ in length,
the top usually nodding, the branches erect, 1-2’
long; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 23’-3” long; scales
scabrous on the keel, the empty ones unequal, the
first I-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, shorter than
the 3-nerved second; flowering scales 3-5-nerved,
acute.

In wet soil, Anticosti Island to Ontario, south to
Maine, Vermont and Michigan. Aug.—Sept.

96. PANICULARIA Fabr. Enum.
Hort. Helmst. 373. 1763.
[Grycerta R. Br. Prodr, Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 179. 18to0.]

Mostly perennial grasses, often tall, with flat leaf-blades and paniculate inflorescence.
Spikelets few-many-flowered, terete or somewhat flattened. Two lower scales empty, obtuse
or acute, I-3-nerved; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the back, 5-9-nerved, the
nerves disappearing in the hyaline apex. Palets scarcely shorter than the scales, rarely
longer, 2-keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain smooth, en-
closed in the scale and palet, free, or when dry slightly adhering to the latter. [Latin,
referring to the panicled spikelets.]

About 20 species, widely distributed in North America, a few in Europe and Asia. Type species:
Poa aquatica L.

GENUS 96. GRASS FAMILY.

Spikelets ovate or oblong, 4” long or less.
Flowering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not sharply nerved.
Panicle open, the branches ascending or spreading, often drooping.

Spikelets 3-5-flowered ; lowest flowering scale about 1” long. 1. P.laxa.
Spikelets 5~12-flowered ; lowest flowering scale about 1%” long. 2. P. canadensis.
Panicle contracted, the branches erect. 3. P. obtusa.
Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved.
Panicle elongated, its branches erect orf appressed. 4. P. Torreyana.

Panicle not elongated, open, its branches spreading or drooping, rarely erect.
Scales about 1"’ long, obtuse or rounded at the apex.
Spikelets 1%"’ long or less; branches of the panicle often drooping.
5. P. nervata,
Spikelets 2’’—3’”’ long; branches of the panicle ascending or spreading.
6. P. grandis.
Scales 114''-1'%4"' long, truncate and denticulate at the apex. 7. P. pallida.
Spikelets linear, 6'’ long or more.
Flowering scales 114-214" long, obtuse, equalling or exceeding the obtuse palet.

263

Flowering scales firm, hispidulous all over, truncate at the apex. 8. P. septentrionalis.

Flowering scales thin, hispidulous on the nerves only, obtuse at the apex.
9. P. borealis.
Flowering scales 3'-4” long, usually shorter than the acuminate palet.
Flowering scales obtuse, about 3” long, a little exceeded by the palet. 10. P. fluitans.
Flowering scales acute, about 4’’ long, much exceeded by the palet. 11. P. acutiflora.

1. Panicularia laxa Scribn. Northern Manna-grass. Fig. 632.

Panicularia lava Scribn. Bull. Torr. Club 21: 37. 1804.

Glyceria laxa Scribn.; Redf. & Rand, Fl. Mt. Desert, 180.
1894.

Culms 2°~4° tall, erect, simple, smooth or slightly
scabrous. Sheaths overlapping, rough; ligule 4’-1”
long; blades 8-15’ long, 2’-4” wide, very rough;
panicle 7’-9’ in length, the branches spreading or as-
cending, the lower 3-6’ long; spikelets 3-5-flowered,
about 2” long; empty scales unequal, scarious, acute,
I-nerved, the first one-half to two-thirds the length of
the second; flowering scales broad, about 1” long,
twice the length of the second scale, obtuse, ob-

scurely 7-nerved.

In water or wet soil, Nova Scotia to Maine, New Jersey
and Pennsylvania. Aug.

2. Panicularia canadénsis (Michx.) Kuntze. Rattlesnake-grass. Fig. 633.

Brisa canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 71.

I: 366. 1831.

1803.
Glyceria canadensis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.)

Panicularia canadensis Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 783. 1891.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth or slightly
scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, those

at the base of the culm overlapping; ligule 1” long,
truncate; blades 6-1° long or more, 2-4” wide,
rough; panicle 54’-10’ in length, the branches spread-
ing, ascending or often drooping, 23’-5’ long; spikelets
5-12-flowered, 24’-4” long, flattened, turgid; empty
scales unequal, acute, 1-nerved; flowering scales, broad,
14-2” long, obtuse or acutish, obscurely 7-nerved.

In swamps and marshes, Newfoundland to Minnesota,
south to New Jersey and Kansas. The handsomest species
of the genus. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks.
~ Tall Quaking-grass. July—Aug.

264 GRAMINEAE.

3. Panicularia obtusa (Muhl.) Kuntze. Blunt
Manna-grass. Fig. 634.

Poa obtusa Muhl. Gram. 147. 1817.
EBcEne obtusa Trin. Mem, Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1: 366,
1831.
Paniudarin obtusa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 783. 1891.-
Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths sometimes rough, strongly striate, the lower
overlapping; ligule very short; blades 6-15’ long, 2’—4”
wide, usually stiff, erect or ascending, smooth beneath,
more or less scabrous above; panicle 3-8’ in length,
contracted, dense, the branches erect; spikelets 3-7-flow-
ered, 2-3” long; empty scales acute, scarious, I-nerved;
flowering scales about 13” long, broad, obtuse, ob-
scurely 7-nerved.
In swamps, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to New
York and central Pennsylvania, south to Maryland and

North Carolina (according to Kearney). Ascends to 2300
ft. in the Catskill Mountains. July—Aug.

4. Panicularia Torreyana (Spreng.) Merrill. Long Manna-grass. Fig. 635.

1809.

68. 1836.

Poa elongata Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 112. 1824. Not Willd.

P. Torreyana Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 2: 104. 1821.
Glyceria elongata Trin. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 1:

Panicularia elongata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 783. 1891.

P. Torreyana Merrill, Rhodora 4: 146. 1902.

Glyceria Torreyana Hitche. Rhodora 8: 211. 1906.
Culms 2°-3° tall, erect. Sheaths often shorter

than the internodes; blades lax, 6-12’ long, 14’-3”
wide, long-acuminate, smooth beneath, rough above;
panicle elongated, contracted, narrow, usually nod-
ding at the summit, 6-12’ in length, the branches
erect or appressed, 1’—23’ long; spikelets 3-4-flowered,
12’-2” long; empty scales unequal, acute, I-nerved;
flowering scales narrow, about 1” long, obtuse or
acutish, 7-nerved.

In wet woods, Maine and Quebec to Minnesota, south
ta North Carolina and Kentucky. Ascends to 4ooo ft.
in the Adirondacks. Aug.—Sept.

5. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Meadow-grass. Nerved Manna-grass.

Fig. 636.

Poa nervata Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 389. 1798.
Glyceria nervata Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1:

365. 1831.

Panicularia nervata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 783. 1891.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths often shorter than the internodes,
usually more or less rough; ligule #” long, truncate;
blades 6-12’ long, 2-5” wide, acute, smooth beneath,
rough above; panicle 3-8’ in length, open, the
branches filiform, spreading, ascending or often
drooping, rarely erect, 2-5’ long; spikelets 3-7-flow-
ered, 1-13” long; empty scales obtuse, 1-nerved;
flowering scales about #” long, obtuse or rounded,
with 7 sharp distinct nerves and evident furrows be-
tween.

In wet places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south
to Florida and Mexico. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in Virginia.
Panicle often purple. Meadow Spear-grass, Fowl-grass.
June-Sept.

\W :

aN

GENUS 96. GRASS FAMILY. 265

6. Panicularia grandis (S. Wats.) Nash. Reed
Meadow-grass. Tall Manna-grass. Fig. 637.

Poa aquatica var. americana Torr. Fl. U. S.1: 108. 1824.
Glyceria grandis S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 667.
Ee noiona MacMillan, Met. Minn, 81. 1892.

Culms 3°-5° tall, erect, stout, simple, smooth and
glabrous.- Sheaths loose, smooth, or sometimes rough;
ligule 1’—2” long, truncate; blades 7’-1° long or more,
3-8” wide, usually smooth beneath, rough above;
panicle 8-15’ in length, its branches spreading, as-
cending or rarely erect, 4-8’ long; spikelets 4~7-flow-
ered, 2-3” long; empty scales acute, 1-nerved; flow-
ering scales about 1” long, obtuse or rounded at the
apex, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, the furrows
between the nerves evident.

In wet soil, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Pennsyl-
vania, Colorado and Nevada. Ascends to 2100 ft. in
Pennsylvania. White Spear-grass, Water Meadow-grass.
June-Aug.

7. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. Pale Manna-grass. Fig. 638.

Windsoria pallida Torr. Cat. N. Y. 91. 1819.

Glyceria pallida Trin, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 1: 68.
~ 1836.

Panicularia pallida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 783. 1891.
G, pallida Fernaldii Hitchc. Rhodora 8: 211. 1906.

Pale green, culms 1°-3° long, assurgent, simple,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, shorter than
the internodes; ligule 2’—3” long, acute; blades 2’-6’
long, 1-2” wide, smooth beneath, rough above;
panicle 14’-7’ in length, the branches spreading, as-
cending or rarely erect, often flexuous, 1-2’ long;
spikelets 4-8-flowered, 23”-34” long; empty scales
unequal, the first 1-nerved, obtuse, shorter than the
3-nerved and truncate second; flowering scales 14’-
13” long, truncate. and denticulate at the apex,
sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, with plain furrows
between the nerves.

In shallow water, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to

Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Tennessee.
Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. July—Aug.

8. Panicularia septentrionalis (Hitchc.) Bicknell. American Flote-grass or
Floating Manna-grass. Fig. 639.

Glyceria septentrionalis Hitche. Rhodora 8: 211. 1906.
Panicularia septentrionalis Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 35:
196. 1908. :

Culms 2°-5° long, flattened, erect or decumbent,
usually stout, simple, smooth and glabrous, often root-
ing from the lower nodes. Sheaths loose, generally
overlapping, smooth or rough; ligule 2’-3” long; blades
5-1° long or more, 2-6” wide, scabrous, often float-
ing; panicle 914° long, the branches, at least the
lower ones, at first appressed, later ascending, and
3-6’ long; spikelets linear, 7-13-flowered, 4-12” long;
empty scales unequal, 1-nerved, the lower acute or ob-
tuse, the upper obtuse or truncate; flowering scales
14-24” long, oblong, rounded or truncate at the erose
apex, more or less scabrous, sharply 7-nerved.

In wet places or in water, Vermont and Quebec to British
Columbia, south to North Carolina, Louisiana and Texas.
Previously confused with P. fluitans. July—Sept.

ty
, 134
iy Y
iy Y
) |
y
iy NY

10. Panicularia fltitans (L.) Kuntze. Float-
ing Manna-grass. Sweet-grass. Fig. 641.
Festuca fluitans L. Sp. Pl. 75. 1753.
Glyceria fluitans R. Br. Prod. 1: 179.

1891.
P. brachyphylla Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 349. 1897.

P. fluitans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 782.

Culms erect from a creeping base, 2°-3° tall;

GRAMINEAE. Vou. I.

g. Panicularia borealis Nash. Northern
Manna-grass. Fig. 640.

Glyceria fluitans var. angustata Vasey, Proc. Port.
Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 91. 1895. Not G. angustata T.
Fries, 1869.

P. borealis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 348. 1897.

Glyceria borealis Batch, Proc. Manch. Inst. 1: 74.
1900.

Glabrous. Culms erect from a creeping base,
13°-5° tall; sheaths overlapping, smooth or rough-
ish, the uppermost one enclosing the base of the
panicle; ligule 23”-73” long, membranous; blades
linear, abruptly acuminate, 33’-21' long, 17-5”
wide; panicle slender, narrow, the exserted por-
tion 6-20 long, its branches appressed or nearly
so, the lower in 2’s of 3's, the longer of which
bear 5-12 spikelets; spikelets 5’-9” long, 7-13-
flowered, appressed; outer two scales empty,
I-nerved, smooth and shining, unequal; flower-
ing scales thin, 2-23” long, 7-nerved, the nerves
hispidulous, a broad scarious margin at the obtuse
and erose apex; palet hyaline, shortly 2-toothed
at the obtuse apex.

In shallow water, Newfoundland to Alaska, south
to New York, Minnesota, Iowa and Oregon, and in
the mountains to Colorado, June—Aug.

1810.

sheaths generally longer than the internodes, almost
closed, the uppermost one enclosing the base of the
panicle; blades linear, acuminate, 23’-5’ long, 2’—23”
wide; panicle slender, its branches appressed or nearly
so, the lower in 2’s or 3’s, the longer of which bear
2 or 3 spikelets; spikelets compressed-cylindric, 10’—
14” long, 7-12-flowered; flowering scales hispidulous
all over, 7-nerved, about 22” long, the obtuse apex
obscurely and irregularly few-toothed; palet acumi-
nate, a little exceeding the scale.

In shallow water, Gulf of St. Lawrence and near New
York City. Perhaps introduced. Common in Europe.
Flote-grass, Russia-grass, Manna Croup-grass, Poland
Manna. June-July.

11. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze.
Sharp-scaled Manna-grass. Fig. 642.

Glyceria acutiflora Torr. Fl. U. S.1: 104. 1824.
Panicularia acutifiora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 782. 1891.

Culms 1°-2° tall, flattened, erect from a decumbent
base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose,
generally a little exceeding the internodes, smooth and
glabrous; ligule 2” long, truncate; blades 3-6’ long,
2”-3” wide, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 6’-12’
in length, the branches erect or appressed, 2-4’ long;
spikelets linear, 5-12-flowered, 1-13’ long; empty scales
acute, smooth; flowering scales about 4” long, lanceo-
late, acute, scabrous, exceeded by the long-acuminate
palets.

In wet places, Maine to Delaware and Ohio. June—Aug.

Paine of. GRASS FAMILY. aa

97. PUCCINELLIA Parl. Fl. Ital. 1: 366. 1848.

Perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles.
Spikelets 3-several-flowered. Lower scales empty, obtuse or acute, unecual; flowering scales
obtuse or acute, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, the nerves very obscure or almost wanting.
Palet about equalling the scale. Stamens 3. Styles wanting. Stigmas sessile, simply plumose.
Grain compressed, usually adhering to the palet. [Name in honor of Benedetto Purcinelli,
Italian botanist. ]

About 14 species, in all temperate regions. Type species: Poa distans L.

Flowering scales 114”’ long or more; plants stoloniferous.
Lower flowering scales 114'’—2”" long; spikelets commonly 4—many-flowered. 1. P. maritima,
Lower flowering scales not exceeding 12”’ long, usually less; spikelets generally 2~-4-flowered.
2. P. angustata.
Flowering scales less than 114” long; plants without stolons.
Second empty scale less than one-half as long as the first lowering scale, broad, usually obtuse
or truncate.
Panicle-branches naked below, spikelet-bearing toward the apex; flowering scales 1” long or

less, truncate at the apex. 3. P.distans.
Panicle-branches spikelet-bearing to the base; flowering scales 1’’-114"" long, acutish or
obtuse at the apex. 4. P. fasciculata.
Second empty scale more than one-half as long as the first flowering scale, usually narrow, obtuse

or acute. 5. P. airoides.

1. Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl.
Goose-grass. Sea Spear-grass.
Fig. 643.

Poa maritima Huds. Fl. Angl. 35. 1762.
Glyceria maritima M. & K, Deutsch. Fl, 1: 588.
1823.
Puccinellia maritima Parl, Fl, Ital. 1: 370. 1848.
Stoloniferous, smooth, glabrous, culms 6’—2°
tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, simple.
Sheaths usually exceeding the internodes;
ligule 3’-1” long; blades 3’-5’ long, 1” wide
or less, flat to involute; panicle 2-6’ in length,
open, the branches ascending, or rarely erect,
1-2’ long; spikelets 3-10-flowered, 3-6” long;
empty scales unequal, the first usually 1-nerved,
the second 3-nerved; flowering scales 14-2”
long, broad, obtuse or truncate.

In salt marshes and on sea beaches, Nova Scotia
to Rhode Island. Also on the Pacific coast, and
on the coasts of Europe and Asia. Sea Meadow-
grass. July—Aug.

2. Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Nash.
Arctic Meadow-grass. Fig. 644.

Poa angustata R. Br. App. Parry’s Voy. 287. 1824.

Panicularia angustata Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club 5: 54.
1894. »

Puccinellia maritima var. minor S. Wats, in A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 6, 668. 1890.

P. angustata Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 512. 1895.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 4’-12" tall, erect,
simple. Sheaths usually overlapping; ligule 1”
long; blades 4’-24’ long, 1” wide or less; panicle
’ in length, contracted, the branches short and

”

1’-2
erect or appressed; spikelets 2-7-flowered, 3’-4
long; empty scales obtuse or rounded at the apex,
the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering
scales 1}-14” long, usually purplish, rounded at
the apex.

Greenland and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Con-
necticut. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

268 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I

3. Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. Spread-
ing Meadow-grass. Sweet-grass. Fig. 645.
Poa distans L. Mant. 32. 1767.
Glyceria distans Wahl, Fl. Ups. 36. 1820.
Puccinellia distans Parl. Fl. Ital. 1: 367. 1848.

Culms 1°-2° tall, decumbent at the base, tufted,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths often shorter
than the internodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule
3-1” long; blades up to 4’ long, 1-2” wide,
flat or folded, usually stiff and erect, smooth
beneath; panicle 3-7’ in length, open, the
branches finally spreading, whorled, the lower
up to 43’ long, sometimes reflexed, naked below;
spikelets crowded, 3-6-flowered, 132-23” lone;
empty scales obtuse or acute, I-nerved, the second
exceeding the first and less than half the length
of the first flowering scale, the truncate flowering
scales $1” long.

On salt meadows, sea beaches and in waste places,
Nova Scotia to Delaware. Probably naturalized
from Europe. Sea-meadow-grass. July—Aug.

4. Puccinellia fasciculata (Torr.) Bicknell.
Torrey’s Meadow-grass. Fig. 646.

Poa fasciculata Torr. Fl. U. S.1: 107. 1824.
P. fasciculata Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 197. 1908.
Culms 1°-2° tall; sheaths smooth and glabrous;
ligule about 3” long, truncate; blades erect, up to 5’
long, 13-3" wide, smooth beneath, rough above;
panicle 3’-5’ long, its branches spikelet-bearing to the
base, usually ascending; spikelets about 2” long, the
empty scales obtuse or acute, the second one less than
one-half as long as the first flowering scale, the
flowering scales 1’-14” long, obtuse or acutish, gla-
brous or nearly so.

Salt marshes, Nantucket to New Jersey. May and June.

5. Puccinellia airoides ( Nutt.) Wats. & Coult.
Slender Meadow-grass. Fig. 647.

Poa airoides Nutt. Gen. 1: 68. 1818.

Panicularia distans airoides Scribn. Mem. Torr, Club

5:54. 1894.

Puccinellia airoides Wats, & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed.

6, 668. 1890,

Culms 1°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths usually longer than the internodes;
ligule 1” long; blades 2’-6’ long, 13” wide or less,
flat or involute, usually erect, smooth beneath,
rough above; panicle open, its branches slender,
spreading or ascending, rarely erect, the lower 2’-33’
long and often reflexed; spikelets scattered, 1-7-flow-
ered, 14’-3” long; empty scales unequal, the first
acute, I-nerved, the second obtuse or acute, 3-nerved,
more than half the length of the obtuse flowering
scales, which are 17-13” lone.

In saline soil, southwestern Ontario to the Northwest
Territory, south to Kansas and Nevada. July—Aug.

Puccinellia Borreri (Bab.) Hitche. is reported as growing on ballast and in waste places from
Delaware to Nova Scotia. It is related to P. fasciculata (Torr.) Bicknell.

98. FESTUCA L. Sp. Pl. 73. 1753.

Mostly tufted perennial grasses, with flat or conyolute leaf-blades and paniculate inflores-
cence. Spikelets 2-several-flowered. Two lower scales empty, more or less unequal, acute,

Genus 98. GRASS FAMILY. 269

keeled; flowering scales membranous, narrow, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually acute,
and generally awned at the apex. Palet scarcely shorter than the scale. Stamens I-3.
Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain glabrous, elongated, often adherent to
the scale or palet. [Latin, stalk or straw.]
A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed, particularly numerous in temperate regions.
Type species: Festuca ovina L,
Spikelets perfect ; stigma-branches toothed, bilateral.
Empty scales membranous, green, narrow, the second one 3-5-nerved.
Leaf-blades involute or folded, 1'’ wide or less.
Annuals; stamens 1 or 2.
Awn not longer than flowering scale; spikelets 5s-many-flowered. 1. F. octoflora.
Awn more than twice as long as flowering scale; spikelets 2-5-flowered.

First empty scale half as long as the second or less. 2. F. Myuros.
First empty scale more than half as long as the second. 3. F. sciurea.
Perennials ; stamens 3.
Innovations extravaginal; plants with rootstocks or stolons. 4. F. rubra.

Innovations intravaginal ; plants densely tufted, no rootstocks or stolons.
Awns more than half as long as membranous flowering scales. 5. F. occidentalis.
Awns less than one-half as long as the coriaceous flowering scales.
Flowering scales short-awned ; leaf-blades setaceous.

Culms 8’ tall or more; culm blades long. 6. F. ovina.
Culms 6’ long or less; culm blades short. 7. F.brachyphylla.
Flowering scales awnless; leaf-blades capillary. 8. F. capillata,

Leaf-blades flat, 2’’ wide or more.
Flowering scales awnless or short-awned.
Flowering scales 2%4'’—-314"’ long, spikelets 5—10-flowered. 9. F. elatior.
Flowering scales 2” long or less, spikelets 3-6-flowered.
Spikelets very broad ; panicle branches spikelet-bearing from middle or below.
10. F. Shortii.
Spikelets lanceolate; branches elongated, spikelets at the end. 11. F. nutans.

Flowering scales with an awn twice their length or more. 12. F. gigantea.
Empty scales broad, scarious, with broad hyaline margins, thin, 1-nerved; base of the culm
clothed with dry leafless sheaths, _ bahie 13. F. altaica.
Spikelets unisexual ; stigma-branches arising from all sides; dioecious. 14. F. confinis.

1. Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender Fescue-
grass. Fig. 648.

Festuca octoflora Walt. Fl. Car. 81. 1788.

Festuca tenella Willd, Enum, 1: 113. 1809.

Culms 4-18’ tall, erect, from an annual root, slender,
rigid, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually
shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; blades
14’-3’ long, involute; raceme or simple panicle often
one-sided, 1’-6’ in length, contracted, its branches erect,
or rarely ascending; spikelets 6-13-flowered, 3/5”
long; empty scales acute, smooth, the first 1-nerved,
more than half the length of the 3-nerved second one;
flowering scales, exclusive of awns, 14-23” long,
usually very scabrous, acuminate into an awn nearly as
long as the body, or sometimes awnless; stamens 2.

Dry sandy soil, Quebec to British Columbia, south to
Florida, Texas and California. June—Aug.

2. Festuca Myuros L. Rat’s-tail Fescue-grass.
Fig. 649.
Festuca Myuros L. Sp. Pl. 74. 1753.

Smooth, glabrous, culms 1°-2° tall, erect from an
annual root, slender, simple. Sheaths often shorter
than the internodes, the upper sometimes enclosing the
base of the panicle; ligule 4” long, truncate; blades
2’-s’ iong, subulate, involute, erect; panicle usually one-
sided, 4-12’ in length, contracted, sometimes curved,
its branches appressed; spikelets 3-6-flowered; empty
scales very unequal, acute, smooth, the first 1-nerved,
less than half as long as the 3-nerved second one;
flowering scales, exclusive of the awns, 2”-3” long,
narrow, scabrous, acuminate into an awn much longer
than the body; stamen 1.

In waste places and fields, New Hampshire to New Jersey

and Ohio. Also on the Pacific coast. Naturalized from
Europe. Mouse-tail, Capon's-tail grass. June-July,

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

3. Festuca scitrea Nutt. Southern Fescue-
grass. Fig. 650

Festuca sciurea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 5: 147. 1837.

Culms 4’-20’ tall, slender; blades 2’ long or less,
less than 4” wide; panicle slender, 13-6’ long, its
branches erect or appressed; spikelets 3-5-flowered,
the first scale more than one-half as long as the
second, the flowering scales appressed-pubescent,
about 13” long, exclusive of the awn which is 2-3
times as long as the scale.

In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Oklahoma and Texas.
Squirrel Fescue. June—Aug.

4. Festuca rubra L. Red Fescue-grass. Fig. 651.
Festuca rubra L. Sp. Pl. 74. 1753+

Culms 14°-23° tall, from running rootstocks, erect,
simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes; ligule very short, truncate; basal
blades involute-filiform, 3-6’ long; culm blades shorter,
erect, flat or involute in drying, minutely pubescent
above; panicle 2’-5’ in length, sometimes red, open at
flowering time, contracted in fruit; spikelets 3-10-flow-
ered, 4/-6” long; lower scales acute, unequal, the first
r-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved second; flowering
scales about 3” long, obscurely 5-nerved, sometimes
scabrous, bearing awns of less than their own length.

Labrador to Alaska and Virginia, south, especially on the

mountains, to Tennessee and Colorado. Also in Europe
and Asia. Summer.

5. Festuca occidentalis Hook. Western
Fescue-grass. Fig. 652.

F. occidentalis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 249. 1840.

Culms densely tufted, 13°-3° tall, erect, slender,
smooth and glabrous; blades filiform, soft, up to
4 long, the basal ones numerous; panicle 3-8’
long, loose; spikelets 3-5-flowered, the empty scales
unequal, variable, the flowering scales membranous,
glabrous, 23”-3” long, bearing an awn more than
half their length.

In woods, Michigan to British Columbia and Cali-
fornia. May-July.

Genus 08. GRASS FAMILY. 271

6. Festuca ovina L. Sheep’s Fescue-grass.
Fig. 653.
Festuca ovina L. Sp. Pl. 73. 1753.
Festuca ovina duriuscula Hack. Monog. Fest. Europe 8o.

1882.

Smooth, glabrous, culms 62° tall, erect, tufted,
slender, rigid, simple; no rootstocks. Sheaths usually
crowded at the base of the culm; ligule auriculate,
short; blades filiform or setaceous, those of the culm
few, 1-3’ long, erect, the basal ones numerous; pan-
icle 14’-6’ long, often one-sided, narrow, its branches

_ short, usually erect or appressed; spikelets 3-5-flow-
ered; empty scales unequal, acute, the first 1-nerved,
the second 3-nerved; flowering scales 14’-3” long,
smooth, acute, short-awned.

In fields and waste places, New Hampshire to North
Dakota, New Jersey, Kentucky and Iowa. Variable. Prob
ably indigenous northward, but mostly naturalized from y
Europe. Native also of Asia. Black-twitch-grass. Hard » a
Fescue. June-July. Ky 7.

The so-called var. vivipara, a state of this grass with the scales wholly or partly transformed
into small leaves, is found on the mountains of New England and in arctic America.

7. Festuca brachyphylla Schultes. Short-leaved Fescue-grass. Fig. 654.

Festuca brevifolia R. Br. Append. Parry’s Voy. Suppl.
289. 1824. Not Muhl. 1817.

Festuca brachyphylla Schultes, Mant. 3: Addit. 1,
646. 1827.

Festuca ovina L. var. brevifolia S. Wats. in King’s
Rep. U. S. Geol. Expl. goth Paral. 5: 389. 1871.

Smooth and glabrous. Culms densely tufted,
6’ or less tall, slender, erect, much exceeding the
short basal leaves; sheaths coarsely striate; ligule
a short scarious ring; blades very narrow, invo-
lute, at least when dry; those on the culm 3’ or
less long, erect or ascending; panicle 1’ or less
long, nearly simple, its branches appressed; spike-
lets 2-4-flowered, the erhpty scales acuminate, the
first 1I-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering
scales acute or acuminate, rough toward the
apex, 2-23" long, exclusive of the scabrous awn
which is 4-13” long.

Newfoundland to British Columbia, the higher
mountains of Vermont, and the Rocky Mountains to
Colorado. Summer.

8. Festuca capillata Lam. Filiform Fescue-
grass. Fig. 655.

Festuca capillata Lam. Fl. Franc. 3: 598. 1778.

Festuca ovina capillata Hack. Bot. Centrb. 8: 405. 1881.

Densely tufted. Culms erect with a decumbent
base, 6’-15’ tall, slender, smooth and glaucous, shin-
ing; sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes,
confined to the base of the culm; ligule a short
membranous ring; blades filiform, smooth or rough,
the basal ones from one-third to one-half as long as
the culm, the culm leaves 1'-13’ long; panicle con-
tracted, 4’-2" long, its bratches erect, }’ or less long;
spikelets 2'-24"" long, 4-5-flowered; outer scales
empty, unequal, the first acuminate, the second acute;
flowering scales about 13” long, unawned, acute.

Fields and roadsides, Newfoundland to New Jersey
and Michigan. Introduced from Europe. June—July.

272 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

g. Festuca elatior L. Tall or Meadow Fescue-grass. Fig. 656.
Festuca elatior L. Sp. Pl. 75. 1753.

Festuca pratensis Huds. Fl. Angl. 37. 1762.

F, elatior var. pratensis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 634. 1867.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short;
blades 4-15’ long, 2-4” wide, flat, smooth beneath,
more or less rough above; panicle 4-14’ in length, often,
nodding at the top, simple to very compound, the
branches ascending or erect, 2'-8’ long; spikelets 5-9-
flowered, 43’-6” long; empty scales acute, the first
1-3-nerved, the second 3-5-nerved; flowering scales
acute or short-pointed, smooth and glabrous, 24'’-3”
long, indistinctly 5-nerved.

In fields and waste places throughout the United States
and southern Canada. Naturalized from Europe and culti-
vated for hay. Variable. Dover-grass, Randall or Ever-
green-grass. Frisky (Meadow)-grass. July—Aug.

10. Festuca Shértii Kunth. Short’s Fescue-grass. Fig. 657.
Festuca Shortii Kunth; Wood, Class-book 794. 1861.
Festuca nutans var. palustris Wood, Bot. & FI. 399. 1873.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous,
Sheaths much shorter than the internodes; ligule very
short; blades 5-10’ long, 1’-3’’ wide, flat, smooth be-
neath, rough above; panicle 3’-7’ in length, open, the
branches spreading or ascending, rarely erect, spikelet-
bearing from the middle or below, the lower 13’-3}’
long; spikelets broadly obovate, when mature, 3-6-flow-
ered, 23’—3” long; empty scales acute, unequal, scabrous
on the nerves, the first 1-3-nerved, the second 3-nerved;
flowering scales about 2” long, smooth, obtuse or acutish,
faintly nerved.

In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Iowa, south to
Georgia and Texas. July—Aug.

11. Festuca nutans Willd. Nodding Fescue-
grass. Fig. 658.
Festuca nutans Willd. Enum. 1: 116. 1809.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, slender, glabrous or
sometimes pubescent. Sheaths much shorter than the
internodes, glabrous or pubescent; ligule very short;
nodes black; blades 4’-12’ long, 2’’-3’’ wide, rather
dark green, flat, smooth beneath, rough above; pan-
icle 4’-9’ in length, its branches at first erect, the lower
23-5’ long, finally spreading and nodding, spikelet-
bearing only at the ends; spikelets lanceolate, 3-5-
flowered, 22’-3’” long; empty scales acute, scabrous
on the keel, the first 1-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved
second; flowering scales about 2” long, smooth, acute,
very faintly nerved.

In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to

Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2300 ft. in Virginia.
June-Aug.

GENUS 98. GRASS FAMILY. 273

12. Festuca gigantéa (L.) Vill. Great Fescue-grass. Fig. 659.
Bromus giganteus L. Sp. Pl. 77. 1753.

Festuca gigantea Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 110, 1787.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths usually overlapping; ligule 1” long; blades 51°
long or more, bright green, 2’’-6” wide, flat, rough; panicle
7'-12' in length, loose, narrow, the branches erect or as-
cending, the lower 2’-4’ long; spikelets 3-7-flowered; empty 4
scales acuminate, smooth and glabrous, the first 1-3-nerved,
shorter than the 3-5-nerved second; flowering scales, ex-
clusive of awns, about 3” long, faintly 5-nerved, slightly
scabrous, minutely 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an awn
6"-8” long.

In waste places, Maine to southern New York. Adventive
from Europe. July—Aug.

13. Festuca altaica Trin. Rough Fescue-grass. Fig. 660.

F, altaica Trin, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 1: 109. 1829.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple, usually rough below
the panicle. Sheaths overlapping, smooth; ligule a
ring of very short hairs; blades rough, 1” wide or
less, those of the culm 1’-3’ long, erect, the basal flat,
much longer and readily deciduous from the sheaths,
involute in drying; panicle 3’-4’ in length, open, its
branches ascending or the lower widely spreading;
spikelets 3-5-flowered, about 4” long; empty scales
scarious, unequal, smooth, the first 1-nerved, the sec-
ond longer, 3-nerved; flowering scales about 3” long,
scabrous, often bearing a short awn 1” long or less.

Labrador to Alaska, south to Quebec, North Dakota and

British Columbia. Summer. Mistaken for Festuca
scabrélla Torr. in our first edition.

14. Festuca confinis Vasey. Watson’s Fes-
cue-grass. Fig. 661.
Poa Kingii S. Wats. Bot. King’s Exp. 387. 1871.
Festuca Kingti Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 5:
36. 1897. Not F. Kingiana Endlich. 1855.

F, confinis Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 11: 126. 1884,
F, Watsoni Nash, in Britt. Man. 148. 1901.

Culms tufted, erect, rigid, the base clothed with |)
dry leafless sheaths; sheaths smooth and glabrous; |}
leaves erect, stiff, smooth beneath, rough above, 10’
long or less, 1-2” wide, those on the culm much |
shorter than those of the innovations; panicle strict,
narrow, 4'-5' long, its branches erect; spikelets
usually 3-flowered, 34”-4” long, the scales acute, the
flowering scales strongly hispidulous.

Meadows, Montana to Nebraska, Colorado and Cali-
fornia. June and July.

18

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

ie)
“I
ES

99. BROMUS L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal panicles, the pedicels thick-
ened at the summit. Sheaths sometimes not split. Spikelets few-many-flowered. Two
lower scales empty, unequal, acute; flowering scales rounded on the back, or sometimes
compressed-keeled, 5-9-nerved, the apex usually 2-toothed, generally bearing an awn just
below the summit; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas ses-
sile, plumose, inserted below a hairy cushion-like appendage at the top of the ovary. Grain
adherent to the palet. [Greek name for a kind of oats.] :

About 60 species, most numerous in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 14
others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Bromus secalinus L.

Lower empty scales 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved.

Awns longer than the flowering scales; low annuals, 114°

tall or less,

Flowering scales strigose, 4’’—6"’ long. 1. B. tectorum.
Flowering scales sparsely hispidulous, 6’ long or more.
Spikelets usually single on the long naked spreading branches. 2. B. sterilis.

Spikelets seyeral on the branches which are divided and spikelet-bearing above the middle.
3. B. madritensis.
Awns shorter than the flowering scales, or wanting; perennials 1%° tall or more.
Flowering scales awned.
Leaf-sheaths strongly retrorse-hirsute. 4. B. asper.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent.
Blades 2''-6" wide; panicle branches more or less spreading or drooping.

Flowering scales pubescent on the margins only. 5. B. ciliatus.
Flowering scales pubescent all over the back. 6. B. purgans.

Blades less than 2’’ wide; panicle branches erect. 7. B. erectus.
Flowering scales awnless or merely awn-pointed. 8. B. inermis.

Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the second one 5—9-nerved (3-nerved in no. 9).
Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below.
Perennials ; flowering scales densely pubescent with long silky hairs

Second empty scale 3-nerved ; flowering scales 5’/-6” long. 9. B. Porteri.
Second empty scale 5—7-nerved ; flowering scales about 4’ long. to. B. Kalmii.
Annuals.

Flowering scales awned.
Flowering scales pubescent with soft appressed hairs, not dense. 11. B. hordeaceus.
Flowering scales glabrous, or minutely roughened.
Awns straight.
Fruiting scales with strongly inrolled margins, the nerves obscure; leaf-sheaths
glabrous. 12. B. secalinus.
Fruiting scales with the margins not inrolled, the nerves prominent; leaf-
sheaths softly and densely pubescent.
Spikelets broadly lanceolate, usually over 3” wide, 1 or sometimes 2 on

the longer branches. 13. B.racemosus.
Spikelets lanceolate, usually less than 3” wide, several on the longer
branches. 14. B. arvensis.
Awns bent near the base, divergent.
Spikelets less than 2%4” broad in flower. 15. B. patulus.
Spikelets exceeding 2%” broad in flower. 16. B. squarrosus.

Flowering scales awnless or awn-pointed, nearly as broad as long. 17. B. brizaeformis.
Flowering scales compressed, keeled.

Flowering scales pubescent ; awn 2’’—3”’ long. 18. B.breviaristatus.

Flowering scales minutely roughened ; awn less than 1’ long or wanting. 19. B.unioloides,

1. Bromus tectorum L. Downy Brome-grass. Fig. 662.

Bromus tectorum L. Sp. Pl. 77. 1753.

Culms 6'-2° tall, erect from an annual root, simple,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than the
internodes, at least the lower ones softly pubescent;
ligule 1-2" long; blades 1'-4’ long, 1’-2”" wide, softly
pubescent; panicle 2’-6’ in length, open, the branches
slender and drooping, somewhat one-sided; spikelets
numerous, 5-8-flowered, on capillary recurved slender
pedicels; empty scales acuminate, usually rough or hir-
sute, the first 1-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved;
flowering scales 4-6” long, acuminate, 7-nerved, usually
rough or hirsute; awn 6’-8” long.

In fields and waste places, Maine to Ontario, Maryland,
Ohio and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes
a troublesome weed. May-July.

GENUS 99. GRASS FAMILY.

2. Bromus stérilis L. Barren Brome-grass.
Haver-grass. Black-grass. Fig. 663.

Bromus sterilis L. Sp. Pl. 77. 1753.

Culms 1°-2° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth or
rough, the lower sometimes pubescent; ligule 1” long;
blades 3'-9’ long, 1-3" wide, usually more or less
pubescent; panicle 5-10’ in length, the branches as-
cending or often widely spreading, not one-sided, stiff;
spikelets few, 5-10-flowered, spreading or pendulous;
empty scales acuminate, glabrous, the first I-nerved,
the second longer, 3-nerved; flowering scales 6-8”
long, acuminate, 7-nerved, scabrous on the nerves, the
awn 7-12" long.

In waste places and ballast, eastern Massachusetts to
District of Columbia, Ohio, Arkansas and Colorado. Also

on the Pacific Coast, and in Jamaica. Naturalized or ad-
ventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-July.

3. Bromus madriténsis L. Compact Chess.
Fig. 664.

, Bromus madritensis L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 265. 1755.

Culms 1°-2° tall, tufted, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths smooth, glabrous, or the lower ones pubes-
cent, usually shorter than the internodes; ligule
scarious, lacerated, 1’-2” long; blades 23’-8’ long,
13-3’ wide, rough above, often pubescent on both
surfaces; panicle dense, 3'-6’ long, its rough
branches erect or ascending, the longer 2’—3’ long;
spikelets numerous, 13'—2’ long, including the awns,
the scales acuminate, scarious on the margins, the
first scale I-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering
scales, exclusive of the awn, 6-7’ long, sparsely
and minutely appressed-pubescent, the apex acumi-
nately 2-toothed, 5-nerved, bearing an erect or di-
vergent awn 6’’-9” long.

Waste places, Michigan and Virginia; also in Cali-
fornia. Locally adventive from Europe. Summer.

Bromus ribens L. and Bromus maximus L., European species, are both reported as sparingly
introduced in one or two localities.

4. Bromus asper Murr. Hairy Brome-grass.
Fig. 665.

Bromus asper Murr. Prodr. Stirp. Goett. 42. 1770.

Culms 2°-6° tall, erect, simple, rough. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes, strongly retrorse-hirsute, especially
the lower; ligule 13” long; blades 8’-1° long or more,
3-6" wide, rough or often hirsute; panicle 6’-12' in
length, open, the branches usually drooping; spikelets
5-10-flowered, 1’-14' long; empty scales acute, scabrous
on the nerves, the first I-nerved, the second longer,
3-nerved; flowering scales about 6” long, acute, hispid
near the margins and on the lower part of the keel;
awn 3'-4” long.

In waste places, New Brunswick to Michigan and Ken-
tucky. Naturalized from Europe. July—Aug.

bo
“I
Ov

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

5. Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome-
grass. Wood Chess or Cheat. Fig. 666.
Bromus ciliatus L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, glabrous or
pubescent. Sheaths often shorter than the in-
ternodes, smooth or rough, often softly pubes-
cent, or the lower sometimes sparingly hirsute;
ligule very short; blades 4’-12" long, 2-6” wide,
smooth beneath, scabrous and often pubescent
above; panicle open, 4’-10’ in length, its branches
lax, widely spreading or often drooping; spike-
lets 5-10-flowered, 1’ long or less; empty scales
very acute, glabrous, rough on the keel, the first
I-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flower-
ing scales 4-6” long, obtuse or acute, 5-7-
nerved, appressed-pubescent on the margins;
awn 2’’-4” long.

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Mani-
toba, New York, New Jersey, Minnesota and Texas.
Variable. Hairy Brome-grass, Swamp-chess, July-
Aug.

6. Bromus purgansL. Hairy Wood Chess.
Wild Chess. Fig. 667.

Bromus purgans L. Sp. Pl. 76. 175

B. purgans latiglumis Shear, Bull.
Agrost. 23: 40. 1900.

B. incanus Hitche. Rhodora 8: 212. 1906.

3:
U. S. Dep. Agr.

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, glabrous or pubescent
at the nodes. Leaf-sheaths longer or shorter
than the internodes, more or less pubescent, often
furnished with a conspicuous pilose ring at the
summit; blades 6’-12’ long, 2’’-8” broad, glabrous
or pubescent on the upper surface, smooth or
rough beneath; panicle 6’-1° long, loose, often
nodding; spikelets 7-12-flowered, 10’’-12” long,
the empty scales narrow, acuminate, sparsely pu-
bescent, the lower I-nerved, the upper 3-nerved,
the flowering scales lanceolate, acute, usually
5-nerved, 5-6” long, appressed-pubescent all over
on the back, the straight awn 2’’-3’’ long.

Woods and banks, Vermont to Montana, south to
Florida and Texas. June—Aug.

7. Bromus eréctus Huds. Upright Brome-grass.
Fig. 668.

Bromus erectus Huds. Fl. Angl. 39. 1762.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth
and glabrous, or slightly pubescent; ligule 4’’ long, erose-
truncate; blades sparingly pubescent, 1’—2’’ wide, those
of the culm 4’-8’ long, the basal about 1° long, very
narrow; panicle 3'-7' in length, the branches erect or
ascending, the lower 1’-3' long; spikelets 3’-14’ long,
sometimes purplish, 5-10-flowered; empty scales acumi-
nate, the first I-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved;
flowering scales 5”-6 long, acuminate, very rough-
pubescent, 5-nerved, the intermediate nerves faint; awn
2”-3” long.

_ In waste places, Maine to Ontario and New York. Adven-
tive from Europe. July—Aug.

GENUS 99. GRASS FAMILY. 277

ae

8. Bromus inérmis Leyss. Hungarian or SN
Awnless Brome-grass. Fig. 669. Ny)
( j = N
WW) = 1, \
Vi : <i
Bromus inermis Leyss. Fl. Hal. 16. 1761. xX SE
| NG
Culms tufted, 23°-33° tall. Sheaths smooth and
glabrous; blades 6’-10' long, 2’’-3’’ wide, smooth and \
glabrous; panicle 6-10’ long, oblong, the axis his- ‘ \
pidulous, the hispidulous branches ascending in clus- YQ
ters; spikelets 10-123” long, about 23’ wide, ob!ong, QA }
erect, the first scale 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved, W\
the flowering scales 5’’-6” long, 5-7-nerved, awnless ANY
or rarely awn-pointed.

In fields and waste places, South Dakota, Ohio and £
Colorado, Introduced from Europe. June and July.

g- Bromus Porteri (Coulter) Nash. Porter’s Chess. Fig. 670.

Bromus Kalmii var. Porteri Coulter, Man. Bot. Rocky
Mt. Region 425. 188s.
Bromus Porteri Nash, Bull, Torr. Club 22: 512. 1895.

Culms 13°-3° tall, erect, simple, pubescent below

the nodes. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, gla-
brous or sometimes softly pubescent; ligule 3” long,
truncate; blades 1’’-3"’ wide, rough, those of the culm
4-0’ long, the basal narrow and about one-half of the
length of the culm; panicle 3’-6’ in length, its branches
drooping and flexuous, at least when old, the nodes
of the axis pubescent; spikelets 5-10-flowered, 9’-15"’
long, on slender flexuous pedicels; empty scales pu-
bescent, the first narrower than the second, both
g-nerved; flowering scales 5-6” long, obtuse, 5-7-
nerved, densely pubescent with long silky hairs; awn
1-2” long.

In dry soil, South Dakota to Montana, south to western
Nebraska, New Mexico and Arizona. July—Aug.

10. Bromus Kalmii A. Gray. Kalm’s Chess. Wild Chess. Fig. 671.

Bromus Kalmii A. Gray, Man, 600. 1848.

Culms 14°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, more or less pu-
bescent; ligule very short; blades 2}’-7’ long, 1-4"
wide, sparingly pubescent; panicle 2’-6’ in length, open,
its branches usually flexuous; spikelets 6-10-flowered,
6"-12" long, on slender flexuous pedicels; empty scales
pubescent, the first narrow, acute, 3-nerved, the second
longer, broad, obtuse or mucronate, 5-7-nerved; flower-
ing scales about 4’ long, 7-9-nerved, densely silky
pubescent, the awn 1-14” in length.

In woods and thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Missouri. July—Aug.

278 GRAMINEAE. Vor. 1.
11. Bromus hordeaceus L. Soft Chess. Fig. 672.

Bromus hordeaceus L. Sp. Pl. 77. 1753-
Bromus mollis L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 112. 1762.

Culms 8'-3° tall, erect, often slender, usually pubes-
cent below the panicle. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes, mostly pubescent; ligule 4’’-long; blades 1'-7’
long, 1’-3'' wide, pubescent; panicle generally con-
tracted, its branches erect or ascending, 1’—2’ long; spike-
lets appressed-pubescent, on short pedicels; empty scales
acute, the first 3-nerved, the second longer, 5-7-nerved;
flowering scales broad, obtuse, 34’"-42” long, 7-9-nerved,
bearing an awn 3’’-4” in length between the obtuse or
acute teeth.

In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to British Colum-
bia, California and North Carolina. Locally adventive from
Europe. Soft Brome. Haver-grass. Blubber-, Hooded-,
Bull-, Lob- or Lop-grass. July—Aug.

12. Bromus secalinus L. Cheat. Chess. Fig. 673.

"
@

Bromus secalinus L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, generally
glabrous; ligule 3” long, erose; blades 2’-0' long, 1’’-3”
wide, smooth or rough, sometimes hairy; panicle 2’-8’
in length, open, its branches ascending or drooping; spike-
lets turgid, glabrous, erect or somewhat pendulous, 6-10-
flowered; empty scales scabrous toward the apex, the
first 3-nerved, acute, the second longer and broader,
7-nerved, obtuse; flowering scales 3'-4” long, broad,
turgid, obtuse, rough toward the apex, the nerves obscure,
awnless, or bearing a straight awn 4” long or less be-
tween the obtuse short teeth; palet about equalling the
scale.

In fields and waste places almost throughout temperate
North America, often a pernicious weed in grain fields. Nat-

uralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Smooth Rye-
brome. Cock-grass. June—Aug.

13. Bromus racemésus L. Upright Chess. Smooth Brome-grass. Fig. 674.
Bromus racemosus L. Sp. PL Ed. 2, 114. 1762.

B. commutatus Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1: 353. 1806.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous,
or sparingly pubescent below the panicle. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes, glabrous or pubescent;
ligule 1’ long; blades 1-9’ long, 3’’-4’’ wide, pubes-
cent; panicle 1’-1o’ in length, the branches erect or
ascending, the lower sometimes 23’ long; spikelets
erect, 5-I1-flowered; empty scales acute, the first
3-nerved, the second longer and broader, 5-9-nerved;
flowering scales broad, 33’’-43” long, obtuse, smooth
and shining, the nerves prominent; awn straight, 3'’-4”
in length; palet considerably shorter than the scale.

In fields and waste places all over the United States and
British America. Naturalized from Europe. Native also
of Asia. June—Aug.

GENUS 99. GRASS FAMILY.

14. Bromus arvénsis L. Field Chess or
Brome. Fig. 675.

Bromus arvensis L. Sp. Pl. 77. 1753.

Culms erect, 1°-3° tall, smooth and _ shining,
glabrous except at or near the brown nodes.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, softly and
densely pubescent with short reflexed hairs; ligule
scarious, 4-13” long; blades erect or ascending,
more or less hirsute on both surfaces, 3'-6’ long,
2'’-3'' wide; panicle ample, 5'-9' long, its rough
branches erect or ascending, rarely spreading,
branching and spikelet-bearing above the middle,
the longer 3-6’ long; spikelets, including the
awns, 9-12” long, lanceolate, somewhat shining,
the scales membranous, scarious on the margins,
minutely and sparsely appressed-pubescent toward
the acute apex, papillose along the nerves, the
first scale 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved; flower-
ing scales broadest at the middle, 5-nerved, 33’’-4”
long, bearing an erect awn of about the same
length.

Fields and waste places, New York to Michigan,

Missouri and Florida. Locally adventive from Eu-
rope. Summer.

279

WIN
WI WA
V4 | v

—.

15. Bromus patulus M. & K. Spreading
Brome-grass. Fig. 676.

Bromus patulus M. & K. in Roehl. Deutsch. Fl. 1: 684.
1823.

Culms 1°-14° tall. Sheaths softly pubescent; blades
up to 6’ long and about 2” broad, pubescent; panicle
5'-8’ long, diffuse, somewhat drooping; spikelets
drooping, on slender pedicels, lanceolate, 10-12"
long, about 23” broad, glabrous, the first scale
3-nerved, the second one 5-nerved, the flowering
scales 9-nerved, 34-43” long, emarginate at the apex,
the awn 4-5” long, usually twisted and divaricate
at maturity, inserted below the apex of the scale.

Sparingly introduced into Massachusetts, South Da-

16. Bromus squarrosus L. Corn Brome.
Fig. 677.
Bromus squarrosus L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753.

Culms 8'-18' tall, erect, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
softly pubescent; ligule 4” long; blades 1’-5’
long, 1’’-2"" wide, softly pubescent; panicle 2’-6'
in length, open, the branches ascending or droop-
ing, often flexuous; spikelets nodding, 6-12-flow-
ered, on slender pedicels; empty scales obtuse or
acutish, the first 5-nerved, the second longer, 7-9-
nerved; flowering scales 43’-53’’ long, obtuse,
shining, minutely scabrous; awn inserted below
the apex, about as long as the scale, bent at the
base and divergent.

In ballast and waste places about the eastern sea-
ports. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. July-
ug.

kota and Colorado. July and Aug.

280 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

17. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey.
Quakegrass or Awnless Brome. Fig. 678.
Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort.

Petrop. 3: 30. 1836.

Culms 8’-2° tall, erect, simple, often slender,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the
internodes, the lower pubescent with soft villous
hairs; ligule 1” long, erose-truncate; blades 1’-7’
long, 1’’-3’’ wide, pubescent; panicle 13’-8’ in length,
open, the branches ascending or often drooping,
flexuous; spikelets few, 3’-1' long, laterally much
compressed; empty scales very obtuse, often pur-
plish, glabrous or minutely pubescent, the first 3-5-
nerved, the second larger, 5-g-nerved; flowering
scales 3'’-4’" long, very broad, obtuse, 9-nerved, shin-
ing, glabrous or sometimes minutely pubescent, un-
awned.

Sparingly introduced from Massachusetts to Michigan,
Delaware and Indiana; also from Montana to British

Columbia, California and Colorado. Native’ of northern Europe and Asia. Briza-like brome.
July—Aug.

18. Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl.
Short-awned Chess, or Brome. Fig. 679.

Ceratochloa breviaristata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 253. 1840.
B. breviaristatus Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 98 1862.

Culms 1°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth or rough,
sometimes pubescent below the panicle. Sheaths pubes-
cent, at least the lower ones, which are often overlap-
ping; ligule 1” long, truncate; blades 6’-1° long or more,
2’-6" wide, rough and often pubescent; panicle 4’-15’
in length, its branches erect or ascending, the lower
2'-6' long; spikelets 5-10-flowered; empty scales acute,
pubescent, the first 3-5-nerved, the second longer, 5-9-
nerved; flowering scales compressed, keeled, 6-7” long,
acute, 7-9-nerved, appressed-pubescent; awn 2’’-3’’ long.

In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Iowa,

Arizona and California, and as an occasional escape from
cultivation eastward. July—Aug.

19. Bromus unioloides ( Willd.) H.B.K.
Johnson Grass. Schrader’s Brome-
grass. Southern Chess. Fig. 680.
Besiice unioloides Willd. Hort. Berol. 1: 3. pl. 3.

1500.

B. unioloides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 151. 1815.
Bromus Schraderi Kunth, Enum. 1: 416. 1833.

Culms 6'-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths usually shorter than the inter-
nodes, the lower often overlapping, smooth or
rough, and glabrous or frequently pubescent;
ligule 1-2” long; blades 3'-13' long, 1’’-4"" wide,
usually rough, at least above; panicle 2’-10’ in
length, the branches erect or ascending, or the
lower branches of the larger panicles widely
spreading; spikelets much compressed, 6-10-flow-
ered; empty scales acute, the first 3-5-nerved, the
second longer, 5-9-nerved; flowering scales 6-8”
long, very acute, minutely scabrous, bearing an
awn less than 1” long or awnless.

Missouri to the Indian Territory, Texas, Georgia.
Florida and Mexico. Widely distributed in tronical
America. Rescue- or Wild Brome-grass. May-July.

GENUS I00. GRASS FAMILY. 281

100. NARDUS L. Sp. Pl. 53. 1753.

A low perennial tufted grass, with setaceous rigid leaf-blades and a terminal one-sided
slender spike. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, sessile and single in each notch of the rachis.
Scales 2, the lower empty, adnate to the rachis, or almost wanting, the upper flower-bearing,
narrow, with involute and hyaline margins; palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Style elon-
gated, undivided. Stigma elongated, short-papillose. Grain linear, glabrous, enclosed in the
scale, usually free. [Greek name of spikenard, of uncertain application.]

A monotypic genus of the Old World. Type species: Nardus stricta L.

1. Nardus stricta L. Wire-bent. Mat-
grass. Nard. Fig. 681. |! \

Nardus stricta L. Sp. Pl. 53. 1753.

Culms 5’-15’ tall, erect, simple; rigid, roughish. \ /
Sheaths usually at the base of the culm; ligule j
3” Jong, rounded; blades setaceous, stiff, rough, \Y
the 1 or 2 culm leaves about 1’ long, erect, the Y
basal ones numerous, 2’-5’ long; spike 1’-3' in
length, strict; spikelets 1-flowered, 3'’-4” long, Y
arranged alternately in 2 rows on one side of i)
the erect slender rachis, often purplish; lower \
scale empty, very short, adnate to the rachis,
sometimes almost wanting; flowering scale 3'’-4" \V \
long, scabrous, long-acuminate or short-awned. XY

Introduced into Newfoundland and at Amherst, Pa
Mass. Adventive from Europe. Black Bent. Mat. WN

Reed-grass. July—Aug. .

ror. LOLIUM L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-
blades and terminal spikes. Spikelets several- \
flowered, solitary, sessile and alternate in the 4
notches of the usually continuous rachis, com-
pressed, the edge of the spikelet (backs of the scales) turned toward the rachis. Scales rigid;
lower scale empty in the lateral spikelets, and the 2 lower empty in the terminal; flowering
scales rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved; palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, very
short. Stigmas 2, plumose. Grain adherent to the palet. [Latin name for Darnel.]

About 6 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Lolium perenne L.

Empty scale shorter than the spikelet.

Flowering scales awnless. 1. L. perenne.

Flowering scales awned. 2. L. multiflorum.
Empty scale equalling or extending beyond the

flowering scales. 3. L. temulentum.

1. Lolium perénne L. Ray-grass. Red
Ray. Rye-grass. Ever-grass. Fig. 682.

Lolium perenne L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753.

Smooth and glabrous, culms 6’-24° tall, erect,
simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes;
ligule very short; blades 2’-5’ long, 1-2" wide;
spike 3-8’ in length; spikelets 5-10-flowered,
4-6” long, the empty scale shorter than the
spikelet, strongly nerved; flowering scales 2-3”
long, obscurely nerved, acuminate.

In waste places and cultivated grounds almost
throughout the northern United States and
southern British America. Naturalized from
Europe. Native also of Asia. Erroneously called
Darnel, this name belonging to Lolium temulen-
tum, Crap. Perennial Rye. Red Darnel. Red Dare.
White Nonesuch. English Blue-grass. July—Aug.

GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

2. Lolium multiflorum Lam. Awned or Italian
Rye-grass. Fig. 683.

Lolium multiforum Lam, Fl, France. 3: 621. 1778.

Lolium italicum A, Br. Flora 17: 259. 1834.

Culms tufted, 2°-3° tall. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes, smooth and glabrous; blades 4’-8'
long, 14’’-4"" wide, smooth and glabrous; spikes 8-12"
long; spikelets 20-30, the empty scale shorter than the
spikelet, 7-10 long, strongly nerved, the flowering
scales bearing an awn equalling or shorter than itself.
] In fields and waste places, New York, New Jersey,

Missouri and Iowa. June—Aug.

\ f
3. Lolium temuléntum L. Darnel. Poison
Darnel. Ivray. Fig. 684.

Lolium temulentum L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753.

Glabrous. Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth.
Sheaths overlapping or shorter than the internodes;
ligule 1” long or less; blades 4’-10' in length, 1-3”
wide, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 4’-12' in
length; spikelets 4-8-flowered,5’—9” long, the strongly
nerved empty scale equalling or extending beyond
the obscurely nerved flowering scales, which are
awned or awnless.

In waste places and cultivated grounds, locally natu-
ralized or adventive from Europe, New Brunswick to
Michigan, Georgia and Kansas. Abundant on the Pacific
Coast. Locally a troublesome weed. Bearded Darnel.
Sturdy Ryle. Tare. Drunk. Drawke. Dragge. Neale.
Cheat. June—Aug.

102. LEPTURUS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 207. 1810.

Usually low annual grasses, with narrow leaf-blades and strict or curved elongated slender
spikes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, sessile and single in alternate notches of the jointed rachis.
l-mpty scales 2, rarely 1, narrow, rigid, acute, 5-nerved; flowering scales much shorter, hyaline,
keeled, one side turned to the rachis. Palets hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3, or fewer. Styles
short, distinct. Stigmas 2, plumose. Grain narrow, glabrous, free, enclosed in the scale.
[Greek, referring to the narrow spikes.]

Species 5 or 6, natives of the Old World. Type
species: Lepturus repens R. Br.

1. Lepturus filiformis (Roth) Trin. Slen-
der Hard-grass. Fig. 685.

Rottboellia filiformis Roth, Catal. 1: 21. 1797.
L. filiformis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 123. 1820.

Culms 3'-12' long, decumbent, much branched,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, shorter
than the internodes; ligule 4” long, auriculate;
blades 4/-2' long, 1” wide or less, usually invo-
lute, smooth beneath, rough above; spikes 1’-6'
in length, slender, strict or curved; spikelets
2'’-23" long; empty scales acute; flowering scales
about 12” long, I-nerved.

In waste places and brackish marshes, southern
Pennsylvania to Virginia, near or along the coast.
Adventive from Europe. Summer.

GENUS 103. GRASS FAMILY. 283

103. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. Nov. Comm. Petrop. 14: Part 1, 539. 1770.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades and terminal spikes. Spike-
lets 3-many-flowered, sessile, single and alternate at each notch of the usually continuous
rachis, the side of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Two lower scales empty; flowering
scales rigid, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex; palets
2-keeled, the keels often ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Grain pubescent at the apex, usually adherent to the palet. [Greek, referring to the growth
of these grasses in wheat fields.]

About 50 species, in all temperate regions. Type species: Agropyron cristatum J. Gaertn.

Culms not densely tufted; plants with creeping rootstocks or stolons.
Spikelets glabrous or hispidulous.
Empty scales strongly 5—11-nerved.
Empty scales attenuate into an awn or awn-point; plant green.
Under surface of the leaf-blades smooth, the upper suriace often pubescent; an
introduced weed. 1. A. repens.
Under surface of leaf-blades very rough, the upper surface glabrous; a western grass.
2. A. pseudorepens.
Empty scales rather abruptly narrowed to a blunt point; plant glaucous.
3. A. pungens.
Empty scales usually faintly 1-3-nerved, sometimes 5-nerved. 4. A, Smithu.
Spikelets densely pubescent. 5. A. dasystachyum.
Culms densely tufted; plants with no rootstocks or stolons.
Awn shorter than the flowering scale.

Empty scales broad above the middle. 6. A. biflorum.
Empty scales narrowed from below the middle. 7. A. tenerum.
Awn much longer than the flowering scale. 8. A. caninum,

1. Agropyron répens (L.) Beauv. Coucli-
grass. Quitch-grass. Fig. 686.

Triticum repens L. Sp. Pl. 86. 1753.
Agropyron repens Beauv. Agrost. 146. 1812.

Culms 1°-4° tall, from a long jointed running root-
stock. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes,
smooth and glabrous; ligule very short; blades 3’—12’
long, 1-5” wide, smooth beneath, rough above; spike
2’-8’ in length, strict; spikelets 3-7-flowered; empty
scales strongly 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awn-
pointed, sometimes obtuse; flowering scales smooth
and glabrous, acute or short-awned at the apex.

In fields and waste places, almost throughout North
America except the extreme north. Naturalized from
Europe and often a troublesome weed. Very variable,
Native also of Asia. Quitch-, Twitch-, or Witch-grass.
Stroil. Quichens. Squitch. Wickens. Shelly-, Knot-,
Dog-, Shear- or Quack-grass. Blue-joint. Slough- or
Ree erase: False Wheat. Colorado blue-grass. July—

ept.

2. Agropyron pselido-répens Scribn. & Sm.
False Couch-grass. Fig. 687.

Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. & Sm. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 34. 18097.

Light green. Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, smooth and
glabrous, from a running rootstock; sheaths shorter
than the internodes, smooth; ligule a short mem-
branous ring; blades erect, prominently nerved,
rough on both surfaces, acuminate, the culm leaves
3'-8’ long, 2”-3” wide, the basal leaves about one-
half as long as the culms; spikes 3’-8’ long, strict;
spikelets 57-8” long, 3-7-flowered, a little com-
pressed, appressed to the rachis which is hispidulous
on the margins; empty scales lanceolate, equalling or
somewhat shorter than the spikelet, acuminate and
often awn-pointed, 5-7-nerved, the nerves hispidu-
lous; flowering scales 5-nerved, roughish toward the
apex, usually awn-pointed.

Rich river bottoms, British Columbia and Athabasca,
to Arizona, Texas, Missouri and Iowa. July—Aug.

GRAMINEAE. Vou. I.

3. Agropyron pungens (Pers.) R.& S. Coast
Wheat-grass. Fig. 688.

Triticum pungens Pers. Syn. 1: 109. 1805.
Agropyron pungens R. & S, Syst. 2: 753. 1817.
Agropyron tetrastachys Scribn. & Sm, Bull. U. S. Dept.

Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 32. 1897.

Glaucous. Culms rigid, slender, erect, 14°-3° tall,
from a running rootstock; sheaths shorter than the in-
ternodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule wanting; blades
erect, acuminate, 5-8’ long, 2” or less wide, smooth
beneath, glaucous above, scabrous on the margins;
spikes long-exserted, 3/-5’ long, 4-sided; spikelets
crowded, 6-10” long, 6-11-flowered, appressed to the
4-angled articulated rachis, the angles hispidulous;
empty scales lanceolate, 5” long, rough on the keel,
5-7-nerved; flowering scales lanceolate, keeled, rough
toward the apex, acute, awn-pointed or short-awned.

Sandy beaches, coast of Maine. Introduced from
Europe. July—Aug.

4. Agropyron Smithii Rydb. Western
Wheat-grass. Fig. 689.
A, repens glaucum Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 57,

in part. 18094.

A, spicatum Scribn. & Sm, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.

Div. Agrost. 4: 33, in part. 1897.

Pale green, glaucous. Culms 13°-4° tall, erect,
from a slender creeping rootstock, smooth and
glabrous; sheaths shorter than the internodes,
smooth; ligule a short membranous ring; blades
erect, 2’-8’ long, 2’—-4” wide, acuminate, very
scabrous above, smooth beneath, becoming invo-
lute when dry; spike long-exserted, strict, 4’-8
long; spikelets crowded, divergent from the
rachis, compressed, lanceolate when closed, 3’—-1’
long, 6-12-flowered; empty scales acuminate,
awn-pointed, shorter than the spikelet, hispidu-
lous on the keel; flowering scales 5-6” long,
acute or awn-pointed, glabrous or sparsely pu-
bescent.

Moist land, Manitoba and Minnesota to British
Columbia, south to Missouri and Texas.

5. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Vasey.

Northern Wheat-grass. Fig. 690.

Triticum repens var. dasystachyum Hook, Fl. Bor. Am, 2:

254. 1840.
Agropyrum dasystachyum Vasey, Spec. Rept. U. S. Dept.

Agric. 63: 45. 1883.
Agropyron subvillosum E, Nels. Bot. Gaz. 38: 378. 1904.

Glaucous, culms 1°-3° tall, erect, from long running
rootstocks, simple, smooth and glabrous; sheaths shorter
than the internodes; ligule very short; blades 2-9’ long,
1-3” wide, flat, or becoming inyolute in drying, smooth
beneath, rough above; spike 23’-7’ in length; spikelets
4-8-flowered; empty scales 3-5-nerved, lanceolate, acumi-
nate or short-awned, 3-43” long; flowering scales broadly
lanceolate, 5-nerved, 43”-6” long, acute or short-awned,
densely villous.

Hudson Bay to the Yukon, south to the Great Lakes,
Nebraska and Colorado. Summer.

“GENUS 103. GRASS FAMILY. 285

6. Agropyron biflorum (Brignoli) R. & S. Pur-
plish Wheat-grass. Fig. 691.

Triticum biflorum Brignoli, Fasc. Pl. Foroj. 18. 1810.

Agropyron biflorum R, & S, Syst. 2: 760. 1817.

Agropyrum violaceum Vasey, Spec. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agric.

63: 45. 1883.

Culms 62° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; ligule very
short; blades 2’-6’ long, 1-3” wide, flat or involute, rough
or sometimes smooth beneath; spike 1-4’ in length, occa-
sionally longer, 2-3” broad; spikelets 3-6-flowered; empty
scales broad, usually purplish, scarious on the margins,
5-7-nerved, 4-6” long, acute or acuminate, sometimes awn-
pointed, rarely long-awned; flowering scales often purplish,
5-7-nerved, scarious on the margins, 4-6” long, acuminate
or short-awned, the awn rarely as long as the body.

Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to the mountains of
New England, New York and Pennsylvania, and in the Rocky

Mountains to Colorado. Ascends to 5500 ft. in the White
Mountains. Also in northern Europe and Asia, Summer.

7. Agropyron ténerum Vasey. Slender
Wheat-grass. Fig. 692.

A, tenerum Vasey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10: 258. 188s.

Agropyron novae-angliae Scribn. Contr. Bot. Vt. 8: 103.
1900.

Glabrous, culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, often
slender, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the
internodes, glabrous; ligule very short; blades 3-10’
long, 1-2” wide, flat or involute, rough; spike 3’-7
in length, usually narrow and slender; spikelets 3-5-
flowered; empty scales 4-6” long, acuminate or
short-awned, 3-5-nerved, scarious on the margins;
flowering scales 5-6” long, 5-nerved, awn-pointed
or short-awned, scarious on the margins, often rough
toward the apex.

,

In dry soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south
to Kansas, Colorado and California. July—Aug.

8. Agropyron caninum (L.) R.&S. Bearded
or Awned Wheat-grass. Fibrous-rooted
Wheat-grass. Fig. 693.

Triticum caninum L. Sp. Pl. 86. 1753.

Agropyrum caninum R. & S. Syst. 2: 756. 1817.

Agropyrum unilaterale Cassidy, Bull. Colo. Agric. Exp.
Sta. 12: 63. 1890.

A, Richardsoni Schrad. Linnaea 12: 467. 1838.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes,
smooth, the lower sometimes pubescent; ligule short;
blades 3’-9’ long, 1”-3” wide, smooth beneath, rough
above; spike 3’-8’ in length, sometimes one-sided,
often nodding at the top; spikelets 3-6-flowered;
empty scales 44’-6” long, 3-5-nerved, acuminate,
awn-pointed or bearing an awn 1-3” long; flowering
scales 4’—-5” long, usually scabrous toward the apex,
acuminate into an awn sometimes twice their own
length.

New Brunswick to the Yukon, south to North Caro-
lina, Tennessee, Iowa and Colorado. Also in Europe

and Asia, Native northward; southward locally natu-
ralized from Europe. Dog’s-tooth grass. July—Aug.

286 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I

104. HORDEUM (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 84. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal cylindric spikes. Spikelets
1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, usually in 3’s at each joint of the rachis, the lateral short-
stalked and imperfect, rarely perfect; rachilla produced beyond the flower, the lower empty
scales often reduced to awns and forming an apparent involucre around the spikelets. Empty
scales rigid; flowering scales rounded on the back, 5-nerved at the apex, awned; palet scarcely
shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain usually
adherent to the scale, hairy at the summit. [Latin name for Barley.]

About 20 species, widely distributed in both hemispheres. Type species: Hordeum vulgare L.

Lateral spikelets abortive.
Flowering scales, exclusive of awns, 3”—4” long.
Awn of the flowering scale 1%’ long or less.
All the empty scales of each cluster bristle-like. 1. H. nodosum.
Four of the empty scales of each cluster dilated above the base. 2. H. pusillum.
Awn of the flowering scale 1’ long or more. 3. H. jubatum.
Flowering scales, exclusive of awns, about 6” long. 4. H.murinum.
Lateral spikelets with perfect flowers. 5. H. Pammelit

1. Hordeum noddsum L. Meadow Barley.
Fig. 694.

Hordeum nodosum L. Sp. Pl. Ed.. 2, 126. 1762,
Hordeum pratense Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 56. 1762.

Culms 672° tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent,
simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than
the internodes; ligule #” long, truncate; blades 13-5’
long, 1-3’ wide, flat, rough; spike 1’-33’ in length;
spikelets usually in 3’s, the central one containing a
palet and perfect flower, the lateral enclosing a
staminate or rudimentary flower, or a palet only;
empty scales of each cluster awn-like; flowering
scale of the central spikelets 3-4” long exclusive
of the awn, which is 3-6” long, the corresponding
scale in the lateral spikelets much smaller and short-
stalked.

In meadows and waste places, Indiana to Minnesota,
Alaska, Texas and California, Also in Europe and Asia,
June-July.

2. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little Barley.

Fig. 695.
Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Gen. 1: 87. 1818,

Culms 4-15’ tall, erect, or decumbent at the base,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, usually shorter
than the internodes, smooth and glabrous, the upper
often enclosing the base of the spike; ligule very
short; blades 2”-3’ long, 4’”—2” wide, erect, smooth
beneath, rough above; spike 1’—3' in length; spikelets
usually in 3’s, the central one containing a palet and
perfect flower, the lateral imperfect; scales awned,
the empty ones scabrous, those of the central spike-
let and the lower ones of the lateral spikelets dilated
above the base; flowering scale smooth, that of the
central spikelet 3-4” long, short-awned, the corre-
sponding scale in the lateral spikelets smaller and
very short-stalked.

In dry soil, Indiana to Tennessee, Wyoming, Cali-

fornia, Texas and Louisiana; also sparingly introduced
along the coast from Virginia to Florida. June—July.

GENUS 104. GRASS FAMILY. 287

3. Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Grass. |
Fig. 696.
Hordeum jubatum L. Sp. Pl. 85. 1753.

Culms 10’—24° tall, erect, simple, usually slender,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than
the internodes, generally loose, smooth and glabrous;
ligule 2” long or less; blades 1-5’ long, 1-2” wide,
erect, rough; spike 2’-4’ in length; spikelets usually
in 3’s, the central one containing a palet and perfect
flower, the lateral imperfect; empty scales consisting
of slender rough awns 1-22’ long; flowering scale
of the central spikelet 3-4” long, scabrous at the
apex, bearing a slender rough awn 17-24’ long; the
corresponding scale in the lateral spikelets short-
awned, about 3” long including its pedicel, sometimes
reduced to a rudiment.

In dry soil, Ontario to Alaska, south to Illinois, Texas

and California. Naturalized in the east from Labrador
and Quebec to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. July—Aug.

4. Hordeum murinum L. Wall or Way Barley. Way Bent. Fig. 697.

Hordeum murinum L. Sp. Pl. 85. 1753.

Culms 6’-2° tall, erect, or decumbent at the base,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, shorter than the
internodes on the long culms, overlapping on the short
ones, the uppermost often inflated and enclosing the
base of the spike; ligule very short; blades 17-6’ long,
1-3” wide, rough; spikes 2-4’ in length; spikelets
usually in 3's; scales awned, the empty ones awn-like,
scabrous, those of the central spikelet broader and
ciliate on the margins, bearing awns 9’—12” long, those
of the lateral spikelets similar, with the exception of
the second scale, which is not ciliate; flowering scales
scabrous at the apex, bearing an awn about 1’ long,
those of the lateral spikelets about 6” long, the corre-
sponding scale in the central spikelet somewhat smaller.

On ballast and sparingly in waste places, Massachusetts
to District of Columbia. Also from Arizona to Utah, Cali-
fornia and British Columbia. Adventive or naturalized
from Europe. Wild- or Mouse-barley. Squirrel-tail.
June-July.

5. Hordeum Pammélii Scribn. & Ball.
Pammel’s Barley. Fig. 698.

H. Pammelii Scribn. & Ball, Ia. Geol. Surv. Suppl.
Rep. 1903: 335. f. 237. 1904.

Perennial. Culms 2°-3° tall; leaves glabrous;
sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes;
blades 4’-8’ long, 2’-4” wide, rough; spikes 3’-6’
long, 10-15” in diameter; lateral spikelets nearly
sessile, each with a perfect flower, the central
spikelet with 2 perfect flowers, the empty scales
subulate, long-awned, the flowering scales lanceo-
late, about 3” long, exclusive of the awn, which is
two to three times their length.

On prairies, Illinois to South Dakota and Wyoming.
July and Aug,

288 GRAMINEAE. Vou. I.

105. SITANION Raf. Journ. de Phys. 89: 103. 1819.

Tufted grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades, and a terminal dense spike with the
rachis articulated and readily breaking up. Spikelets numerous, in 2’s or 3's at each node
2-5-flowered; empty scales entire or divided, the divisions extending often to the base, the
scales or their divisions bearing long slender awns; palet 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain adherent to the palet. [Greek, a kind of food.]

ecies 12, or perh i i i Aan
eens anne as aps more, mainly natives of the western United States. Type species:

1. Sitanion elymoides Raf. Long-bristled Wild
Rye. Fig. 699.

Sitanion elymoides Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 103. 1819.

Elymus Sitanion Schultes, Mant. 2: 426. 1824.

Elymus elymoides Swezey, Neb. Fl. Pl. 15. 1891.

S. brevifolium J. G. Smith, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost.

ISs17. S899.

S. longifolium J. G. Smith, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost.

18: 18. 1899.

Culms 1°-2° tall, erect. Sheaths smooth or rough,
sometimes hirsute, usually overlapping, the upper one
often inflated and enclosing the base of the spike;
blades 2’-7’ long, 4’-2” wide, often stiff and erect,
usually rough, sometimes hirsute, flat or involute;
spike 2’-6’ in length; spikelets 1-5-flowered; empty
scales entire, awl-shaped; flowering scales 4’-5” long,
5-nerved, scabrous, bearing a long slender divergent
awn 13’-3’ in length, the apex of the scale sometimes
2-toothed.

In dry soil, Wyoming to western Missouri, Texas, Ari-
zona and Nevada. July—Aug.

106. ELYMUS L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753-

Tall grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades and dense terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-several-
flowered (rarely 1-flowered), sessile, usually in pairs, occasionally in 3’s or more, in alter-
nate notches of the continuous or jointed rachis, the empty scales forming an apparent invo-
lucre to the cluster. Two lower scales empty, attached obliquely, narrow, acute or awned,
entire; flowering scales shorter, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually bearing an awn. Palet
a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas
plumose. Grain sparsely hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet. [Greek, to roll up,
referring to the involute palet.]

About 40 species, natives of temperate regions. Type species: Elymus arenarius L.

Empty scales of the same length, equalling or longer than the flowering scales.
Spikelets appressed ; spike narrow, slender.
Flowering scales glabrous.
Blades less than 3"’ wide, rarely exceeding 2’’; spikelets 1-3-flowered, the flowering scales
4’'-5"’ long, with an awn as long or a little longer. 1. E. Macounit.
Blades 3'-7” wide; spikelets 3-6-flowered, the flowering scales 5'’-6”’ long, with an awn

S

a

one and a half -to twice as long. 2. E. gluucus.
Flowering scales appressed-hispid. 3. E. vulpinus.
Spikelets spreading ; spike broad and stout. :

Flowering scales muticous, or with awn rarely over a quarter as long as the scale. :
Spikelets villous. 4. E. arenarius,
Spikelets glabrous.

Empty scales subulate. 5. E. condensatus,
Empty scales broad and flat, indurated at the base. 6. E. curvatus.
Flowering scale with an awn as long as itself or longer.
Empty scales linear-lanceolate to linear. :
Empty scales manifestly indurated, usually curved or bowed at the white base.
Awn rarely exceeding one and a half times the length of the flowering scale; awn
of the empty scales usually short.
Flowering scales glabrous or hispidulous.
Spike long-exserted, its own length or more, from the narrow upper sheath.
Plant green; flowering scales glabrous or hispidulous ; leaf-blades lax,
commonly exceeding 2” wide; a plant of the interior. 7. E. jejunus.
Plant grey green, glaucous; flowering scales papillose; leaf-blades stiff,
2'' wide or less; a plant of the brackish marshes. 8. E. halophilus.
Spike included in the broad, inflated upper sheath. g. E. virginicus. —
Flowering scales hirsute. 10. E. hirsutiglumis.
Awn exceeding twice the length of flowering scale; awn of empty scales very long.
Spikelets hirsute. 11. E. australis,
Spikelets glabrous or hispidulous. : 12. E. glabriflorus.
Empty scales not indurated, not white at the base, straight. 13. E. canadensis,
Flowering scales hirsute.

Flowering scales glabrous or hispidulous. 14. E. brachystachys.

=.

GENUS 100. GRASS FAMILY. 289

Empty scales narrowly subulate.
Spikelets hirsute. 15. E. striatus.
Spikelets glabrous or hispidulous. 16. E, arkansanus.
Empty scales variable in length, from a short point to longer than the spikelet, even in the same spike.
17. E. diversiglumis.

1. Elymus Macounii Vasey. Macoun’s Wild Rye.
Fig. 700.

Elymus Macounii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 119. 1886.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short,
truncate; blades 2’-6’ long, 1”-24” wide, rough, especially
above; spike 2’-5’ in length, narrow, slender, often some-
what flexuous; spikelets appressed to the rachis, single
at each node, or the lower sometimes in pairs, 1I-3-flow-
ered; empty scales (occasionally 3) awl-shaped, 3-nerved,
rough, 3°-4” long, bearing a slender straight rough awn,
3-5” in length; flowering scales 33-5” long, rough
toward the apex, bearing a slender straight awn 3-5” long.

Prairies, Manitoba to Athabasca, Minnesota, Missouri and
New Mexico. July—Aug.

2. Elymus glaticus Buckl. Smooth Wild Rye.
Fig. 701.

Elymus glaucus Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 99. 1862.

Elymus americanus V. & S.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 4: 245.
1888.

Elymus sibiricus var. americanus Wats, & Coult. in A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 6, 673. 1890.

° 20

Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths often shorter than the internodes, usually
glabrous, rarely pubescent; ligule 1” long or less; blades
4-12’ long, 2-8” wide, smooth beneath, sometimes
rough above; spike 3’-8’ in length, narrow, slender;
spikelets appressed to the rachis, 3-6-flowered; empty
scales narrowly lanceolate, 4-6” long, acuminate or
awn-pointed, rigid, 3-5-nerved; flowering scales smooth
or slightly rough, 5-6” long, bearing a slender straight
rough awn 6-9” in length.

In moist soil, Ontario and Michigan to British Columbia,

| iY

u south to Colorado and California. June—Aug.
3. Elymus vulpinus Rydb. Rydberg’s
Wild Rye. Fig. 702.
E, vulpinus Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 36: 540. 1909. y
NY
Culms 14°-24° tall, erect, slender, tufted, NY!
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth, usually My
shorter than the internodes; ligule a short mem- YY,
branous ring; blades erect, 4’-6’ long, 1-3” wide, 7.
acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous on the mar- /
gins and sometimes also sparsely so above; spike \ i]
slender, long-exserted, 4’-6’ long; spikelets usually \ WA
. . . i
In pairs, rarely single, somewhat crowded, ap- \e Y)
pressed to the rachis, more or less compressed, | | y
4-6-flowered; empty scales 4-5” long, shorter Ny,
than the spikelet, acuminate into a shorter awn; W/)

flowering scales 4-5” long, acuminate, bearing Ny
a slender scabrous awn, 4-5” long. N
Bottom lands, western Nebraska. Admitted into \

first edition of this work as Agropyron Gmelini
Scribn. & Sm.

19

290 GRAMINEAE. Vo. I.

4. Elymus arenarius L. Downy Lyme-grass.
Sea Lyme-grass. Fig. 703.

Elymus arenarius L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753.

Culms 12°-8° tall, erect, simple, usually softly pu-
bescent at the summit. Sheaths smooth and glabrous,
often glaucous, those at the base overlapping, the upper
shorter than the internodes; ligule very short; blades
3-1° long. or more, 14’-5” wide, flat, or becoming in-
volute, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 3’-10’ in
length, usually strict; spikelets 3-6-flowered, frequently
glaucous; empty scales 8-14” long, 3-5-nerved, acumi-
nate, more or less villous; flowering scales 8-10” long,
acute or awn-pointed, 5-7-nerved, usually very villous.

On shores, Greenland and Labrador to the Northwest
Territory and Alaska, Maine, New Hampshire, Lake Supe-
rior and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Narrow
Bent, Rancheria-grass. Marram sea-grass. Summer.

5. Elymus condensatus Presl. Smooth Lyme-
grass. Fig. 704.

Elymus condensatus Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 265. 1830.

Culms 2°-10° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, the upper ones
shorter than the internodes; ligule 2”-3” long, trun-
cate; blades 6’-1° long or more, 3’-12” wide, scabrous,
at least above; spike 4’-15’ in length, usually stout,
strict, often interrupted below, sometimes compound
at the base; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 2-several at each
node of the rachis; empty scales awl-shaped, 43”—-6”
long, 1-nerved, usually rough; flowering scales 47-5”
long, generally awn-pointed, usually rough, sometimes
smooth.

In wet saline situations, Alberta to British Columbia,

south to northwestern Nebraska, Arizona and California.
Western or Giant Rye-grass. Bunch-grass. July—Aug.

6. Elymus curvatus Piper. Short-awned
Wild Rye. Fig. 705.

E, virginicus submuticus Hook, Fl. Bor, Am. 2: 255.
1840.

| Elymus curvatus Piper, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 233. 1903.

Culms 2°-3° tall, smooth and glabrous; leaves gla-
brous; blades up to 10’ long and 4” wide, flat and
lax or sometimes stiff and involute; spike 2’-5’ long,
3-5" in diameter, usually long-exserted; spikelets
5-6” long, glabrous, the empty scales broad,
} strongly nerved, manifestly indurated at the thick-
ened curved base, muticous or more commonly
short-awned, the awn less than quarter as long as
|} the scale, the flowering scales muticous or short-
| awned as in the empty scales.

Low grounds, Saskatchewan to Iowa, Missouri and
Kansas. July—Sept.

GENUS 106. GRASS FAMILY.

7. Elymus jejunus (Ramaley) Rydb.
Western Wild Rye. Fig. 706.

Elymus virginicus jejunus Ramaley, Minn. Bot. Stud.
I: 114. 1894.
Elymus jejunus Rydb. Bull, Torr. Club 36: 539. 1909.
Culms 2°-4° tall, slender, smooth and glabrous;
sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades rough, flat,
up to 8 long and 5” wide; spikes 14’-4’ long,
5-6” in diameter, on long slender peduncles;
spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 6” long,
the empty scales indurated and somewhat curved
at the base, glabrous, linear, strongly nerved,
short-awned, the flowering scales hispidulous or
almost glabrous, bearing an awn equalling or
longer than themselves.

Along creeks and rivers in poor soil, Minnesota and
North Dakota to Nebraska. July and Aug.

grey-green, glaucous.

g. Elymus virginicus L. Terrell-grass. Vir-
ginia Wild Rye. Fig. 708.
Elymus virginicus L, Sp. Pl. 84. 1753.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, often
overlapping on the lower part of the culm, smooth,
sometimes pubescent, the uppermost often inflated and
enclosing the peduncle and the base of the spike;
ligule very short; blades 5’-14’ long, 2”-8” wide,
rough; spike 2’-7’ in length, broad, stout, upright;
spikelets divergent from the rachis, 2-3-flowered; empty
seales thick and rigid, lanceolate, 8-12” long, in-
cluding the short awn, 5-7-nerved; flowering scales
3-4” long, glabrous, bearing a rough awn 2”-6” in
length.

In moist soil, especially along streams, Nova Scotia to
Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft.
in North Carolina. Virginia Lyme-grass. July—Aug.

8. Elymus halophilus Bicknell.
Wild Rye.

Elymus halophilus Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 201.

Culms tufted, erect, rigid, 13°-2
brous; blades up to 6’ long and
rough, becoming involute when dry;
exserted, 14’-4’ long; empty scales
tenuate into a slender hispidulous
on the prominent nerves,

Salt marshes, Massachusetts to Staten Island.

291

Salt Marsh

1908,

tall; sheaths gla-
wide, stiff, erect,
spike erect, long-
long, at-
awn, hispidulous
the flowering scales 3/33”
long, papillose, attenuate into a slender hispidulous awn.

Plant

3)
\o
rs}

-—
—

SS

11. Elymus australis Scribn. & Ball. South-
Fig. 710.

ern Wild Rye.

Elymus australis Scribn. & Ball, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.

Agrost. 24: 46. f. 20. 1901.

Culms 3°-4° tall, erect; sheaths glabrous or hir-

°

sute; blades up to 1° long, 5-8” wide, rough,
sometimes hirsute on the upper surface; spike 4’—6’
long, 17-14’ in diameter over all, exserted; empty
scales thick, indurated and curved at the base, usu-
ally hirsute, long-attenuate into a long awn, the
flowering scales 4’-5” long, hirsute, bearing a_his-

pidulous awn 1-11’ long.

Moist woods and thickets, Connecticut to Missouri,
June-Aug.

south to Florida and Arkansas.

GRAMINEAE. Vou. I.

10. Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn. Strict Wild
Rye. Fig. 709.

Elymus canadensis var. intermedius Vasey ; Wats. & Coult.
in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 673. 1890.

Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 11:
58. 1898.

Culms erect from a perennial root, 2°-3° tall,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths longer than the inter-
nodes, smooth, the uppermost often inflated and en-
closing the base of the spike; ligule a short mem-
branous ring; blades 7-12’ long, 4’—-9” wide, acuminate,
very rough on both surfaces; spikes 23’-6’ long, stout,
the rachis pubescent; spikelets crowded, in pairs,
2-5-flowered; empty scales linear, 5’—6” long, thick,
3-5-nerved, the nerves hirsute, acuminate into a sca-
brous awn as long as or shorter than the scales; flow-
ering scales lanceolate, 5-nerved, appressed-hirsute,
4”-5"" long, acuminate into a rough awn 6-8” long.

River banks, Maine to Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri
and Nebraska. July—Aug.

12. Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. &
Ball. Smooth Southern Wild Rye. Fig. 711.

Elymus canadensis glabriflorus Vasey ; Dewey, Contr. U.

S. Nat. Herb. 2: 550. 18904.

Elymus glabriflorus Scribn. & Ball, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.

Agrost. 24: 40. f. 23. 1901.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, stout; sheaths glabrous or
hirsute; blades up to 1° long, 3-5” wide, flat or
nearly so, rough, sometimes sparsely hirsute on the
upper surface; spike 4’-6’ long, stout, sometimes
nodding; spikelets 2-3 at each node, the empty scales
thick, indurated and somewhat curved at the base,
strongly nerved, sometimes ciliate on the margins,
attenuate into a long hispidulous awn, the flowering
scales glabrous or hispidulous, bearing a long his-

’ pidulous awn. ;

Low woods. or thickets, Pennsylvania to Iowa, south

to Florida, Texas and New Mexico. June-Aug.

GENUS 106. GRASS FAMILY.

13. Elymus canadénsis L. Nodding Wild
Rye. Canada Lyme-grass. Fig. 712.

Elymus canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753.
Elymus glaucifolius Willd. Enum. 1: 131. 1809.
Elymus canadensis var. glaucifolius Torr. Fl. U. S. 1:

137. 1824.
Elymus robustus Scribn. & Sm, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.

Agric. 4: 37. 1897.

Culms 23°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths usually overlapping; ligule very
short; blades 4’-1° long or more, 2”-10” wide,
rough, sometimes glaucous; spike 4-12’ in length,
broad, stout, often nodding, its peduncle much ex-
serted; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 3-5-
flowered; empty scales narrowly lanceolate, rigid,
3-5-nerved, 8-16” long, including the long slender
rough awns; flowering scales 4-7” long, hirsute,
bearing a slender scabrous straight or divergent awn
10-25” in length.

On river banks, Nova Scotia to Alberta and Washing-

ton, south to New Jersey, West Virginia, Missouri and
Arizona. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. July—Aug.

14. Elymus brachystachys Scribn. & Ball.
Short-spiked Wild Rye. Fig. 713.

Elymus brachystachys Scribn. & Ball, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.
Agrost. 24: 47. f. 21. 1901.

Culms 1°-3° tall, erect; sheaths glabrous; blades up
to 8 long, 3-6” wide, rough, or sometimes smooth
below; spike 3’-6’ long, 17-14’ in diameter, long-
exserted; spikelets 3-5-flowered, in pairs, the empty
scales hispidulous, flat, narrowly lanceolate, 3-5-nerved,
attenuate into a hispidulous awn about three times
their length, the flowering scales glabrous or _his-
pidulous, bearing an awn 10-20” long.

Moist grounds, Maryland to Michigan, South Dakota,
Texas and Mexico. July and Aug. Figured in our first
edition as E. canadensis L. from which it is now dis-
tinguished.

15. Elymus striatus Willd. Slender Wild
Rye. Dennett-grass. Fig. 714.

Elymus striatus Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 470. 1797.

Elymus striatus var. villosus A. Gray, Man. 603. 1848.

Elymus striatus Ballii Pammel, Ia. Geol. Surv. Suppl.
Rep. 1903: 347. 1904.

Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth, |}
glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the inter-
nodes, glabrous or hirsute; ligule very short; leaves
5-9 long, 2-5” wide, smooth or slightly rough
beneath, pubescent above; spike 23’-4}’ in length,
broad, slender, dense; spikelets divergent from the
rachis, 1-3-flowered; empty scales awl-shaped,
9”-12” long, including the slender rough awn, 1-3-
nerved, hirsute; flowering scales about 3” long,
hirsute, bearing a slender rough awn 8”-15” in
length.

In woods and on banks, Maine to North Dakota, North
Carolina and Texas. Spike often nodding, June-July.

294 GRAMINEAE. Vor. I.

16. Elymus arkansanus Scribn. & Ball. Smooth
Slender Wild Rye. Fig. 715.
Elymus arkansanus Scribn. & Ball, Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.

Agrost. 24: 45. f. 19. 1901.

Culms 2°-3° tall, slender, erect; sheaths glabrous,
rarely the lower pubescent; blades up to 8’ long, 2-4”
wide, rough on the lower surface, appressed-pubescent
on the upper surface; spike 23-4’ long, nodding, long-
exserted; spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs, the empty scales
subulate, indurated at the base, hispidulous, attenuate
into a long awn; flowering scales glabrous or hispidulous,
bearing a straight hispidulous awn 10’—20” long.

In woods and on banks, New Jersey and Staten Island to
Iowa and Arkansas; also at Hot springs, South Dakota. July
and Aug. Figured in our first edition as &. striatus Willd.,
from which it is now distinguished.

y

17. Elymus diversiglimis Scribn. & Ball.

Various-glumed Wild Rye. Fig. 716.
Elymus diversiglumis Scribn. & Ball, Bull, U. S. Dep.

Agr. Agrost. 24: 48. f. 22. Igol.

Culms 23°-4° tall, stout, erect; sheaths glabrous;
blades up to 10’ long, 3-6” wide, rough; spike
4-6’ long, flexuous; spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs,
the empty scales subulate, variable in length, from
a short awn-like body up to 2’ long or more, the
flowering scales 4-5’ long, hispidulous and spar-
ingly hirsute, the hispidulous awn 10’—15” long.

Wisconsin and Minnesota to North Dakota and Wyo-
ming. July and Aug.

107. HYSTRIX Moench, Meth. 294. 1794.

Usually tall grasses, with flat leaf-blades and
terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, in
pairs, rarely in 3’s, at each node of the rachis.
Empty scales wanting, or sometimes appearing as
mere rudiments; flowering scales narrow, convolute,
rigid, rounded on the back, 5-nerved above, terminating in an awn; palet scarcely shorter than
the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong,
adhering to the palet when dry. [Greek name of the Porcupine, referring to the long awns.]

_ Four species, the following and a Californian one
in North America. Type species: Elymus Hystrix
ib

1. Hystrix Hystrix (L.) Millsp. Bottle-
brush Grass. Fig. 717.

Elymus Hystrix L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 124. 1762.
; Asprella Hystrix Willd. Enum. 132. 1809.
‘4 Gymnostichum Hystrix Schreb, Beschr. Gras. 2: 127.
pl. 47. 1810.
Hystrix Hystrix Millsp. Fl. W. Va. 474. 1892.

Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the in-
ternodes; ligule very short; blades 43’-9’ long,
3-6” wide, smooth beneath, rough above;
spike 3’-7’ in length; spikelets at length widely
spreading, 4-6” long, exclusive of the awns;
empty scales awn-like, usually present in the
lowest spikelet; flowering scales 4-6” long,
acuminate into an awn about 1’ in length.

In rocky woods, New Brunswick to Ontario, south
to Georgia, Illinois and Nebraska. Spikelets easily
eee even when young. Bottle-rush. June—
uly.

GENUS 108. GRASS FAMILY. 295

108. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:73. 1803.

Arborescent or shrubby grasses, with simple or branched culms and flat short-petioled
leaf-blades which are articulated with the sheath. Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes,
2-many-flowered, large, compressed. Empty scales 1 or 2, the first sometimes wanting;
flowering scales longer, not keeled, many nerved; palets scarcely shorter than the scales,
prominently 2-keeled. Lodicules 3. Stamens 3. Styles 2 or 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain
furrowed, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [From Arundo, the Latin name of the Reed.]

About 24 species, of Asia and America. Type species: Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.

Spikelets borne on radical shoots of the year; culms 14° tall or less. 1. A. tecta.
Spikelets borne on the old culms, which are 16° tall or more. 2. A. macrosperma,

x. Arundinaria técta ( Walt.) Muhl. Scutch

Cane. Small Cane. Fig. 718.

Arundo tecta Walt. Fl. Car. 81. 1788
Arundinaria tecta Muhl. Gram. 191. 1817.

Culms 3°-14° tall, erect, shrubby, branching
at the summit, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
longer than the internodes, smooth or rough,
ciliate on the margins; ligule bristly; blades
lanceolate, 33’-8’ long, 4-12” wide, flat, more
or less pubescent beneath, glabrous above; ra-
cemes terminal, or on short leafless culms;
spikelets 7-10-flowered, 17-14’ long, on pedicels
1 in Jength or less, which are sometimes pu-
bescent; empty scales unequal, the first usually
very small, sometimes wanting; flowering scales
6-10” long, acute or acuminate.

In swamps and moist soil, Maryland to Indiana,
Missouri, Florida and Texas. Switch-cane. Reed.
Cane-brake. May-July.

2. Arundinaria macrospérma Michx. Giant
Cane. Fig. 710.
A. macrosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 74. 1803.
Culms woody, 16°-30° tall, finally branched above;
sheaths ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous;
blades lanceolate, smooth or roughish, 1° long or
less, the larger 10’-15” wide, those on the ultimate
divisions smaller and crowded at the summit of the
branches; inflorescence on the old wood, the spike-
lets 14’-24’ long, on slender more or less_ leafy
branches, the flowering scales glabrous or hirsute,
acuminate.

Forming “cane brakes” along rivers and swamps,
Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana, and along the
Mississippi River and its tributaries as far north as
Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri. May-July.

Family 11. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 1: 62. 1805.
SepGE FAmMILy.

Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Stems (culms) slender, solid (rarely hollow),
triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Roots fibrous (many species peren-
nial by long rootstocks). Leaves usually with closed sheaths. Flowers perfect
or imperfect, arranged in spikelets, one (rarely 2) in the axil of each scale (glume,
bract), the spikelets solitary or clustered, 1-many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or
spirally imbricated, persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed of
bristles, or interior scales, rarely calyx-like, or entirely wanting. Stamens 1-3,
rarely more. Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled,
sessile or stipitate. Ovule 1, anatropous, erect. Style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple
or minutely 2-toothed. Fruit an achene. Endosperm mealy. Embryo minute.

296 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

About 75 genera and 3200 species, widely distributed. The dates give time of perfecting fruit.
* Fertile flowers perfect.
+ Basal empty scales of the spikelets none, or not more than 2 (except in Eriophorum).
Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked ; bristles none.
Spikelets with only 1 perfect flower. 1. Kyllinga.
Spikelets with 2 to many perfect flowers. 2. Cyperus.
Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated.
Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on the achene.
Spikelet 1 ; culm leafless ; bristles usually present. 3. Eleocharis.
Spikelets several or numerous; culms leaf-bearing ; bristles none. 4. Stenophyllus.
Base of the style not persistent as a tubercle. :
Flowers without any inner scales.

Base of the style swollen; bristles none. 5. Fimbristylis.
Base of the style not swollen; bristles usually present.
Bristles 6 to many, silky, much elongated. 6. Eriophorum.
Bristles short, or little elongated, smooth or barbed. 7. Scirpus.

Flowers with 1 or more inner scales.
Flowers with 3 broad, stalked scales alternating with barbed bristles. 8. Fuirena.
Flowers with 1 or 2 hyaline scales; bristles none.
Flowers with 2 convolute inner scales. 9. Lipocarpha.
Flowers with a single minute inner scale. 10. Hemicarpha.
77 Basal empty scales of the spikelets 3 or more.
Style 2-cleft.
Spikelets breaking up into 1-fruited joints; bristles present; scales 2-ranked, 11. Dulichium.
Rachis of the spikelets not jointed, persistent ; scales spirally imbricated.
Spikelets flattened, clustered in a single involucrate head; bristles none. 12. Dichromena.
Spikelets not flattened, variously clustered,

Spikelets few-flowered ; bristles usually present. 13. Rynchospora.
Spikelets many-flowered ; bristle none. 14. Psilocarya.
Style 3-cleft ; bristles none. 15. Mariscus.
** All the flowers imperfect.
Pistillate flower subtended by a flat scale ; achene bony. 16. Scleria.
Pistillate flower enclosed in a perigynium or enwrapped by a concave or convolute scale.
Pistillate flower partly enwrapped by a scale. 17. Kobresia,
Pistillate flower wholly enclosed by a perigynium.
Leaves more than one, with sheath, ligule and midvein, 18. Carex.
Leaf one, without sheath, ligule or midvein. 19. Cymophyllus.

,
Te) KYIELINGA, Rotth: Descrtz Teo 12a pigeon 3:

Annual or perennial sedges, with slender triangular culms, leafy below, and with 2 or
more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the strictly sessile, simple or compound
dense head of spikelets. Spikelets numerous, compressed, falling away from the axis of
the head at maturity, consisting of only 3 or 4 scales, the 1 or 2 lower ones small and empty,
the middle one fertile, the upper empty or staminate. Joints of the rachis wingless or nar-
rowly winged. Scales 2-ranked, keeled. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. tyle 2-cleft, decid-
uous from the summit of the achene. Achene lenticular. [In honor of Peter Kylling, a
Danish botanist of the seventeenth century.]

About 45 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, 2 others
occur in the southern United States. Type species: Kyllinga monocéphala Rottb.

1. Kyllinga pumila Michx. Low Kyl-
linga. Fig. 720.
Kyllingia pumila Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 28. 1803.

Annual, culms densely tufted, filiform, erect
or reclined, 2’-15’ long, mostly longer than
the leaves. Leaves light green, roughish on
the margins, usually less than 1” wide, those
of the involucre 3-5, elongated, spreading or
reflexed: head oblong or ovoid-oblong, 3”-4”
long, simple or commonly with 1 or 2 smaller
ones at the base; spikelets about 14” long,
flat, 1-flowered, the 2 empty lower scales more
or less persistent on the rachis after the fall
of the rest of the spikelets; scales ovate, acumi-
nate or acute, thin, about 7-nerved, the fertile
one with a rough keel; stamens 2; style 2-cleft ;
achene lenticular, obtuse.

In moist or wet soil, Delaware to Florida, IIli-
nois, Kansas, Texas and Mexico; West Indies and
tropical continental America. Aug.—Sept.

GENUS 2. SEDGE FAMILY. 297
2. CYPERUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 44. 1753.

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms in our species simple, triangular, leafy near the
base, and with 1 or more leaves at the summit, forming an involucre to the simple or com-
pound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays of the umbel sheathed at the base,
usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes commonly sessile. Spikelets flat
or subterete, composed of few or many scales, the scales falling away from the wingless or
winged rachis as they mature (nos. 1-23), or persistent and the spikelets falling away
from the axis of the head or spike with the scales attached (nos. 24-37). Scales concave,
conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower I or 2 empty. Flowers
perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the
lenticular or 3-angled achene. [Ancient Greek name for these sedges.]

About 600 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following,
some 50 others occur in the southern United States. The English names Galingale or Galangal
and Sweet Rush are sometimes applied to all the species. Type species: Cyperus esculentus L.

*Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, not 3-angled ; scales falling from the rachis ; spikelets flat.
Achene one-half as long as the scale; umbel nearly or quite simple.
Spikelets yellow ; superficial cells of the achene oblong. 1. C. flavescens.
Spikelets green or brown; superficial cells of the achene quadrate.
Scales obtuse or obtusish, appressed.

Scales membranous, dull; style much exserted. 2. C. diandrus.
Scales subcoriaceous, shining ; style scarcely exserted. 3. C. rivularis.
Scales acute, somewhat spreading at maturity.
Achene narrowly obovate ; spikelets ya" —-1'4’ long. 4. C. filicinus.
Achene linear-oblong ; spikelets 3”-9” long.
Scales ovate, brownish ; umbel usually subcapitate. 5. C. microdontus.
Scales oblong-lanceolate, greenish; umbel usually loose. 6. C. paniculatus.
Achene nearly as long as the scale; umbel sometimes much compound. 7. C. sabulosus.

** Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled.
Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened spikelets.
Wings of the rachis, if present, permanently adnate to it.
Scales tipped with recurved awns ; low annual, 1’—6’ tall. 8. C. inflexus.
Scales acute or obtuse, not awned.
Wings of the rachis none or very narrow.
Stamens 2 or 3; spikelets linear- oblong, 2¥2”-12” long.
Annual; culms smooth, 2’~20’ long.
Scales sharply acuminate. 9g. C. compressus.
Scales blunt, mucronulate. 10. C. Iria.
Perennial; culms 1°-2%° tall.
Heads oblong; spikelets erect or ascending; culms rough. 11. C. Schweinitzii.
Heads short; spikelets more or less spreading; culms smooth.

Scales broadly ovate; achene 1” long. 12. C. Houghtoni.
Scales oblong-ovate; achene 114” long. 13. C. Bushii,
Stamen 1; spikelets ovate, 2”—4” long.
Tall perennial; achene linear; scales acutish. 14. C. pseudovegetus.
Low annual; achene oblong; scale-tips recurved. 15. C. acuminatus.
Wings of the rachis distinct.
Low annual, adventive from Europe; scales brown. 16. C. fuscus.
Tall indigenous perennials (no, 17 sometimes annual ?).
Lower leaves reduced to pointed sheaths. 17. C. Haspan,
Leaves all elongated-linear.
Scales mucronate, reddish brown or green. 18. C. dentatus.

Scales acute or obtuse, not mucronate.
Scales wholly or partly purple-brown; achene linear.

Scales tightly appressed. 19. C. rotundus.
Tips of the scales free. 20. C. Hallii.
Scales straw-colored; achene obovoid. 21. C. esculentus.
Wings of the rachis separating from it as interior scales; annuals.
Spikes loose; spikelets 3’—10” long. 22. C. erythrorhizos.

Spikes dense, cylindric; spikelets 112”-2%” long. 23. C. Halei.
Baiketees falling away from the axis of the spikes, the lower pair of scales commonly persistent.
Annuals; spikelets elongated, nearly terete.
Scales imbricated or but slightly distant ; achene obovoid.
Scales thin, dull brown; spikelets slender. 24. C. speciosus.
Scales rigid, yellow-brown ; spikelets stout. 25. C. ferox.
Scales very distant; achene linear- oblong; spikelets very slender. 26. C. Engelmanni.
Perennial by hard, tuber-like basal corms, spikelets more or less flattened.
Achene narrowly linear-oblong, 3-4 times as long as thick.

Spikelets flat, several-many-flowered. 27. C. strigosus.
Spikelets subterete, few-flowered.
Spikelets 6”—1 2” long, loosely spicate, the lower reflexed. 28. C. refractus.
Spikelets 114”-6” long, densely capitate or spicate.
Spikelets all reflexed ; culms rough. 29. C. retrofractus.

Spikelets spreading or obovoid, the lower reflexed ; culms smooth.
Heads oblong or cylindric.
Spikelets 2”-5” long, at least the lower reflexed.
Head oblong or short-cylindric; lower spikelets reflexed.
30. C. lancastriensis,
Head obovoid; all but the upper spikelets reflexed.
gi. C. hystricinus.

295 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

”

Spikelets 114-2” long, the lower spreading. 32. C. Torreyt.
Heads globose. 33. C. ovularis.
Achene oblong or obovoid, about twice as long as thick.
Rachis wingless or very narrowly winged.

Heads globose. 34. C. filiculmis.

Heads oblong. 35. C. cayennensis.
Rachis-wings membranous, broad.

Scales firm, not appressed ; spikelets loosely capitate. 36. C. Grayi.

Scales thin, closely appressed ; spikelets densely capitate. 37- C. globulosus.

1. Cyperus flavéscens L. Yellow Cyperus.
Galingale. Fig. 721.

Cyperus flavescens L. Sp. Pl. 46. 1753.

Annual, culms very slender, tufted, leafy below,
3-12’ tall, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves
wide, smooth, the longer usually exceeding
the inflorescence; clusters terminal and sessile or on
1-4 short rays; spikelets in 3’s—6’s, linear, subacute,
yellow, many-flowered, flat, 4’-9” long, 13”-2” broad;
scales ovate, obtuse, 1-nerved, appressed, twice as long
as the orbicular-ovate black obtuse lenticular shining
achene; stamens 3; style deeply 2-cleft, its branches
slightly exserted; superficial cells of the achene ob-
long.

In marshy ground, New York to Michigan, Florida,
Mexico and Costa Rica. Also in the Old World, in Ber-
muda, Cuba and Dominica. Reported from Maine.
Aug.—Oct.

2. Cyperus fener Torr. Low Cyperus.
Fig. 722.
Cyperus diandrus Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y. 90. 18109.

Cyperus diandrus elongatus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club
Ig: 226. 1892.

Annual, culms tufted, slender, 2-15’ tall. Leaves
about 1” wide, those of the involucre usually 3, the
longer much exceeding the spikelets; clusters sessile
and terminal, or at the ends of 1-3 rays; spikelets
4-9” long, linear-oblong, acute, flat, many-flowered ;
scales ovate, green, brown, or with brown margins,
obtuse, I-nerved, appressed, membranous, dull;
stamens 2 or 3; style 2-cleft, its branches much ex-
serted; achene lenticular, oblong, subacute, gray,
not shining, one-half as long as the scale, its super-
ficial cells quadrate, about as long as wide.

In marshy places, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south
to South Carolina and Kansas. Cypress-grass. Galin-
gale or Galangal. Aug.—Oct.

3. Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Shining Cyperus.
Fig. 723.

Cyperus rivularis Kunth, Enum. 2: 6. 1837.
Cyperus diandrus var. (?) castaneus Torr. Ann, Lyc. N. Y.
3: 252. 1836. Not C. castaneus Willd. 1798.

Similar to the preceding species, culms slender,
tufted, 4’-15’ tall. Umbel usually simple; spikelets
linear or linear-oblong, acutish, 4’—10” long; scales
green or dark brown or with brown margins, appressed,
firm, subcoriaceous, shining, obtuse; stamens mostly 3;
style 2-cleft, scarcely exserted; achene oblong or
oblong-obovate, lenticular, somewhat pointed, dull, its
superficial cells quadrate.

In wet soil, especially along streams and ponds, Maine to
southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Missouri, North
Carolina and Kansas. Aug.—Oct.

GENUS 2. SEDGE FAMILY.

4. Cyperus filicinus Vahl. Nuttall’s Cyperus.
Fig. 724.

Cyperus filicinus Vahl, Enum. 2: 332. 1806.
C. Nuttallii Eddy ; Spreng. Neue Entd. 1: 240. 1820.

Annual, culms slender, tufted, 4’-18’ tall, equalling
or often longer than the leaves. Leaves of the invo-
lucre 3-5, spreading, the larger often 5’ long; umbel
simple or slightly compound, 3-7-rayed; spikelets
rather loosely clustered, linear, very acute, flat,
spreading, 3’-14’ long, 1-13” wide; scales yellowish-
brown with a green keel, oblong, acute, rather loosely
spreading at maturity; stamens 2; style 2-cleft, its
branches somewhat exserted; achene lenticular, nar-
rowly obovate, obtuse or truncate, dull, light brown,
one-third to one-half as long as the scale, its super-
ficial cells quadrate.

Salt marshes, Maine to Mississippi. Also in Bermuda.

5. Cyperus microdontus Torr. Coast Cyperus.
Big. 725.
Cyperus microdontus Torr. Ann, Lye. N. Y.3: 255. 1836.

Annual, similar to the preceding species, culms
very slender, tufted, sometimes 20’ high, usually
lower. Leaves about 1” wide, those of the involucre
much elongated; umbel commonly simple, sessile,
capitate, or I-6-rayed; spikelets linear, acute, 3-9”
long, less than 1” wide, yellowish-brown; scales
ovate, acute, brownish, thin, appressed when young,
spreading at maturity; stamens 2; style 2-cleft, its
branches much exserted; achene lenticular, linear-
oblong, short-pointed, light brown, one-half as long
as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate.

In wet soil, on or near the coast, New Jersey to Florida
and Texas. Aug.—Oct.

6. Cyperus paniculatus Rottb. Panicled
Cyperus. Fig. 726.

Cyperus paniculatus Rottb. Descr. & Icon. 40. 1773.
Cyperus Gatesii Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.3: 255. 1836.

Annual; bright green; culms tufted, slender,
5 dm. high or less, bluntly 3-angled. Leaves
mostly shorter than the culm, 2” wide or less,
sometimes very narrow, those of the involucre
3-5, usually much elongated; umbel 2-8-rayed,
the rays often 2’ long; spikelets linear or linear-
lanceolate, 3-74” long, about 4” wide, greenish-
yellow; scales acute, oblong to oblong-lanceolate ;
achene oblong, 4” long, about one-half as long
as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate.

Moist soil, Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and
Texas. Also in tropical America. Aug.—Oct.

390 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

7. Cyperus sabulosus Mart. & Schrad. Elegant Cyperus. Fig. 727.

Cyperus flavicomus Vahl, Enum. 2: 360. 1806. Not Michx.

Pycraeus sabulosus Mart. & Schrad.; Mart. Fl. Bras. 21:
Io. 1842.

Cyperus sabulosus Mart. & Schrad.; Boeckl. Linnaea 35:
468. 1867-68.

Annual, culms stout or slender, 1°-3° tall, leafy be-
low. Leaves smooth, or rough-margined, 2”-3” wide,
those of the involucre 3-8, the longer ones much ex-
ceeding the inflorescence; umbels few-several-rayed,
often compound; primary rays 4’—23’ long; spikelets
numerous, usually densely clustered, linear, acute,
4-10” long, 1-14” wide, flat, many-flowered, spread-
ing; scales oblong, obtuse, thin, dull, yellowish-brown,
scarious-margined, faintly 3-nerved; stamens 3; style
2-cleft, little exserted; achenes obovate, lenticular,
black, mucronate, not shining, nearly as long as the
scales and often persistent on the rachis after these
have fallen away.

In wet or moist sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and
Louisiana. Also in Brazil, Aug.—Oct.

8. Cyperus infléxus Muhl. Awned Cyperus.
Fig. 728.
Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Gram. 16. 1817.

Cyperus aristatus Boeckl. Linnaea, 35: 500, in part. 1868.
Not Rottb. 1773.

Annual, culms slender or almost filiform, tufted, 1’-6’
tall, about equalled by the leaves. Leaves 1” wide or less,
those of the involucre 2-3, exceeding the umbel; umbel
sessile, capitate, or I-3-rayed; spikelets linear-oblong,
6-10-flowered, 2’-3” long; scales light brown, lanceolate,
rather firm, strongly several-nerved, tapering into a long,
recurved awn, falling from the rachis at maturity; stamen
1; style 3-cleft; rachis narrowly winged, the wings per-
sistent; achene 3-angled, brown, dull, narrowly obovoid
or oblong, obtuse, mucronulate.

In wet, sandy soil, New Brunswick to the Northwest Terri-

tory and British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas, California
and Mexico, Fragrant in drying. July—Sept.

g. Cyperus compréssus L. Flat Cyperus. Fig. 720.
Cyperus compressus L. Sp. Pl. 46. 1753.

Annual, tufted, culms slender, erect or reclining,
smooth, 3-10’ long. Leaves light green, about 1” wide,
those of the involucre 2-3, the longer exceeding the
spikelets; umbel capitate or with 2-3 short rays; spike-
lets narrowly lanceolate, acute, 4-10” long, 13’-2”
wide, very flat, many-flowered; scales light green with
a yellow band on each side, ovate, acuminate, firm,
keeled, several-nerved, falling away from the narrowly-
winged rachis at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
achene sharply 3-angled, obovoid, obtuse, dull, brown,
about one-third as long as the scale.

In fields and waste places, southern New York to Florida,
west to Missouri and Texas. Also in tropical America and
in the warmer parts of Asia and Africa. Aug.—Oct.

Le

GENUS 2. SEDGE FAMILY.

10. Cyperus Iria L. Yellow Cyperus. \\
Fig. 730.

Cyperus Iria L. Sp. Pl. 45. 1753. |

Annual with fibrous roots; culms tufted,
4-20 tall, 3-angled. Basal leaves 17-33”
wide, shorter than the culm or equalling it,
those of the involucre similar, the longer ones
surpassing the inflorescence; umbel several-
rayed, usually compound; spikelets numerous, \
spicate, narrowly oblong, 2”-6” long, about 1”
wide, flattened, several-many-flowered; rachis
nearly wingless; scales obovate, yellow to
yellow-brown, blunt, mucronate, 3-5-nerved on
the back; stamens 2 or 3; achene oblong-
obovoid, trigonous, about 34” long.

Cultivated ground, Hempsted, Long Island;
swamps, North Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Naturalized from Asia.

C. Schweinitzii Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 276. 1836.

Perennial by the thickened corm-like bases of the
culms, tufted, culms rather slender, rough, at least
above, 1°-23° tall, about equalled by the light green
leaves. Leaves 1-23” wide, rough-margined,
those of the involucre 3-7, erect, the longer exceed-
ing the inflorescence; umbel simple, 3-9-rayed, the
rays erect, sometimes 4’ long; spikelets flat, in
rather loose ovoid spikes, which are sessile and at
the ends of the rays, linear-oblong, 6-12-flowered,
4-8” long; scales convex, light green, ovate, acute
or acuminate, 9-13-nerved, falling away from the
rachis at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene
sharply 3-angled, oblong, brown, acute at each end,
nearly as long as the scale, its superficial cells
quadrate.

In sandy soil, especially along lakes and streams, west-

ern New York and southern Ontario to the Northwest
Territory, Iowa, Minnesota and Missouri. Aug.—Oct.

12. Cyperus Houghtoni Torr. Houghton’s
Cyperus. Fig. 732.
C. Houghtoni Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 277. 1836.

Perennial by tuber-like corms, culms very slender,
smooth, erect, 1°-2° tall. Leaves shorter than the culm,
1” wide or less, smooth, those of involucre 3-5, the
longer much exceeding the umbel; umbel simple, 1-5-
tayed, the rays mostly short, their sheaths 2-toothed;
spikelets loosely capitate, linear, compressed, acute,
4-8” long, about 1” wide, 11-15-flowered, falling away
from the axis when mature; scales chestnut brown,
firm, somewhat spreading, shining, oblong, obtuse, trun-
cate or apiculate, strongly about 11-nerved; rachis very
narrowly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene
broadly oblong, less than twice as long as_ thick,
3-angled, brown, apiculate, nearly as long as the scale.

Tn sandy soil, Massachusetts to Manitoba, Virginia, Mich-
igan and Wisconsin. July—Aug.

302 CYPERACEAE. Vor. 1.

13. Cyperus Bushii Britton. Bush’s
Cyperus. Fig. 733.

Cyperus Bushii Britton, Man. 1044. 1901.

Perennial by tuber-like corms. Leaves
13-2” wide, smooth; culms smooth, 1°-2°
high, longer than the leaves; longer involucral
bracts much exceeding the umbel; umbel
capitate, or with 1-5 rays; spikelets loosely
capitate, flat, linear, acute, 4-8” long; scales
firm, shining, oblong, mucronate, strongly about
1I-nerved falling away from the persistent axis
of the spikelet at maturity; achenes oblong,
3-angled, nearly twice as long as thick, apicu-
late, two-thirds as long as the scale, some-
times persistent after the scales fall.

} Sandy soil, Minnesota to Idaho, Missouri, Texas
and Colorado. Resembling C. filiculmis, but the
axis of the spikelet is persistent after the scales
fall away. July—Sept.

14. Cyperus pseudovégetus Steud. Marsh
Cyperus. Fig. 734.
Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 24. 1855.
Cyperus calcaratus Nees; S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6,

570. 1890.

Perennial by thickened tuber-like joints of the root-
stocks, culm rather stout, 1°-4° high, often equalled by
the leaves. Leaves 13’-2” wide, smooth, nodulose, the
midvein prominent; leaves of the involucre 4-6, spread-
ing, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence;
umbel several-rayed, compound, the primary rays often
4 long; spikelets ovate, flat, many-flowered, light green,
densely capitate, 2’-3” long; scales keeled, condupli-

wn

cate, I-nerved, curved, acute, longer than the linear i iy

3-angled slightly stalked achene; stamen1; style 3-cleft. 1 i HN
In marshes, New Jersey to Florida, Kentucky, Missouri, 2D HIN
Kansas and Texas. = X

Also in the Bahamas. July—Sept.

ee

15. Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Short-
pointed Cyperus. Fig. 735.

Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 435.

1836.

Annual, culms very slender, tufted, 3-15’ tall, longer
than or equalling the leaves. Leaves light green, usu-
ally less than 1” wide, those of the involucre much
elongated; umbel 1-4-rayed, simple; rays short; spike-
lets flat, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2’-4” long, many-
flowered, densely capitate; scales oblong, pale green,
3-nerved, coarsely cellular, conduplicate, with a short
sharp more or less recurved tip; stamen 1; style 3-cleft;
achene sharply 3-angled, gray, oblong, narrowed at each
end, about one-half as long as the scale.

In moist soil, Illinois to South Dakota, Louisiana, Iowa.
Kansas, Texas, Oregon and California. July—Oct.

GENUS 2. SEDGE FAMILY. 393

16. Cyperus fuscus L. Brown Cyperus.
Fig. 736.
Cyperus fuscus L. Sp. Pl. 46. 1753.

Annual, culms slender, tufted, 6-15’ high, longer
than or equalled by the leaves. Leaves rather dark
green, about 1” wide, those of the involucre 4-6,
the longer much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel
several-rayed, somewhat compound, the rays short;
spikelets linear, 2-7” long, less than 1” wide, many-
flowered, acute; scales ovate, subacute, becoming
dark brown or remaining greenish on the keel, faintly
about 3-nerved on the back, separating from the nar-
rowly winged rachis as they mature; stamens 2 or 3;
style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, pointed
at each end, nearly as long as the scale.

Waste grounds and in ballast, eastern Massachusetts to
New Jersey and Maryland. Adventive from Europe.
July—Sept.

2
Rey

17. Cyperus Haspan L. Sheathed Cyperus. Fig. 737.
Cyperus Haspan L. Sp. Pl. 45. 1753.

Perennial by short rootstocks (sometimes an-
nual?), roots fibrous, culms slender, weak, tufted,
1°-3° high. Lower leaves reduced to membranous
acuminate sheaths, those of the involucre about 2,
usually less than 1” wide, commonly little exceed-
ing or shorter than the inflorescence; umbel several-
rayed, simple or compound, the longer rays 1-2’
long; spikelets few, capitate, linear, acute, many-
flowered, 3-6” long, about 4” wide; scales oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, reddish-brown, acute, mucron-
ulate, keeled, 3-nerved; rachis narrowly winged;
stamens 3; style 3-cleft, scarcely exserted; achene
3-angled, broadly obovoid, obtuse, nearly white, very
much shorter than the scale.

In swamps, Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly
near the coast. Also in tropical America and in the

warmer parts of Europe, Asia and Australia. A long
basal leaf is rarely developed. July—Sept.

18. Cyperus dentatus Torr. Toothed Cyperus. Fig. 738.

Cyperus dentatus Torr. Fl. U.S. 1: 61. 1824.
C. dentatus ctenostachys Fernald, Rhodora 8: 126. 1906,

Perennial by scaly rootstocks which sometimes bear
small tubers, culms rather stiff, 820’ tall, longer than
or equalled by the leaves. Leaves keeled, 1-2” wide,
those of the involucre 3-4, one or two of them usually
exceeding the inflorescence; umbel several-rayed, some-
what compound; longer rays 1’-3’ long; spikelets linear,
very flat, many-flowered, mostly blunt, 5-10” long,
nearly 2” wide; scales light reddish-brown, ovate-
lanceolate, thin, keeled, 5-7-nerved, mucronate, separat-
ing from the rachis when mature, their tips spreading,
causing the spikelet to appear toothed; stamens 3; style
3-cleft, the branches exserted; achene 3-angled, obtuse,
mucronate, light brown, much shorter than the scale.

In sandy swamps and on shores, Maine to northern New
York, West Virginia and South Carolina. Scales often
modified into tufts of small leaves. Aug.-Oct,

304 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

1g. Cyperus rotundus L. Nut-grass. Fig. 739.

Cyperus rotundus L. Sp. Pl. 45. 1753.
Cyperus Hydra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 27. 1803.

Perennial by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks, culm
rather stout, 6-20’ high, usually longer than the
leaves. Leaves 14-3” wide, those of the involucre
3-5, the longer equalling or exceeding the inflores-
cence; umbel compound or nearly simple, 3-8-rayed,
the longer rays 2’-42’ long; spikelets linear, closely
clustered, few in each cluster, acute, 4-10” long,
1-13” wide; scales dark purple-brown or with green
margins and center, ovate, acute, closely appressed
when mature, about 3-nerved on the keel; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft, its branches exserted; achene 3-angled,
about one-half as long as the scale.

In fields, Virginia to Florida, Missouri, Kansas and
Texas. Adventive in southern New York and in ballast
deposits at eastern seaports. Tropical America, and the
Old World. A troublesome weed in the South. Coco-
grass, Round-root. July—Sept.

20. Cyperus Hallii Britton. Hall’s Cyperus. Tig. 740.
C. Hallii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 211. 1886.

Perennial by scaly rootstocks, culm rather stout,
2°-3° tall, about equalled by the leaves. Basal leaves
2”-3” wide; involucral leaves 3-6, the longer very
much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel compound, its
longer rays 3-4’ long, the raylets sometimes 1’ long;
spikelets numerous, loosely clustered, linear, 7—15-
flowered, 5-8” long, 1’-13” wide; involucels seta-
ceous; scales ovate, acute, strongly 7-9-nerved, dark
reddish-brown or with lighter margins, their tips not
appressed; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its branches much
exserted; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, about one-
half as long as the scale.

Kansas and Oklahoma to Texas. July—Sept.

21. Cyperus esculéntus L. Yellow Nut-grass. Fig. 741.

Cyperus esculentus L. Sp. Pl. 45. 1753.
Cyperus phymatodes Muhl. Gram. 23. 1817.
Cyperus esculentus angustispicatus Britton, Bull. Torr.

Club 13: 211. 1886.

Perennial by scaly horizontal tuber-bearing root-
stocks, culms usually stout, 1°-23° tall, commonly
shorter than the leaves. Leaves light green, 2”-4”
wide, the midvein prominent; those of the involucre
3-6, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel
4-Io-rayed, often compound; spikelets numerous in
loose spikes, straw-color or yellowish-brown, flat, spread-
ing, 6-12” long, 1-13” wide, many-flowered; scales
ovate-oblong, subacute, 3-5-nerved; rachis narrowly
winged ; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obtuse,
3-angled.

In moist fields, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Nebraska,
Florida and Texas. Also on the Pacific Coast from Cali-
fornia to Alaska, in tropical America, and widely distrib-
uted in the Old World. Sometimes a troublesome weed.
The species consists of numerous races, differing in length
and width of spikelets. Edible galingale. Earth-almond.
Rush-nut. Aug.—Oct.

GENUS 2. SEDGE FAMILY. 395

22. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Red-rooted Cyperus. Fig. 742.

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl, Gram. 20. 1817.

Annual, culms tufted, stout or slender, 3’-2° tall.
Leaves 13-4” wide, rough-margined, the lower
longer than or equalling the culm, those of the in-
yolucre 3-7, some of them 3-5 times as long as the
inflorescence; umbel mostly compound, several-rayed ;
spikelets linear, subacute, 3’—-10” long, less than 1”
wide, compressed, many-flowered, clustered in oblong,
nearly or quite sessile spikes; scales bright chestnut
brown, oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, appressed,
separating from the rachis at maturity, the mem-
branous wings of the rachis separating as a pair of
hyaline interior scales; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, pointed at both ends,
pale, one-half as long as the scale.

In wet soil, especially along streams, southern Ontario
to Massachusetts, Florida, Minnesota, Kansas, Texas and
California, Aug.—Oct.

23. Cyperus Halei Torr. Hale’s Cyperus.
Fig. 743.
C. Halei Torr. ; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 213. 1886.

Annual, culm stout, 2°-3° tall, about equalled by
the leaves. Leaves 3-4” wide, very rough-margined,
those of the involucre 5-8, much elongated; umbel
compound, several-rayed; spikes cylindric, sessile or
very nearly so, exceedingly dense, 4-1’ long; spike-
lets very numerous, linear, 14”-24” long, 4” wide,
spreading; scales brown, keeled, indistinctly 5-nerved,
oblong, mucronulate, separating from the rachis at
maturity, the wings of the rachis separating as a
pair of hyaline scales, as in the preceding species;
stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, minute.

In swamps, southern Missouri to Tennessee, Louisiana
and Florida. July—Sept.

24. Cyperus speciosus Vahl. Michaux’s
Cyperus. Fig. 744.

Cyperus speciosus Vahl, Enum. 2: 364. 1806.
C. Michauxianus Schult. Mant. 2: 123. 1824.

Annual, culms usually tufted, 172° tall,
reddish toward the base. Leaves rough-mar-
gined, 14’—24” wide, shorter than or equalling
the culm, the midvein prominent; leaves of
the involucre much exceeding the umbel; um-
bel compound or nearly simple, 3-7-rayed, the
primary rays 4’-53’ long; involucels narrow;
spikelets subterete, very narrowly linear,
loosely or densely clustered, 4”-12” long, less
than 1” thick, 10-30-flowered, falling away
from the axis at maturity; scales dull brown
or reddish, thin, densely imbricated, ovate, ob-
tuse or acute, faintly 3-5-nerved on the back;
rachis-wings broad, clasping the achene, per-
sistent; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, slightly ex-
serted; achene pale, 3-angled, about one-
half as long as the scale.

In marshes, Massachusetts to Ohio and South
Dakota, south to Florida, Kansas, Texas and Cali-
fornia. July-Sept. Sometimes flowering when 1’
high ; variable in the overlapping of the scales.

20

CYPERACEAE. Vo. I.

25. Cyperus férex L. C. Richard. Coarse
Cyperus. Fig. 745.
Cyperus ferax L. C. Rich, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat.

Paris 1: 106. 1792.

Annual, closely related to the preceding
species, but with smooth-margined, shorter and
broader leaves, those of the involucre some-
times but little exceeding the inflorescence, the
scales of the spikelets less imbricated. Umbel
simple or somewhat compound, often compact,
the rays mostly short; spikelets linear, sub-
terete, 10-20-flowered, 8-12” long, about 1”
thick, falling away from the axis at maturity;
scales ovate-oblong, appressed, slightly or
scarcely imbricated, obtusish or acute, rather
firm, green and 7-9-nerved on the back, yel-
lowish on the sides; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
rachis broadly winged; achene 3-angled, nar-
rowly obovoid, obtuse.

In wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida. Cali-

fornia, and widely distributed in tropical America,
Aug.-Oct.

26. Cyperus Engelmanni Steud. Engelmann’s
Cyperus. Fig. 746.
Cyperus Engelmanni Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 47. 1855.

1°

Annual, culms slender, 6’—23° tall. Leaves elongated,
2”-3” wide, flaccid, roughish on the margins, those of
the involucre 4-6, the longer exceeding the umbel;
umbel often compound, the raylets very short; spikelets
often densely crowded, very narrowly linear, subterete,
6-12” long, 5-15-flowered; rachis narrowly winged;
scales greenish-brown, oblong, obtuse, thin, faintly
3-5-nerved on the back, distant, the successive ones on
each side of the spikelet separated by a space of about
one-half their length; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene
linear-oblong, 3-angled, two-thirds as long as the scale.

In wet soil, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Wis-
consin, south to New Jersey and Missouri. Aug.—Oct.

~~

27. Cyperus strigdsus 1. Straw-colored
Cyperus. Fig. 747.
Cyperus strigosus L. Sp. Pl. 47. 1753
C. strigosus capitatus Boeckl. Linnaea 36: 347.
1869-70.
C. strigosus compositus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club
13: 212. 1886.
C. strigosus robustior Kunth, Enum, 2: 88. 1837.
Perennial by basal tuber-like corms, culm
rather stout, 1°-3° tall. Leaves somewhat
rough-margined, 2-3’ wide, the longer ones
of the involucre much exceeding the umbel;
umbel several-rayed, compound or nearly
simple, some of the primary rays often 4’-6’
long, their sheaths terminating in 2 bristles;
involucels setaceous; heads oblong to sub-
globose; spikelets flat, linear, 3-12” long, 1”
wide or less, 7-25-flowered, separating from
the axis at maturity; scales straw-colored,
oblong-lanceolate, subacute, strongly several-
nerved, appressed, or at length somewhat
spreading; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene
linear-oblong, 3-angled, acute, about one-third
as long as the scale.
¥ In moist meadows, swamps or along streams,
Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Lank galingale. Nut-grass. Ground-moss.
Contains several races, differing in size, length of rays, length and width of spikelets. Aug.—Oct.

Z_=
—SSS—

"2

LZ=EA-

———>s

=

,
.)

GENUS 2. SEDGE FAMILY. 3°7

28. Cyperus refractus Engelm. Reflexed Cyperus. Fig. 748.
C. refractus Engelm.; Boeckl. Linnaea 36: 369. 1869-70.

Perennial by tuber-like corms, culm stout, smooth,
1°-3° tall. Leaves 23-4” wide, rough-margined,
elongated; umbel 6-13-rayed, usually compound, the
longer rays sometimes & long, their sheaths terminat-
ing in I or 2 short teeth; involucels setaceous; raylets
filiform; spikelets very narrowly linear, loosely spicate,
acute, flattish, 5’-12” long, 4” thick, 3-6-flowered, the
upper spreading, the lower reflexed; scales yellowish-
green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, closely appressed,
g-1i-nerved, thin; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its branches
much exserted; achene narrowly linear, obtuse, apicu-
late, about 5 times as long as thick, and one-half as
long as the scale.

In dry fields, New Jersey to Georgia, Missouri and Texas.
July-Sept.

2g. Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torr. Rough Cyperus. Fig. 749.

Scirpus retrofractus L. Sp. Pl. 50. 1753.
Cyperus retrofractus Torr.; A. Gray, Man. 519. 1848.
Cyperus dipsaciformis Fernald, Rhodora 8: 127. 1906.
Perennial by tuber-like corms, culm slender, rough-
puberulent, at least above, mostly longer than the pu-
berulent leaves, 1°-3° tall. Leaves 14-24” wide, those
of the involucre 4-7, the longer not greatly exceeding
the umbel; umbel simple; rays very slender, nearly
erect, or spreading, 2-6’ long, their sheaths 2-toothed;
heads oblong or obovoid; spikelets linear-subulate,
3-6” long, about 4” thick, 1-3-flowered, all soon
strongly reflexed; flowering scales lanceolate, acute,
the upper one subulate, all strongly several-nerved;
stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear, 3-angled, obtuse,
apiculate, two-thirds as long as the scale.

In dry, sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, west
to Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. July—Sept.

30. Cyperus lancastriénsis Porter. Lancaster Cyperus. Fig. 750.
C. lancastriensis Porter; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 555. 1867.

Perennial by ovoid or oblong corms, culm slender,
smooth, mostly longer than the leaves, 1°-23° tall.
Leaves 2-3’ wide, those of the involucre 4-7, the
longer much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel simple,
5-9-rayed, the longer rays 2’-4’ long, their sheaths
nearly truncate; heads oval, obtuse, 4’-1’ long; spike-
lets densely clustered, 4-5” long, linear, subterete,
2-4-flowered, the lower reflexed, the middle ones spread-
ing, all separating from the axis at maturity; scales
green, strongly several-nerved, the flowering ones lan-
ceolate, subacute; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene
linear, obtuse, apiculate, 2-3 times as long as thick,
two-thirds as long as the scale.

In dry fields, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Georgia,
Missouri and Alabama. July-Sept.

CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

31. Cyperus hystricinus Fernald.
Bristly Cyperus. Fig. 751.

Cyperus hystricinus Fernald, Rhodora 8: 127.
1906.

Perennial by corms and _ rootstocks;
culms rather stout, smooth throughout, 3°
tall or less. Leaves -smooth, 1-3” wide,
the basal ones shorter than the culm, those
of the involucre about as long as the umbel;
rays 14 or fewer, the longer 7’ long or less;
heads obovoid, or obovoid-cylindric, 4/13’
long; spikelets yellowish-brown, subulate,
2”-4” long, the uppermost spreading, all
the others strongly reflexed, bearing I or 2
achenes; fertile scales strongly nerved;
stamens 3; achene linear, trigonous, about
14” long, 3-4 times as long as the scale.

Dry sandy soil, New Jersey and eastern
Pennsylvania to Georgia and Texas. Except
for the smooth culm and leaves closely re-
sembling C. retrofractus. July—Sept.

32. Cyperus Torreyi Britton. Pine-barren
Cyperus. Fig. 752.

Mariscus cylindricus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 74. 1816.
Cyperus cylindricus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 6: 339. 1879.

Not Boeckl. 18509.
C. Torreyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 215. 1886,

Perennial by small hard corms, culms slender, smooth,
usually tufted, 4-18’ tall, longer than the leaves. Leaves
smooth, 1-14” wide, the longer ones of the involucre
much exceeding the umbel; umbel simple, several-
rayed, the rays short, or the longer 1-—2}’ long, the
sheaths 2-toothed; heads very dense, cylindric, 3-3’
long, 2”-4” in diameter; spikelets 13’—2” long, flattish,
1-2-flowered, spreading or the lower reflexed; scales
green, oblong; rachis winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, apiculate, slightly more
than one-half as long as the scale.

In sandy pine barrens and on the sea shore, southern New
York to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. July—Sept.

33. Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Globose Cyperus. Fig. 753.
SS

Kyliingia ovularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 29. 1803.
Cyperus ovularis Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 278. 1836.

Perennial by hard tuber-like corms, culms usually
strict, smooth, 8—23° tall, longer than the leaves.
Leaves smooth, 2’—3” wide, the longer ones of the
involucre exceeding the umbel; umbel mostly simple,
few-rayed, the rays rarely more than 23’ long; sheath
of the rays truncate or slightly toothed; heads globose
or sometimes a little longer than thick, 4”-7” in di-
ameter, very dense, the spikelets radiating in all direc-
tions; spikelets 2”—33” long, usually 3-flowered, separat-
ing from the axis and leaving a scar at maturity;
rachis winged; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse
or subacute, green, strongly several-nerved; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, 2-3 times
as long as thick.

In dry fields and on hills, southern New York to Florida,

west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas. Hedge-hog Club-rush,
July—Sept.

ee.

GENUS 2. SEDGE FAMILY. 309

34. Cyperus filicilmis Vahl. Slender Cyperus. Fig. 754.

Cyperus filiculmis Vahl, Enum, 2: 328. 1806. G
C. filiculmis macilentus Fernald, Rhodora 8: 128. 1906. : Vz
C. macilentus Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 478. 1908. :

Perennial by hard oblong corms, culm smooth, slen-
der or almost filiform, ascending or reclined, 6’-18’
long, usually longer than the rough-margined leaves.
Leaves 1-2” wide, keeled, those of the involucre, or
some of them, much exceeding the inflorescence;
spikelets densely clustered in 1-7 globose heads, linear,
acute, 4-11-flowered, subterete or compressed, 14’’-6”
long, 1” wide or less; rachis wingless; scales ovate,
acute or obtuse, pale green, strongly 7-11-nerved,
appressed; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong or
obovoid, 3-angled, obtuse, apiculate, dull gray, two-
thirds as long as the scale, about twice as long as thick.

In dry fields and on hills, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota,
Florida, Kansas, Texas and Mexico. June—-Aug. In its
northern range the spikelets are fewer-flowered than in
the south.

35. Cyperus cayennénsis (Lam.) Britton.
Cayenne Cyperus. Fig. 755.

Kyllingia cayennensis Lam, Ill. 1: 149. 1791.

Mariscus flavus Vahl, Enum. 2: 374. 1806.

C. flavus Boeckl. Linnaea 26: 384. 1869-70.

C. cayennensis Britton, Bull. Dept. Agric. Jam. 5:
Suppl. 1, 8. 1907.

Perennial by short rootstocks; culms trigonous,
smooth, 2° high or less. Leaves flat, 2-34” wide,
the basal ones often as long as the culm, the largest
one of the involucre sometimes half as long; spike-
lets 23” long or less, yellowish, turgid, spicate, the
spikes oblong, mostly sessile in a terminal cluster,
5-8” long, obtuse; scales ovate, striate, the lowest
persistent; style 3-cleft; achene trigonous, oblong-
obovoid, about half as long as the scale.

Waste grounds, Camden, N. J., Philadelphia, Penna.,

and in the southern states. Adventive from tropical
America.

36. Cyperus Grayi Torr. Gray’s Cyperus.
Fig. 756.
Cyperus Grayi Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 268. 1836.

Perennial by thick hard oblong or ovoid corms,
culms tufted, ascending or reclined, stiff, smooth, very
slender, 6’-20’ long. Leaves shorter than the culm,
bright green, 1” wide or less, those of the involucre
4-8, the longer somewhat exceeding the umbel; umbel
4-10-rayed, simple, the longer rays 3’-4’ long; sheaths
of the rays truncate or nearly so; spikelets 24’-5”
long, loosely capitate, compressed, linear, rigid, spread-
ing; scales green, ovate, obtuse or subacute, strongly
13-15-nerved, rather widely spreading when old; joints
of the rachis broadly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft:
achene oblong or oblong-obovoid, obtuse, apiculate,
about two-thirds as long as the scale.

In sands of the sea shore and in pine barrens, New
Hampshire to Florida. July—Sept.

310 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

37. Cyperus globulosus Aubl. Baldwin’s Cy-
perus. Fig. 757.

C. globulosus Aubl. Pl. Guian. 1: 47. 1775.
Mariscus echinatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 75. 1816,
Cyperus Baldwinit Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 270. 1836.
Cyperus echinatus Wood, Class-book 734. 1863.

Perennial by tuber-like corms, culm slender, smooth,
erect, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves pale
green, 12’-2” wide, those of the involucre 5-10, the
longer usually much exceeding the umbel; umbel
simple, 6-13-rayed, the rays filiform, their sheaths
short, mucronate; spikelets 2-3 long, linear, flat,
densely or loosely capitate in globose heads; scales thin,
pale green, appressed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 9—13-
nerved, with narrow scarious margins; joints of the
rachis broadly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene
oblong-obovoid, obtuse, one-half as long as the scale,
about twice as long as thick.

In dry soil, sometimes a weed in cultivated fields, Vir-
ginia to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. Also in Ber-
muda and in tropical America. July—Aug.

3. ELEOCHARIS R. Pr. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 224. 1810.

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms simple, triangular, quadrangular, terete, flattened or
grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest very rarely blade-bearing. Spikelets
solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended by an involucre. Scales con-
cave, spirally imbricated all around. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed,
wanting in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-cleft and achene lenticular or biconvex, or
3-cleft and achene 3-angled, but sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid.
Base of the style persistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal tubercle.
[Greek, referring to the growth of most of the species in marshy ground.]

About 140 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the
southern and western parts of North America. Type species: Scirpus palustris L.

1. Spikelet scarcely or not at ali thicker than the culm; scales coriaceous.
Culm stout ; spikelet many-flowered.

Culm terete, nodose, 1. E. interstincta.
Culm quadrangular, continuous. 2. E. mutata.
Culm slender, triangular, continuous; spikelet few-flowered, subulate. 3. E. Robbinsii.

2. Spikelet manifestly thicker than the culm (except in No. 13); scales membranous.
*Style mostly 2-cleft ; achene lenticular or biconvex.
Upper sheath scarious, hyaline; plants perennial by slender rootstocks,
Scales pale green or nearly white; achene 4” long. 4. E. flaccida.
Scales dark reddish-brown; achene %” long. 5. E. olivacea.
Upper sheath truncate, oblique or toothed, not scarious.
Annual, with fibrous roots.
Achene jet black.
Culms 17-3’ tall; achene 14” long; bristles 2-4.
Culms 3/10’ tall; achene 1%” long; bristles 5-8.
Achene pale brown.
Spikelet ovoid or oblong.

. alropurpurea,
. capitata,

Be
hh

Tubercle narrower than the top of the achene. 8. E. ovata.
Tubercle about as broad as the top of the achene, 9. E. obtusa, x
Spikelet oblong-cyliridric ; tubercle broad, low. 10. E. Engelmanni.
Perennial by horizontal rootstocks.
Scales pale green to straw-color. 11. E. macrostachya,

Scales brown to purple-brown.

Tubercle flattened-conic; spikelet thicker than the culm. E. palustris.
Tubercle swollen, bulb-like ; spikelet not thicker than the culm. 13. E. Smallii.
**Style 3-cleft ; achene 3-angled or turgid.

Achene reticulated or cancellate. : J
Spikelet compressed; culm filiform. 14. E. acicularis.
Spikelet terete; culm slender. aoe

Achene transversely cancellate; bristles none. 15. E. Wolfi.
Achene reticulated; bristles present, stout. F
Tubercle conic, smaller than the achene. 16. E. simplex.
Tubercle cap-like, as large as or larger than the achene. 17. E. tuberculosa.
Achene smooth or papillose.
Achene smooth, white; culms capillary. 18. E. Torreyana.
Achene papillose or smooth, brown, black or yellow.
Tubercle depressed or short-conic,
Achene smooth.
Tubercle flat, covering the top of the black achene. 19. E. melanocarpa.
Tubercle ovoid-conic, acute, contracted at the base. 20. E. albida,
Achene papillose. .
Achene 3-ribbed on the angles. 21. E. tricostata,

Achene obtuse-angled, not ribbed.

| Scirpus equisetoides Ell. Bot. S.C. & Ga. 1: 79. 1816.

wee

a

—

=

GENUS 3. SEDGE FAMILY. 311

Culms filiform ; scales obtuse. 22. E, tenuis.
Culms flat ; scales acute. 23. E. acuminata.
Tubercle subulate or narrowly pyramidal.
Culms filiform, wiry, densely tutted, 4’—10’ long. 24. E. intermedia.
Culms flattened, slender, 1°-2° long. 25. E. rostellata,

1. Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) R. & S.
Knotted Spike-rush. Fig. 758.

Scirpus interstinctus Vahl, Enum. 2: 251. 1806,

Eleocharis interstincta R. & S. Syst. 2: 148. 1817.
Eleocharis equisetoides Torr. Am, Lyc. 3: 296. 1836.

Perennial by stout rootstocks, sometimes tuber-
iferous; culms terete, hollow, nodose, papillose, 13°-3°
tall, the sterile ones sharp-pointed. Sheaths oblique,
membranous, brown or green, the lower sometimes
bearing short blades; spikelet terete, cylindric, many-
flowered, subacute, 1-13’ long, 2” in diameter, not
thicker than the culm; scales ovate, orbicular or obo-
vate, obtuse or the upper acute, narrowly scarious-
margined, faintly many-nerved, persistent; bristles
about 6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, as long as the body
of the achene or shorter; stamens 3; style 3-cleft,
exserted; achene obovoid, brown, shining, with minute
transverse ridges, obtusely trigonous, 2 or 3 times as
long as the conic acute black tubercle.

In water, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Florida, the West
Indies and Mexico. July—Sept.

2. Eleocharis mutata (L.) R. & S. Angled Spike-rush. Fig. 759.

Scirpus mutatus L. Am. Acad. 5: 391. 1760.

Scirpus quadrangulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 30. 1803.
Eleocharis quadrangulata R. & S. Syst. 2: 155. 1817.
Eleocharis mutata R, & S. Syst. 2: 155. 1817.

Perennial by stout rootstocks, sometimes tuberif-
erous; culms sharply 3-4-angled, stout, not nodose,
papillose, 2°-4° tall. Sheaths purplish-brown or green,
membranous, sometimes bearing short blades; cpikelet
terete, acute, cylindric, 1-2’ long, 2” in diameter,
many-flowered, about as thick as the culm; scales coria-
ceous, broadly ovate or obovate, obtuse or the upper
subacute, scarious-margined and sometimes with a nar-
row brown band within the margins, faintly many-
nerved, persistent; bristles about 6, rigid, retrorsely
barbed, about as long as the achene; stamens 3; style
3-cleft; achene obovoid, biconvex or slightly angled on
the back, minutely cancellate, about twice as long as
the conic acute tubercle.

In ponds, streams and swamps, Massachusetts to New
Jersey, Ontario, Michigan, Alabama, Missouri, Texas and
Guatemala. West Indies and South America. July—Sept.

3. Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins’ Spike-rush.
Fig. 760.

Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes, Hovey’s Mag. 7: 178. 1841.

Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms slender, 3-angled,
continuous, 6’-2° long, sometimes producing numerous fili-
form flaccid sterile branches from the base. Sheaths ap-
pressed, obliquely truncate; spikelet subulate, few-flowered,
not thicker than the culm, 6-10” long, 1” in diameter; scales
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, strongly
concave, faintly several-nerved, persistently clasping the
tachis, narrowly scarious-margined; style 3-cleft; bristles 6,
equalling the achene and tubercle, retrorsely barbed; achene
obovoid, light brown, biconvex or very obtusely angled on the
back, somewhat longer than the conic-subulate flattened tu-
bercle, which has a raised ring around its base.

In shallow water, Nova Scotia to Michigan, south to Florida.
Aug.-Sept.

312 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

4. Eleocharis flaccida (Rchb.) Urban. Pale Spike-rush. Fig. 761.

Scirpus flaccidus Rchb.; Spreng. Tent. Suppl. 3: 1828.

Eleogenus ochreatus Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: Part 1, 102.
1842.

Eleocharis ochreata Steud. Syn. Pi. Cyp. 79. 1855.

Eleocharis flaccida Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 165. 1go00.

Perennial by very slender rootstocks, culms very
slender, or filiform, erect, pale green, 3-angled, 2’—10’
tall. Upper sheath with a white, hyaline, scarious
limb; spikelet oblong or ovoid, subacute, 2-3 times as
thick as the culm, about 2” long, 14” in diameter,
several-flowered; scales pale green, oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse or the upper acute, thin, hyaline with a faint
midvein; style 2-cleft; bristles about 6, slender, re-
trorsely barbed, as long as or somewhat longer than
the achene, or wanting; achene 4?” long, lenticular, obo-
vate, smooth, brown, 2-4 times as long as the conic
acute tubercle, which is often constricted at the base.

In’ wet soil, New Jersey and Delaware to Florida and Mis-
sissippi. Also in tropical America. Aug.—Sept.

Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 300. 1836.

Perennial by running rootstocks, often tufted and
matted, culms very slender, bright green, erect or re-
clining, flattened, 1-4’ long. Upper sheath with a
white hyaline limb; spikelet ovoid, acute or obtuse,
much thicker than the culm, several-many-flowered,
about 2” long, 1” in diameter; scales ovate, thin, acute,
reddish-brown, with a green midvein and _ narrow,
scarious margins; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; bristles 6-8,
slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene and
tubercle; achene obovoid, similar to that of the pre-
ceding species but twice as large, 3-4 times the length
of the conic acute tubercle.

In wet soil, Maine to southern Ontario, Michigan, Penn-
sylvania, South Carolina and Kansas. Aug.—Sept.

6. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz) Kunth. Purple Spike-rush. Fig. 763.

Scirpus atropurpureus Retz, Obs. 5: 14. 1789.
Eleocharis atropurpurea Kunth, Enum, 2: 151. 1837.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms tufted, very slender,
1-33’ high. Upper sheath 1-toothed; spikelet ovoid,
many-flowered, subacute, 14’—2” long, 1” in diameter or
less; scales minute, ovate-oblong, obtuse or the upper
acute, persistent, purple-brown with green midvein and
very narrow scarious margins; stamens 2 or 3; style
2-3-cleft; bristles 2-4, fragile, white, minutely down-
wardly hispid, about as long as the achene; achene jet
black, shining, 4” long, smooth, lenticular; tubercle
conic, minute, depressed but rather acute, constricted
at the base.

In moist soil, Nebraska and eastern Colorado to Central
America, east to Iowa and Florida; widely distributed in
tropical America, Europe and Asia. July—Sept.

—s

_

GENUS 3. SEDGE FAMILY. 313

7. Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. Capitate Spike-rush. Fig. 764.
Scirpus capitatus L. Sp. Pl. 48. 1753. 5
Eleocharis capitata R.Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1 1:225. 1810.
Eleocharis dispar E. J. Hill, Bot. Gaz. 7: 3. 1882.

E. capitata dispar Fernald, Rhodora 8: 129. 1906.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms densely tufted, nearly
terete, almost filiform, rather stiff, 2’-10’ tall. Upper
sheath 1-toothed; spikelet ovoid, obtuse, much thicker
than the culm, 14-23” long, 1-14” thick, many-
flowered; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, pale or
dark brown with a greenish midvein, narrowly scari-
ous-margined, persistent; stamens mostly 2; style
2-cleft; bristles 5-8, slender, downwardly hispid, as
long as the achene; achene obovate, jet black, smooth,
shining, nearly 4” long; tubercle depressed, apiculate,
constricted at the base, very much shorter than the
achene.

In moist soil, Maryland to Florida, west to Indiana and
Texas. Widely distributed in tropical regions. July—Sept.

Scirpus ovatus Roth, Catal. Bot. 1:5. 1797.
Eleocharis ovata R. & Si Syst 22162. 1807;
Eleocharis diandra Wright, Bull. Torr. Club 10: 101. 1883.
Annual, roots fibrous, culms tufted, slender or fili-
form, rather deep green, nearly terete, mostly erect,
2’-16' tall. Upper sheath 1- ee spikelet ovoid or
oblong, obtuse, many-flowered, 2-5” long, 1-13” in
diameter; scales thin, ebioneariiel very obtuse,
brown with a green midvein and scarious margins;
bristles 6-8, sometimes fewer or wanting, deciduous,
usually longer than the achene; stamens 2 or 3; style
2-3-cleft; achene pale brown, shining, lenticular, obo-
vate-oblong, smooth, 4” long or more; tubercle del-
toid or depressed, acute, about one-forth as long as
the achene and narrower.

In wet soil, New Brunswick to Ontario, Michigan and
Connecticut. Also in Europe. July—Sept.

g. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes.
Blunt Spike-rush. Fig. 766.

Scirpus obtusus Willd. Enum. 76. 1809.
Eleocharis obtusa Schultes, Mant. 2: 89. 1824.

E. obtusa jejuna Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 492.
1899.

Annual, with fibrous roots; culms tufted,
slender to filiform, 17-18’ long. Upper sheath
I-toothed; spikelet ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 1-64”
long, 1-24” thick, densely many-flowered; scales
broadly obovate, obtuse, brown with pale mar-
gins; achene pale brown, obovate, smooth, len-
ticular, about 4” long; tubercle deltoid or de-
pressed, nearly or quite as wide as the top of
the achene; bristles mostly longer than the achene.

In wet soil, Cape Breton Island to Minnesota,
<a Columbia, Florida, Texas and Oregon. July—
ept.

314

CY PERAGEAE, Vor. 1.

1o. Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. Engelmann’s Spike-rush. Fig. 767.

Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 79. 1855.
Eleocharis ovata var. Engelmanni Britton, Journ. N. Y.
Micros. Soc. 5: 103. 1889.
E. monticola Fernald, Proc. se Acad. 34: 496. 1899.
Annual, similar to the preceding species, but culms
commonly taller, sometimes 18’ high. Upper sheath
obliquely truncate or tI-toothed; spikelet oblong-
cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, obtuse or subacute, 2”-8”
long, 1-13” in diameter, many-flowered; scales pale
brown with a green midvein and narrow scarious
margin, ovate, obtuse, deciduous; style 2-cleft; bristles
about 6, not longer than the achene, or wanting; achene
broadly obovate, brown, smooth, lenticular; tubercle
broad, low, covering the top of the achene.

In wet soil, Massachusetts to Indiana, South Dakota,
Washington, New Jersey, Texas and California. July—Sept.

11. Eleocharis macrostachya Britton. Pale
Spike-rush. Fig. 768.

E. macrostachya Britton; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 18
1903.

i]
i}
Perennial by rootstocks, pale green. Culms |
tufted, rather stout, sometimes twisted, 4° high
or less; spikelet lanceolate-cylindric, about 1”
long or less, acute, many-flowered; scales oblong- |
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, light green to
straw-color, with a somewhat darker midvein;
bristles as long as the achene and tubercle, or
shorter, sometimes very short; style 2-cleft;
achene obovate, lenticular, 1.5 mm. long, brown,
the cap-like tubercle small, yellow.

In wet soil, Missouri to Louisiana, Nevada, Cali-
fornia and Jalisco. Aug—Sept.

12. Eleocharis palistris (L.) R.& S. Creeping Spike-rush. Fig. 769.

Scirpus palustris L. Sp. Pl. 47. 1753-

Eleocharis palustris R. & S. Syst. 2: 151. 1817.

Eleocharis palustris var. vigens Bailey; Britton, Journ.
N. Y. Micros. Soc. 5: 104. 1889.

E, glaucescens Willd. Enum. 76. 1809.

Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, culms stout or
slender, terete or somewhat compressed, striate, 14°-5°
tall. Basal sheaths brown, rarely bearing a short blade,
the upper one obliquely truncate; spikelet oblong to
ovoid-cylindric, 3-12” long, 14-2” in diameter, many-
flowered, thicker than the culm; scales ovate-oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, purplish-brown with scarious margin
and a green midvein, or pale green all over; bristles
usually 4, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the
achene and tubercle, sometimes wanting; stamens 2-3;
style 2-3-cleft; achene lenticular, smooth, yellow, over
3” long; tubercle conic-triangular, constricted at the
base, flattened, one-fourth to one-half as long as the
achene.

In ponds, swamps and marshes, Labrador to British Co-
lumbia, south to Florida, Texas and California. The spe-

cies consists of many races, the culms slender to stout, the tubercle narrow or quite broad. Also

in Europe and Asia.

Aglet-headed rush. Aug.—Sept.

_ GENUS 3. SEDGE FAMILY,

13. Eleocharis Smallii Britton. Small’s Spike-
rush. Fig. 770.

E, Smailii Britton, Torreya 3: 23. 1903.

Perennial by rootstocks; culms rather stout, about
2° high, and 1-14” thick; top of the basal sheath ob-
lique; spikelet cylindric to conic-cylindric, acute, about
8” long, about as thick as the culm; scales lanceolate-
oblong, acuminate; bristles very slender, equalling
the achene and tubercle or a little longer; achene
dark brown, obovate, turgid-lenticular, somewhat
shining, nearly 1” long, rounded at the top, the
tubercle bulb-like, constricted at the base, one-fourth
as long as the achene and about one-half as wide,
rather abruptly tipped.

< Valley of the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania. Aug.—
ept.

14. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Needle, or Least, Spike-rush. Fig. 771.
y Scirpus acicularits L. Sp. Pl. 48. 1753»
Eleocharis acicularis R. & S. Syst. 2: 154. 1817.

Perennial by filiform stolons or rootstocks,
culms tufted, finely filiform or setaceous, ob-
scurely 4-angled and grooved, weak, erect or
reclining, 2’-8’ long. Sheaths truncate; spikelet
compressed, narrowly ovate or linear-oblong,
acute, broader than the culm, 3-10-flowered,
14’-3” long, 4” wide; scales oblong, obtuse or
the upper subacute, thin, pale green, usually with
a narrow brown band on each side of the midvein,
deciduous, many of them commonly sterile;
bristles 3-4, fragile, fugacious, shorter than the
achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid-
oblong, pale, obscurely 3-angled with a rib on
each angle and 6-9 lower intermediate ribs con-
nected by fine ridges; tubercle conic, acute, one-
fourth as long as the achene.

In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia,
New Jersey, Missouri, Mexico and California. Also
in Europe and Asia. Sometimes entirely sterile.
July—Sept.

15. Eleocharis Wolfii A.Gray. Wolf’s Spike-
rush. Fig. 772.

Scirpus Wolfii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 77. 1874.
Eleocharis Wolfii A. Gray; Britton, Journ. N. Y. Micros.
Soc. 5: 105. 1880.

Perennial by short rootstocks, culms very slender,
erect, flattened and 2-edged, 8’-18’ tall. Upper sheath
oblique, scarious, hyaline-tipped; spikelet oblong or
ovoid-oblong, terete, acute, thicker than the culm,
2”-3” long, nearly 1” in diameter; scales ovate, obtuse
or the upper acute, thin, pale green with purplish-
brown, bands, tardily deciduous; bristles none (or
perhaps early deciduous) ; style 3-cleft; achene obo-
void, obscurely 3-angled, longitudinally 9-ribbed, the
ribs transversely connected by minute ridges; tubercle
depressed-conic, much shorter than the achene.

. wet meadows, Illinois, Minnesota and Iowa. June—
ug.

316 CYPERACEAE. Vot. I.

16. Eleocharis simplex (Ell.) A. Dietr. Twisted Spike-rush. Fig. 773.

Scirpus simplex Ell, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 76. 1816.
Scirpus tortiiis Link, Jahrb. 3: 78. 1820.
Eleocharis tortilis Schultes, Mant. 2:92. 1824.

Eleocharis simplex A, Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 78. 1833.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms tufted, filiform, sharply
3-angled, pale green, erect or reclining, twisting when old,
1°-12° long. Sheaths obliquely truncate, 1-toothed; spike-
let ovoid or oblong, subacute, several-flowered, 2’-3” long,
about 1” thick, much thicker than the culm; scales firm,
pale, ovate, mostly obtuse; bristles 4-6, rigid, retrorsely
barbed, about equalling the achene and tubercle; stamens
3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obscurely 3-angled,
strongly reticulated, longitudinally about 18-ribbed; tuber-
cle cap-like or conic, truncate at the base, one-fourth to
one-half as long as the achene.

In wet soil, New Jersey to Florida and Texas, near the coast.
July—Sept.

17. Eleocharis tuberculésa (Michx.) R. & S. Large-tubercled Spike-rush.
Fig. 774:
Scirpus tuberculosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 30. 1803.

Eleocharis tuberculosa R. & S. Syst. 2: 152. 1817.

Annual, culms tufted, slightly compressed, very
slender, rather stiff, striate, bright green, 8—2° tall.
Upper sheath obliquely truncate or 1-toothed; spike-
let ovoid, obtuse or subacute, many-flowered, 3/6”
long, nearly 2” in diameter; scales broadly ovate, ob-
tuse, pale greenish-brown with a darker midvein, broadly
scarious-margined, firm, tardily deciduous; bristles 6,
rigid, downwardly or rarely upwardly barbed, about as
long as the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; style
3-cleft; achene obovoid, pale, trigonous, strongly reticu-
lated, longitudinally about 18-ribbed; tubercle cap-like
or conic, nearly or quite as large as the achene.

In wet soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Florida and
Texas, near the coast. July—Sept.

18. Eleocharis Torreyana Boeckl. Torrey’s Spike-rush. Fig. 775.
) Eleocharis Torreyana Boeckl. Linnaea 36: 440. 1870.

Annual, culms finely filiform, densely tufted, some-
what 4-sided, erect or reclining, often proliferous by
developing secondary culms in the axils of the spike-
let, sometimes rooting at the summit, 2-8’ long. Upper
sheath obliquely truncate; spikelet oblong, subacute,
terete or nearly so, much thicker than the culm, many-
flowered, 13”-23” long; scales ovate, acute, brownish-
red with a green midvein and lighter margins, early
deciduous except the lowest which is commonly larger
than the others, persistent and bract-like; bristles 3-6,
slender, shorter than or equalling the achene; stamens
3; style 3-cleft; achene white, 3-angled, obovoid, smooth,
minute; tubercle conic-pyramidal, much shorter than
the achene.

In wet sandy soil, Connecticut to Florida and Texas, mostly
near the coast. Also in Cuba. Confused in the first edi-

tion of this work with E. microcarpa Torr. of the southern
states. June—Aug.

GENUS 3. SEDGE FAMILY. 317

19. Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. Black-fruited Spike-rush.

Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 311. 1836.

Perennial by short rootstocks, culms flattened, striate,
tufted, slender, erect, wiry, 10-20’ tall, sometimes prolif-
erous. Upper sheath truncate, 1-toothed; spikelet oblong
or cylindric-oblong, obtuse, 3-6” long, 13”-2” in diam-
eter, many-flowered, thicker than the culm; scales ovate,
obtuse, brown, with a lighter midvein and scarious mar-
gins; bristles 3-4, fragile, downwardly hispid, equalling or
longer than the achene, fugacious or perhaps sometimes
wanting; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, ob-
pyramidal, black, smooth, its superficial cells nearly quad-
rate; tubercle depressed, covering the summit of the
achene, light brown, pointed in the middle.

In wet sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island
= Florida, near the coast. Also in northern Indiana. Ju!ly—
ept.

Eleocharis albida Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 304. 1836.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms very slender, tufted,
nearly terete, striate, erect, 4-8’ tall. Upper sheath
very oblique and toothed on one side; spikelet ovoid-
globose or oblong, obtuse, 2-4” long, 14’-2” in di-
ameter, many-flowered, thicker than the culm; scales
pale green or nearly white, rather firm, ovate, obtuse,
deciduous; bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, per-
sistent, as long as the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
achene broadly obovoid, nearly black when ripe,
3-angled, smooth; tubercle ovoid-conic, contracted or
truncate at the base, about one-fourth as long as the
achene.

In wet soil, Maryland to Florida, Texas and eastern Mex-
ico, near the coast. Recorded from Jamaica. June—Aug.

21. Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Three-ribbed Spike-rush. Fig. 778.
Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 310. 1836.

Perennial by short rootstocks, culms very slender,
erect, compressed, striate, 1°-2° tall. Upper sheath
obliquely truncate, toothed on one side; spikelet oblong,
becoming oblong-cylindric, obtuse, many-flowered, 5’-9”
long, 1’-1}” in diameter; scales ovate, thin, deciduous,
obtuse, brown with a green midvein and scarious mar-
gins; bristles none; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene
obovoid, 3-angled, brown, dull, papillose, strongly ribbed
on each of its angles; tubercle conic, acute, light brown,
constricted at the base, minute, very much shorter than

the achene.

“In wet soil, eastern Massachusetts to southern New York
and Florida. July-Sept.

oe
m
oa)

CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

22. Eleocharis ténuis (Willd.) Schultes. Slender Spike-rush. Fig. 779.

Bi f

Scirpus tenuis Willd. Enum. 1: 76. 1809.
Eleocharis tenuis Schultes, Mant. 2: 92. 1824.

Eleocharis nitida Fernald, Rhodora 1: 76. 1906.

Perennial by rootstocks, culms tufted, filiform,
mostly erect, 4-angled with concave sides, 8-16’ tall.
Upper sheath obliquely truncate, toothed on one side;
spikelet narrowly oblong, mostly acute, many-flowered,
thicker than the culm, 3’-5” long, about 1” in diameter;
scales thin, obovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, the midvein
greenish, the margins scarious; bristles 2-4, shorter than
the achene, fugacious or wanting; achene obovoid,
obtusely 3-angled, yellowish-brown, papillose; stamens
3; style 3-cleft; tubercle conic, short, acute.

In wet soil, Cape Breton Island to Ontario and Manitoba,
south to Florida and Texas. The achenes are more or less

persistent on the rachis of the spikelet after the fall of the
scales. Poverty-grass. Kill-cow. May-July.

23. Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Flat-stemmed Spike-rush. Fig. 780.

Scirpus acuminatus Muhl. Gram. 27. 1817.
Eleocharis compressa Sulliv. Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 50. 1842.
Eleocharis acuminata Nees, Linnaea 9: 294. 1835.

Perennial by stout rootstocks, similar to the pre-
ceding species but stouter, culms flattened, striate,
slender but rather stiff, tufted, 82° tall. Upper sheath
truncate, sometimes slightly 1-toothed; spikelet ovoid
or oblong, obtuse, thicker than the culm, many-flowered,
3-6” long; scales oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
the lower obtusish, purple-brown with a greenish mid-
vein and hyaline white margins, deciduous; bristles 1-5,
shorter than or equalling the achene, fugacious, or
wanting; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, exserted; achene
obovoid, very obtusely 3-angled, light yellowish brown,
papillose, much longer than the depressed-conic acute
tubercle.

In wet soil, Anticosti to Manitoba, Washington, Georgia,

Louisiana, Missouri and Nebraska. Achenes persistent on
the rachis as in E, tenuis. June—Aug.

24. Eleocharis intermédia (Muhl.) Schultes. Matted Spike-rush. Fig. 781.

Scirpus intermedius Muhl. Gram. 31. 1817.

Eleocharis intermedia Schultes, Mant. 2: 91. 1824.

4 E. intermedia Habererit Fernald, Rhodora 8: 130. 1906.
E, Macounii Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 497. 1899.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms filiform, densely tufted,
reclining or ascending, grooved, 4’-12’ long. Upper
sheath obliquely truncate, toothed on one side; spikelet
ovoid-oblong, acute, 8-20-flowered, thicker than the
culm; scales oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the upper
subacute, light purple-brown with a green midvein,
tardily deciduous or the lower one persistent; bristles
persistent, downwardly barbed, longer than the achene
and tubercle, sometimes wanting; stamens 3; style
g 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, obovoid, light brown, finely
reticulated; tubercle conic to conic-subulate, very acute,
one-fourth to one-half as long as the achene.

In marshes, Quebec to Minnesota, south to New Jersey,
Ohio, Illinois and Iowa. July—Sept.

»— ie

ve

. flattened, wiry, the fertile erect or ascending, the

GENUS 3. SEDGE FAMILY. 319

25. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Beaked
Spike-rush. Fig. 782.

Scirpus rostellatus Torr. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 3: 318. 1836,
Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 347. 1843.

Perennial by a short caudex, culms slender,

sterile reclining and rooting at the summit, grooved,
1°-5° long. Upper sheath truncate; spikelet oblong,
narrowed at both ends, thicker than the culm,
10-20-flowered, 3-6” long, about 1” in diameter;
scales ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, green with a
somewhat darker midvein, their margins slightly
scarious; bristles 4-8, retrorsely barbed, longer than
the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
achene oblong-obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, its surface
finely reticulated; tubercle conic-subulate, about one-
half as long as the achene or shorter, capping its
summit, partly or entirely falling away at maturity.

In marshes and wet meadows, New Hampshire, Ver-

mont and New York to British Columbia, Florida, Texas,
Mexico and California. Also in Cuba. Aug.—Sept.

4. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Neog. 4. 1825.

Mostly annual sedges, with slender erect culms, leafy below, the leaves narrowly linear
or filiform, with ciliate or pubescent sheaths. Spikelets umbellate, capitate or solitary, sub-
tended by a 1-several-leaved involucre, their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly
deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, glabrous,
its base much swollen and persistent as a tubercle on the achene as in Eleocharis. Achene
3-angled, turgid or lenticular. [Greek, referring to the narrow leaves.]

A genus of some go species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, 6
others occur in the southern United States. Type species: Scirpus stenophyllus Ell.

1. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton.
Hair-like Stenophyllus. Fig. 783.

Scirpus capillaris L. Sp. Pl. 49. 1753.

Fimbristylis capillaris A. Gray, Man. 530. 184

8.
Stenophyllus capillaris Britton, Bull, Torr. Club
21: 30. 18094.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms filiform, densely
tufted, erect, grooved, smooth, 2’-10’ tall.
Leaves filiform, roughish, much shorter than
the culm, their sheaths more or less pubescent
with long hairs; involucral leaves 1-3, seta-
ceous, shorter than, or one of them exceeding
the inflorescence; spikelets narrowly oblong,
somewhat 4-sided, 24’-4” long, less than 1”
thick, several in a terminal simple or compound,
sometimes capitate, umbel, or in depauperate
forms solitary; scales oblong, obtuse or emar-
ginate, puberulent, dark brown with a green
keel; stamens 2; style 3-cleft; achene yellow-
brown, narrowed at the base, very obtuse or
truncate at the summit, 3?” long, 3-angled, trans-
versely wrinkled; tubercle minute, depressed.

In dry or moist soil, Maine to southern Ontario,

Minnesota, Florida, Texas, California and tropical
America. July-Sept.

5. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl, Enum. 2: 285. 1806.

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or capitate,
terete, several to many-flowered, subtended by a 1-many-leaved involucre, their scales spirally
imbricated all around, mostly deciduous, all fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style
2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its base much enlarged, falling away from the summit of
the achene at maturity. Achene lenticular, biconvex, or 3-angled, reticulated, cancellate, or
longitudinally ribbed or striate in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the fringed style of
some spccies.]

320 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

A large genus, the species about 125, widely distributed. Besides the following, some 5 others
occur in southern and western North America. Type species: Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl.

Style 2-cleft ; achene lenticular or biconvex.
Culms 83° tall; spikelets umbellate; style mostly pubescent.
Perennial ; leaves involute.
Scales glabrous.
Scales chestnut-brown, shining, coriaceous.
Scales yellow-brown, membranous, dull. . F. interior.
Scales, at least the lower, pubescent or puberulent. . F. puberula.

1. F. castanea.
2
3
Annual; roots fibrous; leaves flat. 4. F. Baldwiniana.
5
6
7

Culms 1/4’ tall, very slender; spikelets capitate; style glabrous below. . F.Vahlii.

Style 3-cleft ; achene 3-angled. ; :
a abel mostly simple; spikelets ovoid to oval; achene reticulated.

L . F. geminata.
Umbel mostly compound; spikelets linear; achene smooth or nearly so.

. F. autumnalis,

1. Fimbristylis castanea (Michx.) Vahl. Marsh Fimbristylis. Fig. 784.

Scirpus castaneus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 31. 1803.
Fimbristylis castanea Vahl, Enum. 2: 292. 1806.
F spadicea castanea A, Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 566. 1867.

Perennial by a thickened base, glabrous, culms
stiff, slender, 3-angled, wiry, 1°-3° tall, usually
longer than the strongly involute rigid leaves.
Leaves about 1” wide when unrolled, their sheaths
often brown; leaves of the involucre 3-6, erect,
the longer sometimes exceeding the usually com-
pound umbel; umbel several-rayed, the rays
nearly erect, 2-6’ long; central spikelets of the
umbels and umbellets sessile, the others pedicelled;
spikelets ovoid or ovoid-cylindric, acute, 23-6”
long, about 1” in diameter; scales oval, obovate,
or orbicular, obtuse or orbicular, obtuse or sub-
acute, coriaceous, glabrous, dark brown with a
green midvein; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; achene
lenticular, obovate, brown, reticulated.

WER 2 In marshes and shallow water, New York to Flor-
it ida, along the coast. Bermuda. Erroneously referred
AWS in first edition to the tropical American F, spadicea

a N SY (L.) Vahl, which has longer spikelets. July—Sept.

3

2. Fimbristylis intérior Britton, n. sp.
Plains Fimbristylis. Fig. 785.

Perennial, with short stolons, the base of
the culm slightly thickened. Culms loosely
tufted to solitary, very slender, smooth,
striate, somewhat compressed, 1°-2° high;
leaves rough-margined, involute, at least
toward the tip, 1” wide or less, shorter
than the culms; bracts of the involucre mostly
shorter than the umbel, ciliate; umbel a little
compound, its rays filiform; spikelets few to
several, ovoid to ovoid-oblong, acutish, 5”
long or less, many-flowered; scales yellow-
brown, ovate, striate, mucronate or the
lower ones awned, glabrous, dull; stamens 3;
achene broadly obovate, blunt, cancellate in
many rows, chestnut-brown, nearly 3” long.

Colorado and Nebraska to Texas. Type col-
lected by Geo. E. Osterhout at Sterling, Logan
County, Colorado, Aug. 13, 1896.

GENUS 5. SEDGE FAMILY.

3. Fimbristylis pubérula ( Michx.) Vahl.
Hairy Fimbristylis. Fig. 786.
Scirpus puberulus Michx, Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 31.

1803.
F, puberula Vahl, Enum, 2: 289. 1806,

Perennial by stout rootstocks, culms slender,
3-angled, 82° tall, usually exceeding the leaves.
Leaves involute, less than 1” wide when un-
rolled, often more or less pubescent, their
sheaths green; leaves of the involucre 2-4, short;
umbel simple or compound, the rays 4’-2’ long;
central spikelets sessile; spikelets oblong, ob-
tuse or subacute, 3-5” long, 17-14” in di-
ameter; scales thin, brown with a lighter
midvein, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular,
dull, puberulent, obtuse or mucronate; stamens
2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate or oblong,

biconvex, pale brown, longitudinally striate

and reticulated.

Fields and meadows, southern New York to
Florida and Louisiana. Also
Michigan and Illinois to Kansas and Texas. Mis-
taken in our first edition for F. castdnea. July-

Sept.

from Ontario,

F, Baldwiniana Torr. Ann, Lye. N. Y. 3: 344. 1836.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms slender, flattened,
striate, densely tufted, erect or ascending, 2’-15’ long,
usually longer than the leaves. Leaves flat, about
4” wide, glabrous or sparingly ciliate, pale green and
appearing glaucous, those of the involucre 3-5, one
of them often exceeding the umbel; umbel simple or
slightly compound, the central spikelet sessile; spike-
lets ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 3-6” long, about 1” in
diameter; scales ovate, thin, pale greenish-brown, sub-
acute or mucronulate; stamen 1; style 2-cleft, pubes-
cent; achene biconvex, obovoid, light brown, longi-
tudinally ribbed, the ribs tubercled and connected by
very fine cross-lines.

In moist soil, southern Pennsylvania to Florida, west to

Illinois, Missouri and Texas. Included in our first edi-
tion in the southern and tropical American F. Jaxa Vahl.

July—Sept.
Ng

\ & t
5. Fimbristylis Vahlii (Lam.) Link. Vahl’s
Fimbristylis. Fig. 788.

Scirpus Vahlii Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 139. 1701.
F, Vahlii Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 287. 1827.
F. congesta Torr. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 3: 345. 1836.
Annual, culms very slender, densely tufted, com-
pressed, striate, erect or ascending, 1-4’ high, longer
than or equalling the leaves. Leaves setaceous or
almost filiform, rough, those of the invyolucre 3-5,
erect, much exceeding the simple capitate cluster ot
3-8 spikelets; spikelets oblong-cylindric, obtuse,
2”-4” long, about 4” thick, many-flowered; scales
lanceolate, pale greenish-brown, acuminate; stamen
I; style 2-cleft, glabrous below; achene minute
biconvex, yellowish-white, cancellate by longitudina
and transverse ridges.
In moist soil, Missouri to Texas, east to North Caro-

lina and Florida. California, Central and South America,
Also in ballast about the eastern seaports. July—Oct.

2I

¢

CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

ios)
iS}
te

Ae NY 6. Fimbristylis geminata (Nees) Kunth.
Low Fimbristylis. Fig. 789.

— Trichelostylis geminata Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2':
. 80. 1842.
in F, Frank Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 111. 1855.
F, Frankii brachyactis Fernald, Rhodora 11: 180,
1909.

Annual, tufted, glabrous, low, 6-8 high or
less. Culms very slender, compressed ; basal leaves
about 4” wide, usually shorter than the culms,
sometimes equalling them; involucral bracts 2
or 3, not longer than the inflorescence; umbel
simple or somewhat compound; spikelets, or
most of them, sessile, capitate, or some short-
peduncled, or in capitate clusters at the base of
the culms, ovoid or oval, 3” long or less; scales
dull, green-brown, “ovate, mucronulate; style-
branches 3; style smooth; achenes rather larger
than in F. autumnalis, distinctly reticulated, some-
times granular-tuberculate.

In moist soil, Maine to Ontario, Tennessee and
Louisiana. July—Oct.

7. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S.
Slender Fimbristylis. Fig. 790.

Scirpus autumnalis L. Mant. 2: 180. 1771.
Fimbristylis autumnalis R. & S. Syst. 2: 97. 1817.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms very slender, densely
tufted, flat, roughish on the edges or smooth, erect,
ascending or spreading, 17-15’ long, usually much
exceeding the leaves. Leaves narrowly linear, flat,
3’-1” wide, long-acuminate, glabrous, those of the
involucre 2-3, usually all shorter than the umbel;
umbel compound or decompound (in dwarf forms
sometimes reduced to a solitary spikelet), the
primary rays 4-13’ long, the secondary filiform;

ee

spikelets linear-oblong, acute, 2-5” long, 3” thick
or less, several-many-flowered; scales ovate-lanceo-
late, appressed, subacute, strongly mucronate, green-
ish-brown, the midvein prominent; stamens I-3;
styles 3-cleft; achene obovoid, nearly white, 3-angled
with a ridge on each angle, very finely reticulated
and sometimes roughened.

In moist soil, Connecticut to Illinois, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. June—Sept.

6. ERIOPHORUM L. Sp. Pl. 52. 1753.

Bog sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the culms erect, triangular or nearly terete, the
leaves linear, or I or 2 of the upper ones reduced to bladeless sheaths. Spikelets terminal,
solitary, capitate or umbelled, subtended by a 1-several-leaved involucre, or naked. Scales
spirally imbricated. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 or apparently numerous, smooth soft
bristles, which are white or brown, straight or crisped, and exserted much beyond the scales
at maturity. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achene 3-angled, oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid.
[Greek, signifying wool-bearing, referring to the soft bristles.]

About 15 species, in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 1 occurs in Alaska. Type
species: Eriophorum vaginatum L. The species are called Cotton-grass or Cotton-rush.

Spikelet solitary ; involucral leaf short or none.
Bristles 6, simple, white, crisped. 1. E. alpinum.
Bristles 6, each 4—6-cleft, thus appearing numerous.
Plants stoloniferous.

Scales with very narrow pale margins. 2. E. Scheuchzeri.

Scales with broad pale margins. 3. E. Chamissonis.
Plants tufted, not stoloniferous.

Upper sheath inflated ; culm rough at the top. 4. E. callithrix.

Upper sheath not inflated; culm smooth. 5. E. opacum,

Spikelets several, involucrate by 1 or several leaves.
Leaves triangular-channeled throughout.
Blade of the upper stem-leaf not longer than the sheath. 6. E. gracile.

Genus 6. SEDGE FAMILY. 323

Blade of the upper stem-leaf much longer than the sheath. 7. E. tenellum.
Leaves flat, at least below the middle.
Scales with a prominent midvein; stamens 3.
Midvein not prominent at the tip of the scale. 8. E. angustifolium.
Midvein prominent to the tip of the scale. 9. E. viridicarinatum,
Scales striate-nerved; stameni. . 10. E. virginicum.

1. Eriophorum alpinum L. Alpine Cotton-
grass. Fig. 791.

Eriophorum alpinum L. Sp. Pl. 53. 1753+
E. hudsonianum Michx. FI. Br. Am. 1: 34. 1803.
Scirpus hudsonianus Fernald, Rhodora 8: 161. 1906.

Perennial by short rootstocks, sending up numerous
filiform triangular roughish culms, 6-10’ high. Leaves
subulate, 3-10” long, triangular, channeled, borne
very near the base of the culm, the lower sheaths often
scarious and bladeless; spikelet solitary, terminal, small,
erect; involucral bract subulate, mostly shorter than the
spikelet, sometimes wanting; young spikelet ovoid-
oblong, subacute; scales oblong-lanceolate, yellowish-
brown, firm, obtuse or subacute, the midvein slender;
bristles 6, white, crisped, 4-7 times as long as the scale;
achene narrowly obovoid-oblong, brown, apiculate, dull.

In bogs and on high mountains, Newfoundland to Hudson
Bay and British Columbia, south to Connecticut, northern
New York and Michigan. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

2. Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppe. Scheuch-
zer’s Cotton-grass. Fig. 792.

E. Scheuchzeri Hoppe, Taschenb. 1800: 104. 1800.
E. capitatum Host, Gram. Aust. 1: 30. pl. 38. 1801.

Stoloniferous; sheaths all blade-bearing or only the
upper one bladeless; culms slender, smooth, nearly
terete, 10-16’ tall. Leaves filiform, channeled, usually
much shorter than the culm; spikelet solitary, terminal,
erect; involucre none; scales ovate-lanceolate or the
inner ones linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, purple-
brown, membranous, with-narrow, pale margins; bristles
white, weak, nearly straight, 4-5 times as long as the
scales; achene obovoid-oblong, acute, brown, dull, nearly
3” long, subulate-beaked.

In bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alberta, Alaska
and British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

3. Eriophorum Chamissonis C. A. Meyer. mit
Russet Cotton-grass. Fig. 793. \\\ Ny y
E. Chamissonis C. A. Meyer; Ledeb. FI. Alt. 1: 79. 1820. WY Vit’ eh
E. Chamissonis albidum Fernald, Rhodora 7: 84. 1905. RY
Eriophorum russeolum Fries, Novit. Mant. 3: 67. 1842. VV

Stoloniferous; culms solitary or little tufted, terete
or somewhat triangular, erect, smooth, 4’-24° tall, \
mostly longer than the leaves. Upper sheath inflated,

bladeless, mucronate, rarely with a short subulate blade,

usually borne below the middle of the culm; leaves

filiform, triangular-channeled, mucronate, 1-4’ long,

or those of sterile shoots much longer; spikelet soli-

tary, erect; involucre none; scales ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, thin, purplish-brown with broad white mar-

gins; bristles bright reddish-brown or white, 3-5 times

as long as the scale; achene oblong, narrowed at each

end, apiculate.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Quebec, New Brunswick, On-
tario, Montana, Washington and British Columbia. Also
in Europe and Asia. June—Aug.

324 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

4. Eriophorum callithrix Cham. Sheathed Cotton-grass. Fig. 794.

E. vaginatum Torr. Fl. 65. 1824. Not L.
E. callithrix Cham.; C. A. Meyer, Mem. Sav. Etrang.

Xe203-) 183t.

Plants not stoloniferous; culms tufted, stiff, ob-
tusely triangular, forming tussocks, slender, 8’—20’ tall,
leafless, except at the base, rough at the top, bearing
2 or 3 distant inflated sheaths, the upper one usually
above the middle. Leaves stiff, filiform, triangular,
channeled, slightly rough, shorter than or sometimes
overtopping the culm; involucral leaf wanting;
spikelet solitary, erect; scales ovate-lanceolate or the
lowest lanceolate, acuminate, purple-brown to nearly
black, thin; bristles white or red-brown, straight,
glossy, 4-5 times as long as the scale; anthers linear ;
achene obovoid, obtuse, brown, minutely apiculate.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Massachu-
setts, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Manitoba. Also in

Asia. Hare’s-tail. Cotton-grass or -rush, Canna-down.
Catlocks. Moss-crops. June-Aug.

wy

i

5. Eriophorum opacum (Bjérnst.) Fernald.
Close-sheathed Cotton-grass. Fig. 795.

I
i}
i
hy

\y

f
//

E, vaginatum opacum Bjornst. Grunddr, af. Pit. Lappm.
Vaxt. 35. 1856.

E. opacum Fernald, Rhodora 7: 85. 1905.

Loosely tufted, not stoloniferous. Culms slender,
terete or nearly so, 1°-2° high, smooth; basal leaves
elongated, filiform-channeled; stem-leaves reduced to
2 or 3 close sheaths, the lower one sometimes with
a short blade; spikelet solitary, erect; scales thin,
ovate-lanceolate or the inner ones linear-lanceolate,
acuminate; bristles white or brownish; achene obo-
vate-oblong, apiculate.

Bogs, Maine and Massachusetts to Ontario, Alberta,
the Yukon Territory and British Columbia. Also in
Europe and Asia. Summer,

6. Eriophorum gracile Koch. Slender Cot-
ton-grass. Fig. 7096.
E. gracile Koch; Roth, Catal. Bot. 2: 259. 1800.
E, triquetrum Hoppe, Taschenb, 1800: 106. 1800,
Culms slender, smooth, nearly terete, spreading
or reclining, 2° long or less. Leaves triangular-
channeled, the basal ones mostly wanting at flower-
ing time, those of the culm 2 or 3, the upper one
with a blade shorter than its sheath, 1}’ long or
less; inyolucral leaf about 3’ long; spikelets 2-4,
rarely 6, the slender peduncles pubescent, mostly
less than 1’ long; scales ovate, grey to nearly black,
acutish, the midvein prominent; achenes obovate-
oblong, about 1” long; bristles bright white, 2/2’
long.
In bogs, Quebec to British Columbia, New York,

Pennsylvania, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado and Cali-
fornia. Also in Europé and Asia. June—Aug.

Genus 6. SEDGE FAMILY. 325

7. Eriophorum tenéllum Nutt. Rough Cotton-
grass. Fig. 797.

Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. Gen. Add. 1818.
E. paucinervium A. A. Eaton, Bull. Torr, Club 25: 341. 1898.

Culm slender, stiff, obtusely triangular, rough on the
angles above, 1°-23° tall, the sheaths all blade-bearing.
Leaves narrowly linear, 1” wide or less, triangular-|
channeled, rough-margined, the upper longer than its
sheath; involucral leaf commonly only 1, stiff, erect; \
spikelets 3-8, capitate or subumbellate, the longer- |
peduncled ones drooping; scales ovate or oblong, ob- }
tuse or subacute, pale yellow to brown, the midvein }
rather strong, often with a weaker nerve on each side;
bristles numerous, bright white, 8-12” long, 4-6 times
as long as the scale; achene linear-oblong, acute,
pointed, 13” long.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania and Illinois. Formerly confused with the nex
preceding species. June—Sept. .

8. Eriophorum angustifolium Roth. Tall Cotton-grass. Fig. 7098.

Eriophorum polystachyon L. Sp. Pl. 52,in part. 1753.
E. angustifolium Roth, Tent. 1: 24. 1788.

Culm stiff, smooth, obtusely triangular above,
nearly terete below, 1°-2° tall or less, all the
sheaths blade-bearing. Leaves flat, at least below
the middle, roughish-margined, 13’-4” wide,
tapering to a triangular channeled rigid tip, the
upper shorter than or rarely overtopping the
culm, those of the involucre 2-4, often black at
the base, the longer commonly equalling or ex-
ceeding the inflorescence; spikelets 2-12, ovoid,
ar oblong, clustered in a terminal umbel; rays
filiform, smooth; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, purple-green or brown, the midvein
not extending to the tip; bristles numerous, bright
white, about 1’ long, 4-5 times as long as the
scale; achene obovoid, obtuse, light brown.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, Maine, Illinois,
Colorado and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia.
E. polystachyon L. is confined to the Old World.
June-Aug.

g. Eriophorum viridicarinatum (Engelm.)
Fernald. Thin-leaved Cotton-grass.
Fig. 799.

E, latifolium viridicarinatum Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci.
46: 103. 1844.

Eriophorum polystachyon latifolium A, Gray, Man.
529. 1848. Not E. latifolium Hoppe.

Similar to the preceding species but with thinner
green, grass-like leaves, which are flat, except at
the tip, 1-3” wide, the upper one 6’ long or less,
those of the involucre not black at the base; spike-
lets usually more numerous, sometimes as many as
30, the rays finely hairy, elongated or sometimes
very short; scales ovate-lanceolate, the midvein ex-
tending to the tip, sometimes slightly excurrent;
acter oblong-obovoid; bristles white or yellowish-
white,

In wet meadows and bogs, Newfoundland to British
Columbia, New York, Georgia, Ohio and Michigan.

326 CYPERACEAE. Vot. I.

Virginia Cotton-grass. Moss Crop. Fig. 800,

Eriophorum virginicum L. Sp. Pl. 53. 1753.
E, virginicum album A, Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 566. 1867.

Culm stiff, rather slender, obtusely triangular above,
terete below, smooth, 14°—-4° tall, rather leafy. Leaves
narrowly linear, flat, 1/-23’" wide, rough-margined,
somewhat channeled toward the apex, the upper often
overtopping the culm, those of the involucre 2-4,
spreading or deflected, 2-6’ long, 1 or 2 of them
much longer than the spikelets; spikelets several or
numerous in a dense terminal capitate cluster usually
broader than high, erect or the outer ones spreading;
scales ovate, acute, brown with a green center, about
5-nerved; bristles numerous, dingy brown, rarely white,
about 3 times as long as the scale; achene linear-
oblong, acute, apiculate, light brown.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida
and Nebraska. June—Sept.

7. SCIRPUS Sp. Plaazy 1753:

Annual or perennial very small or very large sedges, with leafy culms or the leaves re-
duced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate, spicate or
umbellate, subtended by a 1-several-leaved involucre or the involucre wanting in some
species. Scales spirally imbricated all around, usually all fertile, the 1 or 2 lower sometimes
empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6, slender or rigid, short or elongated, barbed,
pubescent or smooth bristles, or none in some species. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, not
swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the achene, or its base persistent as a subulate

tip. Achene triangular, lenticular or tplano-convex. [Latin name of the Bulrush, said to -

be from sivs, the Celtic word for rushes.]

About 150 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 10 others occur
in the southern and western United States. Type species: Scirpus lacustris L.

1. Spikelet solitary, terminal, bractless or subtended by a single bract or short leaf.
No involucral bract.
Culms 1’—2’ high ; achene smooth; plant of saline soil. 1. S. nanus.
Culms 3/10’ high ; achene reticulated ; plant of fresh-water marshes. 2. S. pauciflorus.
Involucral bract present, erect.
Bract shorter than or but little exceeding the spikelet ; plants not aquatic.

Culm terete; leaf of upper sheath subulate; bristles smooth. 3. S. caespitosus.
Culms triangular ; leaf of upper sheath linear; bristles upwardly barbed.
Leaves shorter than the culm; scales acute. 4. S. Clintoni.
Leaves about as long as culm; scales cuspidate or awned. 5. S. planifolius.
Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet; plant aquatic. 6. S. subterminalis.

2. Spikelets normally more than 1, usually several or numerous, often appearing lateral; involucral
bract only 1.
Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral.
Culms not sharply 3-angled; achene plano-convex ; annuals.
Achene strongly transversely rugose. 7. S. Hallii.
Achene smooth or very slightly roughened. 8. S. debilis.
Culms sharply 3-angled; plants perennial by rootstocks.
Achene plano-convex ; bristles shorter than or equalling the achene.
Spikelets acute, much overtopped by the slender involucral leaf ; scales awned.
9g. S. americanus.
Spikelets obtuse ; involucral leaf short, stout ; scales mucronulate.
10. S. Olneyi.
Achene 3-angled, ridged on the hack.

Bristles longer than the achene ; inv olucral leaf erect. 11. S. Torreyi.
Bristles as long as the achene; involucral leaf abruptly bent. 12. S. mucronatus.
Spikelets several or numerous, umbelled ; tall sedges.
Culm sharply triangular, equalled by the long leav es. 13. S. etuberculatus.

Culm terete ; leaves reduced to sheaths.
Styles 2- cleft ; achene lenticular.
Achenes 1” long, nearly as long as the scales; spikelets ovoid. 14. S. validus.
Achenes about 1%” long, distinctly shorter than the scales; spikelets oblong-cylindric.
15. S. occidentalis.
Style 3-cleft ; achene trigonous. 16. S. heterochaetus.
Spikelets several, spicate. 17. S. rufus.

r

GENUS 7. SEDGE FAMILY. 327

3. Spikelets several, capitate or umbellate, large ; involucral leaves 2 or more.
Achene lenticular or plano-convex ; spikelets sessile or some stalked.

Scales short-awned ; achene lenticular. 18. S. paludosus.
Scales long-awned ; achene plano-convex. 19. S. robustus.
Achene trigonous ; spikelets mostly long-stalked.
Achene sharply and nearly exactly trigonous. 20. S. fluviatilis,
Achene with one face broader than the other two.
Achene obovoid-orbicular ; leaves 1”-2” wide; spikelets ovoid. 21. S. Fernaldi.

: Achene obovoid ; leaves 4”—8” wide; spikelets narrowly cylindric. 22. S. novae-angliae.
4. Spikelets Ney numerous in compound umbels or umbelled heads, small; involucral jeaves several ;
tall sedges. .
Bristles downwardly barbed ; spikelets in umbelled heads.
Spikelets ovoid or oblong, 114”-2'%4” long.
Bristles equalling or slightly exceeding the achene; leaves 3”—8” wide.
Style 3-cleft ; achene 3-angled ; bristles 6.
Spikelets 3-8 in each head; bristles barbed throughout ; scales obtuse.
23. S. sylvaticus.

Spikelets 8-20 in each head; bristles not barbed below; scales acute or awned.

Plant dark green; scales acute. 24. S. atrovirens.
Plant pale; scales rough-awned. 25. S. pallidus.
Style 2-cleft ; achene plano-convex; bristles 4. 26. S. microcarpus.
Bristles flexuous, twice as long as the achene; leaves 2”—3” wide. 27. S. polyphyllus.
Spikelets cylindric, 3’—5” long; style 3-cleft. 28. S. Peckii.

Bristles smooth or slightly pubescent ; umbel mostly decompound.
Bristles shorter than or scarcely exceeding the scales.

Bristles about as long as the achene; scales subacute. 29. S. divaricatus.
_Bristles much longer than the achene; scales mucronate. 30. S. lineatus.
Bristles much exserted beyond the scales when mature. 31. S. cyperinus.

1. Scirpus nanus Spreng. Dwarf Club-rush. Fig. Sor.

Scirpus nanus Spreng. Pug. 1: 4. 1815.
Eleocharis pygmaea Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 313. 1836.

Annual, roots fibrous, culms filiform, flattened, -
grooved, tufted, erect or ascending, 1-2’ high, bearing
a scarious bladeless sheath near the base. Spikelet
solitary, terminal, ovoid-oblong, rather acute, 3-8-flow-
ered, 1-13” long, not subtended by a bract; scales ovate
or lanceolate, pale green, the lower obtuse, the upper
subacute; bristles about 6. downwardly barbed, mostly
longer than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene
oblong, 3-angled, pale, pointed at each end, smooth.

Muddy places in salt marshes, Cape Breton Island to
Florida and Texas, and about salt springs in New York,
Michigan and Minnesota. Also on the Pacific Coast of
North America and on the coasts of Europe, northern
Africa, Cuba and Mexico. July—Sept.

2. Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. Few-flowered Club-
rush. Fig. 802.

Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1078. 1777.

Eleocharis pauciflorus Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 284. 1827.

Perennial by filiform rootstocks, culms very slender,
little tufted, 3-angled, grooved, leafless, 3-10’ tall, the
upper sheath truncate. Spikelet terminal, solitary, not
subtended by an involucral bract, oblong, compressed,
§ 4-10-flowered, 2-3” long, nearly 1” wide; scales brown
with lighter margins and midvein, lanceolate, acuminate;
bristles 2-6, hispid, as long as the achene or longer;
stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid-oblong, gray,
rather abruptly beaked, its surface finely retriculated.

In wet soil, Anticosti to Maine, Ontario, western New York,
Illinois, Minnesota, British Columbia and California, south in

the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe
and Asia. July—Oct.

328 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

3. Scirpus caespitdsus L. Tufted Club-rush. Deer-hair. Fig. 803.
Scirpus caespitosus L. Sp. Pl. 48. 1753.

Perennial, culms smooth, terete, densely tuited,
light green, erect or ascending, almost filiform, wiry,
4-15’ long. Basal sheaths numerous, membranous,
imbricated, acuminate, the upper one bearing a short
very narrow blade; spikelet solitary, terminal, few-
flowered, ovoid-oblong, about 2” long, subtended by
an involucral leaf or outer scale of about its own
length; scales yellowish-brown, ovate, obtuse or sub-
acute, deciduous; bristles 6, smooth, longer than the
achene; stamens’ 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong,
smooth, 3-angled, brown, acute.

In bogs and on moist rocks, Greenland to Alaska, south
to the mountains of New England, the Adirondacks,
western New York, Illinois, Minnesota and British Co-
lumbia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and on the

higher summits of the southern Alleghanies. Also in
Europe and Asia. June—Aug.

4. Scirpus Clintoni A. Gray. Clinton’s Club-rush. Fig. 804.
S. Clintoni A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 38: 290. 1864.

Perennial, culms tufted, triangular, very slender, erect,
4’-15’ tall, roughish on the angles. Lower sheaths im-
bricated, one or more of them bearing short subulate
blades, the upper one bearing a flat, narrowly linear
blade shorter than the culm; spikelet solitary, terminal,
ovoid, few-flowered, 13’’-2” long, subtended by a subu-
late involucral bract of less than its own length or
somewhat longer; scales ovate, pale brown, acute or the
outer one awned; bristles 3-6, filiform, upwardly barbed,
as long as the achene or longer; style 3-cleft; achene
oblong, brown, sharply 3-angled, smooth, obtuse.

In dry fields and thickets, New Brunswick to western
New York and Michigan, and in North Carolina. Local.
June-Aug.

Scirpus planifolius Muhl. Gram, 32. 1817.

Perennial, culms triangular, slender, tufted, rather
weak, roughish on the angles, 6-15’ tall. Lower sheaths
bearing short subulate blades, the upper with a flat nar-
rowly linear rough-margined leaf about as long as the
culm; spikelet solitary, terminal, ovoid-oblong, acute,
several-flowered, subtended by a short involucral bract;
scales ovate-lanceolate, yellowish-brown with a green
midvein, which is extended beyond the acute apex into a
sharp cusp; bristles 4-6, upwardly barbed, about equal-
ling the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, pubescent;
achene oblong, 3-angled; smooth, light brown, rather
obtuse.

In woods and thickets, Vermont and Massachusetts to
Delaware, the District of Columbia, western New York and
Missouri. May-July.

nl

————

GENUS 7. SEDGE FAMILY. 329

6. Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Water Club-
rush. Fig. 806.

Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Fl, U. S.1: 47. 1824.

Perennial, aquatic, culms slender, terete, nodulose,
1°-33° long. Leaves very slender, channeled, 6’-2° long,
3-2” wide; spikelet solitary, terminal, oblong-cylindric,
narrowed at each end, several-flowered, 3'’-7’’ long, sub-
tended by a subulate erect involucral leaf, 3’-23’ long,
thus appearing lateral; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute,
membranous, light brown with a green midvein; bristles
about 6, downwardly barbed, as long as the achene or
shorter; stamens 3; style 3-cleft to about the middle;
achene obovoid, 3-angled, dark brown, smooth, rather
more than 1’ long, obtuse, abruptly beaked by the slen-
der base of the style.

In ponds and streams or sometimes on their borders, New-
foundland to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia,
South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Idaho. The
so-called variety terrestris is an emersed form with erect
culms and shorter spikelets. July—Aug.

Scirpus Hallii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, Add. 1863.
S. supinus var. Hallii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 563. 1867.

Annual, culms very slender, smooth, tufted, ob-
tusely triangular, erect, striate, 5’-12’ tall. Lower
sheaths oblique, and acuminate or mucronate on one
side, the upper one commonly bearing a filiform blade,
4’-2}’ long; spikelets capitate in clusters of 1-7,
oblong-cylindric, obtuse, many-flowered, 3-6” long,
about 1” thick, appearing lateral by the extension of
the solitary involucral leaf which is 1’-4' long; scales
ovate-lanceolate, light greenish brown, acuminate,
keeled, cuspidate by the excurrent tip of the midvein;
bristles wanting; stamens mostly 2; achene obovate-
orbicular or slightly broader than high, black, plano-
convex, mucronulate, strongly wrinkled transversely,
about 4” in diameter.

In wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Illinois,
Colorado, Texas and Mexico. Also in eastern Asia. The
lowest sheaths occasionally subtend a flower with very
long styles. July—Sept.

8. Scirpus débilis Pursh. Weak-stalked Club-
rush. Fig. 808.

Scirpus debilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 55. 1814.
Scirpus Smithit A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 503. 1867.

Annual, smooth, culms slender, obtusely triangular
or nearly terete, tufted, erect or ascending, 6’-2° high.
Sheaths obliquely truncate, the upper one rarely bear-
ing a short subulate blade; spikelets capitate in clus-
ters of 1-12, ovoid-oblong, subacute, many-flowered,
appearing lateral, the solitary involucral leaf nar-
rowly linear, 14’-4’ long, erect or divergent; scales
light yellowish-brown with a green midvein, broadly
ovate, obtuse or acute; bristles 4-6, downwardly barb-
ed, somewhat unequal and about as long as the achene
or short or wanting; stamens 2-3; style 2-cleft or
rarely 3-cleft; achene plano-convex, broadly obovate
or orbicular, smooth or slightly roughened, dark brown,
shining, obtuse, mucronulate.

In wet soil, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia,
Alabama and Nebraska. July—Sept.

330 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

g. Scirpus americanus Pers. Three-square. Chair-maker’s Rush. Sword-grass.
Fig. 809.
Scirpus americanus Pers. Syn. 1: 68. 1805.
Scirpus pungens Vahl, Enum. 2: 255. 1806.
Scirpus americanus longispicatus Britton, Trans. N. Y.

Acad. Sci. 11: 78. 1892.
S. Olneyi contortus Eames, Rhodora 2: 220. 1907.

Perennial by long rootstocks, culms sharply trian-
gular with concave sides or one of the sides nearly
flat, erect, stiff, 1°-4° tall. Leaves 1-3, narrowly
linear, keeled, shorter than the culm; spikelets ob-
long-ovoid, acute, 4-12” long, capitate in clusters
of 1-7, appearing as if lateral; involucral leaf soli-
tary, slender, 14’-4’ long; scales broadly ovate, brown,
often emarginate or sharply 2-cleft at the apex, the
midvein extended into a subulate awn sometimes 1”
long, the margins scarious, ciliolate or glabrous;
bristles 2-6, downwardly barbed, shorter than or
equalling the achene; stamens 3; style usually 2-cleft;
achene obovate, plano-convex, smooth, dark brown,
mucronate.

In fresh water and brackish swamps, temperate North America, north to Newfoundland. Also

in South America and Europe. June—Sept.

1o. Scirpus Olneyi A. Gray. Olney’s Bulrush.
Fig. 810.
Scirpus Olneyi A. Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.5: 238. 1845.

Similar to the preceding species, perennial by long
rootstocks, culms stout, sharply 3-angled with concave
sides, 2°-7° tall. Leaves 1-3, 1'-5’ long, or sheaths
sometimes leafless; spikelets capitate in dense clusters
of 5-12, oblong or ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 23’’-4” long,
the solitary involucral leaf short, stout, erect, 3/—14'
long; scales oval or orbicular, dark brown with a green
midvein, emarginate or mucronulate, glabrous; bristles
usually 6, slightly shorter than or equalling the achene,
downwardly barbed; stamens 2-3; style 2-cleft; achene
obovate, plano-convex, brown, mucronate.

In salt marshes, New Hampshire to Florida, Texas, Mex-
ico and California, extending north along the Pacific Coast
to Oregon. Also in Michigan and Arkansas and in the
West Indies. June-Sept.

———T>~_ It. Scirpus Torreyi Olney. Torrey’s Bul-
rush. Fig. 811.
Scirpus Torreyi Olney, Proc. Providence Frank. Soc. 1:

32. 1847.

Perennial by short or slender rootstocks, culms
sharply 3-angled, rather slender, nodulose, 2°—4° tall.
Leaves narrowly linear, elongated, nodulose, light
green, sometimes overtopping the culm; spikelets
I-4, in an apparently lateral capitate cluster, oblong,

\
\ narrowed at each end, 5’-8’ long; involucral leaf
2'-6' long, erect; scales ovate or lanceolate, shining,
chestnut-brown, glabrous, obtuse or the upper acute,
| mucronulate; bristles about 6, downwardly barbed,
|
2
‘S)

longer than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
achene oboyoid, smooth, shining, light brown, 3-
angled, one of its sides broader and flatter than the
others.

In swamps, Maine to Rhode Island and Pennsylvania,
west to Minnesota and Manitoba. July—Sept.

‘GENUS 7. SEDGE FAMILY.

12. Scirpus mucronatus L. Bog Bulrush.
Fig. 812.

Scirpus mucronatus L. Sp. Pl. 50. 1753.

Perennial, culms stout, somewhat tufted, sharply
3-angled, smooth, 1°-3° tall. Spikelets 5-12 in a
capitate cluster, oblong, obtuse, many-flowered, 4-9"
long, rather more than 1” in diameter, subtended by
the solitary linear abruptly spreading involucral leaf;
scales broadly ovate, obtuse, light brown with a nar-
row green midvein, mucronate; bristles 6, stout,
rigid, downwardly barbed, as long as the achene;
stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, smooth,
shining, dark brown, 3-angled, two of the sides nar-
rower and more convex than the third.

In a swamp in Delaware county, Pennsylvania. Prob-
ably adventive or fugitive from Europe. Widely distrib-
uted in the Old World. July—Sept.

13. Scirpus etuberculatus (Steud.) Kuntze. Canby’s Bulrush. Fig. 813.

Scirpus maritimus var. cylindricus Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.
3: 325. 1836.
Rhynchospora etuberculata Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 143.

1855.

Se Conbyi A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 38: 289. 1864.
S. etuberculatus Kuntze, Rev. Gen, Pl. 758. 1891.
S. cylindricus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11: 79.

1892.

Perennial by stout rootstocks, culm stout, sharply
3-angled above, 3°-6° high, the linear nodulose
keeled and channeled dark green leaves nearly or
quite as long. Involucral leaf solitary, 4’—10' long,
erect; spikelets in an apparently lateral simple or
compound umbel, drooping, oblong-cylindric, acutish,
6-10" long; primary rays of the umbel 1’-4’ long,
bracted by 1 or more subulate-linear leaves; scales
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pale brown with scarious
margins, acute, mucronulate; bristles 6, stout, rigid,
about as long as the achene, serrate; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled, light brown,
smooth, abruptly subulate-pointed.

In ponds and swamps, Maryland to Florida and Louis-
jana, mostly near the coast. Pole or Pool-rush. July-
Sept.

14. Scirpus validus Vahl. American Great
Bulrush. Mat-rush. Fig. 814.
Scirpus validus Vahl, Enum, 2: 268. 1806,

Perennial by stout rootstocks, culm stout, terete,
smooth, erect, 3°-9° tall, sometimes nearly 1’ in diam-
eter, sheathed below, the upper sheath occasionally ex-
tended into a short leaf. Involucral leaf solitary, erect,
shorter than the umbel, appearing as if continuing the
culm; umbel compound, appearing lateral, its primary
rays slender, spreading, 4’—24’ long, bracts linear-lanceo-
late, pubescent; spikelets oblong-conic, sessile or some
of them peduncled, in capitate clusters of 1-5, obtuse
or acute, 23’’-6” long, 14’’-2” in diameter; scales ovate
to suborbicular, slightly pubescent, with a rather strong
midvein which is sometimes excurrent into a short tip;
bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, equalling or longer
than the achene; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; achene plano-
convex, obovate, nearly as long as the scale, gray to
brown, abruptly mucronate, a little more than 14’ wide.

In ponds and swamps, throughout North America, except the extreme north, and in the West
Indies. The Old World S. lacustris L., with which our plant has been confused, has a 3-cleft style.
Black-rush. Bolder or Boulder Bast. Tule. June—Sept.

232 CYPERACEAE. Vo. I.

15. Scirpus occidentalis (S. Wats.)
Chase. Viscid Great Bulrush.
Fig. 815.
S. lacustris occidentalis S. Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 218.

1880.
S. occidentalis Chase, Rhodora 6: 68. 1904.

Similar to S. validus, tall, the culms firmer
in texture, the margins of the basal sheaths
becoming fibrillose. Involucral leaf shorter
than the compound umbel; primary rays rather
stiff; bracts viscid at the tip; spikelets clus-
tered in 2’s to 7’s, or solitary, oblong-cylindric,
10” long or less, about 2” thick, acute or blunt-
ish; scales ovate, short-awned, viscid above;
style 2-cleft; achene biconvex, obovate, dull,
nearly 1’ wide, much shorter than the scale.

Borders of lakes and streams, Newfoundland to

British Columbia, New York, Missouri, Utah and
California. July—Sept.

Var

iy i) i Yh
AG) (Wye

16. Scirpus heterochaétus Chase. Pale
Great Bulrush. Fig. 816.
S. heterochaetus Chase, Rhodora 6: 70. 1904.

Perennial by rather stout rootstocks; culms
slender, sheathed below, 6° high or less. In-
volucral leaf much shorter than the compound
umbel; primary rays slender, 4’ long or less;
bracts acuminate, glabrous; spikelets solitary,
ovoid to ellipsoid, acutish, 4-7" long, about
23” thick; scales ovate, glabrous, often erose-
margined; style 3-cleft; bristles 2-4, unequal,
as long as or shorter than the achene; achene
about 1’’ wide, obovate, yellowish, shorter than
the scale. .

Borders of lakes and in marshes, Vermont and
Massachusetts to Oregon and Nebraska. July—
_ Sept. ;

Scirpus califérnicus (C. A. Meyer) Britton, of
the western and southern states and tropical con-
tinental America, admitted in the first edition of
this work, has not been definitely established as
growing within our limits. It has plumose
bristles.

y

kn
Ae

}

17. Scirpus rifus (Huds.) Schrad. Red Clubrush. Fig. 817.

Schoenus rufus Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2,15. 1778.
Scirpus rufus Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1: 133. 1806,
Blysmus rufus Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 278. 1827.

Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms tufted,
smooth, slender, erect, somewhat compressed, 3/-15'
tall. Leaves half-terete, smooth, shorter than the
culm, channeled, 4/-3' long, less than 1’ wide, the
lowest reduced to bladeless sheaths; spikelets red-
brown, few-flowered, narrowly ovoid-oblong, sub-
acute, about 3” long, erect in a terminal 2-ranked
spike 4/-1’ long; involucral leaf solitary, erect, nar-
rowly linear, equalling or longer than the spike;
scales lanceolate, acute, I-nerved; bristles 3-6, up-
wardly barbed, shorter than the achene, deciduous;
stamens 3; style 2-cleft; achene oblong, pointed at
both ends, light brown, plano-convex or slightly
angled in front, 13’’-2” long.

In marshes, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia and Quebec to James’ Bay; Northwest Territory.
Also in northern Europe. Summer.

lia iit i a

“the culm, attenuate to a very long tip, the midvein

GENUS 7. SEDGE FAMILY. 333

18. Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson. Prairie Bulrush. Fig. 818.
Scirpus campestris Britton, in Britton and Brown, Ill. Fl. ic SS
Ed. 1, 1: 267. 1896. Not Roth, 1795.
S. paludosus A, Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 5. 1899.
Scirpus interior Britton, Man, Ed. 2, 178. 1905.

Perennial by slender rootstocks, culm slender, smooth,
sharply triangular, 1°-2° tall. Leaves usually pale
green, smooth, shorter than or overtopping the culm,
1-2” wide, those of the involucre 2 or 3, the longer
much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets 3-10 in a
dense terminal simple head, oblong-cylindric, mostly
acute, 8-12" long, 24"-4” in diameter; scales ovate,
membranous, puberulent or glabrous, pale to brown,
2-toothed at the apex, the midvein excurrent into an
ascending or spreading awn about 1’’ long; bristles 1-3,
much shorter than the achene or none; style 2-cleft;
achene lenticular, obovate or oblong-ovate, mucronulate,
yellow-brown.

Salt marshes, Quebec to New Jersey, about salt springs
inland and on wet prairies and plains, Manitoba and Min-
nesota to Oregon, Nebraska, Kansas, Nevada and Mexico,
May-Aug.

1g. Scirpus robistus Pursh. Salt Marsh Bulrush. Fig. 819.

Scirpus robustus Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 56. 1814.
Scirpus maritimus var. macrostachyus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
I: 32. 1803. Not S. macrostachyus Lam,

Perennial by large rootstocks, culm stout, stiff,
sharply 3-angled with flat sides, smooth, 2°-5° tall.
Leaves equalling or overtopping the culm, dark green,
smooth, 23’’-5’’ wide, the midvein prominent; involu-
cral leaves 2-4, elongated, erect, similar to those of the
culm, often 1’ long; spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse or
subacute, stout, 8’’—-12’’ long, 4’’-5” in diameter, 6-20
together in a dense often compound terminal cluster;
scales ovate, brown, puberulent, thin, lacerate or
2-toothed at the apex, the midvein excurrent into an,
at length, reflexed awn, 14-24” long; bristles 1-6,
fragile, shorter than the achene or none; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft; achene compressed, very flat on the face,
convex or with low ridge on the back, obovate-orbic-
ular, dark brown, shining, 14” long.

In salt marshes, Nova Scotia to Texas. Spurt-grass.
Sea Club-rush. July—Oct.

20. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. River Bulrush. Fig. 820.

Scirpus maritimus var. fluviatilis Torr. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 3:
324. 1836.
Scirpus fluviatilis A, Gray, Man. 527. 1848.

Perennial by large rootstocks, culm stout, smooth,
sharply triangular with nearly flat sides, 3°-6 tall.
Leaves 4”-8’ wide, smooth, equalling or overtopping

prominent; those of the involucre 3-5, erect or spread-
ing, some of them s5'-10' long; spikelets in a_terminal
umbel, solitary, or 2-3 together at the ends of its long
spreading or drooping rays, or the central spikelets ses-
sile, oblong-cylindric, acute, 8-12" long, about 3)’ in
diameter; scales ovate, scarious, puberulent, the midvein
excurrent into a curved awn 14’-2" long; bristles 6;
rigid, downwardly barbed, about as long as the achene;
style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, obovoid, rather
dull, short-pointed, 2” long.

In shallow water along lakes and streams, Quebec to Min-
nesota, New Jersey, Nebraska and Kansas. River Club-
rush. June—Sept.

CYPERACEAE. Vot. I.

21. Scirpus Férnaldi Bickwell. Fernald’s
Bulrush. Fig. 821.
S. Fernaldi Bicknell, Torreya 1: 96. 1901.

Perennial; culms rather pale green, slender, sharply
3-angled, 23° tall or less. Leaves 1’-3'’ wide, the
upper equalling or surpassing the inflorescence, those
of the involucre 3 or 4, the longest one 5’ long or
less; spikelets ovoid, 5’’-8” long, sessile in a termi-
nal cluster and solitary at the ends of the slender
umbel-rays; scales finely puberulent, acuminate, en-
tire or lacerate, the recurved awn 13’-6” long; bris-
tles as long as the achene or shorter; style 3-cleft;
achene obovoid-cuneate, about 13” long and thick,
trigonous, with rounded angles, yellow-brown and
shining.

Shore of Somes Sound, Mt. Desert, Maine. July—Aug.

22. Scirpus novae-angliae Britton. New
England Bulrush. Fig. 822.
S. novae-angliae Britton, in Britton and Brown, III.

Fl. Ed. 1, 3: 509. 1808.

Perennial by rootstocks; culm stout, erect, 4°-7°
tall, sharply 3-angled, the sides flat or nearly so.
Leaves long, 4”-6" wide, somewhat roughish on
the margins when dry, the lowest reduced to
pointed sheaths, those of the involucre 2-5, the
longer of them much exceeding the inflorescence ;
spikelets narrowly cylindric, acute, ?’—2' long, less
than 7’ thick, solitary or 2-5 together at the ends
of the rays of the umbel, the rays 1’-4’ long;
scales awned; bristles 2-4, shorter than the gray-
ish-white dull obovate achene, which is distinctly
3-angled; stamens 3; style 3-cleft.

In fresh water and brackish marshes, Massachu-
setts to New York.

23. Scirpus sylvaticus L. Wood Bulrush or Clubrush. Fig. 823.
f Scirpus sylvaticus L. Sp. Pl. 51. 1753.

Perennial by long rootstocks; culm triangular, stout,
smooth, 4°-6° tall, often overtopped by the upper
leaves. Leaves flat, 5’"-8” wide, rough on the margins,
more or less rugulose, the midvein prominent, those
of the involucre 5-8, the larger similar to those of the
.culm, often 1° long or more; umbel terminal, very
large, sometimes 8’ broad, about 3 times compound, the
spikelets ovoid or ovoid-oblong, mostly acute, 13’—23”
long, borne in capitate clusters of 2-8 at the ends of
the raylets; bractlets of the involucels small, scarious,
linear or lanceolate; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, brown
with a green centre; bristles 6, downwardly barbed,
slightly exceeding the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
achene oblong, 3-angled, obtuse, nearly white, mucron-
ulate, not shining.

In swamps, Maine to Georgia and Michigan. Also in
Europe and Asia. June-Aug.

GENUS 7. SEDGE FAMILY. 335

24. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Dark-green
Bulrush. Fig. 824.

Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Gram. 43. 1817.
S. georgianus Harper, Bull. Torr. Club 27: 331. 1900.

Perennial by slender rootstocks; culms triangular,
rather slender, leafy, 2°-43° high. Leaves elongated,
more or less nodulose, rough on the margins, dark
green, 3-6" wide, one or two of them usually ex-
ceeding the inflorescence; umbel 1-2-compound or
simple; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 2'-5’’ long,
densely capitate in 6’s—20’s at the ends of the rays or
raylets; involucels short; scales greenish-brown,
ovate-oblong, acute, the midvein excurrent; bristles
usually 6, downwardly barbed above, naked below,
about as long as the achene, or shorter or wanting;
stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong-obovoid,
3-angled, pale brown, dull.

In swamps, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to
Georgia and Louisiana. June—Aug.

A

25. Scirpus pallidus (Britton) Fernald.
Pale Bulrush. Fig. 825.

S. atrovirens pallidus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 9: 14. 1889.

S. pallidus Fernald, Rhodora 8: 162. 1906.

——

Perennial, the rootstocks short, stout; culms
stout, triangular, 3°-4° high. Leaves elon-
gated, pale, 3'-7’’ wide, somewhat nodulose;
umbel mostly compound; spikelets oblong to
oblong-cylindric, numerous in very dense capi-
tate clusters; scales pale, ovate, acute, tipped
with an awn half as long as the body; bristles
6, downwardly barbed, about as long as the
oblong, trigonous achene.

WO Wet grounds, especially along streams, Mani-
) ne toba to Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Wyoming and
New Mexico. Reported from Minnesota. Summer.

Y

26. Scirpus microcarpus Presl. Small-fruited
Bulrush. Fig. 826.
Scirpus microcarpus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 195. 1828.
habe sylvaticus var. digynus Boeckl. Linnaea 36: 727.
1570.
Scirpus rubrotinctus Fernald, Rhodora 2: 20. 1900,
Perennial, the culms 3°-5° tall, often stout, over-
topped by the rough-margined leaves, the sheaths often
tinged with red. Longer leaves of the involucre usually
exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid-oblong, |
acute, 14”-2” long, 3-25 together in capitate clusters at }
the ends of the usually spreading raylets; scales brown
with a green midvein, blunt or subacute; bristles 4,
barbed downwardly nearly or quite to the base, some-
what longer than the achene; stamens 2; style 2-cleft;
achene oblong-obovate, nearly white, plano-convex or
with a low ridge on the back, pointed.
In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Alaska,

south to Connecticut, northern New York, Minnesota, Ne-
vada and California. July—Sept.

336 CYPERACEAE. Vou. I.

27. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. Leafy Bulrush. Fig. 827.
Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl, Enum. 2: 274. 1806.

Perennial by slender rootstocks; culms slender,
sharply triangular, 13°-4° tall, very leafy, the leaves
2'’-3’ wide, exactly 3-ranked, inconspicuously nodu-
lose, rough-margined, the upper rarely overtopping
the culm; leaves of the involucre 3-6, the longer
commonly somewhat exceeding the inflorescence;
umbel more or less compound; spikelets ovoid, 13’'-3””
long, rarely oblong and 4” long, capitate in 3’s—10’s
at the ends of the raylets; scales ovate, bright brown,
mostly obtuse, mucronulate; bristles 6, mostly flexu-
ous or twice bent, downwardly barbed above the
middle, twice as long as the achene; stamens 3; style
3-cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled with a broad face
and narrower sides, short-pointed, dull.

In swamps, wet woods and meadows, Massachusetts to
Minnesota, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Arkansas,
Some of the scales of the spikelets occasionally develop
into linear leaves. July—Sept.

28. Scirpus Péckii Britton. Peck’s Bulrush.
Fig. 828.

S. Peckii Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11: 82. 1892.

Perennial by rootstocks; culms slender, triangular,
13°—44° tall, leafy. Leaves elongated, 2’-5” wide, rough-
margined, the upper overtopping the culm, those of the
involucre 3-5, dark-colored at the base, the longer of
them exceeding the inflorescence; umbel 1-2-compound,
large; spikelets cylindric, obtusish, 3’"-5’’ long, in capi-
tate clusters of 2-10 at the ends of the raylets or some
of them distinctly peduncled; scales dark brown, keeled,
mucronate, falling early; bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed
from below the middle to the summit, longer than the
achene; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, +” long, oblong,
narrowed at each end, slender-beaked.

In swamps, New Hampshire to Connecticut and New
York. July—Sept.

S. divaricatus Ell, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 88. pl. 2. f. 4. 1816.

Perennial. Roots fibrous, culms obtisely trian-
gular, smooth, rather slender, 23°-4° tall. Leaves
2'’-4"" wide, rough-margined, the upper and those of
the involucre not exceeding the inflorescence; umbel
decompound, the primary rays very slender, some-
times 6’ long, widely spreading or drooping; raylets
filiform; involucels setaceous; spikelets mostly soli-
tary at the ends of the raylets, sessile or peduncled,
linear-oblong, obtuse, 3-6” long, 3’ thick; scales
ovate, greenish-brown, subacute or obtuse, with a
prominent midvein and scarious margins; bristles 6,
flexuous, longer than the achene, somewhat pubescent,
not barbed, shorter than the scales; stamens 3; style
3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, narrowed at
both ends, apiculate, nearly white, not shining.

In swamps, Virginia to Kentucky, Missouri, Florida and

Louisiana. The spikelets sometimes partially develop into
tufts of leaves. June—Aug.

GENUS 7. SEDGE FAMILY. 337

30. Scirpus lineatus Michx. Reddish Bulrush. Fig. 830.
Scirpus lineatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 32. 1803.

Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms rather slender,
triangular, erect, 1°-43° high, leafy, the upper leaves
and those of the involucre not exceeding the inflores-
cence. Leaves 2’-4' wide, light green, flat, rough-
margined; umbels terminal and commonly also axil-
lary, decompound, the rays very slender, becoming
pendulous; spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of the
slender raylets, oblong, obtuse, 3’’-5’’ long, about 1”
in diameter; scales ovate or oblong, reddish-brown
with a green midvein, their tips slightly spreading;
bristles 6, weak, smooth, entangled, much longer than
the achene, equalling the scales or slightly protruded
beyond them at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
achene oblong or oblong-obovoid, pale brown, nar-
rowed at both ends, 3-angled, short-beaked.

In swamps and wet meadows, Ontario to New Hamp-
shire, Georgia, Oregon, Kansas and Texas. June-Sept.

31. Scirpus cypérinus (L.) Kunth. Wool-grass. Fig. 831.

Eriophorum cyperinum L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 77. 1762.
Scirpus cyperinus Kunth, Enum. 2: 170. 1837.
S. Eriophorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 33. 1803.
S. pedicellatus Fernald, Rhodora 2: 16. 1900,

Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms stout or slen-
der, smooth, obtusely triangular or nearly terete, stiff,
leafy, 2°-6° tall. Leaves elongated, 2”-3” wide, rough-
margined, the upper often overtopping the culm, those
of the involucre 3-6, their bases often brown or black,
the longer much exceeding the terminal, compound
umbel; spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 13’’-5"" long, in
capitate clusters of 3-15 at the ends of the raylets, or

some or all of them stalked; scales ovate or lanceolate,
acute or subacute; bristles 6, entangled, smooth, much
longer than the achene, much exserted beyond the
scales and brown or reddish at maturity; stamens 3;
nearly white.

style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, oblong, slender-beaked,

In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, Saskatchewan, Florida and Louisiana. Clump-head
grass. Aug.—Sept. Consists of many races with spikelets stalked or sessile.

Scirpus atrocinctus Fernald, characterized by black bases of the involucral leaves, is of
northern range and may be specifically distinct.

Scirpus Longii Fernald, recently published as a distinct species of the New Jersey pine-barrens,
appears to be the same as S. atrocinctus.

8. FUIRENA Rottb. Descr. & Ic. 70. pl. 19. f. 3. 1773.

Perennial sedges, with leafy triangular culms (in a southern species the leaves reduced
to inflated sheaths) and many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters, or
rarely solitary. Scales spirally imbricated all around, awned, the 1 or 2 lower commonly
empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 3 ovate-oblong or cordate-ovate, stalked, often awned
scales, usually alternating with as many downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style
3-cleft, not swollen at the base, deciduous. Achene stalked or nearly sessile, sharply 3-angled,
acute or mucronate, smooth. [In honor of George Fuiren, 1581-1628, Danish physician.]

About 30 species, natives of warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, 4
others occur in the southern United States. Type species: Fuirena umbellata Rottb.

Perianth-scales awned from the apex or awnless.

Annual; perianth-scales long-awned. 1. F. squarrosa.
Perennial; perianth-scales short-awned or awnless. 2. F. hispida,
Perianth-scales awned on the back below the apex. 3. F. simplex.
22

CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Fuirena squarrosa Michx. Umbrella-
grass. Fig. 832.

F. squarrosa Michx. Fl, Bor. Am, 1: 37. 1803.

F. squarrosa var. pumila Torr. F1.U.S. 1: 68. 1824.

Annual, with fibrous roots, the rootstocks
very short or none; culms tufted, glabrous or
nearly so, 2’-1° tall. Leaves flat, nearly or
quite glabrous or the lower sheaths pubescent ;
spikelets sessile and I-1o together in terminal
and often also lateral capitate clusters, ovoid
or ovoid-oblong, acute or obtuse, 3’—6” long,
about 22” in diameter; scales ovate or oblong,
brown, pubescent, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved,
tipped with a stout spreading or recurved awn
of nearly their own length; perianth-scales
oblong to ovate, long-stalked, usually narrowed
at both ends, tapering into a slender terminal
downwardly barbed awn; bristles mostly longer
NH than the achene.

3 (\ In wet meadows and marshes, Massachusetts to
Florida and Louisiana. Also in Michigan and In-
diana. July—Sept.

2. Fuirena hispida Ell. Hairy Fuirena.

Fig. 833.

Fuirena hispida Ell. Bot.’S. C. & Ga. 1: 579. 1821.
F. squarrosa hispida Chapm. FI. S. States 514. 1860.

Perennial by short rootstocks which often bear
tubers; culms glabrous or pubescent, 8—23° high.
Leaves flat, both the blades and the sheaths more
or less densely hirsute; spikelets 2-8 together in
capitate terminal and usually also axillary clusters,
similar to those of the preceding species, the
scales with spreading or recurved awns; perianth-
scales deltoid-ovate, cordate to rounded at the base,
stalked, tipped with a short smooth awn or merely
mucronate; bristles mostly downwardly barbed,
shorter or longer than the achene.

Wet grounds, New York(?), New Jersey to Fiorida,
Kentucky, Indian Territory and Texas. June—Oct.

3. Fuirena simplex Vahl. Western Um-
brella-grass. Fig. 834.

Fuirena simplex Vahl, Enum, 2: 384. 1806.

Fuirena squarrosa var. aristulata Torr. Ann. Lye. N.
Yo 3: 20312) 2836;

Similar to the preceding species, rootstock
short, thick; culms slender, 5’-2° tall, glabrous.
Leaves flat, glabrous or ciliate; scales tipped
with a spreading or reflexed awn; sepals ovate-
oblong, obtuse and usually notched at the apex,
obtuse, truncate or subcordate at the base, longer
or shorter than their stalks, awned on the back
from below the apex, the awn varying in length,
smooth or downwardly barbed; bristles re-
trorsely hispid, equalling or exceeding the ses-
sile or short-stalked achene.

In moist soil, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Texas
and Mexico, Also in Cuba. June-Sept.

_ GENUS 9. SEDGE FAMILY. 339

9. LIPOCARPHA R. Br. App. Tuckey Exp. Congo, 459. 1818.

Low annual sedges, with slender tufted culms leafy at the base, and terete many-flowered
spikelets in a terminal head, subtended by a I-several-leaved involucre. Scales firm, spirally
imbricated all around, all fertile or several of the lower ones empty, at length deciduous.
Flowers perfect, with a small hyaline scale on each side; bristles none. Stamens 1-2; anthers
4-celled. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous, its base not swollen. Achene plano-conyex or 3-angled.
[Greek, alluding to the thick sepals in some species.]

About 15 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. Type species: Hypaelytrum
argenteum Vahl.

1. Lipocarpha maculata (Michx.) Torr.
American Lipocarpha. Fig. 835.

Kyllingia maculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 29. 1803.
L. maculata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 288. 1836.

Annual, glabrous, roots fibrous, culms tufted,
grooved, compressed, smooth, longer than the
narrowly linear somewhat channeled leaves, 3’-
10 tall. Leaves of the involucre 2-4, the larger
1-5’ long; spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 23’
3” long, 1” in diameter, 2-6 together in a termi-
nal capitate cluster; scales rhombic or lanceo-
late, acute at the apex, curved, the sides nearly
white, or flecked with reddish-brown spots, the
midyvein green; exterior sepal convolute around
the achene, nerved, hyaline; stamen 1; achene
oblong, yellowish, contracted at the base.

In wet or moist soil, Virginia to Florida. Near
Philadelphia probably adventive. Cuba, Panama.
July-Sept.

10. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. Edinb.
New Phil. Journ. 17: 263. 1834.

Low tufted mostly annual sedges, with erect or spreading, almost filitorm culms and

‘leaves, and terete small terminal capitate or solitary spikelets subtended by a 1-3-leaved

involucre. Scales spirally imbricated all around, deciduous, all subtending perfect flowers,
a single hyaline inner scale between the flower and the rachis of the spikelet; bristles none.
Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft, deciduous, not swollen at the base. Achene oblong, turgid or len-
ticular. [Greek, in allusion to the single inner scale.]

About 5 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, another
occurs in the western United States. Type species: Hemicarpha Isélepis Nees.

Scales with a short tip or mucronate, 1. H. micrantha.
Scales abruptly narrowed into an awn about as long as the body. 2. H.aristulata.

1. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax.
Common Hemicarpha. Fig. 836.
Scirpus micranthus Vahl, Enum. 2: 254. 1806.

Hemicarpha subsquarrosa Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2:
Part 1, 61. 1842.

H. Drummondii Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2': 61.

1842.
H, micrantha Pax in E, & P. Nat. Pfif. 27: ros.
1887.

Annual, glabrous, culms densely tufted, com-
pressed, grooved, diffuse or ascending, 1’-5’ long,
mostly longer than the setaceous smooth leaves.
Spikelets ovoid, many-flowered, obtuse, about 1”
long, capitate in 2’s-4’s or solitary; involycral
leaves, or one of them, usually much exceeding
the spikelets; scales brown, obovate, with a short
blunt tip; achene obovate to oblong, obtuse, mu-
cronulate, little compressed, light brown, its sur-
face minutely cellular-reticulated.

‘In moist, sandy soil, New Hampshire to Ontario,

Washington, Florida, Texas, Mexico and South
America. July-Sept.

340 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Hemicarpha aristulata (Coville) Smyth.
Awned Hemicarpha. Fig. 837.

H. micrantha aristulata Coville, Bull. Torr. Club 21:
36. 18094.

ET enststale Smyth, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 16: 163.
1899.

H. intermedia Piper; Piper & Beattie, Fl, Pal. Reg. 36:
1901.

Similar to the preceding species; culms 8’ high or
less, longer than the setaceous leaves; involucral
leaves I-3, sometimes nearly 1’ long. Spikelets
ovoid, 2’-4” long; scales rhombic-obovate, brown,
rather abruptly contracted into a subulate spreading
or somewhat recurved awn about as long as the
body; inner scale larger than that of H. micrantha;
style short; achene narrowly obovate, black.

Wet, sandy soil, Kansas to Wyoming, Colorado and
Texas; California and Washington.

H. occidentalis A. Gray, a species of California and
Oregon, with larger subglobose heads and lanceolate
scales, is erroneously recorded from western Ontario.

11. DULICHIUM L. C. Richard; Pers. Syn. 1: 65. 1805.

A tall perennial sedge, with terete hollow jointed culms, leafy to the top, the lower
leaves reduced to sheaths. Spikes axillary, peduncled, simple or compound. Spikelets
2-ranked, linear, many-flowered, breaking up into 1-fruited joints at maturity. Scales
2-ranked, carinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the joint below. Flowers perfect. Perianth
of 6-9 retrorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft at the summit, persistent as a
linear-oblong beak on the summit of the achene. [Name said to be from Dulcichimum, a
Latin name for some sedge.] A monotypic genus.

1. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton.
Dulichium. Fig. 838.

Cyperus arundinaceus L. Sp. Pl. 44. 1753.

Cyperus spathaceus L. Syst. Ed. 12, 2: 735. 1767.

Dulichium spathaceum Pers. Syn. 1: 65. 1805.

Dulichium arundinaceum Britton, Bull. Torr. Club
21:29. 1894.

Culm stout, 1°-3° tall, erect. Leaves numerous,
3-ranked, flat, 1’-3’ long, 2-4” wide, spreading
or ascending, the lower sheaths bladeless, brown
toward their summits. Spikes shorter than or
the uppermost exceeding the leaves; peduncles
2”-12” long; spikelets narrowly linear, spreading,
6-12” long, about 1” wide, 6-12-flowered; scales
lanceolate, acuminate, strongly several-nerved,
appressed, brownish; bristles of the perianth
rigid, longer than the achene; style long-exserted,
persistent.

In wet places, Newfoundland to Ontario, Minne-
sota, Washington, Florida and Texas, Also in Costa
Rica. Aug.—Oct.

12, DICHROMENA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 37. 1803.

Leafy-stemmed sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets crowded in a terminal head
involucrate by the upper leaves, which are often white at the base. Spikelets compressed,
several-many-flowered. Scales spirally imbricated all around, several of them with imper-
fect flowers, or empty. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft, its branches subulate.
Achene lenticular, transversely rugose, crowned with the broad persistent base of the style
(tubercle). [Greek, alluding to the two-colored involucral leaves.]

About 20 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southwestern
United States. Type species: Dichromena leucocéphala Michx.
Leaves of the involucre linear; tubercle truncate at the base. 1. D. colorata.

Leaves of the involucre lanceolate, long-acuminate ; tubercle decurrent on the edges of the achene.
2. D. latifolia.

GENUS 12. SEDGE FAMILY. 341

1. Dichromena colorata (L.) Hitchcock.
Narrow-leaved Dichromena. Fig. 839.

Schoenus coloratus L. Sp. Pl. 43. 1753.
D., leucocephala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 37. 1803.
Dichromena colorata A. S,. Hitche. Ann. Rep. Mo,

Bot. Gard. 4: 141. 1893.

Glabrous, culm slender, erect, rather sharply
triangular, 1°-2° tall. Leaves distant, narrowly
linear, about 1’ wide, much shorter than the
culm, those of the involucre 4-6, reflexed when
mature, yellowish-white at the base; head glo-
bose, 6-10” in diameter; spikelets narrowly
oblong, acute; scales membranous, lanceolate,
nearly white, 1-nerved, subacute at the apex;
achene obovate, brown, papillose or wrinkled
transversely, nearly truncate at the summit, com-
pressed, covered by the truncate-based tubercle.

In moist sandy soil, New Jersey to Florida and
Texas, Bermuda; tropical America. June—Sept.

2. Dichromena latifolia Baldw. Broad-
leaved Dichromena. Fig. 840.

Dichromena latifolia Baldw.; Ell. Bot. S. C. &
Ga. 1:90. 1816.

Culm stout, obtusely triangular or nearly
terete, the leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, tapering gradually to a long-acuminate
apex from a broad base, 14-4” wide, some-
times overtopping the culm, but the lowest
much shorter, those of the involucre 7-10,
strongly reflexed when old. Head globose,
9’ in diameter; spikelets oblong, subacute;
scales ovate-lanceolate, nearly white, rather
obtuse; achene nearly orbicular in outline, pale
brown, faintly wrinkled transversely and lon-
gitudinally, so as to appear reticulated; tu-
bercle decurrent on the margins of the achene.

In wet pine barrens, Virginia to Florida and
Texas. June—-Aug.

13. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl, Enum. 2: 229. 1806.

Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with erect 3-angled or terete culms, nar-
row flat or involute leaves, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously clustered spikelets.
Scales thin, 1-nerved, imbricated all around, usually mucronate by the excurrent midvein,
the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect, the lower perfect. Perianth of 1-20 (mostly 6)
upwardly or downwardly barbed or scabrous bristles, wanting in some species (no. 2). Sta-
mens commonly 3. Style 2-cleft, 2-toothed or rarely entire. Achene lenticular or swollen,
not 3-angled, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the style
(tubercle), or in some species by the whole style. [Greek, referring to the beak-like tubercle.]

About 200 species, widely distributed, most abundant in warm regions. Besides the following,
some 35 occur in the southern United States. Type species: Rynchospora aurea Vahl. BraK-SEDGE,

Style entire or 2-toothed, persistent as a long-exserted subulate beak. 1. R. corniculata.
Style deeply 2-cleft, only its base persistent as a tubercle,
Bristles minute or wanting. 2. R. pallida,
Bristles plumose. 3. R. oligantha.
Bristles downwardly barbed or rarely smooth.
Scales white or nearly so; bristles 9-15. 4. R. alba.
Scales brown; bristles 6.
Leaves filiform ; achene oblong. 5. R. capillacea,
Leaves narrowly linear, flat; achene obovate.
Bristles equalling the achene ; tubercle one-half as long or less. 6. R. Knieskernii.
Bristles reaching or exceeding the end of the tubercle, which is as long as the achene.
Spikelets few-several in numerous rather loose clusters. 7. R. glomerata.
Spikelets very numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 8 R. axillaris.

Bristles upwardly barbed.
Spikelets numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 8. R. axillaris.

342 CYPERACEAE. Vo. I

Spikelets few-several in rather loose clusters.
Achene smooth.

Leaves setaceous ; achene obovate, shining. 9. R. fusca.
Leaves narrowly linear.
Achene broadly oval. ; 1o. R. gracilenta.
Achene narrowly obovate. 11. R. Smallii.

Achene transversely wrinkled.
Spikelets ovoid, in erect cymose clusters; achene longer than the bristles.

Leaves flat ; spikelets nearly or quite sessile. 12. R.cymosa.
Leaves involute ; spikelets distinctly pedicelled. 13. R. Torreyana.
Spikelets spindle-shaped, in drooping panicles; bristles long. 14. R. inexpansa.

1. Rynchospora corniculata (Lam.) A. Gray. Horned Rush. Fig. 84r.

Schoenus corniculatus Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 137. 1791.

R. corniculata A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 205. 1835.

Rhynchospora corniculata macrostachya Britton, Trans. N.
Y. Acad. Sci. 11: 84. 1892.

R. macrostachya Torr. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 3: 206. 1835.

Culm obtusely triangular, stout or slender, smooth,
3°-7° tall. Leaves flat, broadly linear, 6-18’ long,
3°-8” wide, rough-margined; umbels terminal and
axillary, sometimes 1° broad, usually compound; spike-
lets spindle-shaped, 4-6” long in flower, capitate at
the ends of the rays and raylets; primary rays slender,
sometimes 6’ long; scales lanceolate, thin, acute, light
brown; bristles about 6, subulate or filiform, rigid,
upwardly scabrous, shorter or longer than the achene;
style subulate, entire or minutely 2-toothed at the apex,
2-4 times longer than the achene, upwardly scabrous,
3’-1’ long, persistent and much exserted beyond the
scales when mature; achene obovate, flat, 2” long, dark
brown, smooth, its surface minutely cellular-reticulated.

In swamps, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Ohio, Mis-
souri, Kansas and Texas. Consists of numerous races,
differing in length of bristles and inflorescence. July—Sept.

ANN YY:
SA VEN
my

2. Rynchospora pallida M. A. Curtis. Pale
Beaked-rush. Fig. 842.

R. pallida M. A. Curtis, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 7: 409. 1849.
Rootstocks slender, culms sharply triangular, 13°-23°
tall. Leaves 3”-1” wide, flattish, nearly smooth, the
lowest reduced to many-nerved lanceolate acuminate
scales; spikelets numerous, spindle-shaped, narrow,
2”-3” long, aggregated in a compound convex terminal
head, or occasionally also in a filiform-stalked cluster
from the upper axil; uppermost leaves subulate, little
exceeding the spikelets; scales pale greenish-brown,
lanceolate, acuminate; bristles minute and early decidu-
ous, or wanting; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obo-
vate-oblong, smooth, brown, somewhat shining, 3” long,
tipped by a short tubercle.

In bogs, New Jersey to North Carolina. Aug.—Sept.

flowered Beaked-rush. Fig. 843.

R. oligantha A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 212. 1835.

Rootstocks short, culms tufted, almost thread-like,
leafy only toward the base, 6-16’ tall. Leaves filiform,
resembling and shorter than the culm or sometimes
equalling it; spikelets 1-4, terminal, narrowly oblong,
acute, 3-4” long, sessile or peduncled, subtended by
I or 2 filiform bracts; scales ovate, pale brown, acute,
cuspidate; bristles usually 6, densely plumose below the
middle, upwardly scabrous above, equalling or shorter
than the achene; style 2-cleft; achene obovoid-oblong,
obtuse, turgid-lenticular, pale brown, dull, transversely
wrinkled; tubercle with a flat depressed border and a
flattened conic acute central projection about one-fifth
as long as achene.

In wet soil, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. June—Aug.

GENUS I2. SEDGE FAMILY. 343

4. Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. White Beaked-rush. Fig. 844.

Schoenus albus L. Sp. Pl. 44. 1753.

Rynchospora alba Vahl, Enum. 2: 236. 1806.

Rynchospora alba macra Clarke; Britton, Trans. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. 11: 88. 1892.

Pale green, rootstocks short, culms slender or
almost filiform, glabrous, 6-20’ tall. Leaves bristle-
like, 4-3” wide, shorter than the culm, the lower very
short; spikelets several or numerous, in 1-4 dense
corymbose terminal and axillary clusters, narrowly
oblong, acute at both ends, 2’-3” long; scales ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, white, acute; bristles 9-15, down-
wardly barbed, slender, about as long as the achene
and tubercle; style 2-cleft; achene obovate-oblong,
smooth, pale brown, lenticular; tubercle triangular-
subulate, flat, one-half as long as the achene.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Florida, Ken-
tucky, Minnesota, Idaho and California. Also in northern
Europe and Asia. June—Aug.

5. Rynchospora capillacea Torr. Capillary Beaked-rush. Fig. 845.

Rhynchospora capiilacea Torr. Comp. 41. 1826.
Rynchospora capillacea laeviseta E. J. Hill, Am. Nat. 10:
370. 1876.

Culms filiform, tufted, glabrous, 6’—20’ tall. Leaves
filiform, less than +” wide, much shorter than the
culm, the lower very short; spikelets few, in I-3
terminal and axillary loose clusters, oblong, acute
at both ends, 2-3” long; scales ovate-oblong,
chestnut-brown, keeled, mucronate; bristles 6, or
sometimes 12, slender, downwardly barbed, or some-
times smooth, about equalling or becoming longer
than the achene and tubercle; achene narrowly ob-
long, short-stalked, light brown, minutely wrinkled,
lenticular; style 2-cleft; tubercle compressed, tri-
angular-subulate, dark brown, about one-half as long
as the achene.

In bogs, New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana and Missouri. July—Aug.

6. Rynchospora Knieskérnii Carey. Knies-
kern’s Beaked-rush. Fig. 846.

R. Knieskernit Carey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 4: 25. 1847.

Culms slender, tufted, smooth, 8-18’ tall. Leaves
narrowly linear, flat, about 4” wide, much shorter than
the culm; spikelets numerous, in several distant com-
pact clusters, oblong, acute, about 1” long; scales
chestnut-brown, ovate; bristles 6, downwardly barbed,
equalling the achene; achene obovate, lenticular, brown,
minutely wrinkled; style 2-cleft; tubercle triangular-
subulate, pale, one-half as long as the achene or less
and slightly decurrent on its edges.

Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia. Jmly—Aug.

CYPERACEAE. Vou. I.

7. Rynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl.
Clustered Beaked-rush. Fig. 847.

Schoenus glomeratus L. Sp. Pl. 44. 1753.
Rynchospora glomerata Vahl, Enum. 2: 234. 1806.

Rootstocks slender, culms smooth, triangular,
slender or rather stout, 4°-4$° high. Leaves flat,
” wide, rough-margined, shorter than the
culm; spikelets several or numerous, in 2-7
corymbose-capitate axillary rather loose clusters,
oblong, narrowed at both ends, 14-2” long;
scales lanceolate, rich dark brown; bristles 6,
downwardly barbed, rarely smooth, longer than
or equalling the achene and tubercle; achene
obovate, lenticular, smooth, dark brown; tubercle
subulate, about as long as the achene.

15

In moist soil, New Brunswick to Ontario, Mich-
igan, Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Consists of nu-
merous races, differing in size, in width of leaves
and in development of the inflorescence. July—Sept.
False Bog-rush.

8. Rynchospora axillaris (Lam.) Britton.
Capitate Beaked-rush. Fig. 848.

Schoenus axillaris Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 137. 1791.

Rhynchospora cephalantha A. Gray, Ann, Lyc. N. Y.
32) 2Te.) wSeas

R. axillaris Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 104. 1888.

Rynchospora axillaris microcephala Britton, Trans.
N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11: 89. 1892.

Culms stout, 3-angled, 2°-4° tall. Leaves flat,
keeled, 17-12’ wide; spikelets spindle-shaped,
23-3” long, exceedingly numerous, in several
short-peduncled axillary and terminal very dense
globose heads 4-12” in diameter; scales dark
brown, ovate-oblong, acute; bristles. usually 6,
longer than or equalling the achene and tubercle,
downwardly or rarely upwardly barbed; achene
obovate, brown, smooth, lenticular; tubercle subu-
late, about as long as the achene, somewhat de-
current on its edges.

(es)

In swamps, Long Island to Florida and Louisiana,
near the coast. Cuba. Southern races have much |
smaller heads and smaller achenes than northern
ones. July—Sept. ———

a

g. Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. Brown Beaked-
rush. Fig. 840.

Schoenus fuscus L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1664. 1763.
R. fusca Ait. Hort. Kew, Ed. 2, 1: 127. 1810.

Rootstocks short, culms slender, 3-angled, smooth,
tufted, 6-18’ tall. Leaves setaceous, channeled,
scarcely 4” wide, much shorter than the culm; spike-
lets spindle-shaped, acute, about 23’ long, several, or
rather numerous, in 1-4 loose clusters; scales oblong-
lanceolate, brown, shining, concave; bristles 6, upwardly
barbed, often unequal, the longer ones usually exceed-
ing the achene and tubercle; achene narrowly obovate,
turgid-lenticular, smooth, shining; tubercle triangular-
subulate, nearly as long as the achene, its margins ser-
rulate or nearly smooth.

| In bogs, Newfoundland to Delaware and Florida, west
hy K | icy along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes to Michigan. Also
! in Europe. July—Aug.
Rynchospora filifolia Torr., with long filiform leaves and much smaller achenes, of the South-
eastern States and Cuba, has recently been found to range northward into southern New Jersey.

GENUS 13. SEDGE FAMILY.

10. Rynchospora gracilénta A. Gray. Slender
Beaked-rush. Fig. 850.

R. gracilenta A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 216. 1835.

Culms very slender or filiform, smooth, obtusely
triangular, 1°-2° tall. Leaves flat or becoming invo-
lute in drying, rather less than 1” wide, elongated but
shorter than the culm; spikelets narrowly ovoid, acute,
2” long, few, in 1-4 loose clusters, the lower clusters
borne on filiform stalks; scales ovate, brown, mu-
cronate; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, equalling the
achene and tubercle; achene broadly oval or nearly
orbicular, dark brown, lenticular, dull, smooth; tubercle
narrowly subulate, flat, widened at the base, pale, about
as long as the achene.

In pine barren swamps, southern New York to Florida
and Texas, near the coast. June-Aug.

11. Rynchospora Smallii Britton. Small’s
Beaked-rush. Fig. 851.

R. Smallii Britton; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1321. 1903.

°

Culms rather stout, 4° high or less, tufted.
Leaves flat, 1’’-23'" wide; spikelets several or
numerous in several rather loose axillary clusters,
14'’-2"” long, fusiform, their scales brown; bristles
upwardly barbed, as long as the achene and tu-
bercle; achene narrowly obovate, brown, smooth,
shining, about #” long, the smooth tubercle about

one-half as long.

Bogs and damp hillsides, New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania to North Carolina. July—Aug.

12. Rynchospora cymosa Ell. Grass-like
Beaked-rush. Fig. 852.

Rynchospora cymosa Ell. Bot. S.C. & Ga, r: 58. 1816.
Schoenus cymosus Muhl. Gram, 8. 1817.

Light green, culms tufted, sharply 3-angled, smooth,
1°-2° tall. Leaves flat, narrowly linear, grass-like, 14-2"
wide or the basal ones broader, the uppermost sometimes
overtopping the culm; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 14”
long, sessile or nearly so, capitate in 2’s-7’s on the ulti-
mate branches of the axillary and terminal clusters; |
bracts setaceous; scales dark brown, broadly ovate or
suborbicular; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, shorter than
the achene; achene broadly obovate to oblong, lenticu-
lar, transversely wrinkled; style 2-cleft; tubercle conic,
one-fourth to one-third as long as the achene.

Moist soil, New Jersey to Illinois, Arkansas, Florida and
Texas. Also in the West Indies and South America.
June—Aug.

Rynchospora compréssa Chapm., of the southeastern states and reported from Missouri, differs
by a broader lid-like tubercle.

Rynchospora rarifléra (Michx.) Ell., of the Southeastern States, Cuba and Jamaica, recently
found at Cape May, New Jersey, has filiform culms and leaves and filiform-peduncled spikelets.

346 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

13. Rynchospora Torreyana A. Gray. Torrey’s Beaked-rush. Fig. 853.

Rhynchospora Torreyana A, Gray, Ann, Lyc. N.
V.3: 197- 1835.

Culms terete or obscurely. 3-angled, smooth,
slender, 13°-3° tall. Leaves involute, the lower
12-2" wide at the base and elongated, the
upper bristle-like, distant; spikelets ovoid, 13”
long, peduncled, numerous, in 1-4 loose dis-
tant clusters; scales brown, ovate, mucronate;
bristles 6, upwardly barbed, shorter than the
oblong-obovate transversely wrinkled lenticu-
lar achene; style 2-cleft; tubercle flat, conic,
one-fourth to one-third as long as the achene.

In wet pine barrens, New Hampshire and Mas-
sachusetts to South Carolina and Georgia. July—
Aug.

14. Rynchospora inexpansa (Michx.)
Vahl. Nodding Beaked-rush. Fig. 854.

Schoenus inexpansus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 35.
1803.

R. inexpansa Vahl, Enum. 2: 232. 1806,

Rootstocks slender, culms tufted, smooth,
slender, 3-angled, 2°-3° tall. Leaves smooth,
13” wide or less, flat, the lower elongated, the
upper bristle-like, remote; spikelets spindle-
shaped, acute at both ends, about 3’’ long,
numerous, in I-4 narrow finally drooping pan-
icles; scales brown, lanceolate, acuminate;
bristles 6, upwardly hispid, very slender, about
twice as long as the achene; achene narrowly
oblong, transversely wrinkled; style 2-cleft;
tubercle flat, triangular-subulate, one-half as
long as the achene

Moist soil, Virginia to Louisiana. June-Aug.

14. PSILOCARYA Torr. Ann. Lye. Ne Yes: 359: 1a30:

Annual sedges, with fibrous roots, slender leafy stems and ovoid or oblong, many-flowered
terete spikelets in terminal and axillary, mostly compound umbels, the rays and raylets bracted
at the base. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around, membranous, deciduous.
Flowers perfect. Perianthnone. Stamens I or 2. Style 2-cleft, enlarged at the base. Achene
lenticular or biconvex, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the
style (tubercle), or nearly the whole style persistent as a beak. [Greek, referring to the
absence of perianth-bristles. ]

About 10 species, natives of temperate and tropical America. Besides the following, another
occurs in the southeastern United States. Type species: Psilocarya scirpoides Torr.

Achene strongly wrinkled, much longer than the subacute tubercle. 1. P. nitens.
Achene smooth or but little wrinkled ; tubercle subulate. 2. P. scirpoides,

Genus 14. SEDGE FAMILY. 347
1. Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Wood. Short-beaked Bald-rush. Fig. 855.

Scirpus nitens Vahl. Enum. 2: 272. 1806.

P. rhynchosporoides Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 361.
1836.

Rhynchospora nitens A. Gray, Man. Ed.5,568. 1867.

Psilocarya nitens Wood, Bot. & Fl. 364. 1870.

Glabrous, culms tufted, slightly angled, 3’-2°
tall. Leaves narrowly linear, about 1’’ wide,
smooth, sometimes overtopping the culm, sheath-
ing at the base, the midvein prominent; umbels
mostly loose; spikelets ovoid, 2''-3" long, rather
less than 1” in diameter; scales brown, broadly
ovate, thin, I-nerved, obtuse, acute or apiculate;
achene lenticular, nearly orbicular, light brown,
strongly wrinkled transversely; tubercle shorter
than the achene, subacute, 2-lobed at the base.

In wet soil, Long Island, N. Y., Cape May, N. J.,

and Delaware to Florida and Texas, near the coast,
and in Indiana. July—Oct.

2. Psilocaryascirpoides Torr. Long-beaked
Bald-rush. Fig. 856.

P. scirpoides Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 360. 1836.

Rhynchospora scirpoides A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 568.
1867.

Similar to the preceding species but smaller,
usually less than 1° high. Umbels commonly more
numerous; spikelets oblong or ovoid-oblong; achene
nearly orbicular in outline, biconvex, not as flat
as that of P. nitens, dark brown, faintly trans-
versely wrinkled or smooth, sometimes longitu-
dinally striate, slightly contracted at the base into
ashort stipe; tubercle subulate, as long as or some-
times longer than the achene, its base decurrent on
the edges.

fl

In wet soil, eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island
and northern Indiana. Perhaps a race of the preced-
ing species. July—Sept.

15. MARISCUS (Hall.) Zinn, Cat. Hort. Goett. 79. 1757.
[Craptum P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 114. Hyponym. 1756.]

Perennial leafy sedges, similar to the Rynchosporas, the spikelets oblong or fusiform,
few-flowered, variously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the lower empty, the middle
ones mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper usually fertile. Perianth none. Stamens
2 or sometimes 3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the achene, its branches
sometimes 2-3-parted. Achene ovoid or globose, smooth or longitudinally striate. Tubercle
none. [Greek, referring to the branched inflorescence of some species.]

About 40 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Schoenus Mariscus L.

Leaves smooth, about 1” wide. 1. M. mariscoides.
Leaves serrulate, 3”—10” wide. 2. M. jamaicensis,

348 CYPERACEAE. Vou. I.

1. Mariscus mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze. Twig-rush. Water Bog-rush. Fig. 857.

Schoenus mariscoides Muhl. Gram. 4. 1817.
Cladium mariscoides Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 372. 1836.
M. mariscoides Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 755. 1891. :

Culm slender, erect, rather stiff, obscurely 3-angled,
smooth, 13°-3° tall. Leaves about 1 wide, concave,
with a long compressed tip, nearly smooth; umbels 2
or 3, compound, the I or 2 axillary, slender stalked;
spikelets oblong, narrowed at both ends, acute, 23”
long, capitate in 3’s-Io’s on the raylets; scales chestnut-
brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, the midvein
slightly excurrent; upper scale subtending a perfect
flower with 2 stamens and a filiform 3-cleft style, the
next lower one with 2 stamens and an abortive ovary;
achene ovoid, acute, finely longitudinally striate, about
1” long.

In marshes, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota,
south to Florida, Kentucky and Iowa. July—Sept.

2. Mariscus jamaicénsis (Crantz)
Britton. Saw-grass. Fig. 858.

Cladium jamaicense Crantz, Inst. 1: 362.
1766.

Schoenus effusus Sw. Prodr. 19. 1788.

Cladium effusum Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3:
374. 1836.

Culm stout, 3°-0° high, bluntly 3-
angled. Leaves very long, 3’’—10” wide,
minutely serrulate on the margins; um-
bels several or numerous, decompound,
forming large panicles; spikelets mostly
2-5 together at the ends of the raylets,
narrowly ovoid, acute, 2’’-23" long;
uppermost scale subtending a_ perfect
flower; stamens 2; achene ovoid, ab-
ruptly sharp-pointed, wrinkled, narrowed
to the base, 2 mm. long.

In swamps, Virginia to Florida and Texas
and in the West Indies. Aug—Sept.

16. SCLERIA Berg, Kongl. Acad. Sy. Handl. 26: 142. pl. 4, 5. 1765.

Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets small, clustered in terminal,
or terminal and axillary fascicles, or sometimes interruptedly spicate. Flowers monoecious,
the staminate and pistillate spikelets separated or borne in the same clusters. Fertile spikelets
1-flowered. Staminate spikelets many-flowered. Scales imbricated all around, the 1-3 lower
and sometimes also the upper ones of the fertile spikelets empty. Perianth none. Style
3-cleft, slender or sometimes swollen at the base, deciduous. Ovary supported on a disk
(hypogynium), or this wanting. Stamens 1-3. Achene globose or ovoid, obtuse, crustaceous
or bony, white in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the hard fruit.]

About 200 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, some
8 others occur in the southern United States. Type species: Scleria flagellum-nigrérum Berg.

Spikelets in terminal, or terminal and lateral clusters; achene supported on a hypogynium.
Achene smooth.
Hypogynium supporting 8 or 9 small tubercles under the achene.
Hypogynium covered with a rough white crust.
Achene reticulated or irregularly rugose.
Culms erect or ascending; achene not hairy; peduncles short.
Culms spreading ; achene hairy; peduncles filiform.
Achene papillose.
Hypogynium supporting 6 distinct tubercles.
Hypogynium supporting 3 entire, notched or 2-lobed tubercles.
Spikelets interruptedly glomerate-spicate ; no hypogynium.

ol

. S. oligantha.
. S. triglomerata.

is}

. S. reticularis.
. S. setacea.

pw

. S. pauciflora.
. S. ciliata.
. S. verticillata.

Nau

tie le

GENus 106. SEDGE FAMILY. 349

1. Scleria oligantha Michx. Few-flowered
Nut-rush. Fig. 859.

Scleria oligantha Michx. Fl, Bor. Am, 2: 167. 1803.

Rootstocks thick, hard, clustered; culms slender,
erect, sharply 3-angled, nearly smooth, 14°-24° tall, the
angles somewhat winged. Leaves smooth or slightly
rough at the apex, 2’-3” wide, the lower short, acute,
the upper elongated; clusters terminal, usually also I
or 2 axillary, and filiform-stalked; bracts slightly cil-
iate or glabrous; achene ovoid, obtuse but sometimes
pointed, bright white, smooth, shining; hypogynium a
narrow obtusely triangular border supporting 8 or 9
small tubercles under the achene.

In moist soil, District of Columbia and Virginia to
Florida, Arkansas and Texas. June—Aug.

2. Scleria triglomerata Michx. ‘all Nut-rush. Whip-grass. Fig. 860.

Scleria triglomerata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 168. 1803.
Scleria triglomerata var. gracilis Britton, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. 3: 230. 1885. Not S. gracilis Ell. 1824.

Rootstocks hard, stout, clustered; culms 3-angled,
slender or rather stout, erect or ascending, rough or
nearly smooth on the angles, 14°-3° tall. Leaves flat,
smooth or slightly rough-margined, glabrous or nearly
so, 14’-24" wide, the lower short, acute, the upper
tapering to a long tip, rarely exceeding the culm;
flower-clusters terminal, and usually also 1 or 2
smaller ones from the axils; bracts glabrous or
slightly ciliate; achene ovoid or ovoid-globose, obtuse
but somewhat pointed, bony, obscurely 3-angled,
smooth, bright white, shining, }”—-14” high, supported
on a low obtusely triangular, papillose-crustaceous
hypogynium.

In meadows and thickets, Vermont to Ontario and Wis-
consin, south to Florida, Arkansas and Texas. July—Sept.

3. Scleria reticularis Michx. Reticulated Nut-rush. Fig. 861.

Scleria reticularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 167. 1803.
Scleria reticularis obscura Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
Rs 292, t8ss5.

Rootstocks small; culms very slender, erect, 3-angled,
1°-2° tall. Leaves narrowly linear, smooth, glabrous
or nearly so, 1’’-14" wide, not overtopping the culm;
spikelets in a terminal cluster and 1-3 remote short-
stalked axillary rather loose ones; bracts glabrous:
achene globose, crustaceous, dull white when mature,
reticulated by longitudinal and transverse ridges, }” in
diameter, glabrous, the reticulations sometimes very
obscure; hypogynium 3-lobed, its lobes appressed to the
base of the achene.

_ In moist meadows, eastern Massachusetts to Florida and
in northern Indiana. July—Sept.

De CYPERACEAE.

4. Scleria setacea Poir. Torrey’s Nut-rush. Fig. 862.

S. setacea Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 7: 4. 1806.
Scleria Torreyana Walp. Ann. 3: 696. 1852-53.

Br. 1810.

Bi2g2e aloo he

achene.

Porto Rico. June—Aug.

5. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Papillose Nut-
rush. Fig. 863.
Scleria pauciflora Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 318. 1805.

Rootstocks thick, hard, clustered; culms slen-
der, rather stiff, erect, usually tufted, glabrous or
sparingly pubescent, 3-angled, 9’—2° tall. Leaves
very narrowly linear, erect, less than 1’’ wide, the
lower short, the upper elongated and often over-
topping the culm, their sheaths often densely pu-
berulent; spikelets in a small terminal cluster and
sometimes also in I or 2 axillary short-stalked
ones; bracts ciliate or glabrous; achene oblong or
globular, 4” in diameter or rather more, crusta-
ceous, papillose, the lower papillae elongated and
reflexed; hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangu-
lar border supporting 6 small, distinct tubercles
somewhat approximate in pairs, sometimes with
3 additional smaller intermediate ones.

In dry soil, New Hampshire to Ohio, Missouri,
Kansas, Florida and Texas. Consists of several races,

rush. Fig. 864.

2-notched or 2-lobed tubercles.

bescence and in the form of the tubercles.

Scleria lava Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 376. 1836.

S. Elliottii Chapm. Fl. S. States, 531. 1860.

S pauciflora Elliottii Wood, Bot. & Fl. 368.

Vor. I.

Not. R.

Scleria reticularis pubescens Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.

Culms weak but rather thick, spreading or diffuse,
3-angled, nearly or quite smooth, 1°-23° long.
linear, nearly flat, smooth, glabrous, 14’-4” wide, not
exceeding the culm; spikelets in a loose terminal cluster,
and 1-3 filiform-stalked smaller axillary ones; bracts
glabrous; achene globose, somewhat pointed, nearly 1”
in diameter, irregularly rugose with low ridges some-
times spirally arranged or reticulated, pubescent; hypo-
gynium 3-lobed, the lobes appressed to the base of the

Leaves

In moist soil, Connecticut (?); Long Island to Florida,
Indiana, Missouri, Texas and Mexico. Also in Cuba and

6. Scleria ciliata Michx. Hairy Nut-

S. ciliata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 167. 1803.

1271.

Rootstocks rather stout, clustered; culms stout
to slender, 3° long or less, 3-angled, glabrous or
pubescent. Leaves 3”-3’ wide, glabrous or pu-
bescent; spikelets in a terminal cluster and often
in 2 or 3 stalked lateral ones; bracts ciliate;
scales ciliate or glabrous; achene subglobose or
globose-ovoid, about 13’’ in diameter, roughened
by unequal papillae or short ridges; hypogynium
an obtusely 3-angled border supporting 3 entire,

Pine barrens and meadows, Virginia to Missouri,
Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba and Santo Do-
mingo. Consists of several races, differing in pu-

Set

GENUS 17. SEDGE FAMILY. g5%

7. Scleria verticillata Muhl. Low Nut-
rush. Fig. 865.
S. verticillata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 317. 1805.
ee orem verticillatum Nees, Linnaea g: 303.

1835.

Annual, roots fibrous; culms very slender
or filiform, 3-angled, smooth or nearly so, erect,
4'-2° tall. Leaves very narrowly linear, +'-3’
wide, erect, shorter than the culm, the lower very
short; sheaths sometimes pubescent; spikelets in
several separated clusters, the inflorescence simple
or sparingly branched; bracts bristle-like; scales
glabrous; achene globose, 4” in diameter, crusta-
ceous, usually tipped with the base of the style,
marked by sharp distinct transverse ridges, or
somewhat reticulated by additional longitudinal
ridges; hypogynium none.

In moist meadows, eastern Massachusetts to On-
tario, Minnesota, Missouri, Florida, Texas, Mexico.
Bahamas and Cuba. Plant, especially the roots, fra-
grant in drying. July—Sept.

XN
17. KOBRESIA Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 205.
1805. Z
Slender arctic and mountain sedges, with erect culms, and 1-2-flowered spikelets,
variously clustered. Stamens 3. Perianth-bristles or perigynium wanting. Ovary oblong,
usually spicate, narrowed into a short style; stigmas 3, linear. Achene obtusely 3-angled,
sessile. [Name in honor of Von Kobres, a naturalist of Augsburg.]
About 30 species, widely distributed in arctic and mountainous regions. Type species: Kobresia
scirpina Willd. The generic name is sometimes written Cobresia.

Spikes several, clustered. 1. K, bipertita.
Spike solitary. 2. K. Bellardi.

1. Kobresia bipartita (All.) Della Torre.
Arctic Kobresia. Fig. 866.
Carex bipartita All. Fl. Ped. 2: 265. pl. 89. f. 5. 1785.
Kobresia caricina Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 206. 1805.
K. bipartita Della Torre, An]. Alpenbl. 330. 1882.

Culms solitary or tufted, smooth or very nearly so,
4-12’ tall. Leaves about 3” wide, infolded at least
in drying, usually shorter than the culm, the old
sheaths becoming fibrillose; spike 1’ long or less,
composed of several or numerous linear appressed
or ascending spikelets; scales somewhat serrulate on
the keel, rather more than 4’’ long; mature achenes
slightly longer than the scales.

Greenland to Alberta and the Canadian Rocky Moun-
tains. Also in Europe and Asia. The name Carex bi-
partita All, is doubtfully associated with this plant.
Summer.

2. Kobresia Bellardi (All.) Degland. Bel-
lard’s Kobresia. Fig. 867.
Carex Bellardi All. F). Ped. 2: 264. pl. 92. f. 2. 1785.
Kobresia scirpina Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 205. 1805.
Elyna spicata Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1: 155. 1806.
K. Bellardi Degland, in Loisel, Fl. Gall. 2: 626. 1807.
Elyna Bellardi C. Koch, Linnaea 21: 616. 1848.
Densely tufted, culms very slender, 4’-18' tall,
longer than the very narrow leaves. Old sheaths
fibrillose, brown; margins of the leaves more or less
revolute; spike subtended by a short bract or bract-
less, densely flowered or sometimes interrupted be-
low, 8’-15" long, 14’’-2”’ in diameter; achenes rather
less than 1” long, 4” thick, appressed.
In arctic America from Greenland to Bering Sea and
Alberta, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also
in Europe and Asia. Summer.

CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

Os
Nn
wv

18. CAREX L. Sp. Pl. 972. 1753-*

Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly 3-angled, often strongly phyllo-
podic, or aphyllopodic. Leaves 3-ranked, the upper elongated or very short (bracts) and
subtending the spikes of flowers, or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in
the axils of bracts (scales). Spikes either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, androgynous
or gynaecandrous. Perianth none. Staminate flowers of 3 stamens, the filaments filiform.
Pistillate flowers of a single pistil with a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, surrounded by the peri-
gynium, which completely encloses the achene or is rarely ruptured by it in ripening. Achene
3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. Racheola occasionally developed.

Species over 1000, widely distributed, most abundant in the temperate zones. Besides the
following about an equal number occur in western and southern North America. Specimens can
only be satisfactorily determined when nearly or quite mature. Type species: Carex pulicaris L.

_A. Spike one, androgynous; perigynia glabrous, not margined; leaves acicular, their sheaths
striate, conspicuously clothing base of stem; stigmas 2 or 3. 1. NARDINAE,
B. Spikes one to very numerous; if one, plant not as above.
I. ACHENES LENTICULAR AND STIGMAS 2; LATERAL SPIKES SESSILE; TERMINAL SPIKE PARTLY PIS-
TILLATE, OR IF STAMINATE, THE LATERAL SPIKES SHORT OR HEADS DIOECIOUS, VIGNEA,

a. Spike one, androgynous, orbicular to short ovoid. 2. CAPITATAE.
b. Spikes one to very numerous; if one, not as above.
+ Rootstocks long-creeping, the culms arising i-few together.
Spikes several, densely aggregated into a globular ovoid head, appearing like one spike; perigynia

membranaceous. 3. INCURVAE,
Spikes not as above; perigynia not membranaceous.
Spike one, staminate, pistillate or androgynous. 4. Drorcar.

Spikes more than one.
Perigynia not thin or wing-margined, the beak obliquely cut, in age often bidentate,

Culms becoming decumbent and branching. 5. CHORDORHIZEAE,
Culms not branching. 6. Divisac.
Perigynia thin or wing-margined, the beak bidentate. 7. ARENARIAE,

+7 Culms caespitose, but plants sometimes stoloniferous, or with slender rootstocks.
* Spikes always androgynous.
Perigynia strongly compressed, not whitish-green.
Perigynia 1/"-214" long, the beak not exceeding the body.
Spikes usually ten or less, green or reddish-brown tinged ; sheaths loose, or if tight not red-
dotted or transversely rugulose. 8. MUHLENBERGIANAE,
Spikes numerous, yellow or brown; sheaths tight, the opaque part either red-dotted or trans-
versely rugulose.
Perigynia plano-convex, yellowish ; opaque part of leaf-sheath transversely rugulose, often

not red-dotted. 9. MULTIFLORAE,
Perigynia thick, much rounded on outer, somewhat on inner surface, brownish; opaque
part of leaf-sheath red-dotted, not transversely rugulose. 10. PANICULATAE,
Perigynia 2”—414” long, spongy at base; beak much longer than body. 11. STENORHYNCHAE,
Perigynia scarcely compressed, nearly terete, whitish-green. 12, TENELLAE.

* Spikes gynaecandrous, rarely staminate or pistillate.
Perigynia ascending or appressed, the body not margined,
Perigynia 2’’ long or less, puncticulate. 13. CANESCENTES.
Perigynia longer, not puncticulate. 14. DEWEYANAE.
Perigynia body with thin or winged margins.
Perigynia spongy at base, usually spreading at maturity, thin-margined. 15. STELLULATAE.
Perigynia not spongy at base, not widely spreading at maturity, wing-margined. 16. OVALEs.
2. ACHENES TRIANGULAR OR LENTICULAR } IF LENTICULAR, THE LOWER LATERAL SPIKES CONSPICU-
OUSLY PEDUNCLED OR WITH STAMINATE TERMINAL SPIKE AND ELONGATED LATERAL SPIKES. EU-CAREX,
a. Scales bract-like ; achenes strongly constricted at the base. 17. PHYLLOSTACHYAE.
b. Scales not bract-like ; achenes not strongly constricted at the base
+ Spike normally one, the perigynia reflexed, or rounded and beakless at the apex.

Perigynia rounded at apex, beakless, glabrous ; scales persistent. 18. PoLyTRICHOIDEAE,
Perigynia beaked, strongly reflexed; scales soon deciduous. 19, PAUCIFLORAE,
++ Spikes one to many; when one, the perigynia neither reflexed nor rounded.
* Perigynia both coriaceous and shining, the beak obliquely cut. 20. NITIDAE.
** Perigynia not both coriaceous and shining.
! Spike one; perigynia triangular, glabrous, not flattened. 21. RUPESTRES.

!! Spikes one to many; when one, perigynia not as above. F
°Perigynia triangular, membranous, closely enveloping the achene, essentially nerveless, or 2-ribbed,
pubescent or puberulent at least at base of beak, stipitate; bracts sheathless or nearly so.
Spikes normally one.
Spikes androgynous ; leaf-blades filiform. 22. FILIFOLIAE,
Spikes dioecious ; leaf-blades not filiform. 23. SCIRPINAE.
Spikes normally two or more.
Perigynia obtusely triangular; foliage not pubescent.
Young achenes mitrate at apex; lowest scales rough-awned ; perigynia not slender-beaked.
24. MITRATAE.
Young achenes, lowest scales, and perigynia not as above. 25. MoNnTANAE.
Perigynia acutely triangular ; foliage usually pubescent. 26. TRIQUETRAE.
°°Perigynia not as above; or if so, bracts strongly sheathing. :
§ Lowest bract strongly green-sheathing ; perigynia beakless to beaked, entire, oblique or emarginate
at apex; or long-beaked and apex hyaline, becoming bidentate, teeth weak ; achenes triangular, or
if rarely lenticular, the perigynia dull and subterete.

* Text contributed by Mr. KennetH K. MACKENZIE.

Carex Key. SEDGE FAMILY. 353

Spike normally solitary. 27. PICTAE.
Spikes two or more.
(1) Neither perigynia nor scales blackish.
Bracts with obsolete or rudimentary blades.

Lower spikes nearly radical; scales abruptly cuspidate. 28. PEDUNCULATAE.
Lower spikes not radical; scales not abruptly cuspidate.
Leaf-blades flat; perigynia puberulent to pubescent. 29. DIGITATAE,
Leaf-blades filiform; perigynia glabrous. 30. ALBAE,

Bracts with well-developed blades.
Pistillate spikes short-oblong to linear, erect, or if drooping the spikes short and the
perigynia acutely triangular; terminal spike staminate.
Achenes lenticular; styles two. 31. BIcoLores.
Achenes triangular; styles three.
Perigynia with few to many strong nerves or nerveless.
Perigynia tapering at base, triangular, closely enveloping the achene.

Rootstock long-creeping. 32. PANICEAE.

Rootstock not long-creeping. 33- LAXIFLORAE,
Perigynia rounded at base, suborbicular in cross-section, loosely enveloping the

achene, 34. GRANULARES,

Perigynia finely many-striate.
Perigynia tapering at base, constricted at apex, obtusely triangular, closely
enveloping the achene. 35- OLIGOCARPAE,
Perigynia rounded at both ends, cross-section suborbicular. 36. GRISEAE,
Pistillate spikes elongated, linear to cylindric, slender-peduncled, the lower drooping.
Perigynia beakless or short-beaked; terminal spike gynaecandrous. 37. GRACILLIMAE.
Perigynia conspicuously or strongly beaked.
Culms strongly reddish-tinged at base, aphyllopodic.
Leaves glabrous; spikes very slender. 38. DesILes.
Leaves pubescent; spikes dense. 39. FLEXILES.
Culms not strongly reddish-tinged at base, phyllopodic.
Spikes slender, few-flowered ; perigynia 2” long or less, not inflated, the beak

not becoming bidentate. 40. CAPILLARES.
Spikes dense, many-flowered ; perigynia longer, more or less inflated; the beak
becoming bidentate. 41. LONGIROSTRES
(2) Perigynia and scales strongly blackish. 42. FRIGIDAE.

§§ Lowest bract sheathless to strongly green-sheathing ; if green-sheathing, achenes lenticular and
perigynia not dull and subterete, or perigynia with strongly bidentate non-hyaline apex and stiff teeth.
= Perigynia or foliage (at least the lower sheaths) pubescent; perigynia beakless, or the beak not
strongly bidentate ; achenes triangular.
Terminal spike gynaecandrous. 43. VIRESCENTES.
Terminal spike staminate. 44. PALLESCENTES. |
== Perigynia and foliage glabrous, or if pubescent, the perigynia strongly bidentate ; achenes trian-
gular or lenticular.
Perigynia rough-papillose or granular, beakless ;
triangular.
Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked. 45. TRACHYCHLAENAE.
Perigynia conspicuously beaked. 46. ANOMALAE,
Perigynia glabrous or pubescent, neither papillose nor granular.
Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked ; achenes triangular.
Terminal spike, if staminate, without rough-awned scales.
Terminal spike staminate, lateral ones drooping on slender peduncles, at least at maturity.
Perigynia glaucous, flattened; spikes not linear-cylindric. 47. LiIMosaAeE.
Perigynia not glaucous, not flattened in our species; spikes narrow. 48. SCITAE.
Terminal spike gynaecandrous, or if staminate, the lateral ones strictly erect.

or if beaked, the orifice not bidentate; achenes

Scales dark-tinged. 49. ATRATAE.
Scales not dark-tinged. 50. SHORTIANAL,
Terminal spike staminate ; scales rough-awned. 51. PALUDOSAE.

Perigynia with strongly bidentate beak, or if not, the achenes lenticular.
Achenes lenticular; perigynia dull.
Scales obtuse to acuminate, not long-aristate; achenes not constricted. 52. RIGIDAE,
Scales broad, long-aristate or in some arctic species acute or obtuse; achenes strongly
constricted at the middle. 53- CRYPTOCARPAE,
Ackenes triangular, or if (rarely) lenticular, the perigynia not dull.
Perigynia coriaceous, little if any inflated, often pubescent; bracts sheathless. 54. H1rtTAe.
Perigynia membranous or papery, from little to much inflated, never pubescent (rarely
hispidulous) ; or if slightly coriaceous the lower bract long-sheathing.
Perigynia little inflated, abruptly beaked, pistillate scales reddish or chestnut brown;
lower bract strongly sheathing. 55- FLAvag.
Perigynia little to much inflated pistillate scales not reddish brown or chestnut, or if
somewhat so, lower bract not strongly sheathing.

Perigynia lanceolate or lance-subulate, tapering into the beak, many-nerved.
Perigynia-teeth reflexed; perigynia green, early deciduous. 56. CoLLINSIAe.
Perigynia-teeth not reflexed ; perigynia yellowish-green. 57. FoLLicuLatag,

Perigynia broader, abruptly contracted into beak, usually strongly ribbed.
Perigynia less than 5"' long.

Perigynium-body ovoid or globose, not truncately contracted.

Perigynia coarsely ribbed or nerveless. 58. PHYSOCARPAE.
Perigynia finely and closely ribbed. 59. PSEUDOCYPEREAE.
Perigynia with an obovoid or obconic body truncately contracted into the
prominent beak. 60. SQUARROSAE.
Perigynia 5” long or longer. 61. LUPULINAE,

22

354 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

1. NARDINAE. Represented by 1 species. 1. C. nardina.

2. CApiraTAE. Represented by 1 species. 2. C. capitata.

3- IncurvAE. Represented by 1 species. 3. C. incurva,

4. Drioicaz. Represented by 1 species. 4. C. gynocrates.
5. CHORDORKHIZEAE. Represented by 1 species. 5. C. chordorrhiza.

6. DIVISAE.
Heads not dioecious; styles short; perigynia short-beaked.

Leaves narrowly involute. 6. C. stenophylla,
Leaves 1'-2"" wide, flat above. 7. C.camporum,
Heads e oemally dioecious ; styles long; perigynia long-beaked. 8.-C. Douglasii.
7. ARENARIAE,
Perigynia thin-margined. 9. C. Sartwellii.
Perigynia wing-margined
Spikes numerous; head heavy. 10. C. arenaria,
Spikes few (3-8) ; head slender. 11. C. siccata.

8. MUHLENBERGIANAE.

1. Sheaths tight, often thickened at mouth; inconspicuously if at all septate-nodulose.
Perigynia corky-thickened at base, usually widely radiating or reflexed at maturity.
Perigynia beak smooth; scales acuminate, deciduous; spikes mostly approximate.
Perigynia body broadly ovate, bi-convex. 12. C. retroflexa.
Perigynia body lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex. 13. C. texensis.
Perigynia beak minutely roughened; scales obtuse or acutish, persistent. 14. C. rosea.
Perigynia not corky-thickened at base, spreading or ascending.
Scales tinged with reddish-purple ; perigynia more than 2” long. 15. C. muricata.
Scales not tinged with reddish-purple ; perigynia 2’’ or less long.
Head 7'%'’-18" long, the lower spikes distinct.
Perigynia spreading, 12"’ long; bracts not broadly dilated at base; scales about length

of and narrower than perigynia, short-awned. 16. C. Muhlenbergit.
Perigynia ascending, 2’ long; bracts broadly dilated at base; scales (especially lower)
exceeding and as wide as perigynia, strongly awned. 17. C. austrina,
Head 4’’-10”’ long, the spikes densely capitate.
Scale body about length of broadly ovate perigynia. 18. C. mesochorea.

Scale body much exceeded by perigynia.
Perigynia elliptic-ovate or narrower ; leaves 114”-2” wide. 19. C. cephalophora.
Perigynia orbicular-ovate ; leaves %4”—-1” wide. 20. C. Leavenworthit.
2. Sheaths loose and membranous, easily breaking, codlanieapriely septate-nodulose.
Culms sharply triangular, not flattened or winged.
Perigynia dull, its beak %4—% length of orbicular body. 21. C. gravida.
Perigynia deep green, its beak % length of ovate body or more.
Bracts not developed; scales one half length of body of perigynia. 22. C. cephaloidea,
Some bracts developed ; scales equalling body of perigynia or longer.

Leaves 17%" ae "wide ; spikes aggregated or approximate. 23. C. aggregata.
Leaves 214’’-5"’ wide; lower spikes strongly separate. 24. C. sparganioides.
Culms narrowly wees more or less flattened.
Perigynia faintly nerved on outer face. 25. C. alopecoidea.
Perigynia strongly nerved on outer face. 26. C. conjuncta.
9. MULTIFLORAE.
Leaves exceeding culms; perigynia beak equalling body. 27. C. vulpinotidea,
Culms exceeding leaves; perigynia beak shorter than body.
Perigynia ovate to suborbicular, 28. C. annectens.
Perigynia lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. 29. C. setacea.

10. PANICULATAE,

Leaves %"-114"' wide; perigynia tapering into beak, rounded or truncate at base. _
Spikes approximate or little separate, the lower simple or nearly so; perigynia dark-brown,

rounded on inner face, 1’’-114"’ long. 30. C. diandra.
Spikes strongly separate, the lanes compound ; perigynia light-brown, nearly flat on inner face,
1%4"-1¥4" long. 31. C.prairea, _
Menves 2'’-4"' wide; perigynia very see short-beaked, tapering at base. 32. C. decomposita.
1. STENORHYNCHAE,
Perigynia 2”-2%” long; beak 1-2 pis length of body. 33- C. stipata.
Perigynia 3”-3'%4” long; beak 3-4 times length of body. 34. C. crus-corvi.
12. TENELLAE. Represented by 1 species. 35. C. disperma.

13. CANESCENTES.

Lowest bract bristle-form, much prolonged, many times exceeding its 1~5-flowered spike; spikes
widely separate. 36. C. trisperma,

Lowest bract much shorter or none; spikes several-many-flowered, the upper approximate.

Spikes 2-4, subglobose, closely approximate, forming an ovate or suborbicular head; perigynia
scarcely beaked ; scales white-hyaline. ByenG. tenuiflora.
Spikes 1—many, the lower more or less strongly separate, the head elongate; perigynia short to
strongly beaked ; scales darker.
Perigynia broadest near middle ; beak short, smooth or moderately serrulate.
Perigynia beak smooth or very nearly so; scales very obtuse to acutish, strongly reddish-
brown tinged; spikes closely approximate or in C. norvegica the lower remote.
Spikes 1 or more, approximate, the lower less than 2’’ wide.
Spike 1, rarely with a smaller one at base. 38. C. ursina.
Spikes 2-4.
Terminal spike strongly clavate at base; culms rough at apex only.

——''

Carex Key. | SEDGE FAMILY. 355

Perigynia ovate, abruptly beaked.
Leaves flat, 1%4”—-142” wide; culms strict, erect. 39. C. Lachenalii.
Leaves involute, 4”-34” wide ; culms weak, slender. go. C. amphigena,

Perigynia lanceolate, long-tapering. 41. C. glareosa.
Terminal spike little clavate; culms usually very rough. 42. C, Heleonastes.
Lower spikes widely separate, 2'’-212’’ wide. 43. C. norvegica,

Perigynia beak serrulate, or if smooth the scales acutish to cuspidate and scarcely if at
all reddish-brown tinged ; lower spikes remote.
Glaucous; leaves 1”—2” wide; spikes many-flowered, the scarcely beaked appressed-
ascending perigynia with emarginate or entire orifice. 44. C. canescens.
Not glaucous; leaves 14-114" wide; spikes fewer-flowered, the distinctly beaked,
loosely spreading perigynia with minutely bidentate orifice. 45. C. brunnescens.
Perigynia ovate, broadest near base, the beak conspicuous, strongly serrulate. 46. C. arcta.

14. DEWEYANAE,
Spikes oblong-ovoid ; perigynia nerveless or nearly so, sharply margined above; achenes 1” long;

scales greenish-white. : 3 47. C. Deweyana,
Spikes linear; perigynia noticeably or strongly nerved, little margined above; achenes 7%" long or
less; scales brownish-tinged. 48. C. bromoides.
15. STELLULATAE.
Spike one (rarely with a small additional one). 49- C. exilis.

Spikes more than one.
Perigynia soon ruptured by elongating achene and appearing glume-like. 50. C. elachycarpa.
Perigynia not soon ruptured, remaining normal.
Perigynia broadest near base, the beak serrulate.
Perigynia beak %4—™% length of body, the teeth very short, the suture on inner side incon-
spicuous ; scales very obtuse to acutish.
Leaves flat, 14-1” wide, usually shorter than culm; perigynia little nerved.
51. C. interior.
Leaves usually involute, #4" wide, usually exceeding culm; pevieyme pata nerved,
2. C. Howei.
Perigynia beak longer, strongly bidentate, the suture conspicuous; scales sharper.
Perigynia body lanceolate to broadly ovate, narrowed into beak more than half its
length; perigynia usually inconspicuously nerved on inner face. 53. C. Leersii.
Perigynia body suborbicular, abruptly contracted into beak less than half its length ;
perigynia conspicuously nerved on inner face.
Perigynia lightly nerved on both faces; scales acute to short acuminate; leaves
usually less than 1” wide; culms slender, sharply triangular. 54. C. incomperta,
Perigynia strongly nerved on both faces; scales acutish to acute; leaves 1-2"
wide, the lower very short; culms stout, obtusely triangular. 55. C. atlantica.
Perigynia broadest near middle, the beak smooth. 56. C. rosaeoides.

16. OVALES.

re Bereyie subulate, at least three times as long as wide, less than 34”’ wide, wing near base almost
obsolete.
Bracts much elongated, many times exceeding head, leaf-like; perigynia 214" long, the beak 2-3
times length of body. 57. C. sychnocephala.
Bracts much shorter and reduced ; perigynia 2%" long or less.
Tips of perigynia equalling or scarcely exceeded by the obtuse or acute dark brown scales ;

leaves 114’—2" wide ; culms 20’—40’ high. 58. C. oronensis.
Tips of perigynia conspicuously exceeding the acute or acuminate light brown scales; leaves
Y4"-11%4" wide; culms 5’-24’ high. 59. C. Crawfordii.

2. Perigynia lanceolate to reniform ; wing near base narrow to very wide, but never almost obsolete.
A. Perigynia narrowly to broadly lanceolate, at least 2%4 times as long as broad; tips of peri-
gynia prominently exceeding scales.
Spikes 2”-71%4” long; perigynia 314” long or less; achene short-oblong.
Leaves at most 1%4” wide, those of sterile shoots few, ascending. 60. C. scoparia.
Leaves broader, those of sterile shoots very numerous, widely spreading.
Tips of perigynia appressed or ascending; spikes 314”-6” long. 61. C, tribuloides.
Tips of perigynia widely spreading or recurved; spikes 2”—4” long.
Inflorescence dense, oblong; culm stiff, stoutish. 62. C. cristatella,
Inflorescence loose, elongate ; culm weak, slender. 63. C. projecta,
Spikes 714”-13” long; perigynia 314”-5” long; achenes linear-oblong. 64. C, muskingumensis.
B. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice as long as broad, or if narrower tips of
perigynia equalled by scales. :
a. Perigynia strongly exceeding scales or if nearly equalled by them much wider.
+ Perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 14-2” long, nerveless or few-nerved on inner face,
the tips not appressed.
Perigynia brownish ; spikes closely aggregated, rounded at base. 65. C. Bebbii,
Perigynia green; spikes contiguous to widely separate, usually clavate at base.

Leaves 1" wide or less. 66. C. straminea.
Leaves 1%4"-3” (averaging 2’) wide. 67. C. normalis.
+t Perigynia ovate to reniform, 2’ or more long, or if shorter with closely appressed tips.
Spikes closely aggregated, the scales dark brown or blackish, 68. C. macloviana,

Spikes approximate to widely separate, the scales lighter,
Perigynia spreading-ascending ; spikes green or brownish.
Spikes approximate or scattered, the head stiff; scales obtuse or acutish.
Perigynia 2'’-234” long, thickish, nerveless or obscurely nerved on inner face.
; 69. C. festucacea.
Perigynia 234-334" long, very thin, prominently about 1o-nerved on inner
face. 70. C. Bicknellii.
Spikes in a moniliform flexuous head; scales long-pointed.
71. C. hormathodes.

356 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

Perigynia closely appressed, or if somewhat spreading-ascending, the spikes whitish
or silvery green.
Spikes approximate, the head stiff ; lateral spikes rounded or little clavate at base.
Perigynia ovate, tapering into beak half length of body or more.
72. C. suberecta.
Perigynia broader, abruptly contracted into beak about third length of body.
Scales long acuminate or aristate ; perigynia more than 2”’ long and nearly
114" wide or more; achenes stipitate. 73. C. alata.
Scales obtuse or acutish; perigynia 11%4'’—2’’ long (rarely slightly more)
and 114” or less broad; achenes nearly sessile. 74. C. albolutescens.
Spikes in a moniliform flexuous head ; lateral spikes long clavate. 75. C. silicea,
b. Scales very slightly shorter to slightly longer than perigynia and concealing them.
Scales strongly dark-tinged, narrowly hyaline-margined ; head stiff, the spikes approximate,
many-flowered. 76. C. leporina.
Scales usually not dark-tinged, strongly hyaline margined; if dark-tinged not as above.
Inflorescence stiff, the spikes closely approximate.
Spikes elliptic, tapering at base; perigynia closely appressed ; bracts scale-like.
77. C. xerantica.
Spikes suborbicular, rounded at base ; perigynia loosely ascending ; lower 1—2 bracts
prominent, stiff. 78. C. adusta.
Inflorescence not stiff, often flexuous and moniliform.
Perigynia nerveless on inner face or faintly nerved.
Perigynia lance-ovate, 214’’—-314"’ long, 1'’ wide or less; leaves about 1’’ wide.
79. C. praticola,
Perigynia ovate, 2/’-2%4"’ long, 1-114’ wide; leaves rita! wide.
80. C. aenea.
Perigynia strongly nerved on inner face. 81. C. foenea.

17. PHYLLOSTACHYAE.
Scales (except lowest) not leaf-like, not enveloping perigynia, green with hyaline margins.

Body of perig: ynia oblong ; pistillate flowers usually 3-10. 82. C. Willdenovii.
Body of perigynia globose; pistillate flowers usually 2-3. 83. C.Jamesii.
Scales leaf-like, half- enveloping perigynia, without conspicuous hyaline margins. 84. C. durifolia.
18, PoLyTRICHOIDEAE. Represented by 1 species. 85. C. leptalea,
19. PAUCIFLORAE,
Racheola absent or rudimentary, not conspicuously exserted. 86. C. pauciflora.
Racheola present, conspicuously exserted. 87. C. microglochin.
20. Nitipar. Represented by 1 species. 88. C. supina.
21. Rupestres. Represented by 1 species. 89. C. rupestris.
22. FILIFOLIAE. Represented by 1 species. go. C. filifolia.
23. SciRPINAE. Represented by 1 species. gt. C. scirpoidea.
24. MirrataE. Represented by 1 species. 92. C. caryophyllea.

25. MontTaNnae.
. None of the culms short and hidden among the bases of the leaves.
Aphyllopodic and not stoloniferous ; lower sheaths but little fibrillose. 93. C. communis.
Phyllopodic and often long-stoloniferous.
Perigynia about equalling scales, 114"’ long or less.
Staminate spike stout ; lower sheaths usually strongly fibrillose.

Long stoloniferous ; staminate spike 6’’—-12” long. 94. C. pennsylvanica.
Short stoloniferous ; staminate spike 2’’—6"' long. 95. C. varia,
Staminate spike not over 1%” thick; sheaths little fibrillose. 96. C. novae-angliae.
Perigynia twice length of scales, 1%4’’—2” long. 97. C. albicans.

2. Many of the culms short and hidden among the bases of the leaves.
Lower bract exceeding the culm, leaf-like.

Staminate spike 1”—3” long; perigynia 1%” long, or less. 98. C. deflexa.
Staminate spike 3”—6” long; perigynia 2” long, or more. gg. C. Rossii.

Lower bract exceeded by the culm, scale-like.
Pistillate and starminate spikes contiguous ; culms aphyllopodic. 100, C.nigromarginata.

Lower pistillate spikes widely separate ; culms phyllopodic.
Perigynia 2” long or less, puberulent; leaves slender, light green, ascending, 114'’ wide
or less. 1o1. C. umbellata.
Perigynia longer, glabrous except the long beak ; leaves stiff, deep green, spreading, wider.
102. C. tonsa,

26. TRIQUETRAE. Represented by 1 species. 103. C. hirtifolia.
27. Picrar. Represented by 1 species. 104. C. picta.
28. PepuNcuLATAE. Represented by 1 species. 105. C. pedunculata,
29. DIGITATAE,
Staminate spike 114’’-3’’ long; scales obtuse, one-half length of perigynia. 106. C.concinna.
Staminate spike 6’’-10’’ long; scales acute to acuminate, exceeding perigynia. 107. C. Richardsonii,
30. ALBAE. Represented by 1 species. 108. C. eburnea.
31. BrcoLores.
Mature perigynia whitish, ellipsoid, not fleshy or translucent. tog. C. Hassei.
Mature perigynia orange or brownish, broader, fleshy, translucent. 110. C. aurea.

32. PANICEAE.

Perigynia beak none or very short, often bent.
Leaves 1” wide or less, involute or folded; leaves and perigynia very glaucous; bract sheaths

short ; Spikes approximate. 111. C. livida.
Leaves 1”—3” wide, flat; leaves green or bluish-green; bract sheaths long; spikes distant.
Perigynia turgid ; peduncle of staminate spike smooth ; leaves bluish-green. 112. C. panicea.

Perigynia not turgid; peduncle of staminate spike rough ; leaves green.

«a

Carex Key. SEDGE FAMILY. 357

Culms phyllepodic, not strongly purplish tinged at base; rootstocks very slender, deep-
seated.
Fertile culm blades usually 6-10, 144'"-314"' wide; perigynia more than 114" long;
spikes oblong or linear-oblong. 113. C. Meadit.
Fertile culm blades usually 3-5, 1’-134’’ wide; perigynia less than 114" long; spikes
linear. 114. C.tetanica,
Culms aphyllopodic, purplish at base; plants loosely stoloniferous. 115. C.colorata.
Perigynia beak straight, prominent, 14—¥ length of body.
Culms phyllopodic ; lower sheaths not purplish ; pistillate spikes 2-3, spreading. 116. C. vaginata.
Culms aphyllopodic; lower sheaths purplish ; pistillate spikes 1-2, erect. 117. C. polymorpha.

i 33. LAXIFLORAE.

: 1. Sheaths and base of culm strongly purplish ; staminate scales purplish.
Leaf-blades of fertile culms rudimentary ; perigynia 2'4"’ long or less. 118. C. plantaginea.
Leaf-blades of fertile culms developed ; perigynia 234’’ long or more. 119. C. Careyana.

2. Sheaths not purplish tinged, the base of culms but rarely so; staminate scales never purplish.
A. Perigynia acutely triangular, short tapering at base.

Leaf-blades very smooth (except edges), the larger 6’’ wide or more, those of fertile culm

much smaller than those of sterile ; perigynia smooth. 120. C. platyphylla,
Leaf-blades hispidulous on veins, 5’’ wide or less; those of fertile culm moderately smaller

than those of sterile; perigynia minutely roughened.
Staminate spike sessile or nearly so; peduncles short, erect. 121. C. abscondita.
Staminate spike usually strongly peduncled ; lower peduncles capillary.

Perigynia short-beaked; second bract and leaves usually exceeding culm; blades

1%"-24%4" wide, erect. 122. C. digitalis.
Perigynia beakless or nearly so; second bract and leaves usually exceeded by culm;
blades 2’’—-4"’ wide, spreading. 123. C. laxiculmis.

B. Perigynia obtusely triangular, long tapering at base, smooth.
Pistillate scales very truncate ; blades 714'’-20"’ wide ; culms very strongly flattened and wing-
margined. 124. C. albursina.
Pistillate scales acuminate to strongly cuspidate; blades narrower.
Spikes elongated, 8—20-flowered, the lower normalty on erect-stiff peduncles.
Perigynia obovoid; beak abruptly bent, minute; sterile shoots developing conspicu-
ous culms.
Culms stout; sheaths loose, the margins crisped; staminate spike short-stalked or
sessile. 125. C. blanda.
Culms slender; sheaths rather tight, the margins little if at all crisped; staminate
spike long or rarely short-stalked. 126. C. laxiflora.
Perigynia obovoid or fusiform with straight or oblique conspicuous beak ; sterile shoots
reduced to tufts of leaves.
Culms slightly wing-angled, stout, densely cespitose; basal leaves generally less
than 1° long, their sides not parallel; perigynia appressed-ascending.
127. C. anceps.
Culms scarcely wing-angled, slender, often loosely cespitose ; basal leaves generally
more than 1° long, their sides parallel; perigynia spreading-ascending.
128. C. striatula.
Spikes short, 5—10-flowered, the lower on capillary spreading or drooping peduncles.
129. C. styloflexa,
34. GRANULARES.

Culms tufted; bracts elongated, overtopping spikes; staminate spike short-stalked.
Basal leaves 214-8” wide; lower bract not extending beyond upper spikes ; perigynia narrowly

obovoid. 130. C.Shriveri,
Basal leaves 114-414" wide; lower bract extending beyond upper spikes; perigynia elliptic
obovoid. 131. C. granularis.

Rootstocks long-creeping ; bracts short, rarely overtopping spikes ; staminate spikes long-stalked.
132. C. Crawet.
35. OLIGOCARPAE.

Sheaths smooth; perigynia 134’’—2"’ long. 133. C. oligocarpa.
Sheaths rough-pubescent ; perigynia 214’"-2'4"' long. 134. C. Hitchcockiana.

36. GRISEAE.
Perigynia elliptic, %4’’ wide; leaves 2’’ wide or less; bract sheaths rough and peduncles very rough.
Culms 2%’ high or less, much exceeded by leaves; staminate spike nearly sessile.
Z 135. C. katahdinensis.
Culms 6’—36’ high, exceeding leaves or shorter; staminate spike long-stalked. 136. C. conoidea.
Perigynia oblong, 1"’ wide; leaves 1%4''—314" wide; bract sheaths smooth and peduncles nearly so.
Leaves not glaucous; larger spikes less than 12-flowered; lower scales usually equalling peri-

gynia.
Leaves 1-2" wide, erect; spikes widely scattered, the lower nearly basal; perigynia little
turgid. 137. C. amphibola,
5 p

Leaves 2’’-3"’ wide, spreading ; lower spikes not nearly basal; perigynia turgid. 138. C. grisea.
Leaves glaucous; larger spikes more than 12-flowered; lower scales shorter than perigynia.

Perigynia 114'’-2’’ long, somewhat exceeding scales, 139. C. glaucodea.
Perigynia 2'4"-3"' long, 2-3 times exceeding scales. 140. C. flaccosperma,
gy 4

37- GRACILLIMAE.
Plant glabrous; perigynia 134’ long or less.

Perigynia rounded at apex, beakless. 141. C. gracillima.

Perigynia sharp-pointed at apex, short-beaked. 142. C. prasina.
Sheaths and often foliage pubescent.

Scales except lowest obtuse or acute; spikes all gynaecandrous, 143. C. formosa.

Scales acuminate to cuspidate ; lateral spikes pistillate.
Bracts strongly sheathing; leaves 112'-2" wide.

358 CYPERACEAE. Wor. 1:
Upper scales acuminate or short-cuspidate; perigynia 134’'-2’’ long, less than 1’ wide;

spikes linear-cylindric. 144. C. oxylepis.
Upper scales sharply cuspidate ; perigynia 2’’-2!4"" long, more than 1’’ wide; spikes linear-

oblong or oblong-cylindric. 145. C. Davisii.

Lower bract only strongly sheathing; leaves 1'’-2’’ wide.

Perigynia nearly 1” wide, slightly inflated, strongly nerved ; lateral spikes scarcely loosely
flowered at base. 146. C. aestivaliformis.

Perigynia about %4”’ wide, obscurely nerved ; lateral spikes alternately flowered at base.

147. C. aestivalis,
38. DEBILEs. -
Perigynia smooth or puberulent. 2
Scales tinged with reddish brown; perigynia firm, strongly several-nerved; upper sheaths
puberulent. 148. C. oblita.
Scales hyaline with green midrib or somewhat reddish-brown tinged; perigynia membranous,
lightly nerved ; upper sheaths glabrous.

Perigynia sessile or subsessile ; blades 1'"-2'%" wide; scales obtuse to short-cuspidate.
Perigynia 3//-5”’ long, the beak subulate ; scales white hyaline margined. 149. C. debilis.
Perigynia 2%4'’-3%4"’ long, the beak less subulate; scales tawny tinged. 150. C. flexuosa,

Perigynia strongly stipitate; blades 24%’’-5’’ wide; scales strongly cuspidate. 151. C. arctata.

Perigynia tuberculate-hispid. 152. C. assiniboinensis.

39. FLexites. Represented by 1 species. 153. C. castanea. :

40. CAPILLARES. Represented by 1 species. 154. C.capillaris.

41. LONGIROSTRES.
Beak of perigynia much shorter than body; culms not fibrillose at base. 155. C. cherokeensis.
Beak of perigynia longer than body; culms strongly fibrillose at base. 156. C. Sprengelii.
42. FRIGIDAE.

Perigynia rounded at base, its beak very short. 157. C. atrofusca.
Perigynia strongly narrowed at base, its beak conspicuous, serrulate. 158. C. misandra,

43. VIRESCENTES.
Perigynia densely pubescent. ; : =
Leaves exceeding culms; lowest bract setaceous, 14’’ wide; pistillate spikes oblong cylindric;

perigynia obovoid. 159. C. Swanii.
Culms exceeding leaves ; lowest bract leaflet-like, 44""-114"" wide; pistillate spikes linear-cylindric ;
perigynia elliptic. 160. C. virescens.
Perigynia glabrous, at least at maturity.
Perigynia much flattened, rounded at apex, lightly nerved. 161. C. complanata.
Perigynia swollen, nearly orbicular in cross-section, pointed at apex, coarsely nerved.
Perigynia 1”’ long, brownish-green; scales not rough-cuspidate. 162. C. caroliniana.
Perigynia longer, green; scales rough-cuspidate. 163. C. Bushii.
- 44. PALLESCENTES.
Perigynia beakless, lightly nerved. 164. C. pallescens.
Perigynia short-beaked, strongly nerved. 165. C. abbreviata.
45. TRACHYCHLAENAE. Represented by 1 species. 166. C. glauca.
46. ANOMALAE. Represented by 1 species. 167. C. scabrata.

47. LIMOSAE.

Perigynia ovoid-elliptic, thick; pistillate scales broadly oval, obtuse or abruptly minutely pointed ;
culms obtusely triangular. 168. C. rariflora.
Perigynia broader, much flattened ; pistillate scales ovate, tapering at apex to long cuspidate; culms
sharply triangular '
Strongly stoloniferous ; leaves involute, glaucous, 114’’ wide or less; scales little exceeding peri-

gynia. 3 ; 169. C. limosa.
Tufted ; leaves flat, not glaucous, wider; scales much exceeding perigynia. 170. C. paupercula.
48. Scitar. Represented by 1 species. 171. C. Barrattii, ]

49. ATRATAE.
Scales not exceeding perigynia or but slightly so; sheaths not filamentose.
Perigynia not flattened and two-edged.
Perigynia 134” long or less, nerveless, the beak minutely bidentate, the style not prominent.
: 172. C. Halleri.
Perigynia longer, two-nerved ; beak not bidentate, style prominent. 173. C. stylosa.
Perigynia flattened and two-edged. }
Spikes all contiguous, sessile or short-peduncled, erect. 174. C. Parryana.
Lower spike strongly stalked, often drooping and distant. 175. C. atratiformis.
Scales awned, noticeably exceeding perigynia; sheaths strongly filamentose.176. C. Buxbaumii.
50, SHORTIANAE. Represented by 1 species. 177. C. Shortiana,

51. PALUDOSAE,

Perigynia not compressed-triangular, obovoid ; staminate spike one.
Perigynia strongly ribbed, squarrose, slightly glaucous; staminate scales tapering into short

awn; basal sheaths not fibrillose. 178. C.Joori.
Perigynia obscurely nerved, ascending, very glaucous; staminate scales abruptly awned; basal
_ sheaths strongly fibrillose. 179. C. glaucescens.
Perigynia compressed-triangular, ovoid; staminate spikes two or three. 180. C. acutiformis.

52. RIGIDAE.
Culms aphyllopodic.

Culms very strongly tufted, slender, very rough above; perigynia beak very short, not twisted.

Perigynia elliptic, longer than or little exceeded by scales. 181. C. stricta,
Perigynia obovate or orbicular, shorter than scales. 182. C. Haydeni.
Culms tufted and short stoloniferous, stout at base, smooth above; perigynia beak prominent,
twisted when dry. 183. C. torta. ;

Carex Key. SEDGE FAMILY. 359

Culms phyllopodic,
Perigynia beak if present not bidentate.
ulms single or in small clumps, strongly stoloniferous; scales very dark with slender mid-
vein; strict and generally low species.
Leaves with revolute margins; perigynia at most obscurely nerved.184. C. concolor.
Leaves with involute margins; perigynia conspicuously nerved. 185. C. Goodenowiti.
Culms densely cespitose, the stolons absent or not prominent; scales with broad light-colored
center; tall slender species.
Leaves ¥%2"’-1%"" wide; staminate spike one; rootstocks not sending out long stolons.
186. C. lenticularis.
Leaves broader; staminate spikes two or more; stolons long. 187. C. aquatilis,
Perigynia beak markedly bidentate; perigynia strongly ribbed. 188. C. nebraskensis.
53. CRYPTOCARPAE,
Pistillate spikes strictly erect, the upper sessile or nearly so; perigynia coriaceous.
Leaves 114” wide or less, the margins involute; lowest bract somewhat spathe-like; pistillate
spikes few-flowered; culms 7’ or less high. 189. C. subspathacca.
Leaves 1’’-3” wide, flat or with revolute margins; lowest bract not spathe-like; pistillate spikes
many-flowered ; culms usually taller.
Scales little longer than perigynia, pale reddish; pistillate spikes usually 4’ long or less.

190. C, sai.na.
Scales much exceeding perigynia, dark purple, light brownish or chestnut; pistillate spikes
1%'-3' long. 191. C. recta,
Pistillate spikes peduncled, drooping, widely spreading or suberect.
Pistillate scales purplish brown; perigynia coriaceous, 192. C. cryptocarpa.

Pistillate scales lighter colored; perigynia membranaceous.
Awns of pistillate scales erect or appressed-ascending ; perigynia not inflated; basal sheaths
little or not at all fibrillose. 193. C. maritima.
Awns of pistillate scales spreading or loosely-ascending; perigynia generally somewhat
inflated ; basal sheaths fibrillose.
Sheaths rough hispid; lower pistillate scales tapering into awn. 194. C. gynandra.
Sheaths smooth; lower pistillate scales abruptly contracted into awn. 195. C.crinita.
54. HirTar.
Staminate scales not ciliate.
Perigynia beak much shorter than body, the teeth 4” long or less.
Perigynia glabrous to sparsely pubescent.
Leaves 3'’-6"’ wide, flat.
Culms aphyllopodic, strongly purplish tinged and filamentose at base; mature peri-

gynia strongly nerved. 196. C. lacustris.
Culms phyllopodic, not purplish tinged or filamentose at base; mature perigynia im-
pressed nerved. 197. C.impressa,
Leaves 1''~2'’ wide, becoming involute. 198. C. Walteriana.

Perigynia densely or strongly pubescent.
Perigynia nerves obscured by dense pubescence, the teeth of beak short.
Perigynia beak with hyaline orifice at length somewhat bidentate; staminate spike

usually one, sessile or short-stalked. : 199. C. vestita.
Perigynia beak with non-hyaline, strongly bidentate orifice; staminate spikes long-
stalked.
Leaves flat, more than 1” wide. 200. C. lanuginosa.
Leaves involute, 1’’ wide or less. 201. C. lasiocarpa,

Perigynia nerves prominent, the teeth of beak prominent, slender. 202. C. Houghtonii.
Perigynia beak including teeth nearly as long as body, the teeth 34’’ long or more.
Perigynia glabrous or pubescent, ovoid, the teeth less than 1” long, erect or spreading; scales

acute to aristate. 203. C. trichocarpa.
Perigynia glabrous, lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, the teeth 1’-2"’ long, widely spreading;
scales long-aristate. 204. C. atherodes.
Staminate scales strongly ciliate. 205. C. hirta.
55. FLAVAE.
Bracts long-sheathing, erect; pistillate spikes scattered. 206. C. fulvescens.
Bracts except lower not long-sheathing, widely spreading ; pistillate spikes, at least upper, approximate.
Leaves involute ; perigynia ascending, not yellowish. 207. C. extensa.
Leaves not involute ; perigynia squarrose, yellowish.
Perigynia 1’’"-1%4" long, the beak scarcely half length of body. 208. C. Oederi.

Perigynia 2’’-3"’ long, the beak about length of body.
Scales hidden ; perigynia 2” long; beaks spreading or lower reflexed. 209. C. lepidocarpa.
Scales conspicuous ; perigynia 2!4”—3” long, the beaks spreading in all directions.
210. C. flava,

56. CotttnstAz. Represented by 1 species. 211. C. Collinsii.
57. FOLLICULATAE.
Leaves 1-2" wide; scales acute or short acuminate. 212. C. abacta.
Leaves 2’’-8’’ wide; scales strongly awn-tipped. 213. C. folliculata.

58. PHYSOCARPAE.
1. Perigynia scarcely inflated ; beak entire or emarginate; stigmas usually two; achenes lenticular.
Leaves strongly involute, 4-114" wide; rootstocks creeping, the culms arising one-several
_together ; spikes sessile or short-peduncled ; culms often somewhat filamentose at base.
Pistillate spikes linear- or oblong-cylindric, 2”—-2'4” wide ; perigynia loosely ascending; leaves

1’ wide or less. : 214. C. miliaris.
Pistillate spikes suborbicular to oblong, wider; perigynia appressed-ascending ; leaves mostly
wider, 215. C. rhomalea.

Leaves flat, wider ; rootstocks not creeping, but plants freely stoloniferous; culms not filamen-
tose at base; spikes from nearly sessile to strongly peduncled. 216. C. saxatilis,

360 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Perigynia from little to much inflated ; beak bidentate ; stigmas normally three ; achenes triangular.
A. Pistillate scales (except rarely lowest) not rough-awned.
a. Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric, 15 to many-flowered.
Perigynia not reflexed ; bracts not more than several times exceeding spikes.
Achenes not excavated on one side or but little so.
Beak of perigynia smooth.

Culms sharply triangular, rough above, scarcely spongy at base; perigynia ascending.
Perigynia 2'’—214"' long; culms often not filamentose at base. 217. C. mainensis.
Perigynia longer; culms markedly filamentose at base.

Perigynia lanceolate, tapering into beak ; spikes loosely flowered at base.
Perigynia ovoid or globose-ovoid ; spikes not loosely flowered. 218. C. Raeana.
Pistillate spikes less than 414’’ wide; perigynia globose-ovoid, ‘abruptly con-
tracted into beak. 219. C. monile.
Pistillate spikes 444'-7%"’ wide; perigynia ovoid, contracted into beak.
220. C. vesicaria,
Culms obtusely triangular, usually smooth above, often thick and spongy at base; per.-
gynia often spreading, abruptly contracted into beak.
Leaves very narrow, involute. 221. C. rotundata.
Leaves broad, flat.
Spikes 114’ long or less; perigynia strongly dark tinged, very membranous ; culms
1° high or less. 222, C. membranopacta.
Spikes much longer; perigynia little tinged, less membranous ; culms much higher.
223. C. rostrata.

Beak of perigynia rough. 224. C. bullata. ‘
Achenes deeply excavated on one side. 225. C. Tuckermanit.
Lower perigynia reflexed ; bracts many times exceeding spikes. 226. C.rctrorsa.
b. Pistillate spikes globose or short-oblong, 5- to 15-flowered. 227. C. oligosperma.
B. Pistillate scales rough-awned.
Spikes cylindric, 7’-9’’ thick ; perigynia contracted into beak. 228. C. lurida.

Spikes narrowly cylindric, 4/-6” thick; perigynia abruptly contracted into beak.
; 229. C. Baileyi.
59. PSEUDO-CYPEREAE,
Perigynia suborbicular in cross-section, more or less inflated.
Spikes linear-cylindric ; staminate scales scarcely awned. 230. C. Schweinitzti,
Spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric; staminate scales with short rough awns, 231. C. hystricina,
Perigynia obtusely triangular, scarcely inflated, closely enveloping achene.
Perigynia teeth erect, 4%” long; body of beak %” long. 232. C.Pseudo-cyperus.
Perigynia teeth recurved or spreading, 34”-1” long; body of beak 34”—1” long.
233. C. comosa.
60. SQUARROSAE,

Scales exceeding perigynia; terminal spike small, normally staminate, 234. C. Frankii.
Scales much shorter than perigynia; terminal spike gynaecandrous.
Scales acuminate or awned; spikes oval. 235. C. squarrosa.
Scales obtusish ; spikes oblong-cylindric. 236. C. typhina,

61. LUPULINAE.

Pistillate spikes globose or subglobose ; style straight.
Scales usually strongly awned (varying to obtuse in few-flowered northern plants) ; pistillate
spikes 1-12-flowered ; leaves 114”-312” wide, the sheath prolonged. 237. C. intumescens.
Scales usually obtuse, varying to slightly cuspidate; pistillate spikes 6—-30-flowered; leaves
214"-4%4” wide, the sheath not prolonged. 238. C. Asa-Grayi.
Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric ; style abruptly bent.
Perigynia ascending, the beak less than twice length of body.
Culms arising singly from elongated rootstocks ; leaves 1’’-214'" wide. 239. C. louisianica.
Culms cespitose ; leaves 2’’-5’’ wide.
Achenes longer than. thick, the angles not prominently knobbed. 240. C. lupulina
Achenes not longer than thick, the angles prominently knobbed. 241. C. lupuliformis.
Perigynia spreading at right angles, the beak 2-3 times length of body. 242. C. gigantea.

1. Carex nardina Fries. Nard Sedge. Fig. 868.
Carex nardina Fries, Mant. 2: 55. 18309.

Culms very densely caespitose, filiform, smooth, erect,
2’-5’ tall, densely clothed at base with the old sheaths,
many-leaved. Leaves filiform, erect, shorter or longer
than the culms; spike solitary, terminal, oblong, an-
drogynous, bractless, 3-7” long, less than 2” in diam-
eter; perigynia oblong-elliptic, plano-convex, yellowish
brown, faintly nerved, nearly erect, narrowed at both
ends, 13”-2” long, ¥” wide, slightly serrulate above,
minutely and abruptly beaked, 2-toothed; scales broadly
ovate, brown, with lighter center, thin, obtuse to
slightly cuspidate, usually longer than the perigynia;
racheola often present; stigmas 2 or 3.

Labrador and Hudson Bay to British Columbia and south

to Washington and Colorado, Also in Europe and Asia.
Summer,

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 361

2. Carex capitata L. Capitate Sedge. Fig. 869.
Carex capitata L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 1261. 1759.

Culms caespitose, slender, but stiff, strictly erect, 2-18"
tall, slightly roughened above, few-leaved, the old sheaths
not conspicuous, slightly fibrillose at base. Leaves
filiform, involute, erect, shorter than the culm; spike
solitary, terminal, short-ovoid, androgynous, bractless,
2-4" high, 12’-2” in diameter; perigynia membranous,
broadly ovoid, ascending, whitish or tinged with brown,
nerveless or nearly so, 14” long, #”-1” wide, abruptly
contracted into a smooth, nearly entire, dark brown beak
about }” long, with hyaline orifice; scales broadly ovate,
membranous, brown, with conspicuous white hyaline
margins, obtuse, shorter than the perigynia; racheola
often present; stigmas 2.

Greenland and Labrador to the Northwest Territory and
Wyoming and on the higher summi‘s of the White Moun-
tains of New Hampshire. Also in Europe, Asia and South
America. Summer.

3. Carex incurva Lightf. Curved Sedge.
Fig. 870.
Carex incurva Lightf. Fl. Scot. 544. pl. 24. f. 1. 1777.

In small tufts, from elongated rootstocks, culms
rather stiff, smooth, often curved, 1-8’ long. Leaves
less than 1” wide, shorter than to exceeding the culm,
usually curved; spikes 2-5, androgynous, sessile and
closely aggregated into an ovoid or short oblong
dense head, 23-8” in diameter, appearing like a soli-
tary spike; perigynia ovate, slightly swollen, com-
pressed, scarcely margined, 13” long, 1” wide, faintly
several-many-nerved, contracted at the base and nar-
rowed above into a short conic roughish beak; scales
ovate, brownish, with silvery hyaline margins, acute
or subacute, membranous, shorter than the perigynia;
stigmas 2.

Greenland and Hudson Bay to British Columbia and
Alaska. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

4. Carex gynocrates Wormsk. Northern Bog Sedge. Fig. 871.

Carex gynocrates Wormsk.; Drejer, Rev. Crit. Car. 16. 1841.
Carex Redowskyana Fr. Schmidt Reisen im Amurl. 66. 1868.
Not C. A. Meyer, 1831.

Culms very slender, stiff, erect, smooth, obtusely trian-
gular, 3-12’ tall, slenderly long-stoloniferous. Leaves
almost bristle-form, erect, usually shorter than the culm;
spike solitary, linear, terminal, erect, 2”-8” long, androgy-
nous, the pistillate part 2-3” thick, or sometimes wholly
staminate or pistillate; perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, biconvex,
thin-edged, but margined above only, rounded and stipitate
at base, dark brown at maturity, 13” long, 7” wide, spread-
ing or reflexed when mature, strongly several-nerved,
rough above, narrowed into a short, at length 2-toothed
beak; scales ovate, light brown, spreading, acute to cuspi-
date, shorter than or equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In bogs, Greenland to Alaska, south to Maine, New York,

Pennsylvania, Michigan and in the Rocky Mountains to Colo-
rado, Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

362 CYPERACEAE. Vou. I.

5. Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh. Creeping Sedge. Fig. 872.
Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh. in L. f. Suppl. 414. 1781.

Culms elongated, the old ones prostrate, sending up
from apical nodes (usually) fertile culms and from
lower nodes sterile culms, the latter in succeeding
seasons becoming prostrate and sending forth new
culms from the nodes, the roots little developed. Fertile
culms erect, smooth, 4-18’ tall; leaves 1-13” wide,
shorter than the culm, somewhat involute in drying,
straight, the lower ones reduced to short sheaths; spikes
2-4, bractless, androgynous, aggregated into a terminal
ovoid or oblong head 3-6” long; perigynia broadly
ovoid, 4” long, 1” wide, flat on the inner side, convex
on the outer, very thick, strongly many-nerved, slightly
margined, abruptly tipped by a very short entire beak;
scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, brown, acute or acumi-
nate, equalling the perigynia or a little longer; stigmas 2.

In sphagnum bogs and shallow water, Anticosti to Hudson
Bay and the Northwest Territory, south to Maine, New
York, northern Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. Also in
Europe and Asia. Summer.

6. Carex stenophylla Wahl. Involute-leaved int
Sedge. Fig. 873. ‘Y Z (iP
Carex stenophylla Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) \ Wiz yee
24: 142. 1803. ——
?C. Eleocharis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 6. 1889. \ /
Culms in smalltufts from long creeping rootstocks, /

pale green, smooth, stiff, erect, 3-8 high. Leaves
involute, about 3” wide, shorter than to exceeding the
culm; spikes 5 or 6, androgynous, sessile and aggre-
gated into an ovoid dense head 34-73” long, 5 wide
or less, appearing like a solitary spike; perigynia
ovate or ovate-oval, about 14” long and %” wide,
slightly margined above, faintly several-nerved,
plano-convex, gradually narrowed into a short ser-
rulate beak, the orifice oblique or in age slightly
bidentate; scales ovate, brownish, membranous, ob-
tuse to cuspidate, about equalling the perigynia;
stigmas 2.

In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to
Iowa, Kansas and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia.
June-Aug.

7. Carex camporum Mackenzie. Clustered Field Sedge. Fig. 874.

C. marcida Boott ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 212. pl. 213. 1840.
Not J. F. Gmel. 1791.
Carex camporum Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 244. 1910.

Light green, culms slender, sharply 3-angled, smooth-
ish, or rough at least above, 1°-2° tall, from long creep-
ing rootstocks. Leaves #’-2” wide, flat or nearly so,
much shorter than the culm; bracts short, subulate
from a broader base, or wanting; spikes several,
androgynous or gynaecandrous, clustered in a terminal
linear-oblong to ovoid-oblong head 6-18” long, 3-5”
wide, the lower ones rarely compound; perigynia ovate,
dark brown at maturity, 14’-2” long, faintly nerved,
sharp-margined, tapering into a flat serrate beak shorter
than the body; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, brown-
ish, hyaline-margined, acute or cuspidate, usually ex-
ceeding the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry soil, Michigan to British Columbia, south to
Nebraska, Kansas, New Mexico and Nevada. Rarely ad-
ventive eastward. June—Sept.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 363

8. Carex Douglasii Boott. Douglas’ Sedge. Fig. 875.

Carex Douglasii Boott ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 213. pl. 214.

1840.

Light green, rootstocks extensively creeping, culms
normally dioecious, slender, erect, smooth or nearly so,
4-12’ tall. Leaves 7’”-1}” wide, somewhat involute in
drying, shorter or longer than the culm, tapering to a
long tip; spikes linear or oblong, elliptic, 23-8”
long, several or numerous in a dense terminal oblong
or ovoid head 17-2’ long; perigynia ovate-lanceolate,
about 2” long, less than 1” wide, faintly several-nerved,
on both sides, rounded at base, the rough, at length
bidentate, tapering beak about one-half as long as the
body; scales pale greenish brown, or straw-colored,
lanceolate, scarious, smooth-awned, much longer than
the perigynia and completely concealing them;
stigmas 2.

In dry soil, Manitoba to Nebraska and New Mexico,
west to British Columbia and California. June-Aug.

g. Carex Sartwéllii Dewey. Sartwell’s Sedge. Fig. 876.
é Carex Sartwellii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 90. 1842.

Culms slender, stiff, erect,’ rough above, 3-angled,
1°-3° tall, from elongated dark rootstocks. Leaves
1-2” wide, mostly shorter than the culm, long-
attenuate at the tip; bracts setaceous, usually very
small, or 1 or 2 of the lower sometimes elongated;
spikes numerous, ovoid or oblong, usually staminate
or androgynous, 2”-4” long, usually densely aggre-
gated in a narrow but heavy head 1-2’ long and
5” wide, or the lower somewhat separated; perigynia
elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 13’-2” long
and 7-1” wide, thin-margined, ascending, nerved on
both faces, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak;
scales ovate, obtuse or subacute, pale brown, scarious-
margined, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps, Ontario to British Columbia, south to cen-
tral New York, Illinois, Arkansas and Utah. May-July.

1o. CarexarenariaL. SandSedge. Sand-star.
Fig. 877.
Carex arenaria L. Sp. Pl. 973. 1753.

Rootstock extensively creeping, culms erect, slender,
slightly scabrous above, 4’-15’ high. Leaves 7-11”
wide, very long-pointed, shorter than the culm; lower
bract subulate, sometimes 14’ long; spikes oblong, 3’-6”
long, aggregated into a terminal ovoid head 1-2’ long,
the terminal commonly staminate, the middle ones stami-
nate at the top, the lower usually wholly pistillate; peri-
gynia lanceolate, 2”-24” long, wing-margined above,
strongly several-nerved on both sides, the flat strongly
2-toothed serrulate beak nearly as long as the body and
decurrent on its summit; scales lanceolate, light brown,
long-acuminate or awned, about equalling the perigynia;
stigmas 2.

On sea beaches near Norfolk, Virginia. Adventive or
naturalized from Europe. Stare. Sea-sedge. Sea-bent. June-July.

3,64. CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

11. Carex siccata Dewey. Dry-spiked Sedge.
Hillside Sedge. Fig. 878.

Carex siccata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 278. 1826.

Rootstocks long-creeping, and stout; culms slen-
der, single or in small clumps, erect, rough above,
1°-2° tall. Leaves erect, 1’—-12’’ wide, usually shorter
than the culm, the lower short; bracts short or the
lowest bristle-form and elongated; head slender;
spikes 3-8, oblong or subglobose, 24’—4” long, brown-
ish or brown, clustered or more or less separated,
usually gynaecandrous or staminate; perigynia ovate-
lanceolate, much flattened but firm, 23’—-3” long and
1” wide, wing-margined, several-nerved on both
sides, the inner face, concave by the incurved mar-
gins, the tapering rough beak nearly or fully as long
as the body; scales ovate-lanceolate, membranous,
acute or acuminate, nearly equalling the perigynia;
stigmas 2.

In dry fields and on hills, Maine to Alaska, south to

Rhode Island, New Jersey, Michigan, Arizona and Cali-
fornia. May-July.

12. Carex retrofléxa Muhl. Reflexed Sedge.
Fig. 879.
Carex retroflexra Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 235. 1805.

C. rosea var. retroflexa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 389.
1836.

Culms very slender, erect, rather stiff, 8-18’ tall,
smooth or roughish above. Leaves 4’-134” in width,
mostly shorter than the culm; lower bract bristle-
form, sometimes 2’ long, usually shorter; spikes 4-8,
normally androgynous, subglobose, 4-10-flowered, the
upper all close together, the lower 1 to 3 separated;
perigynia broadly ovoid with slightly raised margin,
radiating or reflexed at maturity about 13” long and
somewhat more than 2” wide, smooth, green-brown,
compressed, but corky-thickened, biconvex, and finely
nerved toward the base, tapering upwardly into a
smooth 2-toothed beak more than one-third the length
of the body; scales ovate, hyaline, acuminate, soon
falling, about half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Ontario,
Michigan, Florida and Texas. May-July.

13. Carex texénsis (Torr.) Bailey. Texas Sedge. Fig. 880.

Carex rosea var. texensis Torr.; Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 389,
hyponym. 1836.

Carex texensis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 97. 18094.

Similar to the preceding species, culms very slen-
der, erect, smooth, 618’ tall. Leaves spreading or
ascending, soft, about 4” wide, shorter than the
culm; lower bract commonly filiform, sometimes
elongated; spikes 4-7, 4-8-flowered, all close together
in a narrow head 4-13’ long, or the lower ones sepa-
rated; perigynia narrowly lance-ovate or lanceolate,
plano-convex, with slightly. raised margin, corky-
thickened and finely nerved towards base, green at
maturity, radiating or widely spreading, about 13”
long, 3” wide, the smooth, tapering beak about one-
half as long as the body; scales lanceolate or ovate,
hyaline, acuminate, less than one-half as long as the
perigynia; stigmas 2.

Southern Illinois and Missouri to South Carolina,
Alabama and Texas. April-May.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 365

14. Carex rosea Schk. Stellate Sedge. Fig. 881.

Carex rosea Schk.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 237. 1805.

Carex rosea var. radiata Dewey, Am: Sjourn: Sci. 10: 276.
1826.

Carex rosea var. minor Boott, Ill. Car. 2: 81. 1860.

Rather bright green, culms very slender or filiform,
erect or reclining, rough above, 1°-23° long. Leaves
flat, soft, spreading, 4”—13” wide, shorter than the culm;
lower bract filiform or bristle- like, aed long; spikes
2-8, androgynous, subglobose, 14’-4” in diameter, 2-15-
flowered, the 2 to 4 upper close together, the others
distant ; ‘perigynia narrowly to broadly ovoid-lanceolate,
flat, bright green, stellately diverging or sometimes
ascending, somewhat spongy at base and with a slightly
raised margin, nerveless or nearly so, shining, 1-2’
long, rather more than }” wide, tapering or contracted
into a stout, rough, 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the
length of the body; scales ovate-oblong to ovate-
orbicular, obtuse or acutish, persistent, white-hyaline,
half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south

to Georgia, Nebraska and Arkansas. Ascends to 2500 ft.
in Virginia. May-July.

15. Carex muricata L. Lesser Prickly Sedge.
Fig. 882.

Carex muricata L. Sp. Pl. 974 (in part). 175
Carex contigua Hoppe; Sturm, Deutschl. fiS “Heft 61.

1835.

Bright green, culms slender, erect, roughish above,
1°-23° tall, not wing-angled. Leaves 1-13” wide,
shorter than the culm, not conspicuously septate-nodu-
lose; sheaths tight, not transversely rugulose; bracts
short; spikes 5-10, 4-1o-flowered, all clustered into
an oblong head 73’-20” long, or the lower 1 or 2
little distant; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
dull green, 2’-3” long, 1” wide, smooth, shining,
nerveless, ascending when young, spreading when
mature, tapering into a rough-edged 2-toothed beak
as long as the body; scales ovate or ovate-oblong,
green or brownish, usually reddish-purple tinged,
acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stig-
mas 2. ;

In meadows and fields, southern Maine to Ohio and
Virginia. Locally naturalized from Europe. Called also
Greater prickly sedge. June—Aug.

Carex echinata Murr. a closely related European species, but with an elongated interrupted
head, has been found in Kent County, New Brunswick, as a waif.

16. Carex Muhlenbérgii Schk. Muhlenberg’s
Sedge. Fig. 883.

Carex Muhlenbergii Schk.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 231. 1805.
Carex Muhlenbergii var. enervis Boott, Ill. 124. 1862.

Light green, culms slender but stiff and erect, sharply
3-angled, rough above, 1°-3° tall. Leaves 1-23’ wide,
usually shorter than the culm, somewhat involute in
drying; bracts bristle-form, not conspicuously enlarged
at base, usually short; spikes 4-10, androgynous, ovoid
or subglobose, distinct, the lower separate, but close
together in an oblong head oe long; perigynia
spreading, broadly ovate-oval, ’ long, 1” wide, from
strongly nerved on both faces sf nearly or quite nerve-
less, contracted into a 2-toothed beak nearly half length
of body; scales hyaline with a green midvein, ovate-
lanceolate, rough-cuspidate or short- awned, narrower
than and about length of perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry fields and on hills, Maine to Ontario and Minne-
sota, south to Florida and Texas. May-July.

366 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

17. Carex austrina (Small) Mackenzie. Southern Sedge. Fig. 884.

C. Muhlenbergii var. australis Olney; Bailey, Proc. Am.

Acad. 22: 141. 1886. Not C. ausiralis T, Kirk, 1899.
C. Muhlenbergii austrinus Small, Fl. SE. U.S. 218. 1903.
C, austrina Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 34: 151. 1907.

Culms erect, slender, sharply triangular, rough
above, 1°-23° tall. Leaves 13-23” wide, usually
noticeably shorter than culm; sheaths tight, thick-
ened at mouth, not conspicuously septate-nodulose;
bracts 3’-2’ long, dilated and much nerved at base,
long-cuspidate and conspicuous; spikes numerous,
androgynous, ovoid or subglobose, aggregated, the
lower distinct but not separate, forming a head 73’—
15” long, 4”-72” thick; perigynia ascending, 2” long,
13” wide, the body suborbicular, nerved on outer and
nearly nerveless on inner face, contracted into a
2-toothed beak half length of body; scales hyaline,
strongly several-nerved, ovate, strongly awned, as
wide as and longer than perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry sunny places, Missouri and Kansas to Arkansas
and Texas. April—July.

18. Carex mesochérea Mackenzie. Midland
Sedge. Fig. 885.

C. mediterranea Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 439.
1906. Not C. B. Clarke, 1896.

C. mesochorea Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 246.
1910.

Culms slender, erect, rough above, usually about
ro’ tall. Leaves 13”-2” wide, usually about half
length of culm; bracts of lower spike bristle-form,
short; spikes few, androgynous, only the lower dis-
tinguishable, subglobose, densely clustered in a ter-
minal ovoid head 5’-83” long, 5” thick; perigynia
ascending or spreading, 13” long, the body ovate,
slightly more than 1” wide, nerved on outer and
nerveless on inner face, contracted into a 2-toothed
beak half length of body; scales ovate, cuspidate,
from slightly shorter to slightly longer and a little
narrower than perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry places, District of Columbia to Tennessee and
Kansas. May—July.

1g. Carex cephaléphora Muhl. Oval-headed
Sedge. Fig. 886.

Carex cephalophora Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 220. 1805.

Pale green, culms slender, erect, rough above, 8’-2°
tall. Leaves 1-2” wide, sometimes overtopping the
culm, usually shorter; bracts of the lower spikes bristle-
form, usually short; spikes few, androgynous, only the
lower distinguishable, subglobose, densely clustered in a
terminal ovoid head 4-73” long; perigynia narrowly to
broadly elliptic-ovate, broadest just below the middle of
body, 14” long, 2” wide, nerveless or nearly so, nar-
rowed into a 2-toothed beak shorter than the body;
scales ovate, thin, green or slightly yellowish in age,
acuminate to cuspidate, the body strongly exceeded by
the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry fields and on hills, Maine and Ontario to Mani-
toba, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in
Virginia. May-July.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 367

20. Carex Leavenworthii Dewey. Leavenworth’s Sedge. Fig. 887.

Carex Leavenworthti Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. (II.) 2: 246.
1846. .

C. cephalophora var. angustifolia Boott, Ill. 123. 1862.

Similar to the preceding species but smaller, culms
very slender or almost filiform, erect or spreading,
roughish above, 6’-20’ tall. Leaves much narrower, 4’—
14” wide, mostly shorter than the culm; bracts of the
lower spikes short and bristle-form or wanting; spikes
4-7, androgynous, only the lower distinguishable, densely
crowded in a short oblong head 4-73” long, similar to
that of C. cephalophora but usually smaller; perigynia
orbicular-ovate, broadest near base, 1-12” long and
§’-%” wide, narrowed into a 2-toothed beak, one-fourth
length of body; scales ovate, acute or short-cuspidate,
much shorter and narrower than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In meadows, Ontario to District of Columbia, Iowa, Louis-
jana, Arkansas and Texas. May-June.

21. Carex gravida Bailey. Heavy Sedge. Fig. 888.

Carex gravida Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 5. 1889.

Light green, culms slender, 14°-3° tall, sharply
3-angled, erect, rough above. Leaves flat, 14’-7” wide,
equalling or shorter than the culm; sheaths loose, con-
spicuously septate-nodulose, as are lower part of blades,
the whitish part membranous, little if at all transversely
rugulose; ligule prominent; bracts inconspicuous;
spikes androgynous, several, in an oblong or ovoid-
oblong dense head #-13’ long, pale, subglobose; peri-
gynia flattened, spreading, dull green or light brownish-
tinged, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 14”-2” long, 1’-
14” wide, rounded at the base, narrowed into a 2-toothed
beak, scarcely one-third as long as the body, several-
nerved on the outer face or nerveless; scales ovate-
lanceolate, dull green or brownish-tinged, acute to
short-awned, about as long as the perigynia; achenes
with suborbicular face, 1” wide; stigmas 2.

Ohio to North Dakota, south to Kentucky, Missouri and
Indian Territory. May-July.

22. Carex cephaloidea Dewey. Thin-leaved Sedge. Fig. 880.

Carex muricata var. cephaloidea Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci.
11; 308. 1826.
Carex cephaloidea Dewey, Rep. Pl. Mass. 262. 1849.

Dark green, with green and white mottled sheaths;
culms slender or stoutish, erect but not stiff, very rough
above, 2°-3° tall. Leaves flat, 2-4” wide, thin and
lax, somewhat shorter than the culm, the lower part
septate-nodulose as are the loose membranous occa-
sionally transversely rugulose sheaths; bracts usually
not developed; spikes 4-8, androgynous, subglobose,
aggregated in an oblong cluster 9-20” long; peri-
gynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, deep green, nearly
2” long, 1” wide, ascending, sharp-edged, nerveless or
faintly few-nerved, tapering into a rough 2-toothed
beak about half as long as the body; scale ovate, mem-
branous, short-cuspidate or awned, about one-half as
long as body of the perigynium; stigmas 2.

Woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Wisconsin and
Pennsylvania. Local. May-July.

24. Carex sparganioides Muhl.
Sedge. Fig. 891.

C. sparganioides Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4:

Rather dark green with white and
sheaths, culms stout or slender, rough

3-angled, 3°-3° tall. Leaves broad and flat, 24’—5
g

CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

23. Carex aggregata Mackenzie. Glomerate
Sedge. Fig. 890.

Carex agglomerata Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 442.
1906. Not C. B. Clarke, 1903.

Carex aggregata Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 246.
Ig10.

Culms slender, erect, triangular, rough beneath
head only, 2° or less tall. Leaves 12-2” wide,
shorter than the culm; bracts bristle-form, elongated
but shorter than the head; spikes numerous, an-
drogynous, ovoid or subglobose, densely aggregated,
even the lowest but slightly separate, the head 12-18”
long, 5” thick; perigynia ascending or spreading, a
little more than 14” long, the body ovate, 1” wide,
nerved on outer, nerveless on inner face, tapering
into a 2-toothed beak about length of body; scales
ovate, hyaline with green midrib, acuminate to cuspi-
date, narrower than and about length of body of
perigynia; stigmas 2.

In dry woods, District of Columbia to Missouri. May-
June.

Bur-reed

237. 1805.

green mottled
above, sharply

Nisscee,

wide, usually shorter than the culm, their lower part
septate-nodulose as are the loose membranous trans-
versely rugulose sheaths; spikes 6-12, deep green,
oblong or subglobose, 23-4” in diameter, 15-50-
flowered, the upper aggregated, the lower 2-4 com-
monly separated, the lower bracts developed; peri-
gynia flat, ovate, 13” long, 1” wide, spreading or
radiating, narrowly wing-margined to the rounded
base, faintly few-nerved on the outer face, the rough
2-toothed beak one-half the length of the body;
scales ovate, hyaline, acute or cuspidate, equalling

body of perigynia; stigmas 2.

In woods and thickets, New Hampshire to Ontario
and Michigan, south to Virginia, Kentucky and Kansas.
Aug.

Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. June-

25. Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Foxtail Sedge.
Fig. 892.

Carex cephalophora var. maxima Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci.
43: 92. 1842.
Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Enum, Meth. 18. 1843.

Light green, culms stout but soft, sharply 3-angled,
flattened, narrowly winged, erect or reclining, 13°-3°
long, roughish above. Leaves flat, 13’—4” wide, shorter
than or exceeding the culm, the sheath band strongly
reddish-dotted but not transversely rugulose; bracts
almost filiform, commonly short; spikes androgynous,
several or numerous (10 or fewer) in a compact or
somewhat interrupted head 1-2’ long, 4”-5” thick;
perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base,
short-stipitate, 13’-2” long, green or at maturity, yel-
lowish brown, faintly few-nerved on the outer side,
the tapering rough 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the
body; scales ovate, brownish-tinged, acuminate or
short-awned, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In meadows, Maine to Pennsylvania and Michigan.
Local. June-July.

—~

CO a SS

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 369

26. Carex conjuncta Boott. Soft Fox Sedge.
Fig. 893.

Carex vulpina Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 541. 1848. Not
iL. 1753+,
Carex conjuncta Boott, Ill. 3: 122. 1862.

Light green, culms roughish above, sharply 3-
angled but flattened, somewhat winged, soit, erect,
14°-3° tall. Leaves shorter than or sometimes equal-
ling the culm, soft, flat, rough-margined, 23”-5””
wide; bracts smal! and bristle-like or wanting; spikes
androgynous, 10 or fewer, in a terminal elongated
head 1-3’ long, approximate, or the lower separated ;
perigynia ovate-lanceolate, rounded and _ slightly
spongy at base, green even in age, 14’-2” long,
thickened at the base, strongly several-nerved on
outer face, tapering into a roughish 2-toothed beak
shorter than the body; scales ovate to ovate-trian-
gular, cuspidate or short-awned, about as long as
the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In moist meadows and thickets, New York to District © Mh
of Columbia, west to Minnesota and eastern Kansas. June-Aug.

27. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox Sedge. Fig. 894.
Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 169. 1803.

Culms slender, stiff, sharply 3-angled, very rough
above, 1°-3° tall. Leaves 17-23” wide, elongated,
many exceeding the culm; sheaths tight, transversely
rugulose; bracts bristle-like, sometimes 2’-3’ long;
spikes ovoid-oblong, androgynous, densely flowered,
2’-4” long, very numerous in a compact or some-
what interrupted narrow head, 13-5’ (usually 23’)
long, the lower ones distinguishable, sometimes com-
pound, the upper confluent; perigynia narrowly to
very broadly ovate, 1’-14” long, rather more than
4” wide, greenish yellow, flat, plano-convex, several-
nerved on the outer face, nerveless or I-3-nerved on
the inner, ascending or spreading at maturity, tipped
with a lanceolate 2-toothed beak about a§ long as the
body; scales lanceolate, usually strongly awned, about
as long as the upper and longer than lower perigynia,
but narrower; stigmas 2.

In swamps and wet meadows, New Brunswick to Mani-
toba, south to Florida, Louisiana, Nebraska and Texas.
Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. June—Aug.

28. Carex annéctens Bicknell. Yellow-fruited
Sedge. Fig. 895.

C. xanthocarpa Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 23: 22. 1896.
Not Regl. 1807. °

Carex xanthocarpa var. annectens Bicknell, Bull. Torr.
Club 23: 22, 1896.

Carex annectens Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 492. 1908.

Culms stoutish, rough above, 1°-5° tall, exceeding
the leaves. Leaves 1-34” wide; head oblong or ovoid,
usually dense, ?/—24’ long; sheaths tight, transversely
rugulose; spikes androgynous, numerous, ovoid, many- |
flowered, short; bracts much less conspicuous than in
the last; perigynia bright yellow, plano-convex, ovate
to suborbicular, 14” long, with a narrowed or truncate
base, and abruptly narrowed into a short minutely
2-toothed beak, nerveless, or obscurely few-nerved on
the outer face; scales acuminate, short-awned.

In fields, Maine to New York, Iowa, Maryland and Mis-
souri. June—Aug.

24

370 CYPERACEAE. Vou. I.

29. Carex setacea Dewey. Bristly-spiked
Sedge. Fig. 896.
Carex setacea Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. g: 61. 1825.
Carex scabrior Sartw.; Boott, Ill. 3: 125. 1862.

Culms 13°-4° tall and slender, erect, rough above.
Leaves 1°-2° long, 1’—3” wide, shorter than the
culm; sheaths red-dotted and rugulose; head nar-
rowly oblong, 14-23’ long, 3-5” thick, sometimes
branched at the base; bracts bristle-like, longer than
the spikes or shorter; spikes androgynous, ovoid or
ovoid-oblong, 23’—4” long, usually close together;
perigynia dull at maturity, 13” long, lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, tapering from a more or less trun-
cate base to a narrow rouzh 2-toothed beak, few-
nerved on outer face; scales acuminate, short-
awned.

Vermont to. Ontario, south to Maryland and Ken-
tucky. June—Aug.

30. Carex diandra Schrank. Lesser Panicled Sedge. Fig. 897.

Carex diandra Schrank, in Acta Acad. Mogunt. 49. 1782.
Carex teretiuscula Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 163. pl.
I9- 1794.

Loosely caespitose from short rootstocks, rather
light, green, culms slender, erect, very rough above,
1°-3° tall. Leaves 3-13” wide, shorter than or
sometimes equalling the culm, the lower sheaths
reddish-brown dotted; bracts very small or scale-
like; spikes several or numerous, staminate above,
in a narrowly oblong compact or somewhat inter-
rupted terminal cluster 1-2’ long, 5” thick or less;
perigynia broadly ovoid, smooth, dark brown, very
plump, hard, shining, strongly rounded and nerved
on the outer side, slightly rounded and faintly nerved
at base on the inner, 1’-14” long, not margined, the
body slightly more than 2” long, suborbicular, trun-
cate or rounded at the base, short-stalked, tapering
into a flat cenic beak nearly its own length ; scales
thin, ovate, brownish, acute or short-awned, about
equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2

In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to Alaska,
south to Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Nebraska and
British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July.

31. Carex prairea Dewey. Prairie Sedge.
Fig. 898.

Carex prairea Dewey, in Wood's Classbook, 578. 1855.

Carex teretiuscula var. ramosa Boott, IIl. Car. 145. 1867.

C. teretiuscula prairea Britton, Brit. & Br. Ill. Fl. 1: 344.
1896.

Loosely caespitose from short rootstocks, the culms
sharply triangular, slender, erect, rough above, 14°-4°
tall. Leaves 4”-13” wide, shorter than culm, lower
sheaths reddish-brown dotted; bracts small or scale-
like; spikes many, androgynous, clusters widely
separate, lower usually compound, forming a flexuous
nodding head 14’-3’ long, often more than 5” wide;
perigynia ovoid, smooth, light brown, plump, hard,
rounded and obscurely nerved on the outer side, flat-
tish on inner, 14’-13” long, not margined, round-
truncate at base, slightly stipitate, tapering into a flat
beak shorter than body; scales thin, ovate, light brown
with broad hyaline margins, acuminate or short-
awned, usually exceeding perigynia; stigmas 2.

In wet meadows, Quebec to British Columbia, south to
nee New Jersey, Kentucky and Utah. May-

uly.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 371

32. Carex decomposita Muhl. Large-panicled Sedge. Fig. 899.

Carex decomposita Muhl, Gram. 264. 1817.

Dark green, culms smooth and very obtusely
angled or terete below, roughened above, rather stout,
erect, 13°-3° tall. Leaves 2”-4” wide, rough, rather
stiff, longer or shorter than the culm, equitant at the
base; spikes brownish, staminate above, small and
very numerous in a terminal decompound cluster
2’-6’ long, the lower branches ascending and 17-2’
long; bracts subulate or wanting; perigynia short-
obovoid, 1’-14” long, somewhat shining, dark brown,
thick and hard, strongly rounded and strongly nerved
on outer surface, slightly rounded and faintly nerved
on inner surface, very narrowly margined, tapering
at base, very abruptly tipped with a very short slightly
2-toothed beak; scales ovate, scarious-margined,
nearly equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps, New York to Ohio and Michigan, south to
Florida and Louisiana. May—Aug.

33- Carex stipata Muhl. Awl-fruited Sedge. Fig. goo.

* Carex stipata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 233. 1805.

Culms erect or nearly so, sharply 3-angled before dry-
ing, slightly winged and strongly serrulate above, 1°-33°
tall. Leaves flat, 2”-4” wide, usually shorter than the
culm, the sheaths strongly transversely rugulose; bracts
short, bristle-form or wanting; spikes numerous, an-
drogynous, yellowish brown, crowded into a terminal
oblong head 1-4’ long, the lowest sometimes branched;
perigynia lanceolate, strongly nerved, rounded and
spongy at base, short-stipitate, 2-23” long, about 1”
wide at the base, gradually tapering into a rough flat-
tened 2-toothed beak I-2 times as long as the body,
giving the clusters a peculiarly bristly aspect; scales
ovate or lanceolate, thin, hyaline, acuminate, much
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to British
Columbia, Florida, Tennessee, Missouri, New Mexico and
California. Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. May-July.

C. laevivaginata (Kiken.) Mackenzie, ranging from
Maryland to North Carolina, differs in sheaths not trans-
versely rugulose and thickened at the mouth.

34. Carex cris-cérvi Shuttlw. Raven’s-foot
Sedge. Fig. got.
Carex Crus-corvi Shuttlw.; Kunze, Riedg. Suppl. 128. pl.

32. 1844.
C. sicaeformis Boott, Journ, Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 113.

I °
Cares tidlei Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 2: 248. 1846.

Pale green, culms in clumps, stout, 3-angled, very
rough above, erect, 2°-4° tall. Leaves flat, 24’”-6” wide,
rough-margined, usually shorter than the culm, the
sheaths conspicuously reddish dotted; spikes yellowish
brown, staminate above, very numerous in a large com-
pound branching terminal cluster 4’-12’ long, 17-3’
thick; perigynia elongated-lanceolate, stipitate, strongly
nerved, 14’-44” long, strongly spongy and with a short
hard disk-like base and a subulate rough 2-toothed beak
3 to 4 times as long as the body; scales ovate or lanceo-
late, thin, much shorter than perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps, Indiana to southern Minnesota and Ne-
braska, Florida, Louisiana and Texas, May-July.

372 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

35. Carex dispérma Dewey. Soft-leaved Sedge.
Fig. 902.
Carex tenella Schk. Riedgr. 23. f. 104. 1801. Not Thuill.
1799-
Carex disperma Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 8: 266. 1824.
Light green, rootstocks elongated, very slender, culms
almost filiform, rough, commonly reclining, 62° long.
Leaves soft, #’—}” wide, spreading, usually shorter
than the culm; spikes very small, androgynous, only I-
5-flowered, distant or the upper close together, the
bracts absent or bristle-form; perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid,
very thick, hard, finely many-nerved, about 1” long and
}’ thick, tipped with a very minute, smooth, entire beak;
scales ovate, hyaline, acute to cuspidate, shorter than or
the lower equalling the perigynia; achene closely filling
perigynium; stigmas 2.

In bogs, Newfoundland to British Columbia, New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan, Colorado and Cali-
fornia. Also in Europe and Asia. June—Aug.

36. Carex trispérma Dewey. Three-fruited Sedge. Fig. 903.
~

Carex trisperma Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 9: 63. 1825.
Carex trisperma var. Billingsii Knight, Rhodora 8: 185.
1906.

Bright green, culms filiform, weak, often divari-
cate-spreading above lowest bract, usually reclining
or spreading, very slightly roughened, 1°-23° long,
the rootstocks slender, often elongated. Leaves flac-
cid, flat, 1” wide or less; spikes 1 to 3, only I-5-
flowered, gynaecandrous, widely separated, the lowest
much exceeded by a bristle-form bract 3-5’ long;
perigynia oblong, ascending, green, 147-2” long,
nearly 1” wide, very finely many-nerved, narrowed
at both ends and tipped with a very short, nearly
entire beak, the margins smocth or nearly so; scales
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, hyaline with a green mid-
vein, acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia;
stigmas 2.

In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Sas-
katchewan, south to Maryland, Ohio, Michigan and Ne-
braska. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vermont. June—Aug.

37- Carex tenuiflora Wahl. Sparse-flowered Sedge. Fig. 904.

Carex tenuiflora Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24:
147. 1803.

Light green, culms very slender or filiform, erect or
reclining, rough above, 82° long, loosely caespitose
and stoloniferous. Leaves 3-1” wide, flat, usually
much shorter than the culm; spikes 2-4, gynaecan-
drous, subglobose, few-flowered, about 23” in diameter,
usually bractless, densely aggregated into an ovoid or
suborbicular head; perigynia pale, oblong-obovoid,
densely puncticulate, coriaceous, obscurely nerved, nar-
rowed at both ends, 13-1?” long, a little more than
3” wide, almost beakless, spreading, smooth or nearly
so; scales white with green midrib, acute or obtusish,
about equalling the perigynia; achene nearly filling
perigynium; stigmas 2.

In bogs, New Brunswick and Hudson Bay to Manitoba,
south to Maine, Massachusetts, central New York and Min-
nesota. Local. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY.

38. Carexursina Dewey. Bear Sedge. Fig.905.
Carex ursina Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 27: 240. 1835.
C. glareosa var. ursina Bailey, Carex Cat. 3. 1884.

Culms low, tufted, erect or slightly curving, 23’ or
less tall, smooth, from slender rootstocks. Leaves 1”
wide or less, involute toward apex, about equalling
the culm; bracts usually absent; spike solitary (or
rarely with a very small second one at base), brown,
obovoid or suborbicular, 2’-33” long, 2” wide, gynae-
candrous, but slightly clavate at base; perigynia 7-15,
appressed, ovate, not margined or serrulate, 1” long,
a little more than 4” wide, rounded and stipitate at base,
light colored, weakly nerved, abruptly tipped with a
very minute beak; scales ovate, strongly brownish-
tinged, obtuse, slightly shorter than perigynia; achene
filling perigynium; stigmas 2.

Circumboreal. Summer.

39. Carex Lachenalii Schk. Arctic Hare’s-foot Sedge. Fig. 906.

Carex Lachenalii Schk. Riedgr. 51, pl. Y, f. 79. 1801.
Carex lagopina Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24:
145. 1803.

Culms stiff, erect, smooth, except immediately be-
neath head, 3-16’ tall, from slender rootstocks. Leaves
flat, not involute, ae wide, shorter than the culm,
bracts very short or wanting; spikes 2-6, gy naecandrous,
oblong, dark brown, narrowed at the base, 23-5” long,
13-24” thick, densely many-flowered, clustered at
the summit or the lower somewhat separated ; perigynia
appressed-ascending, elliptic or obovate, 1-1?” long,
firm, lightly several- ‘nervy ed, narrowed at the base, rather
abruptly tipped by the beak; scales ovate, brown,
hyaline-margined, obtuse to acutish, shorter than the
perigynia; achene filling perigynium; stigmas 2.

Circumboreal, extending south to Quebec and Labrador
and in the western mountains to Colorado and California.
Summer.

Carex hélvola Blytt, supposed to be a hybrid between
this species and Carer canescens L., is reported from
Greenland and Labrador.

40. Carex amphigena (Fernald) Mackenzie.
Northern Clustered Sedge. Fig. 907.

C. glareosa var. amphigena Fernald, Rhodora 8: 47. 1906.

C. glareosa Wahl. Flora Danica 14: pi. 2430, and of most
authors.

C. amphigena Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 246. 1910.

Resembling Carex glareosa and Carex Lachenalii.
Culms weak and slender, 2’-18’ tall, smooth, except im-
mediately beneath head, from slender rootstocks.
Leaves narrow, 37-3” ‘wide, involute; spikes 2-8,
gynaecandrous, oblong or subglobose, 2-6” long,
14-2” wide, brown, subtended by very small scale-
like bracts; perigynia 5-10, broadly elliptic, 14” long, 3”
wide, strongly several-nerved, pale or brownish at
maturity; scales ovate, obtusish, brown with hyaline
margins; achene filling perigynium; stigmas 2.

Circumboreal, extending south along the coast to Labra-
dor and Quebec. Summer. Erroneously illustrated in our /
first edition as Carex glareosa Wahl. J

CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

41. Carex glaredsa Wahl. Weak Clustered
Sedge. Fig. go8.

Carex glareosa Wahl, Kongl. Vet. Acad, Handl. (II.) 24:
146. 1803.

Closely resembles the preceding species, but has
weak spreading or reclining culms 212’ long.
Leaves narrower, +’—-%3” wide, involute; spikes 2 or
3, gynaecandrous, oblong or subglobose, few or
several-flowered, 23-6” long, about 14” in diameter,
brown, subtended by very small scale-like bracts;
perigynia lanceolate, 1} long, 2” wide, tapering at
apex into the beak, strongly several-nerved; scales
ovate, obtusish, brown, with hyaline margins, ex-
ceeded by the perigynia; achene filling perigynium;
stigmas 2.

Brackish soil along St. Lawrence, Quebec. Very local.
Also in northern Europe. Summer.

42. Carex Heleonastes Ehrh. Hudson Bay
Sedge. Fig. goo.
Carex Heleonastes Ehrh.; L. f. Suppl. 414. 1781.

Culms slender, stiff, erect, sharply angled, very rough,
6-18 high, from slender, somewhat elongated root-
stocks. Leaves rigid, erect, usually becoming involute,
1” or less wide, shorter than the culm; bracts very short
or none; spikes 2-5, subglobose, gynaecandrous, not long-
clavate at base, brown, 2’—42” long, 2”-3” wide, clus-
tered at the summit; perigynia 5-10, appressed-ascend-
ing, broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, blunt-edged, faintly
several-nerved, 13” long, more than 4” wide, tapering at
apex into the short sharp beak; scales ovate, brown with
broad hyaline margins, nearly as long as the perigynia;
achene filling perigynium; stigmas 2.

Hudson Bay to the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Local.
Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

43. Carex norvégica Willd. Norway Sedge. Fig. gio.
Carex norvegica Willd. ; Schk. Riedgr. 50. 1801.

Culms slender but stiff and erect, smooth, 6’-16’
tall, from much elongated rootstocks, stoloniferous.
Leaves 13” wide or less, shorter than the culm,
glaucous; bracts very short or wanting; spikes 3-6,
gynaecandrous, brown, oblong or subglobose, the
upper close together, the lower separate, densely
many-flowered, 3-6” long, 14’-3” in diameter, the
uppermost conspicuously clavate at base; perigynia
ascending, 14-13” long, 1” wide, thick, coriaceous,
broadly obovoid, blunt-edged, abruptly narrowed to a
stipitate base, brownish, finely many-nerved, abruptly
tipped with a very short smoothish beak; scales
broadly ovate, reddish brown, obtuse, rather shorter
than the perigynia; achene filling perigynium; stig-
mas 2.

Near salt meadows along coast, Maine and north-
ward. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.
Carex psetdohélvola Kihlm., supposed to be a hybrid between this species and Carex canescens
L., is reported from New Brunswick.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY.

44. Carex canéscens L. Silvery or Hoary Sedge.

Carex canescens L. Sp. Pl. 974. 1753.

Carex canescens var. subloliacea Laestad. Nov. Act. Soc.
Sci. Ups. 11: 282. 1839.

C. canescens var. disjuncta Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37:
488. 1902.

Pale green and somewhat glaucous, culms slender, |

erect, roughish above, 10—23° tall. Leaves flat, 1-2”

wide, usually shorter than the culm; bracts very short
or none, or the lowest occasionally bristle-form and
longer than its spike; spikes 4-9, gynaecandrous, short-
oblong or subglobose, sessile, densely 10o-many-flowered,
13’-6” long, 14’—-23” in diameter, scattered or the up-
per close together; perigynia oval or ovate-oval, silvery
green or nearly white, faintly few-nerved, appressed-
ascending, blunt-edged, from nearly 1” long to nearly
13” long, 4’-%” wide, rough or sometimes smoothish
above, tipped with a minute entire or emarginate beak;
scales hyaline, ovate, acute or obtuse, slightly shorter
than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps and bogs, Virginia and Ohio, north and north-
westward to arctic circle, southward in western mountains.

|

Also in Europe and Asia. Whitish sedge. May-July. ——r

45. Carex brunnéscens (Pers.) Poir. Brownish Sedge. Fig. 912.

Carex curta var. brunnescens Pers, Syn. 2: 539. 1807.

C. brunnescens Poir, in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 3: 286. 1813.

Carex canescens var. vulgaris Bailey, Bot. Gaz.13: 86. 1888.

Carex brunnescens gracilior Britton; Brit. & Br. Ill, Fl, 1:
351. 1896.

Rather dark green, not glaucous, culms slender, stiff,
erect, roughish above, 8-18’ tall. Leaves 4’-12” wide,
shorter than the culm; lower bract usually present,
bristle-form; spikes 4-8, gynaecandrous, subglobose or
short-oblong, 4-10-flowered, 2”-63” long, somewhat
scattered, or approximate; perigynia loosely spreading,
brown-tinged, usually smaller than those of the pre-
ceding species, tipped with a manifest, minutely biden-
tate, roughish beak about one-fourth as long as the
body; scales ovate, membranous, brownish, somewhat
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In wet or even dry places, mostly at high altitudes, Lab-
rador to British Columbia, New York and New England, on
the southern Alleghanies, and the Rocky Mountains. Also
in Europe. Ascends to 6600 ft.in North Carolina. Summer,

Carex canescens var. polystachya Boott; Richards. Arct.
Exp. 2: 344. 1852. Not C. polystachya Sw. 1803.
Carex arcta Boott, Ill. 155. pl. 497. 1867.

Rather light green but scarcely glaucous, culms
caespitose, slender, usually strictly erect, 6’-24° tall,
rough above, often overtopped by the leaves which
are flat and 1-2” wide. Lower bract bristle-form
and longer than its spike, or short, or wanting;
spikes 5-15, oblong, or ovoid, many-fowered, gynae-
candrous, 2-5” long, 2-3” in diameter, all aggre-
gated into an oblong or ovoid head 7-15” long;
perigynia pale, ovate, broadest near base, many-
nerved, ascending or somewhat spreading, 17-14”
long, white-puncticulate, tapering into a serrulate
bidentate beak about one-half as long as the body;
scales membranous, usually pale brown, obtusish to
short-cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps and wet woods, Maine and New Bruns-
wick to British Columbia, south to Massachusetts, New
York, Minnesota and California. June-July.

376 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

47. Carex Deweyana Schwein. Dewey's Sedge. Fig. 914.
Carex Deweyana Schwein. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 1: 65. 1824.

Pale green, culms densely caespitose, slender,
spreading, slightly angled above, 63° long. Leaves
1-23” wide, flat, soft, shorter than the culm;
bracts bristle-form, the lower commonly elongated;
spikes 2-7, gynaecandrous, ovate-oblong or subglo-
bose, 3-15-flowered, about 2%” in diameter, sessile,
distinctly separated or the upper ones contiguous;
perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, nerveless or
nearly so, corky at base, 2-23” long, sharply mar-
gined above, i” wide, the inner face flat, the tapering
rough strongly 2-toothed beak about one-half as long
as the body; scales nearly white, hyaline with a
green midvein, cuspidate or acuminate, equalling the
perigynia, or shorter; achenes 1” long; stigmas 2.

In dry woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia and
Vancouver, south to Pennsylvania, Iowa, New Mexico
and Arizona. May-July.

48. Carex bromoides Schk. Brome-like Sedge. Fig. 915.
C. bromoides Schk. ; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 258. 1805. ae

Bright green, culms densely caespitose, slender,
erect, very rough above, 1°-2° high. Leaves 1” wide
or less, flat, soft, equalling or shorter than the culm;
bracts subulate or bristle-form, the lowest com-
monly elongated, sometimes overtopping the spikes;
spikes 3-7, narrowly oblong-cylindric, 33’—9” long,
about 13” thick, erect or ascending, mostly close
together, loosely 6-15-flowered, the staminate flow-
ers basal, or terminal, or both; perigynia narrowly
lanceolate, little-margined above, firm, pale, notice-
ably or strongly several-nerved, 2’-23” long, 4” wide,
corky at base, the inner face flat, the tapering rough
2-toothed beak at least one-half as long as the body;
scales oblong-lanceolate, green, obtusish to acumi-
nate, shorter than the perigynia, brownish-tinged ;

7”

achenes §” long or less; stigmas 2.

In bogs and swamps, Nova Scotia to Ontario and
Michigan, south to Florida and Louisiana. June—Aug.

49. Carex exilis Dewey. Coast Sedge. Fig. 916.
Carex exilis Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 14: 351. 1828.

Culms densely caespitose, slender or filiform, but
tough, stiff, strictly erect, smooth or roughish, 102°
tall, not stoloniferous. Leaves involute-filiform, usually
shorter than the culm; spike usually solitary, terminal,
erect, bractless, 3-18” long, 13-3” wide, gynaecan-
drous, or sometimes androgynous, occasionally quite
dioecious, rarely with a small auxiliary spike at its base;
perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, plano-convex, brownish, about
14” long, 3?” wide, margined, spongy at base, rather
strongly several-nerved on the outer face, faintly few-
nerved on the inner, spreading or reflexed at maturity,
rounded at base, narrowed into a slender rough 2-
toothed beak about one-half as long as the body; scales
ovate, acute, usually shorter than the perigynia;
stigmas 2.

In bogs, Labrador to southern New Jersey, mostly near
the coast. Rarely inland in Vermont, New York, Ontario,
Michigan and Minnesota. May-July.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY.

50. Carex elachycarpa Fernald. Aroostook
Sedge. Fig. 917.

C. elachycarpa Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad, 37: 492. 1902.

Kobresia elachycarpa Fernald, Rhodora 5: 251. 1903.

Densely caespitose, culms slender, stiff, 6-18’ high,
roughened on the angles above. Leaves i’-11” wide,
flat or slightly involute, shorter than culm; head 3-1’
long, narrow, of 2-6 approximate spikes, the terminal
linear, staminate or gynaecandrous, the lateral subor-
bicular, 2”-3” long, gynaecandrous or pistillate, with
7-15 perigynia; bracts not developed; young perigynia
lanceolate, plano-convex, 1” long, few-nerved, rounded
at base, tapering into a rough, minutely bidentate beak,
4 length of body, the walls fragile, early ruptured by
maturing achene elongating; scales ovate, acute, brown,
concealing perigynia; achene yellow, nearly 1” long, 4”
wide, tipped by persistent style; stigmas 2.

Gravelly beaches of Aroostook River, Fort Fairfield,
Maine. July. A critical species.

51. Carex intérior Bailey. Inland Sedge. Fig. 918.
Carex interior Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 426. 1893.

Similar to C. Leersii, culms caespitose, very slender,
wiry, rather stiff, erect, 1°-2° tall, slightly roughened
above. Leaves 4”-1” wide, flat, shorter than the culm;
bracts very short or lowest occasionally developed;
spikes 2-4, the lateral usually pistillate with 1-10 widely
spreading perigynia, nearly globular, somewhat sepa-
rated, 2” in diameter, the terminal one longer and
gynaecandrous or staminate; perigynia brownish at
maturity, plano-convex, ovate, broadest near base, 14”
long, about #” wide, faintly few-nerved on the outer
face, nearly nerveless on the inner, thickened, spongy
and rounded at base, contracted into a rough 2-toothed
beak one-fourth to one-third as long as the body, its
teeth very short, erect, the suture on inner side incon-
spicuous; scales ovate, usually very obtuse, much
shorter than the perigynia.

x Wet soil, eastern Quebec to Hudson Bay, British Colum-
7 ’ bia, Florida and Arizona. May-July.
Carex stérilis Willd. (C. scirpoides Schk.) differing by rough-edged perigynia tapering into a
very rough beak, and not much exceeding the obtusish scales, the plants often partly or wholly
dioecious, occurs from New York and New Jersey to Ontario and Indiana.

52. Carex Héwei Mackenzie. Howe’s Sedge. Fig. 919.
C. interior capillacea Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 426. 1893. ;
C. scirpoides capillacea Fernald, Rhodora 10: 47. 1908.

C. delicatula Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 495. 1908.
Not C. B. Clarke, 1908.

C. Howei Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 245. 1910.

Culms caespitose, capillary and slender, spreading,
6’-2° long, roughened above Leaves about 1” wide,
usually involute, exceeding culms; bracts short; spikes 2-
4, the lateral usually pistillate with 1-10 widely spreading
perigynia, nearly globular, separated, 2” in diameter, the
terminal longer and gynaecandrous or staminate; peri-
gynia green or brownish at maturity, plano-convex,
ovate, broadest at base, 14” long, about }” wide, strongly
nerved on outer face, less on inner, spongy and rounded
at base, tapering into a rough 2-toothed beak about one-
third as long as the body, its teeth very short, erect, the
suture on inner side inconspicuous; scales ovate, obtuse
to acutish, shorter than perigynia.

Wet soil, Massachusetts and New Hampshire to New
York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. June-July.

378 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.
53. Carex Leérsii Willd. Little Prickly Sedge. Fig. 920.

C. Leersii Willd. Prodr. Fl. Berol. 28. 1787.

C. stellulata Good. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 144. 1794.

C. echinata Murr.; Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 142. 18809.
C. cephalantha Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 493. 1908.

Culms slender to stoutish, stiff or in shade weak, erect
or rarely spreading, 4’-3° tall, rough, at least above. Leaves
3-2” wide, shorter than the culm; bracts very short or
sometimes bristle-form; spikes 2-8, subglobose or short-
oblong, closely contiguous to widely separated, about 24”
thick, 3-40-flowered; staminate flowers basal; perigynia
from lanceolate to broadly ovate, plano-convex, ascending
when young, 14-2” long, 3’—1” wide, spreading or reflexed
when old, several-nerved on both faces, the nerves usually
not conspicuous on inner face, thickened at base, tapering
into a sharp-edged 2-toothed rough beak more than one-
half as long as the body, the teeth and suture on inner side
conspicuous; scales ovate, hyaline, acutish to acuminate,
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In moist soil throughout the continent north of Mexico; often locally absent. Also in Europe
and Asia. Presenting many forms. May-July.

iN
54. Carex incompérta Bicknell. Prickly | \ |
|

Bog Sedge. Fig. 921.

C. sterilis Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 208 (in small part). 1805.

C. sterilis Willd. ; Schk. Reidgr. f.146 (in part). 1806.

C. incomperta Bicknell, Bull, Torr. Club 35: 494.
1909. |
Strongly resembling C. atlantica, but more slen-

der, the culms acutely triangular and roughened

above, 10-24’ tall. Leaves usually less than 1”

wide, not stiff, flat or in drying involute, usually

exceeding the spikes, the lower less conspicuously

shortened; spikes 3-4, spreading, subglobose, 24’’—3”

in diameter, 6-20-flowered, the staminate flowers

numerous at base of terminal one; perigynia brown-
ish at maturity, with suborbicular body, plano-
convex, 12” long, about 1” wide, sharp-margined,
rounded at base, rather lightly nerved on both faces,
spreading or reflexed at maturity, abruptly tipped
with a stout, rough, 2-toothed beak, not half as
long as the body; scales acute to short-acuminate;

\

stigmas 2. | FE 3 :
In boggy places, Massachusetts to Michigan, Pennsyl- | 3A Bh) We
vania and Florida. May-July. SS J | }) ‘

‘A

Carex atlantica Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 425. 1893.
C. sterilis Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 484. 1902.

Similar to C. Leersii but stouter, culms obtusely trian-
gular below, more sharply triangular and roughish
above, 1°-23° tall. Leaves 1’-2” wide, stiff, flat or in
drying somewhat involute, the upper sometimes over-
topping the spikes, the lower very short and acute;
spikes 3-7, spreading, subglobose or short-cylindric,
nearly 3” in diameter, 15-50-flowered, the staminate
flowers numerous at the base of the terminal one, or
this rarely entirely staminate; perigynia green, with
suborbicular body, plano-convex, sharp-margined, 13”—
1?” long, 1-13” wide, rounded at the base, strongly
nerved on both faces, spreading or reflexed at ma-
turity, abruptly tipped with a stout, rough 2-toothed
beak less than half as long as the body, the margins
sometimes incurved; scales acutish to acute, shorter
than the perigynia.

In swamps, near the coast, Newfoundland to Florida and
Texas. Also very rarely inland in Quebec, Maine, New
York and Pennsylvania, according to Fernald. June-July.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY.

56. Carex rosaeoides E.C. Howe. Weak Stel-
late Sedge. Fig. 923.
C. rosaeoides E, C. Howe; Gord. & Howe, Fl. Renssalaer

Co. 33. 1894.
C. seorsa E, C, Howe; Gord. & Howe, loc. cit. 39. 1894.

Culms caespitose, slender, weak, flattened, often
spreading or reclining, 7’—20’ tall, roughened on
angles. Leaves 1’—2” wide, shorter than the culm;
bracts very short, or lowest occasionally developed;
spikes 3-7, the lateral usually pistillate, with 5~20
spreading perigynia, subglobose or short-oblong, more
or less separate, 2-34” long, 2-3” wide, the terminal
gynaecandrous, or sometimes entirely staminate,
much longer and long-clavate at base; perigynia
green, plano-convex, ovoid-oval, broadest near middle,
14” long, #” wide, several-nerved on both faces,
spongy and round- tapering at base, abruptly narrowed
into the smooth beak 4-3 length of body, its teeth
short, erect; scales ovate, hyaline, shorter than peri-
gynia; achene in upper part of perigynium.

In swampy woodlands, Massachusetts to New York,
south to Stone mountain, Georgia. May—June,

57. Carex sychnocéphala Carey. Dense Loseheated Sedge. Fig. 924.

58. Carex oronénsis Fernald.
Sedge. Fig. 925.

C. oronensis Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 471. 1902.

Culms erect, triangular, roughened above, slen-
der, 20-40’ high, in loose clumps. Leaves 14-2
wide, shorter than culm; lower one or two bracts

C. sychnocephala Carey, Am. Journ, Sci. (II.) 4: 24.
1847.

Culms erect, obtusely triangular, stoutish, smooth,
3-18 high. Leaves }’—2” wide, usually shorter than
the culm; lower bracts similar to the leaves, much
elongated, 3-12’ long, 1-23” wide, nearly erect;
spikes 4-15, greenish or straw-colored, oblong,
densely many-flowered, the larger 4”-6” long, 23’
32” wide, aggregated and confluent into an oblong or
ovoid head 13’ or less long; perigynia subulate,
eg ane the margin at base nearly obsolete, 24’—

long, scarcely 3” wide at the base, distended over
o deee tapering into a subulate rough 2-toothed beak
2-3 times as long as the few-nerved body; scales
linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, hyaline, much
shorter and rather narrower than the perigynia.

In meadows and thickets, Ontario and central New
York to Iowa and British Columbia. July—Aug.

Orono

”

usually developed, but inconspicuous; spikes 3-0,
dark brownish, blunt, densely many-flowered,
obovoid-oblong, 24’-43” long, 2’-3” wide, loosely
aggregated in an oblong or linear-oblong head
1o’-15”" long and 23”-6” thick; perigynia erect-
ascending, subulate, the margin at base nearly
obsolete, rounded at base, 2-2?” long, 4’—?” wide
at base, distended over achene, tapering into a
narrow rough 2-toothed beak shorter than the
lightly nerved body; scales dark brown with
lighter midrib and hyaline margins, about as
wide and long as the perigynia.

my open places, Orono and Bangor, Maine. June-
uly.

380 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

59. Carex Crawfordii Fernald. Crawford’s
Sedge. Fig. 926.

C. scoparia var. minor Boott, Ill. Car. 3: 116. pl. 369. 1862.

C. Crawfordii Fernald, Proc. Am, Acad. 37: 469. 1902.

C. Crawfordii var. rigens Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 470.
1902.

Culms erect, acutely triangular and somewhat rough-
ened above, slender but stiff, 5-24’ high, in dense
clumps. Leaves 4”-13” wide, shorter than the culm;
lower one or two bracts usually developed, but incon-
spicuous, shorter than head; spikes 3-12, light brownish,
blunt, densely -many-flowered, oblong, 23”-53” long,
13-23” wide, rather closely aggregated into an ovoid
to linear-oblong head usually 67-13” long and 2-4”
wide; perigynia erect-ascending, subulate, the margin
at base nearly obsolete, rounded at base, 2” long, about
3” wide at the base, distended over achene, tapering into
a narrow rough 2-toothed beak, shorter than the ob-
scurely nerved body; scales lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, light brown, dull, about as wide as but a little
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In open places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Con-
necticut, Michigan and Washington. June—Sept.

60. Carex scoparia Schk. Pointed Broom Sedge. Fig. 927.

Carex scoparia Schk.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 230. 1805.

C. scoparia var. moniliformis Tuckerm. Enum. Method. 8, 17.
1843.

C. scoparia var. condensa Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 468.
1902.

Culms slender, erect, roughish above, 3°-23° tall. Leaves
less than 13” wide, those of sterile shoots not very numer-
ous, erect or ascending; lower bract bristle-form or want-
ing; spikes 3-10, oblong, narrowed at both ends, brownish
or straw-colored, 3-8” long, 2-3” in diameter, densely
many-flowered, varying from closely aggregated to scat-
tered; staminate flowers basal; perigynia lanceolate, very
thin, ascending or erect, 2-34” long, rather less than 1”
wide, the tips appressed, narrowly wing-margined, several-
nerved on both faces, tapering into the serrulate 2-toothed
beak; scales thin, brown, acute or acuminate, shorter than
the perigynia; achenes 3” long; stigmas 2.

In moist soil, Newfoundland to Washington, Florida and Col-
orado. Ascends to 6200 ft. in North Carolina. July—Sept.

61. Carex tribuloides Wahl. Blunt Broom Sedge. Fig. 928.

Carex tribuloides Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24:
145. 1803.
Carex lagopodioides Schk.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 230. 1805.
jj (ce pipe loides var. turbata Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 55.
1889.

Bright green, culms usually stout, erect, roughish above,
1’-33° tall. Leaves flat, 13’-4” wide, shorter than or the
uppermost overtopping the culm, those of sterile culms very
numerous, widely spreading, the sheaths loose; lower bract
bristle-form, sometimes elongated; spikes 6-20, generally
obovoid or top-shaped, but varying to suborbicular, blunt,
densely clustered or sometimes separated, 33-6” long,
3°-4” thick; staminate flowers basal; perigynia lanceolate,
thin, sometimes distended over achene, greenish brown, flat,
ascending or erect, the tips not spreading or recurved, 1?/—
24” long, about 7” wide, several-nerved on each face, with
a sharply 2-toothed, rough wing-margined beak; scales
lanceolate, straw-colored, acute, about half as long as the
perigynia; achenes short-oblong, {” long; stigmas 2.

In meadows, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Florida and
Arizona. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. July—Sept.

tis

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 351

62. Carex cristatélla Britton. Crested Sedge. Fig. 929.

Carex cristata Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 66. 1824.
Not Clairv. 1811.

Carex tribuloides var. cristata Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad.
22: 148. 1886.

Carex cristatelia Britton; Brit. & Br. Ill. Fl. 1: 357. 1896.

Culms rather stout, 1°-3° tall, stiff, erect, roughish
above, longer than the leaves. Leaves 14-33” wide,
those of sterile shoots numerous, spreading, the
sheaths loose; lower bracts bristle-form, 4’-14’ long;
heads 6-15, globose or subglobose, 2’—4” in diameter,
all densely aggregated into an oblong head 1’ long or
more or the lower slightly separated; staminate flow-
ers basal; perigynia rather broadly lanceolate, dis-
tended over achene, spreading or ascending, squar-
rose when mature, green or greenish brown, 13-2”
long, #” wide, narrowly wing-margined, several-
nerved on both faces, tapering into a_ serrulate
2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, straw-colored,
much shorter than the perigynia; achenes }” long.

In meadows and thickets, eastern Massachusetts to
British Columbia, south to Virginia and Missouri. July—
Sept.

63. Carex projécta Mackenzie. Necklace Sedge. Fig. 930.

Yr C. tribuloides var. reducta Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:
148. 1886.

C. tribuloides moniliformis Britton; Brit. & Br. Ill. Fl.
I: 356. 1896.

C. projecta Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 264. 1908.

Culms erect, triangular and roughened above,
slender and weak, 13°-3° high, in large clumps.
Sterile culms leafy; leaves with long loose sheaths,
blades 14-34” wide, shorter than culm; lower
bracts inconspicuous; spikes 8-15, straw-colored,
with 15-30 perigynia, suborbicular, blunt, clavate at
base, 23’-4” long, nearly as wide, alternately and
usually loosely arranged and forming a_ slender
flexuous head 1-2’ long; perigynia ascending-
spreading with divergent beaks, lanceolate, wing-
margined to the round-tapering base, 14’’-24” long,
3” wide at base, distended over achene, tapering into
a rough 2-toothed beak, shorter than the nerved
body; scales ovate-lanceolate, obtuse to acutish,
straw-colored, narrower and shorter than the peri-
gynia; achene {” long.

Damp soil, Nova Scotia to North Dakota, south to
District of Columbia and Illinois. May-July.

64. Carex muskinguménsis Schwein. Muskingum
Sedge. Fig. 931.

Carex muskingumensis Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 66. 1824.
Carex arida Schwein. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 312. 1825.

Culm stout, stiff, erect, rough above, 2°-3° tall. Leaves |
flat, long-pointed, 14-23” wide, subcordate at base, shorter |
than the fertile culms, those of sterile culms very numer- |
ous, crowded near the summit, somewhat distichous;
bracts very short and scale-like; spikes 5-12, oblong-
cylindric, densely many-flowered, 74-13” long, 24-33”
in diameter, erect, approximate, pale brown, narrowed and
staminate at the base; perigynia narrowly lanceolate,
closely appressed, 34-5” long and 14” wide, strongly
several-nerved, very flat, narrowed to both ends, scarious-
margined, rough-ciliate, the beak strongly bidentate; scales
ovate-lanceolate, obtusish or acute, about one-half as long
as the perigynia; achene linear-oblong, 14” long; stigmas 2.

In moist woods and thickets, Ohio to Manitoba, Missouri and
eastern Kansas. June—Aug.

352 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

65. Carex Bébbii Olney. Bebb’s Sedge.
Fig. 932.
C. tribuloides var. Bebbii Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 55.

1889. %
C. Bebbii Olney ; Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 379. 1885.

Culms erect, acutely triangular and roughened above,
rather slender, 822° high, in dense clumps. Leaves
1-23” wide, shorter than the culm; lower one or two
bracts usually developed but inconspicuous; spikes
usually 5-10, brownish-tinged, blunt, densely many-
flowered, subglobose to broadly ovoid, 2’-42” long,
13-3” wide, aggregated into an oblong or linear-

cending, narrowly ovate, wing-margined to the
rounded base, 13-2” long, #’-1” wide at base, dis-
tended over achene, tapering into a rough 2-toothed
beak, less than half length of the obscurely nerved
body; scales oblong-ovate, acute or short-acuminate,
brownish, nearly as wide as but shorter than perigynia ;
_ stigmas 2.

In low grounds, Newfoundland to British Columbia and
northward, southward to New Jersey, Illinois and Colo-
rado, June-August.

66. Carex straminea Willd. Straw Sedge. Dog-
grass. Fig. 933.

Carex straminea Willd. ; Schk. Riedgr. 49. f. 34. 1801.

Carex tenera Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 8: 97. 1824.

Culms very slender, roughish above, 1°-23° long, the
top often nodding. Leaves 1” wide or less, long-pointed,
shorter than the culm; bracts short or the lower bristle-
form and exceeding its spike; spikes 3-8, subglobose or
slightly obovoid, 2-23” thick, light brown or greenish,
separated on the commonly zigzag rachis, or contiguous,
usually clavate at base; staminate flowers basal; perigynia
widely spreading to ascending, narrowly to broadly ovate,
green, 14”-2” long, ?/—14” wide, strongly several-nerved
on the outer face, fewer-nerved or nerveless on the inner,
wing-margined, much distended over achene, tapering into
the rough 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, acute, some-
what shorter and narrower than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In woods, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Kentucky,
Arkansas and California. June-July.

67. Carex normalis Mackenzie. Larger Straw Sedge. Fig. 934.

C. mirabilis Dewey, Am, Journ. Sci. 30: 63, pl. Bb. f. 92.
1836. Not Host, 1800.

C. straminea var. mirabilis Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 18.
1843.

C. mirabilis var. perlonga Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37:
473. 1902.
C. normalis Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 244. 1910.

Culms erect or sometimes weak and spreading,
triangular, roughened above, 2°-33° high, in dense
clumps. Leaves 14-3” (averaging 2”) wide, much
shorter than the culm; lower one or two bracts some-
what developed; spikes 4-12, green or brownish-
tinged, blunt, with 10-30 perigynia, subglobose, 3”—
4%” long, 23’—4” wide, usually clavate at base, sepa-
rate or aggregated into a head 1’-2’ long and 5” wide
or occasionally in a moniliform head; perigynia
spreading, thickish, ovate, wing-margined, rounded at
base, 13’-2” long, #”-1” wide near base, distended
over achene, conspicuously nerved on outer, fewer-
nerved or nerveless on inner face, tapering into a
Wyo ses 2-toothed beak about half the length of body;
\

scales ovate, nearly width of but shorter than peri-
Fo gynia.

Woodlands, Quebec to North Carolina, Kansas and Manitoba and in the western mountains.

GeENus 18

68. Carex macloviana D’Ury.

Sedge.

Falkland Island
Fig. 935.
C. macloviana D’Urv. Mém, Soc. Linn, Paris 4: 599. 1826.

Strongly caespitose, the culms stout, stiff, 6-15’ high,
slightly roughened on the angles above. Leaves flat,
14”-2” wide, usually much shorter than the culm;
head }’ long, short-oblong or ovoid, of 3-8 densely
clustered ovoid-oblong or subglobose gynaecandrous
spikes 2-4” long, 2’-3” wide, each with 10-25 closely
appressed perigynia; bracts small or not developed;
perigynia ovate, brownish, much flattened and _ thin,
but distended over achene, about 2” long and 1” wide,
‘few-nerved on outer, nerveless on inner surface or
nearly so, round-tapering at base, abruptly narrowed
into a serrulate obscurely bidentate beak about one-
third length of body; scales ovate, obtuse to acute,
slightly shorter and narrower than perigynia, brown-
ish-black with strongly developed white hyaline some-
times incurved margins; stigmas 2.

Labrador and Greenland. Also in Lapland and in south-
ern South America. July-August.
festiva Dewey of the Rocky Mountain region.

Closely related to Carex

SEDGE FAMILY. 383

69. Carex festucacea Schkuhr. Fescue Sedge. Fig. 936.

Carex festucacea Schkuhr; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 242. 1805.

Carex straminea var. brevior Dewey, Am, Journ. Sci, 11:
158. 1826.

C., straminea var. festucacea Tuck. En. Meth. 18. 1843.

Culms slender or rather stout, smooth or roughened
beneath head, stiff, strictly erect, 1°-4° tall. Leaves
rather stiff, erect, 1-2” wide, shorter than the culm;
sheaths with a conspicuous pale band and membranous
auricle; spikes 3-10, green-brown or light-brown, oblong
or nearly globular, clustered at the summit but not at
all confluent, or the lower separate, 2-43” in diameter,
33-73” long, rounded or clavate at base; bracts short
or wanting; perigynia varying from orbicular to ovate,
broadly wing-margined, 13’-132” in diameter, 2”-2}”
long, thickish, somewhat spreading or ascending,
strongly nerved on outer face, faintly on inner face,
the roughish beak about one-third the length of the
body; scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
obtusish, rather shorter and narrower than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 2.

In dry or moist soil, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Florida and Arkansas.

May-July.

go. Carex Bicknéllii Britton. Bicknell’s Sedge. Fig. 937.

Carex straminea var. Crawei Boott, Ill. 121. pl. 388.
1862. Not C. Crawei Dewey, 1846.
Carex Bicknellii Britton; Brit. & Br. Ill. Fl. 1: 360. 1896.

Culms loosely tufted, 2°-4° high, erect or the top
inclined, roughish above, much longer than the
leaves. Leaves 4’-12’ long, 1}’-2t” wide towards
base; bracts usually very short; spikes 3-7, ovoid,
subglobose, or somewhat obovoid, 4-9” long, 3-6”
broad, approximate, or the lower separated, brown-
ish or greenish or straw-colored, staminate at the
base, the head stiff, erect; perigynia spreading-ascend-
ing, very broadly ovate or suborbicular, thin, ver
prominently (about 16) nerved on both faces, 23-31”
long, nearly 14-2” wide, the membranous wing very
broad, the rough 2-toothed beak one-fourth to one-
half as long as the body; scales lance-ovate, obtuse
or acute, straw-colored or brownish with hyaline
margins, shorter and much narrower than perigynia;

stigmas 2.

In dry soil, Maine to Manitoba, south to New Jersey,

Arkansas and Nebraska.

June-July.

71. Carex hormathodes

CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

Fernald. Marsh Straw Sedge. Fig. 938.
G Sap inet var. invisa W. Boott, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 9: 86.

I .

C: tener var. Richii Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 27: 475.

1902,

Ge ee nonne des Fernald, Rhodora 8: 165. 1906.

Culms very slender, erect or the summit nodding,
slightly angled and often strongly roughened above,
1°-3° high. Leaves shorter than ‘the culm, usually less
than 1” wide, tapering to a very long tip; bracts,
when present, very narrow and bristle-form; spikes
3-9, ovoid, obtuse or short-pointed, densely many-
flowered, separated or the upper contiguous, forming
a slender moniliform head, greenish brown or brown
at maturity, 32’-8” long, staminate and commonly
much contracted at the base; perigynia narrowly to
broadly ovate, ascending, or with somewhat spreading
tips, 2” to nearly 3” long, 1-13” wide, strongly about
1o-nerved on both faces, wing-margined, the rough
beak about half as long as the body; scales lanceolate,
long-acuminate or aristate, nearly as long as the peri-
gynia, but much narrower; stigmas 2

In wet soil, chiefly near coast, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Virginia, locally inland to Ontario and
recorded from Iowa; also on Pacific coast. May-June. Illustrated in our first edition as C.
ténera Dewey.

72. Carex suberécta (Olney) Britton. Prairie Straw Sedge. ae 939.

C. foenea var. ferruginea Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 580. 1867.

Not C. ferruginea Scop.

C. tenera var. suberecta Olney; Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad.
22: 149 (as synonym). 1889.

C. suberecta Britton, Man. Ed. 2, 1057. 1905.

Culms erect, slender, acutely triangular and strongly
roughened, 2°-3° high. Leaves 1”-13’’ wide, shorter
than the culm; lower one or two bracts usually de-
veloped, but shorter than the head and inconspicu-
ous; spikes 2-5, silvery greenish or slightly brown-
ish-tinged, short- pointed or ote densely many-
flowered, ovoid, 33 has long, 2 23 a wide, approxi-
mate in a head 7’-15” long, 4 thick; perigynia
erect, strictly appressed, ae Baie margined,
rounded at base, 2”-23” long, slightly more than
1” to nearly 13” wide at base, distended over achene,
tapering gradually into a rough 2-toothed beak 4-3
the length of the nerveless or obscurely nerved body ;
scales ovate, short-acuminate to obtusish, silvery-
green, or in age ferruginous, shorter and rather
narrower than the perigynia; stigmas 2

Moist places, Ontario and Ohio to Ruthie Illinois
and Iowa. May-July.

73. Carex alata Torr.

Saeeare eae sees

In

moist soil,

Fig. 940.

Carex alata Torr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 396. 1836.

Culms stiff, rather stout, strictly erect, slightly rough-
ish above, I °-33° tall. Leaves grass-like, but somewhat
rigid, 1-2” wide, shorter than the culm, sheaths green
nearly to chartaceous auricle; spikes suborbicular to

oblong-conic, whitish-green or in age brownish- -green,
very densely many-flowered, 5’-8” long, 3-5” thick,
the lateral rounded or little clavate at base, pointed or
obtuse at the summit, all distinct but usually little sepa-
rated, bractless, or short-bracted; perigynia orbicular or
obovate- orbicular, very broadly winged, 2’-23” long,
nearly 14” or more broad, firm, faintly few-nerved or
almost nerveless on inner face, erect and appressed, or
somewhat curved upward, the short, abrupt beak about
one-third as long as the body; scales lanceolate, acumi-
nate or aristate, scarcely shorter and much narrower
than the perigynia; achene distinctly stipitate; stigmas 2.

New Hasapelice to Florida, inland to Michigan. May-June.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 385

74. Carex albolutéscens Schwein. Greenish-white Sedge. Fig. 941.

Carex albolutescens Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 66. 1824.

Carex straminea var. foenea Torr. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 3: 395.
1836. Not C. foenea Willd. 1809.

Carex albolutescens var. cumulata Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club
20: 422. 1893.

Similar to the preceding species, but usually lower,
culms 1°-23° tall, stout, strictly erect, slightly rough
above. Leaves 1-2” wide, shorter than the culm;
bracts filiform or wanting; spikes 3-8, or sometimes
more numerous and somewhat compound, oblong, sil-
very green when young but becoming light brownizh,
the lateral rounded or little clavate at base, 3’-6” long,
mostly less than 3” thick, clustered, but distinct, the
lowest sometimes separated, and very rarely stalked;
perigynia broadly ovate, firm, broadly winged, faintly
to strongly nerved on both faces, appressed, 13’-2”
(rarely 23”) long, 1-134” wide, the roughish beak about
one-third as long as the body; scales lanceolate, obtuse
or acutish, nearly as long as the perigynia, but much
narrower; achene nearly or quite sessile; stigmas 2.

In wet soil, along coast, New Brunswick to Venezuela ;
also about the Great Lakes, on the Pacific coast, and at a few inland stations from Maine to New
York, Bermuda. May-July.

75. Carex silicea Olney. Sea-beach Sedge. Fig. 942.

) C. straminea var. moniliformis Tuckerm. Enum. Meth.17. 1843.
sgl. Not C. scoparia var. moziliformis Tuckerm. 1843.

LS Carex foenea var. sabulonum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 580. 1867.
y Not C. sabulosa Turcz. 1837.

Carex silicea Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 393. 1868.

Culms slender, rather stiff, erect but the summit re-
curved or nodding, slightly roughish above, 1°-3° tall.
Leaves 1-2” wide, involute in drying, shorter than the
culm; bracts scale-like; spikes 3-8, or rarely more, ovoid-
conic or ovoid-oblong, cilvery-green, nearly white or in age
becoming brownish, erect, conspicuously clavate and stami-

am”

nate at the base, 3-10” long, 2”--}” thick, all separated
or the uppermost close together, forming a flexuous monili-
form head 14’-34’ long; perigynia with oval or obovate
body, firm, short-beaked, nerved on both faces, wing-mar-
gined, closely appressed, 2-24” long, 14’-14” wide, longer
and much broader than the lanceolate acute scales;
stigmas 2.

In sands of the sea coast, Newfoundland to Virginia. June-
Aug.

76. Carex leporina L. Hare’s-foot Sedge. Fig.
943-

Carex leporina L. Sp. Pl. 973. 1753.
C. ovalis Gooden, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 148. 1794.

Culms slender, erect, stiff, roughish above, 614° tall,
Caespitose. Leaves 1-14” wide, flat, shorter than the
culm, not bunched at base; bracts very short and scale-
like or wanting; spikes 3-7, ovoid or elliptic, blunt at
the summit, rounded and staminate at the base, 34-7”
long, 23-4” thick, many-flowered, dark brown, shining,
clustered but distinct, in a terminal oblong head; peri-
gynia appressed-ascending, ovate, 2” long, nearly 1”
wide, rather narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved
on outer face, nerveless or lightly nerved on inner, the
rough tapering 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the
body ; scales lanceolate, brown, with narrow’ hyaline
margin, acute, about as wide and as long as the peri-
gynia; stigmas 2.

5 In dry places, Newfoundland to Massachusetts and New
York. In ballast southward. Europe and Asia. June—Aug.

25

386 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

77. Carex xerantica Bailey. White-scaled
Sedge. Fig. 944.
C. xerantica Bailey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 17: 151. 1892.

C. foenea var. xerantica Kikenthal, Pflanzenreich 38:
205. 1909.

Culms caespitose, stiff, 1°-2° tall, strictly erect,
smooth or little roughened above. Leaves 1’—13
wide, somewhat involute in drying, clustered toward
the base, shorter than the culm; spikes 3-6, ellipsoid,
densely many-flowered, close together or the lower
slightly separated, 4’ ‘7 long, 23” in diameter, taper-
ing at base, the staminate flowers basal; bracts scale-
like; perigynia lanceolate-ovate, pale, 2-2?” long,
I aa wide, closely appressed, nerveless or nearly
so on inner face, bright yellow at base, wing-mar-
gined, the rough tapering beak shorter than the body;
scales with broad, silvery white margins and darker
center, acute, equalling or a trifle longer than the
perigynia and rather wider; stigmas 2.

Prairies, western Manitoba to Athabasca and Kan-
sas. May-July.

78. Carex adusta Boott. Browned Sedge.
Fig. 945.

Carex adusta Boott; Hook. FI. Bor. Am. 2: 215. 1840.
C. pinguis Bailey, Bull. Geog. Surv. Minn. 3: 22. 1887.

Culms stout, stiff, erect, smooth, 12°-23° tall,
caespitose. Leaves 1’—13” wide, long-pointed, shorter
than the culm; bracts subulate, tapering from a broad
nerved base, the lower 1 or 2 usually elongated;
spikes 3-15, subglobose or short-oval, several-flow-
ered, 37-6" long, 2”-3” wide, densely clustered and
apparently confluent, or slightly separated, brownish
in age; staminate flowers basal; perigynia broadly
ovate, firm, narrowly wing-margined, 2-2)” long,
1-13” wide, narrowed into a 2- toothed rough beak,
several- nerved on the outer face, nerveless on the
inner, loosely ascending; scales ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, about equalling the perigynia in length and
width; achene 1” broad; stigmas 2.

In dry soil, Newfoundland to southern Maine, Michi-
gan, Minnesota and northwestward. June-July.

79. Carex praticola Rydb. Northern Meadow Sedge. Fig. 946.

Carex pratensis Drejer, Rev. Crit. Car. 24. 1841.
Not Host, 1797
C. praticola Rydb. “Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard.1: 84. 1900,

Light green; culms slender, erect when young,
the summit later nodding, slightly roughened
above, caespitose, 102° tall. Leaves 4’-1” wide,
shorter than the culm; lower bract bristle-form,
usually short; head flexuous and moniliform;
spikes 2-6, oblong, usually clavate at base, sepa-
rated or the upper contiguous, silvery-brown and
shining, 3’—8” long, about 23” in diameter, several-
flowered, the staminate flowers basal; perigynia
lanceolate, closely appressed, thin, pale, nerveless
or nearly so on the inner face, few-nerved on the
outer, 24’—-34” long, nearly 1” wide, wing-mar-
gined, tapering into a beak nearly as long as the
body; scales brownish-tinged, with very broad
white-hyaline margins, obtuse to acute, about as
long and as wide as the perigynia.

Northern Maine to western Ontario, Michigan and
Oregon, north to Greenland and Alaska, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 387

80. Carex aénea-Fernald. Fernald’s Hay Sedge.
Fig. 947.

Carex foenea var. sparsiflora Howe, Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat.
Hist. 48: 44. 1895. Not C. sparsiflora Fries.
Carex aenea Fernald, Proc. Am, Acad. 22: 480. 1902.

Culms slender, nodding, 13°-3° high, smooth except
immediately below head. Leaves 14’—2” wide, shorter
. than the culm; lower one or two bracts present but not
$ conspicuous; spikes 3-12 in a moniliform or loose head
14’-3' long, all separate or upper aggregated, oblong,
33-12” long, 23-33” thick, rounded at apex, clavate
at base, densely many-flowered; perigynia appressed-
ascending, or loosely ascending in age, ovate, narrowly
wing-margined, rounded at base, 2’—24” long, 1-11”
wide, tapering into a rough 2-toothed beak less than
half the length of the nerveless or obscurely nerved
body; scales ovate, acute or short-acuminate, white-
hyaline with darker center, as wide and as long as peri-
gynia; stigmas 2.

In dry places, Labrador to Connecticut, west to Michigan
and British Columbia. May-July.

81. Carex foénea Willd. Hay Sedge. Fig. 948.

Carex foenea Willd. Enum. 957. 1809.

Carex argyrantha Tuckerm.; Wood, Class-book, 753. 1860.

Carex foenea var. perplexa Bailey, Mem. Torr, Club 1: 27.
1880.

Rather light green, culm little roughened above, erect or
the summit nodding, 1°—33° tall. Leaves flat, soft, 1-2”
wide, shorter than the culm; bracts very short or wanting;
inflorescence usually moniliform or flexuous, not stiff;
spikes 4-15, subglobose or short-oblong, narrowed at the
base, 3-9” long, 22’-3” in diameter, silvery green, all sepa-
rated or the upper contiguous; staminate flowers basal;
perigynia ovate, thin, 13’-24’” long and about 1” wide,
wing-margined, strongly several-nerved on both faces,
tapering into a short rough 2-toothed beak half the length
of body or less; scales silvery hyaline with darker center,
ovate, acute to acuminate, about equalling the perigynia
in length and concealing them; stigmas 2.

In dry woods, often on rocks, Newfoundland to British Co-
lumbia, south to Virginia and lowa. May-July.

82. Carex Willdendvii Schk. Willdenow’s Sedge. Fig. 940.

Carex Willdenovii Schk.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 211. 1805.

Glabrous and pale green, culms from very short
to 10’ high, little serrulate. Leaves much elongated,
nearly erect, rather stiff, 1’-14’ wide, 4’-15’ long,
very much overtopping the spikes, lowest reduced

- to bladeless sheaths; spikes 1-5, androgynous, or
sometimes completely staminate, 1’ long or less, the
uppermost on filiform stalks 3-7’ long, the lower
often appearing nearly basal, the stalks much shorter ;
pistillate flowers 3-9; body of the perigynium ob-
long, smooth, 1’-14” long, rather less than 1” thick,
narrowed into a flattened 2-edged rough beak of
about its own length; scales acute, acuminate or
awned, finely several-nerved, the lower I or 2 com-
monly bract-like and often foliaceous and overtop-
ping the spike; stigmas 3.

In dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Ohio,
Michigan and Manitoba, south to Florida, Kentucky and
Texas. April—July.

388 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

83. Carex Jamesii Schwein. James’ Sedge.
Fig. 950.

Carex Jamesii Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 67. 1824.

Carex Steudelii Kunth, Enum, 2: 480. 1837.

Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves
rather narrower, soft, spreading or ascending, very
much surpassing the spikes, the lowest mere clasping
sheaths. Spikes androgynous, one or more of them
filiform-stalked, the terminal staminate portion very
slender, the pistillate flowers usually 2 or 3 and slightly
separated; body of the perigynium subglobose, 1”
in diameter, contracted at the base, abruptly tipped
by a subulate rough beak of more than its own
length; lower scales bract-like, foliaceous, commonly
much overtopping the spike, the upper shorter and
sometimes not exceeding the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry woods and thickets, southern Ontario and New
York to Michigan and Iowa, south to West Virginia,
Missouri and Kansas. April—May.

Carex Backii Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 210. pl. 209.
1840, Not C. Backana Dewey, 1836.

Carex durifolia Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 428. 1893.

Similar to the preceding species, glabrous, culms
from very short to 10’ high. Leaves ascending or
spreading, 6-12’ long, 13’-3” wide, very much over-
topping the spikes; spikes 1-3, nearly basal, androgy-
nous, I or 2 of them long-stalked, the staminate
flowers few, inconspicuous, the pistillate 2-6, sub-
tended by leafy bract-like elongated scales which
nearly enclose the inflorescence; perigynia oval,
smooth, gradually tapering into a stout two-edged
beak nearly or quite as long as the body, which is
about 12” long and 1” thick; stigmas 2.

In woods and thickets, eastern Quebec to Assiniboia,
south to Massachusetts, New York, Ohio and Nebraska.
May-June.

85. Carex leptalea Wahl. Bristle-stalked Sedge. Fig. 952.
r\ / Carex leptalea Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24:
139. 1803.
\ Carex polytrichoides Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 213. 1805.
\ Carex Harperi Fernald, Rhodora 8: 181. 1906.

Light green and glabrous, culms filiform, smooth,
erect or spreading, 6-24’ long. Leaves very narrow,
mostly shorter than the culm; spike solitary, ter-
minal, androgynous, narrowly linear, 2’-8” long,
1-14” thick; perigynia few, narrowly oblong, light
green, finely many-nerved, narrowed at the base,
obtuse and beakless at the summit, 13’-23” long,
3”’—*” thick; scales membranous, the lowest cuspi-
date, sometimes attenuated into a subulate awn
nearly as long as the spike, the upper short-acumi-
nate to very obtuse, much shorter than perigynia;
stigmas 3.

In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to Alaska, Florida,

Louisiana, Texas, Colorado and Oregon. Ascends to
4300 ft. in North Carolina. June—Aug.

1

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY.

86. Carex pauciflora Lightf. Few-flowered Sedge.

Carex pauciflora Lightf. Fl. Scot. 543. pl. 6. 1777.

Glabrous, culms from slender long running root-
stocks, erect or assurgent, very slender, 3’—2° high,
with two or three developed leaves. Leaves very
narrow, usually shorter than the culm, the lowest
reduced to sheaths; spike solitary, androgynous, the
staminate and pistillate flowers each 1-6; peri-
gynium green, narrow, scarcely inflated, 3-4” long,
about 4” in diameter, obscurely several-nerved, taper-
ing from below the middle into a very slender beak
with oblique orifice, strongly reflexed and readily de-
tachable when mature, 2-3 times longer than the
deciduous lanceolate or ovate scale; achene linear-
oblong; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Connec-

ticut, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Washington. June-
Aug.

87. Carex microglochin Wahl. False Uncinia.

Fig. 954.

Fig. 953.

88. Carex supina Willd. Weak Arctic Sedge.

Carex microglochin Wahl. Kong]. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24:
140. 1803.
Uncinia microglochin Spreng. Syst. 3: 830. 1826,

Culms slender, from slender elongated rootstocks,
weak, 4-12’ high, with four to eight developed leaves.
Leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm; spike
solitary, 33-8” long, androgynous, usually pistillate
for more than one-half its length; scales oblong-
lanceolate, I-nerved, deciduous; perigynia 3-10,
very narrowly lanceolate, 2-3” long, less than 4”
thick, strongly reflexed in fruit, obscurely nerved,
tapering into the long smooth beak, the orifice ob-
lique; achene linear-oblong, obtusely 3-angled,
much shorter than the perigynium; racheola bristle-
like, long-exserted beyond the orifice of the peri-
gynium.

Greenland to James Bay and British Columbia; Colo-
rado?, Also in the arctic and mountainous parts of
Europe and Asia. Summer.

Carex supina Willd.; Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Hand. (IT.)

24: 158. 1803.

Glabrous, densely tufted, long-stoloniferous, culms
slender, erect, sharply 3-angled, 3-10’ tall. Leaves 4’’-
1” wide, flat, shorter than the culm, roughened toward
apex; lower bract short, subulate; staminate spike soli-
tary, sessile or very nearly so, 3-7” long; pistillate
spikes 1-3, sessile, approximate, subglobose or short-
oblong, usually 4-10-flowered, 2-4” long, 2” wide, the
upper one sometimes consisting of only 1-3 flowers;
perigynia oval-obovoid, smooth, hard, shining, nerve-
less, 14-13” long, less than 2” thick, obscurely 3-angled,
tipped with a very short, obliquely cut beak; scales
ovate, brownish with hyaline margins, obtuse to short-
cuspidate, about length of perigynia; stigmas 3.

Northern Minnesota (according to Bailey) and Mani-

toba to arctic America and Greenland. Also in northern
Europe and Asia, Summer.

CY PERACEAE. Vor. I.

89. Carex rupéstris All. Rock Sedge. Fig. 956.

Carex rupestris All. Fl. Ped. 2: 264. pl. 92. f. 1. 1785.
Carex Drummondiana Dewey, Am, Journ, Sci. 29: 251.

1836.

Culms slender, obtusely 3-angled, erect, 1-6’ tall.
Leaves 2-1” wide, involute in drying, often curved,
shorter than or exceeding the culm; bract wanting;
spike solitary, androgynous, slender, 6’—12” long, the
pistillate part loosely few-flowered; perigynia erect,
smooth, oblong-obovoid, triangular, long-stipitate,
firm, faintly nerved, 13’-2” long, abruptly very short-
beaked, the beak truncate; scales purple-brown,
ovate, obtuse or subacute, wider and longer than the
perigynia; stigmas 3.

Quebec and Greenland to British Columbia, south in

the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, Also in northern
Europe and Asia. Summer.

go. Carex filifolia Nutt. Thread-leaved Sedge. Tig. 957.

Carex filifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 204. 1818,

Densely tufted, pale green and glabrous, culms slen-
der but wiry, smooth, erect, 3-14’ tall, equalling or
longer than the leaves. Leaves filiform, rather stiff,
scarcely 4” wide, their sheaths persistent and ultimately
fibrillose; spike solitary, erect, bractless, androgynous,
3-15” long, the pistillate part about 2” in diameter;
perigynia 5-10, ovoid-oval, obtusely triangular, nearly
nerveless, closely enveloping achene, puberulent at least
above middle, 13” long, rather more than #4” thick,
tipped by a short cylindric hyaline entire beak; scales
very broad and enveloping perigynia, concave with
wide white scarious margins, obtuse or cuspidate,
about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to
Kansas, Colorado and California. May—July.

gt. Carex scirpoidea Michx. Scirpus-like Sedge. Fig. 958.
Carex scirpoidea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 171. 1803.

Dioecious, foliage glabrous, rather bright green,
culms from elongated rootstocks, aphyllopodic, erect,
slender but stiff, 6-18’ tall. Leaves 3-1” wide, nearly
erect, usually much shorter than the culm; spike soli-
tary or rarely with an additional and very small one
near its base, linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered,
8-15” long, 14-24” in diameter, subtended by a short
or sometimes subulate bract; perigynia numerous, oval,
two-nerved, obscurely triangular, densely pubescent,
14” long, 3” thick, narrowed at the base, tipped with a
very short entire or at length slightly bidentate beak;
scales oblong-obovate, dark purple with a narrow green
midvein, ciliate, obtusish, nearly as long as the peri-
eynia.

In rocky soil, Greenland to Alaska, south to the higher

mountains of New England, Lake Huron and British Co-
lumbia. Also in northern Europe. Summer.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 391

g2. Carex caryophyllea Latourrette. Vernal Sedge.

Carex praecox Jacq. Fl. Austr. 5: 23. pl. 446. 1778. Not
Schreb. 1771.

Carex caryophyliea Latourrette, Chlor. Lugdun, 27. 1785.

Carex verna Chaix, in Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 204. 1787.

Dark green, stoloniferous, culms phyllopodic, erect
or reclining, smooth, 3-12’ long. Leaves 4’—12” wide,
clustered near base and shorter than the culm; lower
bract subulate, 4-1’ long, very short sheathing; stami-
nate spike sessile or very short-stalked, usually large
and conspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, close together
or slightly separate, oblong, 5~20-flowered, 3’-6” long,
2-3” in diameter, sessile or the lower short-stalked;
perigynia obovoid, sharply 3-angled, short-pubescent,
brown, about 13” long, abruptly acute, tapering at base;
scales ovate, brownish with a lighter center, cuspidate
or the lower rough-awned, about equalling the peri-

gynia.

Maine to District of Columbia, locally naturalized ‘from
Europe. Native also of Asia. Pink-grass, Iron-grass. May-—
June.

93. Carex communis Bailey. Fibrous-rooted Sedge. Fig. 960.

C. varia var. pedicellata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 11: 163. 1826.

Carex communis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 41. 1889.

Carex communis var. Wheeleri Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:
41. 1880.

Carex pedicellata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 87. 1894.

Carex pedicellata var, Wheeleri Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5:
88. 18094.

Light green, not stoloniferous, fibrous-rooted, culms
usually well-developed, slender, aphyllopodic, roughish
above, erect or reclining, 6-20’ long. Leaves 1’-2” wide,
shorter than the culms; lower bract narrowly linear or
subulate, 4-2’ long; staminate spike 2-12” long, from
sessile to strongly peduncled; pistillate spikes 2-4, short-
oblong, 3-10-flowered, sessile and usually separated, or the
lowest short-stalked; perigynia obovoid, about 1” long
and a little more than 4” in diameter, pale, short-pubescent,
slightly 1-ribbed on each side, tipped with a subulate
2-toothed beak one-fourth the length of the body; scales
green, ovate or narrower, acuminate to obtuse, nearly
equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to
Georgia, Ohio and Nebraska. Ascends to 5700 ft. in Virginia. May-July.

94. Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania Sedge. Fig. 961.

Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Encycl. 3: 388. 1789.

Strongly stoloniferous, culms slender but strict, erect,
smoothish to very rough, 3-15’ tall. Leaves 3-14” wide,
the basal shorter than or sometimes exceeding the culm,
the old sheaths persistent and fibrillose; lower bract subulate
or scale-like, rarely over 3’ long; staminate spike sessile or
very short-stalked, 4-1’ long; pistillate spikes 1-4, short-
oblong, 4-20-flowered, sessile, contiguous or the lower some-
what distant; perigynia broadly obovoid, about 1” long and
more than 4” in diameter, short-pubescent, to nearly glab-
rous, I-ribbed on two sides, strongly narrowed at the base,
tipped with a more or less bidentate beak from one-fourth
the length of to as long as the body; scales ovate, purplish,
acute or cuspidate, equalling or a little longer than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 3.

In dry soil, New Brunswick to North Dakota, North Carolina
and Tennessee. Very variable. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North
Carolina. May-June.

Carex heliéphila Mackenzie, of prairies and plains from Illinois to Alberta and New Mexico,
differs by larger perigynia, 1” wide, circular (not triangular) in cross-section,

392 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

g5. Carex varia Muhl. Emmons’ Sedge. Fig. 962.

Carex varia Muhl.; Wahl. Kong]. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.)
24: 159. 1803.

C. Emmonsii Dewey, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 411. 1836.

C. varia var. colorata Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 41. 1889.

Caespitose and little stoloniferous, culms filiform,
erect to nearly prostrate, rough above, 3-20’ long.
Leaves elongated, 4-14” wide, from much shorter than
to exceeding the culms; bracts short; staminate spike
2’-6” long, sessile, sometimes not overtopping the upper
pistillate one, but usually rather prominent; pistillate
spikes 1-4, mostly close together and sessile, 13’—33”
long, 4-12-flowered; perigynia oblong-ovoid, short-
pubescent, about 1” long, 4” thick, strongly narrowed
at the base, tipped with a subulate minutely 2-toothed
beak commonly one-half the length of the body; scales
ovate, green or purplish-brown, acuminate or cuspidate,
about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario and Manitoba,
south to Georgia and Texas. May-July. Very variable.

g6. Carex novae-angliae Schwein. New England
Sedge. Fig. 963.

C. novae-angliae Schwein. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 1: 67. 1824.

Loosely caespitose and stoloniferous, culms filiform,
erect or reclining, 23-12” long. Leaves about 4” wide,
soft, elongated, usually exceeding the culms; stami-
nate spike short-stalked, very narrow or almost filiform,
2-8” long, 4” wide or less; pistillate spikes 1-3, distant,
subglobose, 2-10-flowered, sessile or the lower short-
stalked; lower bract filiform, short or rarely overtop-
ping the spikes; perigynia narrowly obovoid, about 1”
long and 4” thick, short-pubescent, tipped by a subulate
2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length of the body;
scales ovate, greenish-brown, acute or cuspidate; stig-
mas 2 or 3.

In wet shaded places, New Brunswick to Maine, Massa-
chusetts and New York. Summer.

g7- Carex albicans Willd. White-tinged
Sedge. Fig. 964.

C. albicans Willd. ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 818. 1826.
C. Peckii E. C. Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Museum
47: 177. 1895.

Loosely caespitose and _ short-stoloniferous,
the culms smooth or nearly so, erect, 5-20’ tall.
Leaves 13” wide or less, soft, much shorter than
the culms, the lower sheaths but little fibrillose;
lowest bract absent or short; staminate spike
sessile and usually exceeded by upper pistillate
spikes, 14” long or less; pistillate spikes 2-4,
subglobose, 2-8-flowered, closely contiguous or
the lowest little distant; perigynia oblong-
obovoid, 13-2” long, 3” in diameter, short gray-
ish pubescent, 1-ribbed on two sides, strongly
narrowed at base, abruptly tipped with a biden-
tate beak one-fourth the length of the body;
scales broadly ovate, reddish-brown with broad
white hyaline margins, short-acuminate to ob-
tusish, all (except lower) but half the length
of perigynia; stigmas 3.

Open woods and banks, Quebec to Alaska, south
to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, “Carolina” and
Minnesota.

\1

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 393

g8. Carex defléxa Hornem. Northern Sedge.
Fig. 96s.
Carex deflexa Hornem, Plantel. Ed. 3, 1: 938. 1821.
C. deflexa var. Deanei Bailey, Mem. Torr, Club 1: 42. 1889.

Rootstocks slender, loosely branched and_ short-
stoloniferous, culms filiform, erect or spreading, 1’-12’
long, shorter than or little exceeding the narrow bright
green leaves. Bracts subulate or very narrowly linear,

“2' long; staminate spike sessile, 1-3’ long, incon-
spicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, 1-24” long, subglobose,
2-8-flowered, all sessile and closely contiguous or the
lower somewhat separated, usually also i or 2 nearly
basal filiform-stalked spikes from the lowest sheaths;
perigynia oblong-obovoid, much narrowed at the base,
short-pubescent, 1” or less long, tipped with a flat,
slightly 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length of
the body; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or cus-
pidate; stigmas 3.

In open places, Greenland to Alaska, south to Massachu-
setts, Pennsylvania and Minnesota, mostly at high altitudes.
Summer.

gg. Carex Rossii Boott. Ross’s Sedge.
Fig. 966.

C. Rossii Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 222, 1840.

Carex deflexa var. media Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club
I: 43. 1889. Not C. media R. Br. 1823.

C. deflexa Farwellii Britton; Brit. & Br. Ill. Fl. 1:
334. 1806.

C. Farwellii Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 244.
1910.

Rootstocks slender, loosely branched and stolo-
niferous; culms slender, erect, 8-15’ long, shorter
than or little exceeding the leaves. Leaves about
1’ wide; lowest bract conspicuous, often exceed-
ing inflorescence; staminate spike sessile or nearly
so, 3-6” long, conspicuous; pistillate spikes 2-3,
—4” long, short-oblong, 3-10-flowered, sessile
or short-peduncled, approximate or the lower
separate, filiform-stalked; basal spikes conspicu-
ous; perigynia oblong-obovoid, much narrowed at
base, short-pubescent, 2” long, abruptly contracted
into a bidentate beak from one-half length to
nearly as long as the body; scales ovate, obtusish
to short-cuspidate; stigmas 3.

Dry soil, Michigan to British Columbia, Oregon,
and south in the Rocky Mountains. June-July.

too. Carex nigro-marginata Schwein. Black-
edged Sedge. Fig. 967.
C. nigro-marginata Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.1: 68. 1824.

Bright green, stoloniferous, culms filiform, wiry,
aphyllopodic, erect or spreading, 2’-8’ long, very un-
equal in length. Leaves 1-2” wide, very much longer
than the culms, rather stiff, often 12’ or more long;
bracts very short and subulate or wanting; staminate
spike sessile, inconspicuous, 2’-4” long; pistillate spikes
1-3, few-flowered, sessile at the base of the staminate,
about 3” long; perigynia 13” long, short-pubescent or
nearly glabrous, the body oval, 4” thick, stipitate,
I-ribbed on two sides, tipped with a cylindric-subulate |
2-toothed beak one-third to one-half as long as the |
body; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, green with purple
margins or variegated, rather longer than the perigynia.

Dry soil, Connecticut to South Carolina. April—July.

Carex floridana Schwein., distinguished by its light-colored scales, occurs from Virginia to
Florida and Texas.

394 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

ror. Carex umbellata Schk. Umbel-like Sedge.
Fig. 968.

Carex umbellata Schk.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 290. 1805.

Carex umbellata var. vicina Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 11:

317. pl. D. f. 13. 1826.

Rather light green, closely tufted and matted,
strongly fibrillose at base, stoloniferous, culms phyllo-
podic, filiform, 1-6’ long. Leaves 3”—14” wide, slender,
ascending, usually much exceeding the culm, some-
times 1° long; staminate spike solitary, terminal, 2’ or
less long, commonly conspicuous; pistillate spikes I-3,
all filiform-stalked from the basal sheaths or I or 2 of
them sessile or very nearly so at the base of the stami-
nate, oblong, 6-20-flowered, 2-6” long; perigynia usu-
ally less than 2’ long; body oblong-orbicular, stipitate,
finely pubescent, pale, obtusely 3-angled, ?’”—13” long,
tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak of nearly its
length; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or short-
awned, the lower partly hiding the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Dry soil, Nova Scotia to Michigan and Pennsylvania.
May-July.

Carex abdita Bicknell, with short-beaked perigynia,
seems to be distinct. It ranges from Quebec to New York, Saskatchewan and Oklahoma.

to2z. Carex tonsa (Fernald) Bicknell.
Deep-green Sedge. Fig. 969.
C. umbellata var. tonsa Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37:

507. 1902.
C. tonsa Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 402. 1908. \

Deep green, closely tufted and matted, strongly
fibrillose at base, stoloniferous, culms phyllo-
podic, filiform, 1-4’ long. Leaves 17-2” wide,
stiff, spreading in age, usually much exceeding
the culm but rarely more than 8’ long; staminate
spike solitary, terminal, 3’ or less long, com-
monly conspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, all fili-
form-stalked from the basal sheaths or I or 2
of them sessile or very nearly so at the base of
the staminate, oblong, 6-12-flowered, 2’—4” long;
perigynia 2” long or more, the body oblong-
orbicular, stipitate, glabrous, except beak of peri-
gynia which is very sparsely hairy, pale, obtusely
3-angled, about 1” long, tipped with a subulate
2-toothed beak of its own length; scales ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, the lower
exceeding the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Dry soil, chiefly near the coast, Maine to New
York and New Jersey. May-June.

103. Carex hirtifOlia Mackenzie. Pubescent
Sedge. Fig. 970.
Carex pubescens Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 281. 1805.
Not Poir. 1789, nor Gilib. 1792.
C. hirtifolia Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 244. 1910.
Pubescent all over, bright green, but reddened at
base, stoloniferous, culms aphyllopodic, weak, 1°-2°
long. Leaves flat, soft, elongated, usually shorter than
culm, 13-32” wide; lower bracts 1’-3’ long, occasion-
ally overtopping the spikes, little if at all sheathing;
staminate spike sessile or nearly so, sometimes with
pistillate flowers at its base; pistillate spikes 2-4, ob-
long-cylindric, rather loosely flowered, erect, 3-10”
long, 2-23” thick, the upper sessile, the lower sepa-
rated and short-stalked; perigynia sharply 3-angled,
obovoid, narrowed to a stipe-like base, densely pu-
bescent, and, including the subulate straight minutely
2-toothed beak, about 2” long; scales obovate, trun-
cate, scarious-margined, rough-awned or cuspidate,
about as long as the perigynia.

In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to North Dakota,
New Jersey, Kentucky and Kansas, May-—Aug,

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 395

104. Carex picta Steud. Boott’s Sedge. Fig. 971.

Carex Boottiana Benth.; Boott, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.
5: 112. 1845. Not H.& A. 1841.

Carex picta Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 184. 1855.

Dioecious, foliage glabrous, light green, culms phyl-
lopodic, slender, smooth, erect or reclining, 4’-12’
long, usually much shorter than the leaves. Leaves
flat, 1-3 wide, the upper reduced to bladeless
sheaths, tinged with reddish purple; spike solitary or
rarely with a small accessory one near its base, erect,
densely many-flowered, the staminate generally 1’-2’
long, the pistillate cylindric but narrowed at the base,
1-2) long, 2’—-4” thick; perigynia narrowly obovoid,
strongly many-nerved, puberulent at least toward the
obtuse summit, 2”-23” long, stipitate; scales reddish
purple, usually with green midvein and hyaline mar-
gins, shining, obovate, obtuse, acute or cuspidate,
longer and wider than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods, central Indiana; Alabama and Louisiana.
Local. Summer.

105. Carex pedunculata Muhl. Long-stalked Sedge. Fig. 972.
A Carex pedunculata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 222. 1805.

Densely matted, rather bright green, culms very
slender, roughish above, diffuse, 3’-12’ long, strongly
purple-tinged at base. Leaves flat, 1-14” wide, the
basal commonly longer than the culms; upper sheaths
green, almost bladeless, the lower with short leaf-like
blades; terminal spike staminate, long-stalked, usually
with some pistillate flowers at its base; lateral spikes
2-4, pistillate or androgynous, 3-6” long, few-flowered,
filiform-stalked and spreading or drooping, scattered,
some of them appearing basal; perigynia obovoid,
sharply 3-angled above, puberulent or becoming gla-
brous, 2” long, pale green, nerveless, narrowed below
into a stipe, tipped with a minute entire beak; scales
purplish, obovate, with green midrib, abruptly cuspidate
or the lower subulate-awned, riearly equalling or lower
exceeding perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry woods, Anticosti to Saskatchewan, south to Vir-
ginia, Pennsylvania and lowa. May-July.

106. Carex concinna R. Br. Low Northern
Sedge. Fig. 973.

Carex concinna R, Br. Frank. Journ. 763. 1823.

Caespitose and stoloniferous, the culms slender,
nearly smooth, 2’-6’ tall. Leaves about 1” wide, flat,
pale green, much shorter than the culm; bracts reduced
to green bladeless sheaths or occasionally with a short
blade; staminate spike solitary, sessile or nearly so,
13’-3' long; pistillate spikes 1-3, sessile and clustered
or the lower one somewhat distant and stalked, erect,
2’’-4” long, 14-2” thick, compactly 5-10-flowered; peri-
gynia oblong-ovoid, 3-angled, pubescent, very short-
beaked, obscurely nerved, about twice as long as the
broadly ovate obtuse dark scales; stigmas 3.

In rocky places, Quebec and New Brunswick to British
Columbia. Summer.

396 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

107, Carex Richardsonii R. Br. Richardson’s
Sedge. Fig. 974.
Carex Richardsonii R. Br. Frankl. Journ, 751. 1823.

Stoloniferous, the culms slender, rough, erect, 4’-12’
tall. Leaves flat, about 1” wide, the basal shorter than
or sometimes equalling the culm, those oF the culm
very short; bracts bladeless, sheathing, #1’ long, usu-
ally brown- purple with a white hyaline soa summit ;
staminate spike solitary, stalked, 6-13” long; pistillate
spikes I or 2, erect, narrowly ‘cylindric, short-stalked,
4-10” long, compactly many-flowered, close together,
their stalks partly or wholly enclosed in the sheaths ;
perigynia obovoid, triangular, pubescent, about 1’ ” Ione,
minutely beaked, obscurely nerved, mostly shorter than
the ovate, subacute, purple, conspicuously white-mar-
gined scales; stigmas 3.

In dry soil, Ontario to Saskatchewan, Alberta and Brit-
ish Columbia, south to western New York, Illinois, Iowa
and South Dakota. Summer.

108. Carex ebuirnea Boott: Bristle-leaved Sedge. Fig. 975.

C. alba var. setifolia Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 11: 316. 1826.

C. eburnea Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 226. pl. 225. 1840.

Carex setifolia Britton; Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 332.
1896.

Glabrous, pale green, culms filiform, smooth, weak,
4-15’ long, from slender, elongated rootstocks. Leaves
filiform, shorter than the culm, less than 4” wide;
bracts reduced to bladeless sheaths 2-5” long; stami-
nate spike solitary, sessile or very néarly so, 2”-4”
long; pistillate spikes 2-4, erect, slender-stalked, 2-4”
long, rather less than 1” thick, loosely few-flowered,
the upper commonly overtopping the staminate, the
lower one sometimes distant; perigynia oblong, pointed
at both ends, 3-angled, 1” long, 4” or less thick, polished
and nearly black when mature, very faintly few-nerved, 4
tapering into a short entire beak; scales ovate, obtuse
or the lower acute, thin, hyaline, shorter than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 3.

In dry sandy or rocky soil, preferring limestone rocks,
New Brunswick to Alberta, south to Virginia, Tennessee,
Missouri and Nebraska. May-July.

tog. Carex Hassei Bailey. Hasse’s Sedge.
Fig. 976.

C. aurea var. celsa Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 75.

18809.
Carex Eee Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 21: - 1896.
C. bicolor Robinson & Fernald, A. Gray, Manual,

Ed. 7, 232. 1909. Not All.

Similar to the following species, the culms
slender, usually 6’-2° long, from slender elon-
gated rootstocks. Leaves flat, 1-2” wide, gen-
erally shorter than culm; bracts similar to culm-
leaves, the lower exceeding spikes, sheathing, not
dark auricled; terminal spike short-stalked, gynae-
candrous or frequently staminate; pistillate spikes
2-5, linear-oblong, the upper aggregated and
sessile or short-stalked, the lower distant and
long-stalked, loosely or somewhat compactly
6-20-flowered, 2-10” long, about 12” thick; peri-
gynia ellipsoid or narrowly obovoid, whitish
pulyerulent and not fleshy or translucent at ma-
turity, less than 1” in diameter, the nerves faint,
tapering at base, beakless, the orifice entire; scales
as in the next, but more often dark- tinged;
stigmas 2

Labrador to north Maine, westward across the
continent and south in the mountains of California. June—Aug.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 397

tro. Carex aurea Nutt. Golden-fruited Sedge. Fig. 977.

Carex aurea Nutt. Gen. 2: 205. 1818.

Glabrous, light green, culms very slender, erect or
reclining, 2’-15’ long, from slender, elongated root-
stocks. Leaves flat, 1-2” wide, the basal equalling or
exceeding the culm; bracts similar to the culm-leaves,
the lower commonly much overtopping the spikes,
sheathing, not dark-auricled; terminal spike short-
stalked, staminate or slightly gynaecandrous; pistil-
late spikes 2-4, oblong or linear-oblong, erect and clus-
tered near the summit or the lower one distant, filiform-
stalked, loosely or somewhat compactly 4-20-flowered,
2”-10” long, about 13” thick; perigynia broadly obovoid
or subglobose, white or nearly white when young, be-
coming fleshy and translucent, golden yellow or brown
and about 1” in diameter when mature, many-nerved,
beakless, the orifice entire; scales very variable, ovate,
membranous, blunt, acute, cuspidate or short-awned,
shorter than or the lower exceeding the perigynia; stig-
mas mostly 2.

QE

=

In wet meadows, springs and on wet rocks, Newfoundland
to British Columbia, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania,
Michigan, Utah and California. Summer.

r1z. Carex livida (Wahl.) Willd. Livid Sedge. Fig. 978.

Carex limosa var. livida Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad.. Handl.
(II.) 24: 162. 1803.
Carex livida Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 285. 1805.

Glabrous, very glaucous, phyllopodic, long-stolonif-
erous, culms slender, strictly erect, smooth, 613°
tall. Leaves 1” wide or less, involute or folded, usu-
ally shorter than culm; bracts narrow, short-sheath-
ing, usually short; staminate spike solitary, short-
stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, 5-12” long, about 23”
thick, erect, approximate, sessile or short-peduncled,
oblong, densely 5-15-flowered or looser at the base,
the third, when present, distant or sometimes nearly
basal, stalked; perigynia oblong, very pale, nearly 2”
long, less than 1” thick, faintly nerved, straight,
beakless, narrowed to an entire orifice; scales ovate,
obtuse or the lower subacute, rather shorter than
the perigynia, the margins colored; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Labrador and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south
to Connecticut, the pine barrens of New Jersey, central
New York, Michigan and California. Also in Europe.
Summer.

112. Carex panicea L. Grass-like Sedge. Car-
nation-grass. Fig. 970.
Carex panicea L. Sp. Pl. 977. 1753.

Glabrous, pale bluish green and glaucous, phyllo-
podic, long-stoloniferous, culms slender, smooth, erect,
stiff, 62° tall. Leaves flat, 1-2” wide, the lower usu-
ally shorter than the culm; bracts short, long-sheath-
ing; staminate spike usually 1, its peduncle smooth;
pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, stalked or the upper
nearly sessile, erect, 1’ or less long, 23’-33” thick,
closely or at base loosely 8~-25-flowered; perigynia
a or: 14-2” long and about 1” in diameter,
slightly swollen and obscurely 3-angled, yellow, purple
or mottled, faintly few-nerved, tipped with a very short
entire somewhat oblique beak; scales ovate, acute, pur-
ple or purple-margined, shorter than the perigynia;
stigmas 3.

In fields and meadows, Nova Scotia to Connecticut.
Locally naturalized from Evrone. Gilliflower-grass, Blue-
grass, Pink-leaved sedge. June-July,

ore ——eeee

398 CYPERACEAE. Vor. T.

113. Carex Méadii Dewey. Mead’s Sedge. Fig. 980.

#f, Carex Meadii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 90. 1842.
fe | Carex tetanica var. Meadti Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:

118, 1886,

Canes delonica var. Carteri Porter, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1887:

76. 1887.

Garexr ee var. Canbyi Porter, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1887:

76. 1887.

Similar to the following species, glabrous, culm
stouter, strongly phyllopodic, not purplish-tinged, very
rough above, 8-18’ tall. Rootstocks elongated, deep-
seated, slender; leaves flat, those of the fertile culm
usually 6-10, 12”-33”" wide; bracts short, not overtop-
ping the spikes; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate
spikes I-3, sometimes staminate at the summit, rarely
Y compound at the base, oblong-cylindric, densely 8-30-
flowered, 37-12’ long, about 3” in diameter, erect,
stalked, or the upper one sessile, the lower often very
long-stalked; perigynia obovoid, obtusely triangular,
prominently many-nerved, green, 13” long, about 1” in
diameter, tipped with a minute slightly bent beak; scales
ovate, green with reddish-brown or purple-brown mar-
gins, obtuse to cuspidate, and from much shorter than
to exceeding perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Georgia, Michigan, Assiniboia,
Nebraska and Arkansas. May-July.

114. Carex tetanica Schk. Wood’s Sedge. Fig. O81.

C. tetanica Schk. Riedgr. Nachtr. 68. figs. 100, 207. 1806.
Carex tetanica var. Woodii Bailey, Mem, Torr, Club 1: 53.
1889.

Light green and glabrous, or sheaths slightly puberu- \QQ)
lent, culms slender, more or less strongly phyllopodic, Ny
not strongly purplish-tinged at base, erect, rough above, Ys
62° tall. Rootstocks elongated, deep-seated, white, WS

(|
\X

erect, distant, narrowed at the base, compactly 6-20-
flowered or attenuate at base, linear, 1’ long or less, the

slender; leaves flat, those of the fertile culm usually 4
3-5, 1-11” wide, shorter than the culm; bracts narrow, \ \
elongated, usually shorter than the spikes, sheathing;
staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes I to 3,

lower filiform-stalked and often drooping; perigynia
oblong-obovoid, green, prominently many-nerved, about

12” long and 1” thick, obtusely triangular, abruptly
minutely beaked or beakless, the orifice entire; scales

ovate, obtuse or mucronate, usually shorter than the

perigynia; stigmas 3.
In meadows and wet woods, Massachusetts to Manitoba,
south to District of Columbia and Missouri. June-July.

115. Carex colorata Mackenzie. Purplish-
tinged Sedge. Fig. 982.
Carex colorata Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 232. 1910.

Light green and glabrous, culms slender, aphyllo-
podic and strongly purplish-tinged at base, strongly
stoloniferous, erect, roughened above, 1°-2° tall.
Leaves flat, those of the fertile culm usually 2-4,
14-2” wide, shorter than the culm; bracts narrow,
elongated, usually not exceeding the spikes, sheathing ;
staminate spike more or less peduncled; pistillate spikes
2-3, erect, distant, rather loosely 6-15-flowered, linear,
7-18" long, 2” thick, on slender much-exserted
peduncles; perigynia narrowly obovoid, obtusely trian-
gular, lightly many-nerved, 13-2” long, }” wide,
tapering at both ends, the beak 3” long, slightly curv-
ing, the orifice oblique; scales ovate, obtuse to cuspi-
date,-shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Woodlands, New York and Ontario to Michigan and
Manitoba. May-June.

=

atte al

=, “ate

\y

‘purple; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, erect, widely separated,

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 399

116. Carex vaginata Tausch. Sheathed Sedge.

Carex vaginata Tausch, Flora 557. 1821.

Carex vaginata var. altocaulis Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.)
41: 227. 1866.

Carex saltuensis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 7. 1889.

Carex altocaulis Britton; Brit. & Br. Ill. Fl. 1: 326. 1896.

Glabrous, light green, strongly stoloniferous, phyllo-
podic, culms very slender, smooth, weak, diffuse, 623°
high. Leaves 1-23” wide, much shorter than the culm,
the blades of the upper ones and of the long-sheathing
bracts usually very short; staminate spike long-stalked ;
pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, slender-stalked or spread-
ing, 4-12” long, loosely 3-20-flowered; perigynia
ovoid-oblong, 3-angled, scarcely inflated, narrowed at the
base, faintly nerved, about 2” long, nearly 1” thick,
tipped with a beak about one-fourth the length of the
body, the orifice purplish-tinged, 2-toothed, oblique;
scales oval or ovate-lanceolate, purplish-tinged, acute
or the upper obtuse, usually shorter than the perigynia;
stigmas 3.

In boggy woods, Labrador to Alaska, northern New Eng- y
land, New York, Michigan, Minnesota and British Columbia, Europe and Asia. June—Aug.

’ 117. Carex polymérpha Muhl. Variable Sedge.
Fig. 984.
Carex polymorpha Muhl. Gram. 239. 1817.

Glabrous, rather dark green, from matted, elongated,
stout rootstocks, culms stiff, aphyllopodic and strongly
purplish-tinged at base, strictly erect, smooth or nearly
so, 1°-2° tall. Leaves flat, 13-2” wide, nearly erect,
those of fertile culm short; bracts long-sheathing;
staminate spike 1 or rarely 2, long-stalked; pistillate
spikes commonly 1 or 2, erect, short-stalked, densely
12-25-flowered or sometimes looser at the base, 7’—1}’
long, 3-4” thick, often staminate at the summit; peri-
gynia ovoid-oblong, obscurely 3-angled, 23” long, 13” in
diameter, the beak one-half as long as the body, the
orifice oblique; scales red-brown, obtuse or the lower
acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Wet meadows or borders of woods, southern Maine to

northern New Jersey, south to North Carolina. Local.
Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. June—Aug.

118. Carex plantaginea Lam. Plantain-leaved
Sedge. Fig. 985.

Carex plantaginea Lam. Encycl. 3: 392. 1789.

Glabrous, rather dark green, culms slender, erect or
reclining, 6-2° long. Leaves of sterile culms 57-13
wide, persistent through the winter, those of fertile
culms with rudimentary blades, the sheaths strongly
reddened; bracts short; staminate spike long-stalked,

all stalked, 1’ or less long, loosely 4-8-flowered, the
stalks of the upper ones enclosed in the sheaths; peri-
gynia oblong-elliptic, short-beaked, many-nerved, 14’-
21” long, nearly 1” thick, longer than the ovate cuspi-
date scales; stigmas 3.

In woods, New Brunswick and Ontario to Manitoba,
south to North Carolina and Illinois. Ascends to 2100 ft.
in Virginia. April-June.

400 CYPERACEAE. INO ZG

11g. Carex Careyana Torr. Carey’s Sedge.
Fig. 986.

Carex Careyana Torr.; Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 30: 60.
f. 88 1836.

Glabrous, bright green, culms slender, erect or
somewhat reclining, smooth or nearly so, 1°-23° tall.
Basal leaves flat, 3’—-6” wide, much shorter than the
culm; bracts narrow, short, with very long purplish-
tinged sheaths; staminate spike usually long-stalked,
large; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, loosely 3-S-flow-
ered, less than 1’ long, the upper short-stalked and
approximate, the lower long-stalked and remote;
perigynia ovoid-elliptic, very sharply 3-angled, many-
nerved, 2%” long or more and over 1” thick, the
short beak slightly oblique, entire; scales ovate with
hyaline margins, cuspidate or awned, about half
length of perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods, New York to Michigan, south to District of
Columbia, Virginia and extreme southern Missouri.
May-June.

120. Carex platyphylla Carey. Broad-leaved Sedge. Fig. 987.

Carex platyphylla Carey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 4: 23.
1847.

Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, culms slender,
spreading or reclining, 4-15’ long. Leaves of sterile
culms flat and broad, 43’—12” wide, shorter than the
culm, very smooth (except edges) ; those of fertile
culms much reduced; bracts with long clasping
sheaths, usually less than 2’ long; staminate spike
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, erect, all slen-
der-stalked or the upper one nearly sessile, loosely
4-10-flowered, 5-10” long; perigynia ovoid-elliptic,
3-angled, many-nerved, slightly bent or nearly
straight at the narrowed or short-beaked apex, 14—
13” long, rather more than 4” thick, somewhat longer
than the broadly ovate, acute, cuspidate or short-
awned scales; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Mich-
igan, south to Virginia and Illinois. Ascends to 2500
it. in Virginia. May-June.

121. Carex abscondita Mackenzie. Thicket Sedge. Fig. 988.

Carex ptychocarpa Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 234. 1855. Not
Link, 1799.

Carex abscondita Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 244.
1910,

Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, culms erect,
very slender, smooth, only 2’-8’ tall. Leaves flat,
the larger 2’-43” wide, much longer than the culm;
bract of second pistillate spike usually overtopping
the culm; staminate spike small, 2-43” long, sessile
or nearly so; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approximate,
sessile or short-peduncled, or the lower one slender-
stalked and nearly basal, all erect, loosely 5-10-flow-
ered, 4”-8” long; perigynia oblong-ovoid, pale,
sharply 3-angled, finely many-nerved, about 14” long,
rather more than 3” thick, pointed at both ends;
minutely straight-beaked or slightly bent, the orifice
entire; scales ovate, thin, obtuse to short-cuspidate,
about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In moist woods and thickets, Massachusetts and New
Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Local. June-July.

GENus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 4o1

Carex digitalis Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 298. 1805.

Glabrous, bright green, not at all glaucous, culms
weak, slender, smooth, usually reclining, 4’-18' long,
Leaves flat, 1-24” wide, usually longer than the culm;
bracts similar, the second exceeding the culm; staminate
spike stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, linear, loosely alter-
nately 3-12-flowered, 5-15” long, the upper nearly ses-
sile, the others filiform-stalked and widely spreading or
drooping; perigynia ovoid-oblong, sharply triangular,
many-nerved, brown when ripe, narrowed at both ends,
scarcely 13” long, more than 4” thick, the very short
beak slightly oblique; scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, scarious-margined, acute, acuminate or short-
awned, shorter than or the lower about equalling the
perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, Maine and southern Ontario to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 3000
ft. in Virginia. May-July.

123. Carex laxicilmis Schwein. Spreading Sedge. Fig. go.

Carex laxiculmis Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 70. 1824.
Carex retrocurva Dewey, Wood’s Bot. 423. 1845.
Carex digitalis copulata Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club1: 47. 1889.

Glabrous, varying from strongly glaucous to deep
green, culms filiform, smooth or very nearly so, ascend-
ing or diffuse, 62° long. Sterile culm-leaves elongated,
2-6" wide, those of fertile culms shorter than the
culms; bracts similar, usually short; staminate spike
long-stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, rather loosely
5-10-flowered, 3-6” long, about 2” thick, drooping on
long hair-like stalks or the upper short-stalked and
erect; perigynia broadly ovoid-oblong, sharply 3-angled,
many-nerved, 14-2” long and rather more than 4”
thick, narrowed at both ends, but scarcely beaked, longer
than the ovate, green, cuspidate or short-awned scales;
stigmas 3.

_ In woods and thickets, Maine to southern Ontario, Mich-
igan, Virginia and Missouri. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Vir-
ginia. May-June.

124. Carex albursina Sheldon. White Bear Sedge. Fig. 991.

Carex laxiflora var. latifolia Boott, Ill. 38. 1858. Not C.
latifolia Moench, 1794.
Carex albursina Sheldon, Bull. Torr, Club 20: 284. 1893.

Glabrous, rather deep green, culms nearly smooth,
strongly flattened and winged, erect or spreading, 8’—2°
high. Basal leaves shorter than the culm, 34-14’ wide;
bracts similar to the narrower culm-leaves, the upper
strongly overtopping the spikes, sheaths loose; staminate
spike sessile or nearly so, the scales obtuse; pistillate
spikes 2-4, distant and narrowly linear, stalked or the
upper sessile and close together, 4’-11’ long, loosely
flowered; perigynia obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, many-
nerved, 4”-2” long, 1” thick, tipped with a very short
bent entire beak; scales broadly oblong, widely scarious-
margined, very truncate or the lower rarely short-awned,
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Virginia, Ten-
nessee and southern Missouri. Ascends to 2300 ft. in Vir-
ginia. June-Aug. The specific name is in allusion to White
Bear Lake, Minn.

26

CYPERAGEAE- Vor. I:

125. Carex blanda Dewey. Woodland Sedge.
Fig. 992.

Carex blanda Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 45. 1826.
C, laxiflora var. varians Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 32. 1889.

Glabrous, pale green, culms nearly smooth, flattened,
usually coarsely cellular, loosely erect, 62° high. Lower
leaves usually shorter than culm, 13’—7” wide; the leaf-
like bracts and upper leaves with loose sheaths, their
margins much crisped; staminate spike usually short-
stalked or sessile, the scales rarely reddish-brown-tinged ;
pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong or linear-oblong, 3’—13” long,
rather closely 8-25-flowered, the upper two contiguous to
staminate spike and sessile or nearly so, the lower distant
and stalked; perigynia obovoid, ascending, 14-14” long,
more than 3” thick, narrowed at base, strongly nerved,
contracted into a short stout outwardly bent entire beak;
scales ovate with broad white scarious margins usually
shorter than the perigynia, the lower strongly awned.

Maine and Ontario to Virginia, Arkansas and Kansas.
Intergrades with the next. May-July.

126. Carex laxiflora Lam. Loose-flowered Sedge. Fig. 993.

Carex laxiflora Lam. Encycl. 3: 392. 17809.
Carex laxiflora var. gracillima Boott, Ill. Car. 1: 37. 1858.

Glabrous, rather pale green, culms erect or reclin-
ing, slender, roughish above, 6’-2° long, scarcely if at
all two-edged. Leaves 12-32” wide, soft, the lower
mostly shorter than the culm, the bracts similar to the
culm-leaves sometimes overtopping the spikes, their
sheaths tight, the margins little crinkled; staminate spike
usually stalked, its scales rarely reddish-brown tinged;
pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, linear-cylindric, loosely
several-many-flowered, 2-17’ long, 13’-2” thick, more
or less peduncled, spreading, or the upper erect; peri-
gynia ascending, obovoid, more or less oblique, 14”—13”
long, rather more than 4” thick, narrowed at the base,
strongly many-nerved, contracted into a short stout out-
wardly bent entire beak; scales ovate with broad white
scarious margins, usually shorter than the perigynia,
at least the lower strongly awned; stigmas 3.

In meadows and thickets, eastern Quebec and Ontario to
Minnesota, south to Florida, Alabama and Texas. May-July.

127. Carex anceps Muhl. Two-edged Sedge.
Fig. 904.

C. anceps Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 278. 1805.

C. anceps var. patulifolia Dewey, Wood’s Bot. 423. 1845.

C. laxiflora var. patulifolia Carey, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,
524. 1856.

C, laxiflora var. leptonervia Fernald, Rhodora 8: 184. 1906.

Glabrous, deep green, culms nearly smooth, often
much flattened, loosely erect, 62° high. Lower leaves
shorter than culm, 23’—10” wide; bracts similar to nar-
rower culm-leaves, the upper usually overtopping the
spikes; staminate spike prominent, long- or short-stalked,
the scales rarely reddish-brown tinged; pistillate spikes
2-4, loosely and alternately 5-15-flowered, distant and
slenderly stalked or the upper approximate and short-
stalked; perigynia appressed-ascending, elliptic-obovoid,
obtusely 3-angled, strongly nerved or nearly nerveless,
1}” long, ¥” wide, tipped with a short straight or slightly
oblique beak; scales ovate, scarious, the lower abruptly
short-awned; stigmas 3.

Woods, Newfoundland to Michigan, North Carolina and
Tennessee. May-July.

=

\y

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY.

128. Carex striatula Michx. Striate Sedge.
Fig. 995.

C. striatula Michx. Fl, Bor. Am. 2: 173. 1803.

Carex laxiflora var. divaricata Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club

I: 33. 1889.

Glabrous, pale green, culms loosely caespitose,
nearly smooth, triangular, little flattened, erect, 1°-2°
high. Leaves shorter than culm, 33”-6” wide; bracts
short, usually exceeded by culms; staminate spike
solitary, usually long-stalked, its scales commonly
reddish-brown tinged; pistillate spikes usually two,
widely separate, erect, peduncled, linear-oblong, 6’—
15” long, closely or at base loosely 6-20-flowered;
perigynia obovoid-fusiform, divergent, obtusely tri-
angular, strongly nerved, 2-23” long, 3” wide, tipped
with a straight or slightly oblique conspicuous beak;
scales broadly ovate, short-cuspidate, hyaline-mar-
gined, slightly reddish-brown tinged, shorter than
perigynia; stigmas 3.

New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida, Tennessee and
Texas. April-June.

129. Carex stylofléxa Buckley. Bent Sedge.
Fig. 996.

Carex styloflexa Buckley, Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 174. 1843.
Carex laxiflora var. styloflexa Boott, Ill. 37. 1858.
Glabrous, culms rather loosely caespitose, slender,
triangular, often purplish at base, smooth, 1°-23° tall.
Leaves 13-3” wide, flat, shorter than the culm; bracts
short, usually exceeded by the spikes; staminate spike
solitary, usually long-stalked but sometimes nearly ses-
sile, its scales usually reddish-brown tinged; pistillate
spikes 1-4, distant, loosely 4-12-flowered, 5’—-10” long,
the lower drooping on elongated filiform stalks; peri-
gynia elliptic-fusiform, triangular, many-nerved, 2’-23”
long, }” thick, somewhat divergent, tapering gradually
to both ends and thus slender-beaked, the beak straight
or little oblique; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, scari-
ous-margined, reddish-brown-tinged, acute, cuspidate or
short-awned, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, Connecticut to Florida and Texas.
May-July.

130. Carex Shriveri Britton. Shriver’s Sedge. Fig. 997.

Carex Haleana Olney, Car. Bor. Am. 6. 1871. Not C.
Halei Dewey, 1846.

C. granularis Shriveri Britton, in Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. 1:
322. 18096.

Carex Shriveri Britton, Manual 208. 1901.

Glabrous, light green and slightly glaucous, culms
slender, erect, smooth or nearly so, 62° tall. Leaves
flat, 24-8” wide, the basal shorter than the culm;
bracts similar to the leaves, the lower rarely equalling
the culm, strongly sheathing; staminate spike soli-
tary, sessile or nearly so; pistillate spikes 2-5, distant,
or the upper two contiguous, erect or somewhat
spreading, linear-oblong, 34-14” long, 2’-24” thick,
densely 15-50-flowered, the’ lower at least exsert-
peduncled; perigynia narrowly obovoid, little swollen,
circular in cross-section, not strongly nerved, as-
cending, about 1” long, 1” wide, contracted into a
minute, usually entire, straight or rarely slightly bent
beak, or essentially beakless; scales narrowly ovate,
thin, acuminate or cuspidate, much shorter than the
perigynia.

In moist meadows, Maine to North Dakota, Virginia
and Indiana. May-July.

404 CYPERACEAE. _ 1 avons:

131. Carex granularis Muhl. Meadow Sedge. Fig. 998.

Carex granularis Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 179. 1805.
C. granularis recta Dewey ; Wood's Class-book 763. 1860.

Glabrous, light green and slightly glaucous, culms
slender, erect or ascending, smooth or nearly so, 6’-23*
tall. Leaves flat, roughish, 13-43” wide, the basal
shorter than the culm; bracts similar to the culm-leaves,
usually much exceeding the spikes, strongly sheathing;
staminate spike solitary, sessile or short-stalked; pistil-
late spikes 2-5, distant or the upper two contiguous,
erect or slightly spreading, narrowly oblong or cylin-
dric, 3/-1}’ long, 23” thick, densely 10-50-flowered, the
lower at least exsert-peduncled; perigynia ovoid to
obovoid, somewhat swollen and suborbicular in cross-
section, strongly many-nerved, ascending, slightly more
than 1” long, #”-1” wide, contracted into a short, usu-
ally entire, bent, or nearly straight beak; scales nar-
rowly ovate, thin, acuminate or cuspidate, shorter than
the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In moist meadows, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to
Florida and Louisiana. May-July.

132. Carex Crawei Dewey. Crawe’s Sedge. Fig. 999.

Carex Crawei Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 2: 246. 1846.
Carex heterostachya Torr. Am, Journ. Sci. (II.) 2: 248. 1846.

Glabrous, culms low, stiff, smooth or nearly so, erect,
3-15 tall, from long creeping rootstocks. Leaves
rather stiff, 1”-2” wide, erect or nearly so, shorter than
the culm, the bracts similar, short, rarely overtopping
the spikes; staminate spike usually 1, long-stalked;
pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, oblong, erect, 5’-15” long,
2”-3” thick, densely 10-45-flowered, short-stalked or
the upper sessile, the lowest often borne near the base
of the culm; perigynia ovoid, ascending, obscurely
many-nerved, usually minutely resinous dotted, 13’—-11”
long, suborbicular in cross-section, rounded at base,
tapering into a very short entire, or emarginate beak;
scales obovate, thin, acute or cuspidate, or the lowest
blunt, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In moist meadows and on banks, Cape Breton Island to
Manitoba, south to northern Maine, Pennsylvania, Tennes-
see and Kansas. May-July.

133. Carex oligocarpa Schk. Few-fruited
Sedge. Fig. 1000.

Carex oligocarpa Schk.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 279. 1805.

Glabrous, culms slender, spreading, roughish, 6-20"
high. Leaves 13/1?” wide, spreading, soft, the basal
shorter than or exceeding the culm, the bracts simi-
lar, usually exceeding the spikes; sheaths smooth;
staminate spike solitary, stalked or nearly sessile;
pistillate spikes 2-4, erect or nearly so, distant,
loosely 2-8-flowered, 4-12” long, about 2” thick,
erect, the lower filiform-stalked, the upper sessile;
perigynia obovoid, firm, pale, finely many-striate,
ascending, obtusely triangular, 13-2” long, abruptly
narrowed into a short straight or oblique entire beak;
scales ovate, cuspidate, or short-awned, longer or
shorter than perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry woods and thickets, Vermont and Ontario to
Michigan, south to West Virginia, Kentucky and Okla-
homa. May-July.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 405

134. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey. Hitch-
cock’s Sedge. Fig. 1001.

Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 274.
ae 1826.

Culms slender, erect, somewhat rough, 823° tall.
Leaves 13-33” wide, the upper and the similar
bracts much overtopping the spikes; sheaths rough-
pubescent; staminate spike stalked or nearly sessile;
pistillate spikes 2-4, loosely 1-6-flowered, erect,
rather distant, stalked or the upper sessile; perigynia
obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, finely many-striate, as-
cending, 2}’-23” long, 1” thick, tipped with a short
stout oblique entire beak; scales ovate, rough-awned,
scarious-margined, longer or shorter than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, Vermont and Ontario to Mich-

igan, south to West Virginia, Kentucky and western Mis-
souri. May-July.

135. Carex katahdinénsis Fernald. Mt. Katah-
din Sedge. Fig. 1002.

Carex katahdinensis Fernald, Rhodora 3: 171. 1901.

Glabrous, culms short, 23’ tall or less, roughened
above. Leaves 3-13” wide, much exceeding the culm;
lower bracts similar to the culm-leaves, much exceeding
spikes, their sheaths 1’ long or less; staminate spike
nearly sessile; pistillate spikes 3-4, closely approximate,
1 erect, narrowly oblong, 33-7” long, 2’—23” thick, rather
\ closely 6-15-flowered, slightly exsert-peduncled; peri-
gynia oval, suborbicular in cross-section, rounded to
each end, finely many-striate, essentially beakless, 17”
long, slightly more than 3” thick, the orifice entire;
scales ovate, scarious-margined, more or less strongly
Acuspidate, as wide as but shorter than perigynia;
My) stigmas 3.

Depot Pond, Mt. Katahdin, Maine; Lake St. John, Quebec.
June-July. Possibly only a form of Carex conoidea Schk.

136. Carex conoidea Schk. Field Sedge. Fig. 1003.

Carex conoidea Schk.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 280. 1805.

Glabrous, culms slender, rough, erect, 6-30’ tall.
Leaves 1-2” wide, shorter than or but little exceeding
the culm; lower bracts similar to the culm-leaves, some-
times but slightly overtopping the spike, their sheaths 1’
long or less; staminate spike usually long-stalked;
pistillate spikes 1-3, distant, erect, oblong or oblong-
cylindric, 13-12”, usually 4’’-8”, long, 23” thick, rather
closely 8-25-flowered, the upper slightly exsert-peduncled,
the lower strongly so; perigynia oval, suborbicular in
cross-section, rounded to each end, finely many-striate,
beakless, 14” long, slightly more than 3” thick, the
orifice entire; scales ovate, scarious-margined, acumi-
nate to rough-awned, the lower often longer than the
perigynia, the upper shorter than or equalling them;
stigmas 3.

In meadows, Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to Rhode

Island, New Jersey, Ohio and Iowa, and in the mountains
to North Carolina. May-June.

406 CYPERACEAE. Vo. I.

Carex amphibola Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 234. 1855.

Carex grisea var. angustifolia Boott, Ill. 34. 1858.

Carex grisea var. (?) rigida Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: -
56. 1889.

Glabrous, culms very slender, slightly scabrous above,
erect, or spreading, 1°-2° high. - Leaves 17-2” wide,
mostly erect and somewhat rigid, the basal shorter than
the culm; bracts similar to the upper leaves, erect, not
over 1” wide, overtopping the spikes; staminate spike
usually peduncled, sometimes sessile; pistillate spikes
2-4, erect, 3-1’ long, less than 2” thick, loosely several-
flowered, the upper sessile, the lower often from lower
axils on long filiform stalks; perigynia oblong or obo-
void, scarcely turgid, firm, pointed but beakless, 3-angled,
many-striate, more or less 2-ranked, 2” long, about 1”
thick, longer or lower shorter than the ovate, scarious-
margined, awned spreading scales; stigmas 3.

In dry soil, New York to Iowa and Missouri, south to
Florida and Texas. Intergrades with the next. April-June.

138. Carex grisea Wahl. Gray Sedge. Fig. 1005.

Carex grisea Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24:
154. 1803.

Glabrous, culms stoutish, erect or ascending, smooth
or nearly so, 1°-23° high. Leaves light green, some-
times slightly glaucous, flat, usually soft and spread-
ing, 2-33” wide, the basal shorter than or exceed-
ing the culm; bracts similar to the leaves, spread-
ing, much overtopping the spikes; staminate spike
solitary, sessile, or short-peduncled; pistillate spikes
3-5, dense, oblong, 5-15-flowered, 4”—12” long, 2”—-
32” thick, the upper usually sessile and close together,
the lower slender-stalked and distant, but not from
lower axils; perigynia oblong, about 23” long, 1”
thick, nearly terete, turgid, subacute but beakless,
finely many-striate, longer or the lower shorter than
the ovate, scarious-margined, cuspidate or awned
scales; stigmas 3.

In woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario and Minne-
sota, south to North Carolina and Arkansas. May-July.

139. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. Glaucescent Sedge. Fig. 1006.

Carex grisea var. mutica Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 552.
1848. Not C. mutica R. Br. 1823. :

Carex glaucodea Tuckerm.; Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:
395. 1868.

Similar in habit to Carex grisea, but pale and usu-
ally very glaucous all over, culms smooth, erect or
spreading, 4-24’ high. Leaves 2”-5” wide, the basal
shorter or longer than the culm; bracts foliaceous,
overtopping the spikes; staminate spike sessile or nearly
so; pistillate spikes 3-5, 5-15” long, 23” thick, erect,
densely 10-45-flowered, widely separate, the lower
slender-stalked; perigynia oblong, many-striate, 14-2”
long, sub-acute, beakless, mostly nearly twice as long
as the ovate scarious-margined, acute, cuspidate or
short-awned scales; stigmas 3.

In open fields and meadows, Massachusetts to Ontario,
Illinois, Virginia and Arkansas. Intergrades with the next.
May-July.

Vy

GENus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 407

140. Carex flaccospérma Dewey. Thin-fruited
Sedge. Fig. 1007.

Carex laxiflora var. (?) mutica Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3:
414. 1836. Not C. mutica R. Br. 1823.

Carex flaccosperma Dewey, Am. Journ, Sci. (II.) 2: 245.
1846.

Similar to Carex grisea and C. glaucodea; slightly
glaucous, rather deep green, culms erect, 62° high.
Leaves thin and flat, the basal ones 3-9” wide, usu-
ally shorter than the culm, the bracts leafy, much
overtopping the spikes; staminate spike sessile or
nearly so; pistillate spikes 2-4, 6”-15” long, 2-3”
thick, densely 10-40-flowered, widely separate, oblong,
erect, the lower slender-stalked; perigynia oblong,
3-angled, striate-nerved, subacute, 2t’—3” long; scales
broadly ovate, green, with slightly scarious margins,
acute, cuspidate or the upper obtuse, 2-3 times shorter
than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Southern Missouri to Texas, east to North Carolina and
Florida. June-July.

141. Carex gracillima Schwein. Graceful Sedge. Fig. 1008.

Carex gracillima Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 66. 1824.
Carex gracillima var. humilis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club

I: 71. 1889.

Glabrous, culms slender, erect, smooth or nearly
so, 1°-3° high. Leaves dark green, 14’—43” wide,
shorter than the culm, the basal ones wider than the
upper; lower bract foliaceous, sometimes overtop-
ping the spikes; spikes 3-5, narrowly cylindric, usu-
ally densely flowered except at the base, 1-24’ long,
about 14” thick, or sometimes much reduced, filiform-
stalked and drooping or ascending, the upper one
partly or wholly staminate; perigynia ovoid-oblong,
slightly swollen, few-nerved, glabrous, 14” long or
less, rounded at apex, beakless; scales thin, ovate-
oblong, very obtuse or the lower cuspidate, pale,
scarious-margined, one-half as long as the perigynia
or lower nearly as long; stigmas 3.

In moist woods and meadows, Newfoundland to Mani-
toba, North Carolina, Ohio and Michigan. May-July.
A hybrid with C. complanata occurs at Philipstown, Put-
nam County, N. Y.

Carex Sullivantii Boott, is a hybrid with C. hirtifolia,
found in Ohio, New York and Delaware.

142. Carex prasina Wahl. Drooping Sedge.
Fig. 1009.
Carex prasina Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24:

161. 1803.
Carex miliacea Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 290. 1805.

Glabrous, rather light green, culms slender, slightly
roughened above, sharply 3-angled, 1°-24° high.
Leaves shorter than or equalling the culm, flaccid,
roughish, 14-24’ wide; lower bract similar, short-
sheathing, commonly overtopping the spikes; staminate
spike solitary, stalked, sometimes partly pistillate; pis-
tillate spikes 2 to 4, narrowly linear-cylindric, drooping,
the lower filiform-stalked, the upper short-stalked, 1’-
24’ long, 2” in diameter, many-flowered, attenuate at
base; perigynia light green, ovate-lanceolate, triangular,
14-2" long, 3” wide, nerveless or nearly so, tapering
into a smooth minutely 2-toothed or entire beak; scales
ovate, acute, acuminate, or short-awned, hyaline, with
green midrib, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In meadows and moist thickets, Maine to Michigan,
District of Columbia and Ohio, south in the Alleghanies to

orgia. Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. May-July.

408 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

143. Carex formosa Dewey. Handsome
Sedge. Fig. 1010.
Carex formosa Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 8: 98 1824.

Culms slender, smooth, erect, 1°-23° tall.
Leaves flat, more or less pubescent, the basal
13/33” wide, shorter or longer than the culm;
lower bract similar to the -shorter culm-leaves;
spikes 3-5, all gynaecandrous, oblong-cylindric,
dense, 3’-17’ long, 23” in diameter, filiform-
stalked, spreading or drooping, the lower dis-
tant; perigynia oblong-ovoid, glabrous, ascending,
swollen, faintly few-nerved, 2” long, 1” thick,
tipped with a very short, emarginate beak; scales
lanceolate or ovate, green, with scarious margins,
mostly acute or obtuse, and much shorter than
the perigynia, or the lower short-awned and
equalling them; stigmas 3.

In dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts and Ver-
mont to southern Ontario, New York and Michigan.
June-July.

144. Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook.
Sharp-scaled Sedge. Fig. 1ort.

Cree Cavielns Torr. & Hook. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 409.
1836.

Culms slender, smooth, or nearly so, erect, 1°-23°
tall. Leaves flat, 14-33” wide, pubescent, especially
on the sheaths, shorter than or exceeding the culm,
the lower bract similar but narrower; spikes 4 or 5,
linear-cylindric, #-2’ long, 13’-2” in diameter,
rather densely many-flowered, filiform-stalked and
at maturity spreading or drooping, the terminal one
normally gynaecandrous; perigynia oblong-oval, ob-
scurely 3-angled, round-tapering at base, slightly
swollen, 1i’-2” long, scarcely 1” thick, punctate,
several-nerved, rounded and abruptly minutely
beaked, the orifice emarginate at apex; scales ovate-
lanceolate with broad white scarious margins, acumi-
nate or short-awned, about one-third shorter than
the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Southern Missouri to Tennessee and South Carolina,
south to Texas and Florida. April-May.

145. Carex Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Davis’ Sedge. Fig. 1or2.

Carex Davisit Schwein. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 326.
Carex Torreyaan Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 47. 1826.

Similar to Carex oxylepis, culms stouter, 13°—3° tall.
Leaves 13-3” wide, flat, pubescent, especially on the
sheaths, the basal ones shorter or longer than the
culm; lower bract foliaceous, often overtopping the
spikes; spikes 3-5, linear-oblong or oblong-cylindric,
clustered near the summit or the lower one distant,
dense, 3-13’ long, 3” or less in diameter, all filiform-
stalked and at length spreading or drooping, the ter-
minal gynaecandrous; perigynia obleng-ovoid, much
swollen, glabrous, strongly several-nerved, 2’’-23” long,
rather more than 1” thick, tipped with a very. short,
minutely 2-toothed beak; scales ovate-lanceolate, long-
awned, spreading, shorter or longer than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 3.

In moist thickets and meadows, Massachusetts to Minne-
sota, south to Georgia, Kentucky and Texas. May-July.

GENUus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 409

146. Carex aestivaliformis Mackenzie. False Summer Sedge. Fig. 1013.
C. gracillima X aestivalis? Bailey, Bull. Torr, Club 20: f } R
TANIA

4r9. 1893. |
C. aestivaliformis Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 238.

Ig10.

Culms slender, erect, strongly roughened above, 1°-
2° high. Leaves flat, 1-2” wide, elongated, but usually
shorter than the culms, rough, the lower sheaths (at
least) short-pubescent, the blades sometimes slightly
so; lower bract foliaceous, often overtopping the culm,
strongly sheathing, the others smaller, little sheathing ;
spikes 3 to 5, narrowly linear-cylindric, 1’-1#’ long, 14”
in diameter, many-flowered with perigynia rather close,
filiform-stalked, and, at maturity, spreading or droop-
ing, the terminal one gynaecandrous; perigynia oblong-
ovoid, obscurely triangular, deep green, round-tapering
at base, slightly swollen, somewhat less than 2” long,
nearly 1” thick, strongly several-nerved, tapering and
very short-beaked at apex, the orifice more or less
hyaline and emarginate or shallowly bidentate; scales
ovate, strongly hyaline-margined, somewhat shorter
than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In mountain meadows, New Jersey, New York and Penn-
sylvania. June-July.

147. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Summer Sedge. Fig. 1014.

Carex aestivatis M, A, Curtis; A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci.
42: 28 1842.

Culms very slender or filiform, erect or nearly so,
roughish near the summit, 1°-24° tall. Leaves flat,
1-14” wide, elongated but usually shorter than the
culm, the lower sheaths at least short-pubescent, the
blades sometimes slightly so; lower bracts sheathing,
similar to the leaves, but narrower, the others smaller,
little sheathing; spikes 3-5, narrowly linear, erect or
somewhat spreading, 1-2’ long, about 14” thick,
loosely many-flowered or the upper ones dense, the
terminal one staminate at the base or also at the
summit; perigynia narrowly elliptic, pointed at both
ends, 3-sided, not inflated, glabrous, few-nerved, 14”
long or less, 4” thick, beakless, the orifice entire;
scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, or the lower cuspidate
or short-awned, green, thin, usually about one-half
as long as the perigynia or more; stigmas 3.

In mountain woods, New Hampshire, Massachusetts
and northern New York to Georgia. Winter-grass.
June-Aug.

148. Carex oblita Steud. Dark-green Sedge. Fig. 1015.

aa

Carex oblita Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 231. 1855. Pema e
Carex glabra Boott, Ill. 93. 1860. a \
Carex venusta var. minor Boeckl. Linnaea 41: 255. 1877-

Glabrous, culms slender, erect or lax, sharply 3-angled,
smooth or very nearly so, 1°-3° high. Leaves 2’-3”
wide, shorter than the culm, slightly rough; lower bract
similar to the culm-leaves but narrower, the sheaths
puberulent; staminate spike solitary, filiform-stalked,
sometimes partially pistillate; pistillate spikes 2-4, nar-
rowly linear, 1’-24’ long, about 2” thick, loosely 4-18-
flowered, slender-stalked, the upper mostly close together
and spreading or ascending, the lower distant, drooping;
perigynia dark green, coriaceous, 3-angled, glabrous,
somewhat more than 24” long, less than 1” thick,
ascending, rather strongly about 1o-nerved, tapering into
a short hyaline-tipped, 2-toothed beak; scales obtuse or
acute, strongly reddish-brown-tinged, one-third to one-
half the length of the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, central New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey
to Alabama and Louisiana, June—Aug.

CY PERACEAE. Vor. I.

149. Carex débilis Michx. White-edged Sedge.
Fig. 1016.

Carex debilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 172. 1803.
C, debilis var, pubera A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 593. 1867.
C. debilis var. prolixa Bailey, Proc. Am, Acad. 22: 105. 1886.

Culms slender, slightly rough above, lax or erect,
1°-3° high. Leaves shorter than culm, light green,
1-13” wide; lower bracts similar to the culm-leaves,
the sheaths glabrous; staminate spike more or less
stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-4, narrowly linear, 1-2’ long,
12-2” wide, not approximate or but little so, weakly
erect or drooping on slender peduncles, rather loosely

20-flowered; perigynia lanceolate, sessile, glabrous or
puberulent, membranous, few-nerved, rather noticeably
inflated, 3-angled, 3-43” long, 3” wide, tapering into
a subulate hyaline-tipped bidentate beak nearly 1” long;
scales ovate, obtuse, strongly white-hyaline-margined,
one-third to one-half length of perigynia; stigmas 3.

Woods and copses, New Jersey to Tennessee, south to
Florida and Texas. Probably intergrades with the next.
May-June.

150. Carex flexuosa Muhl. Slender-stalked Sedge. Fig. 1017.

Carex tenuis Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 97. pl. 9. 1804.

Not J. F. Gmel. 1791.

Carex flexuosa Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 297. 1805.
C. debilis var, Rudgei Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 34. 1880.

Culms slender, rough above, erect or lax, 4’/-3° high.

,

Leaves usually shorter than the culm, light green, 1’—2’
wide; lower bracts similar to the culm-leaves, the
sheaths glabrous; staminate spike short-stalked, some-
times partly pistillate; pistillate spikes 2-4, narrowly
linear, }/-24’ long, 13-2” thick, loosely or alternately
12-25-flowered, filiform-stalked and spreading or droop-
ing or sometimes erect; perigynia spindle-shaped, gla-
brous, membranous, few-nerved, from scarcely to
noticeably inflated, 3-angled, 23’-3” long, less than 1”
thick, tapering into a short, hyaline-tipped, 2-toothed
beak; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, acute or short-
cuspidate, scarious-margined, one-half as long as peri-
gynia or longer, usually rusty-tinged; stigmas 3.

In woods, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, Virginia, the
mountains of North Carolina and Kentucky. Several slightly

differing varieties have been described. Hybridizes with C. Swanti.

\ y h
i? >’
\ \ wi
) I y
xi ae
Ah | ,
Ny

Sedge.

May-Aug.

151. Carex arctata Boott. Drooping Wood
Fig. 1018.
Carex arctata Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 227. 1840.

2\N

Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Michigan. May-June.

Carex Knieskérnii Dewey, is probably a hybrid with C.
castanea. C, arctata also hybridizes with C. Swanii.

fe Carex arctata Faxoni Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 87. 1888.

Nj \\d \ | Glabrous, culms slender, erect, 1°-23° high, roughish
Y/ it above. Leaves flat, roughish-margined, much shorter
i) } A than the culm, the basal ones 22”—-5” wide; staminate
Nii spike - solitary, short-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5,
ly linear, 1-3’ long, 13-2” thick, loosely 15-45-flowered,
y Vp erect, ascending, or filiform-stalked, and at length droop-
ing, the lower one usually remote; perigynia lanceo-
late, strongly stipitate, deep green, rather strongly few-
nerved, narrowed at each end, 1}’—2}” long, less than
1” thick, 3-angled, tapering into a short, hyaline-tipped,
2-toothed beak; scales ovate, cuspidate or short-awned,

about one-third shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In dry woods and thickets, Newfoundland and Quebec to

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 411

152. Carex assiniboinénsis W. Boott. Assini-
boia Sedge. Fig. 1019.

C. assiniboinensis W. Boott, Bot. Gaz.g: 91. 1884.

Glabrous and nearly smooth, culms slender, weak,
aphyllopodic, 1°-23° high, longer than the leaves,
strongly reddened at base. Leaves and bracts 3’-1’
wide, the bracts sheathing; staminate spike long-
stalked ; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, widely separate, loosely
and alternately 1-8-flowered, 4’-15” long, drooping on
filiform stalks or upper erect; perigynia very narrowly
lanceolate, appressed, obtusely 3-angled, subulate-
beaked above, 3” long and 1” thick above the base,
densely short-tuberculate-hispid, the beak obliquely cut
at orifice; scales lanceolate, scarious-margined, short-
awned, nearly the length of the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In wet soil, northern Minnesota, North Dakota and
Manitoba. May-July.

153. Carex castanea Wahl. Chestnut Sedge. Fig. 1020.
SSS eee 1 Carex castanea Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24:
J 155- 1803.

Carex flexilis Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 98. pi. ro. 1804.

Culms slender, erect, rough above, 1°-3° tall, reddish-

a purple at base. Leaves 13-3” wide, pubescent, shorter
esse > - , , .
ZS than the culm; bracts linear-filiform, 3-13’ long; stami-
/ nate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, approxi-
mate, oblong or oblong-cylindric, many-flowered, 3/1’
long, about 3” thick, drooping on filiform stalks, or
upper spreading; perigynia glabrous, pale brown, as-
cending, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slightly inflated,
3-angled, few-nerved, tapering gradually into a minutely
2-toothed beak one-half as long as the body; scales
lizht chestnut, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
cuspidate, lacerate or entire, rather shorter than the
perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry thickets and on banks, Newfoundland to Minne-

sota, south to Connecticut, New York and the Great Lake
region. June—July.

154- Carex capillaris L. Hair-like Sedge. Fig. 1021.
Carex capillaris L. Sp. Pl. 977. 1753.
Carex capillaris var. elongata Olney; Fernald, Proc. Am.

Acad. 37: 509. 1902.

Glabrous, culms very slender or filiform, smooth, or
a little roughish above, erect, 2’-20’ tall, often densely
tufted. Leaves 3’-1” wide, much shorter than the
culm, flat or somewhat involute in drying; lower bract
similar, the upper much narrower, all sheathing; spikes
all filiform-stalked, the terminal staminate, usually ex-
ceeded by pistillate; pistillate spikes 1-3, narrowly
oblong, 2”-6” long, 13” thick, nodding, 2-12-flowered ;
perigynia oblong, 3-angled, light green, almost nerveless,
about 14” long, rather less than 4” thick, the slender
beak with oblique, hyaline orifice; scales ovate, scarious-
margined, obtuse or acute, shorter than the perigynia;
_ stigmas 3.

Greenland to Alaska, south to Maine, the White Moun-

tains, northern New York, Michigan, and in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia.

412 CYPERACEAE. Vor. f.

155. Carex cherokeénsis Schwein. Cherokee
Sedge. Fig. 1022.

Carex recurva Muhl. Descr. Gram. 262. 1817. Not

Huds. 1778.
Carex cherokeensis Schw. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 1: 71. - 1824.

Glabrous, light green, culms smooth, erect, 1°-2°
high, darkened, but not fibrillose at base, phyllopodic,
from stout rootstocks. Leaves thick, 13’—33” wide,
strongly striate, shorter than culm, the similar bracts
shorter, iong-sheathing; staminate spikes 1-3, pedun-
cled; pistillate spikes 2-6, occasionally two from a
sheath, oblong-cylindric with to-5o0 closely arranged
perigynia, 73’—23” long, 3-42” wide, erect or some-
what drooping, widely separate, the lower long-
peduncled, the upper short-peduncled; perigynia
ovoid, appressed-ascending, smooth, slightly inflated,
pale green, few-nerved, obtusely triangular, 23” long,
13” wide, contracted into a short beak, scarious and
obliquely cut at orifice, at length bidentate; scales
lanceolate, acuminate, hyaline-margined, usually
shorter than perigynia; stigmas 3.

In the low country from southeastern Missouri to
Georgia, Florida and Texas. March—May.

156. Carex Sprengélii Dewey. Long-beaked Sedge. Fig. 1023.

Carex longirostris Torr.; Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 71.
1824. Not Krock, 1814.
Carex Sprengelii Dewey; Spreng. Syst. 3: 827. 1826.

Glabrous, light green, culms very slender, roughish
above, erect, 103° high, strongly fibrillose at base.
Leaves flat, slightly scabrous, 13’—2” wide, usually not
exceeding the culm, the bracts similar, shorter, short-
sheathing; staminate spikes 1-3, slender-stalked, rarely
pistillate at the base; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong-
cylindric, 10-40-flowered, 4’-2’ long, 3-5” in diameter,
pendulous or erect, all filiform-stalked, or the upper one
nearly sessile; perigynia ascending or somewhat spread-
ing, the body 13-13” long, smooth, short-oblong,
slightly inflated, pale, strongly 1-nerved on each side,
contracted into a very slender beak once to twice its
length, the beak obliquely cut, at length deeply biden-
tate; scales lanceolate, long-acuminate or acute, scarious-
margined; stigmas 3.

On banks and in moist thickets, New Brunswick to
Alberta, south to Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylva-
nia and Nebraska. May-July.

157. Carex atrofusca Schk. Dark-brown Sedge.
Fig. 1024.

C. atrofusca Schk, Riedgr. 1: 106. p. Y. f. 82. 1801.
C. ustulata Wahl. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 24: 156. 1803.

Glabrous, smooth, culms obtusely triangular, slender,
erect, 4’-12’ high, short-stoloniferous. Leaves 17-13”
wide, mostly clustered at the base, much shorter than the
culm, usually 1-23’ long; bracts sheathing, dark-tinged,
the blades short; terminal spike slender-peduncled,
staminate or gynaecandrous; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, ap-
proximate or a little separate, filiform-stalked, drooping,
4-9” long, 34-43” thick, 15-30-flowered; perigynia
ovate-oval, flattened, triangular, blackish, 24” long, less
than 1” wide, rounded at base, appressed, abruptly very
short-beaked, the beak minutely bidentate; scales
oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute, black with lighter mid-
rib, shorter than perigynia; stigmas 3.

\ Arctic America, Labrador and Greenland. Also in
\ Europe and Asia. Summer.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 423

158. Carex misandra R. Br. Short-leaved
Sedge. Fig. 1025.
Carex misandra R. Br. Suppl. Parry's Voy. 283. 1824.

Glabrous and smooth, culms very slender, erect, 1’-15'
tall. Leaves 1-14” wide, clustered at the base, usu-
ally much shorter than the culm, seldom over 24’ long;
bracts narrowly linear, sheathing, with colored sheaths,
not overtopping the spikes; terminal spike often par-
tially pistillate at base or summit, slender-stalked; pis-
tillate spikes 1 to 3, filiform-stalked, 3’-7” long, about
2” thick, rather few-flowered, drooping or weakly erect;
perigynia narrowly lanceolate, tapering and beaked at
the apex, narrowed at the base, 2}” long, 4” wide,
ascending, dark brown, serrulate above, the orifice ob-
lique, at length bidentate; scales oval, acutish, purple-
black with narrow white margins, somewhat shorter
than the perigynia; stigmas 3, rarely 2.

Throughout arctic America, extending south in the Rocky

Mountains to the higher summits of Colorado. Also in
arctic Europe and Asia. Summer.

159. Carex Swanii (Fernald) Mackenzie. Swan’s Sedge. Fig. 1026.

C. virescens var. Swanii Fernald, Rhodora 8: 183. 1906.
C, Swanii Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 246. 1910.

Culms very slender, erect or somewhat reclining,
rough above, 620’ tall, little reddened at base, exceeded
by leaves. Leaves light green, 11” wide, pubescent, es-
pecially on the sheaths, the uppermost usually 14’-2'
below spikes; spikes 2-5, very short-stalked, erect or
nearly so, oblong-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 3’-
10” long, 14-24” in diameter, the terminal gynaecan-
drous; lowest bract very slender, 2’ wide, twice exceed-
ing spikes; perigynia 3-sided, obovoid, about 1” long,
ascending, densely pubescent, few-nerved, green; beak-
less, the orifice entire; scales oblong-ovate, the lower
cuspidate by the excurrent midvein, scarious-margined,
slightly shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Michigan.
North Carolina, Tennessee and Missouri. Illustrated in our
first edition as C, virescens, June-July.

160. Carex viréscens Muhl. Ribbed Sedge. Fig. 1027.

Carex virescens Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 251. 1805.

Carex virescens var. costata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci.
: 260. 1825. °

C, costellata Britton, Bull, Torr. Club 22: 223. 1895.

Similar to the preceeding species, but taller and
more spreading; culms slender, 14°-24° long, strongly
reddened at base, exceeding leaves. Leaves 14’-2”
wide, pubescent, especially on the sheaths, shorter than
the culm, the upper one usually #’/-11’ below spikes;
spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric, many-flowered, rather
loose, 3#’- 7 long, 14” in diameter, erect or slightly
spreading, the terminal gynaecandrous, the lower one
commonly filiform-stalked; lowest bract leaflet-like,
“1” wide, somewhat exceeding spikes; perigynia
oblong-elliptic to rarely obovoid, densely pubescent,
narrowed at each end, usually strongly several-ribbed,
1” long, rather more than 3” thick, beakless, the
orifice entire; scales ovate, scarious-margined, acumi-
nate or cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia; stig-
mas 3.

In woods, Maine and Ontario to Georgia and Ken-
tucky. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in North Carolina. June—Aug.

414 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

161. Carex complanata Torr. Hirsute Sedge. Fig. 1028.

Carex triceps Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 170. 1803. Not
Schrank. 1789.

Carex hirsuta Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 252. 1805. Not Suter, 1802.

Carex complanata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 408. 1836.

Carex triceps var. hirsuta Bailey, Mem, Torr. Club 1: 35.
1889.

Light green, culms slender, rough above, erect or re-
clining, 63° high. Leaves 1-2” wide, pubescent, at
least on the sheaths, shorter than the culm, the lower
bract similar, much exceeding the culm; ‘spikes 2-5,
oblong or oblong- cylindric, dense, erect, sessile or very
nearly so, 3°-9” long, 23”-33” in diameter, usually
clustered at the summit, the terminal one gynaecan-
drous; perigynia oval or obovoid, flattened, not inflated,
green or greenish-brown, lightly nerved, imbricated,
slightly pubescent when young, glabrous when mature,
1” long, beakless and very rounded at apex, the orifice
entire; scales ovate, scafious-margined, short-cuspidate
to obtuse, rather shorter than the perigynia; achene
elliptic-obovoid, its summit straight, but style often
short-bent; stigmas 3.

In woods, fields and swamps, Maine to southern Ontario
and Michigan, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. April—Aug.

162. Carex caroliniana Schwein. Carolina
Sedge. Fig. 1029.

Carex carolinana Schwein. Ann. Lyc. 1: 67. 1824.

Carex Smithii Porter; Olney, Car. Bor, Am, 2, name only.
1871. Not Tausch. 1821.

C. triceps var. Smithii Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 88. 1888.

Culms very slender, erect, rough above, 1°-23° tall.

Leaves 1”-13” wide, rather dark green, glabrous, ex-
cept on the sheaths, the upper and the similar but nar-
rower bracts usually much overtopping the spikes;
spikes 2-4, oblong, dense, sessile or nearly so, 4-9”
long, 2” in diameter, erect, clustered at the summit,
the upper gynaecandrous; perigynia squarrose, obovoid,
swollen, and orbicular in cross-section, 1” long,
about 3” in diameter, not imbricated, coarsely nerved,
brown, glabrous at least when mature, pointed at apex,
the orifice entire or emarginate; scales brown, ovate,
mucronate; achene pyriform, bent at the summit or
tipped with a bent style; stigmas 3.

In meadows, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to North
Carolina and Texas. May-July.

163. Carex Bushii Mackenzie. Bush’s Sedge.
Fig. 1030.

C. hirsuta var. cuspidata Dewey, in Wood’s Class-book,
758. 1863. Not C. cuspidata Wahl. 1803.
Carex Bushii Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 241. Ig1o.

Culms slender, erect, roughish above, 134°-23° tall.
Leaves 1”-14” wide, glabrous or pubescent beneath,
the sheaths pubescent, the upper and the similar but
reduced bracts much overtopping the spikes; spikes
2 or 3, oblong or oblong-cylindric, dense, sessile or
nearly so, 3-10” long, 23”-4” in diameter, erect,
clustered at the summit, the upper gynaecandrous ;
perigynia ascending, obovoid, orbicular in cross-
section, 14’”-13” long, swollen, not imbricated, about
3” in diameter, coarsely ribbed, green, glabrous
when mature, pointed at apex, the orifice entire or
emarginate; scales lanceolate, the middle and lower
strongly rough-cuspidate, exceeding perigynia;
achene obovoid, tipped with a bent style; stigmas 3.

In meadows, Rhode Island and New York to South
Carolina and Oklahoma. May-July.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 415

164. Carex palléscens L. Pale Sedge. Fig. 1031.
Carex pallescens L. Sp. Pl. 977. 1753-

Light green, culms slender, erect, sparsely hairy, 4’-2°
tall. Leaves flat, 1-13” wide, short-pubescent, at least
on the sheaths; lower bract similar to the culm-leaves,
exceeding the spikes; staminate spike solitary, short-
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, erect or some-
what spreading, short-stalked or the upper one nearly
sessile, densely many-flowered, 24’-10” long, 2”-33”
in diameter, mostly approximate; perigynia elliptic,
slightly inflated, obscurely triangular, pale, 14’-13”
long, 4” thick, obtuse, thin, faintly nerved, beakless, the
orifice entire; scales ovate, membranous, acute to short-
awned, a little longer or a little shorter than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 3.

In fields and meadows, Newfoundland to New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Illinois and Wisconsin. Also in Europe and
Asia. May-July.

165. Carex abbreviata Prescott. Torrey’s Sedge. Fig. 1032.

Carex Torreyi Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 21. 1843. Not
C. Torreyana Schwein, 1824.

Carex abbreviata Prescott; Boott, Trans. Linn. Soc. 20:
141. 1846.

Pale green, culms slender, rather stiff, erect, 10-20’
tall, finely pubescent. Leaves #14” wide, usually
shorter than culm, rather densely short-pubescent;
lower bract shorter or longer than spikes; staminate
spike solitary, usually short-stalked; pistillate spikes
1-3, short-oblong, dense, 3-8” long, about 3” thick,
sessile or short-stalked, erect, clustered; perigynia
obovoid, somewhat inflated and rather obscurely tri-
angular, glabrous, 14-14” long and slightly more
than 3” thick, strongly many-nerved, depressed at
apex and abruptly tipped by a short entire beak;
scales ovate, acute to cuspidate, shorter than the
perigynia; stigmas 3.

In dry soil, Minnesota to Saskatchewan, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Reported from New
York and Pennsylvania. June-July.

166. Carex glauca Murr. Heath-sedge. Fig. 1033.

Carex glauca Murr. Prodr. Stirn. Gotting. 76. 1770.

Carex flacca Schreb. Spic. Fl. Lips. App. 669. 1771.

Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, culms slender,
erect, smooth or roughish above, 1°-2° tall, the root-
stocks long and stout. Leaves usually shorter than the
culm, 14-24” wide, the sheaths scabrous; lower bract
similar to the leaves, but narrower; staminate spikes
mostly 1-13’ long, stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3,
ascending or at length drooping, slender-stalked, linear-
cylindric, 1-2’ long, 3-4” thick, densely many-flowered,
commonly staminate at the summit; perigynia brown,
ellipsoid, faintly few-nerved, or nerveless, minutely
granulate or papillose, 14” long, abruptly minutely
beaked, the orifice entire; scales ovate or lanceolate,
brown with a green midvein, obtusish, acute or acumi-
nate, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

‘In meadows, Nova Scotia, Quebec and Ontario. Natural-
ized from Europe. Carnation-grass. Gilliflower-grass.
Pink-grass, June-Aug.

416 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

167. Carex scabrata Schwein. RoughSedge. Fig. 1034.
Carex scabrata Schwein. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 1: 69. 1824.

Glabrous, strongly stoloniferous, culms sharply
triangular, weakly erect, very rough above, leafy,
1°-3° high. Leaves very rough above, much elon-
gated, 23-9” wide, the bracts similar but narrower
and usually exceeding the culm; staminate spike
stalked; pistillate spikes 3-6, erect, the upper short-
stalked, the lower sometimes spreading or drooping,
narrowly cylindric, densely many-flowered, 4’-23"
long, 23-4” in diameter; perigynia greenish-brown,
13-2” long, nearly 1” wide, the body obovoid,
slightly inflated, strongly nerved, papillose, abruptly
contracted into a long beak with obliquely cut, at
length slightly bidentate, hyaline orifice; scales lan-
ceolate, acute or short-awned, strongly nerved,
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In moist woods and thickets, eastern Quebec to On-
tario, Michigan, South Carolina and Tennessee. As-
cends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. Hybridizes with Carex
crinita. May—Aug.

168. Carex rariflora (Wahl.) J. E. Smith. Loose-flowered Alpine Sedge. Fig. 1035.
Carex limosa y rariflora Wahl. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 24: 162.

1803.
Carex rariflora J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. pl. 2516. 1813.

Glabrous, culms very slender, rather stiff, erect, ob-
tusely triangular, 4’-14’ tall, smooth, from slender elon-
gated rootstocks. Leaves 2-12” wide, flat, green, shorter
than the culm, the lower very short; bracts very short,
purple at the base; staminate spike solitary, long-stalked,
sometimes with a few pistillate flowers at the base; pis-
tillate spikes 1 to 3, narrowly oblong, 3-18-flowered,
3-8” long, 2-23” in diameter, nodding or ascending
on filiform stalks; perigynia pale, ovoid-elliptic, thick,
slightly inflated, tapering at base, 13” long, nearly 1”
wide, slightly 2-edged, very obscurely nerved, rounded
at apex and essentially beakless, the orifice entire; scales
broadly oval, purple-brown with a greenish midvein, ob-
tuse or short-mucronate, about equalling and half en-
veloping the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In wet places, Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay,
locally south to Mt. Katahdin, Maine. Also in Europe and
Asia. Summer.

169. Carex limésa L. Mud Sedge. Fig. 1036.
Carex limosa L, Sp. Pl. 977. 1753-

Glabrous, glaucous, strongly long-stoloniferous, culms
slender, rough above, sharply triangular, erect, 6’-2° tall.
Leaves 12” wide, usually shorter than the culm, invo-
lute; bracts linear-filiform, the lower 4/23’ long, its
auricles brownish; staminate spike solitary, long-stalked ;
pistillate spikes 1 to 3, filiform-stalked and drooping or
the upper nearly erect, oblong, 5’—13” long, 23-4” thick,
&8-30-flowered; perigynia glaucous-green, broadly ovate,
‘ strongly flattened and 2-edged, 13” long, 1” wide, few-
nerved, tipped with a very minute entire beak, nearly as
long as the ovate, usually dark-tinged, short-cuspidate
or acute scales; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Labrador to British Columbia, south to Maine,
New Jersey, Ohio, Iowa and Colorado. Also in Europe.
Summer,

Carex macrochaéta C. A. Meyer (Carex podocarpa
Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 197, and of our rst ed., p. 312, not
R. Br.) is omitted as probably not found in our range; the
real Carex podocarpa R, Br, is also omitted for the same
reason.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 417

170. Carex paupércula Michx. Bog Sedge. Fig. 1037.
Carex paupercula Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 2: 172. 1803.
Carex irrigua Smith; Hoppe, Caric. 72. 1826.

C. paupercula var. irrigua and var. pallens Fernald,
Rhodora 8: 76-77. 1906.

tary, frequently gynaecandrous; pistillate spikes 1-4,
oblong, filiform-stalked and drooping or somewhat
erect, 2’-10” long, 2-4” in diameter; perigynia
glaucous-green, flattened, 2-edged, 14-134” long, over
1” wide, few-nerved, minutely granulate-papillose,
orbicular or broadly ovate, essentially beakless, the
orifice entire; scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
long-acuminate or awned, varying from dark green
and brownish-tinged to purplish-brown, 12-2 times
as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to British Co-
lumbia, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and Utah. Also in
Europe and Asia. Has been confused with Carex magel-
lanica Lam. Ascends to 4600 ft. in the Adirondacks.
Summer.

171. Carex Barrattii Schw. & Torr. Barratt’s Sedge. Fig. 1038.

Carex littoralis Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 70. 1824.
Not Krock. 1814.

Carex Barrattii Schwein. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 361.
1825.

Glabrous, pale green, culms erect, slender, smooth,
1°-3° tall, aphyllopodic and strongly filamentose at
base. Leaves 13’-2” wide, smooth, slightly glaucous,
long-attenuate, usually much shorter than the culm;
bracts not sheathing, the lower usually short and
narrow, its auricles prominent, usually dark-tinged;
staminate spikes 1-3, usually rather long-stalked;
pistillate spikes 2-4, drooping or the upper ascend-
ing, slender-stalked, linear-cylindric, 4’-2’ long, 3” in
diameter, mostly androgynous; perigynia ovoid or
oval, dark at maturity, faintly few-nerved, 13-14”
long, slightly inflated and obscurely triangular, tipped
with a minute entire beak; scales brown-purple with
lighter margins, obtuse, usually shorter than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps, Connecticut to Pennsylvania and North
Carolina. Mostly near the coast. May-June.

172. Carex HAlleri Gunn. Alpine Sedge.
Fig. 1039.
Carex Halleri Gunn. Fl. Norveg. n. 849. 1766-1772.

Carex alpina Sw.; Lilj. Sv. Flora, Ed. 2, 26. 1798.
Carex Vahlii Schk. Riedgr. 87. 1801.

Culms slender, phyllopodic, erect, leafy below the
middle, 6’-2° tall. Leaves roughish, #’—14” wide, usu-
ally shorter than the culm; spikes 2-4 (commonly
3), clustered at the summit, the terminal 1 or 2 gynae-
candrous, oblong or globose, 2’—5” long, closely 8-25-
flowered, sessile or the lower short-peduncled; peri-
gynia oval, orbicular or obovoid, light green, 11”
long or less, tipped with a very short and minutely
2-toothed beak, nerveless or with a few very faint
nerves, slightly shorter than the ovate black or
purple-brown, light-margined, obtuse or acutish
scales; style short; stigmas 3.

In rocky places, Greenland to Alaska, eastern Quebec,
western Ontario, Lake Superior region and in the west-
ern mountains. Also in Europe and Asia. July—Aug.

27

418 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

173. Carex stylosa C. A. Meyer. Variegated Sedge. Fig. 1040.
S= yi

Carex stylosa C. A. Meyer, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. Div.
Sav. 1; 222, pl. 12. 1831.

Culms phyllopodic, slender, erect, 613° tall, rough
and leafless above. Leaves 4-12’ wide, usually
shorter than the culm; staminate spike solitary,
nearly sessile, sometimes partly pistillate; pistillate
spikes 2 or 3, oblong-cylindric, erect, 33-9” long,
2’-33” in diameter, the lowest slender-stalked and
subtended by a linear-subulate bract; perigynia ovoid
or ellipsoid, not flattened, slightly inflated, brown,
minutely granulate, 14’—1%” long, nerveless, except
for two ribs, minutely apiculate, the orifice entire
and closed by the protruding style, 4” long; scales
black with light midvein, obtusish, shorter than the
perigynia; stigmas 3.

Labrador and Greenland to Alaska. Also in Europe
and Asia. Summer.

174. Carex Parryana Dewey. Parry’s Sedge. Fig. 1041.
C. Parryana Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 27: 239. 1835.

Glabrous, culms phyllopodic, slender, smooth,
erect, stiff, 5/20’ tall, leafless above. Leaves 1-2”
wide, much shorter than the culm, their margins
revolute; spikes 1-4, dense, erect, contiguous, linear-
cylindric, 3-15” long, 13” in diameter, the upper
sessile and staminate below or throughout, the lowest
short-stalked and subtended by an almost filiform
bract; perigynia plano-convex, broadly obovate, two-
edged, pale, 14” long, minutely papillose, faintly few-
nerved, very minutely beaked, the orifice emarginate ;
scales ovate, obtuse to mucronulate, dark brown with
lighter margins, nearly concealing perigynia; stig-
mas 3.

Hudson Bay to British Columbia, south to North Da-
kota and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer.

175. Carex atratiformis Britton. Black Sedge. Fig. 1042.

Carex ovata Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 96. pl. 9. 1804.
Not Burm. 1768.

Carex atrata var. ovata Boott, Ill. 114. 1862.

Carex atratiformis Britton, Bull. Torr, Club 22: 222. 1895.

Glabrous, culms phyllopodic, slender, erect, sharp-
angled, roughish above, 84° tall, usually leafy only
below. Leaves smooth or roughish, 1-2” wide, rarely
over 6’ long, much shorter than the culm; spikes 2-6,
dense, oblong or oblong-cylindric, 4-12” long, 2”-3”
in diameter, the terminal gynaecandrous and _ short-
peduncled, the others pistillate or gynaecandrous, slen-
der-stalked, drooping when mature; lower bracts 3’—
13’ long, very narrow, the upper ones subulate; peri-
gynia flattened, ovate or nearly orbicular, puncticulate,
ascending, about 13” long, tipped with a very short,
2-toothed beak; scales black or reddish-brown, oblong
or obovate, obtuse or subacute, slightly narrower than
the perigynia and about equalling them; stigmas 3.

Labrador and Newfoundland to the mountains of north-
ern New England, west to Alberta. June-Aug.

a

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 419

176. Carex Buxbatmii Wahl. Brown Sedge. Fig. 1043.

Carex polygama Schkuhr, Reidgr. 1: 84. 1801. Not J. F.
Gmel. 1791.

C. Buxbaumiti Wahl. in Vet.-Akad. Handl. 24: 163. 1803.

Carex fusca Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 63. 1889. Not
All. 1785.

Glabrous, culms aphyllopodic, strongly filamentose,
stiff, erect, sharp-angled, rough above, 8-3° tall.
Leaves rough, erect, 1-2” wide, shorter than or ex-
ceeding the culm; spikes 2-7, oblong or cylindric, erect,
all sessile and close together or the lowest sometimes
distant and very short-stalked, 4-20” long, about 4”
in diameter when mature, the terminal staminate at
base or rarely throughout; perigynia elliptic or some-
what obovate, flat, ascending, 13-2” long, very light
green, granular, faintly nerved, beakless, the apex mi-
nutely 2-toothed; scales ovate, awn-tipped, black or
dark brown with a green midvein, longer than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Greenland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Ken-
tucky, Missouri, Utah and California. Also in Europe and
Asia. May-July.

177. Carex Shortiana Dewey. Short’s Sedge.
3 Fig. 1044.
Carex Shortiana Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 30: 60. 36.

Glabrous, culms rather slender, erect, rough above,
1°-3° tall, usually overtopped by the upper leaves.
Leaves elongated, roughish, 2-4” wide; bracts short,
narrow, the lowest little sheathing; spikes 3-7, gynae-
candrous, linear-cylindric, densely many-fowered,
3’-13’ long, 2-24” in diameter, erect, the lower
stalked, the uppermost staminate below for about
one-half its length; perigynia spreading, orbicular or
obovate, 1” long, darkened at maturity, compressed,
2-edged, nerveless, slightly wrinkled, ridged at apex,
abruptly and minutely beaked, the orifice entire or
nearly so; scales ovate or oblong-lanceolate, scarious-
margined, acute, acuminate, or obtusish and cuspi-
date, persistent, shorter or longer than perigynia;
stigmas 3.

In moist meadows and thickets, Pennsylvania to Vir-

ginia and Tennessee, west to Iowa, eastern Kansas and
Oklahoma. May-July.

178. Carex Joori Bailey. Cypress-swamp 4S
Sedge. Fig. 1045.
C. Joori Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 12. 1886.

Glabrous, light green and glaucous, culms stout,
phyllopodic, erect, much roughened on the angles
above, 14°-4° tall. Leaves 8-15 to a culm, flat or in
drying somewhat involute, rough, 14-3” wide, usu-
ally exceeded by the culm, tapering to a very long
narrow tip, the basal sheaths not filamentose; lower
bracts similar, shorter; staminate spike usually 1,
long-stalked, the scales short-awned; pistillate
spikes 3-5, cylindric, dense, 15-50-flowered, 7-15”
long, 4” thick, little separate, erect, sessile or the
lower stalked; perigynia dark brown, slightly glau-
cous, squarrose, broadly ovoid, 3-angled, 2” long,
14”-1” wide, strongly ribbed, abruptly contracted
into a sharp beak about one-fourth as long as the
body, the orifice entire; scales oblong-ovate, scarious-
margined, abruptly awned, from slightly exceeding Ag
to much shorter than perigynia; stigmas 3. \\\ IN TEN

= Y

In swamps, Missouri to Florida and Texas. June—Aug.

Carex verrucdsa Muhl. (C. macrokdlea Steud.) admitted into our first edition, is a southern
species not definitely known within our range.

nNj—

—\N

ul
<
if

CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

179. Carex glaucéscens Ell. Southern
| Glaucous Sedge. Fig. 1046.

Carex glaucescens Ell. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 2: 553.
i 1824.

Glabrous, light green, glaucous, culms stout,
| phyllopodic, erect, somewhat roughened on the
| angles above, 12°-4° tall. Leaves 5-10 to a culm,
flat or involute towards base, rough, 12-23”

wide, usually exceeded by the culm, long-tapering,
| the basal sheaths strongly filamentose ; lower bracts
similar, shorter; staminate spike one, stalked, the
i scales strongly cuspidate; pistillate spikes 3-4.
| cylindric, dense, many-flowered, 1/2’ long, 33’—

5 wide, slender-peduncled, at first erect, finely
drooping; perigynia strongly glaucous, ascending,
ovoid or obovoid, 3-angled, 13’—-1}” long, 1” wide
or more, obscurely nerved, tapering into a short
| beak with entire orifice; scales with obovate body,

| | about length of perigynia, abruptly long-cuspidate,
Wy \) reddish-brown with green midrib, squarrose;
\\ stigmas 3.
Nfl In swamps, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi.
July—Sept.
180. Carex acutiformis Ehrh. Swamp or

Marsh Sedge. Fig. 1047.

Carex acutiformis Ehrh, Beitr. 4: 43. 1789.
C. paludosa Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc, 2: 202. 1794.

Culms stout, erect, sharp-angled, 2°-3° tall, smooth
below, often rough above. Leaves 23-6” wide, flat,
glaucous-green, equalling or sometimes exceeding
the culm; lower bracts similar to the leaves, the
upper short and narrow; staminate spikes 1-4,
stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, narrowly linear-cylin-
dric, 12-3’ long, 2-23” thick, 40-100-flowered, the
“upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the others
slender-stalked, spreading or drooping; perigynia
ovoid, 14’-1i” long, not inflated, strongly many-
nerved, tapering into a very short and minutely 2-
toothed beak; scales awn-tipped or acuminate, longer
than the perigynia or the upper equalling them; stig-
mas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, eastern Massachusetts,
very locally naturalized from Europe. Lesser common
sedge. Sniddle. June—Aug.

181. Carex stricta Lam. Tussock Sedge. Fig. 1048.

Carex stricta Lam, Encycl. 3: 387. 1789.

C. stricta angustata Bailey, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6,600. 1890.

C. xerocarpa S. H. Wright, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 42: 334.
1866.

Glabrous, rather dark green, culms slender, aphyllo-
podic, stiff, erect, usually in dense clumps, sharply
3-angled and very rough above, 1°-4° tall; stolons little
developed. Leaves long, rarely overtopping the culm,
very rough on the margins, 1’—2” wide, the lower sheaths
becoming prominently filamentose; lower bract similar,
sometimes equalling the culm; staminate spike solitary,
or sometimes 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, very vari-
able, linear-cylindric, or sometimes linear-oblong, often
staminate at the top, very densely flowered, or loose at
the base, 3-4’ long, 1-2” thick, erect or somewhat
spreading, all sessile or the lower stalked; perigynia
ovate-elliptic, ascending, acute, faintly few-nerved or
nerveless, 14” long, minutely beaked, the orifice entire or
nearly so; scales dark with green margins and midvein,
, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate and from
much shorter than to somewhat exceeding perigynia, appressed; stigmas 2

_In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, Nebraska, Georgia and Texas. MHybridizes with C.
lasiocarpa. July—Sept.

OOO <<

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY.

182. Carex Haydeni Dewey. Hayden’s Sedge.
Fig. 1049.

Carex aperta Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 547. 1848. Not

Boott, 1840.
C. Haydeni Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 18: 103. 1854.
C. stricta var. decora Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 85. 1888.

Gabrous, similar to small forms of C. stricta, culms
slender, rough above, seldom over 2° high. Leaves
1-13” wide, rough-margined, shorter than or some-
times a little overtopping the culm, the lower sheaths
slightly or not at all filamentose; lower bract foliaceous,
about equalling the culm; pistillate spikes linear-cylin-
dric, 6-15” long, about 2” in diameter, erect or some-
what spreading, all sessile or nearly so, sometimes with
a few staminate flowers at the summit; perigynia sub-
orbicular or obovate, obtuse, about #” broad, faintly
2-4-nerved, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales
lanceolate, purplish, spreading, very acute, strongly ex-
ceeding the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Swamps, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to New Jersey and Missouri.

183. Carex torta Boott. Twisted Sedge. Fig. 1050.

Carex torta Boott; Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 11. 1843.

Glabrous, rather light green, in rather loose
clumps, culms thick at base, aphyllopodic, erect,
smooth or slightly scabrous above, 13°-3° tall, from
thick hard rootstocks, short-stoloniferous. Leaves
about 2” wide, those of the fertile culm very short;
sheaths not filamentose; lower bract leaf-like, sheath-
less or short-sheathing; staminate spike usually one,
stalked; pistillate spikes 3-6, erect, spreading or
drooping, slender-peduncled or upper often sessile,
linear, 17-3’ long, about 2” in diameter, sometimes
compound, often loosely flowered toward the base;
perigynia oblong or narrowly ovate, green, nerveless,
1-13” long, the short beak more or less twisted
when dried; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute,
dark with a green midvein, shorter and mostly nar-
rower than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Generally in rocky beds of streams, Quebec to Minne-
sota, south to North Carolina and Missouri. Ascends
to 2600 ft. in Virginia. June—July.

184. Carex concolor R. Br. Bigelow’s Sedge. Fig. 1051.
Carex rigida Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 193. pl. 22.
1794. Not Schrank, 1789.
Carex concolor R. Br. in Parry’s Voy. App. 283. 1823.
Carex Bigelovii Torr.; Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 67.

1824.
Carex hyperborea Drej. Rev. Crit. Car. 43. 1841.

Glabrous and smooth throughout or very nearly
so, culms phyllopodic, usually low and rigid, in
small clumps, sharp-angled, erect, 4’-18' tall, freely
short-stoloniferous, the rootstocks stout, scaly. Leaves
14”-34” wide, with revolute margins, not exceeding
the culm, the lower bracts similar, but shorter;
staminate spike stalked, sometimes pistillate at the
base; pistillate spikes 1-4, short-oblong to linear-
cylindric, usually loosely flowered at the base, dense
above, 3-20” long, 14-23” thick, the upper sessile,
the lower often slender-stalked; perigynia oval, 12”-
13” long, ascending, faintly nerved or nerveless,
scarcely beaked, the orifice entire; scales purple-
brown with a narrow light midvein and often with
hyaline margins, obtuse or the lower acutish, equal-
ling or a little exceeding the perigynia; stigmas 2,
rarely 3.

Greenland to Alaska, south to the higher mountains of northern New England and New York,
Colorado and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Very variable. Summer.

422 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

185. Carex Goodenowii J. Gay. Goodenough’s Sedge. Fig. 1052.
p Carex caespitosa Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 195. pl.

2t. 1794. Not L. 1753.

C. Goodenowii J. Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) 11: 191. 1839.
Carex vulgaris E. Fries, Mant. 3: 153. 1842.
Carex vulgaris var. strictiformis Bailey, Mem. Torr.

Club 1: 74. 1889.

Glabrous, culms stiff, erect, sharp-angled, smooth
or sometimes rough above, 1°-3° tall, phyllopodic,
strongly stoloniferous. Leaves elongated, glaucous,
wide, not exceeding the culm, the margins
involute in drying; lower bracts usually foliaceous,
sometimes equalling the culm; staminate spike
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, all sessile or nearly so,
erect, densely many-flowered, narrowly cylindric, 2’—
23” in diameter, 5-20” long; perigynia flattened,
broadly oval or ovate, finely nerved, green or dark-
tinged, appressed, 12” long, minutely beaked, the
orifice nearly entire; scales purple-brown to black
with a slender green midvein, very obtuse (except
lower), shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In wet grounds, Newfoundland to Massachusetts ; Penn-
sylvania. Europe and Asia. Tufted or Common sedge,
Torrets or Turrets. Stare or Star. June—Aug.

ae
”

I
bo

ees

Nn
A

Wes
KS

186. Carex lenticularis Michx. Lenticular Sedge. Fig. 1053.

Carex lenticularis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 172. 1803.

Glabrous, pale green, culms very slender, erect,
sharp-angled, slightly rough above, 1°-2° tall, phyllo-
podic, densely caespitose, not stoloniferous. Leaves
elongated, rarely over 1” wide, shorter than or
rarely overtopping the culm, slightly rough-margined,
their sheaths not fibrillose; lower bracts similar to
the leaves, more or less sheathing, usually much
overtopping the spikes; staminate spikes solitary or
rarely 2, sessile or short-stalked, often pistillate
above; pistillate spikes 2-5, clustered at the summit
or the lower distant, sessile or the lower short-
stalked, erect, linear-cylindric, 4-2’ long, 13’-2” in
diameter; perigynia ovate or elliptic, 14” long, ?
wide, acute, minutely granulate, faintly few-nerved,
appressed, tipped with a minute entire beak; scales
dark-tinged between the broad green center and the
hyaline margins, usually obtuse and much shorter
than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

On shores, Labrador to Saskatchewan, south to Massa-
chusetts, New York and Minnesota. Ascends to 4500 ft.
in the White Mountains. June—Aug.

187. Carex aquatilis Wahl. Water Sedge. Fig. 1054.

Carex aquatilis Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24:
165. 1803.

Glabrous, somewhat glaucous and pale green, culms
phyllopodic, caespitose, long-stoloniferous, rather stout,
erect, sharp-angled above, smooth or somewhat rough
above, 2°-5° tall. Leaves elongated, sometimes equal-
ling the culm, 2”-4” wide, their sheaths nodulose;
bracts broad, similar to the leaves, the lower usually
much overtopping the culm; staminate spikes 2-3,
stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, narrowly linear-cylindric,
often staminate at the summit, erect or slightly spread-
ing, 1-34’ long, 2-3” in diameter, many-flowered, ses-
sile and dense, or the lower narrowed and loosely flow-
ered at the base and short-stalked; perigynia ellip-
tic or obovate, green, nerveless or faintly nerved,
minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales oblong, obtuse
to acuminate, from much shorter than to exceeding the
perigynia, but much narrower; stigmas 2.

In swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Alaska,

south to Maryland and Texas and in the western mountains.
Also in Europe and Asia. Widely variable. June—Aug.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 423

Carex Emoryi Dewey (C. millegrana Holm), with sharply trigonous culms, very rough involute-
margined leaves and strongly nerved perigynia occurs from New Jersey and Maryland to North
Dakota and New Mexico. ;

188. Carex nebraskénsis Dewey. Nebraska Sedge. Fig. 1055.

C. Jamesti Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 398. 1836. Not
Schw. 1824.

Carex nebraskensis Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 18:
102, 1854.

Glabrous, culms rather stout, erect, sharp-angled,
smooth, or rough above, 1°-3° tall, phyllopodic, from
stout, long-creeping rootstocks. Leaves pale green,
13-4” wide, rough-margined, their sheaths more or
less nodulose; lower bract foliaceous, shorter than
to exceeding culm, the upper much shorter and nar-
rower; staminate spikes commonly 2, stalked; pis-
tillate spikes 2-5, dense, oblong-cylindric, erect, 9”—
25” long, 3’—-4%” in diameter, sessile or the lower
short-stalked; perigynia ascending, elliptic or some-
what obovate, prominently several-ribbed when ma-
ture, short-beaked, the beak 2-toothed; scales ovate
or lanceolate, obtusish to strongly acuminate, dark
with a green midvein, the upper shorter than the
perigynia; stigmas 2.

South Dakota and Nebraska to Oregon, California
and New Mexico. May-Aug.

189. Carex subspathacea Wormsk. Hoppner’s Sedge. Fig. 1056.

4)

C. subspathacea Wormsk. Fl. Dan. g: 4. pl. 1530. 1816.

Carex Hoppneri Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 219. pl.
220. 1840.

- Glabrous, culm stiff, phyllopodic, smooth, 1’-7’ tall,
from slender elongated rootstocks. Leaves rigid,
smooth, }#’—13” wide, the margins strongly involute;
lower bracts foliaceous, somewhat spathe-like; stami-
nate spike solitary, stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3,
erect, sessile or very short-stalked, 3-6” long, 14’’-2”
in diameter, closely 4-15-flowered; perigynia oval or
ovoid, coriaceous, very short-beaked, pale green,
faintly few-nerved, densely puncticulate, about 14”
long; scales ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute,
shorter than or equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Greenland to Hudson Bay. Also in northern Europe
and Asia. Intergrades with the next. July—Aug.

1go. Carex salina Wahl. Salt-marsh Sedge. Fig. 1057.

eke salina Wahl. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl, (II.) 24: 165.
1803.
C. cuspidata Wahl. loc. cit. 164. 1803. Not Host, 1801.

Glabrous, culm slender but stiff, phyllopodic, smooth,
erect, 4-18’ tall, from slender elongated rootstocks.
Leaves very narrowly linear, 1-24” wide, rarely over-
topping the culm, the margins revolute; lower bract
similar, not spathe-like; staminate spikes 1 or 2, stalked;
pistillate spikes 2-4, slender-stalked or the upper ses-
sile, erect, 15-40-flowered, 5-15” long, 2”-3” thick;
perigynia ovate-elliptic, coriaceous, pale, faintly few-
nerved, densely puncticulate, ascending, 14” long, taper-
ing into a very short entire beak; scales ovate, reddish-
brown or chestnut, with a green midvein, acute or
cuspidate, somewhat longer than the perigynia; stig-
mas 2.

In salt marshes, Greenland to Hudson Bay, south to
Quebec. Also in arctic Europe. Intergrades with the next.
July-Aug,

424 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

1g1. Carex récta Boott. Cuspidate Sedge. Fig. 1058.

C. recta Boott, in Hook, Fl. Bor.-Am. 2: 220, pl. 222.
1840.

Glabrous, culms phyllopodic, from long rootstocks,
rather stout, smooth or rough above, erect, 1°-3°
tall. Leaves often equalling the culm, 1-3” wide,
their margins revolute, smooth, their sheaths more
or less nodulose; bracts similar, not spathe-like,
usually overtopping the spikes; staminate spikes 1-3,
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, approximate, narrowly
cylindric, often staminate at the summit, 17-23’
long, erect, the upper often sessile, the lower stalked;
perigynia elliptic, coriaceous, green, nerveless or
2-4-nerved, with a very short entire beak; scales
dark-purple, brownish or chestnut with a green cen-
ter, lanceolate, pale, acuminate or abruptly contracted
into a serrate awn, much longer than the perigynia;
stigmas 2.

In marshes, Labrador to the coast of Massachusetts.
Also in Europe. Erroneously referred to C. cuspidata
Wahl. in our first edition. July—Aug.

| Yeas
192. Carex cryptocarpa C. A. Meyer. Hidden- jp
fruited Sedge. Fig. 1059. LZ

the upper ones and the lower bract shorter; staminate
spikes 2-4, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, all filiform-
stalked and drooping, densely flowered, 1’-3’ long, 3’—
4%” in diameter; perigynia oblong or oval, puncticulate,
green, several-nerved, 12” long, tipped with a very
short entire beak; scales purple-brown, ascending, lance-
olate, acute, acuminate or even cuspidate, from little to
2 or 3 times longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2.

Goie
Carex cryptocarpa C. A. Meyer, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1: ! PEO
226. pl. I4. 1831. y, Z
Glabrous, stoloniferous, culm stout, erect, sharply ji a
3-angled, rough above, 14°-3° tall. Leaves smooth, 17— VA ,

4” wide, the basal shorter than or equalling the culm,
193. Carex maritima Mueller. Seaside Sedge. Fig. 1060.

Arctic America from Greenland to Alaska, south along
the coast to Oregon and Washington. Europe and Asia.
Summer.

C. maritima Mueller, Fl. Dan. 4: fasc. 12, 5. pl. 703.
1777+

Glabrous, light green, culms aphyllopodic, rather
stout, erect, sharply 3-angled, smooth, or roughish
above, little fibrillose at base, 1°—23° tall, from stout
stoloniferous rootstocks. Leaves 13”-5” wide,
roughish on the margins and midvein, rarely over-
topping the culm, sterile culm-leaves longer; lower
bracts exceeding culm; staminate spikes 1-3, slender-
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, ovoid- to linear-oblong,
often staminate at the summit. densely many-
flowered, not flexuous, ¥-3’ long, 4-8” thick, droop-
ing or widely spreading on filiform stalks; peri-
gynia oval or nearly orbicular, ascending, pale,
biconvex, not inflated, 13” long, few-nerved, tipped
with a very short and nearly or quite entire beak;
scales ascending, green, lanceolate-subulate, ciliate-
scabrous, 2-8 times as long as the perigynia; stig-
mas 2.

In salt meadows, Newfoundland and Labrador to Mas-
sachusetts. Also in Europe. June—Aug,

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 425

194. Carex gynandra Schwein. Nodding
Sedge. Fig. 1061.

Carex gynandra Schwein. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 1: 70. 1824.

Carex crinita var. gynandra Schwein. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N.
Y. 1: 360. 1825.

Carex Porteri Olney, Car. Bor. Am. 12. 1871.

Carex crinita var. simulans Fernald, Rhodora 4: 219.
1902,

Similar to the following species, culms stout, 2°-5°
tall. Leaves 2”-6” wide, their sheaths shortly rough-
hispid; pistillate spikes 1-4’ long, narrowly cylindric,
stalked, drooping; perigynia obovoid to oval, ascend-
ing, compressed, less inflated, 14’-2” long, and about
one-half as broad, round-tapering and minutely beaked,
the orifice entire; scales lanceolate, tapering into the
long awn, the center strongly 3-ribbed and the body
brownish-tinged, more ascending, 2-4 times as long as
the perigynia; stigmas 2.

In swamps, Newfoundland and Wisconsin, south to
Georgia. Ascends to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. June—

Aug.

195. Carex crinita Lam. Fringed Sedge. Sickle-grass. Fig. 1062.

Carex crinita Lam, Encycl. 3: 393. 17809.
Carex crinita var. minor Boott, Ill. Car. 1: 18. 1858.

Glabrous, culms stout, 3-angled, aphyllopodic and
filamentous at base, rough or very nearly smooth,
erect or somewhat recurving, 2°-5° tall, from stout
rootstocks. Leaves flat, rough-margined, 14/5”
wide, the upper sometimes overtopping the culm, the
lowest very short and sheathing; staminate spikes
I or 2, stalked, often pistillate at the base or in the
middle; pistillate spikes 2-6, narrowly cylindric,
densely very many-flowered, 17-4’ long, 3-6” in
diameter, all stalked, drooping and commonly secund;
perigynia suborbicular or broadly obovoid, spreading,
obtuse, 1-17” long, 4-1” wide, slightly inflated,
the walls thin, nerveless, abruptly tipped by the very
short entire beak; scales abruptly long rough-cuspi-
date, the outer 1-3-ribbed and the body brownish-
tinged, spreading, 2-6 times as long as the perigynia;
stigmas 2.

In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Minne-
sota, south to Florida and Texas. June—Aug.

196. Carex lactistris Willd. Lake-bank Sedge. Fig. 1063.

Carex lacustris Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 306. 1805.

phe riparia Muhl. Descr. Gram. 259. 1817. Not Curtis,
1783.

Culms generally stout and smooth, erect, 2°-34° tall,
strongly purplish-tinged and filamentose at base, the
lower sheaths not blade-bearing. Leaves elongated,
nodulose, usually more or less scabrous, somewhat glau-
cous, 24-6” wide, usually exceeding the culm; lower
bract similar to the leaves, the upper reduced; staminate
spikes 1-5, linear; pistillate spikes 2-5, cylindric, 14-4’
long, about 5” in diameter, the upper erect, sessile or
nearly so, the lower more or less stalked; perigynia
narrowly ovoid, 3” long, 11” wide, firm, strongly nerved,
scarcely inflated, ascending, tapering gradually into a
2-toothed beak, the teeth erect or slightly divergent,
2” long; scales lanceolate or oblanceolate, long-aristate
or acute, the lower longer, the upper equalling or
shorter than the perigynia, purplish-tinged; stigmas 3.

In swamps, Newfoundland to James’ Bay and Manitoba,
south to Delaware, Iowa and Idaho, Great common-sedge.
May-Aug.

426 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

197. Carex impréssa (S. H. Wright) Mackenzie. Hart Wright’s Sedge.
Fig. 1064.
Carex riparia var. impressa S, H. Wright, Bull. Torr. Club

: 151. 1882.

Carex impressa Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 236.

1910.

Culms stout and generally smooth, erect, 13°-3° tall,
neither purplish-tinged nor filamentose at base, the
lower sheaths blade-bearing. Leaves elongated, nodu-
lose, usually more or less scabrous, somewhat glaucous,
2’-4” wide, flat or folded at base, usually exceeding
the culm; lower bract similar to the leaves, the upper
reduced; staminate spikes 2-4, linear, their scales
straw-colored or light purplish-tinged; pistillate spikes
2-4, cylindric, 4-3’ long, about 5” in diameter, usu-
ally widely separate, erect, short-peduncled; perigynia
narrowly ovoid, 3” long, 12” wide, firm, impressed-
nerved when young, appearing nearly nerveless when
mature, scarcely inflated, tapering into a 2-toothed
beak, the teeth erect or slightly divergent, +” long;
scales ovate, the lower aristate and exceeding peri-
gynia, the upper more acute and_ shorter, straw-
colored or light purplish-tinged; stamens 3.

In swamps, Ohio to Kansas, Florida and Texas.

198. Carex Walteriana Bailey. Walter’s Sedge. Fig. 1065.

Carex striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 174. 1803. Not Gilib. \
1792.

Carex Walteriana Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 429. 1893.

C. striata var. brevis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 34. 1889.

Long-stoloniferous, the culms slender, strict, erect,
slightly rough above, 1°-23° tall. Leaves narrow and elon-
gated, smooth or roughish, 1’—2” wide, nodulose, becom-
ing involute; lowest bract similar, often very long, the
upper smaller and often almost filiform; staminate spikes
1 or 2, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, when 2 the
lower remote from the upper, sessile or very short-stalked,
oblong-cylindric, erect, 4-2’ long, 3”’-4” in diameter,
many-flowered; perigynia ovoid, many-nerved, slightly in-
flated, ascending, glabrous, or partly or wholly short-
pubescent, 2-23” long, 14” in diameter, tapering into a
short 2-toothed beak, the teeth short, variable; scales
ovate, short-aristate, acute or obtuse, membranous, one-
half to two-thirds length of perigynia.

In pine-barren bogs, southeastern Massachusetts to Florida,
near the coast. May-July.

rs

199. Carex vestita Willd. Velvet Sedge. Fig.
1006.

Carex vestita Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 263. 1805.
Carex vestita var. Kennedyi Fernald, Rhodora 2: 170. 1900.

Strongly stoloniferous, culms strict, erect, 1#°-23°
tall, rough above, reddened and filamentose at base.
Leaves distant, 13’”-23” wide, not overtopping the culm;
bracts narrower, short, rough on the margins; staminate
spike solitary, rarely 2, sessile or short-peduncled; pis-
tillate spikes 1-5, oblong, 4’-14” long, 3-4” in diameter,
erect, commonly staminate at the summit, sessile or the
lower very short-stalked; perigynia ovoid, ascending or
the lower spreading, densely pubescent, less than 1” in
diameter, nerved, slightly shorter than or equalling the
ovate-obtuse or acute scales; the beak white-hyaline
at orifice, in age bidentate; stigmas 3.

In sandy woods, southern Maine to eastern New York and
Pennsylvania, south to Georgia. May—July.

vy

PoP lg

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 427

200. Carex lanuginodsa Michx. Woolly Sedge. Fig. 1067.

Carex lanuginosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 175. 1803.

C. filiformis var. latifolia Boeckl. Linnaea 41: 309. 1876.

Carex filiformis var. lanuginosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 63.
1888,

Carex lanuginosa var. kansana Britton, in Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl.
I: 305. 1896.

Culm usually rather stouter than that of C. Jasiocarpa
and less reddened and filamentose at base, sharp-angled
and rough above. Leaves and lower bracts elongated,
flat, not involute, 1-23” wide, more or less strongly
nodulose, sometimes overtopping the culm; staminate
spikes 1-3, distant, sometimes pist‘llate at the base;
pistillate spikes 1-3, usually distant, sessile or the lower
slender-stalked, cylindric, 5’—25” long, 23”-34” in di-
ameter ; perigynia like those of C. lasiocarpa, but usually
rather broader; scales acuminate or aristate.

In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to British Co-
lumbia, District of Columbia, southern Missouri, New Mex-
ico and California. June—Aug.

zor. Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. Slender Sedge. Fig. 1068.

> C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. in Hannov. Magaz. g: 132. 1784.
C. filiformis Good, Trans. Linn, Soc. 2: 172. 1794. Not
<y Te

Culms slender but stiff, smooth, obtusely angled,
2°-3° tall, strongly reddened and filamentose at base.
Leaves very narrow and attenuate, prolonged, inyo-
lute, 1” wide or less, rough on the inrolled margins,
not overtopping the culm; lower bract similar, often
equalling the culm; upper bracts filiform; staminate
spikes 1-3, commonly 2, distant; pistillate spikes 1-3,
cylindric, 5-25” long, about 3” in diameter, erect,
sessile or the lower distant and short-peduncled;
perigynia green, ascending, oval-ovoid, densely pu-
bescent, obscurely nerved, about 1” in diameter,
tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate,
membranous, sometimes purplish, acute or short-
awned, shorter than or equalling the perigynia;
stigmas 3.

In wet meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to British
Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Iowa and
Minnesota. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Adirondacks.
Also in Europe. June-Aug.

202. Carex Houghtonii Torr. Houghton’s
Sedge. Fig. 1069.

Carex Houghtonii Torr. Ann, Lye. N. Y. 3: 413. 1836.

Long-stoloniferous, the culms rather stout, rough
above, erect, 1°—24° tall, exceeding the leaves. Leaves
and lowest bract 14-33” wide, rough; upper bracts
much shorter; staminate spikes 1-3, distant, some-
times pistillate at the base; pistillate spikes 2 or 3,
oblong-cylindric, 4-14’ long, 34-6” in diameter,
erect, rather loosely 15-35-flowered, the upper ses-
sile, the lower stalked; perigynia ovoid, 14” in di-
ameter, light green, ascending, densely pubescent,
prominently many-ribbed, narrowed into a short con-
spicuously 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, short-
awned, hyaline-margined, somewhat shorter than the
perigynia; stigmas 3.

In sandy or rocky soil, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan,
Athabasca, south to Maine, Ontario, Michigan and Min-
nesota. June—Sept.

428 CYPERACEAE. Vor. 1.

203. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Hairy-fruited Sedge. Fig. 1070.
: Carex trichocarpa Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 302. 1805.
Carex trichocarpa var. turbinata Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 11:

159. 1826.

Carex laeviconica Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 24: 47. 1857.
Core trichocarpa var. imberbis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 597.

1867.

Carex trichocarpa var. Deweyi Bailey, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10:

293. 1885.

Culm usually stout and tall, 2°-4° high, smooth below,
very rough above. Leaves elongated, glabrous, rough-
margined, 14’—3” wide, the upper ones and the similar
bracts commonly overtopping the culm; staminate spikes
2-6, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindric, densely
flowered except at the base, 1-4’ long, 5-8” in diameter,
the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the lower slender-
stalked; perigynia ovoid, pubescent or glabrous, promi-
nently many-ribbed, 4-5” long, 13’—2” in diameter, taper-
ing gradually into the stout conspicuously 2-toothed beak,
the teeth erect or somewhat spreading, 1” long; scales
hyaline, acute to aristate, about one-half as long as the
perigynia; stigmas 3.

In marshes and wet meadows, Quebec and Vermont to Ore-
gon, south to Georgia, Missouri and Kansas. June—Aug.

204. Carex atherddes Spreng. Awned Sedge. Fig. 1071.
Carex aristata R. Br. Frank. Journ. 751. 1823. Not

Houck. 1792.

Carex atherodes Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 828. 1826.
Carex trichocarpa var. aristata Bailey, Coult. Bot. Gaz.

10: 294. 1885.

Culms stout, erect, smooth, or roughish above,
sharp-angled, 2°-5° tall. Leaves elongated, 23-6”
wide, more or less scabrous, often pubescent beneath
and on the sheaths; bracts similar, the lower often
overtopping the culm; staminate spikes as in the pre-
ceding species; pistillate spikes 3-5, remote, cylindric,
sessile or the lower short-stalked, loosely flowered
at the base, dense above, 13/4’ long, sometimes 8”
in diameter; perigynia ascending, lanceolate or ovoid-
lanceolate, glabrous, conspicuously many-ribbed, 4”—
6” long, gradually tapering into the conspicuously
2-toothed beak, the teeth widely spreading, 1-2”
long; scales oblong-lanceolate, strongly rough-awned,
thin-margined, one-half to two-thirds as long as the
perigynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Ontario to British Columbia, south to New
York, Missouri, Kansas, Utah and Oregon. Also in
Europe and Asia. June—Aug.

=<

SS

Za
—>

<=

ELE

SS

\

205. Carex hirta L. Hairy or Hammer Sedge.
Fig. 1072.
Carex hirta L. Sp. Pl. 975. 1753.

Rootstocks extensively creeping, culms rather slen-
der, erect, nearly smooth, 62° tall. Leaves flat, pubes-
cent, especially on the sheaths, rough, 1”-23” wide, the
basal ones much elongated, often exceeding the culm,
the upper and the similar bracts shorter; staminate
spikes 2 or 3, stalked, their scales ciliate; pistillate
spikes 2 or 3, widely separate, erect, oblong-cylindric,
7-18” long, 3-4” in diameter, rather loosely 1o-many-
flowered; perigynia oblong-ovoid, green, ascending,
densely pubescent, 14” in diameter, 23’-4” long, few-
ribbed, tapering into a stout prominently 2-toothed
beak, the teeth often as long as the beak; scales mem-
branous, lanceolate, aristate, 3-nerved, somewhat
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In fields and waste places, Massachusetts to New York,
New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Locally naturalized or ad-
ventive from Europe. Carnation- or Goose-grass. June—
Sept.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 429

206. Carex fulvéscens Mackenzie. Tawny
Sedge. Fig. 1073.

C. fulvescens Mackenzie, Bull, Torr. Club 37: 239.
1910. :

Glabrous, yellow-green, culms slender, erect,
6-20’ tall, smooth or slightly roughened on
angles. Leaves #’-13” wide, flat, shorter than
the culm, the lower bract shorter than the culm,
ascending, long-sheathing; staminate spike soli-
tary, strongly peduncled; pistillate spikes 1-3,
oblong, erect, widely separate, the lower strongly
exsert-peduncled, the upper short exsert-pedun-
cled, densely 15-40-flowered, 4’-10” long, 33-5”
thick; perigynia narrowly ovoid, yellowish-green,
appressed-ascending, 23” long, 1” wide, finely
several-nerved, contracted into a rough bidentate
beak half as long as body; scales ovate, acute or
obtuse, brown with conspicuous white scarious
margins, somewhat shorter than perigynia; stig-
mas 3.

In wet places, Anticosti, Miquelon and probably
Newfoundland; also collected near Boston, Mass.
Related to the European Carex fulva Good, and prob-
ty mistaken for it, but apparently distinct. July—

ept.

207. Carex exténsa Gooden. Long-bracted
Sedge. Fig. 1074.

Carex extensa Gooden. Trans. Linn, Soc, 2: 175. 1794.

Glabrous, bright green, culms stiff, erect, 1o’-2° tall.
Leaves about 1” wide, strongly involute, erect, the lower
bract similar, much exceeding the spikes, sheathing, the
upper shorter, sometimes spreading; staminate spike
sessile or nearly so, rarely pistillate at the base; pistil-
late spikes 1-3, erect, sessile and close together or the
lowest short-stalked and distant, oblong, densely 15-50-
flowered, 33’-10” long, 3”-4” thick; perigynia ovoid
or ovoid-oblong, brown, 1}” long, narrowed at the base,
strongly several-ribbed and with thick walls, contracted
into a short stout 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, acute,
brown with a greenish midvein, shorter than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 3.

Borders of salt meadows, Coney Island, N. Y., and near
Norfolk, Va. Naturalized from Europe. June—Aug.

208. Carex Oéderi Retz. Green Sedge. Fig. 1075.

Carex Oederi Retz, Fl. Scand. Prodr. 179. 1779.

Carex viridula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 170. 1803.

C. flava var. viridula Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 31. 1880.
Carex flava var. cyperoides Marss. Fl. Neuroys. 537. 1869.
Carex Oederi var. pumila (Coss, & Germ.) Fernald, Rhodora

8: 201. 1906.

, Glabrous, bright green, culms slender, smooth, erect,
3-15' tall, often exceeded by the erect narrow basal leaves.
Leaves 14” or less wide, the bracts similar, usually strictly
erect and much overtopping the spikes; staminate spike
sessile or short-peduncled; pistillate spikes 2-10, all close
together and sessile or scattered and short-stalked, oblong-
cylindric to globose-oblong, 2”-6” long, 2’-34” in diam-
eter; perigynia ovoid-oval, +’-1}” long, strongly few-
nerved, narrowed at the base, abruptly contracted into a
2-toothed beak scarcely one-half as long as the body; scales
ovate, much shorter than the perigynia and about as wide;

stigmas 3.

In bogs and on wet rocks, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and -
the Northwest Territory, south to Maine, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Utah and Washington. Summer,

210. Carex flava L. Yellow Sedge. Fig.1077.
Carex flava L. Sp. Pl. 975.

CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

20g. Carex lepidocarpa Tausch. Small Yellow Sedge. Fig. 1076.

Carex lepidocarpa Tausch, Flora 129. 1834.

“Carex flava var. rectirostra Gaudin;’’ Fernald, Rho-
dora 8: 201. 1906,

C. flava var. graminis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 30.
1880.

C. flava var. elatior Schlecht. Fl. Berol. 1: 477. 1823.

Glabrous, yellow-green, culms slender, stiff, erect,
smooth or nearly so, 6-18’ tall. Leaves 13” wide
or less, flat, usually shorter than the culm, the lower
bract elongated, spreading or ascending, sheathing;
staminate spike solitary, sessile or peduncled; pistil-
late spikes 1-4, oblong to subglobose, erect, sessile
and continuous or widely separate, the lower stalked,
densely 15-35-flowered, 5-8” long, about 32” thick
(extremes 3’—43”) ; perigynia ovoid, yellow, spread-
ing or the lower retrorse when mature, 2” long, few-
nerved, abruptly contracted into a subulate 2-toothed
beak which is shorter than the body; scales ovate to
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 4-4 length of peri-
gynia, usually inconspicuous at maturity; stigmas 3.

Wet meadows, Newfoundland to Michigan, Rhode
Island and New Jersey. Also in Europe. June—Sept.

Glabrous, yellow-green, culms slender but stiff and
erect, smooth or nearly so, 6’-2° tall. Leaves 1”-24”
wide, flat, the lower shorter than or sometimes ex-
ceeding the culm, the lower bract elongated, spreading
or ascending, sheathing; staminate spike solitary, stalked
or sessile; pistillate spikes 1-4, globose-oblong, erect,
varying from sessile and close together to strongly
separate and the lower strongly stalked, densely 15-35-
flowered, 3-9” long, about 5” thick (extremes 43’-6”) ;
perigynia narrowly ovoid, yellow, and spreading in all
directions when mature, 23’—3” long, strongly several-
nerved, the subulate 2-toothed deflexed beak as long as
the body or longer; scales lanceolate or ovate, acute to
short-cuspidate, 4-3 length of perigynia, conspicuous
at maturity; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to British
Columbia, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio
and Montana. Europe. Marsh hedgehog-grass. June-Sept.

211. Carex Collinsii Nutt. Collins’ Sedge.

1791, nor Schum. 18or.

Schwein. 1824.

Carex subulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 173.

Carex Collinsii Nutt. Gen. 2: 205. :
Carex Michauxii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 273.

Caespitose, glabrous, culms slender, weak, erect or re-
clining, 6’-2° long. Leaves narrow, soft, the broadest
about 24” wide; staminate spike terminal, short- or long-
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, 2-8-flowered, short-
stalked, or the stalk of the lowest sometimes 13’ long;
bracts similar to the upper leaves, elongated, strongly
sheathing; perigynia light green, scarcely inflated, sub-
ulate, 4-7” long, tapering from below the middle into an
almost filiform beak, faintly many-nerved, horizontal or
reflexed when mature, easily detached from rachis, about
3 times as long as the hyaline lanceolate-acuminate per-
sistent scale, its teeth very strongly reflexed at maturity;
achenes linear-oblong; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Rhode Island to eastern Pennsylvania, south to
South Carolina and Georgia. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsyl-
vania. Attributed to Canada by Michaux. June—Aug.

ancient meal

Gents 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 431

212, Carex abacta Bailey. Yellowish Sedge. Fig. 1079.

Carex rostrata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 173. 1803. Not Stokes,
1787.

Carex Michauxiana Boeckl. Linnaea 40: 336. 1877. Not C.
Michauxii Schwein. 1824.

Carex abacta Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 427. 1893.

Glabrous, whole plant yellowish, culm erect or slightly
assurgent at the base, rather stiff, slender, 1°-2° high.
Leaves narrow, the broadest about 2” wide, the uppermost
often exceeding the culm; staminate spike terminal, sessile
or very nearly so; pistillate spikes 1 to 3, several-many-
flowered, the upper sessile or very nearly so and closely
approximate, the third, when present, remote and borne
on a long stalk; bracts similar to the leaves, usually erect
and overtopping the culm; perigynia lanceolate, 4-7” long,
less than 1” thick at the base, narrow, scarcely inflated,
erect or spreading, tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak,
rather strongly many-nerved, about twice as long as the
lanceolate or ovate, acute or short-acuminate scale; achenes
oblong-obovoid, 13” long; stigmas 3.

In bogs and wet meadows, Labrador and Newfoundland to
New Hampshire, New York and Pennsylvania, west to Mich-
igan. Ascends to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. Also in eastern
Asia. June-Sept.

213. Carex folliculata L. Long Sedge. Fig. 1080.
Carex folliculata L. Sp. Pl. 978. 1753.
C. xanthophysa Wahl. Vet. Akad. Handl. 24: 152. 1803.

Glabrous, light green or yellowish, culm stout or slender,
erect or reclining, 12°-33° long. Leaves broad and elongated,
sometimes overtopping the culm, 2”-8” wide; staminate spike
stalked or nearly sessile; pistillate spikes 2-5, usually distant,
all except the uppermost slender-stalked, several-many-flow-
ered, the lower often nodding on a long stalk; bracts com-
monly overtopping the spikes; perigynia lanceolate, slightly
inflated, ascending or spreading, rather prominently many-
veined, 6”-8” long, 14” in diameter ncar tl.2 base, tapering
from below the middle into a slender 2-toothed beak, one-
third to one-half longer than the awned, broadly scarious-
margined, persistent scale; achenes oblong-obovoid, 13” long;

long; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Michigan, south
to North Carolina. May-Sept.

214. Carex miliaris Michx. Northeastern Sedge. Fig. 1081.

/,

Carex miliaris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 174. 1803.
Carex saxatilis var. miliaris Bailey, Bot. Gaz.g: 120. 1884.

Glabrous, culm very slender, erect, smooth below in-
florescence, little filamentose at base, 1°-2° tall, the
rootstocks creeping. Leaves about 1” wide, elongated,
nodulose, the upper about equalling the culm; bracts
similar to the leaves, often overtopping the culm;
staminate spikes 1 or 2, stalked, narrowly linear; pis-
tillate spikes 1-3, slender, oblong-cylindric, many-flow-
ered, 4’~1’ long, about 24-34” thick; the upper sessile,
the lowest more or less stalked; perigynia not inflated,
ovoid, faintly few-nerved or nerveless, 1’-14” long,
brown-tipped, tapering into a short, emarginate beak,
slightly longer than the ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
wholly or partly brown, obtusish to cuspidate scale;
stigmas 2.

Borders of lakes and streams, Labrador and Hudson
Bay, south to central Maine. Probably intergrades with
the next. Summer.

432 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

215. Carex rhomalea (Fernald) Mackenzie. Moosehead Lake Sedge. Fig. 1082.

C. miliaris var. major Bailey, Mem. Torr, Club 1: 36.
1889.

C, saxatilis var. rhomalea Fernald, Rhodora 3: 50. 1901,

C. rhomalea Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 246. 1910,

Culms slender, sharply triangular and roughened
above, reddened and but little if at all filamentose at
base, 62° tall; rootstocks creeping. Leaves 3/—14”
wide, strongly involute, usually shorter than the culm,
obscurely nodulose, roughened towards apex; lowest
bract narrower, shorter than or exceeding culm,
erect or spreading; staminate spikes 1-3, short-
stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, ascending, suborbicular
to oblong, 4-9” long, 23-3” wide, sessile or the
lower short-stalked; perigynia 13” long, oblong-
ovoid, yellowish-green or dark-tinged, few-nerved,
scarcely inflated, ascending, contracted into a short
emarginate beak; scales ovate, obtuse, acute or
acuminate, light-brown to strongly blackish-tinged,
shorter than perigynia; stigmas usually 2.

On lake and river shores, central Maine to Newfound-
land. Summer. Has been confused with C. savratilis
L, and with C. rotundata Wahl.

216. Carex saxatilis L. Russet Sedge.
Fig. 1083.

Carex saxatilis L. Sp. Pl. 976. 1753.
Carex pulla Gooden. Trans. Linn, Soc. 3: 78. 1797.

Glabrous, culms not filamentose at base, strongly
stoloniferous, erect, slender, 3’-2° tall. Leaves flat,
1-23” broad, obscurely nodulose, the upper not over-
topping the culm; bracts short; staminate spike usu-
ally solitary, short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, all
stalked or the upper nearly or quite sessile, subor-
bicular to oblong-cylindric, 4’-12 long, 3-43”
wide, densely 15-50-flowered; perigynia dark purple-
brown or rarely straw-colored, ascending, ovoid, 13’—
2” long, scarcely inflated, nerveless or very faintly
few-nerved, tipped with a short emarginate beak;
scales ovate, subacute, dark brown, shorter than or
as long as the perigynia; stigmas usually 2, rarely 3.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska. Also in arctic
Europe and Asia. Summer.

Carex ambiusta Boott, admitted into our first edition,
is a far northwestern species not definitely known within
our range.

217. Carex mainénsis Porter. Maine Sedge. Fig. 1084.

"4 Carex pulla A, Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 602. 1867. Not
Gooden. 1797. ;

Carex miliaris var. aurea Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1:
37- 1889. Not C. aurea Nutt. 1818.

Carex mainensis Porter; Britton, Manual 193. 1901.

Culms slender, smooth below inflorescence, little
filamentose at base, 13°-3° tall, the plant stolonifer-
ous. Leaves 2-13” wide, flat, shorter than the culm,
somewhat nodulose and scabrous on the margins, the
lower bracts narrower, about equalling the culm;
staminate spikes 1-4, slender-stalked; pistillate spikes
I-3, erect, cylindric, 6-15” long, 3’—4” wide, sessile
or the lower short-stalked; perigynia about 2” long,
oblong-ovoid, yellowish-green, few-nerved, slightly
inflated, contracted into a rather conspicuous 2-toothed
beak; scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate, yellow-
ish or brown-margined, slightly shorter than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 2 or 3.

a\

\
Wn 2

On lake and river shores, central Maine to Labrador.
Possibly a hybrid between C. miliaris and C. vesicaria,
Illustrated as Carex Raeana in first edition. Summer.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY.

‘218. Carex Raeana Boott. Rae’s Sedge.
Fig. 1085.

C. Raeana Boott; Richards, Arct. Exp. 2: 344. 1857.

C. vesicaria var. Raeana Fernald, Rhodora 3: 50. 1901.

C. miliaris var. Raeana Kiiken. Pflanzenreich 4: 20:
719. 1909.

Culms slender, 1°-3° high, very rough below in-
florescence, reddened and filamentose at base, the
plant stoloniferous. Leaves 1” wide, flat, shorter
than or exceeding culm, little if at all nodulose;
lower bracts narrow, exceeding culm; staminate
spikes usually 2, slender-stalked; pistillate spikes
I-3, narrowly cylindric, 7-24” long, 23” wide,
short-peduncled, loosely flowered at base; perigynia
somewhat inflated, oblong-ovoid, yellowish-green,
strongly several-nerved, 23’-3” long, abruptly con-
tracted into a slender bidentate beak; scales lan-
ceolate, sharply acuminate, narrower and somewhat
shorter than perigynia; stigmas 3.

On lake and river shores, Maine to Quebec, west to
Athabasca. Local. Intergrades with the next. Summer.

21g. Carex monile Tuckerm. Necklace Sedge. Fig. 1086.

Zc” Carex monile Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 20. 1843.
ASS C. monile var. monstrosa Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 40.
1880.
C. vesicaria vars. monile and jejuna Fernald, Rhodora 3:
53- 1901.
Wim Glabrous, culm slender, erect, 14°-3° tall, not spon
SS gy

at base, generally acutely angled and very rough above.
~ Leaves elongated, 13-3” wide, sometimes exceeding the
culm, little nodulose; bracts similar, often overtopping
"| the culm; staminate spikes 1-4, usually 2 or 3, slender-
} stalked, commonly subtended by short bracts; pistillate
#| \), spikes 1-3, erect-spreading, cylindric, 1-3’ long, about

f 3%” in diameter, many-flowered with perigynia in several
ve rows, rather loose at maturity, the upper sessile, the
lower more or less slender-stalked and remote; peri-
gynia yellowish-green, ascending, globose-ovoid, inflated,
23-4” long, rather strongly 8-1o-nerved, abruptly con-
tracted into a slender 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate,
acuminate or awned, shorter than perigynia; stigmas 3.

_ In marshes and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Saskatch-
ewan, south to New Jersey and Missouri. Also in Japan.
Intergradés with the next. June—Aug.

220. Carex vesicaria L. Inflated Sedge.
Fig. 1087.

Carex vesicaria L. Sp. Pl. 979. 1753.
Sates Vaseyi Dewey, Am. Journ, Sci. (II.) 29: 347.
1860,

Glabrous, culm slender, erect, 1°-3° tall, not
spongy at base, generally acutely angled and very
rough above. Leaves elongated, 14-3” wide,
about equalling the culm, little nodulose; bracts
similar, about equalling the culm; staminate spikes
2-4, slender-stalked, commonly subtended by short
bracts; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually 2, erect, ses-
sile or short-peduncled, oblong-cylindric, 1-24’
long, 44-74” thick, closely many-flowered, the
perigynia in several rows; perigynia yellowish-
green, ascending, ovoid, inflated, 3’—4” long, rather
strongly 8-10-nerved, contracted into a slender
2-toothed beak; scales ovate, acute or acuminate,
narrower and shorter than perigynia; stigmas 3.

Quebec to British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania

and Ohio, Also in Europe, Asia and north Africa.
June-Aug.

28

434 CYPERACEAE. Vou. I.

221. Carex rotundata Wahl. Round-fruited
Sedge. Fig. 1088.

C. rotundata Wahl. Vet.-Acad. Handl. 24: 153. 1803.

Culms slender but stiff, obtusely triangular,
smooth below inflorescence, not filamentose at base,
6’-12° tall, caespitose but stoloniferous. Leaves 14”
wide or less, strongly involute, usually exceeding the
culm, not strongly nodulose, somewhat roughened
towards apex, the lowest bract short, strongly ex-
ceeded by culm, usually widely divergent; staminate
spikes 1-2, short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-2,
ascending, oblong, 5’-9” long, 4-5” wide, sessile
or very short-stalked; perigynia squarrose-spreading,
dark-tinged, obsoletely nerved, broadly ovoid, in-
flated, 2-3” long, abruptly contracted into a short
minutely 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, acute, nar-
rower and shcrter than perigynia, dark-tinged;
stigmas 3.

Arctic America and Greenland. Also in northern Eu-
rope and Asia. July—Aug.

222. Carex membranopacta Bailey. Fragile
Sedge. Fig. 1089.

Carex compacta R. Br. in Ross’ Voy. App. cxliii. 1819.
Not Krock. 1814.

Carex membranacea Hook. Parry’s 2d Voy. App. 406.
1825. Not Hoppe.

C. membranopacta Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 428. 1893.

Similar to the last, short-stoloniferous, the culms
caespitose, 6-18’ high. Leaves flat, not exceeding
the culm, 14-23” wide, the margin revolute; bracts
short, the lower commonly longer than its spike, the
upper subulate; staminate spikes 1-3, short-stalked;
pistillate spikes 1-3 (commonly 2), sessile or the
lower short-peduncled, approximate, narrowly ob-
long, densely 25-75-flowered, 6-15” long, 4” in diam-
eter; perigynia spreading, dark-tinged, broadly oval
to obovoid, fragile, much inflated, about 2” long and
1” wide, tipped with a short minutely bidentate beak,
little-nerved, rather longer than the ovate-oblong,
brownish, hyaline-margined scales; stigmas usually 3.

Greenland and north Labrador to Alaska. Summer.

223. Carex rostrata Stokes. Beaked Sedge.
Fig. 1090.

C. utriculata Boott; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 221. 1840.
C. rostrata Stokes ; With. Arrang. Brit. Pl. 2: 1059. 1787.

Glabrous, culms stout, erect, 1°-4° tall, thick at
base, generally obtusely angled and smooth above.
Leaves elongated, strongly nodulose, the upper
mostly exceeding the culm, 1”-6” wide, the midvein
prominent; bracts overtopping the culm; staminate
spikes 2-4, linear, stalked, the lower occasionally
pistillate at the top and usually subtended by a very
slender bract; pistillate spikes mostly 2 to 4, nearly
erect, cylindric, densely many-flowered, the peri-
gynia in many rows, or sometimes looser near the
base, 2’-6’ long, 3-10” thick, the lower short-
stalked, the upper sessile, sometimes staminate at
the summit; perigynia spreading when old, ovoid,
light green, somewhat inflated, few-nerved, 2”-4”
long, abruptly contracted into a short 2-toothed
beak; scales lanceolate, the lower awned and slightly
longer than the perigynia, the upper acute; stigmas 3.

Marshes, Labrador to British Columbia, Delaware, Ohio and California. Also in Europe and
Asia. June-Sept.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 435

224. Carex bullata Schk. Button Sedge. Fig. 1091.

Carex bullata Schk.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 309. 1805.
Carex Olneyi Boott, Ill. Car. 1: 15. 1858.

Carex Greenii Boeck. Flora 41: 649. 1858.

C. bullata var. Greenii Fernald, Rhodora 8: 202. 1906,

Glabrous, culms slender, erect, 1°-34° high, roughened above
on the sharp angles. Leaves and’bracts narrow and elongated,
rather stiff, commonly overtopping the culm, rarely more than
2” wide, rough- margined, sparingly nodulose ; staminate spikes
mostly 2, long- stalked ; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually 2, light green,
varying from. almost sessile to long- stalked and spreading, many-
flowered, oblong to cylindric, 2’ long, 43”-9” in diameter;
Beeyeia much inflated, strongly nerved, dull or shining, ovoid,

-4” long, ascending-spreading, contracted into a subulate
fongh 2-toothed beak, longer than the lanceolate acuminate to
obtusish scale; stigmas 3.

In swamps, Maine to Georgia. June-Aug.

225. Carex Tuckermani Dewey. Tuckerman’s Sedge. Fig. 1092.
C. Tuckermani Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 49: 48. 1845.

Glabrous, culm very slender, roughened above on
the angles, erect, 14°-34° tall. Leaves and bracts
much elongated, commonly much overtopping the
culm, 14-24” wide, more or less nodulose; stami-
nate ‘spikes 2 or 3; pistillate spikes stout, cylindric,
1-2’ long, 6-9” in diameter, the upper sessile or
nearly so, the lower stalked and usually spreading;
perigynia very much inflated and_bladder-like,
shining, broadly ovoid, prominently few-nerved,
ascending, abruptly contracted into a smooth subu-
late 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, acute to
short-cuspidate, less than half as long as the peri-
gynia; achenes prominently excavated in middle;
stigmas 3.

In bogs and meadows, New Brunswick to Minnesota,
south to New Jersey, Indiana and Iowa. June-Aug.

226. Carex retrérsa Schwein. Retrorse Sedge. Fig. 1093.

C. retrorsa Schwein. Ann, Lyc. N. Y.1:71. 1824.
Carex Hartii Dewey, Am. Journ, Sci. (II.) 41: 226.
1866,

Glabrous, culm stout, erect, smooth or slightly
rough above, 1°-34° tall. Leaves much elongated,
thin, rough-margined, nodulose, 24’—5’’ wide, the
upper commonly exceeding the culm, the bracts
similar, usually very strongly overtopping the culm;
staminate spikes 1-3, short-stalked; pistillate spikes
3-8, ascending or spreading, all close together at the
summit and sessile or very nearly so, or the lowest
distant and stalked, cylindric, densely many-flowered,

1-3’ long, 7’-10” in diameter; perigynia ovoid,
membranous, strongly few-nerved, yellowish green,

3h"-5” long, the lowest at least reflexed at maturity,
ss into a subulate 2-toothed beak; scales lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate, smooth, one-third to
one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Brit-
ish Columbia, south to Pennsylvania, Iowa and Oregon.
Very variable. Aug.—Sept.

436 CYPERACEAE. Vo. I.

227. Carex oligospérma Michx. Fevw-seeded
Sedge. Fig. 1094.
Carex oligosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 174. 1803.

Glabrous, culms very slender, erect, rather stiff,
12°-3° tall, long-stoloniferous. Leaves about 13”
wide, not exceeding the culm, involute when old;
bracts similar, overtopping the culm; staminate spike
stalked, narrowly linear; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, sub-
globose or short-oblong, 5’—10” long, sessile or the
lower short-stalked, 5-15-flowered, or the upper some-
times reduced to I or 2 perigynia and with a stami-
nate summit; perigynia ovoid, erect, inflated, strongly
few-nerved, yellowish green, shining, 23” long, about
13” in diameter, contracted into a minutely 2-toothed
beak; scales acute or slightly mucronate, much
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Labrador and Newfoundland to the North-
west Territory, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania
and Michigan. June-Sept. Ascends to 4ooo ft, in the
Adirondacks.

228. Carex lurida Wahl. Sallow Sedge. Fig. 1095.
C. lurida Wahl. Kongl. Acad. Handl. (II.) 24: 153. 1803.
Carex tentaculata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 266. 1805.
C. tentaculata var. parvula Paine, Cat. Pl. Oneida 105.
1865.
Carex lurida var. flaccida Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 73.
1889.
Carex lurida var. parvula (Paine) Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club

20: 418. 1893.
Carex lurida var. exundans Bailey; Britt. & Brown, Ill. FI.

I: 299. 1896.

Glabrous, culms erect, smooth or slightly scabrous
above, 63° tall. Leaves elongated, rough, 2’—3%'’
wide, the upper and the similar bracts usually much
overtopping the culm; staminate spike usually solitary,
elongated, from nearly sessile to long-stalked; pistillate
spikes 1-4, globose to oblong-cylindric, densely many-
flowered, 4’-23’ long, 7”-10” in diameter, the upper ses-
sile and erect, the lower peduncled and erect, spreading
or drooping; perigynia inflated, shining, ovoid, strongly
about 10-ribbed, contracted into a long subulate beak,
ascending or the lower spreading, 3”-43” long, thin,
yellowish green, longer than the rough-awned scale;
stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Very
variable. June—Oct.

229. Carex Baileyi Britton. Bailey’s Sedge. Fig. 1006.

Carex tentaculata var. gracilis Boott, Ill. 94. 1860. Not
C. gracilis R. Br. 1810.
Carex Baileyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 220. 1895.

Glabrous, culms erect, slender, minutely scabrous
above, 1°-2° tall. Leaves roughish, elongated, 1-2”
wide, the upper and the similar bracts exceeding the
culm; staminate spike solitary, more or less strongly
peduncled; pistillate spikes 1-3, narrowly cylindric,
densely many-flowered, all erect or ascending, 9-2’
long, about 4-6” in diameter, the upper sessile, the
lower more or less stalked; perigynia inflated, ovoid,
23-3” long, ascending, abruptly contracted into a
subulate 2-toothed beak about as long as body, promi-
nently about 10-ribbed, the lower about equalling, the
upper longer than the linear-subulate rough-awned
scale; stigmas 3.

Bogs, Maine and Vermont to Virginia and Tennessee.
June—Aug. b

il

pr he aa

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 437
230. Carex Schweinitzii Dewey. Schweinitz’s Sedge: Fig. 1097.

Carex Schweinitzii Dewey; Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.
Mis 7te 1824.

Glabrous, light green, culm erect, roughish above,
1°-2%° tall, from long-creeping rootstocks. Leaves
elongated, 23-5” wide, the lower ones and the
similar bracts commonly overtopping the culm, those
of the culm mostly shorter; staminate spike solitary
or sometimes 2, slender-peduncled, the scales scarcely
awned; pistillate spikes 2-5, ascending, linear-cylin-
dric, not very densely flowered, 14’-34’ long, about
4’-7” thick, the upper usually sessile, the lower
stalked; perigynia light green, thin, somewhat in-
flated, ovoid-conic or oblong, contracted into the sub-
ulate, 2-toothed beak, 23’—-33” long and 1” in diam-
eter, ascending, rather prominently several-nerved,
equalling or the upper longer than the broad-based,
somewhat rough-awned or scabrous scale; stigmas 3.

In swamps and bogs, Vermont to Ontario, south to
Connecticut, New Jersey and Missouri. June—Aug.

231. Carex hystricina Muhl. Porcupine Sedge. Fig. 1008.

Carex hystricina Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 282. 1805.
C. Cooleyi Dew. Am, Journ. Sci. 48: 144. 1845.

C. hystricina Dudleyi Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 54. 1889.

Caespitose, glabrous, light green, culms slender, erect,
rough above, 1°-3° tall, strongly reddened and occasionally
scabrous on lower sheaths. Leaves elongated, scabrous,
14-4” wide, the upper and the similar bracts overtopping
the culm; staminate spike slender-stalked, the scales rough-
awned; pistillate spikes 1-4, oblong or oblong-cylindric,
densely many-flowered, 4’-23’ long, 5’-7” in diameter, the
upper sessile or nearly so, the lower slender-stalked and
spreading or drooping; perigynia greenish, ascending, some-
what inflated, ovoid-conic, 24’-34” long, strongly 15-20-
nerved, contracted into the subulate 2-toothed beak, equal-
ling or the upper longer than the narrow rough-awned
scales; achene obovoid; stigmas 3.

In swamps and low meadows, Newfoundland to Alberta,
south to Georgia, New Mexico and Arizona. June—Aug.

232. Carex Psetido-Cypérus L. Cyperus-like
Sedge. Fig. 1099.
Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. Sp. Pl. 978. 1753.

Glabrous, culms rather stout, rough on the sharp
angles, at least above, 2°-33° high. Leaves elongated,
rough on the margins, nodulose, 2-5” wide, the
upper and the similar bracts overtopping the culm;
staminate spike short-stalked, the scales rough-awned ;
pistillate spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric, densely many-
flowered, all slender-stalked and spreading or
drooping, 1’-2}’ long, 4-6” in diameter; perigynia
rigid, short-stipitate, scarcely inflated, lanceolate,
prominently and closely many-ribbed, somewhat flat-
tened and triangular, at length reflexed, tapering into
a short 2-toothed beak, the short teeth slightly
spreading; scales linear with a broad base, rough-
awned, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In bogs, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to Con-
necticut, New York and Michigan. Also in Europe and
Asia, June-Aug.

438 CYPERACEAE. Vor. L.

233. Carex comosa Boott. Bristly Sedge. Fig. 1100.

C. furcata Ell. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 2: 552. 1824. Not
Lapeyr. 1813.

Carex comosa Boott, Trans, Linn. Soc. 20: 117. 1846.

Carex Eeteut OCP TMS var. comosa Boott, Ill. Car. 4:
141. 1867.

Carex Pseudo-Cyperus var. americana Hochst.; Bailey,
Mem. Torr. Club 1: 54. 1889.

Similar to the preceding species, culms commonly
stouter, sometimes 5° high, the leaves 3-7” wide.
Staminate spike short-stalked, the scales rough-
awned; pistillate spikes 2-6, usually 3-5, stalked or
the uppermost nearly sessile, all spreading or droop-
ing, stouter and bristly, 6-7” in diameter; perigynia
lanceolate, rigid, scarcely inflated, somewhat flattened
and triangular, strongly reflexed when mature, short-
stipitate, tapering into a slender, prominently
2-toothed beak, the teeth subulate and recurved-
spreading; scales mostly shorter than the perigynia,
very rough-awned; stigmas 3.

In swamps and along the borders of ponds, Nova
Scotia to Washington, south to Florida, Louisiana and
California. May—Oct.

234. Carex Frankii Kunth. Frank’s Sedge.
Fig. 1101.

Carex stenolepis Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 420. 1836. Not
Less. 1831.
Carex Frankii Kunth, Enum. 2: 498. 1837.

Glabrous, much tufted, culms stout, smooth, erect,
very leafy, 1°-23° tall. Leaves elongated, roughish,
13”-4” wide, the upper ones and especially the similar
bracts overtopping the culm; staminate spike stalked
or nearly sessile, occasionally pistillate at the summit,
often small and inconspicuous; pistillate spikes 3-6,
exceedingly dense, cylindric, erect, 3-13’ long, about 4”
in diameter, the upper nearly or quite sessile, the lower
slender-stalked; perigynia green, slightly inflated, 2”
long, about 1” in diameter, few-nerved, obconic, with a
depressed summit from which arises the subulate
2-toothed beak; scales linear-subulate, very rough,
longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, eastern Pennsylvania to
eastern Virginia and Georgia, west to Illinois, Missouri,
Louisiana and Texas. June—Sept.

235. Carex squarrosa L. Squarrose Sedge.
Fig. 1102.
Carex squarrosa L. Sp. Pl. 973. 1753.

Glabrous, culms slender, erect, rough above on the
angles, 2°-3° tall. Leaves elongated, 13-3” wide,
rough-margined, the upper somewhat overtopping
the culm; bracts similar; spikes 1-3, generally 1,
erect, stalked, oval, exceedingly dense, the pistillate
portion 7-15” long, 6’—11” in diameter, the upper
one club-shaped, staminate at the base or sometimes
for one-half its length or more; perigynia yellowish
green, becoming tawny, squarrose or the lowest re-
flexed, somewhat inflated but firm, obovoid, about
14” in diameter, few-nerved, truncately contracted
into the subulate minutely 2-toothed beak, twice as
long as the scarious, lanceolate acuminate or awn-
tipped scales; achene linear-oblong, 13” long, taper-
ing into the stout, strongly flexuous style; stigmas 3.

In swamps and bogs, Ontario to Connecticut, Mich-
igat Nebraska, Georgia, Louisiana and Arkansas. June—
Sept.

GENUS 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 439

236. Carex typhina Michx. Cat-tail Sedge.
Fig. 1103.

Carex typhina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 169. 1803.

Carex typhinoides Schwein. Ann. Lyc. 1: 66. 1824.

Carex squarrosa var. typhinoides Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. |
II: 316. 1826. |

Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves gen-
erally much broader, 2-5” wide, the similar bracts
much overtopping the culm; spikes 1-6, generally
three, oblong-cylindric, yery dense, the pistillate por-
tion 1-1} long, 4-8” in diameter, often staminate at
both ends, the terminal one commonly tapering to a
conic summit; basal staminate flowers rather less
numerous than in C. squarrosa; perigynia dull straw-
color, obovoid, ascending or the lowest spreading or
reflexed, inflated, truncately contracted into the
slender 2-toothed beak, which is often upwardly bent;
scales oblong-lanceolate, obtusish ; achene obovoid, 14”
long, sharply 3-angled with concave sides, tipped with
the slender style.

In swamps, Quebec to Virginia, Louisiana, lowa and
Missouri. July—Aug.

237. Carex intuméscens Rudge. Bladder Sedge. Fig. 1104.

Carex intumescens Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 97. pl. 9. f.
3. 1804.

Carex intumescens Ferndldi Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club 20:
418. 1893.

Glabrous, culms slender, commonly tufted, erect,
14°-3° high. Leaves elongated, dark green, shorter
than or sometimes equalling the culm, roughish, 14”—
32” wide, the sheath a little prolonged; bracts similar,
overtopping the culm; staminate spike narrow, mostly
long-stalked ; pistillate spikes 2 (1-3), sessile or short-
stalked, globular or nearly so; perigynia 1-12, spread-
ing or the upper erect, 5’—10” long, much inflated,
about 24’ in diameter above the rounded base, many-
nerved, contracted into a subulate 2-toothed beak, the
‘teeth somewhat spreading at maturity; scales narrowly
lanceolate, aristate, or obtuse in few-flowered northern
plants, about one-half as long as the perigynia; stig-
mas 3.

In swamps, bogs and wet woods, Newfoundland to Mani-
toba, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-—Oct.

238. Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey. Gray’s Sedge. Fig. 1105.

Carex intumescens var. globularis A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.
3: 236. 1834. Not C. globularis L. 1753. :
Carex Grayi Carey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 4: 22. 1847. Not
C. Grayana Dewey, 1834. : ; i,
Carex Grayi hispidula A. Gray; Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club

I: 54. 1880. a
Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 427. 1893.

Glabrous, culms stout, erect, 2°-3° tall. Leaves elon-
gated, dark green, 24’-44” wide, the upper commonly
overtopping the culm, the sheath not prolonged; bracts
similar to the upper leaves, usually much overtopping
the culm, short-sheathing; staminate spike mostly long-
stalked; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, globose, dense, about 1
in diameter; perigynia 6-30, 6-9” long, ovoid, glabrous
or hispidulous, much inflated, many-ribbed, round-trun-
cate at base, about 33” in diameter above the base, con-
tracted into a sharp 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, obtuse
to slightly cuspidate, scarious, about one-third as long
as the perigynia; stigmas 3.

In swamps and wet meadows, Vermont to Michigan, south
to Georgia and Missouri. June-Sept.

440 CYPERACEAE. Vor. I.

239. Carex louisianica Bailey. Louisiana Sedge. Fig. 1100.

Carex Halei Carey ; Chapm. FI. S. States 543. 1860. Not
Dewey, 1846.

C. louisvanica Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 428. 1893.

C. Eggertii Bailey, Bot. Gaz, 21: 6. 1896.

Culms slender, erect, smooth or very nearly so, 1°-2°
tall, arising singly from elongated rootstocks. Leaves
1-23" wide, roughish, the upper overtopping the
spikes; bracts similar to the upper leaves, rough,
strongly sheathing; staminate spike solitary, long-
stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, oblong, about 1’ long, 8”—

1 12” thick, erect, the lower slender-stalked, the upper
nearly sessile; perigynia ovoid, much inflated, smooth,
strongly several-ribbed, shining when mature, 5-6”
long, about 23” in diameter at the rounded base, con-
tracted into the long 2-toothed beak, the small teeth
slightly spreading; scales oblong-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, about one-half as long as the perigynia;
stigmas 3.

Swamps, near Washington, south to Florida and Texas,
north in Mississippi Valley to Missouri. June—Sept.

240. Carex lupulina Muhl. Hop Sedge. Fig. 1107.

Carex lupulina Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 266. 1805.

Carex lupulina var. pedunculata Dewey, in Wood, Bot. &
Flor. 376. 187¢.

Carex lupulina Bella-villa Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 12.

1880.
C. Bella-villa Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 41: 229. 1866,

Glabrous, culms stout, erect, 1°-4° tall. Leaves elon-
gated, nodulose, 23’-8” wide, the upper ones and the
similar bracts much overtopping the culm; staminate
spike solitary, rarely several, nearly sessile or slender-
peduncled, rather stout; pistillate spikes 2-5, densely
many-flowered, sessile to long-stalked, oblong, 1-3’ long,
often 1’ or more in diameter; perigynia ascending, much
inflated, many-nerved, 5’—10” long, 2”—33” in diameter
just above the base, contracted into a subulate 2-toothed
beak; achene longer than thick, thickened but not
knobbed on angles; scales lanceolate, acuminate or
aristate, generally much shorter than perigynia; stig-
mas 3.

In swamps and ditches, New Brunswick to Hudson Bay,
western Ontario, Iowa, Florida and Texas. June—Sept.

241. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell. Hop-like Sedge. Fig. 1108.

Carex lupulina var. polystachya Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lyc.
I: 337. 1825. Not C. polystachya Sw.

Carex lupuliformis Sartw.; Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.)
9: 29. 1850.

Glabrous, culm stout, erect, 13°-3° tall. Leaves
and bracts similar to those of the preceding species,
much elongated; staminate spike solitary, stalked or
nearly sessile, sometimes 4’ long; pistillate spikes
3-6, stalked or the upper nearly sessile, densely many-
flowered, oblong-cylindric, 13-33’ long, 10-15” in
diameter, often staminate at the top; perigynia
yellowish brown at maturity, at first appressed, later
ascending, sessile, much inflated, several-nerved, 5’—
10” long, 23-33” in diameter above the base, con-
tracted into a subulate 2-toothed beak; achene often
thicker than long, its angles strongly knobbed; scales
lanceolate, awned, generally shorter than the peri-

gynia.

Swamps, Vermont to Minnesota, south to Delaware
and Louisiana. June—Sept.

Genus 18. SEDGE FAMILY. 44!

242. Carex gigantéa Rudge. Large Sedge.
Fig. 1109.

C. gigantea Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: go. pl. 10. f. 2. 1804,
Carex grandis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club 1: 13. 1889.

Glabrous, culms slender, erect, 2°-3° high, long-
stoloniferous. Leaves rather dark green, elongated,
33-8” wide, the uppermost sometimes surpassing the
culm; lower bracts similar to the leaves, much overtop- |
ping the culm, strongly sheathing; staminate spikes 1-3, }
sessile or peduncled; pistillate spikes 2-5, all stalked or
the upper sessile, cylindric, 1-3’ long, about 1’ thick, |
sometimes staminate at the summit; perigynia much
swollen at the base, and 2’-3” in diameter, 6-9” long, \\
many-nerved, spreading at right angles at maturity, 3-4
times as long as the scarious lanceolate acuminate or
aristate scale, abruptly contracted into a subulate
2-toothed beak 2-3 times as long as body; stigmas 3.

In swamps, Delaware to Kentucky and Missouri, south to
Florida, Louisiana and Texas. June—Aug.

19. CYMOPHYLLUS Mackenzie.

A perennial sedge with short rootstocks and flattened culms. Culms with four to six
overlapping striate bladeless sheaths, and after flowering developing one large blade-bearing
leaf without sheath, ligule or midrib, and with undulate margins appearing minutely serrulate.
Spike one, bractless, androgynous, the flowers monoecious, solitary in the axils of the scales.
Perianth none. Staminate flower of three stamens, the filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers
of a single pistil, style and three stigmas enveloped by a bladder-like perigynium. Achene
triangular. Racheola often developed. [Greek, referring to the undulate-margined leaves.]
‘A monotypic genus of the southeastern United States.

1. Cymophyllus Fraseri (Andr.) Mackenzie.
Fraser’s Sedge. Fig. 1110.

Carex Fraseri Andr. Bot. Rep. pl. 639. 1811.
Carex Fraseriana Sims, Bot. Mag. pl. 1397. 1811.

Glabrous, culms smooth, slender, reclining, 6’-18'
long. Developed leaves 8-16’ long, 1’-2’ wide,
without midvein, sheath or ligule, perfectly flat, firm,
spreading, finely many-nerved, subacute at the apex,
their margins usually finely crumpled in drying, one
to a culm, developed only after flowering; lower
culm-leaves reduced to clasping basal sheaths; spike
solitary, bractless, androgynous, 4’-1’ long, the pistil-
late portion dense, nearly #’ in diameter in fruit;
perigynia elliptic-ovoid, milk-white at maturity, di-
verging, thin and somewhat swollen, faintly nerved,
23-3” long and rather more than 1” in diameter,
tipped with a short nearly truncate beak; scales
ovate, obtusish, much shorter than the perigynia;
stigmas 3.

In rich woods, southwestern Virginia, West Virginia,
eastern Tennessee and North Carolina. May-July.

Family 12. ARACEAE Neck. Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. 2: 462. 1770.
AruM FaAmicy.

Herbs mostly with basal long-petioled simple or compound leaves, and spatha-
ceous inflorescence, the spathe enclosing or subtending a spadix. Rootstock
tuberous or a corm, in our species mostly with an acrid or pungent sap. Spadix
very densely flowered, ‘the staminate flowers above, the pistillate below, or the
plants wholly dioecious, or with perfect flowers in some species. Perianth want-
ing, or of 4-6 scale-like segments. Stamens 4-10 in our species; filaments very
short ; anthers 2-celled, commonly with a thick truncate connective, the sacs open-
ing by dorsal pores or slits. Ovary 1-several-celled ; ovules 1-several in each cell;
style short or wanting ; stigma terminal, mostly minute and sessile. Fruit a berry
or utricle. Seeds various. Endosperm copious, sparse or none.

About 105 genera and goo species, mostly of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones.
Flowers without a perianth.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne at the base of the spadix, 1. Arisaema,
Flowers monoecious, covering the whole spadix. 2. Peltandra.

=

442 ARACEAE. Vor. I.

I'lowers perfect. 3 Calla.
Flowers with a perianth.

Spadix enclosed in a Shell-like fleshy spathe. , 4. Spathyema,

Spadix naked, terminating the scape. 5. Orontium.

Spadix naked, borne at the base of a leaf-like spathe. 6. Acorus.

1. ARISAEMA Mart. Flora 14: 459. 1831.

Perennial herbs with acrid corms, simple scapes and 1 to 3 slender-petioled divided
leaves unfolding with the flowers. Spadix included or exserted, bearing the flowers near its
base. Spathe convolute, open or contracted at the throat. Flowers dioecious or monoe-
cious, without any perianth, the staminate of 4 almost sessile 2-4-celled anthers which open
by confluent slits at the apex, the pistillate with an ovoid or globose 1-celled ovary contain-
ing 1 or many orthotropous oyules; style short or none, stigma peltate-capitate. Fruit a
cluster of globose red berries, conspicuous when ripe. Seeds with copious endosperm and an
axial embryo. [Greek, referring to the red-blotched leaves of some species.]

About 50 species, mostly natives of temperate and subtropical Asia. Besides the following, 2
other species occur in the Southern States. Type species: drum nepenthoides Wall.

Spathe hooded, open at the throat, enclosing the spadix.

Leaves pale beneath ; spadix club-shaped. 1. A. triphyllum.
Leaves green on both sides; spadix cylindric.
Spathe smooth, deep brown to black. 2. A. pusillwmn.
Spathe fluted, green or striped. 3. A. Stewardsonii.
Spathe convolute ; summit of the spadix exserted. 4. A. Dracontium.

1. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Jack-in-
the-pulpit. Indian Turnip. Fig. 1111.

NN

Arum triphyllum L. Sp. Pl. 965. 1753.
Arisaema atrorubens Blume, Rumphia 1: 97. 1835.
Arisaema triphyllum Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 239. 1843.

Leaves I or 2, nearly erect, 10’'-3° high, usually
exceeding the scape, 3-foliolate, the segments ovate,
entire, or sometimes lobed, acute rounded or nar-
rowed at the base, 3-7’ long, 14-34’ wide, sessile
or very short-stalked; flowers commonly dioecious,
yellow, borne on the basal part of the spadix; spadix
2’-3' long, its naked summit blunt, colored; spathe
green, and purple-striped, curving in a broad flap
over the top of the spadix, acuminate; filaments very
short and thick; ovaries crowded; ovules 5 or 6;
berries smooth, shining, about 5” in diameter, form-
ing a dense ovoid head 1-3’ long.

In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Florida,
Ontario, Minnesota, Kansas and Louisiana. Ascends to
sooo ft.in North Carolina. April-June. Fruit ripe June-
July. The acrid bulb made edible by boiling. Three-
leaved Indian turnip; Marsh, Pepper or Wild turnip.
Bog-onion. Brown-dragon. Wake-robin, Starchwort.

2. Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash.
Peck’s Jack-in-the-pulpit. Fig. 1112.

Arisaema triphyllwm pusillum Peck, Rep. N. Y.
State Mus. 51: 297. 1808.

Arisaema pusillum Nash; Britton, Man. 229. 1901.

Leaves 2 or sometimes 1, erect, mostly 8’-15’
high, 3-foliolate, the segments elliptic, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, entire, mostly dull, acumi-
nate, or sometimes merely acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base,~2’—5’ long, #13’ wide,
sessile or nearly so; spadix 1-2’ long, the
upper portion cylindric; spathe deep brown to
black, the lower portion even, the apex short-
acuminate; berries shining, 2’—24” in diameter,
forming an ovoid head less than 1’ in di-
ameter.

In bogs, New York to Georgia and Kentucky.
May-July.

- fluted, the apex rather long-acuminate; berries

GENUS 1. ARUM FAMILY. 443

3. Arisaema Stewardsonii Britton.
Stewardson Brown’s Indian Tur-
nip. Fig. 1113.

Arisaema Stewardsonii Britton, Man. Ed, 2, 1057.
1905.

Leaves 2, or I in the case of small plants,
1°-23° high, 3-foliolate, the segments lanceo-
late to ovate-lanceolate, erose-crenulate, shin-
ing, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, 12/-8’ long, 17-3’ wide, sessile or nearly ©
so; spadix 14’-2’ long, the upper portion cylin-
dric; spathe green or striped, the lower portion

shining, 4-5” in diameter, forming an ovoid
head over 1’ in diameter

In wet woods, often among sphagnum, moun-
tains of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Reported
from New England. June—Aug.

4. Arisaema Dracontium (L.) Schott. Green Dragon. Dragon-root. Fig. 1114.

Arum Dracontium L. Sp. Pl. 964. 1753.
Arisaema Dracontium Schott, Melet. 1: 17. 1832.

Corms clustered. Leaves usually solitary, 8-4°
long, pedately divided into 5-17 segments, much longer
than the scape; segments obovate or oblong, 3’-10'
long, 9-4’ wide, abruptly acute at the apex, narrowed
to a sessile or nearly sessile base, entire or the lateral
ones somewhat lobed; scape sheathed by membranous
scales at the base; spathe greenish or whitish, narrowly
convolute, acuminate, 1-2” long, enwrapping the spadix,
the upper part of which tapers into a slender appendage
exserted 17-7’ beyond its apex; inflorescence of the
staminate plant nearly as long as the tubular part of
the spathe; in the monoecious plant the pistillate
flowers are borne on the lower part of the spadix;
ovary turbinate, with 6-8 bottle-shaped ovules; stigmas
depressed ; berries reddish-orange in large ovoid heads.

Mostly in wet woods and along streams, but sometimes
in dry soil, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to
~, Florida, Kansas and Texas. May-June.

2. PELTANDRA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 103. 1810.

Bog herbs, with entire sagittate acute or acuminate leaves, the long petioles sheathing
the shorter scape at the base. Spathe elongated, convolute, or expanded above. Flowers
monoecious, covering the whole spadix. Perianth none. Staminate flowers uppermost,
consisting at first of irregularly 4-sided oblong flat-topped shields, from the edges of which
appear 6-10 imbedded anthers opening by apical pores, the shields ultimately shrivelling
and leaving the linear-oblong anthers nearly free. Ovaries ovoid, surrounded at base by 4
or § white fleshy scale-like staminodia, 1-celled; ovules solitary or few, amphitropous; style
erect, short, thick, tipped with a small stigma. Fruit a green or red berry, 1-3-seeded, when
ripe forming large globose heads at the extremity of the finally recurved scape, and enclosed
in the persistent leathery base of the spathe. Seeds surrounded by a tenacious jelly; endo-
sperm none. [Greck, referring to the shield-shaped staminate disks.]

The genus consists of two species, the following one being the type; the other inhabits marshes
and springs from North Carolina to Florida.

ARACEAE. Woe, i,

1. Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. Green
Arrow-arum. Fig. 1115.

Arum virginicum L. Sp. Pl. 966. 1753.
Peltandra undulata Raf. Journ. Phys, 89: 103. 1819.
Peltandra virginica Kunth, Enum. 3: 43. 1841.

Leaves bright green, somewhat hastate-sagit-
tate, 4/-30’ long, 3’-S’ wide, acute or acuminate
at the apex, firm, strongly veined. Root a tuft
of thick fibers; scape nearly as long as the leaves,
recurving and immersing the fruiting spadix at
maturity; spathe green, 4’-8’ long, long-conic,
closely investing the spadix throughout, the
strongly involute margins undulate; spadix
shorter than the spathe, the pistillate flowers
covering about one-fourth of its length, the rest
occupied by staminate flowers; ovaries globose-
ovoid; style nearly 4” long; stigmas a little
thicker than the style; berries green when ripe.

In swamps or shallow water, Maine to Ontario,
Michigan, Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. Poison-
arum. Virginia wake-robin. May-June.

Peltandra sagittaefolia (Michx.) Morong, admitted into our first edition, differs from P. vir-
ginica in a dilated spathe with a whitish summit; it is not definitely known north of North Carolina.

3. CALLA L. Sp. Pl. 968. 1753.

A bog herb with slender acrid rootstocks, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular cordate
leaves, and a large white persistent spathe. Spathe ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate,
open. Spadix cylindric, much shorter than the spathe, densely covered with flowers.
Flowers perfect or the very uppermost staminate; perianth none. Stamens about 6; fila-
ments linear, longer than the anthers; anther-sacs divaricate, opening by slits. Ovary
ovoid, 1-celled; style very short; stigma small, flat, circular. Ovules 6-9, anatropous.
Berries obconic, depressed. Seeds hard, smooth, oblong, striate toward the micropyle and
pitted at the other end. Endosperm copious. [An ancient name, taken from Pliny.]

A monotypic genus of the cooler portions of the
north temperate zone.

1. Calla palustris L. Water Arum. Wild
Calla. Fig. 1116.
Calla palustris L. Sp. Pl. 968. 1753-

Petioles 4’-8’ long, spreading or ascending.
Blades thick, entire, 12-4’ wide, cuspidate or
abruptly acute at the apex, deeply cordate at the
base; scapes as long as the petioles, sheathed at
the base; rootstocks covered with sheathing scales
and with fibrous roots at the nodes; spathe 1/23’
long and about 1’ wide, with an abruptly acumi-
nate involute apex; spadix about 1’ long; berries
red, distinct, few-seeded, forming a large head
when mature.

In bogs, Nova Scotia to Hudson Bay, Minnesota,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Iowa.
Reported from Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia.
Female or water-dragon. Water-lily. Swamp-robin.
May-June. Fruit ripe July—Aug.

4. SPATHYEMA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.)
5: 352. 1808.
[SympLocareus Salisb.; Nutt. Gen. 1: 105. 1818.]

A fetid herb, with large ovate cordate leaves, thick straight rootstocks and a short erect
partly underground scape. Spathe swollen, shell-like, thick, pointed, completely enclosing
the spadix. Spadix globose or oblong, short-stalked, entirely covered by the perfect flowers.
Perianth of 4 hooded sepals. Filaments slightly dilated; anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse,
opening longitudinally. Ovary nearly buried in the tissue of the spadix, 1-celled with a soli-
tary suspended anatropous ovule. Style pyramidal, 4-sided, thick, elongated; stigma minute.
Berries immersed in the spongy axis of the spadix, becoming adnate to the succulent peri-
anth in ripening, 1-seeded, forming large heads. Seeds large. Embryo large, fleshy; endo-
sperm none. [Greek, referring to the spathe.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America and northeastern Asia.

GENUS 4. ARUM FAMILY.

1. Spathyema foétida (L.) Raf. Skunk Cab-
bage. Fig. 1117.

Dracontium foetidum L. Sp. Pl. 967. 1753.

Spathyema foetida Raf, Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808,

Symplocarpus foetidus Nutt. Gen. 1: 106, 1818.

Leaves numerous, in large crowns, 1°-3° long, often
1° wide, strongly nerved, abruptly acute at the apex,
thin, entire, their petioles deeply channeled. Root-
stock thick, descending, terminating in whorls of fleshy
fibers; spathe preceding the leaves, erect, 3-6’ high,
1-3’ in diameter at the base, convolute, firm; purple-
brown to greenish yellow, often mottled, its short scape
usually subterranean, spadix about 1’ in diameter in
flower, greatly enlarging and sometimes 6’ in diameter
in fruit; mature seeds 4-6” long.

In swamps and wet soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and
Minnesota, North Carolina and Iowa. Feb.—April. Skunk-
weed. Meadow, Swamp- or Clumpfoot-cabbage. Pole-cat
weed, Polk-weed, Collard. Fruit ripe Aug.—Sept.

5. ORONTIUM L. Sp. Pl. 324. 1753.

Aquatic herbs, with thick rootstocks buried in the mud, oblong-elliptic nerved leaves
without a distinct midvein, and slender terete scapes terminated by a cylindric spadix.
Spathe enclosing the spadix when very young, soon parting and remaining as a sheathing
bract at its base, or falling away. Flowers perfect, bright yellow, covering the whole
spadix. Sepals 4-6, scale-like, imbricated upon the ovary (lower flowers commonly with 6,
upper with 4). Stamens as many as the sepals; filaments linear, wider than the anthers,
abruptly narrowed above; anthers small, with two diverging sacs opening by oblique slits.
Ovary partly imbedded in the axis of the spadix, depressed, obtusely angled, 1-celled; ovule
solitary, half-anatropous; stigma sessile. Fruit a green utricle. Endosperm none; embryo
long-stalked. [Ancient name of some water plant, said to be from the Syrian river Orontes.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

1. Orontium aquaticum L. Golden-club. Floating
Arum. Fig. 1118.

Orontium aquaticum L. Sp. Pl. 324. 1753.

Leaves ascending or floating, depending on the depth of
water, deep dull green above, pale beneath, the blade 5’-12’
long, 2’-5’ wide, entire, acute or cuspidate at the apex,
narrowed at the base into a petiole 4-20’ long. Scape
6’-24' long, flattened near the spadix; spadix 1-2" long,
3-4” in diameter, frequently attenuate at the summit,
much thickened in fruit; spathe bract-like, 2-4’ long,
2-keeled on the back; usually falling away early; utricle
depressed, roughened on top with 9 or 10 tubercles.

In swamps and ponds, Massachusetts to central Pennsyl-
vania, south to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast.
Ascends to 2000 ft. on the Pocono plateau of Pennsylvania.
Water-dock. Tawkin. April-May.

6. ACORUS L. Sp. Pi. 324. 1753.

Erect herbs, with very long horiontal branched rootstocks, sword-shaped leaves, and
3-angled scapes keeled on the back and channeled in front, and a seemingly lateral cylindric
spadix, the scape appearing as if extending long beyond it, but this upper part is in reality
a spathe. Flowers perfect, densely covering the whole spadix. Perianth of 6 membranous
concave sepals. Stamens 6; filaments flattened, much longer than the anthers; anthers reni-
form or sagittate, 2-celled, the cells confluent at maturity. Ovary oblong, 2-4-celled with
2-8 orthotropous ovules in each cell; stigma sessile, depressed-capitate. Fruit a 2-3-celled
gelatinous berry, few-seeded. Endosperm copious. [Name ancient.]

Two known species, the following widely distributed in the north temperate zone, the other
Japanese. The following is the generic type.

ARACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Acorus CalamusL. Sweet Flag. Calamus
or Flag-root. Fig. 1119.
Acorus Calamus L, Sp. Pl. 324. 1753.

Leaves linear, erect, 2°-6° tall and 1’ wide or less,
sharp-pointed and sharp-edged, with a rigid mid-
vein running their whole length, 2-ranked, closely
sheathing each other and the ‘scape below. Spathe
a leaf-like extension of the scape projecting 8’-30°
beyond the spadix; spadix spike-like, 2’-33" long,
about 3’ in diameter, compactly covered with minute
greenish-yellow flowers.

In swamps and along streams, Nova Scotia to Ontario
and Minnesota, south to Louisiana and Kansas. Also in
Europe and Asia. In our territory fruit is rarely, if
ever, formed. The hard ovary is usually found to be
imperfect, with 2 or 3 abortive cells and ovules. The
plant is propagated by its large rootstocks, which furnish
the drug Calamus. Interior of stalk sweet. Myrtle-
flag, -sedge or -grass. Sweet-myrtle. Sedge-grass, -cane,
-root or -rush. Sea-sedge. Beewort. May-July.

Family 133. LEMNACEAE Dumort. Fl. Belg. 147. 1827.
DucKWEED FAMILY.

Minute perennial floating aquatic plants, without leaves or with only very
rudimentary ones. The plant body consists of a disc-shaped, elongated or irreg-
ular thallus, which is loosely cellular, densely chlorophyllous and sometimes bears
one or more rootlets. The vegetative growth is by lateral branching, the branches
being but slightly connected by slender stalks and soon separating. In the autumn
these disconnected branches fall to the bottom of the ditch or pond, but rise and
again increase in size in the spring. The inflorescence consists of one or more
naked monoecious flowers borne on the edge or upper surface of the plant. Each
flower commonly consists of but a single stamen or a single flask-shaped pistil.
The anther has two to four pollen-sacs, containing spherical minutely barbellate
grains. The pistil is narrowed to the funnel-shaped scar-like stigmatic apex, and
produces 1-6 erect or inverted ovules. The fruit is a 1-6-seeded utricle.

Comprises the smallest of the flowering plants and contains 4 genera and about 26 species.
Thallus with one root or several.

Roots several. 1. Spirodela.

Root solitary. 2. Lemna.
Thallus rootless.

Thallus thick, globose to subcylindric. 3. Wolffa.

Thallus thin, ligulate. 4. Wolffiella,

1. SPIRODELA Schleid. Linnaea 13: 391. 1830.

Thallus disc-shaped, 7-12-nervyed. The thinly-capped rootlets as well as the nerves are

provided with a single bundle of vascular tissue.
Spathe sac-like. Anthers 2-celled. The ovary produces
two anatropous ovules. Fruit rounded, wing-margined.
[Greek, in allusion to the cluster of rootlets. ]

Two American species and S. oligorhiza, a native of
southern Asia, Australia and the Fiji Islands. The follow-
ing is the type of the genus.

1. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Greater
Duckweed. Fig. 1120.

Lemna polyrhiza L. Sp. Pl. 970. 1753.

Spirodela polyrhiza Schleid. Linnaea 13: 392. 1839.

”

Thallus round-obovate, 2-5” long, thick, flat and
dark green above, slightly convex and purple beneath,
palmately 5-11-nerved. Each thallus bears a cluster of
from 5-11 elongated rootlets. Rootcap pointed.

In rivers, ponds, pools and shallow lakes, Nova Scotia to
British Columbia, south to South Carolina, Texas, north-
ern Mexico and Nevada. Also in Jamaica. Widely dis-
tributed in the Old World and i in tropical America. Seldom
collected in flower.

GENUS 2. DUCKWEED FAMILY. 447

,
2. LEMNA L. Sp. Pl. 970. 1753.

Thallus disc-shaped, usually provided with a central nerve and with or without two or
four lateral nerves. Each thallus produces a single rootlet, which is devoid of vascular tis-
sue and is commonly provided with a thin blunt or pointed rootcap. The ovary contains
from one to six orthotropous, amphitropous or anatropous ovules. Fruit ovoid, more or less
ribbed. Endosperm in one or three layers. [Greek, in allusion to the growth of these
small plants in swamps. ]

About 8 species, in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, Lemna angolensis is
a native of Lower Guinea. Type species: Lemna trisulca L,
Thalli long-stipitate. 1. L. trisulca,
Thalli short-stipitate or sessile. Pale
Spathe open.
Thalli 1-nerved or nerveless,
Thalli thin, without papules; rootcap strongly curved, tapering. 2. L. cyclostasa.
Thalli thick, with a row of papules along the nerves; rooteap little curved, cylindric.
3. L. minima.

Thalli 3-nerved ; rootcap cylindric. 4. L. perpusilla.
Spathe sac-like.

Thalli green or purplish beneath ; fruit not winged. 5. L. minor.

Thalli pale beneath, usually strongly gibbous; fruit winged. 6. L. gibba.

1. Lemna trisulca L. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Star
Duckweed. Fig. 1121.
Lemna trisulca L, Sp. Pl. 970. 1753.

Thallus lanceolate, submerged and devoid of stomata in
the primary aquatic form, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 6-9”
long, floating and provided with stomata in the later flower-
ing stage. The later and more common form is narrowed at
the base to a slender stipe, thin, denticulate, with or without
rootlets, and slightly 3-nerved. Several individuals often
remain connected, so as to form a chain-like series. Root-
cap pointed; fruit symmetrical; seed deeply 12-15-ribbed.

In ditches, springs, ponds, shallow lakes and sloughs, Nova Scotia
to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, New Mexico and Cali-
fornia. Also in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. July-Aug.

2. Lemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Valdivia Duck-
weed. Fig. 1122.
L, minor cyclostasa Ell. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 2: 518. 1824.

Lemna cyclostasa Chev. Fl. Paris 2: 256. 1827.
Lemna valdiviana Philippi, Linnaea 33: 239. 1864.

Thallus oblong-elliptical, 1-14” long, thin, subfalcate and
shortly stalked at the base, provided with numerous stomata,
except on the borders, nerveless; rootcap short-tapering,
curved; spathe reniform; fruit ovoid-oblong, unsymmetrical ;
seed prominently 12-29-ribbed.

In pools and rivers, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Illinois,
Wyoming and California. Also in Jamaica and in South America.
June-July.

‘

3. Lemna minima Philippi. Least Duckweed. Fig.
1123.

Lemna minima Philippi, Linnaea 33: 239. 1844.

' Thallus oblong to elliptic, 1-2’ long, obscurely 1-nerved,
or nerveless, with a row of papules along the nerve, the ))
lower surface flat, or slightly convex, the apex rounded;
rootcap usually short, a little curved, rarely perfectly straight,
cylindric, blunt; spathe open; pistil short-clavate; stigma

concave; ovule solitary, obliquely orthotropous; seed oblong,

pointed, about 16-ribbed, with many transverse striations. QW)

Georgia and Florida to Kansas, Wyoming and California.

448 LEMNACEAE. Vou. I.
4. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Minute Duckweed. Fig. 1124.

Lemna perpusilla Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 245. 1843.
L. paucicostata Hegelm. in A, Gray, Man, Ed. 5, 681. 1868.
L. perpusilla trinervis Austin, in A, Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 479. 1867.

Thallus small, 1-13” long, oblong to obovate, often purplish-
tinged beneath, unsymmetrical and abruptly narrowed to a very
short stalk, provided throughout with numerous stomata, more or
less 3-nerved; rootcap pointed; fruit ovoid, unsymmetrical; seed
12-16-ribbed, and transversely striated.

In ponds, rivers, springs and lakes, New York and, New Jersey to
Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. June-July.

Lemna minor L. Sp. Pl. 970. 1753.

Thallus obovate or subcircular, 17-3” long, thickish, rarely
reddish or purplish-tinged, short-stalked when young, provided
throughout with stomata, obscurely 3-nerved, very rarely 4-5-
nerved. Rootcap obtuse or subtruncate; fruit symmetrical, sub-
turbinate, wingless; seed with a prominent protruding hilum,
deeply and unequally 12-15-ribbed.

In ponds, lakes and stagnant waters, throughout continental North
America except the extreme north, and in the Bahamas. Also in
Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. Duck’s-meat. Toad-spit. Water
lentils. Mardling. Summer.

6. Lemna gibba L. Gibbous Duckweed. Fig. 1126.

Lemna gibba L. Sp. Pl. 970. 1753.

Thallus slightly unsymmetrical, obovate or short-obovate,
13-3” long, thickish or more or less strongly gibbous be-
neath, short-stalked when young, soon separating, provided
with stomata which are sparse beneath, obscurely 3-5-nerved;
rootcap mostly short-pointed, rarely long-pointed or obtuse;
fruit symmetrical, winged; seed thick, deeply and unequally

ribbed.

In ponds and rivers, Nebraska, Texas, Arizona and California.
Also in Mexico, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. June-July.

2.
is)

a. WOLFFIA Horkel ; Schleid. Linnaea, 13: 389. 1839.

Thallus small, globose, ovoid-oblong, subcylindric or irregular, rootless, nerveless and
leafless. The vegetative growth is from a cleft near one end of the plant, the branch being
mostly sessile and soon detached. The ovary contains one orthotropous ovule. Fruit spher-
ical or short-ovate, smooth. Endosperm in a single layer. [Name in honor of Nath. Matth.
v. Wolff, 1724-1784, Polish physician and naturalist.]

A genus of few species, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Lemna
hyalina Delile.

Thallus globose to ellipsoid, not punctate. 1. W.columbiana,
Thallus flattened above, at least on the margin, brown-punctate.
Apex of thallus acute. 2. W. punctata.

A large conic papule on the upper surface. 3. W. papulifera.

GENUS 3. DUCKWEED FAMILY. 449

1. Wolffia columbiana Karst. Columbia Wolffia.
Fig. 1127.
Wolffia columbiana Karst. Bot. Unters, 1: 103. 1865-67.

Thallus spherical or subellipsoid, 3’-4” long, with a
limited number of stomata (1 to 6), loosely cellular and
clear green throughout, not dotted nor gibbous.

Floating as minute alga-like grains just beneath the surface
of the water in stagnant ponds, pools and shallow lakes, On-
tario to Connecticut and New Jersey, west to Minnesota and
Missouri, south to Louisiana. Also in Mexico and South
America. June-July.

2. Wolffia punctata Griseb. Dotted Wolffia. Fig.
1128.
W. punctata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 512. 1864.

Thallus oblong, smaller than the last, #’-4” long, flattish,
densely cellular, with numerous stomata and dark green
above, gibbous, more loosely cellular, with fewer stomata
and paler beneath; brown-dotted throughout with minute
pigment cells.

Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, Ontario to Mich-

igan, south to Tennessee. Jamaica. Has been confused with
W. brasiliana Wedd. June-July.

ip
3. Wolffia papulifera Thompson. Pointed es g GEE GS Clg
Duckweed. Fig. 1129. ee?)
Wolfia papulifera Thompson, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. °

Gard. 9: 20. pl. 4D. 1897.

Thallus slightly unsymmetrical, obliquely broadly
ovate, about 4” broad, the apex rounded, the
upper surface flat at the margin, gradually ascend-
ing into a prominent conic papule on the median
line, brown-punctate, the under surface strongly
gibbous, less punctate; stomata numerous on the
upper surface; flower and fruit unknown.

Floating, with the entire upper surface exposed to al
the air, Kennett and Columbia, Mo. |

4. WOLFFIELLA Hegelm. Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 21: 303. 1895.

Thallus thin, unsymmetrical, rootless, curved in the form of a segment of a band, punc-
tate on both surfaces with numerous brown pigment-cells. Pouch opening as a cleft in the
basal margin of the thallus, a stipe attached to its margins. Flowers and fruit unknown.
[Diminutive of Wolffa.]

About 7 species, mostly of tropical regions. Besides the following, 2 others are known from
western North America. Type species: Wolffiella oblonga (Phil.) Hege!m.

(\ ( 1. Wolffiella floridana (J. D. Smith) Thompson.
Florida Wolffiella. Fig. 1130.

Wolffia gladiata var. floridana J. D. Smith, Bull, Torr. Club 7: 64.

1880.
Wolfia floridana J. D. Smith; Hegelm. Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 21:

305. 1895.
Wolffiella floridana Thompson, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 17.
1897.

Thalli solitary, or commonly coherent for several genera-
tions forming densely interwoven masses, strap-shaped, scythe-
shaped, or doubly curved, tapering from the rounded oblique
base to a long-attenuate apex, 24-5 long, 14-21 times as
long as wide; basal portion of the long stipe persistent, the

pouch elongated-triangular, or the upper angle rounded.

Georgia and Florida to Missouri, Arkansas and Texas,

29

450 MAYACACEAE. Vou. I.

Family 14. MAYACACEAE Walp. Ann. 3: 662. 1853.
Mayaca Famity.

Slender branching aquatic moss-like herbs, with linear sessile 1-nerved entire
soft leaves, notched at the apex. Flowers solitary, peduncled, white, perfect,
and regular, the peduncles bracted at the base. Perianth persistent, consisting
of 3 lanceolate green herbaceous sepals and 3 obovate white spreading petals.
Stamens 3, hypogynous, alternate with the petals; filaments filiform; anthers
oblong, somewhat 4-sided, 2-celled. Ovary superior, sessile, 1-celled with 3
parietal placentae; ovules several or numerous, orthotropous; style filiform;
stigmas terminal, entire or with 3 short lobes. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds
ovoid or globose, the testa reticulated ; embryo at the apex of the mealy endosperm.

The family consists of the following genus.

YE 1. MAYACA Aubl. Pl. Guian. 2: 42. 1775.
ASS

About 7 species known, natives of warm and tropical
America. Only 2 species in the United States. Type
species: Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl.

[Aboriginal name of these plants in Guiana.]

1. Mayaca Aubléti Michx. Mayaca.
Bio aaiie te
Mayaca Aubleti Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. 1: 26. 1803.
Mayaca Michauxii Schott & Endl. Melet. 1: 24. 1832.

Stems tufted, 3-15’ long, usually little branched.
Leaves densely ‘clothing the stem and widely spread-
ing, linear-lanceolate, translucent, 2’’-3” long, about
¥” wide; peduncles 2-6” long, very slender, re-
curved in fruit; flowers 3-4” broad, axillary, but
borne near the ends of branches, lateral, rarely
more than one on each branch; capsule oblong-
oval, about as long as the sepals, tipped until de-
hiscence by the subulate style.

In fresh water pools and streams, southeastern Vir-
ginia to Florida and Texas. May-July.

Family 15. KYRIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 388. 1836.
YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.

Perennial or annual tufted herbs with basal narrow equitant commonly
2-ranked leaves, and erect simple leafless scapes. Flowers perfect, mostly yellow,
nearly or quite regular, solitary and sessile in the axils of coriaceous imbricated
bracts (scales), forming terminal ovoid globose or cylindric heads. Sepals 3, the
two lateral ones small, keeled, persistent, the other one larger, membranous
(wanting in the South American genus Abolboda). Corolla inferior, with a
narrow tube and 3 spreading lobes. Stamens 3, inserted on the corolla, usually
alternating with as many plumose or bearded staminodia. Ovary sessile, 1-celled
or incompletely 3-celled; ovules numerous or few, on 3 parietal placentae, ortho-
tropous; style terminal (unappendaged in Xyris, in Abolboda appendaged at the
base), 3-branched above; stigmas apical. Fruit an oblong 3-valved capsule.
Seed-coat longitudinally striate. Embryo apical. Endosperm mealy or some-
what fleshy.

Two genera, Xyris L. and Abolboda H. & B., comprising some 60 species, mostly of tropical
distribution in both the Old World and the New.

1. XYRIS L. Sp. Pl. 42. 1753.

Characters of the family as given above. [Greek name for some plant with 2-edged
leaves. ]

Besides the following species there are some 9 others in the southern United States. Type
species: Xyris indica L
Lateral sepals wingless, the keel fringed with short hairs. 1. X. flexuosa,
Lateral sepals winged, the keel erase, fimbriate or lacerate.

Plants not bulbous-thickened at the base; leaves flat or but slightly twisted.

Lateral sepals about as long as the bracts, included, their keels erose to lacerate.
Heads ovoid; bracts relatively few and in few series.
Leaves linear or tapering from the base to the apex.

eo ~~.

GENUS I. YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.

451

Lateral sepals nearly entire; heads narrowly ovoid, acute during anthesis.

Lateral sepals toothed ; heads broadly ovoid, obtuse.

Leaves broadest at the middle.

Heads oblong or nearly cylindric ; bracts numerous, in many series.

2. X. montana.

3. X. caroliniana.
4. X. communis.
5. X. elata.

Lateral sepals longer than the bracts, exserted, their keels fimbriate or erose-lacerate.

6. X. Congdoni.
7. X. fimbriata.
8. X. arenicola,

Keels of the lateral sepals erose-lacerate ; heads not plumose.
Keels of the lateral sepals long-fimbriate ; heads somewhat plumose.
Plants conspicuously bulbous-thickened at the base; leaves spirally twisted.

1. Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Slender Yellow-eyed
Grass. Fig. 1132.

Xyris fleruosa Muhl. Cat. 5. 1813.
Xyris torta J. E. Smith, in Rees’ Cyclop. 1818.

Scapes slender, straight or sometimes slightly twisted,
4-18’ tall, 2-edged above, bulbous-thickened at the base.
Leaves narrowly linear, flat or becoming twisted when
old, 1-6’ long, 4”-14” wide; head globose, or short-
oblong, obtuse, 3’-4” high; bracts broadly oval or
slightly obovate, entire or somewhat lacerate at the
apex; lateral sepals linear, about as long as the bracts,
curved, finely fringed with short hairs on the wingless
keel; expanded flowers 3-4” broad.

In swamps and bogs, Maine to Minnesota, south to
Georgia, Missouri and Texas. Yellow flowering-rush. July—
Sept.

3. Xyris caroliniana Walt. Carolina Yellow-
eyed Grass. Fig. 1134.

Xyris caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 69. 1788.
Xyris Jupacai Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 23. 1803.

Scapes mostly slender, straight or somewhat
twisted, 2-edged above, 1°-2° tall, not thickened at
the base. Leaves linear, flat, 4’-15’ long, 1”-5”
wide; head broadly ovoid, blunt, 4’-8” long; scales
oval or slightly obovate, entire or somewhat lacerate;
lateral sepals linear, about as long as the bracts, the
narrowly winged keel serrate only above the middle.

In swamps and bogs, Maine and Massachusetts to
Pennsylvania, Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the
coast. Young states of this plant may be mistaken for
X. montana. June—Aug.

2. Xyris montana H. Ries.
eyed Grass.

Xyris flexuosa var. pusilla A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 548.
1867. Not X. pusilla R. Br. 1810.
Xyris montana H. Ries, Bull. Torr. Club 19: 38. 1892.

1¥’-3” long; bracts

Northern Yellow-
Fig. 1133.

Scapes very slender, straight or slightly twisted,
2-edged above, 2’-12’ tall, not bulbous-thickened at
the base. Leaves narrowly linear, 1-6’ long, 4’—-1”
wide, not at all twisted or but very slightly so; head
ovoid, acute during anthesis, or narrowly subacute,
or obovate, rounded and
finely lacerate at the apex; lateral sepals linear, ir-
regularly erose on the winged keel near the apex,
about as long as the bracts.

In bogs, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south
to the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania. July—Aug.

452

4. Xyris communis Kunth.

5. Xyris elata Chapm. Tall Yellow-eyed

Grass. Fig. 1136.

Xyris elata Chapm. Fl. S. States 501. 1860.

Scapes rather stout, 1°-43° tall, solitary or several
together, 2-edged above. Leaves decidedly equi-

XYRIDACEAE. Vor. I.

Southern Yellow-eyed Grass. Fig. 1135.

?Xyris macrocephala Vahl, Enum. 2: 204. 1806.
Xyris communis Kunth, Enum. 4: 12. 1843.
Xyris difformis Chapm. Fl. S. States 500. 1860,

Scapes slender, slightly twisted, 2-edged above,
t-edged below, not thickened at the base, 6’-18’ tall.
Leaves nearly linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, 3’-10’
long, 1-6” wide; head ovoid, or subglobose, blunt
or subacute, about 2’ long; scales ovate or oval,
mostly entire; lateral sepals lanceolate, the winged
keel fimbriate from the apex to below the middle;
corolla-lobes obovate, 2-3’ long.

In bogs, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana, Widely
distributed in tropical America. June—Aug.

tant, linear or nearly so, 8-24’ long; head oblong
or nearly cylindric, 8’—12” long; scales suborbicular,
numerous; lateral sepals 2’—23’" long, the narrowly

winged keel toothed above the middle; corolla-

lobes about 2” long.

In sandy swamps near the coast, southeastern Vir-
ginia to Florida and Louisiana. July—Oct.

6. Xyris Céngdoni Small. Congdon’s
Yellow-eyed Grass. Fig. 1137.

Xyris Congdoni Small; Britton, Man, Ed, 2, 1057. 1905.

Scapes relatively stout, smooth, flattened above,
14°-23° tall. Leaves over one-half as long as the
scape, decidedly equitant, linear from a broad base
which is commonly over 5” wide; head oval or
nearly so, 6’-8” long; scales erose at the apex, less
concave than those of X. flexuosa; lateral sepals
3-33” long, the broad keel erose-lacerate above
the middle.

On boggy shores, near the coast, often in water, east-
ern Massachusetts to New Jersey. July—Sept.

GENUS 1. YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. 453

7. Xyris fimbriata Ell. Fringed Yellow-eyed
Grass. Fig. 1138.
Xyris fimbriata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 52. 1816.

Scapes rather stout, roughish, straight or some-
what twisted, strongly 2-edged above, 2°-4° high.
Leaves flat, one-half as long as the scapes or more,
3-6” wide; head oblong-cylindric, 4-1’ long or
sometimes globose-ovoid and about 4’ in diameter;
scales obovate, their margins entire or the apex
lacerate; lateral sepals longer than the bracts, ex-
serted, long-fringed on the winged keel above the
middle.

In wet pine barrens, southern New Jersey to Florida
and Mississippi, mostly near the coast. July—Sept.

8. Xyris arenicola Small. Twisted Yellow-
eyed Grass. Fig. 1130.

Xyris torta Kunth, Enum. 4: 14. 1843. Not J. E. Smith.
Xyris arenicola Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 234. 1903.

Scapes stout, much spirally twisted, 1-edged be-
low, or 2-edged at the summit, smooth or very nearly
so, the base conspicuously bulbous-thickened and with
the sheathing leaves sometimes 1’ in diameter. Leaves
narrowly linear from a broad shining nearly black
base, rigid, rather shorter than the scapes, spirally
twisted (very markedly so when old); head oblong
or oblong-cylindric, acute or subacute, 4’-1’ long;
bracts oblong-obovate, minutely lacerate-serrulate at
the apex or entire; lateral sepals linear, exserted,
the winged keel fringed with rather short processes
above the middle.

In dry pine barrens, southern New Jersey to Florida,
west to Texas, mostly near the coast. May—Aug.

*
Family 16. ERIOCAULACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 122. 1847.
Prpewort FAmILy.

Bog or aquatic herbs, perennial or perhaps sometimes annual, with fibrous
knotted or spongy roots, tufted grass-like basal leaves, and monoecious (androgy-
nous) occasionally dioecious small flowers, in terminal solitary heads, on long
slender scapes. Head of flowers involucrate by bracts, each flower borne in the
axil of a scarious scale. Perianth of 2 series of segments, rarely of one series.
Stamens in staminate flowers as many or twice as many as the sepals. Ovary
2-3-celled. Ovules 2 or 3. Fruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded capsule, loculicidally
dehiscent. Seeds pendulous, orthotropous ; endosperm farinaceous.

Nine genera and about 560 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions, a few ex-

tending into the temperate zones. The family is most abundantly represented in South America.
Perianth of 2 series of segments; sepals and petals 2 or 3; stamens distinct; anthers 2-celled.

Stamens twice as many as the inner perianth-segments (petals). 1. Eriocaulon,
Stamens as many as the inner perianth-segments. 2. Syngonanthus.
Perianth simple, of 3 sepals; stamens 3, monadelphous below; anthers 1-celled. 3. Lachnocaulon,

1. ERIOCAULON L. Sp. Pl. 87. 1753.

Acaulescent or very short-stemmed herbs, the scapes erect, or when immersed delicate,
angular, with a long sheathing bract at the base. Leaves mostly short, spreading, acuminate,
parellel-nerved. Head of flowers woolly, white, lead-colored or nearly black. Staminate
flowers: Outer perianth-segments 2 or 3, distinct or sometimes connate, the inner united be-
low in a tube, alternate with the outer ones, each with a minute spot or gland near its mid-
dle or apex; stamens mostly 4-6, one opposite each perianth-segment, the filaments of those
opposite the inner segments the longer; pistil small, rudimentary or none. Pistillate flowers:
Outer perianth-segments as in the staminate flowers, the inner indistinct, narrow; stamens
wanting; ovary sessile or stalked; style columnar or filiform, stigmas 2 or 3, filiform. Fruit
a thin-walled capsule. Seeds oval, covered with minute processes. [Greek, in allusion to
the wool at the base of the scape in some species.]

454 ERIOCAULACEAE. Vor. T.

About 200 species, widely distributed, mostly in warm regions. Besides the following, 3 others
occur in the southern United States, and 3 in Mexico. Type species: Eriocaulon decangulare L.
Leaf-blades as long as the sheaths, coarsely 3-9-fenestrate-nerved ; scapes 7-angled; heads 114”—3”

in diameter.
Mature head spheroidal, with a spreading or reflexed involucre; marginal flowers spreading or
reflexed. 1. E. septangulare.
Mature head and involucre campanulate ; marginal flowers permanently erect. 2. E. Parkeri.
Leaf-blades shorter than the sheaths, finely 6—20-fenestrate-nerved; scapes 10~12-angled, heads

3”-6” in diameter. 3. E. compressum,
Leaf-blades much longer than the sheaths, finely 1o-so-nerved; scapes 10-14-angled ; heads 4”-8”
in diameter 4. E. decangulare.

1. Eriocaulon septangulare With. Seven-
angled Pipewort. Fig. 1140.

E. septangulare With. Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl. 784. 1776.
Nasmythia articulata Huds, Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 415. 1778.
E. articulatum Morong, Bull. Torr, Club 18: 353. 1891.

Stem a mere crown. © Leaf-blades pellucid, 3-8-
fenestrate-nerved, #3’ long, usually as long as the
sheaths; scapes weak, twisted, about 7-angled, smooth,
1-8’ tall, or when submersed sometimes 4°-10° long;
involucral bracts glabrous, or the innermost bearded
at the apex, oblong, usually shorter than the flowers;
marginal flowers usually staminate; scales of the
receptacle spatulate or obovate, abruptly pointed, brown
above, white-woolly; staminate flowers about 14” high;
pistillate flowers scarcely more than half as large;
perianth-segments white-bearded.

In still water or on shores, Newfoundland to Ontario,
Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Europe. July—Oct.

y fj

2. Eriocaulon Parkeri B.L. Robinson. Parker’s Q \
Pipewort. Fig. 1141. XS

Eriocaulon Parkeri B, L. Robinson, Rhodora 5: 175. 1903. <>

Stem very short. Leaf-blades pellucid, 7-9-fenestrate-
nerved, 1}’-23’ long; scapes rather rigid, mostly 7-angled,
smooth, 2’-4’ tall; involucral bracts glabrous, oval, about \
as long as the flowers; marginal flowers pistillate;
scales of the receptacle glabrous or nearly so; stami- |
nate and pistillate flowers about 1” high; perianth- |
segments of both kinds of flowers glabrous, or obscurely iN

short-pubescent at the apex. \
On the shores of the Delaware River, near Camden and \\

a |
Bordentown, New Jersey; Washington, D. C. July—Oct. | i,

3. Eriocaulon compréssum Lam. Flat-
tened Pipewort. Fig. 1142.

Eriocaulon compressum Lam. Encycl. 3: 276. 1789.
E, gnaphalodes Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. 2: 165. 1803.

Leaf-blades 6-20-fenestrate-nerved, usually
shorter than the sheaths and tapering to a long
sharp point, rigid, or when submersed thin and
pellucid. Stem a mere crown; scapes 63° tall,
smooth, flattened when dry, 10-12-angled; invo-
lucral bracts rounded, obtuse, scarious, shining,
smooth, imbricated in 3 or 4 series; heads 3/6”
in diameter, frequently dioecious; receptacle gla-
brous; flowers 13”—2” high.

In still shallow water, southern New Jersey to
Florida and Texas. At flowering time the styles and
stigmas are much exserted. May—Oct.

GENUS 2. PIPEWORT FAMILY. 455

4. Eriocaulon decangulare L. Ten-angled
Pipewort. Fig. 1143.
Eriocaulon decangulare L. Sp. Pl. 87. 1753.

Stems short and thick, 1-2’ long. Leaf-blades
finely many-nerved, tapering to a blunt point,
6’-20' long, 2”-8” wide, usually much longer
than the sheaths; scapes stout, rigid, glabrous,
10-14-angled, 1°-3° tall; heads 4-8” in diameter;
involucral bracts ovate, often eroded, denticulate
at the apex and pubescent below, imbricated in
4 or 5 series; receptacle pubescent with many-
celled hairs; flowers 2” high, densely woolly at the
base; scales longer than the flowers, acute, white-
bearded; as are the spatulate perianth-segments.

In swamps, southern New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania to Florida and Texas. June—Oct.

2. SYNGONANTHUS Ruhland; Urban,
Symb. Ant. 1: 487. 1900.

Perennial or rarely annual herbs, our species
with much the habit of Eviocaulon. Stems very
short. Leaves awl-shaped, tufted. Scapes slender, several-angled, erect, twisted in growth,
sheathed at the base by a long acute bract. Flowers androgynous, in globular or hemi-
spheric heads, each in the axil of a scale or the scales sometimes obsolete. Involucral
bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series. Perianth of 2 series, each of 2 or 3 segments in the stami-
nate flowers, the outer segments distinct, the inner connate; stamens 2 or 3, inserted on the
inner perianth and opposite its lobes. Pistillate flowers with the outer segments distinct,
the inner often connate above the 2-celled, 2-3-ovuled ovary; style cleft into 2 or 3 entire or
2-cleft stigmas. Fruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. [Greek, refer-
ring to the united petals of the pistillate flowers. ]

About 80 species, mostly natives of tropical America. Only the following is known in the
United States. Type species: Eriocaulon umbellatum Lam.

RT
ii i 1. Syngonanthus flavidulus (Michx.) Ruh-
Ne os ) land. Yellow Pipewort. Fig. 1144.

Eriocaulon flavidulum Michx. Fl]. Bor. Am. 2: 166. 1803.
Paepalanthus flavidulus Kunth, Enum. 3: 532. 1841.
Dupatya flavidula Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 745. 1801.

S. flavidulus Ruhland, in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4”: 256.

1903.

Leaves 3-5-nerved, 1-2’ long, awl-shaped, woolly
at the base, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above.
Scapes numerous, 5-angled, pubescent, 4’-12’ high;
sheaths longer than the leaves, slightly inflated
above, pubescent; involucral bracts straw-colored,
glabrous, obtuse, oval, shining, somewhat pubescent
at the base; receptacles glabrous or slightly pubes-
cent; scales very thin, scarious-white, linear, slightly
pubescent, about as long as the flowers; flowers
about 14” high; perianth 6-parted; outer perianth
of the staminate flowers stalked, woolly, the inner
a campanulate tube with 3 stamens; pistillate flow-
ers with both sets of perianth-segments distinct, the
inner much narrower than the outer; style 3-parted.

Moist pine barrens, Virginia to Florida. March-July.

3. LACHNOCAULON Kunth, Enum. 3: 497. 1841.

Tufted herbs with the habit of Eriocaulon, the leaves linear. Scapes several-angled,
sheathed at the base by ‘an entire bract about as long as the leaves; heads globose. Recep-
tacle pilose. Flowers androgynous. Perianth of 3 segments. Staminate flowers with 3
stamens united below into a thickened tube which is coalescent with a body, variously
regarded as a corolla or as a rudimentary pistil, bearing at its apex 3 fimbriate or entire
lobes alternate with the filaments; anthers 1-celled, minute. Pistillate flowers with a sessile
3-celled, 3-ovuled ovary surrounded by copious woolly hairs at the base; styles united below,
spreading above into 3 divisions which are 2-parted, there being thus 6 stigmas. [Greek,
referring to the woolly scapes of some species.] i

Eight known species of the southern United States. Type species: Eriocaulon anceps Walt,

ERIOCAULACEAE. VoL. I.

1. Lachnocaulon anceps ( Walt.) Morong.
Hairy Pipewort. Fig. 1145.

Eriocaulon anceps Walt. Fl. Car. 83. 1788.
L. Michauxtt Kunth, Enum. 3: 497. 1841.
L. anceps Morong, Bull. Torr. Club 18: 360. 1891.

Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 1’—3'
long, tapering to an obtuse callous tip. Scapes
slender, 2-20’ tall, 2-4-angled, clothed with long
soft appressed upwardly pointed hairs; sheaths
equalling or shorter than the leaves; heads glo-
bose, 1’—3” in diameter; involucral bracts ovate
or oblong, shorter than the flowers, usually
brown; flowers about 1” high; scales brown,
y spatulate, surrounded at the base by the yellowish
silky hairs of the receptacle and white-bearded
at the apex; perianth of the staminate flowers
short-stalked, pubescent at the base, woolly and
fimbriate at the summit; segments of the pistil-
late perianth white, glabrous, obtuse; ovary
densely villous around the base; seeds strongly
ribbed.

Family 17. BROMELIACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 1: 122. 1805.
PrnE-ApPLE FAMILY.

Epiphytic herbs (some tropical species terrestrial), mostly scurfy, with elon-
gated entire or spinulose-serrate leaves. Flowers spiked, panicled, or solitary,
regular and perfect, usually conspicuously bracted. Perianth of 3 thin distinct
or somewhat united sepals, and 3 clawed distinct or united petals. Stamens 6,
usually inserted on the base of the corolla. Ovary inferior or superior, 3-celled ;
ovules numerous in each cell, anatropous; style short or elongated; stigmas 3.
Capsule 3-valved in our species. Seeds numerous, the testa membranous. Em-
bryo small, situated at the base of the copious endosperm.

About 35 genera and goo species, all natives of tropical and subtropical America,

1. DENDROPOGON Raf. Neogen. 3. 1825.

Epiphytic pendulous much-branched plants, with very narrow entire leaves and yellow
or greenish flowers. Sepals distinct and separate or very nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens
long, the three inner ones inserted on the bases of the petals; filaments filiform; anthers
linear. Ovary superior; style columnar; stigmas short. Capsule septicidally 3-valved. Seeds
erect, narrow, supported on a long funiculus which splits up into fine threads. [Greek,
meaning tree-beard.]

About 3 species; the following is the type of the
genus,

1. Dendropogon usneoides (L.) Raf. Long
Moss. Florida Moss. Fig. 1146.

Renealmia usneoides L. Sp. Pl. 287. 1753.
Tillandsia usneoides L. Sp. Pl, Ed. 2, 411. 1762.
Dendropogon usneoides Raf. Fl. Tel. 4: 25. 1838.

Stems very slender, thread-like, flexuous,
hanging clustered in festoons from the branches
of trees, 3°-20° long, gray and, like the filiform
leaves, densely silvery-scurfy all over. Leaves
scattered, 1-3’ long, scarcely 4” thick, their bases
somewhat dilated; flowers sessile and solitary or
rarely 2 together in the axils of the leaves; sepals
about 3” long, pale green; petals yellow, the
blade about 2” long; stamens about as long as
the calyx; capsule linear, 9-15” long, at length
splitting into 3 linear valves.

Eastern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and
Mexico. Very widely distributed in tropical America.
Vegetable hair. Hanging, Spanish or Black moss.
Long or Tree-beard. :

~ a

«

“4

GENUS I. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 457

Family 18. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 57. 1828.
SPIDERWORT FAMILY.

Perennial or annual leafy herbs with regular or irregular perfect and often
showy flowers in cymes, commonly subtended by spathe-like or leafy bracts.
Perianth of 2 series ; a calyx of mostly 3 persistent sepals, and a corolla of mostly
3 membranous and deciduous or fugacious petals. Stamens mostly 6, hypogy-
nous, rarely fewer, all similar and perfect or 2 or 3 of them different from the
others and sterile; filaments filiform or somewhat flattened; anthers 2-celled,
mostly longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, sessile or very nearly so,
2-3-celled ; ovules 1 or several in each cell, anatropous or half anatropous; style
simple ; stigmas terminal, entire or obscurely 2—3-lobed. Seeds solitary or severa!
in each cell of the capsule. Capsule 2—3-celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved. Embryo
small. Endosperm copious.

About 25 genera and 350 species, mostly natives of tropical regions, a few in the temperate
zones.

Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2; petals unequal; bracts spathe-like. 1. Commelina,
Perfect stamens 6, rarely 5; petals all alike; bracts leafy or minute.
Cymes or cymules subtended by small minute bracts. 2. Cuthbertia.
Cymes or cymules subtended by leaf-like bracts. 3. Tradescantia,

1. COMMELINA L. Sp. Pl. 4o. 1753.

Erect ascending or procumbent, somewhat succulent, branching herbs, with short-peti--
oled or sessile leaves, and irregular mostly blue flowers in sessile cymes subtended by
spathe-like bracts. Sepals somewhat unequal, the larger ones sometimes slightly united.
Petals blue, unequal, 2 of them larger than the third. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2, one of
them incurved and its anther commonly larger. Sterile stamens usually 3, smaller, their
anthers various. Filaments all glabrous. Capsule 2-3-cclled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity,
the testa firm, roughened, smooth or reticulated. [Dedicated to Kaspar Commelin, 1667-
1731, Dutch botanist.]

About 95 species of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Besides the following,
some 3 others occur in the southern United States. Type species: Commelina communis L.

Spathes not united at the base.

Spathes acuminate; capsules 3-celled, 5-seeded. 1. C. nudiflora.

Spathes acute; capsules 2-celled, 4-seeded. 2. C. communis.
Spathes with united bases.

All three cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules.
Sheaths, at least the lower ones, glabrous or nearly so; pubescence, if present, not hirsute.
3. C. crispa.
Sheaths more or less hirsute.

Capsules 2-valved, dorsal cavity indehiscent. . C. virginica.

4
Capsules 3-valved, all cavities dehiscent. 5. C. erecta,
6. C. hirtella.

Ventral cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules, dorsal cavity with 1 ovule.

1. Commelina nudiflora L. Creeping
Day-flower. Fig. 1147.

Commelina nudiflora L. Sp. Pl. 41. 1753.
Commelina caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 68. 1788.
Commelina agraria Kunth. Enum. 4: 38. 1843.

Glabrous or very nearly so throughout,
stems procumbent or creeping, rooting at the
nodes, 1°-24° long. Leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, 1’-3’ long, 4”-8” wide, acute
or acuminate at the apex, their sheaths some-
times ciliate; spathe acute or acuminate, 8-12”
long, peduncled, the 2 bracts not united by
their margins; flowers few in each spathe,
3-6” broad; ventral cells of the ovary
2-ovuled, the dorsal 1-ovuled; capsule com-
monly 5-seeded (2 seeds in each of the ventral
cells, 1 in the dorsal); seeds oblong, reticu-
lated, about 1” long.

Along streams and in waste places, New Jersey
to Indiana, Missouri, Florida, Texas and through
tropical America to Paraguay. Widely distributed
in Asia and Africa. July—Oct.

455 COMMELINACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Commelina communis L. Asiatic Day-
flower. Fig. 1148.
Commelina communis L. Sp. Pl. 40. 1753-
Commelina Willdenovii Kunth, Enum. 4: 37. 1843.
Glabrous or nearly so, stems ascending or de-
cumbent, rather slender, sometimes rooting at the
nodes, 1°-3° long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, 3’-5’ long, 1-13’ wide, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, smooth;
sheath white-membranous with green veins, some-
times ciliate, 8’-12” long; spathes few, peduncled,
their 2 bracts acute or acuminate, nearly 1’ long,
glabrous or sometimes pubescent, distinct; flowers
deep blue, 4’ or more broad; ventral cells of the
ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal 1-ovuled; capsule 2-celled,
each cell 2-seeded; seeds compressed, dark brown,
roughened.

Southern New York to Pennsylvania, Georgia and
Kentucky, and reported from farther north. Adventive or naturalized from Asia. July—Oct.

3. Commelina crispa Wooton. Curly-
leaved Day-flower. Fig. 1149.
Commelina crispa Wooton, Bull. Torr. Club 25:

451. 1808.

Finely villous or glabrous below; stems com-
monly branched at the base, the branches
4°-3° long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, 14’-34’ long, acuminate, crisped, slightly
contracted at the base; sheaths pale, 6”-73”
long, ciliate; spathes 1-1’ long, acute or acumi-
nate, pubescent, united at the base; sepals
orbicular-elliptic; petals various, the 2 upper
light blue, with slender claws and broadly
sreniform blades, 5-7” broad, the third white,
lanceolate, 1’-13” long; capsule 2-24” long,
3-celled, 2 cavities dehiscent, third cavity in-
dehiscent; seeds smooth.

In sandy and rocky soil, Missouri and Nebraska
to Texas and New Mexico. July—Sept.

4. Commelina virginica L. Virginia Day-
flower. Fig. 1150.
Commelina virginica L, Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 61. 1762.

Similar to Commelina communis, somewhat pubes-
cent or glabrous, the stems diffusely branched, rather
stouter, 13°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, 3’-5’ long, 5’—12’" wide, acuminate at
the apex; sheaths inflated, often pubescent, the
orifice sometimes fringed; spathes several, usually
peduncled, the 2 bracts acute or acuminate, 8-12”
long, distinct; flowers 1’ broad or less, showy; cap-
sule 3-celled, each cell 1-seeded, the dorsal one in-
dehiscent and roughened.

In moist soil, southern New York to Illinois and

Michigan, south to Florida, Kansas, Texas and through
tropical America to Paraguay. June—Sept.

GENUS I. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 459

5. Commelina erécta L. Slender Day-flower.
Fig. 1151.
Commelina erecta L, Sp. Pl. 41. 1753.

Somewhat pubescent or glabrous, the stems com-
monly tufted, erect or ascending, 1°-2° tall, the
roots somewhat thickened. Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, 3-6’ long, 4-1’ wide, acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base; sheaths 4-1’ long, often
pubescent; spathes peduncled or sessile, the 2 bracts
more or less pubescent, acute or acuminate, distinct,
10-20” long; flowers 2’ or more broad; ovary
3-celled, each cell 1-ovuled; capsule papery, all its
cells dehiscent, each 1-seeded; seeds ash-colored,
nearly or quite smooth, puberulent.

In moist soil, southern Pennsylvania to Florida, Texas
and in tropical America. Aug.—Oct.

| =z AW
6. Commelina hirtélla Vahl. Bearded Day-
flower. Fig. 1152.

Commelina longifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 23. 1803.
Not Lam. 1791.
‘Commelina hirtella Vahl. Enum, 2: 166. 1806.
C. erecta A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 486. 1856. Not L. 1753.
Stems stout, erect or ascending, 2°-4° high.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, roughish, 4-7’ long,
1-13’ wide, their sheaths 4’-1’ long, fringed with
long brownish hairs and sometimes pubescent;
spathes sessile or short-peduncled, often clustered at
the summits of the stem and branches, the 2 bracts
acute, united by their margins, rather strongly cross-
veined; ventral cells of the ovary 2-ovuled, the other
t-ovuled; capsule 5-seeded; seeds ellipsoid, brown,
somewhat more than 1” long, smooth, minutely
puberulent.
In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Missouri, south
to Florida and Texas. Aug.—Oct.

2. CUTHBERTIA Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 237. 1903.

Perennial herbs, with mostly tufted stems. Leaves alternate: blades very narrow and
elongated. Cymes umbel-like, solitary at the ends of long peduncles, and subtended by
very small bracts wholly unlike the leaves. Sepals 3. Petals 3, reddish, pink or rose-
purple, distinct. Stamens 6: filaments pubescent. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seed
with a rough testa. [In honor of A. Cuthbert, of Augusta, Georgia, a diligent student of
the southern flora.]

Two species, natives of the southeastern United
States. Type species: Cuthbertia rosea ( Vent.) Small.

1. Cuthbertia graminea Small. Grass-
like Spiderwort. Fig. 1153.

Tradescantia rosea Chapm, Fl. S. U. S. 498. 1860.
Not Vent. 1800.

C. graminea Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 237. 1903.

_ Stems erect, 2’-8’ tall, densely tufted, some-
times I00 or more together, commonly simple,
slightly zigzag. Leaves quite numerous; blades
narrowly linear or linear-filiform, 4’-6’ long, or
shorter above, mostly 4’-14” broad, acute, mostly
erect; sheaths ciliate: peduncles sometimes over-
topping the leaves: cymes 3-15-flowered, simple:
pedicels slightly thickened at the apex, becoming
about 5” long: sepals oblong-ovate or ovate, 2’—
24” long, glabrous: corollas pink or rose-colored,
5-10” broad: capsules subglobose, about 14” in
diameter.

On sand hills or in sandy woods, Maryland and
Missouri to Florida and Texas. April—Aug.

460 COMMELINACEAE. Vor. I

3. TRADESCANTIA L. Sp. Pl. 288. 1753.

Perennial, somewhat mucilaginous herbs, with mostly narrow and elongated leaves, and
showy regular flowers in terminal or terminal and axillary umbels subtended by leaf-like
or scarious bracts. Sepals 3, herbaceous. Petals 3, obovate, ovate or orbicular, sessile.
Stamens 6, all alike and fertile, or those opposite the petals shorter; filaments bearded or
glabrous. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, 3-12-
seeded. [In honor of John Tradescant, gardener of Charles I, died 1638.]

About 35 species, natives of tropical and temperate America. Besides the following, some 6
others occur in the southern United States. Type species: Tradescantia virginiana L.

Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 12-50 times longer than broad.
Stems 1’ to rarely 4’ long; bracts longer than the leaves. 1. T. brevicaulis.
Stems elongated, 4’-3° long; bracts mostly shorter than the leaves.
Foliage bright green; pedicels, like the sepals, pilose or villous.
Pedicels and sepals pilose with gland-tipped hairs.
Stems 4’-1° tall; bracts lanceolate, the bases sac-like, whitish, broader than the leaves.
2. T. bracteata.
Stems 1°-2%4° tall; bracts linear, the bases not sac-like, green, narrower than the
leaves. 3. T. occidentalis,
Pedicels and sepals villous with non-glandular hairs. 4. T. virginiana.
Foliage glaucous ; pedicels glabrous; sepals with a tuft of hairs at the apex.
5. T. reflexa.
Leaves lanceolate, 2-10 times longer than broad.
Slender ; stems strict ; cymes solitary and terminal or on corymbed branches; species Alleghanian.
6. T. montana,
Stout ; stems zigzag; cymes terminal and sessile in the upper axils; species compestaan.
7. T. pilosa,

1. Tradescantia brevicatlis Raf. Short-
stemmed Spiderwort. Fig. 1154.

Tradescantia brevicaulis Raf. Atl. Journ. 150. 1832.
Tradescantia virginica var. villosa S. Wats. in A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 6, 539. 1890.

Villous with long spreading hairs, stems only 1’-4’
high, the plant often appearing nearly acaulescent;
leaves mostly basal, 6-12’ long, 4’-8” wide, grass-
like, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, at least at
the base, glabrous or villous toward the apex; bracts
similar to the leaves, but usually more elongated;
umbel 4-12-flowered, sessile in the bracts, the pedi-
cels slender, 17-2’ long, villous; sepals oblong;
corolla about 1’ broad, blue or rose-purple.

In dry soil, Indiana to Kentucky and Missouri. April-
May.

2. Tradescantia bracteata Small. Long-bracted
Spiderwort. Fig. 1155.

Tradescantia bracteata Small; Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 510.
1898.

Perennial, deep green, glabrous to the inflorescence,
or nearly so. Stems erect, 4-12’ tall, simple or spar-
ingly branched; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 4’-8'
long, long-acuminate; sheaths paler than the leaf-blades,
conspicuously ribbed, glabrous, or the upper ones some-
times ciliate; involucres of 2 bracts, these broader than
the leaves, more or less strongly saccate at the base,
ciliate and often sparingly villous on the back; umbel-
like cymes few-flowered; pedicels glandular-pubescent,
3’-1’ long; sepals ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate,
glandular, more or less involute; corolla blue or reddish,
about 1’ broad.

In sandy soil, Minnesota to South Dakota, south to
Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Spring and summer. Ascends
to 7500 ft. in the Black Hills.

GENUS 3. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 461

3. Tradescantia occidentalis (Britton) Smyth.
Western Spiderwort. Fig. 1156.

T. virginiana occidentalis Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl.
377 1896.

T. occidentalis Smyth, Trans, Kans. Acad. Sci. 16: 163. 1899.

Mostly glabrous to the inflorescence, bright green.
Stems solitary, erect, 1°-24° tall, simple; leaves linear,
Y—12’ long, involutely folded, curved; sheaths 5’—20”
long, conspicuously ribbed, rarely with a few cilia;
bracts of the involucre 2, linear, slightly unequal; pedi-
cels rather slender, 5’—10” long; sepals oblong or ellip-
tic, apparently lanceolate by the involute edges, 4-5”
long, glandular-pilose; petals blue or reddish, almost 5”
long, orbicular-ovate; capsules obovoid or oblong, 23”—
3” long, puberulent at the apex; seeds 13” long, pitted
and ridged.

On sand-hills, Iowa to Texas, South Dakota and Colorado.
June-Aug.

4. Tradescantia virginiana L. Spider-
wort. Trinity. Fig. 1157.
Tradescantia virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 288. 1753.

Glabrous or slightly pubescent, succulent, glau-
cous or green, stems stout, 8~3° tall. Leaves
more or less channeled, or in some forms nearly
flat, linear or linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
often more than 1° long, 4-1’ wide; bracts folia-
ceous, commonly rather wider and shorter than
the leaves; umbels solitary and terminal or rarely
2-4, loosely several-many-flowered; pedicels gla-
brous or pubescent, slender; flowers blue or pur-
plish, rarely white, 1-2’ broad, very showy; sepals
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, gla-
brous or pubescent, 4-10” long, much longer
than the capsule.

In rich soil, mostly in woods and thickets, south-
ern New York to Ohio and South Dakota, south to
Virginia, Kentucky and Arkansas. Escaped from
cultivation farther north. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in
Virginia. Spider-lily. May—Aug.

5. Tradescantia refléxa Raf. Reflexed
Spiderwort. Fig. 1158.

Tradescantia reflexa Raf. Atl. Journ, 150. 1832.

Perennial, glabrous, glaucous. Stems erect,
1°-3° tall, nearly straight, commonly much
branched; leaves linear, 8’-20’ long, straight,
or somewhat curved, long-attenuate; sheaths
large, 5-15” long; involucres of 2 unequal
finally reflexed leaf-like bracts; umbel-like
cymes usually dense at maturity; pedicels
slender, 10’-13” long, recurved; sepals ob-
long or elliptic, apparently lanceolate by the
involute edges, 4-5” long, hooded, mostly
with a tuft of hairs at the apex; corolla blue
or red, 10’-15” broad, the petals suborbicular;
capsule ovoid to oblong, 24-3” long, glabrous.

In sandy or clayey soil, Ohio to Minnesota,
Florida and Texas. Spring and summer,

462 COMMELINACEAE. Vor. I.

6. Tradescantia montana Shuttlw. Moun-
tain Spiderwort. Fig. 1159.

Tradescantia montana Shuttlw.; Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. 1:

377- 1896.

Green and glabrous or somewhat pubescent,
stems slender, simple or sparingly branched,
1°-2° tall. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, 4’-10' long, 2”-6” wide, mostly distant, their
sheaths enlarged; bracts similar to the leaves but
shorter; umbels mostly solitary and terminal, ses-
sile in the bracts, rather densely flowered; pedi-
cels and calyx glabrous or pubescent; flowers
less than 1’ broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, about
3” long.

In woods and thickets, mountains of southwestern
Virginia to Kentucky and Georgia. June—Aug.

Ze
Wo) Woes

7. Tradescantia pilosa Lehm. Zigzag Spider-
wort. Fig. 1160.

T. pilosa J. G. C. Lehm, Sem. Hort. Hamb. 16. 1827.
Tradescantia flexuosa Raf. Atl. Journ. 150. 1832.

More or less puberulent or short-pilose, stem stout,
1°-3° high, commonly flexuous, often branched.
Leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex,
mostly narrowed at the base, 6-15’ long, 4-2’ wide,
dark green above, paler beneath; bracts usually
narrower and shorter than the leaves; umbels 3-8,
terminal and axillary or on short axillary branches,
densely many-flowered; pedicels and calyx pubescent
and more or less glandular, rarely nearly glabrous;
corolla lilac-blue, 9’-15” broad.

Southern Pennsylvania to Illinois and Missouri,
south to Florida. June—Aug.

Family 19. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 59. 1829.

PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY,

Perennial aquatic or bog plants, the leaves petioled, with thick blades, or
long and grass-like. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular, solitary or spiked,
subtended by leaf-likespathes. Perianth free from the ovary, corolla-like, 6-parted.
Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube or the base of the perianth ; filaments filiform,
dilated at the base or thickened at the middle; anthers 2-celled, linear-oblong or
rarely ovate. Ovary 3-celled with axile placentae, or 1-celled with 3 parietal
placentae ; style filiform or columnar; stigma terminal, entire or minutely toothed ;
ovules anatropous, numerous, sometimes only 1 of them perfecting. Fruit a
many-seeded capsule, or a I-celled, 1-seeded utricle. Endosperm of the seed
copious ; embryo central, cylindric.

About 5 genera and 25 species, inhabiting fresh water in the warm and temperate regions of
America, Asia and Africa.

Flowers 2-lipped, stamens 6; fruit a 1-seeded utricle. 1. Pontederia.
Flowers regular; stamens 3; fruit a many-seeded capsule. 2. Heteranthera.

1. PONTEDERIA L. Sp. Pl. 288. 1753.

Leaves thick with many parallel veins, the petioles long, sheathing, arising from a hori-
zontal rootstock. Stem erect, I-leaved, with several sheathing bract-like leaves at the base.
Flowers blue, ephemeral, numerous, spiked, the spike (or spadix) peduncled and subtended
by a thin bract-like spathe. Perianth 2-lipped, the upper lip of 3 ovate lobes, the middle
lobe longest, the lower lip of 3 linear-oblong spreading lobes. Stamens 6, borne at unequal
distances upon the perianth-tube, 3 of them opposite the lower lip, the others opposite the
upper lip; anthers oblong, subversatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive and
empty. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle, enclosed in the thickened tuberculate-ribbed base of the
perianth. [In honor of Giulio Pontedera, 1688-1757, professor of botany in Padua.]

Seven or eight species, natives of America. The following is the type of the genus.

GENUS 1. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. 463

1. Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel-weed. Fig. 1161.

Pontederia cordata L. Sp. Pl. 288. 1753.
Pontederia lancifolia Muhl. Cat. 34. 1813.
Pontederia cordata var. angustifolia Torr, Fl. N. U.S.

I: 343. 1824. E
Pontederia cordata lancifolia Morong, Mem. Torr. Club

5: 105. 1894.

Stem rather stout, 1°-4° tall. Leaves ovate to
lanceolate, cordate-sagittate, truncate or narrowed at
the base, 2’-10’ long, 4’-6’ wide, the apex and basal
lobes obtuse; basal lobes often with long narrow
stipule-like appendages on the sheathing petiole;
spadix and inflorescence glandular-pubescent; peri-
anth about 4” long, it and the filaments, anthers and
style bright blue, its tube curved, slightly longer than
the lobes, middle lobe of the upper lip with 2 yellow
spots at the base within; ovary oblong, tapering into
the slender style; stigmas minutely 3-6-toothed.

Borders of ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota, south to Florida and Texas. After flowering the
lobes and upper part of the perianth-tube wither above,
while the persistent base hardens around the fruit. The
flowers are trimorphous. Includes several races, differ-
ing in width of leaves. June—Oct.

2. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per.9. 1704.
[ScHotiera Schreb. Gen. 785. 1789. Not Roth. 1788.]

Herbs with creeping, ascending or floating stems, the leaves petioled, with cordate, ovate,
oval or reniform blades, or grass-like. Spathes 1-flowered or several-flowered. Flowers
small, white, blue or yellow. Lobes of the perianth nearly or quite equal, linear. Stamens
3, equal or unequal, inserted on the throat of the perianth. Ovary fusiform, entirely or in-

completely 3-celled by the intrusion of the placentae; ovules numerous; stigma 3-lobed.

Fruit an ovoid many-seeded capsule, enclosed in the withered perianth-tube. Seeds ovoid,
many-ribbed. [Greek, referring to the unequal anthers of some species.]

About ro species, 2 in tropical Africa, the others American; only the following in the United
States. Type species: Heteranthera reniformis R. & P.

Leaves reniform, oval or ovate.
One of the filaments longer than the other two; flowers few or several.

Flowers white, little exserted from the sheath; leaves reniform. 1. H. reniformis,
Flowers blue, much exserted ; leaves ovate to subreniform. 2. H. peduncularis,
Filaments broad, equal; spathe 1-flowered; leaves ovate to oval. 3. H. limosa,
Leaves linear, grass-like, floating. 4. H. dubia.

1. Heteranthera renif6rmis R.& P. Mud Plantain.
Fig. 1162.

Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Fl. Per. 1: 43. 1798.

Leptanthus reniformis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 25. 1803.

Stems creeping in the mud, rooting at the nodes. Leaves
long-petioled, the blades reniform, wider than long, 8-20”
wide, rounded at the apex; petioles sheathing, 1-4’ long;
spathe few-flowered; inflorescence little exserted; tube of
the perianth straight or slightly curved, slender, about 4”
long, its lobes shorter; flowers white or pale blue; anthers
basifixed, the 2 upper oval, the other on a longer filament
and linear; fruit oblong.

In mud or shallow water, Connecticut to New Jersey, Georgia,
Illinois and Louisiana, and in South and Central America and
the West Indies. July—Sept.

464 PONTEDERIACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Heteranthera peduncularis Benth. Blue Mud Plantain. Fig. 1163.
Heteranthera peduncularis Benth. Pl. Hartw. 25. 1840.

Stem stout, creeping on the mud or floating, root-
ing at the nodes, much branched, often 1° long or
longer. Leaves long-petioled, the blades ovate to
subreniform, 22’ long or less, acute, obtuse or cus-
pidate at the apex, cordate at the base; spathe sev-
eral-flowered, the inflorescence much exserted;
flowers blue; perianth-tube nearly 5” long, straight
or nearly so, the lobes much shorter than the tube;
filaments slender, one of them longer than the other
two; anthers basifixed, sagittate; fruit narrowly ob-
long, about 5” long.

Ponds, Nebraska(?), Missouri and Kansas to Mexico.
July—Sept.

3. Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd. Smaller
Mud Plantain. Fig. 1164.

Pontederia limosa Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788.

Heteranthera limosa Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr.
Berlin 3: 439. 1801.

Leptanthus ovalis Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 25. 1803.

Stems commonly much branched from the base,
6-15’ long. Leaves numerous, oval or ovate, ob-
tuse at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the
base, 1’ long or less; petioles 2’-5’ long; spathes
1-flowered, often on peduncles 1’ long or more;
flowers white or blue, usually larger than those of
the preceding species; filaments broad, equal or
nearly so; anthers linear, often sagittate.

In mud or shallow water, Virginia to Kentucky, Mis-

souri, Nebraska, Florida, Louisiana and throughout trop-
ical America. July—Sept.

4. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Water Star-grass. Fig. 1165.

Commelina dubia Jacq. Obs. Bot. 3: 9. pl. 59. 1768.
Leptanthus gramineus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 25. 1803.
Heteranthera graminea Vahl, Enum. 2: 45. 1806.
Schollera graminea A. Gray, Man. 511. 1848.
Heteranthera dubia MacM. Met. Minn. 138. 1892.

Aquatic, stem slender, forked, often rooting at the
nodes, 2°-3° long. Leaves linear, flat, elongated, acut-
ish, finely parallel-nerved, their sheaths thin, furnished
at the top with small acute stipule-like appendages;
flowers light yellow, the perianth-segments narrow;
stamens nearly equal; tube of the perianth very slender,
1-14’ long; spathe 1-2-flowered; filaments dilated below;
anthers linear, 2” long, sagittate; style shorter than the
stamens; stigma several-lobed; capsule 1-celled with 3
parietal placentae, many-seeded.

In still water, Quebec to Oregon, south to Florida and

Mexico. Also in Cuba. Occasionally occurs in a small form
on muddy shores. July—Oct.

GENUS I. RUSH FAMILY. 465
Family 20. JUNCACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 150. 1799.*

Rusu Famity.

_ Perennial or sometimes annual, grass-like, usually tufted herbs, commonly
growing in moist places. Inflorescence usually compound or decompound, pani-
culate, corymbose, or umbelloid, rarely reduced to a single flower, bearing its
flowers singly, or loosely clustered, or aggregated into spikes or heads. Flowers
small, regular, with or without bractlets (prophylla). Perianth 6-parted, the
parts glumaceous. Stamens 3 or 6, rarely 4 or 5, the anthers adnate, introrse,
2-celled, dehiscing by a slit. Pistil superior, tricarpous, 1-celled or 3-celled, with
3-many ascending anatropous ovules, and 3 filiform stigmas. Fruit a loculicidal
capsule. Seeds 3-many, small, cylindric to subglobose, with loose or close seed-
coat, with or without caruncular or tail-like appendages.

Eight genera and about 300 species, widely distributed.

Leaf-sheaths open; capsule 1- or 3-celled, many-seeded ; placentae parietal or axial. 1. Juncus.
Leaf-sheaths closed ; capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded, its placenta basal. 2. Juncoides.

1. JUNCUS L. Sp. Pl. 325 (1753).

Usually perennial plants, principally of swamp habitat, with glabrous herbage, stems
leaf-bearing or scapose, leaf-sheaths with free margins, and leaf blades terete, gladiate, grass-
like, or channeled. Inflorescence paniculate or corymbose, often unilateral, sometimes con-
gested, bearing its flowers either singly and with 2 bractlets (prophylla), or in heads and with-
out bractlets, but each in the axil of a bract; bractlets almost always entire; stamens 6 to 3;
ovary I-celled or by the intrusion of the placentae 3-celled, the placentae correspondingly
parietal or axial; seeds several-many, usually distinctly reticulated or ribbed, often tailed.

About 215 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Type species: Juncus actitus L.

The plants bloom in summer. [Latin, from jungo, to bind, in allusion to the use of these plants
for withes.]

A. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence terete, not conspicuously channeled, erect, appearing
like a continuation of the stem, the inflorescence therefo-e appearing lateral; stem leaves none.

1. Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence. GENUINI.

Perianth-parts green, or in age straw-colored.
Perianth-parts equalling or exceeding the capsule, all acute.
Stamens 3; leaf of the inflorescence much shorter than the stem.

Capsule without a distinct apical papilla. 1. J. effusus,
Capsule with a distinct apical papilla. 2. J. conglomeratus.
Stamens 6; leaf of inflorescence about equalling the stem, or longer. 3. J. filiformis.
Perianth-parts reaching only the middle of the capsule, inner obtuse. 4. J. gymnocarpus.

Perianth-parts with a chestnut-brown stripe down either side of the midrib. 5. J. balticus.

2. Flowers not bracteolate, inserted in heads on the branches of the inflorescence. THALASSICTI.
Perianth-parts pale brown; seed tailless. 6. J. Roemerianus.
Perianth-parts green, or in age straw-colored ; seed tailed. 7. J. maritimus.

B. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence not appearing like a continuation of the stem, or if so,
conspicuously channeled along the upper side, the inflorescence usually appearing terminal.

1. LEAF-BLADE TRANSVERSELY FLATTENED (INSERTED WITH ITS FLAT SURFACE FACING THE
STEM), OR TERETE AND CHANNELED, NOT PROVIDED WITH SEPTA,

* Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence, sometimes clustered or
congested, but never in true heads. PolopuyLui.
Annual; inflorescence, exclusive of its leaves, more than one-third the height of the plant.
8. J. bufonius,.
Perennial ; inflorescence, excluding leaves, not one-third the height of the plant.
Leaf-blade flat, but sometimes involute in drying.
Inflorescence 1—3-flowered ; leaves with fimbriate auricles. 9. J. trifidus.
Inflorescence, except in depauperate specimens, several-many-flowered; leaves with
entire auricles.
Cauline leaves 1 or 2, rarely wanting; perianth-parts obtuse. 10. J. Gerardi.
Cauline leaves none; perianth-parts acute or acuminate.
Auricles at top of leaf-sheath cartilaginous, yellow when dry. 11. J, Dudleyi.
Auricles at top of leaf-sheath membranous, whitish or brownish.
Inflorescence exceeded by its lowest leaf; flowers not conspicuously secund.
Auricles of the upper leaves usually 4”-114” long, thin, membranous ; peri-

anth parts widely spreading. : 12. J. tenuis.
Auricles less than 4” long, thin only at the margin; perianth parts appressed
to the capsule. 13. J. interior,

Inflorescence not exceeded by its lowest leaf; flowers conspicuously secund.
14. J. secundus.

*Text contributed by Mr. FrepericK V. CoviLte.
30

406 JUNCACEAE. Vor. I.

Leaf-blade terete, channeled along the upper side.
Lowest leaf of inflorescence not four lengths of the panicle; capsule oblong to obovoid.
Seed tailed.
Capsule as long as the perianth or longer. 15. J. Vaseyi.
Capsule much shorter than the perianth, 16. J. oronensis,
Seed not tailed.
Perianth 1%4”-1%” long, plainly exceeded by the capsule. 17. J. Greenei.

Perianth 134”—2” long, not exceeded by the capsule. 18. J. dichotomus.
Lowest leaf of the inflorescence rarely less than four times as long as the panicle;
capsule globose-ovoid. 19. J. setaceus.

** Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads on branches of the inflorescence. GRAMINIFOLII.
Stem erect ; capsule oblong or obovoid, obtuse at the apex.
Stamens 3, with red-brown anthers ; capsule not mucronate.
Inner perianth-parts obtuse or mucronate.

Heads few, commonly 5~—10-flowered. 20. J. marginatus.
Heads numerous, commonly 2-5-flowered. 21. J. aristulatus,
Inner perianth parts setiform-acuminate. 22. J. setosus.
Stamens 6, with yellow anthers ; capsule mucronate. 23. J. longistylis,
Stem creeping, floating, or ascending ; capsule subulate. 24. J. repens.

2. LEAF-BLADE NOT TRANSVERSELY FLATTENED, COMMONLY TERETE, HOLLOW, PROVIDED
WITH SEPTA.

* Leaf-blade usually channeled along the upper side; septa usually imperfect, not externally evident ;
inflorescence of 1-4 heads; plants of arctic or alpine range. ALPINI.
Body of the seed %” in length or more.
Leaf-sheath not auriculate. 25. J. castaneus.
Leaf-sheath auriculate. 26. J. stygius.
Body of the seed less than 14” in length.
Lowest leaf of inflorescence foliose, erect ; capsule deeply retuse at apex.
27. J. biglumis.
Lowest leaf of inflorescence membranous, spreading; capsule obtuse and mucronate at the
apex. 28. J. triglumis.
** Leaf-blade not channeled along the upper side (except in J. bulbosus), the septa perfect (except
in J. polycephalus), and usually externally evident; inflorescence, except in depauperate
specimens, of several to many heads; plants not of arctic-alpine range. SEPTATI.

+ Stamens 6, one opposite each perianth-part.

Heads reduced to one, or rarely two flowers.
Plant erect ; flowers several-many, paniculate, 29. J. pelocarpus.
Plant creeping or floating; flowers 1 or 2, peduncled or sessile. 30. J. subtilis.
Heads 2—many-flowered.
Epidermis not roughened.
Plants with two kinds of leaves, one normal, the other basal, submersed, and capillary.
Plant low, less than 10’ high. gi. J. bulbosus,
Plant tall, more than 10’ high. 32. J. militaris.
Plants without submersed capillary leaves.
Capsule oblong, either abruptly acuminate or bluntly acute.
Branches widely spreading; capsule sharply acute, tapering into a conspicuous point.
33. J. articulatus.
Branches usually strict; capsule broadly acute, or obtuse, with a short point.
34. J. alpinus.
Capsule subulate.
Leaf-blades erect; inner perianth-parts longer than the outer. 35. J. nodosus.
Leaf-blades abruptly divergent from the stem; outer perianth-parts longer than the
inner. 36. J. Torreyi.
Epidermis of the leaves roughened with minute tubercles. 37. J. caesariensis,

7? Stamens 3, none opposite the inner perianth-parts.

Capsule less than three-fourths as long as the perianth. 38. J. brachycarpus.
Capsule more than three-fourths as long as the perianth.
Capsule tapering evenly into a prominent subulate beak.
Leaf-blade vertically flattened and with incomplete septa, only rarely compressed and with
complete septa. 39. J. polycephalus.
Leaf-blade terete or nearly so, the septa complete. 40. J. scirpoides.
Capsule obtuse to acute at the apex, sometimes mucronate, but not prolonged into a beak.
Seed %”-1” long. :
Perianth about 1” long, the fruiting head not more than 2” high. 41. J, brachycephalus.
Perianth 1%4”—2” long, or if shorter, the fruiting head 2” high or more.
Inflorescence broad ; capsule about as long as the perianth. 42. J. canadensis.
Inflorescence narrow; capsule much longer than the perianth, 43. J. brevicaudatus.
Seed 4”-}” long.
Perianth and mature capsule 1”—2” long.
Perianth 114”—2” long, or if less the whole plant not 20’ high.
Perianth equaling or longer than the capsule; heads several-many-flowered.
44. J. acuminatus.
Perianth shorter than the capsule; heads 2—-7-flowered. 45. J. debilis.
Perianth 1”-114” long, the whole plant more than 20’ high. 46. J. nodatus.
Perianth and mature capsules 2”—3” long. ; 47. J. diffusissimus,

GENUS 1. RUSH FAMILY. 467
1. Juncus effiisus L. Common Rush. Bog Rush. Soft Rush. Fig. 1166.

Juncus effusus L. Sp. Pl. 326. 1753.

Plant 13°-4° high, densely tufted, erect. Rootstock
stout, branching, proliferous; stem soit, merely striate
beneath the inflorescence; basal leaf-blades reduced to
filiform rudiments; inflorescence many-flowered, 1-4’
high, in one form congested into a still smaller com-
pact cluster; lowest bract of the inflorescence 210’
long, much shorter than the stem; perianth 1-13”
long, its parts green, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 3,
the anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule obo-
void, 3-celled, muticous, regularly dehiscent; seed 3’—
}” in length, obliquely oblong, reticulate in about 16
longitudinal rows, the reticulations smooth and two or
three times broader than long.

In swamps and moist places, nearly throughout North
America, except the arid and high northern portions. As-
cends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia.
Called also Water, Round, Hard, Candle and Pin-rush,

2. Juncus conglomeratus L. Glomerate or Staff Rush. Fig. 1167.
Juncus conglomeratus L. Sp. Pl. 326. 1753.
Juncus Leersii Mars. Fl. Neu-Vorpom. 451. 1869.

Plant 1°-23° high, densely tufted, erect. Rootstock
stout, with proliferous branches; stem distinctly ribbed
just beneath the inflorescence; leaf-blades wanting or
reduced to minute filiform rudiments; inflorescence
congested, seldom more than 10” high; lowest bract of
the inflorescence 2-6’ long, much shorter than the stem;
perianth 11’-2” long, its parts green, lanceolate, acumi-
nate; stamens 3, about two-thirds as long as the peri-
anth; anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule nearly
as. long as the perianth, obovoid, obtuse or retuse at
apex, tipped with the base of the style; seed 3’-3” in
length, obliquely oblong, acute or abruptly apiculate
at both ends, reticulate in about 16 longitudinal rows,
the reticulations smooth and two or three times broader
than long.

In sphagnum bogs, resembling in appearance specimens
of J. effusus with congested inflorescence. : Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, northern Europe and Asia. Pith-rush.

3. Juncus filif6érmis L. Thread Rush. Fig 1178.

Juncus filiformis L. Sp. Pl. 326. 1753.

Perennial, stems 4’-25’ tall, erect, about 4” in diam-
eter, arising from a creeping rootstock; basal leaves
reduced to bladeless sheaths; involucral leaf usually
longer than the stem; inflorescence rarely with more
than 20 flowers or more than 1’ high, commonly with
less than 8 flowers and less than 10” high; perianth
14-1?” long, its parts nearly equal, green with hyaline
margins, narrowly lanceolate, acute, or the inner obtuse;
stamens 6, about half as long as the perianth; anthers
shorter than the filaments; style very short; capsule
obovoid, green, barely pointed, about three-fourths as
long as the perianth, 3-celled; seed obliquely oblong,
about 3” long, pointed at either end, with an irregularly
wrinkled coat, seldom developing reticulations.

Newfoundland and Labrador to British Columbia, Penn-

sylvania, Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Utah
and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia,

468

JUNCACEAE. Vot. I.

4. Juncus gymnocarpus Coville. Pennsylvania Rush. Fig. 1169.

ut

5. Juncus balticus Willd. Baltic Rush.

Fig. 1170.

Juncus balticus Willd. Berlin Mag. 3: 298. 1809.
Stems erect, 8-36’ high, 4”-13” thick, arising at

Juncus Smithiti Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 444.
1866. Not Kunth, 1841.
J. gymnocarpus Coville, Mem, Torr. Club 5: 106. 1894.

Stems erect, 1°-23° high, about 1” thick, arising at
intervals from a creeping proliferous rootstock about
1%” in diameter; basal leaves reduced to bladeless
clasping sheaths; panicle commonly 7-15” high,
spreading, its subtending leaf usually 4-10’ long; peri-
anth 1” in length or a little less, its parts with a green
midrib, equal, lanceolate, the outer acute, the inner
obtuse; stamens 6, nearly as long as the perianth, the
anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule almost twice
as long as the perianth, broadly ovoid, conspicuously
mucronate, brown and shining, barely dehiscent, 3-
celled; seed obliquely obovoid or oblong, somewhat mis-
shapen by compression in the capsule, about 4” long,
none with perfect markings seen.

{n swamps, mountains of Schuylkill and Lebanon coun-
ties, Pennsylvania, and in Florida.

intervals from a stout creeping rootstock 17-13”
thick; basal leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths;
panicle commonly 17-24’ high; perianth 13’-23”
long, its parts lanceolate, acute, or the inner some-
times obtuse, nearly equal, brown with a green mid-
rib and hyaline margins; style 3’-1” long; stigmas
a little shorter; stamens 6, about two-thirds the
length of the perianth; anthers about #” in length,
much longer than the filaments; capsule about as
long as the perianth, pale to dark brown, narrowly
ovoid, conspicuously mucronate, 3-celled; seeds usu-

ally with a loose coat, nearly 4”
narrowly obovoid, oblique, about 40-striate.

On shores, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska,
Pennsylvania, Missouri and Nebraska; far south in the
western mountains, Also in Europe and Asia. Consists

of many races.

long, oblong to

6. Juncus Roemerianus Scheele. Roemer’s Rush. Fig. 1171.

Juncus Roemerianus Scheele, Linnaea 22: 348. 1849.

Stems 204° tall, erect, arising singly from a
tough scaly horizontal rootstock 23-5” thick; inner
sheaths bearing erect blades of about the same length
as the stem; inflorescence 21’-6’ high, diffusely
spreading, its leaf 4-10’ long; heads 2-6-flowered;
perianth pale brown, 1-12” long, the parts linear-
oblong, the outer acuminate, the inner shorter and
bluntly acute; flowers imperfectly dioecious; stamens
6, on fertile plants reduced to sterile staminodia;
capsule brown, about as long as the perianth, nar-
rowly obovoid, obtuse or truncate, mucronate,
3-celled; placenta very thick and spongy, about one-
third as broad as the valve; seed dark brown, 3-3”
long, obovoid, abruptly apiculate, indistinctly re-
ticulate or distinctly 20-26-ribbed and the intervening
spaces imperfectly cross-lined.

In brackish marshes, New Jersey(?), Virginia to Flor-
ida and Texas.

GENUS 1. RUSH FAMILY. 469

7. Juncus maritinius Lam. Sea Rush. Fig. 1172.
Juncus martimus Lam, Encycl. 3: 264. 1789.

Stems 20-40’ high, 1”-2” thick, erect from a stout
horizontal rootstock. Outer basal leaves reduced to
bladeless sheaths, the innermost foliose, with a long
terete stout blade about equalling the stem; leaf of the
inflorescence erect, sometimes 1° long, sometimes
barely exceeding the panicle; panicle 3-8’ high, iis
branches stiff, erect; heads 2-6-flowered; perianth
13-17” long, its parts green, lanceolate, with hya-
line margins, the outer acuminate, the inner a little
shorter; flowers perfect; stamens 6, two-thirds as long
as the perianth; filaments about as long as the anthers;
capsule 14’-1i” long, narrowly ovoid, acute, mu-
cronate, brown above, 3-celled, with thin placentae;
seed brown, about 4” long, the body narrowly and
obliquely oblong, about 8” in length, 20-30-ribbed, in-
distinctly reticulate, tailed at either end.

Coney Island, New York, the station now, perhaps, de-
stroyed. Common on the coasts of the eastern hemi-
sphere,

8. Juncus bufonius L. Toad Rush. Fig. 1173.
y Tuncus bufonius L. Sp. Pl. 328. 1753.

Plant branching from the base, annual, erect, seldom
exceeding 8 in height, the stems in large plants with
I or 2 leaves below the inflorescence; leaf-blade flat,
2-4” wide, in low plants often much narrower and
filiform-involute; inflorescence about one-half as high
as the plant, with blade-bearing leaves at the lower
nodes; flowers inserted singly on its branches, in one
form fasciculate; perianth-parts 2’—34” long, lanceolate,
acuminate, equal; stamens usually 6, sometimes 3,
seldom half as long as the perianth; anthers shorter
than the filaments; capsule about two-thirds as long
as the perianth; narrowly oblong, obtuse, mucronate,
3-celled; seed broadly oblong, with straight tips, 4”—2”
long, minutely reticulate in 30-40 longitudinal rows,’
the areolae broader than long.

A cosmopolitan species, occurring throughout North
America, except the extreme north, frequenting dried-up
pools, borders of streams and roadsides in clayey soil. Frog,
Toad or Coe-grass. Salt-weed.

g. Juncus trifidus L. Highland Rush. Fig. 1174.

Juncus trifidus L. Sp. Pl. 326. 1753.

; Densely tufted, 4’-12’ high; stems closely set on a
| stout rootstock, erect, about 3+” thick; basal leaves
reduced to almost bladeless sheaths, the uppermost with
—-= a rudimentary blade and fimbriate auricles; stem-leaf
q I, inserted near the inflorescence, with a narrower
A slender, flat or involute blade; inflorescence a cluster

5 of 1-3 flowers, the lowest subtending bract similar to
k the stem-leaf, the succeeding one much smaller or
wanting; perianth dark brown, 14-1} long; stamens
‘ 6; anthers about as long as the filaments; capsule
equalling the perianth, coriaceous, 3-celled, obovoid
} with a conspicuously mucronate-aristate top; seeds few,
narrowly obovoid, acute at the base, irregularly angled,
minutely striate both longitudinally and transversely.

J Greenland and Labrador, south on the higher moun-
| i tains of New England and New York to Sam’s Point, N. Y.,
.

and in North Carolina. Also in Europe and Asia,

470 JUNCACEAE. Vot. I.

to. Juncus Gerardi Lois. Black-grass. Fig. 1175.

Juncus Gerardi Lois. Journ. de Bot. 2: 284. 1809.

Tufted, 8-28’ high, with creeping rootstocks. Basal
leaves with rather loosely clasping auriculate sheaths,
the long blades flat, or when dry involute; 1 or 2
cauline leaves usually present, similar to the basal;
inflorescence sometimes exceeded by its lowest bract;
panicle erect, strict or slightly spreading; perianth 1’—
1?” long, its parts oblong, obtuse, with green midrib
and broad dark brown margins, straw-colored in age;
stamens 6, barely exceeded by the perianth; anthers
much longer than the filaments; capsule one-fourth to
one-half longer than the perianth, obovoid, mucronate,
dark brown, shining, 3-celled; seed dark brown, obovate,
acute at base, obtuse and often depressed at the sum-
mit, marked by 12-16 conspicuous ribs, the intervening
spaces cross-lined.

On salt meadows, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida; rare

inland to western New York and the vicinity of the Great
Lakes. Occurs also on the northwest coast, and in Europe.

Juncus compréssus Jacq., a similar European species,
but glaucous and with filaments nearly as long as the
anthers, has been found in Quebec.

11. Juncus Didleyi Wiegand. Dudley’s
Rush. Fig. 1176.
J. Dudleyi Wiegand, Bull, Torr. Club 27: 524. 1900.

Plants 1°-4° high, pale green. Leaves basal;
blades about half the length of the scapes or less,
very narrowly linear but flat, frequently somewhat
involute; scapes tufted, often relatively stout but
wiry, striate-grooved: inflorescence 17-2’ high, or
rarely slightly larger, usually rather congested, con-
siderably exceeded by its bract, few-flowered; peri-
anth green or pale straw-colored, 2’-23” long, its
parts firm, nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate, acute,
more or less spreading, scarious-margined; stamens
about half as long as the perianth; anthers slightly
shorter than the filaments; capsules ovoid-oval, #-§
the length of the perianth, somewhat apiculate:
seed oblong, 3-3” long, apiculate at each end.

In damp soil and open places, Quebec and Maine to
Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Washington,

12. Juncus ténuis Willd. Slender Rush. Yard
Rush. Fig. 1177.

Juncus tenuis Willd. Sp. Pl. 2: 214. 1799.

Juncus monostichus Bartlett, Rhodora 7: 50. 1905.

(?)J. dichotomus platyphyllus Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club
30: 448. 1903.

Tufted, 2’-30’ high; basal leaves with blades 3’-3”
wide, sometimes involute in drying, about half the
height of the stem; the sheaths usually with broad
scarious margins; inflorescence usually much exceeded
by its lowest leaf, 4’ high or less, the flowers rarely
secund; perianth 1{”-23” long, its parts lanceolate,
acuminate, exceeding the capsule, widely divergent,
touching the capsule for about half their length;
stamens 6, about half as long as the perianth; anthers
shorter than the filaments; capsule oblong to obovoid,
rounded at the top, imperfectly 3-celled; seed 3-3”
long, narrowly oblong to obovoid, with oblique ends,
reticulated in about 16 rows, the areolae two or three
times broader than long.

In dry or moist soil, especially on paths, almost throughout North America, now migrating to all
parts of the world. Wire-grass. Poverty-grass.

GENUS I. RUSH FAMILY.

13. Juncus intérior Wiegand. Inland
Rush. Fig. 1178.

Juncus interior Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club 27: 516.
1900.

Plants 14°-3° high, light green. Leaves basal,
several; blades about one-third the length of the
plant,. about 4” wide, sometimes involute; scapes
grooved: inflorescence 1’-4’ long, many-flowered,
the branches ascending; flowers scattered, rather
distant; perianth straw-colored, 13”-2” long, its
parts nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate, slenderly
acute or acuminate, appressed or erect, the petals
margined to the apex: stamens 6, half as long
as the perianth; anthers much shorter than the
filaments; capsule oblong or rarely ovoid-oblong,
about as long as the perianth, obtuse or barely
apiculate: seeds oblong, 3-3” long.

In dry woods or on prairies, Illinois to North Da-
kota, Wyoming, Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas and Ari-

zona.

14. Juncus sectindus Beauv. Secund Rush. F rs 1179.

Junus secundus Beauy.; Poir. Encycl. Sup. 3: 160. 1813.
Juncus tenuis var. secundus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad.
2: 450. 1866.

Tufted, 6-16’ high; leaves usually less than one-
third the height of the plant; inflorescence longer than
its lowest leaf or only slightly exceeded by it, 107-4’
high, the flowers secund on the usually somewhat
incurved branches; perianth-parts 13-13” long, equal-
ling or barely exceeding the capsule and appressed to
it for about two-thirds their length, often reddish
above; stamens 6, about one-half as long as the peri-
anth; capsule narrowly ovoid, 3-sided above the middle
with straight sides and a truncate apex, completely
3-celled, the placentae meeting in the axis; seed 3-3”
long, narrowly oblong to ovoid, obliquely tipped, with
12-16 longitudinal rows of areolae two or three times
broader than long.

In dry soil, Maine and Vermont to Pennsylvania, North
Carolina, Illinois and Missouri.

15. Juncus Vaseyi Engelm. Vasey’s Rush. Fig. 1180.
Juncus Vaseyi Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 448. 1866.

Stems erect, tufted, 1°-23° high, }” in diameter or
less; basal leaves with minutely auriculate sheaths,
the uppermost bearing a terete channeled blade, half to
three-fourths as long as the stem; stem-leaves none;
inflorescence 13’ in height or less, 4-40-flowered, the
lowest bract usually not exceeding the inflorescence;
perianth 14”—-2” long, the parts subulate-lanceolate, with
hyaline margins, the inner slightly shorter; stamens 6,
about two-thirds as long as the perianth; anthers
shorter than the filaments; style almost wanting; stig-
mas short; capsule slightly exceeding the perianth,
narrowly oblong, obtuse or truncate, with a short tip,
3-celled; seed long-tailed, with a linear-oblong oblique
body about }” long, 20-24-ribbed, the intervening spaces
with faint transverse markings.

: New Brunswick to Maine, Ontario, Michigan, Illinois and
owa.

472 JUNCACEAE. Vou. I.

16. Juncus oronénsis Fernald. Maine Rush.
Fig. 1181.

Juncus oronensis Fernald, Rhodora 6: 36. 1904.

Stems tufted, erect, 22° high or less; basal
leaves about half as long as the stem, the biades
nearly terete, the sheaths slightly auricled; in-
florescence 17-33’ long, the flowers somewhat
secund on its erect or narrowly ascending
branches; perianth 2’-23” long, its parts lanceo-
late-subulate, the outer slightly shorter than the
inner; capsule narrowly oblong, trigonous, trun-
cate or slightly emarginate, much shorter than
the perianth; seed about 4” long, the tail one-
fourth as long as the body.

Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. Am. J. Sci. 45: 37. 1843.

Stems erect, densely tufted, 823° high. Basal leaves
with slender terete channeled blades one-half or rarely
two-thirds the length of the stem; stem-leaves none, or
a single one below the inflorescence; panicle 10-20” high,
rather compact, somewhat umbelloid, much exceeded by
its lowest bract; perianth 14-12” long, its parts stiff,
lanceolate, sharply acute, with brownish red stripes and
apex, the inner shorter; stamens 6, half to two-thirds as
long as the perianth; anthers about as long as the fila-
ments; style and stigmas very short; capsule one-fourth
to one-half longer than the perianth, ovate-lanceolate in
outline, truncate at the summit, 3-celled; seed obliquely
oblong, 3-4” long, slightly reticulated in about 20-24
rows, the areolae nearly square.

New Brunswick to New Jersey, near the coast; Michigan, 5S
Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and Ontario. pod
18. Juncus dichotomus Ell. Forked Rush.
Fig. 1183.
Juncus dichotomus Ell, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 406. 1817.
Closely tufted, 1°-3° hich; leaves all basal except
those of the inflorescence; sheaths usually reddish,
the blades terete, channeled along the upper side,
about one-half the height of the stem; inflorescence
paniculate, subsecund, 14’-37' high, usually exceeded
by its lowest bract; perianth about 2” long, its parts
subulate-lanceolate, green when young, straw-colored
when old; stamens 6, about one-half as long as the
perianth, the anthers shorter than the filaments;
capsule slightly shorter than the perianth, oblong,
obtuse, mucronate, I-celled, the placentae intruded
half way to the center; seed oblong, dark brown,
obliquely apiculate, less than 3” long, reticulate in
about 14 longitudinal rows, the smooth areolae about
as long as broad.

In dry soil, Connecticut to Florida and Texas, near
the coast. Introduced in Jamaica.

GENUS I. RUSH FAMILY. 473

1g. Juncus setaceus Rostk. Awl-leaved Rush. Fig. 1184.

Juncus setaceus Rostk. Monog. Junc. 13. pl. 2. f. 2. 1801.

Densely tufted from stout branching rootstsocks.
Stems terete, spreading and recurved above, 14°-3°
long; leaves all basal except those of the inflorescence,
the uppermost sheath usually bearing a long terete
blade similar to the stem, but channeled; the other
sheaths with filiform blades less than 4’ in length;
involucral leaf appearing like a continuation of the
stem, 4-1° long; inflorescence appearing lateral, 2’
long or less; perianth 1-23” long, its parts lanceolate,
acuminate, rigid, widely divergent in fruit; stamens 6;
anthers usually longer than the filaments; capsule
globose, shining, mucronate, 1-celled, with intruded
placentae, barely dehiscent; seed subglobose, 4’—3”
long, reticulate in about 12 longitudinal rows, the
areolae large.

In marshes, Delaware to Florida and Texas, near the
coast, extending north in the Mississippi Valley to Mis-
souri.

zo. Juncus marginatus Rostk. Grass-leaved Rush. Fig. 1185.

Juncus marginatus Rostk. Monog. Junc. 38. pl. 2. f. 3. 1801.
Juncus marginatus var. paucicapitatus Engelm. Trans. St.

Louis Acad. 2: 455. 1866.

Stems erect, tufted, 6-30’ high from branching root-
stocks, somewhat bulbous at the base, compressed,
2-4-leaved. Leaf-sheaths auriculate; blades 4’-14”
broad, 2-4 conspicuous veins in addition to the midrib;
inflorescence 4’ high or less, the panicle composed of
2-20 turbinate to subspherical 5-10-flowered heads;
perianth 13-1?” long, the outer parts ovate, acute, the
inner slightly longer, obovate, obtuse, with hyaline
margins; stamens 3, nearly as long as the perianth;
anthers ovate, reddish brown when dry, much shorter
than the filaments; capsule equalling the perianth, obo-
void, truncate or retuse, almost 3-celled, the placentae
deeply intruded; seed oblong, 3’-%” long, pointed at
either end, 12-16-ribbed.

Grassy places, Maine to Ontario, Florida and Nebraska.

21. Juncus aristulatus Michx. Large
Grass-leaved Rush. Fig. 1186.

J. aristulatus Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. 1: 192. 1803.

J. marginatus biflorus Wood, Class-book, Ed. 2, 725.
1861.

J. marginatus aristulatus Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash, 8: 123. 1893.

Plants solitary or sparingly tufted, 103° high
or sometimes lower. Stems markedly bulbous-
thickened at the base; leaves similar to those of
J. marginatus, but sometimes 24” broad; panicle
6’ high or less, composed of numerous, usually
20-100, relatively small, 2-5-flowered heads; peri-
anth about 13” long; sepals acute or acuminate;
petals oblong or obovate, obtuse, longer than the
sepals; stamens as long as the perianth or longer;
anthers much shorter than the filaments; cap-
sules obovoid, about 1” long, truncate or de-
pressed at the apex.

_ In moist soil or meadows, Massachusetts to Mich-
igan, Florida, Texas and Mexico.

474 JUNCACEAE. Vor. I.

22. Juncus setdsus (Coville) Small.
Awn-petaled Rush. Fig. 1187.

J. marginatus setosus Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. 8: 124. 1893.
Juncus setosus Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 258. 1903.

Plants rather loosely tufted, 1°-23° high,
bright green. Stems not-much thickened at
the base; leaves with auriculate sheaths, some-
times quite numerous; blades 17-23” wide,
similar to those of J. marginatus; panicle 1’—4’
high, composed of 20-100 heads, or smaller in
depauperate forms; perianth 14-2” long, the
outer parts lanceolate-acuminate, the inner
slightly larger than the outer, lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate, setiform-acuminate; stamens
3, much shorter than the perianth; anthers and
filaments about equal in length, the former
reddish-brown; capsules oblong, about as long
as the perianth, blunt.

In woods and wet places, Nebraska to Louisiana,
Arizona and Mexico,

23. Juncus longistylis Torr. Long-styled Rush. Fig. 1188.

Juncus longistylis Torr. Bot. Mex, Bound. 223. 1859.

Stems erect, loosely tufted, 8-30’ high, rather stiff,
slender, compressed, 1-3-leaved. Leaf-blades 1-13” wide,
acute, striate, the midrib well defined; inflorescence 2"
high or less, usually of 2-10 irregular 3-8-flowered heads,
or reduced to a single larger one; perianth 23’’-3” long,
the parts equal, brown, lanceolate, acuminate, with hyaline
margins; stamens 6, half to two-thirds as long as the peri-
anth, the yellow linear anthers longer than the filaments;
style about 4” long; stigmas 1’—13” long; capsule oblong,
brown, angled above, obtuse or depressed at the summit,
mucronate, 3-celled; seed oblong, white-tipped, about 2”
long, 14-20-ribbed.

Newfoundland; western Ontario to Nebraska, British Co-
lumbia and New Mexico.

24. Juncus répens Michx. Creeping Rush. Fig. 1189.

Juncus repens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 191. 1803.

Perennial by prostrate rooting branches; stems tufted,
compressed, ascending, floating or prostrate, 2’-20’ long.
Leaves with compressed sheaths 10” in length, auricu-
late, the blades 1-33’ long, 3’-1” broad, filiform-acumi-
nate; inflorescence of 1-8 heads, one or more heads
often occurring also at the lower nodes; heads 5-10-
flowered; flowers 3-5” long, the outermost slightly
recurved; perianth-parts subulate-lanceolate, the outer
keeled, about one-third shorter than the inner; stamens
3, half to one-third the length of the perianth; filaments
longer than the yellow anthers; capsule subulate, beak-
less, about as long as the outer perianth-parts, 3-celled,
the valves membranous, breaking away from the axis in
dehiscence; seed oblong, acute at either end, 8-3” long,
finely reticulate in 25-40 longitudinal rows. :

In swamps and streams, Delaware to Florida, Cuba and
Texas, and in Lower California.

GENUS I. RUSH FAMILY. 475

25. Juncus castaneus Smith. Chestnut Rush. Clustered Alpine Rush. Fig. 1190.
Juncus castaneus Smith, Fl. Brit. 1: 383. 1800.

Stems erect, 4-20’ high, terete, leafless, or with a
single leaf, arising singly from a slender rootstock.
Basal leaves 3-5, the outer sheaths short, loose, the
inner clasping, sometimes 4’ long, not auriculate, their
blades tapering from an involute-tubular base to a
slender channeled acutish apex; inflorescence strict,
usually exceeded by its lowest bract, the other bracts
membranous and mostly equalling the flowers; heads
I-3, 3-12-flowered; pedicels 3’-13” long; perianth
brown or black, 2”-32” long, its parts lanceolate, acute;
stamens nearly as long as the perianth; anthers about
3” long; capsule brown, paler toward the base, 14-2
times as long as the perianth, narrowly oblong, tapering
to an acute summit, imperfectly 3-celled; seed 14-2”
long, contracted into long slender tails, the body about
3” long.

Newfoundland and Quebec to Alaska, south along the
mountains to Colorado. Europe and Asia.

Juncus biglumis L. Sp. Pl. 328. 1753.

26. Juncus stygius L. Moor Rush. Fig. 1191.

Juncus stygius L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 2: 987. 1759.
J. stygius var. americanus Buch, in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 12:

393- 1890.

Rootstock none; stems 3”-1° high, single, or few
together, erect, 1-3-leaved below, leafless above; leaf-
sheaths 5’-10” long, clasping, nerved, auriculate; blades
erect or nearly so, 107-4’ long, slightly compressed,
channeled on the upper side, tapering to a blunt point;
inflorescence of 1-4 heads; heads 1-4-flowered; lowest
bract usually exceeding the flowers; perianth 13-23”
long, pale, its parts lanceolate, 3-nerved, equal, with
membranous margins, obtuse or acute; stamens half as
long as the perianth or more; anthers oblong, shorter
than the filaments; capsule 3’-4” long, pale brown,
spindle-shaped, acute, mucronate, 3-celled below, few-
seeded; seed spindle-shaped, 14’-13” long, with a loose
coat, the body about 3” long, narrowed into thick tails.

Newfoundland to Maine, northern New York, Michigan
and Minnesota; also in British Columbia and Europe.

27. Juncus biglumis L. Two-flowered Rush. Fig. 1192.

Stems 17-8’ high, loosely tufted on a branched rootstock,
erect, nearly terete. Leaves 1-5, all basal, the outermost
sheath usually 4” long or less, the innermost sometimes
much longer, inconspicuously or not at all auriculate, the
blades nearly terete; inflorescence a capitate cluster of
1-4 flowers, its lowest bract erect, foliose, green with brown
membranous margins below; perianth 14-13” long, dark
brown, its parts membranous, oblong, obtuse, nearly equal;
stamens equalling the perianth; anthers linear-oblong;
capsule longer than the perianth, cylindric-oblong, 3-sided,
retuse at the summit, with 3 keeled shoulders, purplish
black, or with purple-margined valves, imperfectly 3-celled;
seed 4’-§” long, fusiform, the body narrowed into short
stout tails.

Baffin Bay to Alaska and British Columbia, Also in Europe
and Asia,

476 JUNCACEAE. Vor. I.

28. Juncus triglimis L. Three-flowered Rush. Fig. 1193.
y Juncus trighumis L. Sp. Pl. 328. 1753.

Stems 3-7’ high, loosely tufted on a branched root-
stock, erect, terete. Leaves 1-5, all basal, with sheaths
clasping and conspicuously auriculate, the blades sub-
terete, blunt, 3” in diameter, usually less than half
the height of the plant; inflorescence a capitate clus-
ter of 1-5 (usually 3) flowers, the lowest 2 or 3 bracts
nearly equal, divergent, about as long as the flowers,
usually brown, obtuse and membranous; _perianth
12-2” long, its parts oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; sta-
mens nearly as long as the perianth; anthers linear,
short; capsule about equalling the perianth, oblong,
obtuse, mucronate, 3-angled, imperfectly 3-celled; seed
about 1” long, its body oblong, abruptly contracted
into long slender tails.

Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado, Also in Europe and Asia.

2g. Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer. Brown-fruited Rush. Fig. 1194.
Juncus pelocarpus E, Meyer, Syn. Luz. 30. 1823. R F

Rootstock slender; stems 3’-20 high, 1-5-leaved;
basal leaves 2-4, with loose auriculate sheaths, mostly
with slender terete blades seldom exceeding 5’ in
length; stem leaves 1-5, similar to the basal; inflores-
cence 4’ in height or less; secondary panicles rarely
produced from the axils of the upper leaves; panicle
loose, with distant heads of I or sometimes 2 flowers;
perianth #13” long, the parts linear-oblong, green to
reddish-green, obtuse or the inner sometimes acute, the
outer usually the shorter, all of them frequently modi-
fied into rudimentary leaves; stamens 6, about two-
thirds as long as the perianth; anthers exceeding the
filaments; style commonly 4” and stigmas 1” long;
capsule subulate-linear, its slender beak exceeding the
perianth, 1-celled; seed oblong to obovoid, 4’—%” long,
reticulate in about 24 rows, the areolae smooth.

Newfoundland to New Jersey, Ontario and Minnesota.

30. Juncus subtilis E. Meyer. Creep-
ing Rush. Fig. 1195.

Juncus subtilis E. Meyer, Syn. Luz. 31. 1823.

Juncus pelocarpus subtilis Engelm. Trans. St.
Louis Acad, 2: 456. 1866.

Tufted; stems filiform, creeping on mud, or
floating, simple or branched, sometimes 5 dm.
long, but usually much shorter, the leaves
capillary, often fascicled at the nodes. Flow-
ers only 1 or 2, axillary or terminal, short-
peduncled or sessile; perianth about 1” long,
its parts linear-oblong, reddish, obtuse or
acutish, the outer shorter than the inner;
stamens 6, shorter than the perianth; anthers
about as long as the filaments; capsule tri-
gonous, slender-beaked, a little longer than
the perianth.

Newfoundland to Quebec and Maine.

GENUS I. RUSH FAMILY. 477

31. Juncus bulbosus L. Bulbous Rush. Fig. 11096.
Juncus bulbosus L. Sp. Pl. 327. 1753.

Tufted, 2’-8’ high; stems erect, or procumbent and
rooting at the joints, usually bulbous. Leaves of two
kinds, the basal mostly submersed, filiform, the caul-
ine stouter, all with auriculate sheaths 10” long or less,
the septa of the blades inconspicuous; panicle of I-10
heads; heads top-shaped to hemispheric, 4-15-flowered,
some of the flowers often transformed into tufts of
small leaves; perianth 13”-13” long, its parts nearly
equal, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, brown, or with a green
midrib; stamens 3, shorter than the perianth; anthers a
little shorter than the filaments; capsule narrowly ob-
long, obtuse, mucronate, slightly exceeding the peri-
anth, brown above, t-celled; seed narrowly oblong,
about +” long, acute at base, obtuse and apiculate
above, 25-30-ribbed.

Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Europe.

32. Juncus militaris Bigel. Bayonet Rush. Fig. 1197.
Juncus militaris Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 139. 1824,

Stems 20’-4° high, erect, stout, 13-3” thick below,
arising from a stout rootstock. Leaves of two kinds,
the submersed borne in dense fascicles on the root-
stock and developing filiform, nodose blades some
times 20’ long; basal leaves reduced to loose bladeless
sheaths, sometimes Io’ long; stem leaves 1 or 2, the
lower with a long stout terete blade 1’-2” thick at
the base, the upper, when present, reduced to a blade-
less sheath; inflorescence 3-6’ high, its bracts with
obsolete blades; heads top-shaped to semiglobose, 6-
12-flowered; perianth 13’-1}” long, its parts narrowly
linear-subulate, the inner longer than the outer;
stamens 6, nearly as long; anthers slightly exceeding
the filaments; capsule ovoid, acuminate, beaked, 1-celled,
few-seeded, about equalling perianth; seed obovoid,
about 2” long, reticulated in about 24 rows.

Shallow margins of lakes, ponds or streams, Nova Scotia
to northern New York and Maryland.

33- Juncus articulatus L. Jointed Rush. Spart.
Fig. 1198.
Juncus articulatus L. Sp. Pl. 327. 1753.

Rootstock branching; stems erect or ascending, 8’-2°
high, tufted, somewhat compressed, 2-4-leaved; basal
blade-bearing leaves only 1 or 2, usually dying early;
stem leaves with rather loose sheaths and conspicuously
septate blades; inflorescence rarely exceeding 4’ in
height, its branches spreading; heads hemispheric to
top-shaped, 6-12-flowered; perianth 1’’-14” long, the
parts nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate, reddish brown
with a green midrib or green throughout; stamens 6,
one-half to three-fourths as long as the perianth;
anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule longer than
the perianth, brown, 3-angled, sharply acute, tapering
into a conspicuous tip, 1-celled; seed oblong-obovoid,
about 2” long, reticulate in about 16-20 rows, the
areolae finely cross-lined. yr}

Labrador to Massachusetts, New York, Michigan and British Columbia.
Asia, On ballast ground about Philadelphia and Camden a form occurs w
and broadly acute capsules, apparently introduced.

Also in Europe and
ith obtuse perianth-parts

478 JUNCACEAE. Vor. I.

34. Juncus alpinus Vill. Richardson’s Rush. Fig. 1199.

J. alpinus Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 233. 1787.

J. Richardsonianus Schult. in R. & S. Syst, 7: 201. 1829.

Juncus alpinus var. insignis Fries; Engelm. Trans. St. Louis
Acad, 2: 458. 1866,

Stems erect, 6-20’ high in loose tufts, from creeping
rootstocks, I-2-leaved; stem leaf or leaves usually borne
below the middle; panicle 23-8’ high, sparse, its
branches strict or slightly spreading; heads 3-12-flow-
ered; perianth 1-14” long, the inner parts shorter
than the outer, obtuse, usually purplish toward the
apex, the three outer paler, obtuse, mucronate or acute;
stamens 6, half to two-thirds as long as the perianth;
anthers much shorter than the filaments; capsule ovoid-
oblong, slightly exceeding the perianth, straw-color or
brown, broadly acute or obtuse, with a short tip; seed
about 2” in length, narrowly obovoid to oblong, apicu-
late, acute or acuminate at the base, lightly reticulate
in about 20 rows, the areolae finely cross-lined.

RAS

Greenland to British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania, Nebraska and Washington.
35. Juncus nodésus L. Knotted Rush. Fig. 1200.
Juncus nodosus L, Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 466. 1762.

Stems 6’-2° high, erect, arising singly from tuber-
like thickenings of a slender, nearly scaleless rootstock ;
stem leaves 2-4, and like the basal ones with long erect }
blades, the upper overtopping the inflorescence; panicle
shorter than its lowest bract, seldom exceeding 27’,
bearing I-30 heads; heads spherical, several-many-
flowered, 33-6” in diameter; perianth 13’—-11” long, its
parts lanceolate-subulate, usually reddish brown above,
the inner longer than the outer; stamens 6, about one-
half as long as the perianth; anthers equalling the fila-
ments; capsule lanceolate-subulate, 3-sided, 1-celled,
exceeding the perianth; seed oblong, acute below,
apiculate above, rarely more than 3” long, reticulate in
20-30 rows, the areolae finely cross-lined.

Nova Scotia to Virginia, Nebraska and British Columbia
Also in Nevada.

Y SS
36. Juncus Torreyi Coville. Torrey’s Rush. Fig. 1201.

Juncus Torreyi Coville, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 303. 1895.

J. nodosus var. megacephalus Torr. Fl, N. Y. 2: 326. 1843.

Juncus megacephalus Wood, Bot. Ed. 2, 724. 1861. Not
J. megacephalus M, A, Curtis, 1835.

Stems 8~40’ high; rootstock slender, with tuberiform
thickenings at intervals, each supporting a single stem;
stem stout, 1-4-leaved; blade stout, terete, 5’—1’ thick,
abruptly divergent from the stem; inflorescence con-
gested, consisting of 1-20 heads, exceeded by its lowest
bract; heads 5-8” in diameter; perianth 2-23” long,
its parts subulate, the outer longer than the inner;
stamens 6, about half as long as the perianth; capsule
subulate, 3-sided, 1-celled, its beak 4”—-?” long, exceeding
the perianth and holding the valves together throughout
dehiscence; seed 3”—4” in length, oblong, acute at both
ends, reticulate in about 20 longitudinal rows, the
areolae finely cross-lined.

Wet soil, Massachusetts to Ontario, Saskatchewan, Wash~
ington, Alabama, Texas and Arizona.

GENUS I. RUSH FAMILY. 479

37- Juncus caesariénsis Coville. New Jersey
Rush. Fig. 1202.

J. caesariensis Coville, Mem, Torr. Club 5: 106. 1894.
Juncus asper Engelm, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 478. 1868.
Not Sauzé, 1864.

Stems 20-40’ high, stout, erect, 13” in thickness,
slightly roughened; basal leaves few, the uppermost,
like the cauline, with inconspicuously articulate sheaths
and long erect terete roughened blades; inflorescence
1-4 high, with spreading branches, its lowest bract
with a small blade sometimes 13’ long; heads 2-5-flow-
ered; perianth 2-23” long, the parts lanceolate-acumi-
nate, stiff, green, striate, the inner longer than the
outer; stamens 6, about half as long as the perianth;
filaments about equalling the anthers; style and stigmas
long; capsule lanceolate-oblong, 3-sided, mucronate-
acuminate, incompletely 3-celled; seed tailed at both
ends, altogether about 1” long, the body about 3” long,
closely striate, almost devoid of transverse lines.

38. Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. Short-fruited
Rush. Fig. 1203.

Sandy swamps of southern New Jersey.

Juncus brachycarpws Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 467.
1868.

Rootstocks bearing 1-6 stems; stems erect, 8-36’ high,
terete, I-4-leaved; blades terete, 1” thick or less, seldom
exceeding 6’ in length, the upper much shorter; inflores-
cence sometimes 4’ high and with 20 spherical heads, or
smaller and even reduced to a single head; perianth 13-2”
long, its parts subulate, the inner about three-fourths as
long as the outer; stamens 3, about half as long as the
perianth; capsule one-half to two-thirds as long as the
perianth, oblong, acute, mucronate, tI-celled, dehiscent
through the tip; seed oblong, acute at both ends, about 3”
long, reticulate in about 18 longitudinal rows, the areolae
smooth and nearly square.

Southern Ontario, through the Mississippi Valley to Okla-
homa, Texas and Mississippi; also from Massachusetts to
Georgia.

39. Juncus polycéphalus Michx. Many-headed Rush. Fig. 1204.

Juncus polycephalus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 192. 1803.
Juncus Engelmanni Buch, Krit. Verz. Junc. 67. 1880.

Stem stout, about 3° high, compressed, 2-4-
leaved. Leaves 20’ in length or less, the upper
shorter; blades vertically flattened, 14’-4” broad,
the septa incomplete, or the blades rarely nar-
rower, merely compressed, and with complete
septa; inflorescence 33-12’ high, its leaves with
nearly obsolete blades; heads globose, 34’—5” in
diameter; perianth 14’—2” long, its parts subulate ;
stamens 3, one-half to three-fourths as long as
the perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments;
capsule subulate, 1-celled, exceeding the perianth,
the valves remaining united by the slender beak,
their margins finally involute; seed narrowly ob-
long, about 4” long, acute at each end, with
nearly straight tips, reticulate in about I2 rows,
the areolae smooth.

In swamps, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and
Texas.

uncus validus Coville, which has beakless cap- ; ; it ee
sules and leaves with complete septa, is recorded from Missouri; Arkansas, Oklahoma, Mississippi
and Texas.

480 JUNCACEAE. Vor. I.

g 40. Juncus scirpoides Lam. Scirpus-like Rush.
Fig. 1205.
Juncus scirpoides Lam, Encycl. Meth. Bot. 3: 267. 17809.

Stems 8-3° high, erect, terete, in clusters from
short, horizontal rootstocks. Stem leaves 1-3; blades
terete, 1” thick or less, usually less than 4’ long, the
septa perfect; basal leaves similar, but with longer
blades; inflorescence strict or slightly spreading, some-
times 6’ in length; heads 2-30, either simple, globose,
3°-4" in diameter in flower, and 47-52” in fruit, or
lobed, and of slightly greater diameter; perianth 14’—
1i” long, its parts subulate, the inner somewhat shorter ;
stamens equalling the inner perianth-parts; capsule sub-
ulate, 1-celled, its long beak exceeding the ee
seed oblong, abruptly apiculate at either end, _
long, reticulate in 14-20 longitudinal rows, the Areoiae
smooth.

New York to Florida, Missouri and Texas.

Juncus megacéphalus M. A. Curtis, doubtfully admitted

into our first edition from Virginia, is not definitely known
to grow north of North Carolina.

. Juncus brachycéphalus (Engelm.) Buch. Small-headed Rush. Fig. 1206,

Juncus brachycephalus Buch. in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 12:
268. 1890.

Juncus canadensis var, brachycephalus Engelm, Trans. St.
Louis Acad. 2: 474. 1868.

Stems 1°-23° high, tufted from a branching root-
stock, erect or occasionally reclining and rooting at
the nodes, 2-4-leaved; leaves all with well developed
blades, the lower commonly 4-8’ long; inflorescence
commonly 23-6’ high, with spreading branches, its
lowest bract foliose; heads top-shaped, 2-5-flowered ;
perianth 1-14” long, its parts green, or reddish
brown above, with hyaline margins, lanceolate, obtuse
or sometimes acute, the outer shorter than the inner;
stamens 3; anthers much shorter than the filaments;
capsule reddish brown, about one-half longer than the
perianth, ovoid- oblong, acute to obtuse, tipped, 3-sided,
I-celled; seed 3’-3” long, with narrowly oblong body,
short-tailed at either end, 20-30 ribbed somewhat cross-
barred the intervening spaces finely cross-lined.

Maine to Pennsylvania, Missouri and Wisconsin.

42. Juncus canadénsis J. Gay. Canada Rush. Fig. 1207.

J. canadensis J. Gay; Laharpe, Monog. Junc. 134. 1825.

Juncus canadensis longicaudatus Engelm,. Trans, St. Louis
Acad. 2: 474. 1868.

Juncus canadensis subcaudatus Engelm. loc. cit. 1868.

Stems 1°-4° high, erect, 2-4-leaved, few in a tuft,
from a branched rootstock. Basal leaves usually de-
cayed at flowering-time; stem leaves with large loose
auriculate sheaths commonly 2-4’ long, and a stout
erect blade usually 4-10’ long; panicle 3’-10’ in height,
the branches moderately spreading; heads top- -shaped
to hemispheric or subspheric, 5-40-flowered; perianth
14”-2” long, the parts narrowly lanceolate, acute, the
inner longer than the outer; stamens 3, one-half to
two-thirds as long as the perianth, anthers much shorter
than the filaments; capsule lanceolate, acute, mucronate,
3-sided, 1-celled, reddish-brown, exceeding the perianth
by 4” or less; seed 4” to nearly 1” long, tailed at either
end, the body with a smooth shining coat, about
40-striate.

Newfoundland to Minnesota, Georgia and Louisiana.

GENUS I. RUSH FAMILY.

43. Juncus brevicaudatus ([Engelm.) [er-
nald. Narrow-panicled Rush. Fig. 1208.

J. canadensis brevicaudatus Engelm. Trans. St. Louis
Acad, 2: 436. 1866.

J. canadensis coarctatus Engelm. loc. cit. 474. 1868.
J. brevicaudatus Fernald, Rhodora 6: 35. 1904.

Plant 623° high, slender, tufted, the rootstocks
short. Leaf-blades less than 1” thick; inflorescence
1-6’ long, with few or several 2~-7-flowered heads
on ascending branches; perianth a little more than
1” long, its parts subulate-lanceolate, acute, or the
inner obtusish, somewhat shorter than the outer or
nearly equal; capsule dark brown, narrowly oblong,
acute, longer than the perianth; tails of the seed
about half as long as the body.

Wet ground, Newfoundland to Minnesota, New York,
West Virginia and Michigan.

44. Juncus acuminatus Michx. Sharp-
fruited Rush. Fig. 1209.

Juncus acuminatus Michx. Fl, Bor. Am, 1: 192. 1803.

Plant 103° high; rootstock short and incon-
spicuous. Stems few or several in a tuft, erect,
1—3-leaved; blades of the lower leaves 4’-8’ long,
3-1” thick, the upper shorter; inflorescence
2’-6’ high, and with 5-50 heads, rarely larger,
or reduced even to a single head, its branches
usually spreading; heads top-shaped, hemispheric
or subspheric, 3-20-flowered; perianth 14-13?”
long, its parts lanceolate-subulate, nearly equal;
stamens 3, about one-half as long as the perianth;
anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule ovate-
lanceclate, broadly acute, mucronate, 1-celled,
equalling the perianth, light brown at maturity,
the valves separating through the apex; seed ob-
long, about 4” in length, tipped at either end,
reticulate in 16-20 longitudinal rows, the areolae
transversely many-lined.

Maine to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south
to Georgia and Mexico. Also on the northwest
coast. Heads often proliferous. Knotty-leaved
rush.

45. Juncus débilis A. Gray. Weak Rush.
Fig. 1210.

Juncus debilis A. Gray, Man. 506. 1848.
“ J. acuminatus debilis Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2:
463. 1868.

Plants 8-16’ high or sometimes with longer weak
procumbent stems, often densely tufted. Leaves
with blades usually less than half the length of the
plant, more or less flattened in age or in drying;
panicle with ascending or diffuse branches; heads
mostly 2-6-flowered; perianth about 1” long, its parts
narrowly lanceolate the inner broader at the base
and less concave; stamens much over half as long
as the perianth; capsules linear-lanceolate in outline,
about one-third exceeding the perianth.

In wet places and sandy shores, Rhode Island to Mis-
souri, Florida, Mississippi and Arkansas.

31

482 JUNCACEAE. Vor, I.

46. Juncus nodatus Coville. Stout Rush.
Bigs si2ni
Juncus acuminatus var. robustus Engelm, Trans. St.

Louis Acad. 2: 463. 1868.

Juncus robustus Coville in Britton & Brown. Ill. Fl.

I: 395. 1896. Not S. Wats.

Plant about 3° high. Stems stout, commonly
13-2” thick below, 1-2-leaved; blades erect,
terete, conspicuously many-septate, 8-2? long,
1-1} thick, usually reaching or exceeding the
inflorescence; inflorescence 4-10’ high, with in-
numerable (commonly 300-500) heads, the blade
of its lowest leaf sometimes half as long as the
inflorescence; heads 2-10-flowered; perianth 1’—
13?” long, its parts nearly equal, lanceolate-subu-
late; stamens 3, one-half to two-thirds as long
as the perianth; capsule equalling or one-third
exceeding the perianth, straw-colored at maturity,
narrowly to broadly oblong, obtuse with a short
tip, 3-sided when dry, 1-celled, the valves separate
and involute after dehiscence; seed nearly as in
J. acuminatus.

Southern Illinois to southeastern Kansas, Okla-
homa, Louisiana and Texas.

47. Juncus diffusissimus Buckley. Diffuse
Rush. Fig. 1212.
Juncus, Gui wets stanes Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862:

9g. 1862.

Plant 1°-2° high. Stems few in a tuft, from a
short-branched inconspicuous rootstock, erect, slen-
der, terete or slightly compressed, 2-4-leaved; blades
4-8’ long, 3-3” thick; inflorescence diffusely
branched, widely spreading, 4’-8’ high and broad,
its lowest bract with a blade either obsolete or some-
times nearly as long as the panicle; heads 3-12-flow-
ered; perianth 14”-1i” long, its parts subulate,
equal; stamens half to two-thirds as long as the
perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; cap-
sule narrowly linear-lanceolate in outline, 2’-2%”
long, acute to obtuse at the apex, with a short tip,
3-sided, light brown, t-celled; seed oblong to obo-
void, 3”-3” long, acute at the base, abruptly tipped,
reticulate in about 16 rows, finely cross-lined.

Indiana to Kansas, Georgia and Texas.

4
2. JUNCOIDES Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 47. 1763.
[Luzura DC. Fil Fr: 3258. 1805;]

Perennial plants, with herbage either glabrous or sparingly webbed, stems leaf-bearing,
leaf-sheaths with united margins, and leaf-blades grass-like. Inflorescence umbelloid, pan-
iculate, or corymbose, often congested; flowers always bracteolate, the bractlets usually
lacerate or denticulate; stamens 6 in our species; ovary I-celled, its 3 ovules with basal in-
sertion; seeds 3, indistinctly reticulate, sometimes carunculate at base or apex, but not dis-
tinctly tailed. [Greek, meaning like Juncus.]

About 65 species, widely distributed, mostly flowering in spring. Type species: Juncus pilosus L..

Inflorescence umbelloid, 1 or 2 flowers on each of its branches. 1. J. carolinae.
Inflorescence theoretically paniculate, the flowers often crowded in spikelike clusters.
Outer perianth-parts shorter than the inner; introduced species. 2. J. nemorosum.
Perianth-parts equal or nearly so; native species.
Flowers 1-3 together, on the branches of an open panicle. 3. J. parviflorum.
Flowers crowded into one or more thick spikes or spike-like clusters. :
Inflorescence nodding. 4. J. spicatum,

Inflorescence erect or spreading, or its individual branches rarely nodding.
Inflorescence of 1-3 spike-like or capitate flower-clusters, or the leaf-blades sharp-
pointed.
Inflorescence crowded into a single cluster; leaves flat, usually with a blunt apex.
5. J.arcticum,
Inflorescence in 1-4 clusters; leaves narrowed above, involute-channeled, apex
very sharp. 6. J. hyperboreum.
Inflorescence of 2-12 spike-like or capitate clusters ; leaf-blades with blunt points.
7. J. campestre,

GENUS 2. RUSH FAMILY. 483

1. Juncoides carolinae (S. Wats.) Kuntze. Hairy Wood-rush. Fig. 1213.

Luzula carolinae S. Wats. Proc, Am. Acad. 14: 302. 1879.
Juncoides carolinae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 724. 1891.
Luzula saltuensis Fernald, Rhodora 5: 195. 1903.

Tufted, often somewhat stoloniferous. Stems erect,
2-4-leaved, 4°-1° high; leaf-blades 13-4” wide, flat,
slightly webbed, especially when young, acuminate into
a blunt almost gland-like point; stem leaves with
similar but successively shorter blades; inflorescence
an umbelloid flower-cluster, with a bract 5-12” high,
the filiform pedicels equal or nearly so, 1-flowered or
sometimes 2-flowered; perianth 13”-14” long, its parts
triangular-ovate, acuminate, brown with hyaline mar-
gins, about twice as long as the toothed bractlets; cap-
sule about one-fourth exceeding the perianth, its valves
ovate, acuminate; seed about 4” long, its body about 1”
in length, provided at the summit with a conspicuous
hooked caruncle.

Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Alabama,
Michigan and Oregon. Formerly confused with the Euro-
pean J. pildsum (L.) Kuntze.

2. Juncoides nemordsum (Poll.) Kuntze. Forest Wood-rush. Fig. 1214.

Juncus nemorosus Poll. Hist. Pl. Pal. 1: 352. 17
Juncoides nemorosum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 724. 1891.

Loosely tufted or somewhat stoloniferous. Stems
1°-23° high, 1-6-leaved below the inflorescence;
leaf-blades 13’-3” wide, ciliate, flat, tapering to a
slender sharp tip; inflorescence diffusely paniculate
or corymbose, the few lower bracts foliose, and the
lowermost branch often inserted 4’ below the next
or more; flowers in clusters of 3-8, the bractlets
ovate, entire or sparingly denticulate above, about
one-third as long as the perianth; perianth about 13”

- in length, its parts from reddish brown with pale
margins to dirty white, ovate-lanceolate, acute, the
outer about one-fifth shorter than the inner; capsule
ovoid, acuminate, barely equalling the perianth; seed
obliquely ovoid, about $” long.

A European species, naturalized at Riverdale, N. Y.,
and at Niagara Falls, Ontario.

3. Juncoides parvifldrum (Ehrh.) Coville. Small-flowered Wood-rush. Fig. 121s.

Juncus parviflorus Ehrh,. Beitr. 6: 139. 1791.
Luzula parviflora Desy. Journ. de Bot. 1: 144. 1808.
J. parviflorum Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb, 4: 209. 1893.

Stems single or few in a tuft, stoloniferous, erect,
10-30’ high, 2-5-leaved ; leaves glabrous, their blades
14-5” wide, tapering to a sharp or blunt apex;
inflorescence a nodding decompound panicle, com-
monly 14’-4' high, its lowest bract foliose, seldom
more than one-fourth the length of the panicle;
flowers borne singly, or sometimes 2 or 3 together,
on the branches of the inflorescence, on slender
pedicels; bractlets ovate, entire or rarely somewhat
lacerate, perianth 3-13” in length, its parts ovate,
acuminate, slightly exceeded by the green to brown
ovoid capsule; seed narrowly oblong, 4-2” in length,
attached to its placenta by slender implexed fibers.

Labrador to Alaska, Massachusetts, New York and
Minnesota; in the mountains to Arizona and California.
Also in Europe and Asia.

484 JUNCACEAE. Vor. I.

4. Juncoides spicatum (L.) Kuntze. Spiked Wood-rush. Fig. 1216.

Juncus spicatus L. Sp. Pl. 330. 1753.
Juncoides spicatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 725. 1891.
Luzula spicata DC. Fl, Fr. 3: 161. 1805.

Closely tufted, without rootstocks. Stems erect,
4’-10' high, distantly 1-3-leaved, tapering to a filiform
summit; leaf-blades 34’—-14” broad, often involute,
especially above, tapering to a sharp apex, sparingly
webby, especially at the base; inflorescence a nod-
ding, spike-like, often interrupted panicle, commonly
3’-1’ in length, usually exceeded by its lowest
involute-foliose bract; bractlets ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, equalling the perianth, sparingly lacerate;
perianth brown, with hyaline margins, 1-13” long,
its parts lanceolate, aristate-acuminate; capsule
broadly ovoid, bluntly acute, about two-thirds as
long as the perianth; seed narrowly and obliquely
obovoid, about 13” long:

Labrador to Quebec and Alaska; mountains of New
England and New York; south in the western mountains
to Colorado and Catifornia. Also in Europe and Asia.

5. Juncoides arcticum (Blytt) Coville. Arctic Wood-rush. Fig. 1217.
Luzula arctica Blytt, Norg. Fl. 1: 299. 1861. V3
Luzula campestris var. nivalis Laest. Kongl. Vet. Akad. h

Handl. 334. 1822.
Juncoides nivale Coville, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 108. 1894.

Stems tufted, 2’-4’ high, erect, 1- or 2-leaved. Leaves
with sheaths glabrous at the mouth, their blades 1’—2”
broad, seldom exceeding 14’ in length, very minutely
roughened on the back, at least toward the apex, flat
and tapering to a usually blunt and callous tip; inflo-
rescence an erect oblong to ovate, spike-like cluster,
3’ in height or less, exceeding its lowest semifoliaceous
bract; bractlet and perianth dark purple, the former
ovate and sparingly lacerate at the hyaline apex;
perianth-parts #’—-1” in length, narrowly oblong, more
or less broadly acute at the paler apex, sometimes den-
ticulate above; capsule subspheric, obtuse or broadly
acute, exceeding the perianth; seed narrowly oblong,
about 4” long.

Baffin Bay to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe
and Asia.

6. Juncoides hyperboreum (R. Br.) Sheldon. Northern Wood-rush. Fig. 1218.

Luzula hyperborea R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 183.
1821.

Luzula confusa Lindeberg, Nya Bot. Not. 9. 1855.

Juncoides hyperboreum Sheldon, Bull. Geol. Surv. Minn. g:
63. 1894.

Stems tufted, commonly 4’-8’ high, erect, 1-2-leaved
above the base. Leaves with sheaths sparingly ciliate at
the mouth, the blades erect, 4’—13” wide at the base,
commonly 23-7’ long, usually involute in age, not
roughened on the back, tapering into a very sharp point;
inflorescence erect, exceeding its lowest foliose bract,
consisting of a single oblong-cluster #’ in length or less,
or its one or two lower divisions on peduncles 3’—1}”
long; bracts and bractlets membranous, fimbriate; peri-
anth-parts brown, paler above, about 13” long, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, or slightly lacerate at
the apex; capsule about three-fourths as long as the
perianth, ovoid, obtuse; seed rather narrowly oblong,
about 8” long.

Arctic America, Labrador and the higher mountains of
New England. Europe and Asia.

GENUS 2. RUSH FAMILY. 485

7. Juncoides campéstre (L.) Kuntze. Common Wood-rush. Fig. 12109.

Juncus campestris L. Sp. Pl. 329. 1753.
Luzula campestris DC. Fl, Fr. 3: 161. 1805.
Juncoides campestre Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 722. 1891.

Stems densely tufted, erect, 4-20’ high, 2-4-leaved.
Leaf-blades flat, 1”-34” broad, tapering at the apex to
a blunt almost gland-like point, sparingly webbed when
young; inflorescence umbelloid; lower bracts foliose,
the lowest often exceeding the inflorescence, its several
branches straight, unequal, each bearing an oblong to
short-cylindric dense spike; floral bracts ovate, acumi-
nate; bractlets similar but smaller, fimbriate at the apex;
perianth 1’-13” long, brown, its parts lanceolate-ovate,
acuminate; capsule obovoid or broadly oblong; seed with
an oblong body about 4” in length, supported on a nar-
rower white loosely cellular, strophiole-like base about
one-half as long.

In woodlands, almost throughout the United States and
British America. Alsoin Europeand Asia. Sweeps. Chim-
ney-sweeps. Black-caps. Good-Friday. Black-head- or U
Cuckoo-grass, One of our earliest flowering plants, consisting of several slightly differing races.

Juncoides bulbdsum (Wood) Small, usually distinguishable from this plant by bearing bulblets
at the base of the stems, ranges from the District of Columbia to Georgia, Arkansas and Texas,
and may be specifically distinct.

Family 21. MELANTHACEAE R. Br. Prodr. 1: 272. 1810.
BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY.

Leafy-stemmed herbs (some exotic genera scapose), with rootstocks or rarely
with bulbs, the leaves broad or grass-like, parallel-veined, the veins often connected
by transverse veinlets. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, r2gular, race-
mose, panicled or solitary. Perianth of 6 separate or nearly sepa-ate, usually
persistent segments. Stamens 6, borne on the bases of the perianth-segments.
Anthers small, 2-celled, oblong or ovate, or confluently 1-celled and cordate or
reniform, mostly versatile and extrorsely dehiscent (introrse in Tofieldia, Triantha
and Abama). Ovary 3-celled, superior or rarely partly inferior; ovules few or
numerous in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous. Styles 3, distinct or nearly
so. Fruit a capsule with septicidal dehiscence (loculicidal in Abama). Seeds
commonly tailed or appendaged. Embryo small, in usually copious endosperm.

About 40 genera and 145 species, widely distributed.
Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-celled.
Anthers introrsely dehiscent.
Capsule septicidal ; flowers involucrate by 3 bractlets,

Inflorescence centripetal ; seeds unappendaged. 1. Tofieldia,
Inflorescence centrifugal ; seeds appendaged. 2. Triantha,
Capsule loculicidal ; flowers not involucrate. 3. Abama,

Anthers extrorsely dehiscent.
Flowers perfect.

Leaves basal, oblanceolate ; seeds numerous, 4. Xerophyilum,
Stem very leafy ; leaves linear; seeds few. 5. Helonias.
Flowers dioecious ; stem leafy. 6. Chamaelirium.

Anthers cordate or reniform, confluently 1-celled.
Plants glabrous,

Perianth-segments not gland-bearing.
Flowers perfect ; perianth-segments obtuse. 7. Chrosperma,
Flowers polygamous ; perianth-segments acuminate. 8. Stenanthium,

Perianth-segments bearing 1 or 2 glands, or a spot.
Plant with a thick horizontal rootstock ; perianth-segments with 2 glands.

9. Zygadenus.
Plants bulbous, or with short erect rootstocks; perianth-segments with 1 gland.
Flowers perfect ; bulbs membranous-coated,

Ovary partly inferior; gland obcordate. 10. Anticlea.
Ovary wholly superior; gland obovate or half-orbicular. 11. Toxicoscordion,
Flowers polygamous; rootstocks fibrous-coated. 12. Oceanoros.
Stem and inflorescence pubescent.
Perianth-segments distinctly clawed, glandless. 13. Melanthium,

Perianth-segments not clawed or very short-clawed, 2-glandular. 14. Veratrum,

486 MELANTHACEAE, Vor. I.

1. TOFIELDIA Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 157. 1778.

Perennial herbs, with short erect or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous roots, slender erect
stems leafless above or nearly so, linear somewhat 2-ranked and equitant leaves clustered at
the base, and small perfect white or green flowers in a terminal raceme. Pedicels bracted at
the base, solitary or clustered. Flowers usually involucrate by 3 scarious somewhat united
bractlets below the calyx. Perianth-segments oblong or obovate, subequal, persistent, gland-
less. Stamens 6; filaments filiform; anthers ovate, sometimes cordate, introrse. Ovary ses-
sile, 3-lobed at the summit; styles 3, short, recurved. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-beaked, septicidally
dehiscent to the base, many-seeded. Seeds unappendaged. [Dedicated to Tofield, an Eng-
lish correspondent of Hudson.]

About 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone, 1 or 2 in the Andes of South America.
Besides the following another occurs in the southeastern States and two in northwestern America.
Type species: 7 ofieldia palustris Huds.

: Sey, 1. Tofieldia palistris Huds. Scottish Aspho-

; del. False Asphodel. Fig. 1220.
Tofieldia palustris Huds. Fl, Angl. Ed. 2, 157. 1778.

Glabrous, stem slender, scape-like, leafless or bear-
ing a few leaves near the base, 2’-10’ tall. Leaves
tufted, 2-4’ long, 4”-2” wide; raceme oblong or sub-
globose in flower, dense, elongating to an inch or less
in fruit, the lower flowers first expanding; pedicels
usually solitary, minutely involucrate, 3’-1” long in
fruit; flowers greenish white, 1” broad; perianth-
seoments obovate, obtuse, much shorter than the
oblong-globose minutely beaked capsule; seeds oblong,
unappendaged.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Quebec, the
shores of Lake Superior, and the Canadian Rocky Moun-
tains. Also in Europe and Asia. Lamb-lily. Summer.

2. TRIANTHA Nutt.; Baker, Journ. Linn.
SOC 17490) S70:

Perennial herbs, with pubescent foliage, the leaves mainly basal, their blades narrow,
flat. Flowers perfect, mostly clustered in 3’s, in erect narrow centrifugal panicles; perianth-
segments white or greenish, nearly equal, glandless, persistent; stamens 6, mainly hypogy-
nous, the filaments slender, the anthers marginally dehiscent; ovules numerous in each
cavity of the ovary; capsule 3-celled, dehiscent nearly or quite to the base; seeds with tail-
like appendages at each end. [Greek, referring to the aggregation of the flowers in 3’s.]

Three known species, the following and one in Japan. Type species: Triantha glutinosa
(Michx.) Baker,

Capsule oblong, 3’-3%4” long; perianth-segments thin. 1. T. glutinosa.
Capsule ovoid, 114”—2” long; fruiting perianth-segments rigid. 2. T. racemosa.

1. Triantha glutindsa (Michx.) Baker.
Glutinous Triantha. Fig. 1221.
Narthecium glutinosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, I: 210.

1803.

Tofieldia glutinosa Pers. Syn. 1: 399. 1805.
Triantha glutinosa Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. 17: 490.

1879.

Stem viscid-pubescent with black glands, 6’-20'
tall, bearing 2-4 leaves near the base. Basal
leaves tufted, 2-7’ long, 1-3” wide; raceme
oblong and 3-12’ long in flower, longer in
fruit, the upper flowers first expanding; pedicels
commonly clustered in 3’s (1’s-4’s), ascending,
viscid-pubescent, becoming 2’—-6” long in fruit;
involucral bracts minute, united nearly or quite
to their apices, borne just beneath the flowers;

flowers 3°-4” broad; perianth-segments oblong, ‘a
mostly obtuse, membranous; capsule oblong, Nu
about 3” high, 13” in diameter, thin-walled, twice 1

as long as the perianth, the beaks 4” long or less;

seeds slender-tailed at each end.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Maine, Ohio,
Michigan, and in the southern Alleghanies. May—
June. False asphodel.

Nee
PGMS»
OF WAVY, \

—_—

GENUs 2. BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY.

2. Triantha racemosa (Walt.) Small.
Viscid Tofieldia. Fig. 1222.

Melanthium racemosum Walt. Fl. Car. 126. 1788.
Narthecium pubens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 209. 1803.
Tofieldia racemosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y.55. 1888.
Triantha racemosa Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 249. 1903.

Similar to the preceding species but rather
stouter and taller, stem 1°-3° high, the glutinous
pubescence rougher. Leaves very narrowly
linear, 6-18’ long, 13-3” wide; raceme 17-4’
long in flower, often loose, somewhat longer
in fruit, the uppermost flowers first expanding;
pedicels mostly clustered in 3’s, ascending, 2’-3”
long in fruit; involucral bractlets about 2” long,
united to above the middle, borne just beneath
the flower; perianth-segments narrowly obovate,
obtuse, rigid; capsule ovoid, 14” long, little longer
than the calyx, its beaks 4” long; seeds short-
tailed at each end.

In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and
Alabama. This and the preceding species are also
known as False asphodel. June—Sept.

[NarTHECIUM Juss. Gen, 47. 1789.]

Perennial herbs, with creeping or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous roots, erect simple
stems and linear grass-like basal leaves, those of the stem short and distant. Flowers small,
greenish-yellow, perfect, borne in a terminal raceme. Pedicels bracted at base and usually
bearing a small bractlet. Perianth-segments persistent, linear or linear-lanceolate, obscurely
3-5-nerved, glandless. Stamens 6; filaments subulate, woolly; anthers linear-oblong, erect,
introrse. Ovary sessile; style very short or none; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Capsule oblong,
loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, the linear seeds tailed at each end. [Greek, signify-
ing without step, the plants reputed to cause lameness in cattle.]

Four known species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another
occurs in northwestern America. Type species: Anthericum ossifragum L.

1. Abama americana (Ker) Morong. Amer-
ican Bog-asphodel. Fig. 1223.
Narthecium americanum Ker, Bot. Mag. pl, 1505. 1812.
Narthecium ossifragum var. americanum A. Gray, Man. Ed.

5, 536. 1867.
Abama americana Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 109. 1894.

Glabrous, stems wiry, stiff, erect, 10-18’ tall. Basal
leaves 3-8’ long, 1” wide or less, finely 7-9-nerved;
lower stem leaves 4’-2’ long, the upper much ‘smaller;
raceme 17-2’ long, dense; perianth-segments narrowly
linear, 2’-3” long, slightly exceeding the stamens;
filaments white-woolly; pedicels ascending, 3-4” long
in fruit; capsule about 5” long, 1” in diameter at the
middle, erect, nearly twice as long as the perianth-
segments, tapering to a subulate beak; seeds, including
the appendages, 3’-4” long.

In pine barren swamps, southern New Jersey and Dela-
ware. June-Sept. Yellow- or Moor-grass. Rosa-solis.

XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
i+ 210:5 1803:

Tall perennial herbs, with thick short woody rootstocks, simple erect leafy stems, the
leaves narrowly linear, rough-margined, the upper ones shorter than the lower. Flowers
very numerous, medium-sized, white, in a large dense terminal raceme, the lower ones first
expanding. Perianth withering-persistent, its segments oblong or ovate, 5-7-nerved, spread-
ing, glandless. Stamens 6, rather shorter than the perianth-segments; filaments subulate,
glabrous; anthers oblong. Ovary sessile, 3-grooved; styles 3, filiform, reflexed or recurved,
stigmatic along the inner side; ovules only 2-4 in each cell. Capsule ovoid, 3-grooved, loc-
ulicidally and sometimes also septicidally dehiscent. Seeds 5, oblong, not at all appendaged,
or only minutely so. [Greek, signifying a dry leaf.]

Three species, the following, which is the type of the genus, the others of western America,

MELANTHACEAE. — VoL. I.

1. Xerophyllum asphodeloides (L.) Nutt.
Turkey-beard. Fig. 1224.

Helonias asphodeloides L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 485. 1762.
X. setifolium Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 211. 1803.
Xerophyllum asphodeloides Nutt. Gen. 1: 235. 1818.

°

Stem stout, becoming stiff, 23°-5° tall, densely
leafy below and at the base, sparsely leafy above.
Leaves very narrowly linear, slightly dilated at the
base, the lower 6-18’ long, 1” wide or less, except
at the broader base, the upper successively shorter
and narrower; flowering raceme 3-6’ long, 2’-3’ in
diameter, its summit conic; flowering pedicels spread-
ing, filiform, 9-1” long, in fruit erect; perianth-
segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, about 3° long; styles
rather longer than the ovary; capsule ellipsoid, 2”
long, 1-12” in diameter; seeds mostly 2 in each cell.

In dry pine barrens, southern New Jersey to eastern
Tennessee and Florida. May-July. Ascends to 5000
ft. in North Carolina.

5. HELONIAS L. Sp. Pl. 342. 1753.

A perennial glabrous bog herb, with a stout rootstock, thick fibrous roots, basal ob-
lanceolate persistent leaves and rather large perfect purple flowers, racemed at the summit
of an erect hollow bracted scape. Perianth-segments spreading, spatulate, persistent.
Stamens 6, hypogynous, longer than the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers ovate.
Ovary ovoid, 3-grooved, 3-celled, slightly 3-lobed, many-ovuled; styles 3, stigmatic along
the inner side, deciduous. Capsule obovoid, deeply 3-lobed, the lobes divergent, ventrally
dehiscent above. Seeds numerous, linear, white-appendaged at each end. [Name from the
Greek, in allusion to its growth in swamps.] ,

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

1. Helonias bullata L. Swamp Pink.
Fig. 1225.
Helonias bullata L. Sp. Pl. 342. 1753.

Leaves several or numerous, dark green, thin,
clustered at the base of the scape, 6-15’ long,
2’-2' wide, pointed or blunt, finely parallel-nerved.
Scape stout, bracted below, the bracts lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, membranous; raceme dense,
1-3 long in flower,-becoming 4’-7’ long in fruit;
perianth-segments about 3” long, equalling or
rather longer than the stout pedicels; capsules
about 3” long, the valves papery; seeds 13-2”
long.

In bogs northern New Jersey, southern New York
and eastern Pennsylvania to North Carolina. Local.
The scane sometimes bears a few leaves at its base.
April-May. Stud-flower. Not definitely known to
grow wild in Pennsylvania at the presént time.

6. CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. Mag. Nat. Fr. Berl. 2: 18. 1808.

An erect glabrous slightly fleshy herb, with a bitter tuberous rootstock. Basal leaves
spatulate, those of the stem lanceolate. Flowers small, white, dioecious, in a long narrow
bractless spike-like raceme. Perianth of 6 linear-spatulate 1-nerved segments. Staminate
flowers with 6 stamens, the filaments filiform, the anthers subglobose, 2-celled; pistillate
flowers with a 3-celled oblong ovary, 3 short styles, stigmatic along the inner side, and usu-
ally with 6 staminodia. Capsules erect, slightly 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds 6-12
in each cavity, broadly winged at both ends, narrowly winged on the sides. [Greek, signi-
fying a low lily.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America,

GENUS 6. BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY.

1. Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray.
Blazing-star. Fig. 1226.
Veratrum luteum L. Sp. Ph. 1044. 1753.
Chamaelirium carolinianum Willd. Mag. Nat. Fr.
Berl, 2: 19. 1808.
Chamaelirium luteum A. Gray, Man. 503. 1848.
C. obovale Small, Torreya 1: 108. 1901.

Staminate plant 14°-22° tall, the pistillate often
taller, sometimes 4° high. Basal leaves 2-8’ long,
3/14’ wide, mostly obtuse, tapering into a long
petiole; stem leaves lanceolate, the or upper
linear, acute or acuminate, sessile or the lower
short-petioled; staminate raceme nodding or
finally erect, 3-9’ long, pedicels spreading, 1”—2”
long; pistillate raceme erect; flowers nearly 3”
broad; capsule oblong or somewhat obovoid, 4’-
7” long, 2”-3” in diameter.

In moist meadows and thickets, Massachusetts to
southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and
Arkansas. Called also Devil’s bit, unicorn-root or
aie drooping starwort. False unicorn-plant. May—

uly.

7. CHROSPERMA Raf. Neog. 3. 1825.
[AmiantHium A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 4: 121. 1837.]

An erect glabrous herb, with an ovoid-oblong coated bulb, and numerous long blunt
basal leaves, a few short ones on the stem. Flowers perfect, white, in a dense terminal
raceme, the lower ones first expanding. Perianth of 6 distinct glandless persistent obtuse
segments. Stamens inserted on the bases of the sepals; anthers small, reniform. Ovary
ovoid, 3-lobed, 3-celled. Capsule 3-celled, dehiscent above the middle, the cavities 1-2-
seeded, its 3 divergent lobes tipped with the subulate styles. Seeds ovoid, reddish brown.

[Greek, referring to the colored seeds.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America
based on Melanthium laétum Soland.

1. Chrosperma muscaet6xicum (VWalt.)
Kuntze. Fly-poison. Fig. 1227.
Melanthium muscaetoxicum Walt. Fl. Car. 125. 1788.
Melanthium laetum Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 1:

488. 1789.

Melanthium muscaetoxicum A, Gray, Ann. Lyc, N.

Wo Ai r220 1837<
Chrosperma muscaetoxicum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl.

708. 1891.

Bulb 14-2’ long, nearly 1’ in diameter. Stem
14°-4° tall. Basal leaves 2-15” wide, shorter
than the stem, the upper few and distant, bract-
like; raceme at first ovoid-conic, becoming cylin-
dric, 2-5’ long; pedicels ascending, 4’-10” long;
bractlets ovate, 1-2” long; sepals ovate-oblong,
obtuse, 2”-3” long; filaments filiform, about
equalling the sepals; capsule 2”—3” in diameter
above the middle, scarcely as long; seeds about
14” long.

In dry sandy woods, Long Island and eastern
Pennsylvania to Florida, Tennessee, Missouri and
Arkansas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia and to
21oo ft. in Pennsylvania. Hellebore. Crow-poison.
es May-July.

8 STENANTHIUM Kunth, Enum. 4: 189. 1842.

Erect glabrous bulbous herbs, with leafy stems and small white or greenish, polygamous
flowers in an ample terminal penicle. Leaves narrowly linear, keeled. Perianth-segments
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, glandless, spreading, persistent, adnate to the base of the
ovary. Stamens shorter than the perianth-segments, inserted on their bases; anthers small,
cordate or reniform. Ovary ovoid. Capsule oyoid-oblong, 3-lobed, finally dehiscent to the
base, the lobes with short slightly divergent beaks. Seeds about 4 in each cavity, oblong,
angled, somewhat flattened. [Greek, in allusion to the narrow perianth-segments.]

The genus comprises only the two following species of which the first is the type.

- Leaves 2”-3” wide; capsule reflexed. 1. S. gramineum,
Leaves 3”-10” wide; capsule erect. 2. S. robustum,

490

1. Stenanthium gramineum (Ker)
Fig.

MELANTHACEAE.

Voz. I.

Morong. Grass-leaved Stenanthium.
1228.

Helonias graminea Ker, Bot. Mag. pl. 1599. 1813.

Veratrum angustifolium Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 242.

1814.
Stenanthium angustifolium Kunth, Enum. 4: 190.
1843.
Stenanthium gramineum Morong, Mem. Torr.
Club 5: 110. 1894.
Stem slender, 3°-4° tall. Leaves grass-like,
some of them often 1° long or more, 2”-3”

wide, the upper, reduced to small linear lanceo-
late bracts subtending the branches of the
panicle; panicle open, simple or somewhat
compound, 1°-2° long, its branches nearly fili-
form, often flexuous, spreading or drooping;
bracts 4’—-1” long, equalling or longer than the
pedicels; flowers 4-6” broad; perianth-seg-
ments linear-lanceolate; capsule ovoid-oblong,
with a top-shaped base, 3-4” long, reflexed.

In dry soil, Virginia. to Kentucky, Missouri,
Ascends to 6000 ft.
Fruit apparently scarce.

in
Aug.—

Florida and Alabama.
North Carolina.
Sept.

2. Stenanthium robistum S. Wats.

Stout Stenanthium. Fig. 1229.

Stenanthium robustum S, Wats. Proc. Am, Acad.
14: 278 1879.

Stems stout, 3°-5° tall, usually very leafy.
Leaves often 1° long or more, the lower 4-10”
wide, the upper reduced to bracts; panicle
denser than that of the preceding species, com-
monly longer, usually compound, its branches
spreading or ascending; flowers greenish or
white, 6-8” broad; capsule ovoid-oblong,
4-6" long, erect, longer than its pedicel, the
very short beaks recurved-spreading.

In moist soil, Pennsylvania and Ohio to South
Carolina, Tennessee and Missouri. July—Sept.
Apparently distinct from the preceding species,
though closely related.

9. ZYGADENUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 213. 1803.

A glabrous erect perennial herb with a thick rootstock and a leafy stem. Leaves nar-
nowly linear. Flowers perfect, white, in a terminal panicle. Perianth withering-persistent,
its segments lanceolate, separate, bearing 2 glands just above the narrowed base. Stamens free
from the perianth segments and about equalling them in length; anthers cordate or reniform.
Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, the cavities not diverging, dehiscent to the base. Seeds numerous in ©
each cavity, oblong or linear, angled. [Greek, referring to the two glands.]

A monotypic genus of southeastern North America.

GENUS 9. BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 491

1. Zygadenus glabérrimus Michx. Large-
flowered Zygadenus. Fig. 1230.

Z. glaberrimus Michx. Fl. Bor, Am, 1: 214. 1803.

Rather dark green, slightly glaucous, stem
stout, 2°-4° tall, from a thick rootstock. Leaves
3’-6” wide, long-acuminate, channelled, often
1° long or more, the upper gradually smaller,
appressed, passing into the short ovate bracts of
the panicie; panicle 6-12’ long, its branches rather
stout, stiff, ascending; pedicels stout, longer than
the bractlets; flowers white, mostly perfect, 1-13’
broad, perianth-segments lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, narrowed into a short claw, bearing
2 orbicular glands; styles subulate; capsule nar-
rowly ovoid, shorter than the perianth.

In swamps, Virginia to Florida, near the coast.
July—Sept.

Glabrous perennial herbs, with membranous-coated bulbs, leafy stems, and rather large
greenish or yellowish-white flowers in terminal racemes. Leaves linear. Flowers perfect.
Perianth withering-persistent, adnate to the lower part of the ovary, its segments bearing
a single obcordate gland. Stamens distinct from the perianth-segments. Capsule 3-celled,
the cavities dehiscent to the base. Seeds numerous. [Named for the mother of Ulysses.]

2 ci 6 species, natives of North America and northern Asia. Type species: A. sibirica (L.)
unth,

1. Anticlea élegans (Pursh) Rydb. Glau-
cous Anticlea. Fig. 1231.

Zygadenus elegans Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. 241. 1814.
Melanthium glaucum Nutt. Gen, 1: 232. 1818,
Zygadenus glaucus Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 56. 1834.
Z. chloranthus Richards, Frank. Journ. 736. 1821.
A, chlorantha Rydb. Bull, Torr, Club 30: 273. 1903.

Plant glaucous; bulb ovoid, about 1’ long, its
coats membranous. Stem slender, 63° tall; leaves
2”-7” wide, keeled, the lower 4-12’ long, the upper
much shorter; bracts lanceolate, rather large, green
or purplish; inflorescence a simple raceme or a large
panicle, sometimes 1° long, open, its branches slender,
ascending; flowers greenish or yellowish, 8-10”
broad; perianth-segments oval or obovate, obtuse,
bearing a large obcordate gland just above the short
claw; capsule oblong, nearly 1’ long, exceeding the
perianth.

In moist places, New Brunswick to Alaska, Vermont,

New York, Missouri, and in the Rocky Mountains to
New Mexico. June—-Aug.

11. TOXICOSCORDION Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 30: 272. 1903.

Glabrous, poisonous perennial herbs, with membranous-coated bulbs, narrowly linear
conduplicate leaves and small perfect or polygamous flowers in racemes or panicles. Perianth
wholly inferior, free from the ovary, its segments distinct, short-clawed, each bearing an
obovate or semi-orbicular gland at or above the base. Stamens mostly adnate to the bases
of the perianth-segments; anthers subreniform, confluently r1-celled. Ovary 3-celled. Cap-
sule 3-beaked, 3-celled, containing numerous seeds,

About 7 species, natives of North America. Type species: Zygadenus intermedius Rydb.
[Greek, poison-onion.]

Leaves 3”-8” wide ; flowers mostly perfect. 1. T. Nuttallii.
Leaves 2”—3” wide ; flowers polygamous. 2. T. gramineum.

492 MELANTHACEAE, Vo. I.

1. Toxicoscordion Nuttallii (A. Gray) Rydb.
Nuttall’s Camass. Fig. 1232.

Amianthium Nuttallii A, Gray, Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 4: 123.
1837.
Zygadenus Nuttallii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 279.

1879-
T. Nuttailii Rydb. Bull, Torr, Club 30: 272. 1903.

Light green, scarcely glaucous, stem 1°-2° high.
Bulb large, coated; leaves 3-8” wide, shorter than
the stem, strongly conduplicate, the upper very short;
inflorescence racemose or paniculate bracts mem-
branous, scarious, shorter than the slender pedicels;
flowers mostly perfect, about 6” broad; perianth-
segments oval or ovate, obtuse, free from the ovary,
thin, short-clawed, bearing a roundish spot-like
gland; capsule 4-6” long.

On prairies, Kansas, Colorado and Arkansas. May—
June.

2. Toxicoscordion gramineum Rydb. Death-
camass. Fig. 1233.

Zygadenus venenosus Rydb, Contr. Dept. Agric. 3: 525.
1896. Not S. Wats.
Zygadenus gramineus Rydb, Bull. Torr. Club 27: 535.
Teun Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 30: 272. 1903.
Pale green, stem slender, 62° tall, from a small
coated bulb. Leaves conduplicate, roughish, 2-3”
wide, shorter than the stem, the upper small and
distant; inflorescence a simple or somewhat
branched raceme, 2’-4’ long in flower, elongating in
fruit, the slender pedicels longer than the scarious
lanceolate bracts; flowers yellow or yellowish,
polygamous, about 4” wide; perianth-segments
ovate or elliptic, obtuse or acutish, short-clawed, free
from the ovary, bearing a roundish gland with an
irregular margin; fruiting pedicels erect; capsule
longer than the perianth.

South Dakota to Saskatchewan, Idaho, Nebraska and Utah. Hog’s-potato. Death-camass.
Roots poisonous. May-June.

12. OCEANORUS Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 252. 1903.

A glabrous perennial herb, with erect, fibrous-coated bulb-like rootstocks. Leaves nar-
row, borne on the lower part of the stem, the outer ones reduced to sheathing scales. Flow-
ers polygamous, in terminal panicles, the lower ones of each branch of the inflorescence
fertile. Perianth-segments each bearing a thick yellow gland at the base. Stamens some-
what shorter than the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, each cavity with several ovules. Capsule
conic, erect, tipped by the short styles. [Greek, the plant inhabiting both coastal and moun-
tainous regions. |

A monotypic genus of the southeastern United States.

GENUS 12. BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 493

1. Oceanorus leimanthoides (A. Gray)
Small. Pine-barren Oceanorus.
Fig. 1234.

Amianthium leimanthoides A. Gray, Ann. Lye.

N. Y. 4: 125. 1837.

Zygadenus leimanthoides S. Wats. Proc. Am.

Acad. 14: 280. 1879.

Oceanorus leimanthoides Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 252.

1903.

Stem slender, 1°-4° high, its base sheathed
by short leaves which soon become fibrous.
Leaves 2-4” wide, green on both sides, often
1° long, blunt, or the upper acuminate and
much shorter; panicle 4’-12’ long, its branches
densely many-flowered, spreading or ascend-
ing; bractlets much shorter than the slender
pedicels; lower flowers perfect, white or green-
ish, about 4” broad; perianth-segments oblong,
obtuse, sessile, not clawed, adnate to the very
base of the ovary; capsule ovoid, 4” high,
much longer than the perianth. -

In swamps or wet soil, Long Island to Georgia,
North Carolina and Tennessee. July—Aug.

13. MELANTHIUM L. Sp. Pl. 339. 1753.

Tall leafy herbs, perennial by thick rootstocks, the stem, at least its upper part, and the
inflorescence, pubescent. Leaves narrow, oblanceolate or linear, sheathing or the upper sheath-
less. Flowers greenish, white or cream-colored, darker in withering, monoecious or poly-
gamous, slender pedicelled in a large terminal panicle. Perianth of 6 spreading separate
persistent clawed 2-glandular segments, mostly free from the ovary. Stamens shorter than
the segments and adnate to them; anthers cordate or reniform, their sacs confluent. Ovary
ovoid; styles 3, subulate, spreading. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, the cavities several-seeded,
tipped by the style. Seeds very flat and broadly winged, several in each cavity. [Greek,
signifying black flower.]

The genus comprises the following species, and one in the southern states, the first being the type.

Blade of the perianth-segments oblong, entire ; leaves linear. 1. M. virginicum.
Blade of the perianth-segments nearly orbicular, undulate; leaves oblanceolate. 2. M. Jatifoliuim.

1. Melanthium virginicum L. Bunch-
flower. Fig. 1235.

Melanthium virginicum L. Sp. Pl. 339. 1753.

Stems rather stout, 23°-5° high. Leaves linear,
acuminate, often 1° long, 4’-12” wide, the lower
sheathing, the upper smaller, sessile, the upper-
most very small; panicle 618’ long, usually much
longer than the ovate-oblong bracts; flowers 6’—
10” broad, greenish yellow, turning brown;
perianth-segments obtuse, the blade oblong, flat,
entire, sometimes obcordate, at least twice as long
as the claw, bearing 2 dark glands at its base; cap-
sule 5’-7” long, the persistent styles erect, 1-14”
long; seeds 8-10 in each cavity, 2”-3” long.

In meadows, wet woods and marshes, Rhode Island
to New York and Minnesota, south to Florida and
Texas. Black or bunch-flower. Quafodil. June—Aug.

404 MELANTHACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Melanthium latifolium Desr. Crisped
Bunch-flower. Fig. 1236.

?Melanthium hybridum Walt. Fl. Car. 125. 1788.
M., latifolium Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 4: 25. 1797.

Melanthium latifolium longipedicellatum A, Brown,
Bull. Torr. Club 23: 152. 1896.

Stem stout or slender, 2°-4° tall. Leaves ob-
lanceolate, acute, 6’—2’ wide, the lower clasping,
the upper sessile and much smaller; panicle usu-
ally 1° long or more, its branches ascending or
spreading; flowers 6-8” broad, greenish white,
turning darker; blade of the perianth-segments
orbicular or ovate, undulate and crisped, longer
than the claw or about equalling it, bearing 2
glands at the base; capsule 6’-8” long, its cavi-
ties 4-8-seeded; seeds rather larger than those of
the preceding species; flowers fragrant.

In dry woods and on hills, Connecticut to Pennsyl-
vania and South Carolina. Ascends to 2000 ft. in
North Carolina. Pedicels 3”-8” long. July—Aug.

14. VERATRUM L. Sp. Pl. 1044. 1753.

Tall perennial herbs, with thick short poisonous rootstocks, the leaves mostly broad,
clasping, strongly veined and plaited, the stem and inflorescence pubescent. Flowers green-
ish or yellowish or purple, rather large, polygamous or monoecious, on short stout pedicels
in large terminal panicles. Perianth-segments 6, glandless or nearly so, not clawed, some-
times adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments and free
from them, short, mostly curved. Anthers cordate, their sacs confluent. Ovary ovoid;
styles 3, persistent. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, the cavities several-seeded. Seeds very flat,
broadly winged. [Ancient name of the Hellebore.]

, About 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following another occurs
in southern United States and 3 in western North America. Type species: Veratrum album L.

Flowers yellowish green; perianth-segments pubescent, ciliate. 1. V. viride,
Flowers purple or greenish; perianth-segments glabrous or nearly so.
Flowers purple ; pedicels short. 2. V. Woodii.
Flowers greenish ; pedicels filiform. 3. V. parviflorum.

1. Veratrum viride Ait. American White
Hellebore. Indian Poke. Poke-root.
Fig. 1237.

Veratrum viride Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 422. 1789.

Rootstock erect, 2’-3’ long, 1-2’ thick, with
numerous fibrous-fleshy roots. Stem stout, 2°-8°
tall, very leafy; leaves acute, the lower broadly oval
or elliptic, 6-12’ long, 3-6’ wide, short-petioled or
sessile, sheathing, the upper successively narrower,
those of the inflorescence small; panicle 82° long,
densely many-flowered, its lower branches spreading
or somewhat drooping; pedicels 1-3” long, mostly
shorter than the bracts; flowers yellowish green, 8’—
12” broad; perianth-segments oblong or oblanceo-
late, ciliate-serrulate, twice as long as the stamens;
ovary glabrous; capsule 10-12” long, 4-6” thick,
many-seeded; seed 4-5” long.

In swamps and wet woods, New Brunswick and Que-
bec to Ontario, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Minne-
sota. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in the Adirondacks. Big,
Swamp or False hellebore. Duck-retten. Earth-gall.
Devil’s-bite. Bear-corn. Poor Annie. Itch-weed.
Tickle-weed. May-July.

GENUS 14. BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 495

2. Veratrum Woddii Robbins. Wood's
False Hellebore. Fig. 1238.

Veratrum Woodii Robbins in Wood, Classbook, Ed.

41, 557- 1855.

Rootstock short, erect. Stem slender, 2°-s5°
tall; leaves mostly basal, oblong or oblanceolate,
often 1° long, 2-4’ wide, narrowed into sheath-
ing petioles about as long as the blade; upper
leaves small and linear-lanceolate; panicle open,
1°-2° long, its branches ascending; pedicels
shorter than the perianth, about as long as the
bracts; flowers 67-8” broad, purple; perianth-
segments oblanceolate, obtuse, nearly or quite
glabrous, entire, little longer than the stamens;
ovary pubescent when young, becoming glabrous;
capsule 6-8” long, few-seeded.

In dry woods and on hills, southern Indiana to
Missouri. Indian poke-weed. June-July.

3. Veratrum parviflorum S. Wats. Small-
flowered Veratrum. Fig. 1239.

V. parviflorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 250. 1803.

Melanthium parviflorum S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.

14: 276. 1879.

Stem slender, 2°-5° tall. Lower leaves broadly
oval or oblanceolate, acute, 4’-8’ long, 14’-4’ wide,
with narrow sheathing bases, the upper narrowly
linear-lanceolate, acuminate; panicle 1°-2° long,
loose and open, its very slender branches di-
vergent or ascending; pedicels filiform, much
longer than the bracts, somewhat longer than the
perianth-segments; flowers 4-6” broad, green-
ish; perianth-segments cblanceolate, glandless,
short-clawed or sessile; capsule 5-6” long, the
cavities 4-6-seeded; seeds 3-4” long.

Dry woods, mountains of Virginia to South Caro-
lina. June—Aug.

Family 22. LILIACEAE Adans. Fam. PI. 42. 1763.
Lity TF aMiry.

Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs or corms, or rarely with root-
stocks or a woody caudex (Yucca), the leaves various. Flowers solitary or
clustered, regular, mostly perfect. Perianth parted into 6 distinct or nearly dis-
tinct segments, or these more or less united into a tube, inferior, or partly superior
(Aletris). Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the perianth or at the bases of its
segments; anthers 2-celled, mostly introrse, sometimes extrorse. Ovary 3-celled;
ovules few or numerous in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous ; styles united ;
stigma 3-lobed or capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (septicidal in Calochortus),
or in Yucca sometimes fleshy and indehiscent. Embryo in copious endosperm.

About 125 genera and 1300 species, widely distributed.
* Plants bulbous, or with rootstocks, or fibrous-fleshy roots.
+ Ovary superior, not adnate to the perianth.
Roots fibrous-fleshy ; scape tall; flowers orange or yellow.
Low fleshy herb with a short rootstock; flowers white.
Plants with bulbs or corms.
Flowers umbelled.
Perianth 6-parted.

Hemerocallis.
Leucocrinum,

~

bb

Odor characteristically onion-like ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. 3. Allium.
Odor not onion-like ; ovules several in each cavity. 4. Nothoscordum.
Perianth funnelform, the tube about as long as the lobes. 5. Androstephium.

Flowers solitary, racemed, corymbed or panicled.
Anthers not introrse,
Perianth-segments all alike or nearly so; capsule loculicidal.
Anthers versatile; tall herbs.
Anthers not versatile ; low herbs.

an

. Lilium.

496 LILIACEAE. Vou. I.

Stem leafy. ; ,
Flowers nodding ; perianth-segments with a nectary at the base. 7. Fritillaria,

Flowers erect; perianth-segments without a nectary. 8. Tulipa.
Leaves only 2, appearing basal; flowers bractless. 9. Erythronium.
Outer segments narrower than the inner; capsule septicidal. 10. Calochortus.

Anthers introrse.
Perianth of 6 separate segments,

Filaments filiform. 11. Quamasia.
Filaments flattened. 12. Ornithogalwmn.
Perianth globose, oblong or urn-shaped. 13. Muscari,
77 Ovary half inferior; roots fibrous; flowers racemed. 14. Aletris.
** Stem a woody caudex; leaves rigid, mostly bearing marginal fibers. 15. Yucca,

1. HEMEROCALLIS L. Sp. Pl. 324. 1754.

Tall glabrous herbs, with fibrous roots, basal linear leaves and large erect or spreading
mostly orange or yellow flowers clustered at the ends of leafless scapes. Perianth funnel-
form, its lobes oblong or spatulate, much longer than the cylindric tube. Stamens 6, inserted
at the summit of the perianth-tube, shorter than the lobes, declined; filaments filiform;
anthers linear-oblong, the sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary oblong, 3-celled; ovules numerous
in each cavity; style slender, declined, tipped with a small capitate stigma. Capsule oblong
or ovoid, thick-walled, 3-angled, wrinkled, loculicidally 3-valved. [Greek, beautiful for a day.]

About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species: H. Lilio-Asphodelus L.

1. Hemerocallis falvaL. DayLily. Fig. 1240.
Hemerocallis fulva L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 462. 1762.

Scapes 3°-6° high, stout, mostly longer than the
leaves. Leaves 4’-6” wide, channeled, tapering to an
acute tip; scape bearing several short bracts above;
flowers 6-15, short-pedicelled, tawny orange, panicled,
4’-5’ long, opening for a day; tube of the perianth
1-13’ long, the lobes oblong, somewhat spreading,
netted-veined; the three outer nearly flat, acutish; the
3 inner undulate and blunt.

In meadows and by streams, New Brunswick to Vir-
ginia and Tennessee. Europe and Asia. Escaped from
cultivation. Eve's-thread. Lemon-lily. June—Aug.

Hemerocallis flava L., the Yellow day-lily, with yellow
flowers, their lobes parallel-veined, is occasionally found
near old gardens, and on roadsides.

Niobe coerilea (Andr.) Nash, and N.jap6nica (Thunb.)
Nash, Plantain-lilies, with drooping flowers and broad
leaves, common in gardens, are occasionally established on
roadsides.

2. LEUCOCRINUM Nutt.; A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 4: 110. 1837.

A low acaulescent rather fleshy herb, from a short rootstock, the roots thick, fibrous.
Outer leaves membranous, acute, short; inner leaves linear, elongated, the innermost reduced
to bracts. Flowers large, white, umbellate from the subterranean axils. Pedicels filiform.
Perianth with a very narrow tube and a salverform limb, persistent, the 6 linear-oblong lobes

spreading, nerved, shorter than the tube. Stamens A| N
Wy

borne near the top of the perianth-tube, shorter than
the lobes; filaments filiform; anthers linear, their
uy
Hos,
fF,

sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled;
style filiform, stigma small. Capsule oval or obo-
void, 3-angled, sessile, loculicidal. Seeds several
in each cavity, angled. [Greek, white lily.]

A monotypic genus of northwestern North America.

1. Leucocrinum montanum Nutt. Sand-lily.
Fig. 1241.

L.montanum Nutt.; A.Gray, Ann. Lyc.N. Y.4: 110. 1837.

Root-fibers very thick, numerous. Inner leaves
2’-10’ long, 1-3” wide; flowers 3-8; pedicels 3/2’
long; perianth-limb about 3’ broad, the lobes acute;
perianth-tube 1-2’ long, less than 1” in diameter;
filaments 3-4” long; anthers coiled at least when
dry; capsule 3-4” long, erect, leathery; seeds black.

In sandy soil, South Dakota and Nebraska to Montana,
Oregon, Colorado and California. April-June.

GENUS 3. LILY FAMILY. 497

3. ALLIUM L. Sp. Pl. 294. 1753.

Bulbous herbs, odorous (alliaceous) ; bulbs solitary, or clustered on short rootstocks.
Leaves narrowly linear, rarely lanceolate or oblong, sheathing, basal, or sometimes also on
the stem. Stem (usually a scape) simple, erect. Flowers white, purple, pink or green, in a
terminal simple umbel, subtended by 2 or 3 membranous separate or united bracts. Pedicels
slender, not jointed. Perianth persistent; segments 6, separate, or united by their bases.
Stamens on the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments sometimes toothed; anther-sacs
introrsely dehiscent. Ovary nearly sessile, 3-celled; style filiform, jointed, deciduous; stigmas
small; ovules 1-6 in each cavity. Capsule loculicidal. [Latin for garlic.]

About 300 species of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 50 others occur in the
western United States. Type species: Allium sativum L.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, absent at flowering time. [VALIDALLIUM Small.] 1. A. tricoccum.
Leaves linear, present at flowering time.
Bulb-coats membranous, not fibrous-reticulated.
Umbel capitate ; pedicels shorter than the flowers. 2. A, sibiricum,
Umbel loose ; pedicels much longer than the flowers.
Flowering umbel nodding.
Perianth campanulate, white or pink, its outer segments acute. 3. A. cernuwn.

Perianth urn-shaped, purple, outer segments obtuse or notched. 4. A. alleghaniense.
Flowering umbel erect.
Leaves flat or channeled, all nearly basal. 5. A. stellatum.
Leaves terete, hollow, some on stem; flowers often replaced by bulblets.
Filaments with a tooth on each side. 6. A. carinatum,
Filaments simple, not toothed. 7. A. vineale.

Bulb-coats fibrous-reticulated.
Capsule not crested.
Flowers mostly replaced by bulblets ; scape 8’—2° tall. 8. A. canadense.
Flowers rarely replaced by bulblets.
Scape 1°—2° tall; pedicels 8”-12” long; perianth-segments thin. 9. A. mutabile.
Scape 4’-8’ tall; pedicels 4”—6” long ; perianth-segments rigid in fruit. 10. A. Nuttallit.
Capsule-valves with 2 short crests. 11. A. reticulatum.
1. Allium tric6ccum Ait. Wild Leek.
Fig. 1242.
Allium tricoccum Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 428. 1789.

Bulbs ovoid, clustered, 1-2’ high, seated on a
short rootstock, their coats fibrous-reticulated.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, appearing early
in the spring, but withering before flowering time,
6-12’ long, 1-2’ wide, narrowed at both ends, °
tapering into a long petiole; scape 4-15’ tall; bracts
of the umbel usually 2, at first enclosing the flowers,
acuminate, deciduous; umbel erect; pedicels becom-
ing rigid, 6-10” long; flowers white; perianth-
segments oblong, obtuse, 2’-3” long; filaments
lanceolate-subulate ; ovule 1 in each cavity; capsule
deeply 3-lobed, about 3” broad, 14”-2” high, its
valves not crested; seeds globose, black, smooth.

In rich woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, North
Carolina, Tennessee and Iowa. Often grows in large
beds. Three-seeded leek. Ramps. June-July.

2. Allium sibiricum L. Chives. Chive-
or Rush-garlic. Fig. 1243.
Allium sibiricum L. Mant. 2: 562. 1771.

Bulbs narrowly ovoid, clustered, 1’ high or less,
their membranous coats not fibrous-reticulated.
Scape rather stout, 8’-2° high, bearing below the
middle rt or 2 elongated linear terete hollow
leaves about 4” in diameter, or the leaves all
basal; bracts of the umbel 2, broadly ovate,
veiny; umbel many-flowered, capitate, the pedi-
cels 1-3” long; flowers rose-color, longer than
the pedicels; perianth-segments 4-6” long,
lanceolate, acuminate; stamens much shorter
than the perianth; filaments subulate, half-
terete; ovules 2 in each cavity of ovary; capsule
obtusely 3-lobed, half as long as the perianth.

In moist soil, Newfoundland to Alaska, Maine,
New York, Michigan, Wyoming and Washington.

32

498 LILIACEAE,

Europe and Asia.
Closely related to A. Schoendéprasum L., to which it

subtended by

the summit.

Se)

July—Aug.

4. Allium alleghaniénse Small. Alle-
ghany Onion. Fig. 1245.

Allium alleghaniense Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
I: 279. 1899.

Bulbs ovoid. Leaves few, with narrowly
linear blades 6-12’ long; scapes 1°-2° tall,
2-edged at least at maturity; umbel nodding,
12-40-flowered; pedicels 7-13” long, filiform,
becoming thicker in age; perianth purple,
mostly urn-shaped, 2’-23” high, the segments
oval, the outer obtuse or notched, shorter than
the inner; capsule 2’—23” high, with 2 large
processes on each valve.

Rocky soil and on cliffs, Virginia to Tennessee
and Georgia. July—Aug.

#13” wide,

was referred in our first edition.

3. Allium cérnuum Roth. Nodding Wild

A, cernuum Roth; Roem, Arch. 1: Part 3, 4o.

Bulbs usually clustered on a short rootstock, nar-
rowly ovoid, with a long neck, 1-23’ high, the
coats not fibrous-reticulated. Scape slender, slightly
ridged, 1°-2° high; leaves linear, channeled or nearly
flat, 1-2” wide, mostly shorter than the scape,
bluntish, umbel many-flowered, nodding in flower,
short-deciduous bracts; pedicels fili-
form, 8-15” long; flowers campanulate, white or
rose; perianth-segments ovate-oblong, acute or ob-
tusish, 2’-3” long; stamens longer than the perianth;
filaments nearly filiform; ovules
the ovary; capsule 3-lobed, rather shorter than the
perianth, each valve bearing 2 short processes near

in each cavity of

On banks and hillsides, New York to Minnesota and
British Columbia, Kentucky, South

Dakota, and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico.

5. Allium stellatum Ker. Prairie Wild

Allium stellatum Ker, Bot. Mag. pl. 1576.

Bulbs solitary or several together, narrowly. ovoid,
1-2’ long, their coats membranous.
8-18’ tall, somewhat ridged above; leaves linear,
several-many-
flowered, erect, subtended by 2 lanceolate or ovate
pedicels filiform, 6’-10” long;
flowers rose-color; perianth-segments ovate-oblong,
acute, 2’-3” long, equalling or rather shorter than
the stamens; filaments filiform, slightly widened at
the base; capsule shorter than the perianth, 3-lobed,
about 6-seeded, each valve bearing 2 erect processes
or crests below the apex.

Scape slender,
nearly flat;

acuminate bracts;

On rocky banks, Illinois and Minnesota to Missouri,
Nebraska and Kansas.

GENUS 3. LILY FAMILY. 499

6. Allium carinatum L. Keeled Garlic.
Fig. 1247.

Allium carinatum L. Sp. Pl. 297. 1753.

Similar to Allium vineale. Bulb ovoid, its coats
membranous. Stem terete, leafy up to about the
middle, 8-20’ tall; leaves linear, channeled below,
flat toward the apex, prominently 3-5-nerved; bracts
of the umbel 2, narrowly linear, one much longer
than the other; umbel erect, bearing either bulbs or
capsules; pedicels filiform, 10-20” long; flowers
about 3” long, violet to rose; filaments not toothed.

Roadsides, New Jersey and southeastern Pennsyl-
vania. Adventive from Europe.

7. Allium vineale L. Wild Garlic. Field
Garlic. Crow Garlic. Fig. 1248.
Allium vineale L. Sp. Pl. 299. 1753.

Bulb ovoid, 1’ high or less, its coats membranous.
Stem 1°-3° tall, bearing 2-4 narrowly linear terete
hollow somewhat channeled leaves below the middle
at flowering time, the early basal leaves similar,
numerous, 4-10’ long; bracts of the umbel 2, lanceo-
late, acuminate, deciduous; umbel few-—many-flow-
ered, erect, the flowers often wholly or in part re-
placed by small ovoid bulblets which are tipped with
a long capillary appendage; pedicels 3-12” long,
filiform, the lower spreading or drooping; flowers
green or purple, about 2” long; perianth-segments
ovate-lanceolate, stamens included or slightly ex-
serted; filaments flattened, broad, the 3 interior ones
bearing a tooth on each side just below the anther;
capsule 3-lobed, shorter than the perianth.

In fields and meadows, Rhede Island to Virginia, Ten-
nessee and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe, A trou-
blesome weed in the Middle States, infesting pastures, and
tainting the flavor of spring butter. June-July.

8. Allium canadénse L. Meadow Garlic.
Fig. 1249.

Allium canadense L. Sp. Pl. 1195. 1753.

Bulb ovoid, solitary, usually less than 1’ high, the
outer coats fibrous-reticulated. Scape terete, 82° tall;
leaves basal or nearly so, narrowly linear, flat or
flattish above, slightly convex beneath, 1’-14” wide,
usually shorter than the scape; bracts of the umbel 2
or 3, white, broadly ovate, acuminate; flowers usually
or often replaced by ovoid bulblets; pedicels, when
present, about 4’ long; flowers pink or white, the
perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, about as
long as the stamens; filaments widened at the base,
none of them toothed; capsule valves not crested.

In moist meadows and thickets, New Brunswick to Min-
nesota, south to Florida, Louisiana, Texas and Colorado.
Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Wild garlic. May-June.

ee ee ee en ee

500 LILIACEAE. Vor. I.

g. Allium mutabile Michx. Wild Onion.
Fig. 1250.

Allium mutabile Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 195. 1803.

Bulbs ovoid, solitary or several together, 1’ high
or less, their coats prominently fibrous-reticulated.
Scape terete, 1°-2° tall; leaves basal, channeled,
1-2” wide, shorter than the scape; bracts of the
umbel 2 or 3, long-acuminate; umbel erect, many-
flowered, rarely bulblet-bearing; pedicels filiform,
8’-12” long; flowers pink, rose or white, 23-4”
long; perianth-segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, acuminate, or obtusish, thin, longer than
the stamens; filaments. somewhat widened below;
capsule rather shorter than the perianth, its valves
not crested.

In moist soil, North Carolina to Missouri, Nebraska,
south to Florida and Texas. April—June.

to. Allium Nuttallii S. Wats. Nuttall’s Wild
Onion. Fig. 1251.

Allium Nuttallii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 227. 18709.
Allium Helleri Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 264. 1903.

Bulbs usually solitary, ovoid, 3’-1’ high, their coats
fibrous-reticulated. Culm slender, terete or nearly so,
4-8’ tall; leaves basal, 4”-1” wide, shorter than the
scape or sometimes equalling it; bracts of the umbel
3 or 2, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate;
umbel several-flowered; no bulblets seen; pedicels
slender, 4’-6” long; flowers rose or white, about 3”
long; perianth-segments ovate, acute or acuminate,
firm, becoming rigid in fruit; stamens shorter than the
perianth; capsule shorter than the perianth, its valves
not crested.

On prairies, South Dakota to Colorado, Texas and Ari-
zona. April-June.

11. Allium reticulatum Don. Fraser’s Wild
Onion. Fig. 1252.

Allium reticulatum Nutt. Fraser’s Cat. Name only. 1813.

Allium reticulatum Don, Mem. Wern. Soc. 6: 36.
1826-31.

Similar to the preceding species, the bulb rather
larger, its coats prominently fibrous-reticulated.
Scape 3-10’ tall, slender; leaves usually less than
1” wide; bracts of the several-flowered umbel
mostly 2, acuminate; pedicels slender, 3-6” long;
flowers white or pink, 23”-3” long; perianth-seg-
ments longer than the stamens, thin; capsule shorter
than the perianth, each of its valves bearing 2 short
crests just below the summit. F

Saskatchewan to South Dakota, Montana, New Mexico
and Arizona. May-July.

GENUS 4. LILY FAMILY. 50r

4. NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth, Enum. 4: 457. 1843.

Scapose herbs, similar to the onions, but without alliaceous odor, with membranous-
coated bulbs, narrowly linear basal leaves and small yellow or yellowish-green flowers in an
erect terminal simple 2-bracted umbel. Perianth 6-parted to the base, withering-persistent,
its segments I-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; fila-
ments filiform or subulate; anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules
several in each cavity; style filiform, jointed near the base, but commonly persistent; stigma
small, capitate. Capsule 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds angled or flattish, black. [Greck,
signifying false garlic.]

About to species, the following in the United States, West Indies and Mexico, 8 or g in tropical
and South America, 1 Chinese. Type species: Nothoscordum pulchellum Kunth.

1. Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton. {\
Yellow False Garlic. Fig. 1253.

Ornithogalum bivalve L. Sp. Pl. 306. 1753. \
Allium ornithogaloides Walt. Fl. Car. 121. 1788. :
Allium striatum Jacq. Coll. Suppl. 51. 1796.
Nothoscordum striatum Kunth, Enum. 4: 459. 1843.

Bulb globose, less than 1’ in diameter, its coats
membranous. Leaves 4”—23” wide, flat, blunt or
acutish, shorter than the scape or equalling it;
bracts of the umbel lanceolate, acuminate, mem-
branous, persistent ; umbel 6-12-flowered; pedicels
filiform, usually unequal, becoming rather rigid
and 1’-2’ long in fruit; flowers 5-6” long; peri-
anth-segments thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
longer than the stamens; capsule obovoid or

_ somewhat depressed, obtusely 3-lobed, 2’—3” high,
the style as long or slightly longer.

In sandy soil, Virginia to Ohio, Tennessee, Ne-
braska, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Ascends to

1500 ft. in Georgia. Also in Bermuda and in Ja-
maica. March—July.

Xx
5. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 218. 1859.
Scapose herbs from a small membranous-coated corm. Leaves basal, narrowly linear.
Flowers rather large, blue, in a terminal erect several-bracted umbel. Perianth funnelform,
withering-persistent, the tube about as long as the 6 oblong lobes. Stamens 6, inserted on
the throat of the perianth; filaments dilated, united to the middle or above into an erect
crown-like tube with toothed lobes alternating with the linear-oblong anthers. Ovary ses-
sile, 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; style filiform; stigmas 3-grooved. Capsule mem-
branous, 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds few, large, oval, black. [Greek, referring to the crown.]
Two species, natives of the southwestern United States; the following is the type of the genus.

We

1. Androstephium coertileum (Scheele) Greene.
Androstephium. Fig. 1254.

Milla coerulea Scheele, Linnaea 25: 260. 1852.
Androstephium violaceum Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv.

219. 1859.
Androstephium coeruleum Greene, Pittonia 2: 57. 1890.

Corm subglobose, less than 1’ in diameter. Scape
2'-8’ tall, simple; leaves 1-2” wide, half terete,
equalling the scape, or sometimes longer, bracts of the
umbel 2-4, scarious, lanceolate, acuminate, persistent,
shorter than the pedicels; umbel 2-7-flowered; pedi-
cels rather stout, 3-13’ long; perianth 10”-14” long,
the lobes about as long as the tube; filament-tube about
5” long, its lobes exceeding the anthers; style about as
long as the filament-tube; capsule 4”-6” high; seeds
nearly 3” long, very thin, narrowly winged.

Prairies, Kansas to Texas. March-April.

502 LILIACEAE. Vor. I.

6. LILIUM L. Sp. Pl. 302. 1753.

Tall bulbous herbs, with simple leafy stems, and large erect or drooping showy flowers.
Perianth funnelform or campanulate, deciduous, of 6 separate spreading or recurved seg-
ments, each with a nectar-bearing groove at its base within. Stamens 6, mostly shorter
than the perianth, hypogynous, slightly attached to the segments; filaments filiform or
subulate; anthers linear, versatile, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled; ovules
numerous; style long, somewhat club-shaped above; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong or
obovoid, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, packed in 2 rows in each
cavity. [Latin, from the Greek name of the Lily, said to be from the Celtic /i, white.]

About 45 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 8 others
occur in western North America. Type species: Lilium candidum L.

Flower or flowers erect ; perianth-segments narrowed into long claws.

Perianth-segments merely acute.

Leaves lanceolate, nearly all verticillate. 1. L. philadelphicum.
Leaves narrowly linear, nearly all alternate. 2. L. umbellatum.
Perianth-segments long-acuminate ; leaves all alternate, appressed. 3. L. Catesbaei.

Flowers drooping or spreading ; perianth-segments not clawed.
Leaves or most of them verticillate, their axils not bulbiferous ; native species.
Leaves finely roughened on the veins beneath.
Perianth-segments recurved or spreading.
Perianth-segments not recurved ; mountain species.
Leaves perfectly smooth; perianth-segments recurved,

4. L. canadense.
5, JE,
Leaves lanceolate ; stem 3°-10° tall; flowers 1-40. 6. L. superbum,
7 ile
Sie.

Grayl.

Leaves oblanceolate ; stem 2°—3° tall; flowers 1-3. carolinianum.
Leaves alternate, crowded ; upper axils bulb-bearing ; escaped from gardens. tigrinum,

1. Lilium philadélphicum L. Red Lily.
Wood Lily. Philadelphia Lily. Fig. 1255.
Lilium philadelphicum L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 435. 1762.

Bulb 1’ in diameter or less, composed of nar-
row jointed fleshy scales. Stem 1°-3° tall, with
a few distant scales below, leafy above; leaves
lanceolate, acute at both ends or the lower some-
times obtuse, 1-4’ long, 3’-7” wide, all verti-
cillate in 3’s-8’s, or a few of them alternate, thin,
the margins finely roughened; flowers I-5, erect,

23’-4’ high; perianth reddish orange, its seg-
ments spatulate, somewhat spreading, acute or
obtusish, the blade 2-1’ wide, rather gradually
p narrowed into the claw, purple spotted below;
capsule obovoid-oval, 13-2’ high; seeds 37-4”

long, narrowly winged.

In dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario, south
to North Carolina and West Virginia. Ascends to
4ooo ft. in Virginia. Glade-, flame- or huckleberry-
lily. Wild orange- or tiger-lily. June—July.

\\

Vif ~ !
«K oy
AND t
2. Lilium umbellatum Pursh. Western Red
Lily. Fig. 1256.
L. andinum Nutt. Fras. Cat. Without description. 1813.
Lilium umbellatum Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 299. 1814.
L, lanceolatum Fitzpatrick, lowa Nat. 2: 30. 1907.

Bulb similar to that of the preceding species, the
stem usually more slender, 1°-2° tall. Leaves linear,
blunt or the upper acute, ascending, or sometimes
appressed, 1-3’ long, 1’—24” wide, all alternate or the
uppermost verticillate, their margins finely roughened;
flowers 1-3, erect, 2’-3 high; perianth segments red,
orange or yellow, narrowed into the claw, acute, spotted
below, the claw shorter than the blade; capsule oblong,
3-4’ long, about 8” thick; seeds like those of L. Phila-
delphicum, of which species it may be a narrow-leaved
race.

In dry soil, Ontario to Ohio, Minnesota, British Colum-

bia, Missouri, Arkansas and Colorado, Ascends to 4000 ft.
in the Black Hills. June-July.

GENUS 6. LILY FAMILY. 593

3. Lilium Catesbaéi Walt. Southern Red Lily.
Fig. 1257.
Lilium Catesbaei Walt. Fl. Car. 123. 1788.

Bulb 27-1’ high, composed of narrow leaf-bearing
scales, their leaves narrowly linear, 2-4’ long, often
falling away before the plant flowers. Stem slender,
1°-2° high; stem leaves all alternate, narrowly linear’
or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, erect or ap-
pressed, 1’-3’ long, 1-3” wide; flower (always?) soli-
tary, erect; perianth-segments scarlet with a yellow
purple-spotted base and a slender claw, spreading or
somewhat recurved, 3-5’ long, 4-1’ wide, long-acumi-
nate, wavy-margined; capsule 1’ high or less; seeds
2’-3” long.

In moist pine barrens, North Carolina to Florida and Ala-
bama. Reported from Kentucky, southern IIlinois and Mis-
souri. July—-Aug.

Cte

4. Lilium canadénse L. Wild Yellow Lily.
Canada or Nodding Lily. Fig. 1258.
Lilium canadense L. Sp. Pl. 303. 1753.

Bulbs subglobose, 1-2’ in diameter, borne on a
stout rootstock, composed of numerous thick
white scales. Stem 2°-5° tall, slender or stout;
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, verticil-
late in 4’s-10’s or some of them alternate, acu-
minate, 2’-6’ long, 3-15” wide, finely roughened
on the margins and on the veins beneath; flowers
1-16, nodding on long peduncles; peduncles
sometimes bearing a small leaf-like bract; peri-
anth-segments 2’-3 long, yellow or red, usually
thickly spotted below, recurved or spreading, not
clawed; capsule oblong, erect, 14’-2’ long.

In swamps, meadows and fields, Nova Scotia to
Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia, Alabama, Missouri and
Nebraska. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina.
Red-flowered races with slightly spreading perianth-
segments resemble the following species, and races
with strongly recurved segments, L. superbum.
Field- or meadow-lily. June-July.

5. Lilium Grayi S. Wats. Asa Gray’s Lily.
Fig. 1259.

Lilium Grayi S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 256. 1879.

Rootstock bearing small subglobose bulbs with
thick ovate scales. Stem slender, 2°-3° high;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, 2’-4’ long, 4’-1’ wide,
verticillate in 3’s-8’s or the lowest commonly
smaller and scattered, all finely roughened on the
veins beneath; flowers 1-3, long-peduncled, spread-
ing or slightly drooping, 2’-3’ long, red or tinged
with yellow at the base; perianth-segments oblong-
spatulate, not clawed, acute, spotted; capsule fig-
shaped, about 14’ high.

Peaks of Otter, Virginia, and on the higher mountain
summits in North Carolina. July-Aug.

504 LILIACEAE. Vot. I.

6. Lilium supérbum L. Turk’s-cap Lily.
Fig. 1260.
Lilium superbum L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 434, 1762.

,

Bulbs globose, 12’ in diameter, borne on short
rootstocks, their scales white, thick, ovate. Stem
stout or slender, 3°-8° high; leaves lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, smooth on both sides, acuminate
at both ends, 2’-6’ long, 4’-12’ wide, verticillate
in 3’s-8's or the upper alternate, the veinlets not
prominently anastomosing; flowers orange,
orange-yellow or rarely red, 3-40, or rarely soli-
tary, nodding, long-peduncled, forming, when
numerous, a large panicle; perianth-segments 23’—
4’ long, lanceolate, acuminate, purple-spotted, at
length usually strongly recurving from below the
middle; capsule obovoid, 14-2’ high.

In meadows and marshes, New Brunswick to On-
tario, Minnesota, North Carolina, Tennessee and
Missouri. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Turk’s-
head-, nodding- or wild tiger-lily. July—Aug.

7. Lilium carolinianum Michx. Carolina Lily.
Fig. 1261.

Lilium carolineanum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 197. 1803.
Lilium superbum var. carolineanum Chapm. FI. S. States,
484. 1860.

Bulbs borne on short rootstocks, globose, 1’-2’ in
diameter, composed of numerous fleshy scales. Stem
2°-3° high, slender; leaves oblanceolate or obovate,
smooth, verticillate or the upper and lower alternate,
acute, obtuse or short-acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, the veinlets prominently anasto-
mosing; flowers 1-3, orange-red, 3-4’ long, long-
peduncled, nodding; perianth-segments lanceolate,
acuminate, purple-spotted below, strongly arched
backward with their tips sometimes connivent.

In dry woods, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. As-
cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia, Aug.

rt :
8. Lilium tigrinum Andr. Tiger Lily.
Fig. 1262.

Lilium tigrinum Andr. Bot. Rep. 9: errata. 1809.

Bulb solitary, globose, about 14’ in diameter,
composed of numerous oblong-lanceolate, ap-
pressed scales. Stem stout, purple or nearly
black, white-pubescent above, 2°-5° tall, leafy
nearly to the base; leaves lanceolate, all alter-
nate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 4’-6’ long,
5-10” wide, the upper bearing blackish bulb-
lets, of 3 or 4 scales, in their axils, which some-
times emit roots while attached to the plant;
flowers 5-25, orange-red, nodding, 3-42’ long;
perianth-segments lanceolate, papillose, recurved,
purple-spotted.

Escaped from gardens, Maine, Massachusetts and
eastern Pennsylvania. Native of China and Japan.
Summer,

GENUS 7. LILY FAMILY. 595

x
7. FRITILLARIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 303. 1753.

Bulbous herbs with simple leafy stems, and rather large nodding solitary or racemed
leafy-bracted flowers. Perianth mostly campanulate, deciduous, of 6 separate and nearly
equal oblong or ovate segments, each with a nectar-pit or spot at the base. Stamens 6, hy-
pogynous; filaments filiform or somewhat flattened; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary
nearly or quite sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; style slender or filiform,
3-lobed or 3-cleft, the lobes stigmatic along the inner
side. Capsule obovoid or globose, 6-angled, loculi-
cidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, obovate or
suborbicular, margined or winged. [Latin, from
fritillus, a dice-box or chess-board, in allusion to the
form or to the checkered markings of the perianth
in some species. ]

About 50 species, natives of the north temperate
zone. Besides the following, about 12 others occur in
western North America. Type species: Fritillaria pyre-
ndica L,

1. Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt. Purple
Fritillaria. Fig. 1263.

F, atropurpurea Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 54. 1834.

Bulb #’ in diameter or less. Stem 6-15’ high,
slender, leafless below; leaves linear, alternate, ses-
sile, 14’-33’ long, 14-2” wide or less; flowers 1-6,
purple or purplish green and mottled; perianth-
segments narrowly oblong, obtusish, 6-10” long;
peduncles 4-1’ long; stamens one-half to two-thirds
as long as the perianth; style 3-cleft to about the
middle, the lobes linear; capsule erect, acutely angled,
5-6” high. DI

North Dakota to Nebraska, Montana and California. June-July.

8 TULIPA (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 305. 1753.

Bulbous herbs with erect leaf-bearing stems and large solitary (rarely 2) erect flowers.
Perianth campanulate, the segments distinct, erect or erect-spreading, deciduous, usually
with a spot at the base, but without a nectar-gland; stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the
perianth; anthers erect, basifixed; ovary nearly
or quite sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous;
capsule oblong or globose; seeds numerous,
flat. [Ancient name.]

Fifty species or more, natives of Europe and
Asia. Type species: Tulipa sylvestris L.

1. Tulipa sylvéstris L. Wild Tulip.
Fig. 1264.

Tulipa sylvestris L. Sp. Pl. 305. 1753.

Bulb ovoid, 1’ long or less, covered with
dark brown scales. Stem about 2° high, bear-
ing 1-3 linear-lanceolate grayish-green acumi-
nate leaves; flower yellow, 3-4’ broad; inner
perianth-segments somewhat broader than the
outer, acute; filaments pubescent at the base;
capsule narrowly oblong, 3-angled; seeds obo-
void, brown.

Meadows, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Ad-
ventive from Europe. April-June.

9. ERYTHRONIUM L. Sp. Pl. 305. 1753.

Low herbs, from deep membranous-coated corms, sometimes propagated by offshoots,
the stem simple, bearing a pair of broad or narrow unequal leaves, usually below the middle,

506 LILIACEAE. Vor. I.

the leaves thus appearing basal. Flowers large, nodding, bractless, solitary, or several in
some western species. Many plants are flowerless and 1-leaved, these leaves often wider and
longer petioled than those of the stem. Perianth-segments separate, lanceolate, oblong or
oblanceolate, deciduous, with nectariferous groove, and sometimes 2 short processes at the
base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth; anthers linear oblong, not versa-
tile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous or several in each cavity; style filiform or
thickened above, 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule obovoid or oblong, somewhat 3-angled, locu-
licidal. Seeds compressed, or somewhat angled and swollen. [Greek, in allusion to the red
flowers of some species. ]

About 12 species, all but one North American. The species are erroneously called Dog's-tooth
Violet. Type species: Erythronum Dens-canis L.

Stem with no offshoot; flowers 10”—2’ long. ;
Offshoots produced at the base of the corm; perianth-segments recurved.

Flowers yellow; stigmas very short. 1. E, americanum,
Flowers white, blue or purple; stigmas 1”-11%4” long, recurved. 2. E. albidum.
No offshoots, propagating by basal corms; perianth-segments not recurved. 3. E. mesachoreum.
Stem with fleshy offshoot below the leaves ; flowers rose, about 1’ long. 4. E, propullans.

1. Erythronium americanum Ker.
Yellow Adder’s-tongue. Fig. 1265.
Erythronium americanum Ker, Bot. Mag. pl. 1113.

1 Je. 1808.

Erythronium angustatum Raf. Med, Rep. (Il.) 5:

354. 20 Jl. 1808.

Erythronium bracteatum Bigel.; Beck, Bot. N. &

Mid. States 365. 1833.

Corm ovoid, 6-10" high, producing off-
shoots from its base. -Stem 2°-1° long;
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3’-8’ long,
3/-2’ wide, acute or short-acuminate at the
apex, flat, usually mottled with brown, but
sometimes green all over, narrowed into
clasping petioles; peduncle about as long as
the leaves, rarely bearing a bract; flower
yellow, or rarely purplish tinged; perianth-
segments oblong, 10-2’ long, 3-4” wide, re-
curved, dotted within, the 3 inner auricled at
the base; style club-shaped, with 3 very short
stigmatic ridges; capsule obovoid, contracted
into a short stipe, 6-10” high; seeds curved,
rounded on the back, about 14” long, pointed
at both ends.

In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to
Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Ne-

braska and Arkansas. Ascends to 5500 ft. in Vir-
ginia. Yellow- or Trout-lily. Trout-flower. Yellow-
bells. Yellow snowdrop. Rattlesnake- or Dog’s-
tooth violet. Lamb’s- or Deer’s-tongue. Scrofula-
root. Snake-root. March—May.

2. Erythronium albidum Nutt. White
Adder’s-tongue. Fig. 1266.

Erythronium albidum Nutt. Gen, 1: 223. 1818.

Similar to the preceding species, the plant
propagating by offshoots from the base of the
corm, the leaves mottled, or green all over,
sometimes rather narrower. Flower white,
blue or purple; perianth-segments oblong, re-
curved, none of them auricled at the base;
style somewhat thickened upward; stigmas
linear, finally recurving, 1-12” long; capsule
obovoid or oblong, 5-9” high.

In moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Minne-
sota, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Texas. Not
common eastward. Spring-lily. _Deer’s-tongue.
White Dog’s-tooth violet. March-—May.

GENUS 0. LILY FAMILY. 30H)

3. Erythronium mesachéreum Knerr.
Midland Adder’s-tongue. Fig. 1267.

Erythronium mesachoreum Knerr, Midland Col-
lege Monthly 2: 5. 18o1.

Corm ovoid, 10” high or less, not developing
offshoots, the new corms formed at or within
the base of the old one. Leaves narrowly
oblong or linear-oblong, not mottled, 4’—10’
long, 3-1’ wide, somewhat folded; flower
lavender tinted, 1-2’ long; perianth-segments
not recurved, sometimes a little spreading;
style slender; stigmas recurved; capsule obo-
void, larger than that of E. albidum, 3’-1}’
high.

On prairies, Iowa to Missouri, Nebraska and
Kansas. Blooms before E, albidum when the two
grow in proximity. The flowering plants are said
to appear before the 1-leaved flowerless ones.

4. Erythronium propillans A. Gray.
Minnesota Adder’s-tongue. Fig. 1268.

Erythronium propullans A. Gray, Am. Nat. 298.
pl. 74. 187%.

Corm ovoid, 10” high or less, not develop-
ing offshoots. Stem ascending, 6-8’ long,
bearing a fleshy curved offshoot 1’-2’ long
from a slit near the base of the petiole-sheath;
leaves oblong, acute, 2-4’ long, slightly mottled
or green; flower rose or pink, about #’ long,
borne on a filiform peduncle shorter than the
leaves, perianth-segments with a yellow base,
apparently not recurved, none of them auricled ;
stigmas mere ridges.

In rich woods, Minnesota. May.

10. CALOCHORTUS Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 240. 1814.

Branched or simple herbs, with coated corms, narrowly linear leaves and large showy
peduncled flowers, erect in the following species. Perianth-segments separate, spreading or
connivent, yellow, blue, purple, white or variegated; the 3 outer sepal-like, narrow; the 3
inner petaloid, gland-bearing, and barbed or spotted within, sometimes with a nectar-pit
near the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments short, subulate; anthers erect, linear or
oblong. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous; style very short or none; stigmas 3, recurved.
Capsule oblong or linear, 3-angled, mostly septicidal, the valves sometimes 2-cleft. Seeds
flat. [Greek, signifying beautiful herb.]

About 35 species, of western North America and Mexico. Type species: C. elegans Pursh.

Anthers obtuse; gland of inner perianth-segments orbicular or oval. 1. C. Nuttallii.
Anthers acute; gland transverse, curved or reniform, 2. C. Gunnison.

508 LILIACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Calochortus Nuttallii T. & G. Nut-
tall’s Mariposa Lily. Fig. 12609.

Fritillaria alba Nutt. Gen. 1: 222. 1818?
Calochortus Nuttallii T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep. 2:
124. 1855.

Corm ovoid-oblong, 6-10” high. Stem
slender, few-leaved, branched or sometimes
simple, 3-15' tall; leaves 17-3’ long, 1’-23”
wide, the lowest commonly bearing a bulb in
its axil; peduncles 2’-6’ long; outer perianth-
segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, green
with lighter margins, acute or acuminate,
shorter than the inner, sometimes with a dark
or hairy spot within; inner perianth-segments
broadly obovate-cuneate, 1’-13’ long, 107-12”
wide, white, lilac or yellowish, with a yellow
base and a purple or purplish spot, the gland
orbicular or oval and more or less pubescent;
filaments 3-4” long, about equalling the ob-
long obtuse sagittate anthers; capsule about 13’
long, 3°-4” thick, acuminate, the valves ob-
liquely cross-lined.

South Dakota to Nebraska and California. June-July.

2. Calochortus Gunnisoni S. Wats.
Gunnison’s Mariposa Lily. Butterfly-
lily. Fig. 1270.

Calochortus Gunnisoni S. Wats. Bot. King’s Exp.
348. 18773.

Stem slender, often simple, 6-15’ high.
Leaves usually less than 1” wide, involute,
at least when dry, none of the axils bulb-
bearing in any specimen seen; peduncles 1’
4 long; outer perianth-segments lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, scarious-margined, acu-
minate; inner perianth-segments similar to
those of the preceding species, lilac, yellow-
ish below the middle, purple-lined and banded,
the gland transverse, oblong, curved or reni-
form, pubescent; anthers acute; capsule nar-
rowly oblong, narrowed at both ends, about
13’ long.

South Dakota and Nebraska to Arizona and
New Mexico, June-July.

rite QUAMASIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 265. 1818.
[CamAssia Lindl. Bot. Reg. p/. 1846. 1832.]

Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated edible bulbs, linear basal leaves, and rather
large, blue, purple or white bracted flowers in a terminal raceme. Ferianth of 6 separate
equal spreading persistent 3-7-nerved segments. Pedicels jointed at the base of the flower.
Stamens inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers oblong
or linear-oblong, versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, sessile; ovules numerous in each cay-
ity; style filiform, its base persistent; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oval, 3-angled, loculicidal.
Seeds black, shining. [From quamash, the Indian name.]

About 4 species, natives of North America. Type species: Quamasia esculenta Raf.

GENUS II. LILY FAMILY, 5°9

1. Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf.) Brit-
ton. Wild Hyacinth. Fig. 1271.

Scilla esculenta Ker, Bot. Mag. pl. 1754. 1813.
Lemotrys hyacinthina Raf, Fl. Tell. 3: 51. 1836.
Scilla Fraseri A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 469. 1856.
Camassia Fraseri Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 147.

1857.
Quamasia esculenta Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. 11: 64. 1897. Not Raf.

Bulb ovoid, 1713’ long, its outer coat usu-
ally nearly black. Scape slender, 1°-2° tall,
sometimes bearing I or 2 short linear scarious
leaves; basal leaves narrowly linear, acumi-
nate, shorter than the scape, 14-4” wide;
raceme open, 3-8’ long in flower, longer in
fruit; flowers several or many; pedicels fili-
form, 6-10” long, about as long as the
bracts and the perianth-segments; bracts
long-acuminate; perianth-segments narrowly
oblong; 3-5-nerved, blue or nearly white,
longer than the stamens; capsule about 4”
high, 5-6” thick, the valves transversely
veined,

In meadows and along streams, Pennsylvania
to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. Ascends to

21oo ft. in Virginia. Eastern camass. April—
May.

12. ORNITHOGALUM LI. Sp. Pl. 306. 1753.

Scapose herbs, with coated bulbs, narrow basal fleshy leaves, and large white or yellow
flowers in a terminal bracted corymb or raceme. Perianth-segments equal or nearly so, sepa-
rate, white, or sometimes green without, persistent, faintly several-nerved. Stamens hypogy-
nous; filaments flattened, often broad; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, sessile;
ovules several or numerous in each cavity; style short or columnar, 3-sided; stigma capitate,
3-lobed or 3-ridged. Capsule subglobose, 3-sided or 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds black.
[Greek, signifying bird’s milk, said to be in allusion to the egg-white color of the flowers
in some species.]

About 75 species, nativés of Europe, Asia and Africa. Type species: O. arabicum L.

Flowers corymbose, erect ; pedicels long, slender. . 1. O. umbellatum.
Flowers racemose, drooping ; pedicels very short, stout. 2. O. nutans.

1. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Star-
of-Bethlehem. Summer Snow-flake.
Star-flower. Fig. 1272.

Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Sp. Pl. 307. 1753.

Tufted, bulbs ovoid, 4-14’ long, the coats
membranous. Scape slender, 4-12’ high; leaves
narrowly linear, 1-24” wide, dark green with a
light midvein, blunt, equalling or longer than the
scapes; flowers corymbose, opening in sunshine;
bracts membranous, linear-lanceolate, mostly
shorter than the pedicels; pedicels erect or
ascending, the lower 17-3’ long; perianth-seg-
ments oblong-lanceolate, acute, white above,
green with white margins beneath, 6-10” long,
about twice as long as the stamens; filaments
somewhat flattened, not toothed.

In fields and meadows, New Hampshire to Penn-
sylvania and Virginia. Locally very abundant.
Naturalized from Europe. Nap-at-noon. Sleepy
Dick. Ten o’clock-, Eleven o’clock-lady. May-June.

510 LILIACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Ornithogalum nutans L. Drooping
Star-of-Bethlehem. Fig. 1273.

Ornithogalum nutans L. Sp. Pl. 308. 1753.

Bulb ovoid, 1’-2’ long. Scape stout, 1°-2°
high; leaves usually equalling the scape or
longer, blunt, 2’-4” wide; flowers several or
numerous, racemose, nodding; raceme 3’-8’ long,
loose; pedicels stout, 2-6’ long; bracts lanceo-
late, long-acuminate, much longer than the
pedicels, often as long as the flowers; perianth-
segments thin, oblong-lanceolate, about 1’ long
and 4” wide, nearly twice as long as the stamens;
filaments broad, flat, 2-toothed at the apex.

Escaped from gardens in eastern and southern
Pennsylvania, and in the District of Columbia.
Native of Europe. April-May. The bulbs of this
and other species have for centuries past been a
portion of the food of Italy, the Levant and other
parts of the Old World.

13. MUSCARI Mill. Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4. 1754.

Low bulbous scapose herbs, with basal linear fleshy leaves, and nodding bracted race-
mose flowers, deep blue (rarely white) in the following species. Bulbs membranous-coated.
Perianth globose, urn-shaped, or oblong, with 6 teeth or short lobes, tardily deciduous.
Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth-tube, included; anthers ovate, versatile, introrse. Ovary
3-celled, sessile; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short; stigmas 3-lobed. Capsule 3-sided or
3-winged, usually 6-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds black, angled. [From the musk-like odor of
the flowers of some species. ]

About 40 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. Type species: Hyacinthus botryoides L.

Perianth globose, 1”-1'%4” in diameter ; leaves erect. 1. M. botryoides.
Perianth oblong, urn-shaped, 2”—3” long; leaves recurved. 2. M. racemosu.n.

1. Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. Grape-
Hyacinth. Fig. 1274.

Hyacinthus botryoides L. Sp. Pl. 318. 1753.
Muscari botryoides Mill. Gard, Dict. Ed. 8, no. 1.
1768.

Bulb 1’ high or less. Scape 4-10’ high; leaves
about as long as the scape, erect or nearly so,
1-4” wide, channeled, blunt or acutish; raceme
oblong-cylindric, 17-13’ long, dense, or becoming
longer and looser in fruit; pedicels shorter than
the faintly odorous flowers; bracts very short;
perianth globose, 1-13” in diameter, 6-toothed,
the teeth white, recurved; valves of the capsule
obovate.

In meadows and thickets and along roadsides,
escaped from gardens, New Hampshire to Ohio and
Virginia. Naturalized or adventive from southern
Europe. Native also of Asia. Grape-flower. Baby’s-
breath, Blue-bells. Blue-bottle. April—June.

GENUS 13. LILY FAMILY. 511

2. Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill. Starch
Grape-Hyacinth. Fig. 1275.

Hyacinthus racemosus L. Sp. Pl. 318. 1753.

Muscari racemosum Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, no. 2.
1768.

Similar to the preceding species. Leaves 17-2”
wide, recurved or spreading, channeled above;
raceme oblong or ovoid, many-flowered, dense,
1-23’ long; pedicels shorter than the starchy-
scented flowers or sometimes equalling them,
slender, much longer than the bracts; perianth
oblong, urn-shaped, constricted at the throat,
2”-3” long, with 6 deltoid rectirved white teeth;
capsule-valves suborbicular, retuse.

Escaped from gardens, Connecticut and southern
New York to Pennsylvania and Virginia. Native of
southern Europe. Grape-flower. Pearls-of-Spain.
Starch-hyacinth. April-May.

\\

14. ALETRIS L. Sp. Pl. 319. 1753.

Scapose perennial bitter fibrous-rooted herbs, with basal spreading lanceolate leaves, and
small white or yellow bracted perfect flowers in a terminal spike-like raceme. Perianth
oblong or campanulate, roughened without, 6-lobed, its lower part adnate to the ovary.
Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth at the bases of the lobes, included; filaments short;
anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous; style subulate, or short,
3-cleft above; stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, enclosed by the persistent perianth,
3-celled, many-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds oblong, ribbed. Embryo small. Endosperm fleshy.
[Greek, signifying to grind corn, apparently in allusion to the rough, mealy flowers.]

_About 8 species, natives of eastern North America and eastern Asia. Type species: A.
farinosa L.

A genus of uncertain affinity, which has been placed by authors in Haemodoraceae and in
Amaryllidaceae.

1. Aletris farindsa L. Star-grass. Ague
or Colic-root. Fig. 1276.

Aletris farinosa L. Sp. Pl. 319. 1753.

Roots numerous, tough, scape 14°-3° tall,
slender, terete, striate, bearing several or nu-
merous small distant bract-like leaves. Basal
leaves several, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base,
spreading, pale yellowish green, 2’-6’ long,
3-10” wide; raceme 4-12’ long in flower, or
longer in fruit, dense, erect, pedicels 1” long
or less; bracts subulate, longer than the pedi-
cels, sometimes 2 to each flower; perianth tubu-
lar-oblong, white, or the short lobes yellow-
ish, 3-4” long, about 14” thick; style subulate;
capsule ovoid, about 2” long, loculicidal above,
each of its 3 valves tipped with a subulate por-
tion of the style.

In dry, mostly sandy soil, Maine to Ontario and
Minnesota, south to Florida and Arkansas. As-
cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Ague-grass, Blazing-
star, Bitter-grass, Bitter-plant, Crow-corn. Mealy-
starwort. Aloe-, Star- or Husk-root. Unicorn-
root or -horn. May-July.

Aletris Aurea Walt., admitted into our first edi-
; , af tion, is not certainly known to grow north of South
Carolina. It has been mistaken in New Jersey for yellowish-flowered races of A. farinosa,

512 LILIACEAE. Vou. I.

15. YUCCA L. Sp. Pl. 319. 1753.

Large plants, with a short sometimes subterranean caudex, or tall woody and leafy stem,
or bracted scape, the leaves linear or lanceolate, usually rigid and sharp-pointed, bearing
long marginal thread-like fibers in our species. Flowers large, bracted, nodding in a ter-
minal raceme or panicle. Perianth campanulate, or nearly globular, white in our species,
of 6 ovate, or ovate-lanceolate separate or slightly united segments. Stamens hypogynous,
shorter than the perianth; filaments thickened above, often papillose; anthers small, versa-
tile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; or imperfectly 6-celled; ovules numerous; style columnar,
short, with 3 stigmatic lobes. Fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, or fleshy, or spongy
and indehiscent. Seeds numerous, flattened, horizontal. [The Haytien name.]

About 16 species, natives of North and Central America. Type species: Yucca aloifolia L.

Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, drooping. 1. Y. baccata.
Fruit an erect capsule.
Leaves 2”—6” wide; scape short, bearing a long raceme. 2. Y. glauca.
Leaves 10”—2’ wide; scape 2°-10° high, bearing a large panicle. 3. Y. filamentosa,

1. Yucca baccata Torr. Spanish Bayonet
or Dagger. Fig. 1277.

Yucca baccata Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 221.
1859.

Caudex very short, or sometimes 2°-8° tall,
covered with the reflexed dead leaves. Leaves
13°-3° long, 1-2’ wide with a much wider base,
acuminate, with a stout brown point, concave, the
marginal fibers 2-5’ long; panicle peduncled;
pedicels stout, 8’—20” long; flowers 4’-5’ broad;
perianth-segments 23’-33’ long, 8’—12” wide; style
slender, as long as the ovary, or shorter; fruit
oval, dark purple, fleshy, indehiscent, edible,
drooping, 2’-3’ long, 13-2’ in diameter, with a
6-grooved beak of one-half its length or less;
seeds 3-8” long, 1-13” thick.

Western Kansas (?), southern Colorado to Texas,
California and Mexico. Hosh-kawn. April-June.
Fruit ripe Sept.—Oct.

2. Yucca glauca Nutt. Bear-grass. Soap-
weed. Fig. 1278.

|

Yucca glauca Nutt. Fraser's Cat. 1813.
Yucca angustifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 227. 1814.

Caudex very short, the leaves all basal, narrowly
linear, smooth, very stiff, sharp-pointed, 1°-3° long,
3°-6” wide, with a broader base, concave, at least
when dry, the marginal fibers filiform, usually nu-
merous; scape short; flowers greenish-white, 12’—
3° broad, racemose or in a little-branched panicle
1°-6° long; perianth-segments ovate, 1-13’ long;
style short, green; stigmas shorter than the ovary;
pedicels stout, erect and 1-14’ long in fruit; capsule
oblong, 2’-3’ long, about 1’ thick, 6-sided; seeds
very flat, about 3’ broad.

In dry soil, Iowa and South Dakota to Montana,

south to Missouri, Texas and Arizona. Adam’s-needle.
Palmillo. May—June.

Yucca arkansana Trelease, with grass-like flexible
leaves, growing from Arkansas to Texas, may occur in
southern Missouri.

GENUS I5. LILY FAMILY. 513

3. Yucca filamentosa L. Adam’s Needle. Silk-
or Bear-grass. Fig. 1279.

Yucca filamentosa L. Sp. Pl. 319. 1753.

Caudex very short, or sometimes 1° high. Leaves
lanceolate, narrowed above the broad base, acuminate
and sharp-pointed, flat, roughish, 1°-24° long, 9-2’
wide; scape 2°-10° high; panicle large, its branches
divergent or ascending, the lower often 1° long or
more; flowers numerous; perianth-segments 14’-2}’
long, ovate; stigmas slender, but shorter than the ovary;
pedicels rarely more than 3’ long; capsule oblong, 13-2’
long, about 10” thick.

In sandy soil, Maryland to Florida, Tennessee and Louisi-
ana. Much cultivated for ornament. Escaped from
gardens in southern Pennsylvania. Bear’s-thread, thread-
and-needle. Eve’s-darning-needle. May-July.

Family 23. CONVALLARIACEAE Link. Handb. 1: 184. 1829.
Lity-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY.

Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, with simple or branched rootstocks, never
with bulbs or corms. Flowers solitary, racemose, panicled or umbelled, regular
and perfect. Leaves broad, parallel-veined and sometimes with cross-veinlets,
alternate, verticillate or basal, or in Asparagus and its allies reduced to scales
bearing filiform or flattened branchlets in their axils. Perianth inferior, 4-6-
parted with separate segments, or oblong, cylindric or urn-shaped and 6-lobed
or 6-toothed. Stamens 6, rarely 4, hypogynous or borne on the perianth; anthers
introrsely, extrorsely or laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled, superior; ovules
anatropous or amphitropous; style slender or short; stigma mostly 3-lobed. Fruit
a fleshy berry, rarely a capsule. Seeds few or numerous. Embryo small.

About 23 genera and 215 species, widely distributed.

Leaves reduced to scales; leaf-like bractlets filiform. . Asparagus.
Leaves broad ; stems simple or somewhat branched.
Leaves basal; flowers umbelled or solitary. 2. Clintonia.
Leaves alternate (solitary in flowerless plants of no. 4).
Perianth-segments separate.
Flowers racemed, umbelled, panicled or solitary, terminal.

Flowers racemed or panicled.

~

Perianth-segments 6. 3. Vagnera.
Perianth-segments 4. 4. Unifolium.
Flowers umbelled or solitary. ‘
Fruit a berry. 5. Disporum.
Fruit a capsule. 6. Uvularia.
Flowers solitary or two together, axillary. 7. Streptopus.
Perianth cylindric or oblong, 6-toothed. 8. Polygonatum.
Leaves nearly basal; flowers racemed ; perianth 6-toothed. 9. Convallaria.

1. ASPARAGUS L. Sp. Pl. 313. 1753.

Stem at first simple, fleshy, scaly, at length much branched; the branchlets filiform and
mostly clustered in the axils of the scales in the following species, flattened and linear,
lanceolate or ovate in some others. Flowers small, solitary, umbelled or racemed. Peri-
anth-segments alike, separate or slightly united at the base. Stamens inserted at the bases
of the perianth-segments; filaments mostly filiform; anthers ovate or oblong, introrse.
Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style slender, short; stigmas 3, short, re-
curved. Berry globose. Seeds few, rounded. [Ancient Greek name.]

About roo species, natives of the Old World, the following being the generic type.
33

524 CONVALLARIACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus. Fig.
1280.

Asparagus officinalis L. Sp. Pl. 313. 1753.

Rootstock much branched. Young stems succu-
lent, edible, stout, later branching, and becoming 3°-7°
tall, the filiform branchlets 3-9” long, less than 3”
thick, mostly clustered in the axils of minute scales.
Flowers mostly solitary at the nodes, green, drooping
on filiform jointed peduncles; perianth campanulate,
about 3” long, the segments linear, obtuse; stamens
shorter than the perianth; berry red, about 4” in
diameter.

Escaped from cultivation and naturalized, especially
along salt marshes, New Brunswick to Virginia, and locally
in waste places in the interior. Native of Europe. Sperage.
Sparrow-grass. May-June, or flowering also in the autumn.

2. CLINTONIA Raf. Journ. Pys. 89: 102. 1819.

Somewhat pubescent scapose herbs, with slender rootstocks, erect simple scapes, and few
broad petioled sheathing basal leaves, the bractless flowers umbelled at the summit of the
scape in our species. Perianth-segments distinct, equal or nearly so, erect-spreading. Sta-
mens 6, inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers oblong,
laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules 2-several in each cavity; style stout or slender;
stigma obscurely 2-3-lobed. Berry globose or oval. [Name in honor of De Witt Clinton,
1769-1828, American naturalist, Governor of the State of New York.]

Six species, the following of eastern North America, 2 of western North America, 2 Asiatic.
Type species: Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.

Flowers greenish-yellow, drooping, 8”’—-10” long; berry blue. 1. C. borealis.
Flowers white, not drooping, 4”—5” long; berry black. 2. C. umbellulata.

1. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow
Clintonia. Fig. 1281.

Dracaena borealis Ait. Hort. Kew 1: 454. 1789.
Clintonia borealis Raf. Atl. Journ. 120. 1832.

Scape 6-15’ high, pubescent above or nearly
glabrous. Leaves 2-5, usually 3, oval, oblong or
obovate, thin, shorter than the scape, 13-32’ wide,
ciliate, short-acuminate or cuspidate; umbel
3-6-flowered; flowers drooping, greenish yellow,
8-10” long; pedicels 3-15” long, slender, pu-
bescent, erect or ascending in fruit; perianth-
segments obtuse or acutish; stamens about as
long as the perianth; ovary 2-celled; ovules
numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity, style slender,
somewhat thickened above, about equalling the
stamens; berry oval, blue, several-seeded, about
4” in diameter.

the umbel, and rarely a small leaf. Clinton’s-lily.
cow-tongue. Northern lily. Dogberry. Wild corn.

GENUS 2. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY. 515

2. Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.)
Torr. White Clintonia. Fig. 1282.

Dracaena umbellulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:
202. 1803.
Clintonia ciliata Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 102.

1819.
C. umbellata Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 301. 1843.

Scape more or less pubescent, 8-18’
high, sometimes bearing a_ small leaf.
Leaves 2-5, oblong, oblanceolate or obo-
vate, shorter than the scape or equalling
it, acute or cuspidate, ciliate on the mar-
gins and sometimes also on the midvein
beneath, 12’-4’ wide; umbel several—-many-
flowered; pedicels ascending or erect,
slender, pubescent, at first short, becoming
3/-17’ long in fruit; flowers white, odorous,
often purplish dotted, 4-5” long; perianth-
segments obtusish; ovary 2-celled; ovules
2 in each cavity; style slender; berry glo-
bose, black, about 3” in diameter, few-
seeded.

In woods, New York and New Jersey to
Georgia and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft.
in Virginia. Dog-plum. May-June.

Bs VAGNERA <Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 496. 1763.

[Smizacina Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 51. 1807.]

Rootstocks slender, or short and thick. Stem simple, scaly below, leafy above, the
leaves alternate, short-petioled or sessile ovate, lanceolate or oblong. Inflorescence a ter-
minal raceme or panicle. Flowers white or greenish white, small. Perianth of 6 separate
spreading equal segments. Stamens 6, inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; fila-
ments filiform or slightly flattened; anthers ovate, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, sessile, sub-
globose; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short or slender, columnar; stigma 3-grooved or
3-lobed. Berry globular. Seeds usually 1 or 2, subglobose. [Named in honor of Wagner.]

About 25 species, natives of North America, Central America and Asia. Besides the following,
one or two others occur in the western United States. Type species: Convallaria stellata L.

Flowers numerous, panicled. 1. V. racemosa.
Flowers few-several, racemose.
Plant 8’-20’ high ; leaves numerous. 2. V. stellata.
Plant 2’-15’ high; leaves 2-4. 3. V. trifolia.

1. Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong. Wild
or False Spikenard. Fig. 1283.
Convallaria racemosa L. Sp. Pl. 315. 1753+

Smilacina racemosa Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 51.
1807.

V. racemosa Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 114. 1894.

Rootstock rather thick, fleshy. Stem some-
what angled, slender or stout, erect or ascend-
ing, leafy, finely pubescent above, or nearly
glabrous, sometimes zigzag, 1°-3° high. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate or oval, sessile or the lower
short-petioled, 3-6’ long, 1-3’ wide, acuminate,
finely pubescent beneath and sometimes also
above, their margins minutely ciliate; panicle
densely many-flowered, 1-4’ long, peduncled;
pedicels shorter than the flowers, or equalling
them; flowers about 2” broad; perianth-segments
oblong, equalling the ovary; berry red, aromatic,
speckled with purple, 2”-3” in diameter.

In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to British
Columbia, south to Georgia, Missouri and Arizona.
Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Job’s-tears. Golden-
: : seal. Small or Zigzag Solomon’s-seal. May-July.
Vagnera amplexicatilis (Nutt.) Greene, of western North America, distinguished from this by
its clasping leaves and longer style, may occur in western Nebraska.

516 CONVALLARIACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. Star-
flowered Solomon’s Seal. Fig. 1284.

Convallaria stellata L. Sp. Pl. 316. 1753.

Smilacina stellata Desf. Ann. Mus, Paris 9: 52.
1807.

Vagnera stellata Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 114.
1894.

Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stem rather stout,
erect, glabrous, 8-20’ tall, straight or some-
what zigzag, leafy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate
or lanceolate, sessile and somewhat clasping,
minutely pubescent beneath, 2’-5’ long, 4/13’
wide, acute, acuminate, or blunt at the apex,
flat or somewhat concave; raceme sessile or
short-peduncled, 1’-2’ long, several-flowered;
pedicels 1’-4” long, usually shorter than the
flowers; perianth-segments oblong, obtuse,
longer than the stamens; style about as long
as the ovary; berry green with 6 black stripes
or black, 3-5” in diameter.

In moist soil, Newfoundland to British Co-
lumbia, south to Virginia, Kentucky, Kansas and
California. Also in northern Europe. False Solomon’s-seal. May-June.

3. Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong.
Three-leaved Solomon’s Seal.
Fig. 1285.

Convallaria trifolia L. Sp. Pl. 316. 1753.
Smilacis trifolia Desf. Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 52.

1607.

Varnes trifolia Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 5:

114. 18094.

Glabrous, rootstock slender. Stem slen-
der, erect, 2’-15’ high, 2-4-leaved (usually
3-leaved) ; leaves oval, oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, sessile, sheathing, 2-5’ long, 3’
2’ wide, acute or acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base; raceme few-flowered,
peduncled, 1-2" long; perianth-segments
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, finally
somewhat reflexed, longer than the stamens;
style about as long as the ovary; berry dark
red, 23-3” in diameter.

In bogs and wet woods, Newfoundland _ to
British Columbia, south to Connecticut, New

Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Also in
northern Asia. May—June.

4. UNIFOLIUM Haller; Zinn, Cat. Plant. Hort. Goett. 104. 1757.
[MarantHEMuM Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hols. 14. 1780.]

Low herbs, with slender rootstocks, erect simple few-leaved stems, petioled or sessile
leaves and small white flowers in a terminal raceme, the pedicels commonly 2-3 together.
Perianth of 4 separate spreading segments. Stamens 4, inserted at the bases of the seg-
ments; filaments filiform; anthers introrse. Ovary sessile, globose, 2-celled; ovules 2 in
each cavity; style about as long as the ovary, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Berry globular, 1-2-seeded.
[Many plants bear only a solitary long-petioled leaf, arising from the rootstock, whence the
Latin name.]

Two known species, the following of eastern North America, the other of Europe, Asia and
northwest America. Type species: Convalaria bifolia L.

GENUS 4. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY. 517

1. Unifolium canadénse ( Desf.) Greene.
False or Wild Lily-of-the-valley. Two-
leaved Solomon’s Seal. Fig. 1286.

Maianthemum canadense Desf. Ann. Mus, Paris

9: 54. 1807.

Smilacina bifolia var. canadensis A. Gray Man,

Ed. 2, 467. 1856.

Unifolium canadense Greene, Bull. Torr. Club 15:

287. 1888.

Glabrous or pubescent. Stem slender, erect,
often zigzag, 1-3-leaved (usually 2-leaved),
2’-7’ high; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
1-3’ long, acute, acuminate, or blunt and cus-
pidate at the apex, cordate at the base with a
narrow or closed sinus, sessile, short-petioled,
or the lowest sometimes with a petiole 3’
long; solitary leaves of the stemless plants on
petioles 1-4’ long; raceme rather dense, many-
flowered, 1-2’ long; pedicels mostly longer
than the flowers; perianth-segments oblong,
obtuse, becoming reflexed, about 1” long,
rather longer than the stamens; berry pale red,
speckled, about 2” in diameter.

In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to
the Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina,
Tennessee, Iowa and South Dakota. Ascends to
sooo ft. in Virginia. Cowslip. Bead-ruby. One-leaf. One-blade. May-July.

5. DISPORUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 331. 1812.
[Prosartes Don, Ann. Nat. Hist. 4: 341. 1840.]

More or less pubescent herbs with slender rootstocks, branching stems, scaly below,
leafy above, and alternate somewhat inequilateral sessile or clasping leaves, the flowers ter-
minal, drooping, whitish or greenish yellow, solitary or few in simple umbels. Perianth
of 6 narrow equal separate deciduous segments. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments filiform
or somewhat flattened, longer than the anthers; anthers oblong, or linear, extrorse. Ovary
3-celled; ovules 2 or sometimes several in each cavity; style slender; stigma 3-cleft or en-
tire. Berry ovoid or oval, obtuse. [Greek, referring to the 2 ovules in each cavity of the
ovary, in most species.]

About 15 species, natives of North America and Asia. Besides the following, some 5 others
occur in western North America. Type species: Disporum pullum Salisb.

Stamens shorter than the perianth ; fruit smooth, 2-6-seeded. 1. D. lanuginosum,
Stamens as long as the perianth; fruit roughened, 4-18-seeded, 2. D. trachycarpum,

1. Disporum lanugindosum (Michx.)
Nichols. Hairy Disporum. Fig. 1287.

Streptopus lanuginosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:
201. 1803.

Prosartes lanuginosa Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. 18:
532. 1841.

Disporum lanuginosum Nichols, Dict. Gard. 1:
485. 1884.

Finely and rather densely pubescent, 14°-
2%° high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-
lanceolate, 2’-43’ long, 1’-2’ wide, long-acumi-
nate at the apex, rounded at the base, 7-15-
nerved; flowers solitary or 2-3 together,
greenish, 6-9” long; pedicels filiform, about
1’ long; perianth narrowly campanulate, its
segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, some-
what spreading, glabrous, one-third to one-
half longer than the stamens; ovary oblong;
style slender, longer than the stamens or
equalling them, 3-cleft; berry oval, red, pulpy,
2-6-seeded, 5’-7” long.

In woods, Ontario to western New York,
Georgia and Tennessee. Ascends to gooo ft. in
Virginia. May-June.

518 CONVALLARIACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats.)
B. & H. Rough-fruited Disporum.
Fig. 1288.

Prosartes trachycarpa S. Wats. Bot. King’s Exp.
344. 1871.

Disporum trachycarpum B. & H. Gen. Pl. 3: 832.
1883.

Puberulent, at least when young, 1°-2°
high. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong-lanceo-
late, 14’/—33’ long, 1-23’ wide, acute or short-
acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate
at the base, 5-11-nerved; flowers solitary or
2-3 together, yellowish-white, 4’-7” long;
pedicels 4-1’ long; perianth narrowly cam-
panulate, its segments narrowly oblong or
oblanceolate, acute, little spreading, about
equalling the stamens, ovary depressed-
globose; style slender, about equalling the
stamens, 3-lobed; berry roughened, depressed-
‘globose or somewhat obovoid, 4-5” in diam-
eter, apparently leathery rather than pulpy,
4-18-seeded.

Manitoba to Alberta, British Columbia, South
Dakota, Nebraska, Washington and Arizona.
May-Aug.

6. UVULARIA L. Sp. Pl. 304. 1753.

Erect forked herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stem leafy above, scale-bearing below, the
leaves alternate, sessile or perfoliate. Flowers large, solitary at the ehds of the branches or
rarely 2 together, peduncled, drooping. Perianth bell-shaped or narrower; segments dis-
tinct, deciduous, sometimes bearing a nectary at the base. Stamens 6, free, or adnate to the
very bases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers linear, the sacs longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled, short-stalked or sessile; styles united to about
the middle, stigmatic along the inner side above; ovules several in each cell. Capsule ovoid
or obovoid, 3-angled or 3-winged, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds globose, 1-3 in each cavity.
[Name Latin, from mvula, a palate, in allusion to the hanging flowers.]

Five or six species, natives of eastern North America. Type species: Uvularia perfoliata L.

Capsule obtusely 3-angled, truncate or rounded; leaves perfoliate.

Glabrous, glaucous; perianth-segments papillose within. 1. U. perfoliata.
Leaves pubescent beneath ; perianth-segments smooth or nearly so. 2. U. grandiflora.
Capsule acutely 3-angled or 3-winged, acute at each end; leaves sessile. (OQAKESIELLA Small.)
Leaves thin, slightly rough-margined, narrowed at both ends. 3. U. sessilifolia,
Leaves firm, manifestly rough-margined, sometimes subcordate. 4. U. puberula.

1. Uvularia perfoliata L. Perfoliate Bellwort.
Wild Oat. Fig. 1289.

Uvularia perfoliata L. Sp. Pl. 304. 1753.

Glabrous and glaucous or pale green. Stems 6’-20’
high, slender, forked above the middle, usually with
I-3 leaves below the fork; leaves oval, oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, acute at the apex, rounded or some-
times narrowed at the base, smooth-margined, 2’—5’
long when mature, small at flowering time; flowers
10-16" Jong, pale yellow; peduncle becoming 4/—1’
long in fruit; perianth-segments granular-papillose
within, sometimes but slightly so; stamens shorter than
the styles or equalling them, the connective sharp-
tipped; capsule obovoid, truncate, thicker than long,
4°-5” long, obtusely 3-angled, with concave sides and
grooved angles, its lobes dehiscent above.

In moist woods and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to
Florida and Mississippi. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia.
Flowers fragrant. Mealy beliwort. Straw-bell. Mohawk-
weed. May-June.

GENUS 6. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY. 519

2. Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith. Large-
flowered Bellwort. Fig. 1290.

Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith, Ex. Bot. 1: 99. pl. 51.
1804-5.

Stems rather siouter than that of the preceding
species, naked or with 1 or 2 leaves below the fork.
Leaves perfoliate, oblong, oval or ovate, pubescent
beneath, at least when young, glabrous above, be-
coming 2’-5’ long; flowers lemon-yellow, 1-13’
long; perianth-segmenis smooth on both sides or
very slightly granular within; stamens exceeding
the styles, the connective blunt; capsule obtusely
3-angled, truncate, 4-5” long, the lobes dehiscent
above.

In rich woods, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Geor-
gia, Tennessee and Kansas. April-June.

3. Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sessile-leaved
Bellwort. Fig. 1291.

Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sp. Pl. 305. 1753.
Oakesia sessilifolia S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 269.
1879.

Glabrous, stem slender, naked or bearing I or 2
leaves below the fork. Leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, 14-3’ long when mature, thin, sessile,
acute at each end, roughish-margined, pale or
glaucous beneath; flowers greenish yellow, 8-15”
long; perianth-segments smooth; styles exceeding
stamens; anthers blunt; peduncle 41’ long in fruit;
capsule sharply 3-angled, narrowed at both ends,
short-stipitate, about 1’ long, 6”-8” thick.

In moist woods and thickets, New Brunswick and On-
tario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Wild
oat. Straw-lilies. May-June.

4. Uvularia pubérula Michx. Mountain Bell-
wort. Fig. 1292.

Uvularia puberula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 199. 1803.
Oakisia puberula S, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 269. 1879.

Stem rather stout, sparingly rough-pubescent with
short hairs, at least on the forks. Leaves oblong, oval
or ovate; rough-margired, firm and 14-3’ long when
mature, sessile, acute at the apex, obtuse, subcordate
or sometimes narrowed at the base, shining, green on
both sides, the midvein sometimes pubescent; flowers
light yellow, about 1’ long; styles about equalling the
stamens; capsule sharply 3-angled, acute at both ends,
sessile or very nearly so on the short peduncle, 10’—
12” long.

In mountain woods, Virginia and West Virginia to South
Carolina. Ascends to sooo ft. in Virginis. May-June.

Uvularia nitida (Britton) Mackenzie, of the pine-bar-
rens of New Jersey, differs in having the styles exceeding
ae stamens and a smaller capsule; it may be specifically

istinct,

520 CONVALLARIACEAE. Vor. I.

7. STREPTOPUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 200. 1803.

Branching herbs, with stout or slender rootstocks, thin sessile or clasping alternate
many-nerved leaves, the flowers solitary or 2 together, extra-axillary, slender-peduncled,
greenish or purplish, small, nodding. Peduncles bent or twisted at about the middle.
Perianth somewhat campanulate, its 6 separate segments recurved or spreading, deciduous,
the outer flat, the inner keeled. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments short, flattened; anthers
sagittate, extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous in 2 rows in each cavity; style slender,
3-cleft, 3-lobed or entire. Berry globose or oval, red, many-seeded. [Greek, twisted-stalk,
in reference to the bent or twisted peduncles. ]

About 5 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs
on the Pacific Coast. Type species: Streptopus roseus Michx.

Leaves glaucous beneath, clasping ; flowers greenish-white. 1. S. amplexifolius.
Leaves green on both sides, sessile ; flowers purple or rose. 2. S. roseus.

1. Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.
Clasping-leaved Twisted-stalk. Liver-
berry. Fig. 1293.

Uvularia amplexifolia L. Sp. Pl. 304. 1753.
Streptopus amplexifolius DC. Fl, France 3: 174.

1805.

Rootstock short, stout, horizontal, covered
with thick fibrous roots. Plant 14°-3° high;
stem glabrous, usually branching below the
middle, leaves 2’-5’ long, 1-2’ wide, acumi-
nate at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base,
glabrous, glaucous beneath; peduncles 1/2’
long, 1-2-flowered; flowers greenish white, 4’—
6” long; perianth-segments narrowly lanceo-
late, acuminate; anthers subulate-pointed;
stigma simple, obtuse or truncate; berry oval,
5-8” long.

In moist woods, Greenland to Alaska, south to

North Carolina, Ohio, Michigan and New Mexico,
Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. May—

July.

2. Streptopus rdseus Michx. Sessile-
leaved Twisted-stalk. Fig. 1294.

Streptopus roseus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 201.
1803.
Streptopus longipes Fernald, Rhodora 8: 71. 1906,

Plant 1°-24° high, from a short stout
rootstock covered with fibrous roots, some-
times stoloniferous. Branches sparingly pu-
bescent; leaves 2-44’ long, acuminate at the
apex, sessile, rounded, or slightly clasping at
the base, green on both sides, or somewhat
paler beneath, their margins finely ciliate;
peduncles 4-1’ long, usually pubescent, I-
flowered, rarely 2-flowered; flowers purple or
rose, 4-6” long; perianth-segments lanceo-
late, acuminate; anthers 2-horned; style 3-
cleft, the spreading branches stigmatic along
the inner side; berry 5’—-6” in diameter.

In moist woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba,
Georgia and Michigan. Ascends to 5600 ft. in
Virginia. Liver-berry. May-July.

Streptopus oredpolus Fernald is apparently a
hybrid between this and the preceding species.

¥
7
f

w
al

Genus 8. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY. 5

8. POLYGONATUM [Touwrn.] Mill. Gard. Dict. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.

[SacomontA Heist.; Fabr. Enum. Pl. Hort. Helmst. 20. 1759.]

Glabrous or pubescent herbs, with thick, horizontal jointed and scarred rootstocks,
simple arching or erect stems, scaly below, leafy above, the leaves ovate or lanceolate, sessile
and alternate in our species (opposite or verticillate in some exotic ones). Flowers greenish
or pinkish, axillary, drooping, peduncled, solitary or 2-10 in an umbel, the pedicels jointed
at the base of the flower. Perianth tubular or oblong-cylindric or somewhat expanded above
the base, 6-lobed, the short lobes not spreading. Stamens 6, included; filaments adnate to
the perianth for half their length or more; anthers sagittate, introrse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules
2-6 in each cavity; style slender; stigmas small, capitate or slightly 3-lobed. Berry globular,
pulpy, dark blue or nearly black, with a bloom, in our species. [Genus dedicated to
Salomon. ]

About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Type species: Convallaria polygonatum L.

Leaves pubescent beneath; filaments filiform, roughened. 1. P. biflorum.
Plant glabrous throughout; filaments smooth, somewhat flattened. 2. P. commutatum.

1. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) EIl.
Hairy Solomon’s Seal. Fig. 1295.

Convallaria biflora Walt. Fl. Car. 122. 1788.

Polygonatum biflorum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:

393- 1817.
Salomonia biflora Farwell, Rep. Com. Parks De-
troit II: 53. 1900.

Stem slender, glabrous, often zigzag above,
8’-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, oval to ovate,
2’-4’ long, #’-2’ wide, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or sometimes obtuse at
the base, pubescent especially on the veins and
pale beneath, glabrous above, the upper com-
monly narrower than the lower; peduncles
1-4-flowered (often 2-flowered), glabrous;
perianth 4’-6” long, about 14” thick, filaments
filiform, adnate to the perianth for about
three-fourths its length, papillose-roughened;
berry 3’-4” in diameter.

In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to
Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida, West
Virginia and Tennessee, Recorded from Kansas
and Texas. Sealwort. Dwarf Solomon’s-seal.
Conquer-john. April-July.

2. Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.)
Dietr. Smooth Solomon’s Seal.
Fig. 1296.
Convallaria commutata R. & S. Syst. 7: 1671.
1830.

Polygonatum commutatum Dietr.; Otto & Dietr.
Gartenz. 3: 223. 1835.

Polygonatum giganteum Dietr.; Otto & Dietr.

Gartenz. 3: 222. 1835. ,
Salomonia commutata Britton, Man, 273. 1901.

Glabrous throughout, stem stout or slender,
1°-8° high. Leaves lanceolate, oval or ovate,
14’-6’ long, 3-4’ wide, rather darker green
above than beneath, acute, acuminate or blunt
at the apex, narrowed, rounded or somewhat
clasping at the base, the upper often narrower
than the lower; peduncles 1-8-flowered, gla-
brous; perianth 6’-10” long, 14-2” thick;
filaments somewhat flattened, smooth, adnate
to the perianth for half its length or more;

berry 4”-6” in diameter.

In moist woods and along streams, rarely in

7 dry soil, Rhode Island to New Hampshire, On-
tario and Manitoba, south to Georgia, Louisiana, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona. Sealwort.
Giant Solomon’s-seal. May-July.

—————

522 CONVALLARIACEAE. Viorsal:

9. CONVALLARIA L. Sp. Pl. 314. 1753.

A low glabrous herb, with horizontal rootstocks, very numerous fibrous roots, and 2 or
sometimes 3 erect broad leaves, narrowed into sheathing petioles, the lower part of the stem
bearing several sheathing scales. Flowers white, racemed, fragrant, nodding. Raceme
t-sided. Perianth globose-campanulate, 6-lobed, deciduous, the short lobes recurved.
Stamens 6, included; filaments short, adnate to the lower part of the perianth; anthers ob-
long, introrse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; style slender, 3-grooved;
stigma small, capitate, slightly 3-lobed. Berry globose, pulpy. [Latin from Convallis,
valley, and the Greek for lily.]

A monotypic genus of Europe, Asia and the higher Alleghanies.

1. Convallaria majalis L. Lily-of-the-
valley. Fig. 1297.

Convallaria majalis L. Sp. Pl. 314. 1753.

Convallaria majuscula Greene, Rep. Nov. Spec.
5: 46. 1907.

Stem 4-0’ high. Leaves oblong, or oval,
appearing nearly basal, acute at both ends,
5-12’ long, 1-23’ wide; basal scales large,
17-4’ long, one of them subtending an erect
angled scape shorter than the leaves; raceme
1-33’ long, loosely several-flowered; pedicels
filiform, recurved, 37-6” long, exceeding or
sometimes shorter than the lanceolate bracts;
perianth 3’—4” long, its lobes 1” long or less;
filaments shorter than the anthers; berry about

”

3” in diameter.

On the higher mountains of Virginia, North
Carolina and South Carolina. Common in cul-
tivation. Consists of several slightly differing
races. May blossoms. Wood-lily. Conval-lily.
May-lily. May-June.

Family 24. TRILLIACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 347. 1836.
WAKE-ROBIN FAMILY.

Somewhat fleshy herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Leaves cauline, whorled, or
sometimes solitary long-petioled ones are borne on the rootstock. Flowers termi-
nal, solitary or umbelled, sessile or pedicelled, perfect. Perianth of 3 separate
sepals and 3 separate petals. Stamens 6; anthers 2-celled. Ovary sessile, 3-celled ;
styles 3, stigmatic along the inner side; ovules several or numerous in each cavity.
Fruit a globose or 3-lobed berry.

Three genera and about 25 species, natives of the north temperate zone.

Leaves in 2 (rarely 3) whorls; flowers umbelled. 1. Medeola.
Leaves in 1 whorl; flowers solitary. 2. Trillium.

1. MEDEOLA L. Sp. Pl. 339. 1753.

A slender erect unbranched herb, loosely provided with deciduous wool. Rootstock thick,
white, tuber-like, with somewhat the odor and taste of cucumbers, the slender fibrous roots
numerous. Leaves of flowering plants in 2 whorls (rarely 3 whorls) ; lower whorl of 4-10
oblong-lanceolate or obovate leaves; upper whorl of 3-5 ovate or oval leaves, subtending, like
an involucre, the sessile umbel of small greenish yellow declined flowers. Perianth of 6
separate equal oblong recurved segments. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments slender, smooth,
longer than the oblong extrorse anthers, the sacs laterally dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled; ovules
several in each cavity; styles 3, recurved, stigmatic along the inner side. Berry globose,
pulpy. [Name from Medea, a sorceress, referring to the supposed healing properties. ]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America,

GENUS I. WAKE-ROBIN FAMILY.

1. Medeola virginiana L. Indian Cucum-
ber-root. Fig. 1208.
Medeola virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 339. 1753.

Rootstock 17-3’ long. Stem 1°-23° tall, bear-
ing the lower whorl of leaves above the middle,
or in flowerless plants at the summit; leaves of
the lower whorl sessile, 23-5’ long, 1/2’ wide,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
3-5-nerved and reticulate-veined; leaves of the
upper whorl 1-2’ long, 4-1’ wide, short-petioled
or sessile; umbel 2-9-flowered; pedicels filiform,
1’ long or less, declined in flower, erect or as-
cending in fruit; perianth-segments 3/5” long,
obtuse; berry dark purple, 4-7” in diameter.

In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to On-
tario, Minnesota, Florida and Tennessee. May—June.

2. TRILLIUM L. Sp. Pl. 339. 1753.

Glabrous erect unbranched herbs, with short
scarred rootstocks and 3 leaves whorled at the
summit of the stem, subtending the sessile or
peduncled solitary bractless flower. Solitary
long-petioled leaves are sometimes borne on the
rootstock. Perianth of 2 distinct series of
segments, the outer 3 (sepals) green, persistent, the inner 3 (petals) white, pink, purple or
sometimes greenish, deciduous or withering. Stamens 6,hypogynous; filaments short; anthers
linear, mostly introrse. Ovary sessile, 3-6-angled or lobed, 3-celled; ovules several or numer-
ous in each cavity; styles 3, stigmatic along the inner side. Berry many-seeded. Seeds hori-
zontal. [Latin, in allusion to the 3-parted flowers and the 3 leaves.]

About 24 species of North America and Asia. Besides the following, some 7 others occur
in southern and western North America. Known as Three-leaved Nightshade and Birthroot.
Phyllody, 7. e., the reversion of petals or sepals to leaves, is occasional, and the floral parts are
sometimes in 4’s. Type species: Trillium cernuum L,

Flower sessile.

Leaves sessile ; sepals not reflexed.

Flowers purple; petals lanceolate. Ta
Flowers green; petals linear. Ze
Leaves petioled; sepals reflexed. a
4:

T. sessile,
T. viride,
T. recurvatum.
Flower peduncled.
Leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or obtusish, 1’—2’ long. ©.
Leaves broadly ovate or rhombic, acuminate, 2’—7’ long.
* Leaves sessile, or narrowed at the base and short-petioled.
Petals obovate or oblanceolate, 114’-214’ long. 5. 7. grandifiorum.
Petals ovate or lanceolate, %’-114’ long.
Peduncle 114’—4’ long, erect or declined; petals spreading. *
Petals brown-purple, rarely white; filaments two-thirds as long as the anthers,

nivale.

or longer. 6. T. erectum.
Petals white ; filaments not more than half as long as anthers, 7. 1. declinatum.
Peduncle 114’ long or less, recurved ; petals recurved. 8. T. cernuum.
** Leaves distinctly petioled, obtuse or rounded at the base. 9. T. undulatum.

1. Trillium séssile L. Sessile-flowered Wake-
robin. Fig. 1299.
Trillium sessile L. Sp. Pl. 340. 1753.

Stem 4’-12’ tall. Leaves ovate, oval or nearly orbic-
ular, sessile, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex,
14-6’ long, often blotched; flower sessile, erect; sepals
lanceolate, acute or obtuse, spreading, 4-2" long, petals
lanceolate, acute or obtuse, somewhat longer than the
sepals, erect-spreading, purple or green; anthers 3’-7”
long, longer than filament, the connective prolonged
beyond the sacs; berry globose, 6-angled, about 4 in
diameter.

In moist woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio and
Minnesota, south to Florida, Mississippi and Arkansas.
Flowers pleasantly odorous. Three-leaved nightshade.
April-May.

524 TRILLIACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Trillium viride Beck. Green Wake-robin.
Fig. 1300.

Trillium viride Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 11: 178. 1826.

Perennial by a short corm-like rootstock, light
green. Stems solitary, or several together, 4-15’
tall, rough-pubescent near the top, or glabrous in
age; leaves oblong to ovate, 2’-4’ long, obtuse or
acutish, 3-5-nerved, usually blotched, more or less
pubescent on the nerves beneath; flowers sessile;
sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-2’ long, bright
green, acute or obtuse; petals clawed, the blades lin-
ear or nearly so, surpassing the sepals, light green
or purplish green, the claws sometimes brown or
purple; stamens about 4 as long as the petals; fila-
ments flattened, 3-3 shorter than the anthers.

In woods and glades, Kansas to Missouri, Tennessee,
Mississippi and Arkansas. Spring.
Trillium viridéscens Nutt., a species distinguished from T. viride by its purplish petals and
acuminate leaves, occurs in Arkansas and is reported from Kansas.

3. Trillium recurvatum Beck. Prairie Wake-
robin. Fig. 1301.

Trillium recurvatum Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 11: 178.
1826,

Stem 6-18’ tall. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong,
13’-4’ long, acute at the apex, narrowed into petioles
3-9” long, sometimes blotched; flower sessile, erect ;
sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 6-15” long, reflexed
between the petioles; petals spatulate or oblong,
nearly erect, clawed, acute or acuminate, equalling
the sepals or somewhat longer; anthers 4’-7” long,
much longer than the filaments, the connective pro-
longed beyond the sacs; berry ovoid, 6-winged above,
about 9” long.

In woods and thickets, Ohio to Minnesota, Mis-
sissippi and Arkansas. April-June.

4. Trillium nivale Riddell. Early Wake-
robin. Fig. 1302.

Trillium nivale Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 93.

1835.

Stem 2’-6’ high. Leaves ovate, oval or nearly
orbicular, 1’-2’ long, obtuse at the apex, rounded
or narrowed at the base, petioled; petioles, 2”-6”
long; flowers peduncled; peduncle #’-1’ long,
erect, bent, or recurved beneath the leaves; sepals
narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse,
3’-1’ long; petals white, oblong or oval, obtuse,
longer than the sepals, erect-spreading; anthers
about as long as the filaments, the connective not
prolonged beyond the sacs; styles slender; berry
globose, 3-lobed, about 2’ in diameter.

In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio and

Minnesota, south to Kentucky and Nebraska. Showy
or Dwarf white wake-robin. March—-May.

GENUS 2. WAKE-ROBIN FAMILY. 525

5. Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb.
Large-flowered Wake-robin. Fig. 1303.
Trillium rhomboideum var. grandiflorum Michx. Fl. Bor,

Am. 1: 216. 1803.

Trillium grandiflorum Salisb, Par. Lond. 1: pl. 1. 1805.

Stems usually stout, 8-18 high. Leaves broadly
rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oval, 23’-6’ long, acuminate
at the apex, narrowed to the sessile or nearly sessile
base; peduncle erect or somewhat inclined, 14’-3’ long;
sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate but
sometimes bluntish, 1-2’ long, spreading; petals erect-
spreading, oblanceolate; obovate or rarely ovate-oblong,
obtuse or cuspidate, strongly veined, white or pink, thin,
longer than the sepals; anthers about 4’ long, longer
than the filaments; styles slender, 3-4” long, ascend-
ing or erect; berry globose, black, slightly 6-lobed, 8’—
12” in diameter.

In woods, Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, south to
North Carolina and Missouri. Reported from farther south.
Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. White lilies. Bath-flower.
Trinity-lily. May—June.

A monstrous form, with two long-petioled leaves, was collected by Dr. Pitcher in Michigan.

6. Trillium eréctum L. IIl-scented Wake-
robin. Birth-root. Fig. 1304.
Trillium erectum L. Sp, Pl. 340. 1753.

Stem stout, 8-16’ high. Leaves very broadly
rhombic, 3-7’ long, often as wide or wider, sessile,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base;
peduncle 13-4’ long, erect, or nearly so; sepals
lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, 4’-14’ long; petals
lanceolate or ovate, acute or acutish, spreading,
equalling the sepals or a little longer, dark purple,
pink, greenish or white; anthers longer than the
filaments, sometimes twice as long, exceeding the
stigmas; ovary purple; styles short, spreading or
recurved; berry ovoid, somewhat 6-lobed, reddish,
8-12” long.

In woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to North
Carolina and Tennessee. Flowers unpleasantly scented.
Indian balm. Red or purple trillium, or wake-robin.
Bath-, Beth- or Squaw-flower. Beth- or bumble-bee-
root. Lamb’s-quarters. Nosebleed. Daffy-down-dilly.
Red benjamin. Shamrock. True-love. Orange-blossom.
April-June.

7. Trillium declinatum (A. Gray) Glea-
son. Drooping Wake-robin. Fig. 1305.

T. erectum var. declinatum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,
523. 1878.

T. declinatum Gleason, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 389.
1906,

Stem stout, 14° high or less. Leaves broadly
rhombic, 3-5’ long and about as wide as long,
short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
base; peduncle horizontal or declined, 14’-24’
long; petals oblong-ovate, white, about as long
as the sepals; filaments 1’-24” long, not more
than half as long as the anthers; ovary white
or pinkish; stigmas nearly sessile.

Woods, Ohio to Michigan, Minnesota and Mis-
souri, April-June,

526 TRILLIACEAE. Vor. I.

8. Trillium cérnuum L. Nodding Wake-
robin. Fig. 1306.
Trillium cernuum L. Sp. Pl. 339. 1753.

Stem usually slender, 8-20’ high. Leaves similar
to those of the preceding species, broadly rhombic,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile,
or with the petioles 1-2” long; peduncles 4#-1}’
long, recurved beneath the leaves, the flower
drooping; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, 6-12” long; petals white or pink, ovate-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rolled backward,
wavy-margined, equalling the sepals, or a little
longer; anthers about as long as the subulate fila-
ments; ovary whitish; styles rather stout, recurved;
berry ovoid, red-purple, pendulous, 8-10” long.

In rich woods, Newfoundland to Ontario and Mani-
toba, south to Georgia and Missouri. Ground-lily.

Cough-root. Rattlesnake-root. Jewsharp-plant. White
benjamin. Snake-bite. April-June.

Wy SS
g. Trillium undulatum Willd. Painted Wake-
robin. Fig. 1307.

Trillium undulatum Willd. Neue Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr.

Berlin 3: 422. 1801.
Trillium erythrocarpum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 216, 1803.

Stem usually slender, 82° high. Leaves ovate, 3S’
long, 2’-5’ wide, petioled, long-acuminate at the apex,
obtuse or rounded at the base; petioles 2’—-10” long;
flowers peduncled, erect or somewhat inclined, 1-23’
long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 9-15” long, spread-
ing; petals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or
acute, white with purple veins or stripes, thin, longer
than the sepals, widely spreading, wavy-margined;
anthers about equalling the filaments; styles slender;
berry ovoid, obtuse, bluntly 3-angled, bright red, shin-
ing, 6-10” in diameter.

In woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, south
to Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia.
Wild pepper. Sarah. Benjamin. May-June,

aN
Family 25. SMILACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 146. 1799.*
Smirax FAMILy.

Mostly vines, with woody or herbaceous, often prickly stems. Leaves alter-
nate, netted-veined, usually punctate or lineolate, several-nerved, petioled. Petiole
sheathing, bearing a pair of slender tendril-like appendages (stipules?), persistent,
the blade falling away. Flowers small, mostly green, dioecious, in axillary umbels.
Perianth-segments 6. Stamens mostly 6, distinct; filaments ligulate ; anthers basi-
fixed, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, the cavities opposite the inner perianth-
segments; ovules I or 2 in each cavity, orthotropous, suspended; style very short
or none; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a globose berry containing 1-6 seeds. Seeds brown-
ish; endosperm horny, copious ; embryo small, oblong, remote from the hilum.

Genera 3; species about 200, in warm and temperate regions; only the following in North America,

1. SMILAX L. Sp. Pl. 1028. 1753.

Rootstocks usually very large and tuberous, stems usually twining, and climbing by
means of the spirally coiling appendages of the petiole. Lower leaves reduced to scales;
upper leaves entire or lobed. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments distinct, deciduous.
Pedicels borne on a globose or conic receptacle, inserted in small pits, generally among
minute bractlets. Filaments inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments. Staminate
flowers without an ovary. Pistillate flowers usually smaller than the staminate, with an

* Text contributed to the first edition by the late Rey. THomas Morone.

GENUS I. SMILAX FAMILY. 527

ovary and usually with 1-6 abortive stamens. Berry black, red or purple (rarely white),
with 3 strengthening bands of tissue running through the outer part of the pulp, connected
at the base and apex. Embryo lying under a tubercle at the upper end of the seed. [Ancient
Greek name, perhaps not originally applied to these plants.]

About 225 species of wide distribution, most abundant in tropical America and Asia. Besides

the following, about 12 others occur in the southern United States and 1 in California and Oregon.
Type species: Smilax aspera L.

Stem annual, herbaceous, unarmed. [Nemexia Raf.]
Petioles tendril-bearing ; stems climbing.

Leaves usually ovate, thin. — 1. S. herbacea.
Leaves usually hastate, coriaceous. 2. S. tamnifolia,
Petioles without tendrils or nearly so; stems erect. 3. S. ecirrhata.

Stem perennial, woody, usually armed with prickles
Berries black or bluish-black.
Fruit ripening the first year.

Leaves glaucous. 4. S. glauca.
Leaves green on both sides.
Leaves rounded or lanceolate, 5-nerved. 5. S. rotundifolia,
Leaves ovate, 7-nerved. 6. S. hispida.
Leaves round-ovate, often narrowed at the middle, 7-9-nerved. 7. S. Pseudo-China.
Leaves deltoid or deltoid-hastate, 5~7-nerved, often with 1 or 2 additional nerves on
each side. 8. S. Bona-nox.
Fruit ripening the second year ; leaves elliptic or lanceolate, evergreen. 9. S. laurifolia,
Berries red.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base rounded ; berries bright red. 10. S. Wallteri.
Leaves lanceolate, acute at the base; berries dull red. 11. S. lanceolata,

1. Smilax herbacea L. Carrion-flower.
Jacob’s Ladder. Fig. 1308.

Smilax herbacea L. Sp. Pl. 1030. 1753.
S. pulverulenta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 238. 1803.
Coprosmanthus herbaceus Kunth, Enum.5: 264. 1850.

Tubers short, thick, scarred, numerous. Stem
herbaceous, glabrous, terete or obtusely angled,
unarmed, commonly much branched. Petioles
4-33’ long; tendrils numerous; leaves ovate,
rounded or lanceolate, acute, acuminate or cus-
pidate at the apex, obtuse or cordate at the base,
thin, frequently downy beneath, 7-9-nerved,
14-5’ long, 17-33’ wide, the margins entire or
denticulate; peduncles 4’-0’ long, usually 6-10
times as long as the petioles, flattened; umbels
15-80-flowered; pedicels 3-8” long; flowers car-
rion-scented when open; stamens sometimes 5 or
7; filaments 2-3 times as long as the anthers; ber-
ries bluish black, 2-4-seeded, 3-4” in diameter.

In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Ontario,
Manitoba, Florida, Louisiana, Nebraska and Okla-
homa. April-June.

2. Smilax tamnifdlia Michx. Halberd-
leaved Smilax. Fig. 1309.

S. tamnifola Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 238. 1803.
Coprosmanthus tamnifoliuns Kunth, Enum. 5: 267.
1850.

Glabrous, herbaceous; stem and branches terete
or obtusely angled, unarmed. Petioles 4-14’ long,
the sheath tendril-bearing, very short or none;
leaves coriaceous, mostly ovate-hastate, with broad
obtuse lobes at the base, slightly narrowed at about
the middle, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex,
truncate or subcordate at the base, entire, green on
both sides, 14’-3 long, 4-2" wide, 5-7-nerved;
peduncles 1-3 from the same axil, 1-4’ long, usu-
ally much longer than the leaves, often flattening
in drying; umbels 1o-30-flowered; pedicels 2’—3’
long; segments of the staminate flowers slightly
pubescent; filaments I-2 times as long as the an-
thers; berries black, 2”—-3” in diameter, 1-3-seeded.

In dry soil, Long Island to New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, South Carolina and Tennessee. May-July.

528 SMILACEAE. Vou. I.

3. Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) S. Wats. Upright Smilax. Fig. 1310.

Coprosmanthus herbaceus var. ecirrhata Engelm.; Kunth,
Enum. 5: 266. 1850.

S. ecirrhatus S$, Wats. in A. Gray, Man, Ed. 6,520. 1890.

Stem herbaceous, glabrous, simple, erect, 6’—2°
tall. Tendrils none, or sometimes present on the
uppermost petioles; leaves often whorled at the sum-
mit of the stem, ovate, acute, obtuse, cuspidate or
acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the
base, thin, 5-9-nerved, 23’-53’ long, 13-4’ wide, some-
= times larger, more or less pubescent beneath and
erose-denticulate on the margins; petioles 10’-18”
long; peduncles long, often pubescent; staminate
flowers commonly not more than 25 in the umbels;
pedicels 2’-5” long; anthers shorter than the fila-
ments or equalling them.

In dry soil, Maryland to Minnesota, Florida and Mis-
souri. May-June.

4. Smilax glatca Walt. Glaucous-leaved
Greenbrier. Fig. 1311.

Smilax glauca Walt. Fl. Car. 245. 1788.
S. spinulosum J. E. Smith; Torr. Fl. N. Y.2: 303. 1843.
Rootstock deep, knotted and tuberous. Stem
terete; branches and twigs angled, armed with rather
stout numerous or scattered prickles, or sometimes
unarmed; petioles 3-6” long, tendril-bearing; leaves
ovate, acute or cuspidate at the apex, sometimes
cordate at the base, entire, glaucous beneath and
sometimes also above, mostly 5-nerved, 14’-6’ long,
3’-5’ wide; peduncles flattened 6-16” long; umbels
6-12-flowered; pedicels 2”-4” long; berries bluish
black, ripening the first year, about 3” in diameter,
2-3-seeded.

In dry sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Florida,
Ohio, Kansas and Texas. Sarsaparilla. May—June.

5. Smilax rotundifélia L. Greenbrier. Catbrier. Horsebrier. Fig. 1312.

Smilax rotundifolia L. Sp. Pl. 1030. 1753.
Smilax caduca L, Sp. Pl. 1030. 1753.
Smilax quadrangularis Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 775. 1806.
Rootstocks long, sparingly tuberous. Stem woody,
terete, the branches and young shoots often 4-angled,
glabrous; prickles scattered, stout, straight or a
little curved, sometimes none; petioles 3-6” long;
leaves thick and shining when mature, thin when
young, ovate, nearly orbicular, or lanceolate, acute
or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or cordate at the
base, entire or the margins erose-denticulate, 5-nerved,
2'-6’ long, 10”-6’ wide; peduncles flattened 3-1’
long; umbels 6-25-flowered; pedicels 1-4” long;
perianth-segments pubescent at the tip; filaments
2-3 times as long as the anthers; berries black, 1-3-
seeded, about 3” in diameter, maturing the first year.
In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Minnesota,
south to Florida and Texas. Biscuit-leaves. Wait-a-bit.

Nigger-head. Bamboo-brier. Devil’s-hop-vine. Bread-
and-butter. Hungry-vine. April-June.

GENUS I. SMILAX FAMILY. 529

6. Smilax hispida Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier.
Bristly Sarsaparilla. Fig. 1313.

Smilax hispida Muhl.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 302. 1843.

Glabrous, stem terete below, and commonly
thickly hispid with numerous slender straight
prickles, the branches more or less angled; peti-
oles 4-9” long, tendril-bearing, rarely denticu-
late; leaves thin, green on both sides, ovate, ab-
ruptly acute and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse or
subcordate at the base, 7-nerved, or the older ones
sometimes with an additional pair of faint nerves,
2'-5/ long, 1-5’ wide, the margins usually denticu-
late; peduncles flattened, 9’-2’ long; umbels 10-
26-flowered; pedicels slender, 2’—3’ long; filaments
a little longer than the anthers; berries bluish black,
about 3” in diameter, maturing the first year.

In thickets, Connecticut to Ontario, Minnesota, Ne-
braska, North Carolina and Texas. May-July.

7. Smilax Psetido-China L. Long-stalked Greenbrier. Fig. 1314.
Smilax Pseudo-China L. Sp. Pl. 1031. 1753.

Glabrous throughout, rootstock often bearing
large tubers, stem terete, the branches angled.
Lower part of the stem beset with straight
needle-shaped prickles, the upper part and the
branches mostly unarmed; petioles 3’—12” long;
leaves firm, or becoming quite leathery when old,
green on both sides or occasionally glaucous
beneath, ovate, often narrowed at about the
middle or lobed at base; acute or cuspidate at
the apex, 7-9-nerved, 23’-5’ long, 14’-33’ wide,
often denticulate on the margins; peduncles flat-
tened, 1-3’ long; umbels 12-40-flowered; pedicels
3-4” long; stamens 6-10; anthers as long as the
filaments or longer; berries black, 8-16 in the
umbels, 2”-3” in diameter, 1-3-seeded, maturing
the first year.

In dry or sandy thickets, Maryland to Illinois,
Nebraska, Kansas, Florida and Texas. American or
False china-root. Sarsaparilla. Bull-brier. March—-
Aug. Recorded from New Jersey.

8. Smilax Bona-nox L. Bristly Greenbrier. Fig. 1315.

Smilax Bona-nox L. Sp. Pl. 1030. 1753-
Smilax hastata Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 782. 1806.
Smilax tamnoides A. Gray, Man. 485. 1848. NotL.

Rootstocks bearing large tubers, stem terete or
slightly angled, the branches often 4-angled.
Prickles scattered or numerous, stout or needle-
like, often wanting on the branches; petioles 3’—
6” long, often prickly; leaves thick, ovate or com-
monly deltoid-hastate, sometimes narrowed at the
middle, glabrous, green and usually shining on both
sides, often spiny on the margins and on the veins
beneath, acute or abruptly cuspidate at the apex,
obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, 5-9-nerved,
14’-4%’ long, 8-3’ wide; peduncles slender, flat-
tened, 7-15” long; umbels 15-45-flowered; pedicels
2’-4” long; stigmas 1-3; berries 8-20 in the umbels,
2’-3” in diameter, mostly 1-seeded, ripening the first
year.

In thickets, New Jersey(?); Virginia to Kentucky,
Kansas, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Fiddle-shaped
greenbrier, April—-July. Erroneously recorded from Mas-
sachusetts.

34

530 SMILACEAE. Vor. I.

g. Smilax laurifolia L. Laurel-leaved Green-
brier. « Figs 1316:
Smilax laurifolia L. Sp. Pl. 1030. 1753.

Rootstocks bearing tubers sometimes 6’ thick,
stem stout, high-climbing, terete, striate, armed with
strong straight prickles, “the branches angled, mostly
unarmed. Petioles stout, 3-8” long; leaves leathery,
evergreen, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute or ab-
ruptly cuspidate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
entire, 3-nerved, or sometimes with an additional
pair of nerves near the margins, 243’ long, 4’—2'
wide; peduncles stout, angie 2’-10” long; umbels
6-30-flowered; pedicels 2’ long; anthers usually
about one- -third shorter ee the filaments ; stigma
Ty sometimes 2 2; berries black, ovoid, 2’—3” thick, not
ripening until the second year.

In moist woods and thickets, southern New Jersey to

Florida and Texas, north in the Mississippi Valley to
Arkansas. Bahamas. Bamboo-vine. March-— Sept.

to. Smilax Walteri Pursh. Walter’s Green-
brier. Red-berry Bamboo. Fig. 1317.

Smilax Walteri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 249. 1814.

Glabrous, stem angled, prickly below, the branches
commonly unarmed. Petioles 27-6” long, stout,
angled; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rarely lobed
at the base, cordate or subcordate, obtuse or ab-
ruptly acute at the apex, entire, oe —7-nerved, 2’-5
long, 10’ [3 wide; peduncles 2’—5” long, flattened,
thickening in age; umbels 6-15-flowered; pedicels
very slender, Beat long; berries globose, coral-red
(rarely white), 3-4” in diameter, 2-3-seeded, ripen-
ing the first year.

In wet soil, pine barrens of New Jersey to Florida,
Tennessee and Louisiana. Sarsaparilla. April~June.

NN
11. Smilax lanceolata L. Lance-leaved Green-
brier. Fig. 1318.

Smilax lanceolata L. Sp. Pl. 1031. 1753.

Glabrous, stem terete, usually prickly, the branches
slender, long, slightly angled, mostly unarmed.
Petioles 1’-2” long; leaves rather thin, lanceolate,
acute or acuminate at the apex, eee Se at the
base, entire, shining above, 5-7-nerved, 3’ long,
6-20" wide; peduncles thick, angled, 3 a long;
umbels 8-40-flowered ; pedicels 2 “7” long; filaments
longer than the anthers: berries dark red, globose,

—3’ in diameter, usually 2-seeded, ripening the first
year.

In thickets, Virginia to Arkansas, Florida and Texas.
March—Aug.

Family 26. HAEMODORACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Noy. Holi. 1: 299. 1810.
Bioopwort FAMILY.

Perennial herbs with erect stems, narrowly linear leaves, and regular or some-
what irregular small perfect flowers in terminal cymose panicles. Perianth
6-parted or 6-lobed, adnate to the ovary, persistent. Stamens 3, opposite the
3 inner perianth-segments. Ovary wholly or partly interior, 3-celled or rarely
t-celled ; ovules usually few in each cavity, half-anatropous ; style mostly slender ;
stigma small, entire or 3-grooved. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds
few or rarely numerous ; embryo small in fleshy endosperm.

GENUS I. BLOODWORT FAMILY. 531

About 9 genera and 35 species, mostly natives of South Africa and Australia, a few in tropical
America ; only the following genus in the north temperate zone,

1. GYROTHECA Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 327. 1812.
[Lacunantues Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 47. 1816.]

A rather stout herb, with a short rootstock, red fibrous roots and equitant leaves, the
basal ones longer than those of the stem. Flowers numerous, yellowish, small, in a dense
terminal woolly cymose panicle. Perianth 6-parted to the summit of the ovary, the outer
segments smaller than the inner. Filaments filiform, longer than the perianth; anthers
linear-oblong, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules few in each cavity, borne on fleshy pla-
centae; style very slender, declined. Capsule enclosed by the withering-persistent perianth,
nearly globular, 3-valved. Seeds about 6 in each cavity, flattened, nearly orbicular, peltate.
[Greek, referring to the round fruit.] ;

A monotypic genus of southeastern North America and the West Indies.

1. Gyrotheca tinctoria (Walt.) Salisb. \ ‘yy WY ig
Red root. Paint root. Fig. 1319. ANS NV
TRY AZ =
Gyrotheca tinctoria Salisb, Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: = =z
327. 1812. 7 IW =
Lachnanthes tinctoria Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 47. =H Ny SS

1816. 4
Gyrotheca capitata Morong. Bull. Torr. Club 20:
472. 1893. Not Anonymo capitata Walt.

Stem 14°-23° tall, glabrous below, pubescent
or woolly above. Leaves 2’-5” wide, acumi-
nate, the basal ones shorter than the stem, the
upper reduced to bracts; panicle 2’-5’ broad
when expanded, dense and almost capitate
when young, white-woolly; flowers 4’—-5”
broad, bracteolate, the perianth yellow and
glabrous within; style about as long as the
stamens; pedicels stout, about as long as ihe
capsule, rather shorter than the bractlets; cap-
sule about 3” in diameter.

In swamps, eastern Massachusetts to New Jer-
sey and Florida, mostly in pine barrens near the
coast. Also in Cuba. Carolina or Indian red-
root. Spirit-weed. July—Sept.

Family 27, AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2: 328. 1836.
AMARYLLIS FAMILY.

Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody or even arboreous), with bulbs
or rootstocks, scapose or sometimes leafy stems and usually narrow and entire
leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Perianth 6-parted or 6-lobed, the
segments or lobes distinct, or united below into a tube which is adnate to the
surface of the ovary (adnate only to the lower part of the ovary in Lophiola).
Stamens 6 in our genera, inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments or in
the throat of the perianth opposite the lobes. Anthers versatile or basifixed,
2-celled, the sacs usually longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly infe-
rior, usually 3-celled. Style filiform, entire, lobed, or divided into 3 stigmas at
the summit. Ovules usually numerous, rarely only 1 or 2 in each cavity of the
ovary, anatropous. Fruit capsular, rarely fleshy. Seeds mostly black, the em-
bryo small, enclosed in fleshy endosperm.

- About 70 genera and 800 species, principally natives of tropical and warm regions, some in the
temperate zones.

Bulbous herbs with flowers oh scapes.

Flower solitary (in our species) ; perianth with a crown. 1. Narcissus.
Flower solitary ; perianth without a crown.
Anthers versatile ; tube of the perianth not greatly elongated. 2. Atamasco.
Anthers erect ; tube of the perianth several times the length of its lobes. 3. Cooperia,

Flowers clustered; perianth with a membranous crown connecting the lower parts of the fila-
ments. 4. Hymenocallis.
Bulbless herbs, with rootstocks or corms.
Perianth adnate to the whole surface of the ovary; leaves mostly basal.

Tall, fleshy-leaved ; anthers versatile. 5. Manfreda,
Low, linear-leaved ; anthers not versatile. 6. Hypo-vis.
Perianth adnate only to the lower part of the ovary; stem leafy; flowers woolly. 7. Lophiola.

532 AMARYLLIDACEAE. Vor. I.

1. NARCISSUS L. Sp. Pl. 289. 1753.

Bulbous herbs, the flowers solitary or sev-
eral on leafless scapes, the leaves linear, basal.
Flowers subtended by a deciduous spathe; peri-
anth 6-parted, bearing a cup-like funnelform
or cylindric crown in the throat. Stamens in-
serted on the tube of the perianth; ovary 3-
celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; cap-
sule thin-walled.

About 20 species, natives of the Old World.
Type species: Narcissus poeticus L,

1. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus L. Daf-
fodil. Fig. 1320.

Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus L. Sp. Pl. 289. 1753.

Scape about 1° high, 2-edged. Leaves nar-
rowly linear, about as long as the scape; flower
bright yellow, 2’-3’ broad; crown crenate,
rather longer than the perianth.

Escaped from cultivation, Pennsylvania and New
Jersey. Native of Europe. Called also Daffy, Daf-
fodilly, Daffodowndilly. April-May. Flowers often
double,

Narcissus poéticus L., Poets’ Narcissus, with
white flowers, the crown shorter than the peri-
anth; has also, locally, escaped from cultivation ;
it is a native of Europe.

,
2. ATAMOSCO Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 57, 524. 1763.
[ZerpHyRANTHES Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 36. 1821.]

Glabrous herbs with coated bulbs, narrow leaves, and erect 1-flowered scapes, the flower
large, erect, pink, white or purple. Perianth funnelform, naked in the throat, with 6 mem-
branous equal erect-spreading lobes united below into a tube, subtended by an entire or

- a-cleft bract. Stamens inserted on the throat of the perianth, equal or nearly so; anthers
versatile. Ovary 3-celled; style long, filiform, 3-cleft at the summit; ovules numerous, in 2
rows in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule thin-walled, subglobose or depressed, 3-lobed loculi-
cidally 3-valved. Seeds mostly flattened, black or nearly so. [Greek, signifying wind-flower.]

About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the

following, 5 others occur in the southern United
States. Type species: Amaryllis Atamasco L.

1. Atamosco Atamasco (L.) Greene. Ata-

masco Lily. Stagger-grass. Fig. 1321.
Amaryllis Atamasco L. Sp. Pl. 292. 1753.
Zephyranthes Atamasco Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 36. 1821.
Atamosco Atamasco Greene, Pittonia 3: 187. 1897.

Bulb ovoid, about 1’ long. Leaves fleshy, some-
what concave, shining, 6-15’ long, about 13”—3”
wide, blunt, usually shorter than the scape; scape
terete, erect, 2”-3” in diameter; bract mem-
branous, 2-cleft into acuminate lobes, longer than
the ovary; flowers 2’-33’ high, white with a pur-
plish tinge or sometimes light purple; perianth-
segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than
the tube; stamens shorter than the perianth; style
longer than the stamens; capsule depressed, about
# high.

In moist places, southern Pennsylvania to eastern
Virginia, Florida and Alabama. Perianth rarely 8-
lobed. Swamp-, Fairy- or Easter-lily. March—June.

‘

3. COOPERIA Herb. Bot. Reg. pi.
1835. 1836. SI

Low herbs with coated bulbs, very narrow grass-like leaves and slender 1-flowered scapes,

the flower large, long, erect, subtended by a membranous spathe-like ‘bract. Perianth salver-
form with 6 oval or ovate spreading lobes united into a tube several times their length, the
tube cylindric or slightly dilated at the summit. Stamens inserted on the throat of the peri-
anth; filaments short; anthers linear, erect. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform; stigma slightly
3-lobed; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule depressed, globose

GENUS 3. - AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 533

or obovoid, 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, horizontal, black. [In honor
of Daniel Cooper, 1817?-1842, Curator, Botanical Society of London.]

Two known species, natives of the southwestern United States and Mexico, the following being
the type.

1. Cooperia Drumméndii Herb. Drum- ek 2
mond’s Cooperia. Fig. 1322.
C. Drummondii Herb, Bot. Reg. pl. 1835. 1836. ees

Bulb globose, about 1’ in diameter. Leaves \

6-12’ long, 2’-3” wide, erect; scape slender,

hollow, about as long as the leaves; spathe-like

bract 1-2’ long, 2-cleft above into acuminate \
lobes 4’-6” long; flower 3-5’ high, white or
pinkish; tube of the perianth very slender, about
12” in diameter, slightly expanded just below the
limb; segments oblong, obtuse and cuspidate or
acutish, nearly 1’ long, 3-4” wide, ovary sessile;
capsule somewhat obovoid, about 3’ in diameter,
deeply lobed.

r|—

and New Mexico. Prairie-lily. April—July.

On prairies, Kansas to Louisiana, Texas, Mexico } |
u

4. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 338. 1812.

Mostly tall bulbous herbs with usually lanceolate or linear-oblong leaves, and large
white sessile or short-pedicelled umbelled flowers on erect solid scapes, each flower subtended
by 2 long membranous bracts. Perianth of 6 spreading or recurved narrow equal elongated
lobes, united below into a long cylindric tube. Stamens inserted in the top of the perianth-
tube, the lower parts of the long filaments connected by a membranous cup-like crown; an-
thers linear, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules only 1 or 2 in each cavity; style filiform, long-
exserted; stigma small, entire or nearly so. Capsule ovoid or globose, rather fleshy. Seeds
usually only 1 or 2, large, green, fleshy. [Greek, beautiful membrane, referring to the crown.]

About 30 species, all American. Besides the following, ro others occur in the southern States,
Type species: /. ymenocallis littoralis Salisb.

| 7 1. Hymenocallis occidentalis (Le Conte) Kunth.
Hymenocallis. Fig. 1323.

Sek \ / 1H,

(Xx V fs jf Pancratium carolinianum L. Sp. Pl. 291. 1753?.

sf N || BZ Pancratium occidentale LeConte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 146.

= Ney Se 1830.

~~ >S Hymenocallis occidentalis Kunth, Enum. 5: 856. 1850.

SSL - aN Bulb large. Leaves linear-oblong, narrowed at each

ee end, fleshy, glaucous, 1°-2° long, 9-2’ wide; scape

y SS stout, equalling or longer than the leaves; bracts

SS linear-lanceolate, 13’-2}’ long; umbel several-flowered ;

yy \ perianth-tube 13”-2” in diameter, 3’-5’ long, the linear

\\ lobes nearly as long: crown funnelform, narrowed be-

\ low, 1’-1}’ long, its margins entire, erose or 2-toothed
LM y between the filaments; free part of the filaments about
\ l 4 1’ long, white; anthers about }’ long and 4” wide, yel-
\ : low; style extending for 2’-3’ beyond the crown, green;
pS Za : fruit 6-9” in diameter.
| 3 In moist soil, Georgia to Alabama, southern Illinois, Mis-

souri and Arkansas. July—Sept.

a
5. MANFREDA Salisb. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 78. 1866.

Fleshy herbs with bulbiferous rootstocks and bracted scapes, the leaves basal, and large
bracted flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Perianth tubular or funnelform, withering-
persistent, of 6 erect or spreading equal or nearly equal lobes, united below into a tube.
Stamens inserted on the perianth, exserted; filaments flattened or filiform; anthers versatile.
Ovary 3-celled, style slender, exserted, 3-lobed; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of

534 AMARYLLIDACEAE. Vor. I.

the ovary. Capsule ovoid, subglobose or oblong, 3-lobed, 3-celled, thick-walled, many-seeded.
Seeds compressed. [Named for Manfred, an ancient Italian writer. |
About 25 species, all American. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in the southern
q states. Type species: Agave virginica L.

1. Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. False
Aloe: Fig. 1324)
Agave virginica L. Sp. Pl. 323. 1753.
M., virginica Salisb.; Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8:

19. 1903.

Glabrous throughout, rootstock a short crown
with numerous fibrous roots. Scape 2°-6° tall,
rather slender, sometimes nearly 4’ in diameter at
the base, its bracts distant, long-acuminate, the
lower 3-6’ long; leaves narrowly oblong, $°-2°
long, 4’-23’ wide, acuminate, their margins entire
or denticulate; spike 1°-2° long, loose; flowers
greenish yellow, odorous, solitary in the axils of
short bracts, sessile or the lowest distinctly pedi-
celled; perianth nearly tubular, slightly expanded
above, 8-12” long, the tube about twice as long as
the erect lobes; filaments at length about as long as
the perianth; capsule 5-8” in diameter, slightly
longer than thick, abruptly contracted into a short
stalk.

In dry soil, Maryland to Indiana and Missouri, south
to Florida and Texas. Rattlesnake’s-master.

6. HYPOXIS L. Syst. Ed. 10, 2: 986. 17509.

Low, mostly villous herbs with a corm or short rootstock, grass-like leaves and slender
few-flowered scapes, the flowers rather small. Perianth 6-parted, its segments equal or
nearly so, separate to the summit of the ovary, spreading, withering-persistent, the 3 outer
ones greenish on the lower side in our species. Stamens inserted on the bases of the peri-
anth-segments; filaments short; anthers erect, sagittate or entire. Ovary 3-celled; style
short; stigmas 3, erect; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule subglobose or
oblong, thin-walled, not dehiscent by valves. Seeds globular, black, laterally short-beaked
by their stalks. [Greek, originally given to some plant with sour leaves.]

About 50 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern
states. Type species: Hypoxis erectum L.

1. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville. Yellow Star-
grass. Fig. 1325.
Ornithogalum hirsutum L. Sp. Pl. 306. 1753.
Hypoxis erectum L. Syst. Ed. 10, 2: 986. 1759.
Hypoxis hirsuta Coville, Mem. Torr. Club5: 118. 1894.
Corm ovoid, oblong or globose, }’—#’ in diameter, with
numerous fibrous roots. Leaves basal, narrowly linear,
1-23” wide, more or less villous, mostly longer than
the scapes; scapes slender, erect, villous above, usually
glabrous below, 2-6’ high; flowers 1-6, umbellate;
bracts subulate, shorter than the pedicels; perianth-
segments narrowly oblong, spreading, mostly obtuse,
bright yellow within, greenish and villous without, 37-5”
long; stamens somewhat unequal; style rather shorter
than the stamens, 3-angled, the stigmas decurrent on the
angles; capsule about 13” in diameter; seeds angled,
black.
In dry soil, Maine to Ontario, Assiniboia, Kansas, Florida
and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Star-of-Beth-

lehem. May-—Oct. a
7. LOPHIOLA Ker, Bot. Mag. pl. 1506. 1814.

An erect perennial herb with slender rootstocks, fibrous roots, erect sparingly leafy stems,
the leaves narrowly linear and mostly basal, and numerous small yellowish flowers in a ter-
minal woolly cymose panicle. Perianth campanulate, persistent, of 6 nearly equal woolly
erect-spreading segments, slightly united at the base, and adnate to the lower part of the
ovary. Stamens inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform, short;
anthers basifixed. Ovary 3-celled; style subulate, at length 3-cleft; ovules numerous, in 2
rows in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, tipped with the style, finally loculicidally 3-valved at the

GENUS 7. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 535

summit. Seeds oblong, ribbed. [Greek, referring to the tufts of wool on the perianth.]

A monotypic genus of southeastern North America, by
some authors placed in the Haemodoraceae.

1. Lophiola americana (Pursh) Coville. Lo-
phiola. Fig. 1326.

Conostylis americana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 224. 1814.

Lophiola aurea Ker, Bot. Mag. pl. 1596. 1814.

Lophiola americana Coville, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 118.
1894.

Stem stiff, erect, terete, glabrous below, white-
woolly above, 1°-2° tall. Leaves equitant, glabrous,
much shorter than the stem, the upper ones reduced
to bracts; panicle densely white-woolly, composed of
numerous few-several-flowered cymes; pedicels short,
rather stout, erect or ascending; perianth-segments
linear-lanceolate, about 2” long, woolly outside, longer
than the stamens and with a tuft of wool at the base
within; capsule about as long as the persistent style,
shorter than the perianth.

Pine barren bogs, New Jersey to Florida. June—Aug.

x
Family 28. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2: 359. 1836.
Yam FaAmiIty.

Herbaceous or slightly woody twining vines with fleshy or woody rootstocks,
slender stems, petioled, mostly cordate, several-nerved and reticulate-veined leaves,
alternate or the lower opposite or verticillate, and small inconspicuous dioecious
or monoecious (in some exotic genera perfect) regular flowers in spikes, racemes
or panicles. Perianth 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent. Stami- ~
nate flowers with 6 or 3 stamens, sometimes with a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate
flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, 3 styles and 3 terminal stigmas, sometimes
also with 3 or 6 staminodia; ovules 2 (rarely 1) in each cavity of the ovary,
pendulous, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 3-valved, 3-angled capsule in
the following genus. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or cartilaginous, enclosing
the small embryo.

About 9 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of America, a few in the Old World.

1. DIOSCOREA [Plum.] L. Sp. Pl. 1032. 1753.

_ Characters of the family as defined above. [Name in honor of the Greek naturalist
Dioscorides.]

About 160 species, numerous in tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. The large fleshy
rootstocks of several tropical species furnish the yams of commerce. Type species: D. sativa L.

1. Dioscorea villosa L. Wild Yam-root. Colic-root. Fig. 1327.
\ ¥ Dioscorea villosa L. Sp. Pl. 1033. 1753.

Rootstock slender or stout, simple or branched,
horizontal, woody, #’-}’ thick. Stem 6°-15° long,
twining or rarely suberect; leaves ovate, entire,
slender-petioled, alternate or the lower opposite or
in 4’s, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base,
2’-6' long, 1-4’ wide, 9-13-nerved, thin, green and
glabrous or nearly so above, pale and pubescent or
sometimes glabrous beneath; petioles often longer
than the blades; flowers greenish yellow, nearly ses-
sile, the staminate 1-14” broad in drooping panicles
3-6’ long, the pistillate about 3” long in drooping
spicate racemes; capsules membranous, yellowish
green, 7”-12” long, strongly 3-winged, with 2 or
sometimes only 1 thin-winged seed in each cavity.

In moist thickets, Rhode Island to Ontario, Minne-
sota, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Rheumatism-root.
June-July. Fruit ripe Sept., persistent on the vines
into the winter. Consists of several races, by some
regarded as distinct species, differing in the amount of
pubescence and in the rootstock. The plant identified
as D. paniculata Michx., corresponds closely with the
Linnaean type.

536 IRIDACEAE. Vou. I.

Family 29. IRIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2: 382: 1836:
Tris FAMILY.

Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2-ranked leaves and perfect regular or
irregular mostly clustered flowers subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments
or 6-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in two series,
convolute in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, inserted on the perianth
opposite its outer series of segments or lobes; filaments filiform, distinct or united ;
anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary inferior, mostly 3-celled ; ovules mostly numer-
ous in each cell, anatropous; style 3-cleft, its branches sometimes divided. Cap-
sule 3-celled, loculicidally dehiscent, 3-angled or 3-lobed (sometimes 6-lobed),
many-seeded. Seeds numerous, in I or 2 rows in each cavity of the capsule.
Endosperm of the seed fleshy or horny; embryo straight, small.

About 57 genera and 1000 species, of wide distribution, in temperate and tropical regions of
both hemispheres.

Style-branches opposite the anthers, very broad, petal-like.

Style-branches alternate with the anthers, slender or filiform. 1. Iris.
Style-branches 2-cleft ; plants bulbous. 2. Nemastylis,
Style-branches undivided ; plants not bulbous.

Filaments all distinct ; seeds fleshy. 3. Gemmingia.
Filaments united ; seeds dry. 4. Sisyrinchium.

1. IRIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 38. 1753.

Herbs with creeping or horizontal, often woody and sometimes tuber-bearing rootstocks,
erect stems, erect or ascending equitant leaves, and large regular terminal sometimes pan-
icled flowers. Perianth of 6 clawed segments united below into a tube, the 3 outer dilated,
spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner narrower, smaller, usually erect, or in some species about
as large as the outer. Stamens inserted at the base of the outer perianth-segments; anthers
linear or oblong. Ovary 3-celled; divisions of the style petal-like, arching over the stamens,
bearing the stigmas immediately under their mostly 2-lobed tips; style-base adnate to the
perianth-tube. Capsule oblong or oval, 3-6-angled or lobed, mostly coriaceous. Seeds
numerous, vertically compressed, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. [Greek, rainbow, referring to
the variegated flowers.]

About too species, mostly in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 8 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The names Flower-de-luce and Fleur-
de-lis are applied to the species, many of which are in cultivation, and highly esteemed for their
beautiful flowers. Type species: Jris germanica L.

Stems tall, usually several-flowered, leafy ; outer perianth-segments distinctly larger than the inner,
native species.
Flowers blue, variegated with yellow, white or green (rarely all white).
None of the perianth-segments crested ; native species.
Leaves %4’-1’ wide.

Leaves somewhat glaucous. 1. I. versicolor.
Leaves bright green, not glaucous.
Outer perianth-segments 3-4’ long; flowers sessile. 2. I. hexagona.
Outer perianth-segments 214’—3’ long; flowers pedicelled.
Capsule 3-angled ; seeds in 1 row in each cavity. 3. I. georgiana.
Capsule 6-angled ; seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. 4. I. foliosa.

Leaves much narrower, 2”—5” wide.
Capsule obtusely angled, 3—-6-lobed.

Capsule 3-lobed ; northern. 5. J. Hookeri.
Capsule 6-lobed ; western. 6. I. missouriensis.
Capsule sharply 3-angled. 7. I. prismatica.

Outer perianth-segments strongly crested ; introduced and widely cultivated species.
8. I. germanica.
Flowers reddish or red-brown; native species. 9. I. fulva,
Flowers bright yellow ; introduced species, 10. J, Pseudacorus.
Stems low, seldom over 6’ tall, 1-3-flowered ; outer and inner perianth-segments nearly equal.
Outer perianth-segments crested; leaves lanceolate.
Perianth-tube very slender, exceeding the bracts. 11. J. cristata.
Perianth-tube expanded above, not exceeding the bracts. 12. I, lacustris.
Outer perianth-segments crestless, claws slightly pubescent; leaves narrowly linear.
13. J. verna,

GENUS I. IRIS FAMILY. 537

1. Iris versicolor L. Larger Blue-flag. Poison- or Water-flag. Fig. 1328.
Tris versicolor L. Sp. Pl. 39. 1753.
Tris virginica L, Sp. Pl. 39. 1753.

Rootstock horizontal, thick, fleshy, covered with
the fibrous roots. Stems terete or nearly so, straight
or flexuous, 2°-3° tall, often branched above, leafy;
leaves erect, shorter than the stem, somewhat glau-
cous, 6’—12” wide; bracts commonly longer than the
pedicels, the lower one sometimes foliaceous ; flowers)
several, violet-blue, variegated with yellow, green
and white; perianth-segments glabrous, crestless,
the outer ones spatulate, 2-3’ long, longer and wider
than the inner; perianth-tube dilated upward, shorter
than the ovary; capsule oblong, obscurely 3-lobed,
about 13’ long and 8” in diameter; seeds 2’-3” broad,
in 2 rows in each cell, the raphe indistinct.

In marshes, thickets and wet meadows, Newfoundland
to Manitoba, south to Florida and Arkansas. Snake-,
Liver- or Flag-lily. May-July.

2. Iris hexagona Walt. Southern Blue-flag.
Fig. 1329.
Iris hexagona Walt. Fl. Car. 66. 1788.

Rootstock stout, thick. Stems terete, usually simple,
straight or flexuous, leafy, 1°-3° tall; leaves 4’-14’
wide, green, not glaucous, the lower often 2°-3° long;
flowers solitary in the upper axils, sessile, similar to
those of J. versicolor, but larger, the broader outer
crestless perianth segments often 4’ long and over 1’
wide, much wider than the erect inner ones; perianth-
tube rather longer than the ovary, a little dilated up-
ward; capsule oblong-cylindric, 6-angled, about 2’ long;
seeds in 2 rows in each cavity.

= In swamps, South Carolina to Florida, Kentucky(?) and
_» Texas. Not certainly known within ourarea. April-May.

3. Iris georgiana Britton. Carolina Blue-flag.
Fig. 1330.
Tris caroliniana S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 514. 1890.

Not J. carolina Radius, 1822.

Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stem rather stout, simple
or branched 2°-3° tall, equalled or exceeded by the
bright green leaves which are 8-11’ wide; flowers
solitary or 2 or 3 together, lilac, variegated with yel-
low, purple and brown, pedicelled; pedicels somewhat
shorter than the bracts; outer perianth-segments
broadly spatulate, 24’-3’ long, with narrow claws, the
inner narrower and nearly erect; perianth-tube about
¥ long above the ovary; capsule oblong, obtusely
3-angled, 14’-2’ long; seeds in 1 row in each cavity,
4’-5” broad.

In swamps, southern Virginia and eastern North Caro-
lina to Georgia and Louisiana. May-June.

IRIDACEAE. Vora:

4. Iris folidsa Mackenzie & Bush. Leafy
Blue-flag. Fig. 1331.

Iris foliosa Mackenzie & Bush, Trans. Acad. St. Louis
12: 81. 1902.

Rootstock stout. Stem terete, zigzag, 1°-13° tall;
leaves conspicuously overtopping the inflorescence,
green, 7-14’ wide, the larger ones about 2° long;
flowers axillary, on pedicels 10’-14” long; perianth-
segments bluish, spreading, 2%’ long, about 1’ wide,
not crested; capsule strongly 6-angled, oblong-
cylindric, about 14’ long, short-beaked; seeds in 2
rows in each cavity.

In swamps, Kentucky to Illinois, Missouri and Kansas.

June-July.

yy

5. Iris Héokeri Penny. Hooker’s Blue-flag.
Fig: 1332:
HERO ay Penny ; Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, Part 1, 822.
1840.
Ds Gee canadensis Foster, Rhodora 5: 158. 1903.
Rootstock rather slender. Stems slender, simple
or branched, terete, 10’—2° tall. Leaves mostly basal,
narrowly linear, bright green, shorter than or equal-
ling the stem, 2’—5” wide; flowers solitary or 2
together, violet-blue and white, pedicelled, the pedi-
cels shorter than the bracts; perianth-segments gla-
brous, crestless, the inner ones involute, oblanceolate,
much shorter and smaller than the outer; capsule
short-oblong, blunt, 1-13’ long, 7’—-10” in diameter,
thin-walled, transversely veined, obtusely 3-lobed;
seeds in 2 rows in each cavity, about 12” broad, the
raphe prominent.

Newfoundland and Labrador _to

On river shores, rad (
Closely related to the Asiatic Iris

Quebec and Maine.

6. Iris missouriénsis Nutt. Western Blue-flag.
Fig. 1333.

I. missouriensis Nutt. Journ, Acad. Phila. 7: 58. 1834.

Rootstock stout. Stem rather slender, usually simple,
terete, 62° tall, 1-2-flowered; leaves mostly basal,
green, sometimes purplish below, shorter than or about
equalling the stem, 2”-4” wide; flowers pale blue and
variegated, pedicelled; pedicels slender, 4-2’ long,
usually shorter than the scarious bracts; perianth-
segments glabrous, crestless, the outer ones 223’ long,
the inner somewhat shorter, the tube 3-4” long above
the ovary; capsule oblong, 17-13’ long, about 4’ in
diameter, obtusely 6-angled, faintly veined.

In wet soil, South Dakota to Montana, Idaho and Ne-
vada, south to Colorado and Arizona. May-July.

GENUS I. IRIS FAMILY. 539

7- Iris prismatica Pursh. Narrow Blue-flag. Poison Flag-root. Fig. 1334.

Iris virginica Muhl. Cat. 4. 1813. Not L. 1753.

Tris prismatica Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 30. 1814.

Tris gracilis Bigel. Fl. Bost. 12. 1814.

?Iris carolina Radius, Schrift. Naturf. Ges. Leipzig 1:
158. 1822.

Rootstock rather slender, tuberous-thickened.
Stems slender, often flexuous, 1°-3° tall, usually
simple, bearing 2 or 3 leaves; leaves almost grass-
like, 12’-24” wide, mostly shorter than the stem;
flowers solitary or 2 together, blue veined with
yellow, slender-pedicelled; pedicels commonly longer
than the bracts; outer perianth-segments 13’—2’ long,
glabrous and crestless, the inner smaller and nar-
rower, the tube 2’-3” long above the ovary; capsule
narrowly oblong, acute at each end, sharply 3-angled,
1-1’ long, 3-4” thick; seeds about 1” broad, thick,
borne in I row in each cavity.

In wet grounds, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and
Georgia, mainly near the coast. May-June.

8. Iris germanica L. Fleur-de-lis. Fig. 1335.
Tris germanica L. Sp. Pl. 38. 1753.

Rootstock thick. Stems stout, usually branched and
several-flowered, 2°-3° tall, bearing several leaves.
Leaves glaucous, 8-2’ wide, the basal ones mostly
shorter than the stem; bracts scarious; flowers nearly
sessile in the bracts, large and very showy, deep violet-
blue veined with yellow and brown or sometimes white;
outer perianth-segments broadly obovate, 3-4’ long,
their claws strongly crested; inner perianth-segments
narrower, arching.

Escaped from gardens to roadsides in Massachusetts and
Virginia. Native of Europe. May—June.

Iris Duerinckii Buckley, Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 176, de-
scribed from specimens collected at St. Louis, Mo., but
doubtless cultivated, appears to be J. aphylla L., a native of
central Europe.

g. Irisfiilva Ker. Red-brown Flag. Fig. 1336.
Tris fulva Ker, Bot. Mag. pl. 1496. 1812.
Tris cuprea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 30. 1814.

Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stems rather slender,
2°-3° tall, simple or branched, several-flowered and
bearing 2-4 leaves; leaves pale green and some-
what glaucous, shorter than or equalling the stem,
3-8” wide; pedicels 4’-1’ long, shorter than the
bracts; flowers reddish brown, variegated with blue
and green; perianth-segments glabrous, crestless,
the outer ones 14’-2’ long, the inner smaller, spread-
ing; style-branches 2-3” wide.

In swamps, southern Illinois to Georgia and Louisiana,
west to Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. May-June.

IRIDACEAE, Vot. 1.

10. Iris Pseudacorus L. Yellow or Sword-flag,
Corn-flag. Fig. 1337.
Tris Pseudacorus L. Sp. Pl. 38. 1753.

Rootstock thick. Stems 12°-3° high, usually several-
flowered; leaves pale green and glaucous, stiff, 4’-8”
wide, the lower equalling or longer than the stem;
flowers bright yellow, short-pedicelled; perianth-seg-
ments glabrous and crestless, the outer broadly obovate,
2’-2’ long, the inner oblong, nearly erect, scarcely
longer than the claws of the outer ones; capsule ob-
long, 2’-3’ long.

In marshes, Massachusetts to southern New York and
New Jersey. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. False

Sweet-flag. Yellow Water-flag or -skegs. Jacob’s-sword.
Daggers. Flagons. May—July.

Iris orientalis Mill., native of Asia, with pale yellow
flowers and short stem-leaves, is reported as escaped from
cultivation into marshes on the coast of Connecticut.

11. Iris cristata Ait. Crested Dwarf Iris.
Fig. 1338.

Tris cristata Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 70. 1789.

Rootstock slender, branched, creeping, tuber-
ous-thickened. Stems only 17-3’ high, 1I-2-
flowered; leaves lanceolate, bright green, 4’-9’
long, 3-9” wide, much exceeding the stems;
scape flattened, flowers blue, pedicelled; perianth-
segments obovate, 1’-13’ long, the outer crested,
little longer than the naked inner ones, the tube
very slender, 13’-23’ long above the ovary, longer
than the bracts; capsule oval, sharply triangular,
narrowed at each end, 6-9” high, 4’—-5” thick.

On hillsides and along streams, Maryland to south-
ern Ohio and Indiana, south to Georgia, Tennessee
and Missouri. April-May.

12. Iris lactistris Nutt. Dwarf Lake-iris.
Fig. 1339.

Tris lacustris Nutt. Gen, 1: 23. 1818,

Similar to the preceding species in size and
foliage, or the leaves rather narrower, sometimes
wavy-margined. Flowers blue; _ perianth-tube
only 4-1’ long, shorter than the bracts and
the sometimes yellowish perianth-segments some-
what expanded upward; capsule ovoid, about 8”
high, borne on a pedicel of about its own length.

Shores of Lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior.
Local. May. Perhaps a race of the preceding species.

GENUS I. IRIS FAMILY. 543

13. Iris vérna L. Dwarf or Spring Iris.
Fig. 1340.

Tris verna L, Sp. Pl. 39. 1753.

Rootstock slender. Stems 1’-3’ high, usually 1-flow-
ered. Leaves narrowly linear, 3-8’ high, 2-5” wide;
flowers violet-blue or rarely white, pedicelled; perianth-
segments crestless, the outer about 14’ long, obovate,
narrowed into slightly pubescent slender yellow claws,
the inner somewhat smaller, glabrous; capsule obtusely
triangular, short.

On shaded hillsides and in woods, southern Pennsylvania
to Virginia, Kentucky, Alabama and Georgia. Rootstock
described as “ pungently spicy.” Slender Blue-flag. April—
May.

2. NEMASTYLIS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 157. 1833-37.
[Eustytis Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 235. 1845.]

Bulbous herbs with erect slender terete usually branched stems and elongated linear
folded leaves. Flowers rather large, in our species blue or purple, solitary or several
together, fugacious, subtended by 2 herbaceous bracts. Perianth of 6 spreading nearly equal
obovate segments, distinct nearly or quite to the summit of the ovary. Filaments more or
less united; anthers short; style short, its branches alternate with the anthers, each slen-
derly 2-parted; stigmas small, terminal. Capsule oblong, ovoid or obovoid, loculicidally
dehiscent at the summit. [Greek, referring to the thread-like style-branches.]

About ro species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in the south-
ern United States. Type species: Nemastylis coelestina Nutt.

1. Nemastylis actita (Bart.) Herb. North-
ern Nemastylis. Fig. 1341.

Ixia acuta Bart. Fl. N. A. 2: 80. pl. 66. 1822.

Nemastylis gemmiflora Nutt. Trans. Am, Phil. Soc. (II.)
§: 157. 1833-37.

Nemastylis acuta Herb. Bot. Mag. pl. 3779. 1839-40.

Bulb dark colored, ovoid, scaly, 1’ or less long.
Stem 1°-2° tall, bearing 3 or 4 leaves, 3’-10’ long,
14-23” wide; bracts lanceolate, each pair subtend-
ing 1 or 2 flowers; flowers light blue or purple, 1-2’
broad; pedicels slender, rather shorter than the
bracts; perianth-segments oblong-obovate, obtuse;
style-branches exserted between the free parts of the
filaments, their filiform divisions 2-3” long; cap-
sule obovoid, 5-6” high, 3-4” in diameter.

On prairies, Tennessee to Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas,
Louisiana and Texas. April-June.

Nemastylis coelestina Nutt., ranging from Georgia to Arkansas and Texas, may occur in south-
ern Missouri; it differs from N. acuta in having more broadly obovate perianth-lobes.

3. GEMMINGIA Fabr. Enum. Pl. Hort. Helm. 1759.
[BELAMCANDA Adans, Fam. Pl. 2: 60. 1763.]
[Parpantuus Ker, in Konig & Sims, Ann, Bot. 1: 246. 1805.]
An erect perennial herb, with short stout rootstocks and /ris-like leaves. Flowers in
terminal bracted clusters, rather large, orange and purple-mottled. Perianth of 6 oblong

spreading nearly equal withering-persistent segments, distinct very nearly to the summit of
the ovary. Stamens inserted on the bases of the segments; filaments distinct; anthers linear-

542 IRIDACEAE. Vou. I.

oblong. Style very slender, enlarged above, the 3 slender undivided branches alternate with
the anthers. Capsule fig-shaped, obovoid, thin-walled, loculicidally 3-valved, the valves recury-
ing, finally falling away, exposing the mass of black fleshy seeds, borne on a central axis.

A monotypic genus of eastern Asia, based on Jrxia chinensis L.
1. Gemmingia chinénsis (L.) Kuntze. Blackberry Lily. Fig. 1342.

Ixia chinensis L. Sp, Pl. 36. 1753.

Belamcanda chinensis DC. in Red. Lil. 3: pl. raz.
1807.

Pardanthus chinensis Ker, in Konig & Sims, Ann.
Bot. 1: 246. 1805.

G. chinensis Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 701. 1891.

Stem rather stout, 14°-4° tall, leafy. Leaves
pale green, nearly erect, equitant, folded, 8~10'
long, 8-12” wide, the two sides united above the
middle; bracts lanceolate, much shorter than the
leaves, the upper ones scarious; flowers several
or numerous, 12-2’ broad; perianth-segments
obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, per-
sistent and coiled together on the ovary after
flowering, mottled with crimson and purple on
the upper side; capsule about 1’ high and rather
more than 2’ in diameter, truncate or rounded at
the summit; mass of globose seeds erect, re-
sembling a blackberry, whence the common name.

On hills and along roadsides, Connecticut to Geor-
gia, Indiana and Kansas. Naturalized from Asia.
Leopard-flower. Dwarf tiger-lily. June-July. Fruit
ripe July—Sept.

4. SISYRINCHIUM L. Sp. Pl. 954. 1753.

Perennial tufted slender herbs, with short rootstocks, simple or branched 2-edged or
2-winged stems, linear grass-like leaves, and rather small mostly blue terminal flowers um-
bellate from a pair of erect green bracts. Perianth-tube short or none, the 6 spreading seg-
ments oblong or obovate, equal, mostly aristulate. Filaments united to above the middle
in our species. Ovary 3-celled, each cavity several-ovuled. Style-branches filiform, undi-
vided, alternate with the anthers. Capsule globose, oval or obovoid, loculicidally 3-valved.
Seeds subglobose or ovoid, smooth or pitted, dry.

About 150 species, all American, Besides the following, many others occur in the southern
and western states, some in Mexico and a few in the West Indies. Type species: Sisyrinchium
Bermudiana L., which has larger flowers and fruit than any of ours, and is found only in Bermuda.

Filaments free above ; anthers about 2” long; spathes 2, sessile. 1. S. hastile.
Filaments united to the top ; anthers about 1” long. :
Spathes 2 together, sessile ; stem simple. 2. S. albidum.

Spathes solitary at the end of the stem or branches.
Stems simple (occasionally branched in S. angustifolium).
Capsules 2’—3” high; pedicels ascending. 3. S. angustifolium.
Capsules less than 2” high; leaves very narrow.
Margins of the outer bract united-clasping below. 4. S. mucronatum,
Margins of the outer bract separate to the base. 5. S.campestre.
Stems branched above, the several spathes long-stalked.
Basal leaf-sheaths persistent as tufts of fibers. 6
Basal leaf-sheaths not persistent.

. S. arenicola.

Stems broadly winged ; pedicels spreading. 7. S. graminoides.
Stems narrowly winged.
Peduncles strictly erect. 8. S. strictum.
Peduncles diverging or ascending. g. S. atlanticum.

GENUS 4. IRIS FAMILY. 543

1. Sisyrinchium hastile Bicknell. Spear-like
Blue-eyed Grass. Fig. 1343.

S. hastile Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 297. 1899.

Very slender and stiffly erect, dull green, about 1°
high. Stems 4” wide or less, compressed-subterete
and bluntly two-edged, not at all winged, closely
striate, minutely granulose-roughened; leaves similar
to the stems, usually shorter, thick-edged, obtusely
slender-pointed, the conduplicate broadened base
smooth and membranous; spathes usually two in a
close pair at the top of the stem, each usually 4-
bracted, the bracts lanceolate-attenuate, the inner
ones about 1’ long; primary bract much prolonged;
interior scales ample, sometimes slightly exserted;
flowers few, pedicels not longer than the inner bracts;
young capsule longer than thick. Fruit and color of
flower unknown.

Sandy shores of Belle Isle in the Detroit River, Mich.
Much resembles S. Pringlei Rob. & Greenm, from Ja-
lisco, Mexico. Early June.

2. Sisyrinchium Albidum Raf. White Blue-eyed Grass. Fig. 1344.

S. albidum Raf. Atl. Journ. 17. 1832.
S. versicolor Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 606. 1899.

Green and glaucescent, the spathes often purplish,
2° high or less. Leaves half the height of the stems
or longer, 3’—2” wide, very acute, mostly smooth-
edged; stems usually broadly winged, the edges serru-
late to smooth; spathes sessile in a close terminal
pair, the prominent outer bract 1-3’ long, its edges
free to the base; inner bracts acuminate, often cilio-
late on the keel, much shorter than the outer; flowers
white to pale blue; 4-6” long; capsules pale, de-
pressed-subglobose, 1-13” high, on erect-spreading
pedicels usually shorter than the inner bracts; seeds
globose, #” or less in diameter, umbilicate, distinctly
pitted.

Grassy places, Ontario to Wisconsin, Ohio, North Caro-
lina, Arkansas and Mississippi. Also in Connecticut and
in southern New York, apparently introduced. April-
June. -

Sisyrinchium flavifldrum Bicknell, is a little known,
yellow flowered species from Missouri, perhaps S. cam-
pestre with yellow flowers, as suggested by Mr. B. F.
Bush, the collector. |

3. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Pointed
Blue-eyed Grass. Fig. 1345.

S. angustifolium Mill. Gard, Dict. Ed. 8. 1768

S. montanum Greene, Pittonia 4: 33. 1899.

Stiff and erect, pale and glaucous, 4’—2° high. Leaves
half the height of the stem or longer, 4’—2” wide, acute,
the edges minutely serrulate; stem simple or rarely
branched, winged, the edges minutely serrulate; spathes
green or slightly purplish, the outer bract rarely less
than twice the length of the inner one, 23’ long or less,
obscurely hyaline-margined, united-clasping at base;
inner bract attenuate; flowers deep violet-blue, 5-6”
long; capsules broadly oval to globose, 2-3” high,
dull brown to whitish, often purplish-tinged, on erect
pedicels usually shorter than the inner bract. ‘

Fields and hillsides, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan,
British Columbia, Virginia, Nebraska, Colorado and Utah,
Blue-eyed Mary. Star-eyed grass. Grass-flower. Pigroot.
Blue-grass. May-July.

Sisyrinchium septentrionale Bicknell, a diminutive species
so large capsules, enters our northwestern limits in North

akota,

544 IRIDACEAE. Vor. I.

4. Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. Mich-
aux’s Blue-eyed Grass. Fig. 1346.

| S. mucronatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 33.
| S. intermedium Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 26:

More caespitose than S. angustifolium and decidedly
: more slender and delicate, with smaller spathes and cap-

18

3 03-
498. 1899.

sules, sometimes scarcely glaucescent and the spathes
often bright red-purple. Stem and leaves from capil-
laceous to 2” wide, rarely wider, the stems narrowly
winged or merely margined; bracts thin, glabrous,
hyaline-margined, the outer one slenderly prolonged,
united-clasping at base; inner bracts scarious, obtuse

} to attenuate, gradually emerging from the outer one,
flowers deep violet-blue, rarely white, 3’-7” long; cap-
sules pale and thin-walled, subglobose to obovate-
oblong, 1-2” high, on slender subspreading exserted
pedicels.

Fields and meadows, Massachusetts to Michigan, Penn-
sylvania and Virginia. May—June.

5. Sisyrinchium campéstre Bicknell. Prairie
Blue-eyed Grass. Fig. 1347.

S. campestre Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 341. 1899.
S. campesitre kansanum Bicknell, loc. cit. 344. 1899.

Similar to S. mucronatum Michx., but often stiffer
and more glaucous, with always smooth-edged stems
and leaves, usually broader, more gibbous spathes, and
pale blue or frequently white flowers. Stem 3’-1”
wide, the leaves rather broader; spathes green to dull
pink-purple, the bracts commonly scabrous-puberulent
all over, but sometimes glabrous, the outer one usually
less slenderly prolonged than in S. mucronatum, and
not united-clasping at base, or but slightly so, 1-2’
long, rarely more than twice longer than the inner
bract, which emerges more abruptly from the base of
the spathe than in S. mucronatum, and has more
broadly hyaline edges; capsules pale, trigonous-sub-
globose, 1-2” high. :

Prairies, Wisconsin to Missouri, Louisiana, North Da-
kota, Kansas and New Mexico. May-June.

6. Sisyrinchium arenicola Bicknell. Sand
Blue-eyed Grass. Fig. 1348.
S. arenicola Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 496. 1899.

Deep green or glaucescent, often purplish-tinged,
the base of the tufts coarsely fibrous. Leaves stiff,
attenuate, 4’”-13” wide, closely striate, usually serru-
late; stem erect, often curved, 820’ high, stiff, the
firm wings striate, mostly serrulate; node commonly
only one, its erect leaf conspicuous, attenuate-acute,
the compressed broadened base strongly striate;

sometimes as many as 12, deep violet-blue, 4°—5
long; capsules dark and thick-walled on erect slightly

exserted pedicels, broadly oval or obovoid, 2’-
high.

Sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey and North
Carolina, mostly near the coast. June-July.

Sisyrinchium Farwéllii Bicknell, known only from
southeastern Michigan, differs in not turning black in
drying and has flexuous rather than straight pedicels and
slightly smaller capsules.

GENUS 4. IRIS FAMILY.

7. Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell. Stout .
Blue-eyed Grass. Fig. 1349.
Sisyrinchium anceps S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6,

515. 1890. Not Cav.

S. graminoides Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 23: 133. 1806.
S. gramineum Curtis, Bot. Mag. pl. 464. 1789. Not Lam.

Rather light green, somewhat glaucous; stem
broadly 2-winged, stout, erect, or reclining, 8/18’
tall, usually terminating in two unequal branches
subtended by a conspicuous grassy leaf. Basal leaves
equalling or shorter than the stem, 1-3” wide;
often lax and grass-like; edges of stems and leaves
usually perceptibly rough-serrulate; bracts 1’ long
or less, green, nearly or quite equal but the outer one
occasionally prolonged; umbels 2-4-flowered; pedi-
cels filiform, 8-12” long, exceeding the bracts, finally
often spreading or recurved; flowers 6-9” broad;
petals sparsely pubescent on outer surface; capsule
subglobose, 23”-3’" in diameter when mature; seeds
black, globose, about 4-3” in diameter, pitted.

In grassy places, in moist or dry soil, sometimes in

woods, Nova Scotia to Florida, Minnesota, Arkansas and
Texas. Santo Domingo. Plant dark in drying. Pepper-grass. April—June.
ry

8. Sisyrinchium strictum Bicknell. Strict
Blue-eyed Grass. Fig. 1356.

S. strictum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 299. 1899.

About 1° high in erect tufts, not fibrose at base,
pale light green and glaucous, not changing color
when dry. Stems and leaves 4-1” wide, mostly
serrulate, the leaves thin, tapering-acute, over half
the height of the stems; node only one, its erect leaf
closely united-clasping below, subequal with the two
short approximate peduncles; spathes erect, narrow,
8-10” long, the bracts subequal, sharp-pointed;
flowers rather small, deep violet-blue; capsules pale
and thin-walled, somewhat obovoid, about 2” high, on
suberect, slightly exserted margined pedicels.

In sandy soil, Montcalm Co., Mich. June.

9. Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bicknell. East-
ern Blue-eyed Grass. Fig. 1351.

S. atlanticum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 23: 134. 1896,
S. apiculatum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 300. 1899.

Glaucous-green, tufted, not drying black, the
stem slender, rather narrowly 2-winged, very
smooth-edged, sometimes 2° long, and reclining,
terminating in two or three mostly subequal
branches, often also with one or two lateral ones;
peduncles slender and wiry, often recurved and
forming a distinct angle with the floral bracts.
Leaves rarely over 1” wide, the basal ones usually
much shorter than the stem; bracts nearly or
quite equal, narrow, mostly somewhat scarious,
often purplish; flowers 3-6” long; capsules thick-
walled, on generally erect pedicels 7-10” long,
oval, 1-2” long and }”-14" in diameter, some-
times apiculate; seeds oval, subglobose, 1’—4” in
diameter, dark, faintly pitted or nearly smooth.

In moist fields, meadows and brackish marshes,
often in sandy soil, Maine to Florida and Mississippi.
Also in Michigan. Pepper-grass. May-June.

2

35

546 MARANTACEAE. Vor. I.

Family 30. MARANTACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. 1830.
Arrowroot FAMILY,

Tall herbs, perennial by rootstocks or tubers, or sometimes annual, with
scapose or leafy stems, mostly large entire long-petioled sheathing leaves, often
swollen at the base of the blade, the veins pinnate, parallel. Flowers perfect or
sometimes polygamous, irregular, in panicles, racemes or spikes. Perianth supe-
rior, its segments distinct to the summit of the ovary or united into a tube, normally
in 2 series of 3, the outer (sepals) usually different from the inner (petals). Per-
fect stamen 1; anthers 1-2-celled. Staminodia mostly 5, often petal-like, separate
or united by their bases, very irregular. Ovary 1-3-celled, inferior; ovule 1 in
each cavity, anatropous; style slender, curved, terminal; stigma simple. Fruit
capsular or berry-like, 1-3-celled. Seed solitary in each cavity. Embryo central,
in copious endosperm.

About 12 genera and 160 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in warm-temperate regions.

1. THALIA L. Sp. Pl. 1193. 1753.

Annual (or perennial?) herbs, with large long-petioled basal leaves, erect simple scapes
and terminal panicled spikes of bracted usually purple flowers. Sepals 3, membranous, sepa-
rate, equal. Petals 3, separate or somewhat coherent at the base. Staminodia slightly united
below, one of them (labellum) broad, crested. Anther 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled or with 2
additional small empty cavities. Base of the style adnate to the base of the stamen-tube.
Stigma 2-lipped, dorsally appendaged. Capsule globose or ovoid. Seed erect. Embryo
strongly curved. [In honor of Johann Thalius, German naturalist of the sixteenth century.]

About 7 species, all American, Besides the following, another occurs in the southern States.
Type species: Thalia geniculata L.

1. Thalia dealbata Roscoe. Powdery Thalia.
Fig. 1352.

Thalia dealbata Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 340. 1807.

Plant finely white-powdery nearly all over. Scapes
rather stout, terete, 3°-6° tall; petioles 1°-23° long,
terete; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, rounded, narrowed or subcordate at the
base, 2°-1° long, 3-5’ wide; panicle 8-18’ long, its
spikes numerous, usually erect or ascending; bracts
of the panicle narrow, deciduous, not longer than the
spikes; bractlets ovate, unequal, coriaceous, about 4’
long; flowers purple, longer than the bractlets; cap-
sule ovoid, about 4” in diameter.

In ponds and swamps, South Carolina to Louisiana,
Missouri and Texas.

Family 31. BURMANNIACEAE Blume, Enum. PI. Jav. 1: 27. 1830.*
BURMANNIA FAMILY.

Low annual herbs, with filiform stems and fibrous roots. Leaves basal or
reduced to cauline scales or bracts. Flowers regular, perfect, the perianth with
6 small thick lobes, its tube adnate to the ovary. Stamens 3 or 6, included,
inserted on the tube of the perianth; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehis-
cent. Style slender; stigmas 3, dilated; ovary inferior, with 3 central or parietal
placentae. Ovules numerous. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute, oblong;
endosperm none.

Ten genera and about 7o species, widely distributed in tropical regions. The family is repre-
sented in North America by the following genus and by Apteria of the Gulf States,

* Text contributed to the first edition by the late Rev. THomaAs Morong,

=

——————E = = =

GENUS 1. BURMANNIA FAMILY. 547

1. BURMANNIA L. Sp. Pl. 287. 1753.

Erect herbs, with simple stems and small alternate scale-like leaves. Tube of the perianth
strongly 3-angled or 3-winged, the 3 outer lobes longer than the inner. Stamens 3, opposite
the inner perianth-lobes. Filaments very short; connective of the anthers prolonged beyond
the sacs into a 2-cleft crest. Ovary 3-celled, with 3 thick 2-lobed central placentae; stigmas
globose or 2-lobed. Capsule crowned by the perianth, opening by irregular lateral ruptures.
[In honor of Johann Burmann, Dutch botanist of the eighteenth century.]

About 20 species, natives of warm regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the south-
eastern States. Type species: Burmannia disticha

1. Burmannia biflora L. Northern Bur-
mannia. Fig. 1353.
Burmannia biflora L. Sp. Pl. 287. 1753.

Tripterella coerulea Nutt. Gen. 1: 22. 1818.

Stems very slender, 2’-6' high, from a few
fibrous roots, simple or forked above. Flowers
I or several, often 2, terminal. Angles of the
perianth-tube conspicuously winged, the outer
lobes ovate, acute, the inner linear and incurved;
seeds very numerous, oblong-linear, sparingly
striate, escaping through irregular fissures in the
sides of the capsule.

In swamps and bogs, Virginia to Florida and
Louisiana. Sept.—Nov.

Family 32. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2: 336. 1836.
OrcHIp FAMILY.

Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots, sheathing entire leaves,
sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, solitary, spiked
or racemed. Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 outer (sepals) similar or
nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip)
dissimilar, often markedly so, usually larger, often spurred, sometimes inferior
by torsion of the ovary or pedicel. Stamens variously united with the style into
an unsymmetrical column; anther 1, or in a few genera 2, 2-celled; pollen in 2-8
pear-shaped usually stalked masses (pollinia), united by elastic threads, the masses
waxy or powdery, attached at the base to a viscid disk (gland). Style often
terminating in a beak (rostellum) at the base of the anther or between its sacs.
Stigma a viscid surface, facing the lip beneath the rostellum, or in a cavity be-
tween the anther-sacs (clinandrium). Ovary inferior, usually long and twisted,
3-angled, 1-celled ; ovules numerous, anatropous, on 3 parietal placentae. Capsule
3-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, mostly spindle-shaped, the loose coat
hyaline, reticulated ; endosperm none; embryo fleshy.

About 430 genera and over 5000 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in the tropics,
many of those of warm regions epiphytes.

Anthers 2; lip a large inflated sac. (CyPRIPEDIEAE.)
Lip not fissured ; stems leafy. 1, Cypripedium,
Lip fissured in front; leaves 2, basal. 2. Fissipes.
Anther solitary.
Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland. (OrcHIDEAE.)
Gland enclosed in a pouch.
Sepals free; lip 3-lobed. 3. Orchis.
Sepals united above into a hood; lip entire. 4. Galeorchis,
Gland not enclosed in a pouch.
Lip not fringed nor cut-toothed.
Stem leafy; anther sacs mostly parallel.
Valves of the anthers dilated at the base enclosing the gland below. 5. Perularia.
Valves not dilated at the base.

Gland surrounded by a thin membrane. 6. Coeloglossum.
Gland naked.
Beak of the stigma with 2 or 3 appendages, 7. Gymnadeniopsis,

Beak of the stigma not appendaged.

548 ORCHIDACEAE. Vor. I.

Lateral sepals free; anther-sacs opening in front. 8. Limnorchis.
Bases of the lateral sepals adnate to the claw of the lip; anther-sacs

opening laterally. 9. Piperia.
Stem scapiform ; leaves 1-2, basal; anther-sacs divergent. :
Basal leaves 2; ovary straight. to. Lysias.
Basal leaf 1 ; ovary arcuate. 11. Lysiella.
Lip fringed or parted and cut-toothed. 12. Blephariglottis.

Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 25).
Pollinia granulose or powdery. (NEOTTIEAE.)
Flowers comparatively large, solitary or few; anthers incumbent on a long column.
Leaves not grass-like ; lip free.
Flowers terminal ; lip crested.

Leaves alternate. 13. Pogonia.
Stem-leaves whorled. 14. Isotria.
Flowers axillary ; lip not crested. ; 15. Triphora,
Leaves grass-like.
Flower solitary ; lip adherent to the base of the column. 16. Arethusa.
Flowers racemose ; lip free. 17. Limodorum.
Flowers numerous, in spikes or racemes; anthers erect, jointed to a short column.
Anther operculate ; leaves broad, alternate. 18. Serapias.

Anther not operculate.
Leaves green, borne on the stem.

Leaves alternate; spike mostly twisted. 19. [bidium.
Leaves 2, opposite; spike not twisted. 20. Ophrys.
Leaves white-reticulated, basal. 21. Peramium,

Pollinia smooth and waxy. (EPIDENDREAE.)
Plants with corms or solid bulbs, rarely with coralloid roots; leaves basal or cauline.
Leaves unfolding before or with the flowers.

Leaf cauline; lip ovate, or auricled at the base. 22. Malavis.
Leaf or leaves basal.
Leaves 2; lip flat; flowers racemed. 23. Liparis.
Leaf 1; lip saccate ; flower solitary. 24. Cytherea.
Leaf 1, basal, unfolding after the flowering time.
Flowers long-spurred ; lip 3-lobed. 25. Tipularia.
Flowers not spurred ; lip 3-ridged. 26. Aplectrum.
Plants with coralloid roots, bulbless; the leaves reduced to scales.
Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs; flowers gibbous or spurred. 27. Corallorrhiza.
Pollinia 8, united; flowers not gibbous nor spurred. 28. Hexalectris,

1. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Sp. Pl. 951. 1753.

Glandular-pubescent herbs, with leafy stems and tufted roots of thick fibres. Leaves
large, broad, many-nerved. Flowers solitary or several, drooping, large, showy. Sepals
spreading, separate, or 2 of them united under the lip. Lip a large inflated sac. Column
declined, bearing a sessile or stalked anther on each side and a dilated petaloid sterile stamen
above, which covers the summit of the style. Pollinia granular, without a caudicle or glands.
Stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed. [Name Greek, Venus’ sock or buskin.]

About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 4 others
occur in western North America. Type species: Cypripedium Calceolus L.

Sepals separate ; stem leafy, 1-flowered. 1. C. arietinum.
Lateral sepals more or less united.
Sepals and petals not longer than the lip.

Plant 6-10’ high; lip about 1%’ long. 2. C. passerinum.

Plant 1°-2%° high; lip 12’ long. 3. C. reginae.
Sepals and petals equalling or longer than the lip.

Sterile stamen lanceolate ; lip white. 4. C. candidum,

Sterile stamen triangular; lip yellow. 5. C. parviflorum.

1. Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. Ram’s-
head Ladies’-slipper. Fig. 1354.

Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2,

5: 222. 1813.

Stem 8-12’ high, 1-flowered. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptic
or lanceolate, 2’-4’ long, 4’-3’ wide; sepals separate,
lanceolate, 8’—10” long, longer than the lip; petals
linear, greenish brown, about as long as the sepals;
lip 7-8” long, red and white, veiny, prolonged at
the apex into a long blunt spur, somewhat distorted
at the upper end which resembles a ram’s head,
whence the specific name.

In cold and damp woods, Quebec to Manitoba, Massa-

chusetts, New York and Minnesota. Ram’s-head. Amer-
ican valerian. May—Aug.

GENUS I. ORCHID FAMILY. 549

2. Cypripedium passerinum Richards. North-
ern Ladies’-slipper. Fig. 1355.

Cypripedium passerinum Richards, App. Frank. Journ. 34.
1823.

Stem villous-pubescent, leafy, 6-10’ high, bearing 1
or 2 flowers at the top. Leaves oblong to elliptic-lanceo-
late, acute; sepals and petals shorter than the lip, the
upper sepal broad, nearly orbicular, yellowish; lip nearly
spherical, magenta, deeper magenta within toward the
base.

,

eee oe ee

Sy

Woods and along streams, Ontario to Alberta and the
Yukon Territory. Summer.

Crt

3. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Showy
Ladies’-slipper. Fig. 1356.

?C. hirsutum Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, no. 3. 1768.
Cypripedium reginae Walt. Fl. Car. 222. 1788.
Cypripedium album Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 303. 1789.
Cypripedium spectabile Salisb. Trans. Linn, Soc, 1:

78. I7O1.

Stem stout, villous-hirsute, 1°-23° high, leafy
to the top. Leaves elliptic, acute, 3’-7’ long, 1’-4’
wide, flowers 1-3; sepals round-ovate, white, not
longer than the lip, the lateral ones united for
their whole length; petals somewhat narrower
than the sepals, white; lip much inflated, 1’-2’
long, white, variegated with crimson and white
stripes; stamens cordate-ovate.

In swamps and woods, Newfoundland to Ontario,

Minnesota and Georgia. Nerve-root. Ducks. Whip-
poor-will’s-shoe. June—Sept.

4. Cypripedium candidum Willd. Small
White Ladies’-slipper. Fig. 1357-

Cypripedium candidum Willd, Sp. Pl. 4: 142. 1805.

Stem 6-12’ high, leafy. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptic or
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3’-5’ long, 8-16”
wide, with several obtuse sheathing scales below
them; bracts 1’-2’ long, lanceolate; flower solitary;
sepals lanceolate, equalling or longer than the lip,
greenish, purple spotted; petals somewhat longer and
narréwer than the sepals, wavy-twisted, greenish;
lip white, striped with purple inside, about 10” long;
sterile stamen lanceolate.

In bogs and meadows, New York and New Jersey to
Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri and Nebraska. Ducks.
May-July.

550 ORCHIDACEAE. Vo. I.

5. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb.
Yellow or Downy Ladies’-slipper.
Fig. 1358.

C. parviflorum Salisb. Trans. Linn, Soc. 1: 77.

1791.
(C, endecéns Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 143. 1805.

Stems leafy, 1°-24° high. Leaves oval or
elliptic, 2-6’ long, 12’-3’ wide, acute or acumi-
nate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, usually longer
than the lip, yellowish or greenish, striped with
purple; petals narrower, usually twisted; lip
much inflated, 8’—2’ long, pale yellow with pur-
ple lines; its interior with a tuft of white joint-
ed hairs at the top; sterile stamen triangular;
stigma thick, somewhat triangular, incurved.

In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario
and Minnesota, Alabama and Nebraska. Ascends
to 4ooo ft. in Virginia. Consists of several races,
differing mainly in the size of the flowers. Whip-
poor-will’s shoe. Yellows. Slipper-root. Indian
shoe. Yellow moccasin-flower. Noah’s-ark. Ducks.
American valerian. May-July.

2. FISSIPES' Small, FIOSE: USS: 311-
1903.

Acaulescent herbs, with fleshy-fibrous roots
and glandular-pubescent foliage. Leaves 2,
basal; blades ample, plaited, spreading. Scape simple. Flower usually solitary. Perianth
irregular. Sepals greenish, narrowed upward. Lateral petals about as long as the sepals,
linear, greenish. Lip a large drooping inflated sac with a closed fissure down its whole
length in front. Column declined, glandular-pubescent, bearing a sessile anther on each
side, and a rhomboidal glandular-pubescent sterile stamen above. Stamens spreading, the
free tips at right angles to the column. Pollen granular, without glands or tails. Stigma
broadest at the apex. Capsule ascending. [Latin, in allusion to the cleft lip.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

1. Fissipes acaulis (Ait.) Small. Moc-
casin Flower. Stemless Ladies’-

slipper. Fig. 1359.
Cypripedium acaule Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 303. 1789.
Fissipes acaulis Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 311. 1903.

Scape 6-15’ high, rather stout. Leaves 2, basal,
elliptic, 6-8’ long, 2’-3’ wide, thick; occasionally a
smaller leaf is borne on the scape; sepals greenish
purple, spreading, 13’-2’ long, lanceolate, the 2 lateral
ones united; petals narrower and somewhat longer
than the sepals; lip often over 2’ long, somewhat obo-'
void, folded inwardly above, pink with darker veins
or sometimes white, the upper part of its interior sur-
face crested with long white hairs; sterile stamen
triangular, acuminate, keeled inside.

In sandy or rocky woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba,
south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Minnesota. As-
cends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. The hairs on the lower
part of the bract and on the base of the ovary are often
tipped with scarlet glands. Flower fragrant. Pink or
purple ladies’-slipper. Nerve-root. Noah’s-ark. Camel’s-
foot. Squirrel’s-shoes. Two-lips. Indian-moccasin. Old-
goose. May-June.

3. ORCHIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 939. 1753.

Roots tuberous, or of numerous fleshy fibres; stems in our species scape-like, 1-leaved
at the base. Flowers in short terminal spikes. Sepals separate, subequal, spreading. Petals
similar to the sepals. Lip connate with the base of the column, 3-lobed, produced below into
a spur. Column short, scarcely extending beyond the base of the lip. Anther 2-celled, the
sacs contiguous and slightly divergent; pollinia granulose, 1 large mass in each sac, produced
into a slender caudicle, the end of which is attached to a small gland. Stigma a hollowed
surface between the anther-sacs, the rostellum a knob-like projection under the anther.
Glands enclosed in a pouch. Capsule oblong, erect, without a beak. [Name ancient.]

GENUS 3. ORCHID FAMILY. 551

About 80 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following is known in North
America. Type species: Orchis militaris L.

1. Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. Small Round-
leaved Orchis. Fig. 1360.

Orchis spectabilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 588. 1814. Not L.
Platanthera rotundifolia Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 292. 1835.

Stem slender, 8-10’ high, 1-leaved near the base.
Leaf varying from nearly orbicular to oval, 14’-3'
long, 1-2’ wide, with 1 or 2 sheathing scales below it;
spike 2-6-flowered; flowers 6’-8” long, subtended by
small bracts; lateral sepals spreading, sometimes longer
than the petals; sepals and petals oval, rose-color; lip
white, purple spotted, longer than the petals, 3-lobed,
the middle lobe larger, dilated, 2-lobed or notched at
the apex; spur slender, shorter than or about equalling
the lip.

In damp woods, Greenland to the Rocky Mountains,
Maine, New York and Wisconsin. June-July.

4. GALEORCHIS Rydb. in Britton, Man. 292. 1901.

Rootstock short, with numerous fleshy roots. Stem scape-like, with 2 large leaves at the
base. Flowers in a short loose spike, subtended by large bracts. Sepals united above, form-
ing a hood. Petals connivent, somewhat adnate to the sepals. Lip wavy, produced into a
spur. Column short, scarcely extending beyond the base of the lip. Anther 2-celled, its
sacs divergent; pollinia granulose, 1 large mass in each sac, with a slender caudicle. Glands
enclosed in a pouch. [Greek, referring to the hood-like united sepals.].

A monotypic genus of North America.

1. Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb. Showy Orchis. Fig. 1361.

Orchis spectabilis L. Sp. Pl. 943. 1753.
Galeorchis spectabilis Rydb. in Britton, Man. 292. 1901,

Stems 4-12’ high, thick, fleshy, 5-angled. Leaves
2, near the base of the stem, with 1 or 2 scales
below them, obovate, sometimes & long and 4’ wide,
but usually smaller, clammy to the touch; spike
3-6-flowered; flowers about 1’ long, violet-purple
mixed with lighter purple and white; bracts folia-
ceous, sheathing the ovaries; sepals united in an
arching galea; petals connivent under the sepals,
more or less attached to them; lip whitish, diver-
gent, entire, about as long as the petals; spur ob-
tuse, about 8” long; column violet on the back;
capsule about 1’ long, strongly angled.

In rich _ woods, New Brunswick to Ontario, Dakota,
Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri and Nebraska. Ascends to

4ooo ft. in Virginia. Purple, gay- or spring-orchis.
April-June.

5: PERULARIA Lindl. Bot. Reg. 20: under pl. 1707. 1835.

Leafy-stemmed plants, from a cluster of thick fibrous roots. Flowers small, greenish,
in a long open spike with long bracts. Sepals and petals broad, spreading. Lip lanceolate,
with a tooth on each side and a tubercle at the middle of the base or nearly orbicular. Spur
slender, straight, longer than the lip, but shorter than the ovary. Valves of the anthers
horizontal, opening upward, dilated at the base so as to form an oblong cavity, enclosing the
orbicular incurved gland. Pollinia granulose, produced at the base into a caudicle. [Latin,
a little wallet.]

About 4 species, of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another. occurs in the
southeastern States.

552 ORCHIDACEAE, Vor. I.

1. Perularia flava (L.) Farwell. Tuber-
cled Orchis. Small Pale-green Orchis.
Fig. 1362.

Orchis flava lL. Sp. Pl. 942. 1753.
Orchis virescens Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 37. 1805.
Habenaria virescens Spreng. Syst. 3: 688. 1826.

H, flava A, Gray, Am. Journ, Sci. 38: 308. 1840.
P. flava Farwell, Ann. Rep. Parks Detroit 11: 54. 1900,

Stem rather stout, 1°-2° high, leafy. Leaves
lanceolate or elliptic, acute or obtuse, 4-12’ long,
8’-3' wide; spike 2-6’ long; bracts acuminate,
longer than the ovaries; petals greenish; sepals
and petals ovate or roundish, about 3” long;
sepals greenish yellow, lip a little longer than the
petals, entire or crenulate, mostly with an obtuse
tooth on each side and a tubercle at the middle of
the base; anther-sacs parallel, the sides forming
a rounded cavity, in which lie the orbicular in-
curved glands; capsule about 4” long.

In moist soil, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Minne-
sota, Florida and Louisiana and Missouri. Yellow or

greenish orchis. Green rein-orchis, Races differ
in the shape of the lip. June-July.

6. COELOGLOSSUM Hartm. Handb. Scand. Fl. 323. 1820.

Leafy plants, with biennial 2-cleft tubers. Flowers greenish in a long leafy-bracted spike.
Sepals free, somewhat arcuate, bent together and forming a hood. Petals narrow. Lip
oblong, obtuse, 2-3-toothed at the apex. Spur much shorter than the lip, blunt, sac-like.
Column short. Pollinia with long caudicles. Glands small, scarcely wider than the caudicle,
surrounded by a thin membrane. [Latin, heaven-tongue.]

A boreal genus of 2 or 3 species, only the following in North America. Type species: Coelo-
glossum viride (L.) Hartm.

1. Coeloglossum bracteatum ( Willd.) Parl.
Long-bracted Orchis. Fig. 1363.
Orchis bracteata Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 34. 1805.
H. bracteata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2,5: 192. 1813.
Habenaria viridis var. bracteata Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
13: 130. f. 435. 1851.
C. bracteatum Parl. Fl. Ital. 3: 409. 1858.

Stem slender or stout, leafy, 6’/-2° high. Leaves
lanceolate, ovate or oval, or the lowest sometimes
obovate, obtuse or acute, 2-5’ long, the upper much
smaller; bracts longer than the ovaries, the lower ones
2 or 3 times as long; spike 3’-5’ long, loosely flowered;
flowers green or greenish; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
spreading, dilated or somewhat gibbous at the base,
about 3” long; petals very narrow, sometimes thread-
like; lip 3’-4” long, oblong-spatulate, 2-3-toothed or
lobed at the apex, more than twice as long as the white
sac-like spur; anther-sacs divergent at the base.

In woods and meadows, Nova Scotia to Alaska, North
Carolina and Nebraska, Also in Europe. Vegetable satyr.
Bracted green orchis. May—Sept.

7, GYMNADENIOPSIS Rydb. in Britton, Man. 293. 1901.

Leafy plants, with fleshy fibrous or somewhat tuberous roots, and a short spike of small
flowers. Sepals free and spreading. Lip entire or 3-toothed at the apex, much exceeded by
the long filiform or clavate spur. Beak of the stigma with 2 or 3 oblong or clavate appen-
dages. Anther-sacs parallel and approximate, their glands naked and contiguous. Pollinia
granular, with short caudicles.

A North American genus, formerly included in Habenaria. It is closely related to the Euro-
pean genus Gymmnadenia, from which it differs in the appendages of the stigma; hence the name.
Type species: Gymnadeniopsis nivea (Nutt.) Rydb.

Lip entire ; stigma with 2 appendages; stem several-leaved.

Ovary not twisted ; spur longer than the ovary; flowers white. 1. G. nivea.
Ovary twisted; spur shorter than the ovary; flowers orange. 2. G. integra,
Lip 3-toothed ; stigma with 3 appendages; leaves 1 or 2. 3. G. clavellata.

=e

——-

GENUS 7. ORCHID FAMILY. 553

1. Gymnadeniopsis nivea ( Nutt.) Rydb. South-
ern Small White Orchis. Fig. 1364.
Orchis nivea Nutt. Gen. 2: 188. 1818.

Habenaria nivea Spreng. Syst. 3: 689. 1826.
G, nivea Rydb. in Britton, Man. 293. 1901.

,

Stem slender, angled, 12’-15’ high. [Leaves linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, 4-8’ long, the upper much shorter
and passing into the bracts of the spike; spike 2-4’
long, loosely many-flowered; flowers small, white;
lateral sepals broadly oblong, dilated or slightly eared
at the base, spreading, about 3” long; petals and upper
sepal smaller; spur capillary, as long as the ovary or
longer; stigma appendaged by 2 small horns affixed to
the back of the anther; ovary straight.

In pine barren bogs, New Jersey to Florida and Alabama.
ug.

2. Gymnadeniopsis integra ( Nutt.) Rydb.
Small Southern Yellow Orchis. Fig. 1365.

Orchis integra Nutt. Gen. 2: 188. (1818.
Habenaria integra Spreng. Syst. 3: 689. 1826.
G. integra Rydb. in Britton, Man. 293. 1901.

Stem 1°-2° high, angled, with 1-3 linear-
lanceolate leaves below, and numerous bract-like
ones above. Lower leaves 2’-8’ long, acute; spike
1-3’ long, densely flowered; flowers orange-
yellow; upper sepals and petals connivent; lateral
sepals longer, oval or obovate, spreading; lip ob-
long, mostly crenulate or erose, sometimes entire;
spur straight, longer than the lip, shorter than the
ovary; stigma with 2 lateral fleshy appendages
and a narrow beak.

In wet pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and
Louisiana. The upper surface of the leaves is often
reticulated with hexagonal cells. July.

i

7 \w™.

3. Gymnadeniopsis clavellata ( Michx.) Rydb.
Small Green Wood Orchis. Fig. 1366.

Orchis clavellata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 155. 1803.
Orchis tridentata Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 41. 1805.
Habenaria tridentata Hook. Exot. Fl. 2: pl. 8r. 1825.
Habenaria clavellata Spreng. Syst. 3: 689. 1826.

G. clavellata Rydb. in Britton, Man. 293. 1901.

Stem 8-18’ high, angled, 1-leaved near the base,
often with several small bract-like leaves above, or
one of these larger. Basal leaf oblanceolate, 2’-6’
long; bracts shorter than the ovaries; spikes 4’-2’
long, loosely flowered; flowers small, greenish or
whitish; sepals and petals ovate, lip dilated and
3-toothed at the apex, the teeth often small and in-
conspicuous; spur longer than the ovary, incurved,
clavate; stigma with 3 club-shaped appendages;
anther-sacs nearly parallel; capsule ovoid, 3-4”
long, nearly erect.

In wet or moist woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota,
south to Florida and Louisiana. Three-toothed or rein-
SE aig Br., otherwise k ly from the Old World, has been col

i 6 ” . ., otherwise known only tr e orid, has en col-
Per richneld: Connecticut The dinwer has a broad 3-lobed lip and a slender spur much longer
than the ovary.

554 ORCHIDACEAE. Vor. I.

8. LIMNORCHIS Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 104. 1900.

Leafy plants with thick fleshy roots and small greenish or whitish flowers in a long spike.
Sepals and petals free and spreading. Lip entire. Beak of the stigma without appendages.
Anther-sacs nearly parallel, wholly adnate. Glands naked. Pollinia granular. [Greek, marsh-
orchis. ]

A North American genus of about 15 species, differing from Lysias in the general habit and
the almost parallel anther-sacs. Type species: Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rydb.

Flowers greenish ; base of the lip little dilated. 1, L. hyperborea.
Flowers white; base of the lip much dilated. 2. L. dilatata.

Rydb. Tall Leafy Green Orchis. Fig. 1367.

Orchis hyperborea L. Mant. 121. 1767.
Habenaria hyperborea R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2,
5: 193. 1813.
Orchis huronensis Nutt. Gen, 2: 189. 1818,
Limnorchis huronensis Rydb, in Britton, Man. 294, 1901.
Stem rather stout, 83° high. Leaves lanceolate,
mostly acute, 2-12’ long, 6-18” wide; spike narrow,
3-8’ long; flowers small, greenish or greenish yel-
low; sepals and petals ovate, obtuse, 2-3” long;
upper sepal slightly crenulate at the apex; lip lanceo-
late, entire, obtuse, about 3” long; spur about equal-
ling the lip, shorter than the ovary, blunt, slightly
incurved, sometimes clavate; anther-sacs parallel,
diverging at the base; glands small; ovary more or
less twisted.

In bogs and wet woods, Greenland to Alaska, New Jer-
sey, Colorado and Oregon, Iceland. Northern green
orchis. May—Aug.

L. média Rydb. is probably a hybrid of this species and
the next. L. major (Lange) Rydb. is, apparently, re-
stricted to Greenland.

2. Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. Tall White Bog Orchis. Fig. 1368.

\)
Orchis dilatata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 588. 1814. ay 7
Habenaria dilatata Hook. Exot. Fl. 2: pl. 95. 1825. \
L. fragrans Rydb. in Britton, Man. 294. 1901.
L. dilatata Rydb. in Britton, Man. 294. 1901.

Stem slender, leafy, 1°-2° high. Leaves lanceo-
late, 3-12’ long, 4-10” wide, obtuse or acute; spike
2’-10’ long; bracts acute, the lower longer than the
ovary, the upper shorter; flowers small, white, some-
times fragrant; sepals ovate to lanceolate, nearly 3”
long; petals acute, lanceolate; lip entire, dilated or
obtusely 3-lobed at the base, obtuse at the apex,
about as long as the blunt incurved spur; anther-
sacs nearly parallel; glands close together, strap-
shaped, nearly as long as the pollinia and caudicle;
stigma with a trowel-shaped beak between the bases
of the anther-sacs.

In bogs and wet woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to
Maine, New York and Oregon. Northern white orchis.
June-Sept. Consists of several races, differing in the
shape of the sepals and petals and width of leaves.

ul Sw
Limnorchis graminifolia Rydb. of the northwest, with much narrower leaves, is recorded
from Quebec.

9. PIPERIA Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 28: 269. 1901.

Herbs resembling Limnorchis in habit, but with short rounded tubers. Leaves mainly
near the base of the stem, early withering. Spike strict. Flowers white, greenish, purplish
or yellowish. Sepals 1-nerved, the lateral ones adnate to the claw of the lip. Petals
I-nerved. Lip with a median ridge, truncate or hastate at the base. Anther-sacs opening
laterally. [Dedicated to Professor C. V. Piper, of Washington.]

GENUS 9. ORCHID FAMILY. 555

Three species or more, natives of northern North America. Type species: Piperia elegans
(Lindl.) Rydb.

1. Piperia unalaschénsis (Spreng.) Rydb. Alaska Piperia. Fig. 1369.

Spiranthes unalaschensis Spreng. Syst. 3: 708. 1826,

Habenaria unalaschensis S. Wats. Proc. Am, Acad, 12:
277- 1877.

P. unalaschensis Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 28: 270. igor.

Stem strict, 1°-2° tall; lower leaves oblanceolate,
4-6’ long, obtuse or acutish; upper leaves lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, alternate; spike 4’-12’ long;
bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the
flowers; flowers greenish; lateral sepals oblong-
lanceolate; petals lanceolate, nearly as long as the
lateral sepals; lip oblong-lanceolate, somewhat has-
tately dilated at the base.

In moist woods, Alaska to California, Colorado, Quebec
and Ontario. June—Sept.

10. LYSIAS Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 288. 1812.

Plants with tubers or fleshy roots; stem scapose. Leaves 2, basal. Flowers greentsh or
white; sepals free, large and spreading; petals small and narrow; lip entire, linear or nearly
so; spur long and slender, generally longer than the elongated, straight ovary. Beak of the
stigma without appendages. Anther-sacs widely diverging, their narrow beak-like bases pro-
jecting forward; stalk of the pollen-mass laterally affixed to the back of the orbicular gland,
whose face is turned inward. . Pod cylindric-clavate, distinctly stipitate. [Named for Lysias,
an Attic orator.]

A circumboreal genus of about half a dozen species. Type species: Lysias bifolia (L.) Salisb.

Scape bracted. 1. L. orbiculata.
Scape naked. 2. L. Hookeriana.

1. Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. Large Round-leaved Orchis. Fig. 1370.

Orchis orbiculata Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 588. 1814.

Habenaria macrophylla Goldie, Edinb. Phil, Journ. 6: 331.
1822,

Habenaria orbiculata Torr. Comp. 318. 1826.

L. orbiculata Rydb. in Britton, Man. 294. 1901.

Scape stout, bracted, 1°-2° high, occasionally bearing
a small leaf. Basal leaves 2, orbicular, spreading flat
on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath, 4’-7’ in
diameter; raceme loosely many-flowered; pedicels
nearly 4’ long, the fruiting ones erect; flowers greenish
white; upper sepal short, rounded; lateral sepals
spreading, falcate-ovate, obtuse 4-5” long; petals
smaller; lip oblong-linear, entire, obtuse, white, about
6” long; spur longer than the ovary, often 13’ long;
anther-sacs prominent, converging above; glands small,
orbicular, nearly 2’ apart, their faces turned toward
the axis. :

In rich woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, North Carolina and Minnesota. Ascends
to 4500 ft. in Virginia, Large two-leaved orchis, Heal-all. July-Aug. Races differ in the size
of leaves and in length of the spur.

556 ORCHIDACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Lysias Hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb.
Hooker’s Orchis. Fig. 1371.
Habenone Hookeriana A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 229.

I .
Habena orbiculata Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 331.
1822. Not Orchis orbiculata Pursh, 1814.
Habenaria Hookeri var. oblongifolia Paine, Cat. Pl.
Oneida, 83. 1865.
L. Hookeriana Rydb. in Britton, Man, 295. 1891.
Scape 8-15’ high, not bracted. Leaves 2, basal,
fleshy, shining, spreading or ascending, oval, orbic-
ular or obovate, 3-54’ long; raceme rather loosely
many-flowered, 4-8’ long; bracts acute, about as long
as the yellowish green flowers; lateral sepals green-
ish, lanceolate, acute, spreading, about 4” long; petals
narrowly linear or awl-shaped; lip linear-lanceolate,
acute, 4-5” long; anther-sacs widely diverging
below; glands small, their faces turned inward; spur
slender, acute, 8” long or more, as long as the ovary
or considerably longer.
In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and lowa. Small two-leaved orchis,
Solomon’s-seal. June-Sept.

tr, LYSIELLA Rydb. in Britton, Man. 295. 1gor.

A small plant with a short rootstock and thick root-fibers. Stem scapose, naked, with a
single obovate leaf at the base; flowers greenish yellow. Upper sepal round-ovate, erect,
surrounding the broad column; lateral sepals reflexed, spreading; petals lanceolate, smaller;
lip entire, linear-lanceolate, deflexed; spur slightly curved, shorter than the ovary. Beak of
stigma not appendaged. Anther-sacs widely diverging, wholly adnate, arcuate; glands small,
their faces turned inward. Pod obovoid. [Name diminutive of Lysias.]

A monotypic genus of North America and northern Norway.

1. Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Richards.
Small Northern Bog Orchis. Fig. 1372.

Orchis obtusata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 588. 1814.
H, obtusata Richards, App. Frank. Journ. 750. 1823.
Lysiella obtusata Rydb. in Britton, Man. 295. 1901.

Scape slender, naked, 4-10’ high, 4-angled. Leaf
solitary, basal obovate, 2’-5’ long, 5-12” wide; spike
1-23’ long, loose flowers greenish yellow, about 3”
long; upper sepal erect, round-ovate, green with
whitish margins; lateral sepals spreading, oblong,
obtuse; petals shorter, dilated or obtusely 2-lobed at
the base, connate with the base of the column; lip
entire, lanceolate, obtuse, deflexed, about 3” long;
spur about as long as the lip, slender, nearly straight,
blunt; anther-sacs widely divergent below, glands
small, rather thick.

In bogs, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Maine,
New York and Colorado. Arctic Norway. Dwarf or
one-leaved orchis. July—Sept. WA

o
12, BLEPHARIGLOTTIS Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 38. 1836.

Plants with tall and leafy stems and fleshy or tuberous roots. Flowers several or
numerous in an open spike with foliaceous bracts; corolla white, yellow or purple; sepals
broad and spreading or reflexed; lip variously fringed or 3-parted and cut-toothed; spur
longer than the lip. Anther-sacs widely separated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-
like bases supported by the arms of the stigma, strongly projecting forward and upward;
gland naked; pollinia granular. [Greek, fringed throat.]

About 10 species of North America. Type species: Blephariglottis albiflora Raf.

Lip not 3-parted, pectinately fringed.

Spur half as long as the ovary ; flowers yellow. 1. B. cristata.

Spur longer than the ovary.
Flowers bright yellow. 2. B. ciliaris.
Flowers white. 3. B. blephariglottis.

Lip 3-parted.
Segments of the lip deeply fringed.
Segments narrow ; fringe of a few threads. 4. B. lacera.
Segments broadly fan-shaped ; fringe copious.
Segments fringed to the middle or deeper; flowers white. 5. B. leucophaea.

ee

GENUS 12. ORCHID FAMILY. 557

Segments not fringed beyond the middle; flowers lilac, rarely white.

Raceme 4-5 cm. thick; lip 1-2 cm. broad. grandiflora.

6. B.
Raceme 1-3 cm. thick; lip 8-12 mm. broad. 7. B. psycodes.
&. B. peramoena,

Segments of the lip cut-toothed ; flowers violet-purple.

1. Blephariglottis cristata (Michx.) Raf.
Crested Yellow Orchis. Fig. 1373.

Orchis cristata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 156. 1803.

Habenaria cristata R, Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5:
194. 1813.

Blephariglottis cristata Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 39. 1836.

Stem slender, angled, 8’-2° high. Leaves narrowly
lanceolate, 2’-8’ long, 3-8” wide, the upper much
smaller, similar to the bracts; bracts as long as the
flowers; spike 2’-4’ long, dense; flowers orange;
sepals roundish-ovate, about 13” long, the lateral
ones spreading; petals narrower, pectinate-fringed;
lip slightly longer than the sepals, not 3-parted, but
deeply fringed to the middle or beyond; spur 2’’-3”
long, about half as long as the ovary; anther-sacs
divergent at the base, widely separated.

In bogs, New Jersey to Florida, Arkansas and Louis-
iana. July—Aug. A hybrid between this species and B.
blephariglottis, from Delaware, is known as Habenaria
Canbyi Ames.

2. Blephariglottis ciliaris (L.) Rydb. Yellow-
fringed Orchis. Fig. 1374.

Orchis ciliaris L. Sp. Pl. 939. 1753.

Habenaria ciliaris R, Br, in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5:

194. 1813.

B. ciliaris Rydb. in Britton, Man, 296. tgo1.

Stem slender, 1°-24° high. Leaves lanceolate,
acute, 4-8’ long, 6-18” wide, the upper smaller;
spike closely many-flowered, 3’-6’ long, sometimes
nearly 3’ thick; flowers orange or yellow, large,
showy; sepals orbicular or broadly ovate, oblique at
the base, 2-4” long; the lateral ones mostly re-
flexed; petals much smaller, oblong or cuneate, usually
toothed; lip oblong, 5-7” long, copiously fringed
more than half-way to the middle; spur 1-13’ long,
very slender; anther-sacs large, divergent at the base,
bearing a small white tubercle on the outer side.

In meadows, Vermont and Ontario to Michigan, Mis-
souri, Florida and Texas. July—Aug.

3. Blephariglottis blepharigléttis ( Willd.)
Rydb. White-fringed Orchis. Fig. 1375.

Orchis blephariglottis Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 9. 1805.

Habenaria blephariglottis Torr. Comp. 317. 1826.

Platanthera holopetala Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 291.
1835.

B. albiflora Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 38. 1836.

Habenaria blephariglottis holopetala A. Gray, Man. ed.
5, 502. 1867.

H. ciliaris var. alba Morong, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 38. 1893.

B, blephariglottis Rydb. in Britton, Man. 296. 1901.

Stems and leaves similar to those of the preceding
species. Spikes densely or rather loosely many-
flowered; flowers pure white, usually a little smaller
than those of B. ciliaris; lip narrower, oblong; petals
toothed or somewhat fringed at the apex, rarely
entire; fringe of the lip copious or sparse.

In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to Minnesota,
Florida and Mississippi. Blooms a few days earlier than
ciliaris where the two grow together. Feather-leaved
orchis. July-Aug.

558 ORCHIDACEAE. Vo. I.

4. Blephariglottis lacera (Michx.) Farwell. Ragged or Green-fringed Orchis.
f Fig. 1376.

Orchis lacera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 156. 1803.

Habenaria lacera R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Noy. Holl. 1: 312.
1810,

B. lacera Farwell, Ann. Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. 2: 42.
190I.

Stem rather slender, 1°-2° high. Leaves firm,
lanceolate, 5-8’ long, 10’-18” wide, the upper gradu-
ally smaller; spike 2-6’ long, loose; flowers greenish
yellow; sepals ovate, obtuse, about 3” long, the
upper one a little broader than the others, petals
linear, entire, obtuse, about as long as the sepals;
lip 3-parted, the segments narrow, deeply fringed,
the fringe of a few threads about 3’ long; spur 7’-8”
long, curved, shorter than the ovary, clavate at the
apex; anther-sacs divergent at the base, their bases
beaked and projecting upward; glands oblong-linear,
hyaline, as long as the caudicle.

In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Minne-

sota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. June—July.
Hybridizes with B. psycodes.

5. Blephariglottis leucophaéa ( Nutt.) Farwell.
Prairie White-fringed Orchis. Fig. 1377.

Orchis leucophaea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 161.

1833-37.

Habenaria leucophaea A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 502. 1867.
B, leucophaea Farwell, Ann. Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. 2: 42.

I90l.

Stem stout, angled, 13°-23° high. Leaves lanceolate,
4-8 long; spike 3-5’ long, very thick, loosely flowered ;
flowers large, white, fragrant, sometimes tinged with
green; sepals broadly ovate; petals obovate, minutely
cut toothed, about 3” long; lip 3-parted, 6-7” long,
the segments broadly wedge-shaped and_ copiously
fringed; spur 17-13’ long, longer than the ovary;
anther-sacs widely diverging at the base; caudicles long
and slender; glands transversely oval; ovary often
recurved.

On moist prairies, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Kentucky,
aaa and Nebraska. Western greenish-fringed orchis.
uly.

6. Blephariglottis grandiflora (Bigel.) Rydb. Large or Early Purple-fringed
Orchis. Meadow-pink. Fig. 1378.

Orchis fimbriata Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 39. 1805. Not Dryand.
1789.

Habenaria grandiflora Torr. Comp. 319. 1826.

Orchis grandiflora Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 321. 1824.

Habenaria fimbriata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 503. 1867.

B. grandiflora Rydb. in Britton, Man. 296, 1gor.

Stem 1°-5° high. Leaves oval or lanceolate, 4’-10'
long, 10’-3’ wide, obtuse, or the upper smaller and
acute; raceme 3’-15’ long, sometimes 23’ thick,
densely flowered; flowers lilac or purplish, some-
times white or nearly so, fragrant; upper sepal and
petals erect, connivent; petals oblong or oblanceolate,
more or less toothed, #’ long; lip 3-parted, 3-1’
broad, about 4’ long, the segments broadly fan-
shaped, copiously fringed to about the middle, anther-
sacs divergent at the base; glands orbicular, turned
inward; spur filiform, clavate, 1-13’ long.

In rich woods and meadows, Newfoundland to On-
tario, south to North Carolina. Perhaps a large-flowered
race of the following species. Tattered fringed orchis.
June—Aug.

GENUS 12. ORCHID FAMILY. 559

7- Blephariglottis psycodes (L.) Rydb. Smaller Purple-fringed Orchis.
Fig. 1379.

Orchis psycodes L. Sp. Pl. 943. 1753.

Orchis fimbriata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 297. 1789.
Habenaria psycodes Spreng. Syst. 3: 693. 1826.
Blephariglottis psycodes Rydb. in Britton, Man. 296. 1901.

Stem rather slender, 1°-3° high. Leaves oval,
elliptic or lanceolate, 2-10’ long, 8’-3’ wide, the
upper smaller; raceme 2’-6’ long, 1’-13’ thick, loosely
or densely several-many-flowered; flowers _ lilac,
rarely white, fragrant; lower sepals ovate, obtuse,
about 4” long, the upper one a little narrower; petals
oblong or oblanceolate, toothed on the upper margin;
lip 3-parted, 4”-6” broad, the segments fan-shaped
and copiously fringed, the fringe of the middle seg-
ment shorter than that of the lateral ones; spur
somewhat clavate at the apex, about 8” long, longer
than the ovary.

In meadows, swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland
to Minnesota, North Carolina and Tennessee. Pink-
fringed or flaming-orchis. Soldier’s-plume. July—Aug.

8. Blephariglottis peramoéna (A. Gray) Rydb. Fringeless Purple Orchis.
Fig. 1380.

prekes fissa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 589. 1814. Not Willd.
1805.

H, peramoena A, Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 38: 310. 1840.
B. peramoena Rydb. in Britton, Man, 297. 1901.

Stem 1°-23° high. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate,
4-8’ long, 4’-14’ wide, the upper gradually smaller;
spike 2’-7’ long, 1-24’ thick, many-flowered; flowers
showy, violet-purple; lateral sepals round-ovate,
3-4” long, the upper one smaller; petals smaller,
round-obovate, clawed, entire, or slightly erose; lip
7-10” long, 3-parted, the segments fan-shaped, cut-
toothed, not fringed, the middle one 2-lobed; spur
about as long as the ovary, curved, clavate; anther-
sacs widely divergent, little separated; glands or-
bicular, oblique.

In moist meadows, New Jersey to Illinois, Missouri,
Virginia, Alabama and Tennessee. Great purple orchis.

July—Aug.

13. POGONIA Juss. Gen. Pl. 65. 1780.

Mostly low herbs, the flowers terminal, solitary, the leaves alternate. Sepals and petals
separate, erect or ascending. Lip erect from the base of the column, spurless. Column
elongated, club-shaped at the summit. Anther terminal, stalked, attached to the back of the
column, its sacs parallel; pollinia 2, 1 in each sac, powdery-granular, without a caudicle.
Stigma a flattened disk below the anther. Capsule oblong or ovoid, erect. [Greek, bearded,
from the bearded lip of the type species.]

A few species of the north temperate zone ; only the following known in North America. Type
species: Arethusa ophioglossoides L.

Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike; lip bearded. 1. P. ophioglossoides.
Sepals longer and narrower than the petals; lip not bearded. 2. P. divaricata,

560 ORCHIDACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Pogonia. Snake-mouth. Fig. 1381.

Arethusa ophioglossoides L. Sp. Pl. 951. 1753.

Pogonia ophioglossoides Ker, in Lindl. Bot. Reg. pl.
148. 1816.

Stem 8-15’ high, 1-3-leaved, not rarely with a
long-petioled basal leaf. Stem leaf or leaves
3’-3' long, lanceolate or ovate, erect, bluntly
acute; flowers fragrant, pale rose-color, slightly
nodding, large, solitary or occasionally in pairs,
subtended by a foliaceous bract; sepals and petals
about equal, elliptic or oval, 6-10” long; lip
spatulate, free or somewhat appressed to the
column below, crested and fringed; column much
shorter than the petals, thick, club-shaped.

In meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to On-
tario, Minnesota, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Also
in Japan. Roots fibrous. Propagates by runners,
. Adder’s-mouth pogonia. June-July.

2. Pogonia divaricata (L.) R. Br. Spread-
ing Pogonia. Fig. 1382.

Arethusa divaricata L. Sp. Pl. 951. 1753.

Pogonia divaricata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5:

203. 1813.

Stem 1°-2° high, bearing a leaf near the middle,
and a foliaceous bract near the flower. Leaf lanceo-
late, or narrowly elliptic, obtuse, clasping, 2’-4"
long; flower terminal, solitary, about 1’ long; sepals
linear, longer and narrower than the petals, diver-
ging, dark colored; petals flesh-color, lanceolate,
narrowed at the apex, lip as long as the petals,
3-lobed, crenulate or wavy-margined, greenish,
veined with purple, crested, but not bearded, the
upper lobe long.

In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and Ala-
bama. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in North Carolina. July.

14. ISOTRIA Raf. Med. Rep. II. 5: 357. 1808.

Low herbs with a rootstock and fibrous roots. Flowers terminal. Leaves 5 in whorl
near the top of the plant. Sepals and petals separate, ascending, the former generally longer
than the latter. Lip erect from the base of the column, crested, spurless, sessile. Anthers
and pollinia as in Pogonia. Capsule oblong, erect. [Greek, in equal threes.]

Only the following species are known, the first being the type:

GENUS 14. ORCHID FAMILY. 561

Lip crested along a narrow line down the face; peduncle as long as the capsule or longer.

: 1. 1. verticillata.
Lip crested over the whole face and lobes; peduncle shorter than the capsule. 2. I. affinis,

1. Isotria verticillata ( Willd.) Raf.
Whorled Pogonia. Fig. 1383.

Arethusa verticillata Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 81. 1805.
Pogonia verticillata Nutt. Gen. 2: 192. 1818.
I. verticillata Raf, Med. Rep. II. 5: 357. 1808.
Stem 10-12’ high, from long fleshy roots, bear-
ing a whorl of 5 leaves at the summit. Leaves
obovate, abruptly pointed at the apex, sessile, 1’—3’
long; flower solitary, erect or declined; peduncle
6-8” long, in fruit usually equalling or exceed-
ing the capsule; sepals linear, 14-2’ long, about
1” wide, spreading, dark purple; petals linear,
erect, obtuse, greenish yellow, about 10” long; lip
3-lobed, crested along a narrow band, the upper
part expanded, undulate; capsule erect, I’ or
more long.

In moist woods, Ontario to Massachusetts, Indiana,
Michigan and Florida. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Vir-
ginia. Whorled snake-mouth. May-June.

2. Isotria affinis (Austin) Rydb. Smaller
Whorled Pogonia. Fig. 1384.

Pogonia affinis Austin; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 507.
1867.

I. affinis Rydb. in Britton, Man. 297. 1901.

Smaller than the preceding species, stem 8-10’
high. Leaves in a whorl of 5 at the summit,
1-2’ long; flowers 2 or solitary, greenish yellow;
peduncle 2-4” long, much shorter than the ovary
and capsule; sepals equalling the petals, or but
little longer, somewhat narrowed at the base; lip
crested over nearly the whole face and lobes;
capsule erect, 1’ long or less.

In moist woods, Vermont and Massachusetts to
southern New York and Pennsylvania. Rare and
local. Our figure is taken from Mr. Austin’s original
sketches. June.

15. TRIPHORA Nutt. Gen. 2: 192. 1818.

Low herbs, with fleshy tubers and few axillary flowers. Sepals and petals separate,
nearly equal. Lip erect, slightly clawed, somewhat 3-lobed, crestless and spurless. Column
club-shaped above. Anther terminal, stalked, attached to the back of the column, its sacs
parallel; pollinia 1 in each anther-sac, powdery-granular, without caudicles. Stigma a
flattened disk below the anther. Capsule oval, drooping. [Greek, bearing 3 flowers.]

About to species, natives of America, only the following, the generic type, found in the United
States.

ORCHIDACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb.
Nodding Pogonia. Fig. 1385.

Arethusa trianthophora Sw. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl.
(II.) 21: 230. 1800.

Triphora pendula Nutt. Gen, 2: 193. 1818.

Pogonia pendula Lindl. Bot. Reg. pl. 908. 1825.

Pogonia trianthophora B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 52. 1888.

Triphora trianthophora Rydb, in Britton, Man. 298. 1901.

Stems glabrous, 3-8’ high, from a tuberous root,
often clustered. Leaves 2-8, alternate, ovate, 3/-9”
long, clasping; flowers 1-7, on axillary peduncles,
pale purple, at first nearly erect, soon drooping;
perianth 6-8” long; sepals and petals about equal,
connivent, elliptic, obtuse; lip clawed, somewhat
3-lobed, roughish or crisped above, not crested, about
as long as the petals; capsule oval, drooping, about
6” long.

In rich woods, Canada(?), Maine to Rhode Island,
Florida, Wisconsin, Missouri and Kansas. Ascends to

3500 ft. in North Carolina. Local. Three-birds. Aug.—
Sept.

16. ARETHUSA L. Sp. Pl. 950. 1753.

Low herbs, with small bulbs and mostly solitary flowers on bracted scapes, the solitary
leaf linear, hidden at first in the upper bract, protruding after flowering. Sepals and petals
about equal, connivent and hooded above, coherent below. Lip dilated and recurved-spreading
at the apex, crested on the face with straight somewhat fleshy hairs, slightly gibbous at the
base. Column adherent to the lip below, linear, narrowly winged and dilated at the summit.
Anther operculate, of 2 approximated sacs incumbent upon the column; pollinia 4, 2 in each
sac, powdery-granular. Capsule erect, ellipsoid, strongly angled. [Dedicated to the nymph
Arethusa. ]

Two known species, the following, the generic type, occurring in North America, the other
in Japan.

1. Arethusa bulbdsa L. Arethusa. Dragon’s-
mouth. Wild-pink. Fig. 1386.

Arethusa bulbosa L. Sp. Pl. 950. 1753.

Scape glabrous, 5-10 high, bearing 1-3 loose
sheathing bracts. Leaf linear, many-nerved, becom-
ing 4-6’ long; flower solitary (rarely 2), arising
from between a pair of small unequal scales, rose-
purple, 1-2’ high; sepals and petals linear to elliptic,
obtuse, arched over the column; lip usually drooping
beneath the sepals and petals, the apex broad,
rounded, often fringed or toothed, variegated with
purplish blotches, bearded, crested down the face
in three white hairy ridges; capsule about 1’ long,
ellipsoid, strongly 6-ribbed, rarely maturing.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota,
South Carolina and Indiana. May-June.

17. LIMODORUM L. Sp. Pl. 950. 1753.
[Catopocon R. Br. in Alt. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 204. 1813.]

Scapose herbs, with round solid bulbs which arise from the bulb of the previous year, a
leaf appearing the first season, succeeded in the following year by the scape. Flowers sev-
eral in a loose terminal spike or raceme. Sepals and petals nearly alike, separate, spread-
ing. Column elongated, 2-winged above. Anther terminal, operculate, sessile; pollinia
solitary, I in each sac, loosely granular. Lip spreading, raised on a narrow stalk, dilated at
the apex, bearded on the upper side with long club-shaped hairs. [Greek, a meadow-gift.]

Five species, natives of the eastern United States, Cuba and the Bahamas. Type species:
Limodorum tuberosum L,

GENUS 17. ORCHID FAMILY. 563

1. Limodorum tuberésum L. Grass-pink.
Calopogon. Fig. 1387.
Limodorum tuberosum L, Sp. Pl. 950. 1753.
Cymbidium pulchellum Willd, Sp. Pl. 4: 105. 1805.

Calopogon pulchellum R, Br, in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2,
5: 204. 1813.

Scape slender, naked, 1°-14° high. Leaf linear-
lanceolate, 8-12’ long, 3-10” wide, sheathing, with
several scales below it; spike 4-15’ long, 3-15-flow-
ered; flowers about 1’ long, purplish pink, subtended
by small acute bracts; sepals obliquely ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, about 10” long; petals similar; column
incurved; anther-sacs parallel, attached by a slender
thread to the back of the column; lip as long as the
column, broadly triangular at the apex, crested along
the face with yellow, orange and rose-colored hairs;
capsule oblong, nearly erect.

In bogs and meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario and
Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. Bearded-
pink. Swamp-pink. June-July.

18. SERAPIAS L. Sp. Pl. 949. 1753.

[EpreActis (Hall.) Zinn, Cat. Pl. Hort. Goett. 85. 1757.]

Tall stout herbs with fibrous roots and simple leafy stems. Leaves ovate or lanceolate,
plicate, clasping. Flowers leafy-bracted, in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals all separate.
Spur none. Lip free, sessile, broad, concave below, constricted near the middle, the upper
portion dilated and petal-like. Column short, erect. Anther operculate, borne on the margin
of the clinandrium, erect, ovate or semiglobose, its sacs contiguous. Pollinia 2-parted,
granulose, becoming attached to the glandular beak of the stigma. Capsule oblong, beakless.
[Named for Serapis, an Egyptian deity.]

About 10 species, widely distributed. Besides the following typical species, another occurs in
the western United States.

1. Serapias Helléborine L. Helleborine.
Bastard Hellebore. Fig. 1388.

Serapias Helleborine L. Sp. Pl. 949. 1753.
Serapias viridiflora Hoffm, Deutsch. Fl. 2: 182. 1804.
Epipactts latifolia var. viridiflora Irm. Linnaea 16: 451.

I 2.

Epipactis viridiflora Reichb, Fl. Exc. 134. 1830.

Stem 1°-2° high, glabrous below, pubescent above.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 147-3’
long, 9-13’ wide; flowers greenish yellow to purple;
pedicels 2’-3” long; sepals 4-5” long, lanceolate;
petals narrower; lip expanded into a slightly undulate
apex, tapering to a point; bracts lanceolate, longer
than the flowers.

Quebec and Ontario to Massachusetts and Pennsyl-
vania. Local; probably introduced. Widely distributed
in Europe. July—Aug.

1g. IBIDIUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc.
London 1: 291. 1812.
[Gyréstacnys Pers. Syn.2: 511,as subgenus. 1807.]
[SprrAntHes L. C. Richard, Mem. Mus. Paris 4:
42. 1818.]

Erect herbs, with fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots and slender stems or scapes, leaf-
bearing below or at the base. Flowers small, spurless, spiked, 1-3-rowed, the spikes more or
less twisted. Sepals free, or more or less coherent at the top, or united with petals into a
galea. Lip sessile or clawed, concave, erect, embracing the column and often adherent to
it, spreading and crisped, or rarely lobed or toothed at the apex, bearing minute callosities
at the base. Column arched below, obliquely attached to the top of the ovary. Anther with-
out a lid, borne on the back of the column, erect. Stigma ovate, prolonged into an acuminate
beak, at length bifid, covering the anther and stigmatic only underneath. Pollina 2, 1 in each
sac, powdery. Capsule ovoid or oblong, erect. [The anther has a fancied resemblance to the
head of an Ibis.]

564 ORCHIDACEAE. Vor. I.

About 55 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following,
about 5 others occur in the southern States, and one in Calitornia. The Howers are often fragrant.
Type species: Ophrys spiralis J, E. Smith,

*Flowers 3-several-ranked ; rachis not conspicuously twisted.
Sepals and petals coherent and connivent into a hood. 1. I. strictum.
Lateral sepals free and separate.
Lip of quadrate type; callosities imperfect, mostly in edge of lip-base ; vernal-flowering.
2. I. plantagineum.
Lip of ovate type; callosities prominent, mostly curved; autumnal-flowering.-
Petals linear, not dilated at the base; spike stout, over 7” thick. 3. I. cernuum.,
Petals lanceolate, dilated at the base; spike slender, less than 7” thick. 4. I. ovale,
**Flowers merely alternate, appearing secund from the spiral twisting of the rachis.
Stem leafy below ; leaves narrow, elongate, persistent.
Lip pubescent without, of an ovate type, the base dilated. 5. I. vernale.
Lip glabrous without, of an oblong type, the base not dilated. 6. I. praecox.
Stem merely scaly ; leaves basal, broad, short, fugacious. .
Root solitary ; lip white, of an ovate type, erose-crisped from apex to the middle. 7. J. Beckii.
Roots clustered ; lip green, except the crisped margin, of an oblong type, the ape bbe ge
8. I. gracile.

1. Ibidium strictum (Rydb.) House. Hooded Ladies’-tresses. Fig. 13809.

Gyrostachys stricta Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 107.
1900,
I. strictum House, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 381. 1905.

Stem 6-15’ high, glabrous, leafy below, bracted above,
the inflorescence rarely puberulent. Lower leaves 3-8
long, linear or linear-oblanceolate; spike 2’-4’ long,
4’-7” thick; flowers in 3 rows, white or greenish,
ringent, 4-5” long, spreading horizontally, very fra-
grant; sepals and petals broad at the base, all more or
less connivent into a hood; lip oblong or ovate-oblong,
broad at the base, contracted below the dilated crisped
apex, thin, transparent, veined; callosities mere thick-
enings of the basal margins of the lip, or none.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Maine, Penn-
sylvania, Minnesota and California. July—Aug. Confused
in our first edition with the Alaskan plant described*as
Spiranthes Romanzofiina Cham. which has narrower, long-
acuminate sepals and petals and an ovate, pointed end to
the lip.

2. Ibidium plantagineum (Raf.) House. Wide-leaved Ladies’-tresses.
Fig. 1390.
Neottia plantaginea Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 206. 1818.
N. lucida H, H. Eaton, Trans. Journ. Med. 5: 107. 1832.
Spiranthes plantaginea Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 284. 1843. .
Spiranthes lucida Ames, Orch, 2: 258. 1908.

I. plantagineum House, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 381. 1905.

Stem 4’-10’ high, glabrous or pubescent, bracted above,
bearing 4 or 5 lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves below.
Leaves 1-5’ long; spike 17-2’ long, 4-5” thick, dense;
floral bracts mostly much shorter than the flowers; flowers
spreading, about 3” long; petals and sepals white, lateral
sepals free, narrowly lanceolate, the upper somewhat united
with the petals; lip pale yellow on the face, oblong, not
contracted in the middle, the wavy apex rounded, crisped
or fringed, the base short-clawed; callosities none, or mere
thickenings of the lip margins.

Moist banks and woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to
Virginia and Wisconsin. June—Aug.

“~,

GENUS 109. ORCHID FAMILY. 565

3. Ibidium cérnuum (L.) House. Nodding or drooping Ladies’-tresses.
Fig. 1391.

Ophrys cernua L. Sp. Pl. 946. 1753.

Spiranthes cernua L. C. Rich. Orch, Ann, 37. 1817.
Gyrostachys cernua Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 664. 1891.
Spiranthes odorata Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 467. 1840.
Gyrostachys ochroleuca Rydb. in Britton, Man, 300. 1901,
I. incurvum Jennings, Ann. Car. Mus. 3: 483. 1906.

I, cernuum House, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 381. 1905.

Stem 6~25’ high (rarely taller), usually pubescent
above, mostly bearing 2-6 acuminate bracts. Leaves
nearly basal, linear-oblanceolate or linear, 3’-14'
long, the blade narrow, the petiole 2-10’ long; spike
4-5’ long, 6-7” thick; flowers white or yellowish,
fragrant, nodding or spreading, about 5” long, in
3 rows; lateral sepals free, the upper arching and
connivent with the petals; lip oblong, or sometimes
ovate, the broad apex rounded, crenulate or crisped;
callosities nipple-shaped, straight, hairy.

In wet meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to On-
tario, South Dakota, Florida and New Mexico. Wild
tube-rose. Screw-auger. Aug.—Oct.

4. Ibidium ovale (Lindl.) House. Small-flow-
ered Ladies’-tresses. Fig. 1392.

Spiranthes ovalis Lindl, Gen. & Sp. Orch. 466. 1840.

S. cernua parviflora Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. Ed. 3, 488. 1897.

Gyrostachys parviflora Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 318. 1903.

Spiranthes parviflora Ames, Orch. 137. 1909.

Ibidium ovale House, Muhlenbergia 1: 128. 1906.

Stem 4’-15’ tall, leafy below, minutely pubescent
above. Leaves broadly linear to linear-oblong, 14’-63’
long, or,the upper smaller; spike slender, compact,
tapering upward, the bracts shorter than the flowers;

”

flowers small, about 2” long, white, nodding; lateral
sepals free, lanceolate; lip about 2” long, ovate, narrow
at the apex or acute; callosities slender, curved.

In woods and swamps, Ohio to Missouri, Georgia and
Louisiana. Sept.—Cct.

5. Ibidium vernale (Engelm. & Gray) House.
Linear-leaved Ladies’-tresses. Fig. 1393.
Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.

5: 236. 1845.
S. neglecta Ames, Rhodora 6: 30. pl. 51. 1904.
Gyrostachys linearis Rydb. in Britton, Man. 300. 1901,
Ibidium vernale House, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 381. 1905.

Stem slender, 6-22’ high, usually copiously glandular-
pubescent above, leafy. Leaves linear, or somewhat
tapering to both ends, mostly 24’-6}’ long, persistent;
spike strongly spiral, 24’-6’ long, mostly 4’-6” thick;
bracts much longer than the ovaries; flowers yellowish;
lip 3-34” long, ovate, much shorter than the median
sepal; callosities slender, often hooked at the tip.

In dry or wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida and New Ui )
Mexico, north in the Mississippi Valley to Illinois and Kan- p
sas. Aug.-Sept. A hybrid with /. gracile has been described.

566 ORCHIDACEAE. Vor. 1.

6. Ibidium praécox ( Walt.) House. Grass-
leaved Ladies’-tresses. Fig. 1394.

Limodorum praecox Walt. Fl. Car. 221. 1788.

Spiranthes graminea var. Walteri A, Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 505. 1867.

Spiranthes praecox S. Wats, in A, Gray, Man. Ed. 6,
503. 1890.

G. praecox Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 663. 1891.

Ibidium praecox House, Muhlenbergia 1: 129. 1906,

Stem slender, 10-30’ high, sparingly glandular-
pubescent above, leafy. Leaves linear, 4’-12’ long,
with narrow grass-like blades and long sheath-
ing petioles, mostly persistent through the flow-
ering season, the upper smaller; spike usually
much twisted, 2-8’ long, 4-6” thick; bracts
about as long as the ovaries; flowers white, 3-4”
long, spreading; lip 33’-4” long, oblong, con-
tracted above, the dilated apex obtuse, crenulate;
callosities stout, usually straight.

In grassy places, southern New York to Florida
and Texas. July—Aug.

7. Ibidium Béckii (Lindl.) House, Muhlen-
bergia 1: 128. 1906. Little Ladies’-
tresses. Fig. 1395.

Spiranthes Beckii Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 472. 1840
S. simplex A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 506. 1867. Not Griseb.
Gyrostachys simplex Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 664. 1891.
Ibidium Beckii House, Muhlenbergia 1: 128. 1905.

Stems very slender, 5-9’ high, from a solitary
spindle-shaped tuberous root, with small decidu-
ous bracts above. Leaves basal, ovate or oblong,
short, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, mostly
disappearing at or before the flowering time;
spike slender, about 1’ long and 3” thick, glabrous,
little twisted; flowers white, 1”-14” long; lip thin,
striped, ovate to orbicular-ovate, erose-crisped
from below the middle to the apex, short-clawed ;
callosities nipple-shaped, slender, usually curved
or hooked at the tip.

In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey,
Florida, Kentucky, Arkansas and Texas. Aug—Sept.

8. Ibidium gracile (Bigel.) House. Slen-
der Ladies’-tresses. Fig. 1396.

Neottia gracilis Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 322. 1824.
Spiranthes gracilis Beck, Bot. 343. 1833.
Gyrostachys gracilis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 664. 1891.
I. gracile House, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 381. 1905.

Stem slender, 82° high, from a cluster of
spindle-shaped tuberous roots, glabrous, or rarely
pubescent above, bearing small deciduous bracts.
Leaves basal, obovate, or ovate-lanceolate, peti-
oled, the blades 3-2’ long, 4’—10” wide, mostly
perishing before the flowering season; spike 1-3’
long, 4’-6” thick, loose, usually much twisted;
flowers white, fragrant, 2-23” long; sepals a
little longer than the lip, the lateral ones free; lip
about 2” long, oblong, dilated and crenulate or
wavy-crisped at the apex, usually thick and green
in the middle, white and hyaline on the margins,
slightly clawed at the base; callosities small,
nipple-shaped,’ stout, straight.

In dry fields and open woods, Nova Scotia to Mani-
toba, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Ascends to 2500
ft. in North Carolina. Twisted-stalk. Corkscrew-plant. Aug.—Oct.

GENUS 20. ORCHID FAMILY. 567

20. OPHRYS [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 945. 1753.
[Listera R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 201. 1813.]

Small herbs, with fibrous or sometimes rather fleshy-fibrous roots, bearing a pair of
opposite green leaves near the middle, and 1 or 2 small scales at the base of the stem.
Flowers in terminal racemes, spurless. Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed,
free. Anther without a lid, erect, jointed to the column. Pollinia 2, powdery, united to a
minute gland. Capsule ovoid or obovoid. [Greek, the eyebrow.]

About 12 species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. Besides the folowing, another
occurs in northwestern North America. Type species: Ophrys ovata L.

Lip broadly wedge-shaped, retuse or 2-lobed at the apex.

Leaves oval; pedicels and ovaries glandular. 1. O. convallarioides.
Leaves reniform; pedicels and ovaries glabrous. 2. OU. Smallii.
Lip oblong or linear,
Lip broad, 2-cleft 44-—™% its length; base auricled. ~ 3. O. auriculata.
Lip 2-cleft about ™% its length.
Lip twice as long as the petals, with lateral teeth. 4. O. cordata.
Lip 4-8 times as long as the petals, with auricles at the base. 5. O. australis.

1. Ophrys convallarioides (Sw.) W.F. Wight. Broad-lipped Twayblade.
Fig. 1397. ;

Aig tee convallarioides Sw. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl.

(II.) 21: 232. 1800.

Listera Gonenilavioides Torr. Comp. 320.
O. convallarioides W. F. Wight, Bull. ee "Chub 32: 380.

1905.

Stem 4-10’ high, glandular-pubescent above the
leaves. Leaves smooth, round-oval or ovate, obtuse or
cuspidate at the apex, sometimes slightly cordate or
reniform at the base, 3-9-nerved. Raceme 14’-3’ long,
loosely 3-12-flowered; flowers greenish yellow, pedicels
filiform, bracted, 3-4” long; petals and sepals linear-
lanceolate, much shorter than the lip; lip broadly
wedge-shaped, with 2 obtuse lobes at the dilated apex,
generally with a tooth on each side at base; column
elongated, but shorter than: the lip, a little incurved,
with 2 short projecting wings above the anther; capsule
obovoid, about 3” long.

In woods, Newfoundland to Alaska and California, south
to Vermont and Michigan. June—-Aug.

2. Ophrys Smallii (Wiegand) House. Kidney-leaf Twayblade. Fig. 1308.

Listera reniformis Small, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 334.
1897. Not D. Don.

L. Smallit Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 169. 1890.

O. Smallit House, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 379. 1905.

Perennial, deep green. Stems erect, 4’-12' tall,
slender, glabrous below, densely glandular-pubes-
cent above; leaves reniform, or ovate-reniform,
5’-14” broad, apiculate or short-acuminate, pubes-
cent beneath, cordate or subcordate, sessile;
racemes ?’-4’ long; bracts lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, 14’’-24” long, acute; pedicels 2-4”
long; sepals oblong or linear-oblong, about 14”
long, reflexed; corolla greenish, the lip wedge-
shaped, 3-33” long, with 2 prominent teeth near
the base, sharply cleft, the segments obtuse; cap-
sules oval, 2”-24” long.

In damp thickets in the mountains, Pennsylvania
to Virginia and North Carolina. Also in eastern
Asia. Formerly confused with the preceding species.
Spring and summer.

568 ORCHIDACEAE. Vor. I.

3. Ophrys auriculata (Wiegand) House. Au-
ricled Twayblade. Fig. 1399.

Listera auriculata Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 166. 1899.
O. auriculata House, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 379. 1905.

Stem slender, 4-7’ high, glabrous below, glandu-
lar above the leaves. Leaves large, 13’-2’ long, oval
or elliptic-ovate, borne above the middle of the stem;
raceme many-flowered; rachis pubescent; pedicels and
ovaries glabrous; sepals lance-ovate; petals oblong-
linear, longer than the ovary, spreading, obtuse; lip
slightly ciliate, oblong, broadest at the auricled base,
cleft 4-§ its length; column rather stout, a little over
1” long.

Cedar swamps and wet banks, Quebec, Maine, New Hamp-
shire and Vermont. July.

4. Ophrys cordata L. Heart-leaved Tway-
blade. Double-leaf. Fig. 1400.

Ophrys cordata L. Sp. Pl. 946. 1753.

Listera cordata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 201.

1813.

Stem very slender, glabrous or nearly so, 3’-10’
high. Leaves sessile, cordate, ovate, mucronate, +’—-1’
long; racemes rather loose, 4-2’ long, 4-20-flowered ;
flowers purplish, minute; pedicels bracted, about 1”
long; sepals and petals oblong-linear, scarcely 1”
long; lip narrow, often with a subulate tooth on each
side at the base, twice as long as the petals, 2-cleft,
the segments setaceous and ciliolate; column very
small, the clinandrium just appearing above the
anther; capsule ovoid, 2” long.

In moist woods, Labrador to Alaska, New Jersey,

Michigan, Colorado and Oregon. Also in Europe and
Asia. Twi-foil. June-Aug.

5. Ophrys australis (Lindl.) House. South-
ern Twayblade.. Fig. 1401.

Listera australis Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 456. 1840.
O. australis House, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 379. 1905.

Stem slender, 410’ high, more or less pubescent
above. Leaves ovate, acutish, mucronate, glabrous,
shining, 8’—10” long, 3-7-nerved; raceme 2’-3’ long,
loosely 8-15-flowered; flowers yellowish green with
purplish stripes; sepals and petals minute; lip 4/3’
long, 2-parted, split nearly to the base, 4-8 times as
long as the petals, its segments linear-setaceous;
column very small; capsule ovoid.

In bogs, Ontario, New York and New Jersey to
Florida, Alabama and Louisiana. A third leaf is rarely
borne below the flowers.

GENUS 21. ORCHID FAMILY. 569

21. PERAMIUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 301. 1812.
[GoopyeErA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 197. 1813.]

Herbs with bracted erect scapes, the leaves basal, tufted, often blotched with white, the
roots thick fleshy fibers. Flowers in bracted spikes. Lateral sepals free, the upper one
united with the petals into a galea. Lip sessile, entire, roundish ovate, concave or saccate;
without callosities, its apex reflexed. Anther without a lid, erect or incumbent, attached to
the column by a short stalk; pollinia one in each sac, attached to a small disk which coheres
with the top of the stigma, composed of angular grains. [Greek, referring to the pouch-
like lip.]

About 25 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Peramium
répens (L.) Salisb.

Spike 1-sided or loosely spiral ; lip elongated.
Margin of the lip recurved or flaring.

Anther blunt; beak of stigma shorter than the body. . P. ophioides.

I
Anther acuminate ; beak of stigma as long as body or longer. 2. P. tesselatum.
3. P. decipiens,

Margin of the lip involute.
Spike dense, cylindric ; lip short-tipped.

1. Peramium ophidides ( Fernald) Rydb.
Lesser Rattlesnake Plantain. Fig. 1402.
Goodyera repens var. ophioides Fernald, Rhodora

1: 6. 1899.

P. ophioides Rydb. in Britton, Man. 302. i901.
Epipactis repens ophioides A, A, Eaton, Proc. Biol.

Soc. Wash, 21: 65. 1908.

Scape 5-10 high, glandular-pubescent, bear-
ing several small scales. Leaves ovate, the
blade 6-15” long, 4-8” wide, somewhat re-
ticulated or blotched with white, tapering into
a sheathing petiole; spike short, 1-sided;
flowers greenish white; perianth 11’-2” long;
galea concave, ovate, with a short spreading or
slightly recurved tip; lip saccate, with a nar-
row recurved or spreading apex; column very
short; anther 2-celled; pollinia not prolonged
into a caudicle.

In woods, Newfoundland to Yukon, South Caro-
lina, Michigan and Colorado. Ascends to 5000
ft. in Virginia. Creeping-root plant. White-
plantain. Squirrel-ear. P. repens (L.) Salisb.
is restricted to Europe and Asia. July—Aug.

2. Peramium tesselatum (Lodd.) Hel-
ler. Loddiges’ Rattlesnake Plantain.
Fig. 1403.
Goodyera tesselata Lodd. Bot. Cab. 10: pl. 952.
1824.

Epipactis tesselata A. A. Eaton, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. 21: 66. 1908.

P. tesselatum Heller, Cat. N. A. Pl. Ed. 2,4. 1900.

Scape 6-12" high, glandular-pubescent, scaly.
Leaves ovate, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
the blade 107-20” long, 4’-11” wide, bright
green, more or less conspicuously marked with
white, usually abruptly narrowed into the
sheathing petiole; spike 14-5’ long, loosely
spiral; flowers whitish, larger than those of
P. ophioides; perianth 2”-23” long; galea
broad, the tip recurved; lip slightly saccate at
the base, the long tip somewhat recurved;
column short.

Mostly in coniferous woods, Newfoundland to
Ontario, Pennsylvania and Michigan. July—Sept.

570 ORCHIDACEAE. Vor. I.

3. Peramium decipiens (Hook.) Piper. Menzies’ Rattlesnake Plantain.
Fig. 1404.

Spiranthes decipiens Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 203.

1839.

Goodyera Menziesii Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 492.
1840.

P. Menziesii Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 124.
1894.

P. decipiens Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11:
208. 1906, _

Epipactis decipiens Ames, Orchidaceae 2: 261.
1908.

Scape stout, 8-15’ high, glandular-pubescent.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 14’-23’ long, 8’-15”
wide, the blade acute at both ends, often with-
out white blotches or reticulations; spike not
1-sided; flowers greenish white; perianth 4/—
42” long; galea concave, ovate-lanceolate, the
tip long, usually recurved, lip swollen at the
base, with a long narrow recurved or spread-
ing apex; anther ovate, pointed, on the base of
the column, which is prolonged above the
stigma into a gland-bearing awl-shaped beak.

In woods, Quebec to British Columbia, New
Hampshire, Michigan, Arizona and California.

ug.

4. Peramium pubéscens ( Willd.) MacM.
Downy Rattlesnake Plantain. Net-
wort. Fig. 1405.

Neottia pubescens Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 76. 1805.

Goodyera pubescens R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2,
5: 198 1813.

Peramium pubescens MacM. Met. Minn. 172. 1892.

Epipactis pubescens A. A. Eaton, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash, 21: 65. 1908.

Scape 6’-20’ high, densely glandular-pubescent,
bearing 5-10 lanceolate scales. Leaves 17-2’ long,
8’-1’ wide, strongly white-reticulated, oval or
ovate; spike not 1-sided; flowers greenish white ;
perianth 23”-3” long; lateral sepals ovate; galea
ovate, its short tip usually not recurved; lip
strongly saccate with a short broad obtuse re-
curved or spreading tip.

In dry woods, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota,
south to Florida and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft.
in North Carolina. Adder’s-violet. Net-leaf or
spotted-plantain. Rattlesnake-leaf. Rattlesnake- or
scrofula-weed. Ratsbane. July—Aug.

22. MALAXIS Soland. Sw. Prodr. 119. 1788.

[AcHroAnTHES Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808]
[Microstytis Nutt. Gen. 2: 196. 1818.]

Low herbs, from a solid bulb, most species 1-leaved, and with 1-several scales at the base
of the stem. Flowers small, white or green, in a terminal raceme. Sepals spreading, separate,
the lateral ones equal at the base. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. Lip cordate or eared
at the base, embracing the column. Anther erect between the auricles, 2-celled; pollinia 4,
smooth and waxy, 2 in each sac, the pairs cohering at the summit, without caudicles or
glands. Capsule oval, sometimes nearly globose, beakless. [Greek, perhaps in allusion to the
soft tissues. ]

About 45 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, about 4 others occur in the
southern and western parts of North America. Type species: Malaxis spicata Sw.

Leaf sheathing the base of the stem. 1. A. monophylla.
Leaf clasping the stem near the middle. 2. A. unifolia.

GENUS 22. ORCHID FAMILY.

vue
~I
_

1. Malaxis monophylla (L.) Sw. White 4
Adder’s-mouth. Fig. 1406,

Ophrys monophylios L. Sp. Pl. 947. 1753. 5) 7

Malaxis monophyllos Sw. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl, 21: a
234. 1800. AY

Microstylis monophylla Lindl. Bot. Reg. pl. 1290. A a
1829, ie

Achroanthes monophylla Greene, Pittonia 2: 183.
1891.

Stem slender, 4’-6’ high, smooth, glabrous,
striate. Leaf sheathing the stem at its base, the
blade 1’-2’ long, 3-13’ wide; raceme 1’-3’ long,
narrow, 3°-5” thick; flowers whitish, about 1”
long; pedicels nearly erect, bracted, 1-2” long;
sepals acute; lip triangular or ovate, acuminate,
the lateral lobes obtuse; capsule oval, about 3”
long.

ol

In woods, Quebec to Manitoba, Pennsylvania and
Nebraska. July.

2. Malaxis unifolia Michx. Green
Adder’s-mouth. Fig. 1407.

M. unifolia Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. 2: 157. 1803.
Aeaone les unifolia Raf, Med, Rep. (II.) 5: 352.
Microstylis ophioglossoides Nutt. Gen. 2: 196,

1818,

Stem glabrous, striate, 4’-10’ high. Leaf
clasping the stem near the middle, oval or
nearly orbicular, 17-2)’ long, 10’-14’ wide;
raceme 17-3’ long, sometimes 1’ thick; flowers
greenish, about 1” long, the pedicels very slen-
der, spreading, 3’-5” long; sepals oblong; lip
broad, 3-toothed at the apex; capsule oval or
subglobose.

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to On-
tario and Manitoba, south to Florida, Alabama

and Missouri. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Caro-
lina, July.

Malaxis paludosa (L.) Sw. (Sturmia paludosa
Reichb.), a small species, with several basal leaves
and very small flowers, otherwise known only
from Europe and Asia, has been found in Otter
Tail County, Minnesota.

23. LIPARIS L. C. Richard, Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 43, 60. 1817.
[Lerr6ércuis Thouars, Nouy. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1: 317. Hyponym. 1800.]

Low herbs, with solid bulbs, the base of the stem sheathed by several scales and 2 broad
shining leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, spread-
ing, petals usually very narrow. Column elongated, incurved, thickened and margined above.
Pollinia 2 in each sac of the anther, smooth and waxy, the pairs slightly united, without stalk,
threads or glands. Lip nearly flat, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. [Greek, fat,
referring to the texture of the leaves.]

About 100 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions; only the following
known to occur in North America. Type species: Liparis Loeselii (Willd.) L. C. Rich.

The name Leptorchis, used for this genus in_our first edition, appears, after an examination
of its first publication, to be intended only as a French designation, not Latin.

Raceme many-flowered ; lip as long as the petals. 1. L. liliifolia,
Raceme few-flowered ; lip shorter than the petals. 2. L. Loeselii.

572 ORCHIDACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Liparis liliifolia (L.) L. C. Rich.
Large Twayblade. Fig. 1408.
Ophrys liliifolia L. Sp. Pl. 946. 175

Penang paces 3+
e=| Liparis liliifolia L. C. Rich.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. pl.
No 882, 1825.

ie Leptorchis liliifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen, Pl. 671.

1891.

Scape 4’-10’ high, 5-10-striate. Leaves ovate
or oval, 245’ long, 1-23’ wide, obtuse, keeled
below, the sheaths large and loose. Raceme
sometimes 6’ long; flowers numerous, showy;
sepals and petals somewhat reflexed; petals

/;
I)

very narrow or thread-like; lip erect, large,
5-6” long, about as long as the petals, wedge-
obovate; column 13” long, incurved, dilated at
the summit; pedicels slender, ascending or
spreading, 4’-8” long; capsule somewhat club-
shaped, abous 6” long, the pedicels thickened
in fruit.

In moist woods and thickets, Maine to Minne-

sota, Georgia and Missouri. <Ascends to 3000 ft.
in Virginia. May-July.

2. Liparis Loesélii (L.) L. C. Rich. Fen
Orchis. Loesel’s Twayblade. Fig. 1409.

Ophrys Loeselii L. Sp. Pl. 947. 1753.
Libaris Loeselii L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 60.
1817.
Leptorchis Loeselii MacM. Met. Minn. 173. 1892.
Scape 27-8’ high, strongly 5-7-ribbed. Leaves
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 2’-6’ long, 3’-2’ wide,
obtuse; raceme few-flowered; flowers greenish,
smaller than those of the preceding species, 2’—3”
long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, spreading; petals
linear, somewhat reflexed; lip obovate, pointed,
rather shorter than the petals and sepals, its tip in-
curved; column half as long as the lip or less; cap-
sule about 5” long, wing-angled, on a thickened
pedicel.

In wet thickets and on springy banks, Nova Scotia to
Saskatchewan, south to Alabama and Missouri. Also in
Europe. May-July.

24. CYTHEREA Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 301. 1812.
[CatYpso Salisb. Par. Lond. pl. 89. 1807. Not Thouars, 1805.]

Bog herb, with a solid bulb and coralloid roots, the low 1-flowered scape sheathed by 2
or 3 loose scales and a solitary petioled leaf at the base. Flower large, showy, terminal,
bracted. Sepals and petals similar, nearly equal. Lip large, saccate or swollen, 2-parted
below. Column dilated, petal-like, bearing the lid-like anther just below the summit. Pol-
linia 2, waxy, each 2-parted, without caudicles, sessile on a thick gland, the stigma at the
base. [Surname of Venus.]

A monotypic species of the cooler portions of the north temperate zone.

——e

GENUS 24. ORCHID FAMILY. 573

1. Cytheréa bulbosa (L.) House. Calypso.
Fig. 1410.

Cypripedium bulbosum L. Sp. Pl. 951. 1753.

Calypso borealis Salisb. Par. Lond. pl. 89. 1807.
Calypso bulbosa Oakes, Cat. Vermont Pl. 28. 1842.
Cytherea bulbosa House, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 382. 1905.

Bulb 5” in diameter or less. Scape 3'-6' high; leaf
round-ovate, 1-13’ long, nearly as wide, obtusely pointed
at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, the petiole
1-2’ long; flowers variegated, purple, pink and yellow,
the peduncle jointed; petals and sepals linear, erect or
spreading, 5-7” long, with 3 longitudinal purple lines;
lip large, saccate, 2-divided below, spreading or drooping,
with a patch of yellow woolly hairs; column erect, broadly
ovate, shorter than the petals; capsule about 4’ long, many-
nerved.

Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, Michigan, California,
and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in Europe.
Flower somewhat resembling that of a small Cypripedium.
May-June,

25. TIPULARIA Nutt. Gen. 2: 195. 1818.

Slender scapose herbs, with solid bulbs, several generations connected by offsets, the
flowers in a long loose terminal raceme. Leaf solitary, basal, unfolding long after the flow-
ering season (in autumn), usually after the scape has perished. Scape with several thin
sheathing scales at the base. Flowers green, nodding, bractless. Sepals and petals similar,
spreading. Lip 3-lobed, produced backwardly into a very long spur. Column erect, wing-
less or very narrowly winged. Anther terminal, operculate, 2-celled. Pollinia 4, ovoid,
waxy, 2 in each anther-sac, separate, affixed to a short stipe, which is glandular at the base.
[Latin, similar to Tipula, a genus of insects, in allusion to the form of the flower.]

Two known species, the following of eastern North America being the generic type, the other

Himalayan.
1. Tipularia unifolia (Muhl.) B.S.P. Cane-
fly Orchis. Fig. 1411.

Limodorum unifolium Muhl. Cat. 81. 1813.
Tipularia discolor Nutt. Gen. 2: 195. 1818,
Tipularia unifolia B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 51. 1888.

Scape glabrous, 15’-20’ high, from a hard, often
irregular solid bulb or corm. Leaf arising in
autumn from a fresh lateral corm, ovate, 2’-3’ long,
dark green, frequently surviving through the winter,
1’-2’ wide. Raceme 5’-10’ long, very loose; flowers
green, tinged with purple; pedicels filiform, bract-
less, 4-6” long; sepals and petals 3-4” long, nar-
row; lip shorter than the petals or equalling them,
3-lobed, the middle lobe narrow, prolonged, dilated
at the apex, the lateral lobes short, triangular; spur
very slender, straight or curved, often twice as long
as the flower; column narrow, erect, shorter than the
petals, the beak minutely pubescent; capsule ellip-
soid, 6-ribbed, about 6” long.

In woods, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Florida,

Kentucky, Arkansas and Louisiana. Reported from Ver-
mont and Michigan. Tallow-root. July-Aug.

26. APLECTRUM Nutt. Gen. 2: 197. 1818.

Scapose herbs, from a corm, produced from the one of the previous season by an offset,
sometimes with coralloid fibres, the scape clothed with several sheathing scales. Leaf soli-
tary, basal; developed in autumn or late summer, broad, petioled. Flowers in terminal
racemes, the pedicels subtended by small bracts. Petals and sepals similar, narrow. Lip
clawed, somewhat 3-ridged; spur none. Column free, the anther borne a little below its
summit. Pollinia 4, lens-shaped, oblique. [Greek, meaning without a spur.]

A monotypic North American genus.

574 ORCHIDACEAE, Vor. I.

1. Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torr.
Adam-and-Eve. Putty-root. Fig. 1412.

Arethusa spicata Walt. Fl. Car. 222. 1788.

Cymbidium hyemale Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 107.
1805.

Aplectrum hyemale Torr. Compend. 322. 1826.

Aplectrum spicatum B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 51. 1888,
Not Arethusa spicata Walt.

A, Shortii Rydb, in Britton, Man, 305. 1901.

Scape glabrous, 1°-2° high, bearing about 3
scales. Leaf arising from the corm, at the side
of the scape, elliptic or ovate, 4-6’ long, 4-3’
wide, usually lasting over winter; raceme 2’—4’
long, loosely several-flowered; flowers dull yel-
lowish brown mixed with purple, about 1’ long,
short-pedicelled; sepals and petals linear-lanceo-
late, about 2’ long; lip shorter than the petals,
obtuse, somewhat 3-lobed and undulate; column
slightly curved, shorter than the lip; capsule
oblong-ovoid, angled, about 10” long.

i)
'
Taw \, ~i In woods and swamps, Ontario to Saskatchewan
Sy 7 ss Z| and Oregon, south to Georgia, Missouri and Cali-
— J Nv(| fornia. Several old corms usually remain attached

to the latest one. May—June.

27. CORALLORRHIZA (Haller) Chatelain, Spec. Inaug. 8. 1760.

Scapose, yellowish or purplish herbs, saprophytes or root-parasites, with large masses of
coralloid branching rootstocks, the leaves all reduced to sheathing scales. Flowers in
terminal racemes. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones united at the base with the foot of
the column, forming a short spur or gibbous protuberance, the other one free, the spur
adnate to the summit of the ovary. Petals about as long as the sepals, I-3-nerved. Lip
1-3-ridged. Column nearly free, slightly incurved, somewhat 2-winged. Anther terminal,
operculate. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs, oblique, free, soft-waxy. [Greek, from the coral-like roots.]

About 15 species, widely distributed in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some
4 others occur in southern and western North America. Type species: Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain,

Lip 3-lobed.
Lateral lobes of lip very small; spur a small protuberance. 1. C. Corallorrhiza,
Lateral lobes of lip large ; spur prominent. 2. C. maculata,
Lip not lobed, entire, notched or undulate.
Perianth 3”—6” long ; spur evident, sometimes small.
Lip long-clawed, notched. 3. C. Wisteriana.
Lip short-clawed or sessile, not notched.

Perianth about 2” long; lip spotted. . C. odontorrhiza,

4
Perianth 5”—6” long; lip not spotted. 5. C. ochroleuca,
6. C. striata.

Perianth 8’—9” long; no spur.

1. Corallorrhiza Corallorrhiza (L.) Karst.
Early Coral-root. Fig. 1413.
Ophrys Corallorrhiza L. Sp. Pl. 945. 1753+
C. trifida Chatelain, Spec. Inaug. 8. 1760.
C. Neottia Scop. Fl. Carn, Ed. 2,2: 207. 1772.
C. innata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 5: 209. 1813.
C. Corallorrhiza Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 448. 1880-83.

Scape glabrous, 4’-12’ high, clothed with 2-5
closely sheathing scales. Raceme 1’-3’ long, 3-12-
flowered; flowers mainly dull purple, on very short
minutely bracted pedicels; sepals and petals narrow,
about 3” long; lip shorter than the petals, oblong,
whitish, 2-toothed or 2-lobed above the base; spur,
a sac or small protuberance adnate to the summit
of the ovary; capsule 4”’-6” long, oblong or some-
what obovoid.

In woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New
Jersey, in the mountains to Georgia, and to Ohio, Ne-
braska and Colorado. Ascends to 3000 ft, in Vermont.
Also in Europe. May-June.

GENUS 27. ORCHID FAMILY. 575

2. Corallorrhiza maculata Raf. Large
Coral-root. Fig. 1414.

C. maculata Raf, Am. Month. Mag. 2: 119. 1817.
Corallorrhiza multiflora Nutt. Journ, Acad. Phila. 3:

138. pl. 7. 1823.

Scape 8-20’ high, purplish, clothed with sev-
eral appressed scales. Raceme 2-8’ long, io-
30-flowered; flowers mainly brownish purple,
short-pedicelled; sepals and petals somewhat
connivent at the base, linear-lanceolate, about 3”
long; lip white, spotted and lined with crimson,
oval or ovate in outline, deeply 3-lobed, crenulate,
bearing two narrow lamellae, the middle lobe
broader than the lateral ones, its apex curved;
spur manifest, yellowish; capsule ovoid or ob-
long, 5-8” long, drooping.

In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south
to Florida, Missouri, New Mexico and California.
A race with yellow scapes and flowers occurs occa-
sionally. Dragon’s-claws. July—Sept.

3. Corallorrhiza Wisteriana Conrad. Wis-
ter’s Coral-root. Fig. 1415.
C. Wisteriana Conrad, Journ, Acad. Phila. 6: 145. 1829.
Stem slender, but sometimes stouter than that of the
preceding species, 8’-16’ high, bearing several sheath-
ing scales. Raceme 2’-5’ long, loose, 6-16-flowered;
flowers slender-pedicelled, ascending or erect; sepals
and petals 24’-34” long; lip broadly oval or obovate,
3°-4” long, abruptly clawed, white with crimson
spots, crenulate, notched at the apex; lamellae, 2
short prominent ridges; spur, a somewhat conspicu-
ous protuberance adnate to the top of the ovary;
column strongly 2-winged toward the base; capsule
elliptic-oblong or oblong-obovoid, about 5” long,
drooping when ripe.

In woods, New England ; Pennsylvania to Ohio, Florida
and Texas. Feb.—May.

4. Corallorrhiza odontorhiza ( Willd.)
Nutt. Small or Late Coral-root.
Fig. 1416.

Cymbidium odontorrhizon Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 110. 1805.

Corallorrhiza odontorrhiza Nutt. Gen. 2: 197. 1818.

Scape slender, purplish, 6-15’ high. Raceme
2’-4’ long, 6-20-flowered; flowers mainly pur-
plish; sepals and petals lanceolate, 2” long or less,
marked with purple lines; lip about as long as
the petals, broadly oval or obovate, entire or
denticulate, narrowed at the base, not notched,
whitish, spotted with purple; spur, a small sac
adnate to the top of the ovary; wings of the
column very narrow.

In woods, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Florida |
and Missouri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in North Caro- >
lina. Turkey-claw. Dragon’s-claw. Crawley-root.

July-Sept.

ORCHIDACEAE. Vor. I:

5. Corallorrhiza ochroletuca Rydb. Yel-
low Coral-root. Fig. 1417.

Corallorrhiza ochroleuca Rydb, Bull. Torr, Club 31:
402. 1904.

Scape stout, yellow, 7-16’ high. Raceme 3’-5’
long, 10-15-flowered; flowers yellow; sepals and
petals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5’-6” long,
not striped; lip yellow, shorter than the petals,
ovate, entire, rounded at the base, obtuse; spur
small, adnate to the ovary; wings of the column
narrow.

In canons, western Nebraska and Colorado. June-
July.

6. Corallorrhiza striata Lindl. Striped Coral-
root. Fig. 1418.

C. striata Lindl, Gen. & Sp. Orch. 534. 1840.

Corallorrhiza Macraei A. Gray, Man, Ed. 2, 453. 1856.

Scape stout, purplish, 8—20’ high. Raceme 2-6’
long, 10-25-flowered. Flowers dark purple; sepals
and petals narrowly elliptic, striped with deeper
purple lines, 6-7” long, spreading; lip oval or
obovate, striate-veined, entire or a little undulate,
somewhat narrowed at the base, about as long as
the petals, bearing two short lamellae; spur none,
but the perianth has a gibbous saccate base; cap-
sule ellipsoid, reflexed, 8’—-10” long.

k=

In woods, Ontario and northern New York to Michi-
gan, Oregon and California. July.

28. HEXALECTRIS Raf. Neog. 4. 1825.

Scapose herbs, from thick scaly rootstocks and fleshy coralloid roots, the leaves reduced
to purplish scales, sheathing the scape. Flowers bracted in a loose terminal raceme. Peri-
anth not gibbous or spurred at the base, the petals and sepals similar, nerved, spreading.
Lip obovate, with several crested ridges down the middle, somewhat 3-lobed, the middle
lobe a little concave. Column free, thick, slightly incurved. Pollinia 8, united in a cluster.
Capsule ellipsoid, the fruiting pedicels thick. [Greek, signifying six crests.]

Two known species, the following typical one and another in Mexico.

Genus 28. ORCHID FAMILY. 577

1. Hexalectris spicata ( Nutt.) Barnhart.
Crested Coral-root. Fig. 1419.
Arethusa spicata Walt. Fl, Car. 222. 1788.
Bletia aphylia Nutt. Gen, 2: 194. 1818.
Hewxalectris squamosus Raf. Fl. Tell. 4: 48. 1836.
H. aphyllus Raf.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 501. 1890.
H. spicata Barnhart, Torreya 4: 121. 1904.

Scape stout, 820’ high, its upper scales lanceolate,
the lower sheathing and truncate or acute. Raceme
4-7 long, 8-12-flowered; flowers large, brownish
purple, 1’ high or more; pedicels short, stout; sepals
and petals narrowly elliptic, obtuse or acutish,
spreading, striped with purple veins, 6-9” long,
longer than the broad lip; middle lobe of the lip
rounded or crenulate, the lateral ones shorter,
rounded; column slightly spreading at the summit,
shorter than the lip; capsule ellipsoid, nearly 1’ long,
the fruiting pedicels 4’—5” long.

In rich woods, North Carolina to Kentucky, Missouri,
Florida, Mississippi and Texas. Aug.

Sub-class 1. DICOTYLEDONES.

Embryo of the seed with two cotyledons (in a few genera one only, as in
Cyclamen, Pinguicula and some species of Ranunculaceae and Capnoides), the
first leaves of the germinating plantlet opposite. Stem exogenous, of pith, wood
and bark (endogenous in structure in Nymphaeaceae), the wood in one or more
layers surrounding the pith, traversed by medullary rays and covered by the bark.
Leaves usually pinnately or palmately veined, the veinlets forming a network.
Parts of the flower rarely in 3’s or 6's.

Dicotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Cretaceous time. They constitute between
two-thirds and three-fourths of the living angiospermous flora.

Series 1. Choripetalae.
Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting.

The series is also known as Archichlamideae, and comprises most of the families formerly
grouped under Apetalae (without petals) and Polypetalae (with separate petals). Exceptions to
the typical feature of separate petals are found in the Leguminosae, in which the two lower petals
are more or less united; in the Fumariaceae, where the two inner petals or all four of them are
sometimes coherent; the Polygalaceae, in which the three petals are united with each other, and
a the stamens; O-valis in Geraniaceae; and Ilicaceae, whose petals are sometimes joined at
the base.

Family 1. SAURURACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 184. 1836.
Lizarp’s-TAIL FAMILY.

Perennial herbs with broad entire alternate petioled leaves, and small perfect
incomplete bracteolate flowers, in peduncled spikes. Perianth none. Stamens
6-8, or sometimes fewer, hypogynous; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovary 3-4-carpelled, the carpels distinct or united, 1-2-ovuled; ovules
orthotropous. Fruit capsular or berry-like, composed of 3-4 mostly indehiscent
carpels. Seeds globose or ovoid, the testa membranaceous. Endosperm copious,
mealy. Embryo minute, cordate, borne in a small sac near the end of the
endosperm. :

Three genera and 4 species, natives of North America and Asia. The family differs from the
Piperaceae in having more than one carpel to the ovary. It is represented in North America by the
following and by Anemépsis, occurring in California and Arizona.

1. SAURURUS L. Sp. Pl. 341. 1753.

Marsh herbs, with slender rootstocks, jointed stems and cordate leaves, their petioles
sheathing the stem at the nodes, and small white flowers, in 1 or 2 dense elongated spikes
opposite the leaves. Bractlets adnate to the flowers or to their minute pedicels. Stamens
6-8. Filaments filiform, distinct. Carpels united at the base. Styles as many as the car-

37

578 SAURURACEAE. Vo. I.

pels, recurved, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit rugose, depressed-globose, separating
into 3 or 4 one-seeded carpels. [Name Greek, lizard’s tail, alluding to the long slender spike. |

Two species, the following typical one of eastern North America, the other of eastern Asia.

I. Saururus cérnuus L. Lizard’s-tail.
Fig. 1420.
Saururus cernuus L. Sp. Pl. 341. 1753.

Somewhat pubescent when young, becoming
glabrous; stem rather slender, erect, sparingly
branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves ovate, thin, pal-
mately 5-9-ribbed and with a pair of strong ribs
above, which run nearly to the apex, dark green,
entire, deeply cordate at the base, acuminate,
3-6’ long, 2-33’ wide; petioles stout, shorter
than the blades, striate; spikes few, very dense,
longer than their peduncles, 4-6’ long, the apex
drooping in flower; flowers fragrant; stamens
white, spreading, about 2” long; fruit slightly
fleshy, 13” in diameter, strongly wrinkled when
dry.

In swamps and shallow water, Rhode Island to
Florida, west to southern Ontario, Minnesota and
Texas. Swamp-lily. Breast-weed. June—Aug.

Family 2. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 180. 1836.
WaALNuT FAmILy.

Trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves, and monoecious bracteolate
flowers, the staminate in long drooping aments; the pistillate solitary or several
together. Staminate flowers consisting of 3-numerous stamens with or without
an irregularly lobed perianth adnate to the bractlet, very rarely with a rudimentary
ovary. Anthers erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent; filaments short.
Pistillate flowers bracted and usually 2-bracteolate, with a 3-5-lobed (normally
4-lobed) calyx or with both calyx and petals, and an inferior 1-celled or incom-
pletely 2-4-celled ovary. Ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous; styles 2, stigmatic
on the inner surface. Fruit in our genera a drupe with indehiscent or dehiscent,
fibrous or woody exocarp (husk; ripened calyx; also regarded as an involucre),
large, 2-4-lobed. Endosperm none. Cotyledons corrugated, very oily. Radicle
enclosing the bony endocarp or nut which is incompletely 2-4-celled. Seed
minute, superior.

Six genera and about 35 species, mostly of the warmer parts of the north temperate zone,
extending in America south along the Andes to Bolivia. The young leaves in the bud are stipulate
in at least two species of Hicoria. The family is not closely related to the other ament-bearing
ones; its affinity is with the Anacardiaceae.

Husk indehiscent ; nut rugose. 1. Juglans.
Husk at length splitting into segments ; nut smooth or angled. 2. Hicoria.

1. JUGLANS L. Sp. Pl. 997. 1753.

Trees with spreading branches, superposed buds, fragrant bark, and odd-pinnate leaves,
with nearly or quite sessile leaflets, the terminal one sometimes early perishing. Staminate
flowers in drooping cylindric aments, borne on the twigs of the previous year; perianth 2-6-
lobed; stamens 8-40 in 2 or more series. Pistillate flowers solitary or several together on a
terminal peduncle at the end of shoots of the season, the calyx 4-lobed, with 4 small petals
adnate to the ovary at the sinuses; styles fimbriate, very short. Drupe large, globose or
ovoid, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, fibrous, indehiscent, the endocarp bony, rugose or
sculptured, 2-4-celled at the base, indehiscent, or in decay separating into 2 valves. [Name
a contraction of the Latin Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.]

About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone, one in the West Indies, 1 or 2 in the

Andes of South America. Besides the following 3 others occur in the southwestern United States.
Type species: Juglans regia L.

Fruit globose, obtuse, not viscid; petioles puberulent.

1 D ot V j 1. J. nigra.
Fruit oblong, pointed, viscid ; petioles pubescent. Ne

cinerea,

GENUS I. WALNUT FAMILY.

1. Juglans nigraL. Black Walnut. Fig. 1421. 4%
Juglans nigra L. Sp. Pl. 997. 1753.

A large forest tree with rough brown bark,¥@
maximum height about 150°, trunk diameter 8°,#
the twigs of the season and petioles puberulent, thet
older twigs glabrous or very nearly so. Leaflets %
13-23, ovate-lanceolate, more or less inequilateral,
acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the
base, serrate with low teeth, glabrous or very nearly ae
so above, pubescent beneath, 3’-5’ long, 1-2’ wide; &
staminate aments solitary in the axils of leaf-scars
solitary or 2 together, globose or a little longer than ¢
thick, 14-3’ in diameter, glabrous but papillose, not
viscid; nut corrugated, slightly compressed, 4-celled
at the base and apex.

ie
Mice

Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Wood strong, &Y
hard, rich brown; weight per cubic foot 38 lbs. April—
May. Fruit ripe Oct.—Nov.

2. Juglans cinérea L. Butternut. White or
Lemon Walnut. Oil-nut. Fig. 1422.
Juglans cinerea L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1415. 1763.

A forest tree, resembling the Black Walnut, but
smaller, rarely over 100° high and 3° in trunk diameter,
the bark gray, smoother, the twigs, petioles and leaflets
viscid-pubescent, at least when young. Leaflets 11-19,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, scarcely inequi-
lateral, obtuse, rounded or truncate at the base, serrate
with low teeth; drupes racemed, oblong, densely viscid-
pubescent, 2-3" long and about one-half as_ thick,
pointed; nut 4-ribbed, deeply sculptured, and with sharp
longitudinal ridges, firmly adherent to the husk, 2-
celled at the base.

In rich or rocky woods. New Brunswick and Ontario to
North Dakota, south to Delaware, in the Alleghanies to
Georgia, and to Mississippi, Arkansas and Kansas. Ascends
to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Wood soft, rather weak, light
brown; weight per cubic foot 25 lbs. April-May. Fruit
ripe Oct.-Nov.

2. HICORIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808.
[Carya Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818.]
Trees, with close or shaggy bark, odd-pinnate leaves and serrate or serrulate leaflets.

Staminate flowers in slender drooping aments, borne mostly in 3’s on a common peduncle at

the base of the shoots of the season, or clustered and sessile or nearly so in the axils of leaf-
scars at the summit of twigs of the preceding year; calyx adnate to the bract, 2-3-lobed or
2-3-cleft; stamens 3-10; filaments short. Pistillate flowers 2-6, together on a terminal pedun-
cle; bract fugacious or none; calyx 4-toothed; petals none; style 2 or 4, papillose or fimbri-
ate, short. Fruit subglobose, oblong or obovoid, the husk separating more or less com-
pletely into 4 valves; nut bony, smooth or angled, incompletely 2-4-celled; seed sweet and
delicious or very bitter and astringent. [From the aboriginal name Hicori.]
About 15 species of eastern North America, one in Mexico. Type species: Juglans alba L.

Bud-scales few, valvate; lateral leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, falcate.

Nut not compressed or angled ; seed sweet. : 1, H. Pecan.

Nut somewhat compressed or angled; seed intensely bitter.
Leaflets 5-9; nut smooth. 2. H. cordiformis,
Leaflets 9-13 ; nut angled. 3. H. aquatica,

Bud-scales imbricate ; lateral leaflets not falcate. s :
Husk of the fruit freely splitting to the base; bract of the staminate calyx at least twice as

long as the lobes.

5So JUGLANDACEAE. Vo. I.

Bark shaggy, separating in long plates; foliage glabrous or puberulent,
Leaflets 3-5 (rarely 7) ; nut rounded at the base, 6’—10” long,

Leaflets oval to oblong-lanceolate, puberulent. 4. H. ovata
Leaflets lanceolate, glabrous or glaucous beneath. Gb leh carolinae-
Leaflets 7-9 ; nut usually pointed at both ends, 1-114’ long. 6. Pena:
Bark close, rough ; foliage very pubescent and fragrant. F
Rachis of the leaves and staminate catkins densely hirsute. 7. H.alba.
Rachis and staminate aments scurfy, at least when young. 8. H. pallida.
Husk of fruit not freely splitting to the base; bract of the staminate calyx about as long as the
lobes.
Fruit nearly globular; nut thin-shelled ; bark shaggy, at least when old,
Fruit little flattened ; bract of staminate calyx short. 9. H. microcarpa.
Fruit much flattened ; bract of staminate calyx long. 10. H. borealis.
Fruit obovoid; nut thick-shelled ; bark close.
Foliage glabrous, or little pubescent ; anther-sacs acute. 11. H. glabra.
Foliage pubescent or scurfy ; anther-sacs obtuse. 12. H. villosa,

1. Hicoria Pécan (Marsh) Britton. Pecan. Illinois Nut. Soft-shell Hickory.
Fig. 1423.

Juglans Pecan Marsh, Arb. Am, 69. 1785.

Carya olivaeformis Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818.

Hicoria Pecan Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 282, 1888.

A large slender tree, with somewhat roughened bark,
maximum height of 170° and trunk diameter 6°. Young
twigs and leaves pubescent; mature foliage nearly gla-
brous; bud-scales few, small, valvate; leaflets 11-15, fal-
cate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, short-stalked,
inequilateral, acuminate, 4’-7’ long; staminate aments sessile
or nearly so in the axils of leaf-scars near the end of twigs
of the preceding season or sometimes on the young shoots,

than the broadly oblong lateral lobes; fruit oblong-cylindric,
§ 14/23’ long; husk thin, 4-valved; nut smooth, oblong, thin-
shelled, pointed, 2-celled at base, dissepiments thin, very
astringent; seed delicious.

In moist soil, especially along streams, Indiana to Iowa and

Kansas, south to Alabama and Texas. Wood hard, brittle, light
brown; weight 45 lbs. April-May. Fruit ripe Sept.—Oct.

Juglans alba minima Marsh. Arb. Am. 68. 1785.

Juglans cordiformis Wang. Nordam. Holz. 25, pl. ro, f. 25.
1787.

Carya amara Nutt. Gen. 2: 222. 1818.

Hicoria minima Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 284. 1888.

Hicoria cordiformis Britton, N. A. Trees 228. 1908.

A slender tree, sometimes 100° high, with trunk 3°
in diameter, the bark close and rough. Bud-scales 6-8,
small, valvate, caducous, young foliage puberulent,
becoming nearly glabrous; leaflets 7-9, sessile, long-
acuminate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3’-6’ long,
4’-13’ wide, the lateral ones falcate; staminate aments
slightly pubescent, peduncled in 3’s at the bases of
shoots of the season or sometimes on twigs of the pre-
vious year; lobes of the staminate calyx about equal,
the bract narrower; fruit subglobose, narrowly 6-ridged
1-13’ in diameter; husk thin, tardily 4-valved; nut little
compressed, not angled, short-pointed, 9’—-12” long, thin-
shelled; seed very bitter.

In moist woods and swamps, Quebec to southern Ontario,
Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Wood hard and strong, dark
brown; weight per cubic foot 47 Ibs. Bitter pignut. Bitter or pig-hickory, May-June. Fruit
Tipe Sept.—Oct.

5-6’ long; bract of the staminate calyx linear, much longer

GENUS I. WALNUT FAMILY.

\

<

3. Hicoria aquatica (Michx. f.) Britton, Water \\\
or Swamp Hickory. Fig. 1425. WY

ANY
AY
WY

Jugtans aquatica Michx. f. Hist. Arb, Am. 1: 182. pl. 5. 1810.
Carya aquatica Nutt. Gen, 2: 222. 1818,
Hicoria aquatica Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 284. 1888.

A swamp tree, attaining a maximum height of about 100°

and a trunk diameter of 3°, the bark close, the young
foliage pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous when mature.
Leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, or the terminal one oblong, long-
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3’-5’ long,
3’-1’ wide, the lateral strongly falcate; staminate aments
and calyx as in the preceding species; fruit oblong, ridged,
1-13’ long, pointed; husk thin, tardily splitting; nut oblong,
thin-shelled, angular; seed bitter.

In wet woods and swamps, Virginia to Florida, west to
Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. Wood soft, strong,
dense, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 46 lbs. Bitter pecan.
Water-bitternut. March-April. Fruit ripe Sept.—Oct.

4. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton. Shag-bark. Shell-bark Hickory. Fig. 1426.
Juglans ovata Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 6. 1768.

Carya alba Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818. Not Juglans alba L.
Hicoria ovata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 283. 1888.

A large tree, sometimes 120° high, with a trunk di-
ameter of 4°; bark shaggy in narrow plates; young
twigs and leaves puberulent, becoming glabrous. Leaf-
lets 5, or sometimes 7, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or the
upper obovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the
sessile base, 4’-6’ long, those of young plants much
larger, bud-scales 8-10, imbricated, the inner becoming
very large and tardily deciduous; staminate aments in
3's, on slender peduncles at the bases of shoots of the
season; bract of the staminate calyx linear, longer than
A the lateral lobes; fruit subglobose, 13-23’ long; husk
thick, soon splitting into 4 valves; nut white, somewhat
compressed, 4-celled at the base, 2-celled (rarely 3-
celled) above, pointed, angled, thin-shelled; seed sweet.

In rich soil, Quebec to southern Ontario and Minnesota,
south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood strong and
tough, light brown; weight per cubic foot 52 lbs. Walnut.
Sweet or white walnut. King-nut. Upland or white
hickory. Red-heart hickory. May. Fruit ripe Sept.—Nov.

5. Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis
Ashe. Southern Shag-bark. Fig. 1427.

Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe, Notes on
Hickories. 1896.

A small tree attaining a maximum height of
about 80°, and diameter of 24°, with gray bark
hanging in long loose strips. Bud-scales 8-10,
imbricated, the inner greatly enlarging in leaf-
ing, and tardily deciduous; terminal bud ovate-
lanceolate, truncate, the scales spreading, barely
3X’ long; lateral buds oblong; twigs very slen-
der, &# thick, glaucous, smooth, purplish-
brown; staminate aments in threes, glabrous
on short, peduncles, at base of shoots of the
season; stamens glabrous; ovary glabrous;
young foliage blackening in drying, glabrous,
ciliate, with few resinous globules ; leaflets 3-5,
the 2 upper ?’-11’ wide, 4-6’ long, lanceolate;
lower pair often smaller; fruit subglobose, ?’-
1?’ long; husk soon falling into 4 pieces; nut
white or brownish, much compressed, angled,
cordate or subcordate at top, thin-shelled; seed
large and sweet.

Sandy or rocky woods, rarely entering “ bot-
toms,” Delaware to Georgia and Tennessee.

582 JUGLANDACEAE. Vor. I.

6. Hicoria laciniosa (Michx.f.) Sarg. Big Shag-bark. King-nut. Fig. 1428.

v “dl Carya sulcata Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818. Not Juglans sulcata
ip: Willd. 1796.

Juglans laciniosa Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 1: 199. pl. 8. 1810.
Hicoria sulcata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 283. 1888.
Hicoria laciniosa Sarg. Mem. Torr. Club 5: 354. 1894.

A large tree, reaching about the size of the preceding
species, the bark separating in long narrow plates, the
young foliage densely puberulent, the mature leaves some-
what so beneath. Leatlets 7-9 (rarely 5), acute or acumi-
nate, oblong-lanceolate or the upper obovate, sometimes
8 long by 5’ wide; staminate aments peduncled in 3's at
the base of shoots of the season; bract of the staminate
calyx linear, twice as long as the lateral lobes; fruit ob-
long, 2’-3’ long; husk thick, soon splitting to the base;
nut oblong, somewhat compressed, thick-shelled, pointed
at both ends, yellowish-white; seed sweet.

4

In rich soil, New York and Pennsylvania to Indiana, Iowa, 4

Tennessee, Kansas and Oklahoma. Wood strong, tough, id
darker than the preceding; weight 50 Ibs. per cubic foot. May,

Western or thick shell-bark. Fruit ripe Sept.—Oct. A
p

7. Hicoria alba (L.) Britton. White-heart Hickory. Mocker-nut. Fig. 1429.

Juglans alba L. Sp. Pl. 997. 1753. Rx Z ,
Juglans tomentosa Lam. Encycl. 4: 504. 1797- CS es i
Carya tomentosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818. f
Hicoria alba Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 283. 1888.

A large tree, maximum height 100°, and trunk
diameter 34°, the foliage and twigs persistently tomen-
tose-pubescent, fragrant when crushed, the bark rough
and close; bud-scales very large, imbricated; leaflets
7-9, oblong-lanceolate or the upper oblanceolate or
obovate, sessile, long-acuminate, narrowed or rounded
and somewhat inequilateral at the base; staminate
aments peduncled in 3’s, tomentose; bract of the stami-
nate calyx linear, much longer than the lateral lobes;
fruit globose or oblong-globose, 14-33’ long; husk
thick, freely splitting to the base; nut grayish-white,
angled, pointed at the summit, little compressed, thick-
shelled, 4-celled at the base; seed sweet.

In rich soil, eastern Massachusetts to southern Ontario,
Illinois and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. As-
cends to 3500 ft, in Virginia. Wood very hard and tough,
dark brown; weight per cubic foot 51 Ibs. Fragrant
or hard-bark hickory. King-nut. Bull-nut. White-bark,
black or red hickory. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct.—Nov.

8. Hicoria pallida Ashe. Pale Hickory.
Fig. 1430. }
}

Hicoria pallida Ashe, Notes on Hickories. 1896. ,

A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of
nearly 100°, with a trunk up to 3° in diameter, :
the bark rough and furrowed. Bud-scales 5-0, Md
imbricated; leaves scurfy, at least when young; ;
leaflets 7-0, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-6’
long, acuminate; staminate catkins scurfy, 33’-8’ HM
long; bract of the staminate flower longer than 4
the lateral lobes; fruit subglobose to obovoid, ‘
the rather thin husk splitting tardily into 4 valves;
nut flattened, nearly white, rather thin-shelled; ;

seed sweet. ty
Dry soil, Virginia and Tennessee to Florida and a
Alabama. April-May. ‘ f
I

x

i.

GENUS 2. ; WALNUT FAMILY. 583

g. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. Small-fruited Hickory. Fig. 1431.

Juglans alba odorata Marsh, Arb. Am, 68. 1785.

Carya microcarpa Nutt. Gen. 2: 221. 1818.

H, microcarpa Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 283. 1888.
H. glabra var. odorata Sarg. Silva 7: 167. pl. 354. 1895.

A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about
go° and a trunk diameter of 33°, the bark close, when
older separating in narrow plates, the foliage glabrous
throughout. Bud-scales 6-8, imbricated, the inner ones
somewhat enlarging; leaflets 5-7, oblong, or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrow ed or some-
times rounded at the base, 33’ —5’ long; staminate aments
glabrous, peduncled in 3’s at the base of shoots of the
season; bract of the staminate calyx equalling or some-
what longer than the lateral lobes; fruit globose or
globose-oblong, less than 1’ long, the husk thin, tardily
and incompletely splitting to the base; nut subglobose,
nearly white, slightly compressed, not angled, thin-
shelled, pointed; seed sweet.

In rich woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, Virginia,
Georgia, Illinois and Missouri. Wood hard, strong, tough,
light brown. Small or little pignut. Little shag-bark.
May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.—Oct.

to. Hicoria borealis Ashe. Northern Hickory. Fig. 1432.
Hicoria borealis Ashe, Notes on Hickories. 1896.

A small tree, with rough furrowed bark when
young, becoming shaggy in long narrow strips with
age. Bud-scales 8-10, imbricated, the inner bright-
colored and sericeous, enlarging in leafing and
tardily deciduous; terminal bud ovate-lanceolate, 3’
long; twigs very slender, &’ thick, glabrous, bright
brownish red; staminate aments in 3’s at base of
shoots of season; bract of staminate calyx much pro-
longed; young foliage blackening in drying, pubes-
cent when young, becoming smooth, ciliate, with few

{ P < LEO resinous globules on lower surface; leaflets 5, occa-
ae sionally 3, lanceolate, the upper 3-11’ wide, 33’-6’
~ ' long; lower pair often smaller; fruit ovoid, much

i flattened, ¥ or more long; husk very thin, rugose,
coriaceous, usually not splitting; nut white, some-
what angled; shell thin and elastic; seed large, sweet
and edible.

A small tree of dry uplands, growing with oaks and
= PR Ke Hicoria microcarpa of which it is, perhaps, a northern
3 B + race. Southern and eastern Michigan, east to Belle Isle,
VA limes Detroit river.

11. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Pig-nut Hickory. Fig. 1433.
~y

Juglans glabra Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 5. 1768.
Carya porcina Nutt. Gen. 2: 222, 1818.

Hicoria glabra Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 284. 1888.
H, glabra hirsuta Ashe, Notes on Hickories. 1896.

A tree, sometimes 120° high and with a trunk diam-
eter of 5°, bark close, rough; foliage glabrous, or some-
what pubescent. Bud-scales 8-10, imbricated, the inner
ones enlarging; leaflets 3-7, rarely 9, oblong, oblong-
lanceolate or the upper obovate, sessile, acuminate at
the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 3-6’ long, in
young plants much larger; staminate aments glabrous,
peduncled in 3’s; lobes of the staminate calyx about
equal in length, the bract narrower; fruit obovoid or
obovoid-oblong, 14’-2’ long; husk thin, the valves very
tardily dehiscent; nut brown, angled, pointed, very
thick-shelled; seed astringent and bitter, not edible.

In dry or moist woods, Maine to southern Ontario and
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard,
strong, tough, rather dark brown; weight per cubic foot
51 lbs. Brown, red, white or black hickory. Broom-
hickory. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct.—Nov.

JUGLANDACEAE. Vor. I.

12. Hicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe. Scurfy
Hickory. Woolly Pignut. Fig. 1434.
H, glabra var. villosa Sarg. Sylva 7: 167. 1895.
H, villosa Ashe, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 11, 530. 1897.
A small or medium sized tree reaching a maxi-
mum height of about 80°, and a diameter of 2°,
with deeply furrowed dark gray bark. Buds of
6-8 imbricated scales, the outer usually thickly
dotted with resinous globules, the inner some-
what enlarging in leafing; terminal bud ovate,
4 long, lateral buds mostly short-stiped; stami-
nate aments pubescent, and gland and scurf
covered, peduncled in 3’s at base of shoots of the
season; twigs slender, 3’ thick or less, usually
glabrous, bright purple-brown; petiole pubescent;
leaflets 5-9, at first thickly covered beneath with
silvery peltate glands, mixed with resinous glob-
ules, generally pubescent; fruit about 1’ long,
obovoid or subglobose, the husk dotted with
resinous globules, 8’ thick and partly splitting;
nut thick-shelled, angled; seed small, but sweet.

Sandy or rocky soils, Delaware to Georgia and
Missouri. Wood hard, dark brown; weight per
cubic foot 50 lbs. Perhaps a race of the preceding.

Family 3. MYRICACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 95. 1829.
BAYBERRY FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees with alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic simple leaves
and small monoecious or dioecious flowers, in linear, oblong or globular bracted
aments. Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts. Perianth none. Staminate
flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) stamens inserted on the receptacle; filaments
short, distinct or somewhat united; anthers ovate, 2-celled, the sacs longitudi-
nally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a solitary 1-celled ovary, subtended by
2-8 bractlets; ovule solitary, orthotropous; style very short; stigmas 2, linear.
Fruit a small oblong or globose drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy. Seed
erect. Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle very short.

Two genera and 35 species of wide geographic distribution. ; ,
Ovary subtended by 2-4 bractlets; leaves serrate or entire, exstipulate. 1. Myrica. ;
Ovary subtended by 8 linear persistent bractlets ; leaves pinnatifid, stipulate. 2. Comptonia.

1. MYRICA L. Sp. Pl. 1024. 1753.

Shrubs or small trees with entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resinous-dotted leaves, our
species usually dioecious. Staminate aments oblong or narrowly cylindric, expanding before
or with the leaves. Stamens 4-8. Pistillate aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary subtended
by 2-4, mostly short, deciduous or persistent bractlets. Drupe globose or ovoid, its exocarp
waxy. [Ancient Greek name of the Tamarisk.] Type species, Myrica Gale L.

Besides the following species, another occurs in the Southern States and 2 on the Pacific coast.

Bractlets of pistillate aments persistent, clasping the drupes; low bog shrub. 1. M. Gale.
Bractlets of pistillate aments deciduous, the ripe drupes separated.
Leaves mostly acute, narrow; drupe less than 1” in diameter. 2. M. cerifera.
Leaves mostly obtuse, broader ; drupe 1”-114” in diameter. 3. M. carolinensis.

1. Myrica Gale L. Sweet Gale. Fig. 1435.
Myrica Gale L. Sp. Pl. 1024. 1753.

A shrub, usually Strictly dioecious, the twigs dark
brown. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse and dentate at
the apex, narrowed to a cuneate entire base, short-
petioled, dark green and glabrous above, pale and
puberulent or glabrous beneath, 1/23’ long, 5’’-10”
wide, unfolding after the aments; staminate aments
linear-oblong, 6’-10” long, crowded; pistillate
aments ovoid-oblong, obtuse, about 4” long and 2”
in diameter in fruit, their bracts imbricated; drupe
resinous-waxy, not longer than the 2 ovate persistent
bractlets, which clasp it and are adnate to its base.

In swamps and along ponds and streams, Newfound-
land to Alaska, southern New York, Virginia, Michigan
and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Ascends
to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Fern or scotch-gale.
Sweet willow. Bay-bush. Meadow-fern. Golden osier.
Moor-, bog-, Dutch- or Burton-myrtle. April-May.

GENUS I. BAYBERRY FAMILY. 585

2. Myrica cerifera L. Wax-myrtle. Fig. 1436.
Myrica cerifera L. Sp. Pl. 1024. 1753.

A slender tree, or a shrub, maximum height
about 40°, trunk diameter 14°, the bark gray, nearly
smooth. Leaves narrow, oblong or oblanceolate,
mostly acute at the apex, entire or sparingly den-
tate, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base,
fragrant when crushed, short-petioled, dark green
above, paler and sometimes pubescent beneath;
golden-resinous, 1’-3' long, 3-9” wide, unfolding
with or before the aments; staminate aments
cylindric; pistillate aments short, oblong; ripe
drupes separated, globose, bluish-white, waxy, less
than 1” in diameter, tipped with the minute base
of the style, long-persistent, the bracts and bract-
lets deciduous.

In sandy swamps or wet woods, southern New
Jersey to Florida and Texas, north to Arkansas.
Also in the West Indies. March-April. Leaves
mostly persistent through the winter. Wood light,
brown; weight per cubic foot 35 lbs. Waxberry.
Tallow-bayberry. Candleberry. Tallow-shrub. Sweet
oak, Candleberry-myrtle.

3. Myrica carolinénsis (Mill.). Small Waxberry. Bayberry. Fig. 1437.

Myrica carolinensis Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, no. 3.

1768.

A shrub, 2°-8° high, with smooth gray bark,
the twigs glabrous or often pubescent. Leaves
oblanceolate or obovate, glabrous above, often
pubescent beneath, resinous, 2-4’ long, 6-18”
wide, serrate with a few low teeth above the
middle, or entire, obtuse or sometimes acute at
the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled;
staminate aments cylindric or oblong, 3-9” Iong;
pistillate aments short, oblong; ripe drupes sepa-
rated, globose, bluish white, very waxy, 1-13”
in diameter, long-persistent, the bracts and bract-
lets deciduous.

In dry or moist sandy soil, Nova Scotia to Flor-
ida and Louisiana and on the shores of Lake Erie.
Occurs also in bogs in northern New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. April-May. The fruit was much
used as a source of wax by the early settlers of the

eastern United States, and is still utilized along the
coast of New England.

2. COMPTONIA Banks; Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 58. pl. 90. 1791.

A low, monoecious or dioecious branching shrub with terete brown branches and nar-
row, deeply pinnatifid, stipulate leaves, the young foliage pubescent. Aments expanding
with the leaves, the staminate ones and their flowers as in Myrica. Fertile aments globose-
ovoid, on monoecious plants appearing below the staminate, several-flowered. Ovary sub-
tended by 8 linear-subulate persistent bractlets, which form an involucre to the ovoid-oblong
bony nut. [Name in honor of Rev. Henry Compton, 1632-1713, bishop of Oxford.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

586 LEITNERIACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter. Sweet Fern. Fern-gale. Fig. 1438.

Liquidambar peregrina L. Sp. Pl. 999. 1753.

Myrica asplenifolia L. Sp. Pl. 1024. 1753.

Liquidambar asplenifolia L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1418. 1763.
C. asplenifolia Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 58. 1791.

C. peregrina Coulter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 127. 1804.
os shrub, 1°-3° tall, the branches erect or spread-
ing. Leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate in
outline, short-petioled, obtuse or subacute at the
apex, deeply pinnatifid into numerous oblique rounded
entire or sparingly dentate lobes, 3-6’ long, 4-3’
wide, fragrant when crushed, the sinuses very nar-
row; stipules semi-cordate, mostly deciduous; stami-
nate aments clustered at the ends of the branches,
1’ or less long, their bracts reniform, acute; pistillate
aments bur-like in fruit, the subulate bractlets longer
than the light brown, shining, striate, obtuse nut.

In dry soil, especially on hill-sides, Nova Scotia to
Saskatchewan, south to North Carolina, Indiana and
Michigan. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. Meadow- or
shrubby-fern. Sweet-bush or -ferry. Fern- or spleen-
wort-bush. Canada sweet-gale. April-May.

Family 4. LEITNERIACEAE Drude, Phanerog. 407. 1879.
Cork-woop FAMILY.

Dioecious shrubs or small trees, with large entire petioled alternate exstipulate
(or sometimes stipulate?) leaves, and flowers of both sexes in aments formed at
the end of the season, which expand before the leaves. Staminate flowers with
no perianth; stamens 3-12, inserted on the receptacle; filaments short, distinct ;
anthers oblong, erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers
with a solitary 1-celled ovary, subtended by 3 or 4 minute glandular-lacerate bract-
lets; style terminal, simple, grooved and flattened, slender, recurved and stigmatic
above, caducous; ovule solitary, laterally affixed to the ovary wall, amphitropous.
Fruit an oblong drupe with thin exocarp and hard endocarp. Testa thin. Endo-
sperm thin, fleshy. Cotyledons flat, cordate at the base; radicle short, superior.

A family related morphologically to the Myricaceae, but its anatomical characteristics point to

affinity with Liguidambar and Platanus. It comprises only the following monotypic genus.
1. LEITNERIA Chapm. FI. S. States, 427. 1860.
Characters of the family. [In honor of Dr. E. F. Leitner, a German naturalist, killed in
Florida during the Seminole war.]

1. Leitneria floridana Chapm. Leitneria.
Cork-wood. Fig. 1439.
Leitneria floridana Chapm, Fl. S. States, 428. 1860.

A shrub or small tree, attaining a maximum height
of about 20° and a trunk diameter of 5’, the bark
gray and rather smooth, the young twigs, leaves and
aments densely pubescent. Leaves oblong or elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, obtuse or cuspidate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, bright green, firm, 3-6’ long,
1-3’ wide, when mature, glabrous or nearly so above,
finely pubescent, at least on the veins, and rugose-
reticulated beneath; petioles 9-15” long; staminate
aments many-flowered, ascending, 17-2’ long, their
bracts triangular-ovate, acute, tomentose; pistillate
aments shorter, few-flowered; drupe slightly com-
pressed, about 10” long, 3-4” thick, rugose-reticu-
lated.

In swamps, southern Missouri to Texas, and in Florida.
Propagates by suckers. Wood lighter than cork and
probably the lightest wood known, weighting only about
121% Ibs. per cubic foot. March,

a

Ni

GENUS I. WILLOW FAMILY. 587
Family 5. SALICACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 186. 1836.

WiLLow Famity.

Dioecious trees or shrubs with light wood, bitter bark, brittle twigs, alternate
stipulate leaves, the stipules often minute and caducous. Flowers of both sexes
in aments, solitary in the axil of each bract. Aments expanding before or with
the leaves. Staminate aments often pendulous; staminate flowers consisting of
from one to numerous stamens inserted on the receptacle, subtended by a gland-
like or cup-shaped disk; filaments distinct or more or less united ; anthers 2-celled,
the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate aments pendulous, erect or spreading,
sometimes raceme-like; pistillate flowers of a sessile or short-stipitate 1-celled
ovary subtended by a minute disk; placentae 2-4, parietal; ovules usually numer-
ous, anatropous ; style short, slender, or almost wanting; stigmas 2, simple or 2-4-
cleft. Fruit an ovoid, oblong or conic 2~4-valved capsule. Seeds small or minute,
provided with a dense coma of long, mostly white, silky hairs. Endosperm none.

The family includes only the 2 following genera, consisting of 200 or more species, mostly
natives of the north temperate and arctic zones,

Bracts fimbriate or incised; stamens numerous; stigmas elongated. 1. Populus.
Bracts entire ; stamens 2-10 ; stigmas short. 2. Salix.

1. POPULUS L. Sp. Pl. 1034. 1753.

Trees with scaly resinous buds, terete or angled twigs and broad or narrow, usually long-
petioled leaves, the stipules minute, fugacious. Bracts of the aments fimbriate or incised.
Disk cup-shaped, oblique, lobed or entire. Staminate aments dense, pendulous. Staminate
flowers with from 4-60 stamens, their filaments distinct. Pistillate aments sometimes
like through the elongation of the pedicels, pendulous, erect or spreading. Ovary sessile;
style short, stigmas 2-4, entire or 4-lobed. [Name ancient, used for these trees by Pliny.]

About 30 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 8 others
occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Populus alba L.

* Petioles terete or channeled, scarcely or not at all flattened laterally. (Poptars.)
Leaves persistently and densely white-tomentose beneath. 1. P. alba.

Leaves glabrous or very nearly so when mature, crenulate.
Foliage glabrous or nearly so; capsule very short-pedicelled.
Leaves broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at the base.
Petioles glabrous; leaves rounded or truncate at the base.
Petioles ciliate ; leaves mostly cordate.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at the base.

2. P. balsamifera.
gs
Leaves acute, short-petioled. 4. P. angustifolia.
5s
6.

P. candicans,

Leaves‘ acuminate, long-petioled. P. acuminata.
Foliage densely tomentose when young; capsules slender-pedicelled. P. heterophylla.
** Petioles strongly flattened laterally. (AsPENs.)

Leaves coarsely undulate-dentate. 7. P. grandidentata.
Leaves crenulate-denticulate.
Leaves ovate or suborbicular, short-pointed. 8. P. tremuloides.
Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate.
Leaves obtuse at the base ; capsules nearly sessile. 9. P. nigra.
Leaves truncate at the base; capsules slender-pedicelled.
Pedicels as long as the capsules or longer. 10. P. deltoides.
Pedicels shorter than the capsules. 11. P. Sargentit.

1. Populus alba L. Abele. White or Sil-
ver-leaf Poplar. Aspen. Fig. 1440.

Populus alba L. Sp. Pl. 1034. 1753.

A large tree, with smooth light gray bark, at-
taining a maximum height of about 120° and a
trunk diameter of 6°. Young foliage densely
white-tomentose, the leaves becoming glabrate
and dark green above, persistently tomentose
beneath, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in out-
line, apex acute, base truncate or subcordate,
3-5-lobed or irregularly dentate, 24’-4’ long; peti-
oles nearly terete, shorter than the blade; stami-
nate aments 1’-2’ long.

In yards and along roadsides, springing up from
suckers of older trees. New Brunswick to Ontario
and Virginia. Native of Europe and Asia. Wood
soft, nearly white; weight 38 lbs. per cubic foot.
Abel or rattler-tree. White or great aspen. Dutch
beech. White-bark. March-May.

588 SALICACEAE. Vor. I.

2. Populus balsamifera L. Tacamahac.
Balsam or Carolina Poplar. Fig. 1441.

Populus balsamifera L. Sp. Pl. 1034. 1753.

A large tree, with nearly smooth gray bark, reach-
ing a maximum height of about 80° and a trunk
diameter of 7°, the branches stout, spreading, the
large buds very resinous, the foliage glabrous.
Leaves broadly ovate, dark green and shining above,
pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex,
rounded or subcordate at the base, crenulate, 3-5’
long, petioles terete; aments and bracts somewhat
pubescent; stamens 18-30; lobes of the stigmas
broad; capsules ovoid, short-pedicelled.

In moist or dry soil, especially along streams and
lakes, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south
to Connecticut, New York, Michigan, South Dakota and
Oregon. Wood soft, weak, brown, compact; weight per
cable foot 23 lbs. Ontario or rough-bark poplar.
April.

3. Populus candicans Ait. Balm of
Giliad. Fig. 1442.

P. candicans Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 406. 17809.
P. balsamifera var. candicans A, Gray, Man. Ed. 2,

419. 1856.

A large tree, sometimes nearly 100° high, with
a trunk up to 63° in diameter, the old bark
gray, ridged, the young twigs slightly pubescent,
the buds resinous, pointed. Leaves broadly ovate,
24-6’ long, cordate to narrowed at the base, acute
at the apex, dark green above, pale beneath, crenu-
late, pubescent when young, and somewhat so on
the veins beneath when mature, the petioles terete,
pubescent or ciliate; aments 6’ long or less, their
bracts lacerate; capsules narrowly ovoid, acute,
short-pedicelled, 3-4” long.

Roadsides and along streams, Newfoundland to Vir-
ginia, Michigan, South Dakota and Alaska; in the
east mostly or wholly escaped from cultivation.

Wood soft, weak, brown; weight per cubic foot about
24 lbs. April-May.

4. Populus angustifolia James. Narrow-leaved Cottonwood. Fig. 1443.

Populus angustifolia James, Long’s Exp. 1: 497. 1823.
Populus balsamifera var. angustifolia S. Wats. Bot. King’s

Exp. 327. 1871.

A slender tree, maximum height about 65°, trunk
diameter 2°; crown narrowly pyramidal, branches as-
cending, foliage glabrous. Twigs terete, gray; leaves
lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, spreading, drying
brownish, gradually acuminate or acute at the apex or
some of them obtuse, narrowed, rounded or rarely
subcordate at the base, 2-43’ long, 4’-11’ wide, finely
crenulate from base to apex; petioles plano-convex,
not flattened laterally; 4—%’ long; lateral veins 8-15 on
each side of the blade; staminate aments oblong-cylin-
dric, 1-23’ long; lobes of the stigmas broad; capsules
ovoid, short-pedicelled.

In moist soil, especially along streams, Assiniboia to
South Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Chihuahua.

Wood soft, weak, brown, compact; weight per cubic foot
24 lbs. Black or willow-cottonwood, April-May.

GENUs 1. WILLOW FAMILY. 589

5. Populus acuminata Rydberg. Black
Cottonwood. Fig. 1444.

P, acuminata Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 50. 1893.

Populus coloradensis Dode, Mem. Soc. Hist, Nat. Autun
18: [reprint 58]. 1905.

A slender tree, with terete twigs, reaching ap-
proximately the dimensions of the preceding species,
the crown broadly pyramidal with spreading branches,
the foliage glabrous. Leaves rhomboid-lanceolate,
spreading or drooping, drying green, abruptly or
gradually long-acuminate at the apex, cuneate,
obtuse or rounded at the base, 2’-6’ long, 1-23’ wide,
crenulate or the base entire; petioles slender, 1-23’
long; staminate aments about 14’ long; pistillate
aments slender, drooping, 3-5’ long; capsules ovoid,
obtuse, distinctly pedicelled.

Borders of lakes and streams, North Dakota to As-
siniboia, western Nebraska, New Mexico and Nevada.
April-May.

6. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp or Downy Poplar. Fig. 1445.
Populus heterophylla L. Sp. Pl. 1034. 1753.

An irregularly branching tree, sometimes 80° high
and with a trunk 3° in diameter, the bark rough.
Young foliage densely tomentose. Leaves long-
petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute at the
apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base,
crenulate-denticulate, 5-6’ long, or those of young
plants much larger, glabrous or somewhat floccose
beneath when mature; petioles terete; bracts gla-
brous or nearly so; staminate aments stout, 3-4’
long, 9-12” in diameter, drooping; stamens nume-
rous; pistillate aments raceme-like, peduncled, erect
or spreading, loosely flowered; capsules ovoid, acute,
2-valved, 4-6” long, shorter than or equalling their
pedicels.

In swamps, Connecticut to Georgia, west to Louisiana,
north in the Mississippi Valley to Ohio, Indiana, Mis-
souri and Arkansas. Wood soft, weak, compact, brown,
weight per cubic foot 26 lbs. River- or swamp-cotton-
wood. Balm-of-gilead. April-May.

7. Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-
toothed Aspen. Fig. 1446. XO

Populus grandidentata Michx. Fl, Bor. Am. 2: 243. 1803.

A forest tree with smooth, greenish-gray bark,
maximum height about 75°, and trunk diameter 234°.
Leaves ovate-orbicular, those of very young plants
densely white-tomentose beneath, sometimes 1° long,
with irregularly denticulate margins, those of older
trees tomentose when young, glabrous when mature,
short-acuminate, coarsely undulate-dentate, obtuse or
truncate at the base, 24’-4’ long; petioles slender, flat-
tened laterally; bracts silky, irregularly 4-7-cleft;
staminate aments 2-4’ long, about 5” in diameter,
drooping; pistillate aments somewhat pubescent,
dense, 3-5’ long in fruit, also drooping; stigma-lobes
narrow; capsule conic, acute, 2-valved, about 3” long,
rather less than 1” in diameter, papillose.

In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota,
south to Delaware, North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood
soft, weak, light brown, compact; weight per cubic foot
29 Ibs. White poplar. April.

=

59° SALICACEAE., Vor, I.

8. Populus tremuloides Michx. Ameri-
can Aspen. Quiver-leaf. Fig. 1447.
Populus tremuloides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 243. 1803.

A slender tree, with smooth, light green bark,
reaching a maximum height of about 100° and a
trunk diameter of 3°, the young foliage glabrous,
excepting the ciliate margins of the leaves. Petioles
very slender, flattened laterally, causing the leaves to
quiver in the slightest breeze; leaves broadly ovate
or orbicular, short-acuminate at the apex, finely
crenulate all around, truncate, rounded or subcordate
at base, 1-24’ broad, or those of very young plants
much larger; bracts silky, deeply 3-5-cleft into linear
lobes; aments drooping, the staminate 1423’ long, -
3-4” in diameter, the pistillate longer, dense; stigma-
lobes linear; capsule like that of the preceding species,
but somewhat smaller.

In dry or moist soil, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and

Alaska, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Nebraska,

4 in the Rocky Mountains to Mexico and to Lower Cali-

fornia. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. American, trembling or white poplar. Quaking
or mountain asp. Wood soft, weak, light brown; weight per cubic foot 25 lbs. March—May.

g. Populus nigra L. Black Poplar. Willow
Poplar. Fig. 1448.
Populus nigra L. Sp. Pl. 1034. 1753.

A large tree, sometimes 100° tall and the trunk 4°
in diameter, usually much smaller. Twigs terete;
young foliage somewhat pubescent, the mature leaves
firm, nearly or quite glabrous; petioles slender,
flattened laterally; leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly
acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or obtuse at
the base, crenate, 2’-4’ long; staminate aments 1’-2’
long; stamens about 20; pistillate aments 25’ long
in fruit, spreading; capsules oblong, very obtuse,
borne on pedicels of much less than their own
length.

Valleys of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, natural-
ized from Europe. Cat-foot poplar. Devil’s-fingers.
Old English poplar. April-May.

The Lombardy poplar (Populus italica Moench (Pop-
ulus dilatata Ait.), commonly planted for ornament, occa-
sionally spreads by sending up shoots from its subterra-
nean parts. Poplar-pine.

io. Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood.
Necklace Poplar. Fig. 1449.

Populus deltoides Marsh, Arb. Am. 106. 1785.

Populus carolinensis Moench, Verz. Pl. 81. 1785.
Populus monilifera Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 406. 1789.
Populus angulata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 407. 1789.

A large tree, the greatest of the poplars, attain-
ing a maximum height of 150° and a trunk diam-
eter of 73°, the bark grayish-green somewhat rough
when old. Foliage glabrous; leaves broadly deltoid-
ovate, abruptly acuminate at the apex, crenulate,
truncate at the base, 4-7’ long; petiole flattened
laterally, stout, about as long as the blade; bracts
glabrous, deeply fimbriate; staminate aments droop-
ing, 3-5’ long, 5’-6” in diameter; pistillate aments
loosely flowered, becoming 6-10’ long in fruit; cap-
sules ovoid, acute, 4-5” long, 2-4-valved, shorter
than or equalling their pedicels.

In moist soil, especially along streams and lakes, Que-
bec to Manitoba, south to Connecticut, Florida and Ten-
nessee. Wood soft, weak, dark brown; weight per cubic
i foot 24 lbs. April-May. Carolina poplar. _Water- or
river-poplar. Berry-bearing, or black Italian poplar. Big or yellow cottonwood. Cotton-tree.
Alamo. The species consists of several races.

GENUS I. WILLOW FAMILY. 502

11. Populus Sargentii Dode.
Western Cottonwood. Fig.

1450.
P. deltoides occidentalis Rydb. Mem. N.
Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 115. 1900.
P. Sargentii Dode, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Autun 18: [reprint 40]. 1905.
Populus occidentalis Britton; Tillotson,
Rep. Board. Agric. Nebr. 1906-7: 218.

Similar to P. deltoides, the bark
thick and gray, the twigs smooth,
greenish to light yellow. Leaves
glabrous on both sides when mature,
broadly triangular-ovate, often wider
than long, subcordate to truncate at
the base, rather long-acuminate at the
apex, the margins coarsely and
bluntly toothed; petioles flattened,
about as long as the blades; stami-
nate aments 2’-33’ long, not very
dense; ripe pistillate aments 5’ long
or more; capsules ovoid, 5-7” long,
longer than their pedicels.

River bottoms, Saskatchewan to North
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and New
Mexico. Wood soft and brownish;
weight per cubic foot about 22 lbs.
March-April.

2. SALIX [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 1015. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with single-scaled buds, the scales with an adherent membrane within,
mostly narrow and short-petioled leaves and persistent or early deciduous broad or minute
stipules. Bracts of the aments entire. Disk gland-like, small or minute. Staminate aments
dense, erect, spreading or drooping. Staminate flowers with 1-10, mostly 2, stamens, their
filaments distinct or sometimes united. Pistillate aments usually erect or spreading. Ovary
sessile or short-stipitate. Style short or filiform. Stigmas 2, entire or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly
2-valved. [Name ancient. ]

About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution throughout the north temperate and arctic
zones, a few in the southern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 60 others occur in the northern
and western parts of North America. Many hybrids are known. Type species: Salix alba L.

A. Trees, or large shrubs mostly more than 3° high (no. 24 smaller).

1, CAPSULE GLABROUS, OR IN NOS. 7 AND 8, SILKY-PUBESCENT, NOT TOMENTOSE.

Stamens 3-7 (sometimes 2 in no. 6) ; filaments hairy at the base; bracts caducous, light yellow.

Pedicels slender, 3-5 times as long as the gland.

Petioles and stipules without glands.
Leaves green or pale beneath.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate ; petioles very short.
Leaves broadly lanceolate; petioles slender.
Leaves whitish beneath.
Petioles and stipules with prominent glands.

. S. nigra.
. S. amygdaloides.
. S. Wardi.

Whe

Summer-fruiting ; leaves green beneath, 4. S. lucida,
Autumn-fruiting ; leaves pale beneath. 5. S. serissima.
Pedicels about twice as long as the gland. 6. S. fragilis,
Stamens 2.

Filaments hairy at the base; bracts caducous, yellow.
Pedicels in fruit 1-3 mm. long; native shrubs or small trees.

Leaves entire, finely and almost permanently silky. 7. S.exigua,
Leaves denticulate, coarsely silky when young, glabrate in age. 8. S. interior.
Pedicels in fruit less than 1 mm. long; large introduced trees,
Branches not drooping ; leaves lanceolate. 9. S. alba,
Branches drooping ; leaves linear-lanceolate. 10. S. babylonica.
Filaments glabrous ; bracts persistent.
Mature leaves glabrous.
Length of leaf-blade less than three times its breadth.
Mature leaves thin, dull. 11. S. pyrifolia.
Mature leaves thick, firm, dark green and shining above. 12. S. glaucophylla.
Length of leaf-blade three times its breadth or more. 13. S. cordata,
Mature leaves densely silky-pubescent ; capsule subsessile. 14. S. adenophylla,
2. CAPSULE TOMENTOSE,
Filaments united ; capsule sessile ; style none. 15. S. purpurea.

Filaments distinct.

592 SALICACEAE. Vor. I.
Capsule subsessile ; style long. 16. S. viminalis.

Capsule distinctly pedicelled.
Style filiform, longer than the stigmas.
Leaves white-tomentose beneath. 17. S. candida,
Leaves silvery-velvety beneath. 18. S. pellita.
Style short, or none.
Leaves finely and sharply serrulate, expanding with the aments.

Capsule short-pedicelled, blunt. 19. S. sericea,

Capsule long-pedicelled, pointed. 20. S. petiolaris,
Leaves crenate, crenulate or subentire.

Leaves slender-petioled, expanding with the aments. 21. S. Bebbiana.

Leaves short-petioled, expanding after the aments.
Mature leaves glabrous, or somwehat loosely hairy beneath. 22, S. discolor,
Leaves persistently tomentose beneath.
Leaves distinctly petioled; aments 34’-1¥%4’ long; middle-sized shrub.
23. S. humilis.
Leaves short-petioled; aments 14’ long; low shrub. 24. S. tristis.

B. Low or depressed, mainly arctic, subarctic and alpine shrubs, mostly less than 3”
high (no. 25 sometimes higher; no. 29 extending south to New Jersey and Iowa).

Aments sessile on the branches of the previous year.
Capsule tomeritose. 25. S. phylicifolia.
Capsule glabrous. 26. S. obtusata.
Aments on short lateral leafy branches,
Capsule glabrous, or sometimes loosely hairy, not tomentose.
Leaves toothed.
Leaves obovate to oblong. 27. S. Uva-Ursi.
Leaves nearly orbicular; branches spreading. 28. S. herbacea.
Leaves entire.
Style very short ; bracts not herbaceous. 29. S. pedicellaris.
Style long; bracts large, herbaceous. 30. S. chlorolepis.
Capsule tomentose or villous (sometimes glabrous in no, 33).
Style very short or none.
Leaves glabrous beneath when mature. gi. S. reticulata,
Leaves permanently silky-hairy. 32. S. vestita.
Style manifest.
Capsule distinctly pedicelled.
Mature leaves glabrous or nearly so. 33. S. Barkleyi.
Leaves persistently silvery silky beneath. 34. S. argyrocarpa.
Capsule subsessile ; leaves entire.’
Leaves rounded and obtuse at the apex.
Bracts obovate to oblong, dark brown or blackish. 35. S. arctica.
Bracts oblong, yellow. 36. S. Waghornei.
Leaves, or some of them, pointed or acute at apex.
Bracts yellow, yellowish or brownish.

Capsules 2”—21%4” long; leaves green in drying. 37. S. desertorum.
Capsules 3”—4” long; leaves blackening in drying. 38. S. glauca,
Bracts dark brown or blackish. 39. S. anglorum.

1. Salix nigra Marsh. Black or Swamp Willow. Fig. 1451.

Salix nigra Marsh. Arb, Am. 139. 1785.
Salix falcata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 614. 1814.
S. nigra falcata Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 209. 1843.

A tree, with rough flaky dark brown bark, attain-
ing a maximum height of about 120° and a trunk
diameter of 3°. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute
or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, often
falcate, short-petioled, serrulate, somewhat pubescent
when young, glabrous and green above, somewhat
paler, and sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath
when mature, 24’-5’ long, 2-9” wide; stipules vari-
ous, persistent or deciduous; aments expanding with
the leaves, on short lateral branches, the staminate
1’-2’ long, the pistillate 13’-3” long and spreading in
fruit; stamens 3-7, distinct, their filaments pubescent
below; bracts deciduous; stigmas nearly sessile; cap-
sule ovoid, acute, glabrous, about twice as long as
its pedicel.

Along streams and lakes, New Brunswick to western Ontario, North Dakota, Florida and Texas.
Hybridizes with S. alba. Wood soft, weak, light brown; weight per cubic foot 28 lbs. Scythe-
leaved or pussy-willow. April-May. |

GENUS 2. WILLOW FAMILY. 593

2. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved Willow.

Salix amygdaloides Anders, Ofy. Handl. Vet. Akad.
1858: 114. 1858.

A small tree, similar to the preceding species,
sometimes 70° high and the trunk 2° in diameter,
the brown bark scaly. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, pubescent when young, glabrous when
old, dark green above, paler and slightly glaucous
beneath, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at
the base, 3’-5’ long, about 1’ wide, sharply serru-
late, slender-petioled; petioles 3-7” long, glandless;
stipules commonly fugacious; aments appearing with
the leaves, terminal on short lateral branches, the
staminate 1’-2’ long, the pistillate loose, spreading
and 23’-4’ long in fruit; stamens more than 2; fila-
ments distinct, pubescent at the base; bracts decidu-
ous; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule narrowly ovoid,
acute, glabrous, at length about as long as its fili-
form pedicel.

On lake and river shores, Quebec to British Columbia,
New York, Ohio, Missouri and New Mexico. Wood
soft, weak, light brown; weight 28 lbs. Black or
almond-leaved willow. April-May.

3. Salix Wardi Bebb. Ward’s Willow.

Fig. 1453.
Salix nigra var, Wardi Bebb; Ward, Bull. U. S. Nat.

Mus, 22: 114. 1881.

Salix Wardi Bebb, Gard. & For. 8: 363. 1895.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, the trunk reaching 8’
in diameter, the branches spreading or drooping, the
bark dark reddish brown. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate or acute at the
apex, rounded, subcordate, or narrowed at the base,
23’-7’ long, 3’-13’ wide, bright green above, silvery
white and usually somewhat pubescent beneath;
stipules often large, sometimes persistent; aments
expanding with the leaves, terminal, the staminate
2’-4' long, the pistillate as long or shorter; stamens
3-6, separate; filaments pilose at the base; bracts
villous without, deciduous; capsule conic, glabrous,
about twice as long as its pedicel.

Along streams and lakes, Maryland to Kansas, Florida
and Arkansas. Wood dark brown. March-May. Has
been confused with S. Jéngipes Shuttlw.

4. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. Glossy Willow. Fig. 1454.

Salix lucida Muhl. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin,
4: 239. pl. 6. f. 7. 1803.

A tall shrub, or sometimes a tree 20° high, the
bark smooth or slightly scaly, the twigs yellowish-
brown, shining. -Leaves lanceolate, or ovate-lanceo-
late, mostly long-acuminate, narrowed or rounded
at the base, sharply glandular-serrulate all around,
green and glossy on both sides or bearing a few,
scattered hairs when very young, 3-5’ long, 1’-13’
wide when mature or sometimes persistently pubes-
cent; stipules small, semi-cordate or oblong, very
glandular, commonly persistent; petioles stout, 3-6”
long, glandular at the base of the blade; aments
hairy-stalked on short, lateral leafy branches, the
staminate stout, 1’-2’ long, the pistillate 2’-3’ long in
fruit; bracts deciduous; stamens about. 5; filaments
pubescent below; stigmas stalked or nearly sessile;
capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, much longer
than its pedicel.

In swamps and along streams and lakes, Newfound-
land to Athabasca, New Jersey, Kentucky and Nebraska.
April-May.

38

SALICACEAE.

6. Salix fragilis L. Crack Willow. Brittle
or Snap Willow. Fig. 1456.
Salix fragilis L. Sp. Pl. 1017. 1753.

A tall, slender tree, with roughish gray bark,
attaining a maximum height of about 80° and a
trunk diameter of 7°, twigs reddish green, very
brittle at the base. Leaves lanceolate, long-acu-
minate, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate,
glabrous on both sides, rather dark green above,
paler beneath, 3-6 long, 3’-1’ wide; glandular
at the base of the blade; petioles 3-8” long,
glandular above; stipules semicordate, fugacious;
staminate aments 1-2’ long; stamens 2, or some-
times 3-4; filaments pubescent below, distinct;
pistillate aments 3-5’ long in fruit, rather loose;
stigmas nearly sessile; capsule long-conic, gla-
brous, 23’-3” long, short-pedicelled.

Escaped from cultivation, Newfoundland to New
Jersey and Kentucky. Native of Europe. Hybridizes
with Salix alba. The twigs break away and grow
into new plants. Stag’s-head, red-wood or varnished
willow. April-May.

5. Salix serissima (Bailey) Fernald.
Autumn Willow.

S. lucida serissima Bailey ; Arthur, Bull. Geol. Surv.
Minn, 3: 19.

S. serissima Fernald, Rhodora 6: 6.

aa A shrub, up to 12° high, the bark brown or
yellowish-brown, shining. - Leaves oblong-lanceo-
elliptic-lanceolate,
acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed
at the base, glabrous, glandular-serrulate, dark
green and shining above, pale beneath, 14’-4’
long, firm in texture; petioles slender, 6” long
or less, with 2 to 6 glands at the base of the
blade; aments terminating leafy branches, the
stalk and rachis pilose; staminate aments about
2’ long, the pistillate 1-2’ long in fruit, persistent
until autumn; scales deciduous; filaments hairy
below; stigmas distinctly stalked; capsule conic-
subulate, glabrous, 3-6” long, short-pedicelled.

late, lanceolate

In bogs and swamps, Quebec to New Jersey, Al-
berta and Wisconsin.

Salix pentandra L., the bay-leaved willow of Europe
with shining ovate-oblong,
smooth long-conic capsules rounded or impressed at the
base, is much planted for ornament, and occasionally es-
capes from cultivation.

short-acuminate leaves,

7. Salix exigua Nutt. Slender Willow.

Salix exigua Nutt. Sylva 1: 75.
S. fluviatilis exigua Sargent, Silva 9: 124.
S. luteosericea Rydb, in Britton, Man. 316,

A shrub or small tree up to 20° high, the twigs often
permanently pubescent.
oblanceolate, small, usually not more than 3’ long and
3” wide, short-petioled, entire, acute at each end, often
permanently | silky-hairy;
aments borne on lateral leafy branches, 2’ long or less;
bracts obtuse, pubescent, deciduous; stamens 2, the fila-
‘ments hairy below; capsule silky when young, becom-
ing about 24” long and glabrous when mature, very
short-stalked; style very short, shorter than the stigmas.

River and lake shores, Nebraska to Wyoming, British
Columbia, Texas and California.

early deciduous;

‘|

GENUS 2. WILLOW FAMILY. 595

8. Salix interior Rowlee. Sandbar Willow. River-bank Willow. Fig. 1458.

Salix longifolia Muhl. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin

4: 238. pl. 6. f. 6. 1803. Not Lam. 1778.

S. interior Rowlee, Bull. Torr. Club 27: 253. 1900,
S. linearifolia Rydb. in Britton, Man. 316. igor.

A much-branched shrub, 2°-12° high, forming thick-
ets, or sometimes a slender tree, 20°—30° tall, and with
a trunk 1° in diameter, the young foliage silky-
pubescent, the mature leaves glabrous, or nearly so,
those of seedlings pinnately dentate or lobed. Leaves
linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 23-4’ long, 14’—
5” wide, acuminate, remotely denticulate with some-
what spreading teeth, short-petioled, bright green;
petioles not glandular; stipules minute or none;
aments on short, leafy branches, linear-cylindric, the
staminate dense, 1-13’ long, the pistillate looser, about
2’ long in fruit; bracts deciduous; stamens 2; filaments
pubescent, distinct; stigmas broad, sessile; capsule
ovoid-conic, glabrous or silky, about 2” long.

Along streams and lakes, Quebec to Athabasca, Virginia,
Kentucky and Texas. Has been confused with Salix fluvid-
tilis Nutt. Wood soft, reddish-brown; weight per cubic
foot 31 lbs. Long- or Narrow-leaf willow. Red or white
willow. Osier- or shrub-willow. April-May.

Salix Wheéleri (Rowlee) Rydb., of lake and river shores from New Brunswick to Illinois, differs
in having the leaves permanently silky.

g. Salix alba L. White or Common Willow.
Huntingdon or European Willow... Fig. 1459.

Salix alba L. Sp. Pl. 1021. 1753.
Salix vitellina L. Sp, Pl. Ed. 2, 1442. 1763.

A large tree, sometimes 90° tall and a trunk diam-
eter of 8°; bark gray, rough; twigs brittle at the
base. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, narrowed at the base, serrulate, silky-
pubescent on both sides when young, less so and pale
or glaucous beneath when mature, 24)’ long, 4’-
8” wide; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous; péti-
oles 2”-4” long, glandless or sparingly glandular;
aments on short lateral leafy branches; stamens 2;
filaments distinct, pubescent at the base; pistillate
aments linear-cylindric, 14-23’ long; stigmas nearly
sessile; capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous, short-pedi-
celled or sessile.

In moist soil, especially along streams, Nova Scotia
to Ontario, North Carolina and lowa, escaped from culti-
vation. Native of Europe. Composed of several races,
with twigs green to yellow. Duck-willow.: April-May.

to. Salix babylonica L. Weeping Willow.
Drooping or Ring Wiltow. Fig. 1460.

Salix babylonica L. Sp. Pl. ro17. 1753.

A large tree, with rough gray bark, sometimes attain-
ing a height of 70° and a trunk diameter of 6°, the
twigs slender, green, elongated, drooping. Leaves
narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, ser-
rulate all around, narrowed at the base, sparsely pubes-
cent when young, glabrous when mature, green above,
paler beneath, 4-7’ long, 3-6” wide, sometimes curl-
ing into rings; petioles 3-6” long, glandular above;
aments appearing on short lateral leafy branches;
bracts ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, deciduous; stamens 2;
style almost none; capsule ovoid-conic sessile, glabrous.

Widely cultivated and sometimes spreading by the distri-
bution of its twigs. Connecticut to Michigan and Virginia,
Garb-willow. Native of Asia. April-May.

596 SALICACEAE, Vou. I.

11. Salix pyrifolia Anders. Balsam Willow. Fig. 1461.

Salix cordata var. balsamifera Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:

149. 1839.

S. pyrifolia Anders. Vet. Acad. Handl. 6': 162. 1867.
S. balsamifera Barratt; Hook. loc. cit. As synonym.

1839. Bebb. Bot. Gaz. 4: 190. 1879.

A shrub, 4°-10° high, the twigs glabrous, shin-
ing, the youngest foliage pubescent. Mature leaves
elliptic, ovate-oval or obovate, thin, glabrous, acute
or some of them obtuse at the apex, rounded or
subcordate at the base, dark green above, glaucous
and prominently reticulate-veined beneath, 2-3’ long,
1-13’ wide, slightly crenulate-serrulate the minute
teeth glandular; stipules minute or none; petioles
slender, 3-6” long; aments expanding with the
leaves, leafy at the base, cylindric, the staminate
dense, about 1’ long, the pistillate rather loose, 2’-3’
long in fruit; bracts villous, persistent; stamens 2;
filaments glabrous; style almost none; capsules very
narrow, acute, glabrous, 2’-23” long, slender-
pedicelled.

In swamps, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south
to Maine, New York, Michigan and Minnesota. May.

12. Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Broad-
leaved Willow. Fig. 1462.
S. glaucophylla Bebb, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 485. 1889.

A shrub, 4°-10° high; foliage glabrous or when
young sparingly pubescent. Mature leaves ovate,
obovate or oblong-lanceolate, firm, dark green and
shining above, white-glaucous beneath, short-acumi-
nate, the base rounded or acute, serrulate with gland-
tipped teeth, 2-4’ long, 4’-2’ wide; stipules large,
persistent; petioles stout, 3-6” long; aments ex-
panding before the leaves, leafy at the base, the
staminate 1-2’ long, the pistillate 14’-3’ long in fruit;
bracts densely white-villous, persistent; stamens 2;
filaments glabrous; style filiform; capsule beaked
from an ovoid base, acute, glabrous, 3-5” long,
slender-pedicelled.

On sand dunes, Quebec to Alberta, Maine, northern
Ohio and Illinois and Wisconsin, April.

13. Salix cordata Muhl. Heart-leaved Wil-

low. Missourior Diamond Willow. Fig. 1463.

Salix cordata Muhl. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin

4: 236. pl. 6. f. 3. 1803.

Salix angustata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 613. 1814.
S. cordata angustata Anders, Vet. Acad. Handl. 6': 159.

1867.

S. missouriensis Bebb, Gard. & For. 8: 373. 1895.
S. acutidens Rydb. in Britton, Man. 315. 1901.

A shrub, 5°-12° high, or a tree up to 50° tall, the
twigs puberulent or glabrous; young leaves pubes-
cent. Mature leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, green on both sides or paler beneath,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed, obtuse or subcor-
date at the base, serrulate. with glandular teeth,
green in drying; stipules oblique, serrulate, usually
large and persistent; petioles 4”-9” long; aments
leafy at the base, expanding before the leaves, the
staminate about 1’ long, the pistillate 13’-23’ in fruit;
bracts silky, persistent; stamens 2; filaments gla-
brous; style short; capsules narrowly ovoid, acute,
glabrous, 2-4” long, short-pedicelled.

In wet soil, New Brunswick to British Columbia, Virginia, Missouri, Colorado and California.
Hybridizes with S. sericea and other species. April-May.

Salix Mackenziana Barrett, a small tree, with young leaves glabrous or merely puberulent,
cuneate, finely serrate, and pedicels 2-4 times as long as the bracts, occurs from Manitoba westward.

Salix litea Nutt., with light yellow twigs, is apparently otherwise inseparable from S, cordata.
It ranges from western Nebraska to Assiniboia.

GENUS 2. WILLOW FAMILY. 597

14. Salix adenophylla Hook. Furry Willow. Fig. 1464.

Salix adenophyila Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 146. 18309.
Salix syrticola Fernald, Rhodora g: 225. 1907.

A straggling shrub, 3°-8° high, the twigs, peti-
oles, stipules and leaves densely silky-tomentose,
the silky hairs falling away from the leaves when
old. Leaves ovate, acute or short-acuminate, or
the lower obtuse at the apex, cordate or rounded
at the base, finely serrulate with gland-tipped
teeth, 1-4’ long, 8’-2’ wide; petioles stout, 14’-3”
long, dilated at the base; stipules ovate-cordate,
obtuse, serrulate, persistent; aments dense, ex-
panding with the leaves, the staminate about 1’
long, the pistillate 14-4’ long in fruit; bracts
villous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous;
style filiform, longer than the stigmas; capsule
nearly sessile or ovoid-conic, acute, 13’-23” long.

On lake and river shores. Labrador to James Bay,
Ontario, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Hybridizes
with S, cordata, April-May.

15. Salix purpirea L. Purple Willow.
Fig. 1465.
Salix purpurea L. Sp. Pl. 1017. 1753.

A slender shrub or small tree, with purplish flex-
ible twigs, maximum height about 12°; branches
often trailing ; bark smooth and very bitter. Leaves
oblanceolate or spatulate, acute, serrulate, nar-
rowed at the base, short-petioled, glabrous, green
above, paler and somewhat glaucous beneath,
14’-3’ long, 24’-4” wide, some of them commonly
subopposite; stipules minute; petioles 1’-2” long,
not glandular; aments appearing before the leaves,
dense, leafy at the base, the staminate about 1’
long, the pistillate 1-2’ long, sessile or nearly so;
stamens 2; filaments and sometimes also the an-
thers united, pubescent; bracts purple, persistent;
stigmas very nearly sessile; capsules ovoid-conic,
obtuse, tomentose, 23” long.

Sparingly escaped from cultivation in the Atlantic

States, Ontario and Ohio. Native of Europe. Also
called bitter-, rose or whipcord-willow. April-May.

16. Salix viminalis L. Osier or Basket Wil-
low. White or Velvet-Osier. Fig. 1466.

Salix viminalis L. Sp. Pl. 1021. 1753.

A small slender tree or shrub, with terete green
twigs. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or __linear-
lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, sparingly
repand-crenulate or entire, revolute-margined, short-
petioled, dark green and glabrous above, persistently
silvery-silky beneath, 3’-6’ long, 2”-8” wide; stipules
narrow, deciduous; aments expanding before the
leaves, dense, the pistillate 2’-3’ long and nearly }’
in diameter in fruit; stamens 2; filaments glabrous;
style longer than the stigmcs; capsule narrowly
ovoid-conic, acute, silky-pubescent, about 3” long,
very short-pedicelled.

Cultivated for wicker-ware and occasionally escaped
into wet places, Newfoundland to Pennsylvania. Native

of Europe and Asia. Common .osier. Twigwithy.
Ausier, Wilgers. ApriJ~May.

595 SALICACEAE. Vor, I.

17. Salix candida Fluegge. Hoary or Sage Willow. Fig. 1467.
Salix candida Fluegge; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 708. 1806.

An erect shrub, 2°-5° tall, the older twigs red
or purple and terete, the younger densely white-
tomentose. Leaves mostly persistently white-
tomentose beneath, green and loosely tomentose or
becoming glabrate above when mature, oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, thick, sparingly repand-denticu-
late or entire, acute at both ends or the lower obfuse
at the apex, 2-4’ long, 3-8” wide, their margins
slightly revolute; petioles 14’—2” long; stipules
lanceolate-subulate, about equalling the petioles,
deciduous; aments expanding before the leaves,
dense, cylindric, the staminate about 1’ long, the
pistillate 1-2’ long in fruit; bracts villous, persist-
ent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style filiform,
red, three times as long as the stigmas; capsule
ovoid-conic, acute, densely tomentose, 22’’—3” long,
very short-pedicelled.

In bogs, Newfoundland to Athabasca, Wyoming, New

Jersey, Pennsylvania, Iowa and South Dakota. Hybrid-
izes with S. petiolaris and S. cordata. May.

18. Salix pellita Anders. Satiny Willow.
Fig. 1468.

S. pellita Anders, Vet. Acad. Handl. 6: 139. 1867.

A shrub, 5°-8° high, or sometimes a small tree,
the twigs reddish to olive-brown. Leaves oblong,
lanceolate or oblanceolate, 12-4’ long, entire or ob-
scurely crenulate, acute at both ends, or bluntish at
the apex, bright green and glabrous above, pale and
satiny-pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath, short-
petioled; aments on short leafy branches, the pistillate
ones becoming 2’ long in fruit; stamens 2, glabrous;
bracts villous; capsule densely white-pubescent, 2’—
24” long, short-conic with a rounded base, very short-
pedicelled; style longer than the stigmas.

Along rivers and swamps, Quebec to Manitoba, Maine
and Vermont.

1g. Salix sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. Fig.

Salix sericea Marsh. Arb. Am, 140. 1785.
Salix coactilis Fernald, Rhodora 8: 22. 1906.

A shrub, 5°-12° tall, with slender purplish puberulent
twigs, the young leaves densely silky-pubescent. Ma-
ture leaves glabrous or pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate,
narrowed or obtuse at the base, serrulate all around
with gland-tipped teeth, dark green above, paler and
somewhat glaucous beneath, turning brown or black in
drying, 23-4’ long, 5’—10” wide; stipules narrow, de-
ciduous; petioles 2”-7’ long, sometimes glandular;
aments expanding before the leaves, sessile, the pistil-
late with a few leaves at the base, dense, the staminate
about 1’ long, the pistillate 1-13’ long in fruit; bracts
villous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style

ey, Yashort; capsule ovoid-oblong, obtuse, pubescent, short-
[ppzevedicelied, about 14” long.
=] hin swamps and along streams, New Brunswick to Mich-
igan, North Carolina and Ohio. May.

Salix subsericea (Anders.) Schneider, of eastern Massa-
chusetts, has leaf and capsule characters intermediate be-
tween this species and the following one, and has been
regarded both as a hybrid and as a distinct species.

|
|
|
|

ii

GENUS 2. WILLOW FAMILY. 599

20. Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith. Slender
Willow. Fig. 1470.
S. petiolaris J. E. Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc.6: 122. 1802,
S. gracilis Anders. Proc. Am. Acad. 4: 67. 1858,

A shrub, similar to the preceding species, but
the young leaves only slightly silky, the branches
slender, upright or ascending. Mature leaves lanceo-
late, acuminate at both ends, serrulate with blunt
cartilaginous teeth, remaining green in drying, 4’—
8” wide; petioles 2-5” long; stipules deciduous;
aments expanding before the leaves, the pistillate
short-peduncled, uSually rather loose, about 1’ long
in fruit; bracts villous, oblong to obovate; stamens
2; filaments glabrous; stigmas nearly sessile; cap-
sule tapering from an ovoid or oblong base, pubes-
cent, 23-4” long, usually about twice as long as
the filiform pedicel.

Swamps, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Tennessee,
ee and North Dakota. Dark long-leaved willow.

ay.

21. Salix Bebbiana Sarg. Beaked, Livid
or Bebb’s Willow. Fig. 1471.
Salix rostrata Richards. Frank, Journ. App. Ys
1823. Not Thuill. 1799. ! oa ae
Salix Bebbiana Sarg, Gard. & For. 8: 463. 1895.
A shrub, 6°-18° tall, or sometimes a tree 25°
high, the twigs pubescent or puberulent, terete.
Leaves elliptic, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, acuminate or some of them blunt at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, spar-
ingly serrate or entire, dull green and puberu-
lent above, pale, reticulate-veined and tomen-
tose beneath or nearly glabrous on both sides
when very old; petioles 2’-6” long; stipules
semicordate, acute, deciduous; aments sessile,
expanding with or before the leaves, dense,
the staminate 1’-14’ long, the pistillate 2’ long
in fruit; bracts villous; stamens 2; filaments
distinct, glabrous; stigmas nearly sessile; cap-
sule very narrowly long-conic, densely pubes-
) cent, twice as long as the filiform pedicel.
Dry soil and along streams, Newfoundland to Alaska, New Jersey, Nebraska and Utah. April-May.
Salix perrostrata Rydb., inhabiting hillsides and stream-banks from Nebraska and South Da-
kota to New Mexico and Yukon Territory, differs in having leaves thinner, glabrous when mature.

22. Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy, Glaucous or
Silver Willow. Fig. 1472.

Salix discolor Muhl. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr, Berlin

4: 234. pl. 6.f. I. 1803.

Salix eriocephala Michx. Fl, Bor. Am. 2: 225. 1803.
Salix prinoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 613. 1814.
Salix laurentiana Fernald, Rhodora g: 221. 1907.

A shrub or low tree, maximum height 25°, trunk
diameter 1°; twigs glabrous or pubescent; young
leaves sometimes pubescent. Mature leaves usually
glabrous, bright green above, glaucous and nearly
white beneath, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceo-
late, acute at both ends, irregularly serrate or nearly
entire, slender-petioled, 3-5’ long, 8-18" wide;
petioles 3-12” long; stipules obliquely lanceolate or
semicordate, commonly deciduous; aments unfolding
much before the leaves, dense, the pistillate 14-3
long in fruit; bracts persistent, brown-purple, vil-
lous; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; stigmas nearly
sessile; capsule narrowly conic, tomentose, 24’-3
long, much longer than its pedicel.

In swamps or on moist hillsides, Nova Scotia to a} Be
Saskatchewan, Delaware and Missouri. Consists of several races differing in pubescence and
in leaf-forms. Wood soft, weak, yellow-brown; weight per cubic foot 27 Ibs. Bog- or swamp-
willow. March—May.

600 SALICACEAE. Vor, I.

Salix squamata Rydb., with fruiting aments persistent until September on leafy branches,
the yellowish scales longer than the pedicels, is probably a state of the preceding species.

23. Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie
Willow. Fig. 1473.
Salix humilis Marsh. Arb, Am, 140. 1785.

A shrub, 2°-8° tall, the twigs tomentose
or pubescent, terete. Leaves mostly oblanceo-
late, petioled, rather firm in texture, 2’-6’ long,
4-8” wide, acute at both ends or the lower
broader and obtuse at the apex, sparingly den-
ticulate, the margins slightly revolute, the
upper surface dark green, dull, puberulent or
glabrous, the lower densely and persistently
gray-tomentose; petioles 2-5” long; stipules
obliquely lanceolate or ovate, acute, commonly
persistent; aments unfolding much before the
leaves, sessile, ovoid-oblong, dense, the pis-
tillate about 1’ long in fruit; stamens 2; fila-
ments glabrous; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule
narrowly conic, densely pubescent, much longer
than its pedicel.

In dry soil, Newfoundland to Ontario, North
Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas. Hybridizes
with S. discolor. Low or bush-willow. April-May.

Salix tristis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 393-. 1789.
S. humilis tristis Griggs, Proc. Ohio Acad. 4: 301.
1905.

A tufted, slender shrub, 1°-2° tall, the twigs
terete, puberulent, the roots long and thick. |
Leaves oblanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or 8
obtusish, somewhat undulate, green and puberu- °
lent or glabrous above, persistently white-
tomentose beneath, crowded, 17-2’ long, _ their
margins revolute; petioles 1-3” long; stipules
minute, deciduous; aments expanding much be-
fore the leaves, dense, very small, few-flowered,
sessile, the pistillate globose-ovoid and about 3’
long in fruit; bracts persistent; stamens 2; fila-
ments glabrous; stigmas sessile or nearly so;
capsule ovoid with a long, slender beak, tomen-
tulose, about 3” long, much longer than its fili-
form pedicel.

In dry soil, Nova Scotia (?), Maine to Minnesota,
Florida, Tennessee and Nebraska, March-April.

Salix phylicifolia L. Tea-leaved
Willow. Fig. 1475.
Salix phylicifolia L. Sp. Pl. 1016. 1753.

A shrub 1°-10° high, much branched, the twigs
glabrous, dark purple-green, sometimes glaucous.
Leaves oblong, lanceolate or elliptic, acute or obtuse
at the apex, minutely repand-crenulate or entire,
narrowed at the base, bright green and shining
above, pale and glaucous beneath, 1’-3’ long, 4-1’
wide; petioles 3-8” long; stipules minute, fuga-
cious, or wanting; aments sessile, dense, oblong-
cylindric, the staminate 1’ or less long, the pistil-
late 17-2’ long in fruit; bracts villous, persistent;
stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style rather longer
than the stigmas; capsule conic, acute, pubescent
or tomentose, 24” long, much longer than its pedicel.

Swamps, Labrador to Alaska and the mountains of
Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. Europe. Summer.

Salix chlorophylla Anders., does not appear to be
specifically distinct.

25

GENUS 2. WILLOW. FAMILY. 601

26. Salix obtusata Fernald. Blunt-leaved
Willow. Fig. 1476.

Salix obtusata Fernald, Rhodora g: 223. 1907.

A shrub 14°-3° high, with smooth brown shining
twigs. Leaves oblong to oblong-orbicular, thin,
rounded at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the
base, #2’ long, 14’ wide or less, closely dentate,
somewhat pubescent beneath when young, glabrous
when mature, the petioles 3-6” long, slender, the
small cordate stipules persistent; aments sessile,
borne on twigs of the previous season, the pistillate
10” long or less, 3-4” thick; bracts obovate, obtuse,
villous; capsule conic, glabrous, about 14” long;
gland very short; style not longer than the stigmas.

Gravelly shores, Quebec. Summer. x

27. Salix Uva-irsi Pursh. Bearberry Willow. Fig. 1477.

Salix Uva-ursi Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 610. 1814.
Salix Cutleri Tuckerm., Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 36. 1843.
A depressed or prostrate glabrous shrub, the
terete brown branches 6’-12’ long, diffuse from a
deep central root. Leaves obovate or elliptic, ob-
tuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the bass,
crenulate-denticulate, 47-10” long, 2-5” wide,
prominently veined, deep green and shining above,
pale beneath; petioles 1-2” long; aments on short
leafy branches, dense, about 3’ long in flower, the
pistillate 1’-2’ long in fruit; bracts persistent, obo-
vate, obtuse, densely silky; stamens usually solitary,
rarely 2; filaments glabrous; style short; capsule
ovoid-conic, acute, glabrous, very short-pedicelled.
Labrador and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to the

summits of the mountains of New York and New Eng-
land. May-June.

Salix myrtillifolia Anders., of high boreal regions,
differs in having nearly erect branches and larger
leaves.

28. Salix herbacea L. Dwarf Willow. Herb-
like Willow. Fig. 1478.

Salix herbacea L. Sp. Pl. 1018. 1753.

A depressed matted shrub, with very slender angled
twigs 1’-6’ long, the youngest foliage somewhat pubes-
cent. Mature leaves glabrous, suborbicular, rounded or
retuse at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, thin,
crenulate-denticulate all around, finely reticulate-veined,
bright green and shining on both sides, 5’—-10” in diam-
eter; petioles very slender, 2-4” long; aments termi-
nating 2-leaved branchlets, 4-10-flowered, 2-4” long;
bracts obovate, obtuse, persistent, glabrous or nearly so;
stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style rather longer than
the 2-cleft stigmas; capsule narrowly conic, glabrous,
nearly sessile.

Labrador and Quebec, through arctic America, and on the
White Mountains of New Hampshire and Mt. Katahdin,
Maine. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

602

SALICACEAE. Worn:

29. Salix pedicellaris Pursh. Bog Willow. Fig. 1479.

Salix pedicellaris Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 611. 1814.
S. myrtilloides pedicellaris Anders. Vet. Acad. Handl. 6°:

96. 1867.

An erect slender glabrous shrub, 1°-3° high, the
twigs light brown, terete. Leaves linear-oblong,
elliptic-oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse or acute at
the apex, entire, mostly narrowed at the base, 1-3’
long, 3-8” wide, short-petioled, bright green above,
pale or glaucous beneath, their margins slightly
revolute; aments expanding with the leaves, leafy at
the base, rather dense, 1’ or less long, or the pistil-
late longer in fruit; bracts persistent, obtuse, slightly
villous; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style shorter
than or equalling the stigmas; gland short; capsule
oblong-conic, obtuse, glabrous, 23” long, 2-3 times
as long as the filiform pedicel which slightly exceeds
the scale.

In bogs, New Brunswick and Quebec to British Colum-
bia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Iowa. April-
May. Has been confused with the similar S. myrtil-
loides L., of Europe.

Salix fuscéscens Anders., occurring on Mt. Albert,
Quebec, in Alaska, and in western Siberia, differs in a

shorter pedicel and longer-pointed gland, the capsule glabrous or loosely pubescent.

30. Salix chlordlepis Fernald. Green-scaled
Willow. Fig. 1480.

S. chlorolepis Fernald, Rhodora 7° 186. 1905.

A shrub, 3° high or less, the branches smooth,
nearly erect. Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, en-
tire, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded
at the base, 5”-12” long, 3’—5” wide, slightly pubes-
cent when young, glabrous when mature, pale be-
neath, the petioles 2-7” long, the stipules decidu-
ous; aments on short leafy branches, 7” long or less,
2’-3” thick; bracts oblong to obovate, glabrous,
green, subtruncate, about 14” long; filaments gla-
brous; capsule conic, glabrous, very short-pedicelled,
2” long; style slender, twice as long as the stigmas.

Qn rocks and in alpine meadows, Mount Albert,
Quebec.

Salix calcicola Fernald & Wiegand, another recently
described boreal species with glabrous capsules and long
styles, has large terminal and lateral catkins and nearly

31. Salix reticulata L. Net-veined Willow.
Fig. 1481.
Salix reticulata L. Sp. Pl. 1018. 1753.
Salix orbicularis Anders. in DC, Prodr. 167: 300. 1868.
A procumbent shrub, 3-10’ high, often sending
out roots from the twigs, the young shoots 4-sided,
purple-green. Leaves ‘elliptic or obovate, thick, ob-
tuse, narrowed, rounded or subcordate at the base,
slender-petioled, glabrous or somewhat silky-pubes-
cent when young, dark green above, not shining,
glaucous and strongly reticulate-veined beneath, 1—
2’ long; petioles 4’—12” long, channeled, not glan-
dular; leaves obscurely crenulate or entire; stipules
oblong, obtuse; aments terminal, long-stalked, dense;
bracts obtuse; stamens 2; filaments distinct, pubes-
cent at the base; stigmas sessile; capsule ovoid-
conic, sessile, tomentose, about 3” long.
Labrador and Quebec to Alaska, south in the Rocky

Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and
Asia. Wrinkled-leaf willow. June.

Genus 2. WILLOW FAMILY. 603

32. Salix vestita Pursh. Hairy Willow.
Fig. 1482.

Salix vestita Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 610. 1814.
Salix Fernaldii Blankenship, Mont. Agric. Coll. Stud
Bot. 1: 46. 1905.

A low shrub, similar to the preceding species, the
twigs 4-sided, green. Leaves obovate, thick, mostly
retuse or emarginate at the apex, slightly crenulate,
narrowed or rounded at the base, dark green and
glabrous above, persistently tomentose-silky beneath,
short-petioled, 1-3’ long; petioles 2’-4” long, chan-
neled, not glandular; aments small, terminal, un-
folding after the leaves, stalked; stamens 2; fila-
ments distinct; capsules narrowly ovoid-conic, sessile,
densely silky-tomentose, about 3” long.

Labrador and Quebec to British Columbia and Mon-
tana, June.

33. Salix Barclayi Anders. Barclay’s Willow. Fig. 1483.

S. Barclayi Anders. Ofv. Handl. Vet. Akad. 1858: 125. 1858.
Salix Barclayi latiuscula Anders. in DC, Prodr. 16: Part 2,
255. 1868.
Salix latiuscula Anders, Vet. Acad. Handl. 6’: 165. 1867.
A low shrub, with dark brown glabrous twigs, the
young shoots pubescent. Leaves obovate, oval, or oval-
lanceolate, short-pointed at the apex, very minutely
serrulate, floccose-pubescent when young, when mature
glabrous, bright green above, pale beneath, 1-2’ long,
3’-1’ wide; petioles 1-2” long; stipules ovate, acute,
deciduous; aments unfolding with the leaves, borne
at the ends of short branches, dense, spreading or
erect, the staminate 1’ long, the pistillate 2’-3’ long
in fruit; bracts persistent, slightly villous; stamens 2;
filaments distinct; capsule narrowly conic, tomentose
or glabrous, acute, 3” long; style longer than the
stigmas.

Newfoundland and Quebec. Northwestern arctic Amer-
ica. Summer.

34. Salix argyrocarpa Anders. Silver
Willow. Fig. 1484.
S. argyrocarpa Anders. Mon. Sal. 107. f. 60. 1867.

An erect or diffuse shrub, 6’-2° high, the twigs
dark green, nearly terete, shining. Leaves ob-
long or oblanceolate, acute at each end or the
lower obtuse, short-petioled, entire or crenu-
late, bright green and glabrous above, persist-
ently silvery-silky beneath, 1’-2’ long, 3’-6” wide,
the margins slightly revolute; aments unfolding
with the leaves, leafy at the base, dense, 1’ or less
long; bracts persistent, villous; stamens 2, dis-
tinct, their filaments glabrous; style slender,
longer than the stigmas; capsule. oblong-conic,
densely silvery, acute, 1-13” long, about twice as
long as its pedicel. '

Labrador and Quebec to the mountains of Maine

and New Hampshire. Hybridizes with S. phylici-
folia, June-July.

604 SALICACEAE. Vor. I.

35. Salix arctica Pall. Arctic Willow.
Ground Willow. Fig. 1485.

Salix arctica Pall. Fl. Ross, 1: Part 2, 86. 1788.

A low branching shrub, rarely 6’ high, the
twigs terete or nearly so. Leaves glabrous, elliptic
or broadly obovate, entire, obtuse and usually
rounded at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the
base, long-petioled, pale, glaucous and reticulate-
veined beneath, 1-2’ long, #’-12’ wide, often dark-
ening in drying; petioles slender, 4’-13’ long;
aments borne at the ends of short leafy branches,
very dense, the pistillate 1-2’ long in fruit; bracts
dark purple-brown, oblong to obovate, obtuse,
white-villous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments
glabrous; style filiform, longer than the stigmas;
capsule conic, villous, very short-pedicelled.

Quebec; Arctic America and Asia. Summer,

Salix callicarpaéa Trautv., of Labrador and re-

corded from Quebec, has broadly obovate leaves
which do not darken in drying. j

36. Salix Waghornei Rydberg. Waghorne’s
Willow. Fig. 1486.

S. cordifolia Hook, Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 152. 1840. Not
Pursh, 1814.

S. Waghornei Rydberg, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 271.
1899.

A low shrub, 1° high or less, with smooth shining
twigs, sparingly pubescent when young. Leaves
obovate or elliptic-obovate, rather thin, entire, about
1’ long, 4-3’ wide, sparingly long-hairy when young,
soon glabrous, remaining green in drying, the petioles
1-4” long, the stipules deciduous; aments on
lateral leafy branches, the pistillate about 1’ long in
fruit, the staminate shorter; bracts yellow, oblong,
obtuse, silky-hairy; capsule short-stalked, white-
tomentose, conic, 2”-3” long; style about as long as
the stigmas.

Labrador. Summer.

37- Salix desertorum Richards. Desert or Prairie Willow. Fig. 1487.

Salix desertorum Richards. Frank. Jour. App. 371.
1823.

A shrub, 6-12’ high, with purplish-green gla-
brate twigs. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, acute
at the apex and cuneate at the base or the lower
obtuse at both ends, entire or very nearly so,
very short-petioled, tomentose beneath or gla-
brate when old, 3-2’ long, 2”-4” wide; stipules
fugacious; aments expanding with the leaves,
dense, 3’ or less long, leafy at the base; stamens
2; filaments glabrous; style about as long as the
deeply 2-cleft stigmas; capsule ovoid-conic, acute,
densely tomentose, about 2” long, very short-
pedicelled.

Anticosti and Quebec to western arctic America.
Summer.

Salix brachycarpa Nutt. (S. stricta (Anders.)
Rydb.), differs in leaves tomentose on both sides and
hairy twigs. It occurs in Quebec, and ranges other-
wise from Saskatchewan to Colorado.

GENUS 2. WILLOW FAMILY. 605

38. Salix glaica L. Northern Willow.
Fig. 1488.

Salix glauca L. Sp. Pl. 1019. 1753.
S. atra Rydb. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 272. 1899.
S. labradorica Rydb. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 274. 1899.

A low arctic shrub, with terete brown twigs, the
young shoots and leaves densely tomentose, becoming
glabrate when old. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceo-
late, entire, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed
at the base, 17-3’ long, 4’-1’ wide; petioles 1-5”
long; stipules deciduous; aments borne on_ short
leafy branches, the staminate dense, about 1’ long,
the pistillate 2’-3’ long in fruit, rather loose; stamens
2; filaments distinct; bracts persistent, yellowish or
brownish, densely white-villous; capsule ovoid-conic,
densely white-tomentose, sessile or very short-
pedicelled, 3-4’ long; style about as long as the
stigmas.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska. Also in arctic and
alpine Europe and Asia. The American races differ
slightly from those of the Old World. Summer.

Y

39. Salix anglorum Cham. Brown’s Willow.
Fig. 1489.
Salix arctica R. Br. Ross’ Voy. exlivy. 1819. Not Pall.

Salix anglorum Cham, Linnaea 6: 541. 1831.
S. Brownii Lundst. Noy. Act. Soc. Sci. Ups. 16: 6. 1877.

A low, much branched shrub, the twigs 4-angled,
slender. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, glabrous or
sometimes ciliolate, mostly acute at the apex, entire,
narrowed at the base, short-petioled, 1-3’ long, 3’—-
12” wide, blackening in drying, the lower surface
pale or glaucous, the margins not revolute; stipules
narrow, deciduous; aments borne on short leafy
branches, large, the pistillate 1-24’ long in fruit;
bracts villous, persistent, obovate, obtuse, dark
brown; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style filiform,
much longer than the stigmas; capsule ovoid-conic,
tomentose, short-pedicelled, acute, 2-4” long.

Labrador to Alaska, and in the Rocky Mountains to
Colorado. Summer.

Salix Macoini Rydberg (S. vacciniférmis Rydberg),
of Labrador, Hudson Bay and Quebec, differs in having
smaller aments and leaves remaining green in drying.

; iSaie groenlandica (Anders.) Lundst., of high arctic regions has smaller leaves, darkening
in drying.

Family 6. BETULACEAE Agardh, Aphor. 208. 1825.
Bircw FAMILY.

Monoecious or very rarely dioecious trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled
simple leaves, and small flowers in linear-cylindric oblong or subglobose aments.
Stipules mostly fugacious. Staminate aments pendulous. Staminate flowers 1-3
together in the axil of each bract, consisting of a membranous 2-4-parted calyx,
or none, and 2-10 stamens inserted on the receptacle, their filaments distinct, their
anthers 2-celled, the anther-sacs sometimes distinct and borne on the forks of the
2-cleft filaments. Pistillate aments erect, spreading or drooping, spike-like or
capitate. Distillate flowers with or without a calyx adnate to the solitary 2-celled
ovary; style 2-cleft or 2-divided; ovules I or 2 in each cavity of the ovary,
anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a small compressed or ovoid-globose, mostly
I-celled and t-seeded nut or samara. Endosperm none. Cotyledons fleshy.

Six genera and about 75 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere.
Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, destitute of a calyx; pistillate flowers with a calyx.
Staminate flowers with no blactlets; pistillate aments spike-like; nut small, subtended by or
enclosed in a large bractlet. ;
Fruiting bractlet flat, 3-cleft and incised. 1. Carpinus,
Fruiting bractlet bladder-like, closed, membranous. ‘ 2. Ostrya,
Staminate flowers «with 2-bractlets; pistillate flowers 2-4, capitate; nut large, enclosed by a
leafy involucre. ; fans _ 3. Corylus,
Staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axil of each bract, with a calyx; pistillate flowers without a calyx,
Stamens 2; filaments 2-cleft; fruiting bracts 3-lobed or entire, deciduous. — 4. Betula,
Stamens 4; anther-sacs adnate ; fruiting bracts woody, erose or 5-toothed, persistent. 5. Alnus,

606 BETULACEAE. Vor. I.

1. CARPINUS (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 998: 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with smooth gray bark, furrowed and ridged stems and straight-veined
leaves, the primary veins terminating in the larger teeth. Aments expanding before the
leaves. Staminate aments linear-cylindric, sessile at the ends of short lateral branches of
the preceding season, their flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, consisting of 3-12 sta-
mens; filaments short, 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac. Pistillate flowers in small
terminal aments, 2 to each bract, consisting of a 2-celled ovary adnate to a calyx and sub-
tended by a flat persistent bractlet, which becomes much enlarged, foliaceous and lobed or
incised in fruit, the bracts deciduous; style slender or almost none; stigmas 2, subulate. Nut
small, ovoid, nerved, acute, borne at the base of the large bractlet. [The ancient name.]

About 12 species, only the following American. Type species: Carpinus Betulus L.

1. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water-beech.
Fig. 1490.
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 236. 1788.

A small tree, with slender terete gray twigs;
maximum height about 40°, trunk diameter of
23°, Leaves ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate
at the apex, sharply and doubly serrate all
around, rounded or subcordate at the base,
somewhat inequilateral, 23-4’ long, 1-14’ wide,
green on both sides, glabrous above, slightly
pubescent on the veins beneath, petioles very
slender, 4’-7” long; staminate aments 17-13’
long, their bracts triangular-ovate, acuminate,
puberulent; anther-sacs villous at the summit;
bractlet of the pistillate flowers 3-lobed at the
base, firm-membranous, strongly veined and
about 1’ long when mature, its middle lobe
lanceolate, acute, 2-4 times as long as the
lateral ones, incised-dentate on one side, often
nearly entire on the outer; nut 2” long.

In moist woods and along streams, Nova Scotia
to Ontario and Minnesota, Kansas, Florida and
Texas. Wood very hard and strong, durable, light
brown; weight per cubic foot 45 Ibs. April-May,
the fruit ripe Aug.—Sept. Water-beech. Iron-
wood.

2. OSTRYA (Micheli) Scop. FI. Carn. 414. 1760.

Trees similar to the Hornbeams, the primary veins of the leaves simple or forked, the
aments expanding with or before the leaves. Staminate aments sessile at the ends of
branchlets of the preceding season, their flowers as in Carpinus, solitary in the axil of each
bract; filaments 2-cleft. Pistillate aments small, terminal, erect, the flowers 2 to each bract,
subtended by a tubular, persistent bractlet which enlarges into a membranous, nerved,
bladder-like sac in fruit. Style slender; stigmas 2, subulate. Nut ovoid-oblong, com-
pressed, smooth, sessile. Mature pistillate ament hop-like. [The ancient name.]

Six species, the following, 2 in the southwest, 1 in Europe and Asia, t in Mexico, 1 Japanese.
Type species: Ostrya Ostrya (L.) MacM. ;

1. Ostrya virginiana ( Mill.) Willd. Hop-
hornbeam. Iron-wood. Fig. 1491.
Carpinus virginiana Mill Gard. Dict. Ed. 8. 1768.
Ostrya virginica Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 469. 1805.

A tree, with a maximum height of about 50°,
trunk diameter of 2°, twigs of the season pubescent.
Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, the apex acuminate,
the base rounded or inequilateral, sharply and doubly
serrate, sparingly pubescent and green above, pubes-
cent or tomentose beneath, 23’-4’ long, 1-13’ wide;
petioles rarely more than 2” long; staminate aments
12-3’ long, their bracts triangular-ovate, acuminate;
anther-sacs villous at the summit; bractlet of each
fertile flower forming a sac 6”-8” long and 47-5”
in diameter in fruit, acute, cuspidate, pubescent, vil-
lous near and at the base with bristly hairs, parellel-
veined- and finely reticulated; nut 23” long, com-
pressed, shining; ripe fertile aments erect or spread-
ing, 13’-23’ long, resembling hops.

GENUS 3. BIRCH FAMILY. 607

In dry woods, Cape Breton Island to Manitoba, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. Wood similar
to that of the Hornbeam, but heavier ; weight per cubic foot 51 lbs. Bark scaly. April-May. Fruit
ripe July-Aug. Hard-hack. Indian-cedar or black-hazel. Jever- or deer-wood.

3. CORYLUS (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 998. 1753.

Shrubs or small trees, with broad thin serrulate or incised leaves. Staminate aments
sessile at the ends of twigs of the previous season, expanding much before the leaves, the
flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, of about 4 stamens and 2 bractlets; filaments
2-cleft or 2-divided, each fork bearing an anther-sac, which is villous at the summit. Calyx
none. Pistillate flowers from scaly buds, clustered at the ends of short branches of the
season, each in the axil of a bract, consisting of an incompletely 2-celled ovary adnate to a
calyx, a short style and 2 slender stigmas; bractlets 2, enlarged in fruit, forming a leaf-like
involucre to the nut, remaining nearly distinct or united into a tubular beak. Nut ovoid or
oblong, sometimes compressed, large, bony. [Name Greek, from the helmet-like involucre.]

Species 7, in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs in California.
Type species: Corylus Avellana L.

Involucre of 2 broad laciniate bractlets ; leaves serrulate. 1. C. americana.
Invyolucral bractlets united, prolonged into a tubular bristly beak. 2. C. rostrata.

1. Corylus americana Walt. Hazel-nut.
Filbert. Fig. 1492.
Corylus americana Walt. Fl. Car. 236. 1788.

A shrub, 3°-8° tall, the young shoots russet-
brown, densely hispid-pubescent with pinkish hairs,
the twigs becoming glabrous. Leaves ovate or broadly
oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, serrulate all
around, cordate or obtuse at the base, glabrous or
nearly so above, finely tomentose beneath, 3-6’ long,
2’-43' wide; petioles 2’-4” long; staminate aments
mostly solitary, 3-4’ long; involucre of the nut com-
pressed, composed of the 2 nearly distinct finely pu-
bescent leaf-like bractlets, which are lacinate on their
margins, commonly broader than high and exceeding
the nut; nut compressed, light brown, striate, 4’ high.

In thickets, Maine and Ontario to Saskatchewan,
Florida and Kansas. March-April. Nuts ripe July-Aug.

2. Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazel-

nut. Fig. 1493.
Corylus rostrata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 364. 1789. °

A shrub, similar to the preceding species, but the
foliage usually less pubescent. Leaves ovate or nar-
rowly oval, acuminate at the apex, cordate or obtuse
at the base, incised-serrate and serrulate, glabrous, or
with some scattered appressed hairs above, sparingly
pubescent at least on the veins beneath, 24-4’ long,
} 1’-2)’ wide; petioles 2”-4” long; involucral bractlets

bristly hairy, united to the summit and prolonged into
a tubular beak about twice the length of the nut, lacin-
iate at the summit; nut ovoid, scarcely compressed,
striate, 5’-7” high.

In thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to

Georgia, Tennessee, Kansas and Oregon, April-May.
Fruit ripe Aug.—Sept.

4. BETULA (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 982. 1753.

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with dentate or serrate leaves, scaly buds and flowers of both
kinds in aments expanding before or with the leaves, the pistillate erect or spreading. Stam-
inate flowers about 3 together in the axil of each bract, consisting of a membranous, usually
4-toothed perianth, 2 stamens, and subtended by 2 bractlets; filaments short, deeply 2-cleft,
each fork bearing an anther-sac. Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 (rarely 1) in the axil of each bract,
the bracts 3-lobed, or sometimes entire, deciduous with the fruits; perianth none; ovary ses-

608 BETULACEAE. Von, I.

sile, 2-celled; styles 2, stigmatic at the apex, mostly persistent. Nut small, compressed,
membranous-winged on each side (a samara), shorter than the bracts. [The ancient name.]
About 35 species of the north temperate and arctic zones. Type species: Betula alba L,
Trees (except mountain and boreal races of no. 3).
Fruiting aments peduncled.
Fruiting aments not tomentose.
Leaves long-acuminate.
Leaves bright green, irregularly toothed; bark not readily peeling, chalky white.
1. B. populifolia.
Leaves dull green; bark readily peeling, white to bronze. 2. B. coerulea,
Leaves merely acute ; bark white to bronze, readily peeling. 3. B. papyrifera.
Fruiting aments tomentose. 4. B. nigra.
Fruiting aments sessile.
Fruiting bracts 2”-21%4” long; leaves mostly cordate.

Fruiting bracts glabrous ; bark dark brown, close. 5. B.lenta,
Fruiting bracts ciliate ; bark gray to yellow brown, close or peeling. 6. B. alleghanensis,
Fruiting bracts 314”-5” long, ciliate; bark yellow-gray, freely peeling. 7. B. lutea,

Shrubs (nos. 8 and 10 sometimes forming small trees).
Twigs glandular-warty.
Samara-wings broader than the nut. 8. B. fontinalis.
Samara-wings narrower than the nut. . B. glandulosa.
Twigs not glandular-warty.

Ve)

Samara-wings broader than the nut. 10. B. Sandbergi.
Samara-wings narrower than the nut.
Young foliage densely pubescent; fruiting bracts all 3-lobed. 11. B. pumila,
Leaves glabrous; at least the upper fruiting bracts entire. 12. B. nana,

1. Betula populifolia Marsh. American White Birch. Fig. 1494.
Betula populifolia Marsh, Arb. Am. 19. 1785.
B. alba var. populifolia Spach, Ann, Sci. Nat. (II.) 15:

187. 1841.

A slender tree with very white smooth bark, tardily
separating in thin sheets; maximum height 45°; trunk
diameter 14°; the twigs russet, warty. Leaves deltoid,
pubescent on the veins when young, nearly glabrous
when old, minutely glandular, bright green above, light
green beneath, long-acuminate, sharply irregularly
dentate and commonly somewhat lobed, obtuse or trun-
cate at the base, 14’-2%’ long, 17-2’ wide, slender-
petioled; petioles channeled; staminate aments 2’-3!
long; pistillate aments cylindric, in fruit 9’-18” long,
3-5” in diameter, slender-peduncled; fruiting bracts
puberulent, 1-2” long, lateral lobes divergent, larger
than the middle one; nut narrower than its wings.

In moist or dry soil, Nova Scotia to southern Ontario,
Pennsylvania and Delaware. Wood soft, weak, light
brown; weight per cubic foot 36 lbs. Leaves tremulous

like those of the aspens. Gray-, poverty- or old-field-
birch. Broom- or pin-birch. May.

2. Betula coertilea Blanchard. Blue Birch.
Fig. 1495.

Betula coerulea Blanchard, Betula 1. 1904.
B. coerulea-grandis Blanchard, loc. cit. 1904.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 65° and
a trunk diameter of 2°, the bark white, readily peeling
off in thin layers, the young twigs somewhat pubescent,
becoming glabrous. Leaves ovate, 2’-44’ long, serrate,
long-acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base,
when mature glabrous and dull bluish-green above,
slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, the petioles
slender, about 1’ long; staminate aments 14’-3’ long;
pistillate aments cylindric, about 1’ long, on stalks about
one-half as long; fruiting bracts with divergent lateral
lobes; nut much narrower than its wings.

Hillsides, Quebec to Manitoba, Maine and Vermont. Re-
sembles the European Betula pendula Roth.

- shining above, dull green and pubescent on the veins

GENUS 4. BIRCH FAMILY. 609

3. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Papér or Canoe Birch. Fig. 1496.
Betula papyrifera Marsh. Arb. Am. 19. 1785.
Betula papyracea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 337- 1789.
Betula papyrifera minor Tuckerm. Am, Journ. Sci. 45: 31.

1843. F

A large forest tree with maximum height of about
80° and trunk diameter of 3°, or on mountains re-
duced to a low shrub; bark, except of the young wood,
peeling in thin layers. Leaves ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, dentate and denticulate, subcordate, truncate or
obtuse at the base, dark green and glabrous above,
glandular and pubescent on the veins beneath, slender-
petioled, 12’-43’ long, 1-3’ wide; petioles 4’-12’ long;
staminate aments 2-4’ long; pistillate aments cylindric,
slender-peduncled, 1’-2’ long, 4-3’ in diameter in fruit;
fruiting bracts 2”-3” long, puberulent or ciliate; nut
narrower than its wings.

Newfoundland to Alaska, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Ne-
braska and Washington. Similar to the Old World B. alba
L. Wood hard, strong, reddish-brown; weight per cubic
foot 37 Ibs. The chalky-white outer bark interesting to
tourists. Silver-, bolean- or white-birch. Spool-wood.
April-May.

Betula cordifolia Regel, differs in having distinctly cor-

date leaves, but scarcely otherwise. ;
4. Betula nigra L. River Birch. Red Birch.

Fig. 1497.

Betula nigra L. Sp. Pl. 982. 1753-

A slender tree, sometimes 90° high and the trunk
24° in diameter; bark reddish or greenish-brown,
peeling in very thin layers; twigs reddish. Young
shoots, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves to-
mentose; leaves rhombic-ovate, apex acute or obtuse,
irregularly serrate or somewhat lobed, base cuneate,
when mature dark green and glabrous above, pale
and glabrous or somewhat tomentose beneath, 13’—3°
long; petioles 3-8” long; staminate aments mostly
clustered in 2’s or 3's, 24’-33’ long; pistillate aments
oblong-cylindric, spreading, peduncled, 17-2’ long,
5-6” in diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts tomen-
tose, about equally 3-lobed, 3-5” long; nut broadly
obovate, wider than its wings, pubescent at the base.

Along streams and lakes, Massachusetts to Illinois,
Minnesota, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Wood hard,
strong, brown; weight per cubic foot 36 Ibs. The bark
of the branches peels off in almost membranous layers.
Water- or black-birch. April-May.

5. Betula lénta L. Cherry, Black or Sweet Birch. Fig. 1498.
Betula lenta L. Sp. Pl. 983. 1753.

A large forest tree, sometimes 80° high, with dark
brown close smooth bark, becoming furrowed, not
Separating in layers; foliage aromatic; twigs smooth,
warty, young leaves silky. Mature leaves ovate or
ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, the base cordate
or rounded, sharply serrulate, bright green, and

beneath, 23’-4’ long, 1’-2’ wide; petioles 3-6” long;
staminate aments clustered, 24-4’ long; pistillate
aments sessile, dense, oblong, about 1’ long and 3’
in diameter in fruit, nearly erect; bracts glabrous or
minutely puberulent, not ciliate, appressed, about 2”
long, nearly equally 3-lobed, the lateral lobes some-
what divergent; nut oblong, broader than its wings.
New England to western Ontario, Florida and Ten-
nessee. Wood hard, strong, dark brown; weight per
cubic foot 47 lbs. The aromatic oil of the branches and
foliage (same as oil of wintergreen) is distilled in
quantities and is an important article of commerce.
Tree much resembles the cherry. A hybrid with B.
pumila is B, Jackii Schneider. Spice-, river- or ma-
hogany-birch. Mountain-mahogany. April-May.
39

610 BETULACEAE. Vor. I.

6. Betula alleghanénsis Britton. Southern
Yellow Birch. Fig. 1499.

B. alleghanensis Britton, ‘Bull, Torr. Club 31: 166. 1904.

Similar to Betula lenta and to Betula lutea, the bark
either close and fissured, or peeling off in thin layers
on young trunks and branches. Leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong, usually acuminate at the apex, cordate or
rounded at the base, 5’ long or less, sharply and rather
coarsely toothed, hairy when young, glabrous when old,
except on the veins beneath; staminate aments clustered ;
ripe pistillate aments oblong-cylindric, short-stalked or
sessile, about 1’ long, their bracts nearly or quite as
wide as long, more or less pubescent, 3-lobed to about
the middle, the margins ciliate; nut narrowly oblong to
obovate, broader than its wings.

Woodlands, Massachusetts to Quebec, Michigan and
Georgia. May.

7. Betula lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Gray Birch. Fig. 1500.
Betula lutea Michx. f. Arb. Am. 2: 152. pl. 5. 1812.

A large forest tree, reaching a maximum height of
about 100° and a trunk diameter of 4°, the bark yel-
lowish or gray, separating in thin layers or close, the
twigs gray-brown. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly
acuminate at the apex, rounded, obtuse or rarely sub-
cordate at the base, sharply serrulate all around, dark
green and dull above, pubescent on the veins beneath,
14’-4’ long, petioles 4-9” long; staminate aments usu-
ally 2-4 together; pistillate aments sessile, oblong or
oblong-cylindric, 13’ or less long, 7”-9” thick in fruit,
rather loose; bracts nearly equally 3-lobed to somewhat
above the middle, ciliolate, the lateral lobes ascending;
nut broadly oblong, wider than its wings.

Newfoundland to Manitoba, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania
and Wisconsin. Wood hard, strong, light brown; weight per
cubic foot 41 lbs. Swamp- or silver-birch. April—May.

8. Betula fontinalis Sargent. Western Red Birch. Cherry Birch. Fig. 1501.
B. fontinalis Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 31: 239. 1901.

A shrub or rarely a tree attaining a height of
about 40° and a trunk diameter of 14°, the bark
smooth, dark bronze, the twigs gray-brown, warty.
Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, acute or
obtuse at the apex, sharply serrate, rounded or ob-
tuse at the base, short-petioled, glabrous on both
sides or sparingly pubescent on the veins beneath,
1-2’ long; petioles slender, 2”-6” long; pistillate
aments peduncled, cylindric, spreading or pendent,
1-11’ long, about 5” in diameter in fruit; fruiting
bracts ciliolate, about 3” long, their lateral lobes
ascending; nut much narrower than its wings.

South Dakota to western Nebraska, British Columbia,
California and New Mexico, and on Mt. Albert, Quebec.
Has been confused with Betula occidentalis Hook., and

referred to the Asiatic B. microphylla Bunge. Black,
gray, sweet or water-birch. April-May.

GENUS 4. BIRCH FAMILY. 611

g. Betula glandulosa Michx. Glandular or
Serub Birch. Fig. 1502.
Betula glandulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 180. 1803.

A shrub, 1°-6° high, the twigs brown, glandular-
warty, not pubescent. Leaves orbicular, reniform, oval
or obovate, glabrous, rounded at the apex, rounded, nar-
rowed or cuneate at the base, crenate-dentate, bright
green above, pale green and glandular-dotted beneath,
short-petioled, 7/1’ long; petioles 1’—3” long; staminate
aments commonly solitary, about 4° long; pistillate
aments cylindric, erect, peduncled, 5-12” long and
about 2” in diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts 2-3
long, the lateral lobes rather shorter than the middle
one; nut oblong to nearly orbicular, its wings mostly
narrow.

Newfoundland to Alaska, the higher;mountains of Maine
and northern New York, Michigan, Minnesota, in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and to California. Also in
Asia. Dwarf birch. June-July.

10. Betula Sandbérgi Britton. Sandberg’s
Birch. Fig. 1503.

Betula Sandbergi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 166.
1904.

A shrub or small tree, the close bark dark reddish-
brown, the young twigs finely pubescent. Leaves
oval to rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends, serrate,
1-23’ long, firm in texture, dull green above, paler
and sparingly pubescent beneath, the slender petioles
about 3’ long; staminate aments 2’-2}’ long; fruiting
pistillate aments about 1’ long, cylindric, slender-
stalked; bracts about 2” long and broad, pubescent,
the middle lobe obtuse or acute, longer than the
obtuse lateral ones; nut narrower than its wings.

Swamps, Minnesota to Saskatchewan and Montana.
Spring.

11. Betula pumila L. Low Birch. Fig. 1504.

\

Betula pumila L, Mant. 124. 1767.

A bog shrub, 2°-15° tall, the twigs brown, be-
coming glabrous, the young foliage densely
brownish-tomentose. Leaves obovate, broadly
oval or orbicular, rounded at both ends or some
of them cuneate-narrowed at the base, rather
coarsely dentate, when mature glabrous and dull
green above, pale, persistently tomentose or
becoming glabrous beneath and prominently
reticulate-veined, 4’-13’ long; petioles 14’-3”
long; fruiting pistillate aments oblong-cylindric,
erect, peduncled, 1’ long or less, about 3” in
diameter; bracts puberulent or ciliolate, the lateral
lobes spreading at right angles, shorter than the
middle one; nut oblong, mostly rather broader
than its wings.

In bogs, Newfoundland to western Ontario and the
Northwest Territory, south to New Jersey, Ohio and
Minnesota. Also in Europe and Asia. Dwarf birch.
Tag-alder. May-June.

Betula glandulifera (Regel) Butler, differs in having leaves smooth or nearly so on both sides.
It grows from Michigan and western Ontario to British Columbia.

612 BETULACEAE. Vor, I.

12. Betula nana L. Dwarf or Alpine Birch.
Fig. 1505.

Betula nana L. Sp. Pl. 983. 1753.

B. Michauxiti Spach, Ann, Sci. Nat. (II.) 15: 195. 1841.

A low diffuse shrub, similar to» the preceding
species, but the twigs glandless, puberulent or
glabrous. Leaves orbicular, obovate, or reniform
and wider than long, bright green, firm, glabrous,
on both sides when mature, deeply and_ incisely
crenulate, rounded at the apex, rounded, obtuse
or cuneate at the base, 3-10” long; petioles rarely
more than 1” long; staminate aments 3’-1’ long,
solitary or clustered; pistillate aments oblong, sessile
or short-peduncled, erect or somewhat spreading,
3-5” long; fruiting bracts glabrous, the lower usu-
ally 3-lobed, the upper ovate or lanceolate, mostly
entire; nut oblong, wingless or narrowly winged.

Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay. Also in
northern Europe and Asia. May—June.

5. ALNUS (Tourn.) Hill, Brit. Herb. 510. 1756.

Shrubs or trees, with dentate or serrulate leaves, few-scaled or naked buds, and flowers
of both kinds in aments, expanding before, with or after the leaves, making in most species
their first appearance during the preceding season, the staminate pendulous, the pistillate
erect, clustered. Staminate flowers 3 or sometimes 6 in the axil of each bract, consisting of a
mostly 4-parted perianth, 4 stamens and subtended by 1 or 2 bractlets; filaments short, simple;
anther-sacs adnate. Pistillate flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract, without a perianth, but
subtended by 2-4 minute bractlets; ovary sessile, 2-celled; styles 2; bracts woody, persistent,
5-toothed or erose. Nut small, compressed, wingless or winged. [Ancient Latin name de-
rived from the Celtic, in allusion to the growth of these trees along streams.]

About 14 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and the Andes of South America. Besides
the following, some 4 others occur in western North America. Type species: Alnus vulgaris Hill.
Nut bordered by a membranous wing on each side. 1. A. Alnobetula.
Nut acute-margined, wingless.

Leaves obovate, broadly oval or suborbicular, dull; aments expanding long before the leaves.

Leaves finely pale-tomentose or glaucous beneath. 2. A. incana,
Leaves green and glabrous or pubescent beneath, obovate to suborbicular.

Leaves finely serrulate ; native. 3. A. rugosa.
Leaves dentate-serrate; twigs glutinous ; introduced tree. 4. A. Alnus.
Leaves mostly oblong, bright green and shining above; aments expanding in late summer or
autumn. 5. A. maritima.

1. Alnus Alnobétula (Ehrh.) K. Koch. Green or Mountain Alder. Fig 1506.

Betula Alnobetula Ehrh. Beitr. 2: 72. 1788.

Alnus viridis DC. Fl. Fr. 3: 304. 1805.

A. crispa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 623. 1814.

A. Mitchelliana M. A. Curtis; A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci.

42:42. 1842.

Alnus Alnobetula K. Koch, Dendr. 2': 625. 1872.
Alnus mollis Fernald, Rhodora 6: 162. 1904.

A shrub, 2°-10° high, the young leaves glutinous
and more or less pubescent, the twigs glabrous or
pubescent. Leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or acute,
sharply and more or less irregularly serrulate or
incised-serrulate, when mature dark green and gla-
brous above, light green and glabrous or pubescent
beneath, 2’-5’ long, 13’-3’ wide; petioles 4”-12” long;
aments expanding with the leaves, the staminate
slender, naked, 14’-23’ long, the pistillate oblong or
ovoid-oblong, slender-peduncled, becoming 4’—10”
long and 4”-5” in diameter in fruit, their bracts ir-
regularly 5-toothed; nut oblong, the thin wings about
as broad as the body.

Newfoundland to Manitoba, Massachusetts, New York,
Michigan, and in the higher Alleghanies to North Caro-
lina. Also in Europe and Asia. June. Consists of many
races, differing mainly in the amount of pubescence.

GENUS 5. BIRCH FAMILY. 613

2. Alnus incana (L.) Willd. Spreckled or
Hoary Alder. Fig. 1507.

Betula Alnus var. incana L, Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1394. 1763.
Alnus incana Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 335. 1805.

A shrub, or rarely a small tree, 8°-40° high, the
twigs glabrous, the young shoots pubescent. Leaves
oval or ovate, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex,
finely serrulate or dentate, with the teeth serrulate,
obtuse or some of them acute at the base, dark green
above, pale or glaucous and pubescent, at least on
the veins beneath, 2’-5’ long, 14’-4’ wide, the veins
prominent on the lower surface; stipules oblong-
lanceolate, deciduous; petioles 4’-12” long; aments
unfolding much before the leaves, the staminate 13’—
3’ long, the pistillate ovoid, about 3’ long and 3’—-5”
in diameter in fruit, their bracts 5-toothed; nut or-
bicular, coriaceous-margined.

In wet soil, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, New
York, Pennsylvania and Nebraska. Also in Europe and
Asia. Wood soft, light brown; weight per cubic foot 28
lbs. Black or tag-alder. April-May.

3. Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. Smooth
or Hazel Alder. Fig. 1508.
Betula Alnus rugosa DuRoi, Harbk. 1: 112. 1771.

Alnus serrulata Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 336. 1805.
Alnus rugosa Spreng. Syst. 3: 848. 1826.

A shrub 5°-20° tall, or sometimes a small tree,
attaining a maximum height of 40° and a trunk
diameter of 6’, the bark smooth, the younger shoots
somewhat pubescent. Leaves green on both sides,
obovate or oval, mostly obtuse and rounded at the
apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply and
minutely serrulate, when mature glabrous above,
usually pubescent beneath, at least on the veins, 3-5’
long, stipules oval, deciduous; petioles 4-12” long;
aments unfolding much before the leaves (or in the
South after the leaves), the staminate 2’-4’ long, the
pistillate ovoid, 6-9” long in fruit; nut ovate, nar-
rowly coriaceous-margined.

In wet soil, or on hillsides, Maine to Ohio and Minne-
sota, Florida and Texas. Wood soft, light brown;
F + weight per cubic foot 29 Ibs. Common, tag, american

wi @ or green alder. March-April.
Alnus noveboracénsis Britton, has leaves acute at both ends and densely pubescent on the
veins beneath. It may be a race of this species. It is known certainly only from a Staten Island
tree, now destroyed.

4. Alnus Alnus (L.) Britton. European
Alder. Eller. Fig. 1509.

Betula Alnus and var. glutinosa L. Sp. Pl. 983. 1753
Alnus vulgaris Hill, Brit. Herb. 510. 1756.
Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 54. 1791.

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about
75° and a trunk diameter of 23°, the bark smooth,
the branches nearly horizontal, the foliage gluti-
nous. Leaves broadly oval, orbicular or obovate,
thick, dark green, dull, often obtuse at both ends,
coarsely dentate and the teeth denticulate, gla-
brous above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 2-5’
long; petioles 4-1’ long; aments appearing from
naked buds, expanding much before the leaves,
the staminate 3-4’ long, the pistillate ovoid-
oblong, 6-9” long in fruit; nut wingless, coria-
ceous-margined.

In wet places, Newfoundland to New Jersey and
Illinois, escaped from cultivation. Native of Europe.
Wood soft, brown; weight per cubic foot 35 Ibs.
Irish mahogany. Hollard. Ooler. Black alder.
April.

614 BETULACEAE. Vor. I.

5. Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. Sea-
side Alder. Fig. 1510.

Betula Alnus maritima Marsh, Arb. Am. 20. 1785.
Alnus maritima Muhl.; Nutt. Sylva 1: 34. t. 102. 1865.

A small tree, sometimes 30° tall and the trunk
6’ in diameter, glabrous or very nearly so through-
out. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or obovate, firm,
acute at both ends, bright green and shining above,
pale green and dull beneath, sharply serrulate, 2’-4’
long, 1-2” wide; petioles 3-10” long; aments un-
folding long after the leaves, their buds developing
during the season, the staminate 1-2’ long, the pis-
tillate oblong, 9-12” long, 5-7” in diameter in
fruit; nut oblong-obovate, wingless, coriaceous-
margined.

In wet soil, southern Delaware and eastern Mary-
land; also in Oklahoma. Closely related to A. japénica

of northeastern Asia. Wood soft, light brown; weight
per cubic foot 31 lbs. Aug.—Sept.

Family 7. FAGACEAE Drude, Phan. 409. 1870.
BEECH FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, dentate, serrate, lobed,
cleft or entire, pinnately veined, the stipules, if any, deciduous. Flowers small,
monoecious, the staminate in pendulous erect or spreading aments, or capitate,
the pistillate solitary or several together, subtended by an involucre of partly or
wholly united bracts, which becomes a bur or cup. Petals none. Staminate
flowers with a 4-7-lobed perianth and 4-20 stamens; filaments slender, distinct,
simple; anther-sacs adnate, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a
4-8-lobed urn-shaped or oblong perianth, adnate to the 3-7-celled ovary; ovules
I-2 in each cavity, only 1 in each ovary ripening, pendulous, anatropous; styles as
many as the cavities of the ovary, linear, terminally or longitudinally stigmatic.
Fruit a 1-seeded nut, with a coriaceous or somewhat bony exocarp. Testa thin.
Endosperm none; cotyledons large, fleshy, often rugose; radicle short.

About 5 genera and 375 species, of very wide geographic distribution.

Staminate flowers capitate ; nut sharply triangular. 1. Fagus.

Staminate flowers in slender aments ; nut rounded or plano-convex. ‘
Pistillate flowers 2-5 in each involucre; involucre becoming globose and very prickly in fruit,

enclosing the nuts. f 2. Castanea.
Pistillate flower 1 in each involucre; involucre of numerous scales forming a cup in fruit and
subtending the acorn. 3. Quercus.

1. FAGUS (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 997. 1753.

Trees, with smooth light gray bark, and serrate straight-veined leaves. Flowers appear-
ing with the leaves, the staminate in slender-peduncled pendulous globose heads, the pistillate
about 2 together in short-peduncled subulate-bracted involucres in the upper axils. Staminate
flowers yellowish-green, subtended by deciduous bracts, consisting of a campanulate 4-8-lobed
calyx, and 8-16 stamens with filiform filaments. Pistillate flowers with a 6-lobed perianth
adnate to a 3-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity, usually 1 only of each ovary maturing;
styles 3, filiform. Nut coriaceous, sharply 3-angled, enclosed in the 4-valved bur. [Name
from the Greek, to eat, referring to the esculent nuts. ]

About 4 species of the northern hemisphere. Only the following is native in North America.
Type species: Fagus sylvatica L.

—

GENUS I. BEECH FAMILY. 615

1. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech. Fig. 1511.

Fagus americana latifolia Muench. Hausy. 5: 162,
1770.

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beytr. Naturk. 3: 22. 1788,

Fagus ferruginea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 362. 1789.

Fagus americana Sweet, Hort. Brit. 370. 1826.

F. grandifolia caroliniana Fernald & Rehder, Rho-
dora 9: 114. 1907.

A large forest tree, with maximum height of at

about 120°, and a trunk diameter of 43°, the lower
branches spreading. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong S—\
or oblong-obovate, firm, acuminate at the apex, )_\
obtuse, subcordate or narrowed at the base, 2’—4}’
long, 1-3’ wide, densely silky when young, gla-

\
brous or somewhat pubescent when mature, green =\\ AL a

N Se
SS

on both sides, not shining, rather coarsely ser- PAZ ad a
rate; petioles 2’-6” long; heads of staminate \ / —_ ZANE
flowers 6-9” in diameter, hanging on peduncles QOH, Va .
1-3 long; bur 6-10” high, densely tomentose, its (Wy Sow
soft, long or short prickles recurved or spreading; ¥\j WW Bea
nut brown; seed sweet. TANS

In rich soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, ! j
Missouri, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, ai 4

tough, close-grained ; color light or dark red; weight
43 lbs. per cubic foot. April-May. Nuts ripe Sept.— aAB
Oct. Leaves of seedlings and young shoots are sometimes pinnatifid. Red or white beech.

2. CASTANEA (Tourn.) Hill, Brit. Herbal 509. 1756.

Trees or shrubs, with serrate straight-veined leaves, their teeth sharply acuminate.
Flowers appearing after the leaves, the staminate in erect or spreading, narrowly cylindric,
interrupted axillary yellowish aments, several in the axil of each bract, the bracts fugacious,
the pistillate borne in prickly involucres at the bases of the staminate aments or in separate
axils. Staminate flowers 2-bracteolate, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed campanulate perianth
and numerous stamens, sometimes also with an abortive ovary; filaments filiform, long-
exserted. Pistillate flowers 2-5 (commonly 3) in each involucre, consisting of an urn-shaped
6-lobed perianth adnate to the mostly 6-celled ovary, and usually with 4-12 abortive stamens;
ovules 2 in each cavity, 1 ovule only of each ovary usually maturing; styles as many as the
cavities of the ovary, slender, exserted; stigmas minute. Pistillate involucre enlarging and
becoming a globose mostly 4-valved very prickly bur in fruit, enclosing 1-several nuts. Nut
rounded or plano-convex, I-seeded, the shell coriaceous. Seed large, sweet. Style mostly
persistent. [Name Greek, from a city in Thessaly.]

Four or five species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs
in the southeastern United States. Type species: Castanea vulgaris Hill.

Leaves green on both sides; nuts usually 2-5 in each involucre; large tree. 1. C. dentata.
Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; nut usually solitary; shrub or small tree. 2. C. pumila,

1. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Ameri-
can Chestnut. Fig. 1512.

Fagus Castanea dentata Marsh. Arb. Am. 46. 1785.

Castanea dentata Borkh. Handb. Forstb. 1: 741. 1800.

C. vesca var. americana Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 193. 1803.

A large forest tree, with gray bark rough in longitu-
dinal plates, reaching a maximum height of about 100°
and a trunk diameter of 14°; lower branches spreading.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, firm, acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, coarsely
serrate, with very sharp-pointed ascending teeth, rather
dark green above, lighter beneath, 5’-12’ long, 14’-3’
wide; petioles stout, 4-1’ long; staminate aments erect,
numerous, borne solitary in the upper axils, 6-12’ long,
4’-5” in diameter; burs 1}’-4’ in diameter, solitary or
2-4 together, enclosing I-5 nuts; nuts puberulent, dark
brown, plano-convex or angled on the face, or when
solitary ovoid.

In rich soil, Maine and Ontario to Michigan, Georgia and
Arkansas. Wood coarse-grained, durable, brown; weight
per cubic foot 28 Ibs. Involucre sometimes suppressed and
the nuts naked. June-July. Nuts ripe Sept-Oct. Sardian
nut. Prickly bur.

616 FAGACEAE., Vor. I.

2. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. Chinquapin.
Fig. 1513.

Fagus pumila L. Sp. Pl. 998. 1753.
Castanea pumila Mill. Gard, Dict. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768,

A shrub or small tree, sometimes 45° high and with
Leaves oblong, acute at both ends, sharply serrate with
a trunk 3° in diameter, the young shoots puberulent.
ascending or divergent teeth, dark green and glabrous
above, densely white-tomentulose beneath, 3-6’ long,
1-23’ wide; staminate aments erect or somewhat
spreading, 3-5’ long, 3-4” in diameter; burs 13’ in
diameter or less, commonly spicate, enclosing a soli-
tary ovoid brown nut (rarely 2); seed very sweet.

In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Missouri,
Florida and Texas. Wood strong, coarse-grained, dark
brown; weight per cubic foot 37 Ibs. June. Nuts ripe Sept.

3. QUERCUS (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 994. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with pinnatifid lobed dentate crenate or entire leaves, deciduous or in
some species persistent. Flowers very small, green or yellowish, appearing with or before
the leaves, the staminate numerous in slender mostly drooping aments, the pistillate soli-
tary in many-bracted involucres borne on the twigs of the preceding season or on the young
shoots. Staminate flowers subtended by caducous bracts, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed
campanulate perianth and 3-12 stamens with filiform filaments, sometimes also with an abor-
tive pilose ovary. Pistillate flowers involucrate,with an urn-shaped or oblong calyx, adnate
to a mostly 3-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, rarely more than I in each
ovary maturing; styles as many as the ovary-cavities, short, erect or recurved. Fruit con-
sisting of the imbricated and more or less united bracts of the involucre (cup), subtending or
nearly enclosing the ovoid, oblong or subglobose 1-seeded coriaceous nut (acorn). [The
ancient Latin name, probably of Celtic derivation, signifying “ beautiful tree.”]

About 220 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 4o others
occur in the western and southern sections of North America. Our species hybridize freely. Type
species: Quercus Robur L.

* Leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped, deciduous; acorns maturing in autumn of second year.

+ Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed.

Leaves green on both sides. :
Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped, much broader than high,

Cup 8”-12” broad; acorn ovoid; leaves dull. 1. Q. rubra.
Cup 4”-8” broad ; leaves shining.
Acorn subglobose or short-ovoid ; northern, 2. O. palustris,
Acorn ovoid; southern. 3. OQ. Schneckit.

Cup of the acorn turbinate or hemispheric.
Inner bark gray to reddish; leaves deeply lobed.
Leaves dull, not shining, pale beneath. 4. Q. borealis.
Leaves shining above.
Cup of acorn 5”—7” wide. oe
6. QO. coccinea,
7

Cup of acorn 8”-12” wide. "
. velutina,

Inner bark orange ; leaves pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath.
Leaves white or gray-tomentulose beneath.
Large tree; leaf-lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long.

Q
Q, ellipsoidalis.
e)
Q

Leaves rounded or obtuse at the base, 3—-5-lobed. 8. Q.triloba,
Leaves cuneate, obtuse or truncate at the base, 5—11-lobed. 9. QO. pagodaefolia.
Shrub or low tree; leaf-lobes triangular-ovate, short. 10. Q. nana.

+t Leaves 3-5-lobed above the middle or entire, obovate or spatulate in outline.
Leaves obovate-cuneate, brown-floccose beneath. 11. O. marilandica.
Leaves spatulate to obovate, glabrous both sides. 12. Q. nigra.

+t Leaves entire, oblong, lanceolate or linear-oblong (sometimes lobed in no. 14).
Leaves linear-oblong, green and glabrous on both sides. 13. QO. Phellos,
Leaves oblong, glabrous, dark green and shining above. 14. Q. laurifolia.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, brown-tomentulose beneath. 15. Q.imbricaria.

GENUS 3. BEECH FAMILY. 617

** Leaves or their lobes not bristle-tipped, deciduous ; acorns maturing in autumn of first year.
7 Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed.

Mature leaves pale, or glaucous and glabrate beneath ; cup shallow. 16. Q. alba.
Mature leaves tomentulose beneath; cup one-third to fully as long as the acorn.
Upper scales of the cup not awned.

Leaves yellowish-brown-tomentulose beneath ; acorn ovoid. 17. Q. stellata,
Leaves white-tomentulose beneath ; acorn depressed-globose. 18. Q. lyrata.
Upper scales awned, forming a fringe around the acorn. 19. Q. macrocarpa.

77 Leaves crenate or dentate, not lobed.
Fruit peduncled.

Peduncle much longer than petioles; leaves white-tomentulose beneath. 20. Q. bicolor.
Peduncle equalling or shorter than the petioles; leaves gray-tomentulose beneath.
Teeth of the leaves acute or mucronulate. 21. Q. Michauxii.
Teeth of the leaves rounded. 22. Q. Prinus.
Fruit sessile or nearly so.
Tall tree; leaves oblong, obovate or lanceolate. 23. O. Muhlenbergii.
Shrub or low tree ; leaves oval or obovate. 24. Q. prinoides.
*** Leaves entire (rarely with a few bristle-tipped lobes), evergreen. 25. Q. virginiana.

I. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. Fig. 1514.
Quercus rubra L. Sp. Pl. 996. 1753.

A large forest tree, with a maximum height of
about 140°, and a trunk diameter of 7°, the bark
dark gray, slightly roughened. Leaves oval or some-
what obovate in outline, deciduous, when mature
glabrous, or pubescent in the axils of the veins be-
neath, 4-8 long, 3-6’ wide, dull green above, paler
beneath, sinuses rounded, lobes triangular-lanceolate,
tapering from a broad base to an acuminate apex,
1-4-toothed or entire, teeth and apices tipped with
filiform bristles; petioles 14’-3’ long; styles slender,
spreading; fruit maturing the second autumn, sessile
or nearly so; cup saucer-shaped, its base flat or
slightly convex, 8’-12” broad, bracts ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse or the upper acute, appressed;
acorn ovoid, about 1’ long, 2-4 times as long as
the cup.

Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to
Florida and Kansas. Wood hard, strong, coarse-grained ;
color light reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 41 lbs.
May-June. Acorns ripe Oct-Nov. Champion, Black
or Spanish oak.

Quercus rubra runcinata A. DC. with leaf-lobes
nearly entire and acorn }4’ high, from near St. Louis, is perhaps a hybrid with Q. triloba Michx.

Quercus Catésbaei Michx., a tree of the southeastern states, differs from all related species by
having the inner scales of the deep cup of the acorn inflexed. It has been observed northward to
southern Virginia.

L
\\N

\\i

\\

\

NY

\

ZA

2. Quercus paltstris DuRoi. Swamp Oak. Pin Oak. Fig. 1515.
Q. palustris DuRoi, Harbk. 2: 268. pl. 5. f. 4. 1772.

A forest tree, maximum height about 120° and
trunk diameter 5°, the lower branches deflexed;
bark brown, rough when old. Leaves broadly
oblong or obovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid,
sometimes almost to the midrib, bright green
glabrous and shining above, duller, glabrous or
with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins be-
neath, 3’-5’ long, the lobes oblong, lanceolate
or triangular-lanceolate, divergent, 1-4-toothed
or entire, teeth and apices tipped with filiform
bristles; styles slender; fruit maturing in the sec-
ond autumn; cup saucer-shaped, 4-6” broad,
base flat, bracts triangular-ovate, acute or obtuse,
appressed; acorn subglobose or ovoid, 4°-7”
high, often striate, 2-3 times as long as the cup.

In moist ground, Massachusetts to Michigan, Vir-
ginia and Arkansas. Wood hard, very strong, coarse-
grained; color light brown; weight per cubic foot 43
Ibs. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept-Oct. Swamp
Spanish oak.

618 FAGACEAE. Vor. I.

3. Quercus Schnéckii Britton. Schneck’s Oak.
Fig. 1516.
Quercus Schneckii Britton, Manual 333. 1901.

A forest tree, attaining a maximum height of about
200° and a trunk diameter of 8°, usually smaller. Bark
reddish-brown, with broad ridges broken into plates;
leaves mostly obovate in outline, bright green and shin-
ing above, paler and with tufts of wool in the axils
beneath, 2-6’ long, truncate or broadly wedge-shaped
at the base, deeply pinnatifid into 5-9 oblong or tri-
angular lobes, which are entire or coarsely few toothed,
the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped; styles short; fruit
maturing in the autumn of the second season; cup
deeply saucer-shaped, 6-8” broad, its scales obtusish
or acute, appressed; acorn ovoid, 4-1’ long, 2-3 times
as high as the cup.

North Carolina to Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Florida and
Texas. Wood hard, light red-brown; weight per cubic

foot 57 lbs. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept-Oct. Has been
confused with Quercus texana Buckley.

4. Quercus borealis Michx. f.
Gray Oak. Fig. 1517.

Q. borealis Michx. f. N. A. Sylv. 1: 98. pl.
26. 1817.

A forest tree, reaching at least 90° in
height, with a trunk diameter up to 3°,
the bark rough in plates and ridges.
Leaves ovate to obovate in outline, 7—-
13-lobed, 4-7’ long, deep green and
dull above, paler green and with tufts of
hairs in the axils of the leaves beneath,
the acute lobes bristle-tipped, the slender
leaf-stalk 2’ long or less; pistillate flow-
ers with long spreading styles; fruit ma-
turing in the autumn of the second
season; cup depressed-hemispheric, 3/3’
wide, embracing one-third to one-half
of the acorn, its scales obtuse.

Quebec and Ontario to New York and
Pennsylvania,

y
5. Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. Hill’s
Oak. Fig. 1518.

Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill, Bot. Gaz. 27: 204. 1899.

Mf

A tree, becoming about 65° high, with a trunk
diameter up to nearly 4°, the rather thin, shallowly
fissured bark grayish-brown without, yellow within,
the twigs appressed-pubescent when young. Leaves
broadly oval or obovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid
with rounded sinuses, bright green and shining above,
paler, and with tufts of hairs in the axils of the
veins beneath, 23-6’ long, the lobes and teeth bristle-
tipped; fruit ripening in the autumn of the second
season; cup turbinate, 5-7” wide, embracing one-
third to one-half of the ellipsoid to globose-ovoid
acorn, its scales ovate, blunt.

In clayey soils, Illinois to Minnesota. May. Acorns

ripe Oct. Also called yellow oak and black oak. Per-
haps a hybrid between Q. velitina and Q. coccinea.

GENUS 3. BEECH FAMILY. 619

6. Quercus coccinea Wang. Scarlet
Oak. Fig. 1519.

Q. coccinea Wang. Amer. 44. pl. 4. f. 9. 1787.

A forest tree, attaining a maximum height
of about 160°, the trunk diameter some-
times 5°; inner bark pale reddish or gray;
foliage turning scarlet in autumn. Leaves
deeply pinnatifid, glabrous, bright green and
shining above, paler and sometimes pubes-
cent in the axils of the veins beneath, 4’-8’
long, rather thin, the lobes oblong or lan-
ceolate, divergent or ascending, few-toothed,
the teeth and apices bristle-tipped; fruit
maturing in the autumn of the second sea-
son; styles slender, recurved-spreading; cup
hemispheric or top-shaped, its bracts trian-
gular-lanceolate, appressed or the upper
slightly squarrose, mostly glabrous; acorn
ovoid or ovoid-globose, 6-10" high, about
twice as long as the cup.

In dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Minne-
sota, North Carolina and Missouri. Wood
hard, strong, light brown or red; weight 46 lbs.
per cubic foot. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept.—
Oct. Black, red or Spanish oak.

7. Quercus velitina Lam. Black Oak. Quercitron. Fig. 1520.

Quercus velutina Lam. Encycl. 1: 721. 1783.
Q. tinctoria Bartram, Travels, 37. Name only. 1791.
Q. coccinea var. tinctoria A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,454. 1867.

A large forest tree, similar to Q. coccinea, maxi-
mum height about 150°, trunk diameter 5°; outer
bark very dark brown, rough in low ridges, the in-
ner bright orange. Leaves pinnatifid or lobed to
beyond the middle, firm, brown-pubescent or some-
times stellate-pubescent when young, when mature
glabrous and dark dull green above, pale green and
usually pubescent on the veins beneath, the broad
oblong or triangular-lanceolate lobes and their teeth
bristle-tipped; fruit maturing in the autumn of the
second season; cup hemispheric or top-shaped, {’-1’
broad, commonly narrowed into a short stalk, its
bracts mostly pubescent, the upper somewhat squar-
rose; acorn ovoid, 4-1’ high, longer than the cup.

Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and - Texas.
Wood reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 44 Ibs.
May-June. Consists of several races differing in leaf-
lobing, amount of pubescence and size of acorns, Dyer’s
or spotted oak. Yellow-bark oak.

8. Quercus triloba Michx. Spanish or
Water Oak. Fig. 1521.

Quercus nigra digitata Marsh. Arb, Am, 121. 1785.
Quercus triloba Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. pl. 26. 1801.
Q. falcata Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. 16. pl. 28. 1801.
Quercus digitata Sudw. Gard, & For. 5: 99. 1892.

A tree, with maximum height of about 95°,
and trunk diameter of 5°. Leaves dark green
and glabrous above, gray-tomentulose beneath,
deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 linear or lanceolate,
often falcate, acuminate, entire or dentate lobes;
teeth and apices bristle-tipped; terminal lobes
commonly elongated; styles slender; fruit ma-
turing during the second autumn; cup saucer-
shaped with a turbinate base, 5-7” broad, its
bracts ovate, obtuse, appressed; acorn subglobose
or depressed, about twice as high as the cup.

In dry soil, Long Island(?), New Jersey to Florida,
Indiana, Missouri and Texas. Wood hard, strong,
reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. May-—
June. Acorns ripe Sept.—Oct. Red or turkey-oak.

620 FAGACEAE. Vo. I.

g- Quercus pagodaefolia ( Ell.) Ashe.
Elliott’s Oak. Fig. 1522.

Q. falcata pagodaefolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 605.
8

1624.

QO. paccduefalic Ashe, Bot. Gaz. 24: 375. 1897.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about
100°, with a trunk diameter up to nearly 5°, the
thick, close, scaly bark grayish-brown, the young
twigs velvety-pubescent. Leaves ovate to oblong
in outline, 6-12’ long, dark green and shining
above, pale and persistently tomentose beneath,
5-11-lobed, the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped, the
petiole 2’ long or less; styles long, spreading;
fruit maturing the second autumn, very short-
stalked; cup shallowly top-shaped, its scales ob-
long, pubescent; acorn subglobose, about 5” long
and twice as long as the cup.

Borders of swamps and streams, Massachusetts to
Florida, Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas,

Quercus rubra nana Marsh, Arb. Am. 123. 1785.
Quercus ilicifolia Wang. Amer. 79. pl. 6. f. 17- 1787.
Quercus nana Sarg. Gard, & For. 8: 93. 1895.

A shrub or rarely a small tree, often forming —
dense thickets, maximum height about 25°, and trunk
diameter 6’; bark gray, nearly smooth. Leaves
mostly obovate, 2’-5’ long, short-petioled, dark
green and glabrous above, grayish-white tomentu-
lose beneath, 3-7-lobed, the lobes triangular-ovate,
acute, bristle-tipped; styles recurved; fruit matur-
ing the second autumn; cup saucer-shaped, 4-6”
broad, with a turbinate or rounded base; its bracts
lanceolate, appressed; acorn globose-ovoid, more or
less longer than the cup.

In sandy or rocky soil, Maine to Ohio, North Carolina
and Kentucky. Wood hard, strong, light brown. May.
Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov. Holly, bitter or barren oak.
Bitter-bush or black scrub-oak. Dwarf black-oak.

A hybrid of this, presumably with Q. coccinea, was
found by Dr. Robbins at Uxbridge, Mass.

iA
Iz. Quercus marilandica Muench. Black-
Jack or Barren Oak. Fig. 1524.

Ouercus nigra 8 L. Sp. Pl. 995. 1753.
Quercus marilandica Muench. Hausv. 5: 253. 1770.

A tree, sometimes 60° high, usually lower; maxi-
mum trunk diameter 2°; bark nearly black, very |
rough in ridges. Leaves obovate in outline, stel- .
late-pubescent above and brown-tomentose beneath |
when young, 3-5-lobed toward the broad usually
nearly truncate apex, cuneate below, the lobes short,
entire or sparingly toothed, bristle-tipped; mature
leaves dark green, glabrous above, paler and more
or less floccose beneath, 3-7’ long, 2-5’ wide; fruit
maturing the second autumn; styles recurved; cup
deep, 5-8” broad, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, ap-
pressed, pubescent; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as high

Gormnys
‘ iit as the cup.

RNY
Xi In dry soil, Long Island, N. Y., to Minnesota, Ne-

braska, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 46 Ibs. May—
June. Acorns ripe Oct-Nov. Iron or jack-oak.

Quercus Ridkini Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 9: 14, a hybrid of this with Q. Phellos, occurs from
Staten Island, N. Y., to North Carolina.
Quercus Brittoni W. T. Davis, Scien. Am. 67: 145, is a hybrid with O. ilicifolia. Staten
sland, N. Y.

GENUS 3. BEECH FAMILY. 621

12. Quercus nigra L. Water or Black-Jack Oak. Fig. 1525.

Quercus nigra L. Sp. Pl. 995. 1753.
Quercus nigra var. aquatica Lam. Encycl. 1: 721. 1783.
Quercus aquatica Walt. Fl. Car. 234. 1788.

A tree, with maximum height of about 80° and trunk
diameter of 4°; bark gray, rough in ridges. Leaves
spatulate or obovate, 1-3-lobed at the apex, or some of
them entire and rounded, coriaceous, short-petioled,
rather bright green and shining on both sides, finely
reticulate-veined, glabrous when mature except tufts
of hairs in the axils of the veins beneath, 13’-3’ long,
the lobes low, usually obtuse and bristle-tipped; styles
recurved; fruit maturing the second autumn; cup sau-
cer-shaped with a rounded base, 5-7” broad, its bracts
appressed; acorn globose-ovoid, 2-3 times as high as
the cup.

Along streams and swamps or sometimes on the upland,
Delaware to Kentucky, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Wood
hard, strong, close-grained, light brown; weight per cubic
foot 45 lbs. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept.—Oct. Leaves of
seedlings and young shoots incised or pinnatifid, very bristly,
Duck-, spotted-, barren-, punk- or possum-oak.

z

13. Quercus Phéllos L. Willow Oak.
Peach or Sand-Jack Oak. Fig. 1526.

Quercus Phellos L. Sp. Pl. 994. 1753.

A tree, with slightly roughened reddish-brown
bark, attaining a maximum height of about 80° and
a trunk diameter of 3°. Leaves narrowly oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, very
short-petioled, bristle-tipped, glabrous or very
slightly pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath
when mature, 2’-4’ long, 4-12” wide; styles slender,
recurved-spreading; fruit maturing in the autumn
of the second season; cup saucer-shaped, nearly flat
on the base, 4”-6” broad; acorn subglobose, 4’—-
6” high.

In moist woods, Long Island, N. Y., to Florida, Ken-
tucky, Missouri and Texas. Wood strong, rather soft
and close-grained, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot
46 lbs. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept.—Oct.

\ : yy} ay yh 4)
‘ WJ

Quercus heterophylla Michx. f. Hist. Am. 2: 87, pl.
16, the Bartram oak, a hybrid of Q. Phellos with QO.
rubra, intermediate in leaf and fruit characters between the two, occurs from Staten Island to North
Carolina. Q. Phellos hybridizes also with Q, ilicifolia.

14. Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel or
Swamp Oak. Fig. 1527.

Quercus laurifolia Michx. Hist. Chen. Am, no, tro. pl.
17. 1801,

Trunk sometimes 100° tall, reaching 4° in diam-
eter at the base; bark nearly black, with flat ridges.
saves oblong or oblong-obovate, often somewhat
falcate, tardily deciduous, shining above, paler be-
neath, glabrous when mature, 14’-6’ long, 5’—-2’ wide,
entire, or those of young shoots undulate-lobed, the
apex bristle-tipped; styles rather short, recurving;
fruit maturing in the autumn of the second season;
abortive ovules in the summit of the acorn; cup
Saucer-shaped, 4”-6” wide, its base somewhat
rounded, its scales ovate, rounded, appressed; acorn
ovoid or nearly hemispheric, about 3 times as long as
the cup.

Along streams and swamps, southeastern Virginia to
Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. Closely
related to the willow oak. Wood dark reddish-brown,
strong ; weight per cubic foot 48 lbs, Water-oak.

622 FAGACEAE. Vor. I.

15. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle
Oak. Fig. 1528.
Q. imbricaria Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. 9. pl. 15,16. 1801.

A forest tree, with maximum height about 100°,
and trunk diameter of 33°. Leaves oblong or
lanceolate, entire, coriaceous, acute at both ends,
short-petioled, bristle-tipped, dark green above, per-
sistently brown-tomentulose beneath, 3’-7’ long, 9-2’
wide; styles recurved; fruit maturing the second
autumn; cup hemispheric or turbinate, 5-7” broad,
its bracts appressed; acorn subglobose, 5”-7” high.

Central Pennsylvania to Michigan, Nebraska, Georgia,
Tennessee and Arkansas. Reported from eastern Massa-
chusetts. Wood hard, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown;
weight per cubic foot 47 Ibs. April-May. Lea-, Jack- or
Laurel-oak.

Quercus Leana Nutt. Sylva 1: 134, pl. 5b, is a hybrid
of this and Q. velutina, with intermediate characters.
Ohio to Missouri and District of Columbia,

} Quercus tridentata Engelm. QO. nigra var. tridentata
A. DC. Prodr. 16: Part 2, 64, is a hybrid with Q. marilandica. Illinois and Pennsylvania.
A hybrid with Q. palustris has been found near St. Louis, Mo., and in Iowa.

16. Quercus alba L. White Oak. Fig. 1529.
Quercus alba L. Sp. Pl. 906. 1753.

A forest tree, with light gray bark scaling off
in thin plates; maximum height about 150°, trunk
diameter up to 8°. Leaves obovate in outline, green
above, pale and more or less glaucous beneath,
pubescent when young, nearly glabrous when old,
thin, pinnatifid into 3-9 oblong obtuse ascending
toothed or entire lobes, 4’-7’ long, 2’-43’ wide;
petioles about 4’ long; styles short, erect; fruit
maturing the first season, peduncled; cup depressed-
hemispheric, 7-10” broad, its bracts thick, obtuse,
woolly or at length glabrate, closely appressed;
acorn ovoid-oblong, 1’ high or less, 3-4 times as
high as the cup. G

Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas.
Wood hard, strong, tough, close-grained ; color brown;
weight per cubic foot 46 Ibs. May-June. Acorns ripe
Sept.—Oct.

Hybrids with Q. macrocarpa have been observed in
Illinois; with Q. stellata, from Illinois to Virginia and
South Carolina, and with Q. Prinus, near Washington,
D. C.. and New York. Stave-oak.

17- Quercus stellata Wang. Post or Iron
Oak. Fig. 1530.

Quercus alba minor Marsh. Arb. Am, 120. 1785.

Quercus stellata Wang. Amer. 78. pl. 6. f. 15. 1787.

QO. obtusiloba Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. 1. pl. 1. 1801.

Quercus minor Sargent, Gard. & For. 2: 471. 1880.

A tree, with rough gray bark, or sometimes a
shrub; maximum height about 100° and trunk
diameter 4°. Leaves broadly obovate in outline,
deeply lyrate-pinnatifid into 3-7 broad rounded
often deeply undulate or toothed lobes, when
mature firm, glabrous, dark green and shining
above, brown-tomentulose beneath, 5/8’ long,
4-6’ wide or smaller; petioles stout, 4-1’ long;
fruit maturing the first season, nearly or quite
sessile; styles short; cup hemispheric, 6”-8”
broad, base narrowed, its bracts lanceolate, sub-
acute, slightly squarrose; acorn ovoid, 6-10”
high, 2-3 times as long as the cup.

In dry soil, Massachusetts to New York, Iowa,
Florida and Texas. Wood hard, close-grained, very
durable, brown; weight per cubic foot 52 Ibs. May-
June. Acorns ripe Sept.Oct. Brash, white, rough or turkey-oak. Box or rough white-oak.

Quercus Margarétta Ashe, ranging from Virginia to Florida and Alabama, has similar but
smaller acorns and leaves with rounded lobes; it is probably a race of this species, or a hybrid.

GENUS 3. BEECH FAMILY. 623

18. Quercus lyrata Walt. Overcup or Swamp
Post Oak. Fig. 1531.
Quercus lyrata Walt. Fl. Car. 235. 1753.

A large tree, maximum height about 100° and trunk
diameter 33°; bark gray or reddish, in thin plates.
Leaves obovate in outline, mostly narrowed at the base,
6-8’ long, lyrate-pinnatifid or lobed to beyond the
middle, thin, when mature bright green, glabrous and
shining above, densely white-tomentulose or becoming
glabrate beneath, the lobes lanceolate or oblong, rounded
or subacute, entire or toothed, the upper pair the larger
and usually divergent; petioles 3-9” long; fruit matur-
ing the first season, peduncled; styles short; cup de-
pressed-globose, 1-14’ in diameter, 4’-1’ high, its bracts
broad, thin, cuspidate; acorn depressed-globose, 4’-1}’
high, nearly or quite immersed in the cup.

In swamps or along streams, New Jersey to Indiana and
Missouri, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, tough,
close-grained, very durable, dark brown; weight per cubic
foot 52 lbs. April-May. Water white-oak.

1g. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Mossy-cup, Blue or Bur Oak. Fig. 1532.

Q. macrocarpa Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. 2. pl. 23. 1801.
Q. olivaeformis Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 2: pl. 2. 1812,

A large tree, with gray flaky bark; maximum
height about 160°, and trunk diameter 8°.
Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate in outline,
rather thin, irregularly lobed, pinnatifid, or some
coarsely crenate; when mature bright green and
shining above, grayish-white-tomentulose _ be-
neath, 4-8’ long, the lobes toothed or entire,
rounded, ascending or somewhat divergent;
petioles 4’-1’ long; fruit short-peduncled or
sessile, maturing the first season; styles short;
cup hemispheric or subglobose, 8-2’ in diameter,
its bracts floccose, thick, hard, ovate or lanceolate,
the lower acute, the upper subulate-tipped, the
tips forming a fringe around the acorn; acorn

SD

Ry 8-1)’ long, ovoid, 1-2 times as high as the cup.
) In rich soil, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Wyoming,

Massachusetts, Georgia, Kansas and Texas. Wood

YF ! hard, strong, tough, close-grained ; color dark brown;
\ ee weight 46 Ibs. Mossy-cup white-oak. Scrub-oak.
May-June.

20. Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. Fig. 1533.

Q. Prinus platanoides Lam, Encycl., 1: 720. 1783.

Quercus bicolor Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges, Nat. Fr. Berlin,
3: 306. 1801.

Q. platanoides Sudw. Rep. Secy. Agric, 1892: 327. 1893.

A large tree, with flaky gray bark; maximum
height about 110° and trunk diameter 9°. Leaves
obovate, or oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed or
sometimes lobed nearly to the middle, narrowed or
rounded at the base, firm, when mature 4-7’ long,
33-4)’ wide, dark green, dull and glabrous above,
densely white-tomentulose beneath; petioles stout,
3-9” long; fruit maturing the first year; peduncles
2-5 times as long as the petioles; cup hemispheric,
its bracts pubescent, lanceolate, appressed, the lower
obtuse, the upper acute or acuminate; acorn oblong-
ovoid, about 1’ high; cup about 6” high; seed rather
sweet.

In moist or swampy soil, Quebec to Minnesota, Georgia
and Arkansas. Wood hard, strong, tough, close-grained,
light brown; weight 48 Ibs. per cubic foot. Swamp-oak.
May-June. - Acorns ripe Sept.—Oct.

624 FAGACEAE. Vet. I.

21. Quercus Michauxii Nutt. Cow Oak.
Basket Oak. Fig. 1534.

Quercus Michauxii Nutt. Gen, 2: 215. 1818.

2 A large tree, with gray flaky bark; maximum
Ch height about 100° and trunk diameter 7°. Leaves
obovate or broadly oblong, apex acute or acuminate,
base narrowed, rounded or subcordate, when mature
FA bright green, shining above, pale and gray tomentu-
lose beneath, sharply toothed, 4’-7’ long, 23’-43’
wide, the teeth acute or mucronulate; petioles slen-
SSS der, 2-14’ long; fruit maturing the first season,
= short-peduncled or sessile; styles very short; cup
depressed-hemispheric, 1-13’ broad, its bracts thick,
ovate or lanceolate, appressed; acorns ovoid, 1-13’
high, about 3 times as high as the cup.
ieasigetsi In moist soil, Delaware to Indiana, Missouri, Florida
Ne iad iy and Texas. Wood hard, strong, tough, dense, durable;
Rey 7 color light brown; weight 50 lbs. per cubic foot. April—
SX bjs May. Acorns ripe Sept.—Oct., sweet and edible. Swamp
chestnut-oak.

Pro vovtene URS
Ro inrriis
ie vy}

22. Quercus Prinus L. Rock Chestnut Oak.
Fig. 1535.

Quercus Prinus L, Sp. Pl. 996. 1753. J

A large forest tree; maximum height about 100°,
and trunk diameter 5°; lower branches spreading; a 5;
bark brown, ridged, slightly flaky. Leaves coarsely
crenate, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or obovate, when ‘ \\
mature dark green, glabrous and feebly shining
above, finely gray-tomentulose beneath, 5-8’ long, \
13-4’ wide; petioles slender, 4’-13’ long; fruit ma- .
turing the first season; peduncles equalling or a
shorter than the petioles; styles very short; cup
hemispheric, 4’-14’ broad, its bracts tomentose,
triangular-ovate, acute or cuspidate, appressed;
acorn ovoid, 17-14 high, 2-3 times as high as the
cup; seed edible, but not very sweet.

In dry soil, Maine to southern Ontario, Alabama and
Tennessee. Wood hard, strong, close-grained, durable;
color dark brown; weight per cubic foot 47 lbs. May—

June. Acorns ripe Oct-Nov. Swamp or white chest-
nut-oak. Rock-, tan-bark- or mountain-oak.

23. Quercus Muhlenbérgii Engelm. Chest-
nut or Yellow Oak. Fig. 1536.

Quercus Prinus acuminata Michx. Hist. Chen. Am. no.
5. pl. 8 1801.

Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 3:
391. 1877.

Quercus acuminata Sarg. Gard. & For. 8: 93. 1895.

A tree with close or flaky bark, much resembling
the chestnut; maximum height about 160°, and
trunk diameter 33°. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or
obovate, apex acuminate or acute, base narrowed or
rounded, coarsely toothed, when mature dark green
and shining above, pale gray-tomentulose and promi-
nently veined beneath, 4-6’ long, 1/23’ wide;
petioles slender, 4-1’ long; fruit sessile or very
short-peduncled, maturing the first season; cup hemi-
spheric, 5-8” broad, its bracts floccose, ovate, acute
or cuspidate, appressed; acorn ovoid, 6-10” high,
about twice as high as the cup.

In dry soil, preferring limestone ridges, Vermont and Ontario to Minnesota, Nebraska, Alabama
and Texas. Wood hard, strong, dense, close-grained, durable, dark brown; weight per cubic foot
54 lbs. May-June. Acorns ripe Oct.—Nov., edible. Pin-, shrub-, scrub-, chinkapin- or yellow
chestnut-oak.

}

GENUS 3. BEECH FAMILY. 625

Quercus Alexanderi Britton, at first supposed to be separable from QO. Muhlenbergii by its
obovate leaves and flaky bark ; does not now appear to be specifically distinct from that species,

24. Quercus prinoides Willd. Scrub or
Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Fig. 1537.

Quercus prinoides Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr.
Berlin 3: 397. 1801.
QO. prinoides rufescens Rehder, Rhodora 9: 61. 1907.

A shrub, 2°-15° tall, sometimes tree-like, the
bark gray, the twigs glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves obovate, coarsely toothed, when mature
bright green and somewhat shining above, gray-
tomentulose beneath, 23’-5’ long, 2’-3’ wide,
mostly acute or short-acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, the teeth short, triangular,
subacute or obtuse; petioles slender, 3-9” long;
fruit sessile, maturing the first season; cup hemi-
spheric, thin, about 2’ broad and one-half as high,
its bracts floccose, triangular-ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, appressed; acorn ovoid, obtuse, 2-3
times as long as the cup; seed sweet.

In dry sandy or rocky soil, Maine to Minnesota,
south to Alabama and Texas. April-May. Acorns
ripe Sept—Oct. Chinkapin or running white-oak.

25. Quercus virginiana Mill. Live Oak.
Fig. 1538.

Quercus virginiana Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, no. 16, 1768.
Quercus virens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 356. 1789.

A tree, with rough brown bark, attaining a maxi-
mum height of about 60° and trunk diameter of 7°,
but often shrubby, the young shoots puberulent.
Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, oblong, elliptic or
oblanceolate, apex obtuse, base marrowed or
rounded, entire or with a few bristle-tipped teeth,
bright green and glabrous above, pale green and
puberulent or becoming glabrous beneath, 17-3’
long; petioles stout, 1’—3” long; fruit peduncled,
maturing the first season; peduncle #1’ long; cup
turbinate, 5’-8” broad, its bracts closely appressed ;
ovate or lanceolate; acorn ovoid-oblong, about twice
as high as the cup; seed not edible; cotyledons
united.

In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Mexico,
mostly near the coast. Also in Cuba. Wood very hard;
tough, close-grained and dense; color yellow-brown;
weight per cubic foot 59 lbs. March-April. Acorns ripe
Sept.—Oct.

Family 8. ULMACEAE Mirbel, Elém. 2: 905. 1815.

Erm FAmILy.

Trees or shrttbs, with alternate simple serrate petioled pinnately veined stipu-
late leaves, the stipules usually fugacious. Flowers small, monoecious, dioe-
cious, perfect or polygamous, lateral or axillary, clustered, or the pistillate soli-
tary. Perianth 3-9-parted or of 3-9 distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in
our species as many as the perianth-lobes or sepals and opposite them; filaments
straight; anthers ovate or oval, erect in the bud, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
t-celled (rarely 2-celled), mostly superior; ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous
or amphitropous ; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or nut. Endosperm
of the seed little or none. Embryo straight or curved; cotyledons mostly flat.

About 13 genera and 140 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.

Flowers. borne in clusters on twigs of the preceding season; fruit a samara, or nut-like.
- Flowers mostly expanding before the leaves; calyx 4-9-cleft ; fruit a samara, 1. Ulmus.

Flowers expanding with the leaves; calyx 4—5-cleft; fruit nut-like. 2. Planera,
Flowers borne on twigs of the season, the pistillate mostly solitary; fruit a drupe. 3. Celtis.

= 40

626 ULMACEAE. Vor. I.

1. ULMUS (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 225. 1753.

Trees, with 2-ranked straight-veined inequilateral serrate leaves, with thin caducous
stipules. Flowers perfect or polygamous, fascicled or racemose, greenish, mostly axillary on
the twigs of the preceding season. Calyx campanulate, 4-0-lobed, persistent, its lobes imbri-
cated. Filaments erect, slender, exserted. Ovary sessile or stalked, compressed, 1-2-celled.
Styles 2, divergent, stigmatic along the inner margin, ovule I in each cavity of the ovary,
suspended, anatropous. Fruit a 1-seeded flat orbicular or oval samara, its membranous
wings continuous all around except at the apex, commonly as broad as or broader than the
body. Embryo straight. [The ancient Latin name of the elm; Celtic, elm.]

About 16 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following two others occur
in the southern United States and one in Mexico. Type species: U/mus campestris L.

Flowers appearing in the spring long before the leaves. te
Leaves smooth or slightly rough above ; samara densely ciliate.

None of the branches corky-winged ; samara-faces glabrous. 1, U. americana.
Some or all of the branches corky-winged ; samara-faces pubescent.
Leaves 2’—5’ long; flowers racemose ; northern, 2. U. Thomasi.
Leaves 1’-3’ long; flowers fascicled ; southern. 3. U.alata,
Leaves very rough above ; samara not ciliate; twigs not corky-winged. 4. U. fulva,
Flowers appearing in the autumn, 5. U.serotina.

1. Ulmus americana L. American, White or
Water Elm. Fig. 1539.
Ulmus americana L. Sp. Pl. 226. 1753.

A large tree, with gray flaky bark, and glabrous
or sparingly pubescent twigs and buds; maximum
height about 120°, and trunk diameter 11°; the
branches not corky-winged, terete. Leaves oval or
obovate, apex abruptly acuminate, base obtuse or
obtusish, and very inequilateral, sharply and usually
doubly serrate, smooth or rough above, pubescent or
becoming glabrous beneath, 2’-5’ long, 14’-3’ wide;
flowers fascicled; pedicels filiform, drooping,
jointed; calyx 7-9-lobed, oblique, its lobes oblong,
rounded; samara ovate-oval, reticulate-veined, 5-6”
long, its faces glabrous, its margins densely ciliate;
styles strongly incurved.

In moist soil, especially along streams, Newfoundland
to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong,
close-grained, compact, dark brown; weight per cubic
foot 40.5 Ibs. March-April. Samaras ripe in May. The
species consists of many slightly differing races. Swamp-
or rock-elm,

2. Ulmus Thomasi Sarg. Cork or Rock Elm.
Fig. 1540.

Ulmus racemosa Thomas, Am. Journ. Sci. 19: 170. 1831.
Not Borckh.
Ulmus Thomasi Sargent, Silva 14: 102, 1902.

A large tree, attaining a maximum height of
about 100° and a trunk diameter of 4°, the young
twigs puberulent; bud-scales ciliate and somewhat
pubescent; branches, or some of them, winged by
narrow plates of cork. Leaves similar to the pre-
ceding, but less sharply serrate, smooth above;
flowers racemose; pedicels filiform, drooping,
jointed; calyx-lobes oblong, rounded; samara oval,
6”-8” long, its faces pubescent or puberulent, its
margins densely ciliate; persistent styles strongly
incurved and overlapping.

In rich soil, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Kentucky,
Missouri and Nebraska. Wood hard, strong, tough, com-
pact; color light reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 45
Ibs. April. Called also Cliff-, hickory- or swamp-elm,
Racemed or corky white-elm. Wahoo.

Ulmus campéstris L., from Europe, distinguished by its nearly sessile flowers, nearly or quite
glabrous, not ciliate samaras, and wingless branches, rarely escapes from cultivation.

GENUS I. ELM FAMILY, 627

3. Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm.
Wahoo. Fig. 1541.

Ulmus alata Michx. Fl, Bor. Am, 1: 173. 1803.

A small tree, sometimes 50° high and with a trunk
diameter of 23°; the branches, or most of them,
with corky wing-like ridges. Twigs and buds gla-
brous or nearly so; leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate
or oblong-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, base obtuse,
inequilateral and sometimes subcordate, roughish
above, pubescent beneath, at least on the veins, 17-3’
long, 3-14’ wide, the veins ascending, some of them
commonly forked; flowers fascicled; pedicels fili-
form; calyx-lobes obovate, rounded; samara oblong,
4-5” long, pubescent on the- faces, the margins
densely ciliate; styles very slender.

In dry or moist soil, southern Virginia to Florida, west
to southern Illinois, Missouri and Texas. Wood hard,
weak, compact; color brown; weight per cubic foot 47
Ibs. March, Water-, cork- or witch-elm,

4. Ulmus filva Michx. Slippery, Red or
Moose Elm. Fig. 1542.

Ulmus pubescens Walt. Fl. Car. 111. 1788.?
Ulmus fulva Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 172. 1803.

A tree, with rough gray fragrant bark, maxi-
mum height about 7o°, and trunk diameter 23°;
twigs rough-pubescent; branches not corky-
winged; bud-scales densely brown-tomentose.
Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, very rough with
short papillae above, pubescent beneath, sharply
doubly serrate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse,
inequilateral and commonly cordate at the base,
4-8’ long, 2’-23’ wide; flowers fascicled; pedi-
cels 2’-3” long, spreading, jointed near the base;
calyx-lobes lanceolate, subacute; samara oval-
orbicular, 6-9” long, pubescent over the seed,
otherwise glabrous, the margins not ciliate, retuse.

In woods, on hills and along streams, Quebec to
North Dakota, Florida and Texas. Wood hard,
strong, compact, durable; color dark reddish-brown ;
weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. Foliage and mucilagi-
nous inner bark very fragrant in drying. March—-
April. Indian or sweet elm. Rock-elm.

5. Ulmus ser6tina Sargent. Red Elm.
Fig. 1543.

Ulmus serotina Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 92. 1899.

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about
50° with a trunk diameter up to 3°, the bark thin,
shallowly fissured, light brown, the young twigs
smooth or nearly so. Leaves ovate to obovate,
acuminate, 2’-4’ long, pubescent on the veins
beneath, rather coarsely serrate, firm in texture
but thin; flowers in short racemes in the axils
of leaves of the season; calyx-lobes spatulate;
samara oblong to elliptic, stalked, 5”’-6” long,
fringed With long white hairs.

Banks and bluffs, Kentucky to Georgia and Ala-
bama. Autumn.

628 ULMACEAE. Vor. T.

2. PLANERA J. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: Part 1, 150. 1791.

A tree, similar to the elm, the flowers monoecious or polygamous, unfolding with the
leaves. Staminate flowers fascicled on twigs of the preceding season, the pistillate or per-
fect ones in the axils of the leaves of the year. Calyx 4-5-cleft, campanulate, persistent, the
lobes imbricated. Filaments filiform, straight, exserted. Ovary stalked, ovoid, slightly
compressed, t-celled. Styles 2, spreading, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit nut-like;
coriaceous, obliquely ovoid, compressed, ridged on the back, covered with short fleshy proc-
esses. Embryo straight. [Name in honor of Johann Jakob Planer, 1743-1789, Professor
of Botany in Erfurt.]

A monotypic genus of southeastern North America.

1. Planera aquatica (Walt.) J. I’. Gmel.

Planer-tree. Water Elm. Fig. 1544.
Anonymos aquatica Walt. Fl. Car. 230. 1788.
Planera aquatica J, F. Gmel. Syst. 2: Part 1, 150.

1791.

A small tree, sometimes 40° high, and with
a trunk 2° in diameter, the foliage nearly gla-
brous. Leaves ovate or oblonrg-lanceolate,
acute at the apex, obtuse or cordate and usu-.
ally somewhat inequilateral at the base, ser-
rate, 1-2’ long; petioles 14’—2” long; stipules
lanceolate, about as long as the petioles, de-
ciduous; staminate flowers fascicled and some-
what racemose from scaly buds borne at the
axils of leaves of the preceding season; per-
fect or pistillate flowers on short branches;
fruit 2”-3” long, about equalling its stalk, its
soft processes 4” long.

In swamps, Missouri to southern Indiana, Ken-
tucky and North Carolina, south to Texas and
Florida. Wood soft, weak, compact, light brown;
weight per cubic foot 33 lbs. April-May. Syca-
more. (N.C.)

3. CELTIS (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 1043. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with serrate or entire pinnately veined or in some species 3-5-nerved
leaves, and polygamous or monoecious (rarely dioecious?) flowers, borne in the axils of
leaves of the season, the staminate clustered, the fertile solitary or 2-3 together. Calyx
4-6-parted or of distinct sepals. Filaments erect, exserted. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2,
recurved or divergent, tomentose or plumose. Fruit an ovoid to globose drupe, the exocarp
pulpy, the endocarp bony Seed-coat membranous. Embryo curved. [Name ancient, used
by Pliny for an African Lotus-tree.]

About 60 species, of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some three others
occur in southern and western North America. Type species: Celtis australis L ‘

Leaves thin, not strongly reticulate-veined beneath.
Pedicels mostly twice as long as the drupe, or longer; leaves large.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, drupe 4”—5” in diameter.
Leaves smooth or nearly so’ above.
Leaves very rough above.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate ; drupe 3”—4” in diameter,
Pedicels short, often little longer than the drupe; leaves small.
Leaves thick, coriaceous, strongly reticulate-veined beneath,

. C. occidentalis.

. C. crassifolia,

. C. mississippiensis,
. C. georgiana.

. C. reticulata.

”

Wye

ut

GENUS 3. ELM FAMILY. 629

1. Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry.
Sugar-berry. Fig. 1545.

Celtis occidentalis L. Sp. Pl. 1044. 1753.
Celtis pumila Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 200. 1814,

A tree or shrub, attaining a maximum height
of about 90° and a trunk diameter of 3°, the bark
dark, rough, often corky. Leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, sharply serrate, mostly thin, acute or
acuminate at the apex, inequilateral, 14’-4’ long,
1-23’ wide, smooth and glabrous above, pubescent,
at least on the veins, beneath; staminate flowers
numerous; pistillate flowers usually solitary,
slender-peduncled; calyx-segments linear-oblong,
deciduous ; drupes globose to globose-oblong, pur-

4’-5” in diameter, sometimes edible, on stalks
usually twice their length or longer.

In dry, often rocky, soil, Quebec to Manitoba,
North Carolina, Missouri and Oklahoma. Wood soft,
weak, coarse-grained ; color light yellow; weight per
cubic foot 4o lbs. April-May. Fruit ripe Sept.
Nettle-tree. False or bastard-elm. Beaver-wood.
Juniper-tree. One-berry. Rim- or hoop-ash.

Celtis canina Raf., differing by relatively longer, narrower and usually longer tipped leaves, and
growing in rich soil, within the range of C. occidentalis, may be a race of that species.

2. Celtis crassifolia Lam. Rough-leaved
Hackberry. Fig. 1546.

Celtis crassifolia Lam. Encycl. 4: 138. 1797.

A large tree, sometimes 125° high and with a
trunk diameter of 3° or more, with rough, usually
corky-thickened bark, the young twigs pubescent.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or short-
acuminate, rather coarsely toothed, 3’-6’ long, sca-
brous above, rough-pubescent, especially on the
veins, beneath, the petioles rather short; drupes
short-oblong or nearly globular, about 5” in diam-
eter, on stalks 8”—12” long.

In rich soil, especially in river valleys, Massachu-
setts(?), New Jersey to Indiana, South Dakota, South
Carolina and Colorado. April-May. Fruit ripe Aug.
Sept. Probably not specifically distinct from the pre-
ceding species.

3. Celtis mississippiénsis Bosc. South-
ern Hackberry. Fig. 1547.

Celtis mississippiensis Bosc, Dict. Agric. 10: 41.
1810,

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about
100°, the trunk up to 3° in diameter, the bark
light gray, rough and warty. Leaves ovate or
lanceolate, firm, shining, entire or with a few
low sharp teeth, 3-nerved and prominently pin-
nately veined, glabrous on both sides, long-
acuminate at the apex, inequilateral and ob-
tuse or sometimes cordate at the base, 1’-3’
long, 4-13’ wide; peduncles mostly shorter
than those of the preceding species; drupes
globose, purple-black, 23”-3” in diameter.

In dry soil, Virginia to southern Illinois and
Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Bermuda,
April. Fruit ripe July-Aug.

Celtis Smallii Beadle, of the southern United
States, differs by sharply serrate leaves and
Tfanges north to western Kentucky.

630 ULMACEAE. Vou. I.

4. Celtis georgiana Small. Georgia

Lf
Ci
Z Hackberry. Fig. 1548.
C. georgiana Small, Bull. Torr, Club 24:
439- 1897.
S\ V4 1, A shrub, or small tree, up to 30°

high, the young twigs slender, pubes-
cent becoming purple-brown and
glabrous. Leaves ovate, small, rarely
over 2’ long, firm when mature,
acute or bluntish, serrate, or some-
times nearly or quite entire, the up-
per surface bright green, scabrous,
the under side pubescent, at least on
the veins; drupe globose, 3’-4” in
diameter, red-purple to yellowish,
borne on short peduncles 2°—4” long.

Rocky or gravelly soil, New Jersey

to Missouri, Florida and Alabama.
April-May.

5. Celtis reticulata Torr. Thick-leaved Hack-
berry. Fig. 1549.
C. reticulata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 247. 1824.

A small tree, up to 45° high, the bark rough with corky
warts and ridges sometimes 1’ high or more, the young
twigs pubescent or nearly glabrous, green, becoming
brown. Leaves thick, ovate, 3’ long or less, strongly re-
ticulate-veined, acute, scabrous or nearly smooth above,
pubescent beneath, entire or serrate, the stout petioles
2”-5” long; drupe globular, red, 4’-6” in diameter, on
peduncles usually longer than the petioles.

Along rivers in rocky or gravelly soil, Kansas to Texas, Colo-

rado, Nevada and southern California. Reported to extend
into Lower California. May.

Family 9. MORACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 266. 1847.
Mutperry FAMiIcy.

Trees or shrubs with milky sap, alternate petioled stipulate leaves, the stipules
fugacious, and small monoecious or dioecious axillary clustered flowers, or the
pistillate flowers solitary in some exotic genera. Calyx mostly 4-5-parted, becom-
ing fleshy in fruit, inferior. Petals none. Staminate flowers, spicate or capitate,
the stamens as many as the calyx-segments. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Pis-
tillate flowers capitate or spicate. Ovary superior, I-celled in our genera. Ovule
solitary, pendulous, anatropous. Styles 1 or 2. Fruit mostly aggregate. Embryo
curved or spiral.

, About 55 genera and 1,000 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. The largest genus ~
is Ficus, the Fig, of which there are over 600 known species.

Staminate and pistillate flowers spiked ; leaves dentate or lobed. 1, Morus.
Staminate flowers racemose or spiked ; pistillate capitate.
Pistillate perianth deeply 4-cleft ; leaves entire. 2. Toxylon.
Pistillate perianth 3—-4-toothed ; leaves various. 3. Papyrius,

1. MORUS (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 986. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with milky sap, alternate dentate and often lobed, 3-nerved leaves, fuga-
cious stipules, and small monoecious or dioecious flowers, in axillary ament-like spikes, the
pistillate spikes ripening into a succulent aggregate fruit. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted
perianth, its ovate segments somewhat imbricated, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in
the bud, straightening and exserted in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-parted persistent

GENUs I. MULBERRY FAMILY. 631

perianth, which becomes fleshy in fruit, a sessile ovary, and 2 linear spreading stigmas.
Fruiting perianth enclosing the ripened ovary (achene) the exocarp succulent, the endocarp
crustaceous. Endosperm scanty; embryo curved. [The ancient name of the mulberry;
Celtic mor.]

About to species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, two others occur
in the southern United States. Type species: Morus nigra L.

Leaves rough above, pubescent beneath; fruit purple; spikes 1-14’ long. 1. M. rubra,
Leaves smooth and glabrous, or very nearly so, on both sides; fruit nearly white; spikes 5”-7” long,
2. M. alba.

1. Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry.
Fig. 1550.

Morus rubra L. Sp. Pl. 986. 1753.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about
65° and a trunk diameter of 7°, the bark
brown and rough. Leaves ovate or nearly
orbicular in outline, scabrous above, persist-
ently pubescent beneath, or when young almost
tomentose, acuminate at the apex, rounded,
truncate or cordate at the base, serrate-dentate
or 3-7-lobed, 3-5’ long; petioles slender, 7’—
18” long; staminate spikes drooping, 13’-3’
long; pistillate spikes spreading or pendulous
in fruit, 1-13’ long, 4-5” in diameter when
mature, slender-peduncled, dark purple-red,
delicious.

In rich soil, Vermont and Ontario to Michigan
and South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas,
Wood soft, weak, compact, durable; color light
ae weight per cubic foot 37 lbs. April-May.

ruit ripe in June-July.

Us uy
2. Morus alba L. White Mulberry.
Fig. 1551.
Morus alba L, Sp. Pl. 986. 1753.

A small tree, sometimes 40° high and with
a trunk 3° in diameter, the bark light gray,
rough, the branches spreading. Leaves ovate,
thin, smooth, glabrous and somewhat shining
on both sides, acute or abruptly acuminate at
the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at the
base, varying from serrate to variously lobed,
2’-6’ long; petioles slender, shorter than the
blades; staminate spikes slender, drooping,
about 1’ long; pistillate spikes oblong or sub-
globose, drooping, 5-7” long, 3” in diameter
and white or pinkish when mature, not as
succulent as those of the preceding species.

Sparingly escaped from cultivation, Maine and
Ontario to Florida. Introduced from the Old
World for feeding silkworms. May. Fruit ripe
July—Aug.

Morus nigra L., the black-mulberry of Europe,
with smooth leaves and black fruit, has escaped
from cultivation in the southeastern states and
has been recorded from as far north as New York.

2. TOXYLON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 118. 1817.
[Mactura Nutt. Gen. 2: 233. 1818.]

A tree, with milky sap, thick entire dark green alternate petioled pinnately veined
leaves, stout axillary spines, caducous stipules and dioecious axillary flowers, the staminate
facemose, the pistillate capitate. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted calyx, its segments
valvate, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in the bud, straightening and somewhat
exserted in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-cleft calyx enclosing the sessile ovary, and

632 MORACEAE, Vou. I.

a filiform simple long-exserted style, the calyces becoming fleshy and enlarged in fruit,
densely aggregated into a large globular head. Endosperm none; embryo curved. [Name
Greek, signifying bow-wood.]

A monotypic genus of the south-central United States; its name originally printed, by typo-
graphical error, Joxylon.

1. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage or Wild Orange. Fig. 1552.

T. pomiferum Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 118. 1817.
Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. Gen, 2: 234. 1818.
Maclura pomifera Schneider, Handb. Laubh. 1: 806.

1906.

A tree with ridged brown bark, and spreading
branches; maximum height about 60°, and trunk
diameter 23°; foliage puberulent when young, gla-
brous when mature. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate
or ovate-oblong, glossy, entire, 3’-6’ long, apex
acuminate, base obtuse, truncate or subcordate;
petioles 4’-2’ long; axillary spines straight, some-
times 3’ long; staminate racemes 4’-1’ long, usually
numerous; flowers about 1” broad; head of pistil-
late flowers peduncled, pendulous, about 1’ in diam-
eter, ripening into a hard yellowish tubercled syncarp
2’-6’ in diameter.

In rich soil, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. Wood
hard, very strong, dense, durable; color bright orange;
weight per cubic foot 48 lbs. Much planted for hedges
and occasionally spontaneous in the East. May—June.

Fruit ripe Oct-Nov. Bow- or yellow-wood. Hedge-
plant. Osage. Osage-apple.

3. PAPYRIUS Lam. Encycl. 3: 382. 1797. Tabl. Encycl. pl. 762. 1708.
[Broussonétra L’Her; Vent. Tabl. 3: 547. 1799. Not Ortega, 1798.]

Trees, with milky sap, the leaves alternate, petioled, entire, serrate, or 3-5-lobed, 3-nerved
at the base. Flowers dioecious, the staminate in cylindric ament-like spikes, the pistillate
capitate. Staminate flowers with a deeply 4-cleft perianth, 4 stamens, and a minute rudi-
mentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with an ovoid or tubular 3-4-toothed perianth, a stalked
ovary and a 2-cleft style. Head of fruit globular, the drupes red, exserted beyond the per-
sistent perianth. [Name in allusion to the use of the bark in paper-making.]

About 4 species, natives of eastern Asia, the following being the type.

1. Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze. Paper Mulberry. Fig. 1553.

Morus papyrifera L. Sp. Pl. 986. 1753.
Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Tabl. 3: 548. 1799.
P. papyrifera Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 629. 1891.

A small tree, sometimes 40° high, the young
shoots hirsute-tomentose. Leaves mostly ovate,
thin, long-petioled, serrate nearly all around,
often deeply 3-lobed, sometimes with a lobe on
one side only, as in Sassafras, rarely 5-lobed,
rough above, tomentose beneath, 3/8’ long, the
sinuses rounded; petioles 37-3’ long, hirsute-
tomentose, at least when young; spikes of stami-
nate flowers 2-3’ long; peduncled; heads of pis-
tillate flowers 4’-1’ in diameter, stout-peduncled.

Escaped from cultivation, southern New York to
Georgia and Missouri. May-June. Otaheite Mul-
berry. Cut-paper.

Ficus Carica L., the Fig, a shrub with deeply lobed
leaves and hollow pear-shaped receptacles lined with
minute imperfect flowers, is occasionally spontaneous
or persistent after cultivation from Virginia and
West Virginia to Florida and Texas.

GENUS I. HEMP FAMILY. 633

Family 10. CANNABINACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 265. 1847.
Hemp FAmILy.

Annual or perennial herbs, the stems erect or twining. Leaves opposite or
sometimes alternate, toothed, lobed, or divided, petioled, the stipules persistent.
Flowers dioecious; staminate flowers in panicled racemes, usually 5-parted;
pistillate flowers in bracted spikes, the perianth entire, the ovary 1-celled, the
styles or stigmas 2, the ovule pendulous. Fruit an achene, with crustaceous
pericarp. Endosperm fleshy; embryo curved or coiled.

Twining vines; pistillate flowers in ament-like clusters. 1. Humulus.
Erect, tall herbs; pistillate flowers spicate. 2. Cannabis.

1. HUMULUS L. Sp. Pl. 1028. 1753.

Twining herbaceous perennial rough vines, with broad opposite thin petioled palmately
veined serrate 3-7-lobed or undivided leaves, lanceolate membranous persistent stipules,
and dioecious axillary flowers, the staminate panicled, the pistillate in ament-like drooping
clustered spikes. Staminate flowers with a 5-parted calyx, the segments distinct and imbri-
cated, and 5 short erect stamens. Pistillate flowers in 2’s in the axil of each bract of the
ament, consisting of a membranous entire perianth, clasping the ovary, and 2 filiform cadu-
cous stigmas. Fruiting aments cone-like, the persistent bracts subtending the compressed
ovate achenes. Embryo spirally coiled. [Name said to be the diminutive of the Latin
humus, earth.]

Two species, widely distributed through the north temperate zone. Type species: Humulus
Lupulus L.

1. Humulus Lipulus L. Hop. Fig. 1554.

Humulus Lupulus L. Sp. Pl. 1028. 1753.

A dextrorsely twining or prostrate vine, often
25° long, very rough with stiff reflexed hairs. Leaves
orbicular or ovate in outline, slender-petioled,
deeply 3-7-cleft or some of the upper ones ovate,
acute and merely serrate; petioles 4-3’ long; stipules
reflexed, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, 4-12” long;
panicles of staminate flowers 2’-5’ long; ripe pistil-
late clusters (hops) 17-24’ long; fruiting bracts
broadly ovate, concave, thin, glabrous or nearly so,
obtuse, much longer than the achenes; fruiting
calyx and achene strongly resinous-aromatic.

In thickets and on river banks, Nova Scotia to Mani-
toba, south to southern New York, Pennsylvania, Georgia,
Kansas, Arizona and New Mexico. Extensively escaped
from cultivation. Native also of Europe and Asia. July-
Aug. Fruit ripe Sept-Oct.

Humulus japénicus Sieb. & Zucc., the Japanese hop,
with deltoid acuminate, not resinous, bracts, has escaped
from cultivation from Connecticut to New Jersey.

2. CANNABIS (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 1027. 1753.

A stout erect rough and puberulent herb, with alternate and opposite petioled digitately
5-11-divided thin leaves, persistent subulate stipules, and greenish dioecious axillary flowers,
the staminate panicled, the pistillate spicate. Staminate flowers with a 5-parted calyx, the
sepals distinct’and imbricated, and 5 short stamens. Pistillate flowers solitary in the axils
of foliaceous bracts, consisting of a thin entire calyx clasping the sessile ovary, and 2 fili-
form caducous stigmas. Fruit a compressed achene. Embryo curved. [The classic name
of hemp.]

A monotypic genus of central Asia.

634 CANNABINACEAE, Vou. I.

1. Cannabis sativa L. Hemp. Red-root. Fig. 1555.

Cannabis sativa L. Sp. Pl. 1027. 1753.

An annual branching herb, 3°-10° tall, the inner
fibrous bark very tough, the branches nearly erect.
Leaves divided to the base, the segments lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, sharply
and coarsely serrate, 3’-6’ long, 4-1’ wide; staminate
panicles narrow, loose, peduncled, 3-5’ long; pedicels
filiform, bracteolate, 1-3” long; pistillate spikes erect,
leafy-bracted, 1’ long or less in fruit; achene crusta-
ceous, ovoid-oblong, about 2” high.

In waste places, New Brunswick to Ontario and Minne-
sota, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas.
Widely distributed in all temperate regions through culti-
vation, and occasionally a troublesome weed. Native of
Europe and Asia. July-Sept. Gallow-grass. Neckweed.

Family 11. URTICACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 83. 1828.
NeETTLE FAMILY.

Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees), with watery sap, alternate or
opposite mostly stipulate simple leaves, and small greenish dioecious, monoe-
cious or polygamous flowers, variously clustered. Calyx 2-5-cleft, or of distinct
sepals. Petals none. Stamens in the staminate flowers as many as the lobes
or segments of the calyx (sepals) and opposite them, the filaments inflexed and
anthers reversed in the bud, straightening at anthesis. Ovary superior, 1-celled;
style simple; stigma capitate and penicillate, or filiform; ovule solitary, erect or
ascending, orthotropous, or in some genera partly amphitropous. Fruit an
achene. Endosperm oily, usually not copious; embryo straight.

About 40 genera and 550 species of wide geographic distribution.
Herbs with stinging hairs.

Leaves opposite ; both kinds of flowers 4-parted; achene straight. 1. Urtica,
Leaves alternate; staminate flowers 5-parted; achene oblique. 2. Urticastrum.
Herbs without stinging hairs.
Flower-clusters panicled or spiked, not involucrate ; leaves mostly opposite.
Pistillate calyx 3-parted or of 3 sepals. 7
Pistillate calyx 2—4-toothed or entire.
Flower-clusters involucrate by leafy bracts; leaves alternate.

. Pilea,
. Boehmeria.
. Parietaria.

uto

1. URTICA (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 983. 1753. 4

Annual or perennial simple or branching herbs, with stinging hairs, opposite 3-7-nerved
petioled dentate or incised leaves, and distinct or connate stipules. Flowers very small and
numerous, axillary, cymose-paniculate, or glomerate, dioecious, monoecious or androgynous.
Staminate flowers with a deeply 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens. Pistillate calyx 4-parted, the
segments unequal, the exterior ones usually smaller than the inner; ovary straight; stigma
sessile or nearly so; ovule erect, orthotropous. Achene compressed, ovate or oblong,
enclosed by the persistent membranous or slightly fleshy calyx. Seed-coat thin; endosperm
little; cotyledons broad. [The ancient Latin name.]

About 30 species of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Urtica dioica L.

Perennials, 2°-7° tall; flower-clusters large, compound. E |
Leaves ovate, cordate at base, pubescent. 1, U.dioica. :
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded to cordate at base, nearly glabrous. _

2. U. gracilis.

Annuals, 6’-3° tall; flower-clusters small, mostly glomerate.

Leaves oval to ovate, laciniate-dentate ; plant leafy to the top. 3. U. wrens.

Leaves ovate or lanceolate, or the lower orbicular, crenate ; upper leaves small. ;
4. U. chamaedryoides.

GENUS I. NETTLE FAMILY. 635

1. Urtica dioica L. Stinging or Great
Nettle. Fig. 1556.

\

Urtica dioica L. Sp. Pl. 984. 1753.

Perennial, densely beset with stinging hairs, stem
rather stout, 2°-4° tall, puberulent above. Leaves
thin, ovate, long-petioled, acute or acuminate at the
apex, cordate at the base, sharply or incisely serrate
with triangular or lanceolate acute teeth, pubescent
beneath, 3-5-nerved, 3-5’ long, 1-3’ wide; petioles
slender, much shorter than the blades; stipules lan-
ceolate; flower-clusters large, compound, cymose-
paniculate; flowers dioecious or androgynous.

In waste places, Newfoundland to Ontario, Minnesota,
South Carolina, Missouri and Colorado. Naturalized
from Europe. Native also of Asia. Plant lower, stouter
and much more stinging than the following species.

July-Sept.

2. Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender or Tall
Wild Nettle. Fig. 1557-

Urtica gracilis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 341. 1789.

Perennial, sparingly armed with stinging hairs,
stem usually slender, erect, simple or with few
erect branches, 2°-7° tall. Leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled, long-acuminate
at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the
base (rarely subcordate), sharply serrate, 3-5-
nerved, sparingly pubescent, 3-6’ long, 3-13’ wide;
petioles shorter than the blades, usually bristly;
stipules lanceolate; flower-clusters compound,
smaller than those of the preceding species, but
commonly longer than the petioles; flowers dioe-
cious or androgynous.

In dry soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south
to North Carolina, Louisiana and Colorado. Races with

ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, cordate leaves have
been referred to Urtica Lyallii S. Wats. June—Oct.

3. Urtica trens L. Small or Dwarf
Nettle. Fig. 1558.

Urtica urens L. Sp. Pl. 984. 1753.

Annual, stem rather stout, 6-18’ high,
ascending or erect, it and its slender
branches stinging-bristly. Leaves thin,
‘glabrous or very nearly so, elliptic, oval or
ovate in outline, deeply incised or some-
times doubly serrate, with acute, ascend-
ing or spreading teeth, 3-5-nerved, ob-
tuse at both ends, or acutish, 1’-3’ long,
slender-petioled; petioles often as long as
the blades; stipules short; flower-clusters
oblong, rather dense, mostly shorter than
the petioles; flowers androgynous.

In waste places, Newfoundland to Manitoba,
northern New York, New Jersey and Florida.
Also on the Pacific Coast and in Bermuda.
Naturalized_ from Europe. May-Sept. Burn-
ing or stinging nettle.

636 - URTICACEAE. Vor. I.

4. Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh.
Weak Nettle. Fig. 1559.

Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. 113.

1814.

Annual, sparingly stinging-bristly but other-
wise nearly or quite glabrous, stem very
slender, weak, ascending, simple or branched,
6’-3° long. Leaves slender-petioled, thin,
crenate-dentate, the lower broadly ovate or
orbicular, obtuse at the apex and usually cor-
date at the base, 4-13’ wide, the upper ovate
or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
rounded or narrowed at the base, the upper-
most very small; stipules lanceolate-subulate ;
flower-clusters small, glomerate, shorter than
the petioles; flowers androgynous.

In thickets, Kentucky to Arkansas, south to
Georgia and Texas. April—Aug.

,
2. URTICASTRUM Fabr. Enum.
204. 1759.
[LaprorTEA Gaud. in Freye. Vay. Bot. 498. 1826.]

Perennial herbs, armed with stinging hairs, the leaves broad, alternate, serrate, petioled,
the flowers monoecious or dioecious, sessile in loose axillary compound cymes. Staminate
flowers in our species with 5 imbricated sepals, 5 stamens and a rudimentary ovary. Pistil-
late lowers with 4 unequal sepals, the outer I or 2 minute, an oblique or nearly straight com-
pressed ovary and a subulate slender persistent style; ovule erect. Achene very oblique,
flat, reflexed. Seed-coat membranous. Endosperm scanty or wanting. [Latin, star nettle.]

About 25 species, mostly of tropical distribution, only the following, the generic type, North
American.

1. Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze.
Wood or Canada Nettle. Fig. 1560.

Urtica divaricata L. Sp. Pl. 985. 1753.

Urtica canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 985. 1753.

Laportea canadensis Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 498. 1826.
U. divaricatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 635. 1891.

Stem rather stout, erect or ascending, 13°-4° tall.
Leaves thin, ovate, long-petioled, acuminate or acute
at the apex, sharply serrate, 3-nerved and pinnately
veined, glabrous or with some stinging hairs, 3/-7’
long, 2’-5’ wide; petioles very slender, 14-5’ long;
stipule solitary, small, lanceolate, 2-cleft, commonly
deciduous; flower-clusters large and loose, often
longer than the petioles, the lower staminate, the
upper pistillate, divergent, 2-6’ broad in fruit; ulti-
mate branches of the fruiting clusters flat, cuneate,
emarginate; achene twice as long as the calyx, gla-
brous, 13” long.

In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and North Da-
kota, south to Florida and Kansas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in
the Adirondacks, July—Aug. Albany-hemp.

3. PILEA Lindl. Coll. pl. 4. 1821.
[Apicea Raf. Ann. Nat. 179. Hyponym. 1815.]

Annual or perennial, glabrous or pubescent stingless herbs, with opposite petioled
mostly 3-nerved leaves, connate stipules, and small numerous monoecious or dioecious flow-
ers in axillary cymose or glomerate clusters. Staminate flowers mostly 4-parted (sometimes
2- or 3-parted) and with a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers 3-parted, the segments in
most species unequal, each subtending a staminodium in the form of a concave scale; ovary
straight; stigma sessile, penicillate. Achene compressed, ovate or suborbicular. Seed-coat
thin. Endosperm scanty or none. [Name referring to the larger sepal of the type species
which is something like a cap.]

\ About 200 species, chiefly in the tropics, most abundant in tropical America. Besides the follow-
ing, another occurs in the southern United States. Type species: Pilea muscdsa Lindl,

GENUS 3. NETTLE FAMILY. 637

1. Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray. Clearweed.
Richweed. Coolweed. Fig. 1561.
Urtica pumila L, Sp. Pl. 984. 1753.

Adicea pumila Raf.; Torr. Fl. N. Y.2: 223. As synonym,
1843.

Pilea pumila A. Gray, Man. 437. 1848.

Annual, stems pellucid, erect, usually branched,
glabrous, succulent, 62° high. Leaves membranous,
ovate, slender-petioled, acuminate or acute at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 3-nerved,
coarsely dentate, 1-5’ long, sparingly pubescent with
scattered hairs; petioles often as long as the blades
and much longer than the pistillate flower-clusters ;
sepals of the pistillate flowers lanceolate, nearly
equal; achene ovate, acute, 4” long.

In swampy, shaded situations, often on old logs, New
Brunswick to western Ontario and Minnesota, Florida,
Louisiana, Nebraska and Kansas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in
Virginia. Also in Japan. July—Sept. Stingless-nettle.

4. BOEHMERIA facq. Stirp. Am. 246. pl. 157. 1763.

Perennial stingless herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with opposite or
alternate petioled 3-nerved leaves, distinct or connate stipules, and small monoecious or dioe-
cious flowers, glomerate in axillary spikes or heads, the fertile clusters sometimes leafy at
the summit. Staminate flowers mostly 4-parted or the calyx of 4 distinct sepals, usually
with a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate calyx tubular or urn-shaped, 2-4-toothed or entire,
enclosing the sessile or stalked ovary; stigma subulate, papillose or pubescent along one side.
Achene enclosed by the withering-persistent pistillate calyx. [In honor of Georg Rudolph
Boehmer, 1723-1803, Professor in Wittenberg.]

About 50 species, mostly natives of tropical regions, the following of eastern North America.
Type species: Boehmeria ramiflora Jacq.

1. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False
Nettle. Fig. 1562.

Urtica cylindrica L. Sp. Pl. 984. 1753.

Urtica capitata L. Sp. Pl. 985. 1753.

Boehmeria cylindrica Sw. Prodr. 34. 1788.

Boehmeria cylindrica scabra Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 16:
21. 1889.

Bochmeria scabra Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 358. 1903.

A perennial rough pubescent or nearly smooth
and glabrous erect branching herb, 1°-3° tall.
Stem stiff; leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lan-
ceolate, thin, petioled, opposite, or some alternate,
coarsely dentate, 1-3’ long, 4-14’ wide; petioles
shorter than the blades; stipules lanceolate-subulate,
distinct; flowers dioecious or androgynous; stami-
nate spikes usually interrupted, the pistillate mostly
continuous, 3#/-14’ long, often with small leaves at
the top; achene ovate-oval, acute, rather less than
1” long.

In moist soil, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, Flor-
ida, Kansas and Texas. Bermuda and other West Indies.
Consists of numerous races, July—Sept.

a PARIETARIA L. Sps Pl 1o0s2s |1753-

Annual or perennial stingless diffuse or erect herbs, with alternate entire 3-nerved peti-
oled leaves, no stipules, and axillary glomerate polygamous flowers, involucrate by leafy
bracts. Calyx of the staminate flowers 4-parted or of 4 (rarely 3) distinct sepals. Fertile
flowers with a tubular or campanulate 4-lobed calyx investing the ovary, a short or slender
style, and a penicillate stigma. Achene ovoid, enclosed by the withering-persistent pistillate
calyx. [Ancient Latin, referring to the growth of some species on walls.]

About 7 species, widely distributed ; besides the following another occurs in the southern United
States and one in western North America. Type species: Parictaria officinalis I

URTICACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsyl-
vania Pellitory. Fig. 1563.

P. pennsylvanica Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 955. 1806.

Annual, pubescent, stem weak, simple or spar-
= ingly branched, ascending or reclining, very slender,
4-15 long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
membranous, dotted, acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, 3-nerved-and with 1-3 pairs of
weaker veins above, slender-petioled, 1-3’ long, 3/3’
wide; petioles +1’ long, almost filiform; flowers
glomerate in all except the lowest axils, the clusters
shorter than the petioles; bracts of the involucre
linear, 2-3 times as long as the flowers; style almost
none; achene about 3” long.

On dry rocks and banks, Maine to Ontario, British
Columbia, Nevada, Tennessee and Mexico, June—Aug.
Hammerwort. :

Family 12. LORANTHACEAE D. Don,
Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 142. 1825.
MIsTLETOE FAMILY.

Parasitic green shrubs or herbs, containing chlorophyll, growing on woody
plants and absorbing food from their sap through specialized roots called haus-
toria (a few tropical species terrestrial). Leaves in the following genera oppo-
site, in Razoumofskya reduced to opposite scales. Flowers regular, terminal or
axillary, clustered or solitary, dioecious or monoecious, and perianth simple, or
in some exotic genera perfect, and with perianth of both calyx and corolla.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entire, toothed or lobed. Stamens 2-6;
anthers 2-celled or confluently t-celled. Ovary solitary, erect; style simple or
none; stigma terminal, undivided, obtuse. Fruit a berry. Seed solitary, its testa
indistinguishable from the endosperm, which is usually copious and fleshy.

About 21 genera and 500 species, widely distributed ; most abundant in tropical regions.

Leaves scale-like, united at the base; anthers 1-celled; berry peduncled. 1. Razoumofskya.
Leaves thick, flat; anthers 2-celled; berry sessile. 2. Phoradendron.

1. RAZOUMOFSKYA Hofim. Hort. Mosq. 1808.
[ArceuTHoBIUM Bieb. Fl. Taur. 3: 629. 1810.]

Small or minute fleshy glabrous plants, parasitic on the branches of coniferous trees,
their branches 4-angled, and leaves reduced to opposite connate scales. Flowers dioecious,
not bracted, solitary or several together in the axils of the scales. Staminate flowers with a
2-5-parted calyx and usually an equal number of stamens, the 1-celled anthers sessile on the
segments. Pistillate flowers with the ovary adnate to the tube of the calyx, the calyx-limb
2-parted. Disk present in both kinds of flowers. Berry fleshy, ovoid, more or less flattened,
borne on a short somewhat recurved peduncle. Embryo enclosed in the copious endosperm.
[In honor of Alexis Razoumofski, Russian botanist.] :

About 10 species. Besides the following, 7 or 8 others
occur in western North America and Mexico, 2 in Europe
and Asia. Type species: Razoumofskya caucdsica Hoftm.

1. Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze.
Small Mistletoe. Fig. 1564.
Arceuthobium pusillum Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 25: 60.

1873.
Atcecihobaen minutum Engelm. Bull. Torr. Club 2: 43.

Without description. 1871.
Razoumofskya pusilla Kuntze, Rev, Gen. Pl. 587. 1891.

Plant inconspicuous, stems 2’—10” long, nearly terete
when fresh, somewhat 4-angled when dry, simple or
sparingly branched, greenish-brown, slender. Scales
suborbicular, appressed, obtuse, about 3” wide, connate
at the base; flowers strictly dioecious (the staminate 4
and pistillate plants sometimes on different trees), soli-
tary in most of the axils, longer than the scales; berry
ovoid-oblong, acute, about 1” long, nodding on a slightly
‘exserted peduncle; seeds enclosed in a viscid mucus.

On twigs of spruces and tamarack, Newfoundland to Con-
necticut, New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan. June.

GENUS 2. MISTLETOE FAMILY. 639

2. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) 1: 185. 1847-50.

Shrubs, parasitic on trees, with opposite coriaceous flat entire or undulate faintly nerved
leaves, terete or angled, usually jointed and brittle twigs, and dioecious axillary spicate
bracted small flowers, solitary or several in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers with
a 3-lobed (rarely 2-4-lobed) globose or ovoid calyx, bearing a sessile transversely 2-celled
anther at the base of each lobe. Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to the ovoid
inferior ovary. Style none or very short, stigma obtuse or capitate. Fruit a sessile ovoid
or globose fleshy berry. Endosperm copious. [Greek, tree-thief, from its parasitic habit.]

About 100 species, all American, Besides the following, 5 o¢ 6 others occur in the western
states and 1 in Florida. Type species: Phoradendron californicum Nutt.

1. Phoradendron flavéscens (Pursh)
Nutt. American Mistletoe.
Fig. 1565.

Viscum flavescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 114. 1814.
P. flavescens Nutt.; A. Gray, Man, Ed, 2, 383. 1856,

A branching glabrous or slightly pubescent
shrub, the twigs rather stout, terete, brittle at
the base. Leaves oblong or obovate, rounded
at the apex, narrowed into short petioles, 3-5-
nerved, entire, 1-2’ long, 5-10” wide, dark
green, coriaceous; petioles 1-4” long; spikes
solitary, or 2 or 3 together in the axils, linear,
shorter than the leaves; berry globose, white,
about 2” in diameter.

Parasitic on deciduous leaved trees, notably on the
tupelo and red maple, central New Jersey to Ohio,
Indiana and Missouri, south to Florida, Texas and
New Mexico. May-July.

Family 13. SANTALACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 350. 1810

SANDALWoopD FAMILY.

Herbs or shrubs (some exotic genera trees), with alternate or opposite entire
exstipulate leaves. Flowers clustered or solitary, axillary or terminal, perfect,
monoecious or dioecious, mostly greenish. Calyx adnate to the base of the
ovary, or to the disk, 3-6-lobed, the lobes valvate. Petals none. Stamens as
many as the calyx-lobes and inserted near their bases, or opposite them upon
the lobed or annular disk; filaments slender or short. Ovary t-celled; ovules
2-4, pendulous from the summit of the central placenta; style cylindric, conic
or sometimes none; stigma capitate. [Fruit a drupe or nut. Seed 1, ovoid or
globose. Testa none; endosperm copious, fleshy ; embryo small, apical.

About 26 genera and 250 species, mostly of tropical distribution, a few in the temperate zones,

Perennial herbs; flowers perfect, cymose or solitary. 1. Comandra,
Shrubs; flowers imperfect, mostly dioecious,
Leaves alternate; flowers racemose. 2. Pyrularia.
Leaves opposite ; flowers umbellate or solitary. 3. Nestronia.

1. COMANDRA Nutt. Gen. r: 157. 1818.

Glabrous erect perennial herbs, some (or all?) parasitic on roots of other plants. Leaves
alternate, oblong, oval, lanceolate or linear, entire, pinnately veined. Flowers perfect, ter-
minal or axillary, rarely solitary, cymose, bractless. Calyx campanulate, the base of its
tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Stamens 5, or rarely 4, inserted
at the base of the calyx-lobes and between the lobes of the disk, attached to the middle of
the lobes by tufts of hairs. Anthers ovate, 2-celled. Fruit drupaceous, globose or ovoid,
crowned by the persistent calyx. [Greek, referring to the hairy attachments of the anthers.]

Four known species, the following North American, one European. Type species: Comandra
umbellata (L.) Nutt.

Cymes mostly corymbose-clustered at the summit of the stem; leaves acute, sessile; style slender.

Leaves oblong, green; fruit globose-urn-shaped. 1. C. umbellata,

Leaves lanceolate or linear, glaucous; fruit ovoid. 2. C. pallida,
Peduncles few, axillary ; leaves oval, obtuse, short-petioled ; style short. 3. C. livida,

640 SANTALACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard
Toad-flax. Fig. 1566.

Thesium umbellatum L. Sp. Pl. 208. 1753.
Comandra umbellata Nutt. Gen. 1: 157. 1818.
C. Richardsiana Fernald, Rhodora 7: 48. 1905.

Stem slender, very leafy, usually branched, 6’-18'
tall. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, green,
acute or subacute at both ends, sessile, ascending,
3-14 long, the lower smaller; cymes several-flow-
ered, corymbose at the summit of the plant or also
axillary, their branches divergent or ascending;
peduncles filiform, 4-1’ long; pedicels very short;
calyx greenish-white or purplish, about 2” high; style
slender; drupe globose, 23-3” in diameter, crowned
by the upper part of the calyx-tube and its 5 ob-
long lobes.

In dry fields and thickets, Cape Breton Island to On- 3
tario and Assiniboia, south to Georgia, Kansas and Ar- -
kansas. April—July. e

2. Comandra pallida A. DC. Pale
Comandra. Fig. 1567.
Comandra pallida A. DC. Prodr. 14: 636. 1857.

Similar to the preceding species but paler and
glaucous, usually much branched, the leaves nar-
rower, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or the lowest
and those of the stem oblong-elliptic; cymes few-—
several-flowered, corymbose-clustered at the summit;
peduncles usually short; pedicels about 1” long;
calyx purplish, about 2” high; fruit ovoid-oblong,
3°-4” high and 2’-23” in diameter, crowned by the
short upper part of the calyx-tube and its 5 oblong
lobes.

In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to
Minnesota, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and California,
April-July.

3. Comandra livida Richards. Northern
Comandra. Fig. 1568.
Comandra livida Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 734. 1823.
Stem slender, usually quite simple, 4-12’ high.
Leaves oval, thin, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 7
narrowed at the base, short-petioled, 3-1’ long, ?’—4’ ;
wide; petioles 1-2” long; cymes axillary, few (often
only 1 to each plant), 1-5-flowered; peduncle shorter
than its subtending leaf, filiform; flowers sessile;
style very short; drupe globose-oblong, about 3” in
diameter, red, edible, crowned by the ovate calyx-
lobes.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, Alaska,
New Hampshire, Vermont, Ontario, Michigan, Idaho
and Washington. June-July.

2. PYRULARIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.

222s eLSO3= i
A branching oil-bearing shrub (the Asiatic species trees), with thin alternate pinnately- .

veined entire short-petioled deciduous leaves, and dioecious or polygamous small greenish
racemose flowers. Staminate flowers with a campanulate 3-5-cleft calyx, the lobes valvate,
recurved or spreading, pubescent at the base within; disk of 3-5 distinct glands or scales;
stamens 4 or 5, inserted between the glands and opposite the calyx-lobes; filaments short; pe
anthers ovate. Pistillate and perfect flowers with a top-shaped calyx adnate to the oboyoid
ovary; style short, stout; stigma capitate, depressed. Fruit a pear-shaped or oval drupe, the
endocarp thin and endosperm of the seed very oily. [Name from Pyrus, the pear, from the
similar shape of the fruit.] ;
Three species, the following typical one, and two Asiatic.

GENUS 2. SANDALWOOD FAMILY.

1. Pyrularia pubera Michx. Oil-nut.
Buffalo-nut. Elk-nut. Fig. 1569.
Pyrularia pubera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 233. 1803.
Hamiltonia oleifera Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 1120. 1805,
Pyrularia oleifera A, Gray, Man, Ed. 2, 382. 1858.

A straggling or erect much branched shrub, 3°-15°
tall, with terete twigs, the young foliage pubescent.
Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or somewhat obo-
vate, nearly glabrous when mature, acute or acumi-
nate at both ends, 3-5’ long, 8-13’ wide; petioles
2’-4” long; racemes terminating short branches,
the staminate many-flowered, 1-2’ long, the pistil-
late few-flowered and shorter; pedicels slender,
13’-2” long; staminate flowers about 2” broad;
calyx 3-5-cleft; drupe about 1’ long, crowned by the
ovate acute calyx-lobes. ~

In rich woods, southern Pennsylvania to Georgia,
mostly in the mountains, May. Fruit ripe Aug.—Sept.

3. NESTRONIA Raf. New Flora 3: 12,
1836.
[Darsya A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II) 1: 388. 1846. ]

A low glabrous dioecious shrub, with opposite short-petioled, oblong to ovate entire
leaves. Staminate flowers small, in axillary peduncled umbels; calyx top-shaped, 4-5-cleft,
the lobes spreading, each with a tuft of wool; stamens as many as the calyx-segments and
opposite them; disk crenate. Pistillate flowers solitary in the axils, short-peduncled; calyx
narrowly top-shaped, 4-lobed; stamens 4; style short, 4-lobed; ovary adnate to the calyx.
Fruit an oval 1-seeded drupe. [From the Greek name of Daphne.]

A monotypic genus of the southeastern United States,

1. Nestronia umbéllula Raf. Nestronia.
Fig. 1570.

Nestonia wnbellula Raf. New Flora 3: 13. 1836.
Darbya umbellulata A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 1:
388. 1846.

Shrub 1°-3° high, branching. Leaves thin,
1-2’ long, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed
or rounded at the base, pinnately veined, bright
green above, petioles 1’-3” long; peduncles of
the staminate 3-9-flowered umbels filiform, nearly
or quite one-half as long as the leaves, the pedi-
cels about 2” long, equalling the green calyx;
stamens shorter than the oblong-ovate calyx-
segments; pistillate calyx glaucescent, about 3”
long, the lobes much shorter than the tube; drupe
globose, about 4’ in diameter.

In woods and along streams, parasitic on tree-
roots, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. April-May.

Family 14. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Blume, Enum. Pl. Jav. 1: 81. 1830.

BirtHwort FAmMILy.

Herbs or shrubs, acaulescent, or with erect or twining and leafy stems.
Leaves alternate or basal, petioled, mostly cordate or reniform, exstipulate.
Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or clustered, perfect, mostly large, regular
or irregular. Calyx-tube (hypanthium) mostly adnate to the ovary, its limb
3-lobed, 6-lobed or irregular. Petals none. Stamens 5-many, inserted on the
pistil, the anthers 2-celled, extrorse, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
wholly or partly inferior, mostly 6-celled ; ovules numerous in each cavity, anatro-
pous, horizontal or pendulous. Fruit a many-seeded mostly 6-celled capsule.
Seeds ovoid or oblong, angled or compressed, the testa crustaceous, smooth or
wrinkled, usually with a fleshy or dilated raphe ; endosperm copious, fleshy.

Six genera and about 200 species, of wide distribution. The family is not closely related to
those that precede and follow it in the arrangement followed in this work; its affinity is uncertain.

41

642 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE., Vor. I.

Acaulescent herbs; perianth regular, 3-lobed, persistent; filaments distinct.

Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary ; styles united. 1. Asarum,
Calyx-tube nearly free from the ovary; styles distinct. 2. Hexastylis.
Leafy erect herbs or twining vines; perianth irregular, deciduous; anthers sessile, adnate to the
stigma, 3- Aristolochia,

1. ASARUM (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 442. 1753.

Acaulescent perennial often clustered herbs, with slender aromatic branched rootstocks,
thick fibrous-fleshy roots, long-petioled cordate, mostly ovate or orbicular entire leaves, and
solitary large peduncled purple-brown or mottled flowers, borne very near or upon the
ground. Calyx campanulate or hemispheric, adnate to the ovary at least below, regularly
3-lobed, the lobes valvate. Stamens 12, inserted on the ovary; filaments short, stout; con-
nective of the anther-sacs more or less continued beyond them as a tip. Ovary partly or
wholly inferior, 6-celled, the parietal placentae intruded; ovules numerous, horizontal or
pendulous. Capsule coriaceous, crowned by the withering-persistent calyx and stamens,
subglobose or hemispheric, at length bursting irregularly or longitudinally dehiscent. Seeds
compressed. [The ancient name, its meaning obscure.]

About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 3 others occur in
western North America. Type species: Asarum europaeum L, The plants are known as Asarabacca,
Calyx-segments lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the tube, not reflexed.

Calyx-segments slightly longer than the tube, the tubular portion 2”-4” long; species mainly

Alleghanian, 1. A. canadense.
Calyx-segments much longer than the tube, the tubular portion 5”—-10” long; species campes-
trian. 2. A. acuminatum,
Calyx-segments triangular, merely acute, about as long as the tube, reflexed. 3. A. reflexum.

1. Asarum canadénse L. Wild or Indian
Ginger. Fig. 1571.
Asarum canadense L, Sp. Pl. 442. 1753.

Finely pubescent, petioles rather slender, 6-12’
long. Leaves commonly 2 to each es reni-
form, thin, short-pointed at the apex, 4-7’ broad,
dark green, not mottled, the basal sinus Aece and
open; flower slender- peduncled from between the
bases of the petioles, 1’ broad or more when ex-
panded, brownish purple; calyx ovoid, its tube
completely adnate to the ovary, its lobes inflexed
in the bud, ovate-lanceolate, acute or long-
acuminate, spreading, a little longer than the tube;
filaments longer than the anthers ; stigmas radiat-
ing; capsule 6-8” in diameter.

In rich woods, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south
to North Carolina, Missouri and Kansas. Ascends to
3000 ft. in Virginia. Called also Canada snakeroot.
April-May. Rootstocks with the flavor of ginger.
False coltsfoot. Colic-root. Heart-, Vermont or
southern snakeroot. Asarabacca.

2. Asarum acuminatum (Ashe) Bicknell.
Long-tipped Wild Ginger. Fig. 1572

A. canadense var. acuminatum Ashe, Contr. 1:2, 1897.
Asarum acuminatum Bicknell; Britton & Brown, Tl.
Bl, 3: 513. 2898:

Similar to A. canadense but more pubescent,
at least when young. Leaves thin and mem-
branous, reniform-cordate and -acutely short-
pointed or broadly reniform and blunt, at first
densely cinereous-tomentose on the lower sur-
face, less so when old, the larger veins often
densely divaricate-pubescent, giving the leaves
beneath a coarsely white-reticulated appearance;
calyx-lobes much longer than in A. canadense
and duller brownish-purple, caudate-acuminate,
or flagellate, the slender terminations recurved-
spreading, often flexuous, 5’—10” long.

Rich woods, Minnesota and Wisconsin to Iowa,
Indiana, Kentucky and Ohio. May-June.

GENUS I. BIRTHWORT FAMILY.

3. Asarum refléxum Bicknell. Short-
lobed Wild Ginger. Fig. 1573.

. Asarum reflexum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 533.

pl. 317. 1897.

Asarum reflexum ambiguum Bicknell, Bull. Torr, Club

24: 535- 1897.

Similar to A. canadense, more loosely pubes-
cent, rootstocks more elongated, slender. Leaves
reniform, broader than long, the basal sinus shal-
low or deep, obtusely pointed, the upper surface
commonly nearly glabrous, the petioles often
nearly glabrous in age; flowers smaller than
those of A. canadense, the calyx-tube white
within; lobes of the calyx-limb early reflexed,
purplish-brown, 4’-8” long, about as long as the
tube, triangular, with a straight obtuse tip, 1’-4”
long.

In rich woods, along streams or river valleys, often
forming large patches, Connecticut and southeastern

New York to Iowa, Michigan, North Carolina, Mis-
souri and Kansas. April-May.

2. HEXASTYLIS Raf. Neog. 3: 1825.

Perennial evergreen acaulescent herbs, the foliage glabrous or nearly so. Rootstocks
dichotomously branched, the roots fleshy. Leaves leathery, often mottled, petioled. Flower
solitary, its peduncle subtended by a membranous bract. Calyx glabrous without, the tube
sometimes inflated, the 3 segments short, valvate. Corolla none. Stamens 12; filaments
shorter than the anthers, or wanting. Ovary mainly free from the calyx-tube; styles dis-
tinct, prolonged beyond the extrorse stigmas into cleft appendages. Capsule free from the
calyx. Seeds flattened. [Greek, referring to the six styles.]

About 6 species, natives of eastern North America. Type species: Asarum arifolium Michx.

Leaves ovate or suborbicular.

Calyx 1’—2’ long, much longer than thick. 1. H. Shuttleworthii.
Calyx less than 1’ long, little longer than thick.
Fruiting calyx campanulate, its lobes about half as long as the tube. 2. H. virginica.
Fruiting calyx urn-shaped, its lobes about one third as long as tube. 3. H. Memmingeri.
Leaves hastate. 4. H. arifolia.

1. Hexastylis Shuttlewérthii (Britten
and Baker) Small. Large-flowered
Hexastylis. Fig. 1574.

Hexastylis Shuttleworthii Small; Britton, Man.
348. 18091.

Asarum grandiforum Small, Mem. Torr. Club 4:
150. 1893. Not Kl.

Asaruwm macranthum Small, Mem. Torr. Club 5:
136. 1894. Not Hooker.

Asarum Shuttleworthit Britten & Baker, Journ.
Bot. 36: 98. 1808.

Glabrous; rootstocks branched. Leaves 1
or 2 to each plant or branch, broadly ovate or
suborbicular, dark green and usually mottled
above, paler beneath, 2’-4’ long, 14’-3’ wide,
obtuse or subacute at the apex, the basal sinus
mostly narrow; petioles 3’-8’ long, ascending;
calyx tubular-campanulate, 8”-20” long, not
or scarcely contracted at the throat, the lobes
obtuse, mottled with violet on the inner side,
one-third to one-half as long as the tube; peduncle 8”-20” long; filaments shorter than the
anthers; anthers equally 4-ribbed, not pointed ; styles 6, each 2-cleft.

In rich mountain woods, Virginia and North Carolina. May-July.

644 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Vor, I.

2. Hexastylis virginica (L.) Small. Virginia Hexastylis. Fig. 1575.

3. Hexastylis Mémmingeri (Ashe) Small.
Fig. 1576.

Memminger’s Hexastylis.

Asarum Memmingeri Ashe, Contr. Herb. 1: 3.
Hexastylis Memmingeri Small; Britton, Man. 348. 1got.

Slender. Leaf-blades suborbicular or ovate, 14-3’ long,
mostly obtuse or retuse, sometimes mottled, with a slightly
open sinus; petioles about as long as the blades or much
longer; calyx 5’—7” long, urn-shaped, the tube more or less
constricted at the throat; the segments rarely over 13” long,
obtuse; peduncle as long as the calyx or shorter; prolongations
of the styles slender, usually deeply cleft; capsule conspicu-
ously distending the calyx; seed sharply triangular.

In sandy woods, Virginia and West Virginia, south to Georgia.

May and June.

Asarum virginicum L. Sp. Pl. 442. 1753.
Asarum heterophyllum Ashe, Contr. Herb. 1:3. 1897.
H, virginica Small; Britton, Man, 348. 1901.

Rootstocks slender, scaly, clustered, simple or
branched. Leaves 1-3 to each plant or branch,
coriaceous, glabrous, orbicular or broadly ovate,
rounded at the apex, 13’-3’ wide, usually mot-
tled, the basal sinus open or nearly closed; peti-
oles pubescent along one side or glabrous, 3’-7’
long, ascending; flower short-peduncled, purple,
6’-8” long; calyx campanulate to turbinate, nar-
rowed at the throat, its tube adnate to the lower
part of the ovary, free above, the lobes ovate or
nearly semicircular, about one-half as long as the
tube; peduncle 4-3’ long; filaments much shorter
than the anthers; anthers not pointed; styles 6,
each 2-lobed, the stigmas sessile below the lobes;
capsule hemispheric, about 4” high.

In rick woods, Virginia and West Virginia to Geor-

gia and South Carolina. May-June. Southern wild
ginger. Black snakeweed. Heart-leaf.

1897.

4. Hexastylis arifolia (Michx.) Small. Halberd or Heart-leaved Hexastylis.

=>
—_

A. arifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 279. 1803.
H. arifolia Small; Britton, Man. 348. 1901.

Pubescent, at least on the veins of the leaves,
rootstocks slender, usually branched and with
I or 2 leaves to each branch. Leaves rather
thick, usually mottled, 2’-5’ long, some of them
hastate, some suborbicular, the basal sinus often
broad; petioles more or less pubescent, 3-8’
long; flower stout-peduncled, about 1’ long; calyx
urn-shaped, much contracted at the throat, the
lobes rounded, about one-fifth as long as the
tube, which is adnate to the lower half of the
ovary; anthers nearly sessile, short-pointed ;
styles 6, 2-cleft, with a sessile stigma below the
cleft; capsule subglobose, about 8” in diameter.

in woods, Virginia to Tennessee, Florida and Ala-
bama, Ascends to 3000 ft, in Virginia. April—June.

Hexastylis Ruthii (Ashe) Small, differing in the
calyx not constricted in the throat, ranges from
southwestern Virginia and Tennessee to Alabama.

GENUS 3. BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 645

3. ARISTOLOCHIA (Tourn.) L. Sp. Pl. 960. 1753.

Perennial herbs or twining vines. Leaves alternate, mostly petioled and entire (some
exotic species 3-7-lobed), cordate, palmately 3-many-nerved. Flowers irregular, solitary or
clustered. Calyx adnate to the ovary, at least to its base, the tube narrow, usually inflated
around the style and contracted at the throat, the limb spreading or reflexed, entire, 3-6-
lobed or appendaged. Stamens mostly 6; anthers sessile, adnate to the short style or
stigma, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary partly or wholly inferior, mostly
6-celled with 6 parietal placentae. Style 3-6-lobed. Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved.
Seeds very numerous, horizontal, compressed, their sides flat or concave. [Named for its
supposed medicinal properties. ]

About 200 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following,
some 6 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species: Aristolochia rotunda L,
Erect herbs.

Calyx-tube bent; flowers solitary, on basal scaly branches. 1. A, Serpentaria,

Calyx-tube straight ; flowers axillary, clustered, 2. A. Clematitis.
Long twining vines; flowers axillary; calyx-tube bent.

Leaves minutely pubescent ; calyx-limb flat, spreading, 3. A. macrophylla,

Leaves tomentose ; calyx-limb rugose, reflexed, 4. A, tomentosa,

1. Aristolochia Serpentaria L. Virginia Snakeroot.

Aristolochia Serpentaria L. Sp. Pl. 961. 1753.

A perennial pubescent nearly erect herb, 103°
tall, with short rootstocks and fibrous aromatic
roots. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, thin, green on both sides, acuminate at
the apex, cordate or hastate at the base, 14’-5’ long,
3-2 wide; petioles 3-1’ long; lowest leaves reduced
to scales; flowers solitary and terminal, on slender
basal scaly branches; tube of the calyx curved like
the letter S, enlarged at the ovary and at its throat,
the limb short, spreading, slightly 3-lobed; anthers
contiguous in pairs; stigma 3-lobed; capsule subglo-
bose, ridged, about 4’ in diameter. Flowers some-
times cleistogamous.

In dry woods, Connecticut and New York to Michigan,
Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. Ascends to 2500 ft. in
Virginia. June-July. Fruit ripe Sept. Sangrel snake-
weed, Sangree-root. Black snakeroot. Pellican-flower.

Aristolochia hastata Nutt. (4. Nashii Kearney, of the
southern states), with narrowly lanceolate or linear, sag-
ittate or hastate leaves, is reported to range as far north
as Virginia.

2. Aristolochia Clematitis L. Birth-
wort. Fig. 1579.

Aristolochia Clematitis L. Sp. Pl. 962. 1753.

Herbaceous, perennial; stem erect, glabrous,
zigzag, striate, 1°-2° tall. Leaves dark green,
reniform, subacute or obtuse at the apex, gla-
brous or their margins minutely spinulose-
ciliate, strongly reticulate-veined, 2’-5’ wide;
petioles shorter than the blades; flowers fas-
cicled in the axils, 1-13’ long; tube of the
calyx yellowish green, straight, enlarged
around the ovary, the 6 lobes appendaged;
anthers equidistant.

Roadsides and thickets, New York to Maryland,
Escaped from cultivation. Native of southern
Europe. Summer. Upright birthwort.

646 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Vor. I.

3. Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. Dutchman’s Pipe. Fig. 1580.
Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. Encycl. 1: 255. 1783.
Aristolochia Sipho L’Her. Stirp. Nov. 13. 1784.

A twining vine, the stem sometimes 1’ in diam-
eter and 30° long, the branches very slender,
terete, green, glabrous. Leaves thin, broadly
reniform or suborbicular, densely pubescent be-
neath when young, glabrous or nearly so and
6’-15’ broad when mature; petioles slender, 1-4’
long; peduncles solitary or 2 or 3 together in the
axils, about as long as the petioles, each with a
suborbicular clasping bract at about the middle
4-1’ in diameter; calyx-tube strongly curved, 1’
or more long, inflated above the ovary, contracted
at the throat, yellowish-green, veiny, the limb
flat, spreading, purple-brown, somewhat 3-lobed;
anthers contiguous in pairs under the 3 lobes of
the stigma; capsule oblong-cylindric, strongly
parallel-nerved, 2’-3’ long, 8’—10” in diameter.

In rich woods, southern Pennsylvania to Minne-
sota, Georgia, Tennessee and Kansas. Ascends to
4500 ft. in Virginia. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.
Pipe-vine. Wild ginger. Big sarsaparilla.

Q

SiS 7

4. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims.
Woolly Pipe-vine. Fig. 158.

A. tomentosa Sims, Bot. Mag. pl. 1369. 1811,

A twining vine, similar to the preceding,
but the twigs, petioles, leaves and pedun-
cles persistently tomentose. Leaves sub-
orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, 3-6’ broad when ma-
ture; petioles rather stout, 17-3’ long;
peduncles axillary, mostly solitary, slender,
bractless; calyx densely tomentose, the
tube sharply curved, yellowish-green,
about 12’ long, its throat nearly closed, the
limb becoming reflexed, wrinkled, dark
purple, 3-lobed; anthers contiguous in
pairs beneath the 3 spreading lobes of the
stigma; capsule oblong-cylindric.

In woods, Missouri and southern Illinois to
North Carolina, Kansas, Arkansas, Alabama
and Florida. May-June.

Family 15. POLYGONACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 220s TesOm

BuckWHEAT FAMILY.

Herbs, vines, shrubs or trees, with alternate or sometimes opposite or whorled
simple mostly entire leaves, jointed stems, and usually sheathing united stipules
(ocreae). Flowers small, perfect, dioecious, monoecious or polygamous, spicate,
racemose, corymbose, umbellate or panicled. Petals none. Calyx inferior, free
from the ovary, 2-6-cleft or 2-6-parted, the segments or sepals more or less im-
bricated, sometimes petaloid, sometimes developing wings in fruit. Stamens 2-9,
inserted near the base of the calyx, or in staminate flowers crowded toward the
centre; filaments filiform or subulate, or often dilated at the base, distinct or
united into a ring; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistil soli-
tary; ovary superior, t-celled; ovule solitary, orthotropous, erect or pendulous;
style 2- or 3-cleft or 2- or 3-parted (rarely 4-parted), sometimes very short;
stigmas capitate or tufted, rarely 2-cleft or toothed; fruit a lenticular, 3-angled or
rarely 4-angled achene, usually invested by the persistent calyx; endosperm
mealy or horny; cotyledons accumbent or incumbent, flat; embryo straight or
curved.

About 40 genera and 800 species, of wide geographic distribution.

* Text contributed by Dr. Jonn KuNKEL SMALL,

GENUS I. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 647

Flowers or flower-clusters subtended by involucres.

Ocreae present ; calyx 2-4-parted ; stamens 3 or fewer. 1. Macounastrum.
Ocreae none; calyx 6-cleft or 6-parted; stamens 9; achene 3-angled. 2. Eriogonum,
Flowers or flower-clusters not involucrate ; stamens 4-8.
Stigmas tufted ; sepals of the inner row usually accrescent.
Calyx 6-parted ; style 3-parted ; achene 3-angled. 3. Rumex.
Calyx 4-parted ; style 2-parted ; achene lenticular. 4. Oxyria,

Stigmas capitate, 2-cleft or toothed ; sepals of the outer row often accrescent or reflexed,
Floral tube obscurely or only slightly developed; stigmas not 2-cleft; ovule erect.
Internodes of the stem and branches not adnate ; plants not heath-like ; sepals of the outer
row often winged .
Leaf-blades jointed at the base; ocreae 2-lobed, becoming lacerate; filaments, at least
the inner, dilated. 5. Polygonum.
Leaf-blades not jointed at the base; ocreae various, not 2-lobed; filaments slender.
Ocreae cylindric, truncate.
Sepals 4; calyx curved; stamens 4. 6. Tovara,
Sepals 5, if fewer, the stamens more than 5; calyx not curved. 7. Persicaria.
Ocreae oblique, more or less open on the side facing the leaf.
Plants with fleshy rootstocks, scaly caudices and simple flower-stems; leaves
mostly basal; inflorescence simple; styles elongated. 8. Bistorta.
Plants with fibrous roots or slender rootstocks, without scaly caudices, with
branching stems; leaves not basal; inflorescence branched.
Sepals neither keeled nor winged.
Racemes collected into terminal corymbs ; embryo dividing the endosperm

by an S-shaped curve; plants smooth. 9. Fagopyrum.
Racemes not in terminal corymbs; embryo slender, at one side of the
endosperm ; plants prickle-armed. 10. Tracaulon,
Sepals, at least the outer ones, keeled or winged.
Stigmas rounded capitate; styles short, erect, or none. 11. Tiniaria.
Stigmas dilated, toothed; styles divaricate. 12. Pleuropterus,
Internodes of the stem and branches partially adnate ; plants heath-Iike ; sepals of the inner
row often winged. 13. Polygonella,

Floral tube well developed, enclosing the achene, winged ; stigmas 2-cleft; ovule pendulous,
14. Brunnichia,

1. MACOUNASTRUM Small in Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 541. 1895.
[Koenicra L. Mant. 35. 1767. Not Konig Adans. 1763.]

Low glabrous annual herbs, with fibrous roots, erect or spreading simple or forked stems,
alternate or opposite entire leaves, funnelform membranous ocreae, and minute perfect ter-
minal clustered flowers, subtended by a several-leaved involucre. Calyx 2-4-parted (usually
3-parted), greenish-white, the segments valvate, equal; pedicels short, subtended by trans-
parent bracts; stamens 2 or 4, alternate with and often protruding between the calyx-seg-
ments; filaments short, stout; anthers ovoid. Style 2- or 3-parted; stigmas capitate; achene
ovoid, 3-angled or lenticular, exceeding the persistent calyx; embryo eccentric, accumbent.

*Two or three species, the following typical one circum-
boreal, the others of the higher Himalayas.

1. Macounastrum islandicum (L.) Small.
Macounastrum. Fig. 1582.

Koenigia islandica L. Mant. 35. 1767.

M. islandicum Small in Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 542. |
1896. Q
Stems very slender, 17-4’ long, sometimes tufted. NI

Leaves obovate, oblong or almost orbicular, 1-5” long,

fleshy, obtuse at the apex, sessile or short-petioled;

ocreae about 4” long; involucre consisting of 3-6

obovate or orbicular leaves more or less united at their

bases; flowers fascicled in the involucres, short-
pedicelled ; calyx 4” long, the segments ovate-lanceolate,
rather obtuse ; stamens very short; style-branches short ;

“achene less than 1” long, brown, often slightly curved,

striate, its faces convex.

Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay and Alaska,

Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer.

U RD,
4

2. ERIOGONUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 246. 1803.
* Annual or perennial acaulescent or leafy-stemmed herbs, some species very woody at
the base, with simple or branched, often tufted stems, and entire alternate opposite or
whorled leaves. Flowers small, fascicled, cymose, umbellate or capitate, subtended by
5-8-toothed or cleft campanulate top-shaped or almost cylindric involucres. Calyx 6-cleft
or 6-parted, usually colored, the segments equal or the outer ones larger. Stamens 9,
included or exserted; filaments filiform, often villous. Style 3-parted; stigmas capitate.
_ Achene pyramidal, 3-angled, more or less swollen near the base, invested by the calyx-
segments, or winged. Embryo axial or somewhat eccentric. [Greek, referring to the woolly
and jointed stems.]

2

648 POLYGONACEAE. Vor. I.

Over 200 species, natives of America, mostly of the western United States. Type species:
Eriogonum tomentosum Michx.
Achenes 3-winged,. 1. E. alatum.
Achenes merely angled, never winged.
Calyx contracted into a stipe-like base.
Caulescent ; stems topped by compound cymes.

Stem leaves alternate. 2. E. longifolium.
Stem leaves opposite or whorled.
Calyx yellow; basal leaves rounded at the base; Alleghanian. 3. E. Alleni.
Calyx white or pink; basal leaves narrowed at the base; campestrian. 4. E. Jamesii.
Scapose ; stems topped by simple umbels. 5. E. flavum,

Calyx jointed to the pedicel without a stipe-like base.
Scapes or peduncles topped by capitate clusters.
Calyx glabrous; achenes over 2 mm, long. 6.
Calyx villous; achenes less than 2 mm. long. Gi
Scapes or peduncles topped by more or less compound cymes.
Involucres erect or at least never drooping.
Ovaries and achenes completely clothed with wool ; leaf-blades silky above with silvery
hairs, 8. E. lachnogynum.
Ovaries and achenes glabrous or villous at the top; leaf-blades more or less floccose.
Annual ; herbaceous throughout and usually simple at the base. 9. E. annuum.
Perennial; shrubby and much branched at the base.

pauciflorum.
?

EB
E. multiceps.

Calyx yellow. | ' 10. E. campanulatum.
Calyx white, pink or reddish.
Leaf-blades copiously pubescent on both sides. 11. E. corymbosum,

Leaf-blades densely pubescent beneath, inconspicuously so above.
Inflorescence 2~3 times compound ; branches spreading.
12. E. microthecum,
Inflorescence 5-7 times compound ; branches erect or nearly so.

: 13. E. effusuin,
Involucres on drooping or deflexed peduncles. 14. E.cernuum.

1. Eriogonum alatum Torr. Winged
Eriogonum. Fig. 1583.
E. alatum Torr. Sitgreaves’ Rep. 168. pl. 8. 1853.

Perennial by a long thick root, stem rather stout,
erect, strigose, paniculately branched, somewhat angled,
1°-3° tall. Leaves mostly basal, spatulate, oblanceolate
if or narrowly obovate, 1-3’ long, those of the stem alter-
nate, nearly linear, short-petioled, all obtuse or subacute
at the apex, glabrous or pubescent and with midrib
prominent beneath, ciliate; panicle open; bracts lanceo-
late or subulate; involucres cymose at the ends of the
branches, campanulate, 5-toothed, 1-13” long, the seg-
ments obtuse and somewhat reflexed; calyx yellowish,
1” long, campanulate; stamens slightly exserted; achene
long-pointed, 23’-3” long, reticulated, closely invested
by 3 wings.

On plains, western Nebraska to Texas, west to Colorado
and New Mexico. June—Sept.

2. Eriogonum longifdlium Nutt. Long-
leaved Eriogonum. Fig. 1584.

Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. Trans. Am, Phil. Soc.

(II.) 5: 164. 1833-37.
E. Texanum Scheele, Linnaea 22: 150. 1849.

Perennial, strigose throughout, stem stout,
erect, paniculately or corymbosely branched,
leafy, finely grooved, 2°-4° tall. Leaves nar-
rowly oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse at the
apex, more or less tomentose beneath, the upper
sessile, the lower narrowed into petioles with
dilated and sheathing bases; bracts lanceolate
or subulate; involucres turbinate-campanulate,
13-2” long; peduncles 1’ long or less; calyx
oblong-campanulate, 2-3” high, 6-parted to
near the base, very villous; stamens and style-
branches exserted; achene 23” long, much _ en-
larged at the base, villous, loosely invested by
the calyx-segments, not winged.

Southern Missouri to Texas. June—Nov.

GENUS 2. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 649

3. Eriogonum Alleni S. Wats. Allen’s
Eriogonum. Fig. 1585.

E, Alleni S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 734. 1890.

Perennial, flocose-tomentose throughout; stem
rather stout, erect, sparingly branched above,
1°-13° tall. Leaves oblong, or ovate-oblong,
1-3’ long, the basal long-petioled, obtuse at both
ends, those of the stem in whorls of 3-5 at the
somewhat swollen nodes, short-petioled, nar-
rowed at the base, the upper small and bract-
like; inflorescence compoundly cymose; invo-
lucres top-shaped, 5-toothed, 24’-3” long, the
teeth obtusish; bracts leaf-like, spatulate; calyx
yellow, 12” long, broadly campanulate, its seg-
ments obovate or orbicular; stamens and style-
branches exserted.

Stony mountain-sides, Virginia and West Virginia,
July—Aug.

Eriogonum Jamesii Benth. in DC. Prodr.14: 7. 1856.
Eriogonum sericeum Torr.; T. & G. Proc. Am. Acad.
8: 155. 1870. Not Pursh, 1814.

Perennial, base woody, scaly, somewhat
branched, stem usually spreading, branched, to-
mentose, slender, 6-18’ long, the branches erect,
3 or 4 times forked, light brown or reddish.
Leaves mostly basal, spatulate or oblong, 17-4’
long, long-petioled, the upper smaller, sessile in
whorls of 3 or 4 at the somewhat swollen nodes,
all obtuse or subacute, dark green and sparingly
tomentose above, densely gray-tomentose beneath,
their margins sometimes slightly revolute and
crisped; inflorescence compoundly cymose; invo-
lucres turbinate-campanulate, 2” long, 5-toothed,
the teeth rounded; bracts foliaceous, narrowly
oblong or oblong-spatulate; calyx white or pink,
campanulate, villous, 23’—3” long, its segments
oblong or obovate; stamens and style-branches
exserted; achene 24’-3” long, smooth, villous
near the apex, its angles margined.

On plains, Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Arizona
and Chihuahua. July—Oct.

5. Eriogonum flavum Nutt. Yellow
Eriogonum. Fig. 1587.

Eriogonum flavum Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813.
E, sericeum Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 277. 1814.

Perennial, scapose, white-tomentose throughout,
root short, scaly, spindle-shaped, stem very short
and thick, simple and solitary or tufted and creep-
ing, woody. Scapes 2’-12' tall, erect; leaves
crowded on the short stem, linear-oblong or ob-
long-spatulate, 1-3’ long, mostly obtuse at the
apex, flat, narrowed into petioles; petioles dilated
at the base and imbricated; inflorescence regularly
umbellate; involucres top-shaped, 2-24’ long,
nearly entire, rather densely clustered; peduncles
3-1)’ long; bracts spatulate, foliaceous; calyx yel-
low, 3” high, top-shaped, very villous, the seg-
ments obovate; stamens and style-branches ex-
serted; achene constricted at the middle, 2” long,
villous at the summit, the angles undulate, the
faces swollen.

Nebraska and Kansas to Alberta and Arizona. June-
Sept.

650 POLYGONACEAE. Vou. I.

6. Eriogonum pauciflorum Pursh. Few-
flowered Eriogonum. Fig. 1588.

E. pauciflorum Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 735. 1814.
Eriogonum parviflorum Nutt, Gen, 1: 261. 1818.

Perennial, root long and slender, stems very short,
simple or sparingly branched, loosely tufted, covered
by the scarious dilated bases of the petioles. Scapes
erect, slender, simple, slightly tomentose, 2’-6’ high;
leaves linear or linear-spatulate, 1-3’ long, rather ob-
tuse, but apparently acute from the strongly revolute
margins, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, white-
tomentose or cottony beneath, narrowed into slender
petioles; inflorescence capitate; involucres 4-10, 14”
long, turbinate-campanulate, 5-toothed, the teeth ob-
tuse, more or less reflexed; calyx white, campanulate,
13” long, glabrous, the segments ovate; achene 12”
long, its faces swollen at about the middle, incon-
spicuously striate-reticulated.

On dry plains Nebraska and Colorado. July—Sept.

7. Eriogonum multiceps Nees. Branched
Eriogonum. Fig. 1589.

E. multiceps Nees, Max. Reise N. A. 2: 446. 1841.
E, gnaphaloides Benth. Kew. Journ. Bot. 5: 263. 1853.

Perennial by a slender root, scapose, densely
white-tomentose throughout; stems short, tufted,
much branched, sometimes several inches long.
Scapes simple, 17-5’ high; leaves spatulate, 3’-2’
long, numerous, obtuse at the apex, narrowed
below into petioles; inflorescence capitate; involu-
cres 3-12, sessile, 13” long, 5-6-toothed, the teeth
acute; bracts foliaceous, spatulate; calyx white or
rose-color, 13-24” long, campanulate, some-
what villous, 6-cleft to about the middle, the seg-
ments cuneate, obtuse or emarginate; stamens and
style-branches exserted; achene 4” long.

On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado. June—Aug.

8. Eriogonum lachnégynum Torr. Long-
rooted Eriogonum. Fig. 1590.

Eriogonum lachnogynum Torr.; Benth. in DC. Prodr.

14:8. 1856.

Perennial, scapose, root long, fusiform, stems
stout and short, tufted, much branched, covered with
the dilated petiole-bases. Scape erect, slender,
4-12’ tall, white-tomentose, sparingly branched
above; leaves numerous, crowded, lanceolate or
narrowly oblong, 3-1’ long, acute at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, silky above, white-tomentose
beneath, long-petioled, their margins somewhat
revolute; inflorescence irregularly umbellate or
paniculate; involucres broadly campanulate or nearly
hemispheric, 13-2” high, sessile or peduncled,
5-toothed, teeth obtuse; bracts small, lanceolate;
calyx campanulate, 13” long, villous; stamens and
style-branches exserted.

Western Kansas to Colorado and Arizona, May—Nov.

GENUS 2. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 651

g. Eriogonum annuum Nutt. Annual
Eriogonum. Fig. 1591.

Eriogonum annuum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:
164. 1833-37. 4
E. Lindheimerianum Scheele, Linnaea 22: 149. 1849.
Annual, white floccose-tomentose throughout,
simple or branched, leafy below, naked above, 1°-3°
tall. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceo-
late, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or acu-
minate at the base, petioled, the margins somewhat
revolute or crisped; inflorescence cymose; involucres
top-shaped, 1’-13” long, secund, erect, 5-toothed,
the teeth obtuse; bracts triangular, not foliaceous;
calyx white or whitish, 4”-1” long, campanulate,
6-cleft to beyond the middle, the lobes obovate;
achene pointed, less than 1” long, its angles smooth,
its base almost globular.

On plains, Nebraska to Texas, west to New Mexico,
extending into Mexico. July—Sept.

io. Eriogonum campanulatum Nutt. Narrow-leaved Eriogonum. Fig. 1592.

Eriogonum campanulatum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila.
(II.) 1: 163. 1848.

Eriogonum brevicaule Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila, (II.)
I: 163. ©1848.

Eriogonum micranthum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila.
(II.) 1: 164. 1848.

Perennial, scapose, stem short, thick and woody,
more or less tomentose; scapes erect or nearly so,
glabrous, 4’-12’ tall; leaves crowded, narrowly
oblanceolate, spatulate or nearly linear, 1-3’ long,
obtuse at the apex, narrowed into long petioles,
white-tomentose on both sides, the margins some-
times revolute; inflorescence compoundly cymose;
involucres oblong-turbinate, 1” long, 5-toothed,
teeth obtuse; bracts triangular, not foliaceous;
calyx yellow, ovoid-campanulate, about 1” long,
6-cleft, the lobes oblong or fiddle-shaped, emargi-
nate; stamens and_ style-branches exserted;
achene 13” long, enlarged at base.

Nebraska and Kansas to Oregon, Utah and New
Mexico. July—Sept.

11. Eriogonum corymbosum Benth. Crisp-
leaved Eriogonum. Fig. 1593.

E. corymbosum Benth. in DC, Prodr. 14: 17. 1856.

Perennial, woody, densely floccose-tomentose
throughout; stem erect, branched, leafy below,
~ naked above, 6-12’ tall. Leaves oblong, obtuse at
the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled, 4’-13’
long, their margins more or less crisped; inflores-
cence compoundly cymose; involucres short-cam-
panulate, 5-toothed, about 14” long, the teeth sub-
acute; bracts triangular or triangular-lanceolate, not
foliaceous; calyx broadly campanulate, 1-14” long,
constricted near the middle, 6-cleft, the segments
fiddle-shaped, emarginate, the 3 inner ones shorter
than the outer; style-branches exserted; achene 1”
long, enlarged at the base, rough on the angles.

Western Nebraska and Kansas to New Mexico, Utah
and Arizona. Aug.—Sept.

652 POLYGONACEAE. Vo. I.

12. Eriogonum microthécum Nutt. Slen-
der Eriogonum. Fig. 1594.

PAN

aves
Sy y ye a
: Fy
os fy

ee Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila.
L-3 CI) re 172. 1848.
<3 : ; : j

1s Perennial, woody, especially below, more or

au less floccose-tomentose throughout; stem erect or
ascending, branched, especially from the base,
leafy below, naked above, 6-12’ high. Leaves
oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed into short petioles, 2’—2’ long, the upper
bract-like; inflorescence compoundly cymose;
involucres top-shaped, 13” long, 5-toothed, the
teeth obtusish; bracts triangular; calyx white,
pink or reddish, 14” long, campanulate, at length
constricted near the middle; stamens and style-
branches included; achene pointed, 1” long, rough
on the angles.

Western Nebraska to Washington, south to New
Mexico and California. July—Oct.

13. Eriogonum efftsum Nutt. Effuse
Eriogonum. Fig. 1595.

Eriogonum effusum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila.
(II.) 1: 164. 1848,

Eriogonum microthecum effusum T. & G. Proc.
Am. Acad. 8: 172. 1870.

Perennial, shrubby, 6-16’ high, white floc-
cose-tomentose; stem stout, diffusely branched.
Leaves linear or narrowly oblong, 4-13’ long,
revolute; peduncles {4 long, topped by 5-7
times compound stiff corymbose cymes; bracts
scale-like; involucres narrowly campanulate,
1-13” high, the tube slightly angled, the teeth
rather obtuse; calyx 1” high, white, glabrous,
the outer segments cuneate-obovate, rounded
at the apex, the inner notched; filaments vil-
lous, especially below the middle; achenes
3-angled.

On dry plains or prairies, South Dakota and
Nebraska to Wyoming, south to New Mexico.
Summer.

14. Eriogonum cérnuum Nutt. Nodding
Eriogonum. Fig. 1596.

E. cernuum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) 1: 162.

1848.

Annual, low, stem very short; scape erect, usu-
ally much branched, 6-12’ high. Leaves con-
fined to the short stem, orbicular or oblong-
orbicular, less than 1’ long, obtuse or slightly
apiculate, flat, floccose-tomentose, especially be-
neath, petioled; inflorescence paniculate; involu-
eres campanulate, slightly more than 3” long,
solitary on slender deflexed peduncles 1’ long or
less, 5-cleft to near the middle, the lobes obtuse;
bracts triangular or lanceolate, not foliaceous;
calyx whitish, campanulate, 3” long, 6-parted,
slightly constricted near the summit, the seg-
ments fiddle-shaped; stamens and style-branches
included; achene 3” long, nearly globular at the
base, rough on the angles.

Nebraska and Kansas to New Mexico and Utah.
July—Sept.

Eriogonum Gordoni Benth., with the habit of E. cernuwn; but with glabrous leaves, erect
slender peduncles and oblong calyx-segments, extends from Colorado into South Dakota.

GENUS 3. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 653

3- RUMEX L. Sp. Pl. 333. 1753.

Perennial or annual, leafy-stemmed herbs, some species slightly woody, the leaves in some
mainly basal. Stem grooved, mostly branched, erect, spreading or creeping. Leaves entire
or undulate, flat or crisped, the ocreae usually cylindric, brittle and fugacious, the inflo-
rescence consisting of simple or compound, often panicled racemes. Flowers green, perfect,
dioecious, or polygamo-monoecious, whorled, on jointed pedicels. Corolla none. Calyx
6-parted, the 3 outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the 3 inner ones mostly developed into wings,
one or all three of which usually bears a callosity (tubercle) ; wings entire, dentate, cr fringed
with bristle-like teeth. Stamens 6, included or exserted; filaments very short, glabrous.
Style 3-parted; stigmas peltate, tufted; achene 3-angled, the angles more or less margined.
Embryo curved or nearly straight, borne in one of the faces of the 3-angled seed. [The
ancient Latin name.]

About 140 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others occur
in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species: Rumex Patientia L.

* Leaves hastate; flowers dioecious; foliage acid; low species.

Inner sepals not developing wings in fruit ; achene granular. 1. R. Acetosella.
Fruiting inner sepals developing wings; achene smooth.
Basal leaves numerous ; wings orbicular-cordate. 2. R. hastatulus.
Basal leaves few ; wings broadly oblong-cordate, 3. R. Acetosa.

** Leaves not hastate; flowers perfect or poly een aigecious,; foliage scarcely or not at all acid;
all species.

Leaves flat, bright or light green, or glaucescent, y

Wings 14’-114’ broad, reddish; no tubercles, 4. R.venosus.

Wings small, not red, bearing tubercles.

Tubercles usually 3.
Pedicels little longer than the wings.
Tubercles broad, nearly or quite as long and often nearly as wide as the wings.
5. R. pallidus.

Tubercles narrow, much shorter and narrower than the wings. 6. R. mexicanus,
Pedicels several times longer than the wings. 7. R. verticillatus.
Tubercle usually 1; pedicels equalling the wings. 8. R. altissimus,

Leaves wavy-margined or crisped, dark green, not glaucescent.
Wings entire, more or less undulate.
Lower leaves narrowed or acuminate at the base.

Tubercle 1. 9. R. Patientia,
Tubercles 3. 10. R. Britannica.
Lower leaves cordate or rounded at the base.
Tubercles wanting. 11. R. occidentalis.
Tubercles mostly 3.
Inflorescence not leafy; pedicels long, 12. R.crispus.
Inflorescence leafy; pedicels short. 13. R. conglomeratus.
Tubercle 1; inflorescence not leafy ; pedicels short. 14. R. sanguineus.

Wings toothed or fringed.
Lower leaves cordate.
Wings ovate or oblong-ovate; tubercles mostly 2. 15. R. pulcher.
Wings hastate or ovate-hastate ; tubercle 1. 16. R. obtusifolius,
Lower leaves mostly narrowed at base; wings with 4 spreading bristle-like teeth.
17. R. persicarioides,

1. Rumex Acetosélla L. Field, Wood, Red or Sheep Sorrel. Fig. 1597.
Rumex Acetosella L. Sp. Pl. 338. 1753- |

Annual or perennial, glabrous, dioecious, stem
slender, erect or nearly so, simple or branched,
the rootstock woody, horizontal or creeping.
Leaves narrowly hastate, 1-4’ long, obtuse or 2
acute at the apex, usually widest above the mid- ANS ) Bf
dle, petioled, the basal auricles entire or 1-2- ™ Vs
toothed, or the uppermost leaves nearly linear 4\% |/
and not auricled, all papillose; ocreae silvery, A
2-parted, soon lacerate; flowers in erect panicled
racemes; racemes interrupted; calyx green, 3” \
long, pedicelled; stamens exserted; achene less NY
than 1” long, very granular, exceeding the per-
sistent calyx, its angles not margined.

ey

In dry fields and on hillsides throughout North
America except the extreme north. In large part q
naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a trouble- i
some weed. Foliage very acid. Native also of Asia.

Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. May-Sept.
Sour-dock. Sour-grass or -leek. Mountain- or
gentleman’s-sorrel, Horse-, cow- or toad-sorrel.

Red weed. = i

654 POLYGONACEAE. Vor. I.

aS cious; stem rather strict, simple or branched,
]~

lanceolate, 1-5’ long, the basal numerous, more
or less auricled at the base, subacute, petioled,
those of the stem linear, all papillose; ocreae sil-
very, 2-parted, at length lacerate; racemes as-
cending, at length interrupted; calyx green,
slender-pedicelled, winged in fruit; pedicels
equalling or longer than the wings; wings orbic-
ular, mostly broader than high, cordate, 13-1}
long; stamens slightly exserted; achene reddish,
smooth, shining, less than 1” long, invested by the
calyx-wings, its angles margined.

, 2. Rumex hastatulus Muhl. Engel-
ae mann’s Sorrel. Fig. 1508.
et
Ih Rumex hastatulus Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 37. 1818.
aye Vp R. Engelmanni Meisn, in DC. Prodr. 14: 64. 1856.
we “jl 6 Us ES Perennial from a woody base, glabrous, dioe-
| erect, 5-20’ tall. Leaves hastate, oblong or ob-

On the sea-coast, Massachusetts to Florida and on

ae the plains from Illinois to Kansas and Texas, a geo-
y $} \ S graphic distribution nearly the same as that of Cheno-
2 podium leptophyllum. March—Aug.

3. Rumex Acetosa L. Green Sorrel.
Sour or Sharp Dock. Fig. 1599.

Rumex Acetosa L. Sp. Pl. 337. 1753.

Perennial, glabrous, dioecious; stem erect, sim-
ple, grooved, 1°-3° tall. Leaves oblong-hastate
or ovate-sagittate, 1-5’ long, acute at the apex,
crisped or erose on the margins, the basal few,
long-petioled, the upper subsessile, the acute auri-
cles entire or I-toothed and more or less reflexed;
ocreae lacerate; racemes nearly erect, crowded,
at length interrupted; calyx green, 1” long, pedi-
celled, winged in fruit; pedicels equalling or
shorter than the wings, jointed near the middle;
wings broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate, 2’-23”
long; achene rather more than 1” long, pointed,
smooth, shining, blackish, invested by the calyx-
wings.

Labrador to Alaska. Naturalized from Europe in
Vermont, New York and Pennsylvania. Native also
of Asia. Summer. Sour-grass. Green sauce. Meadow,
English or cock-sorrel. Red shank.

4. Rumex venosus Pursh. Veined or
Winged Dock. Fig. 1600.

Rumex venosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 733. 1814.

Perennial by a woody rootstock, glabrous; stem
rather stout, erect, somewhat flexuous, 6-15" tall,
grooved, branched. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate
or oblong, 17-5’ long, acute at both ends or acumi-
nate at the base, petioled, rather coriaceous; ocreae

interrupted; calyx red, pedicelled, very conspicuously
winged in fruit; pedicels at maturity rather stout,
slightly shorter than the wings, jointed at about the
middle; wings large, 3’-13’ broad, suborbicular with
a deep sinus at the base, veiny, reddish; style-
branches divergent in fruit; achene 3” long, smooth,
shining, its faces concave, its angles margined.

Saskatchewan to Oregon and Washington, south to
Missouri and Nevada. May—Aug.

funnelform, thin, brittle; racemes mostly erect, soon’

wings; wings broadly deltoid, 2” long, more or less

GENUS 3. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 655

5. Rumex pallidus Bigel. Large-tubercled
Dock. Fig. 1601.

Rumex pallidus Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 3, 153. 1840.

Perennial, glabrous, somewhat glaucous; stem de-
pressed or ascending, often zigzag, 1°-24° long.
Leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate or almost
linear, acute or acuminate at both ends, petioled,
rather fleshy; racemes, at least the lower ones,
spreading or reflexed, very dense; calyx pale; pedi-
cels shorter than the wings, jointed below the mid-
dle; wings deltoid or ovate-deltoid, 14-2” long,
undulate, each bearing a large broadly ovoid tuber-
cle; achene 17-14” long, red, its angles narrowly
margined.

On beaches, rocks and in salt marshes along the coast,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and New England. June—
Sept.

6. Rumex mexicanus Meisn. White, Pale or
Willow-leaved Dock. Fig. 1602.
R. salicifolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 129. 1840. Not
Weinm. 1821.
R. mexicanus Meisn. in DC, Prodr. 14: 45. 1856.
Perennial, glabrous, pale green; stem erect or as-
cending, simple or branched, grooved, flexuous, 1°-3°
high. Leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or the
lower oblong, acute or acuminate at both ends, or
rarely obtuse at the apex, petioled; racemes erect
or ascending, dense, in fruit interrupted below;
flowers in dense clusters; calyx pale green, 1” long,
pedicelled, winged in fruit; pedicels slightly longer
than the wings, jointed near the base; wings trian-
gular-ovate, 14” long, undulate or subdentate, each
bearing a narrowly ovoid or oblong tubercle;
achene 1” long, dark red, smooth, shining, its faces
concave, its angles slightly margined.
In moist, rich or rocky soil, Labrador and Newfound-

land to Maine, British Columbia, Texas and Mexico.
Occasionally introduced eastward. May-Sept.

7. Rumex verticillatus L. Swamp Dock.
Fig. 1603.
Rumex verticillatus L. Sp. Pl. 334. 1753.

Perennial, glabrous, rather bright green; stem
stout, grooved, simple or nearly so, erect, ascend-
ing or decumbent, 2°-5° long, more or less flexuous
when old. Leaves narrowly oblong, oblong-lanceo-
late or lanceolate, 2’-12’ long, narrowed at both ends
or obtusish at the apex, slightly papillose, long-
petioled; racemes interrupted below, spreading in
fruit; flowers in rather dense whorls; calyx green,
1” long, winged in fruit; pedicels stout, thickened
above, jointed near the base, 1-5 times as long as the

decurrent on the pedicel, each bearing a narrowly
ovoid tubercle; achene 14” long, reddish, pointed,
smooth, shining, its faces concave.

In swamps, Quebec and Ontario to Iowa, south to
Florida and Texas. May-July.

656 POLYGONACEAE. Vou. L

8. Rumex altissimus Wood. Tall or
Peach-leaved Dock. Fig. 1604.

Rumex altissimus Wood, Class-book, 477. 1853.
Rumex Brittannica Meisn, in DC, Prodr. 14: 47.
1856. Not L. 1753.

Perennial, glabrous, rather pale green; stem
stout, erect, simple or sparingly branched above,
grooved, 2°-4° tall. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate (sometimes ob-
lanceolate), 2-10’ long, acute at both ends, papil-
lose; panicle rather open; racemes slightly inter-
rupted in fruit; flowers densely whorled; calyx
light green, 1” long, winged in fruit; pedicels
slender, jointed near the base, as long as the
wings; wings triangular-cordate, 2’-23” long,
usually one of them only bearing an ovoid tuber-
cle; achene 13” Jong, dark red, smooth, shining,
its faces concave.

Along streams and in swamps, Connecticut to Iowa,
Nebraska, Maryland and Texas. Pale dock. April—
June.

g. Rumex Patiéntia L. Patience Dock.
Garden Patience. Fig. 1605.
Rumex Patientia L. Sp. Pl. 333. 1753-

Perennial, glabrous, stem erect, simple or spar-
ingly branched, grooved, 2°-5° tall. Lower leaves
ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, 4’-16’ long, the
upper oblong-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, acute or
obtusish, the uppermost lanceolate; fruiting panicle
dense; racemes erect, somewhat interrupted in
fruit; flowers densely whorled; calyx green; pedi-
cels slender, 2-4 times as long as the calyx-wings,
jointed below the middle; wings orbicular-cordate,
2’’-3" long, one of them bearing a prominent but
small ovoid callosity; achene 14” long, light brown,
smooth, shining, its faces concave, its angles ob-
scurely margined.

In waste places, Newfoundland and Ontario to Wis-
consin, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and Kansas. Also in
the Far West. Naturalized from Europe. Passions.
Monk’s-rhubarb. May—June.

+

KY)
#D)

to. Rumex Britannica L. Great Water-
Dock. Fig. 1606.

Rumex Britannica L. Sp. Pl. 334. 1753.

Rumex Hydrolapathum var.? americanum A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 2, 377. 1856.

R. orbiculatus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 420. 1867.

Perennial, glabrous, dark green, stem stout,
erect, more or less branched, grooved, 3°-6° tall.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the lower
1°-2° long, long-petioled, the upper 2’-6’ long,
short-petioled; fruiting panicle dense; racemes
nearly erect, more or less interrupted; flowers
densely whorled; calyx light green; pedicels
slender, conspicuously jointed above the base,
34-2 times as long as the calyx-wings; wings
broadly cordate, 3” long, irregularly denticulate,
each bearing a callosity; achene ovoid-oblong,
or oblong, 2” long, pointed at both ends, brown,
smooth, shining, its faces concave, its angles
slightly margined.

In swamps and wet soil, Newfoundland and New
Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, New Jersey, Penn-
Svvenie: Illinois and Kansas. Horse-sorrel. July—

ug.

GENUS 3. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 657

11. Rumex occidentalis S. Wats. Western
Dock. Fig. 1607.

R. occidentalis S, Wats. Proc, Am. Acad. 12: 253. 1876.

Perennial, glabrous, stem stout, strict, erect or
nearly so, strongly grooved, simple or sparingly
branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, bluish-green, somewhat crisped and
wavy-margined, papillose, the lower 8-12’ long,
obtuse or subacute at the apex, more or less cordate
at the base, long-petioled, the upper smaller and
usually lanceolate; panicle rather dense, leafless or
nearly so, erect; racemes usually not interrupted;
flowers loosely whorled; calyx pale green, 1” long;
pedicels obscurely jointed below the middle, 2-3
times longer than the calyx-wings; wings triangu-
lar-ovate, 24”-4” long, somewhat dentate or un-
dulate, bearing no tubercles; achene oblong, 2-24”
long, short-pointed, chestnut-brown, smooth, shining.

In wet places, Labrador to Alaska, Ontario, Maine
and in the Rocky Mountains to Texas and to California.
May-Aug.

Rumex crispus L. Sp. Pl. 335. 1753.
?Rumex elongatus Guss. Pl, Rar. Neap. 150. 1826.

Perennial, glabrous, dark green; stem rather
slender, erect, simple or branched above, grooved,
1°-33° tall. Leaves crisped and wavy-margined,
the lower oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6-12’ long,
long-petioled, the upper narrowly oblong or lan-
ceolate, 3-6 long, short-petioled, all cordate or
obtuse at the base, more or less papillose; panicle
rather open; racemes simple or compound, by the
elongation of the pedicels apparently continuous
in fruit; flowers rather loosely whorled; calyx dark
green; fruiting pedicels 14-2 times as long as the
calyx-wings, jointed near the base; wings cordate,
14-2” long, truncate or notched at base, erose-
dentate, or nearly entire, each bearing a tubercle;
achene 1” long, dark brown, shining.

In fields and waste places nearly throughout the United
States and southern British America. Often a trouble-
some weed. Sour or yellow dock. Also in the West
Indies and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Native
also of Asia. Hybridizes with R. obtusifolius L. June-

Aug.

13. Rumex conglomeratus Murr. Clustered
or Smaller Green Dock. Fig. 1609.

R. conglomeratus Murr. Prodr. Fl. Goett. 52. 1770.

Perennial, glabrous, pale green; stem slender,
erect, simple or branched, grooved, 1°-3° tall.
Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, 15’ long, some
of them slightly fiddle-shaped, acute at the apex,
obtuse at the base, crenulate and slightly crisped
on the margins, petioled; panicle loose and open in
fruit; racemes leafy, slender, ascending, much in-
terrupted; flowers loosely whorled; calyx small,
green; pedicels shorter than or equalling the calyx-
wings, jointed near the base; wings ovate, fiddle-
shaped, 14” long, toothed near the base, each bearing
a large oblong callosity; achene less than 1” long,
pointed, red, smooth, its faces convex.

In waste places, Virginia to South Carolina. Also in
California and Washington, Naturalized from Europe.
May-July.

658 POLYGONACEAE. Vou. I.

14. Rumex sanguineus L. Bloody or Red-
veined Dock. Bloodwort. Fig. 1610.

Rumex sanguineus L. Sp. Pl. 334. 1753.

Perennial, glabrous, stem slender, erect, grooved,
simple or branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves oblong,
oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, ¥’-6’ long, the lower
long-petioled, cordate at the base, acute or obtuse at
the apex, usually red-veined, the upper short-
petioled; panicle loose; racemes slender, spreading,
not leafy, interrupted; flowers loosely whorled; calyx
very small; pedicels slender, 1-1} times as long as
the calyx-wings, jointed at the base; wings oblong,
13” long, one of them bearing a spherical-oblong
callosity; achene less than 1” long, sharp-pointed,
dark red, smooth, shining, its faces convex.

In waste places and ballast, Massachusetts to southern
New York, Virginia and Louisiana. Naturalized or
adventive from Europe. Olcott-root. May—Aug.

15. Rumex ptilcher L. Fiddle Dock.
Fig. 1611.

Rumex pulcher L. Sp. Pl. 336. 1753.

Perennial, dark green; stem slender, erect or procum-
bent, grooved, diffusely branched, 1°-3° long, the
branches spreading. Leaves oblong, or some of the
lower fiddle-shaped, 1’-6’ long, long-petioled, obtuse
at the apex, cordate at the base; upper oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, 1’-3’ long, short-petioled, usually nar-
rowed at both ends; petioles more or less pubescent;
panicle loose; racemes long, divergent, sometimes re-
flexed, much interrupted, rather leafy; flowers few in
the whorls; calyx very small, green; pedicels equalling
the calyx-wings, jointed at or below the middle; wings
ovate or oblong-ovate, 2” long, truncate at the base, one
larger than the others or all three of different sizes,
fringed with spine-like teeth, usually two, sometimes
one or all three bearing tubercles; achene 1” long,
pointed, reddish, smooth, shining.

In waste places, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Also
on the Pacific Coast and in ballast about the northern sea-
ports. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept.

16. Rumex obtusifolius L. Broad-leaved or Bitter Dock. Fig. 1612.

Rumex obtusifolius L. Sp. Pl. 335. 1753-

Perennial, glabrous, dark green; stem stout,
erect, simple or sparingly branched, grooved,
more or less scurfy above, 2°-4° tall. Lower
leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6-14’ long, long-peti-
oled, all cordate or rounded at the base, obtuse or
acute at the apex, the upper lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, 2’-6’ long, short-petioled, the mar-
gins somewhat undulate or crisped; panicle rather
open; racemes nearly erect, continuous or inter-
rupted below; flowers loosely whorled; pedicels
slender, somewhat longer than the calyx-wings,
jointed below the middle; wings hastate, 2’—2%”
long, fringed with a few spreading spiny teeth,
one of them bearing an oblong tubercle; achene
1” long, pointed, dark red, smooth, shining, its
angles slightly margined.

In waste places, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
to British Columbia, Oregon, Florida and _ Texas.
Also in the West Indies. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of Asia. Blunt-leaved or butter-dock.
Celery-seed. June—Aug.

i

GENUS 3. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 659

17. Rumex persicarioides L. Golden Dock.
Fig. 1613.
Rumex persicarioides L. Sp. Pl. 335. 1753.

Annual, pubescent, pale green; stem rather stout,
erect and simple, or diffusely branched, 1°-3° high, or
sometimes spreading or creeping, very leafy. Leaves
lanceolate, or oblong, 1-12’ long, narrowed at the
base, or sometimes cordate, or sagittate, acute at the
apex, the margins undulate and more or less crisped;
panicle simple or compound; racemes erect, leafy-
bracted,-mostly interrupted; flowers densely whorled;
pedicels slender, 1-1} times as long as the calyx-
wings, jointed at the base; calyx very small; wings
oblong, 1” long, with 1-3 bristles on each margin,
each bearing an ovoid or oblong callosity; achene
less than 1” long, pointed, reddish, smooth, shining,
its faces convex, its angles slightly margined. .

On sandy shores, New Brunswick to Virginia, extend-\\
ing across the continent to British Columbia, south in
the interior to Kansas and New Mexico and on the
Pacific Coast to California. Has been confounded with
R. maritimus L, of the Old World. July—Oct.

—=

‘Low fleshy glabrous perennial herbs, with erect stems. Leaves mostly basal, long-
petioled, reniform or orbicular, cordate, palmately nerved, with cylindric ocreae. Flowers
perfect, small, green, in terminal panicled racemes. Calyx unequally 4-parted, the outer
segments smaller than the inner; stamens 6, included; filaments subulate. Ovary 1-celled;
ovule solitary; style short, 2-parted, its branches divergent; stigmas fimbriate, persistent on
the large wings of the fruit. Achene-body ovate, lenticular, broadly winged. Embryo
straight, borne in the centre of the endosperm. [Greek, sour, from the acid leaves.]

Two known species, the following typical; one in the
Himalayas.

1. Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. Mountain
Sorrel. Fig. 1614.

Rume-x digynus L. Sp. Pl. 337. _ 1753.
O. digyna Hill, Hort. Kew. 158. 1768.
Oxyria reniformis Hook. Fl. Scot. 111, 1821.

Rootstock large, chaffy; stems scape-like, simple
or sparingly branched, leafless or nearly so, 2’-12"
tall. Leaves reniform or orbicular-reniform, 4’-14’
wide, undulate, sometimes emarginate at the apex,
the basal long-petioled; ocreae oblique, loose, those
on the stem bearing flowers; racemes many-
flowered; flowers slender-pedicelled; segments ob-
long, the inner erect, the outer reflexed in fruit;
achene-body pointed, smooth, surrounded by a broad
membranous wing.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to the White
Mountains of New Hampshire and in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Colorado and to California. Also in northern
Europe and Asia. Sour dock. July—Sept.

5. POLYGONUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. Pl. 359. 1753.

Annual or perennial, often somewhat shrubby herbs, with terete, but usually striate
erect or prostrate stems. Leaves alternate, leathery or somewhat fleshy, sometimes plicate,
articulated to the ocreae. Ocreae lobed when young, at length lacerate, hyaline, not fringed.
Inflorescence axillary, consisting of clusters bearing normally several flowers at each node
throughout the plant or confined to the branches and branchlets. Sepals 5 or 6, mostly
green with white or pink or yellow margins, 2 wholly interior, 2 wholly exterior and 1 with
one edge exterior and one edge interior. Stamens varying from 3 to 8, often 5 or 6, in-
cluded; filaments, at least the inner ones, dilated. Styles 3, usually distinct, sometimes very
short. Achenes 3-angled, included or slightly exserted, brown or black, granular or smooth
and shining. Endosperm horny. Cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, many-knees, from the
swollen joints of some species.]

About roo species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some to others occur
in the western parts of North America. Type species: Polygonum aviculare

660 POLYGONACEAE. Vor. I.

* Stem and branches terete and usually striate.
yAchenes much exserted from the calyx.

Plants prostrate ; achene broad, é
Sepals decidedly petaloid, very broad, much overlapping and lax at maturity; achene acutish or
blunt. : 1. P. maritimumn,
Sepals slightly petaloid, rather narrow, scarcely overlapping and appressed ; achene acuminate.
2. P. Fowleri,
Plants erect ; achene narrow.
Flowers hidden in the ocreae; sepals about 12” long; achene slender. 3. P. leptocarpum.
Flowers exserted ; sepals 1”-114” long; achene stout. 4. P. exsertum.

+tAchenes included in the calyx, or exposed at the tip.

Sepals with white or pink margins. _ F
Pedicels not exserted from the ocreae; sepals less than 114” long at maturity.
Achenes with striate faces.

Mature sepals over 34” long; achenes acute. _ 5. P. aviculare,

Mature sepals less than 34” long; achenes acuminate. 6. P. neglectum,
Achenes with granular or nearly smooth faces. ,

Plants prostrate ; leaves broad; mature sepals about 34” long. 7. P. buxiforme.

Plants erect or nearly so; leaves narrow; mature sepals about 1” long.
8. P. prolificum,

Pedicels exserted ; sepals over 114” long at maturity. : 9. P.atlanticum.
Sepals with yellowish or greenish margins.
Leaves broad; achene mostly dull. 10. P. ereclum,
Leaves narrow; achene mostly shining.
Achenes much longer than wide; mature calyx tapering at the base. 11. P. ramosissimum,

Achenes about as wide as long; mature calyx auriculate-cordate at the base. ,
12. P. triangulum,
** Stem and branches angled.
Leaves plicate ; fruiting pedicels short, erect. 13. P.tenue. _
Leaves flat, margins revolute; fruiting pedicels long, deflexed. 14. P. Douglasii.

g 9%. Polygonum maritimum L. Seaside Knot-
F weed. Fig. 1615.

Polygonum maritimum L. Sp. Pl. 361. 1753.
Polygonum glaucum Nutt. Gen. 1: 254. 1818.

Perennial, glaucous, often nearly white, glabrous,
root usually deep, woody, stem prostrate or ascend-
ing, branched, 8-20’ long, deeply striate. Leaves
oblong, elliptic or sometimes ovate, mostly equalling
g or longer than the internodes, 3-12” long, fleshy,
Wy veined beneath, somewhat rugose above, the margins
“2 oiten revolute; ocreae large, silvery, at length lacer-
VA ate, becoming brown at the base; flowers 1-3 to-
VI gether in the axils, becoming slender-pedicelled;
sepals white or pinkish, the margins decidedly pink;
achene 3-angled, ovoid, 13-2” long, acute or blunt,
smooth, shining, longer than the calyx.

In sands of the seashore, Massachusetts to Florida.
Also on the coast of Europe. Coast knot-grass. July—
Sept.

2. Polygonum Fowleri Robinson.
Fowler’s Knotweed. Fig. 1616.
Polygonum Fowleri Robinson, Rhodora 4: 67. 1902.

Perennial, glabrous, pale green or slightly glau-
cous, stem 3-24’ long, prostrate, usually much
branched, striate. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ob-
long or obovate, 3-15” long, short-petioled, ob-
tuse or abruptly pointed at the apex, veined
beneath, inconspicuoulsy so above, shorter than
the internodes or equalling them; ocreae becom-
ing lacerate, silvery, brown and glaucous at the
base when old; flowers 2-4 together in the axils;
sepals greenish, or the margins white or pinkish;
achene ovoid, 3-angled, 2-23” long, slightly
granular but shining, acuminate, exceeding the
calyx.

In waste places, New Brunswick, Anticosti and
Quebec to Maine. Also from Alaska to Washington.
May-Sept. P. Rayi Babington, with which this was
confused in our first edition, is not definitely known
to occur on this continent.

GENUS 5. e BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 661

3. Polygonum leptocarpum Robinson. Narrow-
pointed Knotweed. Fig. 1617.

Polygonum leptocarpum Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. |
Hist. 31: 263. 1904.

Annual, glabrous, stem very slender, copiously branched,
about 1° tall, nearly terete, the branches angled. Leaves
various, the lower ones early deciduous the upper ones
linear-lanceolate to linear, 3-4” long, acute, pale green;
ocreae becoming very finely lacerate, brown or reddish-
brown at the base; flowers sessile or nearly so; sepals
4 or 5, green and with whitish or reddish margins;
stamens 4 or 5, included; style 3-parted; achene slender,
3-angled, lanceolate, less than 14” long, curved at the
apex.

Kansas. Sept.—Oct.

4. Polygonum exsértum Small. Long-
fruited Knotweed. Fig. 1618.
P. exsertum Small, Bull. Torr. Club 21: 172. 1894.

Annual, glabrous, sometimes slightly glaucous,
stem slender, brownish, erect or nearly so, con-
spicuously striate, branched, 14°-3° tall. Leaves lan-
ceolate, rarely oblanceolate, 4’-14’ long, acute or
cuspidate at the apex, acuminate at the base, nearly
sessile ; ocreae soon lacerate, silvery, becoming brown-
ish; sepals 6, greenish, with white margins; stamens
5 or 6, included; achene stout, 3-angled, 24-3” long,
more or less constricted above the middle, chestnut-
brown, smooth, shining, 2-3 times as long as the
calyx, at length twisted.

In brackish marshes, New Brunswick to New Jersey;
and on prairies and sand bars, Saskatchewan to Illinois

and Nebraska. Aug.—Oct. This is considered by some a
“ semiviviparous ” state of P. ramosissimum.

5. Polygonum aviculare L. Knot-grass.
Door-weed. Pink-weed. Fig. 16109.

Polygonum aviculare L. Sp. Pl. 362. 1753.
P. monspeliense Pers. Syn. 1: 439. 1805.

Annual, pale green or bluish green, stem low
Or ascending, simple or branched, 4’-2° long.
Leaves broad, oblong to obovate-oblong, 13’-20”
long, short-petioled, narrowed at the base, usually
acute at the apex or sometimes obtuse; ocreae
silvery, at length lacerate; clusters 1-5-flowered;
flowers relatively large, pedicelled; sepals 5, green,
except the white, pink or purplish borders, 1-1)”
long; stamens 5-8;. achene 3-angled, ovoid, 14’-2”
long, acute, striate-reticulated.

A weed in cultivated and waste grounds, common
almost throughout North America, Asia and Europe.
Bird-, beggar-, stone- or wire-weed. Door-, wire-,
way- or crab-grass. Cow-, goose-, swine- or bird-
grass. Bird's knot-grass. Bird’s- or sparrow-tongue,
Ninety-knot. June—Oct.

662 POLYGONACEAE. Vor. 1.

5. Polygonum negléctum Besser. Narrow-
leaved Knotweed. Fig. 1620.

P. neglectum Besser, Enum, Pl. Vol. 45. 1822.
P, aviculare angustissimum Meisn., in DC. Prodr. 14: 98.
1856.

Annual, dull green, stem usually widely much-branched
at the base, mostly 2°-2° long. Leaves narrow, elliptic
to elliptic-lanceolate or linear, 3-10” long, acute or
somewhat acuminate at both ends, sessile or nearly so,
those of the branchlets often conspicuously small and
inclined to be obtuse; ocreae silvery-brown; flowers
often 2 together, sessile or short-pedicelled; sepals
green, except the pale pink to purplish-red margins,
about 3” long; achene 3-angled, ovoid, about 1” long,
acuminate, striate-reticulated.

A weed in yards, cultivated and waste grounds, nearly

throughout North America, and common in nearly all parts
of the north temperate zone. June—Nov.

7. Polygonum buxif6rme Small. Shore
Knotweed. Fig. 1621.
P. buxiforme Small, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 56. 1906.

Annual, stout, bright green or slightly glaucous,
stem 1°-4° long, prostrate, diffusely branched from
a woody base, striate. Leaves broad, oblong, oblong-
lanceolate or oblanceolate or oval, 2”-9” long, obtuse
or subacute at the apex, thick, short-petioled; ocreae
at length lacerate; flowers 2-6 in each cluster; sepals
green, except the whitish margins, or carmine;
stamens 8; achene broadly ovoid, 3-angled, 1’-14”
long, more or less contracted at the apex, dark-
brown, the faces often granular.

On shores and in waste places, New Brunswick to
Minnesota and British Columbia, south to Virginia, IIli-
nois and New Mexico. Aug.-Sept. Mistaken in first
edition for P. littordle Link, a European species with
reddish-brown narrower and shining achenes, which has
recently been reported from Mt. Desert, Maine.

Polygonum provinciale C. Koch, a more slender plant than P. buxiforme, with narrower,
revolute acute leaves, smaller flowers and narrower achenes, occurs locally in our range. It is
native of Europe.

8. Polygonum prolificum (Small) Robinson.
Proliferous Knotweed. Fig. 1622.

P. ramosissimum prolificum Small, Bull. Torr. Club 21:
171. 1894.
Ps prolificum Robinson, Rhodora 4: 68. 1902.

Annual, glabrous, stem erect or nearly so, 13° tall
or less, usually much branched. Leaves narrow,
spatulate, linear-spatulate or nearly oblong, rather
slender-petioled, 5’-15” long, obtuse or acutish;
ocreae inconspicuous, early much-lacerate; flowers
exceeded by the ocreae; calyx sessile or nearly so,
the sepals pinkish, slightly enlarged in fruit; stamens
mostly 5; achene rhombic-ovoid, about 13” long,
3-angled, slightly roughened, abruptly contracted at

the apex.

In brackish marshes and on the sea-shore, Quebec and
Maine to Virginia; and in the interior from South Da-
kota to Missouri and Colorado. July—Oct.

GENUS 5. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 663

g. Polygonum atlanticum (Robinson) Bick-
nell. Atlantic Coast Knotweed. Fig. 1623.

Polygonum ramosissimum atlanticum Robinson, Rhodora 4:

72. 1902.
P. atlanticum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 36: 450. 1909.

Annual, glabrous, bright-green, stem erect, 1°-3°
tall, terete, but striate. Leaves narrowly elliptic or
linear-elliptic, or broadest above or below the middle,
slender-petioled, 1o’—25” long, acute or slightly acumi-
nate at beth ends; ocreae brown, early much-lacerate;
calyx long-pedicelled, the sepals 5 or rarely 6, with
pink margins; stamens mostly 5; achene ovoid or
rhombic-ovoid, about 14” long, 3-angled, smooth and
shining.

In salt marshes and low brackish grounds, Maine to Rhode
Island. Aug.—Sept.

Polygonum Bellardi All., admitted into our first edition,
appears in our range only as a waif from the Old World.

L

2 ( Sg to. Polygonum eréctum L. Erect

SA ‘ I> Knotweed. Fig. 1624.

~ NA Yi Polygonum erectum L. Sp. Pl. 363. 1753.

WY SS y [FB Annual, glabrous, yellowish-green, stem erect or
J ascending, 8’-2° high, terete, nearly simple or much

branched. Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, subses-

sile or short-petioled, 3-18” long, obtuse or sub-

acute at the apex, conspicuously jointed to the

ocreae; ocreae oblique, soon lacerate, silvery when

young; flowers 1-2 together in the axils; sepals

greenish-yellow or yellowish, enlarged in fruit;

stamens 6 (sometimes 5); achene ovoid-pyramidal,

3-angled, 1-13” long, dull, invested by the calyx,

or the apex slightly protruding.

In moist or dry soil, Ontario to the Northwest Terri-
tory, Tennessee and Arkansas. July-Sept.

11. Polygonum ramosissimum Michx.
Bushy Knotweed. Fig. 1625.
P. ramosissimum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 237. 1803.

Annual, yellowish or yellowish-green, glabrous,
stem erect or ascending, usually very much branched,
slender, striate, usually rigid, 4’-4° tall. Leaves
lanceolate or linear-oblong, short-petioled, 3’-20”
long, acute or acuminate at both ends; ocreae few-
nerved, becoming deeply lacerate; flowers several
together in the axillary clusters, short-pedicelled;
sepals 5 or 6, yellow or yellowish, 1”-1}” long;
stamens 6 or fewer; achene 3-angled, acute, some-
times slightly protruding beyond the calyx, nearly
14-2” long, black.

In saline soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory,
New Mexico and California. July—Sept.

Polygonum camporum Meisn., admitted into our first
edition, is here omitted as not certainly known within
our area.

POLYGONACEAE. Vo. I.

12. Polygonum triangulum Bicknell. Missouri
Knotweed. Fig. 1626.

Annual, bright green or somewhat yellowish-tinged,
similar to P. ramosissimum in habit, but smaller, stem
rather sparingly branched, usually 2°-4° tall. Leaves
mostly oblong or elliptic or slightly broadened up-
ward, 4-14” long, acute, rather persistent; ocreae
becoming very much lacerate; flowers sparingly clus-
tered, short-pedicelled; sepals mostly 5, yellowish-
margined, 4’—3” long; stamens mostly 5; achene
3-angled, acute, about 1” long, broadly ovoid.

Common near Atherton, Missouri. Aug.—Sept.

13. Polygonum ténue Michx. Slender
Knotweed. Fig. 1627.
Polygonum tenue Michx, Fl. Bor, Am. 1: 238. 1803.

Annual, glabrous, somewhat rough about the
nodes, stem very slender or filiform, erect, simple
or branched, somewhat 4-angled, 4’-12’ tall. Leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate at the
apex, 2-12” long, articulated to the ocreae, I-ribbed
with a lateral impression on each side of the rib, the
margins minutely scabrous or serrulate; ocreae fun-
nelform, soon lacerate; flowers several in the axil-
lary clusters, green, subsessile; sepals whitish; sta-
mens 8; fruit erect; achene 3-angled, black, 1-14”
long, reticulated on the angles, the centre of its
faces smooth.

Dry soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Nebraska, Georgia and
Arkansas. July—Sept.

14. Polygonum Douglasii Greene. Doug-
las’ Knotweed. Fig. 1628.

A
ij

()

f} Polygonum Douglasii Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. (II.)
/ I: 125. 1885.

Annual, similar to the preceding species, gla-
brous, somewhat rough at the nodes, sometimes
slightly glaucous, stem erect, 8-18’ tall, simple
or usually much branched, almost terete. Leaves

| Y/ oblong or narrowly lanceolate, 3’-2’ long, sub-
//

NY

sessile, rather thin, flat or revolute, with no
lateral impressions parallel to the midrib; ocreae
oblique, short, soon lacerate; clusters axillary,
several-flowered; the flowers and fruit deflexed;

A

()
Hy Northwest Territory and British Columbia to New

| |
\ Mexico, Nebraska and Oklahoma, east through On-
= tario and New York to Vermont. June—Sept.

Y) sepals green with white or rose-colored margins;
stamens 8; achene 3-angled, 14-2” long, oblong
or ovoid-oblong, black, smooth and shining.

6. TOVARA Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 276. 1763.

Annual or perennial herbaceous plants, becoming somewhat woody below. Stem mostly
erect, virgate, simple or virgately branched. Leaves alternate, membranous, acute at both
ends, continuous with the ocreae. Ocreae cylindric, fringed with bristles. Flower-clusters
not dense, remote. Racemes linear, very long and wand-like, conspicuously interrupted.

GeNus 6. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 665

Calyx more or less colored, somewhat curved. Sepals 4, the 2 lateral ones overlapping the
others. Stamens 4, and alternating with the sepals, or 5, the fifth one opposite the lower
sepal; filaments barely flattened, erect or slightly spreading. Styles 2, conspicuously
exserted, recurved or curled. Achenes lenticular, strongly biconvex, brown or cream-
colored, smooth and shining. Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. [Derivation
uncertain. ]

Two known species, the following typical, the other Japanese.

1. Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf. Virginia
Knotweed. Fig. 1629.

Polygonum virginianum L. Sp. Pl. 360. 1753.
Tovara virginiana Raf, Fl. Tell. 3: 12. 1836.

Plants nearly glabrous or strigose-pubescent, stem
erect or arching, simple or branched above, 1°-4° tall.
Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-
petioled, acuminate at the apex, 2-6’ long, sparingly
ciliate; ocreae cylindric, strigose, fringed with short
bristles; racemes spicate, erect, terminal and axillary,
naked, greatly elongated and interrupted, sometimes 12’
long; calyx curved, greenish or rose-color, 4-cleft;
stamens 5; style long, exserted, 2-parted to the base,
its branches at length curled; achene 2” long, ovate-
oblong, lenticular, strongly biconvex, dark brown or
cream-colored, smooth, shining.

In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July—Nov.

7. PERSICARIA (Tourn.) Mill. Gard. Dict. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.

Annual or perennial, often pubescent or glandular caulescent herbs, various in habit,
never twining nor climbing. Leaves alternate, entire, continuous with the ocreae, often
glandular-punctate. Ocreae cylindric, mostly membranous, truncate, naked, ciliate or fringed
with bristles. Racemes spike-like, varying from linear to ovoid, dense and erect, or few-
flowered, lax and drooping. Ocreolae funnelform, naked, ciliate or fringed. Pedicels rather
stout, articulated at the base of the calyx. Calyx more or less colored, varying from white
and green to red, often glandular-punctate, investing the achene. Sepals mostly 5, 2 wholly
exterior, 2 wholly interior and 1 with one margin interior and the other exterior, none of
them winged or keeled. Stamens varying from 4 to 8, included or exserted; filaments not
dilated, erect or nearly so. Styles mostly 2, sometimes 3, usually partially united, included
or exserted; stigmas capitate. Achene mostly lenticular, sometimes 3-angled and lenticular
on the same plant, usually black, smooth or granular. Endosperm horny. Cotyledons

accumbent. [From Persica, from the resemblance of the leaves to those of the peach.]
About 125 species, widely distributed. Type species: Polygonum Persicaria L.

Racemes solitary or paired.
Raceme short and stout ; leaves obtuse or merely acute. 1. P.amphibia.
Raceme long and slender ; leaves acuminate. 2. P. Muhlenbergit,
Racemes several or numerous.
Ocreae not fringed with bristles.
Racemes drooping. 3. P.lapathifolia,
Racemes erect.
Style and stamens included or slightly exserted ; achene-faces concave.
Achene biconvex, broadly oblong; plants perennial. 4. P. portoricensis.
Achene concave, orbicular; plants annual. 5. P. pennsylvanica,
Style or stamens conspicuously exserted ; achene-faces swollen. 6. P. longistyla,
Ocreae bristle-fringed. y
Ocreae without spreading borders; leaves relatively narrow, short-petioled or sessile ; stigmas
minute.
Stem, branches and peduncles rough-glandular. 7. P. Careyi.
Stem, branches and peduncles not rough-glandular.
Sepals not glandular-punctate.
Racemes short, stout and compact. Bt
Ocreae inconspicuously fringed; achene narrowly ovoid. 8. P. Persicaria.
Ocreae conspicuously fringed ; achene broadly ovoid. g. P. persicarioides,
Racemes slender, elongated and lax or interrupted. ‘
Ocreae strigose, fine-bristly ; leaves glabrous or somewhat strigose.
Calyx greenish-white ; ocreolae copiously long-bristly.ro. P. opelousana,
Calyx white, pink or purplish-pink; ocreolae sparingly fine-bristly. _ ;
11. P. hydropiperoides,
Ocreae hirsute or appressed-hirsute, coarse-bristly; leaves conspicuously ap-
pressed-hirsute. 12. P. setacea,
epals glandular-punctate. é
7 aachene eeaniitax and dull; racemes drooping. 13. P. Hydropiper.
Achene smooth and shining ; racemes erect. 14. P. punctota.

Ocreae with spreading border; leaves broad, long-petioled ; stigmas large. } j
15. P. orientalis,

666 POLYGONACEAE. Vo. I.

1. Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray.
Water Persicaria. Willow-weed.
Fig. 1630.

Polygonum amphibium L, Sp. Pl. 361. 1753.
Persicaria amphibia S. F, Gray, Nat. Am. Brit. Pl. 2:

268. 1821.

Polygonum Hartwrightti A, Gray, Proc, Am, Acad.

8: 294. 1870. :

Aquatic, perennial, glabrous or pubescent;
stem floating or submersed, simple or sparingly
branched, 4°-20° long. Leaves oblong, elliptic
or elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 14’-
| 4’ long, petioled, obtuse or subacute at the apex,
slightly inequilateral, rounded or narrowed at the
base, sometimes ciliate; ocreae cylindric, those
of the branches often longer than the internodes,
their limbs sometimes spreading, usually gla-
brous; raceme terminal, usually solitary, 3/1’
long, dense, erect, oblong or ovoid; calyx rose-
color, 5-parted; stamens 5, exserted; style 2-cleft,
exserted; achene orbicular-oblong, 14” long, bi-
convex, black, smooth and shining, or granular.
In ponds and lakes, Quebec to Alaska, New Jersey,
Kentucky, Colorado and California. Europe. As-
cends to 2000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Ground-willow.
Willow-grass. Red shanks. Heartsease. July—Aug.

Several species, reducible to this and the following, have been described by Dr, E, L. Greene
(Leaflets 1: 26-45).

2. Persicaria Muhlenbérgii (S. Wats.)
Small. Swamp Persicaria. Fig. 1631.
Polygonum amphibium var. emersum Michx. Fl. Bor.

Am. I: 240. 1803.
P,. Muhlenbergii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Ac. 14: 295. 1879.
P. emersum Britton, Trans. N, Y: Acad. Sci.8: 73. 1889.
Persicaria Muhlenbergii Small; Rydb. Fl. Colo.111. 1906,

Perennial by long creeping or horizontal root-
stocks, glabrous or strigose-pubescent ; stem erect or
assurgent, commonly simple, channeled, enlarged at
the nodes, 1°-3° high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, or the upper sometimes narrowly
lanceolate, 23-8’ long, acute or usually acuminate
at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, petioled,
the lateral nerves prominent, sometimes forking;
ocreae cylindric, becoming loose, not ciliate; racemes
I or 2, erect, 1-3’ long, linear-oblong, dense; calyx
dark rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 5, exserted; style
2-cleft, exserted; achene broadly obovate or orbicu-
lar, 13” long, very convex, lenticular, black and
slightly granular, but shining.

In swamps and moist soil, Ontario to British Colum-
bia, Virginia, Louisiana and Mexico. July—Sept.
¥ Gi

3. Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) S. F. Gray.
Dock-leaved or Pale Persicaria. Fig. 1632.

Polygonum lapathifolium L. Sp. Pl. 360. 1753.

P. incarnatum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 456. 1817.

P. lapathifolia S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 270. 1821.
P, lapathifolium incanum Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, 711. 1837.
Pe segath solace nodosum Small, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 140.

1894.

Annual, stem simple or much branched, erect or as-
cending, swollen at the nodes, 1°-3° high, the peduncles
and pedicels often glandular. Leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, 2’-10’ long, usually broader than those
of the preceding, attenuate to the apex, acuminate at the
base, short-petioled, ciliate, glabrous or pale-pubescent,
inconspicuously punctate; ocreae cylindric, ribbed or
striate; racemes panicled, 17-4’ long, drooping, narrow,
rather dense; calyx pink, greenish or white, 5-parted;
stamens 6; achene broadly oblong or ovoid, lenticular,
1” long, brownish or black, slightly reticulated but shin-
ing, its faces concave.

PRC tht

ate

of a intl ow

Genus 7. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 667

_ In waste places, throughout temperate North America. Naturalized from Europe. Some-
panes troublesome weed. Native also of Asia. Willow-weed. June-Sept.

ersicaria tomentOsa (Schrank) Bicknell (Polygonum tomentosum Schrank) has been sepa-
trated from P. lapathifolia by the pubescent leaves and slightly larger flowers and fruits. ¢

4. Persicaria portoricénsis (Bertero) Small.
Dense-flowered Persicaria. Fig. 1633.

Polygonum densiflorum Meisn. in Mart. Fr. Bras. 5: Part
I, 13. 1855. Not Blume, 1825-26.

Polygonum portoricense Bertero; Meisn. in DC, Prodr.
T4020. 1856,

Persicaria portoricensis Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 377- 1903.

Perennial, more or less scurfy; stem erect, decum-
bent or floating, 3°-5° long or longer, branched, en-
larged at the nodes, often dark brown. Leaves lan-
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, 14’-12’ long, acuminate
at both ends, obscurely punctate, short-petioled, the
nerves prominent beneath; ocreae cylindric, sometimes
bristly when young, naked when mature, sometimes
hispid; racemes spicate, paniculate, often in pairs, 1-5’
long, dense, erect ; calyx white or whitish, 5-parted fo
near the base; stamens 6-8, included; style 2-3-cleft,
somewhat exserted; achene lenticular and_ strongly
biconvex or 3-angled, 1’-13” long, broadly oblong, or-
bicular or even broader than high, black, smooth and
shining, or minutely granular. y

In wet soil, southern New Jersey and Missouri to Florida, Texas, the West Indies and South
America. May-—Nov.

5. Persicaria pennsylvanica (L.) Small. Penn-
sylvania Persicaria. Fig. 1634.

Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. Sp. Pl. 362. 1753-
Persicaria pennsylvanica Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 377. 1903.

Annual, glabrous below ; stem erect, simple or branched,
1°-3° tall, the upper parts, the peduncles and pedicels
glandular. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex,
petioled, ciliate, 2-11’ long, the upper sometimes glandu-
lar beneath; ocreae cylindric, thin, naked, glabrous;
racemes panicled, erect, thick, oblong or cylindric, dense,
1’-2’ long; calyx dark pink or rose-color, 5-parted;
stamens 8 or fewer, style 2-cleft to about the middle;
achene orbicular or mostly broader than high, 14” long,
short-pointed, lenticular, smooth, shining.

In moist soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida
and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. July—Sept.

Persicaria omissa (Greene) Small, differing by an ovoid
achene and copiously glandular peduncles, recently found in
western Kansas, was first discovered in Colorado.

6. Persicaria longistyla Small. TLong-styled
Persicaria. Fig. 1635. °

Polygonum longistylum Small, Bull. Torr. Club 21:
169. 18094.
Persicaria longistyla Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 377. 1903-
Annual or perennial, glabrous except the glan-
-dular upper branches and peduncles; stem erect,
rather slender, 1°-3° tall, becoming somewhat
woody below. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, 1’-6’ long, acuminate at both ends, petioled,
their margins undulate, slightly crisped, more or
less ciliolate; ocreae cylindric, entire, brittle, soon
falling away; racemes panicled, sometimes gemi-
nate, 1’-4’ long, rather dense, erect; calyx lilac,
spicuously exserted; stigmas black; achene broadly
5-parted to below the middle, the lobes petaloid;
stamens 6-8, included; style 2-parted, slender, con-
ovoid, lenticular, slightly gibbous on both sides,
long-pointed, black, granular, but somewhat shin-
ing, 13” long.
In moist soil, southern Illinois, Missouri and Kansas
to Louisiana and New Mexico. Aug.—Oct.

668 POLYGONACEAE. Vor. I.

7. Persicaria Careyi (Olney) Greene. Carey’s
Persicaria. Fig. 1636.

Polygonum Careyi Olney, Proc. Providence Franklin
Soc. 1: 29. 1847.
Persicaria Careyi Greene, Leaflets 1: 24. 1904.

Annual, rough-glandular throughout, stem erect,
1°-3° tall, simple or sparingly branched above.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the
uppermost nearly linear, 2-11’ long, short-petioled
the midrib, ciliate, sparingly punctate; ocreae cylin-
or nearly sessile, acuminate at both ends, hispid on
dric, sparsely hispid, fringed with long bristles;
racemes several, narrow, terminal, loosely-flowered,
drooping, 1-23’ long; calyx purplish; stamens 5 or
sometimes 8; style 2-parted to below the middle;
achene lenticular, broadly ovoid or obovoid, 14”-13”
long, short-pointed, thick, smooth and shining.

In marshes, Maine and Ontario to Rhode Island, New
Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania. Ascends to 2000 ft,
in Pennsylvania. Also in Michigan. July—Sept.

8. Persicaria Persicaria (L.) Small. Lady’s Thumb. Heartweed. Fig. 1637.

rB

Polygonum Persicaria L. Sp. Pl. 361. 1753.
Persicaria Persicaria Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 378. 1903.

Annual, glabrous or puberulent; stem erect or
ascending, simple or much branched, 4°-2° high.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-6’ long,
short-petioled or nearly sessile, acuminate at
both ends, conspicuously punctate, usually with a
dark triangular or lunar blotch near the centre,
their margins entire or slightly eroded, often
ciliate; ocreae cvlindric, nearly glabrous, fringed
with short bristles; racemes solitary or panicled,
3’-2’ long, ovoid or oblong, dense, erect; calyx
pink or dark purple; stamens mostly 6; style
2-3-parted to below the middle; achene broadly
ovate and lenticular, often gibbous or 3-angled,
1-13” long, smooth and shining.

In waste places, throughout North America, ex-
cept the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe.
Often anabundant weed. Commonpersicary, Spotted-
knotweed. Red- or pink-weed. WHeartsease. Peach-
wort. Willow-weed. Red-shanks. Lover’s-pride.
Black-heart. June—Oct.

g. Persicaria persicarioides (H.B.K.) Small.
Southwestern Persicaria. Fig. 1638.

Polygonum persicarioides H.B.K. Noy. Gen. 2: 170.
1817.
Persicaria persicarioides Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 378. 1903.

Perennial, glabrous or minutely pubescent; stem
erect, decumbent or creeping, simple or branched,
1°-3° long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acuminate at both ends, punctate, short-petioled or
subsessile, 13’-10’ long; ocreae cylindric, glabrous
or sparingly strigillose, fringed with short bristles;
spicate racemes more or less panicled, erect, 1-3
long, narrowly oblong or linear, loosely-flowered;
calyx rose-color tinged with green, 5-parted to below
the middle; stamens 8 or fewer, included; style 2-3-
parted to near the base; achene lenticular and
biconvex, or 3-angled, more or less gibbous, 1”
long, ovoid or broadly oblong, short-pointed, black,
minutely granular, but shining.

Nebraska to Mexico; widely distributed in tropical
America. June—Sept.

GeNus 7. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 669

10. Persicaria opelousana (Riddell)
Small. Opelousas Persicaria.
Fig. 1639.

Polygonum opelousanum Riddell; Small, Bull. Torr.

Club 19: 354. 1892.
Persicaria opelousana Small, Fl. SE. U.S. 378. 1903.

Perennial, glabrous or nearly so throughout,
stem slender, erect or ascending, sparingly or
considerably branched, 1°-3° tall, becoming woody
below. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 13/3’
long, sessile, ciliate; ocreae cylindric, strigose,
fringed with slender bristles; spicate racemes
panicled, erect, often geminate, 4’-2’ long, not
densely flowered ; calyx greenish-white, pedicelled,
5-parted to below the middle; stamens 8 or fewer,
included; style deeply 3-parted; achene 3-angled
or rarely 4-angled, broadly ovoid or obovoid, 3#’—
1” long, black, smooth and shining.

In wet soil, Massachusetts and Missouri to Louis-
iana, Texas and Mexico. July—Sept.

11. Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.)
Small. Mild Water Pepper. Fig. 1640.

P. hydropiperoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 239. 1803.

Polygonum mite Pers. Syn. 1: 440. 1805.

Persicaria hydropiperoides Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 378. 1903.

Polygonum hydropiperoides Macouni Small, Mem, Dept.
Bot. Col. Coll, 1: 81. 1895.

Perennial, glabrous or strigillose, stem erect, decum-
bent or prostrate, simple or branched above, slender,
1°-3° long. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, varying to linear-lanceolate, 2’-6’ long,
short-petioled, ciliate, pubescent with appressed hairs
on the midrib beneath; ocreae cylindric, loose, strigose,
fringed with slender bristles; racemes panicled, ter-
minal, erect, narrow, more or less interrupted, 14'—3’
long; calyx white, pink or purplish-pink; stamens 8;
style 3-parted to below the middle; achene 3-angled,
ovoid or oblong, 1’-13” long, smooth, shining.

In swamps and wet soil, New Brunswick to Minnesota
and California, south to Florida and Mexico. June—Sept.

12. Persicaria setacea (Baldw.) Small.
Bristly Persicaria. Fig. 1641.

Polygonum setaceum Baldw.; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga.
I: 455. 1817.
Persicaria setacea Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 379. 1903.

Perennial, appressed-hirsute, stem 2°-4° high,
erect, simple or sparingly branched; leaves lan-
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2’-9’ long, mostly
short-petioled, acuminate at both ends, ciliate,
conspicuously pubescent on both sides, incon-
spicuously punctate; ocreae cylindric, long, hir-
sute or appressed-hirsute, fringed with very long,
stout bristles; racemes few, terminal, 1-23’ long,
erect, linear-oblong, sometimes geminate, rather
loosely flowered; calyx white or pink; stamens 8;
style 3-parted to below the middle; achene 3-
angled, oblong or obovoid, short, thick-pointed,
1-13” long, minutely reticulated and rather dull,
or smooth and shining.

In swamps, Massachusetts and Missouri, Louisiana
and Florida. June-Sept.

670 POLYGONACEAE. Vor. I.

13. Persicaria Hydropiper (L.) Opiz. Smart-weed. Water Pepper. Fig. 1642.

Za. Polygonum Hydropiper L. Sp. Pl. 361. 1753.
Persicaria Hydropiper Opiz, Seznam 72. 1852.

Annual, glabrous, stem erect, simple or branched,
red or reddish, sometimes green, 824’ tall. Leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 17-4’ long, short-
petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, undulate or
slightly crisped, punctate, ciliate, very acrid; ocreae
cylindric, fringed with short bristles, sometimes
slightly pubescent, usually swollen at the base by the
development of several flowers within; racemes
panicled, 1-3’ long, narrow, drooping, interrupted;
calyx green, 3-5-parted (usually 4-parted) con-
spicuously punctate; stamens 4 or sometimes 6;
style short, 2-3-parted; achene lenticular or 3-angled,
broadly oblong or ovoid, slightly gibbous, 14’-13”
long, granular, dull.

In moist waste places, almost throughout North Amer-

ica. Naturalized from Europe in our area, perhaps in-

2 digenous in the far Northwest. Biting-persicaria or

mr -knotweed. Bite-tongue. Snake- or sickle-weed. Pep-
per-plant. Red-shanks. Red-knees. July—Sept.

14. Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small. Dotted or Water Smart-weed. Fig. 1643.

P. punctatum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 455. 1817.

P. acre H.B.K. Nov. Gen, 2: 179. 1817. Not Lam.

Persicaria punctata Small, Fl, SE. U. S. 379. 1903.

Polygonum punctatum leptostachyum (Meisn.) Small,
Bull. Torr. Club 19: 356. 1892.

Polygonum acre var. leptostachyum Meisn. in DC. Prodr.
14: 108 1856.

Annual or perennial, glabrous or very nearly so,
stem erect or ascending, rarely prostrate, simple or
branched, 1°-3° long. Leaves linear-lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, 1-8’ long, acuminate at both ends,
petioled, ciliate, conspicuously punctate, acrid, the
midrib often with a few scattered hairs; ocreae
cylindric; falling away at maturity; fringed with long
bristles; racemes terminal, narrow, erect or slightly
drooping; loosely flowered, 4’—3’ long; calyx green-
ish; stamens 8; style 2-3-parted to the base; achene
oblong, short, thick, lenticular or 3-angled, 1-13”
long, smooth, shining.

In swamps and wet places, throughout North America
except the extreme north. Also in the West Indies.
Turkey-troop. Water-pepper. June—Oct, -

Persicaria robustior (Small) Bicknell (Polygonum punctatum robustius Small) seems to be
only a stout form of the above species with somewhat larger flowers and fruits.

15. Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach.
Prince’s Feather. Fig. 1644.

Polygonum orientale L. Sp. Pl. 362. 1753.
Persicaria orientalis Spach, Hist. Nat. Veg. 10: 535. 1841.

Annual, more or less hispid, stem erect, 1°-8° tall,
branched. Leaves ovate or broadly oblong, 3/12"
long, petioled, acuminate at the apex, ciliate; peti-
oles slightly winged; ocreae cylindric, loose, with or
without a spreading border, ciliate; racemes panicled,
oblong-cylindric, 1-4’ long, dense, drooping; flowers
large for the genus; calyx dark rose-color or crim-
son; stamens 7, exserted; style 2-cleft to above the
middle, included; stigmas large; achene orbicular or
broader than long, lenticular, flat, nearly 14” in
diameter, finely reticulated and rather dull.

In waste places, escaped from gardens throughout
eastern North America. Native of India. Ragged-sailor.
Gentleman’s-cane. Aug.—Sept.

Genus 8. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 671

8 BISTORTA Adans. Fam. Pi. 2: 277. 1763.

Perennial herbs with corm-like scaly rootstocks. Stems erect, simple. Leaves alternate,
mostly basal, narrow or sometimes rather broad, continuous with the ocreae. Ocreae elon-
gated, oblique at the top, persistent. Flower-clusters contiguous, dense. Raceme oblong
or cylindric, solitary, sometimes with bulblets replacing the lower flower-clusters. Calyx
white or pale. Sepals 5, slightly enlarged but otherwise unchanged at maturity. Stamens
5-8, exserted; filaments very slender. Styles 3, slender, exserted, nearly straight; stigmas
capitate. Achenes 3-angled, loosely included in the calyx. [Latin, double-twisted, refer-
ring to the shape of the rootstock.]

About 8 species, natives of boreal regions. Besides the following, two or more others occur
in western North America. Type species: Polygonum Bistorta L.

1. Bistorta vivipara (L.) S.F.Gray. Alpine Bistort. Serpent-grass. Fig. 1645.

Polygonum viviparum L. Sp. Pl. 360. 1753.

Bistorta vivipara S, F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 268.

1821.

Perennial, mostly glabrous and somewhat glau-
cous; stems solitary or clustered, erect, simple,
slender, 2’-10’ tall. Basal leaves oblong or lanceo-
late, 1-8’ long, rather acute at the apex, cordate or
subcordate at the base, long-petioled; stem leaves
narrowly lanceolate or linear, 1-3’ long, the lower
petioled, the upper sessile, their margins often revo-
lute: ocreae long, clasping below, open above; ra-
ceme solitary, terminal, narrow, rather dense, bear-
ing a number of dark colored bulblets about its
base; calyx 5-parted, pale rose-color or white;
stamens 8, exserted; style 3-parted, its branches
exserted; achene oblong, 3-angled.

Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to the high
summits of the mountains of New England, in the

Rocky Mountains to Colorado and to Washington. Also
in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. June—Aug.

9. FAGOPYRUM Gaertn. Fr, & Sem. 2: 182. 1791.

Annual or perennial rather fleshy, usually glabrous leafy herbs, with erect, simple or
branched, striate or grooved stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, hastate or deltoid, with
oblique, cylindric or funnelform ocreae. Flowers small, white or green, in terminal or
axillary usually paniculate racemes, perfect, borne solitary or several together from each
ocreola, slender-pedicelled. Calyx about equally 5-parted, persistent and unchanged in fruit,
the segments petaloid, shorter than the achene. Stamens 8, included; filaments filiform,
glabrous; anthers oblong. Ovary t-celled, 1-ovuled; style 3-parted; stigmas capitate.
Achene 3-angled. Embryo central, curved, dividing the mealy endosperm into two parts;
cotyledons broad. [Greek, beech-wheat, from the similarity of the grain.]

About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species: Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.

Racemes panicled or corymbose ; angles of the achene not crested. 1. F. Fagopyrum,
Racemes mostly simple; angles of the achene crested, undulate. 2. F, tataricum.

672 POLYGONACEAE. Vor. I.

1. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Buckwheat. Fig. 1646.

Polygonum Fagopyrum L. Sp. Pl. 364. 1753.
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Meth. 290. 1794.
F,. Fagopyrum Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 522. 1880-83.

Annual, glabrous except at the nodes, stem
strongly grooved when old, 1°-3° high. Leaves
hastate, 1-3’ long, abruptly narrowed above the
middle, acuminate, the nerves on the lower sur-
face slightly scurfy; ocreae brittle and fugacious;
racemes mostly panicled, sometimes corymbose,
many-flowered, erect or inclined to droop; pedi-
celsas long as the calyx; segments white or whit-
ish; stamens included; style-branches deflexed
in fruit; achene acute, 22” long, about twice as
long as the calyx, its faces pinnately-striate when
mature, the angles acute, entire.

In waste places, and persistent in fields after culti-
vation. Reported from almost all parts of the north-
ern United States and southern British America.
Also in the West Indies, Native of eastern Europe
or western Asia. Brank. Corn-heath. Beech-wheat.
Crap. Saracen’s-corn or -wheat. June—Sept.

2. Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.
Tartary Buckwheat. Fig. 1647.

Polygonum tataricum L. Sp. Pl. 364. 1753.

Fagopyrwn tataricum Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 182. pl.
189. f. 6. 1791.

Annual, similar to the preceding species, but
the leaves deltoid-hastate or oblong-hastate, often
broader than long, 1-4’ wide, acute or short-
acuminate at the apex; racemes terminal and
axillary, mostly solitary, simple and few-flowered,
long-peduncled; flowers whitish, short-pedicelled ;
achene subacute, 23” long, its angles crested with
3 prominent lobes above the midcle, its faces
pinnately sulcate from a conspicuous groove.

In waste places, eastern Canada and New England.
Rough buckwheat. Adventive from Asia. Summer.

10. TRACAULON Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 13. 1836.

Annual or sometimes perennial prickle-armed herbs, with reclining-climbing 4-angled
stems. Leaves alternate, truncate, hastate or cordate, membranous, the petiole, midrib and
principal nerves armed with small recurved prickles. Ocreae oblique, finely nerved, vari-
ously roughened about the base. Flowers in terminal and axillary spike-like racemes, these
usually somewhat interrupted, or in capitate clusters. Sepals somewhat colored, 4-5, neither
keeled nor winged, enveloping the achene. Stamens varying from 5 to 8, included; fila-
ments not dilated. Styles 2 or 3, partially united, included. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled,
variously colored, strongly biconvex or three-angled, smooth and shining. Endosperm
horny. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, rough-stem.]

About 18 species, natives mostly of North America and Asia. Type species: Tracaulon ari-
folium Raf.

Leaves sagittate; achene 3-angled. 1. T. sagittatum.
Leaves halberd-shaped ; achene lenticular. 2. T. arifolium.

—-

;

GENUS 10. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. C73

1. Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.

Polygonum sagittatum L. Sp. Pl. 363. 1753.
Tracaulon sagittatum Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 381. 1903.

Annual, light green, stem slender, weak, decum-
bent, or climbing over other plants by the abundant
sharp recurved prickles which arm its 4 prominent
angles. Leaves lanceolate-sagittate or oblong-
sagittate, 4’/-3’ long, obtuse or acute at the apex,
slightly rough on the margins, the lower petioled,
the upper subsessile; petioles and lower surface of
the midribs prickly; ocreae oblique, not ciliate,
fringed at the base by a few bristle-like prickles,
flowers in rather dense terminal heads or racemes;
calyx greenish or rose-colored; stamens usually 8;
style 3-parted to below the middle; achene 3-angled,
oblong-pyramidal, thick-pointed, 13” long, dark red,
smooth, shining.

In wet soil, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the

Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Kansas. As-
cends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. July—Sept.

2. Tracaulon arifolium (L.) Raf. Halberd-
leaved Tear-thumb. Fig. 1649.

Polygonum arifolium L. Sp. Pl. 364. 1753.
Tracaulon arifolium Raf. Fi. Tell. 3: 13. 1836.
Perennial, stem ridged, reclining, 2°-6° long, the
ridges armed with recurved prickles. Peduncles
and pedicels glandular or pubescent; leaves broadly
hastate, long-petioled, 1-10’ long, pubescent or
glabrous beneath, the apex and basal lobes acumi-
nate; petioles and stronger nerves prickly; ocreae
oblique, fringed at the summit with short. bristles
and at the base with slender prickles; flowers in
terminal and axillary heads or racemes; calyx rose-
color or greenish, 4-parted; stamens 6; style 2-
parted; achene lenticular, broadly obovate, 2” long,
strongly biconvex, dark brown, smooth, shining.
In moist or wet soil, New Brunswick and Ontario to

Minnesota, south to Georgia. Sickle-grass. Scratch-
grass. July—Sept.

11. TINIARIA Webb & Mogq.; Webb & Berth. Hist. Nat. Canar. 3: 221. 1836-40.

Annual or perennial often scurfy unarmed twining vines. Leaves alternate, mem-
branous or leathery, cordate or hastate. Ocreae oblique, naked or fringed at the top or the
base. Racemes loosely flowered, axillary or terminal, often paniculate, leafy-bracted or
naked. Sepals 5, green, white or yellowish, 2 exterior, 2 interior and 1 with one edge
interior and one edge exterior, this sepal and the two outer keeled or strongly and con-
spicuously winged. Pedicels slender, reflexed and articulated. Stamens 8, included; fila-
ments short, converging. Styles 3, short or almost wanting, distinct or rarely united.
Achenes 3-angled, dark brown or black, included, smooth and shining or granular and dull.
Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. [Latin, worm, referring to the habit of the
plants.]

About 8 species, natives of North America and Asia. Type species: Tiniaria Convolvulus (L.)
Webb. & Mog.

Outer segments of the calyx unchanged, or keeled in fruit.
Achene granular and dull; ocreae not bristly. . T. Convolvulus.
Achene smooth and shining; ocreae bristly. 2. T. cilinodis.
Outer segments of the calyx conspicuously winged in fruit.
Calyx-wings not incised.

~

Fruiting calyx 5”-6” long, the wings crisped. 3. T. scandens,
Fruiting calyx 3”-4” long, the wings rather flat. 4. T. dumetorum.
Calyx-wings incised. 5. T. cristata.

43

2. Tiniaria cilinddis (\ichx.) Small.

POLYGONACEAE. Vox. I.

1. Tiniaria Convolvulus (L.) Webb & Mog.
Black or Corn Bindweed. Fig. 1650.

Polygonum Colvolvulus L. Sp. Pl. 364. 1753.
T. Convolvulus Webb. & Mog. loc. cit. 1836-40.

Annual, glabrous, scurfy, stem twining or trailing,
6’-3° long, mostly branched, the internodes elon-
gated. Leaves ovate-sagittate or the uppermost
lanceolate-sagittate, long-petioled, acuminate at the
apex, slightly ciliate, 3-3” long; ocreae oblique, short,
rough on the margin; axillary clusters or racemes
loosely flowered; flowers greenish, pendulous on
slender pedicels; calyx 5-parted, closely investing
the achene, the outer lobes slightly or not at all
keeled; stamens 8; style short, nearly entire; stigmas
3; achene 3-angled, obovoid-pyramidal, 14” long,
thick-pointed, black, granular, rather dull.

In waste and cultivated grounds, nearly throughout
North America except the extreme north. Also in the
West Indies. Naturalized from Europe. Native of Asia.
Sometimes a troublesome weed. Calyx rarely 6-parted.
Bearbind. Ivy- or climbing-bindweed. Cornbind. Devil’s-
tether. Knot- or blackbird-bindweed. July—Sept.

Fringed Black Bindweed. Tig. 1651.

P, cilinode Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 241. 1803.

P, cilinode ereckum Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 46:
129. 189

Te cilinotie Sinall, FI. SE. U:.S. 382. 1903.

Perennial, sparingly pubescent, stem red or
reddish, twining or prostrate, or nearly erect,
1°-10° long. Leaves broadly ovate or somewhat
hastate, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the

base, rather long-petioled, undulate, finely ciliate,
1-4’ long, or the upper smaller;
armed with reflexed bristles near the base; ra-
cemes mostly panicled, axillary
interrupted; calyx whitish; style short, 3-parted
oblong-pyramidal
or ovoid, nearly 13” long, very

to the base; achene 3-angled,

shining.

In rocky places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minne-
sota and Pennsylvania, south in the Alleghanies to
North Carolina. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Catskills.

June—Sept.

ocreae small,

and terminal,

smooth and

3. Tiniaria scandens (L.) Small. Climbing
False Buckwheat. Fig. 1652.

Polygonum scandens L. Sp. Pl. 364. 1753.
Tiniaria scandens Small, Fl, SE. U. S. 382. 1903.

Perennial, glabrous, stem climbing, 2°-20° long,
rather stout, striate, branched, rough on the ridges.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, 1-6’ long
or the upper smaller, the larger long-petioled, finely
punctate, the margins scabrous; ocreae oblique, smooth
and glabrous; racemes usually numerous and panicled,
interrupted, leafy, 2’-8’ long: flowers yellowish-green,
long-pedicelled; calyx 5-parted, the three outer seg-
ments very strongly winged and decurrent on the pedi-
cels, especially in fruit; stamens 8; style almost none;
stigmas 3; fruiting calyx 5 6” long, the wings crisped,
not incised; achene 2”-23” long, 3- “angled, rather blunt
at both ends, smooth, shining.

Tn woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and British
Columbia, south to Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Aug.—
Sept. :

Saas aT =

oe tot

GENUS II. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 675

4. Tiniaria dumetorum (L.) Opiz. Copse or Hedge Buckwheat. Fig. 1653.

Polygonum dumetorum L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 522. 1762.
Tiniaria dumetorum Opiz, Seznam 98. 1852.

Perennial, glabrous, similar to the preceding spe-
cies, stem extensively twining, 2°-12° long, striate,
much branched. Leaves ovate or somewhat has-
tate, and sometimes inequilateral, acuminate at the
apex, cordate at the base, 1-24’ long, long-peti-
oled, or the upper smaller and nearly sessile; ocreae
oblique, smooth; racemes mostly axillary, numer-
ous, much interrupted, leafy-bracted, 2-5’ long;
flowers yellowish-green, pendulous; calyx 5-parted,
the three outer segments winged or keeled and much
enlarged in fruit; stamens 8; style short, 3-parted;
fruiting calyx 3-4” long, the wings nearly flat, not
incised; achene oblong, 3-angled, 2” long, inclined to
be pointed at both ends, black, smooth, shining.

About thickets and_in woods, locally throughout the

northeastern United States. Naturalized from Europe.
False buckwheat. July-Sept.

5. Tiniaria cristata (Engelm. & Gray) Small. Crested False Buckwheat.
Fig. 1654.
Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 5: 259. 1847.
Tintaria cristata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 382. 1903.
Perennial, scurfy, stem slender, twining, 2°-10°
long, more or less branched. Leaves triangular
or ovate, 1-5’ long, acuminate at the apex, undu-
late, truncate or cordate at the base, rather long-
petioled; ocreae cylindric funnelform; flowers in
axillary simple or compound often naked ra-
cemes 1-5’ long; pedicels about 24” long, jointed
near the middle; calyx greenish-white, 2’-23”
long, 5-parted to near the base, the 3 outer seg-
ments keeled and at maturity winged; stamens
8, included; style -none; stigmas 3; fruiting calyx
3-4” long, its wings incised; achene 3-angled,
oblong, black, smooth, shining, about 14” long.
Sandy woods and rocky banks, Massachusetts to

Florida, Oklahoma and Texas. Aug.—Oct. This may
be a form of the preceding species,

12. PLEUROPTERUS Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 21': 587. 184%.

Perennial, often large, many-stemmed herbs with wide-spreading rootstocks, the very
stout stems hollow. Leaves alternate, broad, commonly large, usually truncate or cordate
at the base, petioled. Ocreae oblique, fugacious as in Rumex. Flowers numerous, in short,
axillary, sessile or nearly sessile panicles with short spreading branches. Sepals mostly 5,
pale, usually white, enveloping the achene, the 3 outer ones winged at maturity, the wings
firm. Stamens 6-8, included; filaments slender. Styles 3, short, distinct. Achenes 3-angled,
much shorter than the sepal-wings. [Greek, referring to the calyx-wings.]

About 4 species, natives of eastern Asia. Type species: Pleuropterus cordatus Turez, = Poly-
gonum multifidrum Thunb,

676 POLYGONACEAE. Vot. I.

1. Pleuropterus Zuccarinii Small. Japanese Knotweed. Fig. 1655.

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat.
2:84. 1846. Not Willd. 1825.

Polygonum Zuccarinti Small, Mem, Dept. Bot. Col. Coll.
1: 158. pl. 66. 1805. ,
Perennial, glabrous, more or less scurfy, stem

stout, erect, woody below, terete or slightly angled,

much branched, 4°-8° tall. Leaves oblong-ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, petioled, 2-6’ long, acuminate-
cuspidate at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the
base, reticulate-veined on both surfaces, their mar-
gins undulate; ocreae oblique, smooth, fugacious;
racemes mostly terminal, panicled, 2-4’ long, or
axillary, many-flowered, more or less pubescent;
flowers greenish-white, long-pedicelled; outer seg-
ments of the 5-parted calyx very broadly winged in
fruit; stamens 8; style 3-parted; achene 3-angled,
narrowly oblong or oblong-pyramidal, 13”—13” long,
black, smooth, shining.

Escaped from cultivation locally throughout our range.

Native of Japan. July—Oct.

13.5 POLYGONELLA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 240. 1803.

Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with erect branched
usually conspicuously jointed stems, alternate narrow leaves articulated to the ocreae, and
small white or greenish flowers in slender panicled racemes. Calyx unequally 5-parted,
persistent, its segments petalloid, loosely investing the achene or its base in fruit, the three
inner calyx-segments often winged. Stamens 8, included; filaments filiform, or much dilated
or auricled at the base. Style 3-parted, short or almost wanting; stigmas capitate; ovary
t-celled; ovule solitary. Achene 3-angled, smooth. Embryo slender, nearly straight, in one
of the angles of the seed. [Diminutive of Polygonum.]

About 8 species, natives of eastern North America. Type species: Polygonella parvifolia Michx.

Annual; inner sepals not winged in fruit; pedicels reflexed. 1. P. articulata,
Perennial ; inner sepals winged in fruit; pedicels divergent. 2. P. americana.

1. Polygonella articulata (1L.) Meisn. Coast Jointweed. Fig. 1656.
Polygonum articulatum L. Sp. Pl. 363. 1753.
Polygonella articulata Meisn. Gen. 2: 228. 1836-43.

Annual, glaucous, stem slender, wiry, erect or
sometimes diffusely spreading, simple or branched,
striate or slightly angled, 4-10’ long. Leaves linear
or linear-subulate (apparently filiform from the
revolute margins), sessile, 4’-20” long, jointed to
the summits of the ocreae, cylindric, slightly ex-
panded at the summit; racemes numerous, erect,
many-flowered, 17-13’ long; ocreolae crowded or
imbricated; pedicels reflexed; calyx-segments white
with a dark midrib, loosely investing the achene, not
winged in fruit; achene narrowly ovoid-pyramidal,
pointed, 1” long, brown, smooth, shining.

In sands of the seashore and sandy soil along the

coast, Maine to Florida, and on the shores of the Great
Lakes. Sand-grass. July—Oct.

GENUS 13. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. . 677

2. Polygonella americana (F. & M.) Small. Southern Jointweed. Fig. 1657.

Gonopyrum americanum F, & M. Mem, Acad. St. Petersb.
(VIL) 4: 144. 1840.
Polygonella ericoides Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist. 5: 230. 1845.
P. americana Small, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 141. 1894.
Perennial by a long slender root, slightly glaucous,
stem erect or ascending, wiry, somewhat flexuous,
14°-4° high, simple or slightly branched, covered with
a ridged more or less scaly bark. Leaves linear or
linear-spatulate, 3/-1’ long, often fascicled on short
branches, sessile, rather fleshy, obtuse and revolute at
the apex; ocreae scarious-margined, split on one side;
racemes 1-3’ long, dense, divergent; calyx white or
pink, its three inner segments developing orbicular
cordate wings, the two outer reflexed in fruit; pedicels
divergent, jointed below the middle; achene elliptic-
oblong, 11” long, chestnut-brown, pointed at both ends,
smooth, shining.

In dry soil, Missouri to Texas, east to Georgia and Alabama. Aug.—Oct.

14. BRUNNICHIA Banks; Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 1: 213. pl. 45. f. 2. 1788.

Perennial vines with elongated, grooved much branched stems climbing by tendrils, and
alternate entire broad petioled leaves, the ocreae obscure or wanting, and small perfect
flowers in panicled terminal and axillary racemes, the flowers fascicled in the axils of
lanceolate-subulate bracts. Pedicels slender, jointed near the base. Calyx 5-parted, the
segments spreading when fresh, converging when dry, the flower-tube much enlarged, coria-
ceous and winged on one side in fruit, closely investing the achene. Stamens 7-10, mostly 8;
filaments filiform, much dilated at the base. Style 3-parted, the stigmas 2-cleft; ovule
solitary, pendulous. Achene 3-angled. Seed irregularly 6-grooved, the embryo in one of
its angles. [Name in honor of M. T. Brunnich, Norwegian naturalist.]

Two known species, the following typical one of southeastern North America, the other of
tropical Africa.

1. Brunnichia cirrhésa Banks. Brunnichia. Fig. 1658.

Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks; Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 1: 213.
pl. 45, f. 2. 1788.

Rajania ovata Walt. Fl. Car. 247. 1788.

«

Stem 6°-20° long, somewhat woody, rather tough,
slender, grooved. Tendrils filiform; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
truncate or subcordate at the base, 1-6’ long, peti-
oled, slightly pubescent beneath; ocreae obsolete or
represented by a ring of short bristles; racemes
\ 2’-6’ long; flowers in fascicles of from 2-5; calyx
greenish, 5-parted; stamens exserted; achene ob-
long-ovoid, 3” long, brown, smooth, closely invested
by the persistent and coriaceous flower-tube which
becomes 1’ or more in length.

On banks of streams, southern Illinois to Arkansas

and Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. May-
June. Fruit mature in August.

INDEX OF LATIN GENERA IN VOLUME I.

[Classes, Families and Tribes in SMALL CAPITALS ; genera in Roman; synonyms in [talics.]

Abama 487
(Narthecium)
Abies 62
Abolboda 450
Achroanthes 570
(Microstylis)
Acorus 445
Acrosticum 12-27
Adiantum 31
Adicea 636
Aegilops 225
Agave 534
Agropyron 283
AGROSTIDEAE 108-9
Agrostis 202
Aira 214
Aletris 511
Alisma 93
ALIS MACEAE 93
Allium 497
Allosorus 32
Alnus 612
Alopecurus IQI
AMARYLLIDACEAE 531
Amaryllis 532
Amianthium 489
Ammophila 212
Amphicarpon 163
Amphilophus 119
Anacharis 105
Anastrophus 125
Anchistea 24
Andropogon 115
ANDROPOGONACEAE 107
Androstephium 501
Anemopsis 577
ANGIOSPERMAE 68
Anonymos 628
Anthoxanthum 171
Anticlea 491
Apalanthe 105
Apera 213
Aplectrum 573
ARACEAE 441
Arceuthobium 638
Arctagrostis 201
Arethusa 561

See Pogonia 559-562

Arisaema 442
Aristida 178
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 641
Aristolochia 645
Arrhenatherum 220
Arum 442
Arundinaria 2905
Arundo 211

See Calamagrostis 207

Asarum 642
Asparagus 513
Aspidium 13-18
See Dryopteris
Asplenium 25-30
Aspris 214
Asprella 294
Atamosco 532
Atheropogon 227
Athyrium 30

AVENEAE 108-9
Avena 218
Axonopus 125
Azolla 38
BAMBUCEAE 108, 111
Beckmannia 22
Belamcanda 541
BETULACEAE 605
Betula 607
Bistorta 671
Blechnum 24
See Anchistea 2
Blephariglottis 556
Bletia 577
Boehmeria 637
Botrychium 1-6
Bouteloua 22
Brachiaria 137
Brachyelytrum 189
Briza 250
Brizopyrum 249
See Distichlis
BROMELIACEAE 456
Bromus 274
Broussonetia 632
Brunnichia 677
Buchloé 231
Bulbilis (Buchloé) 231
BuRMANNIACEAE 546
Burmannia 547
Butomus 104
Calamagrostis 207
Calamovilfa 212
Calla 444
Calochortus 507
Calopogon 562
Calypso 572-3
Camassia 50
Camptosorus 2
Campulosus 224
(Ctenium)
CAN NABINACEAE 633
Cannabis 633
Capriola 222
(Cynodon)
Carex 352-441
Carpinus 606
Carya 579
See Hicoria 579
Castanea 615
Catabrosa 245
Caulinia 90
Celtis 628
Cenchrus 166
Ceratochloa 280
Ceresia 12
Chaetochloa 164
Chamaecyparis 65
Chamaelirium 488
Chamaerephis 165
Cheilanthes 33
CHLORIDEAE 108-9
Chloris 225
CHORIPETALAE 577
Chrosperma 489

foyy noe
SS SS

|

(Amianthium)

Chrysopogon 120
Cinna 202
Cladium 347
Clintonia 514
Coeloglossum 552
Coelorachis 112
Coix III
Colpodium 201
Comandra 639
COMMELINACEAE 457
Commelina 457
Comptonia 585
CONIFERAE 55
Conostylis 535
CONVALLARIACEAE 513
Convallaria 522
Cooperia 532
Coprosmanthus 527
Corallorhiza 574
Cornucopiae 206
Corylus 607
Crypsis 190
Cryptogramma 32
Ctenium 224
Cupressus 64
Cuthbertia 459
Cymbidium 574-5
Cymophylus 441
Cynodon 222
Cynosurus 251
CYPERACEAE 295
Cyperus 297
Cy PRIPEDIEAE 547
Cypripedium 548
Cystopteris 14
Cytherea 572
Dactylis 251
Dactyloctenium 22
Danthonia 220
Darbya 641
Dendropogon 456
Dennstaedtia 14
(Dicksonia) 14
Deschampsia 215
Deyeuxia 207
Diarina 247
Diarrhena 247
Dichromena 340
Dicksonia 14
DicoTyLEDONES 577
Digitaria TT, Ly
DI0SCOREACEAE 535
Dioscorea 535
Diplachne 236
Disporum 517
(Prosar-es)
Distichlis 249
(Uniola)
Dracaena 514
Dracontium 445
Dryopteris 17
Dulichium 340
Dupatya 455
Dupontia 261

Eatonia
(SeeSphenopholis) 243

Echinochloa 133
Echinodorus 95
Eleocharis 310
Eleogenus 312
Eleusine 228
Etodea 104-5
Elymus 288
Elyna 351
EPIDENDREAE 548
Epipactis 563
EQuUISETACEAE 38
Equisetum 39
Eragrostis 238
Erianthus 113
ERIOCAULACEAE 453
Eriocaulon 453
Eriochloa 124
Eriocoma 173
Eriogonum 647
Erioneuron 234
Eriophorum 322
Erythronium 505
Eulalia 113
Eustylis

(See Nemastylis) 541
FAGACEAE 614
Fagopyrum ris
Fagus 614
Festuca 268
FESTUCEAE 108, 110
Ficus 632
FILices I
Filix 14
Fimbristylis 319
Fissipes 550
Fritillaria 505
Fuirena 337
Galeorchis 551
Gemmingia 541

(Belamcanda)

(Pardanthus)
Gisopteris
Glyceria 262

See Panicularia 263-6

“ Puccinellia 267
Gonopyrum 677
Goodyera 569

(See Peramium) 569
GRAMINEAE 107
Graphephorum 262, 235
Gymnadeniopsis 552
Gymnopogon 225
GYMNOPERMAE 55
Gymnostichum 204
Gyrostachys 563

(Spiranthes)
Gyrotheca 531

(Lachnanthes)
Habenaria 552-9

See Perularia 552

“ Coeloglossum 552
“ Gymnadeniopsis
553

rr

>
i
f

Vor. I.

Habenaria
See Limnorchis 554
* Piperiaand Lysias
“ Lysiella Be
Se Bicpharieletiscer
HAEMODORACEAE 530

Hamiltonia 641

. See Pyrularia 640
Helochloa 190

(Crypsis)

Helianthium 95
Helonias 488
Helopus 124
Hemerocallis 496
Hemicarpha 339
Heteranthera 463
Hexalectris 576
Hexastylis 643
Hicoria 579
Hierochloé 171-3

See Savastana 171-3

Holcus, 120, 163, 172,
214, 248

Homalocenchrus 168
(Leersia)

Homotropamacr. 643
HorDEAE 108, 111

Hordeum 286
Humulus 633
Hyacinthus 510
HyYDROCHARITACEAE 106
Hydrocharis 107
(Limnobium) 107
Hymenocallis 533
HyYMENOPHYLLACEAE 8
Hypaelytrum 339
Hypoporum 351
Hypoxis 534
Hystrix 294
(Asprella)
Ibidium 563
(Spiranthes)
Toxylon 632
IRIDACEAE 536
Iris 536
TSOETACEAE 50
Isoetes 50-53
Isotria 560
Ixia 541
Ixophorus 164-5
See Chaetochloa oe
(Setaria)
JUGLANDACEAE 578
Juglans 578
JUNCACEAE 465
Juncoides 482
(Lusula)
Juncus 465
Juniperus 65
Kobresia 351
Inc. Elyna
Koeleria 245
Koenigia 647
Koryearpus 247
(Diarrhena)
Kyllinga 296
Kyllingia 339
Lachnanthes 531
Lachnocaulon 455
Laportea 636
Lappago
See Nazia 12t
Larix 60
Leersia 168-9
See Homalocenchrus
168
LEITNERIACEAE 586

Leitneria 586

INDEX OF LATIN GENERA.
LEMNACEAE 446 | NEOTTIEAE 548
Lemna 447 | Nephrodium 14, 16, 34
Lemotrys _ 509 | Nestronia 641

(Quamassia) Niobe 496
Leptanthus Nothoholecus 214
See Heteranthera 463 | Notholaena 35
Leptochloa 229 | Nothoscordum 501
Leptoloma 124
Ces 57-2 | Oukesia 519
DATS (See Uvularia) 518
eeeiters 282 | Oakesiella 518
eucocrinum 4906 (Uvularia)
eRe 495 | Oceanorus 492
Li RE 592 | Onoclea 10
imnobium. 107 | Onychium 33
Limnocharis 107 | OpHIOGLOSSACEAE I
Limnorchis 554 | Ophioglossum I
Limodorum 562 | Ophrys 567
rf (Calopogon) ORCHIDACEAE 547
iparis 571-2 | OrcHIDEAE 547
Lipocarpha 339 | Orchis 550
Liquidamber 586 | Ornithogalum sor, 509,
eae 567 534
olium 281 : =
Lophiocarpus 96-7 Boos a8
Lophiola 534 | Oryzopsis 174
Lophotocarpus 96 | OsmuNDACEAE 7
LORANTHACEAE 638 | Osmunda 3-11
Lorinseria 24 | Ostrya 606
Luzula ; 482 Oxyria 659
See Juncoides 482-5 2
Ly CoPpoDIACEAE 42 Paebalonth _
Lycopodium 43 |b One ti a} 455
Pen 9 | PANICEAE Tos
Toeiata pers Panicularia 265
(Glyceria)
Maclura 631-2 Seen : es
Macounastrum 647 | Pardanthus 542
Maianthemum 5 17 Parietaria 637
Sreeraes 57° | Paspalum 125 |
anfreda 533 }
Manisuris 112 enue pes
MARANTACEAE 546 | Peltandra 443
as 347 | Peramium 569
(Cladium) Persicaria 665
MARSILEACEAE 36 Dal ars 551
Harken ; 36 | Da ALARIDEAE 108-9
Ma teuccia it Phalaris 169-170
Mae nae Phegopteris 23-24
ayaca est (See Dryopteris)
tetera 107-® | Philotria “104
edeola 522 | Phippsia 193
MELANTHACEAE 485 | Phieum 190
Melanthium 493 | Phoradendron 639
gains , 246 | Phragmites 232
tcrostylis 57°) Phyllites 25
(See Malaxis) B70) Pines 60
Milium 173 | Pilea 636
Milla 5°l | PINACEAE 55
Miscanthus "12! Pinus 56-63
Molinia 237 | Piperia 554
MONOCOTYLEDONES 68] Djanera 625
preeceas pac Planthera 557
Morus gia °€8 | Blewrororon 2498
Mu enbergia 1°4 | Pleuropterus 675
unroa 231 | Poa 252-260
Muscaria 51°) Pogonia 559
oe sB4 POLYGONACEAE 646
yrica P 594 Polygonatum 521
Myriopteris 34] Polygonella 676
Polygonum 659
NAIDACEAE 89 | PoLtyPopiAceaE 10
Naias 890 | Polypodium 14-36
Narcissus 532 | Polypogon 201
Nardus | 281 | Polystichum 16
Narthecium 486 | PoNTEDERIACEAE 462
Nasmythia 454 | Pontederia 462
Nazia 7 121 | Populus 587
Ne-eragrostis 243 ' Potamogeton 65-87
Nemastylis 541 | Prosartes 517
Neottia 570 | Psilocarya 346
SeelIbidium 564-6 | Pteridium 31

PTERIDOPHYTA I
Pteris 32-34
Puccinellia 267-8
Pycraeus 300
Pyrularia 640
Quamasia 508
(Scilla)
Quercus 616
Rajania ovata 677
Razoumofskya 638
Redfieldia 235
Renalmia 456
Rhombolytrum 238
Rhynchospora 341
(See Rynchospora)
Ripidium 113
Rottboellia * 111, 282
Rumex 653
Ruppia 88
Rynchospora 341
Saccharum 113
Sacciolepis 163
Sagittaria 99-104
SALICACEAE 587
Salix 591
Salomonia 521
SALVINIACEAE 37
Salvinia 37
SANTALACEAE 639
SAURURACEAE 577
Saururus 577
Savastana 171
(Hierochloé)
Schedonardus 226
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE QI
Scheuchzeria 93
Schizachyrium 115
SCHIZAEACEAE 9
Schizaea 9
Schoenus 341-6
(See Rynchospora)
Schollera 463
Scilla 509
Scirpus 311-347
Scleria 348
Scolochloa 261
Scolopendrium 25
SELAGINELLACEAE 48
Selaginella 48
Serapias 563
Serpicula 105
Sesleria 231
Setaria 164
Chaetochloa 164
Sieglingia 232
Sisyrinchium 542
Sitanion 288
SMILACEAE 526
Smilacina 517
See Vagnera 515-16
Smilax 526
Sorghastrum : 19
Sorghum 120
SPARGAN IACEAE 690
Sparganium 69-74, 70
Spartina 222
Spathyema 444
SPERMATOPHYTA 55
Sphenopholis 243

Spiranthes 564-6, 570

See Ibidium 564-6
Spirodela 446
Sporobolus 194-200

Inc. Vilfa 194
Steinchisma 163
Stenanthium 4890
Stenophyllus 319

(Fimbristylis in part)
Stipa 176
Streptopus 520

680

Struthiopteris Ir

(Matteuccia)

Sturmia 571
Symplocarpus 445
Syngonanthus 455
Syntherisma 121-3

(Digitaria)

(Panicum in part)
TAXACEAE 67
Taxodium 63
Taxus 67
Thalia 546
Thesium 536
Thuja 64
Tillandsia 456
Tiniaria 673
Tipularia 573
Tofieldia * 486
Tovara 665
Toxicoscordion 491
Toxylon 631
Tracaulon 672

Trachynotia

INDEX OF LATIN GENERA.

Tradescantia 460 | Ulmus 626
Tragus 121 | Uncinia 389
Triantha .486 | Unifolium 516
Trichelostylis 322 (Maianthemum)
Trichomanes 8 (Smilaceae in part)
Tricuspis 233-8 | Uniola 248
Tridens 233 | Urachne 174
Triglochin ot | Uralepis 234
TRILLIACEAE 522 | URTICACEAE 634
Trillium 523 | Urtica 634
Triodia 233, 238 | Urticastrum 636
Triphora 561 (Laportea)
Triplasis 235 | Uvularia 518
Tripsacum III
Tripterella 547 | Vagnera 515
Trisetum 216 (Ine. Smilacina)
Triticum 283-5 | VALLISNERIACEAE 104
Tsuga 62) Vallisneria 106
Tulipa 505 | Vaseya 187
TyYPHACEAE 68 | Veratrum 494
Typha 68 | Vilfa

See Sporobolus
Udora 106 194-200
ULMACEAE 62 Viscum 639

Vor, I.
W indsoria 234, 26
Wolffia "f 448
Wolffella 449
Woodsia 12-14
W oodwardia 25
Xanthosoma
Xerophyllum aa
XYRIDACEAE 450
Xyris 450
Yucca 512
ZANICHELLIACEAE 74
Zanichellia 88
Zephyran.hes 552
Zizania 168
Zizaniopsis 167
Zostera QI
ZOSTERACEAE 90
ZOYSIEAE 107-8
Zygadenus 49

i,

Bot. Flora B- 206539

Britton, N.L- & Brown, A-

Author

University of Toronto
| Libr
SF 00
DO NOT .
REMOVE
THE
CARD
FROM
THIS
POCKET

and

strated floré of the Northern U.S-

Acme Library Card Pocket
Under Pat “Ref. Index File”
Made by LIBRARY BUREAU

80 LL 6€
AVG JONVY

VUE

POTTED

ivtteeat

tht

UU

1
i

TE

rn
(UAE een

Ww
j

hit

ih

THULE EEE

ma

SUSUSUDDS EBA

tenes

}