Illustrated Flora L • OP . elatum var. occidentale S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 11. 1871. D. occidentale S. Wats, ex Coult. Man. Bot. Rocky Mts. 11. 1885. D. scopulo- rum var. alpinum A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: 52. 1887.) Closely resembling the variety glaucum, but the axis of the raceme, pedicels, and follicles conspicuously viscid-pubescent. Moist soil, Boreal Zones; British Columbia to the Siskiyou Mountains, southern Oregon, east to Colorado. Type locality: East Humboldt Mountains, Ne- vada. Delphinium scopulorum var. luporum (Greene) Jepson, Fl. Calif. 523. 1914. (D. luporum Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 76. 1904.) Smaller than the preceding stems, 5-8 dm. high. Leaves 4-10 cm. broad, the central lobes of the divisions less elongated; pedicels, sepals and spurs short-villous; follicles densely pu- bescent; raceme rather lax, the flowers fewer and the pedicels considerably exceeding the spurs. Moist soils along streams and meadows, Boreal Zones; southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Coyote Creek, Kern County, California. 18. Delphinium californicum Torr. & Gray. Coast Larkspur. Fig. 1795. Delphinium californicum Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 31. 1838. Delphinium exaltatum var. californicum Huth, Helios 10: 35. 1892. Stems arising from a thick woody root, stout, 6-20 dm. high, hollow, pubescent or glabrate, leafy. Leaves 5-15 cm. broad, pubescent or glabrate, 5-7-parted, the divisions cuneate, incisely 188 RANUNCULACEAE lobed and toothed; racemes usually dense or in robust plants more open and often branched; pedicels ascending, about as long as the spur or the lower sometimes more elongated, villous- pubescent to glabrate ; sepals whitish more or less tinged with green and lavender, more or less densely short- villous, not recurved, 6-7 mm. long ; spur stout, 6-8 mm. long ; upper petals lobed, the upper lobe longer, villous, lower petals densely villous; filaments villous above; follicles erect, 10 mm. long, villous throughout, varying to glabrous. Partially shaded slopes and ravines, Upper Sonoran and Humid Transition Zones; California Coast Ranges, from Sonoma County to San Luis Obispo County. Type locality: California, collected by Douglas. April-June. 19. Delphinium viridescens Leiberg. Wenatchee Larkspur. Fig. 1796. Delphinium viridescens Leiberg, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 11: 39. 1897. Stems arising from an elongated woody root, 8-15 dm. high, leafy, glabrate or puberulent below, densely viscid-pubescent with spreading yellowish hairs. Leaves semi-orbicular, 8-10 cm. broad, thinnish, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, 5-parted, the divisions cuneate, 3-lobed, the lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or often with a small narrow tooth; raceme elongated, 3-8 dm. long, very narrow and rather open, pedicels erect, 1-2 cm. long, densely pubescent and viscid with spreading yellowish hairs ; sepals erect, 6-8 mm. long, green, tinged with brownish purple, the spur straight, 10 mm. long; upper petals glabrous, notched; follicles erect, 7 mm. long; seeds narrowly winged on the angles. Wet meadows, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; Wenatchee Valley, Washington. Type locality: near Peshastin, Chelan County. June—Aug. 1793 1792 1794 1795 1790. Delphinium uliginosum 1791. Delphinium Hansenii 1792. Delphinium bicolor 1793. Delphinium trolliifolium 1794. Delphinium scopulorum 1795. Delphinium calif ornicum CROWFOOT FAMILY 189 20. Delphinium Andersonii A. Gray. Anderson's Larkspur. Fig. 1797. Delphinium decorum var. nevadense S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 11, in part. 1876. Delphinium Andersonii A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: 53. 1887. Delphinastrum Andersonii Nieuwl. Amer. Midi. Nat. 3: 172. 1914. Stems one to several, arising from a much fascicled usually elongated root, glaucous and glabrous, 2.5-6 dm. high. Leaves 2.5-4 cm. broad, thickish and glabrous, 5-lobed, the divisions narrow, 2-3-cleft, the lobes entire or with one or two teeth ; petioles rather stout ; raceme strict, 10-25 cm. long; pedicels ascending, glabrous, the lower 2-5 cm. long; bracts and bractlets sparsely villous; sepals deep violet-purple, 10-15 mm. long, sparsely villous-pubescent, the spur rather stout, slightly exceeding the sepals, recurved at tip; upper petals yellowish, tippedwith violet, entire, lower petals purple ; follicles erect, 12 mm. long, glabrous ; seeds distinctly winged on the margins. Dry hillsides and plains, Arid Transition Zones; southeastern Oregon to the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, California, east to western Utah. Type locality: mountains of western Nevada. May-July. 21. Delphinium Parishii A. Gray. Parish's Larkspur. Fig. 1798. Delphinium Parishii A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: S3. 1887. Delphinium colestinum Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 320. 1912. Delphinium amabile Tidestrom, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 25: 207. 1925. Delphinium Parishii var. pallidum Munz, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31: 61. 1932. Stems one or more, arising from a stout woody root, 3-6 dm. high, glaucous and glabrous or minutely and sparsely pubescent. Leaves more or less pubescent or rarely glabrate, 3-4 cm. broad, 3-5-parted, the divisions cuneate to narrowly cuneate, toothed or cleft into usually narrow lobes; racemes strict but rather open; pedicels ascending, 1-2 cm. long; sepals light blue or lavender, 6-10 mm. long, puberulent, the spur 10-12 mm. long, straight or slightly curved, puberulent ; upper petals white or pale yellow, entire, lower petals blue ; follicles sparingly short- pubescent, erect, 11-15 mm. long; seeds with a cellular coat, winged at the angles. Desert washes and rocky slopes, Sonoran Zones; southern Nevada and Inyo County, California, south through the deserts to the western slopes of the San Jacinto Mountains, California, and east to southern Utah. Type locality: West Canyon, Palm Springs, California. April-June. Delphinium subglobosum Wiggins, Contr. Dudley Herb. 1:99. pi. 7. 1929. (D. Parryi var. subglo- bosum Munz.) Closely related to Delphinium Parishii A. Gray from which it differs chiefly in the deeper blue flowers and shorter and broader follicles and pubescent leaves. Desert slopes of the Cuyamaca and Laguna Mountains, San Diego County, California. 22. Delphinium cuyamacae Abrams. Cuyamaca Larkspur. Fig. 1799. Delphinium cuyamacae Abrams, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 538. 1905. Delphinium hesperium var. cuyamacae Jepson, Fl. Calif. 524. 1914. Root stout, fasciculately branched, the branches not at all fusiform; stem erect, usually simple, rather stout and somewhat fistulous, 4-6 dm. high, cinereous-puberulent. Petioles of basal leaves stout, 6-9 cm. long, puberulent, the blades 2.5-3 cm. broad, dissected into broadly linear lobes, densely puberulent beneath; stem-leaves on closely erect petioles, similar to but smaller than the basal ; raceme simple, narrow, densely flowered above ; sepals purple, the spur straight, 3-4 mm. longer than the blades ; follicles glabrous or essentially so ; seeds irregularly angled and winged on the angles. Open grassy slopes and meadows, Arid Transition Zone; Palomar and Cuyamaca Mountains, southern California. Type locality: Cuyamaca Lake, San Diego County, California. June-July. 23. Delphinium hesperium A. Gray. Western Larkspur. Fig. 1800. Delphinium hesperium A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: 53. 1887. Stems arising from thick fleshy fibrous roots, erect, simple, 3-6 dm. high, puberulent or short-pubescent with recurved hairs. Leaves 2.5-3.5 cm. broad, usually pubescent, 5-parted, the divisions broadly oblong below, lobed and the lobes usually toothed; raceme strict and densely flowered, 5-20 cm. long, pedicels even the lowest less than 2 cm. long ; sepals violet-purple vary- ing to lavender, 8-12 mm. long, elliptic, usually densely puberulent in a broad median band, the spur slender, straight, a little exceeding the sepals ; upper petals white, tinged with purple, rather obscurely notched, lower petals violet; follicles straight, 9-11 mm. long, puberulent; seeds with loose cellular coats forming wings on all the angles. Open dry slopes and ridges, Upper Sonoran Zone; Humboldt and Shasta Counties south to San Luis Obispo and Kern Counties, California. Type locality: not definitely stated. April-June. Delphinium hesperium var. recurvatum (Greene) Davis, Minn. Bot. Studies 2: 440. 1900. (D. recur- vatum Greene, Pittonia 1: 285. 1889.) Distinguished by the narrower, linear-oblong, strongly recurved sepals, lavender or nearly white; plants usually with less pubescence. San Joaquin and lower Sacramento Valleys, California. Delphinium hesperium var. seditosum Jepson, Fl. Calif. 525. 1914. Leaves minutely puberulent, the segments very narrowly linear and more or less revolute. A dwarfed plant of the eastern slopes of the Santa Lucia Mountains, California. 24. Delphinium Parryi A. Gray. Parry's Larkspur. Fig. 1801. Delphinium Parryi A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 12: 53. 1887. Delphinium Parryi var. maritimum Davidson, Muhlenbergia 4: 35. 1908. Delphinium inflexum Davidson, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 26: 70. 1927. Stems arising from a stout woody fibrous root, simple or the raceme with one or two branches, 3-8 dm. high, puberulent. Leaves 2.5-4 cm. broad, 3-5-parted, the main divisions 190 RANUNCULACEAE narrow, deeply cleft and recleft into narrowly linear lobes, puberulent ; raceme densely flowered and 6-15 cm. long, or often more elongated and the flowers more distant; pedicels ascending, 3 cm. long or less, or in the elongated open racemes often longer; sepals deep violet-purple, elliptic, 10-15 mm. long, rather thinly puberulent on the back, the spur straight, a little exceeding the sepals ; upper petals white, tinged with purple, notched or entire, lower petals violet, often crenate; follicles straight to the divergent tips, 1CM2 mm. long, puberulent; seeds with a loose cellular coat forming wings on the angles. Dry hillsides and mesas, Upper Sonoran Zone; Monterey County, California, to Lower California. Type locality: San Bernardino County, California. April-June. 25. Delphinium variegatum Torr. & Gray. Royal Larkspur. Fig. 1802. Delphinium variegatum Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 32. 1838. Stems from short fascicled often fusiform roots, erect, simple or branched, 2-5 dm. high, usually hirsute-pubescent below, short-pubescent above. Leaves 2.5-4 cm. broad, 5-lobed, the divisions cleft and lobed into oblong-obtuse to linear-acute lobes ; raceme simple or with one or two branches, usually less than 10 cm. long, pedicels ascending or somewhat spreading, short hirsute-pubescent; sepals broadly oval, 15-20 mm. long, deep violet-purple, rarely varying to pink, sparsely short-pubescent, the spur stout, scarcely equaling the sepals; upper petals white or yellowish, often tipped with purple, lower petals violet or rarely white; follicles erect, 12 mm. long ; seeds very narrowly winged. Grassy hillsides, usually in rocky soil, Upper Sonoran Zone, upper Sacramento Valley and Lake County, south to San Luis Obispo County, California. April-June. Delphinium variegatum var. apiculatum Greene, Fl. Fran. 304. 1892. (D. apiculatum Greene, Pittonia 1: 285. 1889.) Flowers smaller, the sepals 10-15 mm. long, more numerous in a more elongated narrower raceme. This replaces the typical species throughout most of the foothill region surrounding the San Joaquin and the lower Sacramento Valleys, California. 10. ACONITUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 532. 1753. Erect, ascending or sometimes trailing herbs, with usually elongated stems, palmately lobed leaves, and large irregular flowers in racemes or panicles. Sepals 5, petaloid, the upper one hooded or helmet-shaped. Petals 2-5, the two upper hooded, long-clawed, con- cealed in the hooded sepal, the three lower, when present, minute. Stamens numerous. Pistils 3-5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles in fruit. [The ancient Greek name.] A genus of about 60 species, inhabiting the subarctic and cool temperate regions of North America and Eurasia. Type species, Aconitum lycoctonum L. The roots, and in some species the flowers also, poisonous. 1. Aconitum columbianum Nutt. Columbia Monkshood. Fig. 1803. Aconitum columbianum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 34. 1838. Plants usually tall and rather stout, 5-20 dm. high, glabrous below, pubescent_ or tomentose above and often a little viscid. Leaves 5-15 cm. broad, deeply 3-5-cleft, the divisions cuneate below, laciniately toothed and cleft; flowers in rather loosely flowered simple or few-branched racemes; hood 10-15 mm. long, the helmet portion higher than broad and in age much shorter than the narrowed lower portion, strongly beaked; follicles 10-15 mm. long. Moist soil, Canadian Zone; British Columbia to the southern Sierra Nevada, California, east to Montana and New Mexico. In Washington and Oregon it is chiefly east of the Cascade Mountains. Type locality: "Springy places on the Oregon below Walla Walla." July-Aug. A variable species and a number of segregates have been proposed. (Greene in Rep. Nov. Spec. 7: 1-6. 1909.) Aconitum bulbiferum Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 25. 1897. This species is based upon slender weak- stemmed plants with smaller leaves, and with most or in some cases all the flowers reduced to stalked or axillary bulblets. Plants of this type are not infrequent in the Cascade Mountains and in the Sierra Nevada, but according to the author's field observations they seem to be a mere state or form of cohnnbianum, as all gradations can be found between them and the ordinary flowering form in the same communities. Aconitum columbianum subsp. pallidum Piper in Piper and Beattie, Fl. S.E. Wash. 110. 1914. {Aconi- tum gracilentum Greene, Rep. Nov. Spec. 7: 1. 1909.) Flowers white or cream-colored with the edges sometimes tinged with purple. The common form in the higher altitudes of the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. 11. ANEMONE L. Sp. PI. 538. 1753. Erect perennial herbs. Leaves compound or divided, all basal, except 2 or 3 forming an involucre subtending or remote from the flower. Peduncles 1-flowered, solitary or umbellate. Sepals 4-20, petaloid, and usually showy. Petals none. Stamens and pistils numerous. Fruit a head of numerous flattened ribless achenes, their styles short, glabrous or pubescent. [Name from the Greek, meaning a flower shaken by the wind.] A genus of about 85 species widely distributed in the subarctic and temperate regions of both hemispheres. Type species, Anemone coronaria L. Achenes densely woolly. Stems from the simple or branching crown or a woody taproot. Leaves simply ternate, the segments broadly cuneate or flabelliform. 1. A. parvi flora. Leaves 2-4-ternate, the segments linear to narrowly oblanceolate. Styles rather stout, 1-3 mm. long. 2. A. globosa. Styles very slender, 4-6 mm. long. 3. A. Drummondii. Stems from a fusiform tuber. 4. A. tuberosa. Achenes not woolly; stems from horizontal rootstocks. Involucral leaves simple. 5. A. dcltoidea. Involucral leaves 3-5-foliolate. 6. A. quinquej 'olia Grayi. CROWFOOT FAMILY 191 1. Anemone parvifldra Michx. Northern or Small-flowered Anemone. Fig. 1804. Anemone parviflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 319. 1803. Plants with slender rootstocks, the stems simple, one-flowered, 10-30 cm. high, sparingly villous. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate and obtusely lobed or crenate, involucral leaves sessile, their lobes similar but usually deeper; sepals oval, 5 or 6, 8-12 mm. long, white or tinged with purple without; fruiting head short-ovoidj about 1 cm. long; achenes densely villous all over or sometimes glabrate on the back. Moist soils, Hudsonian and Arctic Alpine Zones; Alaska to Labrador, south Quebec, Wisconsin, and Colo- rado. Known from the Pacific States only from the Blue Mountains, eastern Oregon. Type locality: Hudson Bay region. July-Aug. 2. Anemone globosa Nutt. Globose Anemone. Fig. 1805. Anemone multifida var. globosa Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1:13. 1838. Anemone globosa Nutt. ex Pritzel, Linnaea 15: 673. 1842. Plants from stout rootstocks, the stems erect or ascending, 1-5 dm. high, soft-villous with long somewhat appressed hairs. Petioles of the basal leaves 5-12 cm. long, soft-villous; blades 4-10 cm. broad, 2-3 times ternately cleft, the ultimate divisions linear to narrowly lanceolate, more or less long-villous ; involucral leaves similar but short-petioled ; peduncles 1-3 ; sepals varying from greenish yellow to pinkish or bluish purple, oval, 6-12 mm. long; head of fruit globose or ovoid ; achenes densely villous. Open forests or grassv slopes, often in rocky situations, Boreal Zones: Alaska to northern California, east to Saskatchewan," South Dakota, and Colorado. Type locality: "Plains of the Platte and Valleys of the Rocky Mountains in lat. 42°." June— July. This species is closely related to Anemone hudsoniana Richards, of northeastern North America, being distinguished chiefly by its larger flowers. Anemone multifida Poir. to which some botanists have referred it, is a native of southern South America and has small flowers and a coarser pubescence. 3. Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. Drummond's Anemone. Fig. 1806. Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 424. 1880. Stems arising from the crown of a stout woody root, 1-3 dm. high, soft-villous with spread- ing or somewhat appressed hairs. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3-6 cm. broad, villous, 3-4 times ternate, the ultimate segments linear ; peduncles usually solitary ; sepals oval, 8-10 mm. long, white and more or less tinged with blue; heads of fruit globose, about 10 mm. in diameter; achenes densely woolly; styles very slender, 4-6 mm. long. Gravelly slopes, Hudsonian Zone; British Columbia to the central Sierra Nevada, California, east to Alberta and Idaho. Type locality: Sierra County, California. June-Aug. 4. Anemone tuberosa Rydb. Desert Anemone. Fig. 1807. Anemone tuberosa Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 151. 1902. Stems 1-3 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so below the involucre. Basal leaves with petioles 5-7 cm. long, glabrous, twice ternate, the cuneate divisions ternately cleft and toothed ; involucral leaves similar, but with longer lobes and teeth, short-petioled, and sparsely pubescent ; peduncles 1 or 2, appressed-pubescent ; sepals oblong-linear, 1-2 cm. long, white or purplish ; head of the fruit ellipsoid ; achenes densely woolly ; styles filiform, 1 . 5 mm. long. Rocky slopes, Sonoran Zones; Panamint and Providence Mountains, California, east to southern Utah and southern New Mexico. Type locality: Sierra Tuscon, Arizona. March-April. 5. Anemone deltoidea Hook. Columbia Wind-flower. Fig. 1808. Anemone deltoidea Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 6. 1829. Stems arising from very slender creeping rootstocks, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous or sparingly hirsute. Basal leaves usually solitary, long-petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, dentate, 3-5 cm. long ; involucral leaves 3, simple, ovate, dentate, subsessile, 4-7 cm. long ; peduncles solitary ; sepals white, broadly oval to obovate, 15-25 mm. long ; achenes glabrous above, more or less short-hirsute toward the base. Deep coniferous forests, Transition Zone; Pierce County, Washington, southward through western Oregon to Humboldt and Siskiyou Counties, California. Type locality: shady woods near the mouth of Columbia River. April-June. 6. Anemone quinquefolia var. Grayi (Behr & Kell.) Jepson. Western Wood Anemone or Wind-flower. Fig. 1809. Anemone Grayi Behr & Kell. Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 5. 1884. Anemone nemorosa var. Grayi Greene, Fl. Fran. 295. 1892. Anemone quinquefolia var. Grayi Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 198. 1901. Anemone oligantha Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. IV. 20: 142. 1931. Stems arising from horizontal, somewhat thickened rootstocks, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous. Basal leaf on an elongated slender petiole, simple, trifid, usually wanting, involucral leaves on petioles 15-40 mm. long; leaflets narrowly to broadly obovate, ovate, crenate-serrate above the cuneate base, 15-60 mm. long, sparsely appressed-pubescent on both surfaces; sepals white or 192 RANUNCULACEAE 1802 1803 1804 1796. Delphinium viridescens 1797. Delphinium Andersonii 1798. Delphinium Parishii 1799. Delphinium cuyamacae 1800. Delphinium hesperium 1801. Delphinium Parryi 1802. Delphinium variegatum 1803. Aconitum columbianum 1804. Anemone parviflora CROWFOOT FAMILY 193 sometimes tinged with purple, mostly elliptic-obovate, 8-15 mm. long; fruiting heads nodding, achenes hirsute-pubescent; styles scarcely 1 mm. long. Shadv woods Transition Zone; Coast Ranges of southern Oregon to the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, extending inland to Siskiyou County. Type locality: California, but definite locality not given. April-May. Anemone quinquefolia var. oregona (A. Gray) Robinson in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. H 13. 1895. (A oreaona A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 308. 1887. A. A damstana Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad 20: 141 1931 A Piperi Britt. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 153. 1902.) Basal leaf usually present, trifoliate; seoals 10-20 mm. long, blue or pink or rarely white; head of fruit nodding. Shady woods, Transition Zone; Cascade Mountains, chiefly on the eastern slope in Washington and Oregon, extending to the Siskiyou Moun- tains where it shows marked variations in foliage, and seems to intergrade with the preceding variety. Anemone quinquefolia var. Lyallii (Britt.) Robinson in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 13 1895. {A. Lyallii Britt. Ann. N.Y. Acad. 6: 227. 1891.) Basal leaf usua ly present, trifoliate; sepals only 4-6 mm. long usually white, sometimes tinged with pink or blue; fruiting head nodding. Shady woods. Boreal Zones, Cascade Mountains, British Columbia to Oregon, also in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. This is probably only a small-flowered form of variety oregona. 12. PULSATILLA [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Scapose perennial herbs with stout rootstocks. Basal leaves long-petioled, palmately divided or compound ; stem leaves 3, forming an involucre remote from the flower. Sepals petaloid. Petals none. Stamens numerous, the outer often sterile. Achenes numerous, forming a head in fruit and furnished with elongated persistent plumose styles. [Name Latin, unexplained.] A genus of about 18 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic regions. Type species, Anemone Pulsatilla L. 1. Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. Western Pasque-flower. Fig. 1810. Anemone occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 121. 1876. Pulsatilla occidentalis Freyn, Deutsch. Bot. Monatss. 8: 78. 1890. Stems 1-6 dm. high, silky-villous. Basal leaves ternate, the silky-villous divisions twice pinnately dissected, the ultimate segments narrowly linear and acute; involucral leaves similar but smaller and short-petioled ; sepals oval to oblong, 20-25 mm. long, white or tinged with purple; achenes villous, becoming reflexed in age; styles long-silky-plumose, 2.5-3 cm. long. Gravelly or rocky slopes, Arid Transition and Boreal Zones; Alaska to the southern Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia, east to Alberta and Montana. Type locality: "In the mountains from British Columbia southward to Mount Shasta and Lassen's Peak." June-Aug. 13. CLEMATIS L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Erect perennial herbs or more commonly half-woody climbers. Leaves opposite, com- pound, with the petioles curved or twisted and aiding to climb. Flowers solitary or several, on axillary peduncles, perfect, dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Sepals 4-5, petaloid, spreading or erect, valvate. Petals none, sometimes simulated by enlarged petaloid fila- ments of the outer stamens. Pistils and stamens many. Fruit a head of 1 -seeded achenes, with elongated plumose styles. [Ancient Greek name for some climbing plant.] A genus of about 170 species, of wide geographical distribution. Type species, Clematis Vitalba L. Sepals and stamens erect, the former connivent at base or throughout; perennial herbs. (Viorna) _ _ F 1. C. hirsutissima. Sepals and stamens spreading from the base; half-woody climbers. Flowers white or yellowish, cymose-paniculate or when solitary the peduncle bibracteate. (Flammula) Ovaries and achenes pubescent. Leaflets 5-7; inflorescence cymose-paniculate, usually many-flowered. 2. C. ligusticifolia. Leaflets 3; inflorescence 1-3-flowered. 3. C. lasiantha. Ovaries and achenes glabrous. 4. C. pauciflora. Flowers blue or purple; peduncle 1-flowered, bractless. (Atragene) 5. C. columbiana. 1. Clematis hirsutissima Pursh. Sugar Bowls, Hairy Leather-flower. Fig. 1811. Clematis hirsutissima Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 385. 1814. Clematis Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 1. 1829. Viorna hirsutissima Heller, Muhlenbergia 1 : 40. 1904. Clematis Wyethii Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 6. 1834. Erect perennial herb, 2-7 dm. high, the stems simple, solitary or several from the rootstock, sparsely to densely villous. Lowest leaves bract-like, entire, the rest 2-3-pinnate petioled, the ultimate divisions linear to linear-lanceolate; flower solitary on a naked peduncle, nodding in anthesis; sepals 4, erect except at the recurved tips, 3-4.5 cm. long, brownish purple, thick and leathery, densely villous without; achenes silky-pubescent, fruiting styles 5-6 cm. long. Open grassy slopes, Arid Transition Zone; British Columbia southward east of the Cascade Mountains to Grant County, Oregon, and eastward to Montana and Wyoming. Type locality: "On the plains of the Columbia River." April-June. The leaves have the taste of strychnine, and Geyer, an early botanical explorer, reports that the Nez Perce Indians stimulated their fagged horses by rubbing the plant in their nostrils. 194 RANUNCULACEAE 2. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Western Virgin's Bower. Fig. 1812. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. N. Amer. 1: 9. 1838. Woody climber, the stems often 4-6 m. long, leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate varying to ovate, rounded or somewhat cuneate at base, usually acuminate at apex, 3-8 cm. long, sparingly strigose ; branches of the irregularly toothed or lobed inflorescence nearly erect; sepals oblanceolate, about 1 cm. long, white; filaments of the staminate flowers slender, those of the pistillate somewhat dilated and sterile; achenes pubescent with straight spreading or somewhat appressed hairs ; styles 4-5 cm. long. Stream banks, growing over bushes; Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; British Columbia to central California, east to North Dakota and New Mexico. Type locality: "Plains of the Rocky Mountains." June- Sept. Yerba de Chivato. Clematis ligusticifolia var. brevifolia Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, loc. cit. (C. brevifolia Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 8. 1897.) Leaflets ovate in outline, usually cordate at base, nearly or quite glabrous; branches of the inflorescence more spreading and shorter; sepals somewhat spatulate. This variety is the common form of eastern Washington and Oregon. Type locality: Blue Mountains, Oregon. Clematis ligusticifolia var. californica S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 3. 1876. (C. biflora Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 193. 1905.) Leaflets more or less densely silky-canescent on both surfaces. The common repre- sentative of the species in southern California. Clematis Suksdorfii Robinson, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 4. 1895. This species is closely allied to C. ligusticifolia var. brevifolia from which it differs chiefly in the somewhat smaller flowers and fruiting heads, and especially in the dense woolly tomentum of the achenes. It is known only from the vicinity of the type locality, and may be only a local variation. Originally collected by Suksdorf on the Klickitat River, Washington. 3. Clematis lasiantha Nutt. Chaparral Clematis or Virgin's Bower. Fig. 1813. Clematis lasiantha Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 9. 1838. Woody climber, the stems 2-4 m. long. Leaflets 3, mostly broadly ovate, 2.5-5 cm. long, coarsely toothed and somewhat 3-lobed, the teeth rounded ; flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary or 3-5 on bibracteate peduncles ; sepals broadly oblong, about 3 cm. long, white ; achenes pubescent, their styles 3 cm. long. Hillsides, climbing over chaparral, Upper Sonoran Zone; Coast Ranges and foothills of the Sierra Nevada, northern California to northern Lower California. Type locality: San Diego, California. April-May. 4. Clematis pauciflora Nutt. Small-leaved Clematis or Virgin's Bower. Fig. 1814. Clematis parviflora Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 9. 1838. Not DC. 1828. Clematis pauciflora Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 657. 1840. A low woody climber with short-jointed stems, usually scrambling over chaparral. Leaves 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets 1-2 cm. long, cordate to cuneate-obovate, usually 3-toothed or 3-lobed, glabrous or sparsely silky-tomentose ; flowers dioecious, solitary or in few-flowered panicles with slender pedicels ; sepals oblong-oblanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, thin, white ; achenes glabrous. On chaparral-covered hills and mesas, Upper Sonoran Zone; Los Angeles County, California, to northern Lower California. Type locality: San Diego, California. Feb.-May. 5. Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray. Columbia Clematis or Virgin's Bower. Fig. 1815. Atragene columbiana Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 7. 1834. Clematis columbiana Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 11. 1838. Clematis verticillaris var. columbiana A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 8. 1895. Atragene grosseserrata Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 156. 1902. Half-woody climber with slender stems. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets broadly ovate, usually obliquely cordate at base, acute or short-acuminate, 3-4 cm. long, entire or coarsely toothed, thin, glabrous or sparsely hirsute; flowers solitary on elongated bractless peduncles; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5 cm. long, purple or blue ; achenes densely pubescent ; styles 3-5 cm. long. Deep forests, scrambling over bushes, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; British Columbia southward east of the Cascades to the Blue Mountains, eastern Oregon, and eastward to Alberta, Colorado, and Utah. Type locality: Flathead River, Montana. May-Aug. 14. MYOSURUS L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. Diminutive acaulescent annual herbs, with fibrous roots. Leaves basal, tufted, linear or linear-spatulate, entire. Flowers small, solitary on very short or more elongated scapes. Sepals 5, rarely 6-7, long-spurred at the base. Petals when present of the same number, greenish yellow, narrow, bearing a nectariferous pit at the summit of the claw. Stamens 5-25, about equaling the sepals. Pistils numerous borne on a cylindrical axis, which becomes greatly elongated and spike-like in fruit. Achenes apiculate or aristate. [Name Greek, meaning mouse-tail.] A genus of about 8 species, usually of local occurrence, but of wide geographical distribution. Type species, Myosurus minimus L. Mature achenes with beaks closely appressed; carpel-spike narrow, 15-45 mm. long. Back of achene flat or depressed without lateral ridges, quadrate or rhomboidal. 1. M. minimus. Back of achene with a lateral submarginal ridge on each side, narrowly oblong. 2. M. lepturus. CROWFOOT FAMILY 195 Mature achenes with prominent aristate more or less spreading beaks and salient laterally compressed carinate midribs. Scapes slender; carpel-spikes 6-10 mm. long. Mature achenes without a cup-like depression at base of beak. 3. M. aristatus. Mature achenes with a cup-like depression at base of beak. 6. M. cupulatus. Scapes none or stout. Carpel-spikes sessile or subsessile; beaks ascending, straight; body of the achenes without a broad cellular margin. 4- M- sessihs. Carpel-spikes on a stout scape; beaks conspicuous, usually curved and spreading; body of the achene with a conspicuous cartilaginous margin. 5. M. alopecuroides. 1. Myosurus minimus L. Common Mouse-tail. Fig. 1816. Myosurus minimus L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. Myosurus Shortii Raf. Amer. Journ. Sci. 1: 379. 1819. Myosurus major Greene, Pittonia 3: 257. 1898. Leaves narrowly linear or filiform, blunt, 3-10 cm. long; scape 3-15 cm. long; sepals oblong, about 3 mm. long ; spurs slender, 1-2 mm. long ; petals narrowly spatulate, sometimes wanting ; fruiting spike 3-5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick. Moist places, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; a cosmopolitan species probably composing several geographic races. On the Pacific Coast ranging from British Columbia to Lower California. Type locality: Europe. April-May. Myosurus minimus var. apus Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 277. 1885. Flowers and fruit sessile or on very short scapes, exceeded by the leaves. Mesas back of San Diego, California. 2. Myosurus lepturus (A. Gray) Howell. Slender Mouse-tail. Fig. 1817. Myosurus apetalus var. lepturus A. Gray, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 2. 1886. Myosurus lepturus Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 12. 1897. Myosurus tenellus Greene, Pittonia 3: 258. 1898. Leaves filiform or nearly so, 2-6 cm. long; scapes rather slender, 5-15 cm. long; sepals linear-oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long; petals narrowly linear, about equaling the sepals or wanting; spurs scarcely 1 mm. long ; fruiting spike 1 . 5-5 cm. long, 1 . 5-2 mm. thick toward the base and gradually tapering to the apex; back of achenes narrowly oblong and narrowed at both ends, more or less distinctly nerved toward the margins and grooved between these and the rather flattened keel ; beak very short. Moist ground, especially on the bottoms of desiccated pools, Upper Sonoran Zone; British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California, east to Saskatchewan and Montana. Type locality: California. April-May. Myosurus lepturus var. filiformis Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1 : 277. 1885. More slender than the type; fruiting spike scarcely over 1 mm. thick at base, very slightly tapering if at all; achenes with keel and marginal nerves and beak as in the typical species, but proportionately broader and less than 1 mm. long. Desiccated pools and alkali flats, mainly Lower Sonoran Zone; Sacramento Valley, California, south to Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Type locality: Guadalupe Island. 3. Myosurus aristatus Benth. Sedge Mouse-tail. Fig. 1818. Myosurus aristatus Benth. ex Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 458 bis. 1847. Leaves narrowly linear or somewhat spatulate, 2-5 cm. long; scapes very slender, 2-8 cm. long ; sepals oblong, 1 . 5 mm. long, erect ; spurs equaling the blades ; petals present or none ; fruiting spike 5-10 mm. long, remaining light green in drying ; backs of achenes sharply keeled on the back and with a marginal nerve on either side ; beak about as long as the body and more or less recurved-spreading. Low moist places, mainly Transition Zone; British Columbia to southern California, east to Nebraska and New Mexico. Type locality: Camass Prairie, Idaho. April-May. This species has been referred by some botanists to M. apetalus Gay of Chile. 4. Myosurus sessilis S. Wats. Sessile Mouse-tail. Fig. 1819. Myosurus sessilis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 362. 1882. Leaves 2-3 cm. long, narrowly linear; scapes several and spreading, short, usually 5 mm. long or less; petals 3.5 mm. long; fruiting spikes 15-25 mm. long, spreading and somewhat curved, 2 mm. thick near the base, gradually tapering to the acute apex ; beaks appressed, straight ; fruiting carpel keeled on the back and without cellular thickening. Saline flats, Sonoran Zones; Umatilla County, Oregon, south to Lower California. Type locality: alkaline flat, seven miles south of Arlington, Oregon. April-May. 5. Myosurus alopecuroides Greene. Bristly Mouse-tail. Fig. 1820. Myosurus alopecuroides Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1 : 278. 1885. Leaves narrowly linear-spatulate, 3-4 cm. long; scapes stout, 6 mm. long; fruiting spikes 8-20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick at base, tapering to the apex ; beak spreading and more or less curved, extending down the back of the carpel as a prominent strongly laterally compressed keel ; body of the carpel somewhat quadrate with a cellular scarious body and an oblong cellular thickened border ; seed oblong-ovoid. Desiccated winter pools and flats of alkaline soils, Sonoran Zones; Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, California. Type locality: Antioch, California. April-May. 196 RANUNCULACEAE 1807 1813 1805. Anemone globosa 1806. Anemone Drummondii 1807. Anemone tuberosa 1808. Anemone deltoidea 1809. Anemone quinquefolia 1810. Pulsatilla occidentalis 1811. Clematis hirsutissima 1812. Clematis ligusticifolia 1813. Clematis lasiantha CROWFOOT FAMILY 197 6. Myosurus cupulatus S. Wats. Arizona Mouse-tail. Fig. 1821. Myosurus cupulatus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 362. 1882. Leaves narrowly linear; scapes slender, often 6-8 cm. long; fruiting spikes slender, up to 5 cm. long; achenes rounded, the thickened portion forming a dorsal cup-like depression around the base of the slightly spreading much flattened subulate beak. Hills and mountains, Sonoran and Transition Zones; Arizona and New Mexico, also locally in the Provi- dence and Little San Bernardino Mountains, southern California. Type locality: "hills between the Gila and San Francisco Mountains" and "on the Santa Catalina Mountains, at 8,000 feet altitude." March-April. 15. *RANUNCULUS L. Sp. PI. 548. 1753. Glabrous or hairy annual or perennial herbs with fibrous, fascicled roots. Stems pro- cumbent and rooting at the nodes or erect, 0.5-12 dm. long, branching or simple, obscurely or obviously fistulous. Basal leaves entire or 3-lobed, -parted, or -divided, or pinnately compound, the petioles dilated at the base; cauline leaves alternate or rarely opposite. Flowers from terminal buds. Sepals 5, deciduous, or rarely marcescent-persistent, 2-20 mm. long. Petals yellow or sometimes white or rarely red, often fading to white in age, 1814 1815 1816 1814. Clematis pauciflora 1815. Clematis columbiana 1816. Myosurus minimus 1817. Myosurus lepturus Text of the genus Ranunculus contributed by Lyman Benson. 198 RANUNCULACEAE 1-16, 2-35 mm. long, having a usually short claw, provided at the base of the blade with a nectariferous pit usually covered by a scale, the blade rarely reduced. Stamens 10 to many, very rarely fewer. Pistils 5 to many, the single ovule attached near the base of the cell. Achenes capitate or spicate; turgid or flattened; smooth, papillate, or echinate, striate, or with transverse ridges on the faces ; glabrous or hairy ; nearly always tipped with an elongated beak ; coat firm and strong, or sometimes thin and loose, rarely utricular. [Name diminutive of Rana, Latin for frog. Applied by Pliny because the majority of species grow in marshy or wet places where frogs are abundant.] Species about 250, in nearly all frigid and temperate regions and in the mountains in the tropics. Type species, Ranunculus acris L. Achenes or utricles not transversely ridged (except in typical R. sceleratus of the Section Hecatonia) ; petals usually glossy, yellow or rarely red, white, or greenish; commonly palustrine or terrestrial. Sepals deciduous during or soon after anthesis; fruits not utricular; petals yellow or rarely white or greenish or dorsally red. Pericarp not striate or nerved, thick and firm (Subgenus Euranunculus). Leaves (either the cauline or the basal) lobed, parted, or divided. Achenes smooth, sometimes hairy. Styles and achene beaks present, the achene not corky-keeled and not with corky thickening on the margin of the body; nectary scale ventral to the nectary, cover- ing it, apically truncate or rounded. Nectary scale free laterally for at least two-thirds its length, not forming a pocket; dorsoventral measurement of the achene 3— IS times the lateral; receptacle in fruit (in most species) elongated only 1—3 times its length in anthesis; sepals usually not lavender- or purple-tin.eed. I. Chrysanthe. Nectary scale attached to the petal laterally and forming a pocket; dorsoventral measurement of the achene 1-2.5 times the lateral; receptacle in fruit 3-15 times its length in anthesis; sepals always tinged dorsally with purple or lavender. III. Epirotes. Styles and achene beaks practically lacking or otherwise the achene with a corky keel or with corky thickening on the margin of the body; nectary scale with the gland in a pocket on its ventral surface or else the scale forked and prolonged anteriorly on the surface of the petal or surrounding the gland; aquatic or palustrine. V. Hecatonia. Achenes covered with spines, hooks, or papillae or with papillae produced into hooked hairs; dorsoventral measurement of the achene 3-6 times the lateral ; receptacle in fruit 1—3 times its length in anthesis. II. Echinella. Leaves (both cauline and basal) entire, dentate, serrulate, or wavy; dorsoventral measurement of the achene not more than twice or thrice the lateral. IV. Flammula. Pericarp striate, the nerves 3 or more on each face, these sometimes branched, ovary wall thin and usually fragile (Subgenus Cyrtorhyncha) . Petals larger than the sepals; fruiting receptacle elongated to several times its length in anthesis, cylindrical or long-ovoid ; nectary scale overarching the nectary, truncate, the margins free from the blade of the petal; stolons present. VI. Halodes. Petals smaller than the sepals; receptacle but slightly elongated in fruit, not cylindrical; nectary scale forming a pocket, forked, its lateral margins attached to the blade of the petal; stolons never present. Sepals yellow; blades of the petals 7-8 mm. long, yellow. VII. Arcteranthis. Sepals white; blades of the petals 1-3 mm. long, yellowish or greenish. VIII. Pseudaphanostemma. Sepals persistent in fruit; fruit utricular; petals red on both sides (Subgenus Crymodes). IX. EUCRYMODES. Achenes roughly transversely-ridged; petals not glossy, white, the claws sometimes yellow; aquatic plants (Subgenus Batrachium). X. Eubatrachium. I. Chrysanthe. Fruiting receptacle not more than twice as long as the flowering. Receptacle glabrous. Sepals spreading. Stems not rooting; leaves appearing palmately 5-parted by the forking of the two lateral lobes. 1. R. acris. Stems rooting at the nodes; leaves obviously 3-lobed, -parted, or -divided. 2. R. repens. Sepals reflexed. Stem base a conspicuous, bulb-like subterranean thickening. 3. R. bjilbosus. Stem base not bulbous. Petals large and conspicuous, at least twice the length of the sepals. Achenes 3.5 or commonly 4—5 mm. long; petal blades 1-2 (or in a variety 2-2.5) times as long as broad. 4. R. canus. Achenes 1—3 or rarely 3 . 5 mm. long. Petals 5-6, rarely 7-9 or 12, the blades 1-2 or rarely 2.5 times as long as broad. 5. R. occidentalis. Petals 9-16 or 26, rarely fewer, the blades 2-2.5 times as long as broad. 6. R. californicus. Petals minute, 3 mm. long or less, shorter than the sepals. 7. R. Bongardii. Receptacle covered with bristly hairs; achene beaks straight, at least as long as the bodies; sepals reflexed. Herbage glabrous or practically so; petals emarginate. 8. R. Bloomeri. Herbage markedly hispid; petals not emarginate. 9. R. orthorhynchus. Fruiting receptacle greatly enlarged and elongated. Petals slightly longer than the sepals; stems usually rooting at the nodes; head of achenes ovoid, 7-9 mm. long. 10. R. Macounii. Petals not more than half the length of the sepals; stems never rooting; head of achenes cylindrical, 11-17 mm. long. 11. R, pennsylvanicus. CROWFOOT FAMILY 199 II. ECHINELLA. Achenes with spines on the faces or margins. Mature achenes 5-7 mm. long, the spines straight; petals at least 4 mm. long. Achenes with the margins produced into long spines. 12. R. arvensis. Achenes without spines on the margins, the faces spiny. 13. R. muricatus. Mature achenes 1-2 mm. long, the papillae on the faces produced into hooked spines; petals 1-2 mm. long. 14. R. parviflorus. Achenes with no spines, the faces papillate, 1-2 mm. long. Petals 1-2 mm. long, inconspicuous; papillae of the achenes produced into hooked hairs. J. J . jfV, ftcOcCdTpii'St Petals 8-9 mm long and conspicuous; papillae of the achenes not produced into hairs. 16. R. sardous III. Epirotes. Receptacle and head of achenes cylindrical or ovoid. Nectary scale ciliate, the adjacent petal surface sometimes bearing similar hairs; achenes pubescent. 1 17. R. caraiopliyllHS. Nectary scale and the petal glabrous; achenes nearly always glabrous in Pacific States' varieties. Achene bodies almost oblong, the beaks about 1 mm. long, straight; petals when fully expanded at least 60% longer than the sepals, 8-18 mm., rarely S mm. long; leaves truncate or rounded at the base. 19- R- Eschscholtzn. Achene bodies obovate, the beaks 0.3-0.5 mm. long, curving or recurved; petals when fully expanded not exceeding the sepals by more than 20% to rarely 50%, 3-6 mm. long. Radical leaves truncate to cuneate at the base; achene beaks curving, not markedly recurved. 18. R. mamoenus alpeophilus. Radical leaves cordate at the base; achene beaks recurved. 20. R. verecundns. Receptacle and head of achenes spherical. 21. R. glaberrimus. IV. Flammula. Petals 5-10, conspicuous and usually large; perennials; achene beaks 0.3 mm. long or longer. Cauline leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear. Roots not pubescent; petals exceeding the sepals. Stems prostrate, rooting at the nodes. 22. R. Flammula ovalis. Stems erect or reclining, never rooting. 23. R. alismaefolius. Roots pubescent; petals not exceeding the sepals, 3 mm. long by 1-1.5 mm. broad; stems never rooting. 24. R. orestems. Cauline leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Stems rooting at least at the lower nodes ; flowers never in cymes. Roots with no thickening at the bases. Stems not fistulous or inflated, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter; cauline petioles sheathing the stem. 22. R. Flammula samohfohus. Stems usually fistulous; usually 1.5-4 mm. in diameter; cauline petioles not sheathing the stem. 25. R. hydrocharoides. Roots each with a light-colored, fusiform thickening at the base; stems filiform, 1 mm. thick. 26. R. Gormann. Stems never rooting; flowers usually in cymes; roots each with a light-colored fusiform thickening at the base. 27. R. Populago. Petals 1-3, minute, 1-1.5 mm. long; annuals; achene beaks 0.1-0.2 mm. long. Sepals 5; achenes papillate on the faces; upper cauline leaves linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate or very narrowly elliptic, sessile. 28. R. pusillus. Sepals 3; achenes reticulate on the faces; upper cauline leaves ovate, petioled. 29. R. alveolatus. V. Hecatonia. Styles and achene beaks practically lacking, the stigmas sessile; achenes without corky thickening of the peri- carp, marked on each face with either rough transverse ridges or a circle of "pin pricks. 30. R. sceleratus. Styles and achene beaks well developed, the beaks at least half as long as the bodies, 0.6-1.5 mm. long; achenes with conspicuous corky thickening of either the keel or the pericarp beside the keel, otherwise smooth. Achenes each with corky thickening beside the inconspicuous keel (especially in the basal and ventral regions); leaves once- or twice-parted or -lobed, pentagonal, 1-2 cm. long by 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; anthers elliptic, 0.5-1 mm. long; petals 4-7 mm. long. 31. R. Purslm. Achenes each with a conspicuous corky keel; leaves of aquatic specimens finely dissected into ribbon-like segments 1-2 mm. broad, the blade 1.5-10 cm. long by 2-12 cm. broad; anthers oblong, 1-1.5 mm. long; petals 7-15 mm. long. 32. R. flabellarts. VI. Halodes. A single species. ^^- R- Cymbalaria saximontanus. VII. Arcteranthis. A single species. 34. R. Cooleyae. VIII. Pseudaphanostemma. A single species. 35. R. hystriculus. IX. EUCRYMODES. A single species. 36. R. Andersonii. X. Eubatrachium Style in anthesis 2-3 times as long as the ovary; receptacle glabrous. 37. R. Lobbii. Style in anthesis about half as long as the ovary; receptacle hairy. 38. R. aquatilis capillaceus. 1. Ranunculus acris L. Meadow Buttercup. Fig. 1822. Ranunculus acris L. Sp. PI. 554. 1753. Perennial, stems several, erect or suberect, 5-10 dm. high, stout, hirsute. Basal leaves pentagonal, by forking of the two lateral lobes, 4-8 cm. long by 6-10 cm. broad, deeply parted 200 RANUNCULACEAE and divided, ultimate lobes sharply acute, appressed-pubescent with stiff hairs ; sepals yellowish green, spreading, 4-7 mm. long, densely pubescent dorsally ; petals 5, bright golden yellow, 8-14 mm. long; achenes 25-40, irregularly obovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, margin slightly keeled, beak very short, deltoid, bent or curved sharply dorsally, not recurved; receptacle little elongated in fruit. Pastures, meadows, and roadsides, Transition Zones; occasional up to 1,000 meters in western Washington, and locally at Salem, Brooks, and Union, Oregon; also in Canada and the Northern and Middle States. Naturalized from Europe. May-July. 2. Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup or Crowfoot. Fig. 1823. Ranunculus repens L. Sp. PI. 554. 1753. Perennial, stems rooting at the nodes, 1-5 dm. long. Basal and most cauline leaves 3-divided or -pinnate, deltoid-cordate, 1 . 5^4 cm. long by 2-5 cm. broad, leaflets cuneate, parted and lobed, usually pubescent ; sepals green, spreading, 5-8 mm. long ; petals 5, bright golden yellow, 7-13 mm. long; achenes 20-25, discoid-obovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, smooth and glabrous, the body obovate, the keel apparent on the margin, beak 1 mm. long, stout and thick, hooked at the tip ; receptacle short, very slightly enlarged in fruit. Meadows, Transition Zone; British Columbia, western Washington, and Oregon to Monterey and Fresno Counties, California; also in the Rocky Mountains and Eastern North America. Native of Eurasia. May-July. Variable in pubescence and amount of adventitious rooting. Ranunculus repens var. erectus DC. Prod. 1: 38. 1824. Stems reclining to suberect, 2-4 dm. long, rather stout, 2-5 mm. in diameter, somewhat succulent, with roots at the lower nodes, but usually without stolon-like stems or branches, pubescence sparse and spreading; leaves larger than in the typical species, some- times of 5 leaflets, not markedly pubescent; petals 5, golden yellow, 13-16 mm. long. Growing often in shallow water of meadow or marsh land; naturalized in the Puget Sound region and southward at scattered stations mostly near the coast to Curry County, Oregon; Santa Cruz, California; occasional in Quebec and Newfoundland. Ranunculus repens var. pleniflorus Fernald, Rhodora 19: 138. 1917. Stems suberect, or one or two of them stoloniferous, 1.5 or commonly 4—6 dm. long, 1.3 or commonly 2—6.5 mm. in diameter, fistulous and rather succulent; the flowering stems usually not rooting, pubescence usually sparse and spreading; leaves usually larger than in the typical species, the leaflets suborbicular and rounded (instead of cuneate or sub- truncate) at the bases, crenate; petals (mostly staminodia) numerous, forming a "double" flower. Wet ground, an occasional escape from gardens in New York, New England, and Maryland; Liberty, Kittitas County, Washington. 3. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Bulbous Buttercup. Fig. 1824. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Sp. PI. 554. 1753. Pubescent perennial, stems erect, 3-7 dm. long, stout, pubescent or glabrous. Basal leaves ovate in outline, pinnate, the leaflets deeply parted and lobed, pubescent; sepals yellowish green, reflexed, 7-10 mm. long, pubescent dorsally, the margin tinged with purple or lavender ; petals 5, bright golden yellow, 8-14 mm. long; achenes 12-30, discoid, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, margin keeled, beak short, 1 mm. long, deltoid, bent or curved sharply dorsally at the tip, slightly if at all recurved; receptacle little elongated in fruit. Pastures, meadows, and roadsides, Transition Zone; Salem, Oregon; also in the eastern United States. Naturalized from Europe. May-July. 4. Ranunculus canus Benth. Sacramento Valley Buttercup. Fig. 1825. Ranunculus canus Benth. PI. Hartw. 294. 1848. Ranunculus occidentalis var. canus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 374. 1872. Ranunculus calif ornicus var. canus Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 8. 1876. Ranunculus canus var. Blankinshipii Robinson in Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 35. 1895. Perennial, stems erect, 4-9 dm. long, 3-7 mm. thick, fistulous, pubescent or glabrous. Basal leaves simple or of three pinnate leaflets, 5-7 cm. long by 6-10 cm. broad, leaflets with many lobes, appressed-pubescent; sepals yellowish, reflexed, 9-12 mm. long, pubescent dorsally; petals 5-10, bright golden yellow, claw narrow, 4—5 mm. long, scale of the nectar pit conspicuous, blade obovate, 11-14 mm. long by 5-7 mm. broad; achenes 12-20, discoid, 4-5 mm. in diameter, 0.5 mm. thick, smooth, glabrous or rarely hairy, beak stout, deltoid with a short apical hook, 1 mm. long; receptacle slightly enlarged in fruit, slender, glabrous. Heavy soil, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; Inner North Coast Ranges of California from Tehama County to Yolo County, Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, and Sierra Nevada foothills from Butte County to Tuolumne County, California. Type locality: northwest of Oroville, California. Feb.— April. Ranunculus canus var. laetus (Greene) L. Benson, Bull. Torrey Club 68: 170. 1941. (Ranunculus californicus var. laetus Greene, Fl. Fran. 299. 1892. Ranunculus californicus var. canescens Greene, Fl. Fran. 299. 1892.) Leaves compound, dissected into segments 5-8 mm. broad, usually densely pubescent with soft hairs. A variety of north slopes of California foothills where soil is especially heavy, upper edge of the Lower Sonoran Zone; Sutter County to Contra Costa County, also lower San Joaquin Valley. Type locality: Suisun, California. Ranunculus canus var. ludovicianus (Greene) L. Benson, Bull. Torrey Club 68: 171. 1941. (Ranunculus ludovicianus Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 2: 58. 1886.) Stems 2.5-4 dm. long, thickly pilose-hispid; petals 10-23, half as broad as long; achenes obovate-cuneate or cuneate, 3.5 or commonly 4-5 mm. long, the beak 0.5-1 mm. long, erect, deltoid, not recurved. Usually in moist, open ground, Arid Transition or Upper Sonoran Zone; Temblor, Greenhorn, Tehachapi, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino Mountains of south-central and southern California. Type locality: mountains of San Luis Obispo County or Tehachapi, California. 5. Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. Western Buttercup. Fig. 1826. Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 22. 1838. Ranunculus tenuipes Heller, Muhlenbergia 1: 50. 1904. Ranunculus occidentalis var. laevicaulis Suksdorf, W. Amer. Sci. 15: 58. 1906. Perennial, stems erect, 2-7 dm. long, pubescent or glabrous. Basal leaves fan-shaped or semicircular, 1.5-3.5 cm. long by 2-4.5 cm. broad, 3-parted or rarely -divided, lobes cuneate, CROWFOOT FAMILY 201 1824 1818. Myosurus aristatus 1819. Myosurus sessilis 1820. Myosurus alopecuroides 1821. Myosurus cupulatus 1822. Ranunculus acris 1823. Ranunculus repens 1824. Ranunculus bulbosus 1825. Ranunculus canus 1826. Ranunculus occidentalis 202 RANUNCULACEAE again lobed, appressed-pubescent ; sepals greenish yellow, reflexed, 3-4 mm. long, finely- pubescent ; petals 5 or rarely 6-8, bright golden yellow, 8-12 mm. long ; achenes 8-20 in a hemispherical cluster, discoid or obovate, strongly compressed, 2-3 mm. in diameter, beak about half the length of the body, curving or recurving above; receptacle short, but slightly enlarged in fruit. Vernally moist prairies, Humid Transition Zone; Pacific Slope from Alaska to the Umpqua River Valley, Oregon, and in the Columbia River Gorge. Type locality : lower Columbia River in Oregon. April—June. This species, R. canus, R. calif ornicus, and their varieties have an abundance of connecting forms. Ranunculus occidentalis var. Rattanii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21 : 373. 1886. Stems erect or sub- erect, 3-5 dm. long, 1-2 mm. in diameter; radical leaves simple, typically 8-25 mm. long by 15-30 mm. broad, 3-parted, the parts oblong or usually narrowly cuneate, the ultimate lobes triangular, sharply acute; petals 5-9, 5-8 mm. or sometimes 10 mm. long by 2.5-3.5 mm. broad, about twice as long as broad; achene body obovate or discoid, 2-3 mm. long by 1.8-2.8 mm. broad, appressed-hairy or usually glabrous, the beak about 1 mm. long, curving dorsally or slightly recurved, prolonging the ventral margin of the body. Openly wooded hills and prairies. Transition Zone; seaward Coast Ranges from Coos County and western Josephine County, Oregon, to Mendocino County and western Lake County, California. Type locality: Klamath River, California. The hispid achene is to be found in any of the southern forms of R. occidentalis as well as in R. calif ornicus and R. canus. Ranunculus occidentalis var. Eisenii (Kell.) A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 373. 1886. Stems erect or suberect, 3-7 dm. long, 2—5 mm. in diameter; radical leaves like the typical species or frequently larger or pinnately compound; petals 5 or 6 or sometimes 8, 7-12 mm. long by 4-8 mm. broad, 1.1-2 times as long as broad; achene body discoid or obovate-discoid, 2-3.5 mm. long by 1.9—3.3 mm. broad, rarely longer, glabrous or sometimes hispid, the beak 0.5-1 mm. long, falcate, usually recurved a little, prolonging the ventral margin of the achene body. Vernally moist ground in the California foothills and mountain valleys at 100-1,300 meters (or up to 2,200 meters in Kern County), beneath oaks (leaves simple) or in vernal meadows or rivulets (leaves compound) ; from Trinity County south in the Inner Coast Ranges to Napa Countv and in the Sierra Nevada foothills to the Tehachapi Mountains. Type locality: near Fresno, California. The form occurring from southeastern Jackson County and southwestern Klamath County, Oregon, to Shasta County, California, is intermediate between the varieties Eisenii and ultramontanus. Ranunculus occidentalis var. ultramontanus Greene, Pittonia 3: 13. 1896. {Ranunculus alceus Greene, Erythea 3: 69. 1895.) Stems flexuous, reclining or sometimes erect, 3-6 dm. long, 1-2 mm. in diameter; radical leaves thin, 2-5 cm. long by 2-6 cm. broad or sometimes larger, commonly simple and 3-parted, but frequently compound with 3-5 leaflets, the larger divisions typically lanceolate, but sometimes cuneate and again lobed, the ultimate lobes usually not triangular; petals 5 or sometimes 6, 2—8 mm. long by 1.5-3 mm. broad, twice as long as broad; achene body elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long by 1.5-2.2 mm. broad, glabrous, the beak 0.7-1.3 mm. long, falcate, sometimes recurved, produced from the apex of the achene. Mountain streams and meadows. Transition and lower Canadian Zones; mountains of Siskiyou and Modoc Counties south in the North Coast Ranges, and in the Sierra Nevada, largely on the eastern side, to Inyo County, California. Type locality: Truckee River, California. Ranunculus occidentalis var. dissectus Henderson, Rhodora 32: 25. 1930. (Ranunculus ciliosus Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 17. 1897. Ranunculus marmorarius Jepson & Tracy in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 542. 1922.) Stems erect or reclining, 2-3 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. in diameter; radical leaves thin, usually deeply 3-parted, parts commonly simple and lanceolate or lanceolately-parted, ultimate lobes not triangular, pubescence not particularly dense but somewhat silky; petals 5, 5-10 mm. long by 4—6 mm. broad, glabrous, the beak 1.5- 1.9 mm. long, slender, straight, hooked at the extreme tip, prolonging the ventral margin of the achene body, rarely like the typical species. Meadows, Transition Zone; Rogue River— Umpqua River Divide, and mountains and plateaus of eastern Oregon, also Marble Mountain, Siskiyou County, California. Type locality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Ranunculus occidentalis var. Howellii Greene, Pittonia 3: 14. 1896. Stems commonly erect or sub- erect, 2-4 dm. long, 1-3 mm. in diameter; radical leaves simple and like the typical species, but often with the primary parting deeper or with more dense silky pubescence; petals 5-6, 7—12 mm. or 18 mm. long by 3-6 mm. or 8 mm. broad, usually 2-2.2 times as long as broad; achene body broadly ovate, 3 mm. long by 2.5 mm. dorsoventrally, appressed-hairy or glabrous, the beak 2 mm. long, straight but hooked at the extreme tip, pro- longing the ventral margin of the achene body. Openly wooded hills; borderland between the Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Rogue River watershed in Jackson and Josephine Counties, Oregon. Type locality: Ashland, Oregon. 6. Ranunculus californicus Benth. California Buttercup. Fig. 1827. Ranunculus dissectus Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 316. 1840. Not Bieb. 1819. Ranunculus Deppei Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 21, cited as synonym. 1838. Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. Suppl. 659. 1840. Not Torr. 1818. Ranunculus californicus Benth. PI. Hartw. 295. 1848. Ranunculus californicus var. latilobus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 375. 1886. Perennial, stems erect, 3-6 dm. long, spreading-pubescent or glabrous. Basal leaves mostly long-ovate, but often broader than long, 2.5-7 cm. long by 1.5-4 cm. broad, rarely simple and 3-parted, nearly always pinnate, leaflets 3-5, cuneate, lobed or parted, appressed-pubescent; sepals greenish yellow, reflexed, pointed, 4-8 mm. long, sparsely pubescent ; petals 9-16, bright golden yellow, rather short-clawed, 8—15 mm. long by 3-5 mm. broad; achenes 5-35, subdiscoid or obovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, very strongly compressed, smooth and glabrous or rarely hairy; the beak one-third as long as the body, recurved or hooked above ; receptacle not elongated in fruit. Vernally moist lands, Upper Sonoran or rarely Transition Zones; Humboldt County, California, south in the Outer Coast Ranges to Lower California, east from San Francisco Bay to the Sierra Nevada foothills. Type locality: Monterey, California. Jan.-May. Ranunculus californicus var. gratus Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 201. 1901. Subglabrous or thinly pilose, except on the leaves; terrestrial; stems erect or reclining, 3-7 dm. long, 1.5-3 mm. in diameter, a little fistulous, not tough; radical leaves simple, broadly cordate or very broadly ovate in outline, 1.8-4 cm. long by 2.3-5 cm. broad, 3-parted or -lobed, the lobes again shallowly lobed, cuneate, thin, ultimate lobes obtuse or acute, rather thinly pubescent, petioles 7-15 cm. or 25 cm. long; cauline leaves often 3-parted and with a strikingly elongated oblong middle part; petals 5-9 or 12, 3-10 mm. long by 2-5 mm. broad; achenes 10-20, each nearly discoid, 2.5 mm. long by 2 mm. broad, the beak slender, 1-1.5 mm. long, recurved. Deep canyons and north slopes. Humid Transition Zone; inner edge of the redwood belt from Curry County, Oregon, to western Lake and Napa Counties and the Monterey Peninsula, California. Type locality: hills near Napa Valley, California. Ranunculus californicus var. cuneatus Greene, Fl. Fran. 299. 1892. (Ranunculus californicus var. crassifolius Greene, Erythea 1: 125. 1893.) Moderately or sparsely pilose or short-pubescent; terrestrial; reported to be often annual; stems prostrate, only the pedicels assurgent, rooting at the basal underground nodes, 1-2.5 dm. long, not ordinarily fistulous, tough; radical leaves simple, round-cordate or cordate, 1.5-4 cm. long by 2-6 cm. broad, 3-lobed to deeply 3-parted, the lobes again lobed or toothed, cuneate, ultimate lobes rounded or obtuse, moderately pubescent, petioles 3-12 cm. long; sepals striking for being usually purple CROWFOOT FAMILY 203 or partly so dorsally; petals like the typical species (but only 5 in Oregon forms); achenes 20-30, like the typical species. Sea bluffs, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Columbia River south along the coast to Monterey County and the Santa Barbara Islands, California. Oregon specimens tend to have fewer petals and compound leaves. Type locality : San Mateo County, California. Ranunculus californicus var. rugulosus (Greene) L. Benson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 23: 30. 1936. Nearly glabrous or the leayes appresssd-pilose; palustrine or practically so; stems erect or suberect, 3-6 dm. long, 2-3 mm. in diameter, distinctly fistulous, rather delicate; radical leaves simple or pinnate with 3-5 leaflets, ovate in outline or the base cuneate, 2-7 cm. long by 2-6 or 9 cm. broad, deeply 3-parted or 3-5-divided, and again once- or twice-lobed, or -cleft, the segments tending to be oblanceolate or sometimes narrowly cuneate, ultimate lobes acute, sparsely pubescent; petioles 1 or commonly 2-3 dm. long; petals 7-12, 7-11 mm. long by 3 mm. broad; achenes 15-30, each obovate, 1-2 mm. long by 1-1.5 mm. broad, the beak usually slender and 0.7-0.8 mm! long, recurved. Wet sand of rivers and ditches, Lower Sonoran Zone; Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys ana lower Sierra Nevada foothills from Merced and Tuolumne Counties to Tulare County, California. Type locality: Chowchilla "Mountains," west of Wawona, California. 7. Ranunculus Bongardii Greene. Bongard's Buttercup. Fig. 1828. Ranunculus occidentalis var. Lyallii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21 : 373. 1886. Ranunculus Bongardii Greene, Erythea 3 : 54. 1895. Ranunculus Grecnei Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1 : 18. 1897. Perennial, stems erect, 3-6 dm. long, hirsute. Basal leaves larger than the cauline, cordate- reniform, 2.5-6 cm. long by 3.5-7.5 cm. broad, 3-parted, primary lobes shallowly again lobed, all lobes acute, appressed-hispidulose ; pedicels not over 1 . 5 cm. long in anthesis ; sepals reflexed, 2 mm. long, hispidulose, deciduous; petals 5, yellow, 1.5-1.8 mm. long by 1 mm. broad; achenes 8-20, obovate, strongly compressed, 2 mm. long, faces appressed-hispid, beak strongly hooked at the summit, a little longer than the body; receptacle not enlarged in fruit, glabrous. Shaded moist slopes, Transition Zone; common in the Humid Transition, from Alaska to Humboldt County, California; less common and at scattering stations in the Arid Transition, to the Sierra Nevada and San Ber- nardino Mountains, California, and to the Great Basin and northern Rocky Mountains. Type locality: Sitka, Alaska. May-July. Ranunculus Bongardii var. tenellus (Nutt.) Greene, Erythea 3: 54. 1895. (Ranunculus Douglasii Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 18. 1897.) Winter annual, glabrous or the sparse hair softer than in the typical species; basal leaves often dying early, usually smaller than the cauline, the lobes rounded; achenes 15—30, glabrous, the beaks considerably shorter than the bodies. Transition Zone or Lower Canadian Zone; Alaska south on the Pacific Slope to the San Bernardino Mountains, southern California, northern Great Basin, and the Rocky Mountains. Type locality: Columbia and Willamette Rivers, Oregon. 8. Ranunculus Bloomeri S. Wats. Bloomer's Buttercup. Fig. 1829. Ranunculus Bloomeri S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 426. 1880. Glabrous or sparingly hispid perennial, stems 2-5 dm. long, succulent, fistulous, stout. Basal leaves 3- or 5-pinnate, cordate-ovate in outline, 5-9 cm. long by 5-8.5 cm. broad, leaflets orbicular or ovate, serrately shallow-lobed, thick and shiny; sepals reflexed, ovate-attenuate, 7-10 cm. long, promptly deciduous, glabrous ; petals 5-8, bright yellow, emarginate, 10-17 mm. long ; achenes 35-60 in an ovoid head 10 mm. long by 8 mm. broad, 3 mm. long, almost 1 mm. thick, smooth and glabrous, beak 2.5-3 mm. long, turning distinctly ventrally; receptacle little elon- gated in fruit, bristly. Very wet and heavy adobe soil, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Mendocino and Lake Counties to Santa Clara County, California. Type locality: San Francisco, California. April-May. 9. Ranunculus orthorhynchus Hook. Straight-beaked Buttercup. Fig. 1830. Ranunculus orthorhynchus Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 21. pi. 9. 1829. Perennial, stems 1.5-5 dm. long, fistulous, hispidulose, hairs ascending especially above. Basal leaves pinnate, ovate, 4-13 cm. long by 3—10 cm. broad ; leaflets 3-7, again twice-forked or -lobed, the divisions all (typically) linear or else cuneate, appressed-pubescent or glabrous ; sepals reflexed, 7-8 mm. long, pubescent; petals 5, ventrally bright yellow, dorsally dull or frequently reddish or red, 8-19 mm. long by 4-7 mm. broad; achenes 12-20 in a cluster, bodies 3-4 mm. long, faces flat or sunken, margin keeled, beak straight, 3-4 mm. long ; receptacle little enlarged in fruit. _ Meadows, Transition Zone; Pacific Slope, Alaska to the North Coast Ranges and central Sierra Nevada, California, east to Goose Lake, California. Type locality: northwest America. May-June. Ranunculus orthorhynchus var. platyphyllus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 377. 1886. (.Ranunculus maximus Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 14: 118. 1887. Ranunculus politus Greene, Pittonia 5: 196. 1903.) Stems 6-12 dm. long, often 7-9 mm. thick, spreading hirsute, sometimes rather densely so; basal leaves pinnate with 5-7 leaflets; petals broader and shorter than in the typical species; achenes 20-35, beak slightly shorter and less rigid than in the typical species; receptacle slightly elongated in fruit. Transition Zone; British Co- lumbia to central California east to Idaho and Utah. Type locality: Long Valley, Mendocino County, California. Ranunculus orthorhynchus var. Hallii Jepson, Fl. Calif. 542. 1922. Hair of stems and petioles spread- ing; leaves the size of those in the typical species, the divisions often as broad as long, shallowly and obtusely lobed; achenes 4-17, usually few, marginal keel more distinctly carried into the beak than in the typical species. Mountain meadows, Transition Zone; Sierra Nevada, 2,000 meters, from Yosemite National Park to Fresno County, California. Type locality: Pine Ridge, Fresno County. 10. Ranunculus Macounii Britt. Macoun's Buttercup. Fig. 1831. Ranunculus hispidus Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 19. 1829. Not Michx. 1803. Ranunculus Macounii Britt. Trans. N.Y. Acad. 12: 3. 1892. Ranunculus oreganus Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 19. 1892. Ranunculus rudis Greene, Ottawa Nat. 16: 33. 1902. Perennial, stems frequently rooting at the nodes, 2-5 or 9 dm. long, densely hispid or glabrous, hairs 2-2.5 mm. long. Basal leaves 3-divided or 3- to 5-pinnate, cordate or cordate- 204 RANUNCULACEAE deltoid in outline, 3-8 cm. long by 5—13 cm. broad, leaflets 3-parted, parts again lobed; sepals spreading, 3-4.5 mm. long, pubescent or glabrous; petals 5, yellow, obovate, 5-7 mm. long; achenes 30-50 in an ovoid cylindrical head 7-12 mm. long by 5-7 mm. in diameter, each achene 3 mm. long, smooth and glabrous, the beak short and straight ; receptacle enlarged in fruit, hairy. Muddy ground, Transition Zone; Alaska south to Oregon and Goose Lake, California, east to Hudson Bay and Iowa, Arizona, and New Mexico; also in Siberia. Type locality: Mackenzie River, Northwest Territory, Canada. June— July. 11. Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Bristly Buttercup or Crowfoot. Fig. 1832. Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Suppl. 272. 1781. Perennial, stems simple below, branching above, 4-10 dm. long, fistulous, hispid. Basal leaves early deciduous ; cauline leaves pinnate, the lower 5-7 cm. long by 9-13 cm. broad, leaflets petiolate, cuneate, the middle one 3-parted and again lobed, appressed-hispidulose ; sepals re- flexed, 4-5 mm. long, slightly hairy ; petals 5, yellow, nearly round, 2-3 mm. long ; achenes 60-80 in a cylindrical or ovoid-cylindrical head 10-14 mm. long by 7-9 mm. in diameter, body 2.5 mm. long by 1 . 8 mm. broad, smooth and glabrous, beak 1 mm. long, deltoid ; receptacle elongated in fruit, pubescent. Transition Zone; British Columbia south to northern Washington, east to Nova Scotia and Pennsylvania; also in eastern Asia. Type locality: Pennsylvania. May-July. 1827 1828 1830 1831 1832 1827. Ranunculus californicus 1828. Ranunculus Bongardii 1829. Ranunculus Bloomeri 1830. Ranunculus orthorhynchus 1831. Ranunculus Macounii 1832. Ranunculus pennsylvanicus CROWFOOT FAMILY 205 12. Ranunculus arvensis L. Field Buttercup or Hunger Weed. Fig. 1833. Ranunculus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 555. 1753. Annual, stems mostly solitary, erect, 1.5-5 dm. long, slightl cuneate-obovate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long by 1.5-4.5 cm. broad, deeply 3- late, sometimes again shallowly lobed, glabrous or thinly pubescent 6-7 mm. long, pubescent ; petals 5, yellow, 6-8 mm. long ; stamens short-stalked, obovate, 5 mm. long, compressed, faces with short produced into long spines, beak curving dorsally, stout ; receptacle hairy at the summit. Fields, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; naturalized in Yamhill southern part of Oregon, also in Mendocino and Mariposa Counties, California Europe. July-Sept. y hairy above. Basal leaves parted, lobes obovate-lanceo- ; sepals spreading, lanceolate, 10-15; achenes 5 in a whorl, spines, the thickened border slightly not enlarged in fruit and Marion Counties and in the ; eastern United States. Native of 13. Ranunculus muricatus L. Prickle-fruited Buttercup. Fig. 1834. Ranunculus muricatus L. Sp. PI. 555. 1753. Glabrous perennial, stems several, reclining, usually stout, 2-4 dm. long. Basal leaves broadly cordate or else suborbicular and truncate at the base, 2-4 cm. long by 2-4.5 cm. broad, deeply 1833 1834 1836 1837 1838 1833. Ranunculus arvensis 1834. Ranunculus muricatus 1835. Ranunculus parviflorus 1836. Ranunculus hebecarpus 1837. Ranunculus sardous 1838. Ranunculus cardiophyllus 206 RANUNCULACEAE 3-lobed, the lobes again shallowly crenately-lobed ; pedicels 1-4 cm. long; sepals thin, 4-5 mm. long; petals 5, yellow, 5-8 mm. long, clawed; achenes 10-20, bodies sessile, obovate, 5 mm. long, faces spiny-muricate, margin thick and bevelled and keeled, without spines, the keel produced along the 2-2.5 mm. long very stout and somewhat curving beak; receptacle short, not enlarged in fruit. Meadows and lake borders, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; naturalized in western Washington and Oregon, south to central California; also in the southern United States. Native of Europe. April-June. 14. Ranunculus parviflorus L. Small-flowered Buttercup. Fig. 1835. Ranunculus parviflorus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 780. 1762. Annual or perhaps biennial, stems several, suberect, 1-3 dm. long, much-branched, thinly long-pilose. Basal leaves reniform, 3-parted or -divided, 1.5-2 cm. long by 2-2.5 cm. broad, segments lobed or forked, ultimate lobes acute, finely pubescent ; pedicels obscure in anthesis ; sepals 6, 1 mm. long, very hairy ; petals 1 or 2, yellow, 1 mm. long ; achenes 10-20, obovate, 1 . 5 mm. long, fairly turgid, faces covered with reddish-brown papillae which are produced into minute slender hooks, margin strongly marked, beak deltoid, 0.5 mm. long, recurved; receptacle not markedly enlarged in fruit. Fields, Transition Zone; naturalized in Humboldt County, California, and in the eastern and southern United States. Native of Europe. June-Aug. 15. Ranunculus hebecarpus Hook. & Arn. Pubescent-fruited Buttercup. Fig. 1836. Ranunculus hebecarpus Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 316. 1840. Ranunculus hebecarpus var. pusillus Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 9. 1876. Tiny annual, stems suberect, 1-3 dm. long, filiform, long-pubescent. Basal leaves cordate- reniform, 6-15 mm. long by 12-22 mm. broad, rather deeply 3-parted, again lobed, ultimate lobes acute, appressed-pubescent ; sepals green, broadly scarious-margined, spreading, 1 mm. long, densely pilose; petals 1, 2 or none, yellow, 1 mm. long; stamens 10 or more; achenes 4-10, round-ovate, 2 mm. in diameter, compressed, densely beset with papillae produced into stiff, hooked hairs, beak stout and thick, hooked at the tip ; receptacle pyriform, very small, glabrous. Shade of trees, Transition or chiefly Upper Sonoran Zone; southern Washington south through western Oregon to southern California, east to Idaho. Type locality: California. April-May. 16. Ranunculus sardous Crantz. Hairy Buttercup. Fig. 1837. Ranunculus sardous Crantz, Stirp. Austr. ed. 1. fasc. 2: 84. 1763. Ranunculus parvulus L. Mant. 79. 1767. Probably perennial, stems several, suberect, 1-3 dm. long, much-branched, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Basal leaves pinnate, 2-3 cm. long by 2-2.5 cm. broad, the 3 leaflets parted and lobed, ultimate segments deltoid, pubescent ; pedicels 3-5 cm. long in anthesis ; sepals 5, re- flexed, 5 mm. long, pilose; petals 5, yellow, cuneate, 8-9 mm. long by 5-7 mm. broad; achenes 12-25, faces reddish brown, papillate, margin strongly marked, beak 0.3 mm. long, deltoid, curved at the tip ; receptacle but slightly elongated in fruit, covered with long white hairs. Transition Zone in this area; naturalized on the Columbia River at Portland, Oregon, and Fortuna, Hum- boldt County, California. Type locality: European. June-Aug. 17. Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook. Heart-leaved Buttercup. Fig. 1838. Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 14. pi. 5. f. B. 1829. Ranunculus affinis var. cardiophyllus A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 15: 56. 1863. Ranunculus pedatifidus var. cardiophyllus Britt. Bull. Torrey Club 18: 265. 1891. Pilose perennial, stems branching, 3-6 dm. long. Basal leaves oblong-ovate or cordate, 3-4.5 cm. long by 2-4 cm. broad, crenate, the terminal lobe scarcely longer than the others in any leaf ; sepals densely tomentose dorsally and slightly red- or lavender-tinged, spreading, deeply concave ; petals 9-12 mm. long, nearly twice as long as the sepals, the nectary scale ciliate ; achenes about 50 in a cylindrical head 10-13 mm. long by 7-8 mm. in diameter, the bodies 1.5-2 mm. long, canescent ; beak short, fleshy ; receptacle elongated in fruit. Transition Zone; Rocky Mountains; specimens from Fort Colville, northeastern Washington, are attributed by Piper to this species. Type locality: Canada. June— July. 18. Ranunculus inamoenus var. alpeophilus (A. Nels.) L. Benson. Nelson's Buttercup. Fig. 1839. Ranunculus alpeophilus A. Nels. Bull. Torrey Club 26: 350. 1899. Ranunculus inamoenus var. alpeophilus L. Benson, Bull. Torrey Club 68: 651. 1941. Nearly glabrous perennial, the stems 2.5-4 dm. long. Basal leaves cuneate-obovate, ovate, or nearly cordate-reniform, 2-3 cm. long by 3-5 cm. broad, 3-parted, the lateral lobes crenate, the terminal lobe lingulate and entire ; sepals spreading, equaling or nearly equaling the petals, hairy; petals 5, yellow, 5-6 mm. long; achenes about 50 in a cylindrical head 9-12 mm. long by 6-7 mm. in diameter, the bodies 1 . 5 mm. long, finely pubescent ; beak short, slender ; receptacle elongated in fruit. Mountain meadows, Transition Zone; Rocky Mountain region. A single specimen from Newport, Pend Oreille County, Washington, belongs to this variety. Type locality: Wyoming. June-July. CROWFOOT FAMILY 207 19. Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schlect. Eschscholtz's Buttercup. Fig. 1840. Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schlect. Animad. Ranunc. 2: 16. pi. 1. 1820. Ranunculus Eschscholtzii var. Helleri L. Benson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 23: 169. 1936. Glabrous perennial, caudex about 1 cm. long, rather thick, stems 15-35 cm. long, nearly simple. Basal leaves semicircular to reniform, 2-3 cm. long by 2.5-4 cm. broad, deeply 3-parted, the middle lobe again 3-lobed or entire, the lateral unequally 3- to 5-lobed, all divisions rounded ; sepals dorsally lavender-tinged, spreading, about half to three-fifths the length of the petals; petals 5, yellow, 6-10 mm. long ; achenes 30-75 in a cylindrical or ovoid head 9-16 mm. long and 5-7 mm. in diameter, 1 mm. long, beak filiform, half to four-fifths the length of the body ; re- ceptacle elongated in fruit, glabrous. Meadows and talus slopes near timber-line, Arctic- Alpine and Hudsonian Zones; Alaska south through the Olympic, Cascade, and Wallowa Mountains of Washington and Oregon; also in the Rocky Mountains and rare in the Sierra Nevada. Type locality: Unalaska, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. July-Aug. Ranunculus Eschscholtzii var. Suksdorfii (A. Gray) L. Benson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 23: 170. 1936. Caudex 1-1 . S or rarely 2.5 cm. long by 3-5 or 7 mm. in diameter; basal leaves thin, deeply 3-parted, the middle lobe again 3-lobed, the ultimate lobes and sinuses sharply acute, scarious stipular leaf bases 1-2 cm. long, annually deciduous; petals 7-11 mm. long by 5-10 mm. broad; achenes glabrous. Mountain meadows and slopes, Arctic- Alpine and Hudsonian Zones; Olympic and Cascade Mountains, Washington, east to northern Idaho and Mon- tana; 1,700-2,000 meters elevation. Type locality: Mount Adams, Washington. Ranunculus Eschscholtzii var. trisectus (Eastw.) L. Benson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 23: 170. 1936. Caudex 1 or 3-6 cm. long by 4-7 mm. in diameter, usually branched; basal leaves usually thin, deeply 3-parted, the middle lobe again 3- to 7-lobed, scarious stipular leaf bases 1.5-2.5 cm. long, usually persistent for a season or more after death of the leaf; achenes hispid or glabrous. Mountain meadows and slopes, Arctic-Alpine Zone; Wallowa and Steen Mountains, eastern Oregon, east to mountains of central Idaho; 2,000-3,000 meters eleva- tion. Type locality : Wallowa Mountains. Ranunculus Eschscholtzii var. oxynotus (A. Gray) Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1 : 537. 1922. Caudex 3-7 mm. long by 5-12 mm. in diameter, often branched; basal leaves thick, 3-cleft or rarely parted, the middle lobe entire and Ungulate or rarely (Tulare County) 3-lobed, the lateral lobes crenate, stipular leaf bases thickened and persistent for one or more seasons; achenes glabrous. Meadows and talus, Arctic- Alpine or Hudsonian Zone; Warner Mountains, California, south in the Sierra Nevada and neighboring desert ranges of California and adjacent Nevada and in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains, California. Type locality: Castle Peak (Mount Stanford), Sierra County, California. 20. Ranunculus verecundus Robinson. Timber-line Buttercup. Fig. 1841. Ranunculus verecundus Robinson, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 274. 1906. Ranunculus ramulosus M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 14: 47. 1912. Glabrous perennial, caudex short, stem 8-20 cm. long, mostly unbranched, slender. Basal leaves cordate or reniform, 7-12 mm. long by 9-18 mm. broad, palmately 3-parted, the middle lobe again 3-lobed, the lateral unequally 3- to 5-lobed, lobes obtuse or rounded, sinuses rounded out ; cauline leaves 1-3 ; pedicels 1-10 cm. long ; sepals dorsally lavender-tinged, spreading, nearly equaling the corolla, pubescent ; petals 5, yellow, rather narrow, 3-5 mm. long ; achenes in a cylindrical head 5-8 mm. long, obovate, 1.5 mm. long, smooth and glabrous, the beak one- half as long as the body, distinctly recurved at the tip; receptacle elongated in fruit, glabrous. Wet gravelly slopes above the timber-line, Arctic- Alpine Zone; central Alaska, Mount Stuart, Mount Rainier, and Mount Adams, Washington, and Custer County, Idaho. Type locality: Mount Adams, Washing- ton. July-Aug. 21. Ranunculus glaberrimus Hook. Sagebrush Buttercup. Fig. 1842. Ranunculus glaberrimus Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 12. pi. 5. f. A. 1829. Ranunculus Austiniae Greene, Erythea 3: 44. 1895. Glabrous perennial, roots numerous, large, stems reclining, 4-18 cm. long. Basal leaves round to ovate, 2-3 cm. long, 3- (or 5-) lobed at the apex, thick; cauline leaves 3-parted or -divided ; peduncles 5-12 cm. long ; sepals dorsally lavender-tinged, elliptic or round ; petals 5, rarely more, bright yellow, broadly obovate, 6-15 mm. long; achenes 75-150 in a globose head 1-2 cm. in diameter, nearly spherical, 1 . 5 mm. long, turgid, usually finely pubescent, beaks slender or flattened and a little winged, one-third or one-half as long as the bodies; receptacle enlarged in fruit, glabrous. Sandy soil, sagebrush region, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; British Columbia to Plumas County, California, east to Colorado. Type locality: Kettle Falls, Columbia River, Washington. April-May. Ranunculus glaberrimus var. ellipticus Greene, Fl. Fran. 1 : 298. 1892. Basal leaves entire, elliptical or oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, tapering into the petiole; upper cauline leaves with the middle division elongated. Mountain meadows, Canadian Zone; mountains in the range of the typical species, Okanogan County, Wash- ington, south to Nevada County, California, east to Colorado. Type locality: Colorado. Ranunculus glaberrimus var. reconditus (A. Nels. & Macbr.) L. Benson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 23: 170. 1936. {Ranunculus triternatus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 370. 1886. Not Poir. 1823.) Basal leaves finely dissected, being triternately parted or divided, the primary divisions long-petiolate and the lobes from filiform- linear to linear-spatulate, obtuse, the dissected blade deltoid to reniform, 2 cm. long by 2.5 cm. broad; cauline leaves similar. Vernally moist slopes of high hills, Arid Transition Zone; Klickitat County, Washington, and The Dalles of the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon. Type locality: Goldendale, Washington. 22. Ranunculus Flammula var. ovalis (Bigelow) L. Benson. Creeping Buttercup or Crowfoot. Fig. 1843. Ranunculus filiformis var. ovalis Bigelow, Fl. Bost. ed. 2. 239. 1824. Ranunculus reptans var. ovalis Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 16. 1838. Ranunculus reptans var. strigulosus Freyn, Deutsch. Bot. Monatss. 8: 181. 1890. Ranunculus Flammula var. ovalis L. Benson, Bull. Torrey Club 69: 305. 1942. Glabrous or slightly appressed-pubescent perennial, the stems creeping or reclining, rooting at the nodes, often stolon-like, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves usually all alike, linear-spatulate to oblanceo- 208 RANUNCULACEAE late or lanceolate, l.S-S cm. long by 2.5-4 mm. broad, entire, petioles 1-6 cm. long or reduced, not sheathing the stem; pedicels from any node, 1-4 cm. long; sepals greenish yellow, spread- ing or somewhat reflexed, ovate, 3-5 mm. long, glabrous or pubescent ; petals 5 or 10, bright yellow, rectangular-obovate, 6-9 mm. long ; stamens 20-30 ; achenes 10-25, the body obovoid, turgid, smooth and glabrous, the beak short and thick, closely recurved; receptacle not enlarged in fruit. Muddy or marshy ground or wet sand from sea level up to 1,000 meters or up to 2,500 meters southward, Transition Zone; Alaska to north coastal and montane California, northern Arizona, and Colorado, and east- ward to Newfoundland and New England. Type locality: Boston, Massachusetts. May-July. Variable in size of leaves and amount of adventitious rooting. A few specimens from Washington and Oregon closely approach typical R. Flammula which is marked by an almost obsolete achene beak. Ranunculus Flammula var. samolifolius (Greene) L. Benson, Bull. Torrey Club 69: 306. 1942. {Ranun- culus samolifolius Greene, Pittonia 3: 13. 1900.) Cauline leaves usually sessile and the petioles inclined to sheath the stem, the blades ovate to obovate or very broadly oblanceolate, 1 . 5-3 cm. long, 1-1 . 2 cm. broad. Cascade Mountains of Oregon in Klamath County, to Plumas County, California. Type locality: Mount Shasta, California. 23. Ranunculus alismaefolius Geyer. Water Plantain Buttercup. Fig. 1844. Ranunculus alismaefolius Geyer ex Benth. PI. Hartw. 295. 1848. Ranunculus Bolanderi Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 2: 58. 1886. Glabrous and robust perennial, stems erect, 3-8 dm. long, thick. Basal leaves lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long by 1-3 cm. broad, blunt at the apex, tapering into the petiole, often serrulate, thick; cauline leaves alternate below, the bracts opposite ; sepals spreading, one-third the length of the petals, pubescent dorsally; petals 5, bright yellow, obovate, 1 cm. long; achenes 30-50 in a subglobose head, each 2 mm. long, the beak short and curving dorsally from the base ; receptacle enlarged by 4-5 mm. in fruit, pyriform. Muddy lake borders and ditches, Transition Zone; British Columbia south to Mendocino County, Califor- nia, east to Idaho. Type locality: Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. April-June. Ranunculus alismaefolius var. Hartwegii (Greene) Jepson, Fl. Calif. 534. 1922. Glabrous; stems 2-4 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. in diameter, branching above, several-flowered; radical leaf blades lanceolate, 4-10 cm. broad, entire, of intermediate thickness between R. alismaefolius and var. alismellus; petals 5, 6-8 mm. long, the nectary scale attached nearly to its apex, often lobed; achenes 20-30, each 2 mm. long by 1.5 mm. dorso- ventrally by 0.8 mm. laterally, the beak about 0.7 mm. long; receptacle 1-1.5 mm. long in fruit. Mountain meadows, Transition Zone; Blue Mountains, Oregon, south in the Sierra Nevada to Calaveras County, Cali- fornia; also in the northern Rocky Mountains. Type locality: Bear Valley, Nevada County, California. Ranunculus alismaefolius var. alismellus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 327. 1868. Glabrous; stems 1—2 or 3 dm. long, 1—1.5 mm. in diameter, often simple, usually 1- or 2-flowered; radical leaf blades ovate- lanceolate or sometimes ovate, 2-4 cm. long, entire, thin; petals 5, about 6 mm. long, the nectary scale attached usually almost to its apex, truncate or rounded; achenes 10-30, each 1.5 mm. long by 1.2 mm. dorsoventrally by about 0.5 mm. laterally; receptacle about 1 mm. long in fruit. Mountain meadows, Canadian and Hudson- ian Zones; eastern peaks of the Cascade Mountains, Washington, high mountains of Oregon, Siskiyou Moun- tains, high North Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains, California. Type locality: Lake Tenaya, Yosemite National Park, California. Ranunculus alismaefolius var. Lemmonii (A. Gray) L. Benson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 23: 172. 1936. Com- monly pilose at least on the stems and petioles; stems decumbent, 1.5-3 dm. long, 1.5-3 mm. in diameter; radical leaves lanceolate, 3-9 cm. long by 5-10 mm. broad, entire; petals 5, 8-16 (mostly 10) mm. long, the nectary scale like the typical species; achenes about 20, each about 2 mm. long by 1.8 mm. dorsoventrally by about 0.8-1 mm. laterally, pubescent, glabrate, or glabrous, the beak 0.5-1 mm. long; receptacle pyriform, 2—5 mm. long in fruit. Transition Zone; valleys in the arid mountain region from Mount Lassen to Truckee, California. Type locality: Sierra Valley, California. 24. Ranunculus oresterus L. Benson. Blue Mountain Buttercup. Fig. 1845. Ranunculus oresterus L. Benson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 26: 555. 1939. Practically glabrous terrestrial perennials, the roots very numerous, filiform, 0.5—1 mm. in diameter, each root densely covered with hairs for its entire length ; stems erect, not rooting, about 1 dm. long, 2-4 flowered, glabrous except for long appressed stout hairs at the bases. Radical leaf blades simple, each broadest at the middle and tapering to the acute ends, 2-4.5 cm. long by about 6-7 mm. broad, entire, glabrous, petioles 2-4 cm. long, stipular leaf base perhaps forming almost the entire petiole ; cauline leaves alternate or almost opposite, sessile ; sepals yellowish and petaloid, spreading, narrowly oblong, 3 mm. long by 1-1.5 mm. broad, the length of the petals; petals 5, yellow, narrowly oblong, 3 mm. long by 1-1.5 mm. broad, the nectary scale glabrous, apparently forming a pocket; stamens 5-10; achenes 15-25 in a depressed-globose head 2-4 mm. long by 2.5^ mm. in diameter, each achene obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 1-1.5 mm. long by 0.7-1 mm. dorsoventrally by 0.7-0.8 mm. laterally, smooth, glabrous, the beak filiform, 0.4-0.6 mm. long, not curved; receptacle 1.5-2.5 mm. long in fruit, glabrous. In swales at the summit of the Blue Mountains, altitude 1,300 meters, Baker-Canyon City Road, Oregon. Known only from the type collection and from a second collection in southern Idaho. May-June. 25. Ranunculus hydrocharoides A. Gray. Frog's-bit Buttercup. Fig. 1846. Ranunculus hydrocharoides A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 5: 306. 1855. Glabrous, aquatic perennial, the roots filiform, fasicled at the lower nodes; stems 10-25 cm. long, fistulous, inflated. Basal and cauline leaves alike, broadly ovate to suborbicular or elliptic, 1 . 5-3 . 5 cm. long, entire ; sepals greenish yellow, spreading, ovate, half the length of the petals, early deciduous ; petals 5, straw-yellow, narrowly obovate, about 5 mm. long ; achenes 20-25 in a subglobose head 3-4 mm. long, rather well-compressed, 1 mm. long, margin distinctly visible, beak fleshy with a recurving, hook-like tip ; receptacle short, very little enlarged in fruit. Owens Lake, California, eastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northwestern Mexico. Type locality: Mabibi, Sonora, Mexico. June— July. CROWFOOT FAMILY 209 1845 1846 1839. Ranunculus inamoenus 1840. Ranunculus Eschscholtzii 1841. Ranunculus verecundus 1842. Ranunculus glaberrimus 1843. Ranunculus Flammula 1844. Ranunculus alismaefolius 1845. Ranunculus oresterus 1846. Ranunculus hydrocharoides 1847. Ranunculus Gormanii 210 RANUNCULACEAE 26. Ranunculus Gormanii Greene. Gorman's Buttercup. Fig. 1847. Ranunculus Gormanii Greene, Pittonia 3: 91. 1896 Ranunculus terrestris Wynd, Torreya 30: 53. 1930. Glabrous perennial, the roots slender, each with a small, light-colored, fusiform base ; stems prostrate, stolon-like, 1-2 dm. long, rooting at usually 2 or 3 nodes, filiform. Basal and cauline leaves alike, broadly ovate to deltoid-ovate, 20-30 mm. long, 15-22 mm. broad, entire, thin and flaccid, 3-nerved; pedicels terminal or nearly so; sepals spreading, ovate, 2-3 mm. long; gla- brous; petals 5, bright straw-yellow, 5-6 mm. long; achenes 6-15, 1.5 mm. long, glabrous, smooth, somewhat compressed, slightly margined, beak evident, curved at the tip; receptacle short, not enlarged in fruit. Boggy mountain streams and meadows, Hudsonian Zone; Cascade Mountains from the Three Sisters, Ore- gon, to the Siskiyou and Klamath Mountains, California; 2,000 meters elevation. Type locality: Crater Lake, Oregon. June-July. 27. Ranunculus Populago Greene. Cusick's Buttercup. Fig. 1848. Ranunculus Populago Greene, Erythea 3: 19. 1895. Ranunculus Cusickii M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 615. 1895. Flaccid and glabrous perennial, the roots fleshy, each with a light-colored, fusiform bulge at the base; stems 1 or 2, reclining or suberect, 1.4 dm. long. Basal leaves round-reniform to cor- date-ovate or ovate, 3-5 cm. long by 3-6 cm. broad, denticulate, thin; cauline leaves opposite, rarely alternate, deltoid-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; sepals spreading,_ rounded, 2.5-4 mm. long; petals 5, yellow, narrowly obovate, 8 mm. long ; achenes in a hemispherical head 3-4 mm. in radius, obovate, 1.5 mm. long, glabrous, beak straight, one-third the length of the body; re- ceptacle short, a little enlarged in fruit. Mountain meadows, Transition and Canadian Zones; Blue Mountains, Washington, mountains of Oregon, and the Siskiyou and Klamath Mountains south in the Sierra Nevada to Butte County, California, east to Idaho. Type locality: Blue Mountains, Oregon. June-July. 28. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Low Buttercup or Spearwort. Fig. 1849. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. in Lam. Encyl. 6: 99. 1804. Ranunculus trachyspermus var. Lindheimeri Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 211. 1847. Ranunculus pusillus var. Lindheimeri A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21 : 367. 1886. Ranunculus Biolettii Greene, Pittonia 2: 225. 1892. Glabrous palustrine annuals, the stems reclining, 1-5 dm. long, fistulous, rooting at the lower nodes. Basal and lower cauline leaves oblong to ovate or rarely cordate, 6-30 mm. long by 5-15 mm. broad, entire or undulate ; upper cauline leaves linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate, sessile ; sepals greenish yellow, ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, glabrous or hairy; petals 1-3, obovate, 1-1.5 mm. long by 1 mm. broad, the nectary scale truncate; stamens 5-10; achenes 15-50 in an ovoid or hemispherical head 3-5 mm. long by 1-2 mm. in radius, bodies 1 mm. long, smooth or papillate, glabrous, style and achene beak 0.1-0.2 mm. long; receptacle enlarged in fruit, pyriform. Shallow water of valleys, Transition Zone; Outer Coast Ranges from Humboldt County to the Santa Cruz Mountains and Napa County, California; also in the southern United States. Type locality: Carolina. April- May. 29. Ranunculus alveolatus Carter. Carter's Buttercup. Fig. 1850. Ranunculus alveolatus Carter apud Benson & Carter, Amer. Journ. Bot. 26: 555. 1939. Glabrous to sparsely pubescent semi-aquatic annual, the stems many-branched from near the base, rooting at the lower nodes, 12-30 cm. long. Leaves alternate, the blades simple, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 6-20 mm. long by 4-12 mm. broad, entire to slightly dentate, petioles of the lower cauline leaves 30-85 mm. long, petioles of the upper cauline leaves 6-35 mm. long ; stipular leaf bases membranous-margined, non-ciliate or slightly ciliate at the apices; sepals 3, mem- branous-margined at the bases, broadly ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long by 1-1.5 mm. broad; petals 2-3, yellow, ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long by 1 mm. broad, the nectary scale a glabrous pocket, truncate; stamens 4-5; achenes 15-25 in a slightly elongated head 3-5 mm. long by 3-4 mm. in diameter, each achene oval, flattened, 1.5 mm. long by 1.25 mm. dorsoventrally by 0.5 mm. laterally, the surface alveolate, the beak obscure; receptacle 2-3.5 mm. long by 1.25-1.5 mm. in diameter in fruit, glabrous. Margins of ponds and marshy areas along small streams, Sierra Nevada foothills from Calaveras County to Placer County, California. Type locality: between Fair Oaks and Folsom, California. April-May. 30. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Cursed Buttercup or Crowfoot. Fig. 1851. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Sp. PI. 551. 1753. Stems 1-10 dm. long, 2-15 mm. in diameter. Basal and cauline leaves reniform, 1-3 or 6 cm. long by 1.5-5 or 10 cm. broad, deeply 3-parted or -divided, the primary parts or divisions of the basal usually merely lobed, but sometimes parted or divided, the ultimate lobes obtuse, the sinuses rounded out ; sepals spreading, at least three-fourths the length of the petals and often exceeding them ; petals light yellow, 2-3 or 5 mm. long ; achenes in a head 3 mm. long by 2 mm. in diameter up to 10 mm. by 7 mm., the body obovate, less than 1 mm. long, turgid, the pericarp trans- versely ridged. Borders of lakes and marshland, Transition Zone; naturalized about Seattle and Portland and the islands of Puget Sound, also in eastern North America. Type locality: European. June- Aug. CROWFOOT FAMILY 211 Ranunculus sceleratus var. multifidus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 19. 1838. (Ranunculus eremogenes Greene, Erythea 4: 121. 1896.) Basal leaves usually with the primary parts or divisions deeply again parted or divided; pericarp smooth except for a circle of minute "pin-prick" depressions on each face. Along ditches and often brackish lakes. Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington and Oregon to northeastern Siskiyou and Modoc counties, California, east to Great Basin and Great Plains. Type locality: Platte River. 31. Ranunculus Purshii Richards. Pursh's Buttercup. Fig. 1852. Ranunculus Purshii Richards, in Frankl. 1st Journ. Bot. App. ed. 2. 741. 1823. Glabrous aquatic or palustrine perennial ; lower nodes rooting ; stems 1-3 dm. long. Leaves frequently all cauline, 1-2 cm. long by 1 . 5-2 . 5 cm. broad, deeply cordate, 3-divided, the lateral lobes forked, the outline hence pentagonal, petioles 1-3 or 4 cm. long ; sepals 5, thick and heavy, spreading, round, glabrous; petals 5, yellow, little longer than the sepals, circular or obovate, 4-6 mm. long, nectary-scales variable; achenes 50-70 in an ovoid head 5-7 mm. long, turgid, ovate, 1-1.2 mm. long, smooth and glabrous, base with a suggestion of corky thickening beside the keel, beak flattened, but not winged ; receptacle broadened and elongated in fruit. Ponds and lakes. Transition Zone; Whatcom County and eastern Washington, Klamath Lake, Oregon, and Canada and the northern United States. Type locality: north-central Canada. June-July. This plant may be only a variety of the Asiatic species, Ranunculus Gmelinii DC, cf. L. Benson, Bull. Torrey Club 69: 313. 1942. 32. Ranunculus flabellaris Raf. Yellow Water Buttercup or Crowfoot. Fig. 1853. Ranunculus multifidus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 736. 1814. Not Forsk. 177S. Ranunculus flabellaris Raf. Amer. Mo. Mag. 2: 344. March 1818. Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2. 395. May 1818. Ranunculus delphinifolius f. submersus Gluck, Beihefte Bot. Cent. 39. abt. 2. 328. 1923. Ranunculus delphinifolius f. terrestris Gluck, loc. cit. Flaccid and glabrous aquatic perennial, the stems submerged, rooting below, about 40 cm. long, fistulous. Leaves all cauline, semicircular to reniform, 1.5-5 cm. long by 2-7 cm. broad, finely dissected, ultimate divisions 1 mm. broad; pedicels 4-10 cm. long; sepals deciduous in anthesis, one-half as long as the petals ; petals 5-8, yellow, 8-15 mm. long, nectar pit in a pocket on the ventral side of the scale ; achenes 50-75 in a nearly spherical or ovoid head 7-10 mm. long, bodies 1-1.8 mm. long, smooth and glabrous, heavily corky-margined at the bases; the beaks winged, as long as the bodies, sharply hooked at the tips ; receptacle thickening and elongat- ing in fruit. Shallow water or mud, Transition Zone; British Columbia to eastern Washington and Oregon, the lower Columbia River, and Humboldt, Mendocino, and Modoc Counties, California; eastward to Ontario, Maine, and New Jersey, and south, in the Mississippi Valley to Louisiana. Type locality: Boston, Massachusetts. June-July. The form growing in mud is smaller and more compact, and the leaves are less dissected. 33. Ranunculus Cymbalaria var. saximontanus Fernald. Desert Buttercup or Crowfoot. Fig. 1854. Ranunculus tridentatus var. major H. B. K. in DC. Syst. 1: 253. 1818. Not Ranunculus Cymbalaria var. major Hook. f. & Thompson, 1855. Ranunculus Cymbalaria var. saximontanus Fernald, Rhodora 16: 162. 1914. Glabrous perennial, scapes 5-30 cm. long, stolons several dm. long. Basal leaves cordate, 15- 25 mm. long by 12-20 or 25 mm. broad, shallowly crenately lobed ; sepals 5, 3-8 mm. long, gla- brous, thick ; petals 5, yellow, 3-8 mm. long ; stamens about 20 ; achenes 100-300 in a cylindrical head 5-10 mm. long and 3-5 mm. in diameter, body nearly oblong, the base truncate and nar- rower than the apex, 1.5 mm. long by 0.8 mm. broad, compressed, thin-walled, each face with about 4 longitudinal nerves or striations, the body produced into a deltoid beak 0.2 mm. long; fruiting receptacle much elongated, cylindrical. Streams and springs and ocean inlets, mud or wet sand. Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones and sometimes Transition Zone; arid western America, Alaska to Mexico, east to Nebraska; coastal southern California. Type locality: Mexico. May-Sept. 34. Ranunculus Codleyae Vasey & Rose. Cooley's Buttercup. Fig. 1855. Ranunculus Cooleyae Vasey & Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1: 289. pi. 22. 1893. Kumlienia Cooleyae Greene, Erythea 2: 193. 1894. Arcteranthis Cooleyae Greene, Pittonia 3: 190. pi. 3. 1897. Glabrous perennial, caudex 1 cm. long, scapes simple, 3 dm. long, bearing a single scale leaf. Basal leaves reniform, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes dichotomously shallowly parted and lobed; sepals 5, yellow, petaloid, 7-9 mm. long by 5 mm. broad, glabrous ; petals 7-16, yellow, 7-8 mm. long by 2 mm. broad, the claw 4 mm. long, narrow, margins rolled ventrally into the forked nectary scale whose margins flare into the blade; achenes 25-30, 2.5 mm. long by 1 mm. broad, 3-striate on each face, beak 1 . 3 mm. long, hooked at the tip ; receptacle broad and convex in fruit. Slopes near snow, Hudsonian Zone; Alaska to the mountains of western British Columbia and the Olympic Mountains, Washington. Type locality: Juneau, Alaska. July-Aug. 35. Ranunculus hystriculus A. Gray. Waterfall Buttercup. Fig. 1856. Ranunculus hystriculus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 328. 1867. Kumlienia hystricula Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 337. 1886. Glabrous perennial, caudex less than 1 cm. long, scapes simple or branched, bearing no or one 212 RANUNCULACEAE 1054 1855 1856 1848. Ranunculus Populago 1849. Ranunculus pusillus 1850. Ranunculus alveolatus 1851. Ranunculus sceleratus 1852. Ranunculus Purshii 1853. Ranunculus flabellaris 1854. Ranunculus Cymbalaria 1855. Ranunculus Cooleyae 1856. Ranunculus hystriculus CROWFOOT FAMILY 213 1861 1863 1864 1857. Ranunculus Andersonii 1858. Ranunculus Lobbii 1859. Ranunculus aquatilis 1865 1860. Trautvetteria carolinensis 1861. Thalictrum alpinum 1862. Thalictrum sparsiflorum 1863. Thalictrum occidentale 1866 1864. Thalictrum venulosum 1865. Thalictrum Fendleri 1866. Thalictrum polycarpum 214 RANUNCULACEAE or two small leaves, 1.5-4 dm. long. Basal leaves semicircular or reniform, 2-4 mm. long by 3-5 mm. broad, 3-lobed, and again shallowly lobed ; sepals 5, white, petaloid, 7-10 mm. long by 4-6 mm. broad, glabrous ; petals 8-12, yellowish, almost lacking blades, the claws 2-3 mm. long, nec- tary scale forked; achenes 25-30, 3 mm. long by 1 mm. broad, 3-striate on each face, beak 1.3 mm. long, hooked at the tip ; receptacle ovoid, very slightly elongated in fruit. Moist places near streams, often about waterfalls, notably so at Yosemite Valley, Transition Zone; Butte County to Tulare County, California. Type locality: Forest Hill, Placer County. May-June. 36. Ranunculus Andersonii A. Gray. Anderson's Buttercup. Fig. 1857. Ranunculus Andersonii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 327. 1867. Beckwithia Austiniae Jepson, Erythea 6: 97. pi. 1. 1898. Beckwithia Andersonii Jepson, Erythea 6: 99. 1898. Wholly glabrous perennial, caudex 3-5 mm. long, stout, scapes usually simple. Basal leaves reniform, 2-3 mm. long by 2.5-4 mm. broad, pinnate, the 3 leaflets dissected into oblanceolate segments' 7-8 mm. long by 2.5 mm. broad, thick; sepals 5, reddish, 7-8 mm. long by 5 mm. broad, marcescent-persistent in fruit; petals 5, red, cuneate, 15-19 mm. long by 5 mm. broad, edges of the nectary scale produced into ridges; fruits 15-25, utricular, appearing like sepals, 6-7 mm. long by 4-5 mm. broad, beak less than 1 mm. long, deltoid-curving, seed 4-5 mm. long by 1 mm. broad. Rocky desert hillsides, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Great Basin Ranges from Lake and Malheur Counties, Oregon, to the Panamint Mountains, California, east to Idaho. Type locality: Blind Springs Mountain, near Carson City, Nevada. April-May. 37. Ranunculus Lobbii (Hiern) A. Gray. Lobb's Water Buttercup. Fig. 1858. Ranunculus hydrocharis var. Lobbii Hiern, Journ. Bot. Brit. & For. 9:66. pi. 114. 1871. Ranunculus Lobbii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 364. 1886. Batrachium Lobbii Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 13. 1897. Glabrous aquatic annual, stems 1-10 dm. long. Lower leaves submerged, 1-4 cm. long, triter- nately dissected into filiform divisions ; upper leaves floating, divided into 3 equal elliptical, diver- gent lobes 5-8 mm. long by 2.5-5 mm. broad, the lateral lobes asymmetrically lobed at the apex; sepals 5, 2 mm. long; petals 5, white, 4-6 mm. long by 1.5-2.5 mm. broad, nectary naked; stamens 5-10; style filiform, 2-3 times as long as the ovary; achenes 4-6, obovate, 2.5 mm. long by 1.5 mm. broad, turgid, faces with short, rough, transverse ridges, glabrous, style deciduous ; receptacle not enlarged in fruit, glabrous. Shallow vernal pools, Transition Zone and border of the Upper Sonoran Zone; Vancouver Island, British Columbia, western Oregon, and California from Sonoma, Lake, and Solano Counties to the Santa Cruz Moun- tains and' Alameda County. Type locality: Oregon. March-May. 38. Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC. Water Buttercup. Fig. 1859. Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix in Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 1: 335. 1786. Ranunculus capillaceus Thuill. Fl. Par. ed. 2. 1:278. 1799. Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus DC. Prod. 1: 26. 1824. Ranunculus aquatilis var. brachypus Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey 316. 1840. Batrachium trichophyllum F. Schultz, Arch. Fl. France et All. 1: 107. 1848. Ranunculus aquatilis var. trichophyllus A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 40. 1867. Batrachium Bakeri Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 95. 1904. Batrachium pedunculare Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1:95. 1904. Ranunculus aquatilis var. Bakeri Jepson, Fl. Calif. 544. 1922. Ranunculus aquatilis var. peduncularis Jepson, Fl. Calif. 544. 1922. Ranunculus subrigidus W. Drew, Rhodora 38: 39. 1936. Glabrous or hispidulous aquatic perennials, the stems submersed, rooting at the lower nodes, 2-6 or rarely 20 dm. long. Leaf blades all submersed and finely dissected into filiform divisions, usually collapsing when withdrawn from the water, 2-4 cm. long by 3-5 cm. broad; petioles 1-3 cm. long, stipular leaf bases 3-5 mm. long ; pedicels stout, 1-3 cm. long ; sepals light green, spreading, ovate, 2-3 mm. long by 1-1.8 mm. broad, glabrous, half the length of the peta s ; petals 5, white or the bases yellow, 4-8 mm. long by 1.5-2 mm. broad, the nectary scale gla- brous, forming a shallow pocket ; stamens 5 or 10-25 ; achenes usually 10-20 in a globose cluster, each achene obovoid, 1-1.5 or 2.5 mm. long by 1-1.5 mm. dorsoventrally by 0.5-0.7 mm. laterally, roughly transversely ridged, glabrous from the beginning or the pistils hispid and the achenes glabrate or with some hairs persisting on or near the dorsal sutures, the beaks about 0.3 mm. long; receptacle subglobose, 1 mm. long, densely pubescent. Ponds, vernal pools, and running or sluggish streams, Upper Sonoran and sometimes Transition Zones; eastern Washington, eastern and western Oregon, and throughout California; widely distributed in North America. Type locality: European. March-June. The specimens from east of the Sierra Nevada have usually hairy achenes and so have some plants from middle California. Ranunculus aquatilis var. hispidulus E. Drew, Bull. Torrey Club 16: 150. 1889. (Ranuncidus Graya- nus Freyn, Deutsch. Bot. Monatss. 8: 179. 1890. Ranunculus trichophyllus var hispidulus W. Drew, Kno- dora 38: 29. 1936.) Upper portion of the stem floating; floating leaves 1-10, simple, reniform 0.5-1 cm. long by 1-3 cm. broad, 3-lobed or -parted, the lobes again forked or parted, the ultimate lobes rounded, the leal proxi- mally cordate and distally rounded, sometimes hispidulous dorsally; petals 4-6 mm long. Ponds and ditches and vernal streams and pools at low elevations along the coast and up to 1,000 or 1,800 meters in the interior, Transition Zones; Pacific Slope from the Shumigan Islands, Alaska, south to Monterey and Mariposa Counties and at Cuyamaca Lake, San Diego County, California, east to Montana, Idaho, and Utah. Type locality. Jarni- gan's, Humboldt County, California. CROWFOOT FAMILY 215 Ranunculus testiculars Crantz, Stirp. Aust. fasc. 2: 97. 1763. Terrestrial; scapes less than 1 dm. tall, densely pilose- leaves all basal, the blade of each continued into a wing which extends the entire length of the petiole 3-parted the lateral segments cleft, the divisions linear; sepals narrowly elliptical, 3-5 mm. long, densely tomentose. acute, persistent in fruit; petals 5, yellow, 4-6 mm. long, oblanceolate; achenes about 30-50 in an elongated cylindrical spike, each achene beak lanceolate, about 4 mm. long by 1 mm. broad, densely tomen- tose the bodv with two lateral empty vesicles. Introduced along roadsides in the sagebrush regions of eastern Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Utah. Native of the Old World. Probably not distinct from Ranunculus falcatus L. 16. TRAUTVETTERIA Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1 : 22. 1834. Erect perennial herbs, the stems branching at the summit and forming corymbose cymes. Leaves palmately cleft and reticulate-veined, the basal ample and long-petioled, the cauline smaller, short-petioled or sessile. Sepals 3-5, concave, imbricated in the bud, greenish white, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous with conspicuous white clavate filaments. Achenes numerous, utricular, strongly nerved on each angle, abruptly tipped by the short recurved style. Seed basal and erect. [Name in honor of Prof. E. R. Traut- vetter, a Russian botanist.] A monotypic genus widely distributed over temperate North America and eastern Asia. 1. Trautvetteria carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. False Bugbane. Fig. 1860. Hydrastis carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 156. 1788. Cimicifuga palmata Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 316. 1803. Trautvetteria palmata Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1: 22. 1834. Trautvetteria grandis Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 37. 1838. Trautvetteria carolinensis Vail, Mem. Torrey Club 2: 42. 1890. Trautvetteria fimbriata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 190. 1912. Trautvetteria rotundata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 191. 1912. Stems stout, 5-10 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so. Basal leaves long-petioled, 10-20 cm. broad, deeply 5-11-lobed, the lobes acute, coarsely and irregularly serrate-dentate; flowers in terminal cymose clusters ; sepals 5-6 mm. long ; filaments often 8-10 mm long, about as broad as the anthers ; achenes 3-4 mm. long. Mountain streams, Boreal Zones; British Columbia south to the Olympic Mountains and through the Cascades to Trinity and Placer Counties, California, east to the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and across the continent; also in eastern Asia. Type locality: North Carolina. June-Aug. 17. THALICTRUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, some species ill-scented. Leaves ternately decompound, the cauline alternate. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, usually small, paniculate or racemose. Sepals 4 or 5, caducous, deciduous or persistent, green or petaloid. Petals none. Stamens many, exserted; filaments filiform or dilated above. Achenes usually few, stipitate or sessile, inflated in some species, longitudinally ribbed or nerved, or rarely merely reticulate-veined. [A Greek name for some unknown plant mentioned by Dioscorides.] A genus of about 90 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Type species, Thalictrum foeti- dum L. Flowers perfect. Stem scapiform; flowers in a simple raceme; filaments filiform. Stem leafy; flowers paniculate; filaments spatulate. Flowers dioecious; filaments filiform. Achenes distinctly 6-8-ribbed. Achenes oblong-ovoid to spindle-shape, neither oblique nor compressed. Leaves thin, not distinctly veined; achenes spindle-shape, 6-8 mm. long. Leaves firm, distinctly veined; achenes oblong-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long. Achenes obliquely obovoid and distinctly compressed. Achenes thin-walled and turgid when fresh, becoming compressed and wrinkled when dry, merely reticulate- veined on the sides with only the mid-vein appearing as a rib. 6. I. polycarpum. 1. Thalictrum alpinum L. Arctic or Dwarf Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1861. Thalictrum alpinum L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753. Thalictrum monoense Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2:93. 1910. Stems scapiform, 5-30 cm. high, simple, leafless or with a small leaf near the base, glabrous or slightly glandular. Leaves biternate, crowning a slender scaly rootstock; leaflets cuneate- obovate to orbicular, firm, 3-5-lobed, the margins revolute ; flowers in a simple raceme, perfect ; stamens 10, their filaments filiform, about equaling the sepals; achenes 3 mm. long, obliquely obovoid, sessile. Alpine meadows, Boreal Zones; generally distributed in the arctic regions of North America and Eurasia. In the Pacific States known only from the White Mountains, California, but occurring also in the Kocky Mountains. Type locality: Europe. June-July. 2. Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz. Few-flowered Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1862. Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz. in Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1 : 40. 1S34. Stems leafy, 3-10 dm. high, branching above, glabrous. Leaves 2-3-ternate, the lower petioled, 1. T. alpinum. 2. T. sparsiflorum 3. T. occidentale. 4. T. venulosum. 5. T. Fendleri. 216 BERBERIDACEAE the upper subsessile; leaflets 1-2 cm. long, cordate at base, usually 3-cleft and the divisions 3- lobed, glandular beneath with sessile glands, heavy-scented ; flowers perfect ; filaments spatulate ; achenes half obovoid with a straight back, 5-6 mm. long, distinctly stipitate, rather faintly 3-4- nerved on each side, glandular. Moist mountain meadows, Boreal Zones; arctic North America from Alaska to Hudson Bay, south to the high mountains of southern California, Idaho, Utah, and Colorado; also in Asia. In the Pacific States this species is frequent in the central and southern Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains, California, and the Gearhart Mountains, Oregon, but it has not been found in the Cascades nor in Washington. Type locality: Asia. June- July. 3. Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. Western Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1863. Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 372. 1872. Thalictrum dioicum var. oxycarpum Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 212. 1874. Stems simple or branching above, 3-10 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets very thin, obovate-cuneate to orbicular, 1-3 cm. long, 3-lobed, the lobes coarsely crenate ; fila- ments filiform ; achenes narrowly spindle-form, tapering at both ends, not compressed, 6-8 mm. long, prominently 8-12-ribbed, the intervals shallow and without reticulations. Moist thickets, Boreal Zones; British Columbia south through Washington and Oregon to northern Cali- fornia and east to Alberta, Montana, and Utah. Type locality: Vancouver Island. May-July. 4. Thalictrum venulosum Trelease. Veiny-leaved Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1864. Thalictrum venulosum Trelease, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 302. 1886. Thalictrum columbianum Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 320. 1912. Stems 3-5 dm. high, mostly simple. Leaves 2-4-ternate, glabrous, leaflets cuneate to orbicu- lar, 1-2 cm. long, thick and veiny, 3-lobed and deeply toothed ; panicle rather narrow ; achene narrowly ovoid, scarcely compressed, 4-5 mm. long, prominently ribbed with shallow or deeply grooved intervals. Shady banks and in thickets bordering meadows, Arid Transition Zone; British Columbia, south through eastern Washington to northeastern Oregon, and east to South Dakota and Colorado. Type locality: only gen- eral range given. May-June. 5. Thalictrum Fendleri Engelm. Fendler's Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1865. Thalictrum Fendleri Engelm. in A. Gray, PI. Fendl. 5. 1849. Thalictrum fissum Greene, Pittonia 4: 233. 1901. Stem 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 3-4-ternate, the upper short-petioled or sessile ; leaflets 1-2 cm. long, obliquely orbicular or subcordate, 3-lobed, the lobes crenate, puberulent and glandular beneath; inflorescence an open leafy panicle; filaments filiform; achenes obliquely obovate and more or less compressed, 3-nerved on each side, 4-5 mm. long, slightly puberulent and glandular. Moist places usually near thickets, Boreal Zones; southeastern Oregon, western Nevada, and adjacent eastern California, to Wyoming, New Mexico, and Arizona. _ Type locality: mountains near Santa Fe, New Mexico. June-July. The plants from southeastern Oregon with scarcely compressed and less oblique achenes, which were described by Greene as T. fissum, suggest a transition between this species and T. venulosum Trelease. Thalictrum Fendleri var. platycarpum Trelease, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 304. 1886. (T. hes- perium Greene, Pittonia 2: 24. 1889.) Achenes larger, often 6 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, strongly oblique and flattened. Moist shaded slopes, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; Sierra Nevada and South Coast Ranges, California, to northern Lower California. 6. Thalictrum polycarpum (Torr.) S. Wats. Many-fruited Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1866. Thalictrum Fendleri var. polycarpum Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4: 61. 1857. Thalictrum polycarpum S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 282. 1879. Thalictrum caesium Greene, Fl. Fran. 309. 1892. Thalictrum ametrum Greene, Muhlenbergia 5: 129. 1909. Plants usually robust, 6-12 dm. high, glabrous throughout. Leaves 3-4-ternatej the cauline short-petioled; leaflets mostly rounded or subcordate, 15-25 mm. long, thin, 3-lobed, the lobes toothed with rounded or acutish teeth ; inflorescence usually ample, somewhat leafy below or often naked throughout ; stamens filiform ; achenes usually numerous forming a globular head, 5-6 mm. long, obovoid or nearly orbicular, vesicular at least when fresh, the seed not filling the cavity, the sides faintly reticulate, only the midrib forming a longitudinal rib. Canyons and shaded slopes, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Willamette Valley, Oregon, to northern Lower California. Type locality: Napa Valley, California, as designated by L. C. Wheeler, Rhodora 40: 319. 1938. April-June. Greene has proposed a number of segregates of this species, based chiefly on slight differ- ences in foliage characters, but all exhibiting essentially the same distinctive fruit. Family 47. BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Family. Shrubs or herbs with alternate or basal, simple or compound, usually exstipulate leaves. Flowers perfect, solitary or racemose, usually terminal. Sepals and petals hypogynous, imbricated in several series, often in threes. Stamens hypogynous, as BARBERRY FAMILY 217 many as the petals and opposite them ; anthers extrorse, opening by 2 uplifting valves. Pistil of a single carpel ; style short or none ; ovary 1-celled ; ovules two to many, anatropous. Fruit a berry or capsule; endosperm present. About 11 genera and 140 species, north temperate zone, extending to the Andes and the temperate zone of South America. Shrubs with pinnate spiny-toothed leaves. 1. Mahonia. Perennial herbs; leaves basal, mostly ternate. Leaves with 3 sessile leaflets; sepals and petals none. 2. Achlys. Leaves once or twice ternate; leaflets usually 3 to each division, petiolulate; sepals and petals present. 3. Vancouveria. 1. MAHONIA Nutt. Gen. PL 1:211. 1818. Shrubs with yellow wood, bitter inner bark, and spineless branches. Leaves persistent, pinnately compound, the leaflets coriaceous and spinose-dentate. Flowers yellow, race« mose, the sepals and petals usually 3 each. Filaments dilated, usually with 2 tooth-like appendages at the apex, irritable, closing around the stigma when touched on the inner surface near the base. Stigma peltate. Fruit a berry, usually with a bloom, blue-black, varying to red or white. Seeds solitary or few. [Named in honor of Mr. Bernard McMahon, American horticulturist.] About 35 species, natives of western North America and Asia. Type species, Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. Odostemon Raf. is an older name for this genus but Mahonia has been conserved by the International Botanical Congress. Bud-scales glumaceous, persistent, 15-40 mm. long; filaments unappendaged. 1. M. nervosa. Bud-scales deciduous, 2-5 mm. long; filaments with a pair of recurved teeth near the apex. Racemes densely many-flowered; floral bracts triangular-ovate, obtuse or acute; berry oblong-ovoid, blue- black, fleshy. Epidermis of the lower surface of the leaflets not papillate; upper surface bright glossy green. Leaflets ovate, mostly obtuse, the lowest pair borne close to the base. 2. M. pinnata. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, the lowest pair remote from the base. 3. M. aquifolium. Epidermal cells on the lower surface of the leaflets forming papilla-like protuberances. Leaflets bright green and shining above. Teeth 7-11 on each margin of the leaflet, tipped with slender spines; lower surface of leaflets gray-green. 4. M. Piperiana. Teeth 12-16 on each margin, merely bristle-tipped; lower surface not grayed. 5. M. Sonnei. Leaflets dull or gray-green above, grayish beneath. Teeth small and merely bristle-tipped, usually 12 or more on a side. 6. M. repens. Teeth large, tipped with stout spines, usually 5-9 on each margin. Plants low, 2-5 dm. high; teeth not as long as the body portion of the leaflets. 7. M. pumila. Plants 1-2 m. high; leaves pale gray-green on both surfaces, strongly undulate and rigid, the teeth about as long as the body portion of the leaflet. 8. M. dictyota. Racemes loosely 5-7-flowered; floral bracts lanceolate-acuminate; leaves glaucescent on both surfaces; berries globose. Leaflets with 2-3 prominent spiny teeth on each margin, deeply sinuate; berries inflated and dry. 9. M. Fremontu. Leaflets narrow, long-acuminate, with 6 or more bristle-like teeth on each margin, only slightly or not at all sinuate; berries not inflated, bright red and juicy. 10. M. Nevtnn. 1. Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt. Oregon Grape. Fig. 1867. Berberis nervosa Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 219. pi. 5. 1814. Mahonia nervosa Nutt. Gen. 1: 212. 1818. Mahonia giumosa DC. Syst. 2: 21. 1821. Odostemon nervosus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 33: 141. 1906. Stems simple, 2-6 dm. high, bearing the leaves in a terminal tuft, the scales of the terminal bud glumaceous, persistent, 1.5-4 cm. long. Leaves 25-40 cm. long; leaflets 7-21, ovate to ovate- lanceolate, acute, 3-5 cm. long, spinulose-serrate, glossy green, somewhat palmately nerved; racemes 7-20 cm. long, erect; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; berries glaucous, blue, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Coniferous forests, Humid Transition Zone; Vancouver Island and British Columbia to Monterey, California. Type locality : the Cascades of the Columbia River. March-May. 2. Mahonia pinnata (Lag.) Fedde. California Mahonia. Fig. 1868. Berberis pinnata Lag. Elench. Hort. Madr. 6. 1803 (nomen nudum); op. cit. 14. 1816. Mahonia fascicularis DC. Syst. 2: 19. 1821. Mahonia pinnata Fedde, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 86. 1901. Odostemon fascicularis Abrams, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 360. 1910. Stems erect, branching, 3-15 dm. high. Leaflets 5-17, commonly 7-9, crowded on the rachis, the lowest pair near the base, glossy green above, scarcely paler beneath, rather thin, spinulose- dentate, the teeth usually 12 or more on each margin ; racemes dense, fascicled, 3-5 cm. long. Wooded slopes or thickets, mainly Upper Sonoran Zone; California Coast Ranges from Humboldt County to Los Angeles County. Type locality: Monterey, California. March-May. 218 BERBERIDACEAE 3. Mahonia Aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. Holly-leaved Mahonia. Fig. 1869. Berberis Aquifolium Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 219. 1814. Mahonia Aquifolium Nutt. Gen. 1: 212. 1818. Odostemon Aquifolium Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 33: 141. 1906. Odostemon nutkanus Rydb. loc. cit. Stems erect, 8-20 dm. high, or sometimes dwarfed. Leaflets 5-9, the lower pair distant from the base of the rachis, ovate-lanceolate, 3-7.5 cm. long, with usually 10 or more small spinulose teeth on each margin, bright glossy green above, light green beneath; racemes fascicled, 4-8 cm. long; berries blue and glaucous, on pedicels 10—15 mm. long. Coniferous woods, Humid Transition Zone; southwestern British Columbia to the Calipooia Mountains, Ore- gon, also in northwestern Idaho. Type locality: the Cascades of the Columbia River. March-May. 4. Mahonia Piperiana Abrams. Piper's Mahonia. Fig. 1870. Mahonia Piperiana Abrams, Phytologia 1: 91. 1933. Stems erect, 2-5 dm. high. Leaflets 5-9, commonly 7, the lower pair usually distant from the base of the rachis, ovate, 2.5-5 cm. long, spinose-dentate, with 7-9 teeth on each margin; upper surface glossy green and rather finely reticulate, the lower surface gray-green and papillate; racemes 3-7 cm. long, densely or rather loosely fascicled; berry blue-black, ellipsoid- ovoid. Usually on thinly wooded slopes, Arid Transition Zone; Jackson and Josephine Counties, Oregon, to Mendo- cino and northern Lake Counties, California. Type locality: along the Pacific Highway, near the Siskiyou sum- mit, Jackson County, Oregon. March-May. 5. Mahonia Sonnei Abrams. Sonne's Mahonia. Fig. 1871. Mahonia Sonnei Abrams, Phytologia 1 : 92. 1933. Low shrub, 2-5 dm. high. Leaflets 5, ovate-lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, glossy green above, pale beneath but not grayish or very obscurely so, the papillae being rather thinly scattered ; racemes densely flowered, 4-7 cm. long; berries blue-black, about 6 mm. long. Rocky slopes, Arid Transition Zone; eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, central California. Type locality: Truckee River, Nevada County, California. March-May. 6. Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don. Creeping Mahonia. Fig. 1872. Berberis repens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 14: pi. 1176. 1828. Mahonia repens G. Don, Gen. Hist. PI. 1: 118. 1831. Odostemon repens Cockerell in Daniels, Fl. Boulder, Colo. 125. 1911. Stems creeping and stoloniferous, 1-2 dm. high. Leaflets 3-7, oval or rarely ovate, 3-9 cm. long, plane or nearly so, dull green above, grayish green beneath and papillate with minute microscopic protuberances; teeth usually 12 or more on a side, small and merely bristle-tipped; racemes densely many-flowered ; berry ellipsoid-globose, 7-8 mm. long. Open pine forests, Arid Transition Zone; eastern British Columbia south along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains to northeastern California, and east to Alberta, Nebraska, and New Mexico. Type locality: probably Montana. April-May. 7. Mahonia pumila (Greene) Fedde. Dwarf Mahonia. Fig. 1873. Berberis pumila Greene, Pittonia 2: 161. 1891. Mahonia pumila Fedde, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 82. 1901. Odostemon pumilus Heller, Muhlenbergia 7: 139. 1912. Stem erect, 2-4 dm. high, rarely higher, simple or branched; leaflets 5-9, broadly oblong- ovate, blunt at the apex, dull green and strongly reticulate-veined above, glaucous beneath, undulate and strongly spinose-dentate, the teeth 5-9 on each margin; racemes fascicled, many- flowered ; berries blue-black with a bloom, oblong-ovoid, about 6 mm. long. Wooded slopes, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; Rogue River, southern Oregon, south in the North Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: near Waldo, Oregon. March-May. Mahonia amplectens Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. IV. 20: 145. 1931. (.Berberis amplectens L. C. Wheeler, Rhodora 39: 376. 1937.) Erect shrub, 3-6 dm. high. Leaflets 5-7, broadly oval to suborbicular, 3-5 cm. wide, dull grayish green above and prominently reticulate-veined, the margin more or less undulate and prominently spinose-dentate, the teeth 5-7 on a side; racemes fascicled, their main axis 12-25 mm. long; berries blue-black with a bloom, oblong-ovoid. Santa Rosa, Palomar, and Cuyamaca Mountains, southern California. An imper- fectly known species closely related to M. pumila. 8. Mahonia dictyota (Jepson) Fedde. Jepson's Mahonia. Fig. 1874. Berberis dictyota Jepson, Bull. Torrey Club 18: 319. 1891. Mahonia dictyota Fedde, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 89. 1901. Odostemon dictyota Cockerell, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24: 91. 1908. Berberis calif ornica Jepson, Fl. Calif. 549. 1922. Erect shrub, 5-20 dm. high, rather sparsely leafy. Leaflets 5-7, broadly oblong to suborbicular in outline, strongly undulate and prominently spinose-toothed with 3-5 teeth on each margin, thick-coriaceous and prominently net-veined on both surfaces, pale green above and glaucous beneath ; racemes fasciculate ; berries very glaucous, about 5 mm. long. Dry chaparral ridges, Upper Sonoran Zone; California, from the dry interior foothills of the upper Sacra- mento Valley to San Diego County. Type locality: Marysville Buttes, California. March-April. BARBERRY FAMILY 219 9. Mahonia Fremontii (Torr.) Fedde. Fremont's Mahonia. Fig. 1875. Berberis Fremontii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 30. 1859. Mahonia Fremontii Fedde, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 89. 1901. Odostemon Fremontii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 33: 141. 1906. Erect shrub, with rigid branches, 1-3 m. high. Leaflets 3-7, commonly 5, rather narrowly ovate, 15—25 mm. long, coriaceous, pale gray-green on both surfaces, the spiny teeth prominent, usually 3 on each side ; racemes terminating the numerous short stubby branchlets ; usually 3-5- flowered; bracts acuminate; pedicels slender, 10-16 mm. long; berries becoming more or less inflated and dry, 6-14 mm. in diameter; seeds 5-6 mm. long. Dry mountain slopes of the desert regions, Upper Sonoran Zone; southern Nevada east to southern Colorado, south to northern Arizona, the desert ranges of southern California, and adjacent Lower California. Type locality: "On the tributaries of the Rio Virgin," southern Utah. May-June. Mahonia haematocarpa (Wooton) Fedde, Bot. Jahrb. 31 : 100. 1901. Plants collected near Dripping Springs, Riverside County, California, have been referred to this species, but they are not typical and must await good fruiting material before they can be satisfactorily determined. In foliage characters they are intermediate between M. Fremontii and M. Nevinii. 10. Mahonia Nevinii (A. Gray) Fedde. Nevin's Mahonia. Fig. 1876. Berberis Nevinii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 69. 1895. Mahonia Nevinii Fedde, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 102. 1901. Odostemon Nevinii Abrams, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 359. 1910. Much branched shrub, 1-2 m. high. Leaflets 3 or rarely 5, lanceolate, the lateral 2-3 cm. long, the terminal often nearly twice as long, gray-green on both surfaces, spinulose-serrate, the teeth numerous, bristle-like; racemes terminating the numerous stubby branchlets, loosely 5-7-flowered; bracts acuminate; berries bright red or yellowish, juicy. Dry sandy washes, Upper Sonoran Zone; a rare species, known only from the eastern end of San Fernando Valley, southern California. Feb.-March. 2. ACHLYS DC. Syst. 2: 35. 1821. Perennial herbs with slender creeping rootstocks. Leaves basal, long-petioled, 3-folio- late. Flowers perfect, bractless, in an erect spike terminating the scape. Calyx and corolla absent. Stamens 6-13 ; filaments elongated, filiform or the outer dilated upward. Ovary ovoid, with a broad sessile stigma ; ovule solitary. Fruit somewhat fleshy, becom- ing dry and indehiscent, reniform, the dorsal side cartilaginous, the ventral concave, membranaceous with a fleshy central ridge. [Name from Achlus, the Greek god of night.] A genus with two species, one in the Pacific States, the other in Japan. Type species, Achlys triphylla DC. 1. Achlys triphylla (Smith) DC. Vanilla-leaf, Deer-foot. Fig. 1877. Leontice triphylla Smith in Rees Cycl. 20: No. 5. 1812. Achlys triphylla DC. Syst. 2: 35. 1821. Plants glabrous throughout. Leaf solitary, from a scaly base, 25-40 cm. high ; leaflets spread- ing, broadly fan-shaped, 5-10 cm. long, coarsely sinuate-dentate, the two lateral ones suggesting the wings of a butterfly; scape equaling or exceeding the leaf; spike 2.5-5 cm. long; fruit with a reddish tinge, 3-4 mm. long. Deep coniferous forests, Humid Transition Zone; British Columbia southward through western Washington and Oregon to Mendocino County, California. Type locality: collected by Menzies "on the west coast of America." April-July. 3. VANCOUVERIA Morr. & Dec. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 2: 351. 1834. Low fern-like perennial herbs with slender creeping rootstocks. Leaves basal, once or twice ternately compound, deciduous or persistent. Inflorescence an open panicle or raceme on a slender, scape-like peduncle, bearing small nodding flowers. Sepals 6, in 2 series, obovate, reflexed, petaloid, subtended by 6-9 small sepal-like bractlets and deciduous with them. Petals 6, reflexed, linear-spatulate, tipped with hood-shaped nectary. Stamens 6, erect, their filaments broad. Pistil 1, composed of 1 carpel; style slender; stigma cup- shaped; ovules 2-10, on the ventral suture. Fruit a 2-valved follicle. Seeds with a promi- nent fleshy aril. [Name in honor of Capt. George Vancouver, English explorer, who visited the coast of the Pacific States near the close of the 18th century in the ship "Discovery."] Three species inhabiting the Pacific States. Type species, Vancouveria hexandra (Hook.) Morr. & Dec. This genus is closely related to Epimedium L. of the Old World and is combined with it by some botanists. Leaves deciduous; leaflets thin; panicles glabrous. 1. V. hexandra. Leaves persistent; leaflets coriaceous; panicles glandular. Flowers yellow, 12-15 mm. long; filaments glandular-pubescent. 2. V. chrysantha. Flowers white, 7-8 mm. long; filaments glabrous. 3. V. planipetala. 220 BERBERIDACEAE 1867. Mahonia nervosa 1868. Mahonia pinnata 1869. Mahonia Aquifolium 1870. Mahonia Piperiana 1871. Mahonia Sonnei 1872. Mahonia repens 1873. Mahonia pumila 1874. Mahonia dictyota 1875. Mahonia Fremontii 1876. Mahonia Nevinii CALYCANTHUS FAMILY 221 1. Vancouveria hexandra (Hook.) Morr. & Dec. Northern Vancouveria. Fig.. 1878. Epimedium hexandrum Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 30. pi. 13. 1829. Vancouveria hexandra Morr. & Dec. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 2: 351. 1834. Scapes glabrous above, pilose at base, usually exceeding the leaves. Leaves 1-4 dm. long, deciduous, petioles slender ; leaflets 3-lobed, cordate at base, broadly ovate in outline, 2-6 cm. long, thin, light green above, paler beneath and sparsely pubescent ; pedicles recurved, 3-4 cm. long; flowers white; sepals and bractlets about 6 mm. long; filaments glandular-pubescent; body of the follicle 8-10 mm. long, 6-seeded. Coniferous woods, usually in deep shade, Humid Transition Zone; valley of the Nesqually River, Wash- ington, to Mendocino County, California. Type locality: Northwest Coast, collected by Menzies, the physician and naturalist of the Vancouver expedition. May-June. In 1914 Greene (Rep. Spec. Nov. 13: 323) proposed three segregates: V. brevicula, V. parvifolia and V. picta, based on trivial characters. 2. Vancouveria chrysantha Greene. Yellow Vancouveria. Fig. 1879. Vancouveria chrysantha Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 66. 1885. Vancouveria hexandra var. chrysantha Greene, Pittonia 2: 100. 1890. Scapes and petioles glandular-pilose. Leaves ternate, persistent; leaflets 15-25 mm. long, broadly ovate in outline, more or less 3-lobed, cordate at base, coriaceous, glossy green above, pale, reticulate and pubescent beneath, the margins cartilaginous ; flowers yellow ; sepals about 10 mm. long ; filaments and ovary glandular-pubescent. A local species known only from the Siskiyou Mountains, Josephine County, Oregon. Type locality: "Coast mountains of Oregon, on about the forty-second parallel." May-June. 3. Vancouveria planipetala Calloni. Small-flowered Vancouveria. Fig. 1880. Vancouveria planipetala Calloni, Malpighia 1 : 266. 1887. Vancouveria parviflora Greene, Pittonia 2: 100. 1890. Vancouveria chrysantha var. parviflora Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 204. 1901. Scapes 2-5 dm. high, usually exceeding the leaves, very sparsely pilose. Leaves persistent, ternate; leaflets 15-25 mm. long, usually broader than long, more or less 3-lobed, glossy green above, pale, scarcely reticulate and glabrous beneath ; inflorescence glandular-pubescent ; flowers white ; sepals about 4-5 mm. long ; filaments and ovary glabrous ; body of the follicle about 3 mm. long, 2-3-seeded. Woods, Humid Transition Zone; Siskiyou Mountains, Del Norte County, to the Santa Lucia Mountains, California. Type locality: Redwoods, Marin County, California. April-June. Greene (Rep. Spec. Nov. 13: 321-322. 1914) segregated three species, concolor, crispa and Vaseyi, based upon characters of very uncertain specific value. Family 48. CALYCANTHACEAE. Calycanthus Family. Aromatic shrubs with opposite, entire, short-petioled leaves. Stipules none. Flowers large, solitary and terminal, fragrant. Sepals and petals several, imbricated in several series. Stamens many, inserted on the receptacle, the inner sterile. Pistils many, enclosed in the hollow receptacle; ovary 1 -celled; ovules 1 or 2; style filiform. Fruit consisting of the enlarged ovoid receptacle, enclosing few to many smooth, shining achenes. Seed erect, without endosperm ; cotyledons foliaceous, convolute. A small family composed of 2 genera, one North American the other Asiatic, with about 6 species. 1. CALYCANTHUS L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1066. 1759. Flowers purple or red. Stamens inserted in several rows. [Name Greek, meaning cup- flower.] A genus of 4 species, 3 in the southeastern United States and 1 in California. Type species, Calycanthus floridus L. 1. Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn. Western Sweet-scented Shrub. Fig. 1881. Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 340. pi. 84. 1840. Butneria occidentalis Greene, Erythea 1: 207. 1893. Erect branching shrub, 1-3 m. high, the foliage pleasantly aromatic when bruised. Leaves 7-10 cm. _ long, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, rounded or cordate at base, very short-petioled, deciduous, firm in texture, dark glossy green and scabrous; flowers solitary, pedunculate; sepals and petals 2-6 cm. long, linear-spatulate, reddish purple, emitting the odor of wine ; sterile filaments densely villous ; fruiting hypanthium ovoid, but slightly constricted at the apex, 25-35 mm. long; achenes numerous, oblong, 7-8 mm. long, villous. Moist places, along streams and borders of lakes and ponds, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; California, in the North Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada foothills. Type locality: collected by Douglas in the North Coast Ranges. May-Sept. 222 LAURACEAE Family 49. LAURACEAE. Laurel Family. Aromatic trees and shrubs with alternate, entire, minutely punctate leaves, without stipules. Flowers perfect or unisexual, apetalous, arranged in panicles, racemes or umbellate clusters. Calyx 4— 6-parted, its petaloid segments in 2 series. Stamens in 3-4 series, some of them often reduced to staminodia; anthers 2—4- celled, opening by 4 uplifting valves. Pistil 1, unicarpellate, free from the calyx; ovary 1-celled; style and stigma 1; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a drupe with a smooth stone. A family of about 50 genera and 1,000 species, chiefly tropical. 1. UMBELLULARIA Nutt. N. Amer. Sylva 1 : 87. 1842. A tree with thick evergreen leaves and small greenish-yellow flowers in axillary or terminal, umbellate clusters, included before anthesis in an involucre of 4 deciduous bracts. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Stamens 9, in 3 series of 3 each, with a fleshy 2-lobed stipitate gland at base and alternating with 3 staminodia ; anthers 4-valved, the outer introrse, the inner extrorse. Stigma dilated. Drupe subglobose to ovoid, subtended by the thickened base of the calyx. [Name Latin, meaning a little umbel.] A monotypic genus peculiar to Pacific North America. 1877. Achlys triphylla 1878. Vancouveria hexandra !CD0 1879. Vancouveria chrysantha 1880. Vancouveria planipetala 1881 1881. Calycanthus occidentalis 1882. Umbellularia californica POPPY FAMILY 223 1. Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. California Laurel. Fig. 1882. Tetranthera californica Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 159. 1833. Oreodaphne californica Nees, Syst. Laurin. 463. 1836. Umbellularia californica Nutt. N. Amer. Sylva 1 : 8. 1842. A handsome tree, 20-30 m. high, with a trunk up to 2.5 m. in diameter, the bark dark brown, about 2 cm. thick. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, 15-30 mm. wide, short-petioled, persisting for two or three years, emitting a strong pungent odor when bruised ; flowers 6-10 on each peduncle ; sepals 6-8 mm. long, oblong-ovate ; drupes usually solitary, becoming dark purple, with thin pulp and large ellipsoid smooth thin-walled stone. Canyon slopes and alluvial valleys, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Umpqua River, Oregon, to San Diego County, California. Type locality: collected by Menzies, probably in the vicinity of San Francisco or Monterey. Jan.-April. Known also as Bay Tree, Pepperwood, Oregon Myrtle. Family 50. PAPAVERACEAE. Poppy Family. Herbs or rarely shrubs, with white, yellow or colorless sap. Leaves alternate or the upper sometimes opposite, exstipulate. Flowers regular, perfect, solitary or clustered, hypogynous but in Eschscholzia the receptacle expanded into a funnelform hypanthium-like structure on the rim of which are borne the perianth and stamens. Sepals 2, rarely 3 or 4, distinct or united into a calyptra, caducous. Petals 4 or 6, or rarely none, imbricated, deciduous. Stamens few or more commonly numerous, hypogynous, distinct ; anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Pistil with 2 to several carpels united into a 1- to several-celled ovary, rarely only loosely united and becoming distinct in fruit; style short or none; stigma simple or divided; ovules usually many, on parietal placentae, anatropous. Pruit a capsule, generally de- hiscent by pores or valves. A family of 23 genera and about 120 species, most abundant in western North America. Leaves mainly opposite or whorled and entire. Stamens numerous; carpels 9-18, separating and torulose in fruit; petals tardily deciduous. 1. Platystemon. Stamens 6-12; carpels 3, rarely 4, united into a 3-lobed or nearly terete ovary; petals early deciduous. r . , i i , . „ , „ 2. Meconella. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed except in Canbya and Dendromecon. Plants tall, shrubby at least at base. Flowers white, very large; leaves lobed; capsule ovoid. 3. Romneya. Flowers yellow; leaves entire; capsule linear. 4. Dendromecon. Plants herbaceous. Perianth and stamens borne on the rim of the hypanthium-like expansion of the receptacle; sepals united into a calyptra. 5. Eschscholzia. Perianth and stamens strictly hypogynous; sepals not united into a calyptra. Stamens numerous. Capsule 2-celIed and bicarpellary, long-linear, dehiscent the entire length. 6. Glaucium. Capsule 1-celled, composed of several carpels, ovoid. Herbage not prickly or long-villous; capsules dehiscing by means of small openings just beneath the truncate summit. Ovary and capsule tipped by the slender style terminating in the small globose stigma. 7. Meconopsis. Ovary and capsule capped by the flat sessile circular disk of radiating stigmas. 8. Pa paver. Herbage prickly or long-villous; capsules dehiscing from the apex by 4-6 valves. Plants more or less prickly. 9. Argemone. Plants more or less densely long-villous. 10. Arctomecon. Stamens 6-9; minute desert annual. H_ Canbya. 1. PLATYSTEMON Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 1 : 405. 1835. Low villous annuals with entire, mainly opposite leaves and cream-colored flowers. Sepals 3, distinct. Petals 6, tardily deciduous. Stamens many, with flattened filaments and linear anthers. Carpels 6-25, at first united, becoming separate in fruit; stigmas linear, free. Fruit composed of linear torulose 3-8-seeded pods, indehiscent, but at length breaking transversely between the seeds. [Name Greek, meaning broad stamen, in refer- ence to the dilated filaments.] A monotypic genus of western North America. 1. Platystemon californicus Benth. Cream Cup. Fig. 1883. Platystemon californicus Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 1 : 405. 183S. Stems slender, branching from the base and more or less decumbent, 15-30 cm. long, 224 PAPAVERACEAE pilose. Leaves 5-8 cm. long, broadly linear, sessile or clasping; peduncles erect, 8-20 cm. long; sepals villous, forming spherical or oblong-ovoid buds ; petals 6-20 mm. long, cream-colored, sometimes yellow at the base ; carpels 6-25, forming an oblong head, beaked by the persistent styles. Valleys and foothills, especially in sandy soil, Upper Sonoran Zone; Coos County, Oregon, to northern Lower California, east to Utah and Arizona. Type locality : California, collected by Douglas. March-June. Platystemon californicus var. crinitus Greene, Fl. Fran. 282. 1892. Peduncles, sepals and often the leaves densely pilose; petals usually yellow. Tehachapi Mountains, California, southward along the desert slopes to northern Lower California. Platystemon californicus var. horridulus (Greene) Jepson, Fl. Calif. 556. 1922. Petals nearly rotate- spreading from a turbinate base, 6-8 mm. long; carpels usually densely covered with stiff hairs when young. Foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Greene and later Fedde have proposed numerous segregates, the latter recognizing as many as 57 species, but the characters relied upon are too trivial and inconstant for specific or even varietal segregation. 1884 1883. Platystemon californicus 1884. Meconella linearis 1885. Meconella oregana 1886. Meconella denticulata 1888 1887. 1888. Meconella californica Romneya Coulteri POPPY FAMILY 225 2. MECONELLA Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 64. 1838. (Platystigma Benth. 1834. Not R. Br. 1832.) Low slender annuals with opposite leaves. Sepals 3, rarely 2. Petals 6, rarely 4, de- ciduous. Stamens 6-12, or sometimes numerous, the filaments filiform or nearly so. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae, somewhat 3-lobed or nearly terete; stigma ovoid to subulate. Capsule 3-valved, dehiscent through the placentae. [Name Greek, meaning a little poppy.] A genus of 4 species, natives of Pacific North America. Type species, Meconella oregana Nutt. Leaves all basal; peduncles scapose; capsule obovoid. 1« M. linearis. Leaves basal and on the slender branches; capsule linear. Stamens 4-6, in one series; petals 4-5 mm. long. Anthers much shorter than the filaments, less than 0.5 mm. long. 2. M. oregana. Anthers nearly equaling the filaments. 3. M. denticulata. Stamens 12, rarely 8, in two series; petals 8-10 mm. long. 4. M. cahformca. 1. Meconella linearis (Benth.) A. Nels & Macbr. Narrow-leaved Meconella. Fig. 1884. Platystigma lineare Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 1: 407. 1835. Hesperomecon lineare Greene, Pittonia 5: 146. 1903. Meconella linearis A. Nels. & Macbr. Bot. Gaz. 61: 31. 1916. Plants acaulescent or nearly so, hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves all basal, linear, 2-8 cm. long; peduncles scape-like, 6-25 cm. high; petals obovate, 5-15 mm. long, cream-colored or often lemon yellow at base; stamens many; filaments linear or dilated; capsule obovoid or clavate-obovoid, somewhat 3-lobed ; stigma triangular-lanceolate. Grassy slopes, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Siskiyou County, California, southward, chiefly in the coastal region, to Santa Barbara, California. Type locality: California. March-May. Meconella linearis var. pulch611a (Greene) Jepson, Fl. Calif. 556 1922 Outer petals lemon yellow the inner cream-colored. This seems to be no more than a color form and scarcely worthy of varietal rank, it was first collected at Fort Ross and has been found as far south as the Tehachapi Mountains, California. 2. Meconella oregana Nutt. Oregon Meconella. Fig. 1885. Meconella oregana Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. Amer. 1 : 64. 1838. Platystigma oreganum Benth. & Hook, ex Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 20. 1876. Platystemon oreganus Curran, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 1: 242. 1888. Plants glabrous, 3-12 cm. high, with slender, spreading branches. Basal leaves subulate or obovate, short-petioled, 8-20 mm. long, the upper sessile and shorter; peduncles very slender, elongated; petals 4-6, 3-5 mm. long, white; anthers scarcely 0.5 mm. long, much shorter than the filaments; capsule linear, often twisted, 15-20 mm. long. Open places in moist sandy or gravelly soil, Humid Transition Zone; British Columbia to southern Oregon. Type locality: near the mouth of Willamette River, Oregon. April-May. 3. Meconella denticulata Greene. Small-flowered Meconella. Fig. 1886. Meconella denticulata Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 2: 59. 1886. Platystigma denticulatum Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 218. 1886. Meconella kakoethes Fedde, Rep. Nov. Spec. 3: 275. 1907. Meconella oregana var. denticulata Jepson, Fl. Calif. 559. 1922. Slender glabrous annual, 10-25 cm. high, with slender spreading branches and elongated, almost filiform peduncles. Basal leaves 25-40 mm. long, spatulate, with elongated winged petioles, the upper mostly linear and sessile; petals white, 3-4 mm. long; stamens 6, in one series; anthers 1 mm. long, about equaling the filaments ; capsule narrowly linear, often twisted, 25-35 mm. long. Moist shady banks, Upper Sonoran Zone; California Coast Ranges from Monterey County to San Diego County. Type locality: Temecula Canyon, San Diego County, California. March-May. 4. Meconella californica Torr. California Meconella. Fig. 1887. Meconella californica Torr. in Frem. Second Rep. 312. 1845. Platystigma calif ornicum Benth. & Hook, in Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 20. 1876. Platystemon Torreyi Greene, Fl. Fran. 283. 1892. Meconella octandra Greene, Pittonia 5: 142. 1903. Meconella collina Greene, Pittonia 5: 143. 1903. Meconella oregana var. californica Jepson, Fl. Calif. 559. 1922. Slender erect branching annual, 1-2 dm. high. Basal leaves spatulate, 10-25 mm. long, with winged petioles, the upper shorter, oblanceolate to linear; petals cream-colored, oblong to nar- rowly obovate, 5-10 mm. long; stamens 12 in two unequal series; anthers much shorter than the filaments; capsules linear, twisted when mature, 15-35 mm. long. Open hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; Sierra Nevada foothills, and in the San Francisco Bay region, Cali- fornia. Type locality: American River, California. March-May. The plants in the San Francisco Bay region often have some of the filaments dilated. These forms repre- sent M. collina Greene. In the southern Sierra Nevada, the plants have broader petals and sometimes only 8 stamens. They are M. octandra Greene. 226 PAPAVERACEAE 3. ROMNEYA Harv. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 75. pi. 3. 1845. Erect glaucescent perennial, branching from a half-woody base, with colorless sap, pinnately divided leaves and very large white flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens nu- merous, the filaments somewhat flattened below, the anthers oblong, yellow. Ovary ob- long, densely setose, more or less completely several-celled by the intrusion of the many- ovuled placentae. Valves 7-12, opening from the summit downward. Seeds finely tuber - culate. [Name in honor of the astronomer, T. Romney Robinson.] A monotypic California genus. 1. Romneya Cdulteri Harv. Matilija Poppy. Fig. 1888. Romneya Coulteri Harv. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 75. 1845. Stems herbaceous, stout, from a woody base, branching and forming a rounded clump 1-2.5 m. high. Leaves scattered, firm in texture, 6-12 cm. long, lobed or divided into 3-9 divisions, these cuneate-oblong or lanceolate, dentate, the margins and rachis _ often sparsely ciliate ; flowers terminating the branches; sepals smooth, beaked; petals white, broadly obovate or orbicular, 4-6 cm. long, delicate and crepe-like. Arroyos and canyon floors, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Barbara County to San Diego County, California. Type locality: collected by Coulter, but definite locality not known. April-Aug. Romneya Coulteri var. trichocalyx (Eastw.) Tepson, Fl. Calif. 563. 1922. Differs from the typical species in having setose-hispid and beakless sepals. Ventura County, California, to northern Lower California. 4. DENDROMECON Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 1 : 407. 1835. Smooth branching shrubs, with alternate, vertical, rigid, entire or ciliate-denticulate leaves and showy yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4, yellow. Stamens numerous, with short filiform filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear, 1-celled, with 2 nerve-like placentae. Capsule elongated, elastically 2-valved from the base upward. Seeds obovoid or globose, finely pitted, carunculate at the hilum. [Name Greek, meaning tree and poppy.] A California genus of two species. Leaves lanceolate, conspicuously reticulate. 1. D. rigida. Leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, not conspicuously reticulate. 2. D. Harfordii. 1. Dendromecon rigida Benth. Tree Poppy. Fig. 1889. Dendromecon rigida Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 1 : 407. 1835. Erect shrub, 1-3 m. high, with slender, mostly erect branches and light-colored shreddy bark. Leaves lanceolate and cuspidate-acuminate, varying to oblong and obtuse, 2-6 cm. long, pale or glaucescent, vertical by a twist of the petiole ; flowers on terminal or axillary peduncles ; petals bright yellow, 15-30 mm. long ; capsule 4-6 cm. long, arcuate, strongly striate. Dry chaparral ridges, often abundant after fires, Upper Sonoran Zone; Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada of northern California to northern Lower California. Type locality: California. April-July. Considerable variation is manifest in the size and shape of the leaves and to a less extent in the flowers, which led Greene (Pittonia 5: 296-306. 1905) to recognize seventeen species, and Fedde (Pflanzenreich 410*: 136—143. 1909) to increase the number to twenty. 2. Dendromecon Harfordii Kell. Island Tree Poppy. Fig. 1890. Dendromecon Harfordii Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 5: 102. 1873. Dendromecon flexile Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 216. 1886. Dendromecon rigida var. Harfordii K. Brandg. Zoe 4: 83. 1893. Erect shrub or tree 2-6 m. high, the branches spreading, or even drooping, forming a rounded crown. Leaves pale, elliptic to oblong-ovate, 3-6 cm. long, entire, reticulations of the surface usually not conspicuous ; peduncles not exceeding the leaves ; petals 2-4 cm. long ; capsule 7-10 cm. long, arcuate. Brushy slopes. Upper Sonoran Zone; Channel Islands, California. Type locality: Santa Rosa Island, California. April-July. 5. ESCHSCHOLZIA Cham, in Nees, Hor. Phys. Ber. 73. 1820. Smooth glaucous annual or perennial herbs, with colorless sap, ternately dissected leaves and bright orange or yellow flowers. Receptacle dilated, forming a funnel-shaped torus around the base of the pistil. Sepals 2, borne on the torus, coherent into a pointed hood-like calyptra and pushed off by the expanding petals. Petals normally 4, rarely 6 or 8, stamens numerous, with short filaments and linear anthers. Ovary cylindric, 1-celied, with 2 nerve-like placentae; styles short; stigma divided into 4-6 linear divergent lobes. Capsule elongated, 10-nerved, dehiscent from the base and separating from the placentae. Seeds globose, reticulate or rough-tuberculate. [Name in honor of Dr. J. F. Eschscholtz, German poet and naturalist who together with Chamisso was on the Romanzoff Expedi- tion to the Pacific Coast.] POPPY FAMILY 227 A genus of about 12 species, natives of western North America. Type species, Eschscholzia californica Cham The original spelling Eschscholzia instead of Eschscholtzia has been retained in conformity with the International Rules, and has been done so under the advice of the American representative of the international committee. Torus with two rims, the inner erect and hyaline, the outer spreading; seeds reticulate; cotyledons 2-cleft; perennials or sometimes annuals. L E- calif ornica. Torus with only an erect hyaline rim, the outer rim absent or rudimentary; cotyledons entire; annuals. Stems leafy or sometimes scapose; seeds reticulate or sometimes nearly smooth. Herbage glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Petals 10-25 mm. long. Leaves not conspicuously glaucous; stem usually scapose. 2. E. caespitosa. Leaves conspicuously glaucous; stems leafy. 3. E. elegans. Petals 3-5 mm. long, rarely longer. 4. E. minutiflora. Herbage canescent with short curved hairs. 5. E. Lcmmonii. Stems scapose; seeds muricate or deeply pitted, not reticulate. Leaf divisions short and crowded; seeds rather remotely pitted. 6. E. glyptosperma. Leaf divisions few and elongated; seeds muricate. 7. E. Lobbii. 1. Eschscholzia calif ornica Cham. California Poppy. Fig, 1391. Eschscholzia californica Cham, in Nees, Hor. Phys. Ber. 73. pi. 15. 1920. Stems branching, decumbent or ascending from a thick branching taproot, leafy or scapose, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves ternately decompound, the segments linear or oblong, glabrous and slightly glaucous, rarely sparingly puberulent; peduncles 5-15 cm. long; calyptra variable in size and shape, 1-4 cm. long ; petals fan-shaped, 5 cm. long or less, orange varying to yellow ; outer rim of receptacle spreading, 2-4 mm. wide ; seeds reticulate ; cotyledons 2-cleft. The California Poppy exhibits wide variation in habit and floral characters. Some of these are ecological but others are inherent. In either case it is doubtful if they are of sufficient import to warrant taxonomic recognition. Almost as marked seasonal variation may occur in the same plant as is found in many of the segregates which have been proposed by Greene and Fedde, which total approximately 100. The original collections of Chamisso and Eschscholtz were made at San Francisco and, as Chamisso's description and colored plate clearly show, were the glaucous yellow-flowered plants found along the coast. Sand dunes and bluffs along the California coast from Mendocino County to the southern part of the state. Feb.-Sept. The following species proposed by Greene, although showing considerable variation, are referable to this typical form: comuta, cucullata, glauca, maritima, Menziesiana. Eschscholzia californica var. crocea (Benth.) Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 207. 1901. Perennial from a stout taproot, the older plants often having a branched crown. Vernal specimens with large flowers; calyptra usually tapering to a long beak; petals deep orange or sometimes yellow, often 4-6 cm. long; outer rim of torus broad. Aestival plants with leafy often decumbent branches and paler foliage; flowers smaller; calyptra often abruptly short-beaked; petals yellow, 2-4 cm. long; outer rim of receptacle narrow. Grassy hillsides and valleys, usually in a loam soil, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Columbia River, Washington, to northern Lower California. Extremely variable in foliage and flowers, and numerous segregates have been proposed. Along the coast it merges into the typical species, and often on high exposed rocky ridges simulates it. Eschscholzia californica var. peninsularis (Greene) Munz, Man. S. Calif. 181. 1935. Annual with a rather slender, somewhat fleshy taproot, cespitose or with leafy branches; flowers much as in the preceding variety. Valleys and hillsides, usually in sandy soil; San Joaquin Valley to Lower California. Extremely variable, and possibly only an ecological phase of the preceding. Many segregates of these annual plants were proposed by Greene, the earliest being E. peninsularis Greene. 2. Eschscholzia caespitosa Benth. Tufted Eschscholzia. Fig. 1892. Eschscholzia caespitosa Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 1: 408. 1835. Eschscholzia tenuifolia Benth. loc. cit. Eschscholzia rhombipetala Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 71. 1885. Stems usually scapose, branching at the base from a tuft of leaves, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves dissected into numerous narrow divisions, glabrous and somewhat glaucous or sparingly his- pidulous ; torus narrowly turbinate, without a spreading outer rim ; calyptra ovoid-elliptic, apiculate ; petals yellow, 1-2 cm. long ; seeds reticulate or almost smooth, longer than broad, abruptly acute. Foothills and valleys, Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills of northern and central California. Type locality: first collected by Douglas, somewhere in the California Coast Ranges. April-May. Eschscholzia caespitosa var. hypecoides (Benth.) Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 272. 1887. Stems leafy, 1-4 dm. high, slender and more or less branched; torus turbinate without outer rim; seeds faintly reticulate. Foothills of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges from northern to southern California. 3. Eschscholzia elegans Greene. Island Eschscholzia. Fig. 1893. Eschscholzia elegans Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 182. 1885. Eschscholzia ramosa Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 13:217. 1886. Eschscholzia Wrigleyana Millsp. & Nutt. Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 5: 109. pi. 1. 1923. Annual with stout leafy stems, branching above the base, 2-4 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves ample, very finely dissected, glaucous and glabrous or sparingly scabrous ; torus broadly tur- binate, without the spreading outer rim ; calyptra ovoid, rounded or obtuse at the apex with a very short apiculation ; petals yellow, often with orange base, 1-2 cm. long ; seeds reticulate. Open fields and borders of chaparral, Upper Sonoran Zone; Channel Islands from Santa Rosa to San Clemente, California; also Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Type locality: Guadalupe Island. March- June. 228 PAPAVERACEAE 4. Eschscholzia minutifldra S. Wats. Pygmy Poppy. Fig. 1894. Eschscholzia minutiflora S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 122. 1876. Eschscholzia modesta Greene, Pittonia 1: 169. 1888. Annual glabrous or rarely sparsely puberulent, somewhat glaucous, the stems leafy, branch- ing 1-3 dm. high. Leaves rather finely to coarsely dissected, the divisions linear to oblong; flowers scattered along the leafy stem; torus short-turbinate, without spreading outer rim; petals yellow, 3-6 mm. long; seeds globose, reticulate. Dry desert slopes and plains, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; Washoe County, Nevada, and Inyo County California. Several se^repates were proposed by Greene and Fedde. Type locality: From North- western Nevada to Arizona and Southern Utah." March-May. Eschscholzia minutiflora var. darwinensis M. E. Jones, Contr. West Bot. No. 8:2. 1898. (Esch- scholzia Parishii Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1:183. 1885.) Closely resembling the typical species, but the petals 8-15 mm. long. Panamint Mountains south to the Colorado Desert, California. 5. Eschscholzia Lemmonii Greene. Lemmon's Eschscholzia. Fig. 1895. Eschscholzia Lemmonii Greene, W. Amer. Sci. 3: 157. 1887. Eschscholzia urceolata Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 30: 488. 1903. Eschscholzia delitescens Fedde, Pflanzenreich 410*: 300. 1909. Annual, more or less canescent with short, usually curved hairs, the stems leafy, branching and decumbent or ascending, 15-30 cm. long. Leaves finely dissected, pubescent; torus urceolate ; calyptra usually densely white-pubescent; petals orange or yellow, 15-25 mm. long; capsule 3-6 cm. long ; seeds reticulate. Dry interior hills and plains, Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges of California, from San Benito County to San Luis Obispo County, also in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. Type locality: Cholame, San Luis Obispo County, California. April-June. 6. Eschscholzia glyptosperma Greene. Mojave Poppy. Fig. 1896. Eschscholzia glyptosperma Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1 : 70. 1885. Eschscholzia paupercula Greene, Pittonia 5: 262. 1905. Annual with many slender scapose stems arising from a dense tuft of nearly basal leaves, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves finely dissected into short crowded linear divisions, glaucous and glabrous ; torus turbinate without a spreading outer rim; calyptra ovoid-lanceolate; petals yellow, 1-2 cm. long ; seeds globose, rather remotely pitted and without reticulations. Dry hillsides, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave Desert, California, east to southern Utah. Type locality: Mojave Desert, California. April-May. 7. Eschscholzia Lobbii Greene. Rough-seeded Eschscholzia. Fig. 1897. Eschscholzia Lobbii Greene, Pittonia 5: 290. 1905. Eschscholzia pulchella Greene, Pittonia 5: 291. 1905. Eschscholzia graminea Fedde, Rep. Nov. Spec. 2: 146. 1906. Annual with many slender erect scapose stems, 1-3 cm. high. Leaves basal or nearly so, forming a tuft, dissected into comparatively few narrowly linear elongated divisions; torus short-turbinate; calyptra ovoid, acute; petals yellow, 8-15 mm. long; seeds strongly muriculate. Open hillsides and plains, Upper Sonoran Zone; Sacramento Valley and the surrounding Inner Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills, California. Type locality: northwestern Solano County, California. March-May. Hunnemannia fumariaefolia Sweet, Brit. Flow. Card. 3: 54. pi. 276. 1828. The Mexican Tulip Poppy, a native of Mexico, is occasionally found growing spontaneously in California. 6. GLAUCIUM Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Glaucous annual or biennial plants, with alternate, clasping leaves, saffron-colored sap, and showy yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens many. Stigma nearly sessile, 2-lobed, the lobes dilated, convex. Capsule long-linear, 2-celled, dehiscent to the base. Seeds cancellate, crestless. [Name Greek, in reference to the glaucous foliage.] A genus of about 6 species, natives of the Old World, mainly of the Mediterranean region. Type species, Chelidonium glaucium L. 1. Glaucium flavum Crantz. Yellow-horned or Sea Poppy. Fig. 1898. Chelidonium glaucium L. Sp. PI. 506. 1753. Glaucium flavum Crantz, Stirp. Aust. 2: 131. 1763. Glaucium luteum Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 1: 369. 1772. Glaucium glaucium Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 649. 1880-83. Stems stout, rigid, branching, 5-10 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oblong in outline, 5-15 cm. long, scurfy, pinnatifid, the divisions toothed, or the uppermost merely lobed; flowers axillary and terminal; petals broadly obovate, 2-3 cm. long; capsule 15-20 cm. long. In waste places, sparingly introduced in the Pacific States. Native of Europe. June-Sept. 7. Stylomecon G. Taylor, Journ. Bot. Brit. & For. 68: 140. 1930. Annual with simple or branching stems, yellow juice, and pinnately parted or divided leaves. Flowers on slender axillary peduncles. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens POPPY FAMILY 229 1895 1889. Dendromecon rigida 1890. Dendromecon Harfordii 1891. Eschscholzia californica 1892. Eschscholzia caespitosa 1893. Eschscholzia elegans 1894. Eschscholzia minutiflora 1895. Eschscholzia Lemmonii 1896. Eschscholzia glyptosperma 1897. Eschscholzia Lobbii 230 PAPAVERACEAE numerous. Ovary turbinate, glabrous, with 4-11 parietal placentae; style slender, simple; stigma capitate. Capsule turbinate, tipped by the persistent style and dehiscent by 4-11 short valves at the summit. Seeds numerous, reniform, reticulate-rugose. [Name Greek, meaning style and poppy.] . . A monotypic Californian genus. Resembling Papaver calif ornicum in habit but style and fruit very unlike any member of that genus. 1. Stylomecon heterophylla (Benth.) G. Taylor. Wind Poppy. Fig. 1899. Meconopsis heterophylla Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 1:408. 1835. Meconopsis crassifolia Benth. loc. cit. Papaver heterophyllum Greene, Man. Bay Beg. 9. 1894. Papaver heterophyllum var. crassifolium Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 209. 1901. Stylomecon heterophylla G. Taylor, Journ. Bot. 68: 140. 1930. Annual the stems simple or branching, 3-6 cm. high, glabrous or sparsely pilose-pubescent below Leaves pinnately parted or divided, usually petioled and somewhat succulent ; peduncles slender; petals 1-2 cm. long, brick red, with a purple spot above the green claw; capsule tur- binate to obovate, dehiscent by 8 operculate lips. Shaded slopes Upper Sonoran Zone; Lake and Fresno counties, California, south to northern Lower California. Type locality: California Coast Ranges, collected by Douglas. April-May. 8. PAPAVER [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 506. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs with the sap narcotic, and milky or rarely turning yellow. Leaves pinnately lobed or dissected. Flowers showy, solitary on long peduncles, with 2 sepals, 4 petals, and numerous stamens. Ovary capped by the closely sessile, circular, flat or somewhat conical disk or combined radiate stigmas. Capsule dehiscent under the edge of the stigmas by as many dentiform short lids; placentae 4-20, mostly projecting far into the cell. [Classical name of the poppy.] A genus of about 45 species, all natives of the Old World except the following. Type species, Papaver somnijerum L. 1. Papaver californicum A. Gray. Western Poppy. Fig. 1900. Papaver californicum A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 313. 1887. Papaver Lemmonii Greene, Pittonia 1 : 168. 1888. Erect glabrous or sparsely pilose annual with milky sap, the stems simple or branching, 3-6 dm high' leafy below. Leaves pinnately divided, the segments toothed or lobed; petals brick red with 'a greenish spot at base, 2 cm. long or less ; capsule 10-15 mm. long, clavate-turbinate, 6-11 -nerved. Open woods, especially after fires, Upper Sonoran Zone; California Coast Ranges from Marin County to San Diego; rare and local north of Santa Barbara. Type locality: Santa \nez Mountains, Santa Barbara County. April-May. Papaver somniferum L. (Garden Poppy), Papaver Rhoeas L. (Red or Corn Poppy), and P. Argemone L. (Pale Rough-fruited Poppy) are occasionally found growing spontaneously in the Pacific States. Ihey are all na- tives of the Old World. 9. ARGEMONE L. Sp. PL 508. 1753. Annual or biennial herbs or one Mexican species shrubby, with yellow or white acrid sap. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid or sinuate, the divisions spinose-tipped. Flowers erect in bud. Sepals 2 or 3 with a cornute tip or appendage below the apex. Petals 4 or 6, showy. Stamens numerous. Stigmas sessile, somewhat radiate; ovary with 4-6 nerviform pla- centae. Capsule oblong, opening at the apex by 4-6 valves. Seeds numerous, globose, can- cellate; endosperm oily. [Name Greek, meaning an eye disease, for which the juice of a plant so called was a supposed remedy.] An American genus of about 10 species. Type species, Argemone mexicana L. Leaves sinuate, rarely shallowly pinnatifid, sparsely spiny on the margins and beneath; seeds 1-1 . 5 mm. in diameter. lm A- corymbosa Leaves irregularly pinnatifid, often nearly to the midrib, the divisions in turn often divided or toothed, sparsely to densely spiny and hispid on both surfaces; seeds 2-2.5 mm. in diameter. 2. A. platyceras. 1. Argemone corymbosa Greene. Leafy Prickly Poppy. Fig. 1901. Argemone corymbosa Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 2: 59. 1886. Argemone intermedia var. corymbosa Eastw. Erythea 4: 96. 1896. Stems stout, erect, corymbosely branching, 4-10 dm. high, armed with stout yellow spines, otherwise glabrous. Leaves oblong to obovate or the upper ovate, 8-15 cm. long, repand-toothed or pinnatifid, rather sparingly prickly on both surfaces, especially on the veins, otherwise gla- brous; sepals sparingly prickly, their horns unarmed on the outer surface; petals 20-35 mm. long ; capsule about 2 cm. long, beset with spreading spines ; deeply 8-12-grooved longitudinally. Mojave Desert, Sonoran Zones; Inyo and San Bernardino Counties, California. Type locality: Mohave Desert. April-July. POPPY FAMILY 231 2. Argemone platyceras Link & Otto. Chicalote or Broad-horned Prickly Poppy. Fig. 1902. Argemone platyceras Link & Otto, Ic. PI. Rar. 1: 85. pi. 43. 1828. Argemone munita Dur. & Hilg. Journ. Acad. Phila. II. 3: 37. 1855. Stems stout, branched, 5-8 dm. high, more or less prickly with long yellow spines. Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, 5-15 cm. long, sinuate-pinnatifid into spinose-toothed lobes, spinose, especially along the veins, otherwise glabrous and glaucescent; inflorescence paniculate, leafy; sepals more or less densely spiny with mostly ascending spines, their horns prominent, strongly spine-tipped and spinose, especially on the outer surface ; petals 6, obovate, truncate, 25-40 mm. long, white; capsule cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, becoming indurate, densely spiny. Dry washes and sandy plains, Sonoran Zones; lower Sacramento Valley, California, to northern Lower California, and east to Texas and northern Mexico. Type locality: Hacienda de la Laguna Confre Perote, Mexico. June-Aug. Argemone platyceras var. hispida (A. Gray) Prain. Journ. Bot. 33: 1895. {Argemone hispida A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 5. 1849.) Stems and leaves densely setose-hispid between the prominent spines. Dry washes, Lake County and the San Joaquin Valley to southern California, east to New Mexico. 10. ARCTOMECON Torr. & Frem. in Frem. Second Rep. 312. pi. 2. 1845. Perennial herbs with somewhat woody taproots, the stems several from the cespitose base, subscapose. Leaves mostly basal, toothed at the apex and densely long-hirsute, those of the stem few or none, when present alternate and often entire. Flowers large, showy, white or yellow, peduncled. Sepals 2, glabrous or pubescent. Petals 4 or 6, tardily de- ciduous. Stamens numerous with slender filaments. Pistil with 3-6 carpels; style short; stigmas 3-6, short and thick; ovary 1-celled, with nerve-like parietal placentae; capsule obovoid to subcylindric, dehiscent from above, the 3-6 valves separating from the per- 1898. Glaucium flavum 1899. Stylomecon heterophylla 1900. Papaver californicum 1901. Argemone corymbosa 1902. Argemone platyceras 232 PAPAVERACEAE sistent placentae. Seeds comparatively few, oblong-, shining and finely lined longitudi- nally. [Name Greek, meaning bear and poppy, from the densely hairy leaves.] A genus of three species, natives of the Great Basin region of western United States. Type species, Arc- tomecon califomica Torr. & Frem. 1. Arctomecon Merriamii Coville. Desert Poppy, Merriam's Bear Poppy. Fig. 1903. Arctomecon Merriamii Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7: 66. 1892. Stems sparsely branched near the base, about 3 dm. high, glaucous. Leaves mostly basal, 6-15 mm. long, cuneate-oblanceolate, flabelliform, narrowed to a winged petiole, coarsely toothed at the apex, truncate, covered with long brown hairs; flowers solitary on the elongated naked peduncles; sepals 3, villous-pubescent ; petals usually 6, white, obcordate, 30-35 mm. long; capsule linear-oblong, 3-4 cm. long. Desert slopes, Lower Sonoran Zone; eastern edge of California in Inyo County, east to adjacent southern Nevada. Type locality: a few miles west of Vegas Ranch, Lincoln County, Nevada. April-May. Arctomecon calif ornica Torr. & Frem. in Frem. Second Rep. 312. pi. 2. 1845. Characterized by its more numerous flowers on bracted peduncles, yellow petals and glabrous sepals. It inhabits southern Nevada, has not been found in California. The name was applied when the region belonged to Mexico, and the California of that time covered a much larger territory than the present state. 11. CANBYA Parry ex A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 12: 51. pi. 1. 1876. Diminutive glabrous annuals, with very shortly branched stems. Leaves crowded in a dense basal tuft, alternate, linear and entire. Flowers solitary on very slender axillary peduncles. Sepals 3. Petals 6, deciduous or marcescent. Stamens 6-9. Pistil 3-carpellate ; stigmas 3, radiate, adherent to the ovary; ovary 1-celled with 3 nerve-like parietal pla- centae. Capsule oblong-ovoid, the three valves dehiscing from the placentae; seeds sev- eral. [Name in honor of William H. Canby, an American botanist.] A genus of two species, natives of western United States. Type species, Canbya Candida Parry. Petals white, persistent and closing over the ovary after anthesis. 1. C. Candida. Petals yellow, early deciduous. 2. C. aurea. 1. Canbya Candida Parry. White Canbya. Fig. 1904. Canbya Candida Parry ex A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 12: 51. pi. 1. 1876. Stems short, branched, forming tufts 1-3 cm. high. Leaves fleshy, narrowly linear, 5-10 mm. long; peduncles filiform, about 1-2 cm. long; petals pearly white, rounded, 3-4 mm. long, closing over the ovary after anthesis ; capsule oblong-ovoid, 2 mm. long. Sandy washes, Sonoran Zones; Mojave Desert, southern California. Type locality: toward the head of Mojave Desert. April-June. 2. Canbya aurea S. Wats. Yellow Canbya. Fig. 1905. Canbya aurea S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 21 : 445. 1886. Stems short-branched, forming rounded tufts 1-2 cm. high. Leaves fleshy, narrowly linear, 3-8 mm. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; peduncles very slender, 2-5 cm. long ; petals bright yellow, broadly ovate, 3 mm. long, deciduous; capsule oblong-ovoid, 2.5 mm. long. Sagebrush plains, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Oregon from Crook County to Lake County, east to Malheur County and probably adjacent Idaho. Type locality: sagebrush plains southwest of Prineville, Oregon. April-July. 1903 1903. Arctomecon Merriamii 1904 1904. Canbya Candida 1905 1905. Canbya aurea FUMEWORT FAMILY 233 Family 51. FUMARIACEAE. Fumewort Family. Herbaceous plants with watery juice and alternate or basal, dissected leaves and no stipules. Flowers perfect, hypogynous, irregular. Sepals 2 small and bract-like. Petals 4, somewhat united into two dissimilar pairs, the 2 outer ones spreading at the apex and one or both saccate or spurred at base, the two inner smaller and narrower, their tips thickened and united over the stigma. Stamens 6, diadelphous, in two sets of 3 each. Pistil of 2 carpels; stigma 2-lobed ; ovary 1- celled ovules one to several, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 2-valved several- seeded capsule or an indehiscent 1-seeded nut.. Seeds with a minute embryo imbedded in fleshy endosperm. Five genera and about 170 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern Africa. Outer petals similar, both spurred or merely saccate at the base. 1- Dicentra. Outer petals dissimilar, one spurred at the base, the other not. Fruit an elongated 2-valved capsule; ovules and seeds several. 2. Corydahs. Fruit an indehiscent 1-seeded nut. 3- Fumana- 1. DICENTRA Bernh. Linnaea 8: 468. 1833. Perennial herbs, with dissected basal or cauline leaves. Flowers perfect, usually flat- tened and heart-shaped, irregular, racemose or paniculate, or sometimes solitary. The two outer petals saccate at the base, spreading at the apex, the inner narrow, clawed, usually cohering above and crested on the back. Stamens 6, in two bundles opposite the outer petals. Ovary with 2 parietal placentae ; style slender. Fruit an elongated 2-valved capsule. Seeds several. [Name Greek, meaning twice-spurred.] A genus of about 16 species, natives of North America and Asia. Type species, Dicentra Cucullaria (L .) Bernh. Bicuculla Adans. (1763) and Diclytra Borckh. (1797) have priority, but the name Dicentra is con- served. Stems leafy; flowers erect; seeds papillate. Flowers golden yellow, 12-15 mm. long, not crowded. 1- D. chrysantha. Flowers ochroleucous, 20-25 mm. long, in one or few dense clusters. 2. D. ochroleuca. Stems scapose, about as long as the basal leaves; flowers drooping; seeds black, finely reticulate. Plants with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots. Outer petals rose-purple, deeply cordate at base; leaves glaucous beneath, green above. Outer petals ochroleucous, shallowly cordate at base; leaves glaucous on both surfaces. 4. V. oregona. Plants with a fascicle of fusiform roots or a short tuber -bearing rootstock. Petals cordate at base; roots fusiform. Flower solitary; outer petals recurved or widely spreading from near the base. 5. D. uniflora. Flowers 1-3; outer petals spreading only at the tip. 6. D. pauciflora. Petals spurred at base; rootstock short, tuber-bearing. 7. D. Cucullaria. 1. Dicentra chrysantha (Hook. & Arn.) Walp. Golden Dicentra or Ear-drops. Fig. 1906. Dielytra chrysantha Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 320. pi. 73. 1840. Dicentra chrysantha Walp. Rep. 1: 118. 1842. Capnorchis chrysantha Planch. Fl. Serres 8: 193. pi. 820. 1853. Diclytra chrysantha Greene, Pittonia 1: 187. 1888. Bikukulla chrysantha Coville, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 4:60. 1893. Plants very pallid and glaucous, the stems rigidly erect, 6-15 dm. high, arising from a stout root. Leaves sparsely scattered along the stem, bipinnate, with rather stiff petioles and rachis 15-30 cm. long, the ultimate pinnae divided into acutish lobes; flowers erect, in an elongated narrow panicle, golden yellow, ill-smelling ; sepals suborbicular, 4 mm. long, caducous ; corolla only slightly cordate at base, 12-15 mm. long; outer sepals saccate below, spreading from about the middle; crest of the inner petals rather narrow and crisped; capsule ovoid-lanceolate, 15-20 mm. long, beaked by the elongated rigid style ; seeds densely papillate. Dry gravelly hillsides or arroyos, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Lake and Calaveras Coun- ties, California, south to northern Lower California. Type locality: California Coast Ranges. May-Sept. 2. Dicentra ochroleuca Engelm. Yellow Dicentra. Fig. 1907. Dicentra ochroleuca Engelm. Bot. Gaz. 6: 223. 1881. Diclytra ochroleuca Greene, Pittonia 1: 187. 1888. Capnorchis ochroleuca Greene, Fl. Fran. 279. 1891. Bicuculla ochroleuca Heller, Cat. N. Amer. PI. 4. 1898. Rigidly erect very glaucous herb, closely resembling the preceding species in general vege- tative characters. Flowers in densely crowded, few to several clusters ; corolla 20-25 mm. long, 234 FUMARIACEAE ochroleucous ; outer petals with only the tips spreading ; inner petals purple-tipped ; seeds papillate. Open woods and chaparral, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Ynez Mountains to Temescal, southern California. Type locality : Santa Monica Mountains. June-July. 3. Dicentra formdsa (Andr.) Walp. Pacific Bleeding Heart. Fig. 1908. Fumaria formosa Andr. Bot. Rep. 6: pi. 393. 1800. Corydalis formosa Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 462. 1814. Diclytra formosa DC. Syst. 2: 109. 1821. Dielytra formosa G. Don, Gen. Hist. PI. 1: 140. 1831. Dicentra formosa Walp. Rep. 1: 118. 1842. Capnorchis formosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1:15. 1891. Bikukulla formosa Coville, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 4: 60. 1893. Plants scapose, arising from a rather stout creeping rootstock. Basal leaves long-petioled, ternately decompound, 3-5 dm. long, the ultimate segments oblong, 3-5 cm. long, glaucous beneath; scapes naked, or rarely with a much reduced leaf, usually exceeding the basal leaves; flowers in a several-flowered panicle ; bracts narrow, acuminate ; sepals lanceolate to ovate ; corolla rose-purple, cordate with short rounded spurs, 15-18 mm. long; petals united to above the middle, the outer with ovate spreading tips, the inner wing-crested on the back ; capsules about 2 cm. long ; seeds shining, black, finely reticulate. Moist woods and stream banks. Transition Zone; Vancouver and western British Columbia south through the Cascade Mountains and the Coast Ranges to central California. Type locality: Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island. April-July. Dicentra formosa var. breviflora Henderson, Rhodora 33:204. 1931. A form with smaller flowers; corolla 10 mm. wide and 12 mm. long. Based on specimens collected at Mirror Lake, south of Mount Hood, Oregon. 4. Dicentra oregona Eastw. Oregon Dicentra. Fig. 1909. Dicentra oregona Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. IV. 20: 144. 1931. Similar to the preceding species but smaller, mostly 2-3 dm. high and the foliage pallid and glaucous. Flowers ochroleucous, ovate-cordate, 15 mm. long; tips of the outer petals yellow, spreading, those of the inner rose-colored ; capsule about 12 mm. long ; seeds black, shining, finely reticulate, with a lateral lobed translucent caruncle. Dry gravelly slopes, Arid Transition Zone; Siskiyou Mountains of Josephine County, Oregon, and Del Norte County, California. Type locality: Telephone Point, near the state line, on the VValdo-Crescent City Road, Josephine County, Oregon. April-June. Dicentra nevadensis Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. IV. 20: 143. 1931. Closely resembling D. oregona, and probably not specifically distinct; the herbage pallid and glaucous. Ultimate divisions of the leaves with linear, acute lobes about 1 mm. wide; scapes 1-2 dm. high, surpassing the leaves; flowers shallowly cordate at base, about 12 mm. long; outer petals ochroleucous, with the tips spreading, yellow; inner petals with the tips white tinged with pale yellow. Open coniferous forests, Canadian Zone; southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Alta Peak Trail, Sequoia National Park, California. 5. Dicentra uniflora Kell. Steer's Head. Fig. 1910. Dicentra uniflora Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 4: 141. 1871. Diclytra uniflora Greene, Pittonia 1: 187. 1888. Capnorchis uniflora Kuntze, Kev. Gen. PI. 1: 15. 1891. Bikukulla uniflora Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 34. 1897. Plants scapose, arising from a fascicle of fusiform tubers. Leaves basal, bi- or tri-ternate, 4-6 cm. long, the ultimate segments oblong or somewhat spatulate, glaucous beneath ; scapes slightly exceeding the leaves, 1-flowered ; bracts 1 or 2 at the apex of the scape proper ; sepals oblong- to ovate-lanceolate; corolla white or flesh-colored, 15 mm. long, cordate at base; outer petals narrowed and strongly recurved nearly to the broader cordate base; inner petals with a sagittate blade, purple-tipped, not crested ; style very slender, not becoming rigid and only the base persistent; capsule ovoid, about 12 mm. long; seeds semiorbicular, black and shining, finely and obscurely reticulate, with a rib-like crest on the back. Gravelly soils, Boreal Zones; Cascade Mountains, Washington, and northern Idaho, south to the Sierra Nevada, California, and east to Wyoming and Utah. Type locality: Cisco and Summit, Placer County, Cali- fornia. May-July. 6. Dicentra pauciflora S. Wats. Few-flowered Bleeding Heart. Fig. 1911. Dicentra pauciflora S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 429. 1880. Diclytra pauciflorum Greene, Pittonia 1: 187. 1888. Capnorchis pauciflora Greene, Fl. Fran. 279. 1891. Bikukulla pauciflora Coville, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 4: 60. 1893. Plants scapose, arising from a fascicle of fusiform tubers. Leaves basal, solitary or few, 4-6 cm. long, ternately decompound, the ultimate divisions narrowly linear and acute, pale green, glaucous beneath ; scapes slender, slightly exceeding the leaves, 1-3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; corolla 18-20 mm. long, white or flesh-colored, deeply cordate at base with a narrow sinus, the reflexed tip much shorter than the body of the outer petals; blade of the inner petals ligulate, about equaling the dilated claw, abruptly expanded into a spatulate purple apex. Volcanic soils, Boreal Zones, mainly Hudsonian; locally distributed in the North Coast Ranges and in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Scott Mountains and Castle Lake, Trinity Mountains, California. June-July. FUMEWORT FAMILY 235 7. Dicentra Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's Breeches. Fig. 1912. Fumaria Cucullaria L. Sp. PI. 699. 1753. Diciytra Cucullaria D.C. Syst. 2: 108. 1821. Dielytra Cucullaria G. Don, Gen. Hist. PI. 1: 140. 1831. Dicentra Cucullaria Bernh. Linnaea 8: 457, 468. 1833. Bicuculla Cucullaria Millsp. Bull. W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. 2: 327. 1892. Bicuculla occidental Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 160. 1902. Scapose perennial from a short rootstock, bearing bulbous tubers. Leaves basal, with elongated slender petioles, ternately compound, the ultimate segments linear or oblong; scapes slightly exceeding the leaves, 12-25 cm. high ; flowers several in a terminal secund raceme, nod- ding on short slender pedicels; corolla 12-18 mm. long, white or tinged with pink, yellow at tip; outer petals produced at base into a prominent divergent spur, spreading at apex; inner petals with a prominent crest; seeds black and shining, very obscurely reticulate, crested. Moist woods or shaded hillsides, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; eastern Washington and Oregon to Nova Scotia, Missouri, and North Carolina. Type locality: Virginia. April-May. 2. CORYDALIS Vent. Choix 19. 1803. Erect or climbing herbs, with decompound leaves. Flowers racemose, terminal or opposite the leaves. Sepals 2, small. Corolla irregular, deciduous; petals 4, erect and connivent, one of the outer pair spurred at the base, the inner pair narrow, keeled dor- sally. Stamens 6, opposite the outer petals. Capsule 2-valved, linear or oblong; placentae 2; style persistent. Seeds with an aril-like crest. [Name Greek, from the ancient nama of the crested lark.] About 110 species, native of the north temperate zone and South Africa. Type species, Corydalis semper virens (L.) Pers. Spur much exceeding the petals in length; flowers rose or cream-white; capsule oblong or oblong-ovoid, elasti cally dehiscent. Hood of spurred petal without a membranous spreading or reflexed margin; flowers rose-colored. 1. C. Scouleri. Hood of spurred petal with a thin spreading or reflexed margin; flowers cream-colored or white. Margin of hood on spurred petal narrow, spreading. 2. C. Caseana. Margin of hood on spurred petal broad, reflexed and covering the crest. 3. C. Cusickii. Spur scarcely half the length of the petals; flowers yellow; pod linear, torulose. 4. C. aurea. 1. Corydalis Scouleri Hook. Scouler's Corydalis. Fig. 1913. Corydalis Scouleri Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 36. 1829. Corydalis macrophylla Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 69. 1838. Capnodes Scouleri Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 15. 1891. Corydalis Allenii Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. 10: 478. 1912. Stems stout, 10 dm. or less in height, arising from tuberous roots. Leaves thrice ternate, or the third division pinnate ; leaflets oblong to oblong-elliptic, 2-3 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at apex, sometimes apiculate; raceme narrow, the flowers not crowded, rose-colored; spur rather stout, ascending, straight, 12-15 mm. long, its hood with a prominent dorsal crest; capsule ovoid-oblong, 9-10 mm. long. Stream banks and moist woods, Canadian and Humid Transition Zones; Olympic Peninsula, Washington, to Tillamook, Oregon, mostly near the coast. Type locality: "In dark shady woods of North-West America; plentiful near the confluence of the Columbia with the sea." May-July. 2. Corydalis Caseana A. Gray. Sierra Corydalis. Fig. 1914. Corydalis Caseana A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 10: 69. 1874. Corydalis Bidwellii S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 479. 1880. Capnodes Caseanum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 14. 1891. Stems stout, rather succulent, 5-10 dm. high, arising from thickened roots. Leaves 15-35 cm. long ; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate to ovate, apiculate, 10—25 mm. long ; racemes many-flowered, 5-12 cm. long; flowers white with the tips of the petals purple; spur rather slender, 12-15 mm. long, its hood concave, with a narrow spreading membranous margin; capsule oblong, 12-14 mm. long, 5 mm. thick; seeds shiny black, with a conspicuous caruncle. Stream banks, Transition Zone; Sierra Nevada from Shasta County to Plumas County, California. Type locality: Big Meadows, Plumas County, California. June-Aug. 3. Corydalis Cusickii S. Wats. Cusick's Corydalis. Fig. 1915. Corydalis Cusickii S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 430. 1880. Capnoides Cusickii Heller, Cat. N. Amer. PL 4. 1898. Stems stout, fleshy, 5-10 dm. high, arising from thickened perennial roots. Leaves 25-60 cm. long, the leaflets oblong-lanceolate to broadly ovate, mucronulate, 1-2 cm. long ; racemes densely flowered, 10-30 cm. long ; flowers cream-white, sometimes suffused with rose-purple ; spur stout, straight or curved slightly upward, 15-18 mm. long, its hood with a prominent crest covered by the broad reflexed margins; capsule oblong, 12-15 mm. long; seeds shiny black with a prominent caruncle. Stream banks. Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; Blue and Powder Mountains, Oregon, east to adjacent Idaho. Type locality; Union County, Oregon. June-Aug. 236 FUMARIACEAE 1906. Dicentra chrysantha 1907. Dicentra ochroleuca 1908. Dicentra formosa 1909. Dicentra oregona 1910. Dicentra uniflora 1911. Dicentra pauciflora 1912. Dicentra Cucullaria 1913. Corydalis Scouleri 1914. Corydalis Caseana MUSTARD FAMILY 237 4. Corydalis aurea Willd. Golden Corydalis. Fig. 1916. Corydalis aurea Willd. Enura. Hort. Ber. 740. 1809. Capnodes aureum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 14. 1891. Corydalis oregana Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. 11: 290. 1912. Corydalis washingtoniana Fedde, op. cit. 10: 419. 1912. Winter annual or possibly biennial, diffusely branching and leafy from the base, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves bipinnate, the leaflets pinnatifid; racemes short, mostly few-flowered; flowers golden yellow, 12-15 mm. long; spur about half as long as the petals, curved downward; capsules linear, 2-3 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick, more or less pendulous and curved, torulose. Dry or moist soils, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; British Columbia, eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and northeastern California to New England and Texas. Type locality: "In Canada." May- Aug. 3. FUMARIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 699. 1753. Annual glaucous herbs, with diffusely branching, erect or scandent stems. Leaves decompound with small narrow segments. Racemes terminal or opposite the leaf. Sepals 2, scale-like. Petals 4, erect-connivent, the outer dissimilar, one of them spurred, the inner pair narrow, coherent at apex, carinate or crested on the back. Stamens 6, diadel- phous, opposite the outer petals. Style filiform, with a small, entire or obscurely 2-lobed stigma; ovary with 1 ovule near the base. Fruit subglobose, indehiscent, 1-seeded. [Name Latin, meaning smoke, in allusion to the smoke-like smell of some species.] About IS species, all natives of the Old World. Type species, Fumaria officinalis L. 1. Fumaria officinalis L. Fumitory. Fig. 1917. Fumaria officinalis L. Sp. PI. 700. 1753. Glabrous and glaucous, the stems diffusely branched, spreading or ascending, 2-8 dm. long. Leaves petioled, finely dissected into narrow, linear or cuneate segments; racemes narrow, 2.5- 7.5 cm. long ; bracts small ; pedicels 2-4 mm. long ; flowers purple, darker at the apex, 4-6 mm. long ; nutlet depressed-globose, 2 mm. in diameter. Waste places, Willamette Valley, Oregon, and central California. Adventive from Europe. April-June. Fumaria parviflora Lam. Encycl. 2: 567. 1786. Segments of the leaflets narrowly linear, acute, chan- neled; flowers 3-4 mm. long, cream-colored except the purple tips of the inner petals; nutlet apiculate. Edges of gardens and waste places, Santa Clara Valley, California. Adventive from Europe. April-May. Family 52. BRASSICACEAE. Mustard Family. Herbs or rarely suftrutescent plants, with acrid juice, alternate leaves and race- mose or corymbose flowers. Sepals 4, deciduous or persistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner similar, or concave or saccate at base. Petals 4, rarely 2 or none, hypog- ynous, cruciate, nearly equal, usually clawed. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4, hypog- ynous, tetradynamous. Pistil 1, compound, consisting of 2 united carpels, the parietal placentae united by dissepiment ; style generally persistent, sometimes none ; stigma discoid or more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicle, 2-celled or 1915 1915. Corydalis Cusickii 1916 1916. Corydalis aurea 1917 1917. Fumaria officinalis 238 BRASSICACEAE rarely 1-celled, 2-valved or rarely indehiscent. Endosperm none ; cotyledons incum- bent, accumbent or conduplicate. A family of about 200 genera and 1800 species, of wide geographical distribution. Also called the Cruciferae. Pubescence when present of simple, unbranched hairs, except in some genera of the Sisymbriinae. Stigma lobes situated over the valves; anthers sagittate at base; pods linear, elongated, sessile or stipitate. (Tribe Thelypodieae.) Pods long-stipitate; stamens well exserted, beyond the petals. I. Stanleyinae. Pods sessile or subsessile. II. Thelypodiinae. Stigma lobes situated over the placentae; anthers not sagittate at base; pods of various shapes. (Tribe Sinapeae.) Pods of various forms, seldom over twice as long as wide (silicles). Silkies globose or oblong, scarcely or not at all compressed. See also genus no. 9, Hymenophysa. Leaves subulate; aquatic plants. III. Subulariinae. Leaves not subulate. V. Cochleariinae. Silicles strongly compressed at right angles to the narrow partition, except in Hymenophysa. Pods dehiscent. IV. Lepidiinae. Pods indehiscent. VIII. Isatidinae. Pods linear, except Idahoa, over 3 times as long as wide, or if shorter prominently beaked (silique). Siliques conspicuously beaked. Pods transversely 2-jointed, the upper joint at length deciduous. VII. Cakilinae. Pods not transversely 2-jointed. Pods 2-celled by a thin longitudinal partition; dehiscent by valves. IX. Brassicinae. Pods indehiscent, 1-celled, the spaces between the seeds filled with spongy tissue. X. Raphaninae. Siliques merely tipped by the short style or sessile stigma. Pods terete or 4-angled, not flattened parallel with the partition; cotyledons incumbent. VI. Sisymbriinae. Pods flattened parallel with the partition; cotyledons accumbent. XI Pubescence when present of stellate or forked hairs. See also Sisymbriinae. Stigma lobes situated over the valves. (Tribe Schizopctaleae.) Flowers in the axils of the leaves on the upper part of the stem. XII Flowers in terminal leafless racemes. XIII Stigma lobes situated over the placentae. (Tribe Hesperideae.) Pods not linear, seldom over twice as long as wide. Pods flattened contrary to the partition or turgid. XIV Cardamininae. ScHIZOPETALINAE. Physariinae. Pods flattened parallel to the partition. Pods narrowly linear, over three times as long as wide. Epidermal cells of the partition wall not reticulate. Petals with lateral and one median nectary. Petals with lateral and two median nectaries. Epidermal cells of the partition wall reticulate. Flowers purple; plants stellate-pubescent, in our species. Flowers yellow; plants glabrous, in our species. I. Stanleyinae. Sepals reflexed or spreading in anthesis; anthers spirally coiled. Sepals erect or ascending in anthesis; anthers strongly recurved but not spirally coiled. II. Thelypodiinae. Calyx not urn-shaped. Pods terete or 4-sided; seeds not winged. Anthers curved or twisted. Anthers neither curved nor twisted. Pods flattened parallel with the partition; seeds usually winged. Anthers curved and twisted; petals narrow, usually crisped. Anthers neither curved nor twisted; petals not crisped. Calyx urn-shaped, the sepals curved inward. Capsellinae. XVII. Alyssinae. XV. Turritinae. XVI. Erysiminae. XVIII. Hesperidinae. XIX. Moricandiinae. 1. Stanleya. 2. Chlorocrambe. III. Subulariinae. IV. Lepidiinae. Represented by the single genus. Pods inflated, tardily dehiscent. Pods strongly compressed. Pods smooth and glabrous or pubescent. Pods rugose-reticulate or tuberculate. V. Cochleariinae. Pods strongly flattened contrary to the partition, crested and winged. Pods subglobose, only slightly compressed contrary to the partition, not winged. VI. Sisymbriinae. Pubescence of simple hairs. Pubescence of forked hairs. Pods terete. Leaves entire or toothed; styles nearly as broad as ovary. Leaves finely pinnate; styles much narrower than ovary. Pods 4-sided; leaves lobed or pinnatifid. 3. Thelypodium. 4. Schoenocrambe. 5. Streptanthus. 6. Streptanthella. 7. Caulanthus. 8. Subularia. 9. Hymenophysa. 10. Lepidium. 11. Coronopus. 12. Thlaspi. 13. Cochlearia. 14. Sisymbrium. 15. Arabidopsis. 16. Halimolobus. 17. Descurainia. MUSTARD FAMILY 239 VII. Cakilinae. Pods 2-jointed, the upper joint at length deciduous; seeds 1 in a joint. Introduced weed; leaves clasping. VIII. ISATIDINAE. IX. Brassicinae. 18. Cakile. 19. I sat is. 20. Eruca. 21. Sinapis. 22. Brassica. 23. Diplotaxis. 24. Raphanus. Beak of the pod more or less strongly flattened. Valves 1-nerved, the nerve prominent. Valves 3-nerved; beak often containing a seed. Beak of the pod conical, not flattened, seedless. Pods terete; seeds in 1 row in each cell. Pods somewhat flattened; seeds in 2 rows in each cell. X. Raphaninae. Pods indehiscent, 1-celled, the spaces between the seeds filled with spongy tissue. XI. Cardamininae. Pods linear, more or less turgid. Valves 1-nerved; flowers yellow except in two species of Rorippa. Seeds in 1 row in each cell; pods somewhat 4-sided. 25. Barbarea. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell; pods terete. 26. Rorippa. Valves nerveless; flowers white, often showy. Stems leafy, not arising from tuberous roots. 27. Cardamine. Stems arising from tuberous roots, bearing 2 or 3 leaves below the inflorescence; basal leaf often remote from the stem on an elongated subterranean petiole. 28. Dentaria. Pods suborbicular, strongly flattened parallel with the partition; stems scapose, 1 -flowered. XII. Schizopetalinae. Racemes leafy; pods broadly linear, compressed contrary to the partition. XIII. Physariinae. Pods emarginate at apex or more or less didymous. Pods merely emarginate at apex, lyre-shaped. Pods more or less didymous. Pods strongly didymous and flattened; seeds solitary in each cell. Pods didymous but more or less inflated; seeds 2 or more in each cell. Pods rounded to acute at apex; seeds several in each cell. Pods nearly as broad as long, generally inflated. Pods lanceolate, several times longer than broad; strongly compressed parallel XIV. Capsellinae. Pods dehiscent. Flowers white; pods compressed. Pods compressed contrary to the partition. Pods elliptic; valves with a prominent midrib. Pods cuneate to triangular-obcordate. Pods compressed parallel with the partition. Flowers yellow; pods turgid. Pods indehiscent. Flowers yellow; pods strongly reticulated, not winged. Flowers white; pods not strongly reticulated. Pods not winged. Pods 1 -seeded, not twisted. Pods several-seeded, twisted when mature. Pods broadly winged, the wings often perforated. 29. Idahoa. 30. Tropidocarpum. 31. Lyrocarpa. 32. Dithyrea. 33. Physaria. 34. Lesquerella. with the partition. 35. Phocnicaulis. 36. Hutchinsia. 37. Cap sella. 40. Draba. 38. Camelina. 39. Neslia. 41. Athysanus. 42. Heterodraba. A3. Thysanocarpus. XV. TURRITINAE. Pods terete or nearly so. Plants stellate-pubescent; leaves pinnate. 44. Plants glabrous or sparsely pubescent below with simple hairs; leaves entire or merely 45. Pods flattened parallel with the partition. 46. Smelowskia. toothed. Turritis. Arabis. XVI. Erysiminae. Perennials with more or less showy yellow flowers; pubescence of 2-forked hairs. XVII. Alyssinae. Flowers white; pubescence of 2-forked hairs. Flowers yellow; pubescence of stellate hairs. XVIII. Hesperidinae. Leaves serrate; stigma lobes small, flat. Leaves entire; stigma lobes larger, corniculate. 47. Erysimum. 48, 49. 50. 51. Koniga. Alyssum. Hesperis. Matthiola. Leaves clasping; glabrous. XIX. MORICANDIINAE. 52. Conringia. 240 BRASSICACEAE 1. STANLEYA Nutt. Gen. 2: 71. 1818. Mostly large, stout biennial or perennial herbs; similar in general appearance to Cleome, glabrous and glaucous or sparsely pubescent with unbranched hairs. Leaves en- tire and clasping, or petioled and entire, or variously pinnatifid. Inflorescence crowded, racemose even in anthesis; pedicels mostly horizontal. Flower buds distinctly clavate. Sepals erect, widely spreading or reflexed in anthesis. Petals yellow or yellowish, linear, oblanceolate, or with a broad blade and narrow claw. Stamens subequal in length ; anthers becoming tightly coiled or twisted at maturity. Pod stipitate, terete and often more or less torulose, 3-8 cm. long; style short; stigma small, entire or nearly so. Seeds not winged; cotyledons accumbent. [Name in honor of Lord Edward Stanley, one-time President of the Linnaean Society, a noted English ornithologist] A genus of about 8 species, confined to the arid region of western United States. Type species, Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton. Middle stem leaves sessile, sagittate and auricled at the base; plants quite glabrous. Biennial; sepals erect in anthesis; stem leaves not decurrent on the stem. 1. S. confertiflora. Perennial; sepals reflexed in anthesis; stem leaves somewhat decurrent. 2. S.viridi flora. Middle stem leaves petioled at the base; plants glabrous or hairy. Claws of the petals glabrous; filaments woolly at base; leaves usually entire. 3. 5. data. Claws of the petals as well as the filaments hairy; leaves usually pinnatifid. 4. S. pinnata. 1. Stanleya confertiflora (Robinson) Howell. Biennial Prince's Plume. Fig. 1918. Stanleya viridiflora var. confertiflora Robinson in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Araer. I1: 178. 1895. Stanleya confertiflora Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1:59. 1897. Stanleya rara A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 52: 262. 1911. Stanleya annua M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 17: 25. 1930. Biennial from a stout taproot, the stem usually solitary, stout, erect, unbranched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves narrowly sagittate, acute, 4-9 cm. long, erect or ascending; sepals light green or yellowish, linear, erect or spreading in age; petals yellow, glabrous, linear, crisped, 2.5-3 cm. long; stamens glabrous, distinctly tetradynamous ; anthers 1.5 mm. long; pods slender, scarcely torulose, 4-6 cm. long; stipe slender, about 2 cm. long. Dry clay or alkaline soil in the juniper belt of the Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern and southeastern Oregon to adjacent Idaho. Type locality: "Base of Stein's Mountain, Oregon." April-July. 2. Stanleya viridiflora Nutt. Green Prince's Plume. Fig. 1919. Stanleya viridiflora Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 98. 1838. Stanleya collina M. E. Jones, Zoe 3: 284. 1893. Perennial from a stout taproot, the stems stout, erect, simple or sparingly branched, 2-8 dm. high. Basal leaves tufted, narrowed to a winged petiole, entire or with a few salient lobes or teeth near the base of the blade ; stern leaves sessile, more or less sagittate and amplexicaul at the base ; inflorescence elongated ; pedicels horizontal, rather reflexed in anthesis ; petals about 2 cm. long, yellowish green ; pod torulose, arcuate-recurved, 5-7 cm. long ; stipe 10-20 mm. long. Dry hills, Upper Sonoran Zone; southeastern Oregon to southwestern Montana, Wyoming, northern Utah, and northeastern Nevada. Type locality: "Bare shelving hills on Ham's Fork of the Colorado of the West," southwestern Wyoming. March-Aug. 3. Stanleya elata M. E. Jones. Tall Prince's Plume, Panamint Plume. Fig. 1920. Stanleya elata M. E. Jones, Zoe 2: 16. 1891. Biennial or short-lived perennial, the stem 6-18 dm. high, stout, simple or sparingly branched upwards. Lower leaves very thick and leathery, entire or with a few small lobes near the base, oval in outline, obtuse, petioled ; upper leaves reduced, narrow, acute ; pedicels horizontal, 10—12 mm. long; sepals golden yellow, conspicuous, 10-13 mm. long, spreading or reflexed in age; petals light yellow, usually slightly shorter than the sepals, glabrous, linear-oblanceolate ; stamens twice as long as the petals ; anthers loosely coiled at maturity ; filaments woolly toward the base ; pod slender, 7-10 cm. long; stipe 12-16 mm. long. Dry plains and hills in the upper part of the Lower Sonoran Zone; Inyo County, California, to southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona. Type locality: near Hawthorne, Nevada. March-Sept. 4. Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britt. Golden Prince's Plume, Desert Plume. Fig. 1921. Cleome pinnata Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 739. 1816. Stanleya pinnatifida Nutt. Gen. 2: 71. 1818. Stanleya heterophylla Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 97. 1838. Stanleya pinnata Britt. Trans. N.Y. Acad. 8: 62. 1889. Perennial from a stout, woody root, glaucous and glabrous, sparsely pilose or densely puberulent, the stems erect, simple or sparingly branched, often flexuous, 4-16 dm. high. Leaves exceedingly variable in outline and size (5-20 cm. long), usually more or less pinnate or pinnatifid, often lyrate and sometimes entire, petioled, commonly narrower and more nearly MUSTARD FAMILY 241 1918. Stanleya confertiflora 1919. Stanleya viridiflora 1920. Stanleya elata 1921. Stanleya pinnata 1922. Chlorocrambe hastata 1923. Thelypodium eucosmum 1924. Thelypodium brachycarpum 1925. Thelypodium crispum 1926. Thelypodium Howellii 1927. Thelypodium sagittatum 242 BRASSICACEAE entire upwards; inflorescence 3-6 dm. long; pedicels horizontal or ascending, commonly less than 1 cm. long ; sepals reflexed in anthesis ; petals golden yellow, 12-16 mm. long, usually with a broad blade and narrower woolly claw ; stamens subequal ; anthers coiled at maturity ; pods often torulose, 3-7 cm. long, ascending or arcuate-recurved; stipe 1-3 cm. long. Dry flats and hills, Upper Sonoran Zone; Idaho and Nevada to southern California, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and the plains of South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. Type locality : In upper Louisiana. April- Sept. 2. CHLOROCRAMBE Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 435. 1907. Perennial herb with rather stout, erect stem and thin, petioled, more or less hastate leaves. Flowers greenish yellow, in loose, virgate racemes. Sepals similar, spreading. Petals dentate or laciniately toothed laterally. Pods widely spreading, subterete, shortly stipitate; stigma entire; cells of the septum elongated parallel to the replum, not tortuous. Seeds neither winged nor margined ; cotyledons obliquely accumbent. [From the Greek chloros, green, and crambe, a Greek name for a genus of this family.] A monotypic genus of western North America. 1. Chlorocrambe hastata (S. Wats.) Rydb. Chlorocrambe. Fig. 1922. Caulanthus hastatus S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 28. 1871. Chlorocrambe hastata Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 435. 1907. Glabrous throughout, the stem simple or sparingly branched, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves ample, except the uppermost, broadly deltoid, hastate or lanceolate, entire or coarsely and irregularly lobed, 5-10 cm. long, base truncate or sometimes subcordate ; petioles of lower leaves frequently appen'daged with several entire or lobed segments of the blade ; uppermost leaves much reduced, narrowly lanceolate, entire; sepals greenish, narrowly lanceolate, about 6 mm. long, slightly spreading, distant ; petals whitish, somewhat exceeding the sepals, irregularly dentate or sub- laciniate laterally toward the base; filaments distinctly longer than the petals; pods widely spreading, subterete, slightly flattened parallel to the septum, 4-7 cm. long ; stipe 1-7 mm. long ; style very short ; stigma capitate, entire. Transition Zone; northern Utah and the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. Type locality: "On shaded slopes in the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains," Utah. June-July. 3. THELYPODIUM Endl. Gen. 876. 1839. Biennial or perennial herbs, with mostly erect simple or branched stems, glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs. Stem leaves frequently sagittate at base. Inflorescence usually racemose, rarely corymbose. Flowers purple, lilac, rose-colored or white; petals linear, oblong or oblanceolate, entire. Pods terete or slightly flattened parallel to the partition, stipitate or sessile, horizontal to erect ; style short ; stigma small, entire or very slightly 2-lobed; septum with a mid-band due to the elongation of the cells in that region. Seeds not winged; cotyledons usually obliquely incumbent. [Name from the Greek, meaning female and foot, on account of the stipitate ovary of some species.] A genus of about 12 species peculiar to western North America. Type species, Thelypodium laciniatum (Hook.) Endl. Cauline leaves sagittate or amplexicaul. Biennials or short-lived perennials. Raceme dense, narrow, spike-like; pedicels rarely over 5 mm. long. Fruiting pedicels divergent, 1-3 mm. long. Petals red-purple; pedicels 2-3 mm. long. 1. T. eucosmum. Petals white; pedicels stout, 1 mm. long. 2. T. brachycarpum. Fruiting pedicels slender, erect, 3-5 mm. long. 3. T. crispum. Raceme lax and narrow, or, if dense, corymbose and broader; pedicels usually more than 5 mm. long. Petals spatulate or broader. Inflorescence distinctly racemose; basal leaves lyrately toothed. 4. T. Howellii. Inflorescence corymbose or shortly racemose; basal leaves entire. 5. T. sagittatum. Petals filiform; inflorescence racemose. 6. T. stenopetalum. Perennials; caudex clothed with the papery remains of old leaf-bases. 7. T. flexuosum. Cauline leaves not sagittate or amplexicaul. Fruiting racemes dense, spike-like; biennials. Stem leaves toothed or lobed. 8. T. laciniatum. Stem leaves entire. 9. T. integrifolium. Fruiting raceme open; annuals. Petals 8-15 mm. long, yellow, crisped. 10. T. flavescens. Petals 4-5 mm. long, flat. Sepals purple, spreading. H. T.Lemmonii. Sepals green or yellowish, erect. 12. T. lasiophyllum. 1. Thelypodium eucosmum Robinson. Red-purple Thelypodium. Fig. 1923. Thelypodium eucosmum Robinson in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 175. 1895. Probably biennial, glabrous and more or less glaucous throughout. Basal leaves oblanceolate, subentire ; stem leaves 2-6 cm. long, usually acute ; sepals reddish purple, narrow, 6-7 mm. long, MUSTARD FAMILY 243 not saccate- petals narrowly spatulate, 8-11 mm. long, red-purple; inflorescence racemose; pedi- cels nearly or quite horizontal, 3-5 mm. long ; pods arcuate, ascending, terete, slightly torulose, 3-4.5 cm. long; stipe 2-3 mm. long; style less than 1 mm. long; stigma entire, small. A rare species known only from the Arid Transition Zone in northeastern Oregon. Type locality: Baker City, Oregon. June. 2. Thelypodium brachycarpum Torr. Short-podded Thelypodium. Fig. 1924. Tkelypodium brachycarpum Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 231. pi. 1. 1874. Thelypodiopsis brachycarpa O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 66: 98. 1933. Biennial, glabrous or sparsely pilose towards the base, the stems 3-15 dm. high, simple or virgately branched, rather stout. Basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, definitely toothed to deeply lyrate-pinnatifid. 4-6 cm. long ; stem leaves 1-5 cm. long, narrow, acute, entire or toothed, basal lobes acute ; sepals and petals white or pale yellow, the former linear-lanceolate, acute, the latter linear, 2-3 times as long as the sepals ; stamens exserted, the filaments nearly equal ; inflores- cence dense, racemose ; pedicels stout, 1-2 mm. long, divergent ; pods unequally torulose, ascending, 15-30 mm. long; stipe 1-1.5 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long, stigma truncate, small. Transition Zone; northern California and southern Oregon. Type locality: "On the Klamet [Klamath] River, southern borders of Oregon." June-Aug. 3. Thelypodium crispum Greene. Crisped Thelypodium. Fig. 1925. Thelypodium crispum Greene ex Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 264. 1923. Thelypodiopsis crispa O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 66: 98. 1933. Very similar in appearance to T. brachycarpum; sepals white or sometimes roseate or purplish; pedicels slender, 3-5 mm. long, erect; pods unequally torulose, 1.5-3 cm. long; stipe about 1 mm. long. Transition Zone; eastern California from Lassen County to northern Inyo County, and in adjacent western Nevada. Type locality: Eagle Valley, Ormsby County, Nevada. June-July. 4. Thelypodium Howellii S. Wats. Howell's Thelypodium. Fig. 1926. Thelypodium Howellii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 21:445. 1886. Streptanthus Howellii M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 623. 1895. Thelypodium simplex Greene, Pittonia 4: 200. 1900. Thelypodiopsis Howellii O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 66: 98. 1933. Biennial, more or less hispid-pubescent near the base, otherwise glabrous, somewhat glaucous, the stems slender, erect, simple or sparingly branched, 3-8 dm. high. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, lyrately toothed; sepals purplish, scarious-margined, about 7 mm. long; petals pale blue or purple, spatulate, crisped, twice as long as the sepals; inflorescence racemose, lax; pedicels ascending, about 5 mm. long, stout; pods erect or ascending, 2-5 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide; stipe less than 0.5 mm. long; style about 1 mm. long. Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; eastern Oregon to northeastern California. Type locality: Camp Polk in Harney Valley, eastern Oregon. June-July. 5. Thelypodium sagittatum (Nutt.) Endl. Sagittate Thelypodium. Fig. 1927. Streptanthus sagittatus Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 12. 1834. Thelypodium sagittatum Endl. in Walp. Rep. 1: 172. 1842. Thelypodium Nuttallii S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 26. 1871. Thelypodium torulosum Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 265. 1898. Thelypodiopsis sagittata O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 66: 99. 1933. Biennial or short-lived perennial, glaucous, glabrous or sparsely hirsute near the base, the stems usually branched from the base as well as upwards, 3-7 dm. high. Basal leaves entire, oblanceolate, 4-12 cm. long ; stem leaves acute or obtuse ; sepals purplish with scarious margins, 5-7 mm. long; petals white to deep purple, 2-3 times as long as the sepals, blade_ oblanceolate, gradually narrowed to the slender subequal claw ; inflorescence corymbose, elongating and race- mose when mature; pedicels divergent-ascending, 5-12 mm. long; pods 2-6 cm. long; stipe nearly or quite obsolete ; style 1-1 . 5 mm. long. Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; central Washington to western Montana, Wyoming, northern Colorado, Utah, and northern Nevada. Type locality: Little Lost River, Idaho. May-Aug. 6. Thelypodium stenopetalum S. Wats. Slender-petalled Thelypodium. Fig. 1928. Thelypodium stenopetalum S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 468. 1887. Thelypodiopsis stenopetala O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 66: 99. 1933. Probably biennial, glabrous and glaucous throughout, the stem branched from the base, simple or sparingly branched above, slender, 3-6 dm. high. Basal leaves soon withering, oblan- ceolate, entire or repand ; sepals purplish or green, linear, about 1 cm. long ; petals narrowly linear, somewhat crisped, white or roseate, at least one-half longer than the sepals; anthers coiled when dry; inflorescence elongated, lax, racemose even before anthesis; pedicels ascending, 4-6 mm. long ; pods slender, ascending, 4-5 . 5 cm. long ; stipe obsolete ; style not more than 1 mm. long ; stigma very slightly 2-lobed. Transition Zone; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, California. Type locality: Upper Lake, Bear Valley, California. June. 244 BRASSICACEAE 7. Thelypodium flexuosum Robinson. Perennial Thelypodium. Fig. 1929. Thelypodium flexuosum Robinson in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 175. 1895. Perennial, glabrous throughout, the caudex clothed with the papery remains of old leaf bases, the stems 3-5 dm. long, slender, sparingly branched, subdecumbent, frequently flexuous, nearly naked above. Basal leaves 8-15 cm. long, numerous, entire, lanceolate, gradually narrowed to the slender petiole; stem leaves distant, lance-linear, acuminate, auriculate at the base with linear, acute lobes; petals pale purplish or white, spatulate, about twice as long as the sepals; anthers 1-2 mm. long; inflorescence lax, at first corymbose, at maturity racemose; pedicels slender, divergent-ascending, 5-8 mm. long ; pods conspicuously reticulate, irregularly torulose, 15-22 mm. long ; stipe nearly or quite obsolete ; style slender, about 1 mm. long. Alkaline flats and meadows, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Oregon to northwestern Nevada and north- eastern California. Type locality: near Carson City, Nevada. May-June. 8. Thelypodium laciniatum (Hook.) Endl. Cut-leaved Thelypodium. Fig. 1930. Macropodium laciniatum Hook. Bot. Misc. 1: 341. pi. 68. 1830. Thelypodium laciniatum Endl. in Walp. Rep. 1: 172. 1842. Thelypodium streptanthoides Leiberg, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11:299. 1906. Biennial, glabrous and more or less glaucous, the stems usually stout, irregularly branching upwards, 3-24 dm. high. Basal leaves petioled, thick, deltoid-lanceolate, 1-5 dm. long, irregularly and deeply lobed ; stem leaves petioled, deeply pinnatifid to subentire ; sepals 4-7 mm. long, white or purplish; petals nearly linear, 7-21 mm. long, about 1 mm. broad, white; inflorescence race- 1931 1928. Thelypodium stenopetalum 1929. Thelypodium flexuosum 1932 1930. Thelypodium laciniatum 1931. Thelypodium integrifolium 1933 1932. Thelypodium flavescens 1933. Thelypodium Lemmonii MUSTARD FAMILY 245 mose even in anthesis, dense, 1-6 cm. long ; pedicels stout, 3-5 mm. long, horizontal or ascending ; pods somewhat flattened parallel to the septum, erect, widely spreading or recurved, 3-10 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide ; stipe 2-4 mm. long. Upper Sonoran Zone; southern British Columbia, western and southern Idaho, eastern Washington and Oreeon western Nevada, northern and southeastern California (Inyo County). Type locality: near Walla Walla and at Priest's Rapid, Columbia River. April-June. This is a polymorphic species, and a number of segregates have been proposed. 9. Thelypodium integrifolium (Nutt.) Endl. Thelypodium. Fig. 1931. Entire-leaved Pachypodium integrifolium Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1:96. 1838. Thelypodium integrifolium Endl. in Walp. Rep. 1 : 172. 1842. Thelypodium lilacinum Greene, PI. Baker. 3:9. 1901. Thelypodium rhomboideum Greene, Pittonia 4: 314. 1901. Thelypodium affine Greene, Pittonia 4: 314. 1901. Biennial, glabrous throughout, the stems erect, branching, 6-15 dm. high. Basal leaves oblong-elliptical, 1-3 dm. long, gradually narrowed to a broad petiole ;_ stem leaves linear- lanceolate, narrowed to the base, reduced upwards and becoming linear in the inflorescence; petals spatulate, about 8 mm. long, exceeding the sepals by one-half, bluish or pale rose-colored; inflorescence at first corymbose, when mature somewhat elongated but remaining dense ; pedicels 5-8 mm. long, slender, usually somewhat wing-margined at the base, horizontal or slightly ascending ; pods irregularly torulose, arcuate, ascending, 2-3 cm. long ; stipe 1-2 mm. long. Upper Sonoran Zone; Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and California to the Rocky Mountain region. Type locality elevated plains of the Rocky Mountains toward the Oregon, as far as Walla Walla. June-Aug. This is a polymorphic species which has been segregated into smaller units. (See Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: 276-282. 1923.) 10. Thelypodium flavescens (Hook.) S. Wats. Yellow-flowered Thelypodium. Fig. 1932. Streptanthus flavescens Hook. Ic. PI. 1 : pi. 44. 1837. Streptanthus procerus Brewer, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 519. 1866. Thelypodium flavescens S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 25. 1871. Thelypodium Hookeri Greene, Fl. Fran. 263. 1891. Thelypodium Greenei Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 212. 1901. Guillenia flavescens Greene. Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 228. 1906. Annual, rather stout, glabrous and glaucous or sparsely hirsute, the stems erect, simple or branching in the inflorescence, 3-12 dm. high. Basal leaves petioled, lanceolate to oblanceolate in outline, sinuate-pinnatifid, lyrate or coarsely laciniate, 5-22 cm. long ; stem leaves sessile, shortly petioled or even slightly amplexicaul, deeply toothed to subentire; inflorescence rather lax, racemose; pedicels curved upwards, 5-7 mm. long; sepals pale yellow, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 7-11 mm long, glabrous; petals light yellow, 9-15 mm. long, claw rather broad, blade narrow, crisped, recurved; pods erect, terete or somewhat 4-angled, glabrous or sparsely hirsute, 4-8.5 cm. long; style tapering, 2-3.5 mm. long; stigma entire or slightly 2-lobed. Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges, west-central California. Type locality: "Monterey, California." March-June. 1934 1935 1934. Thelypodium lasiophyllum 1935. Schoenocrambe linifolia 1936 1936. Streptanthus campestris 246 BRASSICACEAE 11. Thelypodium Lemmonii Greene. Lemmon's Thelypodium. Fig. 1933. Thelypodium Lemmonii Greene, W. Amer. Sci. 3: 156. 1887. Catilanthus anceps Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 303. 1923. Annual, glabrous and glaucous or sparsely pilose near the base, the stems erect, 6-18 dm. high Basal and lower stem leaves narrowed to a short petiole, lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, often deeply lobed near the base, 6-15 cm. long; upper leaves reduced; inflorescence shortly racemose, lax- pedicels slender, at first horizontal, later reflexed or ascending, 5-6 mm. long; sepals spreading purple, margins scarious, oblong, obtuse, 3-4 mm. long ; petals pale, oblanceolate, 4-5 mm. long'; pods erect or pendent, terete, glabrous or sparsely hirsute, 3-5 cm. long ; style taper- ing, 2-3 mm. long. Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges, San Joaquin County to San Luis Obispo County, California. Type locality: Lemmon's Ranch in the mountains of San Luis Obispo County. March-April. 12. Thelypodium lasiophyllum (Hook. & Arn.) Greene. California Mustard. Fig. 1934. Turritis lasiophylla Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 321. 1841. Sisymbrium reflcxum, Nutt. Proc. Acad. Phila. 4: 25. 1850. Thelypodium lasiophyllum Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 142. 1886. Microsisymbrium lasiophyllum O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4105: 162. 1924. Annual, more or less hirsute with simple or forked hairs, rarely glabrous, the stems erect, 3-20 dm. high. Leaves petioled, the lower irregularly pinnatifid with divaricate, obtuse or acute segments, the upper reduced ; inflorescence corymbose, rapidly elongating at maturity ; pedicels 2-4 mm. 'long, at first ascending, in age usually becoming strongly recurved ; sepals oblong, 3-4 mm. long; petals white or light yellow, narrowly spatulate, about 6 mm. long; pods reflexed, terete, 3-6 cm. long ; style about 1 mm. long ; stigma small, circular. Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; western Washington to northern Lower California. Type locality: "California." Jan.-june. Thelypodium lasiophyllum var. inalienum Robinson in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 177. 1895. (Sisymbrium acuticarpum M. E. Jones.) Differs from the typical form in having erect rather than reflexed pods. Occurs throughout the range of the typical species but is particularly abundant near San Francisco. Thelypodium lasiophyllum var. rigidum (Greene) Robinson, loc. cit. Stout and very rigid, 3-10 dm. high, glabrous above; pods ascending, stout, on very short, stout pedicels. Mostly in north-central California and western Nevada. Thelypodium lasiophyllum var. utahense (Rydb.) Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 413. 1925. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves thin, lobes usually rounded and obtuse; pods reflexed, usually curved outward. Interior desert region from Utah and Nevada to southern California. 4. SCHOENOCRAMBE Greene, Pittonia 3: 124. 1896. Glabrous or inconspicuously pubescent perennials, with creeping rootstocks, the sterns and branches slender, broom-like. Leaves rather few, narrow, entire or pinnatifid, sessile or petioled. Flowers racemose; sepals slightly saccate, thin and colored; petals yellow, rather showy. Pods terete, elongated; stigmas 2-lobed. Cotyledons incumbent. [Name from the Greek words meaning rush and a kind of cabbage.] A genus of 3 or 4 closely related species, natives of the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin regions. Type species, Schoenocrambe linifolia (Nutt.) Greene. 1. Schoenocrambe linifolia (Nutt.) Greene. Schoenocrambe or Rush Mustard. Fig. 1935. Nasturtium linifolium Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 12. 1834. Sisymbrium linifolium Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, N. Amer. Fl. 1: 91. 1838. Schoenocrambe linifolia Greene, Pittonia 3: 127. 1896. Schoenocrambe pinnata Greene, Pittonia 3: 127. 1896. Plants at first simple, freely branching in age, glaucous and glabrous, the stems and branches slender, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, narrowed to the base, entire or the lower pinnatifid ; racemes becoming elongated ; pedicels 4-6 mm. long ; sepals 5 mm. long ; petals 8-10 mm. long; pods ascending, 2.5-4 cm. long, 1 mm. broad. Dry rocky hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Washington and Oregon to Nevada, Wyoming, and New Mexico. Type locality: "Head of Salmon River, in dry soils," Montana. May-July. 5. STREPT ANTHUS Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 5 : 209. 1825. Glabrous or pubescent, annual or perennial herbs, the pubescence, when present, un- branched. Leaves, at least the upper, usually clasping the stem. Flowering inflorescence usually racemose rather than corymbose. Sepals often brightly colored, sometimes dis- similar. Petals various, often narrow with crisped blade. Stamens often in 3 pairs ac- cording to length, the longest pair frequently connate by their filaments and bearing reduced or abortive anthers. Fruiting inflorescence racemose, elongating, sometimes more or less bracteate. Pods linear, flattened parallel to the septum, erect, divaricate or pendent, sessile or with a short, thick stipe. Style usually short. Stigma entire or inconspicuously MUSTARD FAMILY 247 2-lobed, the lobes developed over the valves. Seeds flattened, usually winged. [Greek, meaning twisted flower, in reference to the petals.] A genus of about 25 species, native to the western and particularly the southwestern United States. Type species, Streptanthus maculatus Nutt. Lower leaves and stems glabrous. At least some of the upper leaves auriculate-clasping at the base. Filaments of all the stamens distinct. Middle stem leaves broad; pods not sharply reflexed. Flowers rarely borne in the axils of the upper leaves; sepals usually setose at apex; petals with narrow blades; stamens nearly equal. Stem leaves not conspicuously crowded on the stem. Annual or biennial; pods 1.5-2.5 mm. broad, widely spreading. 1. 5. campestrxs. Perennial; radical leaves tufted at the base; pods erect or ascending, 3-4 mm. broad. 2. S. cordatus. Stem leaves conspicuously crowded, longer than the internodes, ovate-cordate. 3. 5". barbatus. Flowers, at least some of them, borne in the axils of the upper leaves; sepals not setose at apex; petals with broad, flat blades; stamens in 3 unequal pairs. Pods spreading or recurved; common plants of wide distribution. 5. 5". tortuosus. Pods erect; slender plants of the high Sierra Nevada. 6. 5". gracilis. Middle stem leaves linear or pinnate with linear divisions; pods sharply reflexed. 19. S. diversifohus. Filaments, of the longest stamens at least, united. Seeds distinctly wing-margined all around. 7. S. batrachopus.im Seeds not winged, or narrowly margined at the apex. Calyx regular or nearly so. Pods erect or ascending, straight or more often somewhat incurved. 8. S. Breweri. Pods spreading or reflexed, more or less strongly recurved. Leaves broadly elliptic-ovate to ovate, clasping; seeds often winged at apex. 9. S. hesperidis. Leaves linear or the lowest linear-lanceolate, all but the lowest merely sessile or narrowed at the base. 10. 5". barbiger. Calyx irregular. Sepals with the three upper connivent, the lower one spreading. Sepals purplish to white; pedicels rarely 1 cm. long. 11. 5". gtandulosus. Sepals very dark purple; pedicels over 1 cm. long. 12. S. niger. Sepals in 2 pairs, the outer suborbicular, the inner ovate, acute. 18. S. polygaloides. None of the leaves auriculate-clasping. 4. S. Howellii. Lower leaves and stems more or less setose or hirsute. Pods erect, ascending, divaricate or descending; longer stamens connate by their filaments. Stem leaves definitely auriculate-clasping at the base. Terminal flowers of the raceme normal or only slightly reduced. Racemes not conspicuously secund. Sepals white to purple; pedicels usually not over 1 cm. long. 11.5". glandulosus. Sepals very dark purple; pedicels usually over 1 cm. long. 12. S. niger. Racemes conspicuously secund, flowers white or yellowish. 13. S. secundus. Terminal flowers sterile forming a conspicuous dark-colored tuft composed of numerous elongated sepals. Siliques flattened, straight, 5-7 cm. long; seeds winged; leaves pinnatifid. 14. 5*. insigms. Siliques terete, incurved, 1.5-2 cm. long; seeds ovoid, not winged; leaves dentate. _ 15. 5". callistus. Stem leaves cuneate at base; leaves and stems densely hispid. 16. S. hispidus. Pods pendent; stamens all distinct. 17. 6". heterophyllus. 1. Streptanthus campestris S. Wats. Southern Streptanthus. Fig. 1936. Streptanthus campestris S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 25: 125. 1890. Annual or biennial, glabrous and glaucous. Basal leaves oblanceolate, broadly rounded, sub- entire or sinuately dentate, more or less setose-ciliate, the blade narrowed to a broad petiole; stem leaves much reduced, lanceolate, sagittate; sepals usually dark purple, about 1 cm. long, bristle-tipped; petals narrow, recurved, purple; filaments distinct; pedicels divergent-ascending, 1 . 5-2 cm. long, stout ; pods somewhat flattened, spreading and curved, 7-14 cm. long, 1 . 5-2 mm. broad ; style 1-2 mm. long ; stigma slightly 2-lobed ; seeds winged. Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Santa Barbara County, California, to Lower California. Type locality: Campo, San Diego County, California. May-June. Streptanthus campestris var. bernardinus (Greene) Johnston, Plant World 22: 89. 1919. This is a lower and more slender plant than the typical species, with smaller yellow flowers, recurved somewhat irregular sepals and shorter pedicels. Arid Transition Zone, San Bernardino Mountains, California. 2. Streptanthus cordatus Nutt. Perennial Streptanthus. Fig. 1937. Streptanthus cordatus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 77. 1838. Streptanthus crassifolius Greene, Pittonia 3: 227. 1897. Cartiera multiceps Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 226. 1906. Cartiera leptopetala Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 226. 1906. Short-lived perennial, glabrous and glaucous, the stems rather short, mostly unbranched 248 BRASSICACEAE above the base, 3-9 dm. high. Basal leaves broadly spatulate-obovate, variously dentate, espe- cially toward the apex, sometimes setose-ciliate ; stem leaves entire or dentate toward the apex, sagittate at the base; sepals greenish or purplish, 8-10 mm. long; petals narrow, recurved, 12-15 mm. long; stamens distinct; pods strongly flattened, erect or ascending, 4-9 cm. long, about 4 mm. broad; style 2-3 mm. long; stigma distinctly 2-lobed. Dry slopes and ridges, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; eastern Oregon to California east of the Sierra Nevada, eastward to southern Wyoming and northern Arizona. Type locality: "Forests of the Rocky Mountains" — probably in Wyoming. May-July. 3. Streptanthus barbatus S. Wats. Bearded Streptanthus. Fig. 1938. Streptanthus barbatus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 24: 125. 1889. Cartiera barbata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 226. 1906. Glabrous and glaucous, short-lived, perennial, the stems simple or somewhat branched, rather slender, 2-5 dm. high, often curved. Leaves numerous, longer than the internodes, all similar and nearly equal, cordate, sessile, clasping, 1-2.5 cm. long, entire or sparingly dentate especially toward the apex ; sepals obtuse or subacute, purple, sparsely bearded at the apex, 6-8 mm. long; petals little exserted, purplish; pedicels erect or ascending, 4-6 mm. long; pods spreading, curved, 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flattened; style 1-2 mm. long; stigma entire; seeds narrowly margined. Transition Zone in the interior region of northern California. Type locality: "Along the Upper Sacra- mento." June-Aug. 4. Streptanthus Howellii S. Wats. Howell's Streptanthus. Fig. 1939. Streptanthus Howellii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 353. 1885. Cartiera Howellii Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 226. 1906. Perennial, glabrous throughout, the stems 3-6 dm. high. Leaves obovate-spatulate below to narrowly oblong-spatulate above, 3-6 cm. long, obtuse, entire, not clasping at the base; sepals broad, 5-8 mm. long, greenish ; petals with an oblong dark purple limb, not greatly exceeding the sepals ; inflorescence lax, racemose ; pedicels 1-1 . 5 cm. long, ascending ; pods ascending or spreading, 5-9 cm. long; style short, stout; stigma entire. Transition Zone; southwestern Oregon. Type locality: "Coast mountains, near the California line, in Curry County, Oregon." July-Aug. 5. Streptanthus tortuosus Kell. Mountain Streptanthus. Fig. 1940. Streptanthus tortuosus Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 2: 152. pi. 46. 1863. Streptanthus foliosus Greene, Pittonia 3: 226. 1897. Pleiocardia tortuosa Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 86. 1904. Stout annual or biennial, glabrous and more or less glaucous throughout, stems sparingly paniculate-branching above, 2-10 cm. high. Lower leaves oblanceolate, narrowed to a winged petiole, 4-8 cm. long, entire or toothed ; middle stem leaves spatulate-oblong or obovate, auricu- late-clasping, toothed ; uppermost leaves including some bracts of the inflorescence oblong-ovate or cordate-oblong, clasping the stem by a deep closed sinus, mostly entire ; flowers purplish, sepals with recurved tips, exceeded by the purple-veined, yellowish petals; pods 6-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, divaricate or, usually, recurved and falcate. Transition and Canadian Zones; Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California and adjacent Nevada. Type locality: "from the copper region of the Sierra Nevada Mountains." April-Sept. Streptanthus tortuosus var. orbiculatus (Greene) Hall, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 4: 197. 1912. Lower than the species, its stems slender and more diffusely branched from the base; flowers smaller, dark purple. Boreal Zones; southern Oregon to the North Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: "Donner Lake, California." Streptanthus tortuosus var. suffrutescens (Greene) Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 418. 1925. Short-lived f>erennial, with the main stem caudex-like and suffrutescent. Inner Coast Ranges, northern California. Type ocality: Hood's Peak, Sonoma County, California. Streptanthus tortuosus var. flavescens Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 418. 1925. Distinguished from the typical species by the yellow flowers. Sawtooth Range, California. Type locality: Coyote Pass, Tulare County, California. 6. Streptanthus gracilis Eastw. Alpine Streptanthus. Fig. 1941. Streptanthus gracilis Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 2: 285. 1902. Pleiocardia fenestrata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 86. 1904. Annual, from a slender root, glabrous and glaucous, the stems simple or branched from the base, slender, 2-4 dm. high. Basal leaves orbicular to narrowly elliptical or spatulate, sinuate-dentate to obtusely lobed or lyrate ; petioles long, slender ; stem leaves entire to deeply lobed, the uppermost sessile and clasping ; lowest flowers bracteate ; calyx purple, urceolate, tips of sepals spreading ; petals rose-pink with a broad blade and slender claw, conspicuously ex- serted ; stamens in three pairs, filaments distinct ; inflorescence rather shortly racemose ; pedicels erect or ascending, 3-6 mm. long; pods shortly stipitate, erect or ascending, 3-7 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. Canadian and Hudsonian Zones; southern Sierra Nevada of California. Type locality: "East Lake to Harrison's Pass," Kings-Kern Divide. July-Aug. 7. Streptanthus batrachopus J. L. Morr. Tamalpais Streptanthus. Fig. 1942. Streptanthus batrachopus J. L. Morr. Madrono 4: 204. 1938. Annual, glabrous and glaucous, often tinged with purple, the stems 5-15 cm. high, simple or MUSTARD FAMILY 249 commonly branched from near the base, the branches mostly spreading. Lower stem leaves oblanceolate to obovate, narrowed to a short petiole or subsessile, irregularly dentate, 12-25 mm. long, those subtending the branches clasping and the upper becoming reduced, linear and entire ; racemes loosely flowered; sepals dark purple, 4-5 mm. long, somewhat connivent above, the tips recurved-spreading and white-margined; petals white with purple veins, 6-7 mm. long; upper pair of filaments united, the lower pair united for half their length; pod 2.5-3 cm. long, falcate-spreading ; seeds winged, 2 mm. long. Serpentine outcrops, Humid Transition Zone; Mount Tamalpais, Marin County, California. May-June. 8. Streptanthus Breweri A. Gray. Brewer's Streptanthus. Fig. 1943. Streptanthus Breweri A. Gray, Proc. Calif. Acad. 3: 101. 1864. Pleiocardia Breweri Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 86. 1904. Annual, glabrous and glaucous throughout, the stem branching from the base, 2-6 dm. high. Lower leaves broadly ovate or obovate, clasping, acute at apex, denticulate or usually entire, rather thick, 3-12 cm. long; the uppermost stem leaves lanceolate, entire, much reduced; sepals purplish, glabrous or pubescent, tips recurved; petals well exserted, narrow; longer filaments connate ; fruiting pedicels 2-3 mm. long ; pods erect or ascending, usually somewhat incurved, 3-5 cm. long, 1 mm. broad ; stigma sessile or nearly so ; seeds small, marginless or slightly winged at apex. Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges, Lake County to San Benito County, California. Type locality: "Mt. Diablo Range, near head of Arroyo del Puerto, at an altitude of 3,200 feet," Stanislaus County, California. May-June. 9. Streptanthus hesperidis Jepson. Jepson's Streptanthus. Fig. 1944. Streptanthus hesperidis Jepson, Erytbea 1: 14. 1893. Pleiocardia hesperidis Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 86. 1904. Streptanthus Breweri var. hesperidis Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 33. 1936. Annual, glabrous and glaucous throughout, the stems slender, divaricate-branched or simple, 2-4 dm. high. Lower leaves cordate-clasping, elliptic-ovate, usually obtuse, rather thin, the upper reduced, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; racemes loosely flowered; calyx regular; sepals 6-7 mm. long, acute, with recurved tips, green or purple, the lateral ones with scarious margins at the apex ; upper petals white, the lower dark purple with purple veins and white margins ; upper pair of filaments wholly connate, middle pair slender, lowest much broader ; pods about 4-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad, torulose, recurved and spreading or reflexed; seeds oblong, somewhat flattened, usually margined at apex. Upper Sonoran Zone; Lake and Napa Counties, California. Type locality: Lower Lake, Lake County. June-July. 10. Streptanthus barbiger Greene. Bearded Streptanthus. Fig. 1945. Streptanthus barbiger Greene, Pittonia 1: 217. 1S88. Mesoreanthus barbiger Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 89. 1904. Mesoreanthus fallax Greene, op. cit. 1: 218. 1904. Mesoreanthus vimineus Greene, op. cit. 1: 218. 1904. Glabrous and glaucous annual, or the calyx sometimes hirsute, branching well above the base, 3-6 dm. high. Lower leaves linear, often 6-10 cm. long, entire, the upper narrowly linear to almost filiform ; racemes loosely flowered ; pedicels erect, 2-3 mm. long ; sepals similar, 6-7 mm. long, purple or rarely green, the tips recurved and white-margined ; petals not crisped, upper pair white, the lower pair purple with white margins ; pods spreading, and more or less recurved, 5-7 cm. long, scarcely 2 mm. wide ; seeds without a winged margin. Rocky (mainly serpentine) ridges, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; Lake and Napa Counties, California. Type locality: Highland Springs, Lake County, California. May-July. 11. Streptanthus glandulosus Hook. Common Jewel Flower. Fig. 1946. Streptanthus glandulosus Hook. Ic. PI. 1 : pi. 40. 1837. Annual, nearly glabrous to densely setose-hirsute, especially below, the stems usually branched upwards, 2-6 dm. high, rather slender. Lower leaves petioled, narrowly oblanceolate, coarsely and saliently dentate, the teeth usually callus-tipped; upper leaves dentate to entire, lanceolate to linear, auriculate-clasping ; inflorescence racemose, lax ; sepals usually deep purple, sometimes nearly white, 3 upper ones connivent, the lower one spreading ; petals purple or white with purple veins, the blades recurved ; longest filaments connate ; pods straight or curved, ascending or spreading, 5-9 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide, frequently hispid. Upper Sonoran Zone: western central California from Sonoma and Solano Counties to San Luis Obispo County. Type locality: "Monterey, California." April-May. Streptanthus glandulosus var. albidus (Greene) Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 419. 192S. (Streptanthus albidus Greene, Pittonia 1: 62. 1887.) Glabrous or very sparsely setose, the leaves more nearly entire than in the species; sepals white; petals white with purple veining; pods erect. Upper Sonoran Zone, Santa Clara Valley, California. Type locality: "a few miles below San Jose." Streptanthus glandulosus var. pulchellus (Greene) Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 420. 192S. (Streptanthus pulchellus Greene, Pittonia 2: 225. 1892.) Stem branclieu. from near the base, 1-3 dm. high, lateral branches usually long, the leaves and stems densely setose-hirsute. Upper leaves clasping at the base; pods erect, usually setose. This is likely to be confused with S. hispidus, to which it is undoubtedly closely related. Upper Sonoran Zone, Marin County, California. Type locality: Mount Tamalpais. Some eight other segregates of this poly- morphic species have been proposed by Greene. 250 BRASSICACEAE 12. Streptanthus niger Greene. Black Jewel Flower. Fig. 1947. Streptanthus niger Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 141. 1886. Euclisia nigra Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 83. 1904. Glabrous and glaucous throughout or minutely and sparsely setose near the base, the stems 3-9 dm. high, branching, more or less flexuous. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, pinnately lobed or dentate, somewhat clasping at the base, the teeth remote, callus-tipped ; upper leaves entire, linear, acute, conspicuously sagittate-clasping at the base; sepals very dark purple, smooth, somewhat irregular, 6-8 mm. long ; petals with stout, thick, purple claw and small white blade ; longer filaments united, their anthers small and rudimentary ; pedicels slender, 5-20 mm. long ; pods strongly flattened, straight or nearly so, erect or ascending, 4-7 mm. long ; style very short; stigma small, entire; seeds narrowly winged. Transition Zone; central California. Type locality: Point Tiburon. April-May. 13. Streptanthus secundus Greene. Tamalpais Jewel Flower. Fig. 1948. Streptanthus secundus Greene, Fl. Fran. 261. 1891. Euclisia secunda Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 83. 1904. Annual, the stems erect, simple or sparingly branched, slender, 2-6 dm. high, hispid-hirsute on lower leaves and stem. Lower leaves linear-oblanceolate, pinnately toothed or lobed, the upper linear-lanceolate, sparsely toothed ; inflorescence racemose, many-flowered, secund ; sepals yellowish, somewhat unequal, sparsely hirsute, about 6 mm. long ; petals pale ; longer filaments united ; pedicels ascending, horizontal or somewhat recurved, 5-7 mm. long ; pods strongly flattened, recurved or pendent at maturity, 4-6 cm. long. Upper Sonoran Zone; Coast Range foothills, Marin County to Lake County, California. Type locality: "northern base of Mt. Tamalpais." April-May. 14. Streptanthus insignis Jepson. Plumed Streptanthus. Fig. 1949. Streptanthus insignis Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 420. 1925. Hirsute-hispid throughout, the stems usually branched, 1-3.5 dm. high. Leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-6 cm. long, pectinately subpinnatifld, sessile and auriculate; racemes loosely flowered, tipped at the apex by a plume-like purple tuft composed of numerous elongated sepals of sterile flowers ; pedicels 2-3 mm. long, recurved or spreading ; sepals 5-6 mm. long, dark purple, sparsely short-hispid ; petals exserted 3-4 mm., the claws purple, the blades white veined with purple, crisped ; pods 5-7 cm. long, slightly over 2 mm. wide, compressed ; seeds flat, winged. Rocky hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges, San Benito, Fresno, and Monterey Counties, California. Type locality: "Warthan," California. April-June. 15. Streptanthus callistus J. L. Morr. Royal Streptanthus. Fig. 1950. Streptanthus callistus J. L. Morr. Madrono 4: 205. 1938. Low simple to much branched annual, 3-6 cm. high, sparsely hispid throughout. Lower leaves broadly oblong-obovate, 5-15 mm. long, sessile, coarsely dentate, often reddish, upper similar but clasping at base; racemes rather densely flowered, terminated by a conspicuous tuft composed of the modified and colored parts of sterile flowers ; normal flowers on short stout pedicels ; sepals lanceolate, saccate at base, green, 5 mm. long ; petals bright reddish purple, prominently veined, 10 mm. long, spatulate-obovate, undulate-margined; upper pair of stamens connate nearly to the apex, and the lower pair scarcely to the middle, the lateral free; pod 15-20 mm. long, erect, incurved, terete; seeds spheroidal, not winged. A beautiful dwarf species known only from the Mount Hamilton Range, Santa Clara County, California. April-May. 16. Streptanthus hispidus A. Gray. Mount Diablo Jewel Flower. Fig. 1951. Streptanthus hispidus A. Gray, Proc. Calif. Acad. 3: 101. 1864. Euclisia hispida Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 83. 1904. Hirsute-hispid throughout, the stems usually branched, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves thick, 1-6 cm. long, obovate-cuneate, all sessile except the lowermost, these with a broad petiole, coarsely toothed toward the apex, the teeth obtuse ; sepals hispid or nearly glabrous, purplish, 5-6 mm. long ; petals purplish with white margins, narrow, about twice as long as the sepals ; pedicels erect or ascending, 2-4 mm. long ; pods strongly flattened, 3-7 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, hispid- hirsute. Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; summits of the higher peaks, Coast Ranges, central California. Type locality: on the summit of Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County. April-May. 17. Streptanthus heterophyllus Nutt. San Diego Streptanthus. Fig. 1952. Streptanthus heterophyllus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 77. 1838. Caulanthus heterophyllus Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 298. 1923. Annual, more or less hirsute-pubescent, especially towards the base, the stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with divaricate lobes, sinuate-dentate or subentire, all but the lowermost amplexicaul, 3-12 cm. long; inflorescence lax, racemose ; sepals purple, linear-lanceolate, not saccate, nearly equal, about 9 mm. long ; petals pale with purple veining, linear, recurved, 12-14 mm. long ; filaments distinct ; pedicels recurved or refracted, hirsute, 4-8 mm. long ; pods pendent, straight, somewhat com- pressed, glabrous, 5-8 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; southern California. Type locality: San Diego. March-May. MUSTARD FAMILY 251 18. Streptanthus polygaloides A. Gray. Milkwort Streptanthus. Fig. 1953. Streptanthus polygaloides A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 519. 1866. Microsemia polygaloides Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 89. 1904. Annual, glabrous, the stems slender, branched upwards, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves linear, entire, the uppermost sagittate-clasping; inflorescence racemose, lax; pedicels recurved, about 3 mm. long ; sepals yellow, very dissimilar, the lower large, keeled, the lateral ones very small, the upper broadly obovate, erect in anthesis ; petals scarcely exceeding the sepals, yellow, often veined with red; longer filaments connate; pods straight or slightly curved, pendent, flattened-quad- rangular, 2-3 cm. long, 1 mm. wide. Upper Sonoran Zone; foothills of the Sierra Nevada, north-central California. Type locality: "along the Tuolumne River." April-May. 19. Streptanthus diversifdlius S. Wats. Varied-leaved Streptanthus. Fig. 1954. Streptanthus diver sifolius S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 363. 1882. Streptanthus linearis Greene, Pittonia 3: 225. 1897. Mitophyllum diver sifolium Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 88. 1904. Glabrous annual, the stems slender, branching, 2-5 cm. high. Basal leaves entire, linear- filiform; stem leaves entire and linear-filiform to pinnately divided with few, remote, linear lobes ; uppermost leaves and bracts of the inflorescence cordate-clasping, entire ; sepals yellowish, with recurved tips; petals yellow, white or pinkish, at least one half longer than the sepals, recurved; inflorescence racemose-paniculate, lax; pedicels ascending, 5-10 mm. long; pods re- flexed, strongly flattened, straight or nearly so, 3-8 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide. Upper Sonoran Zone in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, central California. Type locality: Consumnes River, California. April-May. 1937. Streptanthus cordatus 1938. Streptanthus barbatus 1939. Streptanthus Howellii 1940. Streptanthus tortuosus 1941. Streptanthus gracilis 1942. Streptanthus batrachopus 252 BRASSICACEAE 1943. Streptanthus Breweri 1944. Streptanthus hesperidis 1945. Streptanthus barbiger 1946. Streptanthus glandulosus 1947. Streptanthus niger 1948. Streptanthus secundus 1949. Streptanthus insignis 1950. Streptanthus callistus 1951. Streptanthus hispidus MUSTARD FAMILY 253 6. STREPTANTHELLA Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 364. 1917. Glabrous, annual herbs with entire or shallowly dentate leaves and branched stems. Flowers small. Pods pendent on recurved pedicels ; stipe none ; valves strongly com- pressed, narrowed at the apex to a conspicuous beak that simulates a persistent style, dehiscent at the base but remaining attached at the apex. Seeds flattened, narrowly winged ; cotyledons oblique. [Greek, diminutive of Streptanthus.'] A monotypic genus of western United States and northwestern Mexico. 1. Streptanthella longirostris (S. Wats.) Rydb. Streptanthella. Fig. 1955. Arabis longirostris S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 17. pi. 2. 1871. Streptanthus longirostris S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 25: 127. 1889. Guillenia rostrata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 228. 1906. Streptanthella longirostris Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 364. 1917. Thelypodium longirostris Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 413. 1925. Stem usually much branched above, slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves deciduous at maturity; lower stem leaves narrowly oblanceolate, sinuate-dentate or repand, 2-5 cm. long ; upper leaves reduced, entire; sepals greenish or tipped with purple, 3-6 mm. long, lateral pair saccate at base; petals yellowish, linear-spatulate, one-fourth longer than sepals; inflorescence lax, shortly racemose, elongating in fruit ; pedicels soon recurved, slender, 2-5 mm. long ; pods 3-7 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; stigma nearly entire. Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington and eastern Oregon south to the Mojave Desert, including the arid Inner Coast Ranges of Fresno and Monterey Counties, California, east to Wyoming, Arizona, and adjacent Mexico. Type locality: Steamboat Springs, Nevada. March-June. Streptanthella longirostris yar. derelicta J. T. Howell, Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 57. 1937. Leaves at least all but the upper pinnatifid into a few narrow divaricate lobes. Colorado Desert, southern California and adjacent Arizona, Lower California and Sonora, Mexico. Type locality: on sand hills near La Quinta, River- side County, California. 7. CAULANTHUS S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 27. 1871. Mostly annual herbs, frequently glabrous and glaucous or sometimes pubescent with simple hairs. Basal leaves usually not forming a conspicuous rosette. Flowers purple, white, or yellow, racemose. Sepals equal or quite unequal. Petals frequently narrow and crisped. Pods erect, divaricate or reflexed, terete or only slightly flattened, often torulose, sessile or nearly so; style usually short; stigma entire or 2-lobed with the lobes extended over the middle of the valves; cells of the septum usually short and the boundaries straight. Cotyledons usually obliquely incumbent. [From the two Greek words meaning stem and flower, in allusion to cauliflower, since some of the species may be used as a substitute for cabbage.] A genus of about 18 species, native to the arid regions of western North America. Type species, Caulan- thus crassicaulis (Torr.) S. Wats. Stem leaves sessile, auriculate at the base. Stems not distinctly inflated. Stigmas entire or shallowly 2-lobed. Plants glabrous or inconspicuously short-pubescent. Pods erect or divaricate. 1. C. amplexicaulis. Pods reflexed. 2. C. Cooperi. Plants hirsute; stigma very small, entire. 3. C. stenocarpus. Stigma distinctly 2-lobed. Pods 2-4 cm. long; cotyledons 3-parted. 4. C. calif ornicus. Pods 4-14 cm. long; cotyledons not 3-parted. Pods usually reflexed. Calyx yellowish; stigma distinctly but not deeply 2-lobed. 5. C. simulans. Calyx purple; stigma deeply 2-lobed. 6. C. Coulteri. Pods erect, 8-13 cm. long. 7. C. Lemmonii. Stems conspicuously inflated. 8. C. inftatus. Stem leaves sessile or petioled, not auriculate at base. Stems more or less inflated. Stigma shallowly 2-lobed; calyx glabrous. 9. C. major. Stigma deeply 2-lobed; calyx hispid, rarely glabrous in crassicaulis. Annual; leaves more or less hispid. 10. C. Hallii. Short-lived perennial; leaves glabrous. 11. C. crassicaulis. Stems not inflated. (See also C. major.) Plants glabrous; annual. 12. C. glaucus. Plants densely pilose. 13. C. pilosus. 1. Caulanthus amplexicaulis S. Wats. Clasping-leaved Caulanthus. Fig. 1956. Caulanthus amplexicaulis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 364. 1882. Pleiocardia magna Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 87. 1904. Euclisia amplexicaulis Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 84. 1904. Streptanthus amplexicaulis Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 417. 1925. Annual, glabrous throughout, more or less glaucous, the stem slender, somewhat flexuous, 254 BRASSICACEAE 2-4 dm. long. Stem leaves suborbicular to ovate or oblong, obtuse, shallowly sinuate-dentate, cordate-clasping, 2-5 cm. long; flowers few and remote; sepals more or less saccate, 7 mm. long; petals purplish, broadly linear, about 11 mm. long, upper part strongly crisped; pedicels ascending or divaricate, 12-20 mm. long ; pods spreading, curved, terete, slender, 6-8 cm. long ; stipe less than 1 mm. long, stigma small, entire. Dry, gravelly slopes, mainly in the Transition Zone; mountains of southern California. Type locality: San Bernardino Mountains. April-July. 2. Caulanthus Cooperi (S. Wats.) Payson. Cooper's Caulanthus. Fig. 1957. Thelypodium Cooperi S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 12: 246. 1877. Guillenia Cooperi Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 228. 1906. Caulanthus Cooperi Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 293. 1923. Annual, glabrous or sparingly short-pubescent, somewhat glaucous, the stem slender, flexu- ous, 2-6 dm. long. Lowermost stem leaves oblong to oblanceolate, narrowed to a broad petiole, entire or sinuate-lobed, obtuse, 2-6 cm. long; other stem leaves sagittate, mostly entire, acute; inflorescence lax, racemose; pedicels stout, recurved, 1-3 mm. long; sepals greenish, scarcely saccate, 6-7 mm. long ; petals pale yellow, linear-spatulate, 2-3 mm. longer than the sepals ; pods deflexed, terete, glabrous or short-pubescent, 2-4 . 5 cm. long, sessile ; style 1-2 mm. long ; stigma small, shortly 2-lobed. Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; Mojave and Colorado Deserts, California, to southern Nevada and Western Arizona. Type locality: near Fort Mojave, California. March-April. 3. Caulanthus stenocarpus Payson. Slender-podded Caulanthus. Fig. 1958. Caulanthus stenocarpus Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 300. 1923. Annual, more or less densely hirsute-pubescent with flattened trichomes, the stems erect, slender, simple or branched, 3-4 dm. high. Stem leaves few, linear-lanceolate, subentire, sessile, amplexicaul, 1-2 cm. long ; inflorescence lax, racemose ; pedicels recurved, 1-2 mm. long, hirsute ; flowers pendent ; sepals purple, linear-lanceolate, not saccate, nearly equal, glabrous or nearly so, about 4 mm. long ; petals veined with purple, broadly linear, about 6 mm. long ; pods divari- cate-descending or pendent, terete or slightly quadrangular, 2-4.5 cm. long, 1 mm. or less wide, sparsely retrorse-pubescent. with flattened trichomes, or glabrous ; style 1-2 mm. long ; stigma small, entire. Dry hillsides, Sonoran Zones; San Diego County, California. Type locality: dry hillsides near Ber- nardo. May. 4. Caulanthus calif ornicus (S. Wats.) Payson. California Caulanthus. Fig. 1959. Stanfordia calif ornica S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 479. 1880. Streptanthus californicus Greene, Fl. Fran. 256. 1891. Annual, glabrous or very sparingly pilose near the base, the stem erect, branched, 2-4 dm. high. Basal leaves oblanceolate, sinuately lobed to pinnatifid, obtuse, 3-6 cm. long; stem leaves ovate to oblong, amplexicaul, shallowly dentate, obtuse; inflorescence lax, racemose; pedicels pilose, 5-10 mm. long; sepals purple-tipped, unequal, membranous and saccate near the base, 7-9 mm. long ; petals whitish, but little longer than the sepals, claw dilated, blade small, crisped ; longer pair of filaments sometimes slightly united at the base ; pods ascending or deflexed, straight, 2-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, slightly compressed or quadrangular. Dry plains and hillsides. Lower Sonoran Zone; southern San Joaquin Valley and eastern San Luis Obispo County, California. Type locality: near Tulare. Feb. -May. 5. Caulanthus simulans Payson. Payson's Caulanthus. Fig. 1960. Caulanthus simulans Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 295. 1923. Streptanthus simulans Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 417. 1925. Annual, densely short-hirsute below, sparingly so above, the stem much branched from near the base and upwards, 3-4 dm. high. Stem leaves oblong to lanceolate, sessile, sagittate at the base, subentire or sinuate-dentate ; inflorescence racemose ; pedicels hirsute, somewhat recurved, 3-5 mm. long, sparsely hirsute ; petals whitish, broadly linear or narrowly spatulate, somewhat crisped, 8-10 mm. long; pods straight, divaricate-descending, terete, glabrous, 4-6.5 cm. long; stigma definitely 2-lobed. Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Santa Rosa and Cuyamaca Mountains, southern California. Type locality: "Coyote Canyon, El Toro Mountain, California." March-June. 6. Caulanthus Coulteri S. Wats. Coulter's Caulanthus. Fig. 1961. Caulanthus Coulteri S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 27. 1871. Streptanthus Coulteri Greene, Fl. Fran. 257. 1891. Annual, more or less densely hirsute-pubescent, especially toward the base of the stem, this erect, simple or sparingly branched, 3-7 dm. high. Stem leaves broadly linear to oblong or oblanceolate. 4-8 cm. long, all but the lowermost amplexicaul, sinuate-dentate to subentire; inflorescence lax, racemose ; pedicels hirsute, reflexed, 5-10 mm. long ; sepals purple in the bud, becoming lighter in anthesis, glabrous or hirsute, unequal, scarcely saccate, 7-15 mm. long; MUSTARD FAMILY 255 petals light, conspicuously veined with purple, broadly linear, crisped, much exceeding the sepals ; filaments of long stamens united; pods divergent-descending to pendent, rarely erect, glabrous, stout, subterete, or slightly flattened, 5-10 cm. long; style about 1 mm. long. Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; Madera and San Luis Obispo Counties to Saugus, Los Angeles County, California. Type locality: "southern California." March-May. 7. Caulanthus Lemmonii S. Wats. Lemmon's Caulanthus. Fig. 1962. Caulanthus Lemmonii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 261. 1888. Streptanthus Parryi Greene, Fl. Fran. 257. 1891. Streptanthus Lemmonii Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 416. 1925. Streptanthus Coulteri var. Lemmonii Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 27. 1936. Annual, pilose on the lower leaves and towards the base of the stem, otherwise glabrous and glaucous, the stem erect, 2-8 dm. high. Leaves sessile, auriculate-clasping, dentate, denticulate or entire] 2-10 cm. long ; inflorescence racemose ; pedicels frequently hispid, at length 10-20 mm. long, ascending in the bud, reflexed in anthesis and curved sharply upwards in fruit; sepals dark purple in the bud, fading to flesh color in anthesis, unequal, 7-15 mm. long ; petals well exserted, crisped, white with dark purple veins; filaments of long stamens united; pods erect, glabrous, subterete or slightly compressed, 8-13 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Dry hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California. Type locality: near Cholame, San Luis Obispo County. March-May. 8. Caulanthus inflatus S. Wats. Squaw Cabbage. Desert Candle. Fig. 1963. Caulanthus inflatus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 364. 1882. Streptanthus inflatus Greene, Fl. Fran. 257. 1891. Annual, glabrous or sparingly hirsute near the base, the stem erect, stout, mostly unbranched, becoming strongly inflated upwards, hollow, 3-6 dm. high. Stem leaves ovate to oblong, mostly acute, entire, 3-7 cm. long; inflorescence racemose, pedicels stout, more or less villous, ascend- ing, about 3 mm. long; sepals purple in the bud, in flower white with purple tips, glabrous, slightly saccate, 8-10 mm. long ; petals white, broadly linear, crisped near the apex, little exceed- ing the sepals; filaments of longer pair of stamens coherent; pods 6-10 cm. long, erect or ascending ; stigma deeply 2-lobed. Sandy or gravelly soils, Sonoran Zones; Inner Coast Ranges, Monterey County and southern edges of San Joaquin Valley to the Mojave Desert, California, and southwestern Nevada. Type locality: Mojave Desert, California. March-May. 9. Caulanthus major (M. E. Jones) Payson. Slender Wild Cabbage. Fig. 1964. Caulanthus crassicaulis var. major M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 5: 623. 1895. Caulanthus major Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 291. 1923. Streptanthus major Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 415. 1925. Short-lived perennials, glabrous and glaucous throughout, the stems erect, simple or spar- ingly branched, hollow, rarely slightly inflated, 4-9 cm. high. Leaves oblanceolate in outline, entire, lyrate or runcinate, 5-15 cm. long, narrowed to a slender petiole; upper leaves much reduced ; inflorescence racemose ; pedicels very stout, ascending, 3-5 mm. long ; sepals purple or yellowish tipped with purple, not saccate, 7-10 mm. long; petals purplish, broadly linear or with slightly dilated crisped blades, about twice as long as the sepals; pods erect or ascending, stout, 8-13 mm. long. Dry slopes and washes, Lower Sonoran Zone; desert slopes of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun- tains, southern California, to southern Utah. Type locality: Mojave Desert, California. June-July. 10. Caulanthus Hallii Payson. Hall's Caulanthus. Fig. 1965. Caulanthus Hallii Payson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 290. 1923. Streptanthus Hallii Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 23. 1936. Annual, sparingly hispid on the leaves and pedicels, the stem glabrous, somewhat glaucous, with a tendency to become inflated, erect, 5-8 dm. high. Stem leaves 4-16 cm. long, irregularly and deeply laciniate-pinnatifid or dentate with few coarse lobes; inflorescence lax, racemose; pedicels widely divergent, 6-18 mm. long; sepals yellowish, hispid-hirsute, not saccate, 6 mm. long ; petals yellow, narrowly spatulate, about 9 mm. long ; filaments distinct ; pods terete, divaricate, glabrous, 7-11 cm. long; style 1.5-2 mm. long. Washes and desert slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; western edges of the Colorado Desert from the Little San Bernardino Mountains to San Felipe, California. Type locality: Coyote Canyon, El Toro Mountain, California. April-May. 11. Caulanthus crassicaulis (Torr.) S. Wats. Wild Cabbage. Fig. 1966. Streptanthus crassicaulis Torr. in Stansbury's Exp. 383. pi. 1. 1852. Caulanthus crassicaulis S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 27. 1871. Caulanthus senilis Heller, Muhlenbergia 8: 137. pi. 16. 1913. Short-lived perennial, glabrous and glaucous, the stems erect, unbranched, stout, more or less inflated, 3-10 dm. high. Basal leaves rosulate, primary basal leaves oblanceolate, subentire or sinuate-dentate, 3-5 cm. long, the secondary and lowermost stem leaves deeply and irregu- larly lyrate or runcinate, 5-15 cm. long; upper leaves reduced; inflorescence racemose; pedicels very stout, 3-5 mm. long, more or less hirsute; sepals purplish, densely hirsute, not saccate, 256 BRASSICACEAE I960 1952. Streptanthus heterophyllus 1953. Streptanthus polygaloides 1954. Streptanthus diversifolius 1955. Streptanthella longirostris 1956. Caulanthus amplexicaulis 1957. Caulanthus Cooperi 1958. Caulanthus stenocarpus 1959. Caulanthus californicus 1960. Caulanthus simulans MUSTARD FAMILY 257 scarious-margined, 10-15 mm. long; petals purplish or brownish, broadly linear, channelled, 15-20 mm. long; pods erect or ascending, rather stout, 10-13 cm. long; stigma broadly 2-lobed, the lobes nearly 1 mm. long. Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Clark Mountains, Inyo County, California, to western Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado. Type locality: "East shore of Salt Lake, Utah." June-July. 12. Caulanthus glaucus S. Wats. Glaucous Caulanthus. Fig. 1967. Caulanthus glaucus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 364. 1882. Streptanthus glaucus Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 415. 1925. Glabrous and conspicuously glaucous throughout, the stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, rather stout, 3-8 dm. high. Lower leaves orbicular or ovate, obtuse, 3.5-7 cm. long, sometimes lobed at the base, these as well as the narrower upper leaves conspicuously petioled ; inflorescence racemose; pedicels slender, 7-15 mm. long, erect or ascending; sepals greenish or purplish, not saccate, 8-10 mm. long; petals greenish, broadly linear, recurved at the apex, about 1.5 cm. long; pods widely divaricate, frequently arcuate, 6-8 cm. long, rather slender; stigma deeply 2-lobed. Rocky slopes, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; southeastern Oregon, western Nevada, and the White Mountains, California, east to southern Utah. Type locality: Candelaria, Esmeralda County, Nevada. May. 13. Caulanthus pilosus S. Wats. Hairy Caulanthus. Fig. 1968. Caulanthus pilosus S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 27. 1871. Streptanthus pilosus Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 415. 1925. Biennial or short-lived perennial, sparingly pilose to densely hirsute, especially near the base. Lower leaves petioled, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid, 4-15 cm. long, the upper leaves reduced, narrow ; inflorescence racemose ; pedicels ascending, 5-8 mm. long ; sepals green or purplish, more or less densely pilose, scarious-margined, 5-8 mm. long; petals white or veined with purple, narrowly spatulate, 7-10 mm. long ; pods ascending or widely divaricate, frequently arcuate, 6-13 cm. long; stigma conspicuously 2-lobed. Upper Sonoran Zone; southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon to western Nevada and Darwin Valley, Inyo County, California. Type locality: Truckee Valley, Nevada. April-June. 8. SUBULARIA L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Small submerged aquatic annual herbs, with basal subulate leaves, and minute white racemose flowers terminating a naked scape. Stamens 6. Style none. Silicles short- stipitate, ovoid to spherical, the valves convex, 1 -ribbed dorsally, the partition broad. Seeds few in each cell, marginless ; cotyledons narrow, incumbent. [Name Latin, mean- ing awl, from the awl-shaped leaves.] A monotypic species of the northern hemisphere. 1. Subularia aquatica L. Water Awlwort. Fig. 1969. Subularia aquatica L. Sp. PI. 642. 1752. Tufted, glabrous, the scapes 3-10 cm. high, simple. Leaves nearly cylindrical, 15-30 mm. long ; flowers few ; pedicels slender, 2-6 mm. long ; pods 2-3 mm. long. Growing in shallow water in the margins of clear cold lakes, Canadian Zone; British Columbia to the Sierra Nevada, California, east to Newfoundland, Maine, and Wyoming. Type locality: European. June-Aug. 1961 1961. Caulanthus Coulteri 1962 1962. Caulanthus Lemmonii 1963. Caulanthus inflatus 258 BRASSICACEAE 9. HYMENOPHYSA C. A. Mey. in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 180. 1831. Perennial herbs, pubescent with simple hairs, the stems branching-, leafy. Leaves sessile or clasping, entire or dentate. Flowers in corymbose racemes, on slender pedicels, white. Sepals alike at base, scarious-margined. Stamens 6. Silicle subglobose and in- flated, dehiscent or indehiscent; style slender. Seeds 2-4, ellipsoid, faintly reticulate; cotyledons incumbent. A monotypic Old World genus. 1. Hymenophysa pubescens C. A. Mey. Globe-podded Hoary Cress. Fig. 1970. Hymenophysa pubescens C. A. Mey. in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 181. 1831. Perennial with short branching caudex, the flowering stems branching, at least above, leafy. Leaves oblong, 10-35 mm. long, acutish or obtuse at apex, auriculate-clasping at base, finely serrate-dentate, cinereous-puberulent ; racemes corymbose ; flowers 2 mm. high, rather crowded ; fruiting pedicels slender, 3-8 mm. long; pods subglobose, 3-4 mm. in diameter, puberulent; seeds brown, faintly reticulate. Fields, especially in alfalfa, and waste land, adventive from Eurasia; eastern Washington, Klamath Basin, Oregon, and Sacramento Valley, California. June-Aug. 10. LEPIDIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Erect or diffuse, annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, or rarely suffrutescent, with pinnatifid, lobed or entire leaves, and racemose, white or greenish flowers. Petals small, rarely wanting. Stamens often fewer than 6. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Silicles oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition, more or less emarginately winged at the apex; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds 1 in each cell, flattened; cotyledons incumbent or rarely accumbent. [Greek, meaning a little scale, from the flat scale-like pod.] A genus of about 65 species, of wide geographical distribution. Type species, Lepidium latifolium L. Stigmas on slender, sometimes short but evident, persistent styles. Pods not notched or winged at the apex. Pods cordate at base; stem leaves clasping; flowers white. 1. L. Draba. Pods not cordate at base; stem leaves not clasping; flowers yellow. 2. L. Jaredii. Pods notched at the apex. Flowers yellow. 3. L. flavutn. Flowers white. Plants annual, pubescent; introduced species. Pods not winged; upper leaves cordate-clasping. 4. L. perfoliatum. Pods winged all around; upper leaves sagittate-clasping. 5. L. campestre. Plants perennial or suffrutescent; native species. Stems herbaceous; pods oval, 2—4 mm. long. Plants puberulent or hirsutulous; pods 2 mm. long. 6. L. montanum. Plants glabrous; pods 3.5-4 mm. long. 7. L. Jonesii. Stems woody below; pods obcordate, 6 mm. long. 8. L. Fretnontii. Stigmas sessile or subsessile; style, if any, short and thick. Pods merely emarginate at the apex (rather deeply so and somewhat winged in bipinnatifidum). Pedicels slender, terete or nearly so. Petals present, equaling or exceeding the sepals. Cotyledons accumbent. 9. L. zirginicttm. Cotyledons incumbent. Petals narrowly spatulate, about equaling the sepals. Basal leaves pinnately parted, the segments often toothed. 10. L. Menziesii. Basal leaves merely toothed or sometimes somewhat pinnatifid. 11. L. texanum. Petals obovate, exceeding the sepals. 12. L. idahoense. Petals none, or if present, rudimentary and much shorter than the sepals. 13. L. densiflorum. Pedicels strongly flattened. Pods pubescent. 14. L. lasiocarpum. Pods glabrous. Petals present; fruiting raceme loose. 15. L. nitidum. Petals none; fruiting raceme rather dense. 16. L. bipinnatifidum. Pods conspicuously winged at apex with two lobes or teeth; plants mostly of alkaline or saline soils. Wings of the pod approximate, the sinus very narrow; pods strongly reticulate. Body of the pod little exceeding the wings in length. 17. L. latipes. Body of the pod much exceeding the short wings. 18. L. dictyotum. Wings of the pod represented by acute, divergent teeth; pods finely reticulate. Teeth very short, widely divergent. 19. L. oxycarputn. Teeth about as long as the body of the pod. 20. L. acutidens. 1. Lepidium Draba L. Hoary Cress. Fig. 1971. Lepidium Draba L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Cardaria Draba Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 163. 1813. Perennial, hoary-pubescent throughout, the stems erect or ascending, 2-5 dm. high, branched MUSTARD FAMILY 259 at the inflorescence. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, shallowly dentate or entire, 3-5 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper clasping ; pedicels slender, 6-12 mm. long, spreading ; racemes short, corymbose ; petals white, 2 mm. long ; pods broadly ovoid or cordate, 3-4 mm. broad ; valve's papillose, keeled, wingless ; style slender, 1-2 mm. long. In waste places and fields; well established in many localities in Washington, Oregon, and California. Native of Europe. April-July. Lepidium repens (Schrenck) Boiss. Fl. Orien. 1: 356. 1867. Pods lens-shaped, not at all cordate at base, otherwise closely resembling Lepidium Draba L. Fields and waste places, Sacramento Valley, California. 2. Lepidium Jaredii Brandg. Jared's Pepper-grass. Fig. 1972. Lepidium Jaredii Brandg. Zoe 4: 398. 1894. Annual, with slender, erect, glaucous, pubescent stems, usually branching from the base, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire or somewhat toothed ; flowers in rather loose racemes ; pedicels filiform, 10 mm. long ; petals yellow, 2 mm. long ; pods orbicular, not emargi- nate ; style evident. Dry hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; southern Inner Coast Ranges and San Joaquin Valley, California. Type locality: near Goodwin, San Luis Obispo County, California. March-April. 3. Lepidium flavum Torr. Yellow Pepper-grass. Fig. 1973. Lepidium flavum Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4: 67. 1856. Sprengeria flava Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 198. 1905. Sprengeria Watsoniana Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 199. 1905. Sprengeria minuscula Greene, loc. cit. Glabrous prostrate annual, the stems branched from the base, 1-4 dm. long, brittle at the joints. Basal leaves rosulate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, slightly fleshy, pinnatifid with short rounded lobes and narrow sinuses ; the stem leaves toothed ; inflorescence often corym- bosely branched ; racemes dense, subcapitate ; petals bright yellow ; pod broadly elliptical, 3 mm. long, inconspicuously winged, glabrous, finely reticulate, bifid at the apex, the teeth acute, the sinus open. Sandy bottoms of washes or winter pools, Lower Sonoran Zone; desert regions, from Inyo County, Cali- fornia, to western Nevada, south to Lower California. Type locality: Mojave River, California. March-June. 4. Lepidium perfoliatum L. Round-leaved Pepper-grass. Fig. 1974. Lepidium perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Annual or biennial, glabrous and glaucous, the stems diffusely branched, 2-6 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-pinnatifid, with linear segments ; upper stem leaves round-ovate, cordate-clasping, en- tire ; pedicels spreading ; petals yellow, 1 mm. long ; pods rhombic-orbicular, about 4 mm. long, minutely notched. In waste places, sparingly introduced in the Pacific States, but becoming well established in some localities, especially eastern Oregon and southern California. March-May. 5. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. English Pepper-grass or Field Cress. Fig. 1975. Thlaspi campestre L. Sp. PI. 646. 1753. Lepidium campestre R. Br. in Ait. f. Hort. Kew. 4: 88. 1812. Annual or biennial, hoary-pubescent with scale-like hairs, the stems erect, 2-5 dm. high, leafy up to the inflorescence. Basal leaves 5-7 cm. long, oblong or spatulate-oblong, entire or pinnatifid, long-petioled ; stem leaves entire or slightly dentate, auriculate-clasping ; racemes elongated and dense ; pedicels spreading, 4-8 mm. long ; petals white or yellowish ; pods ovate, 5 mm. long, broadly winged at the apex, rough, narrowly notched ; style minute. In fields and waste places, naturalized from Europe; infrequent in the Pacific States, but becoming well established in some localities, especially in eastern Oregon and Lake Tahoe region, California. May— July. 6. Lepidium montanum Nutt. Mountain Pepper-grass. Fig. 1976. Lepidium montanum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 116. 1838. Perennial, more or less puberulent or hirsutulous, the stems often several from the same root, 2-4 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-pinnatifid with oblong or obovate segments, the upper pin- natifid or lobed, rarely entire ; racemes dense ; pedicels 5-6 mm. long ; petals 2 mm. long, clawed ; pod broadly ovate, 2 mm. long, narrowly winged, obscurely notched at the apex ; style scarcely 1 mm. long. Mountain valleys and plains, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Oregon to Wyoming, south, east of the Sierra Nevada, to Mono County, California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico, also northern Mexico. Type locality: "Plains of the Rocky Mountains on western side, to the borders of the Oregon." April-June. Hitchcock (Madrono 3: 304. 1936) refers our plants to variety L. montanum var. canescens (Thell.) C. L. Hitchcock. 7. Lepidium Jonesii Rydb. Jones' Pepper-grass. Fig. 1977. Lepidium Jonesii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Dub 29: 233. 1902. Lepidium alyssoides var. Jonesii Thell. Denks. Schweiz. Gesell. Naturwiss. 41, abh. 1: 208. 1906. Lepidium montanum var. Jonesii C. L. Hitchcock, Madrono 3: 309. 1936. Perennial, glabrous or minutely puberulent, the stems usually several, erect, corymbosely branched above, leafy. Lower leaves pinnatifid with oblong-acute segments; upper leaves 1.5-50 260 BRASSICACEAE 1970 1971 1964. Caulanthus major 1965. Caulanthus Hallii 1966. Caulanthus crassicaulis 1967. Caulanthus glaucus 1968. Caulanthus pilosus 1969. Subularia aquatica 1970. Hymenophysa pubescens 1971. Lepidium Draba 1972. Lepidium Jaredii MUSTARD FAMILY 261 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed, acute; racemes many-flowered; pedicels about 5-7 mm. 'long; sepals early deciduous, 1 mm. long, elliptic; petals more persistent, slender- clawed, white, 4 mm. long ; pods elliptic-ovate, 3-4 mm. long, notched and narrowly winged at the apex. Plains and river valleys, Sonoran Zones; eastern Mojave Desert, California, to Nevada and Utah. Type locality: "St. George, Utah." April-July. 8. Lepidium Fremontii S. Wats. Fremont's Pepper-grass. Fig. 1978. Lepidium Fremontii S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 30. pi. 4. f. 3, 4. 1871. Nasturtium Fremontii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 937. 1891. Suffrutescent, glabrous and glaucous, the stems woody below forming a low rounded ever- green bush 2-6 dm. high. Leaves 2.5-6 cm. long, narrowly linear, entire or with 1 or 2 pairs of narrow acute lobes or teeth; racemes numerous; pedicels slender, spreading; petals white, 3-4 mm. long; pods 5-8 mm. broad, thin and light colored, shallowly obcordate, with broad rounded lobes, usually tapering at base. Arid gravelly or rocky slopes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave Desert, California, to Utah, south to northern Lower California and Arizona. Type locality: Mojave River, California. March-June. 9. Lepidium virginicum L. Wild Pepper-grass. Fig. 1979. Lepidium virginicum L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Annual, the stems erect, usually simple below, branching above, 15-50 cm. high, glabrous or minutely puberulent. Basal leaves obovate, somewhat lyrately pinnatifid ; stem leaves sharply toothed or entire, the uppermost sessile ; racemes glabrous ; pedicels slender, spreading, 4-5 mm. long ; petals about equaling the sepals, sometimes wanting in the later flowers ; pods suborbicular, about 2 mm. broad; cotyledons accumbent. Widely distributed through eastern North America. Rare in the Pacific States. Type locality: "In Vir- ginia." May-Nov. 10. Lepidium Menziesii DC. Menzies' Pepper-grass. Fig. 1980. Lepidium Menziesii DC. Syst. 2: 539. 1821. Lepidium occidentale Howell, Erythea 3: 32. 1895. Biennial from an elongated taproot, more or less puberulent or pubescent, the stems erect or decumbent, branching above the base. Lower leaves pinnately parted, the segments toothed or entire; upper leaves incisely dentate to entire; pedicels nearly terete, slender, spreading, ex- ceeding the pods; petals present; stamens 2 or 4; pods lenticular, emarginate, about 3 mm. long, glabrous. Cliffs along the coast, Boreal Zones; Vancouver Island to the coast of Oregon. Type locality: "In ora occidentali Americae borealis." June-Aug. 11. Lepidium texanum Buckl. Texas Pepper-grass. Fig. 1981. Lepidium texanum Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1861: 449. 1862. Lepidium intermedium A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. 5: IS. 1853. Not A. Rich. 1847. Lepidium medium Greene, Erythea 3: 36. 1895. Annual, the stems erect, 3-5 dm. high, branched above, glabrous or nearly so. Lower leaves obovate or oblanceolate, coarsely toothed, somewhat pubescent; upper leaves linear, mostly en- tire, glabrous; racemes open in fruit; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; petals white, about 1.5 mm. long; stamens mostly 2 ; pods orbicular, 3 mm. in diameter, narrowly wing-margined ; style obsolete. Sandy soil, Sonoran Zones; British Columbia to California, Missouri, Alabama, and Mexico. Type locality: Fort Mason, Texas. May-Oct. 12. Lepidium idahoense Heller. Idaho Pepper-grass. Fig. 1982. Lepidium idahoense Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 312. 1899. Annual with erect stems, 20-50 cm. high, corymbosely branching above, sparingly and mi- nutely puberulent. Lower leaves obovate-oblong, laciniately dentate, the upper sessile, entire or nearly so ; racemes glabrous ; pedicels slender, 4 mm. long, spreading ; petals obovate, 2 mm. long ; pods suborbicular, 2 mm. broad, glabrous. Open, dry ridges, mainly Transition Zone; Washington and Idaho to southern California. Type locality: "Right bank of Snake River, near Lewiston," Idaho. April-June. 13. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Common Pepper-grass. Fig. 1983. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Gotting. 4. 1832. Annual, the stems erect, simple below, corymbosely branched above, 2-5 dm. high, glabrate or sparsely puberulent. Lower leaves irregularly toothed, the uppermost entire ; racemes gla- brous; pedicels mostly ascending, slender, 3-4 mm. long; petals none or rudimentary and much shorter than the sepals ; pods suborbicular, about 2 mm. broad, glabrous. This species has long been recognized as distinct from L. virginicum L., but erroneously referred to L. apetalum Willd. or L. intermedium A. Rich. Widely distributed over North America and common in the Pacific States. Adventive in Europe where it was originally described. May-Aug. Lepidium densiflorum var. pubecarpum (A. Nels.) Thell. Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 705. 1904. Annual, with the general habit of L. densiflorum, but usually lower and more branched and more puberulent. Dis- tinguished chiefly by the pubescent pods. Dry plains and ridges, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Rocky Mountain and Great Basin regions, from Montana to Texas and New Mexico, extending westward to eastern Washington and eastern Oregon. 262 BRASSICACEAE 14. Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. Hairy-pod Pepper-grass. Fig. 1984. Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 115. 1838. Lepidium ruderale var. lasiocarpum Engelm. in A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. 5: IS. 18S3. Lepidium georginum Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 30: 253. 1903. Annual, hirsute throughout, the stems branching from the base, decumbent, 10-25 cm. long. Lower leaves incised or pinnately parted, the segments usually broad, obtuse or rounded, entire or sparingly toothed, the upper merely toothed ; racemes numerous ; pedicels strongly flattened, horizontally spreading, 3 mm. long; sepals broadly oblong, purple with a thin white margin; petals minute or none; pods suborbicular, 3 mm. long, thin-margined near the summit, hispid- pubescent on both faces, rarely glabrous. Sandy soils, Sonoran Zones; coastal and desert regions of southern California to Colorado, Texas, and northern Mexico. Type locality: near Santa Barbara, California. March-June. 15. Lepidium nitidum Nutt. Shining Pepper-grass. Fig. 1985. Lepidium nitidum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 116. 1838. Lepidium nitidum var. insigne Greene, Fl. Fran. 274. 1891. Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, the stems erect or somewhat spreading, 5-30 cm. high, branching from near the base, the branches mostly simple. Lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, with attenuate segments, the upper often entire; racemes one to several; pedicels strongly flat- tened, rather loosely flowered; petals white, exceeding the sepals; pods suborbicular, 3-4 mm. long, narrowly thin-margined, abruptly notched at the apex, smooth and shining, convex on the lower surface, nearly flat or concave on the upper, often purple. Grassy hills, valleys and plains, Upper Sonoran Zone; very common in California, and extending from Washington to Lower California. Type locality: near Santa Barbara, California. Feb-May. Lepidium nitidum var. Howellii C. L. Hitchcock, Madrono 3: 293. 1936. Stems densely short-pubescent; pods usually with minute-pubescent margins. Western portion of Mojave Desert, California. Type locality: near Mojave. 16. Lepidium bipinnatifidum Desv. Wayside Pepper-grass. Fig. 1986. Lepidium bipinnatifidum Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 165. 1814. Lepidium Menziesii Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 46. 1876. Not DC. Puberulent or glabrate annual, the stems leafy, much branched from the base, decumbent or prostrate, often closely matting the ground. Leaves pinnatifid or the lowest bipinnatifid ; racemes numerous, dense, rather short and narrow ; petals none ; pedicels flattened, 1-2 mm. long, ascending; pods orbicular, 2-5 mm. in diameter, glabrous, faintly reticulated, the teeth short and obtuse. In hard beaten soil of waysides, naturalized from South America; rather common in California, less so in Oregon and Washington. Jan.-June. 17. Lepidium latipes Hook. Dwarf Pepper-grass. Fig. 1987. Lepidium latipes Hook. Ic. PI. 1 : pi. 41. 1837. Annual, pubescent or somewhat hirsute, the stems stout, branched from the base, procum- bent or erect, 3-7 cm. long. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, linear, entire or with a few linear segments ; racemes very dense, 15-40 mm. long; pedicels strongly flattened; petals greenish, 2 mm. long, exceeding the sepals; pods broadly oval, 5-6 mm. long, strongly reticulated, glabrous or spar- ingly pubescent, winged at the apex, with two broad erect teeth nearly as long as the body, the sinus between the teeth very narrow. Alkaline fiats, or balsas, Sonoran Zones; California, from the Sacramento Valley and North Coast Range valleys, to San Diego County. Type locality: Monterey, California. March-June. 18. Lepidium dictyotum A. Gray. Alkali Pepper-grass. Fig. 1988. Lepidium dictyotum A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 329. 1867. Annual, pubescent or hirsutulous, the stems branching from the base, decumbent or at length ascending, 5-20 cm. long. Leaves narrowly linear, tapering at both ends, 20-25 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, entire or with a few narrow segments or teeth near the middle ; racemes rather dense ; pedicels flattened, ascending; petals usually none, when present little exceeding the sepals, white; pods elliptic-ovate, 3-4 mm. long, finely reticulate, pubescent or glabrous, with short obtuse wings or teeth at the summit, the sinus narrow. Alkaline soils, Sonoran Zones; Washington and Idaho to southern California. Type locality: Steamboat Springs, Nevada. March-June. 19. Lepidium oxycarpum Torr. & Gray. Sharp-podded Pepper-grass. Fig. 1989. Lepidium oxycarpum Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 116. 1838. Lepidium oxycarpum var. strictum S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 46. 1876. Annual, hirsutulous, the stems very slender, branched from the base, the branches 10-15 cm. long, erect or ascending, floriferous more than half their length. Leaves linear, entire or with a few linear acute segments ; pedicels very slender, flattened, widely spreading ; sepals very un- equal, early deciduous; petals none; stamens 2; pods suborbicular, 2.5 mm. long, glabrate, finely reticulate, tipped with 2 very short acute widely divergent teeth. Border of salt marshes, or in alkaline soils, Sonoran Zones; San Francis:o Bay region, California. Type locality: first collected by Douglas, somewhere in the coastal region of California. March-May. MUSTARD FAMILY 263 20. Lepidium acutidens (A. Gray) Howell. Sharp-toothed Pepper-grass. Fig. 1990. Lepidium dictyotum var. acutidens A. Gray. Proc. Amer. Acad. 12: 54. 1876. Lepidium orcgonum Howell ex Greene, Fl. Fran. 274, in part. 1891. Lepidium acutidens Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1 : 64. 1897. Lepidium oxycarpum var. acutidens Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 441. 1925. Annual pubescent throughout with short spreading hairs, the stems branching from the base decumbent or ascending, 10-20 cm. long. Leaves linear, tapering at both ends, entire or faintly and remotely denticulate, 2-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; racemes loose, occupying about two-thirds of the branch; pedicels strongly flattened, appressed to the stem to near the middle, then curving outward ; pod sparingly pubescent or glabrous, strongly reticulate, 4 mm. long including the prominent divergent acute teeth, the sinus between the teeth about 1 mm. deep and 2 mm. wide at the apex. Saline or alkaline places, Sonoran Zones; eastern Oregon to southern California. Type locality: Yreka, California. March-July. 11. CORONOPUS Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 293. 1791. Diffuse ill-scented annual or biennial herbs, pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves usu- ally pinnatifid. Flowers small, white. Stamens 2 or 4. Style very short. Silicles small, didymous, compressed contrary to the partition, sessile; valves oblong or subglobose, rugose or tuberculate, falling away from the septum at maturity as closed or nearly closed nutlets. Seeds 1 in each cell; cotyledons narrow, incumbent. [The ancient Latin name.] About 6 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Type species, Cochlearia Coronopus L. 1. Coronopus didymus (L.) J. E. Smith. Lesser Wart-cress. Fig. 1991. Lepidium didymum L. Mant. 92. 1767. Coronopus didymus J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 3: 691. 1800. Senebiera didyma Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 185. 1807. Carara didyma Britt. in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2. 2: 167. 1913. Stems tufted, spreading, sparingly pubescent, S-40 cm. long. Leaves deeply 1-2-pinnatifid, the lower slender-petioled, the upper sessile ; flowers minute, white, racemose ; pedicels slender, 2-3 mm. long in fruit ; pod about 2 mm. broad ; valves rugose, separating into ovoid nutlets. In waste places, British Columbia to California, and across the continent; introduced from Europe. April-June. 12. THLASPI [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Erect glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with the basal leaves forming a rosette, entire or toothed, the stem leaves auriculate and clasping. Flowers racemose, white or purple. Pods cuneate or orbicular, mostly emarginate, flattened contrary to the partition, crested or winged ; valves dehiscent. Seeds 2 or several in each cell ; cotyledons accum- bent. [Greek, meaning to flatten, from the flat pod.] About 25 species, natives of the arctic and temperate zones. Type species, Thlaspi arvense L. Annual, introduced; pod suborbicular, broadly winged and deeply notched. 1. T. arvense. Perennial; pod cuneate, obscurely winged and shallowly or not at all notched. 2. T. alpestre. 1973. Lepidium flavum 1974 1974. Lepidium perfoliatum 1975 1975. Lepidium campestre 264 BRASSICACEAE 1976. Lepidium montanum 1977. Lepidium Jonesii 1978. Lepidium Fremontii 1979. Lepidium virginicum 1980. Lepidium Menziesii 1981. Lepidium texanum 1982. Lepidium idahoense 1983. Lepidium densifiorum 1984. Lepidium lasiocarpum MUSTARD FAMILY 265 1991 1992 1993 1985. Lepidium nitidum 1986. Lepidium bipinnatifidum 1987. Lepidium latipes 1988. Lepidium dictyotum 1989. Lepidium oxycarpum 1990. Lepidium acutidens 1991. Coronopus didymus 1992. Thlaspi arvense 1993. Thlaspi alpestre 266 BRASSICACEAE 1. Thlaspi arvense L. Field Penny Cress. Fig. 1992. Thlaspi arvense L. Sp. PI. 646. 1753. Annual, glabrous, the stems erect, 2-5 dm. high, branching above. Basal leaves oblanceo- late, petioled; stem leaves oblong to lanceolate, the lower sessile, the upper auriculate-clasping, sparingly toothed ; pedicels spreading, slender ; flowers white, 2-3 mm. high ; pods suborbicular, 8-12 mm. broad, broadly winged all around; style obsolete or nearly so; seeds rugose. Sparingly introduced along the coast in the Pacific States. Native of Eurasia. June— Aug. 2. Thlaspi alpestre L. Alpine Penny Cress. Fig. 1993. Thlaspi alpestre L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 903. 1762. Perennial, glabrous, the flowering stems one to several from the short simple or branched caudex, 1-3 dm. high. Basal leaves narrowly to broadly spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, entire or some- what toothed ; stem leaves few, auriculate-clasping, oblong to round-ovate ; pedicels slender, spreading ; sepals white-margined ; petals 4-6 mm. long ; pods 4-7 mm. long, cuneate, obtuse at apex or more commonly truncate, rather broadly refuse and narrowly winged; style 3 mm. long; seeds faintly reticulate. Rocky situations, Transition and Canadian Zones; Washington and Montana, south to northern California, New Mexico, and Arizona. Also in Eurasia. Tjpe locality: Austria. June-Aug. This is a variable species but satisfactory specific characters are not evident for the recognition of more than one species. Thlaspi calif ornicum S. Wats. (Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 365. 1882) which was based upon specimens collected at Kneeland Prairie, Humboldt County, California, differs in having the pods acute or acutish at apex, but complete transitions from this form to the truncate and retuse pods are common. Thlaspi glaucum A. Nels. (Bull. Torrey Club 25: 275. 1898) extends westward through the Great Basin region to eastern Washington, Oregon, and northeastern California, but there seems to be no well-defined specific character for its segregation. 13. COCHLEARIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. Annual or biennial fleshy maritime herbs, with lobed or entire alternate leaves, and small, white, rarely purplish or yellowish racemose flowers. Sepals short and broad. Petals obovate. Style slender; stigma entire or nearly so. Silicle inflated, ovoid or spherical ; valves very convex, dehiscent. Seeds several in each cell, in 2 rows, margin- less ; cotyledons mainly accumbent. [Greek, meaning spoon, from the shape of the leaves.] About 25 species, natives of colder parts of the north temperate zone. Type species, Cochlcaria officinalis L. 1. Cochlearia officinalis L. Spoonwort. Fig. 1994. Cochlearia officinalis L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. Cochlearia oblongifolia DC. Syst. 2: 363. 1821. Succulent herb, with decumbent branches, stems 15-30 cm. long. Basal leaves long-petioled, oblong to reniform, obtuse, 15-25 mm. long, dentate or entire; upper leaves oblong to ovate, sessile or short-petioled ; racemes elongated in fruit; pedicels 6-8 mm. long; petals white, 2-3 mm. long; pods 4-6 mm. long, smooth or reticulated; valves strongly 1-nerved. Along the seacoast, Boreal Zones; generally distributed over arctic North America, Europe, and Asia. On the Pacific Coast extending from Alaska to Oregon. A valued antiscorbutic salad in the far North. Type locality: in Europe. May- July. 14. SISYMBRIUM L. Sp. PI. 657. 1753. Annual or biennial herbs, with alternate dentate or pinnatifid leaves and yellow or white flowers. Pubescence when present of simple hairs. Sepals spreading. Stamens 6. Pods narrowly linear, elongated, terete or nearly so, appressed or divergent, the valves dehiscent. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cell, oblong, not winged ; cotyle- dons incumbent. [Ancient Greek name of some crucifer.] A genus of about 75 species, natives of the temperate regions of the world. Type species, Sisymbrium altissimum L. Siliques erect, sharply acuminate. 1. S. officinale. Siliques spreading, not acuminate. Pedicels of the siliques stout. Upper leaves pinnatifid with linear divisions; pods 1 mm. wide. 2. S. altissimum. Upper leaves hastate or entire; pods 2 mm. wide. 3. S. orientate. Pedicels of the siliques slender; upper leaves coarsely pinnatifid. 4. S. Irio. 1. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge Mustard. Fig. 1995. Erysimum officinale L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 2: 26. 1772. Sisymbrium leiocarpum Jordan, Diag. 1: 139. 1864. Stems erect, ^-6 dm. high, more or less pubescent with simple hairs or glabrous. Basal leaves lyrately and somewhat runcinately pinnatifid, 7-15 cm. long, the upper shorter, lanceolate, sub- entire or hastate ; pedicels 2 mm. long, erect in fruit; petals yellow, 3 mm. long; pods 10-15 mm. long, linear, acuminate, erect and closely appressed to the stem in fruit; valves strongly 1-nerved. A common wayside weed, naturalized from Europe. April-Aug. MUSTARD FAMILY 267 2. Sisymbrium altissimum (L.) Britt. Tumble Mustard. Fig. 1996. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Sp. PI. 659. 1753. Norta altissima Britt. in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2. 2: 174. 1913. Stems erect, widely branching, 6-12 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so. Lower leaves petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid, the lobes lanceolate, often auriculate ; the upper smaller, often nearly sessile, deeply pinnatifid into narrowly linear divisions ; pedicels thick, spreading, 6-8 mm. long ; petals 6-8 mm. long ; siliques very narrowly linear, stiff, 7-10 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, divergent ; valves prominently 1 -ribbed. In waste places, naturalized from Europe; Washington to southern California. Becoming a troublesome weed in eastern Washington and Oregon where it is locally known as Jim Hill Mustard. May-July. 3. Sisymbrium orientale L. Oriental Sisymbrium. Fig. 1997. Sisymbrium orientale L. Cent. PI. 2: 24. 1756; Amoen. Acad. 4: 322. 1759. Erect annual herb, the stems branched with ascending branches, 2-5 dm. high,t hirsute- pubescent. Leaves pinnate or the upper pinnatifid, petioled, 2-5 cm. long, the terminal lobe hastate, linear-lanceolate to ovate, lateral lobes or leaflets 1-3 pairs, or on the upper leaves absent ; sepals 4 mm. long ; petals 6, yellow ; fruiting racemes 8-20 cm. long ; pedicels 3-10 mm. long, stout ; pods ascending, 4-6 cm. long, 1-1 . 5 mm. wide, straight, glabrous or nearly so. Native of the Old World, becoming well established in coastal California; San Francisco, Monterey, and San Diego Counties. May. 4. Sisymbrium irio L. Desert Mustard. Fig. 1998. Sisymbrium Irio L. Sp. PI. 659. 1753. Norta Irio Britt. in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 174. 1913. Annual herbs with erect stems 1-6 dm. high, mostly branching above the base, glabrous throughout except for occasional villous hairs. Lower and upper leaves petioled, runcinately 2-4-parted with the terminal lobe larger than the lateral ones; inflorescence many-flowered, flowers cream-colored; pedicels slender, spreading, 5-7 mm. long; siliques ascending, narrowly linear, flexible, 2-3.5 cm. long, less than 1 mm. wide. Introduced weed, central southern California eastward through the desert area into Arizona and Sonora, Mexico. Type locality: European. Feb.-April. 15. ARABIDOPSIS (DC.) Schur. Enum. PI. Trans. 55. 1866. Annual or perennial herbs, with erect slender stems, pubescence of forked hairs. Leaves simple, entire or toothed. Flowers small, white or pink, in terminal racemes. Style very short ; stigma 2-lobed. Pod terete ; valves rounded, faintly nerved or nerve- less, dehiscent. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, or in some European species in 2 rows; cotyledons incumbent. [Name from the resemblance of this genus to Arabis.'] About 12 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Type species, Arabis Thaliana L. 1. Arabidopsis Thaliana (L.) Britt. Mouse-ear, Thale-cress. Fig. 1999. Arabis Thaliana L. Sp. PI. 665. 1753. Sisymbrium Thalianum A. Gray, Ann. Sci. Nat. 7: 399. 1826. Arabidopsis Thaliana Britt. in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2. 2: 176. 1913. Annual, stem slender, erect, 5-40 cm. high, branching, more or less pubescent with short stiff hairs. Basal leaves oblanceolate or oblong, narrowed to a petiole, entire or slightly toothed ; upper leaves smaller, sessile ; pedicels slender, spreading, 4-8 mm. long ; flowers usually white, 3-4 mm. long, pods ascending, 10-15 mm. long. Waste places, especially in dry ground, Oregon and Washington, naturalized from Europe. May-July. 16. HALIMOLOBUS Tausch, Flora 19: 410. 1836. Biennial or perennial herbs, with erect stems, mostly pubescent with forked hairs. Basal leaves oblong, short-petiolate, the cauline amplexicaul or sessile and cuneate, usu- ally toothed. Racemes leafless. Sepals erect, oblong, the interior pair saccate at base. Petals white or yellow, spatulate. Stamens 6, with filiform filaments. Ovary broadly cylindric ; ovules 8 to many ; style short, slender ; stigma minute, depressed. Silique terete, on slender pedicels; valves 1-nerved. Seeds in 2 rows, minute and usually numerous. [Name Greek, meaning jumping and silique, applied to these plants on account of their resemblance to Alyssum halimifolium Willd.] An American genus of 11 known species. Type species, Halimolobus lasiolobus (Link) O. E. Schulz. 1. Halimolobus diffusus (A. Gray) O. E. Schulz. Diffuse Halimolobus. Fig. 2000. Sisymbrium diffusum A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1: 8. 1852. Hesperis diffusa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 934. 1891. Halimolobus diffusus O. E. Schulz, Pfianzenreich 4105: 285. 1924. Sisymbrium diffusum var. Jaegeri Munz, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31: 61. 1932. Perennial with a short woody caudex, the flowering stems several, branching from the base, 268 BRASSICACEAE 4-5 dm. high, canescent with stellate hairs. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, lanceolate to oblanceolate, narrowed at base to a short winged petiole, subentire or usually coarsely dentate or lobed, stellate-canescent on both surfaces ; racemes terminating the numerous branchlets ; sepals oblong, 2.5 mm. long; petals 3 mm. long; fruiting pedicels 2-10 mm. long; pods ascending, terete, 12-16 mm. long, 0.5 mm. thick, irregularly torulose, with a slender elongated beak. Rock crevices, Sonoran Zones; White and Coso Mountains, Inyo County, California, to western Texas and southern Arizona. Type locality: "Pass of the Limpia," Texas. June-Nov. 17. *DESCURAINIA Webb & Berthel. Phytogr. Canar. 1 : 71. 1836. Annual, biennial or sometimes perennial herbs with finely dissected or coarsely bipin- natifid leaves and pubescence of forked hairs often mixed with glandular hairs. Inflores- cence racemose, flowers small, shades of yellow, sometimes tinged with rose. Petals clawed, obovate, obtuse. Sepals obtuse, erect. Stamens 6, sometimes longer than petals and sepals. Pistil cylindric; style short, thick; stigma simple, depressed-capitate. Fruiting pedicels slender; siliques cylindric or claviform, septum 1-3-nerved. Seeds in one or two rows, minute, oblong or ellipsoid, reticulate. [Name in honor of Francis Descurain, friend of Antoine and Bernard Jussieu.] About 20 species occurring most abundantly in the cold and temperate regions of North and South America while a few species are found in Europe, Asia, and the island groups of West Africa. Type species, Descnrainia Sophia (L.) Webb. Upper as well as lower leaves 2-3-pinnate; siliques 15-30 mm. long, septum of silique with 2-3 longitudinal nerves. 1. D. Sophia. Upper leaves pinnate, the divisions often incised; siliques mostly less than IS mm. long (see D. obtusa adeno- phora), septum of silique with 1 longitudinal nerve. Siliques linear. Siliques with 2-28 seeds; seeds distinctly in one row; style conspicuous. Siliques 7-15 mm. long, 8— 28-seeded. 2. D. Richardsonii viscosa. Siliques 3-6 mm. long (rarely 7), 2-6-seeded. 3. D. californica. Siliques with 40-60 seeds; seeds in two rows sometimes appearing one from crowding; style obsolete or nearly so. 4. D. obtusa adenophora. Siliques clavate; seeds in two rows; style obsolete or nearly so. Siliques 5-12 mm. long; seeds 12-20. 5. D. pinnata californica. Siliques 2-4 mm. long; seeds 2-4. 6. D. paradisa. 1. Descurainia Sophia (L.) Webb. Flixweed, Tansy-mustard. Fig. 2001. Sisymbrium Sophia L. Sp. PI. 659. 1753. Sisymbrium parviflorum Lam. Fl. Franc. 2: 519. 1778. Descurainia Sophia Webb ex Prantl in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3. abt. 2: 192. 1892. Sophia Sophia Britt. in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 144. 1897. Sophia parviflora Standley, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 22: 347. 1921. Annual leafy herb branching above the base, 2.5-4 dm. high. Leaves hoary-canescent to green and glabrate, not glandular, twice or thrice pinnate into many narrowly linear to linear- oblong segments ; flowers small, pale greenish yellow or yellowish white ; sepals 2 mm. long ; petals 1.5 mm. long; stamens surpassing all other floral parts; pedicels ascending, 9-11 mm. *Text of the genus Descurainia contributed by Roxana Stinchfield Ferris. 1994 1994. Cochlearia officinalis 1995 1995. Sisymbrium officinale 1996 1996. Sisymbrium altissimum MUSTARD FAMILY 269 long; siliques erect or merely ascending, mostly curved, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, less than 1 mm. broad, linear, acute at apex; septum 2- or sometimes 3-nerved; seeds in one row. Introduced weed, more common in Canada, eastern Oregon, and Washington, and the Great Basin region, and occurring more sparingly in the eastern part of California as far south as San Diego County. Type locality: Europe. May- Aug. 2. Descurainia Richardsonii subsp. viscdsa (Rydb.) Detling. Mountain Tansy-mustard. Fig. 2002. Sophia viscosa Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 238. 1902. Descurainia Rydbergii O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4105: 319, in part. 1924. Descurainia Richardsonii subsp. viscosa Detling, Amer. Midi. Nat. 22: 492. 1939. Annual herb 4-8 dm. high branching above the base, the branches ascending, more or less pubescent throughout. Leaves thin, 5-10 cm. long, bipinnate or the cauline pinnatifid or bipinnati- fid, with broad lobes; inflorescence glandular; fruiting racemes often congested; pedicels 4-9 mm long, ascending, or the lower ones divaricately spreading; flowers yellow; sepals 1.5-1.8 mm. long; petals slightly surpassing the sepals; siliques 8-15 mm. long, glabrous, ascending or sometimes erect, rarely divaricately spreading, on same axis as pedicel, acute at base and apex and tipped by style 0.5 mm. or more long; seeds dark, in one row, 1-1.3 mm. long. Dry pine and fir forests, Canadian Zone; Cascade Mountains, Washington, south to the Sierra Nevada of California and east to the Rocky Mountains. Type locality: Beaver Canyon, Idaho. June-Sept. Descurainia Richardsonii var. macrosperma O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 410B: 319. 1924. Plants non- glandular, essentially glabrous; fruiting pedicels but slightly spreading and siliques closely appressed to the axis of the inflorescence. Central Rocky Mountain area and occasional in the Sierra Nevada, California. Sophia frocera Greene and Sisymbrium Hartivegianum of authors, not Fourn. are here considered synonyms of the variety. Descurainia Richardsonii subsp. incisa (Engelm.) Detling, Amer. Midi. Nat. 22:494. 1939. (.Sisym- brium incisum Engelm. in A. Gray, PI. Fendl. 8. 1849.) Plants more or less pubescent, non-glandular; fruit- ing pedicels spreading, siliques on same axis as the pedicel or ascending. At high elevations, southern Montana south to Chihuahua, Mexico, and through the Sierra Nevada and mountains of southern California to the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California, Mexico. 3. Descurainia californica (A. Gray) O. E. Schulz. Sierra Tansy-mustard. Fig. 2003. Smelowskia californica A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 520. 1865. Sophia Sonnet Greene, Pittonia 3: 95, as to description, not synonymy. 1896. Sophia leptostylis Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 325. 1912. Descurainia californica O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4103: 330, as to name only. 1924. Annual herbs, 5-8 dm. high, the stems branching above the base, herbage green. Leaves thin, scantily pubescent, pinnate, the upper often pinnatifid with broad obtuse lobes; inflorescence compact, glabrous, flowers yellow, pedicels ascending, 2.5-5 mm. long; siliques ascending or erect, 3-5 mm. long, appressed to axis of inflorescence, acute at both ends, tipped by style 5 mm. or more long ; seeds about 1 mm. long, in one row. Arid Transition and Boreal Zones; the crest of the Sierra Nevada of California east to the southern moun- tain ranges of the Great Basin region and south to northern Arizona and New Mexico. Type locality: Mono Lake, California. July. 4. Descurainia obtusa subsp. adenophora (Woot. & Standi.) Detling. Desert Tansy-mustard. Fig. 2004. Sisymbrium Cumingianum Robinson in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 139. 1895. Not Fisch. & Mey. 1835. Sophia adenophora Woot. & Standi. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 16: 127. 1913. Descurainia obtusa subsp. adenophora Detling, Amer. Midi. Nat. 22: 498. 1939. Coarse canescent-tomentose thick-leaved annual, 6-15 dm. high, branching above the base, the branches ascending. Lower cauline leaves 5-14 cm. long, coarsely bipinnatifid, the segments obtuse, the upper 2-5 cm. long, pinnate with lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate; inflorescence many-flowered, glandular-pubescent throughout, petals pale yellow, slightly exceeding the sepals ; pedicels spreading, nearly equaling the erect or ascending siliques ; siliques slightly pu- bescent to glabrate, linear, acute, 12-19 mm. long; seeds less than 1 mm. long, obscurely ar- ranged in 2 rows. Upper Sonoran Zone; San Jacinto and San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, east to New Mexico. Type locality: northwestern Grant County, New Mexico. May-June. 5. Descurainia pinnata subsp. Menziesii (DC.) Detling. Western Tansy-mustard. Fig. 2005. Cardamine Menziesii DC. Syst. 2: 267. 1821. Sisymbrium canescens var. californicum Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 92. 1838. Descurainia Menziesii O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4105: 328. 1924. Descurainia pinnata subsp. Menziesii Detling, Amer. Midi. Nat. 22: 508. 1939. Annual herbs, canescent throughout to nearly glabrate, 1-4 dm. high, simple or much branched from the base. Leaves bipinnate or bipinnatifid, divided into many elliptic or linear- oblong segments, 1-3 cm. long; inflorescence glandular to glabrate; flowers many, greenish yellow or nearly white, 2 mm. or less long ; petals barely exceeding sepals ; pedicels widely di- vergent, often at right angles to rachis, 8—15 mm. long; siliques usually curved, slightly ascend- 270 BRASSICACEAE ing or horizontal, 6-8 mm. long, often 2 mm. wide, acute at base, obtuse at apex; style minute; seeds less than 1 mm. long, always in 2 rows. Usually in sandy soil, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; Contra Costa County, California, to southern Cali- fornia, east to the Mojave and Colorado Deserts. Type locality: California. April- June. Descurainia pinnata subsp. halictorum (Cockerell) Detling, Amer. Midi. Nat. 22: SOS. 1939. (.Sophia halictorum Cockerell, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 460. 1898.) Characterized by divergent and ascending pedicels rather than horizontal, pale yellow flowers, siliques shorter than those of the species, and terminal leaflets of the upper leaves usually elongated; seeds distinctly in 2 rows. Southeastern Oregon and Idaho and eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, California, east to western Texas and Oklahoma. Descurainia pinnata subsp. glabra (Woot. & Standi.) Detling, Amer. Midi. Nat. 22: 507. 1939. (Sophia glabra Woot. & Standi. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 16: 127. 1913.) inflorescence glabrous, flowers pale yellow, siliques shorter than the preceding subspecies (4-6 mm. long), terminal leaflets rounded not elongate, seeds distinctly in 2 rows. Most abundant form in the Sonoran Desert area. Descurainia pinnata subsp. intermedia (Rydb.) Detling, Amer. Midi. Nat. 22: 511. 1939. (Sophia intermedia Rydb. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 184. 1900.) Plants non-glandular, nearly glabrous; petals yellow, about 2 mm. long, pedicels spreading, shorter than the siliques, seeds more or less distinctly in 2 rows. North- eastern California and adjacent Nevada, and southern Montana to western Wyoming and Colorado. Descurainia pinnata subsp. Nelsonii (Rydb.) Detling, Amer. Midi. Nat. 22: 512. 1939. (Sophia Nel- sonii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 436. 1907.) Plants non-glandular, nearly glabrous, petals yellow, about 1.5 mm. long; pedicels and siliques short, erect; seeds more or less distinctly in 2 rows. Eastern Oregon and Washington, east to Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. Descurainia pinnata subsp. filipes (A. Gray) Detling. Amer. Midi. Nat. 22: 513. 1939. (Sisymbrium incisum var. filipes A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 8. 1849.) Plants non-glandular, nearly glabrous; petals yellow, 2 mm. long; pedicels longer than the siliques, the siliques spreading or erect. Eastern slopes of Cascade Mountains, Washington and Oregon, and south in the Sierra Nevada, California, to Yosemite Valley. Also in the northern Rocky Mountain region. 6. Descurainia paradisa (A. Nels. & Kennedy) O. E. Schulz.. Nevada Tansy-mustard. Fig. 2006. Sophia paradisa A. Nels. & Kennedy, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19: 155. 1906. Descurainia paradisa O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4105: 331. 1924. Gray, canescent annual herbs, branching from the base, 1-2.5 dm. high. Leaves bipinnate or bipinnatifid into short, mostly linear-oblong lobes ; inflorescence scantily pubescent, glandu- lar ; flowers whitish-yellow ; pedicels 3-4 mm. long, ascending, sometimes curved ; pods 1 . 5-3 . 5 mm. long, on same axis as pedicel or nearly erect, elliptic in outline, obtuse at the apex ; style minute ; seeds less than 1 mm. long, distinctly in 2 rows. Upper Sonoran Zone; Great Basin region from southeastern Oregon to Inyo County, California. Type locality: Paradise Valley, Humboldt County, Nevada. Closely related to the preceding species complex. April-May. 18. CAKILE [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Fleshy glabrous branching annual herbs, with purple or white flowers. Style none. Pods sessile, flattened or ridged, indehiscent, 2-jointed, the joints 1 -celled and 1 -seeded, or the lower seedless, the upper deciduous when ripe, the lower persistent. Cotyledons accumbent. [Old Arabic name.] A genus of 4 species, natives of sea and lake shores of north temperate and tropical regions. Type species, Bunias Cakile L. Lower joint of silique with two slightly recurved horn-like protuberances at apex; leaves pinnatifid. 1. C. maritima. Lower joint of silique without expanding horn-like processes; leaves merely sinuate-dentate. 2. C. edentula califomica. 1. Cakile maritima Scop. Sea Rocket. Fig. 2007. Bunias Cakile L. Sp. PI. 670. 1753. Cakile maritima Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 2: 35. 1772. Plants fleshy and glabrous, branching from the base, the branches procumbent or decum- bent, often 4-5 dm. long. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, 4-8 cm. long, the lobes varying from 4-8, oblong or linear, 5-15 mm. long, rounded at apex; sepals 3 mm. long; petals rose-colored, 8-10 mm. long; fruiting racemes 20-35 cm. long; pedicels stout, about 2 mm. long; pods about 15 mm. long; the lower joint half the length of the upper, bearing 2 triangular protuberances at the apex, upper joint flattened, entire at the apex. Beach sand; along the coast from Sonoma County to San Mateo County, California. Native of Europe and the Mediterranean region. June-Nov. 2. Cakile edentula var. califomica (Heller) Fernald. California Sea Rocket. Fig. 2008. Cakile califomica Heller, Muhlenbergia 3: 10. 1907. Cakile edentula var. califomica Fernald, Rhodora 24: 23. 1922. Plants fleshy, the main stem stout, erect, branching from the base, the lower lateral branches often decumbent. Leaves 15-40 mm. long, oblanceolate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed to a stout petiole, sinuate-dentate ; racemes becoming 1-2 dm. long in fruit ; pedicels stout, 3-5 mm. long; sepals 3-4 mm. long; petals purple-tinged, 6 mm. long; pods 15 mm. long, upper joint broader than the lower, flattened and angled, narrowed to a stout retuse beak. Beach sands; the typical species ranges from Labrador to Florida, the variety lacustris Fernald is con- fined to the Great Lakes, and the variety califomica extends along the shores of the Pacific from British Columbia to southern California. May-Nov. MUSTARD FAMILY 271 19. ISATIS L. Sp. PI. 670. 1753. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, with perfect racemose flowers. Sepals ascend- ing, not gibbous at the base. Petals yellow. Stamens 6 ; filaments slender. Pod oval to oblong, flattened and winged all around, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded or rarely 2-seeded. Style none. Cotyledons incumbent. [The classical name.] A genus of about 35 species, natives of Europe. Type species, Isatis tinctoria L. 1. Isatis tinctoria L. Dyer's Woad. Fig. 2009. Isatis tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 670. 1753. Biennial or perennial, glaucous and glabrous, except for cilia on the midrib of the lower leaves ; stems branching from near the base, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves blue-green, the lower ob- lanceolate, entire or denticulate, 7-10 cm. long, the upper sagittate-clasping; racemes several, usually in crowded corymbs; flowers small, about 3 mm. high; pods oblong, 12-15 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, pendent in age on slender pedicels. A locally naturalized weed, native of Europe; Siskiyou County, California, and in Utah. Locally known in California as Marlahan Mustard. April-June. 20. ERUCA [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Annual or biennial erect branching herbs with pinnately lobed or toothed leaves. Flowers racemose, variously colored, with brown or purple veins. Sepals erect. Style elongated. Silique linear-oblong, turgid, long-beaked, the valves 3-nerved. Seeds many in 2 rows in each cell, globose. Cotyledons conduplicate. [Ancient Latin name of some member of the mustard family.] About 5 species native of the Mediterranean region. Type species, Brassica Eruca L. 1. Eruca sativa Mill. Garden Rocket. Fig. 2010. Brassica Eruca L. Sp. PI. 667. 1753. Eruca sativa Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. no. 1. 1768. Eruca Eruca Britt. in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2. 2: 192. 1913. Erect, glabrous and somewhat succulent annual, 3-5 dm. high. Lower leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, 7-15 cm. long, the upper lobed or dentate; flowers racemose, the racemes becom- ing much elongated in fruit; sepals 10-12 mm. long; petals 15-20 mm. long, variously colored, conspicuously purple-veined; pods erect on short stout upcurved pedicels, 15-25 mm. long, the valves keeled on the back, 4-5 mm. thick, the beak flattened, nearly as long as the body. Waste ground and fields, especially alfalfa fields; eastern Washington, central and southern California; also introduced into Utah, New Mexico, eastern United States, and Mexico. Native of Europe. May-July. 21. SINAPIS L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Annual or biennial, erect, branching, more or less hispid herbs, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and mostly rather showy yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Stamens 6. Pods nearly terete, sessile, constricted between the seeds, tipped with a very long flattened sword-like or angled beak, the valves 3-nerved. Seeds subglobose, in 1 row in each cell ; cotyledons conduplicate. [Name Greek, ancient name for turnip.] About 5 species, natives of southern Europe. Type species, Sinapis alba L. Fruiting pedicels spreading, 8-12 mm. long; pods hairy. 1. S. alba. Fruiting pedicels ascending, 4-6 mm. long; pods glabrous. Pods stout, 3-4 mm. wide, not appressed; leaves sparsely hispid or glabrous. 2. S. arvensis. Pods slender, 1 mm. wide, appressed; leaves canescent with a dense hirsute pubescence. 3. S. incana. 1. Sinapis alba L. White Charlock or Mustard. Fig. 2011. Sinapis alba L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Brassica hirta Moench, Suppl. Meth. 84. 1802. Brassica alba Rabenhorst, Fl. Lusatica 1: 184. 1839. Not Gilibert 1782. Stems 3-7 dm. high, more or less hirsute with stiff spreading hairs. Lower leaves lyrately pinnate or pinnatifid, 10-20 cm. long, the lobes dentate; uppermost leaves lanceolate or oblong, often merely dentate, short-petioled ; petals yellow, about 1 cm. long ; fruiting pedicels spreading ; pod densely hispid, about 3 cm. long, spreading ; beak sword-like, equaling or usually longer than the body of the pod. In waste places and fields, occasionally escaped from cultivation in California; native of Europe and Asia. March-Aug. 2. Sinapis arvensis L. Field Charlock or Mustard. Fig. 2012. Sinapis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Brassica sinapistrum Boiss. Voy. Espag. 2: 39. 1839—45. Brassica arvensis Rabenhorst, Fl. Lusatica 1: 184. 1839. Not L. 1767. Brassica kaber (DC.) L. C. Wheeler, Rhodora 40: 306. 1938. Stems 3-6 dm. high, branching above, hispid with scattered stiff hairs, or glabrate. Lower 272 BRASSICACEAE 1997. Sisymbrium orientate 1998. Sisymbrium Irio 1999. Arabidopsis Thaliana 2000. Halimolobus diffusus 2001. Descurainia Sophia 2002. Descurainia Richardsonii 2003. Descurainia californica 2004. Descurainia obtusa 2005. Descurainia pinnata MUSTARD FAMILY 273 2012 2013 2014 2006. Descurainia paradisa 2007. Cakile maritima 2008. Cakile edentula 2009. Isatis tinctoria 2010. Eruca sativa 2011. Sinapis alba 2012. Sinapis arvensis 2013. Sinapis incana 2014. Brassica nigra 274 BRASSICACEAE leaves usually lyrate-pinnatifid, with a rounded toothed terminal lobe, usually hispid on the veins beneath; upper leaves oblong to lanceolate, merely toothed; petals yellow 8 mm. long; pedicels ascending, about 5 mm. long ; pods ascending, 3-4 cm. long ; beak about 5 mm. long. Fields and waste places, naturalized from Europe, and widespread in the Pacific States and the eastern United States. March-Oct. 3. Sinapis incana L. Mediterranean Mustard. Fig. 2013. Sinapis incana L. Cent. PI. 1: 19. 1755. Hirschfeldia adpressa Moench, Meth. 264. 1794. Sinapis geniculata Desf. Fl. Atlantica 2: 98. 1798. Brassica adpressa Boiss. Voy. Espag. 2: 38. 1839. Brassica incana Meigen, Deutsch. Fl. 3: 270. 1842. Not Tenore 1811-15. Stems much branched from near the base, 4-6 dm. high. Leaves canescent with a dense hirsute pubescence, the basal lyrate-pinnatifid, 6-8 cm. long, those of the stems becoming much reduced and simple ; racemes numerous, terminating the widely spreading branches ; petals 5-0 mm. long; pods upwardly appressed, 8-12 mm. long, the beak usually much shorter than the body, flattened and usually containing a seed. In dry fields and waste places; introduced into central and southern California, and becoming a common late spring and summer weed. Native of the Mediterranean region. May-Aug. 22. BRASSICA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, with erect branching stems and alternate leaves, the basal pinnatifid, those of the stem toothed or entire. Flowers showy, yellow, in elon- gated racemes. Siliques elongated, terete or 4-sided, sessile, tipped with a conical beak ; valves 1-3-nerved ; stigma truncate or 2-lobed. Seeds in one row in each cell, subglobose, marginless ; cotyledons conduplicate. [Latin name of the cabbage.] A genus of about 80 species. Natives of Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. Type species, Brassica oleracea L. Upper leaves not clasping, short-petioled. Pods slender 10-20 mm. long, appressed; pedicels 2 mm. long; lower leaves often hispid, their segments serrate. L B- mgra' Pods 25-50 mm. long, erect but not appressed; pedicels 3-5 mm. long; plant glabrous and glaucous through- out; segments of lower leaves crenate. 2- B. juncea. Upper leaves clasping by an auricled base. 3. B. campestris. 1. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. Fig. 2014. Sinapis nigra L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Brassica nigra Koch in Roehl, Deutsch. Fl. ed. 3. 4: 713. 1833. Annual with erect freely branching stems, 6-25 dm. high, sparsely pubescent or glabrate. Lower leaves pinnatifid, with 1 terminal large lobe and 2-4 smaller lateral ones, dentate all around; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile, pinnatifid or dentate, the uppermost reduced, lanceolate and entire; petals bright yellow, spatulate, 7-8 mm. long; pod 15-20 mm. long, about 1 mm. thick, 4-sided, appressed against the stem ; beak slender, 2-4 mm. long ; seeds dark brown. In fields and waste places, naturalized from Europe; common in the Pacific States, and widely spread throughout North America except in the extreme north. April-Sept. 2. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Chinese or Indian Mustard. Fig. 2015. Sinapis juncea L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Brassica juncea Cosson, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 6: 609. 1859. Annual with erect stout pale somewhat glaucous, glabrous or slightly pubescent stems, 3-12 dm. high. Lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid and crenate, long-tpetioled, the uppermost reduced, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate or linear, mostly entire; petals yellow, 8-10 mm. long; pod 3-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, ascending, not apppressed to the stem ; beak 5-8 mm. long. In fields and waste places; naturalized in the Pacific States from Washington and Oregon to southern California, but less common than B. nigra; also eastward to the Atlantic States. Native of Asia. June-bept. 3. Brassica campestris L. Common Mustard. Fig. 2016. Brassica campestris L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Biennial with a large fleshy taproot ; stem 3-10 dm. high, branching, glabrous and glaucous, or slightly pubescent below. Basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, sparsely pubescent; upper leaves oblong to lanceolate, clasping the stem by an auriculate base, entire or dentate, glabrous ; petals yellow, spatulate, 6-7 mm. long; pedicels spreading, 15-25 mm. long; pod 5-7 cm. long, about 3 mm. thick ; beak about 1 cm. long. In fields and waste places, naturalized from Europe; a common weed in the Pacific States. Jan.-June, or throughout the year in California. Brassica Napus L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Rape. Sometimes growing spontaneously in central and south- ern California. Resembles B. campestris L. but flowers paler and plant including the early leaves glabrous. Brassica Rapa L., the turnip, and Brassica oleracea L., the cabbage, also sometimes growing spontaneously in neglected fields. Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119: 56. 1916. Branching annual with pinnatifid leaves, the lower flowers of the raceme in the axils of foliaceous bracts, in that respect as well as in the pinnatifid leaves suggesting Tropidocarpum. Pods linear, 2-3 cm. long, distinctly beaked. Locally introduced in Santa Clara County, California. Native of Europe. MUSTARD FAMILY 275 23. DIPLOTAXIS DC. Syst. 2. 628. 1821. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs with the general habit of the mustards. Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, pinnatifid or lobed. Flowers yellow, rather showy, in elon- gated terminal racemes. Pods elongated, linear, more or less flattened parallel with the partition, short -beaked or beakless; valves mostly 1-nerved, dehiscent. Seeds in two rows in each cell, marginless ; cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, referring to the double row of seeds.] A genus of about 20 species, natives of the Mediterranean region and central Europe. Type species, Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Perennial; stem leafy nearly to the inflorescence. 1. D. tenuifolia. Annual; leaves mostly basal. 2. D. muralis. 1. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Wall Rocket. Fig. 2017. Sisymbrium tenuifolium L. Cent. PI. 1: 18. 1755. Diplotaxis tenuifolia DC. Syst. 2: 632. 1821. Perennial, glabrous or sparingly hispid, somewhat glaucous ; stems branched from the base, leafy, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves pinnatifid, thin, the lower 7-15 cm. long, the lobes mostly narrow; racemes loose and elongated in fruit; pedicels slender, 2-4 cm. long in fruit; petals 8-10 mm. long ; pods nearly erect, 25-30 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Locally adventive in Oregon (Portland, Salem) and in the Sacramento Valley and southern California. March-June. 2. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Sand Rocket. Fig. 2018. Sisymbrium murale L. Sp. PI. 658. 1753. Diplotaxis muralis DC. Syst. 2: 634. 1821. Annual, branched from the base, sparingly hispid or glabrous, the stems leafy only below, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oblanceolate in outline, pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, 5-10 cm. long, mostly slender-petioled ; racemes elongated and loose in fruit; petals about 1 cm. long; pod erect, flat- tish, 2-7y cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; fruiting pedicels 8-15 mm. long. An occasional adventive, especially in southern California; native of Europe. March-May. 24. RAPHANUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 669. 1753. Erect or widely branching from the base, annual or biennial herbs, with lyrate leaves and showy flowers. Pods elongated, linear, fleshy or corky, constricted or continuous and spongy between the seeds, indehiscent, tapering above into the persistent slender style. Seeds globose; cotyledons conduplicate. [Name Greek, meaning quick-appearing, from its rapid germination.] A genus of about 4 species, natives of Europe and temperate Asia. Type species, Raphanus sativus L. Pods not longitudinally grooved; only slightly constricted between the 2 to several seeds; petals variable in color, but usually purple-veined. 1. R. sativus. Pods longitudinally grooved, strongly constricted between the 4-10 seeds when dry; petals yellow. 2. R. Raphanistrum. 1. Raphanus sativus L. Wild Radish. Fig. 2019. Raphanus sativus L. Sp. PI. 669. 1753. Biennial or annual, from a more or less elongated fleshy root; stems erect and freely branch- ing, 3-5 dm. high, sparsely pubescent with stiff hairs or nearly glabrous above. Lower leaves deeply lyrate-pinnatifid, the lobes crenate or dentate; petals 15-20 mm. long, the narrow claw about equaling the blade, variable in color, white, yellowish, or purplish, but usually purple- veined; pods fleshy, 2 to several-seeded, not longitudinally grooved, often equaled or exceeded by the long conical beak. A very common weed in the Pacific States, especially California. Native of Europe. A cultivated form is the garden radish. March-July. 2. Raphanus Raphanistrum L. Jointed Charlock. Fig. 2020. Raphanus Raphanistrum L. Sp. PI. 669. 1753. Biennial or annual, from a slender root; stem freely branching, 3-7 dm. high, sparsely pubescent at least below with stiff hairs. Lower leaves deeply lyrate-pinnatifid; petals usually yellow, rarely purplish, fading to white, 15-20 mm. long; pod usually 6-10-seeded, nearly cylin- dric when green, constricted between the seeds and moniliform when dry, longitudinally grooved ; beak conical, 1-2 cm. long. Occasionally adventive in the Pacific States. Native of Europe and northern Asia. April-June. 25. B ARBAREA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 4 : 109. 1812. Erect glabrous biennial or perennial herbs, with angled stems, pinnatifid leaves and racemose yellow flowers. Pod elongated, linear, 4-angled; valves keeled or ribbed; style 276 BRASSICACEAE short ; stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, flat, oblong, marginless ; cotyledons accumbent. [Name in honor of Saint Barbara.] A genus of about 7 species, natives of the temperate zones. Type species, Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. 1. Barbarea americana Rydb. American Winter Cress. Fig. 2021. Barbarea americana Rydb. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. i: 174. 1900. Barbarea orthoceras var. dolichocarpa Fernald, Rhodora 11: 140. 1909. Biennial, glabrous throughout, often purple-tinged, the stems rather stout, erect, 3-6 dm. high Basal leaves lyrately pinnatifid, with a large terminal leaflet and 2-4 pairs of small lateral ones' the stem leaves lyrately pinnatifid or lobed, becoming reduced above; petals pale yellow; pods' ascending, 3-4.5 cm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, obscurely 4-angled; beak rather stout, 1-1.5 mm. long. Moist places, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; British Columbia to Montana south to northern Mexico and Lower California. This is a native species long confused with B. vulgaris I. wh.ch is widely introduced in the eastern United States. Type locality. Spanish Basin, Montana. March-Oct. Barbarea stricta Andrz. in Bess. Enum. PI. Volh. 72. 1822 Differs from the native species chiefly in the stouter pods which are erect and appressed to the rachis. Widely introduced in the United States but rare on the Pacific Coast. This has been referred by some authors to B. orthoceras Ledeb. Native of Europe. Barbarea verna (Mill.) Aschers. Fl. Brand. 1 : 36. 1864. Divisions of the leaves more numerous, usu- ally 4-8 pairs of rather narrow lateral leaflets; pods sharply 4-sided and, slightly compressed, spreading or ascending. In waste places, sparingly introduced in the Pacific States. Native of Europe. 26. RORIPPA Scop. Fl. Cam. 520. 1760. Aquatic or marsh herbs, with simple or pinnate, lobed, dissected or rarely entire leaves and small white or yellow, racemose flowers. Sepals spreading. Stamens often less than 6 Style short or slender ; stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Pods short, terete or nearly so, not stipitate; valves nerveless or 1 -nerved. Seeds minute, turgid, in 2 rows in each cell; cotyledons accumbent. [Name unexplained.] About 50 species, of wide distribution, but mainly in the north temperate zone. Type species, Sisym- brium amphibium L. The older generic name Radicula Hill (1756) is not available according to the Inter- national Rules, Art. 67. The original spelling, Rorippa, was changed by Adanson to Roripa, and many authors have used that spelling but according to the International Rules the original spelling should be retained. Flowers white. Leaves pinnately divided; pods linear. 1- R- Nasturtium-aquaticum. Leaves at least the upper simple; pods ovoid. 8. R. Armoracia. Flowers yellow; leaves pinnatifid or pinnate. Plants perennial by creeping rootstocks; petals well exceeding the sepals. Pods glabrous or nearly so. 2- R- sinuata. Pods short-pubescent. 3- R- columbiae. Plants annual, biennial, or perennial, with fibrous roots, and without creeping rootstocks; petals scarcely equaling the sepals. Stems diffusely branching from the base; pedicels 2-4 mm. long. Pods strongly curved; leaf -segments linear to oblong, mostly acute; style not over 0.5 mm. long, stout. 4. R. curvtstltqua. Pods not curved; leaf -segments obovate or rounded; style 1-2 mm. long, slender. 5. R. obtusa. Stems erect, branched above; pedicels 6-8 mm. long. Stems nearly or quite glabrous; pods linear or linear-oblong. 6. R. palustris. Stems hispid-pubescent; pods globose or ovoid. 7. R. hispida. 1. Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Schinz & Thell. Water-cress. Fig. 2022. Sisymbrium Nasturtium-aquaticum L. Sp. PI. 657. 1753. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 4: 110. 1812. Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum Britten & Rendle, List Brit. Seed-Plants 3. 1907. Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum Schinz & Thell. Fl. Schweiz ed. 3. 240. 1909. Stems floating, creeping or ascending, rooting at the nodes, glabrous. Leaves pinnately divided into ovate or oval segments, the terminal larger; racemes elongated in fruit ; petals white, 3-4 mm. long ; pedicels 1-2 cm. long ; pods 1-3 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, spreading or slightly curved upwards. Margins of streams, or quiet water; naturalized and common in the Pacific States. Native of Eurasia. March-Nov. 2. Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchcock. Spreading Yellow-cress. Fig. 2023. Nasturtium sinuatum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 73. 1838. Rorippa sinuata A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhattan 18. 1S94. Radicula sinuata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 113. 1905. Perennial from creeping rootstocks, diffuse, glabrous, the branches ascending. Leaves5-8 cm. long, pinnatifid, the segments linear to oblong, obtuse, entire or sparingly dentate ; pedicels MUSTARD FAMILY 277 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2015. Brassica juncea 2016. Brassica campestris 2017. Diplotaxis tenuifolia 2022 2018. Diplotaxis muralis 2019. Raphanus sativus 2020. Raphanus Raphanistrum 2021. Barbarea americana 2023 2022. Rorippa Nasturtium- aquaticum 2023. Rorippa sinuata 278 BRASSICACEAE slender, 6 mm. long ; pods linear-oblong, straight or slightly curved, smooth or slightly rough- ened, 8-14 mm. long ; style slender, 2-3 mm. long. Moist sandy soil, mainly Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Washington and Oregon to Saskatchewan, Illinois, Texas, and Arizona. Type locality: "Banks of the Oregon [Columbia] and its tributaries." April-Sept. 3. Rorippa columbiae Suksdorf. Columbia Yellow-cress. Fig. 2024. Nasturtium sinuatum var. columbiae Suksdorf ex Robinson, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 147. 1895. Rorippa columbiae Suksdorf ex Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 40. 1897. Nasturtium columbiae Suksdorf, Deutsch. Bot. Monatss. 16: 211. 1898. Radicula columbiae Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 114. 190S. Plants perennial by creeping rootstocks, pubescent throughout, the stems low and spreading. Leaves pinnatifid, with many oblong, often toothed segments; pedicels ascending or spreading; petals 4 mm. long; pod ascending or erect, short-oblong, curved, densely puberulent or some- what papillose ; style nearly 2 mm. long. Moist sandy soil, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington and Oregon to Montana, Nebraska, and New Mexico. Type locality: "low gravelly banks of the Columbia River, near Bingen," Wash- ington. May-Sept. 4. Rorippa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Bessey. Western Yellow-cress. Fig. 2025. Sisymbrium curvisiliqua Hook, Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:61. 1830. Nasturtium curvisiliqua Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 73. 1838. Nasturtium lyratum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 73. 1838. Rorippa curvisiliqua Bessey, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 169. 1894. Radicula curvisiliqua Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 113. 1905. Annual or biennial, glabrous, the stems usually diffusely branched, the branches ascending, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves pinnatifid, with oblong, mostly obtuse segments ; pedicels 2-6 mm. long ; pod curved, 8-12 mm. long, about 1 mm. thick ; style less than 1 mm. long. Wet places, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; British Columbia to Wyoming, and through the Pacific States to Lower California. Type locality: "Common on the Northwest coast of America, Latitude 47° to 48°, in sandy soils, near streams." March-Nov. 5. Rorippa obtusa (Nutt.) Britt. Blunt-leaved Yellow-cress. Fig. 2026. Nasturtium obtusum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 74. 1838. Rorippa obtusa Britt. Mem. Torrey Club 5: 169. 1894. Radicula obtusa Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 113. 1905. Annual, glabrous, the stems diffusely branched at the base, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves pinnatifid, with obovate or rounded, sinuately toothed divisions; pedicels ascending or spreading, 2-4 mm. long; petals narrowly spatulate, 1 mm. long; pods 4-8 mm. long, 1-2 mm. thick; style about 1 mm. long. Wet places, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; eastern Washington to southern California, east to Michigan, Utah, Texas, and Missouri. Type locality: "banks of the Mississippi." May-Sept. 6. Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. Marsh Yellow-cress. Fig. 2027. Sisymbrium amphibium var. palustre L. Sp. PI. 657. 1753. Radicula palustris Moench, Meth. 263. 1794. Nasturtium terrestre R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 4: 110. 1812. Rorippa palustris Bess. Enum. PI. Volh. 27. 1821. Nasturtium palustre DC. Syst. 2: 191. 1821. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly so, its stems erect, branching above, 3-8 dm. high. Lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, petiolate, the upper nearly sessile, dentate or somewhat lobed; pedicels slender, 6 mm. long in fruit ; petals 2 mm. long ; pods linear or linear-oblong, spreading or curved, 5-7 mm. long; style 1 mm. long. Marshes, often growing in water, Boreal and Austral Zones; Alaska to Labrador south to California, Georgia, and Mexico; also Europe and Asia. Type locality: in Europe. May-Sept. Rorippa palustris subsp. occidentale (S. Wats.) Abrams. {Nasturtium terrestre var. occidental S. Wats, in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 148. 1895; Rorippa pacifica Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 40. 1897; R. palus- tris var. pacifica G. N. Jones, Univ. Wash. Pub. Biol. 5: 161. 1936.) Mainly distinguished by the longer (8-12 mm.) pods. This is the more common form of the species on the Pacific Coast ranging from Alaska to central California. 7. Rorippa hispida (Desv.) Britt. Hispid Yellow-cress. Fig. 2028. Brachylobus hispidus Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 183. 1814. Nasturtium hispidum DC. Syst. 2:201. 1821. Rorippa hispida Britt. Mem. Torrey Club 5: 169. 1894. Radicula hispida Britt. Torreya 6: 30. 1906. Radicula palustris var. hispida Robinson, Rhodora 10: 32. 1908. Annual or biennial, the stems stout, erect, branching above the base, 3-12 dm. high, the branches, petioles and veins on the lower surface of the leaves hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; pedicels slender, spreading, about 6 mm. long, pods ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, glabrous ; style 1 mm. long. Marshes, often growing in shallow water, Boreal and Austral Zones; Alaska to New Brunswick, south to Washington, California, New Mexico, and Florida. Type locality: Pennsylvania. June-Aug. MUSTARD FAMILY 279 8. Rorippa Armoracia (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Horseradish. Fig. 2029. Cochlearia Armoracia L. Sp. PI. 648. 1753. Nasturtium Armoracia Fries ex A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 31. 1856. Rorippa Armoracia A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhattan 18. 1894. Radicula Armoracia Robinson, Rhodora 10: 32. 1908. Armoracia Armoracia Britt. in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2. 2: 163. 1913. Stems erect, 6-10 dm. high, from deep thick roots. Basal leaves 15-30 cm. long oblong, crenate or serrate or sometimes pinnatifid, rough but glabrous, on stout petioles ; stem leaves sessile, smaller; racemes paniculate; pedicels very slender, 4-6 mm. long, ascending; flowers white, showy, 4-8 mm. broad. Escaped from gardens in moist places, especially in Washington and Oregon, adventive from Europe. May- July. Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Spach, Hist. Veg. 6: 513. 1838. {Radicula austriaca Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 54. 1936.) Erect annual, 3-6 dm. high, puberulent. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, oblong-obovate, narrowed to the auriculate base, unequally serrate, glabrous; racemes paniculate at the summit, 7-15 cm. long; petals yellow, 4 mm. long; fruiting pedicels spreading, 4-10 mm. long; pods 2-3 mm. long and nearly as broad. Reported as a weed in cultivated fields in Modoc County, California (M. K. Bellue, Mo. Bull. Calif. Dept. Agr. 22: 385. 1933). Native of Austria. 27. CARDAMINE [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 654. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with entire, lobed or divided leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes or corymbs. Stamens 6, rarely 4. Pod elongated, compressed parallel with the partition; valves nerveless, elastically dehiscent. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, wingless ; cotyledons accumbent. [Name Greek, meaning heart-strengthening, an ancient name for some cress supposed to have that quality.] A genus of about 125 species, natives of the temperate regions. Type species, Cardamine pratensis L. Leaves all simple. Leaves ovate or elliptical, entire; dwarf plants. 1. C. bellidifolia. Leaves cordate or reniform, sinuate; stems 2-6 dm. high. 2. C. Lyallii. Leaves, at least those of the stem, compound. Basal leaves simple; stem leaves 3-5-foliolate. 3. C. Breweri. Basal leaves pinnate. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; leaflets 3-lobed or 3-toothed; petals 8-12 mm. long. 4. C. angulata. Leaves 5-1 5-foliolate, or the basal sometimes 3-foliolate. Perennials with rootstocks. Petals 5-6 mm. long. 5. C. Gambellii. Petals 2-4 mm. long. Racemes elongated. 6. C. occidentalis. Racemes subumbellate. 7. C. umbellata. Annuals. Petals 6 mm. long, rose-purple. 8. C. Pattersonii. Petals 2-3 mm. long, white. Pod 20-30-seeded; leaflets oblong or linear. 9. C. Pennsylvania. Pod 8-20-seeded; leaflets mostly rounded. 10. C. oligosperma. 1. Cardamine bellidifolia L. Alpine Bitter-cress. Fig. 2030. Cardamine bellidifolia L. Sp. PI. 654. 1753. Cardamine bellidifolia var. pachyphylla Leiberg, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 11: 170. 1897. Glabrous perennial, tufted from a branched caudex, the roots fibrous, the stems 3-10 cm. high. Leaves long-petioled, ovate, 10-15 mm. long, entire or with 1 or 2 lateral teeth ; flowers 1-5 ; petals white, spatulate, 3-4 mm. long ; pods erect, linear, 2-4 cm. long, 2 mm. wide ; style stout, about 1 mm. long. Arctic- Alpine species; Alaska south to Mount Adams, Washington, Crater Lake, Oregon, and Mount Shasta and Mount Lassen, California, east to Greenland and the White Mountains, New Hampshire; also in Europe and Asia. July. 2. Cardamine Lyallii S. Wats. Lyall's Bitter-cress. Fig. 2031. Cardamine Lyallii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 466. 1887. Cardamine Lyallii var. pilosa O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 32: 438. 1903. Cardamine cordifolia var. Lyallii A. Nels. & Macbr. Bot. Gaz. 61: 31. 1916. Plants glabrous or sparsely pilose, the stems erect from a running rootstock, 2-6 dm. high, simple or branched. Leaves 4-8, petiolate, cordate to reniform, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, entire or shal- lowly sinuate ; pedicels spreading ; petals white ; pods erect, 2-4 cm. long, shortly attenuate ; style very short. Montane, Hudsonian and Canadian Zones; Cascade Mountains, southern British Columbia, to Placer County, California, east to_ the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and northern Nevada. Type locality: "Banks of the Ashtnola, Cascade Mountains." July-Aug. 3. Cardamine Breweri S. Wats. Brewer's Bitter-cress. Fig. 2032. Cardamine Breweri S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 10: 339. 1875. Cardamine orbicularis Greene, Pittonia 4: 202. 1901. Plants perennial from slender rootstocks, glabrous or slightly pubescent, the stems erect or 280 BRASSICACEAE nearly so, 2-3 dm. high, branched. Basal leaves simple, reniform or broadly cordate, subentire or sinuate, or some of them with a pair of lateral leaflets; stem leaves mostly 5-foliolate, the leaflets orbicular to oblong, usually sinuate; petals white, 4 mm. long; pedicels 8-15 mm. long; pods ascending or erect, 15-25 mm. long ; style very short and thick. Along streams Canadian and Transition Zones; British Columbia to the southern Sierra Nevada, Califor- nia, east to Montana and Wyoming. Type locality: near Sonora Pass at 8,000-10,000 feet altitude, California. June-July. Cardamine Leibergii Holz. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3:212. 1895. (.Cardamine vallicola subsp. Lei- bergii O E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 32:523. 1903.) Very similar to C. Breweri and doubtfully distinct. _ It differs chiefly in having leaf margins crenate or crenately 7-9-lobed instead of merely sinuate. Wet spring places, Arid Transition Zone; vicinity of Spokane, Washington, to northern Idaho. Type locality: near summit of Packsaddle Peak, Kootenai County, Idaho. 4. Cardamine angulata Hook. Seaside Bitter-cress. Fig. 2033. Cardamine angulata Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:44. 1829. Cardamine angulata var. pentaphylla O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 32: 407. 1903. Perennial from a running rootstock, glabrous, the stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, mostly simple. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 3-5, petiolulate, ovate to oblong, mostly crenate, the terminal one 3-5- toothed; petals white, 8-12 mm. long; pods spreading, about 2 cm. long, nearly 2 mm. thick; style stout, 2 mm. long. Wet places and shallow water, mostly Humid Transition Zone; British Columbia to western Oregon, east to Wyoming. Type locality: "Banks of the Columbia." May-June. 5. Cardamine Gambellii S. Wats. Gambell's Bitter-cress. Fig. 2034. Cardamine Gambellii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 147. 1876. Perennial, the stout decumbent stems rooting at the lower joints, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves mostly basal, rosulate, pinnate; leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate to oblong-linear, few-toothed, 6-20 mm. long; raceme nearly sessile, elongated in fruit; petals white, 6 mm. long; pedicels divaricate, equaling the pods; pods erect or ascending, often curved, 15-20 mm. long; style slender, 2 mm. long. Swamps and ditches, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Barbara County, California, to Lower California and Mexico. Type locality: near Santa Barbara, California. April-June. 6. Cardamine occidentalis (S. Wats.) Howell. Western Bitter-cress. Fig. 2035. Cardamine palustris var. occidentalis S. Wats, in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 158. 1895. Cardamine occidentalis Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 50. 1897. Perennial from a short somewhat tuberous rootstock, glabrous or pubescent below, the stems erect, 2-4 dm. high, branched. Leaves all pinnate; leaflets 3-6 pairs, subentire, those of the basal leaves rounded, of the stem leaves obovate to oblong or linear ; pedicels 1-2 cm. long ; petals white, 3-4 mm. long ; pods 20-25 mm. long, very slender, erect or nearly so, stigma nearly sessile. In wet places, mainly Transition Zone; Yakima and Klickitat Valleys, Washington, to the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Type locality: Sauvies Island, Oregon. May-July. 7. Cardamine umbellata Greene. Umbel-flowered Bitter-cress. Fig. 2036. Cardamine sylvatica var. kamtschatica Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 34: 172. 1861. Cardamine umbellata Greene, Pittonia 3: 154. 1897. Cardamine kamtschatica O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 32: 470. 1903. Plants perennial from slender running rootstocks, glabrous or nearly so, the stems several, erect, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves pinnate, the basal with 3-5 rounded or oval leaflets, the upper with oblong leaflets; flowers in a short corymb; pedicels ascending, 4-6 mm. long; petals spatu- late, 3-4 mm. long ; pods crowded, erect, 20-25 mm. long, slender ; beak minute. Wet places, mainly Arctic-Alpine Zone; Alaska to Oregon, Alberta, and Colorado. Type locality: St. Paul Island, Behring Sea. June-Aug. 8. Cardamine Pattersonii Henderson. Patterson's Bitter-cress. Fig. 2037. Cardamine Pattersonii Henderson, Rhodora 32: 25. 1930. Annual, branching from the base, branches erect or ascending, about 1 dm. high, glabrous. Basal leaves 2 cm. long, pinnate; leaflets usually 5, oblong-obovate, entire, 3-4 mm. long, the terminal larger and obscurely 3-lobed ; stem leaves few, reduced, mostly with 3 leaflets ; flowers rather distant; pedicels 1-2 cm. long, divaricate; sepals oval, 2.5 mm. long, thin and tinged with brown and rose; petals rose-purple, 6 mm. long; pods 20-25 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, flat- tened ; beak slender, 3-4 mm. long ; seeds flattened, 1 . 5 mm. long. Mossy rocks, Humid Transition Zone; Clatsop County, Oregon. Type locality: Saddle Mountain, altitude 2,800 feet, Oregon. May-June. 9. Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania Bitter-cress. Fig. 2038. Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 486. 1800. Cardamine hirsuta var. acuminata Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 85. 1838. Cardamine acuminata Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 29:237. 1902. Annual or perhaps sometimes biennial with fibrous roots, glabrous or with a few scattered MUSTARD FAMILY 281 2029 2024. Rorippa columbiae 2025. Rorippa curvisiliqua 2026. Rorippa obtusa 2027. Rorippa palustris 2028. Rorippa hispida 2029. Rorippa Armoracia 2030. Cardamine bellidifolia 2031. Cardamine Lyallii 2032. Cardamine Breweri 282 BRASSICACEAE hairs, the stem erect, 2-10 dm. high, branched and rather succulent, leafy up to the racemes. Basal leaves with 3-8 pairs of leaflets, these oblong to obovate, toothed or entire ; petals white ; fruiting pedicels ascending or divergent, 4-6 mm. long; pods very slender, 1.5-3 cm. long, less than 1 mm. wide ; style about 1 mm. long. In swamps and wet places, mainly Transition Zone; British Columbia to Newfoundland, south to Nevada County, California, Colorado, and Florida. Type locality: Pennsylvania. May-June. 10. Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. Few-seeded Bitter-cress. Fig. 2039. Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 85. 1838. Annual, sparsely hirsute throughout or nearly glabrous, the stem erect, simple or little- branched, 1-4 dm. high. Basal leaves rosulate, pinnate; leaflets 5-11, petiolulate, oval to orbicu- lar, 1-5-lobed or -toothed; racemes few-flowered; petals spatulate, about 2.5 mm. long; fruit- ing pedicels ascending, 3-6 mm. long; pods erect, 2-3 cm. long, 1-1.25 mm. wide; beak 1 mm. long or less. Moist or wet places, in woods, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zone; British Columbia and Idaho to southern California. Type locality: Shady woods of the Oregon [Columbia]." March-July. 28. DENTARIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 653. 1753. Perennial herbs, with fleshy horizontal scaly or toothed rootstocks, and erect, mostly simple stems leafless below. Leaves 3-divided or palmately laciniate or sometimes nearly entire, the basal (rhizomal) arising from the rootstocks and free from the flowering stem, long-petioled, the stem leaves 2 or 3, occurring at or above the middle of the stem. Flowers white or purple, corymbose or racemose. Style elongated. Pod linear, flattened parallel with the partition; valves nerveless or only faintly 1-nerved, elastically dehiscent. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, wingless ; cotyledons thick, accumbent. [Name Greek, mean- ing tooth, in reference to the tooth-like divisions of the rootstock.] About 12 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. The species are sometimes called Pepperwort, from their pungent rootstocks. Type species, Dentaria pentaphyllos L. Rhizomes slender and elongated, if tuberous the tubers not over 3 mm. thick. 1. D. tenella. Rhizomes tuberous, 5-10 mm. thick. Tubers 7-10 mm. thick, orange-yellow; petals deep purple. 2. D.gemmata. Tubers less than 7 mm. thick, whitish; petals white or rose. Siliques 2.5—4 mm. wide; rhizomal leaf coarsely 5-9-toothed above the middle; stem leaves usually simple. 3. D. pachystigma. Siliques 1.5-2 mm. wide; rhizomal leaf simple or lobed with entire, undulate or sinuate margins; stem leaves 3-5-foliolate except in var. cardxophylla. 4. D. californica. 1. Dentaria tenella Pursh. Slender Toothwort. Fig. 2040. Dentaria tenella Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 439. 1814. Cardamine Nuttallii Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 2:389. 1887. Cardamine tenella O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 32: 389. 1903. Rhizomes slender, elongated, about 3 mm. thick and 15-50 mm. long, rarely ovoid, plant glabrous throughout, stem slender, 1-2 dm. high, simple. Rhizomal leaves usually simple, rarely 3-5-lobed, orbicular, cordate, 1 . 5-4 cm. long, crenately 5-9-toothed or -lobed ; stem leaves 1-3, on the upper part of the stem, 3-foliolate or rarely 5-foliolate ; leaflets narrowly lanceolate to nar- rowly ovate, usually entire; raceme few-flowered; petals 9-15 mm. long, rose-colored; siliques 15-50 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide; style slender, 3-6 mm. long; stigma capitate; fruiting pedicels 1-3 cm. long. Moist meadows, Humid Transition Zone; British Columbia south, west of the Cascade Mountains Divide, to Josephine County, Oregon. Type locality: banks of the Columbia River, somewhere below the Cascades. March-May. Dentaria tenella var. pulcherrima (Greene) Detling, Amer. Journ. Bot. 23: 573. 1936. (Dentaria macro- carpa Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 88. _ 1838. Cardamine pulcherrima Greene, Erythea 1: 148. 1893. Dentaria macrocarpa var. pulcherrima Robinson in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 154. 1895.) Plants stouter, the foliage rather thick and fleshy; rhizomal leaves 3-5-foliolate. Moist woods, the common form in the Columbia Gorge extending eastward to Wasco, Oregon, and Yakima, Washington; also to Mount Rainier, Washington, and southwestern Oregon. 2. Dentaria gemmata (Greene) Howell. Yellow-tubered Toothwort. Fig. 2041. Cardamine gemmata Greene, Pittonia 1: 162. 1888. Dentaria gemmata Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 49. 1897. Cardamine californica var. gemmata O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 32: 387. 1903. Rhizomes ovoid, 7-10 mm. thick, orange-yellow, stems rather stout, 10-25 cm. high, simple. Rhizomal leaves 3-5-foliolate, the leaflets ovate, \-\ cm. long, thick, sinuately lobed or toothed, the teeth or lobes mucronate, petiolulate or subsessile; stem leaves usually 2, 3-7-foliolate, the leaflets sessile and often confluent, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, entire or the terminal leaflets sometimes coarsely toothed; raceme short, seldom over 4 cm. long; petals 10-15 mm. long, deep purple; siliques 3-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; pedicels 15-20 mm. long; style about 5 mm. long ; stigma capitate. Wet banks and shallow running water, Transition Zones; Josephine County, Oregon, to Del Norte County, California. Type locality : near Waldo, Oregon. MUSTARD FAMILY 283 3. Dentaria pachystigma S. Wats. Stout-beaked Toothwort. Fig. 2042. Dentaria californica var. pachystigma S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 289. 1879. Dentaria pachystigma S. Wats, in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 155. 1895. Glabrous, the stems stout, about IS cm. high. Rhizomal leaves cordate-orbicular, crenately toothed, stem leaves 2 or 3, approximate, simple, cordate or reniform, crenate or sinuate or more frequently coarsely dentate ; raceme nearly sessile ; pods 2 . 5-5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad ; style short and stout; seeds nearly orbicular; cotyledons thick. The typical form of this species is little known. It was originally collected in the mountains of Plumas County, California, and our illustration is made from the type specimens in the Gray Herbarium, Harvard University. Dentaria pachystigma var. corymbosa (Jepson) Abrams. (Dentaria corymbosa Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif 426 1925.) Style narrower, scarcely flattened, 4-10 mm. long; racemes short, almost corymbose. This is the common form of the species, ranging from Shasta to the South Yollo Bolly Mountains, Lake County, and to Tulare County in the Sierra Nevada, California. Dentaria pachystigma var. dissectifolia Detling, Amer. Journ. Bot. 23: 575. 1936. Stem leaves pin- nately 3-5-foliolate. Serpentine rocks, Mogalia, Butte County, California. 4. Dentaria californica Nutt. California Toothwort. Fig. 2043. Dentaria californica Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 88. 1838. Cardaminc californica Greene, Fl. Fran. 266. 1891. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, often more or less purplish. Leaves rather thin, not fleshy ; rhizomal leaves entire or trifoliolate, mostly orbicular, the blades or leaflets commonly dentate or lobed; stem leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets lanceolate-oblong to nearly linear, more or less toothed; flowers white or pale rose; pods 2.5-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; styles 3-5 mm. long. Shady banks and rich woods, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; southern Oregon to northern Lower California. Type locality: Monterey, California. Feb.-April. Dentaria californica var. cuneata (Greene) Detling, Amer. Journ. Bot. 23: 576. 1936. (Cardamine cuneata Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1:74. 1888. Cardamine californica subsp. cuneata O. h. Schulz, Hot. Tahrb. 32: 386. 1903.) Leaves more ample and at least those of the stem 5-foliolate. Santa Lucia and Gabilan Mountains, Monterey County, California. Type locality: near Jolon. Dentaria californica var. sinuata (Greene) Detling, Amer. Journ. Bot. 23: 576. 1936. (Dentaria sinu- ata Greene, Pittonia 3: 123. 1896. Cardamine californica var. sinuata O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 32: 387. 1903 Dentaria californica var. Tracvi Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 426. 1925.) Plants 15-35 cm. high. Basal leaf simple, round-reniform, cordate at base, 5-7.5 cm. broad, sinuately lobed; stem leaves 2 or 3, 3-5-foho- late lobed or coarsely toothed; petals 10-15 mm. long, rose-purple; style 3-5 mm. long. This variety grows on wooded slopes in the Humid Transition Zone from Coos County, Oregon, to Mendocino County, California. Type locality: Redwoods, near Crescent City, California. Dentaria californica var. integrifolia Detling, Amer. Journ. Bot. 23: 576. 1936. (Dentaria integrifolia Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 88. 1838.) Glabrous or slightly pubescent, stem 1.5-6 dm._ high, stout. Leaves rather thick and fleshy, the blades or leaflets entire; basal leaves simple or trifoliolate, orbicular, ovate or reniform 2-8 cm. long; stem leaves 3-foliolate or sometimes 5-foliolate, the leaflets ovate to lanceolate or linear; flowers white; petals 10-15 mm. long, scarcely spreading; pods flattened, 25-35 mm. long; style stout, 3-4 mm. long. Low moist fields near the coast, Sonoran and Transition Zones; central California. Type locality: "Plains of Monterey, California." Dentaria californica var. cardiophylla (Greene) Detling, Amer. Jour. Bot. 23: 576. 1936. (Cardamine cardiophylla Greene, Fl. Fran. 266. 1891. Dentaria cardiophylla Robinson, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: ls5. 1895. Dentaria integrifolia var. cardiophylla Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 426. 1925.) Glabrous, the stems usually simple from a small tuber, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves all simple, the basal round-cordate, those of the stem round-cordate to lanceolate, sinuate to acutely toothed, 1.5-3 cm. long, petals rose-colored; pods 25-35 mm. long, 2 mm. broad; style slender, 3-4 mm. long. Shady banks, Sonoran and Transition Zones; Inner North Coast Ranges and northern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Vaca Mountains, Solano County, Cali- fornia. 29. IDAHOA A. Nels. & Macbr. Bot. Gaz. 56:474. 1913. Low slender scapose glabrous annuals with lyrate basal leaves. Flowers solitary. Sepals broad, erect. Petals white, small, spatulate. Silicles suborbicular, strongly flat- tened parallel to the partition. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell, reticulate, broadly winged. [Named for the state of Idaho.] A monotypic genus of the Great Basin region. 1. Idahoa scapigera (Hook.) A. Nels. & Macbr. Flat-pod. Fig. 2044. Platyspermum scapigerum Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 68. pi. 8. fig. B. 1830. Idahoa scapigera A. Nels. & Macbr. Bot. Gaz. 56: 474. 1913. Leaves rosulate, petioled, ovate, lyrate or sometimes entire; scapes several, 2-15 cm. high; sepals 2 mm. long, nearly equaling the spatulate petals ; pod suborbicular, 6-10 mm. long, 8-12- seeded ; seeds broadly winged, 5 mm. broad. Mountain valleys in moist gravelly soils, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Washington and Idaho to north- eastern Nevada and Lassen and Santa Clara Counties, California. Type locality: moist rocks and in shallow soils, at the Celilo Falls, Columbia River. March-April. 30. TROPIDOCARPUM Hook. Ic. PI. 1 : pi. 43. 1836. Slender, branching annuals, more or less hirsute with simple and forked hairs inter- mingling. Leaves pinnatifid ; flowers small, in loose, leafy racemes. Sepals oblong, con- cave, equal at base, spreading. Petals yellow, spatulate-obovate. Stamens tetradynamous ; 284 BRASSICACEAE 2039 2041 2033. Cardamine angulata 2034. Cardamine Gambellii 2035. Cardamine occidentalis 2036. Cardamine umbellata 2037. Cardamine Pattersonii 2038. Cardamine pennsylvanica 2039. Cardamine oligosperma 2040. Dentaria tenella 2041. Dentaria gemmata MUSTARD FAMILY 285 anthers short, rounded. Style slender; stigma obscurely lobed. Silique 2-valved and partly or completely 2-celled or 4-valved and 1-celled. Seeds flattened, not winged ; cotyle- dons incumbent. [Greek, meaning keeled fruit.] Two species, natives of California. Type species, Tropidocarpum gracile Hook. Pods strongly obcompressed, 2-valved. 1- T. gracile. Pods more or less turgid, 4-valved. 2- T. capparideum. 1. Tropidocarpum gracile Hook. Slender Tropidocarpum. Fig. 2045. Tropidocarpum gracile Hook. Ic. PI. 1: pi. 43. 1836. Tropidocarpum scabriusculum Hook. Ic. PI. 1: pi. 52. 1836. Tropidocarpum macrocarpum Hook. & Harv. ex Greene, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1895: 553. 1896. Stems slender, erect or spreading, 15-45 cm. long, more or less hirsute-pubescent with inter- mingling simple and forked hairs. Leaves shallowly or deeply pinnatifid, the segments cleft or entire, those subtending the flowers reduced; pedicels slender, 6-20 mm. long; pods linear to linear-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long or strongly obcompressed and 2-celled throughout. Grassy plains and hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; North Coast Ranges and the Sacramento Valley, south to northern Lower California, extending eastward to Inyo County and the Mojave Desert. Type locality: Monterey, California. March-May. Tropidocarpum gracile var. dubium (Davidson) Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 434. 1925. Differing from th« typical species by the twisted pods which are 2-celled and obcompressed above the middle, by a twist be- coming compressed below and 1-celled. San Joaquin Valley and southern California. 2. Tropidocarpum capparideum Greene. Caper-fruited Tropidocarpum. Fig. 2046. Tropidocarpum capparideum Greene, Pittonia 1: 217. 1888. Stems erect or decumbent, branching, pilose with intermingling forked and simple hairs. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes simple or toothed, those subtending the flowers reduced; pedicels slender, equaling or exceeding the subtending leaflets ; petals 3-4 mm. long, slightly exceeding the sepals; pods linear-oblong, 15-20 mm. long, turgid, 4-valved, 1-celled with 4 parietal placentae, the valves 1 -nerved; style slender, 1-2 mm. long. Alkaline soils, San Joaquin Valley, California. Type locality: "somewhat alkaline valley lands, skirting the San Joaquin River, Contra Costa County, California." March-April. 31. LYROCARPA Hook. & Harv. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 76. pi 4. 1845. Erect annual or perennial herbs with stellate pubescence. Leaves irregularly toothed or runcinate-pinnatifid. Racemes elongated in fruit. Sepals connivent, linear, acute. Petals ligulate or nearly so. Style short ; stigma large, lobed. Pods lyrate or broadly reni- form-obcordate, flattened contrary to the partition. Seeds strongly flattened and narrowly winged ; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, meaning lyre and fruit.] Three species, natives of the arid southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. Type species, Lyro- carpa Coulteri Hook. & Harv. 1. Lyrocarpa Coulteri Hook. & Harv. Coulter's Lyre-pod. Fig. 2047. Lyrocarpa Coulteri Hook. & Harv. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 76. pi. 4. 1845. Perennial with a short woody caudex, flowering stems several, more or less flexuous, 2-5 dm. long, whole plant cinereous with a more or less dense stellate pubescence. Leaves lanceolate in outline, toothed to pinnatifid, 3-7 cm. long; racemes loose, elongated in fruit; sepals 8 mm. long; petals about twice as long, ligulate, purplish yellow; pods lyrate, 10-15 mm. wide at the apex, 15-20 mm. long. Dry rocky situations. Lower Sonoran Zone; Colorado Desert, southern California, to Sonora and northern Lower California. Type locality: California. Jan.-April. 32. DITHYREA Harv. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 77. pi. 5. 1845. Stellate-pubescent annuals or perennials, with branching stems. Flowers perfect, racemose. Sepals erect or connivent above, ovate or oblong, petals broadly spatulate, with slender claws, white or purplish. Stamens 6; anthers linear, sagittate. Stigma ses- sile, helmet-shaped. Pod didymous, strongly obcompressed, the cells suborbicular, with a prominent cord-like margin. Seeds solitary in each cell; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, meaning two shields, in reference to the shape of the pods.] A genus of two species, natives of the southwestern United States. Type species, Dithyrea califomica Harv. 1. Dithyrea califomica Harv. California Shield-pod. Fig. 2048. Dithyrea califomica Harv. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 77. 1845. Biscutella califomica Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 48. 1876. Annual, the stems branching from the base, spreading or ascending, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves 2.5-7 cm. long, ovate to oblong-ovate, coarsely and shallowly few-toothed, the basal on petioles 286 BRASSICACEAE nearly as long, the stem leaves smaller and sessile ; racemes densely flowered ; pedicels about 2 mm. long ; sepals 5-6 mm. long, stellate-tomentose ; petals much exceeding the sepals, white or purplish ; pods notched both above and below, the thickened margin tomentose, the suborbicular cells 6-8 mm. broad. Sandy soils in the deserts, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mohave and Colorado Deserts, southern California, and in adjacent Nevada, Arizona, and Mexico. Type locality: California. March-May. Also called Spectacle Pod. Dithyrea californica var. maritima Davidson ex A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 123. 1895. Leaves thicker, distinctly fleshy, mostly suborbicular, shallowiy sinuate or entire, more densely canescent. Coast sand dunes from San Luis Obispo to Los Angeles County, California. 33. PHYSARIA A. Gray, Gen. 111. 1 : 162. 1848. Stellate-pubescent, cespitose perennials, with a taproot. Flowers racemose, perfect, yellow. Petals spatulate. Stamens 6. Silicles dehiscent, inflated, didymous or obcom- pressed; styles slender. Seeds several in each cell, not margined; cotyledons accumbent. [Name Greek, meaning a bellows, from the resemblance of the inflated pod.] A genus of four species, natives of western North America. Type species, Physaria didymocarpa A. Gray. Pod much inflated at maturity, deeply cordate at base and apex. 1. P. didymocarpa. Pod obcompressed, only slightly inflated, not cordate at base. Style 5-6 mm. long; pod rather narrowed at base. 2. P. Geyeri. Style 2-3 mm. long; pod rounded to slightly cordate at base. 3. P. oregona, 1. Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. Double Bladder-pod. Fig. 2049. Vesicaria didymocarpa Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 49. pi. 16. 1830. Physaria didymocarpa A. Gray, Gen. 111. 1 : 162. 1848. Physaria alpestris Suksdorf, W. Amer. Sci. 15: 58. 1906. Stems numerous, decumbent or erect, 3-15 cm. long. Basal leaves 1-8 cm. long, broadly ob- ovate, entire or repand-toothed, finely and densely stellate-pubescent, narrowed to a margined petiole; petals 8-14 mm. long, spatulate; style 5-7 mm. long; pod 7-15 mm. broad, deeply cordate at the base, the upper sinus acute, narrow. Sandy and rocky soils, Sonoran and Transition Zones; Saskatchewan and Alberta to eastern Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado. Type locality: "Growing in deep sand upon the Rocky Mountains, between lat. 52° and 57°." May-Aug. Physaria didymocarpa var. Newberryi (A. Gray) M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 624. 1895. Style 3-4 mm. long. Usually at lower elevations than the species. Southern Utah, Nevada, and adjacent California, east to New Mexico. 2. Physaria Geyeri (Hook.) A. Gray. Geyer's Double Bladder-pod. Fig. 2050. Vesicaria Geyeri Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 70. pi. 5. 1847. Physaria Geyeri A. Gray, Gen. 111. 1 : 162. 1848. Plants whitish with a densely stellate tomentum, the stems ascending or decumbent, 5—15 cm. long. Basal leaves 2-5 cm. long, obovate to nearly orbicular, narrowed to a margined peti- ole, repand-toothed or entire ; racemes rather dense ; petioles 8-12 mm. long, spatulate ; pods broadly and shallowiy obcordate, narrowed toward the base, 12-16 mm. wide. Dry hillsides, especially in volcanic soils, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Washington to Montana and Wyoming. Type locality: "Sunny sandy declivities or elevated volcanic places, Upper Spokane River," Wash- ington. May— Aug. 3. Physaria oregona S. Wats. Oregon Double Bladder-pod. Fig. 2051. Physaria oregona S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 363. 1882. Plants canescent, the stellate pubescence not so white or dense as in the preceding species, the stems ascending or decumbent, 10-15 cm. long. Basal leaves ovate, obtuse or rounded, 15-20 mm. long, narrowed to a slender petiole 3-5 cm. long ; pedicels mostly upwardly curved, 1 cm. long or more ; sepals ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5 mm. long, well exceeding the pale yellow petals ; pod 12-16 mm. broad, rounded or very shallowiy cordate at base ; valves somewhat inflated, but narrowed dorsally to a keel; style about 1.5 mm. long. Gravelly soils, Arid Transition and Sonoran Zones; southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon. Type locality: "Gulches on Pine Creek, near Snake River, Union County, Oregon." May-Aug. 34. LESQUERELLA S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 249. 1888. Low annual or perennial herbs, with stellate pubescence, simple leaves, and racemose mainly yellow flowers. Sepals oblong to elliptical, shorter than the entire petals. Stamens 6; anthers sagittate. Style slender; stigma entire or nearly so. Pod generally inflated, subglobose or oblong ; valves nerveless, dehiscent ; septum suborbicular, nerved from the apex nearly to the middle. Seeds several to many in each cell, flattened, marginless or narrowly winged. [Name in honor of Leo Lesquereux, 1805-1889, Swiss and American botanist.] A genus of about 35 species, natives of North America, and mainly the western United States. Type spe- cies, Lesquerella occidentalis S. Wats. MUSTARD FAMILY 287 Pods globose or subglobose, not flattened at the apex or margin. Annual, not rosette-forming, stems erect. 1. L. Pointer*. Perennials, rosette-forming, stems decumbent. Basal leaves abruptly narrowed to the petiole. 2. L. Kingii. Basal leaves gradually narrowed to the petiole. 3. L. Douglasii. Pods flattened at the apex and on the margin. Caudex stout, slightly woody; flowering stems erect or decumbent. Flowering stems prostrate or decumbent. 4. L. diversifolia. Flowering stems erect or ascending, 10-20 cm. long. S. L. occidentalis. Caudex little developed, annual or short-lived perennial ; flowering stems erect. 6. L. Cusickii. 1. Lesquerella Palmeri S. Wats. Palmer's Lesquerella. Fig. 2052. Lesquerella Palmeri S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 255. 1888. Lesquerella Gordonii var. sessilis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 253. 1888. Lesquerella tenella A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 47: 426. 1909. Annual, finely stellate, the stems slender, decumbent or ascending, usually branched, 1-4 dm. long. Basal leaves 1-5 cm. long, entire or few-lobed, narrowed to a slender petiole; stem leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, entire, 1-3 cm. long ; petals yellow, broadly spatulate ; fruiting pedicels ascending to recurved, usually sigmoid, 8-20 mm. long; pods globose or slightly elon- gated, 3-5 mm. broad, sparsely stellate ; seeds not winged. Sandy soils, Lower Sonoran Zone; southern Nevada and Utah south to Arizona, the California deserts- and northern Lower California. Type locality: Arizona. March-May. 2. Lesquerella Kingii S. Wats. King's Lesquerella. Fig. 2053. Lesquerella Kingii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 251. 1888. Perennial, flowering stems several, decumbent, 1-2 dm. long, ovate to rounded, entire, nar- rowed to a petiole which exceeds it in length, stem leaves oblanceolate, 2 cm. long or less ; flowers 6-7 mm. long, style 3-5 mm. long ; fruiting raceme elongated ; pedicels sigmoid ; pods subglobose, not compressed, 3-5 mm. long, sparingly stellate. Desert ranges, Upper Sonoran Zone; western Nevada and the Panamint and White Mountains, California Type locality: West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada. May-June. Lesquerella bernardina Munz, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31 : 62. 1932. Characterized by longer petals, 9 mm long, and longer style, 7-9 mm. long. Local in the San Bernardino Mountains, California. 3. Lesquerella Douglasii S. Wats. Douglas' Lesquerella. Fig. 2054. Lesquerella Douglasii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 255. 1888. Perennial, silvery stellate throughout, flowering stems few to many from the short usually simple caudex, decumbent or ascending, 10-45 cm. long. Basal leaves obovate to oblanceolate, tapering to a slender petiole, entire or few-toothed ; stem leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 1-3.5 cm. long; petals yellow, narrowly spatulate, 6-9 mm. long; fruiting pedicels 7-15 mm. long, straight or sigmoid; pods subglobose, stellate, 3-4 mm. broad; seeds wingless. Sandy or gravelly soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; southeastern British Columbia through eastern Washington to the Columbia River in eastern Oregon. Type locality : originally collected by Douglas, without locality. May- July. 4. Lesquerella diversifolia Greene. Wallowa Lesquerella. Fig. 2055. Lesquerella diversifolia Greene, Pittonia 4: 309. 1901. Perennial, with a stout caudex clothed with the persistent leaf bases of the previous year, densely stellate-pubescent throughout; stems usually prostrate, 4-10 cm. long, simple. Basal leaves 2-6 cm. long, the blade ovate to nearly orbicular, obtuse, usually abruptly narrowed to the petiole; stem leaves few, narrowly oblanceolate; petals yellow, 7 mm. long; pedicels 5-10 mm. long ; pods densely stellate-pubescent, 4-6 mm. long ; ovules 2 in each cell. Exposed mountain slopes, Boreal Zones; Wallowa and Steens Mountains, eastern Oregon, to central Idaho. Type locality: Wallowa Mountains, alt. 7,000 feet. June-Aug. 5. Lesquerella occidentalis S. Wats. Western Lesquerella. Fig. 2056. Vesicaria occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 353. 1885. Lesquerella occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 251. 1888. Perennial, silvery stellate, the flowering stems numerous from the short woody caudex, decumbent or ascending, 5-20 cm. long. Basal leaves 2-7 cm. long, the blade broadly ovate to lanceolate, tapering to the slender, elongated petiole, entire or repand; stem leaves oblanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, entire; petals yellow, narrowly spatulate, 9-10 mm. long; filaments linear; fruit- ing pedicels strongly sigmoid, 8-15 mm. long; pods densely stellate, obovoid, compressed at the apex and along the margin, 4-6 mm. long. Rocky hillsides, Boreal Zones; Siskiyou Mountains and northern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: near Yreka, California. May-July. 6. Lesquerella Cusickii M. E. Jones. Cusick's Lesquerella. Fig. 2057. Lesquerella Cusickii M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 12: 2. 1908. Annual or short-lived perennial, densely stellate, the flowering stems numerous, unbranched, 4-20 cm. long. Basal leaves 2-6 cm. long, the blade oblanceolate to rounded, entire or repand, 288 BRASSICACEAE 2042. Dentaria pachystigma 2043. Dentaria californica 2044. Idahoa scapigera 2045. Tropidocarpum gracile 2046. Tropidocarpum capparideum 2047. Lyrocarpa Coulteri 2048. Dithyrea californica 2049. Physaria didymocarpa 2050. Physaria Geyeri MUSTARD FAMILY 289 2053 2055 2059 2057 2058 2051. Physaria oregona 2052. Lesquerella Palmeri 2053. Lesquerella Kingii 2054. Lesquerella Douglasii 2055. Lesquerella diversifolia 2056. Lesquerella occidentalis 2057. Lesquerella Cusickii 2058. Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides 2059. Phoenicaulis eurycarpa 290 BRASSICACEAE about equaled by the petiole ; stem leaves 10-25 mm. long, oblanceolate, entire or repand ; fruit- ing racemes elongated; pedicels conspicuously sigmoid, 6-15 mm. long; pods 4-6 mm. long, obovoid, somewhat compressed parallel with the partition, densely stellate. White clay soils Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Oregon, Gilliam County to Malheur County. Type locality: white clay soils, Willow Creek, Malheur County, Oregon. May-June. 35. PHOENICAULIS Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 89. 1838. Acaulescent perennial herbs, with a branched, leafy caudex, the flowers borne on short scapose stems. Sepals oblong, erect, the lateral gibbous at base. Petals purple or pink, with long claws and broad blades. Anthers included, sagittate at base. Pods flat- tened parallel with the partition, the valves 1 -nerved; stigma entire; seeds margmless, cotyledons obliquely accumbent. [Name Greek, meaning purple stem. Thought by some to be a misprint for Phacnocaidis, meaning a flower stem.] Two species native of western North America. Type species, Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides Nutt. Pods linear-lanceolate; racemes 10-15 cm. long. 1- P- cheiranthoides. Pods ovate-lanceolate; racemes 2-3 cm. long. 2- p- eurycarpa. 1. Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides Nutt. Common Phoenicaulis. Fig. 2058. Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 89. 1838. Hesperis Menziesii Hook. Bot. Beechey 322. pi. 75, as to description and plate, but not synonymic type. 1838. Phoenicaulis Menziesii Steudel, Nom. ed. 2. 2: 323, in part, not as to synonymic type. 1841. Phoaenicaulis Menziesii Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 143, in part. 1886. Not Hesperis Menziesii Hook. 1830. Parrya Menziesii Greene, Fl. Fran. 253, in part, not as to synonymic type. 1891. Caudex stout, the branches few, covered with the remains of dead leaves, the scapose flower- ing stems 6-15 cm. long, nearly glabrous. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, spatulate to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, entire, densely tomentose on both sides with fine stellate pubescence, the petioles often nearly glabrous; raceme many- flowered ; petals about 8 mm. long; pedicels 10-15 mm. long, divaricate; pods 2-4 cm. long, horizontal, narrowed from near the base to the slender style, glabrous, 2-4-seeded. Rocky soils, Boreal and Transition Zones; eastern Washington and Idaho to western Nevada, the Sierra Nevada and North Coast Ranges, California. Type locality: "high hills to the east of Wallawallah River, and on rocks on the upper part of the Oregon." April-June. Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides subsp. lanuginosa (S. Wats.) Abrams (Parrya Menziesii var lanuginosa S Wats in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 152. 1895.) Distinguished from the typical species by the more loose and woolly pubescence. Eastern Oregon to northwestern Nevada and the northern Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia. Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides subsp. glabra (Jepson) Abrams. (Parrya Menziesii var glabra Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 434. 1925.) This subspecies is distinguished by the entirely glabrous herbage. Lake Uty Mountain, Modoc County, California. 2. Phoenicaulis eurycarpa (A. Gray) Abrams. Broad-podded Phoenicaulis. Fig. 2059. Draba eurycarpa A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 520. 1865. Anelsonia eurycarpa Macbr. & Payson, Bot. Gaz. 64: 81. 1917. Parrya Huddelliana A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 54: 139. 1912. Parrya eurycarpa Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 434. 1925. Densely cespitose, branches of the caudex short. Leaves numerous, oblanceolate, 10-15 mm. long, densely stellate ; scape scarcely exceeding the leaves, pubescent ; petals yellow ; pod oblong- ovoid, acute, glabrous, style 2 mm. long. Alpine slopes, Boreal Zones; Idaho to Nevada and the Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: "Near summit of peak south of Sonora Pass, California, at 11,500 feet altitude." June- Aug. 36. HUTCHINSIA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 4 : 82. 1812. Low mostly diffuse annual or perennial herbs, more or less pubescent with forked hairs. Leaves entire or pinnately lobed. Flowers white, minute, in terminal racemes. Stamens 6. Style none or very short. Silicles oval, compressed at right angles to the septum, the valves strongly 1-nerved. Seeds numerous in each cell; cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. [Name in honor of Miss Hutchins, of Bantry, Ireland, a prominent bota- nist.] A genus of about 8 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, only the following in North America. Type species, Hutchinsia petraea (Willd.) R. Br. 1. Hutchinsia procumbens (L.) Desv. Prostrate Hutchinsia. Fig. 2060. Lepidium procumbens L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Hutchinsia procumbens Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 168. 1814. Hymenolobus divaricatus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 117. 1838. Capsella elliptica C. A. Meyer ex Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 199. 1831. Stems branching from the base, slender, ascending or procumbent, 5-20 cm. long. Lower MUSTARD FAMILY 291 leaves short-petioled, pinnatifid, lobed or toothed, or sometimes entire, 10-25 mm. long; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, entire or lobed; pedicels slender, ascending or spreading, 6-12 mm. long in fruit ; pods elliptical or oval, obtuse, rarely emarginate, 3-4 mm. long. In moist saline places, Boreal and Austral Zones; British Columbia to southern California, extending to Labrador; also in Europe, Asia, and Australia. Type locality: Montpellier, France. March-June. 37. CAPSELLA Medic. Pflanzeng. 1: 85. 1792. Erect annual herbs pubescent with forked hairs, the basal leaves tufted. Flowers racemose, small, white. Silicles cuneate, obcordate or triangular, compressed at right angles to the septum, the valves boat-shaped, keeled. Style short. Seeds numerous in each cell, marginless ; cotyledons accumbent. [Name Latin, meaning a little box.] About 4 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Type species, Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. 1. Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd's Purse. Fig. 2061. Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. Bursa pastoris Weber in Wigg. Prim Fl. Hoist. 47. 1780. Capsella Bursa-pastoris Medic. Pflanzeng. 1:85. 1792. Bursa Bursa-pastoris Britt. Mem. Torrey Club S: 172. 1894. Stems erect, branching, 15-40 cm. high, pubescent below, mostly glabrous above. Basal leaves lobed or pinnatifid, forming a rosette, 5-12 cm. long ; stem leaves few, lanceolate, auricled, dentate or entire; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, 10-15 mm. long; flowers white, about 2 mm. broad ; pods triangular, more or less emarginate at the apex, 4-6 mm. long. A cosmopolitan weed, very common in gardens and waste places, naturalized from Europe. Jan.-Dec. 38. CAMELINA Crantz, Stirp. Aust. 1 : 18. 1762. Erect annual herbs, with entire, toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small yellowish flowers in terminal racemes. Stamens 6, styles slender. Silicles obovoid or pear-shaped, slightly flattened parallel to the partition; valves strongly convex, 1-nerved. Seeds sev- eral to many in each cell, arranged in 2 rows, oblong, marginless ; cotyledons incumbent. [Name Greek, meaning low flax.] About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species, Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Plants glabrous, or nearly so; pod 6-8 mm. long. 1. C. sativa. Plants pubescent at least below; pod 4-5 mm. long. 2. C. microcarpa. 1. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. False or Dutch Flax. Fig. 2062. Myagrum sativum L. Sp. PL 641. 1753. Camelina sativa Crantz, Stirp. Aust. 1: 18. 1762. Plants glabrous or nearly so, the stems simple or branching above, 3-8 dm. high. Basal leaves petioled, 5-8 cm. long, lanceolate, acutish, toothed or entire ; the upper sessile, clasping by a sagittate base, smaller, mostly entire; racemes many-flowered; pedicels slender, spreading, 15-20 mm. long ; pod obovoid or pear-shaped, margined, 6-8 mm. long. Sparingly introduced in western Washington and Oregon. Native of Europe. June— July. 2. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Small-fruit False Flax. Fig. 2063. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. Syst. 2: 517. 1821. Stems hirsute below, erect, simple or with a few elongated branches, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile and auricled or the lower narrowed at base, entire or nearly so, stellate-pubescent ; fruit- ing raceme often 20-30 cm. long; pedicels usually less than 15 mm. long; pod 4-5 mm. long, strongly margined. Sparingly _ introduced in western Washington and Oregon. Native of Europe and closely related to the preceding species. May-July. 39. NESLIA Desv. Journ. Bot. 3 : 162. 1814. Hispid annual, with erect, branching, leafy stems, and entire leaves. Flowers small, yellow, racemose. Silicles small, globose, wingless, reticulated, 1-celled, 1-2-seeded, in- dehiscent; style filiform. Seed horizontal; cotyledons incumbent. [Name in honor of the French botanist J. A. N. de Nesle.] A monotypic genus of Europe and eastern Asia. 1. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. Ball Mustard. Fig. 2064. Myagrum paniculatum L. Sp. PI. 641. 1753. Neslia paniculata Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 162. 1814. Stems slender, branched above, rough-hispid with forked hairs, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceo- late or the upper linear-lanceolate, sagittate-clasping, 2.5-6 cm. long; racemes elongated; petals yellow, 2 mm. long ; pedicels filiform, ascending, 6-10 mm. long ; pods subglobose, about 2 mm. in diameter, finely reticulated. In moist places, native of Europe; sparingly naturalized in Washington and British Columbia. May- Sept. 292 BRASSICACEAE 40. DRABA [Dill.] L. Sp. PL 642. 1753. Low tufted mostly stellate-pubescent herbs, with scapose or leafy stems, simple leaves, and racemose flowers. Silicles elliptical, oblong or rarely linear, flat, few- to many-seeded. Stigma nearly entire. Seeds numerous, arranged in 2 rows in each cell, winged or wing- less; valves dehiscent, nerveless ; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek name for some member of the family.] About 175 species, mainly of the north temperate and arctic regions, a few in southern South America. Type species, Draba verna L. 1. D. verna. 2. D. reptans. D. platycarpa. D. sonorae. 5. D. brachycarpa. 6. D. nemorosa. 7. D. stenoloba. 8. D. lonchocarpa. Annuals. Petals bifid. Petals entire or merely emarginate. Flowers white, dimorphous, the smaller ones cleistogamous. Fruiting racemes short and compact; leaves basal. Fruiting racemes elongated and open. Pods ellipsoid, rounded at apex, coarsely pubescent with upwardly appressed and^ rather stiff simple hairs. Pods oblong, obtuse at the apex, stellate-pubescent or glabrous. Flowers yellow, not dimorphous. Pods 2-4 mm. long, the pedicels scarcely as long; petals sometimes wanting. Pods 5-15 mm. long; petals always present. Pods 5-8 mm. long; pedicels usually much longer. Pods 10-15 mm. long; pedicels usually shorter. Perennials. Flowering stems scapose. Style none; pods linear, 10-15 mm. long. Style evident, 0.5-3 mm. long. Pods strongly flattened; style stout, 0.5-1 mm. long. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, not firm and midvein not prominent. Leaves densely stellate-pubescent, without cilia, obovate; seeds not winged. Pedicels very short, scarcely evident in anthesis. 9. D. ruaxes. Pedicels slender, mostly 4-6 mm. long in anthesis. 10. D. Cusickii. Leaves ciliate on the margins, rather obscurely so in incerta, oblanceolate. Leaves loosely stellate, the margins weakly ciliate toward the base. Seeds broadly winged all around or only at apex. 11. D. Howellii. Seeds not winged. 12. D. incerta. Leaves strongly ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous or with a few simple hairs. 13. D. Lemmonn. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, firm, midvein prominent, conspicuously ciliate. Leaves over 5 mm. long, not incurved; scapes usually over 3 cm. long. Leaves loosely stellate-pubescent, ciliate to the apex. 14. D. Paysonii. Leaves strongly ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous or with a few stellate hairs toward the apex. 15. D. Nelsonn. Leaves not over 5 mm. long, closely imbricated and often incurved at apex. Leaves glabrous except for prominent marginal cilia. Leaves pubescent. Pubescence of short appressed stellate hairs. Pubescence short-villous with forked and simple hairs. Pods subovoid; style very slender, 1.5-2.5 mm. long; flowers white. Flowering stems leafy. Styles not evident. Styles 1-3 mm. long. Style stout, 1-3 mm. long; pods usually obtuse at the apex. Style almost filiform, 2-3 mm. long; pod very acute at apex. 16. D. sph.aerv.la. 17. D. subsessilis. 18. D. novolympica, 19. D. Douglasii. 20. D. Breweri. 21. D. 22. D. aureola, corrugata. 1. Draba verna L. Vernal Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2065. Draba verna L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Erophila vulgaris DC. Syst. 2: 356. 1821. Annual or biennial, with tufted basal leaves and several to many ascending or erect leafless and nearly glabrous scapes, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves 15-25 mm. long, oblong or spatulate-oblanceo- late, denticulate or nearly entire, pubescent with stiff stellate hairs; petals white, 3-4 mm. long, deeply bifid; pods oblong or oval, 6-8 mm. long, glabrous; pedicels ascending, 15-25 mm. long in fruit. A variable species, naturalized from Europe, occurring in the eastern United States and on the Pacific Slope from British Columbia to northern California. Feb.-May. 2. Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald. Carolina Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2066. Arabis reptans Lam. Encyl. 1: 222. 1783. Draba caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 174. 1788. Draba reptans Fernald, Rhodora 36: 368. 1934. Annual, the stems branched from the base, 5-10 cm. high, more or less pubescent. Leaves 5-15 mm. long, ovate to elliptical, entire, stellate-pubescent; petals emarginate, usually shorter than the sepals, sometimes wanting in older racemes ; fruiting racemes congested at the ends of MUSTARD FAMILY 293 2060. Hutchinsia procumbens 2061. Capsella Bursa-pastoris 2062. Camelina sativa 2063. Camelina microcarpa 2064. Neslia paniculata 2065. Draba verna 2066. Draba reptans 2067. Draba platycarpa 2068. Draba sonorae 294 BRASSICACEAE the slender scape-like peduncles; pedicels ascending, shorter than or about equaling the pods; pods 6-12 mm. long, Z-A mm. wide, glabrous. Dry hillsides and plains. Arid Transition ar.d Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington and Oregon to Colorado, Ontario, and the Atlantic States. March-May. Draba reptans var. micrantha (Nutt.) Fernald, Rhodora 36: 368. 1934. Pods hispid with short simple hairs. Eastern Washington to southern California, Illinois, and Louisiana. Draba reptans subsp. stellifera (O. E. Schulz) Abrams. {Draba caroliniana var. micrantha i stellifera O E Schulz Pflanzenreich 4105 : 333. 1927. D. caroliniana subsp. stellifera Payson & St. John, i'roc. Biol. Soc Wash 43- 103. 1930.) This subspecies differs from the species in the densely stellate upper surfaces of the 'leaves and in the hispidulous pods. Dry rocky or sandy slopes, eastern Washington to Idaho and the desert ranges, southern California. 3. Draba platycarpa Nutt. Broad-podded Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2067. Draba platycarpa Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 108. 1838. Draba Roemeriana Scheele, Linnaea 21: 256. 1888. Draba viperensis St. John, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 43: 104. 1930. Annual, branching from the base, the stems 15-25 cm. high, pilose with simple and stellate hairs. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 15-25 mm. long, entire or few-toothed, obtuse at the apex stellate-pubescent above; stem leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate; racemes becoming lax and elongated in fruit, 10-15 cm. long; petals white, 3 mm. long; fruiting pedicels divergent, 3T8 mm. long; pod elliptic to obovate, strongly compressed, 6-8 mm. long, rounded at apex, hispidulous with upwardly appressed hairs. Open ground and rocky hillsides, Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and Idaho, to Arizona and Texas. Type locality : Texas. April-May. 4. Draba sondrae Greene. Sonora Draba. Fig. 2068. Draba sonorae Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 2: 59. 1886. Draba cuneifolia var. sonorae Parish, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 2: 81. 1903. Low winter annual, the stems erect or ascending, branching near the base, leafy below, 8-15 cm. high. Basal leaves obovate to oblanceolate, cuneate at base, 10-20 mm. long, entire or few- toothed, stellate on both surfaces ; petals white, 2 mm. long ; fruiting racemes 3-10 cm. long ; pedicels spreading, 3-4 mm. long; pods oblong-elliptical, 6-9 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, stellate. Sandy or gravelly soil, Sonoran Zones; southern California to Arizona, Lower California, and Sonora. Type locality: northwestern Sonora. Feb.-May. Draba sonorae var. integrifolia (S. Wats.) O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4™5: 336. 1927. Closely resem- bling the typical species, but the pods nearly or quite glabrous. Southern California. 5. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Short-fruited Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2069. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 108. 1838. Low tufted annual, 5-12 cm. high, leafy to the inflorescence and loosely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves ovate or obovate, 8-12 mm. long, obtuse, entire or sparingly denticulate ; stem leaves smaller, sessile, entire ; sepals somewhat shorter than the petals ; petals yellow or whitish, 2 mm. long, sometimes wanting; fruiting pedicels ascending, 2-4 mm. long; pods oblong, acute, 3-4 mm. long, 1 mm. wide ; style minute. Dry hills and fields, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Oregon, Montana, and Colorado to Illinois, Virginia, Georgia, and Arkansas. Type locality: plains and open places, near St. Louis. March-May. 6. Draba nemorosa L. Wood Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2070. Draba nemorosa L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Loosely stellate-pubescent winter annual, 15-30 cm. high, branching below, leafy to the in- florescence. Leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, sessile, obtuse, dentate, the lower 20-25 mm. long, the upper smaller ; petals light yellow, 2-3 mm. long ; fruiting pedicels divaricate, 1-2 cm. long ; pods oblong, 5-10 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Woods and thickets, Boreal and Transition Zones; British Columbia to northern California, east to Colo rado, Michigan, and Ontario; also in northern Europe and Asia. Type locality: in Europe. April-June. Draba nemorosa var. leiocarpa Lindbl. Linnaea 13: 33. 1839. (D. lutea Gilib.) Pods glabrous. Boreal and Transition Zones; Alaska to eastern Oregon, Hudson Bay, Colorado, and Michigan; also Eurasia. 7. Draba stenoloba Ledeb. Alaska Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2071. Draba stenoloba Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1: 154. 1841. Draba nitida Greene, PI. Baker. 3: 7. 1901. Winter annual, usually branched from the base, 1-3 dm. high. Basal leaves rosulate, ob- lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, nearly glabrous above, densely stellate beneath ; stem leaves few, oblong or lanceolate, usually entire; petals yellow, about 2 mm. long; fruiting pedicels ascending, 6-15 mm. long; pod linear-oblong, 8-15 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, erect, glabrous. Boreal Zones; Alaska and Alberta to the Sierra Nevada, California, and Colorado. Type locality: Una- laska. May— Aug. 8. Draba lonchocarpa Rydb. Lance-podded Draba. Fig. 2072. Draba lonchocarpa Rydb. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1 : 181. 1900. Draba nivalis var. elongata S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 258. 1886. Cespitose perennial. Basal leaves spatulate, 3-5 mm. long, densely stellate ; stem leaves 1 or MUSTARD FAMILY 295 2; flowering stems pubescent, 4-6 cm. high; racemes becoming about 2.5 cm. long, 4-6-flowered; petals white, 2-2.5 mm. long; pod linear, 10-15 mm. long, straight or twisted. Moist places, Boreal Zones; Cascade Mountains, British Columbia and Washington, east to Alberta and Montana. Type locality: McDonald's Peak, Montana. July- Aug. 9. Draba ruaxes Payson & St. John, Volcano Draba. Fig. 2073. Draba ruaxes Payson & St. John, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 43: 117. 1930. Cespitose perennial, subterranean branches freely branching. Leaves crowded, broadly ob- lanceolate to suborbicular, 5-7 mm. long, spreading, densely pubescent with simple and forked hairs, sparsely ciliate toward the base; scapes slender, 2-4 cm. high; racemes short, compact, few-flowered; petals yellow, broadly emarginate, 3 mm. long; pedicels stout, 1-2 mm. long; pods ovate-elliptic, 5-6 mm. long, pubescent with simple hairs ; style stout, 0 . 5 mm. long. Rocky slopes, Arctic-Alpine Zone; Coast Ranges of British Columbia to Glacier Peak, Cascade Mountains, Washington. Type locality: crevices of disintegrating flaky andesite, north side of Glacier Peak, Snohomish County, Washington. July-Aug. 10. Draba Cusickii Robinson. Cusick's Draba. Fig. 2074. Draba Cusickii Robinson ex O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4105: 105. 1927. Cespitose perennial, branches of the caudex slender. Leaves oblong-obovate, pubescent with stipitate 2-forked hairs, ciliate on the margins ; scapes 8-12 cm. long including the lax raceme, minutely stellate; petals yellow, 4.5 mm. long; pods oblong-ellipsoid, compressed, 6-10 mm. long; style slender, about 1 mm. long; seeds wingless. Boreal Zones; southeastern Oregon and adjacent Nevada. Type locality: Steens Mountains, Oregon. June-Aug. 11. Draba Howellii S. Wats. Howell's Draba. Fig. 2075. Draba Howellii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 354. 1885. Draba pterosperma Payson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 4: 266. 1917. Draba carnosula O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4105: 82. 1927. Cespitose perennial, caudex rather loosely branching. Leaves arising above the ground on sparingly leafy shoots or sobols, oblong, 3-5 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, midvein prominent, loosely stellate with short-stalked hairs, ciliate on the margins ; scapes 2-6 cm. long, slender, pubescent ; raceme becoming lax, 6-8-flowered ; petals yellow, 7-8 mm. long ; pods broadly lanceolate, 8-9 mm. long, compressed, pubescent with stellate hairs; style 2 mm. long, slender; seeds broadly winged all around, or only at apex. Alpine summits, Boreal Zones; Siskiyou Mountains, southern Oregon, to Marble Mountain and Mount Shasta, California. Type locality: Preston's Peak, California. July-Aug. 12. Draba incerta Payson. Yellowstone Draba. Fig. 2076. Draba incerta Payson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 4: 261. 1917. Cespitose perennial, the short caudex branches clothed with the old leaf bases. Leaves linear- oblanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, loosely stellate, ciliate with soft pilose hairs toward the base, in age glabrate and bright green on the upper surface ; scapes 4-12 cm. high, sparsely pilose ; inflores- cence becoming a loose raceme in fruit; pedicels ascending, 3-15 mm. long; petals yellow, ob- lanceolate, 5 mm. long; pods broadly lanceolate, 4-8 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, cinereous with simple and stellate hairs ; style less than 1 mm. long ; seeds not winged. Rocky ridges, Hudsonian Zone, Cascade Mountains of Washington to Alberta and Wyoming. Type locality: among rocks on the summit of Thunderer, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming. July-Aug. 13. Draba Lemmonii S. Wats. Lemmon's Draba. Fig. 2077. Draba Lemmonii S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 430. 1880. Cespitose perennial with a compact, very leafy, and much branched caudex, flowering scapes 2.5-8 cm. high, pilose or glabrous. Leaves 4-10 mm. long, spatulate to oblong-obovate, obtuse, thick, conspicuously ciliate, otherwise glabrous or sparingly pubescent with simple or 2-3-forked hairs ; racemes short ; sepals sparsely villous ; petals yellow, 4 mm. long ; fruiting pedicels slen- der, spreading, 2-8 mm. long; pods 6-8 mm. long, ovate to broadly lanceolate, more or less undulate or twisted, pubescent. Clefts of rocks, on alpine summits, Hudsonian and Arctic-Alpine Zones; Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: summit of Mount Lyall, at 13,000 feet altitude, California. July-Sept. Draba Lemmonii var. cyclomorpha (Payson) O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4105: 94. 1927. Pods gla- brous, otherwise closely resembling the typical species. Boreal Zones, Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. Draba cruciata Payson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 4: 265. 1917. Leaves slightly toothed, pubescent, with 4-forked hairs, otherwise not unlike D. Lemmonii S. Wats., of which it is probably merely a form. Based upon specimens collected in the vicinity of Mineral King, southern Sierra Nevada, California. Draba longisquamosa O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4105: 94. 1927. Differs from D. Lemmonii in the shape and size of the withered leaf bases on the branches of the caudex. An unsatisfactory and apparently inconstant character. Based upon specimens collected by Purpus (5118) somewhere in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. 14. Draba Paysonii J. F. Macbride. Payson's Draba. Fig. 2078. Draba vestita Payson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 4: 261. 1917. Not Davidson. Draba Paysonii J. F. Macbride, Contr. Gray Herb. 56: 52. 1918. Densely cespitose perennial, the branches densely clothed with the persistent old leaves. 296 BRASSICACEAE 2069. Draba brachycarpa 2070. Draba neraorosa 2071. Draba stenoloba 2072. Draba lonchocarpa 207J. Draba ruaxes 2074. Draba Cusickii 2075. Draba Howellii 2076. Draba incerta 2077. Draba Lemmonii MUSTARD FAMILY 297 Leaves crowded, linear, about 5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, midrib evident, cinereous with 2-4-forked pubescence, the forks stalked, cilia inconspicuous; flowering branches 2-5 cm. long, pubescent; racemes short, few-flowered, somewhat corymbose ; sepals 2 mm. long, pubescent ; petals 3 mm. long, white; pods broadly elliptic, 4 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, flattened, pubescent or glabrous; style 0.75 mm. long; seeds not winged. Alpine ridges, Hudsonian and Arctic-Alpine Zones; Cascade Mountains, Washington, to the central Sierra Nevada, California, and Blue Mountains, Oregon, east to Montana and Utah. Type locality: Upper Marias Pass, Montana. June-Aug. 15. Draba Nelsonii Macbride & Payson. Nelson's Draba. Fig. 2079. Draba Nelsonii Macbride & Payson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 4: 259. 1917. Cespitose perennial, with short caudex branches. Leaves linear, 5-7 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, obtuse at apex, midvein prominent, strongly ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous; scapes slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; petals yellow, 3-4 mm. long; raceme elongated in fruit ; pods lanceolate, 3-6 mm. long, compressed, pubescent with simple hairs ; style 1 mm. long ; seeds wingless. Rocky alpine slopes, Boreal Zones; eastern Washington and Idaho, south through eastern Oregon to the Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: "Central chain of the Rockies towards Lewis's River." June-Aug. Draba caeruleomontana Payson & St. John, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 43: 119. 1930. Leaves linear or very narrowly oblanceolate, 10-15 mm. long, strongly ciliate on the margin and sparsely so on the prominent midvein, sparsely pubescent toward the apex with forked hairs; scapes 5-15 cm. long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple and forked hairs; fruiting racemes usually elongated and open; pedicels 10—15 mm. long; pods oblong, strongly compressed, 4-7 mm. long, glabrous, or pubescent. Rock crevices, Boreal Zones; Blue Mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon. This species is very close to D. Nelsonii Macbride & Payson, and seems to intergrade with it in northern California. 16. Draba sphaerula Macbride & Payson. Desert Draba. Fig. 2080. Draba sphaerula Macbride & Payson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 4: 258. 1917. Draba globosa var. sphaerula O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4106: 103. 1927. Densely cespitose perennial, branches of the caudex short and crowded. Leaves densely imbricated and incurved, forming rounded tufts, linear, about 2 mm. long, less than 1 mm. wide, glabrous except for cilia; scapes scarcely exceeding the leaves, pubescent; petals yellow; fruiting inflorescence corymbose ; pods 1-3, about 3 mm. long, flat, stellate ; style scarcely 1 mm. long. Desert mountain ranges, Boreal Zones; Idaho to western Nevada and the White Mountains, California. Type locality: "Parker Mountain, Custer Co., Idaho." June-July. 17. Draba subsessilis S. Wats. White Mountain Draba. Fig. 2081. Draba subsessilis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 255. 1888. Draba oligosperma var. subsessilis O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4105: 100. 1927. Cespitose perennial, the branches of the caudex short. Leaves narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2-3 mm. long, densely imbricated, finely silvery stellate ; scapes very short, stellate ; petals white, 2 mm. long; fruiting pedicels 2 mm. long; pods ovoid, 4 mm. long; style thick, scarcely 0.5 mm. long. Alpine summits, Boreal Zones; White Mountains and central Sierra Nevada (Mount Dana), California. Type locality: altitude 13,000 feet, White Mountains, Mono County, California. June-July. 18. Draba novolympica Payson & St. John. Olympic Draba. Fig. 2082. Draba novolympica Payson & St. John, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 43: 113. 1930. Perennial, densely cespitose with many short dichotomous branches densely clothed with the old leaf bases. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, incurved, coriaceous, keeled on the back by the prominent midvein, loosely pubescent with forked hairs ; scapes slen- der, villous-pubescent, 1 cm. long or less, 3-8-flowered ; petals yellow, 3-3 . 5 mm. long ; pods ovate-lanceolate, oblique, 2-5 mm. long, pubescent with forked hairs; styles stout, 0.2-0.3 mm. long; seeds 2-6, brown, wingless. Rocky mountain ridges, Arctic-Alpine Zone; Olympic and Cascade Mountains, Washington. Type locality: rocky summits, altitude 6,000 feet, Olympic Mountains, Washington. July-Aug. 19. Draba Douglasii A. Gray. Douglas' Draba. Fig. 2083. Draba Douglasii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7 : 328. 1867. Braya oregonensis A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 17 : 199. 1882. Draba Crockeri Lemmon, Bull. Torrey Club 16: 221. 1889. Cespitose perennial, the branches of the caudex very short. Leaves spatulate-linear, 3-6 mm. long, scarcely 2 mm. wide, firm, midvein prominent, weakly ciliate on the margins, sparsely pubescent with simple or obscurely 2-forked hairs, usually soon glabrate ; scapes scarcely ex- ceeding the leaves, pubescent ; raceme 10-15 mm. long ; petals white, 3 mm. long ; pods ovoid, 4 mm. long, acuminate, the sides convex ; style slender, 1 . 5-2 mm. long. Boreal Zones; Klickitat County, Washington, south through eastern Oregon and the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Originally collected by Douglas, but definite locality not known. May- June. Draba cascad6nsis Payson & St. John, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 43: 111. 1930. Leafy-stemmed perennial, loosely pubescent with forked hairs; fruiting racemes 5-7 cm. long; pods 8-12 mm. long, puberulent with simple and forked hairs. Moist alpine meadows, Glacier Peak, Snohomish County, Washington. 20. Draba Breweri S. Wats. Brewer's Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2084. Draba Breweri S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 260. 1888. Low cespitose perennial, with a much branched densely leafy cushion-like caudex, hoary 298 BRASSICACEAE throughout with a dense stellate pubescence; flowering stems 2.5-10 cm. high. Basal leaves 4-8 mm. long, oblong, obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed; sepals oblong; petals white, 2-3 mm. long; pedicels ascending, 3-4 mm. long; pods 4-6 mm. long, linear-oblong, obtusish, often twisted, stellate-pubescent ; style scarcely evident. Rocky alpine slopes, Hudsonian and Arctic- Alpine Zones; Siskiyou County south in the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County, California. Type locality: Mount Dana, 12,000 feet altitude. June-Sept. Draba Breweri var. sublaxa Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 444. 1925. Flowering stems 10-15 cm. high; pubescence thinner; lower leaves less crowded, thinner, oblanceolate, 12-18 mm. long; pods 6-8 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Known only from a single collection on the saddle between Mount Dana and Mount Gibbs, Sierra Nevada, California. 21. Draba aureola S. Wats. Mount Lassen Draba. Fig. 2085. Draba aureola S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:430. 1880. Low cespitose perennial, stellate-pubescent throughout, with a simple or branched caudex, flowering stems simple or branching above, 5-10 cm. high, leafy to the inflorescence and densely so below. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 12-16 mm. long, obtuse, entire ; stem leaves shorter, oblong ; racemes crowded even in fruit ; sepals glabrous ; petals yellow, 3-4 mm. long ; fruiting pedicels spreading, 4-6 mm. long ; pods broadly oblong, obtuse, 8-10 mm. long, stellate, not twisted ; style stout, 1 mm. long. High volcanic peaks, Arctic-Alpine Zone; known from Mount Rainier, Washington, Three Sisters, Ore- son, and Mount Lassen, California. Type locality: Lassen's Peak, California. June- Aug. 22. Draba corrugata S. Wats. Southern California Draba. Fig. 2086. Draba corrugata S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:430. 1880. Draba saxosa Davidson, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 19: 11. 1920. Loosely stellate-pubescent perennial with a simple or branched leafy caudex ; flowering stems several, 5-15 cm. high. Basal leaves in a dense tuft, 8-25 mm. long, rarely longer, narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse, entire ; stem leaves few and much smaller ; sepals pubescent ; petals pale yellow, narrowly linear-spatulate, 2-3 mm. long, retuse ; fruiting pedicels ascending, 2-10 mm. long; pods 4-10 mm. long, broadly oblong to lanceolate, acute or obtuse, stellate, cor- rugated and twisted ; style 2 mm. long. Dry gravelly or rocky places, Canadian Zones; southern California from the San Gabriel to the San Jacinta Mountains. Type locality: Mount San Gorgonio (Greyback), San Bernardino Mountains. June-Sept. 41. ATHYSANUS Greene. Bull. Calif. Acad. 1:72. 1885. Slender diffuse annual, leafy only near its base, hirsute with spreading forked hairs, Leaves simple, few-toothed. Flowers minute, in very loose elongated unilateral racemes. Pedicels slender, recurved. Sepals equal. Petals linear or often wanting. Stamens 6, equal or nearly so. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Silicles orbicular, not winged or margined, 1-seeded, indehiscent. [Name Greek, meaning without fringe, in reference to the wing- less pod.] A monotypic Pacific Coast genus. 1. Athysanus pusillus (Hook.) Greene. Dwarf Athysanus. Fig. 2087. Thysanocarpus pusillus Hook. Ic. PI. 1 : pi. 42. 1837. Thysanocarpus oblongifolius Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 118. 1838. Athysanus pusillus Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 72. 1885. Athysanus pusillus var. glabrior S. Wats, in Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 113. 1895. Stems very slender, branching from the base, the branches ascending, 10-30 cm. long, uni- laterally racemose from near the base. Leaves few, 5-20 mm. long, ovate-oblong, sparingly toothed; flowers minute, about 1.5 mm. long, often without petals; pod 1-seeded, orbicular, flattened, 1.5-2 mm. long, uncinate-hispid, indehiscent; fruiting pedicels 2-6 mm. long. Usually gravelly or sandy soils, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; British Columbia and Idaho, south to southern California. Type locality: "Monterey, California." April-July. 42. HETERODRABA Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 71. 1885. Low diffuse annual, stellate-hispidulous, branching from the base, the branches very slender, flower-bearing from near the leafy base. Leaves cuneate-obovate to oblanceolate, few-toothed or entire. Flower white in very lax unilateral racemes, minute. Pedicels recurved and distant in fruit. Silicles pubescent, round-oval, compressed, 2-celled, ulti- mately dehiscent. Seeds 6-12, hispidulous; cotyledons accumbent. [Name Greek, mean- ing different, and Draba, the genus to which this species was formerly referred.] A monotypic California genus. 1. Heterodraba unilateralis (M. E. Jones) Greene. Heterodraba. Fig. 2088. Draba unilateralis M. E. Jones, Bull. Torrey Club 9: 124. 1882. Heterodraba unilateralis Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 72. 1885. Athysanus unilateralis Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 224. 1901. Branching from the base, the branches very slender, 10-40 cm. long, diffuse, ascending or trailing, rigid or wiry in age, racemose to near the base. Leaves 10-25 mm. long, cuneate- obovate to oblanceolate, sparingly toothed or entire ; flowers 2 mm. long ; pods round-oval, 2-5 mm. long, twisted, hispidulous but not uncinate ; fruiting pedicels thick, 1-2 mm. long. Hillsides and plains, Upper Sonoran Zone; Oregon to Lower California. Type locality: "About 15 miles south of the California line in Mexico about 60 miles from San Diego." March-April. MUSTARD FAMILY 299 43. THYSANOCARPUS Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 69. pi. 18. f. A. 1833. Erect slender sparingly branched annuals, with minute white or rose-colored flowers in slender elongated racemes. Sepals spreading, ovate. Petals spatulate. Stamens 6 or rarely only 4. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Silicle indehiscent, orbicular, strongly com- pressed, winged, the wings entire, crenate or perforated, or with radiating nerves. [Name from two Greek words, meaning fringe and fruit, in reference to the winged pod.] A genus of 3 or 4 species, natives of western North America. Type species, Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook. Fruiting pedicels recurved their whole length; wings of the pods with broad radiating nerves or sometimes nerveless. Basal leaves rosulate, usually hirsute; cauline lanceolate, auriculate. 1. T. curvipes. Basal leaves not rosulate, usually glabrous, entire or sparingly laciniately toothed. Wings of the pod entire or crenate. 2. T. laciniatus. Wings of the pod divided into spatulate lobes, often revolute. 3. T. conchuliferus. Fruiting pedicels straight up to the abruptly recurved apex; wings of the pods with narrow almost filiform radiating nerves. 4- T. radians. 1. Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook. Hairy Fringe Pod. Fig. 2089. Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 69. pi. 18. f. A. 1833. Thysanocarpus pulchellus Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort Petrop. 2: 50. 1835. Thysanocarpus curvipes var. involutus Greene, Fl. Fran. 275. 1891. Plant more or less hirsute, the stems branching above, 2-5 dm. high. Basal leaves rosulate, oblong in outline, pinnatifid with short blunt lobes or dentate; stem leaves lanceolate, sagittate, auriculate-clasping, 1-2 cm. long; pedicels very slender, strongly recurved, 3-6 mm. long; pod 2-5 mm. in diameter, usually tomentose, wings entire or crenate, rarely perforated, often very convex on one side; style very short, about 0.5 mm. long. Grassy hillsides, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; British Columbia and Idaho south to Lower Cali- fornia. Type locality: "On moist ground near the Great Falls of the Columbia." This is a variable species and several segregates have been proposed. The following are the most pro- nounced : Thysanocarpus curvipes var. longistylus Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 447. 1925. Style slender, 1.25-2 mm. long, often slightly curved; pods as in the typical form. Arid Transition Zone, Sierra Nevada, California. Thysanocarpus curvipes var. elegans (Fisch. & Mey.) Robinson in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 114. 1895. Extremes readily distinguished from the typical species in the larger (5-7 mm. broad) perforated pods; style exserted beyond the broad wing, 1-1.25 mm. long, but these characters are variable as is also the pubescence of the pod. Grassy slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; central California. 2. Thysanocarpus laciniatus Nutt. Narrow-leaved Fringe Pod. Fig. 2090. Thysanocarpus laciniatus Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 118. 1838. Plants smooth or nearly so and glaucous, the stems 2-4 dm. high, branching above. Leaves not rosulate at base, the lower linear, subentire or pinnatifid into narrow linear acute segments ; upper leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 cm. long and only 2-3 mm. wide, narrowed at base, and not auriculate or obscurely so; pod elliptical to orbicular, 3-4 mm. in diameter, wing entire or crenate, not perforated, reticulate, the body usually glabrous; pedicels slender, deflexed. Grassy plains and hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges of central California to Lower California and Arizona. Type locality: Santa Barbara, California. March-April. Thysanocarpus laciniatus var. crenatus (Nutt.) Brewer in Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 49. 1880. General habit of the typical species, but the stem usually a little stouter and more strictly erect ; pods usually glabrous with the broad wings crenate and more or less perforated between the conspicuous radiating nerves. Monterey County south to Santa Barbara, California. Thysanocarpus laciniatus var. emarginatus (Greene) Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 447. 1925. Lower part of stem hirsute; pods orbicular; glabrous wings entire or crenate, scarious, the radiating nerves wanting or very short. California Coast Ranges from Contra Costa County to San Diego County. Thysanocarpus laciniatus subsp. desertorum (Heller) Abrams. (T. desertorum Heller, Muhlenbergia 2: 47. 1905.) Herbage glabrous and very glaucous; leaves rather thick and usually bluntly acutish; pods gla- brous or often minutely scabrous, orbicular; wing scarious, entire, crenate or lobed, radiating nerves absent or very short. Desert slopes from Inyo County, California, to Lower California. 3. Thysanocarpus conchuliferus Greene. Island Fringe Pod. Fig. 2091. Thysanocarpus conchuliferus Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 218. 1886. Thysanocarpus laciniatus var. conchuliferus Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 447. 1925. Plants simple or divergently branching, glabrous, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves linear, not rosulate at base, the lower cleft into a few spreading lobes narrowed to the base, the upper auriculate- clasping, toothed or entire ; racemes short ; flowers white or tinged with rose ; pods cymbiform, the margin divided into spatulate lobes, strongly revolute; pedicels slender, diverging or some- what recurved. Crevices of rocks or on mossy banks, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Cruz Island, southern California. March-April. 4. Thysanocarpus radians Benth. Ribbed Fringe Pod. Fig. 2092. Thysanocarpus radians Benth. PI. Hartw. 297. 1848. Plants glabrous, the stems 2-4 dm. high, with a few elongated ascending branches. Lowest leaves runcinately toothed or pinnatifid, the upper ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, subentire, 300 BRASSICACEAE 2078. Draba Paysonii 2079. Draba Nelsonii 2080. Draba sphaemla 2081. Draba subsessilis 2082. Draba novolympica 2083. Draba Douglasii 2084. Draba Breweri 2085. Draba aureola 2086. Draba corrugata MUSTARD FAMILY 301 2093 2087. Athysanus pusillus 2088. Heterodraba unilateralis 2089. Thysanocarpus curvipes 2090. Thysanocarpus laciniatus 2093. Smelowskia ovalis 2091. Thysanocarpus conchuliferus 2094. Smelowskia calycina 2092. Thysanocarpus radians 2095. Smelowskia Fremontii 302 BRASSICACEAE cordate-auriculate ; racemes elongated, loosely flowered ; pedicels ascending, recurved only at the apex, 8-15 mm. long; pods orbicular, 8-10 mm. broad, plano-convex, the wing entire, white- membranous, conspicuously marked with dark slender radiating nerves. Grassy plains or hillsides usually in gravelly soil, Upper Sonoran Zone; southern Oregon to the North Coast Ranges and the Sacramento Valley, California. Type locality: Sacramento Valley, California. 44. SMELOWSKIA C. A. Mey. in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 165. 1831. Low cespitose perennial, with a suffruticose caudex. Leaves pinnatifid, canescent with stellate hairs. Flowers racemose, small, white, yellowish or tinged with purple. Sepals somewhat spreading, sub-equal. Petals obovate, exserted. Pod lanceolate-oblong or ovate, more or less obcompressed ; valves strongly keeled; stigma sessile; seeds few to numer- ous ; cotyledons incumbent. [Name in honor of Timotheus Smielowski, Russian botanist, 19th century.] A genus of 7 species, natives of northern Asia and western North America. Leaf-segments oblong-lanceolate to obovate, usually densely white-tomentose; pods, if compressed, flattened parallel with the partition. Pods ovoid, 4-5 mm. long. 1. S. ovalis. Pods linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends. 2. S. calycina. Leaf-segments narrowly linear, very sparsely pubescent with forked hairs; pods linear, obtuse at both ends, usually 4-sided, if compressed, flattened contrary to the partition. 3. S. Fremontii. 1. Smelowskia ovalis M. E. Jones. Alpine Smelowskia. Fig. 2093. Smelowskia ovalis M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 624. 1895. Plants cespitose with a branched caudex, the herbage densely white-villous and finely stellate- pubescent, the stems 3-10 cm. high. Basal leaves pinnatifid, the segments entire or 2-3-cleft; pods ovoid, rounded or subcordate at base, 4-5 mm. long. Rocky places at high altitude, Hudsonian and Arctic- Alpine Zones; Cascade Mountains, Okanogan County, Washington, to Three Sisters, Oregon. Type locality: above timber line, Mount Adams, Washington. July- Aug. 2. Smelowskia calycina (Desv.) C. A. Mey. Siberian Smelowskia. Fig. 2094. Hutchinsia calycina Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 168. 1814. Smelowskia calycina C. A. Mey. in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 170. 1831. Smelowskia lineariloba Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 31 : 555. 1904. Plants densely cespitose from a stout branched caudex covered with remains of the old leaves, densely canescent with stellate pubescence and a few longer simple hairs, the stems 5-5 cm. high. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the segments linear to oblong, obtuse; petals 4 mm. long; pods lanceolate, attenuate at each end, 6-10 mm. long. Rocky places, Boreal Zones; Alaska, British Columbia, and Alberta to Colorado and Oregon; also Siberia. In the Pacific States it has been collected in the Olympic Mountains, Mount Stuart, and the Wallowa Moun- tains, Washington, and in the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. 3. Smelowskia Fremontii S. Wats. Fremont's Smelowskia. Fig. 2095. Smelowskia Fremontii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 123. 1876. Braya pectinata Greene, Erythea 3: 69. 1895. Polyctenium Fremontii Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 219. 1912. Plants cespitose with a very short mostly simple caudex, the stems tufted, erect, 5-10 cm. high, the herbage thinly pubescent and greenish. Leaves pinnate with narrowly linear bristle- tipped pungent segments ; pedicels and sepals glabrous ; pod linear, 8-10 mm. long, 4-sided or slightly compressed contrary to the partition. Grassy places, Boreal and Arid Transition Zones; eastern Oregon to northeastern California. Type locality: "On hills near Klamath Lake," Oregon. May-June. Smelowskia Fremontii var. bisulcata (Greene) O. E. Schulz, Pflanzenreich 4105: 359. 1924. (Polycte- nium bisulcatum Greene, op. cit. 2: 220.) Rather densely stellate-pubescent; sepals pubescent; pods distinctly compressed contrary to the partition, somewhat bisulcate. Silvies Valley, Blue Mountains, Oregon. 45. TURRITIS L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Herbaceous plants with tall stems and partly clasping auriculate leaves. Flowers in elongated racemes. Sepals erect. Petals yellowish white, small. Stamens 6; anthers not sagittate at the base. Stigmas sessile, cupulate. Pod erect, linear-cylindric, terete, the valves 1-nerved. Seeds flattened; cotyledons obliquely incumbent. [Name Latin, mean- ing turreted.] A genus of 5 species of wide geographical distribution. Type species, Turritis glabra L. 1. Turritis glabra L. Tower Mustard. Fig. 2096. Turritis glabra L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Arabis glabra Bernh. Syst. Verz. Erf. 195. 1800. Arabis perfoliata Lam. Encycl. 1: 219. 1783. Biennial, the stems mostly simple, erect, glabrous and glaucous above, pubescent below, 5-10 MUSTARD FAMILY 303 cm. high. Basal leaves petioled, 5-10 cm. long, oblanceolate to oblong, dentate or sometimes lyrate, pubescent with simple hairs ; stem leaves sessile, sagittate, lanceolate or oblong, all but the lowest glabrous; petals yellowish white, 3 mm. long; pedicels erect, 4-12 mm. long; pods erect, 4-10 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Fields and grassy slopes, Boreal and Austral Zones; British Columbia to Quebec, southern California, and Pennsylvania; also in Europe and Asia. March-Aug. 46. ARABIS L. Sp. PI. 664. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or pubescent with forked hairs, with simple mostly toothed leaves and white or purplish flowers. Stamens 6 ; filaments unappendaged. Pods sessile, elongated, flattened parallel with the partition, the valves usually 1 -nerved, dehiscent but not elastic; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cell, winged or wingless ; cotyledons accumbent. [Name from Arabia.] A genus of about 120 species, mainly natives of the northern hemisphere. Type species, Arabis alpina L. Delicate annuals; leaves at least the lower pinnate or pinnatifid. Seeds oblong-ellipsoid, wingless. I. Filifoliae. Seeds orbicular, narrowly winged. II. Virginicae. Perennials or a few biennials. Basal leaves lyrately lobed; seeds oblong, wingless. III. Lyratae. Basal leaves entire or toothed. Pods erect or nearly so. Leaves coarsely hirsute with simple or mostly simple hairs, sometimes glabrous. Stem leaves neither cordate nor auriculate. IV. Furcatae. Stem leaves cordate or auriculate. V. Hirsutae. Leaves pubescent with more or less forked or stellate hairs, sometimes glabrous. Styles obsolete or short, not filiform. Pods 1—2.5 mm. wide. Stem leaves not auriculate. Pods 1 mm. wide; flowers white. VI. Whitedianae. Pods 2-2.5 mm. wide; flowers purple. VII. Blepharophyllae. Stem leaves auriculate. VIII. Drummondianae. Pods 4-5 mm. wide. IX. Platyspermae. Styles filiform, 4-6 mm. long. X. Parishianae. Pods spreading or reflexed. Stem leaves not auriculate. Leaves all wing-petioled, usually repand; pods glabrous. XL Repandentes. Leaves sessile, entire; pods usually stellate. XII. Pulchrae. Stem leaves auriculate-clasping. Pods stellate-pubescent. XIII. Subpinnatifidae. Pods glabrous. Pods 3-4 mm. wide. XIV. Suffrutescentes. Pods 1-2.5 mm. wide. Pods spreading or somewhat recurved on spreading pedicels. Perennials with a caudex. Plants suffruticose at the base, 3 dm. or more high. XV. Perejnnantes. Plants cespitose, 1-2 dm. high. XVI. Reconditae. Biennials or short-lived perennials, stout, 3 dm. or more high. XVII. Arcuatae. Pods and pedicels strongly reflexed. XVIII. Retrofractae. I. Filifoliae. Leaves all pinnately divided into filiform segments; glabrous plants. 1. A. filifolia. Leaves at base pinnately divided into linear or lanceolate lobes, those subtending the branches mainly entire; plant inconspicuously and often sparsely puberulent with forked hairs. 2. A. deserti. II. Virginicae. Annual, spreading, pubescent; leaves pinnately divided or pinnatifid. 3. A. virginica. III. Lyratae. Perennials; basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, those of the stem simple. 4. A. lyrata kamchatica. IV. Furcatae. Perennials, more or less cespitose; seeds oblong, wingless or winged only at the base. Seeds wingless; basal leaves hirsute. Petals 4—6 mm. long. 5. A. Nuttallii. Petals 3—4 mm. long. 6. A, macella. Seeds winged on the lower margin. Basal leaves merely ciliate on the margin; flowers white. Petals 2 mm. long, equaling the sepals. 7. A. olympica. Petals 6-12 mm. long. 8. A. furcata. Basal leaves hirsute; flowers deep rose-purple. 9. A. aculeolata. Biennials from a taproot and usually with a simple crown; seeds orbicular, winged all around. 10. A. Cusickii. 304 BRASSICACEAE V. HlRSUTAE. Stems simple or nearly so; petals 4-5 mm. long, white. VI. Whitedianae. Coarsely stellate-pubescent; flowers small, white. VII. Blepharophyllae. Plants with a branched woody caudex; coastal. 11. A. Irirsnta. 12. A. Whitedii. 13. A. blepharophylla. 14. A. purpurascens. Plants from a slender rootstock; montane. VIII. Drummondianae. Pubescence when present of 2-forked hairs. Seeds in 1 row; midrib obscure or absent; basal leaves ciliate on base and petiole; plant otherwise glabrous. 15. A. Lyallii. Seeds in 2 rows; midrib of pod conspicuous; basal leaves with appressed 2-forked hairs, or almost glabrous. 16. A. Drummondii. Pubescence of 3-4-forked hairs. Stems solitary or few from a short crown, strictly erect; pods usually 1.5-2 mm. wide. Pods obtuse or acutish, not beaked. 17. A. Bolanderi. Pods ascending, sharply acute and tipped by a slender beak. 18. A. acutina. Stems very slender and decumbent at base, from a much branched cespitose caudex; pods 1 mm. wide, ascending. IX. Platyspermae. Leaves and lower part of stem stellate. Leaves and stems glabrous except for cilia on the petiole. Seeds in 2 rows; pods usually 4-5 mm. wide; stem leaves often auriculate. Seeds in 1 row; pods 3-4 mm. wide; leaves not auriculate. X. Parishianae. Cespitose, perennial; stellate-pubescent; leaves linear, sessile. XI. Repandentes. Biennial, stellate-pubescent; pods 6-8 cm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide. XII. PULCHRAE. Stem leaves sessile; seeds in 2 rows. 19. A. microphylla. 20. A. platysperma. 21. A. Howellii. 22. A. Covillei. 23. A. Parishii. 24. A. repanda. 25. A. pulchra. XIII. SUBPINNATIFIDAE. 26. A. sttbpinnatifida. 27. A. Beckwithii. 28. A. suffrutescens. 29. A. glaucovalvula. 30. A. perennans. 31. A. atrorubens. 32. A. Lemmonii. 33. A. Br ewer i. 34. A. Koehleri. Stem leaves more or less toothed; pods beaked by a short style. Stem leaves entire; pods acutish; stigma sessile. XIV. SUFFRUTESCENTES. Pods attenuate to a short thick style. Pods rounded at each end. XV. Perennantes. Stems roughish stellate-pubescent; petals 4—5 mm. long. Stems glabrous; petals 8 mm. long. XVI. Reconditae. Petals 3-4 mm. long. Petals 8-10 mm. long. Upper part of stem and pedicels villous-pubescent. Upper part of stem and pedicels glabrous. XVII. Arcuatae. Pedicels sparsely villous with long mostly simple hairs; petals dark purple, 12-15 mm. long; biennial. 35. A. spar si flora. Pedicels more or less stellate, glabrous in no. 38. Short-lived perennial or biennial; stems solitary or few from an unbranched crown; petals pale purple, 6 mm. long. 36. A. campyloloba. Perennial with a branched woody caudex; petals deep reddish purple, 10-12 mm. long. Stems and pedicels stellate-pubescent, the latter arcuate-spreading or recurved. 37. A. maxima. Stems, at least the upper part, and pedicels glabrous, the latter ascending. 38. A. Hoffmannii. XVIII. Retrofractae. Basal leaves ciliolate on the margins. 39. A. rectissima. Basal leaves not ciliolate on the margins. Plants not cespitose, sparsely to rather densely stellate; basal leaves oblanceolate. Capsule 2 mm. wide; seeds in 2 rows in each cell. 40. A. Holboellii. Capsule 1 mm. wide; seeds in 1 row in each cell. 41. A. secunda. Plants cespitose, hoary with a dense stellate-pubescence; basal leaves linear. 42. A. puberula. 1. Arabis filifolia Greene. Island Rock-cress, Thread-leaf Rock-cress. Fig. 2097. Cardamine filifolia Greene, Pittonia 1 : 30. 1887. Arabis filifolia Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 2: 390. 1887. Sibara filifolia Greene, Pittonia 3: 11. 1896. Annual, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, the stems erect, slender, branching above, 2-3 dm. MUSTARD FAMILY 305 high. Leaves all pinnately divided, the segments filiform, 20-25 mm. long; flowers racemose, rose-purple ; petals 5-6 mm. long, the blade broadly obovate, narrowed to a claw ; fruiting pedi- cels short ; pods ascending, very narrowly linear, 3-4 cm. long, acute ; seeds in 1 row, wingless, Canyons, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina Islands, southern California. Type locality: Santa Cruz Island. April. 2. Arabis deserti (M. E.. Jones) Abrams. Desert Rock-cress. Fig. 2098. Thelypodium deserti M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 12: 1. 1908. Slender annual, 15-30 cm. high, branching from or usually above the base, the branches slender, ascending, glabrous or sparsely puberulent with forked hairs. Basal leaves 3-5 cm. long, deeply pinnatifid into several rather distant linear to oblanceolate lobes, some of the lobes often again lobed near the base on the upper margin; stem leaves subtending the branches nar- rowly linear, entire or few-toothed or rarely lobed ; racemes loose and rather weak, elongated, usually well exceeding the stem proper; sepals oblong-ovate, 1.5 mm. long, sparsely puberulent with forked hairs to subglabrous, scarious-margined ; petals white, 2.5 mm. long, the blade scarcely 1 mm. wide but little broader than the claw, rounded or obtuse at apex; anthers 0.5 mm. long; pods 10-20 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, compressed, ascending, straight or slightly arcuate, beak 1-2 mm. long ; pedicels spreading or ascending, 1-3 mm. long ; seed oblong, not winged. Rock crevices and gravelly washes, lower Sonoran Zone; Emigrant Canyon, Panamint Mountains, and Death Valley, California, and Amargosa Desert, Nevada. Type locality: Amargosa Desert. March-May. 3. Arabis virginica (L.) Trelease. Virginia Rock-cress. Fig. 2099. Cardamine virginica L. Sp. PI. 656. 1753. Cardamine Lndoviciana Hook. Journ. Bot. 1: 191. 1834. Arabis Ludoviciana C. A. Mey. Ind. Sem. Petrop. 9: 60. 1842. Arabis virginica Trelease ex Branner & Coville, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1884: 165. 1891. Planodes virginica Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 221. 1912. Annual or rarely biennial, glabrate, the stems ascending or decumbent, 15-30 cm. long. Leaves oblong, deeply pinnatifid, 25-70 mm. long, the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile; pedicels spreading or ascending, 4 mm. long in fruit; flowers very small, white; pods linear, ascending, 15-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; seeds orbicular, wing-margined, nearly as broad as the pod. In desiccated vernal pools, Sonoran Zones; southern California and Lower California to Virginia, Florida, and Texas. Type locality: Virginia. March-May. 4. Arabis lyrata subsp. kamchatica Fisch. Kamchatka or Western Rock-cress. Fig. 2100. Arabis ambigua var. intermedia DC. Syst. 2: 231. 1821. Arabis lyrata var. /3 DC. loc. cit. Arabis kamchatica Fisch. ex DC. loc. cit. as a synonym. Arabis lyrata var. occidentalis S. Wats, in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 159. 1895. Arabis lyrata subsp. kamtschatica Fisch. ex Hulten, Fl. Aleut. Isl. 202. 1937; spelling altered from the original. Perennial, glabrous or sparingly pubescent at base, the stems slender, branched at the base, 2-4 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-4 cm. long, lyrately lobed ; stem leaves spatulate, entire or toothed ; petals white, about 6 mm. long ; fruiting pedicels ascending, about 1 cm. long ; pods erect or nearly so, 2-3 cm. long, 1 mm. wide ; stigma sessile or on a very short thick style ; seeds oblong, wingless. Wet rocky places, Boreal Zones; Alaska to northern Washington, Alberta, and Montana, also eastern Asia. Type locality: "in Kamchatka." May-Aug. 5. Arabis Nuttallii Robinson. Nuttall's Rock-cress. Fig. 2101. Arabis Nuttallii Robinson in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 160. 1895. Arabis spathulata Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 81. 1838. Not DC. 1821. Biennial or usually perennial, more or less cespitose, the stems erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. high, sparingly hirsute toward the base. Basal leaves spatulate, short-petioled, 1-3 cm. long, entire; stem leaves oblanceolate, sessile; petals white, 4-6 mm. long; pedicels 8-15 mm. long, pods 1-3 cm. long, about 1 mm. broad, somewhat attenuate to a stout style; valves 1-nerved; seeds elliptical, wingless. Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington to Montana and Utah. Type locality: "Lofty dry hills of the Platte, from the Black Mountains to the Central Chain." May-July. 6. Arabis macella Piper. Piper's Rock-cress. Fig. 2102. Arabis macella Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 33: 103. 1920. Biennial from a stout taproot, the stems several, 4-5 dm. high, slender, simple, flexuous, sparsely pilose below, otherwise glabrous. Basal leaves spatulate-oblong, 3 cm. long, the blade longer than the margined petiole, ciliate on the margins ; stem leaves oblong or linear ; racemes 5—15 cm. long; pedicels spreading in fruit, 10-15 mm. long, glabrous; petals oblong-spatulate, white; pods erect, 15-20 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, somewhat compressed, glabrous; valves 3- nerved; style 1.5 mm. long; seeds in 1 row, wingless. Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; known only from the vicinity of the type locality near Ritz- ville, Adams County, Washington. May-June. 306 BRASSICACEAE 7. Arabis olympica Piper. Olympic Rock-cress. Fig. 2103. Arabis olympica Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 16: 208. 1913. Arabis furcata var. olympica Rollins, Research Stud. St. Coll. Wash. 4: 19. 1936. Perennial with a stout, slightly branched caudex, the stems 5-10 cm. high, pubescent with 2-forked hairs. Basal leaves obovate to oblanceolate, more or less ciliate on the margins and pedicels with simple hairs, otherwise glabrous or with a few forked hairs along the midrib, the blade 5-10 mm. long, entire or slightly toothed, narrowed to a short winged petiole ; stem leaves oblong to lanceolate, sessile, not auriculate, entire, pubescent on the margins and midrib ; sepals 2 mm. long ; petals white, equaling the sepals ; fruiting pedicels 3-6 mm. long ; pods erect, about 2 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, glabrous. Known only from the type locality, "on grass covered talus slopes at the base of Mt. Olympus, near Hume's Glacier, 4,500 feet altitude," Washington. July-Sept. 8. Arabis furcata S. Wats. Cascade Rock-cress. Fig. 2104. Arabis furcata S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 362. 1879. Arabis Suksdorfii Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 43. 1897. Perennial, with a cespitose caudex, the stems erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous. Basal leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long, sparingly toothed, often ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous; stem leaves sessile, oblong to linear, entire or sparingly toothed; petals white, 5—15 mm. long; pedicels 5-7 mm. long; pods 20-35 mm. long, attenuate to a rather short style ; seeds oblong-elliptical, winged at the lower end. Rocky bluffs, Transition Zone; Cascade Mountains, Washington and Oregon. Type locality: "Bluffs of the Columbia River, near the mouth of Hood River," Oregon. May-July. 9. Arabis aculeolata Greene. Waldo Rock-cress. Fig. 2105. Arabis aculeolata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 69. 1910. Perennial from a very slender rootstock, hirsute throughout with simple hairs, the stems solitary or few, 10-15 cm. high, simple and slender. Basal leaves in a small rosulate tuft, ob- ovate, spatulate to oblanceolate, 15-20 mm. long, entire or with a few teeth; stem leaves few, ob- long, 5-6 mm. long, sessile, obtuse at apex; racemes short, few-flowered; calyx purple, 4 mm. long; petals purple, 10-15 mm. long; fruit erect, 4-6 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, attenuate at apex. Rocky hillsides, Arid Transition Zone; Siskiyou Mountains near Waldo and Kirby, Josephine County, Oregon. Type locality : near Waldo, Oregon. April-June. 10. Arabis Cusickii S. Wats. Cusick's Rock-cress. Fig. 2106. Arabis Cusickii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 363. 1879. Biennial with a taproot and usually simple crown, the stems usually several, 1-2 dm. high, simple, glabrate above, hirsute below with mostly simple hairs. Basal leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, hirsute and ciliate; stem leaves linear to linear-oblong, sessile, not auriculate; sepals villous; petals rose-colored, 6-10 mm. long; fruiting pedicels 10-14 mm. long; pods arcuate-ascending, 5-7 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, obtusish, glabrous; stigma sessile; valves 1 -nerved below the middle ; seeds in 1 row, orbicular, winged all around. On rocky ridges, Arid Transition Zone; Spokane County, eastern Washington, to northeastern Oregon. Type locality: "on rocky ridges, Union County, Oregon." May-July. 11. Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Hairy Rock-cress. Fig. 2107. Turritis hirsuta L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Arabis hirsuta Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 2: 30. 1772. Arabis ovata Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 5: 557. 1817. Arabis rupestris Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 81. 1838. Stems erect, nearly simple, 3-6 dm. high, hirsute or nearly glabrous. Basal leaves with margined petioles, obovate, dentate or repand, 2-5 cm. long; stem leaves sessile, auriculate, lanceolate or oblong ; pedicels nearly erect to appressed, 6-12 mm. long in fruit ; petals greenish white, 4-5 mm. long; pods narrowly linear, erect or appressed, 25-50 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide ; style very short. In rocky places, Boreal and Austral Zones; Alaska to New Brunswick, California, and Georgia; also in Europe and Asia. Type locality: Europe. May-Sept. 12. Arabis Whitedii Piper. Whited's Rock-cress. Fig. 2108. Arabis Whitedii Piper, Bull. Torrey Club 28: 39. 1901. Sandbergia Whitedii Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 136. 1911. Perennial, the branches few to several from a slender taproot, the flowering stems 2-5 dm. high, simple or frequently branched, whole plant grayed with a coarse stellate pubescence. Basal leaves oblanceolate, tapering to an elongated petiole, 4-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; stem leaves oblanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, narrowed to the base, not auriculate; racemes becoming elongated, many-flowered; fruiting pedicels very slender, 8-15 mm. long; sepals 3 mm. long, stellate ; petals white, 5 mm. long ; pods 12-16 mm. long, 1 mm. wide ; seeds wingless. A locally distributed species known only from Wenatchee Flat, Kittitas County, and at the junction of Wilson and Crab Creeks, Douglas County, Washington. May-June. MUSTARD FAMILY 307 13. Arabis blepharophylla Hook. & Arn. Coast Rock-cress. Fig. 2109. Arabis blepharophylla Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 321. 1S40. Perennial with a simple or short-branched caudex, the stems few or several, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous or sometimes sparingly hirsute below with forked hairs. Basal leaves oblong to spatulate, 3-5 cm. long, ciliate on the margin with forked hairs, dentate or entire ; stem leaves few, oblong, sessile ; petals rose-colored, 10-12 mm. long, fragrant ; sepals often colored, un- equal, one pair gibbous and broader ; fruiting pedicels stellate, 4-8 mm. long ; pods erect or nearly so, 20-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. broad, abruptly beaked by a short stout style; seeds round-elliptic, narrowly winged or scarcely margined. Rocky hillsides, mainly Upper Sonoran Zone; near the coast from Marin County to Monterey County, California. Type locality: central California, probably San Francisco. March-April. 14. Arabis purpurascens Howell. Purple Rock-cress. Fig. 2110. Arabis purpurascens Howell ex Greene, Pittonia 1: 161. 1888. Arabis furcata var. purpurascens S. Wats, in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 161. 1895. Perennial from a very slender rootstock, the flowering stems solitary or few, simple, 20-35 cm. high, sparsely pubescent with mostly 2-forked hairs. Basal leaves broadly oblanceolate to obovate, 2-7 cm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, narrowed to a petiole ; entire or remotely toothed, rather sparsely pubescent with mostly 3-forked hairs; stem leaves several, oblong-elliptical, 15-50 mm. long, sessile, not cordate or auriculate, entire or saliently toothed, pubescent ; racemes many- flowered; pedicels 5-12 mm. long, slender, pubescent; sepals purple, 5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent; petals purple, 12-15 mm. long; pods erect; pod 5 cm. long, slightly over 1 mm. broad, acute at apex, glabrous. Rocky hillsides, Transition and Canadian Zones; Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains, Jackson County, Oregon. Type locality: rocky hillsides, Ashland, Oregon. May-July. 15. Arabis Lyallii S. Wats. Lyall's Rock-cress. Fig. 2111. Arabis Drummondii var. alpina S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 17. 1871. Arabis Lyallii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 122. 1876. Arabis Drummondii var. Lyallii Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 429. 1925. Perennial with a loosely branched caudex, the stems several, 5-30 dm. high, slender, glabrous throughout. Basal leaves spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, 15-60 mm. long ; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblong, sometimes scarcely auricled ; sepals glabrous ; petals rose-colored, 4-6 mm. long; pods erect or ascending, straight; 25-50 mm. long; about 2 mm. wide, narrowed to a short style; seeds in 1 row, orbicular, narrowly winged. Alpine summits, Arctic-Alpine and Hudsonian Zones; British Columbia and western Montana to the Cas- cades and Blue Mountains, Oregon. Type locality: Ashnola River, Cascade Mountains, Washington. July-Sept. The following species proposed by Greene (Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 75-76. 1910) are synonymous: Arabis multiceps, A. armerifolia, and A. densa. 16. Arabis Drummondii A. Gray. Drummond's Rock-cress. Fig. 2112. Turritis stricta Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1829: 350. 1829. Not Arabis stricta Host. 1827. Streptanthus angustifolius Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 76. 1838. Not Arabis angustifolius Lam. 1783. Arabis Drummondii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 187. 1864. Biennial or rarely perennial, somewhat glaucous, glabrous or sparsely stellate-pubescent, with 2-3- forked hairs, the stems 1 to several, erect, 3-6 dm. high. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, more or less pubescent with 2-forked appressed hairs ; stem leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, 2.5-5 cm. long; sepals narrow, 3-4 mm. long; petals white or pale rose, 6-8 mm. long ; pods erect, crowded, 35-75 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; style obsolete ; seeds broadly elliptical, winged on the lower end and sides. In rocky places, Boreal Zones; British Columbia and Alberta to California and New Mexico. Type locality: Rocky Mountains. June— Aug. The following species proposed by Greene are synonymous: Arabis oxvphylla and A, connexa (Pittonia 4: 196-197. 1910); Arabis nemophila and A. interposita (Leaflets Bot. Obs. "2: 78. 1910). 17. Arabis Bolanderi S. Wats. Bolander's Rock-cress. Fig. 2113. Arabis Bolanderi S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 467. 1887. Biennial, the stems solitary, 3-5 dm. high, branched above, with ascending branches, stellate- pubescent, becoming glabrous or nearly so above. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, petioled, the margins revolute; stem leaves lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, more or less auriculate at base, usually stellate-pubescent; racemes many-flowered, divergent or somewhat recurved; sepals 3 mm. long, pubescent ; petals 5 mm. long, rose-colored ; fruiting pedicels divergent or somewhat recurved, 3-4 mm. long, pubescent or glabrate ; pods straight, divergent or slightly reflexed, 2-3 cm. long, 1 mm. wide ; seeds broadly elliptical, narrowly winged, somewhat in 2 rows. Mountain slopes, Arid Transition Zone; central Sierra Nevada, California. Apparently a local species and seldom collected. Type locality: Big Trees, Yosemite National Park. May-July. 18. Arabis acutina Greene. Sharp-podded Rock-cress. Fig. 2114. Arabis acutina Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 82. 1910. Short-lived perennial, stems few from the crown of a rather slender taproot, erect and 308 BRASSICACEAE 2102 2103 2104 2096. Turritis glabra 2097. Arabis filifolia 2098. Arabis deserti 2099. Arabis virginica 2100. Arabis lyrata 2101. Arabis Nuttallii 2102. Arabis macella 2103. Arabis olympica 2104. Arabis furcata MUSTARD FAMILY 309 2105 2108 2106 2109 2107 2110 2111 2112 2113 2105. Arabis aculeolata 2106. Arabis Cusickii 2107. Arabis hirsuta 2108. Arabis Whitedii 2109. Arabis blepharophylla 2110. Arabis purpurascens 2111. Arabis Lyallii 2112. Arabis Drummondii 2113. Arabis Bolanderi 310 BRASSICACEAE simple 15-30 cm. high, sparsely pubescent with 3-forked hairs. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 10-15 mm long, pale, stellate with 3-forked hairs; stem leaves oblong, 10-12 mm. long auriculate, gla- brous or nearly so, pods straight, ascending on rather long diverging pedicels, 2.5-5 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, narrowed at apex to a slender beak, the valves smooth with no trace of a midrib; seeds in l'row, oval, narrowly winged at the upper end. Dry rocky slopes, Boreal Zones; Cascade Mountains, Oregon. Type locality: Mount Thielson, Cascade Mountains, Oregon. June-Sept. 19. Arabis microphylla Nutt. Small-leaved Rock-cress. Fig. 2115. Arabis microphylla Nutt. in Torr. & Gray. Fl. N. Amer. 1: 82. 1838. Arabis tenuicula Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 82. 1910. Perennial, with a slender branching caudex, the stems several, erect, 1-3 dm. high, very slender somewhat stellate at base or glabrous. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 5-30 mm. long, entire densely stellate-pubescent ; petals usually white, 3 mm. long ; fruiting pedicels 5-10 mm. long, ascending; pods ascending, 2-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide; style obsolete; seeds in 1 row, slightly winged at apex. Dry mountain slopes, mainly Arid Transition Zone; Klickitat County, Washington, and Wasco County, Oregon, to Montana, Utah, and Nevada. Type locality: "Rocky Mountains." June-Sept. 20. Arabis platysperma A. Gray. Broad-seeded Rock-cress. Fig. 2116. Arabis platysperma A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 519. 1865. Arabis oligantha Greene, Rep. Nov. Spec. 5: 243. 1908. Perennial with a branching rootstock, glaucous, more or less stellate throughout, the stems erect or ascending, 5-30 cm. high, simple or branched. Leaves all entire, the basal leaves oblan- ceolate, 2-3 cm. long, those of the stem oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, sessile; petals nearly white to rose, 4-6 mm. long ; pedicels 5-15 mm. long ; pods erect or a little spreading, 25- 60 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide ; seeds orbicular, broadly winged. Rocky or gravelly soils, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; North Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada to the San Jacinto Mountains, California. Type locality: "Sierra Nevada, on Mount Dana, alt. 13,227 feet, and above Ebbett's Pass," California. June-Aug. Arabis inamoena Greene, Rep. Nov. Spec. 5: 243. 1908. Perennial, with a cespitose caudex, the flower- ing stems 10-25 cm. high, pubescent below with forked hairs, sparsely so above. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 10-25 mm long 2-4 mm. wide, stellate-oubescent; stem leaves several, oblong, 5-15 mm. long, stellate-pubescent, not auriculate- racemes 3-4-flowered; pedicels 3-5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; sepals scarcely 3 mm. long sparsely pubescent; petals white, 3 mm. long; pods erect, nearly 4 mm. wide, 4-5 cm. long glabrous; seeds in 1 row orbicular, broadly winged. Alpine slopes, Hudsonian Zone; southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Long Meadow, Tulare County, California. Doubtfully distinct from Arabis platysperma A. Cray. 21. Arabis Howellii S. Wats. Howell's Rock-cress. Fig. 2117. Arabis Howellii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 25: 124. 1890. Arabis platyloba Greene, Pittonia 4: 198. 1900. Arabis Leibergii Greene, Rep. Nov. Spec. 5: 243. 1908. Arabis platysperma var. Howellii Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 432. 1925. Perennial with a much branched cespitose caudex, glabrous except for a few cilia on the petioles; stems 3-15 cm. high, simple or branched. Leaves all narrowly oblanceolate, 15-25 mm. long acute or obtuse, entire, glaucous, those of the stem somewhat clasping and more or less auriculate or cordate ; petals rose-colored ; pods erect, 3-5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. broad, acuminate ; stigma sessile ; seeds orbicular, broadly winged all around. Summits of high peaks, Boreal Zones; Mount Hood, Oregon, south through the Cascade Mountains and the northern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Ashland Butte, Jackson County, Oregon. June-Aug. 22. Arabis Covillei Greene. Coville's Rock-cress. Fig. 2118. Arabis Covillei Greene, Rep. Nov. Spec. 5: 243. 1908. Arabis conferta Greene, loc. cit. Perennial with a branching rootstock, glabrous throughout except for a few cilia on the leaf bases, the stems somewhat tufted, simple or branched, including the fruiting pods 6-20 cm high. Basal leaves oblanceolate to narrowly so, 15-25 mm. long; stem leaves usually 2-4, oblong, sessile, 6-12 mm. long; petals rose-purple or sometimes white, 4-5 mm. long; pods 4-6 cm. long, 4 mm.' wide ; seeds in 1 row, strongly winged all around. Alpine slopes, Canadian Zone; central and southern Sierra Nevada, California, and the Washoe Mountains, Nevada. Type locality: near the lake on trail to White Chief Mine, 1,000 feet above Mineral King, Tulare County, California. July-Aug. 23. Arabis Parishii S. Wats. Parish's Rock-cress. Fig. 2119. Arabis Parishii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 468. 1887. Perennial, with a cespitose much branched caudex, finely stellate-pubescent throughout, the stems simple, 5-10 cm. high, slender. Basal leaves numerous, linear-oblanceolate, 5-15 mm. long, entire ; stem leaves few, linear, sessile, not auriculate ; sepals purplish, 3-4 mm. long ; petals rose- colored, 6-8 mm. long ; fruiting pedicels 4-6 mm. long ; pods ascending, 2 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, attenuate at apex; style filiform, 4-6 mm. long; seeds elliptical, narrowly winged, somewhat in 2 rows. Gravelly slopes, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; San Bernardino Mountains, California. Type locality: Bear Valley, 6,500 feet altitude. May-July. MUSTARD FAMILY 311 24. Arabis repanda S. Wats. Repand Rock-cress. Fig. 2120. Arabis repanda S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 122. 1876. Biennial, pubescent throughout with short mostly stellate hairs, the pubescence longer and simple at the base ; the stems stout, 4-7 dm. high. Leaves narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, sparingly toothed or entire ; the stem leaves narrowed to a winged petiole ; petals white, narrow, 4-6 mm. long, little exceeding the sepals; pedicels rather stout, ascending, 2-4 mm. long; pods recurved-spreading, 6-8 cm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide; seeds elliptical, broadly winged. Open pine forests in gravelly or rocky places, Arid Transition Zone; central Sierra Nevada to the San Jacinto Mountains, California. Type locality: Yosemite Valley. May-July. 25. Arabis pulchra M. E. Jones. Beautiful Rock-cress. Fig. 2121. Arabis pulchra M. E. Jones, S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 468. 1887. Perennial with a branched woody caudex, canescent throughout with a fine stellate pubescence, the stems erect, 3-5 dm. high, leafy. Leaves not rosulate at base, the lower 25-50 mm. long, narrowly oblanceolate. petioled, entire, the upper linear-lanceolate and sessile; sepals pubescent; petals 6-12 mm. long, rose-colored; fruiting pedicels 5-15 mm. long; pods pendent, 3-6 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, finely stellate; stigma sessile; valves 1-nerved; seeds small, in 2 rows, orbicular, winged. Arid rocky or gravelly slopes, Sonoran Zones; western Nevada and the Mojave and Colorado Deserts, southern California. Type locality: Empire City, Nevada. April-June. 26. Arabis subpinnatifida S. Wats. Klamath Rock-cress. Fig. 2122. Arabis subpinnatifida S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 353. 1885. Biennial or perennial, finely stellate-pubescent throughout, the stems usually several, 15-30 cm. high, rarely branched. Leaves silvery with a fine very dense stellate pubescence; the basal narrowly oblanceolate, entire or toothed, 25-50 mm. long; stem leaves lanceolate, sagittate at base, entire or unequally toothed; petals rose-colored, 6-12 mm. long; fruiting pedicels re- curved, pubescent, 5-10 mm. long; pods 3-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, slightly arcuate and pendent, pubescent, attenuate to a short style ; seeds in 1 row, orbicular, very narrowly margined. Rocky and gravelly soils, Arid Transition Zone; Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon and California, east to northern Nevada. Type locality: "West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada." June-Aug. 27. Arabis Beckwithii S. Wats. Beckwith's Rock-cress. Fig. 2123. Arabis Beckwithii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 467. 1887. Arabis subpinnatifida var. Beckwithii Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 431. 1925. Perennial, the stem solitary or several from the root crown, 2-3 dm. high, whole plant hoary with a fine, dense, stellate pubescence. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, entire; stem leaves linear-lanceolate, sagittate-clasping but often obscurely so; sepals stellate-pubescent; petals 7-8 mm. long, rose-purple; pedicels arcuately recurved; pods mostly reflexed, 5-7 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, more or less stellate-pubescent, or subglabrous in age; stigma sessile or nearly so ; seeds broadly winged. Dry plains and hillsides, Arid Transition Zone; Deschutes County, eastern Oregon, to northeastern Cali- fornia and western Nevada. Type locality: Quartz Mountains, Nevada. May-July. 28. Arabis suffrutescens S. Wats. Woody Rock-cress. Fig. 2124. Arabis suffrutescens S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 362. 1882. Arabis duriuscula Greene, Pittonia 4: 191. 1900. Perennial with a cespitose caudex, the stems several, about 3 dm. high, glabrous. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 20-25 mm. long, glabrous or sparsely stellate-pubescent; stem leaves scarcely auriculate ; flowers few ; petals purplish, 6 mm. long ; fruiting pedicels recurved, 8-12 mm. long; pods pendulous, 3-6 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, attenuate to a short, thick style; seeds orbicular, winged, in 2 rows. Rocky soils, Arid Transition and Boreal Zones; Mount Adams, Washington, and in the Blue Mountains and Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. Type locality: "Bluffs of the Snake River, Union County, Oregon." May-July. 29. Arabis glaucovalvula M. E. Jones. Blue-podded Rock-cress. Fig. 2125. Arabis glaucovalvula M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 8: 40. 1898. Perennial, stellate-canescent, with a cespitose caudex, the stems several, branched above, 2-4 dm. high. Basal leaves rather crowded, oblanceolate, petioled, 2.5-5 cm. long; stem leaves few, reduced, linear-lanceolate, sessile; sepals woolly-pubescent with scarious margins; petals purple, 8 mm. long; fruiting pedicels recurved, 4-8 mm. long; pods about 3 cm. long, 6 mm. wide, rounded at each end, pendulous, glabrous and glaucous ; style stout ; seeds in 2 rows, orbicular, with broad membranous wings. Gravelly places, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; desert ranges of the Mojave Desert, from the Panamint to the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Type locality: "Darwin Mesa, Argus Mountains, California." April-June. 30. Arabis perennans S. Wats. Perennial Rock-cress. Fig. 2126. Arabis perennans S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 467. 1887. Arabis eremophila Greene, Pittonia 4: 194. 1900. Perennial, with a branched and somewhat woody caudex, the stems 3-4 dm. high, roughly 312 BRASSICACEAE 2120 2121 2122 2114. Arabis acutina 2115. Arabis microphylla 2116. Arabis platysperma 2117. Arabis Howellii 2118. Arabis Covillei 2119. Arabis Parishii 2120. Arabis repanda 2121. Arabis pulchra 2122. Arabis subpinnatifida MUSTARD FAMILY 313 stellate-pubescent, or glabrous above. Basal leaves 2-3 cm. long, broadly spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, dentate, the petioles somewhat ciliate; stem leaves sagittate at base; petals pale rose, 4-5 mm. long ; fruiting pedicels spreading ; pods 4-6 cm. long, 1 . 5-2 mm. wide, arcuate ; seeds in 1 row, orbicular, very narrowly margined. Drv plains and valleys, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington and northern Nevada to the desert ranges of southern California, east to Utah and Arizona. Type locality: from northern Nevada and Utah to Arizona and the San Bernardino Mountains in California. April-June. 31. Arabis atrorubens Suksdorf. Black-flowered Rock-cress. Fig. 2127. Arabis atrorubens Suksdorf ex Greene, Erythea 1 : 223. 1893. Arabis atriflora Suksdorf, Deutsch. Bot. Monatss. 16: 211. 1899. Arabis sparsiflora var. atrorubens Rollins, Research Stud. St. Coll. Wash. 4: 25. 1936. Stems erect, 3-8 dm. high, glabrous. Basal leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, dentate, scabrous- pubescent; stem' leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, dentate or the upper entire, auriculately lobed; sepals and pedicels puberulent; petals 8 mm. long, dark purple, almost black; fruiting pedicels erect-spreading ; pods at first nearly erect but soon slightly arcuate and spreading, 8-12 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, glabrous and nerveless; seeds in 1 row. Rocky places, Arid Transition Zone; Kittitas and Klickitat Counties, eastern Washington. Type locality: western Klickitat County, Washington. April-May. 32. Arabis Lemmonii S. Wats. Lemmon's Rock-cress. Fig. 2128. Arabis canescens var. latifolia S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 17. 1871. Arabis Lemmonii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 467. 1887. Arabis latifolia Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 295. 1906. Arabis horisontalis Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 74. 1910. Arabis polyclada Greene, op. cit. 2: 75. Perennial, with a short cespitose caudex, the stems several, 8-20 cm. high, slender, glabrous or sparsely stellate-pubescent and glaucous above, hoary below with a fine densely stellate pubescence. Basal leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, 12-18 mm. long, entire or rarely with 1 or 2 teeth ; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so ; petals rose-colored ; fruiting pedicels 2-6 mm. long, glabrous ; pods ascending or spreading, somewhat arcuate, 25-40 mm. long, 1 . 5-2 mm. wide, attenuate to the short style ; seeds orbicular, narrowly winged, in 1 row. Rocky ground, Boreal Zones; British Columbia and Montana to the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: California, no definite locality mentioned. June-Aug. 33. Arabis Breweri S. Wats. Brewer's Rock-cress. Fig. 2129. Arabis Breweri S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 123. 1876. Perennial with a cespitose woody caudex, the stems several, 5-20 cm. high, villous with usually 2-3-forked hairs, or stellate below. Basal leaves 6-20 mm. long, oblanceolate, entire or few toothed, finely stellate-pubescent, the petioles ciliate ; upper stem leaves lanceolate to nar- rowly oblong, obtusely auriculate or subcordate at base, somewhat pubescent, villous or glabrate ; sepals tinged with purple, pubescent; petals deep rose-purple to nearly white, 6-8 mm. long; fruiting pedicels 5-8 mm. long, pubescent ; pods at length spreading and more or less arcuate, 3-7 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, acute ; stigma sessile ; seeds orbicular, narrowly winged, in 1 row. Rocky summits of mountain peaks, mainly Arid Transition Zone; California Coast Ranges, Siskiyou County to Santa Clara County. Type locality: Mount Diablo, California. April-June. 34. Arabis Koehleri Howell. Koehler's Rock-cress. Fig. 2030. Arabis Koehleri Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 44. 1897. Cespitose perennial, with a woody much branched caudex; flowering stems several, simple, 5-25 cm. high, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with forked hairs. Basal leaves rosulate, numerous, 1-2 cm. long, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, acutish, entire, cinereous with a dense stellate puberulence; stem leaves lanceolate, auriculate-clasping, 1-2 cm. long, sparsely pubescent with forked hairs ; sepals oblong, 3-4 mm. long, purple, glabrous except for a few scattering stellate hairs above; petals spatulate, 8-10 mm. long, deep reddish purple; pedicels slender, 1-2 cm. long ; pods erect-spreading and arcuate, 5-8 cm. long, 1 . 5-2 mm. wide, glabrous, narrowed at apex ; seeds in 1 row, narrowly wing-margined. Rocky cliffs, Transition Zone; western Oregon, from Douglas County to Josephine County. Type locality: bluffs along the Umpqua River, Roseburg, Oregon. March-April. 35. Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. Elegant Rock-rose. Fig. 2131. Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 81. 1838. Arabis arcuata var. subvillosa S. Wats, in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1J: 164. 1895. Arabis elegans A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 30: 192. 1900. Arabis perelegans A. Nels. in Coult. & Nels. Man. Bot. Rocky Mts. 228. 1909. Biennial or short-lived perennial, the stems solitary or few from the root crown, 5-7 dm. high, glabrous to sparsely hirsute with mostly simple hairs. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 4-5 cm. long with a few serrate teeth, pubescent on both surfaces with few-forked hairs; stem leaves linear-lanceolate, auriculate-clasping, sparsely hirsute; racemes becoming much elongated in fruit; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, villous; corolla 12-15 mm. long, pale to dark purple; pods 314 BRASSICACEAE arcuately spreading, 6-10 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, midvein obscure; stigma sessile; seeds in 1 row, narrowly winged all around. Rocky places, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Columbia Basin, eastern Washington, to the Klamath Basin, northeastern California. Type locality : "Forests of the Rocky Mountains towards the sources of the Oregon." April-June. 36. Arabis campyloloba Greene. Modoc Rock-cress. Fig. 2132. Arabis campyloloba Greene, Pittonia 4: 192. 1900. Arabis arbuscula Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 77. 1910. Short-lived perennial, the stems solitary or few from an unbranched, not at all woody crown, 4-6 dm. high, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves oblanceolate, toothed or entire, densely stellate-pubescent ; stem leaves linear-lanceolate, revolute, sagittate-clasping ; fruiting pedicels divaricate, 4-6 mm. long, loosely stellate-pubescent ; pods glabrous, arcuate, 4-8 cm. long, 2 mm. wide. On gravelly slopes, mainly Arid Transition Zone; Grant County, eastern Oregon, to northeastern Califor- nia, and adjacent Nevada. Type locality: near Yreka, California. May-July. 37. Arabis maxima Greene. Arched Rock-cress. Fig. 2133. Streptanthus arcuatus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 77. 1838. Arabis arcuata A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 187. 1863. Not Shuttlw. 1852. Arabis maxima Greene, Pittonia 4: 192. 1900. Arabis Holboellii var. arcuata Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 430. 1925. Perennial, stellate-pubescent throughout, the stems several, erect from a branching caudex, 4-8 dm. high, simple or branched. Basal leaves 25-60 mm. long, narrowly oblanceolate, acute, entire or repand-dentate, their petioles often ciliate ; stem leaves linear to lanceolate, mostly entire; petals 6-12 mm. long, rose-colored; fruiting pedicels divaricate or recurved, 6-12 mm. long ; pods arcuate, 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, acute ; seeds orbicular, narrowly winged, as broad as the valves. Rocky or gravelly ridges, Arid Transition Zone; South Coast Ranges and central Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia, to northern Lower California. Type locality: "Shelving rocks on high hills near Santa Barbara," California. March-May. 38. Arabis Hoffmannii (Munz) Rollins. Hoffmann's Rock-cress. Fig. 2134. Arabis maxima var. Hoffmannii Munz, Man. S. Calif. 205. 1935. Arabis Hoffmannii Rollins, Madrono 3: 360. 1936. Perennial, the stem solitary or usually several from the woody caudex, 5-7 dm. high, gla- brous or sparsely pubescent with forked hairs toward the base, simple or branched above. Lower leaves crowded, linear-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate or entire, 5-10 cm. long, coriaceous, pubescent with forked hairs ; stem leaves sessile and auriculate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath ; sepals 4-5 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so ; petals linear-oblong, 4-5 mm. long, white ; fruiting racemes 2-4 dm. long ; pedicels ascending, 1-4 cm. long ; pods ascending, straight or becoming slightly arcuate, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3 . 5 mm. wide, glabrous and nerveless ; styles short and stout ; seeds in 2 rows, 1 mm. wide, narrowly winged. Rocky ridges and cliffs, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Cruz Island, southern California. Type locality: sea cliffs east of Dick's Harbor. Feb.-April. 39. Arabis rectissima Greene. Bristly-leaved Rock-cress. Fig. 2135. Arabis rectissima Greene, Pittonia 4: 191. 1900. Arabis setigera Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 80. 1910. Arabis Wyndii Henderson, Rhodora 32: 25. 1930. Perennial, stems few from the root-crown, 4-5 dm. high, strictly erect, glabrous and glaucous, except for scattering 2-forked hairs near the base. Basal leaves oblanceolate, about 2 cm. long, ciliolate on the margins and somewhat setulose with simple and 2-3-f orked hairs ; stem leaves sessile, sagittate, oblong, 15-20 mm. long, the lower setulose, the upper glabrous; sepals 2.5 mm. long; petals white tinged with rose-purple, 4 mm. long; fruiting racemes 2-3 dm. long; pedicels reflexed, glabrous or thinly stellate-pubescent ; pods strongly refracted, straight, 4-7 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, acute at apex, glabrous, the valves 1 -nerved toward the base; seeds in 1 row, orbicular, narrowly winged all around, 1.5-1.7 mm. broad. Open pine forests and edges of mountain meadows, Arid Transition Zone; Cascade Mountains, Klamath County, Oregon, to the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: middle elevations of the mountains of Fresno County, California. June-July. Rector's Rock-cress. 40. Arabis Holboellii Hornem. Holboell's Rock-cress. Fig. 2136. Arabis Holboellii Hornem. Fl. Dan. 2: 5. pi. 1879. 1827. Arabis retrofracta Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 344. 1829. Turritis retrofracta Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 41. 1829. Biennial or perennial, the stems simple or branched, 3-5 dm. high, stellate-pubescent below. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, entire, densely stellate-pubescent ; stem leaves lanceolate, entire, sagittate at base, sparsely stellate-pubescent or the upper glabrous ; sepals stellate- pubescent ; petals 6-8 mm. long, white or rose-colored; fruiting pedicels 1 cm. long, reflexed; pods straight, 4-8 cm. long, 1 . 5-2 mm. wide, obtuse at apex, glabrous ; seeds orbicular, nar- rowly winged, in 2 rows in each cell. Usually gravelly or rocky places. Boreal Zones; Alaska to Greenland, south to Washington, Lake Superior, and Quebec. In Washington it is found in the Cascade Mountains as far south as Mount Rainier. Type locality: on rocks, Disco Island, Greenland. June-Aug. MUSTARD FAMILY 315 41. Arabis secunda Howell. Secund Rock-cress. Fig. 2137. Arabis secunda Howell, Erythea 3: 33. 1895. Arabis Holboellii var. secunda Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 430. 1925. Stems slender, densely stellate-pubescent, often glabrate above. Basal leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, remotely toothed, densely stellate-pubescent; sepals 2-3 mm. long; petals 5-7 mm. long, pink; pedicels slender, pubescent; pods closely reflexed, pubescent or sometimes glabrous, 3-7 cm. long, barely over 1 mm. wide or less ; seeds in 1 row in each cell. Dry gravelly flats and ridges, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; eastern Washington to southern California. Type locality: Mount Adams, Washington. May-July. 42. Arabis puberula Nutt. Blue Mountain Rock-cress. Fig. 2138. Arabis puberula Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 82. 1838. Arabis canescens Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 83. 1838. Arabis tenuis Greene, Pittonia 4: 189. 1901. Perennial with a densely cespitose caudex, the stems 2-3 dm. high, finely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves linear-oblanceolate, 15-25 mm. long, entire, densely stellate-canescent ; stem leaves linear, slightly auriculate ; petals pale purplish, 4 mm. long ; fruiting pedicels recurved, 2-6 mm. long ; pods pendulous, 3-5 cm. long, 1 . 5-2 mm. wide ; seeds small, winged, in 2 rows. Dry hillsides, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Washington and Oregon to Montana and Wyoming. Type locality: "Forests of the Blue Mountains of Oregon." April-July. 47. ERYSIMUM L. Sp. PL 660. 1753. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, rarely suffruticose, more or less pubescent with 2-forked hairs, the leaves simple, entire, toothed or lobed. Flowers yellow, in terminal racemes. Silique linear, elongated, 4-angled or nearly terete; valves deciduous, strongly keeled by a prominent midvein. Stigma lobed, the lobes produced above the placentae. Seeds oblong, in 1 row in each cell; cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. [Name Greek, meaning blister drawing.] A genus of about 90 species, widely distributed through the north temperate zone. Type species, Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Pods terete or 4-angled or obscurely compressed; seeds not winged or if so only at the apex; cotyledons incumbent. Petals 4-8 mm. long. Fruiting pedicels very slender, 10 mm. long; pods ascending, 15-25 mm. long; annual. 1. E. cheiranthoides. Fruiting pedicels stout, 3-5 mm. long; pods 3-8 cm. long. Pods divaricately spreading, 6—8 cm. long; annual. 2. E. repandum. Pods erect, 3-4 cm. long, canescent; perennial. 3. E. inconspicuum. Petals 10-15 mm. long. Biennials or short-lived perennials, the flowering stems arising from the root crown or short caudex. 4. E. capitatum. Suffrutescent insular perennial. 5. E. insulare. Pods flattened parallel with the partition. Style slender, 2 mm. long. Seeds neither winged nor margined; leaves oblanceolate, mostly basal; cotyledons incumbent. 6. E. perenne. Seeds distinctly winged all around ; leaves narrowly linear, usually abundant on the stem ; cotyledons accumbent. 7. E. occidentale. Style short and stout; seeds more or less conspicuously winged all around; cotyledons accumbent; coastal species. Leaves oblanceolate, not fleshy. 8. E. concinnum. Leaves spatulate, with elongated petioles; fleshy. 9. E. Menziesii. 1. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Wormseed or Treacle Mustard. Fig. 2139. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Sp. PI. 661. 1753. Cheirinia cheiranthoides Link. Enum. Hort. Ber. 2: 170. 1820. Cheiranthus cheiranthoides Heller, Cat. N. Amer. PI. 4. 1898. Annual, the stems erect, simple or branching, 2-5 dm. high, sparsely puberulent. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 25-50 mm. long, entire or inconspicuously dentate; petals yellow, 4-5 mm. long; pods glabrous or essentially so, 1-1.5 mm. broad, nearly erect; valves keeled; style slender, 1 mm. long ; seeds not winged ; cotyledons incumbent. Roadsides and waste places, Boreal and Upper Sonoran Zones; Alaska to Newfoundland, south to northern California, Utah, and North Carolina, also in Europe. Type locality: European. June- Aug. 2. Erysimum repandum L. Repand Wallflower. Fig. 2140. Erysimum repandum L. Amoen. Acad. 3: 415. 1756. Annual, minutely pubescent, the stems simple or usually much branched, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, repand-denticulate ; petals 6-8 mm. long, yellow ; fruiting pedicels very stout, 2-3 mm. long ; pods 4-sided, 1 . 5-2 mm. thick ; beak short and stout ; seeds not winged ; cotyledons incumbent. Roadsides and waste places, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington and Oregon to central California, eastward to the Atlantic States. Native of Europe. May— June. 316 BRASSICACEAE 2129 2130 2131 2123. Arabis Beckwithii 2124. Arabis suffrutescens 2125. Arabis glaucovalvula 2126. Arabis perennans 2127. Arabis atrorubens 2128. Arabis Lemmonii 2129. Arabis Breweri 2030. Arabis Koehleri 2131. Arabis sparsiflora MUSTARD FAMILY 317 2133 2134 2135 V 2138 2137 2139 2140 2132. Arabis catnpyloloba 2133. Arabis maxima 2134. Arabis Hoffmannii 2135. Arabis rectissima 2136. Arabis Holboellii 2137. Arabis secunda 2138. Arabis puberula 2139. Erysimum cheiranthoides 2140. Erysimum repandum 318 BRASSICACEAE 3. Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. Small-flowered Prairie-rocket. Fig. 2141. Erysimum parviflorum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 95. 1838. Not Pers. Erysimum asperum var. inconspicuum S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 24. 1871. Erysimum inconspicuum MacM. Met. Minn. 268. 1892. Perennial, the whole plant canescent, stems erect, simple or sparingly branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear to oblanceolate, 25-75 mm. long, entire or dentate; petals yellow, 6-8 mm. long; fruiting pedicels stout, 4-6 mm. long, ascending; pod erect, 2-4 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, cancescent ; style 1-2 mm. long, nearly as thick as the pod. Dry plains, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Alaska and Ontario south to Nevada, Colorado, and Kansas. In the Pacific States occurring in eastern Washington and Oregon. Type locality: Diamond Valley, Nevada. May-July. 4. Erysimum capitatum (Dougl.) Greene. Douglas' Wallflower. Fig. 2142. Cheiranthus capitatus Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 38. 1829. Erysimum elatum Nutt. in Torr. &• Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 95. 1838. Erysimum capitatum Greene, Fl. Fran. 269. 1891. Cheiranthus elatus Greene, Pittonia 3: 135. 1896. Cheirinia elata Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 323. 1912. Biennial, rough-pubescent and more or less densely canescent, 3-10 dm. high, simple or with a few branches above. Basal leaves lanceolate or linear tapering into the petiole, dentate or entire ; stem leaves, at least the upper, sessile; petals yellow or commonly orange, 15-20 mm. long ^fruit- ing pedicels stout, 4-6 mm. long, spreading ; pods narrowly linear, 4-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, 4- angled and only slightly compressed, rough-pubescent ; styles short and thick ; seeds oblong- ellipsoid, often winged at the apex. Open hillsides, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; British Columbia to northern California, east to Idaho. Type locality: "on rocky places of the Columbia near the sea, and at Puget Sound." March-Aug. This species is closely related to Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. of the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions, and might be considered as a subspecies. The name has been misapplied to the flat-podded species of coastal California. 5. Erysimum insulare Greene. Island Wallflower. Fig. 2143. Erysimum insulare Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 218. 1886. Cheiranthus insularis Greene, Pittonia 3: 131. 1896. Shrubby, diffusely branching, forming a dense tuft about 3 dm. high, and 0.5-2 m. broad, cinereous with a minute appressed pubescence of 2-forked hairs. Leaves crowded upon the numerous woody branches, narrowly linear, entire, firm; racemes short and dense, short- pedunculate or subsessile; petals yellow, about 15 mm. long; pods linear 5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, quadrangular, style stout; seeds not winged. Sandy slopes, San Miguel and Santa Rosa Islands, southern California. Type locality: sandy slopes above Cuyler's Harbor, San Miguel Island. March-July. 6. Erysimum perenne (S. Wats.) Abrams. Sierra Wallflower. Fig. 2144. Erysimum asperum var. perenne S. Wats, ex Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7: 70. 1892. Cheiranthus perennis Greene, Pittonia 3: 132. 1896. Erysimum nevadense Heller, Muhlenbergia 1: 52. 1904. Perennial, the crown of the root clothed with the remains of old leaves, whole plant green and only sparingly puberulent. Basal and lower stem leaves oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, the blade inconspicuously runcinate-dentate, shorter than the slender petiole; upper leaves narrowly oblanceolate and short-petioled ; petals yellow, about 15 mm. long; fruiting pedicels ascending, about 1 cm. long; pods ascending or somewhat spreading, 6-7 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, flattened; beak slender, 3-4 mm. long; seeds not winged or inconspicuously so at one end; cotyledons incumbent but slightly oblique. Stony alpine slopes, Boreal Zones; Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: between Mineral King and Farewell Gap, Sierra Nevada. June-Aug. 7. Erysimum occidentale (S. Wats.) Robinson. Western Wallflower. Fig. 2145. Erysimum asperum var. pumilum S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 24. 1871. Cheiranthus occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 261. 1888. Erysimum occidentale Robinson in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. I1: 144. 1895. Cheirinia occidentalis Tidestrom, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 25: 246. 1925. Biennial, 1-3 dm. high, stem solitary or sometimes several from the same taproot, leafy, cinereous throughout. Basal leaves numerous, linear, tapering to the petiole; stem leaves many, similar to the basal, but short-petioled, or the uppermost sessile ; racemes densely flowered ; petals pale yellow, 15-20 mm. long; fruiting pedicels stout, 6-10 mm. long, ascending; pods ascending, 7-10 cm. long, flattened, 3 mm. broad; style rather slender, 2-3 mm. long; seeds distinctly winged all around. Dry plains and hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; southeastern Washington through eastern Oregon and Idaho to Nevada. Type locality: Klickitat County, Washington. May-July. MUSTARD FAMILY 319 8. Erysimum concinnum Eastw. Coast Wallflower. Fig. 2146. Erys-imum concinnum Eastw. Zoe 5: 103. 1901. Erysimum ammophilum Heller, Muhlenbergia 8: 96. 1912. Erysimum capitatum of authors. Not Cheiranthus capitatus Dougl. Biennial or short-lived perennial from a deep taproot, the stems stout, 15—20 cm. high, simple. Basal and lower stem leaves 5 cm. long, oblanceolate, tapering to broad margined petioles as long as the blades, runcinate-dentate or entire, green but finely appressed-pubescent with 2-forked hairs ; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile or nearly so ; inflorescence at first a crowded capitate corymb, becoming a short corymbose raceme in fruit ; petals 2-3 cm. long, canary yellow ; fruit- ing pedicels stout, 7-15 mm. long, divaricate-spreading, or the lower somewhat recurved, pods 8—15 cm. long, ascending or spreading, 2-5 mm. broad, flattened; beak short and stout; seeds winged all around ; cotyledons accumbent. Coastal region; southern Oregon to Point Conception, California. Type locality: near Mendocino, Mendo- cino County, California. March-June. Erysimum concinnum subsp. suffrutescens Abrams. (Cheiranthus suffrutescens Abrams, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 2: 41. 1903.) Plants suffrutescent and branched below, often straggling, 4—10 dm. long. Leaves nar- rowly linear-oblanceolate; petals yellow; pods widely spreading, 5-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, compressed but somewhat 4-angled; seeds compressed, narrowly winged all around the margin. Sand dunes along the coast of southern California. Type locality: near Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, California. This coastal species displays marked local variations over its range and possibly more subspecies should be recognized than this extreme southern variation. 9. Erysimum Menziesii (Hook.) Wettst. Menzies' Wallflower. Fig. 2147. Hesperis Menziesii Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 60. 1830. Erysimum grandiflorum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 96. 1838. Erysimum Menziesii Wettst. Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 39: 283. 1881. Cheiranthus grandiflorus Heller, Muhlenbergia 1: 145. 1906. Perennial from an elongated taproot, the caudex usually simple, 1-6 cm. high, often densely clothed with the old leaf bases ; flowering stems usually several, 1-10 cm. high. Basal leaves spatulate, narrowed to an elongated petiole, entire or obscurely few-toothed; racemes short and crowded in flower, 1-3 cm. long in fruit; pedicels 2-5 cm. long; petals yellow, 15-18 mm. long, with rounded or broadly oval blades; capsule ascending or spreading, flattened, 4-8 cm. long, 2.5- 3.5 mm. wide; style stout, scarcely 1 mm. long; stigma lobes prominent, diverging; seeds nar- rowly winged. Sand dunes and beaches, Transition Zone; Mendocino, Sonoma, and Monterey Counties, California. Type locality: Monterey Peninsula, California. Flowering nearly throughout the year. 48. KONIGA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 420. 1763. Perennial herbs, pubescent or canescent with forked hairs, with entire leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Filaments slender, with 2 small glands at the base. Silicle compressed, oval or orbicular, dehiscent. Seeds 1 in each cell; cotyledons accumbent. [Name in honor of Charles Konig, a curator in the British Museum.] A genus of 4 species, natives of the Mediterranean region. Type species, Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br. 1. Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br. Sweet Alyssum. Fig. 2148. Clypeola maritima L. Sp. PI. 652. 1753. Alyssum maritimum Lam. Encycl. 1: 98. 1783. Koniga maritima R. Br. in Denh. & Clapp, Narr. Exp. Afric. 214. 1826. Ascending or sometimes procumbent, freely branching, 1-3 dm. high, minutely pubescent with appressed hairs. Basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers white, fragrant, about 4 mm. broad ; fruiting pedicels ascending, 6-8 mm. long. An escape from gardens, along streets and in waste places; native of southern Europe. Flowering nearly throughout the year. 49. ALYSSUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 650. 1753. Low branching stellate-pubescent annual or perennial herbs, with small racemose yellow flowers. Filaments often dilated and toothed or appendaged. Stamens 6. Stigma nearly entire. Silicle ovate, oblong or orbicular, compressed; valves nerveless, dehiscent; septum thin. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, wingless ; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, meaning curing madness.] About 100 species, natives of the Old World. Type species, Alyssum montanum L. 1. Alyssum alyssoides L. Yellow Alyssum. Fig. 2149. Clypeola alyssoides L. Sp. PI. 652. 1753. Alyssum alyssoides L. Syst. Veg. ed. 10. 1130. 1759. Alyssum calycinum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 908. 1763. Annual, usually branching from the base, erect, 10-30 cm. high, stellate-pubescent through- 320 BRASSICACEAE 2147 2148 2149 2141. Erysimum inconspicuum 2142. Erysimum capitatum 2143. Erysimum insulare 2144. Erysimum perenne 2145. Erysimum occidentale 2146. Erysimum concinnum 2147. Erysimum Menziesii 2148. Koniga maritima 2149. Alyssum alyssoides MUSTARD FAMILY 321 out. Leaves entire, spatulate, 1-2 cm. long; flowers in racemes 5-15 cm. long; petals pale yellow, cuneate, 2-3 mm. long ; pods on spreading pedicels, orbicular, 3 mm. broad, margined, notched at the apex. An introduced plant, becoming well established in various sections of the Pacific States. Native of Europe. April-July. 50. HESPERIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 663. 1753. Erect perennial or biennial herbs, pubescent with forked hairs, the leaves simple. Flowers showy, rose-purple or white, in terminal racemes. Sepals erect, the lateral saccate at base. Petals with broad nearly orbicular blades and slender claws. Pods elongated, nearly terete, torulose; valves dehiscent, keeled, 1-nerved; the partition wall reticulated. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, spherical, wingless; cotyledons incumbent. [Name from Hesperus, evening, when the flowers are most fragrant.] About 25 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species, Hesperis matronalis L. 1. Hesperis matronalis L. Dame's Rocket. Fig. 2150. Hesperis matronalis L. Sp. PI. 663. 1753. Stems erect, branched above, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent ; petals rose-purple or white ; pods slender, spreading, 5-10 cm. long. Occasionally escaped from gardens, especially in western Washington and Oregon. Native of Europe and Asia. May-July. 51. MATTHIOLA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 4: 119. 1812. Biennial or perennial herbs with stellate pubescence. Flowers often showy. Sepals erect, the lateral saccate at base. Petals with broad rounded blades and elongated claws. Stigma lobes usually prominent, often corniculate, produced above the placentae. Pods elongated, linear, more or less compressed, the partition wall reticulate. Seeds in 1 row, marginless; cotyledons incumbent. [Name in honor of Peter Andrew Matthioli, Italian physician and botanist.] A genus of about 50 species, natives of western Asia and the Mediterranean region. Type species, Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. 1. Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. Stock. Fig. 2151. Cheiranthus incanus L. Sp. PI. 662. 1753. Matthiola incana R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 4: 119. 1812. Stout erect branching biennial or short-lived perennial, cinereous throughout with a short stellate tomentum. Leaves narrowly oblong or linear, entire ; flowers showy, purple varying to white ; pods often 10-12 cm. long. Escaped from gardens and established along the coast in central and southern California. Native of southern Europe. April-May. Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC. Syst. 2: 435. 1821. Glandular-puberulent annual, the stems 1-3.5 dm. high, branching. Basal leaves oblanceolate, petioled, sinuate-toothed, 2.5-7 cm. long; stem leaves dentate to entire, short-petioled; sepals oblong, 3-5 mm. long; petals purple, 10-13 mm. long, oblanceolate, narrowed to a slender claw; fruiting pedicels divergent; pods cylindric, 3-4 cm. long, long-beaked; seeds several to many, imbedded in spongy tissue, the pods constricted between the seeds and becoming somewhat moniliform, finally breaking at the constrictions and falling away with the enclosed seed. Recently adventive in eastern Wash- ington (Yakima, Spokane) and Idaho (Lewiston). Native of Asia. 52. CONRINGIA [Heist.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 418. 1763. Erect glabrous annual herbs, with sessile clasping leaves or the lower narrowed at base. Flowers in terminal elongated racemes. Sepals and petals narrow. Pod elongate- linear, 4-angled; valves 1-3-nerved, dehiscent. Style short; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Seeds in one row in each cell, oblong, marginless ; cotyledons incumbent. [Name in honor of Herbert Conring, 1606-1681, professor at Helmstadt] A genus of about 7 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species, Brassica orientalis L. 1. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Treacle Mustard, Hare's-ear. Fig.. 2152. Brassica orientalis L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Erysimum perfoliatum Crantz, Stirp. Aust. 1: 27. 1762. Erysimum orientate R. Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 4: 117. 1812. Conringia perfoliata Link, Enum. Hort. Ber. 2: 172. 1822. Conringia orientalis Dumort. Fl. Belg. 123. 1827. Stem erect, usually simple, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oval to elliptical, deeply cordate-clasping, 4-10 cm. long ; petals yellowish white, oblanceolate, 8 mm. long ; pod ascending, 8-10 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick, 4-angled, spreading ; beak about 1 . 5 mm. long. In waste places, naturalized from Europe; British Columbia to California, Colorado, Missouri, Delaware, and New Brunswick. May-Aug. 322 CAPPARIDACEAE Family 53. CAPPARIDACEAE. Caper Family. Herbs, shrubs or trees with pungent or acrid watery juice, simple or palmately compound alternate leaves and axillary or terminal, solitary or racemose, mostly regular and perfect flowers. Sepals 4—8, distinct or united below. Petals 4 or rarely none, sessile or clawed. Stamens 6 to many, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers oblong, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile or stipitate, 1-2-celled ; ovules many, borne on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds generally reniform; endosperm none; cotyledons usually coiled. A family of about 40 genera and 450 species, mostly of warm-temperate and tropical regions. Stamens 4-6; stipe elongated in fruit. Fruit several- to many-seeded. Herbs; sepals distinct or nearly so. Pod oblong or linear; petals generally clawed. 1. Cleome. Pod rhomboid, broader than long; petals sessile. 2. Cleotnella. Shrubs; calyx 4-cleft, persistent. 3. lsomeris. Fruit didymous, 2-celled, the cells separating as 1 -seeded nutlets. Styles filiform; nutlets open at the scar; racemes elongated, terminal. 4. Wislisenia. Styles subulate, spinescent; nutlets closed at the scar; racemes short, axillary. 5. Oxystylis. Stamens more than 6; stipe none or very short. 6. Polanisia. 1. CLEOME L. Sp. PI. 671. 1753. Herbs or some tropical species shrubs or rarely trees. Leaves simple or usually digi- tately 3-5-foliolate. Sepals 4, distinct or united at base, often persistent. Petals cruciate, entire, more or less clawed. Stamens 6, rarely 4. Ovary stipitate, with a gland at the base. Capsule pod-like, linear or oblong, long-stipitate, many-seeded. [Name of uncer- tain derivation, early applied to some mustard-like plant.] About 75 species, mainly of tropical America and Africa. Type species, Cleome gynandra L. Pods elongate-linear, glabrous. Stamens much exceeding the petals, calyx deeply 4-parted. Flowers pink or white, leaves 3-foliolate. 1. C. serrulata. Flowers yellow, at least the lower, 5-7-foliolate. 2. C. lutea. Stamens equaling or shorter than the petals, sepals distinct. 3. C. sparsifolia. Pods oblong, pubescent. 4. C. platycarpa. 1. Cleome serrulata Pursh. Pink Cleome. Fig. 2153. Cleome serrulata Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 441. 1814. Peritoma serrulatum DC. Prod. 1:237. 1824. Cleome integrifolia Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 122. 1838. Annual with erect glabrous stems, 5-10 dm. high, branching above. Leaves glabrous, 3- f oliolate, the lower on elongated petioles, the upper nearly or quite sessile ; leaflets lanceolate or oblong, entire or serrulate, 25-75 mm. long ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pedicels slender, spreading or recurved ; petals pink or white, oblong, slightly clawed, 10-12 mm. long ; pods linear, 25-50 mm. long, acute; stipe about equaling the pedicel. Plains and prairies, Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington to northeastern California, Saskatchewan, Kan- sas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Adventive in the Mojave Desert, southern California. Type locality: "on the banks of the Missouri River." June-Sept. 2. Cleome lutea Hook. Yellow Cleome. Fig. 2154. Cleome lutea Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 70. pi. 25. 1830. Annual with erect branching stems, 5-15 dm. high. Leaves glabrous, 5-7-foliolate, slender- petioled, or the upper 3-foliolate and nearly sessile; leaflets oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile or nearly so, 15^45 mm. long; racemes elongating in fruit; pedicels slender, 10-12 mm. long ; petals yellow, obovate or oblanceolate, 6-8 mm. long ; pod linear, 3-7 cm. long ; fruiting stipe longer than the pedicel. Loam or sandy bottom lands, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Washington to Inyo County, California, east of the Sierra Nevada, and eastward to Nebraska, Arizona, and New Mexico. Type locality: on the banks of the Columbia and in the valleys of the Blue Mountains, Oregon. June-Sept. 3. Cleome sparsifolia S. Wats. Few-leaved Cleome. Fig. 2155. Cleome sparsifolia S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 32. 1871. Much branched glabrous annual, 1-3.5 dm. high. Leaves few, leaflets 1-3, petiolulate, 6-10 mm. long; racemes few-flowered; flowers yellow, petals narrowly spatulate, 11-13 mm. long; sepals 4, 1-2 mm. long ; filaments equal, as long as or a little shorter than the petals ; pod linear, 18-22 mm. long ; stipe short, 4-6 mm. long, a little shorter than the pedicel. Sandy desert flats, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; western Nevada to Inyo County, California. Type locality: Carson Desert near Ragtown, Nevada. May-Sept. CAPER FAMILY 323 4. Cleome platycarpa Torr. Broad-podded Cleome. Fig. 2156. Cleome platycarpa Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 235. pi. 2. 1873. Cleome platycarpa Greene, Pittonia 4:211. 1900. Annual, erect, pubescent and somewhat glandular, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves 3-foliolate, long- petioled; leaflets oval or oblong, entire, petiolulate, 1-3 cm. long; fruiting racemes elongated; pedicels 10-15 mm. long, distinct, linear-subulate; petals yellow, 6-7 mm. long, spatulate; pod elliptic, 12-15 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, flat with the seeds in two rows; fruiting stipes longer than the pedicels. Alkaline and lava soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; Blue Mountains, eastern Oregon, to northeastern California, Idaho, and Nevada. Type locality : Klamath River, near Montague, California. May-Aug. 2. CLEOMELLA DC. Prod. 1 : 237. 1824. Erect branching or sometimes diffuse annuals. Leaves alternate, digitately 3-foliolate, petioled. Flowers nearly regular, small, yellow, in terminal bracted racemes or axillary. Sepals 4, distinct, deciduous. Petals 4, entire, sessile. Stamens 6. Capsule rhomboidal, broader than long, the valves often inflated and helmet-like. Seed usually two on each placenta. [Name diminutive of Cleome.'] About 14 species, natives of the arid western United States and northern Mexico. Type species, Cleomella mexicana DC. Stipes much longer than the capsule. Plants erect, branching, glabrous; sepals not ciliate. Leaflets obovate to oblong; valves inflated, helmet-like. 1. C. Hillmanii. Leaflets linear-oblong; valves not inflated. 2. C. plocasperma. Plants decumbent, pubescent; calyx ciliate. 3. C. obtusifolia. Stipes shorter than the capsule. Pedicels 15 mm. long, very slender. 4. C. parvi flora. Pedicels 2-3 mm. long, strongly recurved. 5. C. brevipes. 1. Cleomella Hillmanii A. Nels. Hillman's Cleomella. Fig. 2157. Cleomella Hillmanii A. Nels. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 171. 1905. Cleomella longipes var. grandiflora S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 33. 1879. Plants bright green and glabrous throughout, the stems erect, simple or with a few branches below, stout and somewhat fistulous, 10-30 cm. high, usually floriferous for half the length. Leaves 3-foliolate, long-petioled ; leaflets oblong-ovate, obtuse or truncate, mucronate, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous; racemes leafy-bracted, the bracts unifoliolate or the lower trifoliolate ; pedicels slender, 12-15 mm. long; petals 6-7 mm. long; fruiting stipe exceeding the pedicel; capsule rhomboidal, 6-8 mm. broad ; seeds smooth, stramineous. Dry hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; western Nevada and probably adjacent California. Type locality: Reno, Nevada. April-June. 2. Cleomella plocasperma S. Wats. Alkali Cleomella. Fig. 2158. Cleomella plocasperma S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 33. 1871. Cleomella oocarpa A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 72. 1876. Cleomella mojavensis Payson, Univ. Wyoming Pub. Sci. 1: 36. 1922. Cleomella stenosperma Coville ex Tidestrom, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 36: 182. 1923. Plants erect, branching, glabrous throughout. Leaflets oblong-linear, 15-25 mm. long, mostly exceeding the petioles ; pedicels 6-8 mm. long ; petals pale yellow, 5 mm. long ; capsule irregularly rhombic-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, the lateral angles often evident; stipe filiform, 10-12 mm. long; seeds stramineous throughout or lightly mottled with dark and light patches (both types often occurring on the same plant), smooth or microscopically marked. Alkaline soils, Sonoran Zones; eastern Oregon, northern Nevada, south to the Colorado and Mojave Deserts, California. Type locality: Humboldt County, Nevada. May-Aug. Variations in habit are quite marked. A tall strict form from the Mojave Desert and Owens Valley, Cali- fornia, has been described as variety stricta Crum, and a diffusely branched form also from the Mojave Desert as variety mojavensis (Payson) Crum. 3. Cleomella obtusifolia Torr. Bushy Cleomella. Fig. 2159. Cleomella obtusifolia Torr. & Frem. in Frem. Second Rep. 311. 1845. Cleomella taurocranos A. Nels. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 172. 1905. Cleomella obtusifolia var. pubescens A. Nels. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 172. 1905. _ Freely branching from near the base, forming a bushy plant 2-3 dm. high. Leaves 3- foliolate, oval or oblong, 5-15 mm. long, equaling the petioles, pale green and more or less pubescent; stipules fimbriate, often conspicuously white-ciliate ; flowers in leafy racemes, the lower scattered nearly to the base of the stems ; petals 4-5 mm. long ; style 2 mm. long ; cap- sule 8-10 mm. broad, the valves produced laterally into more or less well-developed horn-like processes ; fruiting pedicels about 8 mm. long, a little longer than the slender recurved stipe. Alkaline or sub-alkaline soils, Lower Sonoran Zone; Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley, Inyo County, Cali- fornia, and adjacent Nevada to the Colorado Desert, southern California. Type locality: "on the American Fork of the Sacramento River." March-Sept. Some varieties have been described (Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 13. 1936) to indicate the variations in habit of growth. 324 CAPPARIDACEAE 2152 2151 2153 2156 2150. Hesperis matronalis 2151. Matthiola incana 2152. Conringia orientalis 2157 2153. Cleome serrulata 2154. Cleome lutea 2155. Cleome sparsifolia 2158 2156. Cleome platycarpa 2157. Cleomella Hillmanii 2158. Cleomella plocasperma CAPER FAMILY 325 2160 2165 2166 2167 2159. Cleomella obtusifolia 2160. Cleomella parviflora 2161. Cleomella brevipes 2162. Isomeris arborea 2163. Wislizenia californica 2164. Wislizenia Palmeri 2165. Oxystylis lutea 2166. Polanisia trachysperma 2167. Reseda Luteola 326 CAPPARIDACEAE 4. Cleomella parvifldra A. Gray. Small-flowered Cleomella. Fig. 2160. Cleomella parviflora A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 520. 1865. Cleomella alata Eastw. Zoe 5: 87. 1900. Stems usually branching from the base, the branches ascending, 10-40 cm. high. Leaves very short-petioled trifoliolate ; leaflets linear, 15-20 mm. long, glabrous; pedicels very slender 15 mm. long in fruit; petals 1.5 mm. long, pale yellow, equaling the stamens; stigma almost sessile; capsule 3-4 mm. broad, inconspicuously horned ; stipe scarcely 1 mm. long. Alkaline soil, Lower Sonoran Zone; western Nevada and adjacent California, south to the Mojave Desert. Type locality: near Carson City, Nevada. May-Aug. 5. Cleomella brevipes S. Wats. Short-pedicelled Cleomella. Fig. 2161. Cleomella brevipes S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 365. 1882. Stems branching from the base and spreading, glabrous, floriferous and leafy throughout. Leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate, 5-15 mm. long, setosely apiculate; flowers solitary in all the axils, on curved pedicels about 3 mm. long; petals 1.5 mm. long; cap- sule ovoid, 3 mm. long, scarcely stipitate. Alkaline soils, Lower Sonoran Zone; Inyo County, California, south through the Mojave Desert. Type locality: "Camp Cady, Mojave Desert." May-June. 3. ISOMERIS Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 124. 1838. Ill-scented shrubs with puberulent branches, 3-foliolate petioled leaves and large yellow flowers, axillary or in bracteate racemes. Calyx-lobes 4, persistent. Petals 4, equal. Receptacle dilated with a hemispherical torus. Stamens 6, inserted on the re- ceptacle. Ovary long-stipitate, many-ovuled ; style short ; stigma minute. Capsule inflated, tardily 2-valved. Seeds smooth. [Greek, meaning parts similar, in reference to the regular flowers.] A monotypic genus of southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. 1. Isomeris arbdrea Nutt. Bladderpod. Fig. 2162. Isomeris arborea Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 124. 1838. Cleome Isomeris Greene, Pittonia 1 : 200. 1888. Isomeris arborea var. insularis Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 11. 1936. Widely branching glaucous shrub, 1-3 m. high, with hard yellow wood and puberulent branches. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong to lanceolate, equaling the petioles, entire, mu- cronate ; flowers in terminal bracteate racemes ; bracts simple ; calyx-lobes acute or acuminate ; petals yellow, oblong, 10-16 mm. long; capsule strongly inflated, 25-35 mm. long, attenuate into the stipe and abruptly tapering at the apex. Dry washes and slopes, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; Monterey County, California, south to Lower California, Arizona, and Sonora. Type locality: San Diego, California. Jan.-Nov. Isomeris arborea var. globosa Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7: 73. 1892. Capsule globose, not at- tenuate at base, otherwise as the typical form. This is the more common form in the Mojave Desert. Isomeris arborea var. angustata Parish, Muhlenbergia 3: 128. 1907. Capsule scarcely inflated, atten- uate at both ends. Frequent in the Colorado Desert, southern California, less so in the Mojave Desert and the coastal region. 4. WISLIZENIA Engelm. in Wisliz. Mem. Tour North. Mexico 99. 1848. Erect, branching, ill-scented annuals. Leaves 1-3-foliolate, petiolate, with small bristle-like stipules. Flowers yellow, in terminal racemes. Stamens well exserted. Pod didymous, each valve closely contracted upon its solitary seed and deciduous with it, nut-like, nerved or reticulated and sometimes tuberculate, open at the scar ; stipe elongated and strongly refracted in fruit; style elongated, bristle-like. [Name in honor of Dr. A. Wislizenius, an early botanical explorer of California and the Southwest.] Three or four species, natives of the arid southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Type species, Wislizenia refracta Engelm. Tubercles at the summit of the nutlet low, rounded; leaves apparently all trifoliolate. 1. W. calif omica. Tubercles elongated, encircling the summit and more or less connivent; leaves apparently all unifoliolate. 2. W . Palmen. 1. Wislizenia californica Greene. California Stink-weed, Jackass Clover. Fig. 2163. Wislizenia californica Greene, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19: 130. 1906. Stout, erect, much branched annual, 5-15 dm. high, sparingly leafy. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets oval, obtuse or sometimes acute, mucronulate, scaberulous on the midvein; racemes densely flowered, elongated in age; petals 3 mm. long; nutlets obovoid or somewhat pyriform, 2 mm. long, with a few low longitudinal ridges, the summit obscurely reticulate and beset with 4 or 5 low broad tubercles. A bee plant, growing in low, usually sandy or alkaline ground, Sonoran Zones; Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley, California. Formerly referred to Wislizenia refracta Engelm. of Texas and New Mexico. April-Nov. MIGNONETTE FAMILY 327 Wislizenia divaricata Greene, loc. cit. A closely related plant of doubtful rank, distinguished by its more divaricate branches, and 1-foliolate leaves on the branches. Originally collected at Borego Springs, on the west- ern border of the Colorado Desert, southern California. 2. Wislizenia Palmeri A. Gray. Palmer's Stink-weed. Fig. 2164. Wislizenia Palmeri A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 622. 1873. Erect widely branching glabrous annual. Leaves, at least those of the branches, 1-foliolate; leaflets linear-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long ; nutlets 3-4 mm. long with prominent longitudinal ridges, at the summit encircled by a row of prominent elongated tubercles. Sandy soil, Lower Sonoran Zone; lower Colorado River, California and Arizona, extending to the Gulf of California. Type locality: "Lower Colorado River." April-July. 5. OXYSTYLIS Torr. & Frem. in Frem. Second Rep. 312. 1845. A smooth branching annual with 3-foliolate leaves, and dense head-like axillary racemes. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Petals yellow; stamens exserted. Ovary didymous, each valve closely constricted over its solitary ovule and closed at the scar ; style subulate becoming spinescent. Fruit composed of 2 1-seeded nutlets, raised on a very short stout stipe. [Greek, referring to the spinescent style.] A monotypic genus of the arid Southwest. 1. Oxystylis lutea Torr. & Frem. Spiny Caper. Fig. 2165. Oxystylis lutea Torr. & Frem. in Frem. Second Rep. 313. 1845. Stems stout, simple or more or less branched, 3-5 dm. high. Petioles 3-4 cm. long; leaflets 15-25 mm. long, oblong-obovate, obtuse; racemes axillary, dense and head-like, not elongating in fruit; petals 4 mm. long; fruiting pedicels recurved, 3-5 mm. long; stipe about 2 mm. long; nutlets ovoid-globose, faintly reticulate; style spinescent, 4-6 mm. long. Dry washes, Lower Sonoran Zone; southwestern Nevada and Inyo County, California, south to the Colorado Desert, California. Type locality: "on the Margoza [Amargosa] river, at the foot of a sandy hill; only seen in one place, but abundant there." April-May. 6. POLANISIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89:98. 1819. Viscid-pubescent branching annuals, with a strong disagreeable odor. Leaves pal- mately 3-5-foliolate or rarely simple. Flowers in simple terminal racemes, bracteate. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, slender or clawed. Stamens 8-32, unequal. Receptacle bearing a gland at the base of the ovary on the upper side. Pod sessile or subsessile, elongated, cylindric or compressed, 2-valved from the summit. Seeds many, rugose or reticulate. [Name Greek, meaning very unequal, in reference to the stamens.] A genus of about 30 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Type species, Polanisia graveolens Raf. 1. Polanisia trachysperma Torr. & Gray. Western Clammy-weed. Fig. 2166. Polanisia trachysperma Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 659. 1840. Jacksonia trachysperma Greene, Pittonia 2: 174. 1891. Stems usually branched, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 3-foliolate, with petioles 15-45 mm. long; leaflets oblanceolate to narrowly ovate, 15-25 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, tinged with purple; petals 8-12 mm. long, notched at the apex, tapering below to a slender claw, yellowish-white; stamens well exserted, the longest about twice the length of the petals, purple ; pods cylindric, 3-5 cm. long, narrowed at the base to a very short stipe. Sandy or gravelly soils, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; British Columbia south through east- ern Washington and Oregon to northeastern California, east to Minnesota, Oklahoma, Texas, and Arizona. Type locality : Texas. June— Oct. Family 54. RESEDACEAE. Mignonette Family. Annual or perennial, herbaceous or rarely partially woody plants. Leaves alter- nate or fascicled, with gland-like stipules. Flowers racemose or spicate, bracteate, more or less dimorphic. Calyx 4— 7-parted. Petals generally as many as calyx- segments, cleft or entire, hypogynous. Receptacle usually with a fleshy hypogynous 1-sided disk. Stamens 3 to many, inserted on the disk, usually of unequal length. Pistil of 3-6 carpels ; styles and stigmas 3 or the former absent ; ovules numerous. Fruit generally a capsule. Seeds reniform ; endosperm none ; cotyledons incumbent. A family of 6 genera and about 65 species, mainly natives of the Mediterranean region. Petals 4-7; disk present. 1. Reseda. Petals 2; disk absent. 2. Oligomeris. 328 RESEDACEAE 1. RESEDA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 448. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with erect or decumbent stems, and entire, lobed or pin- natifid leaves. Flowers small, spicate or narrowly racemose. Petals 4-7, toothed or cleft. Stamens 8-20, inserted on one side of the flower. Capsule 3-6-lobed, horned, opening at the top during anthesis or before the seeds mature. [The ancient Latin name, in reference to the supposed sedative effect of some of the species.] A genus of about 55 species, all natives of the Old World. Type species, Reseda lutea L. Capsule globose; leaves entire, linear-oblong. 1. R. Luteola. Capsule oblong; leaves lobed or divided. Flowers greenish yellow; all but the lowest petal cleft. 2. R. lutea. Flowers white; all the petals cleft. 3. R. alba. 1. Reseda Luteola L. Dyer's Mignonette. Fig. 2167. Reseda Luteola L. Sp. PI. 448. 1753. Plants glabrous, the stems erect, simple or sparingly branched, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves linear to lanceolate, sessile or the lowest narrowed to a short petiole, entire ; flowers greenish-yellow, in narrow at length much elongated racemes ; petals 4 or 5, very unequal, 2-4 mm. long, the lower one linear, entire, the upper ones lobed; capsule globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, with 3-4 apical teeth and 6-8 lateral ridges. Adventive from Europe, and sparingly established in the Pacific States. Cultivated for its yellow dye, and known as Dyer's-weed or Dyer's Rocket. May-Oct. 2. Reseda lutea L. Yellow Mignonette. Fig. 2168. Reseda lutea L. Sp. PI. 449. 1753. Plants pubescent or nearly glabrous, the stems ascending or decumbent. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, broadly ovate-oblong in outline, deeply lobed or pinnatifid, the segments linear or oblong ; racemes narrow, becoming elongated ; pedicels 4-5 mm. long in fruit, ascending ; petals 6 or sometimes 5, 3-4 mm. long, all but the lowest one irregularly cleft; capsule oblong, 7-8 mm. long, with 3 or 4 short terminal teeth. Waste places, bparingly established in the Pacific States. Adventive from Europe. May-Sept. 3. Reseda alba L. White Mignonette. Fig. 2169. Reseda alba L. Sp. PI. 449. 1753. Plants glabrous and somewhat glaucous, with erect stems, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 4-8 cm. long, oblong in outline, pinnatifid, the segments linear-oblong ; racemes narrow, densely flowered ; petals 6 or sometimes 5, white. 4-5 mm. long, all 3-cleft at the summit; capsule ovoid-oblong, 10-12 mm. long, usually 4-toothed at the apex. In waste places, sparingly established in the Pacific States, especially in seaports. Adventive from southern Europe. May-Sept. Reseda odorata L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1046. 1858-59. The common fragrant mignonette of the gardens has cuneate, entire or 3-lobed leaves, fragrant flowers and deeply cleft petals. It is occasionally found as an escape in the Pacific States. 2. OLIGOMERIS Camb. in Jacquemont Voy. Ind. Bot. 23: pi. 25. 1841-44. Low glaucous annual or perennial herbs, with linear entire leaves, and small greenish flowers in terminal spikes. Sepals 4. Petals 2, posterior, free or united at the base, entire or 2-3-lobed, persistent. Disk none. Stamens 3—10. Ovary 4-angled and 4-beaked. Cap- sule 4-sulcate, opening at the summit. Seeds numerous. [Name Greek, meaning small and parts, in reference to the minute flowers.] A genus of about 5 species, natives of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico; also Africa and Asia. Type species, Oligomeris glaucescens Camb. 1. Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl) J. F. Macbride. Oligomeris. Fig. 2170. Reseda subulata Delile, Fl. Aegypt. 111. 15. 1813. Nomen nudum. Reseda linifolia Vahl, in Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 501. 1815. Ellimia ruderalis Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 125. 1838. Oligomeris glaucescens Camb. in Jacquemont, Voy. Ind. Bot. 23: pi. 25. 1841-44. Oligomeris subulata Webb, Fragm. Aethiop. 26. 1854. Oligomeris linifolia ]. F. Macbride, Contr. Gray Herb. 53: 13. 1918. Glabrous and somewhat fleshy annual, the stems branching at the base, ascending, 10-25 cm. high. Leaves often fascicled, narrowly linear, 1-2 cm. long ; spikes terminating the branches, bracteate, densely flowered ; flowers about 1 mm. long ; petals 3, oblong, obscurely lobed, white ; stamens 3 ; capsule depressed-globose, 3 mm. in diameter, 4-cuspidate ; seeds smooth. Usually in saline soils, Sonoran Zones; coastal and desert regions, southern California, east to Nevada and western Texas, and south to Mexico. Type locality: Canary Islands. Jan.-Sept. PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY 329 Family 55. SARRACENIACEAE. Pitcher-plant Family. Insectivorous plants inhabiting swamps or bogs, with short rootstocks and a poorly developed root system. Leaves basal, tubular or pitcher-shaped. Flowers solitary, nodding, terminating bracted scapes. Sepals 4 or 5, hypogynous, imbri- cated, persistent. Petals 5 or sometimes none, when present imbricated and de- ciduous. Stamens many, hypogynous; anthers versatile. Pistil 1, 3-5-carpellate ; style peltate, simple or lobed ; ovary 3-5-celled ; ovules numerous, on many parietal placentae. Fruit a 3-5-celled, loculicidal capsule. Seeds small, reticulated ; embryo minute ; endosperm fleshy. A family of three genera and about 10 species, all natives of the New World. Besides the following, Sarra- cenia (8 species) inhabits eastern North America and Heliamphora (1 species) Venezuela. 1. DARLINGTONIA Torr. Smiths. Contr. 64: 4. pi. 12. 1854. Perennial herb with slender rootstocks, and large basal leaves hood-like. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 12-15, in one series; filaments subulate; anther with uneven pollen sacs, turned sidewise by a twist of the filament so the smaller sac stands next the ovary. Style short, 5-lobed; ovary somewhat turbinate, truncate or concave at the apex, 5-celled. Fruit a 5-valved loculicidal capsule. Seeds numerous, broadly clavate, covered with soft slender protuberances. [Name in honor of William Darlington, an American botanist of the 19th century.] A monotypic genus of the Pacific States. The name Darlingtonia is not tenable according to the inter- national rules, but it has been retained in hopes that the Botanical Congress will conserve the name, but if not the name must needs be Chrysamorpha Greene. 1. Darlingtonia californica Torr. California Pitcher-plant. Fig. 2171. Darlingtonia californica Torr. Smiths. Contr. 64: 5. pi. 12. 1854. Chrysamorpha californica Greene, Pittonia 2: 191. 1891. Leaves large, often 3-5 dm. long, enlarged upward into a rounded hood-like apex, with a rounded orifice on one side partially concealed by two foliaceous appendages, yellowish green tinged with brownish purple, the hooded apex with conspicuous translucent spots, inner surface of hood densely clothed with stiff reflexed hairs, the upper part of tube glabrous within, the lower part usually containing liquid and clothed with long tangled hairs ; scapes about equaling the longer leaves ; sepals oblong, 3-5 cm. long, yellowish green and lined with dull purple ; petals 2-3 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, narrowed toward both ends, dark purple. Mountain swamps and bogs, Boreal Zones; Coquille Point, Coos County, Oregon, south to the Siskiyou Mountains and in the Sierra Nevada to Nevada County, California. Type locality: headwaters of the Sacra- mento River, northern California, near Mount Shasta, growing in marshes. April-July. Family 56. DROSERACEAE. Sundew Family. Perennial or biennial glandular-pubescent herbs, exuding a viscid secretion and insectivorous. Leaves usually basal, circinnate in the bud. Flowers fugacious, per- fect, usually racemose. Calyx 4-&-parted or the sepals distinct, persistent. Petals 4-8, sometimes slightly united at base, hypogynous, convolute, marcescent. Stamens 4-20, hypogynous or perigynous. Ovary free or its base adnate to the calyx, 1-5- celled ; styles 1-5, simple ; ovules numerous. Fruit a 1-5-celled capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds several to many ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo cylindrical, straight. Four genera and about 90 species of wide distribution. 1. DROSERA L. Sp. PI. 281. 1753. Bog plants, with tufted basal leaves clothed with glandular sensitive hairs which secrete a clear glutinous fluid that entraps insects. Flowers in a one-sided raceme ter- minating the scape. Calyx deeply 4-8-parted. Petals 4-8, spatulate. Stamens 4-8. Styles 3—5, deeply parted so as to appear as twice the number. Capsule 3-valved or rarely 5- valved, many-seeded. [Name Greek, meaning dew, in allusion to the dew-like drops secreted by the glands.] About 85 species, most abundant in Australia. Type species, Drosera rotundifolia L. Leaves orbicular or broader than long, long-petioled. 1. D. rotundifolia. Leaves linear or much longer than broad. 2. D. longifolia. 330 CRASSULACEAE 1. Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew. Fig. 2172. Drosera rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 281. 1753. Leaves spreading on the ground, the blades orbicular or nearly so, 6-12 mm. broad, abruptly narrowed to a flat petiole, 2-5 cm. long, the upper surface clothed with slender glandular hairs; scape glabrous or once-forked, 1-25-flowered ; pedicels 2-4 mm. long ; flowers opening in sun- shine, 4 mm. broad ; petals white or reddish, oblong ; seeds spindle-shaped, the testa loose. Bogs, chiefly Boreal Zones; Alaska to Labrador, south to Florida and central California; also Europe and Asia. Type locality: in Europe. July- Aug. 2. Drosera longifolia L. Oblong-leaved Sundew. Fig. 2173. Drosera longifolia L. Sp. PI. 282. 1753. Drosera anglica Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 135. 1778. Leaves erect, blades elongate-spatulate, 3-4 mm. wide and 15-30 mm. long, narrowed to spar- ingly hairy petioles 25-75 mm. long ; scapes glabrous ; racemes several-flowered, rarely one- flowered ; petals white ; seeds oblong, obtuse at both ends, the testa loose. Bogs, Boreal Zones; Arctic America to northern California, Idaho, Michigan, Ontario, and Newfoundland; also Europe and Asia. Type locality: in Europe. July- Aug. Family 57. CRASSULACEAE. Stonecrop Family. Mostly fleshy or succulent herbs or somewhat shrubby plants, without stipules. Flowers usually cymose, rarely racemose or solitary, regular, symmetrical and usually perfect. Calyx free from the ovary, 4— 5-parted or 4— 5-lobed. Petals the same number as the calyx-segments, distinct or united below, usually persistent, sometimes wanting. Stamens the same number as the petals or twice as many. Carpels same number as calyx-segments, distinct or united below, usually with a scale at the base of each ; styles subulate or filiform ; ovules many, arranged in 2 rows on the ventral suture, rarely few or solitary. Fruit composed of 1-celled fol- licles, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds minute ; endosperm fleshy, embryo terete, with short cotyledons. A family of about 20 genera, and 500 species of wide geographical distribution. Stamens 3-5, as many as petals. Flowers clustered; seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel. 1. Tillaea. Flowers solitary; seeds several in each carpel. 2. Tillaeastrum. Stamens 10, twice as many as corolla-segments (5 in Sedella pentandra) . Carpels 1-seeded; seed erect; annuals. 3. Sedella. Carpels many-seeded; perennials. Petals united below. Flowering stems lateral, arising from the axils of the lateral leaves of the basal rosette. Plants with a stout often branched rootstock. Corolla tubular, the corolla-lobes erect with only the tips slightly spreading. 4. Dudleya. Corolla with the segments widely spreading. 5. Stylophyltum. Plants with small corms. 6. Hasseanthus. Flowering stems terminal, arising from the apex of the basal rosette. 7. Gormania. Petals distinct. Flowers polygamous; leaves scattered, not forming rosettes; carpels erect. 8. Rhodiola. Flowers perfect; leaves usually forming rosettes; carpels more or less spreading. 9. Sedum. 1. TILLAEA [Micheli] L. Sp. PL 128. 1753. Minute glabrous, slightly fleshy annuals, with minute opposite entire leaves, and minute flowers clustered in the axils. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 3-5, distinct, or united at the base. Carpels 3-5, distinct, with short subulate styles. Fruiting carpels 1-2-seeded. [Name in honor of Michael Angelo Tilli, Italian botanist.] A genus of about 25 species, natives of western North America, South America, New Zealand, Africa, and Europe. Type species, Tillaea mucosa L. 1. Tillaea erecta Hook. & Arn. Tillaea, Sand Pigmy-weed. Fig. 2174. Tillaea erecta Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 24. 1830. Tillaea minima Miers ex Hook. & Arn. Bot. Misc. 3: 338. 1833. Tillaea leptopetala Benth. PI. Hartw. 310. 1849. Crassula minima Reiche, Fl. Chile 2 : 369. 1898. Diminutive simple or usually tufted annual, 2-8 cm. high, often reddish tinged, the branches erect or ascending. Leaves 1.5-3 mm. long, ovate to oblong, connate at base; pedicels very STONECROP FAMILY 331 short, or often very slender and exceeding the leaves ; sepals usually 4, 1 mm. long, ovate ; petals lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely equaling the sepals ; seeds 1 or rarely 2. Dry usually sandy or gravelly places, Sonoran Zones; southern Oregon to Lower California, also Chile. Type locality: Concepcion, Chile. Feb.-May. 2. TILLAEASTRUM Britt. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 1. 1903. Diminutive aquatic or uliginous, glabrous annuals with opposite leaves and minute flowers solitary in the axils. Sepals usually 4, distinct. Petals as many as sepals, distinct or united at the base. Carpels commonly 4, distinct; styles short. Fruiting carpels few- to several-seeded. [Name Latin, in reference to the close resemblance of these plants to the genus Tillaea.~] A genus of about 20 species of wide geographic distribution. Type species, Tillaeastrum aquaticum (L.) Britt. 1. Tillaeastrum aquaticum (L.) Britt. Water Pigmy-weed. Fig. 2175. Tillaea aquatica L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753. Buillardia aquatica DC. Prod. 3: 382. 1828. Tillaea angustifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 558. 1840. Tillaea Drummondii Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 558. 1840. Tillaea Bolanderi Greene, Fl. Fran. 183. 1891. Crassula aquatica Schoenl. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. 32a : 37. 1891. Tillaeastrum aquaticum Britt. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 1. 1903. Stems 1-8 cm. high, more or less branched, slender, erect or spreading. Leaves linear- oblong, 4-6 mm. long, connate at base ; flowers solitary in the axils on pedicels shorter than or in fruit exceeding the leaves, 4-merous or rarely 3-merous ; sepals about 1.5 mm. long; petals slightly exceeding the sepals, greenish ; carpels longer than the sepals ; seeds several. Mud, Transition and Sonoran Zones; widely distributed in the Pacific States, but not common, ranging across the continent; also in Europe and Africa. May- July. River-leek. 3. SEDELLA Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 45. 1903. Diminutive annuals with slender stems, usually few-branched above the base. Leaves small, ovoid-oblong, fleshy. Flowers small, yellow, cymose. Calyx with 5 small triangular teeth. Petals 5, united at the base, linear to ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 5 or 10. Carpels 5, oblong, erect or spreading; styles slender. Seeds solitary in the carpel, erect. [Name diminutive of Sedum.~\ A Californian genus of three or four species. Type species, Sedella pumila (Benth.) Britt. & Rose. Stamens 5; petals 2 mm. long, erect in both flower and fruit. 1. 5". pentandra. Stamens 10. Petals 3-4 mm. long, spreading in flower, erect in fruit; follicles connivent. 2. 5". pumila. Petals 2 mm. long, spreading in both flower and fruit; follicles spreading. 3. 5. Congdonii. 1. Sedella pentandra H. K. Sharsmith. Mount Hamilton Sedella. Fig. 2176. Sedella pentandra H. K. Sharsmith, Madrono 3: 240. pi. 12. 1936. Erect glabrous annual, 3-10 cm. high, the stem straight, simple up to the inflorescence or with a few virgate branches from lower nodes. Lowest leaves opposite.^ the others alternate, closely imbricate in young plants, early deciduous, fleshy, oblong-ovoid to elliptic-obovoid, 4^-7 mm. long, sessile ; cymes usually spicate with 2-5 virgate branches 2-3 cm. long ; bracts leaf-like but small; flowers crowded, 3 mm. long; sepals deltoid, 0.5 mm. long; petals united at base; green- ish yellow, with a median reddish line, lanceolate, 2 mm. long ; follicles 1 . 5 mm. long, yellowish or bright red, densely papillate, erect. Rocky exposures, Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges from Lake County to San Benito County, Cali- fornia. Type locality: Arroyo del Puerto, Stanislaus County, California. April-May. Sedella leiocarpa H. K. Sharsmith, Madrono 5: 192. 1940. This recently described species is distin- guished from 5. pentandra by the following characters: follicles glabrous, somewhat spreading; petals 3-3.5 mm. long. Known only from the type locality: "Dry, rocky soil in chaparral, 6.5 miles north of Lower Lake, Lake County, California." 2. Sedella pumila (Benth.) Britt. & Rose. Sierra Sedella. Fig. 2177. Sedum pumilum Benth. PI. Hartw. 310. 1849. Sedella pumila Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 45. 1903. Diminutive annuals, the stems slender, 2-12 cm. high, usually virgately branching. Leaves ovoid-oblong, fleshy, 2-5 mm. long, sessile, subcordate, alternate or the lowest opposite ; flowers in few-forked cymes, sessile or short-pedicellate ; calyx teeth triangular, minute ; petals linear- lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, greenish yellow ; stamens 10 ; carpels narrowly oblong, smooth on the back and apex, conspicuously ciliate-papillate on the inner suture; styles slender, erect, 1 mm. long ; follicles connivent but not closely appressed, with a fimbriate row of papillae on the suture. Rocky places, especially igneous rocks, Upper Sonoran Zone; foothills of the Sierra Nevada from Sutter County to Merced County and the North Coast Ranges in Napa County, California. March-May. 332 CRASSULACEAE 2168 2169 2171 2170 2173 2172 2174 2175 2176 2168. Reseda lutea 2169. Reseda alba 2170. Oligomeris linifolia 2171. Darlingtonia californica 2172. Drosera rotundifolia 2173. Drosera longifolia 2174. Tillaea erecta 2175. Tillaeastrum aquaticum 2176. Sedella pentandra STONECROP FAMILY 333 3. Sedella Congdonii (Eastw.) Britt. & Rose. Congdon's Sedella. Fig. 2178. Sedum Congdonii Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 1 : 135. pi. 11. 1898. Sedella Congdonii Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 45. 1903. Branched from the base with tortuose and diffuse branches, 3-10 cm. high and usually broader than high ; herbage usually decidedly reddish. Leaves opposite or subopposite, obovoid or oblong- ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, branches of the cyme usually spreading and tortuose ; petals bright yellow with a median reddish line, 2 mm. long, radiately spreading in both flower and fruit; styles recurved, 0.5 mm. long; follicles spreading. Rocky banks, Upper Sonoran Zone; Sierra Nevada foothills from Eldorado County to Tulare County, California. April-May. Congddnia pinetorum (Brandg.') Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 450. 1925. (Sedum pinetorum Brandg. Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 6: 358. 1916.) Diminutive fleshy herb with slender tuber-bearing rootstocks. Leaves imbri- cated in a compact basal rosette, sessile, ovate, 2-3 mm. long, relatively thin. Flowering stem simple, scapose, 2-4 cm. high, leafless or with 1 or 2 bract-like leaves above the middle. Flower solitary, terminal, erect. Calyx 5-parted. Petals ovate, 3-4 mm. long, white, spreading, united at base into a short tube. This tiny plant was collected in July, 1913, by K. Brandegee "at deserted Pine City above Mammoth, Mono County, California," and has not been rediscovered. The type is in the_ Herbarium of the University of California, but is too fragmentary to furnish satisfactory material for illustration. 4. DUDLEYA Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 12. 1903. Perennial herbs with a short stout, simple or branched caudex, bearing a rosette of fleshy leaves and one or more axillary flowering stems. Leaves of the flowering stems smaller, sessile or clasping, persistent. Inflorescence mostly a cymose panicle. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, the lobes erect. Corolla cream-yellow to red, nearly cylindric, the seg- ments united below the middle, erect or the tips slightly spreading, convolute in the bud. Stamens 10, distinct, included. Carpels erect, many-seeded. [Name in honor of William Russel Dudley, American botanist.] A genus of about 30 species, inhabiting western North America, and related to the Mexican genus Echeveria, from which it is distinguished by the convolute corolla-lobes, the persistent basal leaves, and the erect sepals. Type species, Dudleya lanceolata (Nutt.) Britt. & Rose. Pedicels very slender, elongated and spreading; stem leaves suborbicular; petals united to near the middle. Plants densely pulverulent. 1- D. pulverulenta. Plants glabrous or nearly so. 2. D. arisonica. Pedicels erect, rather slender or usually stout; stem leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to ovate, or oblong- obovate. Interior species, or if coastal the corolla not pale yellow. Corolla-lobes narrowly lanceolate, very acute or attenuate at apex; pedicels slender, mostly longer than the flowers. Basal leaves mostly spreading and flaccid. Corolla yellow. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or long-acuminate. 3. D. lax a. Basal leaves rhombic-ovate, abruptly acute or short-acuminate. 5. D. nevadensis. Corolla orange or red; leaves rhombic-ovate. Leaves green or only slightly glaucous; corolla orange more or less tinged with red. 4. D. Goldmanii. Leaves very glaucous: corolla red. 6. D. gigantea. Basal leaves narrowly lanceolate, turgid and ascending. Corolla light yellow. Corolla reddish, the segments very narrow. Corolla-lobes oblong, merely acute; pedicels mostly stout. Leaves 4-10 cm. long; petals 10-14 mm. long, united only at base. Corolla orange and more or less tinged with red. Calyx-lobes lanceolate; pedicels mostly longer than the flowers. Calyx-lobes ovate; pedicels mostly shorter than the flowers. Corolla bright yellow or greenish yellow. Leaves 2-3 cm. long; petals 7-10 mm. long, united about one-third their length. 12. D. Abramsix. Coastal species with pale yellow flowers. Leaves bright green and shining, not at all glaucous, or the young central ones slightly so, ovate. 13. D. caespitosa. Leaves pale green and more or less densely glaucous or mealy. Leaves densely white mealy. Basal leaves ovate-lingulate, broadest near the base, 6-7 cm. long; pedicels slender. 14. D. farinosa. Basal leaves broadest above the middle, 6-8 cm. long, pedicels stout. 15. D. Greeneii. Leaves pale green and more or less glaucous, but not mealy. Basal leaves lanceolate-acuminate; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate. 16. D. candelabrum. Basal leaves linear-lingulate; calyx -lobes ovate-triangular. 17. D. Cotyledon. 1. Dudleya pulverulenta (Nutt.) Britt. & Rose. Chalk Dudleya. Fig. 2179. Echeveria pulverulenta Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 560. 1840. Echeveria argentea Lemaire, 111. Hortic. 10: Misc. 78. 1863. Cotyledon pulverulenta Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 211. 1876. Dudleya pulverulenta Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 35. 1905. Rootstock short and thick, whole plants densely mealy-pulverulent throughout. Basal leaves 7. D. Setchellii. 8. D. angustiflora, 9. D. saxosa. 10. D. lanceolata. 11. D. grandiflora. 334 CRASSULACEAE many, spreading, 15 cm. long or less, obovate-spatulate, 5-9 cm. wide, acute; flowering stems stout, 5-8 dm. high ; stem leaves ovate, acute or the lower acuminate, cordate-clasping ; flowers in two or several elongated, ascending racemes ; pedicels very slender, 1-2 cm. long, spreading ; flowers erect or ascending, 15 mm. long; calyx-lobes 5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute; petals red, acute, united nearly to the middle ; carpels nearly or quite distinct, erect. Rocky cliffs and ridges, Upper Sonoran Zone; San Luis Obispo County, California, to northern Lower Cali- fornia. May-July. 2. Dudleya arizonica Rose. Arizona Dudleya. Fig. 2180. Dudleya arizonica Rose, Addisonia 8: 35. pi. 274. 1923. Echeveria lagunensis Munz, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31: 64. 1932. Dudleya lagunensis E. Walther, Leaflets West. Bot. 1: 29. 1932. Echeveria arizonica Kearney & Peebles, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29: 479. 1939. Not Hort. ex Berger. 1930. Caudex simple or few-branched, short. Basal leaves rhombic-obovate, abruptly short-acumi- nate, 4-7 cm. long, flat and somewhat flaccid, pale green but not mealy; flowering stem stout, erect or somewhat declining, 3-4 dm. long, usually simple, leafy; stem leaves broadly ovate, acute, cordate-clasping at base, widely spreading; cyme usually with 2-3 branches; pedicels slender, at least the lower longer than the flowers ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; corolla 12-15 mm. long, red, the lobes obtuse. Rocky desert slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; desert slopes of the Cuyamaca and Laguna Mountains, southern California, east to western Arizona. May-July. 2180 2177. Sedella pumila 2178. Sedella Congdonii 2181 2179. Dudleya pulverulenta 2180. Dudleya arizonica 2181. Dudleya laxa 2182. Dudleya Goldmanii STONECROP FAMILY 335 3. Dudleya laxa (Lindl.) Britt. & Rose. Lax or Spreading Dudleya. Fig. 2181. Echeveria laxa Lindl. Jour. Hort. Soc. 4: 292. 1849. Echeveria cymosa Lemaire, Rev. Hort. 1858: 439. 18S8. Cotyledon cymosa Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. 1: pi. 68. 1869. Cotyledon laxa Benth. & Hook, ex S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 212. 1876. Cotyledon Plattiana Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 267. 1901. Dudleya laxa Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 19. 1903. Dudleya cymosa Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 21. 1903. Caudex short with 1-3 rosettes. Basal leaves spreading, ovate to lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, broadest at or near the base, fleshy, slightly rounded on the lower surface and concave on the upper, glaucous when young, the older becoming glabrous and rather bright green; flowering stem rather weak, 3-6 dm. long, purplish; stem leaves few, triangular-lanceolate, somewhat cordate ; cyme loose, its branches slender, spreading, simple or forked ; flowers secund ; pedicels slender, 5—10 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long; corolla yellow, 10-15 mm. long, its lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Rocky or sandy soil, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; California North Coast Ranges to southern Cali- fornia. May-July. 4. Dudleya Goldmanii Rose. Goldman's Dudleya. Fig. 2182. Dudleya Goldmanii Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 19. 1903. Dudleya ovatifolia Britt. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 20. 1903. Echeveria Goldmanii Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18a: 478. 1930. Caudex very short, with one to few rosettes. Basal leaves rhombic-ovate, 2-4 cm. long, abruptly short-acuminate, flat, glaucous ; flowering stems slender, 1-2 dm. high ; stem leaves ovate, cordate, spreading; cyme flat-topped; pedicels slender, 10-15 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate, acutish ; corolla 10-12 mm. long, yellow, usually tinged with rose, the lobes lanceolate, acute. Rocky slopes, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Coast Ranges from Monterey County to Los Angeles County, California. June-Aug. 5. Dudleya nevadensis (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose. Sierra Dudleya. Fig. 2183. Cotyledon nevadensis S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 212. 1876. Dudleya nevadensis Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 20. 1903. Echeveria nevadensis Nels. & Macbr. Bot. Gaz. 56: 477. 1913. Caudex very short, with 1-3 rosettes. Basal leaves obovate to oblanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, green or the younger leaves somewhat glaucous ; flowering stems slender, 1-3 dm. high, usually pale ; stem leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, slightly clasping or sessile ; inflores- cence a rather dense compound cyme ; pedicel 6-12 mm. long ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long, glaucous ; corolla yellow tinged with red, cleft to below the middle, the lobes narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Sierra Nevada, from Butte County to Kern County, California. May- Aug. Dudleya nevadensis subsp. minor (Rose) Abrams. (D. minor Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 19. 1903.) Caudex very short, with one to few rosettes. Basal leaves spreading, glaucous, flat, rhombic-ovate, abruptly acuminate, the larger 5-7 cm. long; cyme with a few elongated ascending secund racemes; pedicels slender, 10-15 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate; corolla 12 mm. long, pale yellow tinged with rose in age, the lobes lanceolate, acute. Rocky slopes and cliffs, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; San Gabriel Mountains, southern California. Some forms of this subspecies have the stem leaves somewhat spreading and cordate, thus approaching D. Goldmanii. 6. Dudleya gigantea Rose. Amador Dudleya. Fig. 2184. Dudleya gigantea Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 23. 1903. Cotyledon gigantea Fedde in Just, Bot. Jahresb. 311: 826. 1904. Echeveria amadorana Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18a: 479. 1930. Rootstock short and thick. Basal leaves in a dense rosette, very glaucous, oblanceolate, 5-7 cm. long ; flowering stems stout, about 3 dm. high ; inflorescence paniculate with usually numer- ous erect branches; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse or acutish; corolla 9-10 mm. long, red at least in age, the lobes united at base into a short tube, acute at apex. Rocky banks, Upper Sonoran Zone; western slopes of the central Sierra Nevada, California. June-July. 7. Dudleya Setchellii (Jepson) Britt. & Rose. Setchell's Dudleya. Fig. 2185. Cotyledon laxa var. Setchellii Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 267. 1901. Dudleya Setchellii Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 15. 1903. Echeveria Setchellii Nels. & Macbr. Bot. Gaz. 56: 477. 1913. Caudex short and thick at length bearing several rosettes. Basal leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, long-acuminate, thick and concave on the upper surface, pale green and glaucous ; flowering stems several, 1-3 dm. high, rather slender, their leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; inflorescence a narrow panicle; pedicels rather stout, 4-5 mm. long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla-lobes pale yellow, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acute; stamens much shorter than the corolla. Rocky ledges and banks, Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges, from Alameda County to San Benito County, California. May-June. 336 CRASSULACEAE 8. Dudleya angustiflora Rose. Tulare Dudleya. Fig. 2186. Dudleya angustiflora Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 14. 1903. Echeveria angustiflora Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18a: 477. 1930. Caudex very short, mostly simple. Basal leaves lanceolate, 3-4 cm. long, rather rigidly as- cending, pale green and somewhat glaucous ; flowering stem slender, 6-20 cm. high ; cyme with a few spreading branches; pedicels slender, about equaling the flowers; corolla narrow, 10-12 mm. long, tinged with red, the segments attenuate. Rock outcrops, Arid Transition Zone; southern Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains, California. May-July. 9. Dudleya saxosa (M. E. Jones) Britt. & Rose. Panamint Dudleya. Fig. 2187. Cotyledon saxosa M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 8: 28. 1898. Dudleya saxosa Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 15. 1903. Echeveria saxosa Nels. & Macbr. Bot. Gaz. 56: 476. 1913. Rootstock stout, short. Basal leaves numerous, forming dense rosettes, ascending, the inner younger leaves glaucous, the outer pale green but not glaucous, narrowly lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, about 15 mm. wide, semi-terete, rounded on the back and slightly concave on the inner face; flowering stem 15-25 cm. high; stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, slightly cordate at base, ascending; cyme many-flowered, rather open, 6-10 cm. broad; pedicels 10-15 mm. long, erect, slender but rather rigid ; calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, about 4 mm. long ; corolla yellow, turn- ing reddish, especially along the midvein in age, 6-8 mm. long; petals oblong-oval, rather abruptly acute. Rocky slopes, Sonoran Zones; Panamint and Providence Mountains, Mojave Desert, California. May-June. 10. Dudleya lanceolata (Nutt.) Britt. & Rose. Lance-leaved Dudleya. Fig. 2188. Echeveria lanceolata Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 561. 1840. Cotyledon lanceolata Benth. & Hook, ex S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 211. 1876. Dudleya lanceolata Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 24. 1903. Caudex short, simple, bearing a rather loose rosette at the summit. Basal leaves pale green, the inner younger ones glaucous, the outer often glabrous, lanceolate, long-acuminate, 8-15 cm. long, 15-20 mm. wide, flat or slightly concave on the inner surface, slightly rounded on the back; flowering stems 4-6 dm. high, usually tinged with red ; stem leaves lanceolate, acuminate with a broad cordate base; cyme 6-10 cm. broad; pedicels stout, 3-8 mm. long; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, 4 mm. long, acute or obtusish ; corolla yellow, tinged with red, 12-16 mm. long, the seg- ments oblong-lanceolate, acute or somewhat acuminate. Dry sandy or gravelly soils, Sonoran Zones; cismontane region, from San Simeon, Monterey County, Cali- fornia, to northern Lower California. May-July. Dudleya Brauntonii Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 24. 1903. Caudex branched, often bearing 6-8 rosettes. Basal leaves pale green and very glaucous, strap-shaped, 10-20 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, acute; flowering stem about 3-6 dm. high, pale green; stem leaves ovate, thick, clasping; inflorescence of 3-4 branches, at length elon- gated; pedicels stout, 1-3 mm. long; calyx-lobes 4-5 mm. long, broadly ovate; corolla pale greenish yellow, 12 mm. long, the segments oblong, acute. This is apparently restricted to the vicinity of Los Angeles in the Llysian Hills. It differs from lanceolata principally in the more glaucous leaves and pale flowers. Dudleya delicata Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 24. 1903. This is another form related to lanceolata, with greenish yellow flowers and very glaucous leaves. It differs from D Brauntpmi in its more slender habit, and leaves which taper from the base. Known only from the original collection in Spencer Valley, San Diego County, California. Dudleya lurida Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 22. 1903. Basal leaves bright glossy green and shining at flowering time, becoming bronzed in age, lanceolate-acuminate, 10-15 cm. long 1-2 cm. wide at the middle; flowering stems stout, 3-5 dm. high, tinged with purple; calyx-lobes ovate acute 5-6 mm long reddish; corolla reddish. Coast Ranges, Santa Barbara to Orange County, California. It differs from D. lanceolata in the bright glossy green leaves. 11. Dudleya grandiflora Rose. Large-flowered Dudleya. Fig. 2189. Dudleya grandiflora Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 16. 1903. Echeveria grandiflora Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18* : 478. 1930. Caudex short and very thick, crowned by a dense rosette. Basal leaves glaucous when young, pale green in age, strap-shaped, broadest at the base and gradually tapering to the apex, 10-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad just above the base; flowering stem stout, 3-5 dm. high, bright red especially above ; stem leaves scattering, ovate-acuminate, obscurely cordate at base ; cymes with the main branches ascending, 10-15 cm. wide; pedicels, at least the lower, 10-15 mm. long; calyx reddish, the lobes ovate, acute, 4-5 mm. long; corolla 10-12 mm. long, greenish yellow, tinged with red in age, the segments oblong-lanceolate, erect, with only the acute apex spreading. Sandy or gravelly slopes, Sonoran Zones; desert slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains, southern California. March-May. 12. Dudleya Abramsii Rose. Abrams' Dudleya. Fig. 2190. Dudleya Abramsii Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 14. 1903. Echeveria Abramsii Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18": 477. 1930. Basal leaves in a dense rosette crowning the short thick caudex, lanceolate, tapering from the base to the apex, acuminate, 2 cm. long, pale green and somewhat glaucous ; flowering stems slender 6-10 dm. high, naked below, bearing a few ovate acute bracts above; inflorescence 2-3-branched ; flowers subsessile ; calyx 3-mm. long, the lobes triangular-lanceolate; corolla yellow, with deep red stripes on the back, 7-10 mm. long. Rock crevices, Upper Sonoran Zone; San Jacinto Mountains, southern California, to northern Lower Cali- fornia. May-July. STONECROP FAMILY 337 13. Dudleya caespitosa (Haw.) Britt. & Rose. Sea Lettuce. Fig. 2191. Cotyledon caespitosa Haw. Misc. Nat. 180. 1803. Cotyledon linguiformis R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 3. 2: 109. 1811. Cotyledon lingula S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 293. 1879. Dudleya caespitosa Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 27. 1903. Caudex branched bearing a dense cluster of rosettes. Basal leaves bright green, shining or somewhat glaucous, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, very fleshy and rigid, 3-6 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, gradually narrowed from the base ; flowering stem 2-3 dm. high, usually reddish ; stem leaves very thick, clasping, ovate or the lower oblong-ovate ; inflorescence a compact cyme ; pedicels short, the longest 3-4 mm. ; calyx-lobes triangular, acutish ; corolla pale yellow, 8-10 mm. long, the lobes acutish or obtuse. Bluffs along the coast, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; central California. Dudleya congesta, D. com- pacta, D. Eastwoodiae (Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 25-27. 1903) all seem to be merely minor variations of this common maritime species. June-July. 14. Dudleya farindsa (Lindl.) Britt. & Rose. Powdery Dudleya. Fig. 2192. Echeveria farinosa Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. 4: 292. 1849. Cotyledon farinosa Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. 1 : pi. 71. 1869. Dudleya farinosa Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: IS. 1903. Caudex stout, short, bearing a single or usually several rosettes. Basal leaves closely tufted, densely white-mealy, lingulate, acute, flat on the upper surface, slightly rounded on the back, 12-15 mm. wide, 3-5 cm. long; flowering stems stout, usually reddish, leafy; stem leaves ovate- triangular, 1-2 cm. long, concave, deeply sagittate, the basal lobes often turned upward ; cyme 5-7 cm. broad; pedicels rather slender, 4-6 mm. long; calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate; corolla cream-yellow, 10 mm. long, its lobes obong, acute. Bluffs along the seashore, Upper Sonoran and Humid Transition Zones; northern and central California. Dudleya septentrionalis Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 26. 1903. Caudex branches bearing several crowded rosettes of leaves, these densely white-mealy, ovate, thick, 20—25 mm. broad; flowering stem stout; cyme compact; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; corolla pale greenish yellow, the lobes broad, obtuse. Rock crevices, along the coast, Del Norte County, California. 15. Dudleya Greenei Rose. Greene's Dudleya. Fig. 2193. Dudleya Greenei Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 17. 1903. Echeveria Greenei Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18a: 478. 1930. Cespitose, the caudex branched, stout, bearing several rosettes. Basal leaves oblong-oblanceo- late, usually broadest above the middle, 6-8 cm. long, 15-20 mm. wide, acute, densely pulverulent when young, becoming reddish tinged in age ; flowering stems stout, 3-4 dm. high ; stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, cordate at base, spreading ; branches of the cyme secund ; pedicels stout, 1-4 mm. long; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, 4 mm. long; corolla light yellow, 10-12 mm. long, its tube 2 mm. long. Rocks near the sea, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel Islands, southern Cali- fornia. May-Aug. 16. Dudleya candelabrum Rose. Candelabrum Dudleya. Fig. 2194. Dudleya candelabrum Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 17. 1903. Echeveria candelabrum Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18a: 476. 1930. Basal leaves forming a dense broad rosette, somewhat glaucous, oblong-lanceolate, broadest near the base, 10-15 cm. long, flowering stem 3-5 dm. high, stout; stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; inflorescence a widely branched panicle, often 20-25 cm. broad ; pedicels stout, 1^4 mm. long ; calyx 5-7 mm. long, the lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute ; corolla 5-9 mm. long, lemon- yellow. Rock crevices, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Cruz Island, California. May-July. 17. Dudleya Cotyledon (Jacq.) Britt. & Rose. First Dudleya. Fig. 2195. Sedum Cotyledon Jacq. f. Eclog. PI. 1: 27. 1811. Cotyledon calif ornica Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. 1: pi. 70. 1869. Echeveria californica Baker, loc. cit. as syn. Dudleya Cotyledon Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 28. 1903. Dudleya Helleri Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 27. 1903. Caudex very short, bearing one to few rosettes. Basal leaves many, linear-lingulate, pale green and slightly glaucous, 5-10 cm. long, 15-20 mm. wide, acuminate, widened at base; flower- ing stems stout, 4-5 dm. high, glaucous ; stem leaves many, ovate, sagittate, clasping, the lower about 2 cm. long ; inflorescence cymose-paniculate, up to 25 cm. long ; pedicels stout, 4-10 mm. long ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, white farinose ; corolla yellow, 10 mm. long, the lobes ob- long-lanceolate, acute. Usually in sandy soil, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; near the coast, central California. May-July. 5. STYLOPHYLLUM Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3:33. 1903. Perennials with a simple or branched rootstock, crowned by rosettes of succulent leaves. Basal leaves elongated, linear, terete or flattened. Flowering stems with long 338 CRASSULACEAE narrow sessile leaves not clasping at base. Inflorescence paniculate or cymose. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, short. Corolla campanulate, not angled, white, yellowish or red, the tube short, the lobes broad, thin and spreading. Stamens 10, borne on the corolla tube. Carpels 5, united below, generally spreading above. [Name Greek, in reference to the pencil-shaped leaves of the type species.] A genus of about 10 species, restricted to the coastal region of California and Lower California. Type spe- cies, Stylophyllum edule (Nutt.) Britt. & Rose. Leaves flattened, especially the lower half. Leaves viscid. 1. 5". viscidum. Leaves not viscid. Calyx-lobes obtuse at apex. 2. S. albidum. Calyx-lobes acute. 3. 5". insulare. Leaves terete or nearly so, above the base. Calyx-lobes acute. 4. 5". edule. Calyx-lobes rounded or obtuse. Inflorescence in a congested cyme. 5. 5". nudicaule. Inflorescence open. 6. 5". Orcuttii. 1. Stylophyllum viscidum (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose. Sticky Stylophyllum or Pencil Leaf. Fig. 2196. Cotyledon viscida S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 372. 1882. Stylophyllum viscidum Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 33. 1903. Echeveria viscida Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18a: 480. 1930. Caudex stout, short, usually branched with several rosettes. Basal leaves narrowly lanceo- late, acuminate, obtusely triquetrous, 6-9 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide, viscid; flowering stems 3-5 dm. high, stout ; stem leaves similar to the basal but smaller ; flowers in a compound cyme 5-8 cm. broad, and often with a few in the leaf axils below the cyme ; pedicels 1-4 mm. long ; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long; corolla reddish, 8-10 mm. long; stamens and styles about equaling the corolla-lobes. Rocky banks, Sonoran Zones; near the coast in Orange and San Diego Counties. California. June-July. Stylophyllum virens Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 34. 1903. Caudex stout, branched, more or less elongated. Leaves of the rosettes spreading, shining, not glaucous, 5-9 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide at the base, gradually tapering to the apex, flattened; flowering stem stout, 3-5 dm. high; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; corolla cream-colored tinged with red, the tube scarcely equaling the calyx-lobes. Rocky ledges, San Clemente Island, southern California. 2. Stylophyllum albidum Rose. White Stylophyllum. Fig. 2197. Stylophyllum albidum Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 34. 1903. Echeveria albida Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18a : 480. 1930. Caudex stout, simple or branched. Basal leaves in a dense rosette, ligulate, very glaucous, 4 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide at the base, very thick, the upper one-third nearly terete ; flowering stems 3 dm. high, reddish, their leaves scattered, lanceolate, acuminate; inflorescence cymose- paniculate, somewhat flattened; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; corolla 7 mm. long, reddish, its lobes lanceolate, acute ; carpels spreading above. Rock ledges, San Clemente Island, southern California. June. 3. Stylophyllum insulare Rose. Catalina Stylophyllum. Fig. 2198. Stylophyllum insulare Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 34. 1903. Echeveria insularis Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18a: 480. 1930. Caudex stout and woody, often 6-8 cm. thick. Basal leaves spreading, 10-15 cm. long, 10-15 mm. broad remaining about the same width to above the middle, fleshy, flattened below, sub- terete toward the apex, glaucous, at least when young ; flowering stems stout, 25-40 cm. high ; inflorescence paniculate-cymose ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; corolla 7 mm. long, reddish, the lobes lanceolate, acute, spreading. Rocky cliffs, Santa Catalina Island, southern California. May-June. Stylophyllum Hassei Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 35. 1903. Closely resembles 5. insulare in corolla and calyx characters, but plant more slender, and the branches of the inflorescence few and elongated. Rocks along the shore, Santa Catalina Island. Stylophyllum Traskiae Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 34. 1903. Caudex stout, clothed with the withered leaf bases. Basal leaves in close rosette, very glaucous, strap-shaped, 4-5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide at base, acute; flowering stems about 2 dm. high, reddish, their leaves small and scattered; inflorescence a small compact flat- topped cyme; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, acutish or somewhat obtuse; corolla bright yellow, 8 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, spreading. Sea cliffs, Santa Barbara Island, southern California. 4. Stylophyllum edule (Nutt.) Britt. & Rose. Nuttall's Stylophyllum. Fig. 2199. Sedum edule Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 560. 1840. Cotyledon edulis Brewer, Bot. Calif. 1: 211. 1876. Stylophyllum edule Britt. & Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 36. 1903. Echeveria edulis Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18a: 481. 1930. Caudex stout, bearing a single or few rosettes. Basal leaves nearly terete above the base, 4-8 cm. long, pale green and somewhat glaucous; flowering stems rather stout, 3-5 dm. high, bearing scattered linear leaves from the base to the open paniculate inflorescence; pedicels 1-3 STONECROP FAMILY 339 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long; corolla yellowish, 6-7 mm. long, the lobes widely spreading, united at base, acute and keeled at apex. Dry hillsides, Sonoran Zones; western San Diego County, California. April-July. Stylophyllum Parishii Britt. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 37. 1903. Closely related to 5". edule, from which it is distinguished chiefly by the calyx-lobes which are a little larger, mostly oblong-oval and rounded at the apex. Known only from the original collections and possibly not specifically distinct. Palo Canyon, San Diego County, California. 5. Stylophyllum nudicaule Abrams. San Gabriel Stylophyllum. Fig. 2200. Cotyledon nudicaulis Abrams, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 2: 42. 1903. Not Lam. Stylophyllum densiflorum Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 36. 1903. Echeveria densiflora Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18a: 481. 1930. Echeveria nudicaulis Munz, Man. S. Calif. 214, 598. 1935. Caudex stout, bearing several rosettes, very glaucous throughout. Basal leaves nearly terete, 6-12 cm. long, acute; flowering stems rather slender and weak, naked below, bearing a few linear leaves above ; inflorescence a rather dense cyme, the ultimate branches short, 4-8-flowered, pedicels 1-3 mm. long ; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse ; corolla white or tinged with pink, 6 mm. long, the segments spreading, distinct nearly to the base, acute. Rocky cliffs, Upper Sonoran Zone; San Gabriel Mountains, southern California. June-July. 6. Stylophyllum Orcuttii Rose. Orcutt's Stylophyllum. Fig. 2201. Stylophyllum Orcuttii Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 36. 1903. Echeveria Orcuttii Berger in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18": 481. 1930. Caudex branching and bearing several rosettes. Basal leaves narrowly linear, terete, 3-8 cm. long, very glaucous ; flowering stems rather slender, 15-20 cm. high, with scattering short linear leaves ; inflorescence of one or two elongated loosely flowered secund racemes ; pedicels 1-3 mm. long ; calyx-lobes obtuse ; corolla rose-colored, 7 mm. long ; anthers red. Gravelly hillsides or rocky ledges, Lower Sonoran Zone; southwestern San Diego County, California, near the international boundary, and the Coronados Islands south to Todos Santos, Lower California. May— July. This species is closely related to Stylophyllum attenuatum (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose of Lower California, which differs chiefly in the acute calyx-lobes and the yellowish corolla, and less glaucous herbage. 6. HASSEANTHUS Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3:36. 1903. Stems arising from globose or oblong corms. Basal leaves narrowly linear, terete or oblanceolate to obovoid and slightly flattened ; stem leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, some- what clasping, fleshy and rather turgid. Inflorescence cymose. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla yellow or white tinged with rose, united at base into a short tube, the segments narrow, spreading. Stamens 10, inserted on the corolla-tube. Carpels 5, free or indistinctly united at base, widely spreading. [Name in honor of Dr. H. E. Hasse.] A genus of three or four species, restricted to southern California and adjacent Lower California. Type species, Hasseanthus variegatus (S. Wats.) Rose. Leaves terete at least toward the apex, the basal linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, the cauline sharply acute. 1. H. elongatus. Leaves turgid but distinctly flattened, basal oblanceolate to obovate, obtuse or acutish at apex narrowed below to a very slender petiole exceeding the blade. Petals and anthers yellow. 2. H. variegatus. Petals white, anthers red. 3. H. Blochmaniae. 1. Hasseanthus elongatus Rose. Long-stemmed Hasseanthus. Fig. 2202. Hasseanthus elongatus Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 37. 1903. Hasseanthus multicaulis Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 38. 1903. Hasseanthus variegatus var. elongatus Johnston, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 17: 65. 1918. Sedum oblongorhizum Berger in Engler & Pranti, Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 18a: 445. 1930. Sedum sanctae-monicae Berger in Engler & Prantl, loc. cit. Corms oblong, shallow, bearing one to several flowering stems. Basal leaves terete, 3-4 cm. long; flowering stems slender, 10-25 cm. high, variegated, not at all glaucous; stem leaves oblong-ovate, 10-15 mm. long, turgid, tinged with purple; cyme of several elongated, many- flowered secund racemes; flowers subsessile; calyx-lobes ovate, 3 mm. long; corolla yellow, usually streaked with purple, the lobes lanceolate, spreading, 7-8 mm. long; anthers yellow. Heavy soils, on dry mesas or bluffs; near the coast, Los Angeles County, California. May-June. 2. Hasseanthus variegatus (S. Wats.) Rose. San Diego Hasseanthus. Fig. 2203. Sedum variegatum S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 137. 1876. Hasseanthus variegatus Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3 : 37. 1903. Basal leaves spatulate, 2-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flattened, acutish at apex, narrowed to an elongated slender petiole; flowering stems one to several from an oblong corm, slender, 10-15 cm. high; lower stem leaves slender, about 1 cm. long, those above oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, about half as long, purplish ; cyme of 2 or 3 slender elongated spreading racemes ; pedicels very short; calyx-lobes ovate, 2 mm. long; corolla yellow, often penciled with purple, the lobes lanceolate, acute, 7 mm. long ; stamens nearly as long as the lobes ; anthers yellow. Dry mesas and hillsides, Sonoran Zones; vicinity of San Diego, California. May-June. 340 CRASSULACEAE 2183. Dudleya nevadensis 2184. Dudleya gigantea 2185. Dudleya Setchellii 2186. Dudleya angustiflora 2187. Dudleya saxosa 2188. Dudleya lanceolata 2189. Dudleya grandiflora 2190. Dudleya Abramsii 2191. Dudleya caespitosa STONECROP FAMILY 341 2194 2192 2195 jui 2198 2199 2200 2192. Dudleya farinosa 2193. Dudleya Greenei 2194. Dudleya candelabrum 2195. Dudleya Cotyledon 2196. Stylophyllum viscidum 2197. Stylophyllum albidum 2198. Stylophyllum insulare 2199. Stylophyllum edule 2200. Stylophyllum nudicaule 342 CRASSULACEAE 3. Hasseanthus Blochmaniae (Eastw.) Rose. Blochman's Hasseanthus. Fig. 2204. Sedum Blochmaniae Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 6: 422. 1896. Hasseanthus Blochmaniae Rose, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Card. 3: 37. 1903. Hasseanthus Kessleri Davidson, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 22: 72. 1923. Hasseanthus variegatus var. Blochmaniae Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 450. 1925. Sedum Gertrudianum Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. IV. 20: 147. 1931. Corm shallow subglobose or somewhat fusiform, 1.5 cm. long. Basal leaves 4 or 6, ob- lanceolate to obovate, turgid but flattened, narrowed below into a slender petiole exceeding the blade- flowering stems one to several, 12-15 cm. high, slender, blotched with purple; stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, fleshy but flattened, acute, the lower 10-15 mm. ong ; cyme with one or two spreading loosely-flowered secund racemes; pedicels very short, calyx-lobes ovate, 5 mm. long; corolla-lobes broadly lanceolate, 7-8 mm. long, white tinged with pink in age, the midvein purplish ; anthers red, orange, or yellow turning dark-purple in age. Bluffs along the coast, Upper Sonoran Zone; San Luis Obispo County to San Diego, California. May-June. 7. GORMANIA Britt Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3:29. 1903. Low succulent perennial plants, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves fleshy, spatulate, obovate or nearly orbicular, the stem leaves similar to the basal but smaller. Inflorescence cymose or thyrsoid. Calyx usually deeply 5-lobed, the lobes acute or obtuse. Corolla yellow or red, the lobes 5, united below the middle, somewhat spreading above. Stamens 2201 2202 2204 2201. Stylophyllum Orcuttii 2202. Hasseanthus elongatus 2205 2203. Hasseanthus variegatus 2204. Hasseanthus Blochmaniae 2206 2205. Gormania Watsonii 2206. Gormania obtusata 1. G. Watsonii. 2. G. obtusata. 3. G. laxa. 4. G. oregana. S. G. glandulifera 6. G. debilis. STONECROP FAMILY 343 10, borne on the corolla tube. Carpels 5, united below, erect or nearly so, many-seeded. [Name in honor of Mr. M. W. Gorman, an assiduous collector.] A genus of about 9 species, natives of the Pacific Coast. Type species, Cotyledon oregonensis S. Wats. Leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate. Plants glabrous or glaucous, not glandular-pubescent. Corolla-segments acute or short-acuminate, little exceeding the stamens. Corolla yellow. Corolla-segments united one-third their length or more. Corolla-segments united one-fourth their length or less. Corolla rose-red, or white tinged with rose. Corolla-segments long-acuminate, much exceeding the stamens. Plants, at least the inflorescence, glandular-pubescent. Leaves orbicular; flowering stems diffuse. 1. Gormania Watsonii Britt. Watson's Gormania. Fig. 2205. Gormania Watsonii Britt. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Card. 3: 29. 1903. Cotyledon oregonensis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 373. 1882. Not Gormania oregana (Nutt.) Britt. Sedum Watsonii Tidestrom, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 40: 119. 1927. Plants with a stout horizontal rootstock, the flowering stems rather stout, 7-15 cm. high. Basal leaves spatulate, 15-30 mm. long, 6-12 mm. wide at the rounded apex, fleshy, dull green and somewhat glaucous, those of the stem similar but smaller ; inflorescence paniculately cymose, usually 6-10 cm. long, many-flowered; calyx-lobes ovate, about 3 mm. long, acute; corolla about 1 cm. long, yellow. Rocky or gravelly slopes, Boreal Zones; Cascade Mountains from Mount Hood to Crater Lake, Oregon. July-Aug. 2. Gormania obtusata (A. Gray) Britt. Sierra Gormania. Fig. 2206. Sedum obtusatum A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 342. 1868. Gormania obtusata Britt. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Card. 3: 29. 1903. Gormania Hallii Britt. loc. cit. Gormania Bumhamii Britt. op. cit. 3 : 30. Plants with a rather stout horizontal rootstock, the flowering stems 5-15 cm. high. Basal leaves spatulate, 1-2 cm. long, flat but thick and fleshy, rounded at the apex, pale green and somewhat glaucous ; inflorescence paniculate-cymose, rather narrow, 2-6 cm. long, the branches ascending ; calyx-lobes oblong-ovate, acute, 2-3 mm. Jong ; corolla 5-7 mm. long, pale yellow or cream-colored throughout or pink with cream margins. Rocky ridges and slopes, Boreal Zones; North Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada, California. June-Aug. 3. Gormania laxa Britt. Rose-flowered Gormania. Fig. 2207. Gormania laxa Britt. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 29. 1903. Gormania retusa Britt. op. cit. 3: 31. 1903. Gormania Eastwoodiae Britt. loc. cit. Rootstock horizontal; stems erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. high, rather stout, glabrous, pale green or reddish. Leaves of the basal rosettes opposite, those on the flowering stems alternate, broadly obovate-spatulate to cuneate-spatulate, pale green, 15-25 mm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, rounded or retuse at apex, 2-3 mm. thick ; cymes several, somewhat paniculate, 5-10 cm. broad ; calyx-lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long; corolla rose-colored, 7-10 mm. long, the lobes united about one-third their length, oblong-lanceolate, acute; anthers dark red-brown; carpels erect, united at base, reddish. Rock ledges, Transition Zones; Coast Ranges and Siskiyou Mountains, Josephine County, Oregon, to Mendo- cino and Lake Counties, California. Type locality: near Waldo, Oregon. 4. Gormania oregana (Nutt.) Britt. Oregon Gormania. Fig. 2208. Sedum oreganum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 559. 1840. Gormania oregana Britt. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 30. 1903. Rootstock rather slender, creeping, the flowering stems slender, erect or ascending, often curved, 8—15 cm. long, simple or with 3 or 4 branches from near the middle. Basal leaves spatu- late-cuneate, 1-2 cm. long, green and glabrous; inflorescence a rather congested cyme; calyx- lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 4 mm. long; corolla 10-12 mm. long, yellow usually tinged with rose, the lobes united about one-fourth the way, lanceolate, long-acuminate. Among rocks, Boreal Zones; near the coast from Washington to northern California. July-Aug. 5. Gormania glandulifera (Henderson) Abrams. Glandular Gormania. Fig. 2209. Cotyledon glandulifera Henderson, Rhodora 32: 26. 1930. Perennial with rather long rootstock, whole plant green or often reddish-purple, the upper part including the inflorescence glandular, 15-25 cm. high. Basal leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, thick but flat, those of the stem shorter ; cyme few-branched ; pedicels short ; calyx- lobes lanceolate, acute, 5-7 mm. long, glandular-ciliate ; corolla greenish yellow, 12-14 mm. long, the lobes linear-oblong, erect, acute and apiculate at apex ; carpels erect, 10 mm. long, glandular- papillate. Rock outcrops, Transition Zone; Rogue River region, Josephine County, Oregon. 344 CRASSULACEAE 6. Gormania debilis (S. Wats.) Britt. Great Basin Gormania. Fig. 2210. Sedum debilis S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 102. 1871. Gormania debilis Britt. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 30. 1903. Rootstocks slender, horizontal, usually much branched, flowering stems slender, branched from the base and diffuse, 5-10 cm. high. Lower leaves obovate-orbicular, sessile, 4-8 mm. long, the upper oblong; cyme 2-5 cm. broad; pedicels slender, 3-5 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate ; corolla yellow, its lobes united at the very base, lanceolate, acuminate, 6-8 mm. long. Rocky ridges, Boreal Zones; mountain ranges of the Great Basin region, including Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and eastern Oregon. July-Sept. 8. RHODIOLA L. Sp. PI. 1035. 1753. Perennial fleshy herbs with a woody simple or branched rootstock, and erect or as- cending, simple or branched, leafy stems. Leaves cauline, flat and rather thin, sessile, entire or toothed. Inflorescence a terminal often congested cyme. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx and corolla 4-5-parted. Stamens 8-10. Carpels distinct, erect. [Greek, meaning rose, in reference to the rose-scented roots.] A genus of about 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Type species, Rhodiola rosea L. 1. Rhodiola integrifolia Raf. Entire-leaved Rosewort. Fig. 2211. Rhodiola integrifolia Raf. Atlant. Journ. 1: 146. 1832. Rhodiola rosea var. integrifolia Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 450. 1925. Stems from a fleshy rootstock, usually not over 1 dm. high. Leaves obovate, 10-15 mm. long, sessile, acute, entire or dentate above the middle ; cyme dense, small ; flowers dioecious, 5-merous or rarely 4-merous ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 2 mm. long or less ; petals dark purple or greenish purple, 3 mm. long, those of the pistillate flowers smaller; stamens about one-third the length of the petals ; carpels 3-5 mm. long, oblong, tipped with a divergent or recurved beak. Moist rocky slopes, Boreal Zones; Alaska to the southern Sierra Nevada, California, east to Colorado. May- July. 9. SEDUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 430. 1753. Succulent mostly glabrous herbs with alternate or sometimes opposite, often imbri- cated leaves. Flowers perfect, in terminal cymes. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, distinct. Stamens 8-10, the alternate ones attached to the petals, the others to the calyx. Scales of the receptacle entire or emarginate. Carpels 4-5, distinct or united at base, spreading; styles short; ovules many. Follicles few- to many-seeded. [Name Latin, meaning to sit, in reference to the lowly habit of these plants.] A genus of about 200 species, mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere, but a few extending to the Andes of South America. Type species, Sedum Telephium L. Leaves linear or oblong, broadest at or near the base. Leaves linear and nearly terete; follicles ascending. 1. 5". stenopetalum. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, flattened; follicles divergent. Leaves oblong, acutish, not keeled on the back. 2. 5". radiatum. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, keeled on the back. 3. 5". Douglasii. Leaves spatulate to obovate, narrowed to the base. Follicles erect or ascending. Flowers white; leaves not glaucous. 4. S. niveum. Flowers yellow; leaves more or less glaucous. 5. 5". spathulifolium. Follicles widely divergent. Leaves, at least of the sterile shoots, opposite; branches of the cyme short, mostly simple. 6. .S". divergens. Leaves alternate; branches of the cyme long and forked. 7. S. Leibergii. 1. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh. Narrow-petaled Sedum or Stonecrop. Fig. 2212. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 324. 1814. Sedum lanceolatum Torr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. 2: 205. 1827. Perennial with slender branching rootstocks, tufted, glabrous. Leaves alternate, crowded, and on sterile shoots even imbricated, sessile, linear, 5-15 mm. long; flowering stems 7.5-20 cm. high; flowers in a compact cyme; pedicels short; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 4 mm. long; petals yellow, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 6-7 mm. long; follicles 4 mm. long, their subulate tips divergent. On rocks, Boreal Zones; British Columbia to Saskatchewan, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, and California. In the Pacific States it is mainly east of the Cascade Mountains ranging from eastern Washington and Oregon to the southern Sierra Nevada, California. West of the Cascades it occurs on the Olympic Mountains and in San Juan County. June-Aug. Sedum acre L. Sp. PI. 432. 1753. Densely tufted perennial, the sterile branches prostrate forming mats, the flowering branches erect or ascending, 4-8 cm. high. Leaves especially of the sterile shoots imbricated, alter- nate, ovate, 4-5 mm. long; cyme usually 2-3-forked; flowers sessile; petals yellow, linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long; carpels widely spreading. A cultivated European species, which has escaped from gardens in some localities in western Washington. STONECROP FAMILY 345 2213 2207. Gormania laxa 2208. Gormania oregana 2209. Gormania glandulifera 2214 2210. Gormania debilis 2211. Rhodiola integrifolia 2212. Sedum stenopetalum 2215 2213. Sedum radiatum 2214. Sedum Douglasii 2215. Sedum niveum 346 CRASSULACEAE 2. Sedum radiatum S. Wats. Star-fruited Stonecrop. Fig. 2213. Sedum radiatum S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 18: 193. 1883. Annual, propagating by deciduous axillary buds, stems simple or branching from the base, 7-18 cm. high. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, 5-10 mm. wide, slightly clasping at base, thin and flattened, becoming white-margined, veined and papillose ; branches of the cyme 3 to several, elongated; flowers sessile, scattered; sepals triangular-lanceolate, 2 mm. long; petals yellow, widely spreading, narrowly lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long ; follicles widely divergent. Gravelly or rocky soils, Transition Zone; Siskiyou Mountains, southern Oregon, to Monterey County in the Coast Ranges and to Tulare County in the Sierra Nevada, California. June-Aug. 3. Sedum Douglasii Hook. Douglas' Stonecrop. Fig. 2214. Sedum Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 228. 1832. Sedum unifiorum Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 213. 1898. Perennial with slender rootstocks, the stems simple or branched, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate-subulate, tapering from the base, 5-20 mm. long, flat, drying thin and scarious with a keel-like midrib, those of the sterile shoots crowded, those of the flower- ing branches usually with leafy buds in the axils ; flowers in a few-forked cyme or sometimes solitary ; petals yellow, spreading, narrowly lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long ; follicles widely spreading. Gravelly or rocky slopes, Transition and Canadian Zones; British Columbia to Montana and California. In the Pacific States rather rare in Willamette Valley and Coast Ranges, Oregon, more common in eastern Wash- ington, Oregon, northeastern California, and the Siskiyou Mountains, southern Oregon. May-Aug. Sedum ciliosum Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 214. 1898. Distinguished from 5*. Douglasii chiefly by the leaves, at least the lower ones ciliate on the margins and by the acuminate calyx-lobes about half as long as the petals. Known only from the original collection in the Coast Ranges near Roseburg, Oregon. 4. Sedum niveum Davidson. Davidson's Stonecrop. Fig. 2215. Sedum niveum Davidson, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 20: 53. 1921. Prostrate glabrous perennial, the fleshy stems rhizomatous, 1 or more dm. long, giving rise to short ascending branches. Leaves numerous, imbricate on the sterile branches, more distant on the floral ones, 5-7 mm. long, oblong-obovate to obovate, fleshy; flowers solitary or in few- flowered cymes ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 3 mm. long ; petals white with a pinkish midvein, lanceo- late, 6-7 mm. long ; carpels erect. Shaded rock ledges, mainly Canadian Zone; San Bernardino Mountains, southern California. June-July. 5. Sedum spathulifolium Hook. Pacific Stonecrop. Fig. 2216. Sedum spathulifolium Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 227. 1832. Gormania anomala Britt. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 30. 1903. Sedum yosemitense Britt. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 44. 1903. Sedum anomalum Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 72. 1905. Sedum pruinosum Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 72. 1905. Perennial with slender rootstocks, and propagating by lateral offshoots, flowering stems ascending, simple or branched, 5-15 cm. high. Basal leaves broadly spatulate, 10-25 mm. long, flat, more or less glaucous, cyme with several forks, 5-8 cm. broad ; flowers on short stout pedicels ; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate ; petals yellow, narrowly lanceolate, spreading, 8-10 mm. long, carpels slightly spreading. Rocky ledges and slopes, mainly Transition Zone; British Columbia to southern California in both the Coast Ranges and in the Cascades and Sierra Nevada. May-July. 6. Sedum divergens S. Wats. Cascade Stonecrop. Fig. 2217. Sedum divergens S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 372. 1882. Perennial with slender branching rootstocks, the flowering stems erect or ascending, usually decumbent at base, 5-12 cm. high, simple or branching. Leaves, at least those of the sterile shoots, opposite, obovate to broadly so or the upper spatulate, 5-8 mm. long, rounded or obtuse at apex, glabrous ; cyme 5 cm. broad or less, rather compact ; flowers on short, stout pedicels ; calyx-lobes triangular ; petals yellow, narrowly lanceolate, spreading, 5-6 mm. long ; follicles widely divergent. Rocky alpine slopes, Boreal Zones; Cascade Mountains, from British Columbia to Mount Hood, Oregon. July-Sept. 7. Sedum Leibergii Britt. Leiberg's Stonecrop. Fig. 2218. Sedum divaricatum S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 372. 1882. Not Ait. 1789. Sedum Leibergii Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 73. 1905. Glabrous perennial with slender rootstocks, the flowering stems simple, erect, 5-15 cm. high. Basal leaves mostly oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, narrowed to a slender elongated base ; stem leaves alternate, the lower oblanceolate, the upper oblong and sessile ; cyme few- forked, 2-10 cm. broad ; flowers very short-pedicelled ; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate ; petals yellow, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 6-9 mm. long ; follicles widely divergent. Rocky banks, often growing with moss. Transition Zone; Columbia Basin species extending from the Colum- bia Gorge eastward through southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon to adjacent Idaho. May-July. 1. P. californica, 2. P. fimbriata. 3. P. intermedia 4. P. cirrata. GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS FAMILY 347 Family 58. PARNASSIACEAE. Grass-of-Parnassus Family. Glabrous scapose herbs, with short perennial rootstocks. Leaves all basal, petioled and entire or often with a single sessile leaf on the scape. Flowers solitary, terminal, white or yellow. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, the short tube free or adnate to the ovary. Petals 5, spreading, with a cluster of gland-tipped staminodia at the base, these distinct or united below to form a scale. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary superior or partly inferior ; styles short or none ; stigmas commonly 4 ; ovules numerous. Capsule 1-celled, with 3-4 projecting parietal placentae, loculicidally 3-4-valved. Seeds numerous, winged ; endosperm none ; embryo straight. A single genus with about 25 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic regions. 1. PARNASSIA [Tourn.] L. Sp, PL 273. 1753. Characters of the family. [Name for Mount Parnassus.] Besides the following, about 10 other species occur in the Rocky Mountains and east- ern North America. Type species, Parnassia palustris L. Petals entire; 3-7-nerved. Petals fimbriate on the lateral margins at least toward the base. Staminodia with 3 or rarely 5 short lobes. Staminodia with 7-12 filiform gland-tipped filaments about 2 mm. long. Leaves ovate to reniform, long-petioled. Leaves oval, short-petioled. 1. Parnassia californica (A. Gray) Greene. California Grass-of-Parnassus. Fig. 2219. Parnassia palustris var. californica A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1 : 202. 1876. Parnassia californica Greene, Pittonia 2: 102. 1890. Rootstock short. Basal leaves narrowly to broadly ovate, cuneate at base, sometimes abruptly so, 2-4 cm. long; petioles 2-15 cm. long; scape 3-6 dm. high; bract ovate, 5-10 mm. long, sessile, above the middle of the scape, sometimes wanting ; sepals 4-6 mm. long, oval to oblong ; petals 10-15 mm. long, broadly oval to suborbicular, 3-7-veined; filaments subulate, about 8 mm. long; staminodial scales with 15-24 gland-tipped capillary filaments. Wet places, Canadian and Transition Zones; Josephine County, Oregon, south to San Benito County in the Coast Ranges, and to the southern Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains, California. Type locality: Sierra Nevada, California. Aug. -Sept. 2. Parnassia fimbriata Konig. Fringed Grass-of-Parnassus. Fig. 2220. Parnassia fimbriata Konig, Ann. Bot. 1: 391. 1804. Rootstock short. Basal leaves reniform to reniform-cordate, 2-4 cm. wide ; petioles 5-15 cm. long; scape 2-3 dm. high; bract near the middle of the scape, cordate-clasping, 5-15 mm. long; sepals elliptic to oval, 5-6 mm. long, often with short cilia-like teeth ; petals obovate, with a more or less distinct claw, 10-12 mm. long, fimbriate on the lateral margins ; filaments filiform, 4-5 mm. long ; staminodial scales rather fleshy, with 5-9 short lobes ; capsule 8-10 mm. long. Springs and bogs, Canadian and Hudsonian Zones; Alaska to the Siskiyou and Warner Mountains, Cali- fornia, east to Alberta, Colorado, and Utah. Type locality: Alaska. July-Sept. 3. Parnassia intermedia Rydb. Humboldt Grass-of-Parnassus. Fig. 2221. Parnassia intermedia Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 78. 1905. Basal leaves broadly ovate-subcordate to reniform, 15-35 mm. broad; petioles 5-15 cm. long; scape 3-4 dm. long; bract 8-12 mm. long, ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, sessile; sepals oblong-elliptic, about 6 mm. long, entire; petals elliptic to narrowly obovate, about 10 mm. long, fimbriate on the lateral margins, with about 5 principal veins ; filaments filiform-subulate, 6-7 mm. long; staminodial scales with about 7-9 filiform gland-tipped filaments; capsule about 1 cm. long, ovoid. Wet places. Boreal Zones; Mount Hood to Crater Lake. Oregon, and the East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada. Type locality: East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada. July-Aug. 4. Parnassia cirrata Piper. San Bernardino Grass-of-Parnassus. Fig. 2222. Parnassia cirrata Piper, Erythea 7: 128. 1899. Basal leaves ovate, narrowed at the base, 1-2 cm. long ; petioles 2-5 cm. long ; scape 2-4 dm. high, bract ovate to lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long; sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long ; petals oblong-obovate, about 1 cm. long, fimbriate with long hairs on the lateral margins ; filaments subulate, about equaling the anthers ; staminodial scales with about 12 filiform gland- tipped filaments. Mountain bogs and springs, Transition Zone; Upper Sacramento River, San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, California. Type locality : San Bernardino Mountains. July-Sept. 348 PARNASSIACEAE 2222 2223 2224 2216. Sedum spathulifolium 2217. Sedum divergens 2218. Sedum Leibergii 2219. Parnassia californica 2220. Parnassia fimbriata 2221. Parnassia intermedia 2222. Parnassia cirrata 2223. Bolandra californica 2224. Bolandra oregana SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 349 Family 59. SAXIFRAGACEAE.* Saxifrage Family. Annual or perennial caulescent or acaulescent herbs with leaves simple or less often compound, mostly alternate and exstipulate, and commonly all basal. Flowers perigynous, mostly perfect, rarely solitary. Hypanthium usually well developed, 5- (or rarely 4-) lobed, flattish to cylindric, more or less adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals distinct, usually as many as the calyx-lobes and alternating with them, rarely absent. Stamens usually as many, or less often twice as many, as the calyx- lobes (3, more rarely 2, in Tolmiea). Pistil mostly of 2 carpels (3 in Lithophragma) , almost wholly or partially united, or rarely distinct, the placentae parietal (or almost basal) or axile. Ovary 1- or 2-celled, quite superior to wholly inferior. Fruit a capsule or more rarely consisting of separate follicles. Seeds with copious fleshy endosperm. About 35 genera and 450 species, of wide geographical distribution, mainly restricted to the temperate zones. Placentae axile. Stamens 5. Ovary free from the hypanthium; petals lance-subulate, more or less purple. 1. Bolandra. Ovary partially adnate to the hypanthium. Plants with short bulblet-bearing rhizomes; flower-stalk axial. Ovary half-inferior; blade of the basal leaves ternately divided; stamens borne on the outer edge of a thickened disc. 2. Hcmieva. Ovary two-thirds inferior or more; blade of the basal leaves merely crenate; disc obsolete. 3. Suksdorfia. Plants with horizontal rhizomes; flower-stalk a lateral shoot. Petals withering-persistent; seeds winged. 4. Sullivantia. Petals usually soon deciduous; seeds wingless. 5. Boykinia. Stamens 10; ovary partially adnate to the hypanthium or free. Flowers on essentialy naked scapes, the basal leaves appearing after the flowering stage (except in Jepsonia malvae folia). Hypanthium well developed, deeply campanulate, longer than or as long as the sepals; leaves reniform or rounded, not peltate, 2.5-8 cm. broad. 6. Jepsonia. Hypanthium only slightly developed, flattish, shorter than the sepals; leaves orbicular-peltate, 1-4 dm. broad. 7. Peltiphyllum. Flowers appearing with or after the leaves; ovary partially adnate to the hypanthium to free except at the very base. Carpels practically distinct, united only at the very base; leaves leathery. 8. Leptarrhena. Carpels united for at least a fifth of their lengths; leaves not leathery. 9. Saxifraga. Placentae parietal or sometimes nearly basal. Flowers solitary or clustered in the axils of the upper leaves; calyx-lobes normally 4; petals absent; stamens 4 or g 10. Chrysosplenium. Flowers in more or less elongated racemes or panicles; calyx -lobes 5; petals normally present. Styles normally 3; flower-stalk axial from a slender bulbiferous rhizome. 11. Lithophragma. Styles normally 2; flower-stalk a lateral shoot from a relatively stout scaly rhizome. Carpels soon very unequally 2-valved to the very base; petals (in ours) entire, filiform or subulate. 12. Tiarella. Carpels essentially equal. Inflorescence a raceme. Petals filiform, entire; hypanthium irregular. Hypanthium cylindric-funnelform, greenish veined and tinged with purple, split almost to the base on the lower side; stamens 3 or, more rarely, 2. 13. Tolmiea. Hypanthium shallowly campanulate, creamy white, only slightly irregular (sepals irregularly grouped); stamens 5. 14. Bensonia. Petals linear or broader, entire or variously lobed to dissected; hypanthium regular. Petals pinnately cleft or pinnatifid. Hypanthium deeply campanulate or urceolate, deeper than the length of the calyx-lobes; capsule tapering into the beaks; stamens 10. 15. Tellima. Hypanthium saucer-shaped or open-campanulate, shallower than the length of the calyx-lobes; capsule abruptly beaked or beakless; stamens 5. Ovary more than half-superior, not flattened above; stigmas entire; youngest flowers at the base of the inflorescence. 16. Mitellastra. Ovary almost wholly inferior, the top flattened and disc-like; stigmas sub- sessile, 2-lobed at the apex; youngest flowers at the tip of the inflorescence. 17. Pectiantia. Petals digitately 3-lobed, -cleft, or -parted above, or entire; stamens 5. Flowering branches leafless. 18. Ozomelis. Flowering branches leafy. 19. Elmera. Inflorescence paniculate, the panicle often spiciform; stamens 5. 20. Heuchera. 1. BOLANDRA A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7:341. 1868. Perennial glabrous or glandular-puberulent herbs with oalmately veined thin leaves * Text, except for the genus Heuchera, contributed by Rimo Bacigalupi. 350 SAXIFRAGACEAE and a leafy axial stem terminated by a loose panicle of relatively large purplish flowers. Rootstocks short and bulbiferous. Leaves reniform, most of the cauline with conspicuous stipules. Panicle with more or less leafy bracts. Hypanthium deeply urceolate-campanu- late, free from the ovary. Sepals 5, long-attenuate. Petals 5, purplish, subulate-lanceolate, long-attenuate, persistent, sessile, alternating with the sepals. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals; filaments subulate to filiform; anthers 2-lobed. Carpels 2, attenuated above, united at the base for one-third to one-fourth their lengths ; ovary completely 2-celled ; stigmas small, capitate; placentae axile, many-ovuled; seeds pendulous. [Dedicated to Dr. Henry N. Bolander, one of the botanists of the California Geological Survey.] A genus confined to the Pacific States, containing the two following species. Type species, Bolandra cali- fornica A. Gray. Lobes and teeth of the leaves rounded, mucronulate; sepals 3-4 mm. long; carpels connate a third their lengths. 1. is. calif ornica. Lobes and teeth of the leaves triangular, acute; sepals 6-10 mm. long; carpels connate at most a fourth their lengths. 2- B- oregana. 1. Bolandra calif ornica A. Gray. Sierra Bolandra. Fig. 2223. Bolandra californica A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 341. 1868. Stems 1-3 dm. high, very slender, glabrous below, glandular-puberulent above. Basal and lower cauline leaves petioled ; petioles 2-10 cm. long ; blades reniform. thin, glabrous, more or less deeply 5-7-lobed ; lobes rounded-ovate, their teeth crenate-serrate and mucronulate ; upper cauline leaves sessile, ovate-toothed ; the middle ones often auricled by the union of the stipules and the blades ; hypanthium proper greenish or purplish, about 5 mm. long ; sepals lance-subu- late, 3^ mm. long, often acuminate ; petals subulate, more or less attenuate, greenish, the edges and' tips purplish, slightly longer than the sepals; filaments narrowly subulate. In moist places or on wet rocks, mostly confined to the Canadian Zone; Yosemite and Lake Tahoe region of the Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: "Yosemite Valley, on the Mariposa trail, among rocks. June-July. 2. Bolandra oregana S. Wats. Northern Bolandra. Fig. 2224. Bolandra oregana S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 292. 1879. Bolandra imnahaensis M. E. Peck, Rhodora 36: 266. 1934. Stamens 1.5-4 dm. high, glandular-puberulent above, somewhat stoutish toward the base; basal and" lower cauline leaves long-petioled ; blades reniform with a narrow sinus, thin, gla- brous, acutely lobed with many triangular-ovate acute lobes and with smaller acute callus-tipped teeth ;' middle cauline leaves short-petioled, with very large, foliaceous, acutely and mucronately toothed stipules ; upper leaves sessile and often auricled, usually more finely dentate, glandular- puberulent ; hypanthium proper greenish or purplish, 5-7 mm. long; sepals linear-lanceolate, long-attenuate, 6-10 mm. long ; petals similar but narrower and still more attenuate, dark purple ; filaments reddish, filiform. Rocky banks and cliffs, Humid Transition Zone; northern Oregon and southern Washington, chiefly in the vicinity of the Columbia River Gorge. Also in the Wallowa Mountains and in the Snake River region of eastern Oregon. Type locality: banks of the Willamette River, near Oregon City, Oregon. May-July. 2. HEMIEVA Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 70. 1836. Glandular-puberulent perennials with fibrous roots from very short bulbiferous root- stocks. Blades of the basal leaves ternately divided to the base, the segments crenately lobed ; cauline leaves with more or less well-developed foliaceous stipules. Flowers in a corymbiform panicle. Hypanthium broadly campanulate, adnate to the lower half of the ovary. Sepals 5, triangular-lanceolate. Petals 5, obovate or oval, narrowed to a short broad claw. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, erect, inserted on the outer margin of a short thick disk; anthers cordate, 2-celled; filaments purplish, subulate-filiform. Ovary half inferior, 2-celled, with axile placentae; styles erect, distinct; stigmas capitate. [Name Greek, meaning half well, probably in allusion to the shallow hypanthium.] A monotypic genus confined to northwestern North America. 1. Hemieva ranunculifolia (Hook.) Raf. Hemieva. Fig. 2225. Saxifraga ranunculifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 246. 1832. Hemieva ranunculifolia Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 70. 1836. Suksdorfia ranunculifolia Engler in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. 32a : 52. 1890. Entire plant light green; stem 1-3 dm. high, glandular-pubescent. Basal and lower cauline leaves long-petioled; blades ternately divided to the base, the middle division broadly cuneate and with 3 rounded lobes, 1-2.5 cm. long, the lateral ones oblique and similarly 4-lobed ; petioles glandular-pubescent or glabrous, 3-12 cm. long ; middle cauline leaves similar but smaller, with shorter petioles which are dilated into foliaceous stipules at their bases ; the uppermost merely 3-lobed at the apex and enlarged and auriculate at the sessile base, or simply ovate-lanceolate and not lobed sessile and without stipules ; inflorescence short and suhcanitate ; hypanthium turbinate, becomiiW broadlv campanulate, including the sepals about 3.5 mm. long; sepals triangular-ovate to oblong, purplish with a green border within ; petals white, often purplish at the base, fading to yellowish white, 4-6 mm. long. Wet rocks in the mountains, Canadian and Hudsonian Zones; Alberta and British Columbia to Montana and the northern Sierra Nevada of California. Type locality: "high ground around Kettle Falls, of the Columbia and on the Rocky Mountains." June-July. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 351 3. SUKSDORFIA A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 15:41. 1879. Slender glandular-pubescent perennials with leafy axial flowering shoots from a small bulblet-bearing rootstock. Basal leaves reniform, merely crenate; cauline leaves stipulate. Inflorescence a loose few-flowered panicle. Hypanthium at first obconic-campanulate, becoming more deeplv campanulate, in fruit urceolate, adnate to the major portion of the ovary. Sepals 5, oblong-lanceolate, erect. Petals 5, spatulate, entire or 2-3-lobed, at- tenuated to a long claw, violet. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals; anthers almost sessile. Ovary 2-celled, with many-ovuled axile placentae, almost wholly inferior; styles short, more'or less erect; stigmas truncate. Capsule dehiscent between the styles. [Dedicated to Wilhelm Suksdorf, for many years a collector and student of the flora of the Pacific Northwest.] A monotypic genus restricted to the Pacific Northwest. 1. Suksdorfia violacea A. Gray. Suksdorfia. Fig. 2226. Suksdorfia violacea A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. IS: 42. 1879. Hemieva violacea Wheelock, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 71. 1896. Slender perennial ; stem 1-3 dm. high, more or less glandular-pubescent. Basal leaves reni- form with 5-7 rounded lobes, 1-3 cm. wide, more or less puberulent; petioles 2-8 cm. long, glandular-puberulent ; lower cauline leaves similar with broad toothed stipules ; the upper sub- sessile, cuneate and 1-4-toothed at the apex, the broad leaf-bases and the foliaceous stipules often coalesced; inflorescence a more or less elongated, long-pedicelled, few-flowered panicle; hypanthium obconic-campanulate, becoming broader, densely glandular, 2-3 mm. long, in fruit urceolate and 4-7 mm. long; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, often longer than the hypanthium ; petals violet, 5-7 mm. long, spatulate, long-clawed and almost erect. Wet rocks near streams, Humid and Arid Transition Zones; Montana westward to the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains of Washington, south to northwestern Oregon. Type locality: along the Columbia Kiver, m Washington, near the mouth of the White Salmon River. April-June. 4. SULLIVANTIA Torr. & Gray, Amer. Journ. Sci. 42:22. 1842. Slender perennial herbs with small horizontal rootstocks and more or less leafy stems. Leaves alternate, usually one or two from the base, reniform to orbicular in outline, more or less shallowly lobed and often coarsely toothed, cordate at the base, long-petioled. Flowers small, in paniculate cymules. Hypanthium campanulate, adnate to the lower third to half of the ovary. Sepals 5, imbricate in the bud, erect. Corolla white or whitish, regular. Petals 5, clawed, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, incurved; anthers reniform, 2-celled ; filaments short, broadened at the base. Ovary 2-celled, one-third to half inferior, the valves united to the beaks. Follicles erect, well included in the drooping hypanthium, the slightly divergent beaks alone protruding. Seeds wing-margined. [Dedicated to William Starling Sullivant, 1803-1873, an American bryologist.] A North American genus of three snecies, two in the Middle West, one of these reaching Wyoming and Colorado, and the following. Type species, Saxifraga Sullivantii Torr. & Gray. 1. Sullivantia oregana S. Wats. Oregon Sullivantia. Fig. 2227. Sullivantia oregana S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 292. 1879. Stems slender, 1-3 dm. high, smooth below, minutely glandular-pubescent above, usually bearing about three leaves. Leaves reniform to reniform-orbicular in outline, 2.5-6 cm. wide, glabrous, laciniately though not deeply cut into broadly cuneate lobes, the lobes coarsely and laciniately toothed ; petioles glabrous, 5-10 cm. long, usually much longer than the leaves, with small scarious stipules at their bases ; panicle 3-10 cm. long, with the exception of the flowers minutely glandular-puberulent, the peduncles and pedicels subtended by linear-lanceolate folia- ceous bracts; hypanthium glabrous, 2-3 mm. long, turbinate-campanulate, becoming rounded at the base in fruit ; sepals ovate, about 1 mm. long, 1-nerved and greenish in the center and with a wide colorless margin; petals 1.5-2 mm. long, rhombic-ovate in outline, abruptly narrowed to a short wide claw ; follicles about 4 mm. long. Wet rocks and cliffs, Humid Transition Zone; evidently restricted to the Columbia River Gorge and the lower Willamette River, Oregon. Type locality: banks of the Willamette River, near Oregon City, Oregon. May-July. 5. BOYKINIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 113. 1834. Glandular-pubescent perennial herbs with usually a basal tuft of leaves and leafy lateral flowering shoots from a scaly rootstock. Leaves reniform. variously cleft or lobed and dentate or crenate ; stipules usually present, either leafy or reduced to bristles. Flow- ers in a usually leafy-bracteate paniculate or corymbose cyme. Hypanthium campanulate, urceolate or turbinate, adnate to the lower half of the ovary. Sepals 5, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, valvate. Petals 5, white, obovate or spatulate, usually narrowed to a claw, usually soon deciduous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals: anthers 2-celled: filaments short. Ovary and capsule usually 2-celled, opening between the beaks ; styles 2. distinct and in fruit 'forming two divergent beaks. Placentae axile; seeds numerous, ovoid, with 352 SAXIFRAGACEAE a shining minutely punctate testa. [Dedicated to Dr. Boykin, a physician from Georgia, a contemporary of Nuttall.] A North American and eastern Asiatic genus of about 8 species. Type species, Boykinia aconitifolia Nutt. Leaves cleft or incised, with acute teeth; petals conspicuously exceeding the sepals. Stipules, at least the upper, foliaceous, often large. 1. B. major. Stipules small, brown-scarious, mostly reduced to brownish bristles. 2. B. elata. Leaves merely crenately lobed, the lobes crenate-serrate with broad mucronate teeth; petals scarcely exceeding the sepals. 3. B. rotundifolia. 1. Boykinia major A. Gray. Mountain Boykinia. Fig. 2228. Boykinia occidentalis var. elata A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 383, in part. 1872. Boykinia major A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1 : 196. 1876. Therofon major Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : 227. 1891. Therofon majus Wheelock, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 70. 1896. Boykinia major var. intermedia Piper, Erythea 7: 172. 1899. Tall and stout; stem 3-10 dm. high, more or less glandular-villous with brown hairs. Basal and lower cauline leaves long-petioled, with scarious stipules ; petioles 1-2 dm. long, also glandular-villous ; blades renif orm or rounded-cordate in outline, glabrous except on the veins beneath, 5-20 cm. wide, 5-7-cleft from a third to two-thirds of the way down, again cleft and coarsely serrate with lance-ovate gland-tipped teeth ; middle cauline leaves _ similar but with shorter petioles and large foliaceous stipules ; the uppermost ovate and sessile, the foliaceous stipules and leaf-blades often connate ; inflorescence a relatively dense, many-flowered, cymoid panicle, elongated in fruit, densely glandular-puberulent ; hypanthium broadly turbinate-cam- panulate, becoming urceolate in fruit, without the sepals 2-3 mm. long, glandular-puberulent ; sepals triangular-lanceolate, 3 mm. long; petals white, broadly oval or obovate, clawed, 5-7 mm. long. Along mountain streams and in damp woods, Humid and Arid Transition Zones; Montana westward to Washington and southward to Trinity and Madera Counties, California. Type locality: Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia. June-Sept. 2. Boykinia elata (Nutt.) Greene. Brook Foam. Coast Boykinia. Fig. 2229. Saxifraga elata Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 575. 1840. Boykinia occidentalis Torr. & Gray, Fl. Amer. 1: 577. 1840. Boykinia occidentalis var. elata A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 383. 1872. Boykinia elata Greene, Fl. Fran. 190. 1891. Therofon occidentale Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 227. 1891. Therofon elatum Greene, Man. Bay Reg. 121. 1894. Boykinia Nuttallii Macoun, Can. Rec. Sci. 6: 408. 1895. Therophon circinnatum Rosend. & Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 124. 1905. Erect and commonly slender; stems sometimes more than one from a branched rootstock, 2-6 dm. high, more or less brown-hairy to glabrate below, densely glandular-puberulent above. Basal leaves thin, glabrous or sometimes sparsely covered beneath by distinct rusty hairs, 2-8 cm. wide, reniform to ovate-cordate, usually shallowly to relatively deeply 5-7-lobed, the lobes serrate with broadly ovate bristle-pointed teeth; their petioles 5-15 cm. long, sparingly pilose with brownish hairs, the stipules brown-scarious, small, the greater portion reduced to several rusty bristles ; cauline leaves similar, though successively smaller and with shorter petioles, becoming cuneate at the base, the uppermost rhombic in outline; inflorescence a many-flowered, bracteate panicle, more usually consisting of secund racemes, densely glandular-puberulent; bractlets usually foliaceous, spatulate, incised; hypanthium campanulate, 2-3 mm. long, glandular below, often purplish, in fruit becoming urceolate and 3-5 mm. long ; sepals lanceolate-acuminate, gla- brous, 1.5-2 mm. long; petals white, often pinkish in age, mostly oblanceolate, slightly narrowed to a broad claw, 3-4 mm. long. Along streams and in damp woods, Humid and Arid Transition Zones; from British Columbia southward in the coastal mountains to Los Angeles County, and inland west of the Cascades to the central Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality : Chinook Point, mouth of the Columbia River. May- July. 3. Boykinia rotundifolia Parry. Round-leaved Boykinia. Fig. 2230. Boykinia rotundifolia Parry ex A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 13: 371. 1878. Therophon rotundifolium Wheelock, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 70. 1896. Very tall and stout ; stems 5-10 dm. high, densely glandular-villous. Basal and lower cau- line leaves long-petioled, rounded-reniform to almost deltoid, 8-15 cm. wide, with numerous shal- low, rounded lobes, glabrate above except on the veins, usually puberulent beneath, the veins more or less hirsutulous ; teeth of the lobes crenate-serrate, apiculate ; petioles 1-2 dm. long, glan- dular-villous, the slightly dilated base with brown bristly hairs; upper cauline leaves 3-5 cm. long, short-petioled, orbicular to rhombic in outline : peduncles mostly in the axils of the reduced upper leaves; flowers short-pedicelled, in fruit drooping and secund on the elongated branches ; hypanthium campanulate-urceolate, 3-4 mm. long, strongly striate, densely glandular- pubescent; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm. long: petals slightly irregular, obovate-spatulate, 3 mm. long, the claw as long as to slightly longer than the blade. Banks of streams in canyons, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, near Elsinore and in the Cuyama VMley in Santa Barbara County, southern California. Type locality: "Along water-courses, San Bernardino Mountains," California. May-July. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 353 2231 2232 2225. Hemieva ranunculifolia 2226. Suksdorfia violacea 2227. Sullivantia oregana 2228. Boykinia major 2229. Boykinia elata 2230. Boykinia rotundifolia 2231. Jepsonia Parryi 2232. Jepsonia heterandra 2233. Jepsonia malvaefolia 354 SAXIFRAGACEAE 6. JEPSONIA Small, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 18. 1896. Perennial acaulescent herbs with tunicated corm-like rootstocks supporting an often elongated caudex and several slender scapes. Leaves alternate, all basal, reniform in out- line, shallowly lobed and toothed, petioled. Flowers in terminal cymes. Hypanthium campanulate, strongly purplish-striate, truncate or acutish at the base, entirely free from the ovary except at the very base. Petals 5, spatulate to oval-elliptic in outline, narrowed to a claw, withering-persistent, adnate to the hypanthium. Stamens 10, shorter than the sepals, the point of attachment of one set immediately below that of the petals ; filaments filiform, the bases adnate to the hypanthium. Ovary superior, the two carpels united to about the middle or higher. Carpels veiny, filling and ultimately protruding beyond the hypanthium, the beaks strongly divergent. [Named for Willis Linn Jepson, Professor of Botany at the University of California and authority on California flora.] A genus of limited distribution, confined to California, the islands off its southern coast and northern Lower California. It consists of the following three species. Type species, Jepsonia Parryi (Torr.) Small. Sepals shorter than the tube of the hypanthium, the latter at anthesis 3-4 mm. long; flowering scapes autumnal, appearing before the leaves which are vernal. Hypanthium truncate at the base, narrowly campanulate. 1. /. Parryi. Hypanthium acutish at the base, open-campanulate. 2. J. heterandra. Sepals as long as the tube of the hypanthium or slightly longer, the latter at anthesis 2-2.5 mm. long; flowering scapes appearing at the same time as the basal leaves. 3. /. malvaefoha. 1. Jepsonia Parryi (Torr.) Small. Coast Jepsonia. Fig. 2231. Saxifraga Parryi Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 69. 1859. Jepsonia Parryi Small, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 18. 1896. Caudex clothed with the firm persistent leaf-bases. Leaves vernal, erect, reniform, dis- tinctly broader than long, sparingly glandular-puberulent, hirsutulous on the veins, 2-8 cm. broad, shallowly lobed and crenately toothed, the teeth apiculate, shallowly to deeply cordate at the base, the sinus usually wide and open; petioles hirsute to glabrate, widened toward the base, 2-6 cm. long; scapes autumnal, often tufted, wiry, 1-3 dm. tall, glandular-puberulent to glabrate in age ; hypanthium narrowly campanulate, strongly purple-striate, truncate at the base, including the short ovate sepals 6 mm. long; petals obovate to oval, narrowed to short claws, lightly purplish-veined, 4-6 mm. long; fruiting carpels flat at the base, protruding beyond the hypanthium, about 7 mm. long, dimorphous, the reniform stigmas subsessile on the broadish beaks in one form, raised on elongated style-like beaks in the other. Dry slopes, Lower and Upper Sonoran Zones; mountains of southwestern San Bernardino County southward to San Diego County, California, and adjacent Lower California. Type locality: dry hills near San Diego and San Luis Rey, California. Nov.-Dec. 2. Jepsonia heterandra Eastw. Foothill Jepsonia. Fig. 2232. Jepsonia heterandra Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 201. 1905. Jepsonia Parryi var. heterandra Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 457. 1925. Caudex often thick and woody, scaly. Leaves vernal, erect or ascending, suborbicular to rounded-reniform, 3.5-6 cm. broad, shallowly lobed and toothed, more or less pubescent about the veins beneath, cordate at the base, the basal lobes sometimes overlapping; petioles usually hirsute, 2.5-5 cm. long; scapes autumnal, often tufted, 1-3 dm. high, puberulent to glabrate in age ; hypanthium ultimately scarious, open-campanulate, acutish at the base, purplish-striate, including the broadly ovate to triangular-acute sepals 4-5 mm. long, the latter 1-2 mm. long ; petals 5-6 mm. long, ovate to oval, narrowed to short claws ; anthers oblong and acutish at the apex to orbicular ; filaments of varying lengths on the same flower ; carpels strongly reddish- striate, in fruit long-exserted beyond the hypanthium, 5-6 mm. long, the strongly divergent beaks dimorphous, very slender and almost filiform, and slightly shorter than the bodies in one form, much shorter and broader, 1 mm. or less long in the other. Dry rocky outcrops, Upper Sonoran Zone; lower Sierra Nevada foothills, Eldorado County to Mariposa County, California. Type locality: banks of the Merced River, near Benton's Mills (Bagby), Mariposa County, California. Aug.-Dec. 3. Jepsonia malvaefolia (Greene) Small. Island Jepsonia. Fig. 2233. Saxifraga malvaefolia Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 9: 121. 1882. Jepsonia malvaefolia Small, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 19. 1896. Jepsonia neonuttalliana Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 5: 124. 1923. Aerial parts annual from a stout corm-like rootstock, the habit essentially that of the two preceding; younger parts glandular-puberulent. Leaves appearing with the scapes after the first rains, ovate-orbicular to orbicular-reniform, shallowly cordate at the base, 2-3.5 cm. wide, hirsutulous on the veins beneath, irregularly and more sparsely hirsutulous above, closely serrate- dentate toward the base, the shallow crenate obscure lobes irregularly and closely serrate-dentate ; petioles densely hirsutulous, more or less channelled, narrowly scarious-dilated at the base, 2.5-4 cm. long ; scapes very slender, 8-20 cm. tall ; inflorescence at first a subcongested cymose panicle ; hypanthium strongly striate, widely campanulate, mostly truncate or sometimes acutish at the base, the narrowly oblong sepals as long as to often slightly longer than the tube ; petals oval- elliptic, conspicuously purplish-veined, about 3.5 mm. long, the claw short and broad; carpels at anthesis united for two-thirds of their lengths, the stigmas subsessile on stout beaks or tipping slender style-like beaks. Canyon banks and open mesas, Upper Sonoran Zone; Channel Islands (Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and Santa Catalina Islands) off the coast of southern California, and on the mainland in western San Diego County (vicinity of Hodges Dam), California. Type locality: Santa Rosa Island. Nov.-Dec. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 355 7. PELTIPHYLLUM Engler in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. 32a : 61. 1890. Coarse acaulescent perennial herbs with thick fleshy horizontal rhizomes. Leaves basal, orbicular-peltate, cupped at the center, terminating long fleshy broadly stipular petioles. Scapes somewhat surpassing the leaves, occasionally bearing one or two very much reduced broadly stipular leaves. Inflorescence composed of broad corymbose cymes. Hypanthium small, flattish, shorter than the 5 sepals, these becoming reflexed. Corolla white, aging pinkish, regular. Petals 5, broad, sessile. Stamens 10; filaments subulate. Ovary adnate to the hypanthium only at the base; carpels free save at the base, in fruit nearly distinct and more or less spreading. [Name Greek, meaning peltate leaf.] A monotypic genus confined to California and adjacent Oregon. 1. Peltiphyllum peltatum (Torr.) Engler. Umbrella Plant, Indian Rhubarb. Fig. 2234. Saxifraga peltata Torr. ex Benth. PI. Hartw. 311. 1849. Leptarrhena inundata Behr ex Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 1 : 45. 18S5. Peltiphyllum peltatum Engler in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. 32a: 61. 1890. Tufted plant 3-10 dm. high. Leaf-blades 1-4 dm. broad, crenately to more acutely lobed, the lobes unequally and often sharply serrate-dentate, glabrous except occasionally on the prominent veins beneath ; petioles evenly though not densely glandular-scabrous ; scapes ap- pearing before the leaves (these appearing after anthesis), erect, sparsely to relatively densely brownish-pubescent with broadish hairs ; sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse, glandular-ciliate; petals oval-orbicular to oblong-obovate, 5-7 mm. long; carpels 8-11 mm. long, becoming reddish. In streams and along stream banks, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; southwestern Oregon southward in the Coast Ranges to Humboldt County and in the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County, California. Type locality: "Pine Creek," Butte County, California. April-July. 8. LEPTARRHENA R. Br. Chlor. Melv. 15. 1823. Perennial caulescent herbs with short leafy caudices and sparingly leafy flower-stalks. Leaves alternate, approximate on the caudex, remote and very few on the flower-stalk; blades leathery, toothed, narrowed into petiole-like bases. Flowers in a dense short panicle, elongating in fruit to a number of dense cymes. Hypanthium flattish, about the length of the calyx. Sepals 5, erect. Corolla white, regular. Petals 5, narrow, broadened upward, persistent. Stamens 10, with subulate filaments. Lower fifth of the ovary (only the very base in fruit) adnate to the hypanthium, the carpels coalesced only at the base, erect except for the slightly divergent tips. Seeds scurfy, elongated-subulate, the testa pro- longed on either end of the seed proper. [Name Greek, meaning thin or delicate and male, probably in reference to the slender stamens.] A monotypic genus, native of northeastern Asia and coastal northwestern North America. 1. Leptarrhena pyrolifolia (D. Don) R. Br. Leather-leaved Saxifrage. Fig. 2235. Saxifraga pyrolifolia D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. 13: 389. 1822. Saxifraga amplexifolia Sternb. Rev. Saxifr. Suppl. 1: 2. 1822. Leptarrhena pyrolifolia R. Br. ex Ser. in DC. Prod. 4: 48. 1830. Leptarrhena amplexifolia R. Br. ex. Ser. in DC. loc. cit. Caudex horizontal or ascending, stoutish, covered by the imbricated bases of the petioles. Leaf-blades leathery, oblong to obovate, serrate to crenate-serrate except toward the base, gla- brous, deep green or lustrous above, paler and often brownish beneath, 3-12 cm. long, narrowed into stout winged petioles, these sometimes sparingly ciliate ; flower-stalks 1-4.5 dm. tall, more or less glandular-pubescent, bearing one or two small auriculate-clasping leaves ; cymules at first congested into a thyrsoid panicle, becoming separated ; peduncles 5-25 mm. long, these and the pedicels more or less densely glandular-pubescent ; sepals ovate, whitish, slightly longer than the mostly glabrous hypanthium, each with a terminal sessile gland and often a few lateral glands; petals narrowly spatulate to oblong-oblanceolate, white, sometimes slightly pink-tinged, 2-2.5 mm. long; carpels conic-ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, purple or merely pink-tinged. Along streams, Boreal Zones; Kamchatka, Aleutian Islands, and southward along the coast of Alaska and British Columbia to Mount Adams, Washington. Type locality: Kamchatka and Unalaska. July. 9. SAXIFRAGA L. Sp. PI. 398. 1753. Herbs, mostly perennial, with alternate, opposite or basal, entire, toothed or pinnatifid leaves and corymbosely paniculate or solitary perfect flowers. Hypanthium weakly to well developed, adnate to at least the base of the ovary. Sepals 5. Petals 5, perigynous. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals; filaments subulate or broadened upward and some- what petaloid ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary almost superior to partly inferior, 2-celled (at least at the base), 2-lobed at least at the summit (3 to 5 carpels in aberrant flowers) ; capsule- beaks short; stigmas truncate or capitate. Placentae axile. Capsule 2-beaked, many- 356 SAXIFRAGACEAE 2240 2241 2242 2234. Peltiphyllum peltatum 2235. Leptarrhena pyrolifolia 2236. Saxifraga cernua 2237. Saxifraga Nuttallii 2238. Saxifraga debilis 2239. Saxifraga caespitosa 2240. Saxifraga adscendens 2241. Saxifraga fragarioides 2242. Saxifraga oppositifolia SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 357 seeded, dehiscing along or between the beaks. Seeds small, the testa roughened or smooth. [Name Latin, meaning stone-breaking, said by some to refer to the fact that many of the species grow in rock-clefts, by others to the supposition that certain species would cure stone in the bladder.] About 250 species, many circumboreal and nearly all restricted to the north temperate zone. Besides the following, about 40 species occur in the more easterly and northerly parts of North America. Type species, Saxifraga granulata L. Hypanthium turbinate to campanulate, well developed in mature flowers, ultimately longer than the sepals; flower- ing stems leaf-bearing. Petals deciduous, not reflexed, the claw, if present, very short and broad. Plants without caudex, producing only annual flowering stems from a slender rootstock. All but the relatively large terminal flower regularly replaced by conspicuous bulblets; plants more or less glandular-pubescent. 1. S. cernua. Flowers not replaced by bulblets; plants almost or quite glabrous. Sepals acuminate to merely acute; cauline leaves longer than wide, sharply 3-lobed at the apex. 2. S. Nuttallii. Sepals obtuse; at least the lower cauline leaves wider than long, crenately lobed. 3. 6". debilis. Plants with perennial leafy caudices, often with offsets, the flowering stems sharply differentiated from the basal portions of the plants. Leaves spatulate to flabellate, digitately cleft at the apex; petals S— 7 mm. long. 4. 6". caespitosa. Leaves entire, a few of the larger cauline with a pair of shallow teeth toward the apex; petals 3-5 mm. long. 5. .S". adscendens oregonensis. Petals withering-persistent, distinctly and narrowly clawed, reflexed at maturity; leaf-blades broadly cuneate, finally disarticulating from the petiole. 6. 5". fragarioides. Hypanthium shallow, only slightly developed, remaining relatively shallow even in fruit. Leaves opposite, densely imbricated and decussately 4-ranked on the sterile branches and flowering stalks; petals purple, fading to lilac; densely matted perennial. 7. 6". oppositifolia. Leaves alternate or basal; petals white or yellow. Leaf -blades fan-shaped to obovate-cuneate, sharply dentate except at the base; the petioles dilated above; primary branches of the inflorescence ultimately elongated and ascending. 8. 5". Lya//j't. Leaf-blades orbicular or reniform to oblong or lanceolate, never fan-shaped or obovate-cuneate; petioles not markedly dilated above. Blades of the leaves at least as broad as long, reniform to orbicular, more or less cordate to truncate at the base. Leaves orbicular to reniform-orbicular, more or less sharply dentate; petals white; filaments petaloid; relatively robust perennials. Leaves without stipules, simply and almost evenly dentate with roundish gland-tipped teeth; scapes from a slender horizontal rhizome. Petals suborbicular to elliptic-obovate, with abrupt and slender claws; inflorescence elongate, widely paniculate-cymose. 9. S. arguta. Petals elliptic-oblong to ovate, gradually narrowed into short relatively stout claws; inflorescence short, closely corymbose. 10. 5. aestivalis. Leaves with stipular dilations at the base of the petioles, the blades of at least the larger leaves with the main teeth in turn 3-dentate; scapes from an erect bulb-like rootstock. 11. 5". Mertensiana. Leaves, particularly the basal, truly reniform (much broader than long), not at all orbicular, shallowly and crenately 3-5-lobed; petals yellow; filaments subulate, not petaloid; very delicate annual or biennial. 12. .S". Sibthorpii. Blades of the leaves longer than broad. Caudices producing more or less horizontal perennial branches, these densely beset with small leaves; plants suffrutescent at the base. Leaves thickish, fleshy, semi-terete, often slightly revolute, eciliate; petals uniformly white; filaments petaloid, broadened above. 13. S. Tolmiei. Leaves relatively thin, parchment-like, spinulose-ciliate and cuspidate; petals veined and often spotted with maroon; filaments subulate. 14. 5". bronchialis austromontana. Caudices not producing horizontal perennial branches; plants herbaceous throughout. Petals mostly dissimilar, 3 of them broader than the other 2; floral bulblets often present. Plants (the caudex) perennial; scapes 1-4 dm. high; leaves spatulate, sharply toothed above the middle; pedicels at least not consistently or strikingly deflexed, the lateral often bulblet-bearing. 15. S. ferruginea. Plants annual; scapes 0.5-2 dm. high; leaves linear-elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, mostly entire; pedicels soon deflexed, all but the terminal bulblet-bearing. 16. 5". bryophora. Petals essentially alike; floral bulblets not present; plants from a perennial caudex. Petals net markedly longer, or very often shorter, than the sepals; inflorescences often head-like or umbel-like. All the petals slightly and consistently longer than the sepals; scapes essentially and peduncles and pedicels wholly glabrous and non-glandular; inflores- cence aggregated into a head-like or umbel-like cyme. 17. S. aprica. Petals varying from slightly shorter to slightly longer than the sepals; scapes and peduncles (and often the pedicels) glandular-pubescent and -puberulent. Longest petals about equaling the sepals; congested cy mules approximate in a narrowly pyramidal cyme. 18. S. Columbiana. Longest petals slightly longer than the sepals; cymules congested, the lower at anthesis separated from the others by the elongation of the peduncles. 19. S. nidifica. Petals markedly longer than the sepals, conspicuous; inflorescences not head-like or umbel-like; scapes and peduncles mainly glandular-pubescent. Cymules more or less compact at maturity, in narrowly pyramidal or corymb-like clusters. Leaves gradually narrowed to the base, almost or usually quite without peti- oles; robust plants, mostly 4—8 dm. tall. 20. .S". oregana. 358 SAXIFRAGACEAE Leaves mostly narrowed to distinct petioles; plants not strikingly robust, usually 1-4 dm. high. Basal leaves almost subcoriaceous, usually shortly and densely viscid- hirsutulous on the upper surface, the blades oblong-elliptic to ovate- elliptic, more or less abruptly contracted into petioles mostly shorter than the blades. 21. S. integrifolia. Basal leaves usually fleshy, glabrous or rarely sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, the petioles mostly as long as to longer than the oblong-ovate to deltoid-ovate blades. 22. S. fragosa. Cymules open and often raceme-like at maturity. Leaf-blades of a distinctly cuneate type, coarsely crenate or serrate-dentate; plants 6-15 cm. tall. 23. .S. Howellii. Leaf-blades not of a cuneate type. Sepals reflexed, at least after anthesis. Filaments broadened upward, narrowly petaloid; petals with 2 yel- lowish-green spots toward the base; leaf-blades ovate to oblong- ovate, coarsely dentate, crenate or crenate-dentate. 24. S. Marshallii. Filaments subulate, narrowed rather than broadened above; petals white throughout; leaf-blades oblong-obovate to elliptic, sinuately or repandly toothed. 25. ^. californica. Sepals not reflexed, mostly erect even in fruit; leaf-blades coarsely ser- rate or crenate-serrate to crenate. Petals obovate-oblong to narrowly oblong, 2J^ to 4 times as long as the sepals; leaf-blades thin, very sparingly, when at all, pubes- cent. 26. S. fallax. Petals oval to obovate, at most twice as long as the sepals; leaf- blades thick, usually densely rusty-pubescent on the lower surface. 27. S. occidentalis rufidula. 1. Saxifraga cernua L. Nodding Saxifrage. Fig. 2236. Saxifraga cernua L. Sp. PI. 403. 1753. A more or less glandular-pubescent caulescent perennial herb from a small rootstock, usually growing in clumps, the rootstock usually beset with bulblets ; stems leafy, 8-20 cm. tall, un- branched. Leaf-blades reniform, the upper cauline becoming rhomboidal to oblong, the basal and lower cauline crenately to digitately 3-7 lobed, 1-2 cm. wide, on petioles 1-5 cm. long, the upper cauline becoming sessile and bulblet-bearing ; flowers solitary and terminal, the hypanthium very little developed at anthesis, becoming bowl-shaped and 5 mm. wide ; sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, becoming broadly ovate as the hypanthium develops ; petals cuneate-oblong, white, 6-8 mm. long, clawless. Fruit often not developing. Rock crevices and meadows, Boreal Zones; circumboreal, extending southward in North America to Labra- dor, Colorado, and but recently collected in northwestern Okanogan County, Washington. Type locality: Lap- land. July-Aug. 2. Saxifraga Nuttallii Small. Nuttall's Saxifrage. Fig. 2237. Saxifraga elegans Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 573. 1840. Not Sternb. 1831. Saxifraga Nuttallii Small, Bull. Torrey Club 23 : 368. 1896. Cascadia Nuttallii A. M. Johnson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 14: 38. 1927. Saxifraga Nuttallii var. macrophylla Engler & Irmsch. Pflanzenreich 4117: 231. 1916. Glabrous caulescent perennial herb from a small rootstock; stems slender, 0.5-3.5 dm. tall, leafy, paniculate above. Leaf-blades oval to cuneate-oblong, the larger shallowly 3-lobed toward the apex, 4-12 mm. long, the lower narrowing to a distinct petiole, the upper inclined to be less and less petiolate; flowers few, in axillary and terminal elongated leafy-bracted racemes or panicles; pedicels filiform, 3-20 mm. long; hypanthium campanulate, including the sepals about 3 mm. long, becoming 4.5 or even 6 mm. long in fruit, glabrous; sepals nearly deltoid, 1-1.5 mm. long, acuminate or merely acute ; petals oblong to oblanceolate, clawless, with 3 purple veins, 4-5 mm. long; ovary adnate to the hypanthium for about half its length, the carpels united to about the middle, in fruit 4-5 mm. long. On wet banks and cliffs, Humid Transition Zone; apparently local, restricted to the hill country about the Willamette Valley, Oregon, and reappearing about Gray's Harbor, Washington. Type locality: banks of the Columbia, near the mouth of the Willamette River. May. 3. Saxifraga debilis Engelm. Pigmy Saxifrage. Fig. 2238. Saxifraga debilis Engelm. in A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 62. 1863. Saxifraga cernua var. debilis Engler, Monogr. Saxifr. 107. 1872. Saxifraga rivularis Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 121. 1936. Not L. Delicate loosely tufted glabrous to glandular-pubescent herb from a small perennial root- stock ; stems 3-10 cm. tall, erect or ascending, very slender, leafy, usually several from the same rootstock, sparingly branched above, the branches ascending, 1-3 cm. long, bearing a solitary flower. Basal leaf-blades thin, reniform to orbicular-reniform. 6-14 mm. wide, crenately and mostly 5-lobed, truncate to slightly cordate at the base, the slender petioles 1-2.5 cm. long, their scarious dilated bases thickly imbricated on the lower portion of the stem ; upper leaves increas- ingly smaller, becoming rhombic-ovate and entire, shortly petiolate ; hypanthium turbinate- campanulate, 3-4 mm. long at maturity; sepals oblong-ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse; petals white, spatulate-oblong, 3-6 mm. long, the abrupt claw broadish and very short ; ovary at ma- turity one-half to two-thirds inferior, 6-7 mm. long, the carpels united except for the strongly divergent styles. Moist locations, Boreal Zones; of very local distribution within our limits, distributed from British Columbia southward to the Mount Rainier region, the Blue and Wallowa Mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, and recently collected at several points along the crest and eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada of California. It is more abundant in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Utah, and has also been collected on San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Type locality: Colorado. July-Aug. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 359 4. Saxifraga caespitosa L. Tufted Saxifrage. Fig. 2239. Saxifraga cespitosa L. Sp. PL 404. 1753. Muscaria emarginata Small, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 130. 190S. Densely tufted caulescent perennial herb from a woody, often branching rootstock; caudices 3-7 cm. tall, densely beset with more or less imbricated leaves. Leaves persistent, spatulate to flabellate, thin, ciliate, sparsely pubescent, yellow-green, 8—15 mm. long, usually 3-cleft at the apex about a fourth of the way down, the digitate lobes roundish and obtuse to linear and acute; flower-stalks slender, glandular-puberulent, leafy-bracted and usually bearing 1-3 cleft leaves below, 1-6-flowered, 2-10 cm. high; hypanthium rounded or less commonly turbinate at the glandular-puberulent base, including the sepals 2.5-6 mm. long at maturity; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish ; petals white, obovate to oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, the bases often somewhat cuneate, 5-7 mm. long; capsule 5-7 mm. long, the lower two-fifths adnate to the hypanthium. Rocky slopes and cliffs, Humid Transition to Arctic-Alpine Zones; Greenland and Newfoundland west through subarctic America to Alaska, south to Jackson County, Oregon, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Arizona. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Siberia. Type locality: Europe. June-Sept. 5. Saxifraga adscendens subsp. oregonensis (Raf.) Bacigalupi. Wedge-leaved Saxifrage. Fig. 2240. Saxifraga adscendens of western American authors, not L. Ponista oregonensis Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 66. 1836. Muscaria adscendens Small, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 129. 1905. Saxifraga oregonensis A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 42: 52. 1906. Saxifraga incompta M. E. Peck, Rhodora 36: 267. 1934. A diminutive densely tufted glandular-pubescent perennial from a slender caudex; stems 2-8 cm. tall, often densely leafy. Basal leaves densely imbricated, oblong-spatulate, hispid- ciliolate, entire or rarely 3-toothed at the tip, 0.5-1.5 cm. long; cauline leaves often purplish, narrowly cuneate, 3-toothed above; inflorescence a compact leafy-bracteate cyme; hypanthium purplish, turbinate-campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long; sepals oblong-ovate to ovate, about 1.5 mm. long; petals white with 3 greenish nerves, narrowly obovate with a spatulate base, sessile, 3-5 mm. long. Wet, gravelly or rocky places, Boreal Zones; British Columbia southward in the Cascade Mountains to Mount Baker, Washington, and in the Rocky Mountains to the Wallowa Mountains of eastern Oregon, Colorado, and Utah. Type locality: "Mts. Oregon of North America." July-Aug. 6. Saxifraga fragarioides Greene. Joint-leaved Saxifrage. Fig. 2241. Saxifraga fragarioides Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 8: 121. 1881. Saxifragopsis fragarioides Small, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 20. 1896. Sometimes glandular perennial herb with sparingly leafy-bracted flowering stems arising from a stoutish horizontal rootstock or from an ascending caudex. Leaves mostly at the base of the flowering stem and more or less crowded on the caudex ; blades cuneate, thinnish, rather prominently and flabellately veined, coarsely dentate at the apex or above the middle, the sides below this entire, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, ultimately disarticulating from the petiole; petioles about as long as the blade, channeled above, with a scarious dilated base, persistent and densely covering the caudex, the smaller leaves often sessile on the dilated portion of the petiole ; flowering stalks straw-like, solitary or several together, 1-2.5 dm. tall, more or less densely glandular-pubescent, the upper leaves remote and increasingly bract-like ; inflorescence paniculate, the cymules rather distant; sepals ovate-lanceolate, reflexed, ciliate, 1.5-2 mm. long; hypanthium about as long, campanulate ; petals elliptic-spatulate to elliptic, apiculate to acute, narrowed to a distinct claw, persistent and reflexed, 2-3 mm. long ; ovary about half inferior, in fruit mostly 4-5 mm. long. Dry cliffs, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; higher Inner Coast Ranges of extreme northern California and adjacent Oregon. Type locality: "High mountains west of Mt. Shasta," California. July. 7. Saxifraga oppositifolia L. Purple Saxifrage. Fig. 2242. Sa,vifraga oppositifolia L. Sp. PI. 402. 1753. Antiphylla oppositifolia Fourr. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons II. 16: 386. 1868. Caulescent perennial forming low dense mats; branches erect, at least distally, 2.5-5 dm. high, slender and somewhat suffrutescent, densely clothed (except at the base and often save on the flowering stems and a few elongated stems) with imbricated decussate leaves, the stem thus appearing 4-cornered. Leaf-blades sessile, broadly ovate to obovate, often slightly acuminate, keeled, ciliate, somewhat thick and cartilaginous, pale green and soon turning purple-brown, 3-5 mm. long, the uppermost sometimes spatulate to oblong ; flowers solitary at the branch-tips ; sepals oblong, obtuse, ciliate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, at least 3 times as long as the hypanthium: petals persistent, purple, fading to lilac, prominently veined, oval to orbicular-ovate, stoutly and abruptly clawed, 5-8 mm. long; filaments subulate to triangular-subulate, purple, about half as long as the petals ; follicles adnate to the hypanthium only toward their very bases ; styles purplish, at anthesis but slightly spreading. In cliff-crevices. Boreal Zones; circumboreal, in Pacific North America extending southward in the Rocky Mountains to Wyoming, coastally to the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier, Washington, and in the Wallowa Mountains of eastern Oregon. Type locality: "in rupibus Alpium Spitzenbergensium, Lapponicarum, Pyrenai- carum, Helveticarum." June— Aug. 360 SAXIFRAGACEAE 8. Saxifraga Lyallii Engler. Red-stemmed Saxifrage. Fig. 2243. Saxifraga Lyallii Engler, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 19: 582. 1869. Saxifraga Lyallii laxa Engler, loc. cit. Saxifraga punctata var. acutidentata Engler, op. cit. 19: 548. Acaulescent from a perennial caudex. Leaf-blades obovate-cuneate, often quite truncate at the tip sharply and coarsely serrate-dentate, usually only above the middle (or flabellate, crenate- dentate with gland-tipped teeth except at the widely truncatish base), glabrous 1-4.5 cm. long, the petioles gradually dilated above, gradually to abruptly merging with the blade, 0.5-9 cm. long- scapes 0 8-3 dm. high, often purplish; glabrous; inflorescence relatively short the few primary branches ultimately virgate-ascending, glabrous or sparingly glandular; cymules open, usuallv reduced to solitary flowers, these often "double"; sepals soon reflexed, oblong-ovate, mostly glabrous ; petals white, the 2 greenish spots at the base soon fading, broadly oval to elliptic 2-4 mm long, the short broad claw distinct ; filaments broadened upward ; follicles nor- mally 2, more often 3-5, strikingly (7-12 mm.) long when mature, erect, the very short styles often widely divergent to recurved. Rocky ledges, Boreal Zones; southeastern Alaska to northern Idaho and western Montana and the northern Cascade fountains of northern Washington. Type locality: "Fort Colville," northeastern Washington July- Aug The type locality is possibly an error, for this species has not since been collected in its general region. 9. Saxifraga arguta D. Don. Brook Saxifrage. Fig. 2244. Saxifraga arguta D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. 13: 356. 1822. Saxifraga punctata of American authors generally, not L. Saxifraga odontophylla Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 314. 1906. Not Wall. 1834. Saxifraga odontoloma Piper, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 200. 1907. Acaulescent mostly glabrous perennial from a horizontal rhizome. Leaves erect or ascending, the blades suborbicular to orbicular-reniform, 2-8 cm. wide, coarsely and more or less evenly crenate-dentate with gland-tipped teeth, deeply cordate at the base, usually glabrous, mostly much shorter than the petioles, these slender, glabrous, 4-20 cm. long; scapes 14-16 cm. tall, glabrous below the inflorescence, more or less glandular above ; inflorescence broadly pamcu ate, the cymules spreading and relatively few-flowered, the peduncles and pedicels often purplish, minutely glandular-pubescent, elongating in age ; sepals lanceolate to oblong, 1 .5-2 mm. long usually glabrous, well reflexed, commonly purple; petals suborbicular to elhptic-obovate, 2.5T3.5 mm long, white with 2 or 3 greenish-yellow dots toward the base, the abrupt claws distinct, short and'slender; filaments broadened upward, more or less petaloid; anthers roundish, purple; capsule 4-8 mm. high, urceolate, erect, purple or at least purple-veined, the spreading or re- curved tips comparatively short. Along high mountain streams, Boreal Zones; British Columbia eastward to Montana and southward in the Cascade and Rocky Mountains to southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico. Type locality: coast of north- western North America. July-Aug. 10. Saxifraga aestivalis Fisch. & Mey. Summer Saxifrage. Fig. 2245. Saxifraga aestivalis Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1: 37. 1835. Saxifraga paddoensis Suksdorf, W. Amer. Sci. 15: 59. 1906. Habit very much like that of the preceding but the whole plant smaller. Leaves erect or ascending, the blades suborbicular to reniform, 2-5 cm. wide, coarsely few-toothed with crenate or narrower, sometimes overlapping, gland-tipped teeth, or sometimes almost crenately lobed, cordate at the base, glabrous, much shorter than the petioles, these slender, mostly glabrous, 3-10 cm. long; scapes often more or less glandular-pubescent, especially above, 7-24 cm. tall; inflorescence much less diffuse than in the preceding species, somewhat corymbosely branched, usually glandular-puberulent ; cymules open, mostly ascending, the peduncles and pedicels elon- gated more pubescent than the scapes; sepals oblong-ovate, 0.8-1.5 mm. long, reflexed; petals white', 2-3.5 cm. long, the elliptic, ovate or mostly oblong blades gradually narrowed into short claws'; filaments broadened upward, more or less petaloid ; capsule slender, at maturity 4-6 mm. long, the bodies erect, their upper third to half divergent, more or less abruptly reflexed at the tips, dark purple. Shaded stream banks, Hudsonian and Arctic- Alpine Zones; Alaska and the adjacent islands to Alberta and northern Oregon; also in northeastern Siberia. Type locality: not given. June-Aug. 11. Saxifraga Mertensiana Bong. Wood Saxifrage. Fig. 2246. Saxifraga Mertensiana Bong. Mem. Acad. St.-Petersb. VI. 2: 141. 1832. Saxifraga heterantha Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 252. 1832. Heterisia Eastwoodiae Small, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 156. 1905. Perennial herb from an erect scaly bulb-like usually bulbiferous rootstock. Leaf-blades rather fleshy but thin in the dried specimen, suborbicular to ovate-reniform. with many shallow and commonly 3-toothed lobes, shallowly to deeply cordate at the base, 2-7 cm. wide, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; petioles 3-14 cm. long, glabrous or hirsutulous ; stipules wing-like, scarious, often closely imbricated; flower-stalks 10-30 cm. tall, more usually pubescent and minutely glandular, paniculately branched above, bearing 1 or 2 leaves toward the base, bractlet- bearing above, at least at the inflorescence ; cymules few-flowered, frequently all but the terminal flower reduced to bulblets, the pedicels abruptlv recurved after anthesis; calyx cleft almost to the very base, the sepals oblong to oblong-ovate, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, usually glabrous, reflexed; petals white, 3-5 mm. long, ovate or elliptic above the short claws ; filaments white, broadened above, more or less petaloid ; anthers orbicular-reniform ; ovary almost entirely superior, the SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 361 carpels at first united for almost their full lengths, the beaks at length as long as the body and divergent, the tips often recurved. Damp woods, mostly Canadian Zone; southeastern Alaska southward along the coast to Sonoma County, and sparingly in the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa County, California, inland to northern Idaho and the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. Type locality: Sitka, Alaska. March-July. 12. Saxifraga Sibthorpii Boiss. Yellow Saxifrage. Fig. 2247. Saxifraga Sibthorpii Boiss. Diag. PI. Or. I. 3: 22. 1843. Delicate flaccid glabrous caulescent and cespitose annual or biennial 8-20 cm. tall. Basal leaf-blades reniform, crenately lobed, 10-15 mm. wide, the lower on long slender petioles, the upper sometimes sessile and rhombic-ovate; inflorescence terminal, loosely paniculate, single flowers sometimes arising from the lower leaf-axils; hypanthium flattish, poorly developed; sepals triangular-ovate, 1-2 mm. long, longer than the hypanthium, reflexed even at anthesis; petals yellow, 4 mm. long, elliptic with a short inconspicuous claw ; filaments narrowly subulate ; fruiting carpels green, coalesced for three-fourths of their lengths, more or less truncate at the top, the styles short, their tips ultimately divergent. Moist rocky slopes, Humid Transition Zone; adventive about Portland, Oregon (Elk Rock). A native of Greece. June. 13. Saxifraga Tolmiei Torr. & Gray. Alpine Saxifrage. Fig. 2248. Saxifraga Tolmiei Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 567. 1840. Saxifraga ledifolia Greene, Pittonia 2: 101. 1890. Densely tufted perennial with short and branched, leafy, more or less prostrate stems and erect, mostly leafless flower-stalks from a slender woody caudex, usually forming mats. Leaves subsessile, glabrous, thickish, often slightly revolute, more or less crowded, oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 mm. long, or sometimes oval to oblong, obtuse, often semi-terete, 2-9 mm. long; flower- stalks 3-12 cm. tall, sparingly to densely, but finely, glandular-pubescent, especially above, leafless or bearing 1 or 2 reduced leaves, terminating in a narrow panicle- to corymb-like cyme, less often, in the smallest plants, 1-flowered; sepals ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous, obtuse; petals white, elliptic to spatulate, 4-5.5 mm. long; filaments dilated below the summit; capsules 8-12 mm. long. Rocky soil, Boreal Zones; southern Alaska southward through Washington and Oregon and in the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County, California. Type locality : "North West Coast" of North America July-Aug. The typical form, with shorter leaves and the flowers few and sometimes solitary, is not found south ot Washington. 14. Saxifraga bronchialis subsp. austromontana (Wiegand) Piper. Spotted Saxifrage.. Fig. 2249. Saxifraga bronchialis Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 310. 1814. Not L. Saxifraga austromontana Wiegand, Bull. Torrey Club 27 : 389. 1900. Saxifraga cognata E. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 30: 118. 1900. Saxifraga bronchialis austromontana Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 313. 1906. Perennial mostly matted herb with copiously leafy, more or less horizontally creeping caudices and offshoots terminated bv less leafy erect flowering stalks. Caudical leaves subulate or narrowly lanceolate, parchment-like, crowded and more or less spreading, or often somewhat imbricated, spinulose-ciliate almost to the mostly acuminate and cuspidate apex, 5-16 (mostly 10-12) mm. long; flower-stalks glabrate to sparingly glandular-pubescent, 6-15 cm. tall, termi- nating in a compact or elongated cyme and bearing several remote leaves smaller than the caudical ones; sepals ovate and obtuse to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous or sparingly abate, 1.5-3 mm. long, much longer than the hypanthium ; petals white, veined and often spotted with maroon, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, clawless ; filaments subulate ; capsule 5-9 mm. long. Among rocks, Boreal Zones; British Columbia and Alberta to Oregon and New Mexico. Type locality: Cascade Mountains of Washington. July-Aug. Saxifraga bronchialis var. vespertina (Small) Rosend. Bot. Jahrb. 37. Beibl. 83: 73. 1905. (Leptasea vespertina Small, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 153. 1905.) Differs from S. bronchialis subsp. austromontana in having the caudical leaves oblong-spatulate to oblanceolate and the petals often oval to oval-elliptic and more or less obtuse. Rocky cliffs, Humid Transition Zone; coastal Alaska to the Columbia River Gorge, Oregon. Type locality: Baldy Peak, Chehalis County, Washington. 15. Saxifraga ferruginea Graham. Alaska Saxifrage. Fig. 2250. Saxifraga ferruginea Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1828: 349. 1829. Saxifraga notkana Moc. ex Ser. in DC. Prod. 4: 40, as synonym. 1830. Saxifraga Bongardii Presl in Engler, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 19: 528. 1868. Saxifraga ferruginea var. Macounii Engler & Irmsch. Pflanzenreich 4117: 70. 1916. Saxifraga ferruginea var. nivea A. M. Johnson, Minn. Stud. Biol. Sci. 4: 64. 1923. More or less glandular-pubescent herb 1-4 dm. tall. Leaves mostly basal, crowded on a short caudex, spatulate to oblanceolate-spatulate, 2-8 cm. long, sharply and sometimes broadly toothed mostly 'above the middle, more or less pubescent; flowering stems solitary or several, rather widely paniculate, the branches ascending ; bracts often reddish, usually much smaller than the leaves, the lower often foliaceous, sometimes 4 cm. long; lateral pedicels often bearing clusters of bulblets; sepals oblong-ovate, 1-2.5 mm. long, reflexed; petals unequal, oblong-lanceolate to spatulate-elliptic, 3.5-5 mm. long, white with 2 yellow spots at the base; carpels united for two- thirds of their lengths, the style-tips divergent. Along alpine rills, Boreal Zones; Alaska southward through British Columbia and the Canadian Rocky Mountain! to northern Idaho and Montana, and through Washington and Oregon to the Siskiyou and Salmon Mountains of northwestern California. Type locality: not definitely stated; first described from plants raised from seed in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden. July-Aug. 362 SAXIFRAGACEAE 16. Saxifraga bryophora A. Gray. Bud Saxifrage. Fig. 2251. Saxifraga bryophora A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 533. 1865. Saxifraga leucanthcmifolia var. integrifolia Engler, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 19: 528. 1869. Spatularia bryophora Small, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 148. 1905. Acaulescent annual producing a cluster of small fusiform roots from a slender caudex, glandular-pubescent throughout. Leaves crowded about the base of the scape, linear-elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, 0.5-3 cm. long, entire, very rarely shallowly toothed toward the acute apex; scapes one to several, 0.5-2 dm. tall, becoming more or less divaricately branched above; pedicels filiform, usually all but the terminal soon deflexed and bearing conspicuous bulblets; terminal flower as well as the bulblets subtended by minute greenish or reddish bracts 1-3 mm. long; sepals ovate, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, usually reflexed; petals elliptic to ovate-oblong, 2-3 mm. long, white with 2 yellowish spots at the base, almost regular to more usually unequal, the 3 larger abruptly clawed ; capsule 3-4 mm. long, the extremely short styles divergent. In moist gravelly soil. Boreal Zones; Sierra Nevada from Plumas County to Tulare County, California. Type locality: Ebbett's Pass, California. July-Aug. 17. Saxifraga aprica Greene. Sierra Saxifrage. Fig. 2252. Saxifraga nivalis of Calif, authors, not L. Saxifraga umbellulata Greene, Erythea 1 : 222. 1893. Not Hook. & Thorns. 1857. Saxifraga aprica Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 25. 1896. Micranthes aprica Small, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 135. 1905. Acaulescent from a perennial fibrous-rooted caudex often beset with numerous bulblets. Leaves 1-5 cm. long, the blades ovate to spatulate or oblong, undulate, sinuate-crenate to shal- lowly crenulate or crenate-dentate, green above, often purplish beneath, cuneately or more_ ab- ruptly narrowed into the often broadly winged petioles; scapes solitary, less usually paired, slender, purplish to reddish, only sparingly and very inconspicuously glandular-pubescent below, 5-18 cm. tall ; cymules mainly or wholly aggregated into a terminal head- or umbel-like cluster, the peduncles and pedicels very short, non-glandular, glabrous ; sepals ovate or often very much broader, 1-1.5 mm. long; petals obovate to oblong-obovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, longer than the sepals, narrowed to a claw-like base; filaments subulate; capsule 2.5-4 mm. long, purple. Wet or recently moist gravelly soil, Boreal Zones chieflv; mountains of northern Trinity County eastward to Mount Shasta and southward in the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County, California. Also in the mountains of adjacent Oregon and Nevada. Type locality: "Near Donner Lake," California. May- Aug. 18. Saxifraga columbiana Piper. Piper's Saxifrage. Fig. 2253. Saxifraga columbiana Piper, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 393. 1900. Saxifraga apetala Piper, loc. cit. Saxifraga chelanensis A. M. Johnson, Amer. Journ. Bot. 21: 109. 1934. Acaulescent perennial herb from a relatively stoutish, fibrous-rooted caudex. Leaves thin- nish, 2-10 cm. long, the blades ovate to oblong or elliptic, shallowly undulate and denticulate or remotely serrate with gland-tipped teeth, glabrous or only sparingly pubescent, gradually to abruptly narrowed into petioles usually shorter than the blades; scapes often stout, 1-3.5 dm. tall, rather copiously and evenly glandular-pubescent ; cymules permanently contracted, forming a narrowly pyramidal or cylindric cyme, the lower peduncles becoming somewhat lengthened; hypanthium often enclosed in a filmy envelope (possibly of teratological origin) ; sepals triangu- lar-oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long; petals oblong to cuneate, shorter than, though sometimes equaling the sepals, often greenish, sometimes lacking; filaments subulate, about as long as the petals; capsule stoutish, 4.5 mm. high, merely the tips divergent. Moist hillsides and rocky slopes, Arid Transition Zone; from the eastern base of the Cascade Mountains of Washington eastward to Montana and south to adjacent Oregon. Type locality: Pullman, Washington. April- June. Erroneously referred to 5. nidifica by St. John, Flora of Southeastern Washington. Saxifraga plantaginea Small, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 366. 1896. Acaulescent from a thick caudex; leaves drving leatherv, oval to rhombic, varying to oblong, often rufous-hairy beneath; hypanthium often enclosed in a filmy envelope'; petals broadly obovate, usuallv shorter than the sepals. Mountains of eastern Washington and adjacent Idaho. Type locality: "Spokane," Washington. 19. Saxifraga nidifica Greene. Peak Saxifrage. Fig. 2254. Saxifraga nidifica Greene, Erythea 1 : 222. 1893. Acaulescent, often diminutive perennial from a caudex densely beset with bulblet-like off- shoots. Leaves broadly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1^1 cm. long, sparingly repand-denticulate to almost entire, glabrous or very rarely glandular-hirsutulous, pale green or purplish-tinged, more or less abruptly narrowed to slightly winged petioles often longer than the blades ; scapes slender, 1-3 dm. tall, glandular-pubescent quite or almost to the ultimate pedicels ; bracts oblong-linear, much shorter than the peduncles; hypanthium glabrous; sepals ovatish to oblong, obtuse, 1.5- 1.8 mm. long, glabrous, ultimately reflexed; petals white, oval -orbicular to more usually spatu- late-elliptic, mostly sessile, varying from slightly shorter than to slightly longer than the sepals ; filaments short, narrowly triangular. Meadows and bogs, mostly Boreal Zones; Sierra Nevada of California, from Tulare County northward to Siskiyou County, westward to Trinity and Humboldt Counties, and northeastward to the mountains of eastern Oregon. Type locality: above Donner Lake, Placer County, California. June- Aug. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 363 20. Saxifraga oregana Howell. Bog Saxifrage. Fig. 2255. Saxifraga integrifolia var. sierrae Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7: 78. 1892. Saxifraga oregana Howell, Erythea 3: 34. 189S. Saxifraga sierrae Small, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 366. 1905. Saxifraga oregana var. sierrae Engler & Irmsch. Pflanzenreich 4U7: 63. 1916. Robust acaulescent herb from a stout often creeping perennial rootstock. Leaves 5—15 (often longer) cm. long, the blades oblong-spatulate, elliptic or ovate-elliptic (greatly elongated and broadly linear to linear-spatulate on plants growing in water), remotely glandular-denticulate to coarsely glandular-serrate, typically glabrous, though sometimes sparingly pubescent and ciliolate, gradually narrowed to a broadish, margined, sheathing base; scapes stout, typically solitary, erect, 3-9 dm. tall, uniformly glandular-pubescent, widely paniculate to narrowly thyr- soid and often densely glandular-puberulent above ; cymules aggregated into clusters terminating the ascending peduncles, these subtended by conspicuous linear-lanceolate bracts often 1 cm. long; sepals ovate or broader, ultimately reflexed, 2-2.5 mm. long; petals white, elliptic to obovate, sessile by a short broad base, 2-4 mm. long; filaments subulate; capsule 3.5-5 mm. long, green to purple, the short beaks spreading. Meadows and bogs, Transition and Boreal Zones; western Washington southward to the higher North Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada (to Tulare County) of California, eastward to northern Idaho and southwestward to the mountains of eastern and central Oregon and westernmost Nevada. Type locality: "Mountain marshes of Oregon and Washington." April-Aug. 21. Saxifraga integrifolia Hook. Hooker's Saxifrage. Fig. 2256. Saxifraga integrifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 249. 1832. Saxifraga bracteosa Suskdorf, Deutsch. Bot. Monatss. 18: 27. 1900. Saxifraga bracteosa var. angustifolia Suskdorf, loc. cit. Acaulescent glandular-hirsutulous perennial herb from a stoutish fibrous-rooted rootstock. Leaves 1-6 cm. long, the blades almost subcoriaceous, ovate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic, entire or rarely slightly sinuate-crenate, shortly and densely viscid-hirsutulous, especially on the upper surface, more or less abruptly contracted into winged petioles mostly shorter than the blades ; scape more or less rigid, not slender, scabrid, 2-4 dm. tall ; inflorescence relatively narrow, the cymules even in fruit more or less contracted, only one or two of the lower long-pedunculate ; sepals triangular-oblong, obtuse to acutish, about 1.5 mm. long, ultimately reflexed; petals white, spatulate-elliptic, blunt at the practically clawless base, about 2.5 mm. long; filaments subulate; follicles depressed, very broad, even in fruit. Borders of meadows and in gravelly prairies, Humid Transition Zone; western Washington and northwest- ern Oregon, extending more sparingly eastward along the Columbia River to central and eastern Washington and adjacent Oregon. Type locality: near the mouth of the Columbia River. Originally collected by Scouler. March- July. 22. Saxifraga fragosa Suksdorf. Fleshy-leaved Saxifrage. Fig. 2257. Saxifraga fragosa Suksdorf ex Small, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 363. 1896. Saxifraga integrifolia var. fragosa Rosend. Bot. Jahrb. 37. Beibl. 83: 68. 1905. Saxifraga laevicarpa A. M. Johnson, Minn. Stud. Biol. Sci. 4: 46. 1923. Saxifraga cephalantha Heller ex Engler & Irmsch. Pflanzenreich 4117: 59, as a synonym. 1916. Acaulescent perennial from a relatively slender caudex. Leaves relatively thickish and fleshy, glabrous or seldom sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, often reddish and glaucous, entire or slightly repand or rarely repand-denticulate, deltoid-ovate to ovate-oblong, 3-5 cm. long, usually abruptly contracted into petioles mostly as long as to longer than the blades ; scapes 2-4 dm. tall, thickish, relatively fleshy, usually reddish, densely glandular-puberulent, corymbosely branched above, the cymules often opening tardily ; peduncles and pedicels very glandular, often conspicuously bracteate ; hypanthium glabrate to glabrous, the glabrous sepals broadly oblong, obtuse to acutish, 1.5 mm. long; petals rhombic-ovate to oval, sessile by a broad claw-like base, 2.5-3.5 mm. long; filaments subulate at anthesis, uniformly wider before; fruiting follicles purple, conical, the tips recurving. Wet rocks and moist ground, Humid Transition and Canadian Zones; Washington and northeastern Oregon southward in the Coast Ranges to Lake and Sonoma Counties, California. Type locality: western Klickitat County, Washington. March-July. Saxifraga fragosa subsp. claytoniaefolia (Canby) Bacigalupi. (S. claytoniaefolia Canby ex Small, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 365. 1896.) Differs mostly in having longer and wider deltoid-ovate leaves 4-7 cm. long. Washington and northern and northeastern Oregon. Type locality : The Dalles, Oregon. 23. Saxifraga Howellii Greene. Flowell's Saxifrage. Fig. 2258. Saxifraga Howellii Greene, Pittonia 2: 163. 1897. Micranthes Howellii Small, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 140. 1905. Diminutive acaulescent plant from a perennial caudex. Leaves 1 . 5-4 cm. long, the blades relatively thin, cuneate or oblong-cuneate, coarsely crenate or serrate-dentate, ciliolate, the lower surface of young leaves with a loose rusty arachnoid pubescence, soon becoming glabrous, narrowed into slender petioles usually longer than the blades; scapes solitary or paired, 6-15 cm. tall, glabrous save for the loosely rusty-pubescent base, corymbose and bracteate above ; cymules few-flowered, open, the peduncles and pedicels very slender ; sepals oblong to ovate-oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, glabrous, reflexed; petals white, oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, clawless; filaments nar- rowly subulate, almost as long as the petals; carpels 2.5-3 mm. long, green to dark purplish. Recently wet places, Humid and Arid Transition Zones: southwestern Oregon and adjacent California. Ap- parently very local. Type locality: "On the Coquell [Coquille] River, Oregon." March-May. 364 SAXIFRAGACEAE 2249 2243. Saxifraga Lyallii 2244. Saxifraga arguta 2245. Saxifraga aestivalis 2246. Saxifraga Mertensiana 2247. Saxifraga Sibthorpii 2248. Saxifraga Tolmiei 2249. Saxifraga bronchialis 2250. Saxifraga ferruginea 2251. Saxifraga bryophora SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 365 2252. Saxifraga aprica 2253. Saxifraga columbiana 2254. Saxifraga nidifica 2255. Saxifraga oregana 2256. Saxifraga integrifolia 2257. Saxifraga fragosa 2258. Saxifraga Howellii 2259. Saxifraga Marshallii 2260. Saxifraga californica 366 SAXIFRAGACEAE 24. Saxifraga Marshallii Greene. Marshall's Saxifrage. Fig. 2259. Saxifraga Marshallii Greene, Pittonia 1 : 159. 1888. Saxifraga petiolata A. M. Johnson, Minn. Stud. Biol. Sci. 4: 29. 1923. Saxifraga Hallii A. M. Johnson, op. cit. 4 : 24. 1923. Acaulescent perennial from a fibrous-rooted caudex. Leaves thickish, 4-9 cm. long, the blades oblong to oblong-orbicular, cuneate to subcordate at the base, coarsely dentate, crenate or crenate-dentate reddish-pubescent beneath, essentially glabrous and bright green above com- monly shorter than the petioles ; scapes 12-30 cm. tall, thinly glandular-puberulent, corymbosely branched above ; cvmules open, the peduncles and pedicels elongated, pubescent ; sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, reflexed; petals white with 2 greenish to yellow spots below the middle 2 5-3.5 mm. long, oval to oblong, often somewhat cuneate below; filaments broad- ened upward, often markedly petaloid; carpels 2.5 mm. long, the slender tips spreading. Moist bluffs and meadows, Transition and Boreal Zones; northern Idaho and Washington to Humboldt Cnuntv California Type locality: "Supply Creek, w. of Hupa Valley, at considerable altitude . . , Hum- bddfco/' according tfjepson father thaV-Hupa' Valley," as stated by Greene. May-June. This is the Saxi- fraga odontoloma of Gilkey's Handbook of Northwest Flowering Plants. Saxifraga idahoensis Piper, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 394. 1900. {S. Marshallii jar. idahoensis Engler & Irmsch. Pflanzenreich 4*": 37. 1916.) A species with petaloid filaments and reflexed sepals close to S Marshallii but the flowers much smaller (petals 1.5-2 mm. or 2.5 mm. long) and wholly white, without colored spots. Northern Idaho and adjacent Washington. Type locality: Kendnck, Idaho. 25. Saxifraga californica Greene. California Saxifrage. Fig. 2260. Saxifraga virginiensis Benth. PI. Hartw. 311. 1848. Not Michx. Saxifraga californica Greene, Pittonia 1 : 286. 1889. Saxifraga virginiensis var. californica Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 268. 1901. Saxifraga napensis Small, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 316. 1898. Acaulescent perennial herb from a short erect fibrous-rooted caudex. Leaves 3-12 (typically about 6) cm. long, mostly ascending, obovate-oblong to elliptic, sinuately crenate-dentate to denticulate, usually more or less sparsely pilose above, often with gland-tipped hairs, pilose- ciliate paler beneath, abruptly to gradually narrowed into narrowly winged petioles varying from 5-50 mm. in length; scapes 15-30 cm. tall, thinly glandular-pubescent, especially above, green or purplish, loosely branched above ; cymules becoming open ; sepals ovate, soon reflexed, 1.5-2 mm. long, often reddish or purplish ; petals white, oval to obovate, sessile, 3.5-5 mm. long; filaments subulate, as long as to longer than the sepals; capsule 2.5-3.5 mm. long, purple or purple-tinged, the carpels coalesced only at the base. Shaded rocky places, mostly on the lower hills, Upper Sonoran Zone for the most part; southwestern Oregon southward in the Coast Ranges and along the foothills of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino, San Gabriel, and Santa Monica mountains, California. Also on the Channel Islands. Type locality: "Central parts of California, in the Coast Range especially." Feb.-June. Saxifraga montana (Small) Fedde, Bot. Jahresb. S31: 613. 1906. {Micranthes montana Small, N Amer. Fl 22- 138 1905; Saxifraga californica var. nidifica Engler & Irmsch. Pflanzenreich 41*': 44. 1916; Saxt- fraga fallax Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 120. 1936. Not Greene.) Differs from S. californica in having the leaves (even the upper surfaces) glabrous, the petioles often shorter, the floral bracts much longer and the portion of the mature carpels below the beaks much more depressed. The inflorescence-branches soon become very lax and elongated. Meadows mostly Canadian and Hudsonian Zones; Sierra Nevada, Butte County to Tulare County, California. Type locality: Pyramid Peak, Eldorado County, California. Occupies a zonal belt more or less coextensive with that of 5". nidifica, high above that of 5". californica. 26. Saxifraga fallax Greene. Greene's Saxifrage. Fig. 2261. Saxifraga fallax Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 25. 1896. Saxifraga gracillima A. M. Johnson, Minn. Stud. Biol. Sci. 4: 45. 1923. Acaulescent, sparsely glandular, from a perennial caudex. Leaf-blades very thin, only spar- ingly pubescent to glabrate, ovate to oval, coarsely toothed to repand, subcordate to subtruncate at the base, the petioles relatively slender, as long as to mostly longer than the blades; scape 1 . 5-3 dm. high, the cyme very loose, the pedicels very slender and mostly much longer than the flowers ; hypanthium broadly turbinate, glabrous, about as long as the triangular-oblong per- manently erect sepals; petals obovate-oblong to mostly narrowly oblong, spatulately narrowed to a claw-like base, about 4 mm. long, iy2 to 4 times as long as the sepals. Rocky places, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; southern Oregon to Sonoma and Amador Counties, California. Type locality: "Lassen's Peak" and "above Donner Lake," California. Feb.-June. Saxifraga parvifolia Greene, Pittonia 3: 116. 1896. (S. laevicaulis A. M. Johnson, Minn. Stud. Biol. Sci. 4: 26. 1923 J Much closer to S. californica than the last. It is distinguished by its very small widely ovate glabrous leaves 1-2 cm. long, very slender petioles somewhat longer than the blades, very tardily and not totally reflexed sepals and white petals only 2 to 2% times as long as the sepals. Apparently local in southwestern Oregon. Type locality: Grant's Pass, Oregon. 27. Saxifraga occidentalis subsp. rufidula (Small) Bacigalupi. Rusty Saxifrage. Fig. 2262. Micranthes rufidula Small, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 140. 1905. Saxifraga rufidula Macoun, Ottawa Nat. 20: 162. 1906. Micranthes Allenii Small, op. cit. 22: 144. 1905. Micranthes aequidentata Small, op. cit. 22: 145. 1905. Saxifraga klickitatensis A. M. Johnson, Minn. Stud. Biol. Sci. 4: 25. 1923. Acaulescent perennial. Leaves 1-4 cm. long, often almost subcoriaceous, oblong to ovate, coarsely crenate, bright greenish and essentially glabrous above, especially the younger leaves SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 367 densely rusty-tomentose beneath; petioles usually shorter than the blades, usually less than 2 mm., though sometimes as much as 5 mm., wide ; scapes 5-20 cm. tall, somewhat purplish, densely pubescent below, the pubescence often rusty-tomentose, glabrous or merely inconspicuously pubescent to densely glandular above, corymbosely branched ; cymules at length open ; peduncles and pedicels often purplish, puberulent with or without gland-tipped hairs, or glabrate; sepals oblong-ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous, obtuse; petals white, 2.5-4 mm. long, elliptic to broadly oval, shortly clawed ; filaments usually subulate, sometimes broadened upward and petaloid, both kinds rarely in a single flower ; carpels 3-4 mm. long, deep purple, with widely spreading tips. Rocky crevices, Boreal Zones in the mountains and Humid Transition Zone in the Columbia River Gorge region; southern British Columbia southward to the upper reaches of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Type locality: Mount Finlayson, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. March-July. Saxifraga occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 264. 1888. {Saxifraga saximontana E. Nels. Erythea 7: 168. 1S99.) May be distinguished from Saxifraga occidentalis subsp. rufidula most easily by its unmistakably petaloid filaments, its usually curved scape, its often much more saliently toothed leaves, and the usually totally green (not reddish) hue of its herbage. Mountain slopes, Boreal Zones; Alberta to Montana and westward to the northeastern corner (Okanogan County to Spokane County) of Washington. Type locality: "Rocky Mountains." 10. CHRYSOSPLENIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 398. 1753. Low, somewhat succulent, dichotomously branched herbs, mainly semi-aquatic and with perennial rootstocks. Leaves petiolate, crenate, opposite or alternate, exstipulate. Flowers greenish, small, axillary or terminal, solitary or in small corymbs, perfect. Hypanthium saucer-shaped or campanulate, adnate to the lower portion of the ovary and usually lined with an epigynous disk. Sepals normally 4. Petals none. Stamens 4—8 (rarely 10), inserted on the margin of the disk; filaments short. Ovary 1-celled, flattish, 2-lobed ; styles 2, recurved, usually short ; placentae parietal, many-ovuled. Capsule membranous, short, inversely cordate or 2-lobed, 2-valved above, few- or many-seeded. Seed coat muricate or pilose. [Name Greek, meaning golden spleen, from some reputed medicinal quality.] A genus of about 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone and of southern South America. Type species, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L. Lower leaves always opposite (the upper sometimes alternate); flowers solitary, axillary; stamens 8. 1. C. glechomaefolium. Leaves all alternate; flowers clustered in the upper leaf-axils; stamens 4. 2. C. tetrandrum. 1. Chrysosplenium glechomaefolium Nutt. Pacific Water Carpet. Fig. 2263. Chrysosplenium glechomaefolium Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 589. 1840. Chrysosplenium oppositifolium var. Scouleri Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 242. 1S32. Chrysosplenium Scouleri Rose, Bot. Gaz. 23: 277. 1897. Glabrous perennial with a slender stoloniferous rootstock; stems mostly ascending, often rooting at the lower nodes, 8-25 cm. long. Leaves opposite, the uppermost occasionally alternate, suborbicular, abruptly cuneiform at the base, crenate above, 8-15 mm. broad; petioles 1-2 cm. long ; flowers solitary, axillary, short-pedicelled ; hypanthium 2-3 mm. broad with rounded entire sepals ; stamens 8, about equaling the hypanthium ; capsule at length exserted. Springy places, Humid Transition Zone; coastal region, British Columbia south to Mendocino County, Cali- fornia. Type locality: "Columbia River, on the North-West coast." April-June. 2. Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Th. Fries. Northern Water Carpet. Fig. 2264. Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Th. Fries, Bot. Notiser 1858: 193. 1858. Glabrous perennial from a slender stoloniferous rootstock ; stems simple to above the middle, 2-15 cm. tall. Lower leaves on petioles 0.5-2 cm. long, thickish, reniform, shallowly crenate- lobed, lighter beneath than above, 4-12 mm. wide; upper leaves larger than the lower, suborbicu- lar to broadly cuneate, becoming subsessile, the uppermost crowded and often reddish-tinged, simulating floral bracts ; flowers short-pedicelled, clustered in the axils of the uppermost leaves ; sepals usually 4; stamens 4, opposite the sepals; seeds small, numerous, brownish red. Damp rock-crevices and springy places, Boreal Zones; Arctic regions of Eurasia and America, extending southward in North America to Colorado and reaching our region in Okanogan County, Washington (Mount Bonaparte). Type locality: Finmarken, Norway. 11. LITHOPHRAGMA Nutt. Tourn. Acad. Phila. 7:26. 1834. Slender perennial herbs with narrow bulblet-bearing rhizomes, simple stems and axial, sparingly leafy flowering shoots. Leaves mostly basal, petiolate, reniform or suborbicular, 3-5-parted or -lobed or merely rounded-crenate ; petioles with stipule-like dilated bases. Flowers in simple mostly few-flowered racemes. Hypanthium from campanulate or hemi- spheric and adnate only to the base of the ovary to elongate-turbinate or obconic and adnate to the lower half of the ovary. Sepals 5, short, valvate in the bud, rounded or triangular. Petals 5, alternating with the sepals and inserted on the hypanthium just be- low the margin, white or pinkish, clawed, the blade oval or obovate to cuneate in outline, djgitately or pinnately cleft, toothed or entire, much exceeding the sepals, at length de- ciduous. Stamens 10, inserted on the hypanthium, included; filaments short; anthers cordate, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled with 3 many-seeded, parietal placentae, 3-valved at the 368 SAXIFRAGACEAE apex; ovary-beaks 3, short; stigmas obtuse or somewhat dilated. Fruit a capsule. Seeds horizontal, ovoid, with a distinct raphe. [Name Greek, meaning- rock fence, the intended significance obscure.] A genus of about a dozen species, all natives of western North America. Type species, Lithophragma parvi- flora (Hook.) Nutt. Hypanthium campanulate, with a mostly rounded base, or the base only very slightly, though widely, tapering into the pedicel. Petals 2-7 mm. long, deeply and palmately parted; hypanthium 3.4 mm. wide or less. Stem leaves not bulbiferous in the axils. Inflorescence not elongated or particularly narrow, relatively few-flowered; hypanthium not con- spicuously striate. Hypanthium at anthesis (with the sepals) not more than 3 mm. long; pedicels in fruit 8 mm. or more long, much longer than the capsules; leaves ternately divided to near the base. 1. L. glabra. Hypanthium at anthesis (with the sepals) 3—4 mm. long; fruiting pedicels usually much shorter than 8 mm.; leaves deeply 3-lobed. 2. L. breviloba. Inflorescence elongated, narrow, sometimes as much as 20-flowered; hypanthium more or less con- spicuously striate. 3. L. rupicola. Stem leaves not bulbiferous in the axils. 4. L. bulbifera. Petals 5—1 2 mm. long, entire or only deeply toothed (not parted) ; hypanthium mostly 4 mm. or more in width. Base of the hypanthium truncate or only slightly rounded; base of petal-blade plane and not toothed, the upper part more or less strongly toothed or incised (rarely entire). 5. L. heterophylla. Base of the hypanthium merely obtuse, not really truncate; base of petal-blade somewhat involute, minutely crenulate to laciniate, the upper part entire or with a few lateral teeth. 6. L. scabrella. Hypanthium rounded-turbinate to obconic, with a more or less acute base. Hypanthium rounded-turbinate with an acutish, though not obconic base. Basal leaves 3-parted to near the base; cauline leaves alternate; petals 3-cleft or -toothed; pedicels 2-5 mm. long. 7. L. tripartita. Basal leaves round-lobed; cauline leaves a single pair, opposite; petals entire; pedicels 5-10 mm. long. 8. L. Cymbalaria. Hypanthium with an obconic base. Basal leaves divided to near the base into cuneate segments; hypanthium elongated-obconic. Blades of the petals cleft scarcely half their lengths into 3 broadly oblong lobes; hypanthium 3 times as long as broad. 9. L. trifoliata. Blades of the petals divided more than half their lengths into 3—7 linear-oblong divisions; hy- panthium twice as long as broad. 10. L. parvi flora. Basal leaves variously lobed but not divided to near the base; hypanthium broadly obconic. 11. L. affinis. 1. Lithophragma glabra Nutt. Smooth Lithophragma. Fig. 2265. Lithophragma glabra Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 584. 1840. Tellima glabra Steudel, Nom. ed. 2. 2: 665. 1841. Lithophragma tenella var. florida Suksdorf, W. Amer. Sci. 15: 61. 1906. Lithophragma tenella of Pacific Coast authors, in part. Not Nutt. Stem 1-2 dm. high, slender, minutely glandular-puberulent or glabrate. Petioles of the basal leaves 1 .5—2 cm. long, puberulent; blades ternately divided to near the base, puberulent; divisions cuneate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, 3-lobed; stem leaves as small or smaller, short-petioled, blades similar to those of the basal ones ; stipules conspicuous, with a triagular or rounded basal free portion, somewhat erose ; flowers 3-8 ; pedicels 2-4 mm. long, in fruit often over 1 cm. long ; hypanthium campanulate, often abruptly acute at the base, puberulent, sometimes of a dark reddish hue, together with the sepals 2 . 5-4 mm. long ; petals white or pinkish, 2-5 mm. in length, deeply and palmately parted into 3-5 linear-oblong divisions. Damp soil, Arid Transition Zone; Montana and Wyoming westward through eastern Oregon and Washing- ton to the Columbia River Gorge. Type locality: Blue Mountains of Oregon. March-May. 2. Lithophragma breviloba Rydb. Dainty Lithophragma. Fig. 2266. Lithophragma breviloba Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 86. 1905. Lithophragma tenella of California authors, in part. Not Nutt. Stem 2-3.5 dm. high, glandular-pubescent. Petioles of the basal leaves 2-4 cm. long, the blades more or less deeply and ternately lobed or divided; divisions 5-10 mm. long, broadly cuneate, with 3 or 4 short rounded lobes ; stem leaves more deeply divided and with angular oblong lobes, short-petioled, without bulblets in their axils ; stipules membranous, not fimbriate, more or less obsolete ; flowers 3-8 ; pedicels 2-5 mm. long ; hypanthium hemispheric, together with the sepals 3-4 mm. long, densely glandular-puberulent ; sepals triangular, acute ; petals pink, 3-5 mm. long, palmately 3-5-parted into very narrow segments. Open slopes and in pine woods. Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; northern Sierra Nevada to the Warner Mountains, California. Type locality: Sierra County, California. May-July. 3. Lithophragma rupicola Greene. Modoc Lithophragma. Fig. 2267. Lithophragma rupicola Greene, Erythea 3: 102. 1895. Stems not very slender, hispidulous-scabrous throughout, often reddish or straw-colored, 1.5-5 dm. high. Petioles of the reniform basal leaves often bulblet-bearing, 2.5-4 cm. long, the blades 2-3 cm. wide, more or less crisped-pubescent, parted to divided, the 3-5 larger cuneate divisions ternately parted and toothed toward the apex; stem leaves short-petioled, similarly divided into linear-spatulate segments, without bulbils in their axils; stipules conspicuous, mem- branous, fimbriolate, widened above and obliquely triangular; raceme elongated, 8-20-flowered, SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 369 conspicuously membranous-bracted, the very slender ascending pedicels 2-4 mm. long ; hypan- thium hemispheric-campanulate, crisped-hispidulous, conspicuously striate, often tinged with brown, 2.5-3 mm. high, in fruit becoming long-pedicelled, somewhat ovoid, 5-7 mm. long; sepals very short, broadly triangular ; petals about 3 mm. long, white, digitately parted into 3-5 spatu- late-oblcng divisions. Pine woods and under junipers, Arid Transition Zone; fairly common from southern Klamath County, Oregon, to Lassen County, California. Type locality: "Lava beds of Modoc County," California. May-July. 4. Lithophragma bulbifera Rydb. Rock Star. Fig. 2268. Lithophragma bulbifera Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 86. 1905. Lithophragma tenella var. ramulosa Suksdorf, W. Amer. Sci. 15: 61. 1906. Lithophragma tenella of Pacific Coast authors, in part. Not Nutt. Stem slender, 1-2 dm. high, glandular-puberulent. Petioles of the basal leaves 2-5 cm. long, puberulent to glabrate ; blades broadly reniform in outline, ternately to quinately divided to near the base; divisions 0.5-1.5 cm. long, cuneate or obovate, deeply 3-cleft, the lobes sometimes toothed; cauline leaves small, short-petioled, similar to the basal ones, bearing more or less conspicuous bulblets in their axils ; stipules short, membranous, usually pinkish, rounded and fimbriate at the base ; flowers 3-6, many replaced by bulblets ; pedicels 1-5 mm. long, seldom lengthening in fruit to 1 cm. ; hypanthium campanulate, shortly and abruptly acute at the base, densely glandular-scabrous to merely hirsutulous, together with the sepals 3-4, or in fruit 5 mm. long ; petals digitately and more or less deeply 3-5-cleft, white or often pinkish. Moist and shaded situations, Arid Transition and Boreal Zones; Black Hills of South Dakota south to Colo- rado and Utah, westward to British Columbia, and southward through eastern Washington and Oregon, and in California to the mountains of Trinity County and in the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County. Type locality: Battle, Carbon County, Wyoming. March-June. 5. Lithophragma heterophylla (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. & Gray. Hill Star. Fig. 2269. Tellima heterophylla Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 346. 1838. Lithophragma heterophylla Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 584. 1840'. Lithophragma Bolanderi A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 535. 1865. Lithophragma triloba Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 87. 1905. Stems 2-5 dm. high, glandular-pubescent or somewhat hispidulous below. Basal leaves rounded-reniform, mostly shallowly 3-lobed and crenate, 1.5-4 cm. wide, more or less hirsute, their petioles 3-6 cm. long, puberulent and glandular, infrequently bearing bulbils in their axils ; stem leaves 1-6 cm. long, short-petioled, exceedingly variable, mostly deeply 3-cleft, the divisions incised or toothed, their axils also sometimes bulbil-bearing ; raceme usually 3-8-flowered ; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; hypanthium campanulate, truncate or slightly rounded at the base, sometimes even inflated and saccate, together with the sepals 4-6 mm. long and about as wide ; sepals triangular, acute ; petals 4-7 mm. long, white, oblong to cuneate in outline, tapering to a narrow base, variously toothed or incised, though sometimes entire, usually with a stout tooth on either side near the apex. Shaded places, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Coast Ranges, from extreme southern Oregon to San Luis Obispo County, California, and much more sparingly southward to San Diego County. Less common in the Sierra Nevada foothills. Type locality: Santa Barbara, according to Torrey and Gray. March-July. Lithophragma campanulata Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 200. 1898. Perhaps best considered a large-flowered form of Lithophragma heterophylla, the petals measuring up to 12 mm. in length. It is known only from the Siskiyou Mountains near the Oregon-California boundary. 6. Lithophragma scabrella Greene. Sierra Star. Fig. 2270. Tellima scabrella Greene, Pittonia 2: 162. 1891. Lithophragma scabrella Greene, Erythea 3: 102. 1895. Lithophragma laciniata Eastw. ex Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 87. 1905. Stems slender, 2-6 dm. high, glandular-scabrous to merely hispidulous. Petioles of the basal leaves 2-6 cm. long, puberulent; blades suborbicular to reniform, 0.5-4 cm. broad, glabrate to glandular-hirsute, more or less distinctly crenate-lobed ; stem leaves 2-6, more or less deeply divided into narrow toothed segments; flowers 3-14; pedicels 2-2.5 mm. long, lengthening in fruit ; hypanthium campanulate, often striate, the base obtuse rather than truly truncate ; sepals triangular-ovate, acute; petals white, 5-6 mm. long, with very slender exserted claws and blades varying from oblong to rhombic-ovate, entire or more frequently with small lateral teeth. Wooded grassland, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Liebre and Tehachapi Mountains and western slope of the Sierra Nevada from Kern County northward to Tehama County, and in the inner higher North Coast Ranges, California. Also on the Marysville Buttes. Type locality: pine wood south of Tehachapi, Kern County, California. May-July. 7. Lithophragma tripartita Greene. Thrice-parted Lithophragma. Fig. 2271. Lithophragma tripartita Greene, Erythea 3: 102. 1895. Tellima tripartita Greene, Erythea 1: 106. 1893. Stems slender, 2-3 dm. high, hispidulous, the upper portion usually glandular-puberulent. Petioles of the basal leaves 3-5 cm. long, hispidulous ; blades hirsute, ternately cleft to near the base into obovate-cuneate divisions, these 1-1.5 cm. long, pinnately incised, often again toothed; stem leaves 1 or 2, similar though somewhat smaller, alternate ; flowers 3-7 in a loose raceme ; pedicels 2-5 mm. long; hypanthium rounded-turbinate with an acute, though not obconic base, together with the sepals 4-5 mm. long and about 4 mm. broad, lengthening somewhat in fruit ; 370 SAXIFRAGACEAE sepals ovate, acute ; petals 6-8 mm. long, 3-cleft or 3-toothed at the apex, or the upper rarely entire. Pine woods, Arid Transition Zone; mountains of southern California. Type locality: mountains near San Jacinto, California. May-June. 8. Lithophragma Cymbalaria Torr. & Gray. Mission Star. Fig. 2272. Lithophragma Cymbalaria Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 585. 1840. Tellima Cymbalaria Steudel, Nom. ed. 2. 2: 665. 1841. Stems slender, 1.5-3 dm. high, finely glandular-puberulent. Petioles of the basal leaves 2-5 cm. long, finely puberulent; blades reniform, 3-5-lobed; lobes rounded-crenate with broad and rounded teeth, or entire; cauline leaves 2, opposite, on slender petioles, well up on the stem, once or twice ternately divided, lobes narrow ; flowers 3-6 ; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, usually longer than the hypanthium; this rounded-turbinate, with an obtuish and not obconic base, together with the sepals 3-6 mm. long ; sepals triangular, acute ; petals white, 6-9 mm. long, with slender claws and rhombic-oval to oblong-spatulate entire blades. Open shaded places, Upper Sonoran Zone; Channel Islands off the southern California coast; local at Palomar Mountain in San Diego County, and the coastal region of Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties, thence northward in the Inner Coast Range from San Luis Obispo County to Stanislaus County, California. Type locality: near Santa Barbara, California. March-April. 9. Lithophragma trifoliata Eastw. Club-shaped Lithophragma. Fig. 2273. Lithophragma trifoliata Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 200. 1905. Stems striate, stout, 2-3 dm. high, scabrous-hispid below, the upper part glandular as well. Petioles of the basal leaves lax, dilated at the bases, 2-5 cm. long, also glandular-hirsute ; blades markedly hirsute, 1-2 cm. wide, cordate in outline, divided to the base into 3-5 broadly cuneate lobes, these more or less deeply 3-cleft and again 3-lobed ; stem leaves usually 2, triangular in outline, similarly cleft, their petioles 1-3 cm. long ; stipules broad, fimbriate ; raceme subcapitate, 5-8-flowered; bracts hyaline, conspicuous; pedicels 1-3 mm. long; hypanthium densely hirsute- canescent, with an elongated obconic base, widest at the point of insertion of the petals and stamens, the whole about 3 times as long as broad, 7-8 mm. long; sepals relatively long and narrow, acute ; petals very broadly cuneate, 8-10 mm. long, with 3 broadly oblong or ovate lobes. Foothills, forest-covered mountain slopes and lava beds, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; Modoc County to Yuba County, California, extending into the Sacramento Valley in Tehama County. Type locality: foothills near Chico, Butte County, California. March-April. 10. Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. Prairie Star, Star Flower. Fig. 2274. Tellima parviflora Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 239. 1839. Lithophragma parviflora Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 584. 1840. Lithophragma austromontana Heller, Muhlenbergia 2: 53. 1905. Lithophragma anemonoides Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 87. 1910. Lithophragma tenella of some Pacific Coast authors, in part. Not Nutt. Stems 1-3 dm. high, more or less densely glandular-puberulent and somewhat scabrous. Petioles of the basal leaves 2-6 cm. long ; blades sparsely covered with appressed whitish hairs, divided to the base into 3-5 divisions, these 1-3 cm. long, widely cuneate and once or twice 3- cleft into oblong divisions; stem leaves 2 or 3, similar, occasionally as large as or larger than the radical ones ; raceme short, 3-9-flowered ; pedicels mostly erect, 2-5 mm. long ; hypanthium elongated-obconic, the top of the ovary marked by a dark yellow band, at length almost clavate, together with the sepals 5-8 mm. long, in fruit often increasing to 1 cm. in length ; petals white or pinkish, deeply 3-5 cleft into narrowly oblong divisions, attenuate below into a slender claw, 4^10 mm. long. In rocky and gravelly places, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; Alberta to British Columbia, south to Colorado and throughout Washington and Oregon and sparingly southward in the Sierra Nevada of California to Kern County and thence northward in the Inner Coast Range to San Benito County. Type locality: "Northern California," Menzies. Probably Oregon. April-June. 11. Lithophragma affinis A. Gray. Woodland Star. Fig. 2275. Lithophragma affinis A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 534. 1865. Tellima affinis A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1 : 198. 1876. Lithophragma intermedia Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22 : 88. 1905. Lithophragma catalinae Rydb. loc. cit. Lithophragma trifida Eastw. ex Rydb. op. cit. 22: 89. 1905. Stems stout, 3-5 dm. high, glandular-hirsutulous. Petioles of the basal leaves 1.5-8 cm. long; blades reniform to ovate-reniform in outline, 1-3 cm. long, some of them ternately divided, hirsutulous, often of a distinctly purplish hue beneath, the divisions orbicular to ovate, ternately lobed or crenate ; cauline leaves 1-3, alternate, mostly parted into 3 broad divisions which are deeply incised, or merely lobed or toothed ; stipules mostly broad and fimbriate ; petioles 1-2 cm. long; flowers 6-12; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; hypanthium spreading at the top, the lower half broadly obconic, densely covered with glandular hairs, with the sepals 5-7 mm. long; sepals ovate, mostly acute ; petals white, 6-10 mm. long, cuneate, very broad and mostly 3-lobed at the apex with almost equal lobes. Rocky shaded ground and open woods, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada from southern Oregon to southern California. Also in the Great Valley and on the Channel Islands. Type locality: California, around and north of San Francisco. March-May. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 371 12. TIARELLA L. Sp. PI. 405. 1753. Perennial slender erect herbs with the leaves mainly basal, long-petioled, lobed or 3-foliate, with small stipules adnate to the petiole and lateral leafy flowering shoots from a scaly rootstock. Inflorescence a raceme or, in ours, a panicle. Hypanthium small, short- campanulate, nearly free from the ovary. Sepals 5, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, clawed, with oblong or elliptic blades or, as in ours, clawless and linear-subulate. Stamens 10, conspicuously exserted, with long filiform filaments. Ovary 1-celled, 2-horned, with 2 parietal, in fruit nearly basal placentae. Styles 2, elongated. Capsule membranous, with 2 very unequal valves. Seeds usually few. [Name a diminutive of the Greek tiara, a high cap, in allusion to the form of the capsule.] A genus of about 6 species, natives of North America, Japan and the Himalayas. Besides the following, two species occur in the eastern United States. Type species, Tiarella cordifolia L. Leaves ternately compound. Leaflets coarsely crenate-dentate. 1. T. trifoliata. Leaflets deeply laciniate. 2. T. laciniata. Leaves simple, merely lobed. 3. T. unifoliata. 1. Tiarella trifoliata L. Laceflower. Fig. 2276. Tiarella trifoliata L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753. Tiarella stenopetala Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 55. 1831. Blondia trifoliata Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 75. 1836. Tiarella rhombifolia Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 588. 1840. Sparsely and softly hirsute acaulescent perennial ; flowering branches slender, 2-6 dm. high, glabrous or glabrate below, glandular-hirsute above, 2-4-leaved. Leaves trifoliate, the petiolules very short; petioles of the basal ones 5-15 cm. long, glabrous to conspicuously villous-hirsute ; middle leaflet rhombic, more or less 3-lobed and repandly apiculate-dentate with broadly ovate teeth, sparingly hirsute, becoming glabrous in age, 2-8 cm. long ; lateral leaflets obliquely ovate, mostly 2-cleft ; leaves of the flowering branches similar but smaller ; inflorescence an elongated and narrow panicle; sepals white or pinkish, narrowly ovate, acute, glandular-dotted on the back, about 1 . 5 mm. long ; petals white, linear-subulate, like the stamens 3-4 times as long as the sepals ; carpels narrowly oval, obtusish, the larger 7-10 mm., the smaller 4-6 mm. long. In forests, Humid Transition Zone; coastal region of central Oregon north to Alaska and southeast into eastern Asia. Type locality: "Habitat in Asia boreali." April-Aug. 2. Tiarella laciniata Hook. Laciniate Tiarella. Fig. 2277. Tiarella laciniata Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 239. 1832. Petalosteira laciniata Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 74. 1836. Tiarella trifoliata var. laciniata Wheelock, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 72. 1896. Flowering branches 2.5-4 dm. high, glabrous to sparingly glandular-hirsute, especially above; leaves trifoliate, sparingly hirsute; middle leaflet rhombic in outline, deeply 2-cleft and with oblong or ovate mucronate teeth, 2-6 cm. long ; lateral ones obliquely ovate, laciniately and unequally 2-cleft, almost to the base on the outside, and farther up on the leaflet and not so deeply on the inside, otherwise cleft and toothed as the middle one; leaves of the flowering branches similar but smaller and the upper short-petioled ; inflorescence, flowers and fruit as in the preceding. In woods, rare, Humid Transition and Canadian Zones; southern Alaska to northern Oregon. Type locality North-West coast of America," Menzies. June-Aug. 3. Tiarella unifoliata Hook. Sugar-scoop. Fig. 2278. Tiarella unifoliata Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 238. 1832. Petalosteira unifoliata Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 74. 1836. Heuchera calif ornica Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 5: 53. 1873. Tiarella unifoliata var. procera A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1: 199. 1876. Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb. 19: 378. 1894. Tiarella calif ornica Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 118. 1905. _ Flowering branches 1-5 dm. high, glabrous or slightly to densely hirsute with whitish hairs, viscid-puberulent to glandular-pubescent above. Basal leaves broadly cordate in outline spar- ingly or quite hirsute on both sides to glabrate in age, 4-10 cm. wide, acutely 3-5-lobed with very deep to mostly shallow, broadly ovate, acute or obtusish lobes, doubly crenate to coarsely crenate- dentate, the teeth mucronate; petioles 0.5-2 dm. high, glabrous to densely hirsute with whitish hairs ; cauhne leaves 1-4, similar to the basal but smaller and shorter-petioled ; inflorescence a narrow panicle; sepals white to pinkish, ovate-oblong, the upper somewhat larger and longer than the lower, 1.5-2.5 mm. long; the linear-subulate white petals and the stamens 2-3 times as long; carpels oblong, abruptly acute, the larger 9-12 mm. long, the smaller 4-6 mm. long. Shaded ravines and woods, Humid Transition and Canadian Zones; Alberta and southern Alaska to western Montana and south through Washington and Oregon and the coastal region of California to the Santa Cruz Mountains. Type locality: Rocky Mountains, near the source of the Columbia River. May-July. Forms in which the leaves approach those of Tiarella trifoliata are not infrequent. 13. TOLMIEA Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 582. 1840. Glandular-pubescent perennial herbs with scaly rootstocks, long-petioled cordate 372 SAXIFRAGACEAE 2267 2261. Saxifraga fallax 2262. Saxifraga occidentalis 2263. Chrysosplenium glechomae- folium 2264. Chrysosplenium tetrandrum 2265. Lithophragma glabra 2266. Lithophragma breviloba 2267. Lithophragma rupicola 2268. Lithophragma bulbifera 2269. Lithophragma heterophylla SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 373 2276 2277 2278 2270. Lithophragma scabrella 2271. Lithophragma tripartita 2272. Lithophragma Cymbalaria 2273. Lithophragma trifoliata 2274. Lithophragma parviflora 2275. Lithophragma affinis 2276. Tiarella trifoliata 2277. Tiarella laciniata 2278. Tiarella unifoliata 374 SAXIFRAGACEAE radical leaves and lateral leafy racemose flowering branches. Stipules membranous. Racemes elongated, bracteate, 20-60-flowered. Hypanthium cylindric-funnelform, free from the ovary, 9-veined, slightly gibbous at the base, split along the lower side to almost the very base and unequally 4-cleft at the apex into 5 sepals, the three central ones longer and broader than the two lateral ones. Petals 4, rarely 5, filiform, entire, inserted in the sinuses between the sepals, persistent. Stamens 3, rarely 2, scarcely exserted, inserted on the hypanthium opposite the three larger sepals; filaments unequal; anthers reniform. Ovary bicarpellary, 1-celled, attenuate and slightly stipitate at the base, with two long equal beaks at the apex; stigmas obtuse; placentae 2, parietal, many-seeded. Seeds minute, subglobose, muricate-hispid. [Dedicated to Dr. W. F. Tolmie, an early collector and surgeon of the Hudson Bay Company at Fort Vancouver.] A monotypic genus confined to the Pacific Coast of northwestern North America. 1. Tolmiea Menziesii (Pursh) Torr. & Gray. Youth-on-Age, Thousand Mothers. Fig. 2279. Tiarella Menziesii Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 313. 1814. Heuchera Menziesii Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 237. 1832. Leptaxis Menziesii Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 76. 1836. Tolmiea Menziesii Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 582. 1840. Stems clustered, arising from a scaly, creeping and infrequently branched caudex without any apparent main stem. Petioles of the basal leaves 0.5-2 dm. long, hirsute; blades cordate, acute, obscurely lobed and repandly cuspidate-toothed, hirsute and ciliate, 2-12 cm. wide ; leaves of the flowering branches similar but smaller and with successively shorter petioles; flowers slender-pedicelled, 3-8 mm. long, subtended by small, lanceolate, scarious, and fimbriate bracts; hypanthium oblique, greenish, veined, and more or less tinged with dark red-purple ; the 3 upper sepals ovate-oblong with spreading obtuse tips 3 mm. long, the 2 lateral ones shorter, narrow and acuminate ; petals capillary, brown, exserted from the sinuses between the sepals, about twice as long as the latter ; stamens slightly exserted ; ovary oblong, the 2 valves spreading in age, the fruit protruding through the slit on the lower side of the persistent hypanthium. Along mountain streams and in cool woods, Humid Transition and Canadian Zones; west of the Cascade Mountains from southern Alaska to Oregon and southward in the Coast Ranges of California to Mendocino County. Type locality: "North- West coast of America," Menzies. May-June. Propagates itself vegetatively by means of adventitious buds formed in the sinuses of the leaf-blades. 14. BENSONIA Abrams & Bacigalupi, Contr. Dudley Herb. 1 : 95. 1929. Perennial with slender branching scaly rootstocks, simple scapiform flowering branches and basal petiolate cordate leaves. Hypanthium shallowly campanulate, slightly irregular, free from the ovary except at the very base, caducous in fruit. Sepals 5, irregu- larly placed, three approximate, the other two more distant, all 3-nerved. Petals 5, filiform, entire. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals; filaments elongated. Pistil 2- (occasionally 3-) valved at the apex ; carpels slightly compressed and sharply angled on the back, narrowed to the slender styles ; placentae parietal in fruit seemingly basal ; ovules many. [Named for the late Gilbert T. Benson, librarian and assistant curator of the Dudley Herbarium and promising student of the Pacific Coast flora.] A monotypic genus restricted to the Siskiyou Mountain region of southwestern Oregon. 1. Bensonia oregona Abrams & Bacigalupi. Bensonia. Fig. 2280. Bensonia oregona Abrams & Bacigalupi, Contr. Dudley Herb. 1 : 95. 1929. Scales of the rootstock more or less ciliate. Leaves all basal ; petioles slender, 3-7 cm. long, sparsely villous with elongated brownish hairs; leaf -blades cordate, 2.5-4.5 cm. long and about as broad, crenately 7-lobed, the lobes crenately toothed and each tooth short-cuspidate, the upper surface glabrous or with a few scattered short appressed hairs, the lower with a few hairs on the veins; flowering stalk 2 dm. high, slender, sparsely pilose; raceme rather densely 15-20- flowered ; pedicels very short, scarcely 1 mm. long, with a minute linear-subulate bractlet adnate to the base ; hypanthium open-campanulate to almost saucer-shaped, like the sepals creamy-white, 2 mm. broad; sepals 2 mm. long, covered with short-stalked glands, the nerves simple; petals narrowly linear in general outline, about equaling the filaments, slightly broader at the middle and narrowed toward each end ; stamens 3 mm. long, the anthers conspicuously salmon-colored ; styles nearly as long as the stamens. Damp soil, Canadian Zone; altitudes of 4,000-4,500 feet in the Siskiyou Mountains of Curry and Josephine Counties, Oregon. Type locality: Snow Camp, Curry County, Oregon. June-July. 15. TELLIMA R. Br. in Frankl. 1st Jour. Bot. App. 765. 1823. Coarse hirsute perennials with numerous basal leaves and axillary leafy flowering shoots arising from a thick scaly rootstock. Stipules small, with scarious and fimbriate edges. Flowers in elongated simple racemes. Hypanthium large, urn-shaped or inflated- campanulate, tapering somewhat at the base, adnate-to the ovary for one-third to one-half SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 375 its length. Sepals 5, ovate, erect, valvate in bud. Petals 5, alternating- with the sepals, sessile. Stamens 10, on very short filaments, entirely included; anthers ovate, 2-celled. Ovary 1 -celled with 2 parietal, many-seeded placentae, narrowly 2-beaked at the apex; stigmas large, capitate. Capsule opening longitudinally between the beaks. Seeds oblong, tuberculate. [Name appears to be an anagram of Mitella, from which genus this plant was segregated by Brown.] A monotypic genus confined to the Pacific Coast of North America. 1. Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) Dougl. Fringe Cups. Fig. 2281. Mitella grandiflora Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 314. 1814. Tellima grandiflora Dougl. Bot. Reg. 14: pi. 1178. 1828. Tiarella alternifolia Fisch. ex Ser. in DC. Prod. 4 : 50. 1830. Tellima odorata Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 199. 1898. Tellima breviflora Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 90. 1905. Main stem none ; flowering branches stout, 3-8 dm. high, hirsute with long, brownish hairs, glandular above, leafy. Petioles of the basal leaves 0.5-2 dm. long, hirsute; blades reniform or cordate, sparingly hirsute, prominently reticulate-veined, shallowly 3-7-lobed, dentate with broadly ovate teeth, 4-10 cm. broad; leaves of the flowering branches similar in shape, though successively smaller, with small brownish stipules and petioles 2-20 mm. long ; flowers short- pedicelled, slightly drooping, subtended by minute bracts ; hypanthium glandular-puberulent, striate, broadly campanulate and somewhat turbinate at the base, occasionally turbinate-cam- panulate, 8-10 mm. long and 4-7 mm. wide ; sepals 2-3 mm. long ; petals lanceolate-acuminate in outline, deeply laciniate-pinnatifid, the segments filiform, greenish white becoming maroon, sessile by a broadly to narrowly cuneate base, 4-6 mm. long, spreading ; pedicels in fruit con- siderably thickened ; capsule ovate, open at the top, the indurated styles divergent ; fruit at length erect. In rock crevices and moist woods, Humid and Arid Transition Zones; southern Alaska southward through western Washington and Oregon to Placer County in the Sierra Nevada and along the coast to the Santa Lucia Mountains, California. Type locality: "North-West coast of America," Menzies. April-June. 16. MITELLASTRA Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 201. 1898. Slender glandular-pubescent perennial herbs with long-petioled basal leaves and lateral leafy flowering shoots arising from a scaly rootstock. Inflorescence a racemiform cyme. Hypanthium saucer-shaped, adnate only to the lower third of the ovary. Sepals 5, tri- angular-ovate, valvate in aestivation. Petals 5, pectinately pinnatifid with filiform divi- sions, inserted just below the sinuses of the hypanthium, deciduous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals ; filaments slender, about two-thirds as long as the sepals. Ovary about two- thirds superior with two parietal many-ovuled placentae. Styles 2, distinct, slender, tapering into the stigmas, which are entire. Capsule 2-valved at the summit. Seeds black and shining. [Name from the Latin, Mitella, the diminutive of mitra, a mitre, referring to the shape of the young capsule, and aster, a star, doubtless suggested by the outline of the hypanthium.] A monotypic genus, native of the northwestern coast of North America. 1. Mitellastra caulescens (Nutt.) Howell. Star-shaped Mitrewort. Fig. 2282. Mitella caulescens Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 586. 1840. Mitellastra caulescens Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 201. 1898. Perennial with short creeping or ascending rootstocks producing slender leafy runners. Flowering branches 1-3-leaved, glandular-puberulent and somewhat hirsute toward the base, 1.5-4 dm. high; basal leaves broadly cordate or round-reniform, 3-7-lobed with triangular- ovate lobes and crenate with mucronate teeth, hirsute and minutely scabrous on both sides, 3-7 cm. broad; their petioles 5-12 cm. long, hirsute with whitish reflexed hairs; stem leaves similar but successively smaller, shorter-petioled, alternate and bearing a pair of green stipules ; flowers yellow-green, together with the sepals 5-7 mm. wide ; petals purplish at the base ; stamens with subulate filaments, purple except at the very top, connivent over the recurved, elongated, simple styles ; capsule globose, the upper part free from the hypanthium. Along streams and in damp woods, Humid and Arid Transition Zones; British Columbia eastward to west- ern Montana and south in the coastal region to Humboldt County, California. Type locality: near the mouth of the Willamette River, Oregon. May-June. 17. PECTIANTIA Raf. Fl. Tell. 2:72. 1836. Low perennials with scaly rootstocks and lateral, scapiform flowering branches. In- florescence racemose. Hypanthium saucer-shaped, almost entirely adnate to the depressed ovary. Sepals 5, inserted on the very short free portion of the hypanthium, pectinately pinnatifid with filiform divisions, at length deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted on the margin of a distinct disk which covers the ovary; filaments very short, inflexed ; anthers 2-celled, reniform. Ovary 1-celled, flattened, mostly inferior, with 2 parietal, though apparently almost basal placentae. Stigmas 2, subsessile, 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous, 376 SAXIFRAGACEAE obovoid, horizontal or ascending, comparatively smooth and shining. [Name derived from the Latin pecten, meaning comb, in reference to the outline of the petals.] A genus of about 5 species, natives of western North America and Japan. Type species, Pectiantio pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. Stamens opposite the petals. Stamens opposite the sepals. Leaf-blades reniform, glabrate. Leaf-blades oval with a cordate base, distinctly hirsute. 1. P. pentandra. 2. P. Breweri. 3. P. ovalis. 1. Pectiantia pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. Alpine Mitrewort or Bishop's Cap. Fig. 2283. Mitella pentandra Hook. Bot. Mag. 56: pi. 2933. 1829. Drummondia mitelloides DC. Prod. 4: 50. 1830. Pectiantia mitelloides Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 72. 1836. Mitellopsis Drummondia Meisn. PI. Vase. Gen. Comm. 100. 1838. Mitellopsis pentandra Walp. Rep. 2: 370. 1843. Pectiantia pentandra Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 93. 1905. Pectiantia latiflora Rydb. loc. cit. More or less glabrate perennial with a short rootstock ; scapes slender, 1-3 dm. high, minutely glandular-puberulent, especially above. Leaves cordate to round-reniform, coarsely crenate to unequally serrate, obscurely round-lobed, glabrous to sparingly pubescent on both sides with distinct short white hairs, 2-6 cm. wide ; petioles 2-12 cm. long, glabrous to tawny- hirsute- raceme lax, 8-20-flowered ; hypanthium including the sepals 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, green, often purplish within; sepals broadly triangular, obtuse, often recurved; petals irregular, pectinately pinnatifid with filiform pinnae and rachis ; stamens 5, opposite the petals. In damp shaded woods and bogs, Canadian and Hudsonian Zones; Alberta and Alaska southward to Colorado and the northern Coast Ranges and southern Sierra Nevada of California. Type locality: "Rocky Mountains of North America." Type specimen raised from seed collected by Drummond. May-July. 2. Pectiantia Breweri (A. Gray) Rydb. Brewer's Mitrewort. Fig. 2284. Mitella Breweri A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 533. 1865. Pectiantia Breweri Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 93. 1905. Comparatively glabrous perennial from a rather slender rootstock ; scapes one or several, slender 6 mm.-3 dm. high, scarcely perceptibly pubescent and glandular. Leaves reniform to round-cordate glabrous to sparingly pubescent on both sides, serrate-crenate with short apicu ate teeth obscurely shallow-lobed, 4-8 cm. broad; petioles hirsute with tawny and more or less curled hairs especially above, 4-10 cm. long, subtended by large, scanous brown bracts ; flowers greenish occasionally in pairs; hypanthium saucer-shaped, together with the sepals 3-4 mm. broad ; sepals very broadly ovate, obtuse, reflexed ; petals pinnate with filiform pinnae ; stamens 5, opposite the sepals. In damp coniferous forests, Canadian and Hudsonian Zones; British Columbia and Alberta to northern Idaho and southward in the Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada to Tulare County, Californ.a. Type locality: Mount Hoffmann, Mariposa County, California. June-Aug. 3. Pectiantia ovalis (Greene) Rydb. Coastal Mitrewort. Fig. 2285. Mitella ovalis Greene, Pittonia 1: 32. 1887. Mitella Hallii Howell, Erythea 3: 33. 1895. Pectiantia ovalis Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22 : 94. 1905. Hirsute perennial from a slender rootstock ; scapes 1-3, 1 . 5-3 dm. high, minutely glandular- hirsute above, conspicuously hirsute with reflexed hairs toward the base. Leaves oval to ob- 2279 2279. Tolmiea Menziesii 2280 2280. Bensonia oregona SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 377 long, obtuse or acutish, with a cordate base, shallowly lobed, the lobes crenate or crenate- serrate in outline, these again crenate or crenate-serrate, the whole blade covered with scat- tered, rather coarse, whitish and somewhat curved hairs, 3-6 cm. long and 2-4 cm. wide ; petioles densely ferruginous-hirsute with strongly deflexed hairs, 3-9 cm. long; flowers yellowish green; hypanthium with the sepals 2-3 mm. broad. In wet places, Humid Transition Zone; in the coastal region from British Columbia to Marin County, Cali- fornia. Type locality: Mendocino County, California. April-May. 18. OZOMELIS Raf. Fl. Tell. 2:73. 1836. Perennials with scaly rootstocks and lateral, mostly scapiform flowering shoots. Leaves basal, long-petioled, with rounded-reniform or cordate blades. Inflorescence racemose. Hypanthium campanulate, adnate to the ovary for not more than half its length. Sepals 5, lance-ovate, ovate or oblong, erect, thin and petaloid, about equaling or shorter than the hypanthium, valvate in the bud. Petals 5 (rarely lacking), 3-cleft, toothed or entire. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals; filaments very short, erect; anthers reniform. Ovary half-inferior or more, 1-celled with 2 parietal many-ovuled placentae; styles 2, short; stigmas capitate, entire. [The significance of the name is obscure.] A genus of about 5 species, natives of western North America. Type species, Ozomelis trifida (Graham) Rydb. Leaves cordate to rounded-reniform, not angularly lobed, all basal. Petals cuneate with a long narrow claw, digitately trifid at the apex into broadened subequal divisions. 1. O. trifida. Petals filiform and trisected just above the middle into filiform divaricate divisions. 2. O. stauropetala. Leaves cordate-triangular, angularly lobed; one cauline leaf usually present. 3. O. diversifolia. 1. Ozomelis trifida (Graham) Rydb. Pacific Ozomelis. Fig. 2286. Mitella trifida Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1829: 185. 1829. Ozomelis varians Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 73. 1836. Mitellopsis Hookeri Meisn. PI. Vase. Gen. Comm. 100. 1838. Mitellopsis trifida Walp. Rep. 2: 370. 1848. Ozomelis trifida Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 95. 1905. Ozomelis pacifica Rydb. loc. cit. Sparsely hirsute acaulescent perennial from a semi-erect or creeping rootstock. Leaf-blades cordate or round-reniform, minutely glandular-ciliate, 2-5 cm. wide, crenately lobed, the lobes crenate-serrate, glandular-apiculate-toothed, sparingly hirsute on both sides with conspicuous hairs ; petioles sparingly retrorse-hirsute to densely so above, 3-9 cm. long ; scapes 1 to several, erect, glandular-scabrous, sometimes bracteate, 1.5-4.5 dm. high; racemes 5-20-flowered; pedi- cels 1 mm. or less long, subtended by small pinkish fimbriate bracts; hypanthium turbinate- campanulate, comparatively glabrate, including the sepals about 3 mm. long; sepals erect, whitish, often pink- or violet-tinged, oblong to ovate, acute and often slightly mucronate; petals half again as long as the sepals, white, only slightly spreading; ovary half inferior; styles thick; stigmas capitate. Damp mountain woods, Humid Transition and Canadian Zones; British Columbia east to Alberta and south to Trinity and Plumas Counties, California. Type locality: Rocky Mountains, near Smoky River, on the east side, near latitude 56°. May- Aug. Ozomelis micrantha (Piper) Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 96. 1905. {Mitella micrantha Piper, Erythea 7: 162 1899 ) Known only from the original collection at Fort Colville, Washington. It is a very small-flowered form, distinguished principally by the possession of oblanceolate, entire and acuminate petals. 2. Ozomelis stauropetala (Piper) Rydb. Cross-shaped Ozomelis. Fig. 2287. Mitella stauropetala Piper, Erythea 7: 161. 1899. Ozomelis stauropetala Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 95. 1905. More or less hirsute acaulescent perennial from a creeping, rather slender rootstock. Leaves cordate to rounded-reniform, sparsely appressed-hirsute on both sides, mostly obscurely 5-7-lobed, the lobes broadly crenate to more finely crenate-serrate, glandular-cihate, 2.5-7 cm. broad; petioles 4-12 cm. long, retrorsely hirsute and minutely glandular, especially above; scapes' 1-6 erect, slender, bearing a few scarious fimbriate bracts, minutely scabrous and often hirsute toward the base, glandular-puberulent above, 2.5-5 dm. high; racemes mostly secund 10-35-flowered, 6-20 cm. long; pedicels 1 mm. long, subtended by minute, acuminate and lacerate bracts- hypanthium turbinate-campanulate, about 2 mm. long; sepals oblong-ovate, whitish often purple-tinged, as long as or slightly longer than the hypanthium usually ascend- ing- petals white, often purplish toward the apex, filiform, trisected just above the middle, spreading, fully twice as long as the sepals ; anthers oblong, white or purple, nearly sessile. In moist woods and springy places, Canadian and Hudsonian Zones; western Montana to Colorado, westward and southward to the mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon. Type locality: Craig Mountains, Nez Perces County, Idaho. May-July. 3. Ozomelis diversifolia (Greene) Rydb. Varied-leaved Ozomelis. Fig. 2288. Mitella diversifolia Greene, Pittonia 1: 32. 1887. Ozomelis diversifolia Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 94. 1905. Minutely scabrous perennial from a creeping rhizome. Basal leaves triangular-cordate with a mostly acute tip, angularly lobed, irregularly crenate-serrate, glandular-cihate and glandular- puberulent on both sides, with a few strigose hairs on the upper surface, 4-5 cm. wide and 378 SAXIFRAGACEAE slightly longer ; petioles of the basal leaves 3-10 cm. long, retrorse-hirsute ; flowering branches 1-4, slender or stoutish, glandular-puberulent throughout, 2-6 dm. high, usually bearing a single long-petioled leaf 0.5-1 cm. from the base; racemes slender, not secund; flowers almost sessile; hypanthium turbinate-campanulate, including the sepals about 2.5 mm. long; sepals erect, whitish, acute, strongly mucronate, the back covered with gland-tipped hairs toward the apex; petals cuneate with a slender tapering claw, palmately 3-5-cleft toward the apex into slender divisions, erect, about 2 mm. long ; stamens 5, opposite the sepals, almost sessile ; ovary three- fourths inferior ; styles very short and thick ; stigmas capitate. Wet places in the mountains, Humid Transition Zone; western Washington south to Trinity County, Cali- fornia. Type locality: summit of the Trinity Mountains, Trinity County, California. May-July. Ozomelis anomala (Piper) Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 96. 1905.. (Mitella anomala Piper, Erythea 7: 162. 1899 ) Apparently an aberrant form, possibly of Ozomelis trifida, in which the petals are wanting and some of the stamens modified into staminodia. It is known only from the type collection in the mountains near Yreka, Siskiyou County, California. 19. ELMERA Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22:97. 1905. Low, glandular-pubescent perennials with thick scaly rootstocks and lateral leafy flowering branches. Cauline leaves with conspicuous membranous stipules. Inflorescence racemose. Hypanthium deeply campanulate, adnate to the lower half of the ovary. Sepals 5, ovate, erect. Petals 5, spatulate, erect, 3-5-cleft at the apex or entire. Sta- mens 5, opposite the sepals ; filaments very short. Ovary 1-celled, half inferior, with two parietal many-ovuled placentae; style filiform but short. Capsule opening between the two short divergent beaks. [Dedicated to A. D. E. Elmer, a contemporary American botanist.] A monotypic genus confined to the mountains of western Washington and adjacent British Columbia. 1. Elmera racemosa (S. Wats.) Rydb. Elmera. Fig. 2289. Heuchera racemosa S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 365. 1885. Tellima racemosa Greene, Erythea 3: 55. 1895. Elmera racemosa Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 97. 1905. More or less glandular-hispid perennial from a densely scaly rhizome. Basal leaves round- reniform, crenate and slightly round-lobed, 2-4 cm. broad, sparsely glandular-hirsute on the upper side, more conspicuously so on the veins beneath; petioles 2-7 cm. long, glandular- hirsute ; leaves of the flowering shoots 1-4, alternate, with conspicuous reddish-brown scanous stipules, otherwise similar to the basal leaves, the lower quite as large; rachis of the raceme as well as the pedicels and base of the hypanthium densely glandular; hypanthium urceolate- campanulate, 4-6 cm. long, yellowish green ; sepals widely ovate, obtuse ; petals yellowish white, spatulate in outline, more or less toothed or laciniate or entire, very short-clawed or sessile, acute, slightly exceeding the sepals. Crevices of rocks and rock talus, Arctic-Alpine Zone- Olympic and Cascade Mountains of Washington and in the mountains of adjacent British Columbia. Type locality: Mount Adams, Washington, at 7,000-8,000 feet altitude. Aug. 20. HEUCHERA L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753. Perennials with mostly basal, long-petioled, palmately veined leaves and lateral scapi- form or leafy flowering stems from a scaly rootstock. Inflorescence paniculate, diffusely branching to contracted and spike-like. Hypanthium most often campanulate, but varying 2282 2282. Mitellastra caulescens 2283 2283. Pectiantia pentandra 2284. Pectiantia Breweri SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 379 to urceolate, cylindric, hemispheric, turbinate and saucer-shaped, adnate to the lower part of the ovary. Sepals 5, widely ovate to oblong and triangular, erect or spreading, often unequal. Petals small, entire, obovate to spatulate, oblanceolate or linear, usually more or less clawed, sometimes early deciduous or wanting. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, included or exserted; anthers 2-celled; filaments most often filiform. Ovary approxi- mately half inferior, 1-celled with 2 parietal many-ovuled placentae; capsule-valves nor- mally 2, distinct, usually elongated, capped by the true styles, these sometimes almost or quite wanting. Stigmas inconspicuous to broadly capitate. Capsule opening between and along the more or less divergent beaks. [Named for Johann Heinrich von Heucher, 1677-1747, a German professor of medical botany.] A genus of about 50 species, natives of North America, from Hudson Bay and Bering Sea to southern Mexico. Type species, Heuchera americana L. Stamens equaling or exceeding the sepals (except brevistaminea) ; hypanthium tube longer than the sepals. Hypanthium nearly or quite regular, pale, greenish or whitish, rarely tinged with pink or purple. Hypanthium rounded at base and hemispheric, copiously pilose. 1. H. pilosissima. Hypanthium acute or acutish at base, turbinate, moderately villous. Panicle becoming diffuse; hypanthium 1.5-3 mm. long. Leaves acutely lobed and toothed; seeds with relatively long spine-like processes. 2. H. glabra. Leaves at least the basal with rounded lobes; seeds with the spines very short or obsolete. 3. H. micrantha. Panicle thyrsoid, more or less dense; hypanthium 3.5—5 mm. long. 4. H. maxima. Hypanthium oblique at apex, rose-purple; deeply campanulate or urceolate. Styles very slender, well-exserted; stamens well-exserted; petals linear or very narrowly oblanceolate, less than 0.5 mm. wide, shorter than the stamens. 5. H. rubescens. Styles stouter, included; stamens about equaling the sepals or (in brevistaminea) much shorter; petals broadly spatulate, 0.5-1 mm. wide, well exceeding the sepals. Stamens about equaling the sepals. 6. H. elegans. Stamens very short, barely reaching the base of the sepals. 7. H. brevistaminea. Stamens included, shorter than the sepals; hypanthium pale greenish or yellowish. Hypanthium deeply campanulate to urceolate; panicle spiciform to subcapitate. Flowering branches and petioles hirsute or glandular-pubescent. Flowers yellowish; leaves more or less thick and rigid. Leaves glabrous or hairy only on the veins, shining, 3-6 cm. wide, with a sinus at the base. 8. H. cylindrica. Leaves, at least the youngest, more or less densely glandular-puberulent, 1-4 cm. wide, rarely with a basal sinus. 9. H. ovalifolia. Flowers greenish; leaves neither thick nor rigid; flowering stems and petioles conspicuously hirsute. 10. H. chlorantha. Flowering branches and petioles glabrous or merely finely puberulent. Flowers yellowish; leaves firm and more or less coriaceous, shining. 11. H. glabella. Flowers greenish; leaves thin, neither at all coriaceous nor shining. 12. H. tenuifolia. Hypanthium broadly turbinate, 2.5-5 mm. long; panicle narrow but not spiciform; petals elliptic-oblong, acute and mostly acuminate. 13. H. Duranii. 1. Heuchera pilosissima Fisch. & Mey. Seaside Heuchera. Fig. 2290. Heuchera pilosissima Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 5: 36. 1838. Heuchera hispida Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey 347. 1838. Not Pursh, 1814. Heuchera hirtifiora Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 582. 1840. Heuchera hemisphaerica Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 112. 1905. Heuchera pilosella Rydb. loc. cit. Acaulescent or sometimes short-stemmed, flowering branches often more than one, scapi- form or leafy, relatively thick, 2-6 dm. high, densely villous-hirsute with brownish gland- tipped hairs. Basal leaves thick and often subcoriaceous, 4-7 cm. wide, cordate to rounded- cordate, with mostly rounded lobes and somewhat doubly dentate with ovate apiculate teeth, obtuse or acutish at the apex, hirsute on both sides, the hairs on the margin gland-tipped; petioles 8-10 cm. long, densely covered with long glandular hairs ; cauline leaves similar though smaller and shorter-petioled, often much reduced ; inflorescence relatively narrow, with the exception of the flowers densely glandular, the cymules often very much contracted ; hypan- thium hemispheric or at least rounded at the base, yellowish, often pink-tinged, densely pilose, including the rounded or acutish sepals 3-4 mm. long; petals oblong-elliptic with a narrow claw, longer than the sepals ; stamens exserted. Ocean bluffs and terraces, Humid Transition Zone; Humboldt County to San Luis Obispo County, California. Type locality: probably Bodega Bay, Sonoma County, California. April-July. Heuchera Merriamii Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 199. 1905. Flowering branches several, short, 2 dm. high or less, often bearing a small leaf at base. Basal leaves orbicular to ovate, truncate at base, 2-3 cm. wide, their petioles 1-4 cm. long, glandular-hirsute; panicle contracted, glandular-puberulent; hypanthium hemispheric, together with the sepals 3-4 mm. long. Apparently confined to the Salmon Mountain region of Trinity and Sis- kiyou Counties, California. Type locality: Canyon Creek, Trinity County, California. 2. Heuchera glabra Willd. Alpine Heuchera. Fig. 2291. Heuchera glabra Willd. ex Roem. & Sch. Syst. Veg. 6: 216. 1820. Tiarella colorans Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 7: 349. 1829. Heuchera divaricata Fisch. ex Ser. in DC. Prod. 4: 51. 1830. Flowering branches slender, erect or curved, 1-6 dm. high, glabrous, occasionally leafless, more usually bearing 1-3 petiolate leaves, the smaller upper ones often subtending the lower 380 SAXIFRAGACEAE 2285 #» 5 , &F Vr**1, *x 2289 v W • ft i- !?!■■■ "•#i S"WjP si ?:■ ■•#■■■ J **# 3j 2290 2285. Pectiantia ovalis 2286. Ozomelis trifida 2287. Ozomelis stauropetala 2288. Ozomelis diversifolia 2289. Elmera racemosa 2290. Heuchera pilosissima 2291. Heuchera glabra 2292. Heuchera micrantha 2293. Heuchera maxima SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 381 branches of the panicle. Basal leaves with a cordate base, ovate to rounded in outline, deeply and acutely S-7-lobed, sparingly hirsutulous and hispid-ciliate when young, soon entirely glabrous, very thin, shining above, 3-10 cm. wide and as long or slightly longer ; lobes tri- angular-ovate, the terminal one sometimes narrower, acute, doubly and sharply serrate, the serrations often apiculate; petioles 6-20 cm. long, slender, glabrous; cauline leaves similar, the upper smaller and shorter-petioled ; panicle lax, 5-20 cm. long, ovate-oblong in outline, moderately glandular-puberulent ; hypanthium turbinate-campanulate, puberulent, with the sepals 2.5-3 mm. long; petals white, broadly spatulate or oval with very slender claws, acute or obtusish, about twice the length of the sepals; capsule and beaks at length much exserted, 6-8 mm. long. Damp shady rocks and cliffs, Canadian and Hudsonian Zones; subarctic British America and Alaska south- ward in the Cascade Mountains to central Oregon; also in the Olympic Mountains of Washington. Type locality: "West Coast of North America." July-Sept. 3. Heuchera micrantha Dougl. Small-flowered Heuchera or Alum Root. Fig. 2292. Heuchera micrantha Dougl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1302. 1830. Heuchera barbarossa Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 56. 1831. Heuchera Hartwegii (S. Wats.) Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 102. 1905. Heuchera diversifolia Rydb. loc. cit. Heuchera glaberrima Rydb. op. cit. 22 : 103. Heuchera Nuttallii Rydb. loc. cit. Heuchera Lloydii Rydb. op. cit. 22: 113. Flowering branches 1-4-leaved or scapiform, usually stoutish, 3-7 dm. high, more or less hirsute with whitish or brownish hairs, at least below. Basal leaves round- to ovate-cordate, acute or obtuse at apex, 4-10 cm. long, mostly incised, the lobes rounded and dentate with broadly ovate, cuspidate teeth, sparingly short-hirsute on both sides to glabrate above, conspicu- ously long-hairy on the veins beneath, especially toward the base; petioles 8-15 cm. long, usually densely villous-hirsute ; cauline leaves smaller, usually more acutely lobed and with more evi- dent stipules; inflorescence usually an ample and diffuse panicle; pedicels and rachis usually finely glandular-puberulent ; bracts linear, or the lower with linear-lanceolate attenuate teeth ; hypanthium short-campanulate, turbinate at the base, appressed-pilose, including the ovate, obtuse sepals 1.5-2.5 mm. long, much shorter than the filiform pedicels; petals oblanceolate or narrower, whitish, two to two and one-half times as long as the sepals. Woods and ravines, Humid and Arid Transition Zones; Vancouver Island, southern British Columbia, and northern Idaho, southward west of the Cascade Mountains to Tulare County in the Sierra Nevada and San Luis Obispo County in the Coast Ranges, California. Type locality: near the Grand Rapids of the Columbia River. May-July. Variable as to pubescence and leaf-margins and several varieties have been proposed. 4. Heuchera maxima Greene. Island Heuchera. Fig. 2293. Heuchera maxima Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 2: 149. 1886. Caulescent perennial, the stout fleshy often decumbent stem sometimes branched and 2-6 dm. long, or ascending and 0.5-1.5 dm. high, densely clothed with the stipular-expanded fimbriate- ciliate petiole-bases. Flowering branches often very stout, 3-6 dm. tall, often bearing 3 or 4 ample leaves, densely hirsute, glandular above; petioles 8-18 cm. long, densely hirsute; leaf- blades orbicular- to ovate-cordate, the basal sinus usually very deep, 4-15 cm. in diameter or 7-9 cm. wide and 9-12 cm. long, the lobes narrowly to broadly ovate, rounded, crenate-dentate to serrate, bristle-tipped and ciliolate, glabrous above, hirsute on the veins beneath; inflorescence relatively dense, elongated and narrowly thyrsoid, 6-30 cm. long ; hypanthium densely glandular- 2294 ' S/ 2294. Heuchera rubescens 2295 2295. Heuchera elegans 2296 2296. Heuchera brevistaminea 382 SAXIFRAGACEAE puberulent below, the rounded-ovate obtuse sepals often densely pilose ; petals narrowly spatulate, white, somewhat exceeding the sepals. Sea cliffs and canyon walls, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Anacapa Islands, off the coast of southern California. Type locality: northward slope of Santa Cruz Island. Feb.-May. 5. Heuchera rubescens Torr. Pink Heuchera. Fig. 2294. Heuchera rubescens Torr. in Stansbury's Exp. 388. 1852. Heuchera rubescens var. oregonensis Wheelock, Bull. Torrey Club 17: 197. 1890. Heuchera caespitosa Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 6: 426. 1896. Heuchera cuneata Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 203. 1898. Heuchera lithophila Heller, Muhlenbergia 1 : 105. 1904. Heuchera Pringlei Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 111. 1905. Acaulescent ; scapes more or less hirsute below or mostly glabrous, shining, 2-4 dm. high, naked or bearing several variously laciniate scarious bractlets, these rarely bearing a very much reduced or even a normal leaf in their axils. Basal leaves broadly ovate to reniform, truncate to cordate at the base, glabrous to sparingly hirsute above, especially on the veins, often more or less hirsute on the veins beneath, 2-6 cm. broad, round-lobed and with rounded-ovate, ciliate and bristle-pointed teeth; petioles glabrous to more or less hirsute, 2-7 cm. long; hypanthium nar- rowly campanulate, pinkish, glandular-puberulent and more or less white-hairy, including the oblong, obtuse and green-tipped sepals 4-6 mm. long ; petals linear-oblanceolate, twice the length of the sepals ; stamens as long as or slightly longer than the petals. Rocky places in the mountains, Arid Transition to Hudsonian Zones; Utah south to eastern Texas and west to southeastern Oregon, the Salmon Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and Cuyamaca Mountains of California. Type locality: Stansbury's Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah. June-Aug. A variable species especially in pubescence; several species and varieties have been proposed. 6. Heuchera elegans Abrams. Urn-flowered Heuchera. Fig. 2295. Heuchera elegans Abrams, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 1 : 67. 1902. Heuchera Abramsii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 109. 1905. Heuchera hirsutissima Rosend. Butt. & Lak. Minn. Stud. PI. Sci. 2: 110. 1936. Acaulescent and densely cespitose, flowering branches bracteate, sometimes bearing 1-3 much reduced stipulate leaves, 1-4 dm. high, minutely glandular and villous-hirsute to puberu- lent. Basal leaves thickish, rounded or round-ovate, more usually truncate or open-cordate at the base, 1-3 cm. broad, crenately lobed and toothed, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, the mar- gins markedly ciliate; teeth ovate-crenate, mucronate and bristle-tipped; petioles sparingly to densely hirsute, 2-7 cm. long ; panicles narrow, glandular-pubescent throughout, the short branches cymose ; bracts more or less scarious, fimbriate, 4 mm. or less long ; hypanthium buff- purple to bright pink, sparingly to densely white-pilose, densely glandular at the base, cylindric, in age urceolate, including the oblong and often green-tipped sepals 7-8 mm. long ; petals white, lanceolate-spatulate, slightly longer than to two and a half times the length of the sepals, nar- rowed to a slender claw ; stamens scarcely exserted. Rocky places, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; mountains of southern California, chiefly in the San Gabriel Range. Type locality: near the summit of Mount Wilson, Los Angeles County, California. April- June. 7. Heuchera brevistaminea Wiggins. Laguna Heuchera.. Fig. 2296. Heuchera brevistaminea Wiggins, Contr. Dudley Herb. 1 : 100. 1929. Flowering stems 2-3 dm. high, from a short woody caudex. Basal leaves cordate-orbicular, shallowly 5-lobed, the lobes shallowly 2-3-toothed, ciliate on the margins, punctate-glandular above, sparsely hirsute on the veins beneath ; petioles glandular-puberulent and hirsute ; inflores- cence narrowly paniculate, glandular-pubescent ; hypanthium campanulate, 3-4 mm. long, deep rose-purple; sepals ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, glandular-puberulent; petals broadly spatulate, 4-5 mm. long, much surpassing the sepals, sparsely pubescent on the back ; stamens inserted below the middle of the hypanthium, very short, scarcely reaching the sinuses of the sepals; styles about equaling the stamens. Rocky slopes, Upper Sonoran and lower part of Arid Transition Zones; Laguna Mountains, San Diego County, California. July-Sept. 8. Heuchera cylindrica Dougl. Cylindrical Heuchera. Fig. 2297. Heuchera cylindrica Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 236. 1834. Yamala cylindrica Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 75. 1836. Holochloa elata Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 580, as a synonym. 1840. Holochloa cylindrica Nutt. loc. cit., as a synonym. Heuchera Columbiana Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 116. 1905. Acaulescent; flowering branches scapiform, stoutish, rather densely hirsute with white hairs, 3-5 dm. high, bearing 2 or 3 minute scarious bracts; petioles 3-10 cm. long, hirsute; leaves or- bicular or slightly narrower, deeply cordate at the base, glabrous or ciliate on the margins and veins, stiff and somewhat subcoriaceous, shining, 3-6 cm. wide, round-lobed and crenate; in- florescence elongated, spike-like, 5-10 cm. long ; flowers subtended by rather large, oblong- triangular, long-ciliate and foliaceous bracts ; hypanthium deeply campanulate, yellowish, densely short-hirsute below, including the oblong, obtuse or acute sepals about 8 mm. long; petals mostly wanting. Rocky places, Arid Transition Zone; southern British Columbia, eastern Washington and Oregon across Idaho to Montana. Type locality: "West side of the Rocky Mountains." May-June. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 383 9. Heuchera ovalifolia Nutt. Oval-leaved Heuchera. Fig. 2298. Heuchera ovalifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 581. 1840. Heuchera cylindrica var. alpina S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 94. 1871. Heuchera cylindrica var. ovalifolia Wheelock, Bull. Torrey Club 17: 203. 1890. Heuchera alpina Blankinship, Mont. Agr. Coll. Sci. Stud. 1 : 62. 1905. Heuchera Suksdorfii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 116. 1905. Densely cespitose from a stout creeping rhizome ; flowering branches leafless, densely glandu- lar-pubescent with short hairs, bearing one to several triangular-subulate, glandular-ciliate, scarious bracts, 8-30 cm. high. Leaves all basal, rounded-oval, 1-4 cm. broad, about as long as or slightly longer than broad, truncate or rounded, or rarely very slightly cordate at the base, crenately to more deeply lobed, with rounded or slightly acuminate and mucronate teeth, or merely deeply and doubly crenate-serrate, thickish, at least the youngest more or less glandular- puberulent ; petioles 3-10 cm. long, densely glandular-puberulent ; inflorescence dense, often sub- capitate, 1-6 cm. long; hypanthium deeply campanulate, yellowish, densely short-hirsute and glandular, with the broadly oblong, acute or obtuse sepals 5-7 mm. long; petals usually absent. Rocky banks and hillsides, Arid Transition to Hudsonian Zones; Alberta and British Columbia to Wyoming and south through Washington and eastern Oregon to northern Nevada and northeastern California. Type locality: Blue Mountains, Oregon. May-July. 10. Heuchera chlorantha Piper. Green-flowered Heuchera. Fig. 2299. Heuchera chlorantha Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 16: 206. 1913. Cespitose from a stout rhizome ; flowering stems leafless, naked or with one or two minute fimbriate bracts, villous, 5-8 dm. high. Leaves all basal, orbicular to slightly reniform, rather deeply cordate at base, 4-8 cm. broad, crenately 7-9-lobed, the lobes with broad cuspidate teeth, glabrous except on the veins beneath ; petioles 5-20 cm. long, conspicuously villous with irregu- larly spreading or somewhat retrorse, usually brownish hairs ; inflorescence a dense narrow panicle, 5-10 cm. long, glandular-pubescent ; flowers subtended by relatively large ovate to lan- ceolate f oliaceous fimbriate bracts ; hypanthium greenish, deeply urceolate-campanulate, pruinose- puberulent, with the oblong sepals 6-8 mm. long, lengthening in fruit ; petals minute or lacking. In damp meadows, Humid Transition Zone; British Columbia east to Idaho and southward through western Washington to southern Oregon. Type locality: Falcon Valley, Klickitat County, Washington. June-July. 11. Heuchera glabella Torr. & Gray. Smooth Heuchera. Fig. 2300. Heuchera glabella Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 581. 1840. Holochloa glabella Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. loc. cit., as a synonym. Heuchera cylindrica var. glabella Wheelock, Bull. Torrey Club 17: 203. 1890. Usually densely cespitose from a thick woody rhizome; flowering branches leafless, 2.5-6 dm. high, finely puberulent or glabrous, usually with several minute scarious bracts. Leaves all basal, shining, firm and somewhat coriaceous in texture, rounded-oval or orbicular, slightly cor- date or truncate at the base, 2-5 cm. wide and as long or slightly longer, glabrous or minutely glandular-puberulent, short-ciliate, round-lobed and with crenate mucronate teeth ; petioles 3-10 cm. long, finely puberulent or glabrous; inflorescence narrow, sometimes almost subcapitate, 3-25 cm. long ; hypanthium deeply campanulate, including the broadly oblong sepals 5-8 mm. long ; petals usually none. Rocky hills, Arid Transition Zone; Alberta to Montana and British Columbia south through Idaho, eastern Washington to northeastern Oregon. Type locality: "Rocky Mountains towards the Oregon." June-Aug. 12. Heuchera tenuifolia (Wheelock) Rydb. Thin-leaved Heuchera. Fig. 2301. Heuchera cylindrica var. tenuifolia Wheelock, Bull. Torrey Club 17: 204. 1890. Heuchera tenuifolia Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 116. 1905. Acaulescent ; flowering branches glabrous or minutely glandular-puberulent, 4-6 dm. high, naked or bearing one or two small scarious bracts. Leaves reniform or rounded-oval, distinctly cordate at the base, thin, mostly entirely glabrous, shallowly round-lobed and crenate, with broad, rounded, ciliate and bristle-tipped teeth; petioles slender, 5-15 cm. long, glabrous or minutely glandular-puberulent ; inflorescence spiciform ; hypanthium deeply campanulate, mi- nutely glandular-puberulent, greenish, yellowish toward the sepals, including these about 6 mm. long; petals oblanceolate, one-half to two-thirds as long as the sepals, or none. Hillsides, mostly Arid Transition Zone; British Columbia south to northern Oregon and east to Idaho. Type locality: near The Dalles, Oregon. May-July. Heuchera Cusickii Rosend. Butt. & Lak. Minn. Stud. PI. Sci. 2: 157. 1936. Flowering stems from a subrhizomatous caudex, 15-30 cm. high, scapiform. Leaves all basal, cordate-orbicular or broadly ovate, 10— 25 mm. broad, 5-7-lobed, the lobes broadly ovate or obovate, dentate, the teeth aristate, glabrous; petioles slender, 1—5 cm. long, glabrous or glandular-puberulent; inflorescence a short dense spike-like or subcapitate panicle; hypanthium short-campanulate, 3.5-4 mm. long, glandular-puberulent; sepals unequal, about 1.5 mm. long; petals about equaling the sepals, oblanceolate to spatulate; stamens short. Known only from the type collection, made "5 miles west of Imnaha, Wallowa County, Oregon." 13. Heuchera Duranii Bacigalupi. Duran's Heuchera. Fig. 2302. Heuchera Duranii Bacigalupi, Contr. Dudley Herb. 1: 191. 1933. Acaulescent and cespitose from a relatively stout ascendingly branched perennial caudex ; flowering stems one or two from a caudex-branch, slender, glandular-puberulent, 1 . 5-3 dm. tall, bearing a pinkish hyaline linear-spatulate fimbriolate-ciliolate bractlet. Leaves reniform, the smaller suborbicular, dull gray-green, crenately lobed and toothed, ciliolate, densely glandular- puberulent, 8-18 mm. broad; petioles slender, glandular-puberulent, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; panicle very narrow, glandular-puberulent, 4-8 cm. long ; bractlets subtending the hypanthium similar to 384 HYDRANGEACEAE those of the scape; hypanthium minutely glandular-puberulent, broadly turbinate, yellow with a broad band of light brown above the middle, including the broadly triangular acute to obtuse sepals 2.5-3 mm. long, in fruit becoming rounded at the base and greenish; petals little exceed- ing the sepals, cream-colored, elliptic-oblong, mostly acuminate, the claw relatively broad ; sta- mens not exceeding the sepals; styles short, ultimately exceeding the sepals by 0.5-1 mm. Rocky situations, Boreal Zones; White Mountains of eastern California. Type locality: McAfee Meadow, White Mountains, Mono County, California. Family 60. HYDRANGEACEAE. Hydrangea Family. Trees, shrubs, or vines with simple opposite exstipulate leaves. Flowers corym- bose, racemose or rarely solitary, perfect or the outer ones of the cluster sometimes sterile. Hypanthium adnate to the ovary. Sepals and petals usually 5, sometimes fewer. Stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous. Ovary compound, at least the lower half adnate to the hypanthium ; carpels 2-10, wholly united or free at the apex. Seeds numerous ; embryo small ; endosperm copious. About 16 genera and 80 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Capsule beaked by the persistent styles; ovules several to many in each cell, only 1 maturing in Fendlerella. Styles more or less united; flowers showy. Leaves deciduous, often toothed; styles partly united. 1. Philadelphus. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, entire; styles completely united. 2. Carpentaria. Styles distinct; capsule conical. Leaves toothed, small; stigma terminal; flowers showy. 3. Jamesia. Leaves entire, small; stigma partially introrse; flowers small. 4. Fendlerella. Capsule depressed-globose, beakless; styles distinct, deciduous; ovules solitary in each cell; flowers minute. 5. Whipplea. 1. PHILADELPHUS L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753. Branching shrub with deciduous, entire or toothed, usually petioled leaves. Flowers perfect, usually showy and often fragrant, borne solitary or in few-flowered cymes at the ends of short branchlets, often so grouped as to appear racemose or paniculate. Sepals 4 or rarely 5, valvate, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, showy, white or ochroleucous, convolute. Stamens usually numerous ; filaments subulate, free or united below ; anthers short. Ovary adnate to the hypanthium for at least two-thirds its length, 4-celled, or rarely 3- or 5-celled; styles elongated or short, more or less united. Ovules numerous, pendulous in several series. Capsule obovoid, firm, loculicidal ; seeds numerous, with a membranous testa; endosperm none. [Named after King Ptolemy Philadelphus.] A genus of about 45 species, natives of north temperate regions. Type species, Philadelphus coronarius L. Leaves 2.5-8 cm. long; flower clusters racemose or paniculate, 4-20-flowered ; calyx glabrous or nearly so without. Leaves pubescent all over beneath, usually dentate; styles united for two-thirds their length. 1. P. Gordonianus. Leaves pubescent only on the nerves beneath, entire or denticulate. Styles united to the middle or only a little beyond. 2. P. Lewisii. Styles united up to the stigmas. 3. P. calif ornicus. Leaves 0.5-2 cm. long; flower clusters cymose, mostly 1-3-flowered; calyx silky-tomentose without. 4. P. serpyllifolius. 1. Philadelphus Gordonianus Lindl. Gordon's Syringa. Fig. 2303. Philadelphus Gordonianus Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 21. 1838. Philadelphus columbianus Koehne, Gartenfl. 1896: 542. 1896. Philadelphus angustifolius Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 166. 1905. Philadelphus platyphyllus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 167. 1905. Deciduous shrub, 2-4 m. high, with ascending branches. Leaves ovate, 3-8 cm. long, short- acuminate, obtuse or on vigorous shoots subcordate at base, usually dentate, rarely sparsely denticulate, more or less pubescent on both surfaces ; racemose flower clusters 5-10-flowered ; petals oblong to oval, 15-20 mm. long; styles united half to two-thirds their length; capsule ovoid, 8-10 mm. long. Hillsides and stream banks, mainly Humid Transition Zone; British Columbia, southward west of the Cascades to Shasta and Humboldt Counties, California. Type locality: Northwest America, collected by Douglas. May-July. 2. Philadelphus Lewisii Pursh. Lewis' Syringa. Fig. 2304. Philadelphus Lewisii Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 329. 1814. Philadelphus confusus Piper, Bull. Torrey Club 29: 225. 1902. Philadelphus Helleri Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 166. 1905. Deciduous shrub, 1-2.5 m. high, with ascending branches, the bark of the previous season usually with numerous cross cracks and eventually exfoliating. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute at apex, obtuse or acute at base, entire or denticulate, glabrous or sparingly HYDRANGEA FAMILY 385 hairy on the veins beneath and in the forks of the principal veins near the base ; flower clusters racemose; petals elliptic to oval, 10-15 mm. long; styles united half to two-thirds the way. Hillsides and canyons, Arid Transition Zone; British Columbia east of the Cascade Mountains to eastern Oregon, eastward to central Montana. Type locality: Clark's Fork of the Columbia River, Montana. May-July. 3. Philadelphia californicus Benth. California Syringa. Fig. 2305. Philadelphus californicus Benth. PI. Hartw. 309. 1849. Philadelphus Lewisii var. californicus A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1 : 202. 1876. Philadelphus Fremontii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 165. 1905. Deciduous shrub, 1.5-3 m. high, with ascending branches. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, acute at apex and base, entire or inconspicuously denticulate ; flower clusters race- mose, 7-20- flowered; petals oval to obovate, 10-12 mm. long; styles united up to the base of the stigmas. Hillsides and canyons, mainly Arid Transition Zone; Siskiyou Mountains, southern Oregon, to the central Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, probably along the American River or in Butte County, California. May-July. 4. Philadelphus serpyllifolius A. Gray. Desert Syringa. Fig. 2306. Philadelphus serpyllifolius A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1 : 77. 1852. Philadelphus stramineus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 172. 1905. Philadelphus pumilus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 173. 1905. Deciduous shrub, 6-10 dm. high, with numerous short subspinose branches, the bark pale gray or stramineous. Leaves narrowly ovate to elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 8-15 mm. long, strigose-hirsute above, densely white-tomentulose and strigose beneath, mainly 1-nerved, the lateral veins obscure; flowers mostly solitary, on the ends of short divergent branches; calyx 2297. Heuchera cylindrica 2298. Heuchera ovalifolia 2299. Heuchera chlorantha 2300. Heuchera glabella 2301. Heuchera tenuifolia 2302. Heuchera Duranii 386 HYDRANGEACEAE hoary-strigose ; petals rounded at apex, about 10 mm. long; styles united up to the base of the stigmas. . Rock crevices or dry ridges, Arid Transition Zone; San Jacinto and White Mountains, southeastern Cali- fornia, and San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California, east to western Texas. Type locality: western Texas. May-June. 2. CARPENTARIA Torr. PL Frem. 12. 1853. Shrub, with erect branches and persistent coriaceous leaves. Flowers very showy, in few-flowered cymes. Hypanthium broad and shallow, not enlarged in age, adnate to the base of the capsule. Sepals 5-7, valvate, persistent. Petals 5-7, white, broad, clawless, convolute. Stamens very numerous; filaments filiform. Ovary ovoid, incompletely 5-8-celled; styles completely united, persistent; stigma 5-8-lobed, terminal. Capsule abruptly beaked by the persistent style, firm-coriaceous, loculicidal ; seeds numerous. [Name in honor of Professor Carpenter of Louisiana.] A monotypic genus of California. 1. Carpenter ia californica Torr. Carpenteria. Fig. 2307. Carpenteria californica Torr. PI. Frem. 12. 1853. Shrubs, 1-2 m. high, the main branches mostly erect, bark light brown and shreddy, young twigs 4-angled, opposite, glabrous or very sparsely pubescent. Leaves leathery, lanceolate, 4-9 cm. long, narrowed to the obtuse apex, and to a short petiole at base, entire, the margin narrowly revolute, dark green and glabrous above, canescent beneath with a stngose and finely tomentulose pubescence; flowers in few-flowered cymes terminating the branches; sepals lanceolate, 10-12 mm long; petals 5-8, broadly obovate, rounded at apex, rotately spreading; capsule broadly conical or depressed-globose and abruptly beaked, the carpels dehiscing through the beak. Canyons Upper Sonoran Zone; foothills of the Sierra Nevada between San Joaquin and Kings Rivers. Type locality: collected by Fremont on his trip up the San. Joaquin River. This very local and rare species is becoming a popular ornamental shrub in California gardens. April-June. 2303. Philadelphus Gordonianus 2304. Philadelphus Lewisii 2305. Philadelphus californicus 2306. Philadelphus serpyllifolius 2307. Carpenteria californica 2308. Jamesia americana HYDRANGEA FAMILY 387 3. jAMESIA Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 593. 1840. Shrub with erect stems, usually shreddy bark, and deciduous toothed leaves. Flowers showy, perfect, cymose. Hypanthium turbinate to hemispheric, the lobes 5, triangular- ovate to lanceolate. Petals 5, convolute, oblong-obovate, pubescent within. Stamens 10 ; filaments subulate. Ovary imperfectly 3-5-celled; styles 3-5, distinct; stigmas terminal. Ovules numerous. Capsule about half inferior, conic, beaked by the persistent distinct styles. [Name in honor of Dr. Edwin James, botanist of Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, 1820.] A monotypic genus of western North America. There is an earlier Jamesia (Raf. 1832) but Torrey and Gray's name has been conserved. 1. Jamesia americana var. californica (Small) Jepson. Jamesia or Cliff Bush. Fig. 2308. Edwinia californica Small, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 176. 190S. Jamesia americana var. californica Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 466. 1925. Erect much branched shrub, 2-10 dm. high, the bark shreddy, grayish- or reddish-brown, the young twigs strigose or short-villous. Leaves ovate, 15-25 mm. long, prominently crenate- serrate, the teeth mucronulate, lower surface strigose-canescent, the upper sparsely strigose and dark green, lateral veins prominent, impressed on the upper surface; pedicels and hypanthium strigose; sepals triangular-ovate, about 2.5 mm. long; petals 6-7 mm. long, narrowly oblong- ovate ; styles elongating after anthesis, becoming twice the length of the calyx. Rock ledges, Arctic-Alpine Zone; southern Sierra Nevada, from Mono County to Tulare County, also in the Panamint Mountains, California. June-Aug. 4. FENDLERELLA Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 25 : 626. 1898. Low or depressed shrub, with shreddy bark. Leaves opposite, small, entire and sub- 2309. Fendlerella utahensis 2310. Whipplea modesta 2311. Ribes lacustre 2312. Ribes montigenum 2313. Ribes viburnifolium 2314. Ribes bracteosum 388 GROSSULARIACEAE sessile. Flowers small, perfect, in small dense cymes. Hypanthium turbinate-campanulate, becoming turbinate in fruit. Sepals 5, lanceolate, shorter than the hypanthium. Petals 5, white, oblong or elliptic, narrowed to a broad base. Stamens 10. Ovary conic, 3-celled; styles 3, distinct; ovules several in each cell. Capsule conic, narrow at the base, about half inferior, 3-valved, septicidal. Seeds solitary in each cell. [Name diminutive of Fendlera.~\ A genus of 3 species, natives of southwestern United States and Mexico. Type species, Fendlerella utahensis (S. Wats.) Heller. 1. Fendlerella utahensis (S. Wats.) Heller. Yerba Desierto. Fig. 2309. Whipplea utahensis S. Wats. Amer. Nat. 7: 300. 1873. Fendlera utahensis Greene, Bull Torrey Club 8: 26. 1881. Fendlerella utahensis Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 626. 1898. Fendlerella cymosa Greene ex Woot. & Standi. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 16: 129. 1913. Low much branched erect shrub, mostly 4-6 dm. high, with exfoliating bark and strigose young twigs. Leaves numerous, oblong-elliptic to oblong-spatulate, subsessile, 8-25 mm. long, inconspicuously 3-nerved, strigose ; cymes terminating leafy branches, several- to many-flowered ; sepals 4 mm. long ; petals 3-4 mm. long. Rocky canyons, Upper Sonoran Zone; Clark Mountains, Mojave Desert, California {Jaeger), east to Nevada, Utah. Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. Type locality: Kanab, Utah. June— Aug. 5. WHIPPLEA Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4:90. pi. 7. 1857. Low spreading or trailing shrub with weak slender branches and at length shreddy bark. Leaves opposite, deciduous, shallowly toothed. Flowers small in short or subcapitate peduncled racemes. Hypanthium broadly turbinate. Sepals 5-6, erect, thin. Petals 5-6, spreading or recurved. Stamens 10 or 12, rarely fewer, alternately longer and shorter; filaments flattened. Ovary globose, 4— 5-celled; styles 4-5, distinct, subulate, deciduous; stigmas introrse. Ovule solitary in each cell, pendulous. Capsule globose, separating into 4-5 firm carpels. Seed solitary in each carpel. [Name in honor of Lieut. A. W. Whipple, commander of the Pacific Railroad Expedition in 1853-54.] A monotypic genus of the Pacific States. 1. Whipplea modesta Torr. Yerba de Selva. Fig. 2310. Whipplea modesta Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4: 90. pi. 7. 1857. Stems more or less branched, reclining or trailing, 3-20 dm. long, finely pubescent when young, the flowering branchlets closely strigose. Leaves ovate to oval, 1-3 . 5 cm. long, shallowly few-toothed, sessile or subsessile, appressed-pubescent on both surfaces ; racemes on slender peduncles terminating the branchlets, 4-9-flowered ; pedicels 2-10 mm. long; hypanthium hemi- spheric; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 mm. long; petals white, oblong-ovate, 3 mm. long; capsule globose, 2-2.5 mm. broad. Wooded slopes, mainly Humid Transition Zone; Olympic Peninsula, Washington, south in the Coast Ranges to Monterey County, California, and inland in the Siskiyou Mountains to Ashland, Oregon. Type locality: red- woods, Marin County, California. March-June. Modesty. Family 61. GROSSULARIACEAE.* Gooseberry Family. Shrubs, with erect, ascending, recurved, or prostrate branches. Leaves alternate, palmately veined and usually lobed, often resinous-glandular or viscid. Stipules when present adnate to the petiole. Flowers racemose or rarely solitary, on 1-2- leaved axillary shoots ; pedicels subtended by a bract and usually bearing 2 bract- lets. Hypanthium adnate to the globose ovary and more or less produced above it. Sepals 5 or rarely 4 ; petals as many as sepals, and usually much smaller, erect. Sta- mens equaling the petals in number, and alternate with them. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae ; styles 2, more or less united ; stigmas terminal. Fruit a berry crowned with the withering remains of the flower. Seeds several to many; endo- sperm fleshy ; embryo minute, terete. Two genera and about 120 species, natives of the north temperate zone, and of the Andes in Sovith America. Most abundant in the Pacific States. Pedicels jointed beneath the ovary; plants without nodal spines, or if with them, the hypanthium obsolete above the ovary. 1. Ribes. Pedicels not jointed; plants with nodal spines; hypanthium always conspicuously produced above the ovary. 2. Grossularia. * Text prepared with the assistance of Frederick V. Coville. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 389 1. RIBES L. Sp. PI. 201. 1753. Unarmed or rarely bristly shrubs, with palmately veined and usually lobed leaves, deciduous or rarely persistent. Racemes several- to many-flowered; pedicels jointed be- neath the ovary, usually with a pair of bractlets just below the joint. Ovary smooth or glandular, not spiny. Free portion of the hypanthium tubular or cup-shaped, often col- ored, short or elongated, sometimes obsolete. Fruit disarticulating from the pedicel at the joint. [Name from ribas, the Arabic name of Rheum Ribes.~\ A genus of about 60 species, natives of the subarctic and north temperate regions, extending to the Andes, South America. Type species, Ribes rubrum L. Plants with spines or prickles. I- Lacustria. Plants without spines or prickles. Leaves evergreen, not palmately lobed. II. Vibuenifolia. Leaves deciduous, more or less palmately lobed. Ovary with sessile glands; free portion of hypanthium saucer-shaped. III. Hudsoniana. Ovary without glands or the glands stalked. Free portion of hypanthium obsolete; the sepals slightly united at the base. Ovary smooth. IV. Rubra. Ovary with gland-tipped hairs or rarely only with glandless hairs. V. Prostrata. Free portion of hypanthium evident. Anthers with a conspicuous cup-shaped gland at the apex. VI. Viscosissima. Anthers with at most a mere callus at the apex. Leaves involute in vernation; hypanthium tube smooth, yellow. VII. Aurea. Leaves plicate in vernation; hypanthium tube usually hairy, not yellow. VIII. Sanguinea. I. Lacustria. Leaves smooth or nearly so; racemes commonly 10-lS-flowered; berry black. 1. R. lacustre. Leaves pubescent and glandular on both surfaces; racemes commonly 3-7-flowered; berry red. 2. R. tnontigenum. II. VlBURNIFOLIA. Leaves firm-coriaceous, repand-dentate or entire. 3. R. viburnifolium. III. Hudsoniana. Floral bracts large, broadest above the middle, those near the base of the raceme often foliaceous; sepals green; berry with a whitish bloom. 4. R. bracteosxim. Floral bracts small, narrowed from the base to a sharp apex; sepals white; berry black, without bloom. 5. R. petiolare. IV. Rubra. Sepals and petals yellowish green; anther cells distinctly separated by a broad connective. 6. R. sativum. Sepals usually mottled with purple; petals red; anther cells contiguous. 7. R. triste. V. Prostrata. Bracts nearly equaling or exceeding the pedicels. Racemes erect or ascending; berries at maturity bright red and without bloom. 8. R. erythrocarpum. Racemes reflexed, and the pedicels again recurved upward; berry blue-black, with a bloom. 9. R. acerifolium. Bracts not over half the length of the pedicels. 10. R. laxiflorum. VI. Viscosissima. Hypanthium over twice as long as broad; berry bright red at maturity. Styles usually pubescent above; bracts cuneate-obovate, the rounded or truncate apex cut into several deep teeth or lobes. H. R. cereum. Styles usually glabrous; bracts rhombic, often narrowly so, usually acute at the apex and entire or occa- sionally with one lateral lobe, the margin usually minutely glandular-denticulate. 12. 7?. inebrians. Hypanthium less than twice as long as broad; berry black or blue at maturity. 13. R. viscosissimum. VII. AUREA. Hypanthium as long as or little exceeding the sepals. 14. R. aureum. Hypanthium about twice as long as the sepals. 15. R. gracillimum. VIII. Sanguinea. Styles glabrous. Sepals erect, together with the short bowl-shaped hypanthium 4-6 mm. long. 16. R. nevadense. Sepals spreading, together with the tubular hypanthium 8-12 mm. long. Leaves whitish tomentose beneath; ovary with short curled hairs among the gland-tipped ones; flowers red, in erect or ascending racemes. 17. R. sanguineum. Leaves usually without tomentum beneath; ovary with only gland-tipped hairs; flowers rose-pink, in drooping racemes. 18- R. glutmosum. Styles pubescent, at least below; ovary densely clothed with gland-tipped hairs and straight divergent white hairs. Hypanthium longer than broad. Hypanthium pink, about twice as long as broad. 19. R. malvaceum. Hypanthium greenish white, little longer than broad. 20. R. indecorum. Hypanthium much broader than long. 21. R. canthariforme. 390 GROSSULARIACEAE 1. Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp or Prickly Currant. Fig. 2311. Ribes oxycanthoid.es var. lacustre Pers. Syn. PI. 1: 252. 1805. Ribes lacustre Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2: 56. 1812. Ribes echinatum Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 7: 517. 1830. Ribes parvulutn Rydb. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 203. 1900. Stems ascending or nearly prostrate, about 1 m. long, the spines at the nodes usually 3, the internodes usually bristly. Leaves with slender pubescent petioles, nearly orbicular in outline, 3-5 cm. wide, deeply 5-7-lobed, the lobes acutish, incised-dentate, thin, glabrous or nearly so; pedicels slender ; flowers green or purplish ; hypanthium saucer-shaped ; sepals short and broad ; stamens very short, not exceeding the petals; berry black-purple, covered with weak gland- tipped hairs. Wet mountain meadows, Boreal Zones: Alaska, south through the Pacific States to Humboldt and Siskiyou Counties, California, east to Newfoundland, south to Utah, Colorado, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. Type locality: Lake Mistassini, Canada. June-July. 2. Ribes montigenum McClatchie. Alpine Prickly Currant. Fig. 2312. Ribes lacustre var. molle A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1 : 206. 1876. Ribes nubigenum McClatchie, Erythea 2: 80. 1894. Not Philippi, 1857. Ribes lacustre var. lentum M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 681. 1895. Ribes montigenum McClatchie, Erythea 5: 38. 1897. Ribes lentum Coville & Rose, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 15: 28. 1902. Low straggly shrub, 3-6 dm. high, the stems more or less bristly, the nodal spines short or sometimes exceeding the leaves, the whole plant densely short-pubescent and glandular. Leaves 15-25 mm. broad, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes incised-serrate ; racemes short, few-flowered; pedicels 2-5 mm. long; hypanthium saucer-shaped, glandular-bristly; sepals 3-4 mm. long; berries red, glandular-bristly. Dry rocky slopes, Boreal Zones; interior of British Columbia and eastern Washington to southern Cali- fornia, east to Montana and New Mexico. Type locality: Mount San Antonio, southern California. June-July. 3. Ribes viburnifolium A. Gray. Evergreen or Catalina Currant. Fig. 2313. Ribes viburnifolium A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 202. 1882. Evergreen shrub, with straggling branches, the young twigs resinous-glandular. Leaves oval or somewhat obovate, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, sparingly repand-dentate or entire, thick, dark green above, paler and resinous beneath, otherwise glabrous or somewhat pubescent when young; racemes as long as the leaves or shorter, few- to several-flowered; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, filiform ; hypanthium turbinate ; sepals oval, spreading, rose-colored ; petals greenish, minute; berry glabrous, about 6 mm. in diameter. Slopes of canyons, Sonoran Zones; Santa Catalina Island, southern California, and Lower California. Type locality: near All Saints Bay, Lower California. March-April. 4. Ribes bracteosum Dougl. Stink Currant. Fig. 2314. Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 233. 1832. Ribes bracteosum var. viridiftorum Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35: 339. 1907. Stems erect or ascending, 1-4 m. high, the young branches, leaves, and inflorescence spar- ingly and loosely pubescent. Leaves 5-20 cm. broad, thin, deeply 5-7-lobed, the lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply and irregularly serrate ; racemes erect, often 20 cm. long, loosely flowered ; pedicels filiform, 1 cm. long or less ; lower bracts often f oliaceous and lobed ; hypan- thium saucer-shaped ; sepals green, 3-4 mm. long, spreading ; petals minute ; stamens very short ; berry black with a whitish bloom, resinous-dotted, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Stream banks and bottom lands along the coast, mainly Canadian Zone; southern Alaska to Mendocino County, California. May-June. 5. Ribes petiolare Dougl. Western Black Currant. Fig. 2315. Ribes petiolare Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 7: 514. 1830. Ribes hudsonianum var. petiolare Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35: 346. 1907. Branches erect or ascending. Leaves thin, resinous-dotted beneath, otherwise glabrous or slightly pubescent when young, mostly 5-lobed ; petioles slender, longer than the blades ; racemes erect, 5-12 cm. long, densely flowered, or the lower flowers distant; pedicels filiform, usually much longer than the pointed bracts; hypanthium bowl-shaped, resinous-dotted; sepals white, ovate, 7 mm. long; berry resinous-dotted, black, without bloom, about 10 mm. in diameter. Arid Transition Zone; interior of British Columbia, south through eastern Washington to southeastern Oregon and northern Siskiyou and Modoc Counties, California, east to Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. Type locality: western base of the Rocky Mountains, lat. 48° to 52°. May-July. 6. Ribes sativum (Reichb.) Syme. Garden Currant. Fig. 2316. Ribes rubrum var. sativum Reichb. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 562. 1830-32. Ribes sativum Syme, Eng. Bot. 4: 42. 1865. Ribes hortense Hedlund, Bot. Notiser 1901:94. 1901. Shrub, with erect stems, 10-15 dm. high, pubescent with simple and gland-tipped hairs on GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 391 the young twigs, petioles and lower surface of the leaves. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 7 cm. or less in width, 3-5-lobed, the lobes acutish, serrate-dentate, dark green and with scattered hairs above, paler beneath and pubescent especially on the veins ; racemes few- to many-flowered, drooping ; pedicels filiform, 3-5 mm. long ; bracts ovate, much shorter than the pedicels ; hypan- thium saucer-shaped, green or slightly tinged with purple; sepals 2-3 mm. long, spreading; petals yellowish green ; stamens very short ; berry red, glabrous, 4-8 mm. in diameter. Escaped from cultivation about the older settlements in western Oregon. Native of Europe. May-June. 7. Ribes triste Pall. Wild Red Currant. Fig. 2317. Ribes triste Pall. Nova Acta Acad. Petrop. 10: 378. 1797. Ribes albinervum Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 110. 1803. Ribes ciliosum Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 208. 1898. Ribes migratorium Suksdorf, Deutsch. Bot. Monatss. 18: 86. 1900. Shrub, with creeping or ascending stems, 1 m. long or less, the young shoots sparingly pubes- cent and glandular. Leaves reniform-orbicular in outline, 6-10 mm. in diameter, 3-5-lobed, thin, dark green and usually glabrous above, pale beneath and glabrate or distinctly pubescent, the lobes acute, coarsely dentate-serrate, more or less cordate at base and usually conspicuously decurrent on the petiole ; racemes generally shorter than the leaves, several-flowered, drooping ; pedicels 3-8 mm. long, usually sparingly glandular-pubescent; flowers purple; hypanthium saucer-shaped, purple ; petals red ; berry red, 6-8 mm. in diameter, glabrous. Wet meadows and swamps, mainly Canadian Zone; Alaska to Newfoundland, south to the Cascade Moun- tains Oregon, South Dakota, Michigan, and New Jersey; also in northern Asia. Type locality: Siberia. May- July. 8. Ribes erythrocarpum Cov. & Leib. Crater Lake Currant. Fig. 2318. Ribes erythrocarpum Cov. & Leib. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 10: 132. 1896. Shrub, with trailing and rooting branches, the upright shoots 1-2 dm. high, pubescent and glandular with short-stalked glands on the foliage and inflorescence. Leaves orbicular in out- line, 5 cm. wide or less, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, crenate and serrulate ; racemes erect, few- to many-flowered; bracts equaling the pedicels; hypanthium short; sepals tinged with yellow or salmon, spreading, 3 mm. long; petals about half the length of the sepals and similarly colored ; berry red, 8-10 mm. long, covered with short glandular hairs. Mountain forests and glades, Canadian Zone; Cascade Mountains, southern Oregon, from Douglas County to Klamath and Jackson Counties. Type locality: Canyon of Pole Bridge Creek, south of Crater Lake, Cascade Mountains, Oregon. May-Aug. 9. Ribes acerifdlium Howell. Maple-leaved Currant. Fig. 2319. Ribes acerifolium Howell, Erythea 3: 34. 1895. Ribes Howellii Greene, Erythea 4: 57. 1896. Shrub, with erect stems about 1 m. high. Leaves a little broader than long, 4-8 cm. wide, 3-5-lobed, thin, glabrous above, puberulent beneath at least on the veins, and glandular resinous- dotted, the lobes ovate, acutish, irregularly serrate ; petioles about as long as the blades, dilated and ciliate at the base; raceme reflexed with upturned pedicels; bracts lanceolate, equaling or exceeding the pedicels ; hypanthium urn-shaped ; sepals obovate, 3-4 mm. long ; petals red, about 1 mm. long ; berry blue-black, with a bloom, glandular-pubescent, 6-10 mm. in diameter. Alpine ravines, Hudsonian Zone; Cascade Mountains from British Columbia to Mount Hood, Oregon, also in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. Type locality: Mount Hood, Oregon. June-Aug. 10. Ribes laxiflorum Pursh. Trailing Black Currant. Fig. 2320. Ribes americanutn Pall. Fl. Ross. 1: 34. 1788. Not Mill. 1768. Ribes laxiflorum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 731. 1814. Ribes affine Dougl. ex Bong. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 138. 1832. Shrub, with decumbent branches, the young twigs puberulent. Leaves orbicular in outline, 5-10 cm. in diameter, deeply 5-lobed, thin, glabrous above, somewhat pubescent beneath, sparingly ciliate on the margins, the lobes acute, usually sharply serrate ; petioles slender, about as long as the blade, glandular-pubescent on the dilated base ; racemes erect-spreading, 6-12-flowered, about as long as the leaves, puberulent and glandular ; pedicels 6-12 mm. long ; bracts lanceolate, much shorter than the pedicels ; hypanthium very short ; sepals 3-4 mm. long ; berry black or purple, glandular-pubescent and glaucous. Moist places, mainly Canadian Zone; in the Pacific States confined to the coastal region from northern California northward, but in British Columbia extending eastward to the Selkirk Mountains, also in Alaska and eastern Asia. Type locality: northwest coast of North America. March-June. Western Black Currant. 11. Ribes cereum Dougl. White Squaw Currant. Fig. 2321. Ribes cereum Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 7: 512. 1830. Cerophyllum Douglasii Spach. Hist. Veg. 6: 153. 1838. Ribes balsamiferum Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 2:94. 1861. A much branched shrub, 5-10 dm. high, the young branchlets finely pubescent. Leaves reni- form-orbicular, 1-4 cm. wide, cordate to truncate at base, puberulent and more or less glandular or the upper surface glabrate, the lobes 3-5, obtuse, crenate or crenulate ; petioles as long as the blades or shorter, puberulent; flowers few, crowded on the short, pendulous racemes; bracts 392 GROSSULARIACEAE cuneate-obovate, obtuse or truncate, lobed or dentate, 4-7 mm. long, pubescent and glandular; pedicels much shorter than the bracts ; hypanthium cylindrical, 6-8 mm. long, greenish to white or cream-colored; sepals 2 mm. long, ovate; anthers with a cup-shaped gland at apex; styles usually hairy below ; berry bright red. Dry gravelly or rocky ridges, mainly Canadian Zone; British Columbia to southern California, east to Montana, Utah, and northwestern Arizona. Type locality: on decayed granite or schist along the Columbia River from the Great Falls (The Dalles) to its source. June-July. Sheep Currant. Ribes reniforme Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 25. 1834. (Ribes cereum var. pedicellare A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1:207. 1876.) Closely resembling the preceding species in general habit. Leaves with sessile glands on both surfaces, but otherwise glabrous; petioles and racemes glabrous; bracts entire or nearly so, glandular but not pubescent; hypanthium and ovary with a few short-stalked glands but no pubescence; styles usually glabrous; berry bright red, glandular or sometimes glabrous. Dry mountain ridges, mainly Canadian Zone; Blue Mountains of Oregon and adjacent Washington to Montana. Type locality: sources of the Columbia. June— July. 12. Ribes inebrians Lindl. Pink Squaw Currant. Fig. 2322. Ribes inebrians Lindl. Bot. Reg. 17: pi. 1471. 1832. Cerophyllum spathianum Koehne, Gartenfl. 48: 338. 1899. Ribes Churchii Nels. & Kenn. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19: 36. 1906. Ribes pumilum Nutt. ex Rydb. Fl. Colo. 177. 1906. Closely resembling R. cereum in general habit, and in pubescence of twigs and leaves. Rachis of the racemes puberulent and usually glandular ; bracts entire or sometimes with a lateral lobe or tooth, usually glandular-ciliate ; hypanthium usually pink or pinkish; ovary with stalked glands ; styles usually glabrous ; berry bright red, glandular or rarely smooth. Dry mountain ridges, mainly Canadian Zone; eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, California, and northern Nevada. Type locality : described from cultivated plants, the source of which was not given. June-July. 13. Ribes viscosissimum Pursh. Sticky Currant. Fig. 2323. Ribes viscosissimum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 163. 1814. Coreosma viscosissima Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 4: 23. 1835. Low branched shrub, 1 m. high or less, the young twigs glandular-pubescent. Leaves reni- form-orbicular in outline, 5-8 cm. wide, pubescent and glandular-pubescent on both surfaces, the lobes usually 5, short, rounded, irregularly crenate-dentate ; petioles shorter than the blades, much dilated at base, densely glandular-pubescent; racemes usually as long as the leaves or longer, the rachis glandular-pubescent; bracts herbaceous, about equaling the pedicels, entire or minutely erose ; pedicels about 1 cm. long; hypanthium broadly cylindrical, 6-7 mm. long, greenish or pinkish; sepals about as long as the hypanthium, oblong, sparingly or not at all glandular; ovary glandular-pubescent; berry black, without bloom, more or less glandular- bristly. Coniferous forests, mainly Canadian Zones; British Columbia to northern California, east to Montana and Colorado. Type locality: Rocky Mountains. June-July. Ribes viscosissimum var. Hallii Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35:328. 1907. Resembling R. viscosissi- mum in general habit. Leaves rather firmer in texture and smaller, 2-5 cm. wide; racemes nodding, as long as the leaves or shorter; bracts mostly longer than the pedicels; ovary glabrous, rarely with a few glands; sepals shorter than the hypanthium; berry covered with a light bluish bloom. Coniferous forests, mainly Canadian Zone; Siskiyou and Cascade Mountains, southern Oregon, to the northern Sierra Nevada, California, and western Nevada. Type locality: northern California. 14. Ribes aureum Pursh. Golden Currant. Fig. 2324. Ribes aureum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 164. 1814. Ribes tenuiflorum Lindl. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 7: 242. 1828. An erect shrub, 1-2 m. high, the branchlets glabrous. Leaves reniform-orbicular to obovate in outline, variously lobed or dentate, cuneate to subcordate at base, 5 cm. wide or less, glabrous or pubescent and ciliate when young; racemes 3-7 cm. long; hypanthium 6-10 mm. long, yel- low ; sepals 5-8 mm. long ; petals oblong, 2 mm. long ; berry glabrous, yellow, red, or black. Along streams, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington to northeastern California, east to Assiniboia, Black Hills, South Dakota, New Mexico, and Arizona. Type locality: "On the banks of the rivers Missouri and Columbia." Collected by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. May. 15. Ribes gracillimum Cov. & Britt. Bugle Currant. Fig. 2325. Ribes gracillimum Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22:205. 1908. Ribes aureum var. gracillimum Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 468. 1925. Erect, usually much-branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, glabrous throughout, or the bases of the petioles with a few hairs. Leaves 2.5 cm. wide or less, rather thin in texture, ovate to rounded in outline, 3-lobed and dentate, cuneate at base ; petioles very slender, often as long as the blades, frequently bearing small sessile glands ; hypanthium 6-8 mm. long, yellow ; sepals 3-4 mm. long ; berry smooth. Along streams, Upper Sonoran Zones; Coast Ranges, central California to southern California. Type lo- cality: Los Trancos Creek, near Stanford University, California. April. Ribes odoratum Wendl. f. in Bartl. & Wendl. f. Beitr. 2: 15. 1825. Erect shrub, 1-2 m. high, the young twigs pubescent. Leaves 2-5 cm. wide, firm in texture, glabrate on both surfaces, round-reniform in outline, cuneate to truncate at base, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes coarsely dentate or crenate-dentate; racemes mostly 4-8- flowered, the rachis pubescent; pedicels usually pubescent, shorter than the bracts; hypanthium yellow, 12—15 mm. long; sepals oblong, 5-6 mm. long; berry black. Native of the Great Plains region, and occasionally escaped from cultivation in the Pacific States. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 393 2321 2315. Ribes petiolare 2316. Ribes sativum 2317. Ribes triste 2318. Ribes erythrocarpum 2319. Ribes acerifolium 2320. Ribes laxiflorum 2321. Ribes cereum 2322. Ribes inebrians 2323. Ribes viscosissimum 394 GROSSULARIACEAE 16. Ribes nevadense Kell. Sierra Nevada Currant. Fig. 2326. Ribes nevadense Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 1: 63. 1855. Ribes ascendens Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 2: 244. 1902. Ribes Hittellianum Eastw. loc. cit. Ribes glaucescens Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 2: 245. 1902. Ribes Grantii Heller, Muhlenbergia 4: 27. 1908. Slender, loosely branching shrub, 1-2 m. high, young twigs puberulent or glabrous, older bark flaky, deciduous. Leaves orbicular in outline, 4-8 cm. broad, thin, not rugose, bright green and glabrous above, paler beneath and slightly pubescent ; racemes rather short and dense, on long slender usually drooping peduncles ; pedicels 3-5 mm. long, shorter than the pink or green- ish bracts ; hypanthium rose-colored, 2 mm. long or less ; sepals erect, a little longer than the hypanthium ; ovary beset with short-stalked or barely sessile glands ; style glabrous ; berry blue- black, glaucous, sparingly glandular. Mountain streams and meadows, Transition and Canadian Zones; southern Oregon to southern California, east to western Nevada. Type locality: not given, but probably near Placerville, California. May-June. 17. Ribes sanguineum Pursh.. Red Flowering Currant. Fig. 2327. Ribes sanguineum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 164. 1814. Calobotrya sanguinea Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 4: 21. 1835. Coreosma sanguinea Spach, Hist. Veg. 6: 155. 1838. Ribes Scuphamii Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 2: 242. 1902. Erect shrub, 1-4 m. high, the young twigs puberulent and often with stalked glands. Leaves round-reniform in outline, 3-5-lobed, dark green and puberulent above, white-tomentose be- neath ; racemes erect or ascending, usually longer than the leaves, pubescent and glandular ; pedi- cels 5-10 mm. long; bracts exceeding the pedicels; hypanthium cylindrical-campanulate, 3-5 mm. long, red, pubescent ; sepals oblong, slightly longer than the hypanthium ; petals spatulate, about half as long as the sepals ; style glabrous ; berry blue-black, with a bloom, slightly glandular. Along streams and ravines, mainly Humid Transition Zone; western British Columbia to northwestern California. Type locality: on the Columbia River. April-May. Blood Currant. 18. Ribes glutinosum Benth. Winter Currant. Fig. 2328. Ribes glutinosum Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 1:476. 1835. Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum Loud. Arb. 988. 1836. Ribes albidum Paxton, Paxton's Mag. Bot. 10: pi. 55. 1843. Ribes glutinosum var. melanocarpum Greene, Man. Bay Reg. 124. 1894. Ribes Santae-Luciae Jancz. Bull. Acad. Cracovie 1906: 9. 1906. Ribes deductum Greene ex Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35: 320. 1907. Resembling R. sanguineum in general habit, but the young twigs, petioles and racemes more or less pubescent and glandular. Leaves slightly or not at all tomentose beneath, more or less puberulent and glandular on both surfaces, the upper surface often glabrate in age; racemes spreading or drooping ; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, usually longer than the bracts ; hypanthium nearly cylindrical, 3-5 mm. long, rose-colored or rarely white, pubescent and slightly glandular ; sepals rose-colored, a little longer than the hypanthium; ovary with stalked glands; style gla- brous ; berry bluish with a bloom, or sometimes black. Mountain streams, Humid Transition Zone; Coast Ranges, from Humboldt County to San Luis Obispo County, California. Type locality: California. March- April. 2324 2324. Ribes aureum 2325 2325. Ribes gracillimum 2326 2326. Ribes nevadense GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 395 19. Ribes malvaceum Smith. Chaparral Currant. Fig. 2329. Ribes malvaceum Smith in Rees, Cycl. 30: No. 13. 1815. Ribes tubulosum Eschsch. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 10: 283. 1826. Ribes tubiflorum C. A. Meyer, Mem. Acad. Mosc. 7: 140. 1829. Ribes sanguineum var. malvaceum Loud. Arb. 988. 1836. Shrub with mostly strictly erect branches, 1-2 m. high, the young twigs tomentose and glandular as are also the petioles, under surface of the leaves and the inflorescence. Leaves mostly rounded in outline, 2-5 cm. wide, rather thick, the upper surface markedly rugulose, dull green, sparingly pubescent and glandular with short-stalked glands, the under surface canescent with a dense tomentum, the 3-5 lobes crenulate : racemes drooping, longer than the leaves ; pedicels 2-5 mm. long, recurved in fruit ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; ovary densely tomen- tose with intermingling glandular hairs ; hypanthium rose-colored, 5-7 mm. long ; sepals shorter than the hypanthium; petals rounded and short-clawed; styles pubescent below; berry viscid- pubescent, glaucous. On wooded or chaparral-covered slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; Coast Ranges from Tehama County to Santa Barbara County, California. Type locality: California. Oct.-March. California Black Currant. Ribes malvaceum var. viridiflorum Abrams, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 1 : 67. 1902. (Ribes purpurascens Heller, Muhlenbergia 4: 29. 1908.) The twigs and leaves less tomentose and more glandular. Leaves brighter green and less rugulose on the upper surface; hypanthium 8-12 mm. long. Wooded north slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; mountains of southern California. 20. Ribes indecorum Eastw. White-flowered Currant. Fig. 2330. Ribes indecorum Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 2: 243. 1902. Ribes malvaceum var. indecorum Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35: 325. 1907. An erect shrub, 1-2 m. high, the twigs tomentose and glandular. Leaves 2-4 cm. broad, finely rugose on the upper surface, glandular-pubescent and sparsely strigose, the lower surface densely white-tomentose ; racemes 2-3 cm. long, pedicels 1-2 mm. long; bracts much longer than the pedicels ; hypanthium campanulate, 3-4 mm. long, pale rose or white ; sepals shorter than the hypanthium, oval ; style pubescent at base, ovary densely tomentose ; berry viscid. Dry washes and chaparral-covered hills, Upper Sonoran Zone; Ventura County, California, to northern Lower California. Type locality: Cajon Heights, near San Diego, California. Oct.-March. 21. Ribes canthariforme Wiggins. Moreno Currant. Fig. 2331. Ribes canthariforme Wiggins, Contr. Dudley Herb. 1 : 101. pi. 9. 1929. A much branched erect shrub, 1-2 m. high, the young twigs cinnamon-brown, pubescent with simple white hairs and capitate glandular ones. Leaves suborbicular in outline, 4-6 cm. broad, bright green, moderately villous and slightly rugulose above, gray-green and densely pubescent beneath; racemes 2-4 cm. long, drooping, many-flowered; pedicels scarcely 1 mm. long ; hypanthium broadly urceolate, 4 mm. broad, about 1 mm. high ; sepals broadly spatulate, 1.5 mm. long, rotate-spreading, purple with dark purple veins; petals broadly obcuneate, trun- cate, less than 1 mm. long ; berry purple to black, glandular-villous, becoming smooth in age. Chaparral slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; mountains of San Diego County, California. Type locality: near Moreno Dam, San Diego County, California. March-April. 2. GROSSULARIA [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 7. 1759. Erect or spreading shrubs, armed at the nodes with simple or 3-forked spines, or rarely spineless. Racemes one- to few-flowered; bracts present; bractlets absent or if present situated on the base of the pedicel. Ovary often spiny. Fruit not disarticulating from the pedicel. [Name from Middle Low German, grossel-beere, meaning gooseberry.] A genus of about 65 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Type species, Ribes Grossularia L. Flowers 5-merous; petals much shorter than the sepals. Anthers not broader at base than at apex, usually less than 2 mm. long. Styles hairy toward the base; ovary not bristly, either smooth, pubescent, or beset with stalked glands. Stamens about twice the length of the petals or longer. I. Divaricatae. Stamens equaling the petals. II. Setosae. Styles glabrous throughout. Flowers usually of some other color than deep red or purple; filaments (except in G. binominata) equaling or shorter than the petals. Ovary not bristly, either glabrous or pubescent with weak glandless or gland-tipped hairs. III. Microphyllae. Ovary densely bristly, the bristles developing into sharp spines in fruit. IV. Watsonianae. Flowers deep red or purple; filaments twice the length of the petals or more. V. Lobbii. Anthers lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 2 mm. long or more. VI. Menziesii. Flowers 4-merous, bright red; petals equaling the sepals. VII. Speciosae. I. Divaricatae. Stamens well exceeding the extended sepals; sepals 2-4 times the length of the hypanthium. 1. G. divaricata. Stamens equaling or shorter than the extended sepals; sepals 1-2 times the length of the hypanthium. Hypanthium and sepals green, together 5-7 mm. long; petals white. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces; hypanthium and sepals glabrous. 2. G. inermis. Leaves villous on both surfaces; hypanthium and sepals usually hirsute. 3. G. klamathensis. Hypanthium and sepals purple, together 8-10 mm. long; petals red. 4. G. Parishii. 396 GROSSULARIACEAE II. Setosae. Hypanthium narrowly tubular, 2-4 times as long as broad; longer than the white or pinkish sepals. 5. G. cognata. Hypanthium campanulate, scarcely longer than broad, shorter than the green or greenish white sepals. 6. G. irrigua. III. MlCROPHYLLAE. Ovary glabrous or with a few hairs. Hypanthium about 4 mm. long, longer than the sepals. 7. G. lasiantha. Hypanthium about 2.5 mm. long, equaling or shorter than the sepals. 8. G. quercetorum. Ovary densely pubescent and often glandular-hairy. 9. G. velutina. IV. Watsonianae. Leaves without gland-tipped hairs; stamens exceeding the petals by the length of the anthers. 10. G. binomincta. Leaves with gland-tipped hairs; stamens about equaling the petals. Plants erect; young twigs merely puberulent. 11- G. Watsomana. Plants trailing; young twigs with gland-tipped bristles. 12. G. tularensis. V. LOBBII. Young shoots densely beset with coarse bristly hairs in addition to the nodal spines. 13. G. sericea. Young shoots very rarely with a few bristles in addition to the nodal spines. Leaves densely glandular and viscid beneath. 14. G. Lobbii. Leaves glabrous or nearly so beneath. 15. G. Marshalhi. VI. Menziesii. Hypanthium about as long as broad and about a third or fourth as long as the sepals; young branches usually with bristles in addition to the nodal spines. Sepals greenish white; ovary with gland-tipped hairs but without intermingling glandless bristles. 16. G. Victons. Sepals purple to green; ovary, at least when the sepals are green, with glandless bristles intermingling with the gland-tipped hairs. Ovary densely clothed with long straight white glandless hairs, with a few gland-tipped ones inter- mingling. 17- G. senilis. Ovary with or without sparse inconspicuous curled hairs interspersed among the gland-tipped ones. Leaves conspicuously glandular-pubescent; bristles of the ovary chiefly gland-tipped; young shoots densely bristly. Leaves thick, usually rugose, densely velvety pubescent beneath with gland-tipped hairs inter- spersed. 18. G. Menstesn. Leaves thin, not rugose, sparingly or not at all pubescent beneath when mature, the glands except those on the veins sessile or nearly so. Young shoots densely bristly; petals 4-5 mm. long, barely or not at all exceeded by the filaments. 19. G. Hystnx. Young shoots usually only sparingly bristly; petals 2.5-4 mm. long, the filaments nearly twice as long. 20. G. leptosma. Leaves almost or quite devoid of glands beneath; ovary with chiefly or wholly glandless bristles; young shoots without bristles. Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces; sepals usually with a tuft of hairs at the apex, otherwise glabrous. 21. G. calif ornica. Leaves sparingly puberulent on both surfaces; sepals sparingly villous over the outer surface. 22. G. hesperia. Hypanthium much longer than broad; stems with nodal spines, but without bristles. Fruit with strong eglandular spines; leaves very rarely with a few glands. Sepals, hypanthium, and leaves glabrous. 23. G. crucnta. Sepals and hypanthium pubescent, the leaves usually so. 24. G. Roezlii. Fruit with short gland-tipped bristles; leaves glandular. 25. G. amara. VII. Speciosae. Represented by only one species. 26. G. speaosa. 1. Grossularia divaricata (Dougl.) Cov. & Britt. Straggly Gooseberry. Fig. 2332. Ribes divaricatum Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 7: 515. 1830. Ribes villosum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 547. 1840. Ribes tomentosum K. Koch, Wochenschr. Gart. & Pfl. 2: 138. 1859. Ribes Suksdorfii Heller, Muhlenbergia 3: 11. 1907. Grossularia divaricata Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 224. 1908. Shrub, 2-3 . 5 m. high, widely branching, the branches commonly without bristles, nodal spines stout, often deflexed, sometimes wanting. Leaves thin, 2-6 cm. wide, usually 5-lobed, coarsely crenate-dentate, usually sparsely villous on the upper surface, pubescent on the veins beneath or glabrous; peduncles about as long as the petioles, drooping, 2-4-flowered ; pedicels filiform, ex- ceeding the bracts; ovary glabrous; hypanthium 2-3 mm. long, greenish purple, glabrous or sparingly villous ; sepals green or tinged with purple, oblong, 2-3 times as long as the hypan- thium ; stamens longer than the sepals ; style villous ; berry smooth, black or dark purple. Shaded stream banks and bottom land, Humid Transition Zone; western British Columbia to central California. Type locality : northwest coast of America. March-May. 2. Grossularia inermis (Rydb.) Cov. & Britt. White-stemmed Gooseberry. Fig. 2333. Ribes inerme Rydb. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1:202. 1900. Ribes Purpusii Koehne ex Blankinship, Mont. Agr. Coll. Sci. Stud. 1 : 64. 1905. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 397 Ribes vallicola Greene ex Rydb. Fl. Colo. 176, 177. 1906. Ribes oxycanthoides var. Purpusii Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35: 388. 1907. Grossularia inermis Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22 : 224. 1908. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, the branches glabrous, bristles few or none, nodal spines few, 1 cm. long or less, rarely wanting. Leaves thin, 1-6 cm. wide, 3-5-lobed, crenate-dentate, glabrous; peduncles usually shorter than the petioles, 1-4-flowered; pedicels well exceeding the short bracts; ovary glabrous; hypanthium 2.5-3.5 mm. long, green, glabrous; sepals shorter than the hypanthium, green or tinged with purple; stamens shorter than the sepals; berry wine- colored, smooth. Shaded stream banks and flats, Arid Transition Zone; interior of British Columbia, south through eastern Washington and Oregon to the southern Sierra Nevada, California, east to Montana, Colorado, and New Mex- ico. Type locality: Slough Creek, Yellowstone Park. May-June. 3. Grossularia klamathensis Coville. Klamath Gooseberry. Fig. 2334. Grossularia klamathensis Coville, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 225. 1908. Ribes inerme var. klamathense Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 472. 1925. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, bristles usually none, nodal spines commonly single, 1 cm. long or less, often absent, young twigs glabrous, white. Leaves 2-5 cm. wide, 3-5-lobed, crenate, villous on both surfaces; peduncles 1-2 cm. long, glabrous, 2-5-flowered ; bracts 2 mm. long; pedicels 8 mm. long, glabrous ; ovary glabrous ; hypanthium about 2 mm. long, green, sparingly villous or glabrous; sepals 4 mm. long, green with purple margins, sparingly villous or glabrous; stamens about equaling the sepals; styles villous; berry black, with bloom. Wooded ravines and flats, Arid Transition Zone; Klamath Basin of southern Oregon and northeastern California. Type locality: Keno, Klamath County, Oregon. April-May. 2330 2327. Ribes sanguineum 2328. Ribes glutinosum 2329. Ribes malvaceum 2330. Ribes indecorum 2331. Ribes canthariforme 2332. Grossularia divaricata 398 GROSSULARIACEAE 4. Grossularia Parishii (Heller) Cov. & Britt. Parish's Gooseberry. Fig. 2335. Ribes Parishii Heller, Muhlenbergia 1: 134. 1906. Grossularia Parishii Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 224. 1908. Ribes divaricatum var. Parishii Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 151. 1936. Shrub with erect or straggly branches, bristles none or rarely few, nodal spines solitary, deflexed or spreading, young shoots pubescent. Leaves 2-5 cm. broad, 3-5-lobed, crenate- dentate, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, densely pubescent beneath, not at all glandular; petioles and peduncles pubescent, the latter nodding, 2-5-flowered ; bracts 1-2 mm. long; pedicels well exceeding the villous bracts; ovary glabrous; hypanthium campanulate, 4 mm. long, purple-red, pubescent ; sepals purplish, more or less pubescent, 6-8 mm. long ; stamens nearly as long as the sepals ; styles villous. Shaded ravines and washes, Upper Sonoran Zone; southern California. Type locality: San Bernardino Valley, California. March-May. 5. Grossularia cognata (Greene) Cov. & Britt. Umatilla Gooseberry. Fig. 2336. Ribes cognatum Greene, Pittonia 3: 115. 1907. Grossularia cognata Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 222. 1908. Shrub, 2-3.5 m. high, much branched, nodal spines subulate, 10-15 mm. long, young shoots white or gray, bristly or sometimes smooth. Leaves 1.5-4 cm. broad, 3-5-lobed, crenate- dentate, more or less pubescent on both surfaces and minutely glandular ; petioles villous and glandular-pubescent; peduncles nodding, 2-5-flowered; bracts about as long as the pedicels, glandular-pubescent ; ovary glabrous ; hypanthium greenish white, sparingly hirsute, 3-6 mm. long, nearly tubular; sepals half to two-thirds as long as the hypanthium, white or pink; stamens shorter than the sepals; styles pubescent below; berry smooth. Stream banks, Arid Transition Zone; Columbia Basin of eastern Washington and Oregon. Type locality: river banks at Pendleton, Oregon. May-June. 6. Grossularia irrigua (Dougl.) Cov. & Britt. Inland Black Gooseberry. Fig. 2337. Ribes irriguum Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 7: 516. 1830. Ribes divaricatum var. irriguum A. Gray, Amer. Nat. 10: 273. 1876. Ribes leucoderme Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 93. 1897. Grossularia irrigua Spach ex S. Wats. Bibl. Index 333, as a synonym. 1878. Grossularia irrigua Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 222. 1908. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, usually bristly, nodal spines subulate, about 1 cm. long; young shoots pale gray, pubescent or glabrous, often without bristles. Leaves 3-7 cm. wide. 3-5-lobed, coarsely incised-dentate, thin, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, pubescent beneath; petioles villous and glandular-pubescent ; peduncles nodding, 1-3-flowered ; bracts glandular and ciliate, about equaling the short pedicels; ovary glabrous; hypanthium greenish, glabrous, broadly tubular, 3-4 mm. long; sepals greenish white. 6-8 mm. long; stamens about half as long as the sepals ; style pubescent below ; berry smooth. Stream banks and bottom land, Arid Transition Zone; interior of British Columbia to the Blue Mountains, Oregon, northern Idaho, and western Montana. Type locality: Blue Mountains. April-June. 7. Grossularia lasiantha (Greene) Cov. & Britt. Alpine Gooseberry. Fig. 2338. Ribes lasianthum Greene, Pittonia 3: 22. 1896. Grossularia lasiantha Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 219. 1908. Ribes leptanthum var. lasianthum Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 152. 1936. Low shrub, mostly 4-6 dm. high, with stout spreading branches, bristles none, nodal spines usually 3, yellowish, young shoots puberulent. Leaves 1-2 cm. wide, glandular and sparingly pubescent on both surfaces ; petioles densely pubescent : peduncles about as long as the petioles, pubescent, 2-4-flowered; bracts broad, pubescent, longer than the short pedicels; ovary gla- brous or sparsely pubescent; hypanthium 4-5 mm. long, cylindrical, pubescent, yellow; sepals shorter than the hypanthium, yellow; stamens slightly exceeding the spatulate petals. Dry rocky ridges. Canadian Zone; central Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: above Donner Lake, toward Castle Peak, California. June-July. 8. Grossularia quercetorum (Greene) Cov. & Britt. Oak Gooseberry. Fig. 2339. Ribes quercetorum Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1 : 83. 1885. Ribes Congdonii Heller, Muhlenbergia 1: 101. 1904. Ribes leptanthum var. quercetorum Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35: 381. 1907. Grossularia quercetorum Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 220. 1908. Shrub, 1-1.5 m. high, the branches arcuate-spreading, sparingly bristly or without bristles; nodal spines usually solitary, straight or slightly curved, 0.5-1 cm. long; young twigs pubescent. Leaves 1-2 cm. wide, suborbicular, 3-5-cleft, the lobes dentate, puberulent on both surfaces, sometimes also with a few scattered glands; peduncles 2-3-flowered ; hypanthium 2.5-3 mm. long, greenish yellow, pubescent, cylindric ; sepals yellow, equaling the hypanthium ; petals cream- yellow, slightly longer than the stamens ; ovary and style glabrous ; berry glabrous, about 8 mm. in diameter. Dry hillsides and mountain slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; interior Coast Ranges (Monterey County) and southern Sierra Nevada (Kern County), California, to northern Lower California. Type locality: Paso Robles, California. March-May. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 399 9. Grossularia velutina (Greene) Gov. & Britt. Plateau Gooseberry. Fig. 2340. Ribes leptanthum var. brachyanthum A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1: 83. 1876. Ribes velutinum Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 83. 188S. Ribes glanduliferum Heller, Muhlenbergia 2: 56. 1905. Ribes Stanfordii Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 41: 315. 1906. Grossularia velutina Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 220. 1908. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, the branches recurved, without bristles ; nodal spines acicular, 5-20 mm. long, straight or nearly so ; young twigs puberulent. Leaves suborbicular, 1-1 . 5 cm. broad, 3-S-cleft, crenate, cordate to truncate at base, puberulent on both surfaces or glabrate; petioles pubescent, often with interspersed gland-tipped hairs ; peduncles 1-3-flowered ; hypan- thium broadly cylindric, about 2 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, pubescent; ovary usually densely pubescent or glandular-hairy; sepals about 3 mm. long, white or pale yellow; petals 2-2.5 mm. long, white or yellowish ; style glabrous ; berry yellowish becoming nearly black. Dry mountain ridges, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; Deschutes and Jackson Counties, Oregon, to southern California, Nevada, Utah, and northern Arizona. Type locality: "northern California and regions adjacent." May-July. 10. Grossularia binominata (Heller) Cov. & Britt. Trailing Gooseberry. ' Fig. 2341. Ribes ambiguum S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 18: 193. 1883. Not Maxim. 1874. Ribes montanum Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1:210. 1898. Not Philippi, 1859-60. Ribes binominatum Heller, Cat. N. Amer. PI. ed. 2. 5. 1900. Grossularia binominata Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 218. 1908. Shrub with trailing branches about 1 m. long or less, bristles none ; nodal spines usually 3, less than 1 cm. long; young twigs pubescent. Leaves 2-6 cm. wide, thin, incisely dentate- crenate, finely pubescent on the upper surface, densely pubescent beneath, not glandular ; petioles hairy and villous; ovary bristly; hypanthium about 2 mm. long, short-cylindrical, green, villous ; sepals 4^6 mm. long, greenish white, villous ; style glabrous ; berry densely covered with yellowish spines. Coniferous forests, Canadian Zone; summits of the Siskiyou Mountains, southern Oregon and northern California. Type locality: forests of the Siskiyou Mountains near the summit. April-July. 11. Grossularia Watsoniana (Koehne) Cov. & Britt. Mount Adams Gooseberry. Fig. 2342. Ribes Watsonianum Koehne, Deuts. Dendr. 197. 1893. Grossularia Watsoniana Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 218. 1908. Shrub with erect or ascending branches, 1-2 m. high, bristles none ; nodal spines usually 3, stout ; young twigs merely puberulent. Leaves 3-5 cm. wide, thin, sparingly pubescent on the veins, and with a few stalked glands; petioles villous and glandular-pubescent; peduncles villous and glandular-pubescent, slender, 1-3-flowered ; ovary densely covered with weak mostly gland-tipped bristles : hypanthium 2-;3 mm. long, campanulate, green, sparingly pubescent ; sepals 6-8 mm. long, green, pubescent or glabrate toward the base; style glabrous; berry densely covered with acicular bristles. Coniferous forests, Canadian Zone; Cascade Mountains, southern Washington. Type locality: Washington. May-July. 12. Grossularia tularensis Coville. Sequoia Gooseberry. Fig.. 2343. Grossularia tularensis Coville, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 218. 1908. Ribes tularensis Fedde, Bot. Jaresb. 362: 519. 1910. Prostrate shrub, the young twigs villous-pubescent and beset with weak gland-tipped bristles; nodal spines in threes, light brown or straw-colored. Leaves 2-5 cm. wide, villous- pubescent and glandular-hairy on both surfaces of the blade and petiole; peduncles slender, 1-3-flowered, pubescent like the leaves; ovary densely covered with weak mostly gland-tipped bristles ; hypanthium 2-3 mm. long, campanulate, green, sparsely pubescent ; sepals 6 mm. long, green, villous; styles smooth, about as long as the sepals; berry covered with straw-colored spines. Coniferous forests, Arid Transition Zone; southern Sierra Nevada. Type locality: Giant Forest, Tulare County, California. June-July. 13. Grossularia sericea (Eastw.) Cov. & Britt. Santa Lucia Gooseberry. Fig. 2344. Ribes sericeum Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 2:246. 1902. Ribes sericeum var. viridescens Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 2: 247. 1902. Grossularia sericea Coville, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 216. 1908. Shrub 2 m. high or less, the branches densely covered with short weak gland-tipped bristles ; nodal spines 3, stout. Leaves thin, 2-4 cm. wide, villous and glandular; petioles slender, glandular-pubescent; peduncles glandular-pubescent, 1-3-flowered; pedicels about 1 cm. long, glandular-pubescent ; ovary densely glandular-bristly and somewhat villous ; hypanthium 3-4 mm. long, campanulate, greenish red, pubescent; sepals 6-8 mm. long, red or greenish, villous- pubescent ; stamens about three times as long as the petals ; berry purple, densely bristly. Along streams, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Lucia Mountains, California. Type locality: Spruce Creek, Monterey County, California. April-May. 400 GROSSULARIACEAE 2334 2336 2338 2337 2339 2340 2341 2333. Grossularia inermis 2334. Grossularia klamathensis 2335. Grossularia Parishii 2336. Grossularia cognata 2337. Grossularia irrigua 2338. Grossularia lasiantha 2339. Grossularia quercetorum 2340. Grossularia velutina 2341. Grossularia binominata GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 401 14. Grossularia Lobbii (A. Gray) Cov. & Britt. Gummy Gooseberry. Fig. 2345. Ribes Lobbii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 10: 274. 1876. Grossularia Lobbii Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. FI. 22: 217. 1908. Shrub, 2 m. high or less without bristles; nodal spines 3, stout, the branches otherwise unarmed or with a few short scattered prickles ; young twigs pubescent. Leaves thin, 2-3 . 5 cm. wide, sparsely pubescent when young and glandular-hairy, or glabrate above; petioles slender, glandular-pubescent ; peduncles glandular-pubescent, 1-2-flowered ; ovary densely covered with short-stalked glands; hypanthium 3-5 mm. long, narrowly campanulate, purple-red, finely pubescent; sepals 10-12 mm. long, reflexed, purple-red; stamens about equaling the sepals; berry oblong, densely glandular. Moist coniferous woods, Humid Transition Zone; southwestern British Columbia to northwestern Cali- fornia. Type locality: Vancouver Island. April-June. Pioneer Gooseberry. 15. Grossularia Marshallii (Greene) Cov. & Britt. Hupa or Marshall's Goose- berry. Fig. 2346. Ribes Marshallii Greene, Pittonia 1: 31. 1887. Grossularia Marshallii Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 217. 1908. Low spreading shrub; nodal spines 3. 1 cm. long or less; young twigs puberulent. Leaves very thin, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, sparsely pubescent with simple and glandular hairs on the veins beneath; petioles with similar pubescence; peduncles 1 -flowered, sparsely glandular-pubescent; ovary villous with weak glandless bristles interspersed; hypanthium 2-3.5 mm. long, green or tinged with purple, sparsely pubescent; sepals 12-15 mm. long; berry subglobose, covered with glandless spines. Coniferous forests, Canadian Zone; Siskiyou and northern Humboldt Counties, California. Type locality: summit of the Trinity Mountains, California. June-July. 16. Grossularia Victoris (Greene) Cov. & Britt. Victor's Gooseberry. Fig. 2347. Ribes Victoris Greene, Pittonia 1 : 224. 1888. Ribes Mensiesii var. Victoris Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35: 363. 1907. Ribes Menziesii var. minus Jancz. loc. cit. Ribes Victoris var. minus Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 474. 1925. Shrub 2 m. high or less ; nodal spines acicular, widely divergent ; young twigs puberulent and somewhat viscid, varying from densely bristly to smooth. Leaves 5 cm. wide or less, loosely glandular-hairy and also often sparingly pubescent on both surfaces ; peduncles slender, glandular-pubescent, 1-2-flowered ; hypanthium 3 mm. long and about as broad, greenish white, densely glandular; sepals white, 6-11 mm. long, recurved; ovary glandular-pubescent; berry golden yellow, densely covered with weak gland-tipped bristles. Wooded canyon slopes, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; North Coast Ranges in Marin, Sonoma, and Napa Counties, California. Type locality: near the base of Mount Tamalpais, California. April. Grossularia Greeneiana (Heller) Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 212 1908. (Ribes Greeneianurn Heller Muhlenbergia 1: 111. 1905; Ribes Victoris var. Greeneianurn Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calit. 474. iy25.) Shrub' 3.5 m. high or less; nodal spines acicular; young twigs densely bristly, the bristles deciduous leaving the branches glabrous. Leaves 2-4 cm. wide, glandular-hairy on both surfaces and soft-pubescent beneath; petioles pubescent and glandular; peduncle 3-4 mm. long, glandular and pubescent; hypanthium 3 mm long and about as broad, white, glandular-pubescent; sepals 7-8 mm. long, greenish white; filaments as long as the sepals or a little longer; ovary densely glandular-hairy; berry about 1.5 cm. long, densely covered with weak gland- tipped bristles. Wooded canyons. Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern slopes of the Vaca Mountains, California. Type locality: Vacaville, Solano County, California. Closely related to G. Victoris and best distinguished by the longer filaments. 17. Grossularia senilis Coville. Santa Cruz Gooseberry. Fig. 2348. Grossularia senilis Coville, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 214. 1908. Ribes Mensiesii var. senile Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 473. 1925. Shrub 2 m. high or less ; nodal spines 3, acicular ; twigs densely or thinly bristly. Leaves 4 cm. wide or less, thin, sparsely villous and glandular-hairy above or nearly glabrous, soft-pubescent beneath with intermingling gland-tipped hairs ; petioles glandular-pubescent ; peduncles^ glandu- lar-hairy and villous, 1-2-flowered; ovary densely white-villous with a few gland-tipped or glandless bristles ; hypanthium 4-5 mm. long, cylindric-campanulate, pubescent ; sepals twice the length of the hypanthium, purple, villous and glandular-hairy ; petals half the length of the sepals or more ; anthers mucronate. Wooded slopes, Upper Sonoran and Humid Transition Zones; Santa Cruz Mountains, California. Type locality: near Saratoga, California. April-May. 18. Grossularia Menziesii (Pursh) Cov. & Britt. Canyon Gooseberry. Fig. 2349. Ribes Mensiesii Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 732. 1814. Ribes ferox Smith in Rees, Cycl. 30: No. 26. 1815. Ribes subvestitum Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey 346. 1838. Shrub 2 m. high or less ; nodal spines acicular ; young twigs pubescent and densely bristly. Leaves 4 cm wide or less, thickish rugose at maturity, glabrous or with a few scattered glandu- lar hairs above, velvety pubescent with intermingled glandular hairs beneath; petiole slender, 402 GROSSULARIACEAE pubescent and glandular-hairy; peduncles 1-2-flowered, pubescent and glandular ; hypanthium 2-3 mm. long and about as broad, purple, glandular-pubescent; sepals purple, 7-11 mm. long, oblong and blunt ; ovary glandular-bristly or the larger bristles often without glands ; stamens about equaling the sepals ; berry globose, bristly, about 1 cm. in diameter. Along ravines and on wooded slopes, Humid Transition Zone; near the coast from southern Oregon to middle California. Type locality: Trinidad, Humboldt County, California. April-May. 19. Grossularia Hystrix (Eastw.) Cov. & Britt. Porcupine Gooseberry. Fig. 2350. Ribes hystrix Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 2: 248. 1902. Grossularia Hystrix Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 213. 1908. Ribes Mensiesii var. hystrix Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 473. 1925. Shrub about 2 m. high or less; nodal spines stout, 1-2.5 cm. long; young branches tortuous, densely bristly with yellowish bristles. Leaves thin, 2-5 cm. wide, glabrous or sparsely pubescent above when young, sparsely and finely pubescent beneath and glandular with sessile or very short-stalked glands; petioles whitish-pubescent with intermingling stalked glands; peduncles about as long as the petioles and with similar pubescence, 1-3-flowered ; hypanthium about 4 mm. long nearly campanulate, purple, pubescent and glandular ; sepals about twice the length of the hypanthium, greenish purple, glandular-hairy and villous especially at the apex; berry purple, densely bristly. Wooded canyon slopes, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; Santa Lucia Mountains, California. Type locality: Gorda, Santa Lucia Mountains, California. April-May. 20. Grossularia leptosma Coville. Bay Gooseberry. Fig. 2351. Grossularia leptosma Coville, N. Amer. Fl. 22: 214. 1908. Ribes Mensiesii var. leptosma Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 474. 1925. Shrub 1 5 m high or less, the branches especially the young shoots densely or sometimes rather sparsely bristly; nodal spines 3, acicular, 1-2 cm. long. Leaves rather thin, not rugose, 2-5 cm wide sparsely pubescent or glabrous above, pubescent beneath and glandular with almost sessile glands or sometimes with stalked ones on the veins ; petioles and peduncles pubescent and glandular-hairy; flowers 1-3; ovary densely covered with gland-tipped bristles; hypanthium 2 5-3 5 mm long, greenish purple, pubescent with intermingling gland-tipped hairs ; sepals 1U-1Z mm. long, purple or tinged with purple, lanceolate ; berry subglobose, about 15 mm. in diameter, densely covered with gland-tipped bristles. Wooded canyon slopes, Humid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Coast Ranges from Sonoma County to Santa Clara County, California. Type locality: Bear Valley, Marin County, California. March-April. 21. Grossularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Cov. & Britt. Hillside Gooseberry. Fig. 2352. Ribes californicum Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 346. 1838. Ribes occidentale Hook. & Arn. loc. cit. Ribes oligacanthum Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 2: 246. 1902. Ribes occidentale var. californicum Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35: 368. 1907. Grossularia californica Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 214. 1908. Shrub 1 5 m. high or less; bristles none; nodal spines usually 3, rather stout, 15 mm. long or less • young shoots glabrous. Leaves 3 cm. wide or less, thin, glabrous or near y so on both surfaces, glossy green above; petioles glabrous or sometimes sparingly glandular- pubescent ; peduncles glabrous or sometimes sparsely pubescent and with a few stalked glands ; ovary bristly, the shorter bristles sometimes gland-tipped; hypanthium 2 mm long or less, glabrous ; sepals 6-8 mm. long, lanceolate, green or slightly tinged with purple, glabrous or puberulent; stamens equaling the sepals; berry globose, densely or thinly covered with bristles. Open or sparsely wooded hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; Coast Ranges, Mendocino County to Monterey County, California. Type locality: California. Feb.-March. 22. Grossularia hesperia (McClatchie) Cov. & Britt. Southern California Goose- berry. Fig. 2353. Ribes hesperium McClatchie, Erythea 2: 79. 1894. Ribes occidentale var. hesperium Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35: 368. 1907. Grossularia hesperia Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22:215. 1908. Ribes californicum var. hesperium Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 473. 1925. Shrub, 2 m. high or less; bristles none; nodal spines stout, subulate, straight or curved, 16 mm. long or less; young shoots glabrous. Leaves 4.5 mm. wide or less, thin, puberulent on both surfaces and with minute sessile glands beneath; petioles slender, puberulent; peduncles 1-2-flowcred, puberulent ; ovary densely bristly, the shorter bristles sometimes gland- tipped; hypanthium 2-3 mm. long, puberulent, green or tinged with purple; sepals narrowly lanceolate, 7-9 mm. long, green or tinged with purple, puberulent; petals about half as long as the sepals; berry densely covered with stout bristles. Canyon slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; mountains of southern California. Type locality: canyons of the San Gabriel Mountains. Dec-March. PLANE-TREE FAMILY 403 23. Grossularia cruenta (Greene) Cov. & Britt. Coast Ranges Gooseberry. Fig. 2354. Ribes cruentum Greene, Pittonia 4:35. 1899. Ribes amictum var. cruentum Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35 : 366. 1907. Grossularia cruenta Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 215. 1908. Ribes Roeslii var. cruentum Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 472. 1925. Shrub with spreading branches, mostly less than 1 m. long ; bristles none ; nodal spines 3, acicular, IS mm. long or less; young shoots glabrous or puberulent. Leaves 2.5 cm. wide or less, glabrous ; petioles slender, usually shorter than the blades, glabrous or sometimes puberu- lent when young ; peduncles 1-2-flowered ; ovary bristly and sometimes with a few stalked glands; hypanthium 5-7 mm. long, broadly cylindrical, reddish purple, glabrous or puberulent; sepals lanceolate, reddish purple ; berry densely covered with spines, reddish. Wooded slopes, Arid Transition Zone; Siskiyou Mountains, southern Oregon, south through the Coast Ranges to Sonoma County, California. Type locality: California Coast Ranges, from Sonoma County north- ward. April-June. Bleeding Flower. 24. Grossularia Roezlii (Regel) Cov. & Britt. Sierra Gooseberry. Fig. 2355. Ribes Roeslii Regel, Gartenfl. 28: 226. 1879. Ribes amictum Greene, Pittonia 1 : 69. 1887. Ribes Wilsonianum Greene, Erythea 3: 70. 1895. Grossularia Roezlii Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 215. 1908. Shrub mostly less than 1 m. high, the branches spreading ; bristles none ; nodal spines acicular, 15 mm. long or less, brownish; young twigs slender, pubescent. Leaves 2.5 cm. wide or less, thin, short-pubescent on both surfaces or sometimes nearly glabrous above; petioles slender, short-pubescent and sometimes with a few short-stalked glands ; peduncles 1-3-flow- ered, short-pubescent and with a few short-stalked glands ; ovary white-hairy and bristly ; hypanthium 5-7 mm. long, pubescent, purple ; sepals lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, purple ; berry globose, light reddish purple, clothed with stout spines, these and the body of the fruit pubescent. Open coniferous forests, Arid Transition Zone; Trinity Mountains and Mount Shasta region south through the Sierra Nevada to southern California. Type locality: western North America. May-June. 25. Grossularia amara (McClatchie) Cov. & Britt. Bitter Gooseberry. Fig. 2356. Ribes amarum McClatchie, Erythea 2:79. 1894. Ribes mariposanum Congdon, Erythea 7: 183. 1900. Ribes Mensiesii var. amarum Jancz. Mem. Soc. Geneve 35: 363. 1907. Grossularia amara Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 216. 1908. Shrub 2 m. high or less, the young twigs pubescent or puberulent and glandular, the older ones smooth and brown ; nodal spines 1 cm. long or less, brown. Leaves 4 cm. wide or less, pubescent and more or less glandular-puberulent on both surfaces ; petioles and peduncles glandular-pubescent ; ovary densely glandular-bristly ; hypanthium 5-6 mm. long, purplish, pubescent and with stalked glands ; sepals lanceolate, purple, pubescent, about half as long as the hypanthium ; berry densely covered with short gland-tipped bristles, sub- globose, 15-20 mm. in diameter. Wooded canyons, mainly Upper Sonoran Zone; Sierra Nevada, Mariposa County, south to southern Cali- fornia. Type locality: canyons of the San Gabriel Mountains, California. March-April. 26. Grossularia speciosa (Pursh) Cov. & Britt. Garnet Gooseberry. Fig. 2357. Ribes speciosum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 731. 1814. Ribes stamineum Smith in Rees, Cycl. 30: No. 30. 1815. Ribes fuchsioides Moc. & Sesse ex Berland. Mem. Soc. Geneve 32: 58. 1826. Robsonia speciosa Spach, Hist. Veg. 6: 181. 1838. Grossularia speciosa Cov. & Britt. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 212. 1908. Shrub 3 m. high or less, the branches bristly; nodal spines 3, stout and rigid, 1-2 cm. long. Leaves coriaceous, dark glossy green, semi-evergreen, glabrous or sparingly glandular, 1-4 cm. long ; peduncles drooping ; pedicels slender, glandular-bristly ; hypanthium 2-3 mm. long, glandular-bristly; sepals 4, not reflexed, 6-10 mm. long, bright red; filaments 2-4 times as long as the sepals, red ; berry glandular-bristly. Wooded canyons and hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; Coast Ranges from Santa Clara County to San Diego County, California. Type locality: California. March-May. Family 62. PLATANACEAE. Plane-tree Family. Large trees, with thin exfoliating bark and watery sap. Leaves alternate, de- ciduous, petioled, palmately lobed. Stipules thin sheathing, entire or toothed. Flowers minute, bracted, monoecious, in dense pedunculate heads. Calyx minute, of 3-8 minute scale-like sepals. Petals minute, 3-6. those of the pistillate flowers 404 PLATANACEAE 2345 2347 2348 2349 2350 2342. Grossularia Watsoniana 2343. Grossularia tularensis 2344. Grossularia sericea 2345. Grossularia Lobbii 2346. Grossularia Marshallii 2347. Grossularia Victoris 2348. Grossularia senilis 2349. Grossularia Menziesii 2350. Grossularia Hystrix PLANE-TREE FAMILY 405 2351 2353 2357 2358 2359 2351. Grossularia leptosma 2352. Grossularia californica 2353. Grossularia hesperia 2354. Grossularia cruenta 2355. Grossularia Roezlii 2356. Grossularia amara 2357. Grossularia speciosa 2358. Platanus racemosa 2359. Crossosoma californicum 406 CROSSOSOMATACEAE rounded. Carpels as many as sepals, 1 -celled, surrounded by persistent hairs, and a few staminodia. Style terminal, with the stigmatic surface on the ventral suture. Ovule 1 or rarely 2, orthotropous. Fruit a dense globose head of achenes, with inter- mingling hairs and staminodia. Seeds pendulous ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo axial, straight. Comprising a single genus. An ancient genus, with a number of fossil species extending back to the Cretaceous. Its relationship to other plant families is little understood. 1. PLATANUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753. Characters of the family. [Name, ancient.] A genus of 9 living species inhabiting the north temperate regions. Besides the following species, P. Wrightii S. Wats, occurs in Arizona, New Mexico, and adjacent Mexico, P. occidentahs U in the eastern and southern United States, and five other species in Mexico. Type species, P. orientals L. 1. Platanus racemosa Nutt. California Plane-tree, Sycamore. Fig. 2358. Platanus racemosa Nutt. N. Amer. Sylva 1 : 47. 1842. Platanus calif ornica Benth. Bot. Sulph. 54. 1844. A large widely branching tree, 10-25 m. high, with a trunk 1-1.5 m. in diameter; young twigs densely stellate-tomentose, becoming glabrous and light brown the second year. Leaves stellate-pubescent when young, usually glabrate in age, 10-15 cm. broad and scarcely as long, palmately 5-lobed, rarely 3-lobed, truncate to below the middle or subcordate at base; lobes acute, cuspidate; petioles shorter than the leaf -blades; stipules large on young twigs; staminate heads several, 8-10 mm. in diameter; pistillate heads 3-5; 2-2.5 cm. in diameter in fruit. Along watercourses in the foothills and valleys, Upper Sonoran Zone; upper Sacramento Valley and the interior valleys of the Coast Ranges south to northern Lower California. Type locality: vicinity of Santa Barbara, California. Feb.-April. Family 63. CROSSOSOMATACEAE. Crossosoma Family. Glabrous shrubs, with alternate entire leaves. Flowers perfect, regular, solitary, terminating short naked or leafy-bracted peduncles. Hypanthium turbinate-cam- panulate, lined with a thin glandular disk. Sepals 5, broad, persistent, reflexed or spreading in fruit. Petals 5, white, deciduous, attached to the rim of the hypanthium. Stamens 15-50, inserted in several series on the thin disk lining the hypanthium; filaments slightly dilated at base; anthers basifixed. Pistils 2-9, unicarpellate ; ovules several, anatropous ; stigma capitate. Fruit composed of 2-9 follicles, sessile or short-stipitate. Seeds several with a conspicuous fringed aril ; endosperm present ; embryo curved. One genus and three or four species inhabiting southwestern United States and northern Mexico. 1. CROSSOSOMA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. II. 1 : 150. 1847. Characters of the family. [Name Greek, meaning fringe and body, in reference to the fringed aril.] Type species, Crossosoma calif ornicum Nutt. Petals broadly obovate or orbicular-obovate, scarcely clawed; follicles many-seeded. 1. C. calif ornicum. Petals spatulate to oblong, distinctly clawed; follicles few-seeded. 2. C. Bigelovii. 1. Crossosoma calif ornicum Nutt. Catalina Crossosoma. Fig. 2359. Crossosoma calif ornicum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. II. 1: ISO. 1847. Shrub, 1-5 m. high with rather stout, grayish-brown branches. Leaves scattered, oblong, 2-7 cm. long, acutish or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, narrowed at base to a very short petiole, pale green on both surfaces; sepals round-ovate, 7-8 mm. long; petals suborbicular, about 12 mm. long, spreading ; stamens 40-50 ; follicles 3-7, rarely 9, about 15 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, more or less recurved ; seeds 20-25, 3 mm. in diameter, shining. Hillsides and canyons, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Catalina and San Clemente Islands, southern California; also on Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Type locality. Santa Catalina Island. Feb.-April. 2. Crossosoma Bigelovii S. Wats. Bigelow's Crossosoma. Fig. 2360. Crossosoma Bigelovii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 122. 1876. Straggly shrub, 1-2 m. high, with rather slender spreading branchlets bearing scattered leaves and also short stubby ones bearing fascicles of leaves. Leaves elliptic to oblong-obovate, 10-15 mm. long, firm, apiculate, gray-green; sepals 4 mm. long and about as broad; petals ROSE FAMILY 407 7-8 mm. long, broadly spatulate, narrowed to a distinct claw; follicles 1-3, 6-10 mm. long; seeds 2-5. i Canyons of the desert ranges, Lower Sonoran Zone; Ord Mountains, Mojave Desert, California, to north- western Arizona, northern Lower California, and Sonora, Mexico. Type locality: "mouth of Bill Williams River, W. Arizona." Feb.-April. Family 64. ROSACEAE. Rose Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate or rarely opposite, simple or compound, commonly stipulate leaves. Hypanthium free from the ovary, naked or sometimes bearing bractlets. Disk adnate to the base of the hypanthium. Sepals 5, rarely 4, appearing as if lobes of the calyx-like hypanthium. Petals distinct, attached to the rim of the hypanthium and alternating with the sepals, rarely wanting. Stamens distinct, usually numerous and commonly in three series. Carpels one to many, usually completely separate, free from the hypanthium. Style terminal or lateral or rarely basal. Ovary 1-celled or rarely imperfectly 2-celled ; ovules one to several, anatropous or sometimes amphitropous or orthotropous. Fruit follicles, achenes, or more or less aggregate drupelets. A family of about 75 genera and over 1,200 species, of wide geographic distribution. 2361 2364 2363 2365 2360. Crossosoma Bigelovii 2361. Lyonothamnus floribundus 2362. Physocarpus capitatus 2363. Physocarpus malvaceus 2364. Physocarpus alternans 2365. Spiraea densiflora 408 ROSACEAE Fruit of 1-5 dehiscent follicles. Carpels alternate with the sepals or fewer in number; stipules none or deciduous. (Spiraeeae) Leaves opposite; tree. 1- Lyonothamnus. Leaves alternate; herbs or shrubs. Carpels 1-5, when more than 1, united below; endosperm present. 2. Physocarpus. Carpels usually 5, distinct; endosperm none. Flowers perfect; leaves simple; plants more or less woody. Leaves entire or toothed; filaments distinct. Leaves deciduous; carpels dehiscent on the ventral suture. 3. Spiraea. Leaves persistent; carpels dehiscent on both sutures. 4. Petrophytum. Leaves twice or thrice 3-cleft; filaments united at base. 5. Luetkea. Flowers dioecious; leaves twice or thrice compound; tall herbs. 6. Aruncus. Carpels opposite the sepals; stipules present and persistent; leaves pinnately dissected. {Sorbarieae) 7. Chamaebatiaria. Fruit of indehiscent achenes or drupelets. Carpels not enclosed by a fleshy hypanthium. Carpels becoming dry achenes (inserted on a fleshy colored receptacle in Fragaria). Ovaries 2-ovuled, the ovules one above the other; achenes usually 1-seeded and arranged in a single circle. Shrubs with simple leaves; hypanthium hemispheric. (Holodisceae) 8. Holodiscus. Perennial herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves. (Ulmarieae) 9. Filipendula. Ovaries 1-ovuled; achenes if many, spirally arranged. Leaves and branches alternate; disk at the mouth of the hypanthium annular or wanting. Styles articulate with the ovary and deciduous. (Potentilleae) Stamens numerous, rarely 5 in Ivesia. Receptacle not enlarged in fruit. Stamens inserted on the hypanthium some distance above the receptacle, without an annular thickening at the base of the filaments; petals usually white, rarely pale yellow. Stamens 10 or 20; filaments dilated. 10. Horkelia. Stamens 5-20; filaments filiform. 11. Ivesia. Stamens inserted very near the base of the receptacle on a more or less evident annular thickening; petals yellow, rarely white. 12. Potentilla. Receptacle enlarged in fruit and becoming spongy or fleshy and red; style lateral; ovules ascending, amphitropous; leaves trifoliolate. Petals yellow; receptacle spongy. 13. Duchesnea. Petals white; receptacle juicy. 14. Fragaria. Stamens 5; leaves trifoliolate. 15. Sibbaldia. Styles not articulate with the ovary, persistent. Ovules anatropous or amphitropous, inserted at the point where the style arises, pendulous or when the style is subbasal, ascending; radicle superior. Herbs; petals none except in Agrimonia. (Sanguisorbieae) Hypanthium not prickly. Flowers minute, cymosely clustered; hypanthium bracteolate, urceolate, loosely investing the achenes in fruit. 16. Alchemilla. Flowers spicate or capitate; hypanthium not bracteolate, 4-angled, in- durate in fruit; sepals petaloid. 17. Sanguisorba. Hypanthium prickly. Prickles on the hypanthium barbed; petals none. 18. Acaena. Prickles on the hypanthium hooked; petals present. 19. Agrimonia. Shrubs with minute simple leaves and paniculate flowers; style doubly bent. (Adenostomateae) 20. Adenostoma. Ovules orthotropous, inserted at the base of the ovary; radicle inferior. Hypanthium hemispheric to turbinate, persistent. (Dryadeae) Pistils several to many. Leaves simple, entire or crenate; flowers 8-10-merous; depressed under- shrubs. 21. Dryas. Leaves compound, except in Cowania; flowers 5-merous. Perennial herbs; sepals valvate; leaves pinnate. Style conspicuously bent and geniculate above, upper portion usually hairy and readily deciduous. 22. Geum. Style neither conspicuously bent nor geniculate, upper portion glabrous, persistent or tardily deciduous. 23. Sieversia. Shrubs; sepals imbricate; leaves small, pinnatifid. Bractlets present; pistils numerous. 24. Fallugia. Bractlets absent; pistils few. 25. Cowania. Pistil usually solitary; shrubs. Leaves small, 3-lobed; sepals imbricate. 26. Purshia. Leaves thrice pinnatifid; sepals valvate. 27. Chamaebatia. Hypanthium salverform, the tube cylindric, persistent, the limb saucer-shaped, deciduous. (Cercocarpeac) 28. Cercocarpus. Leaves and branches opposite; disk at the mouth of the hypanthium forming a cylindric tube separating the stamens from the pistils; shrubs. (Coleogyncae) 29. Coleogyne. Carpels becoming drupelets, few to many; ovules 2, collateral; stamens few to many, inserted on the margin of the flat or saucer-shaped hypanthium; plants often prickly. (Rnbeac) 6 30. Rubus. Carpels enclosed in the hypanthium, which becomes fleshy and usually colored in fruit. (Roseae) ROSE FAMILY 409 1. LYONOTHAMNUS A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 20:291. 1885. Trees with reddish brown shreddy bark. Leaves opposite, persistent, simple and entire, pinnatifid or pinnately compound. Flowers in terminal compound cymes, perfect. Hypan- thium hemispheric, free from the ovary. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, clawless. Stamens 15, borne on the disk lining- the hypanthium. Pistils 2, 1-celled. Style stout, stigma small. Ovules 4 in each ovary, pendulous. Fruit a pair of follicles; seeds 4, oblong. [Name for the discoverer, W. S. Lyon, and Greek for shrub.] A monotypic genus restricted to the islands of southern California. 1. Lyonothamnus floribundus A. Gray. Catalina Ironwood. Lyonothamnus. Fig. 2361. Lyonothamnus floribundus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 292. 1885. Evergreen tree, 5-15 m. high, with a rather narrow crown and reddish brown shreddy bark; young twigs pubescent. Leaves evergreen, firm, oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, entire, crenate-serrate, or occasionally lobed below, short-petioled, tomentose or glabrate beneath, dark glossy green above; cyme 1-2 dm. broad, densely many- flowered; hypanthium densely tomentose ; petals white, suborbicular, 4-5 mm. long ; follicles glandular-pubescent. Canyon slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; restricted to Santa Catalina Island, southern California. May-July. Lyonothamnus floribundus var. asplenifolius (Greene) Brandg. Zoe 1: 136. 1890. {Lyonothamnus asplenifolius Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 187. 1885.) Leaves pinnately divided into 3-7 leaflets, these oblong- lanceolate, pinnatifid into broad oblique lobes with narrow sinuses. Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and San Clemente Islands, intergrades with the typical form on Santa Catalina. The variety is a unique and attractive orna- mental tree. 2. PHYSOCARPUS Maxim. Act. Hort. Petrop. 6:219. 1879. Shrubs with exfoliating bark and petioled palmately lobed leaves. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Hypanthium campanulate, 5-lobed, stellate-pubescent. Petals 5, white, spread- ing. Stamens 20-40, inserted on a disk, in the throat of the hypanthium. Pistils 1-5, more or less united at the base ; styles elongated ; stigmas capitate. Follicles inflated, at length deciduous along both sutures. Seeds 2-4, ovoid, with a bony shining coat; endosperm copious. [Greek, meaning bellows or bladder, and fruit.] Species about 10, one in Manchuria, the others in North America. Type species, Physocarpus amurensis Maxim. Pistils 2—5 ; stamens similar. Follicles 3-5, united at the base, glabrous. 1. P. capitatus. Follicles 2, united half their length, or only 1, stellate. 2. P. malvacetcs. Pistil 1 ; alternating stamens long and their filaments more dilated. 3. P. alternans. 1. Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze. Pacific Ninebark. Fig. 2362. Spiraea capitata Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 342. 1814. Physocarpa tomentosa Raf. New Fl. 3: 74. 1838. Neillia opulifolia var. mollis Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 171. 1876. Neillia capitata Greene, Pittonia 2: 28. 1889. Physocarpus capitatus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 219. 1891. Opulaster opulifolius var. capitatus Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 276. 1901. Opulaster cordatus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 242. 1908. Shrub with erect or surculose branches, 1-5 m. high. Leaves broadly round-ovate,_ 3-5- lobed, the lobes incised or doubly serrate, truncate to cordate at base, glabrous or slightly pubescent above, stellate-pubescent or glabrous beneath, 3-6 cm. long, on petioles 1-2 cm. long; corymbs hemispherical, densely flowered; pedicels and hypanthium densely stellate; petals 3 mm. long; follicles 3-5, glabrous or more or less stellate. Stream banks and rocky slopes, Transition and Canadian Zones; southern British Columbia and Idaho, south to the Sierra Nevada and California Coast Ranges as far as Santa Barbara County. Type locality: northwest coast of America. May-Sept. 2. Physocarpus malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze. Mallow-leaved Ninebark. Fig. 2363. Spiraea opulifolia var. pauciflora Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 414. 1840. Neillia malvacea Greene, Pittonia 2: 30. 1889. Physocarpus malvaceus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 219. 1891. Opulaster malvaceus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 949. 1891. Physocarpus pauciflorus Piper, Fl. Palouse Reg. 94. 1901. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, with stellate or glabrous, brown branches. Leaves round-ovate 3-5- lobed and more or less doubly crenate-serrate, 2-6 cm. long, usually cordate at base, stellate- pubescent on both surfaces or sometimes glabrous; petioles 1-2 cm. long; pedicels and hypan- thium densely stellate; corymbs hemispherical, 3-5 cm. broad; petals rounded, 4-5 mm. long; follicles 2, united nearly two-thirds their length. Stream banks and moist hillsides, Transition and Canadian Zones; British Columbia to Oregon, Montana, and Utah. Type locality: shores of Lake Pend Oreille, northern Idaho. June-Sept. 410 ROSACEAE 3. Physocarpus alternans (M. E. Jones) J. T. Howell. Nevada Ninebark. Fig. 2364. Neillia monogyna var. alternans M. E. Jones, Zoe 4: 42. 1893. Opulaster alternans Heller, Cat. N. Amer. PI. ed. 2. 5. 1900. Physocarpus alternans J. T. Howell, Proc. Calif. Acad. IV. 20: 130. 1931. Densely branched shrub 5-15 dm. high, bark shreddy, tawny or grayish white, young twigs stellate-pubescent. Leaves 5-18 mm. broad, suborbicular, cordate, 3-7-lobed, the lobes doubly crenate, rather thinly short-pubescent with stellate hairs on both surfaces; petioles and pedicels stellate-pubescent, 5-10 mm. long; corymbs 3-12-flowered ; hypanthium stellate on the back, glabrous within, 3-4 mm. broad ; sepals ovate, 3 mm. long, stellate on the back, less so within ; petals suborbicular, 3-4 mm. long ; stamens about 20, alternating ones longer and with more dilated filaments ; follicle solitary, about 5 mm. long, densely stellate-pubescent. Rocky canyon slopes, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; White Mountains, Inyo County, California, eastward through central Nevada to the Wasatch Mountains, Utah. Type locality: Duck Creek, altitude 7,300 feet, Schell Creek Mountains, Nevada. June-Aug. Physocarpus alternans subsp. panamintensis J. T. Howell, op. cit. 132. Upper surfaces of the leaves densely stellate-pubescent, instead of thinly so. Otherwise like the typical species. Panamint Mountains, Inyo County, California. Type locality: on saddle between Johnson and Surprise Canyons, altitude 8,500 feet. Physocarpus alternans subsp. annulatus J. T. Howell, op. cit. 133. Essentially the same as the typical species except for a ring of hairs near the top of the hypanthium on the inner surface. Described from plants collected on Wyman Creek, altitude 8,500 feet, White Mountains, Inyo County, California. Plants collected in Marble Canyon of Black Canyon in the same mountain range are without this hairy ring, so the character seems to have little taxonomic significance. 3. SPIRAEA L. Sp. PI. 489. 1753. Shrubs with simple usually serrate leaves without stipules, and corymbose, racemose or paniculate inflorescence. Flowers perfect. Hypanthium campanulate or turbinate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white or rose-colored. Stamens 15-70, inserted in one to several series under the margin of the disk. Pistils 3-8, usually 5; ovules 2 to several. Follicles not inflated, opening along the ventral side. Seeds tapering at both ends, pendulous; endo- sperm scanty or none. [Greek, meaning twisted, the follicles twisted in some species.] About 70 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Type species, Spiraea salicifolia L. Panicle flat-topped; sepals not reflexed. Petals rose-colored. 1. -S-- densi flora. Petals white. 2. S. lucida. Panicles elongated; sepals soon reflexed. Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so beneath. 3. S. Mensiesii. Leaves white-tomentose beneath. 4. 5". Douglasii. 1. Spiraea densifldra Nutt. Rose-colored Meadow-sweet. Fig. 2365. Spiraea densiflora Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 414. 1840. Spiraea Helleri Rydb. Fl. N. Amer. 22: 248. 1908. A low shrub with ascending branches, 2-6 dm. high, glabrous throughout or with a few hairs on the leaf margins. Leaves oval or elliptical, rounded at both ends, 1.5-3 cm. long, crenate or serrate above the middle ; inflorescence flat-topped or rounded, 2-4 cm. broad ; 2366 2367 2368 2366. Spiraea lucida 2367. Spiraea Menziesii 2368. Spiraea Douglasii ROSE FAMILY 411 hypanthium glabrous ; sepals ovate-obtuse ; petals rose-colored, 1 . 5 mm. long, obovate ; follicles oblanceolate, about 4 mm. long including the short beak, glabrous and shining. Rocky ridges, Boreal Zones; British Columbia to Oregon. Type locality: Blue Mountains, Oregon. June-Aug. Spiraea densiflora subsp. splendens (Baumann) Abrams. (.Spiraea betulifolia var. rosea A. Gray. Proc. Amer Acad 8- 381. 1872. Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K. Koch, Monats. Ver. Bef. Gart. Preuss. 18: 294. 1875 " Spiraea arbuscula Greene, Erythea 3: 63. 1895.) Distinguished from the typical species by the finely puberulent twigs, petioles, hypanthiums and veins on the under surface of the leaves. This subspecies is the common form in the southern Cascades, Oregon, and in the Sierra Nevada, California. 2. Spiraea lucida Dougl. Shiny Spiraea. Fig. 2366. Spiraea lucida Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 172, as a synonym. 1832; Greene, Pittonia 2: 221. 1892. Spiraea betulifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 172. 1832. Not Pall. 1784. Spiraea corymbosa var. lucida Zabel, Handb. Laubh. Deuts. Dendr. Ges. 157. 1903. A low shrub, with creeping rootstock, and erect glabrous stems and branches, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves obovate or oval, 2-6 cm. long, glabrous, shining above, coarsely and irregularly serrate; panicle flat-topped, 3-10 cm. broad; hypanthium glabrous; sepals about 1 mm. long; petals white, orbicular, 2 mm. long; follicles glabrous and shining. Along mountain streams, Boreal Zones; British Columbia to Oregon, Wyoming, and Montana. Type locality: valleys of the Rocky Mountains. June-Aug. 3. Spiraea Menziesii Hook. Menzies' Spiraea. Fig. 2367. Spiraea Menziesii Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 173. 1832. Spiraea cuneifolia Raf. New Fl. 3: 67. 1838. Spiraea Douglasii var. Menziesii Presl, Epimel. Bot. 195. 1852. A low shrub with erect branches, 8-20 dm. high. Leaves elliptical, 3-5 cm. long, short- petioled, serrate above the middle, dark green above, pubescent, green and nearly or quite glabrous beneath; panicle elongated, very narrow and dense; hypanthium sparingly villous- pubescent; sepals soon reflexed, about 1 mm. long; petals rose-colored, suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long ; follicles glabrous and shining, about 2 mm. long. Low ground and along streams, Humid Transition and Canadian Zones; Alaska to Oregon and Idaho. Type locality: northwest coast of America. June-Aug. 4. Spiraea Douglasii Hook. Douglas' Spiraea. Fig. 2368. Spiraea Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 172. 1832. A shrub, 1-25 m. high with erect branches. Leaves short-petioled, elliptical to oval or oblong-cuneate, 3-10 cm. long, usually acute at both ends, serrate above the middle, dark green above, white-tomentose beneath; panicle narrow, elongated and congested; hypanthium tomentose; sepals reflexed; petals rose-colored, about 1.5 mm. long; follicles about 3 mm. long, glabrous and shining. Low ground and along streams, Humid Transition and Boreal Zones; British Columbia to northern Cali- fornia. Type locality: northwest coast, about the Columbia. June-Sept. Spiraea subvillosa Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 251. 1908. Perhaps a hybrid between S. Douglasii and S. densiflora. It differs from the other species having flat-topped panicles and pink flowers by the reflexed sepals. The type is from the Oregon side of the Cascades of the Columbia; it also has been found near Hood River. Spiraea pyramidata Greene, Pittonia 2: 221. 1892. Perhaps a hybrid between S. lucida and S. Menziesii; it is distinguished from the former by the reflexed sepals and from the latter by the white flowers and ovoid instead of elongated panicle. Along streams and in wet places, Transition Zone; British Columbia to Idaho and Oregon. Type locality: Yakima River, near Clealum, Washington. Spiraea tomentulosa Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 251. 1908. Leaves tomentose beneath; panicle short, obovoid; sepals reflexed; petals white. Perhaps a hybrid between S. lucida and 5". Douglasn. Originally col- lected in Falcon Valley, Washington. 4. PETROPHYTUM Rydb. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1:206. 1900. Cespitose woody plants with prostrate branches, growing on rocks. Leaves persistent, crowded, oblanceolate or spatulate, entire. Flowers racemose, perfect. Sepals 5, valvate. Petals 5, imbricate, white; stamens about 20. Pistils 3-5; ovary densely pubescent; style filiform. Follicles dehiscent along both sutures. [Greek, meaning rock and plant.] About 4 or 5 species, natives of western North America. Type species : Spiraea caespitosa Nutt. Leaves 3-nerved. Sepals obtuse; leaves glabrate. L P- Hendersonii. Sepals acute; leaves canescent. 2. P. cinerascens. Leaves 1 -nerved ; canescent. 3- P. caespitosum. 1. Petrophytum Hendersonii (Canby) Rydb. Henderson's Rock-spiraea. Fig. 2369. Eriogynia Hendersonii Canby, Bot. Gaz. 16: 236. 1891. Luetkea Hendersonii Greene, Pittonia 2: 219. 1892. Spiraea Hendersonii Piper, Erythea 7: 172. 1899. Petrophytum Hendersonii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 253. 1908. Densely cespitose with short stout branches. Leaves spatulate, 1-2 cm. long, thick, more 412 ROSACEAE or less 3-nerved beneath, sparingly appressed-pubescent or glabrate; peduncles 4-8 cm. long with few bract-like linear leaves; racemes narrow, 2.5-5 cm. long, densely flowered; sepals oblong, obtuse; petals 2.5 mm. long, obovate or oval. Rocky cliffs, Boreal Zones; Olympic Mountains, Washington. Type locality: vertical cliffs near the summit of the Olympic Mountains. June— Sept. 2. Petrophytum cinerascens (Piper) Rydb. Gray Rock-spiraea. Fig. 2370. Spiraea cinerascens Piper, Erythea 7: 171. 1899. Luetkea cinerascens Heller, Muhlenbergia 1 : 53. 1904. Petrophytum cinerascens Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 253. 1908. Densely cespitose undershrub with short, stout branches. Leaves oblanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 3-nerved, somewhat cinereous with a short appressed rather sparse pubescence; peduncle cinereous, 5-15 cm. long; raceme often with a few branches below; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, about 2 mm. long, short-pubescent and glandular ; petals narrowly oblong, scarcely 2 mm. long and but little exceeding the sepals. Bluffs, along the Columbia River, Chelan County, Washington. Type locality: rocky bluffs along the Columbia River, about twelve miles south of Chelan. June— Sept. 3. Petrophytum caespitosum (Nutt.) Rydb. Cespitose Rock-spiraea. Fig. 2371. Spiraea caespitosa Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 418. 1840. Eriogynia caespitosa S. Wats. Bot. Gaz. 15: 242. 1890. Luetkea caespitosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 217. 1891. Petrophytum caespitosum Rydb. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1 : 206. 1900. Densely cespitose, forming low depressed mats. Leaves spatulate, 5-12 mm. long, 1- nerved, densely silky-pubescent; peduncles 3-10 cm. long, silky, with small bract-like subulate leaves ; raceme narrow, 1-4 cm. long, usually simple ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute ; petals spatulate or oblanceolate, 1 . 5 mm. long. On rock ledges, Boreal Zones; Montana and Black Hills, South Dakota, to California, Arizona, and New Mexico. In California it occurs in the southern Sierra Nevada, Panamint, and Providence Mountains. Type locality: on high shelving rocks, in the Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the Platte. June— Sept. Petrophytum acuminatum Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 253. 1908. Closely related to P. caespitosum and possibly only a form of it. Distinguished by the sparingly pilose leaves and peduncles, the lanceolate acuminate sepals, and the oblanceolate, acute or acuminate petals. Known only from the type collection at Big Arroyo, Tulare County, California. 5. LUETKEA Bong. Mem. Acad. St.-Petersb. VI. 2: 130. 1832. Cespitose woody plants, with prostrate or decumbent stoloniferous branches. Leaves twice or thrice ternately dissected. Flowers racemose, perfect. Hypanthium hemispheric; sepals and petals 5 ; stamens about 20, their filaments subulate. Pistils usually 5, distinct ; ovules several, pendulous. Follicles coriaceous, dehiscent on both sutures. [Name in honor of Count F. P. Luetke, 1797-1882, commander of a Russian exploring expedition in the Arctic] A monotypic genus of northwestern North America. 2369 2369. Petrophytum Hendersonii 2370 2370. Petrophytum cinerascens 2371 2371. Petrophytum caespitosum ROSE FAMILY 413 1. Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. Luetkea. Fig. 2372. Saxifraga pectinata Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 312. 1814. Luetkea sibbaldioides Bong. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 130. 1832. Eriogynia pectinata Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 255. 1832. Spiraea pectinata Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 417. 1840. Saxifraga caespitosa A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 383. 1870. Luetkea pectinata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 217. 1891. Flowering shoots 5-15 cm. high, leafy, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Leaves dissected into linear acute divisions, grooved above, 1-1.5 cm. long, glabrate; raceme narrow, 1-5 cm. long; bracts ternate or the upper entire; sepals ovate, acute, 2 mm. long; petals white, round- obovate, 3-3 . 5 mm. long ; stamens and styles included ; follicles about 4 mm. long. On moist rocky or sandy slopes, often forming mats, Canadian and Hudsonian Zones; Bering Straits south to Mount Shasta, California, and east to the Canadian Rockies. Type locality: "on the northwest coast," Menzies. July-Sept. 6. ARUNCUS (L.) Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 295. 1763. Tall perennial herbs with thick rootstocks, 2-3-pinnate leaves without stipules. Flow- ers dioecious, in large open panicles composed of many slender spike-like branches. Sepals and petals 5, the pistillate much smaller than the staminate. Stamens 15-30, long- exserted. Pistils 3-5, distinct; styles short; ovules several, pendulous. Follicles reflexed in fruit, dehiscent along the ventral suture and dorsally at the apex; endosperm present. [Greek, meaning goat's beard.] Two species, the typical species widely spread in the north temperate zone (sometimes separated into two or three species), the second, in Japan. Type species, Spiraea Aruncus L. 1. Aruncus vulgaris Raf. Goat's-beard. Fig. 2373. Spiraea Aruncus L. Sp. PI. 490. 1753. Aruncus vulgaris Raf. Sylva Tell. 152. 1838. Aruncus Sylvester Kostel. Ind. Hort. Prag. 15. 1844. Aruncus acuminatus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 255. 1908. Stems erect, 1-2 m. high, glabrous. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, 3-12 cm. long, more or less hairy on both surfaces; panicles terminal and axillary, 1(M0 cm. long, the spike-like branches 3-15 cm. long; petals about 1 mm. long; follicles 3 mm. long. Moist woods, Humid Transition and Canadian Zones; widely spread over Europe, Asia, and North America. Several forms have been considered as species. The one in western North America has been named A. acumv- natus (Dougl.) Rydb. (N. Amer. Fl. 22: 255. 1908.) It ranges from Alaska to Mendocino County, Cali- fornia. May-July. 7. CHAMAEBATIARIA (Porter) Maxim. Act. Hort. Petrop. 6:225. 1879. Low resinous-glandular aromatic shrubs with bipinnate leaves, paniculate flowers. Hypanthium turbinate. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens about 60. Pistils 5, more or less united below ; ovules about 8, pendulous. Follicles coriaceous, dehiscent at apex and down ven- tral suture. Seeds terete ; endosperm present. [Greek, meaning resembling Chamaebatia.~] A monotypic genus of western United States. 2372 2372. Luetkea pectinata 2373 2373. Aruncus vulgaris 2374 2374. Chamaebatiaria millefolium 414 ROSACEAE 1. Chamaebatiaria millefolium (Torr.) Maxim. Desert-sweet. Fig. 2374. Spiraea millefolium Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4: 83. 1857. Chamaebatiaria millefolium Maxim. Act. Hort. Petrop. 6: 225. 1879. Sorbaria millefolium Rocke in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. 33: 16. 1888. Basilima millefolium Greene, Fl. Fran. 57. 1891. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, with the twigs, leaves and inflorescence stellate-pubescent and more or less glandular. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, oblong in outline, primary divisions 15-20 pairs, 4-8 mm. long, the secondary division 10—17 pairs, less than 1 mm. long; panicles terminal, leafy, 3-10 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, 3-5 mm. long; petals white, broadly obovate, about 5 mm. long; follicles 5 mm. long, lanceolate. Dry rocky ridges, Arid Transition Zone; southern Idaho to Arizona and the eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: low hills and valleys near Williams, Arizona. June-Aug. 8. HOLODISCUS Maxim. Act. Hort. Petrop. 6:253. 1879. Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves and no stipules. Inflorescence racemose or panicu- late. Hypanthium saucer-shaped or hemispheric. Sepals 5, 3-nerved, erect in fruity Petals 5, white or pink. Stamens about 20, borne on the disk lining the hypanthium. Pistils 5, alternate with the sepals, pubescent; styles terminal; ovules 2, pendulous. Achenes en- closed in the hypanthium and sepals, hairy, indehiscent, caducous, strongly arched on the lower suture. [Name Greek, meaning entire disk.] A genus of 6 or 7 species, native of western North America, Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. Type species, Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. Leaves 4-10 cm. long, mostly doubly toothed, the blades little or not at all decurrent on the petioles; panicle ample, twice or thrice compound. 1. H. discolor. Leaves 0.8-2 cm. long, mostly simple-toothed, distinctly decurrent on the petiole; flowers in a simple raceme or with a few lateral branches below. Young twigs and leaves not glandular-atomiferous, more or less silky-villous or tomentose. 2. H. dumosus saxicola. Young twigs and leaves glandular-atomiferous, otherwise glabrous or sparingly short-villous. 3. H. glabrescens. 1. Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. Ocean Spray. Fig. 2375. Spiraea discolor Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 342. 1814. Spiraea ariaefolia Smith in Rees, Cycl. 33: No. 6. 1816. Schizonotus discolor Raf. New Fl. 3: 75. 1838. Holodiscus discolor Maxim. Act. Hort. Petrop. 6: 254. 1879. Shrub 1^ m. high, with brown or purplish exfoliating bark, young twigs more or less villous and tomentose. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, 4-10 cm. long, usually double-toothed, acute at apex, truncate to cuneate at base, but scarcely or not at all decurrent on the petiole, glabrate above, more or less densely villous and tomentose beneath; inflorescence twice or thrice compound, 10-20 cm. long; sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acutish, 1.5 mm. long; petals elliptic, 1.5 mm. long. Hillsides and river bottoms, mainly Humid Transition Zone; British Columbia, northern Idaho, and western Montana to northern California. Type locality : banks of the Kooskoosky. June-Aug. Holodiscus discolor var. franciscanus (Rydb.) Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 166. 1936. Shrub 1.5-7 m. high, closely resembling the typical species but leaves thicker, densely short-pubescent above, rounded or truncate at base; sepals ovate, acute. Coastal region of Oregon and California from Columbia River to Orange County, California. 2. Holodiscus dumosus subsp. saxicola (Heller) Abrams. Bush Rock-spiraea. Fig. 2376. Holodiscus saxicola Heller, Muhlenbergia 1: 41. 1904. Sericotheca saxicola Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 263. 1908. Spiraea discolor var. dumosa S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 170, in part. 1876. Not 5". dumosa Nutt. Low shrub 3-10 dm. high, branched from the base, young twigs villous. Leaves broadly oval to orbicular, 8-15 mm. long, rounded at apex, abruptly narrowed at base into the short winged petiole, simply crenate-serrate, bright green and sparingly pubescent above, tomentose beneath and sparsely villous ; raceme simple or with a few branches below, 3-10 cm. long, villous ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; petals broadly ovate, 2 mm. long. Granitic rock. Boreal Zones; Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality- Donner Pass, Nevada County, California. July-Sept. 3. Holodiscus glabrescens (Greenm.) Heller. Glandular Rock-spiraea. Fig. 2377. Spiraea discolor var. glabrescens Greenm. Erythea 7: 116. 1899. Holodiscus glabrescens Heller, Muhlenbergia 1: 40. 1904. Sericotheca glabrescens Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 265. 1908. Seriotheca obovata Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 264. 1908. Holodiscus discolor var. glabrescens Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 479. 1925. Low diffusely branched shrub, 5-15 dm. high, young twigs sparingly villous or glabrous, ROSE FAMILY 415 conspicuously glandular-atomiferous. Leaves cuneate-obovate, 10-15 mm. long, decurrent on the petioles, simply and evenly toothed above the middle, glandular-atomiferous on both surfaces, glabrous or' short-villous on the veins ; raceme simple or more or less compound. Rocky mountain ridges, Boreal Zones; southeastern Oregon to the northern Sierra Nevada, California, east to Utah. Type locality: Steens Mountain, Oregon. July-Aug. 9. FILIPENDULA [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Perennial herbs with rootstocks, pinnate leaves, and large stipules. Flowers in large paniculate often corymbose cymes. Hypanthium flat. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 20-40. Pistil 5-15, distinct, stigma large, capitate. Carpels indehiscent, coriaceous, 1-seeded. [Latin, meaning a hanging thread.] About 10 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson occurs in eastern North America. Several Old World species are cultivated. Type species: Spiraea Filipendula L. 1. Filipendula occidentalis (S. Wats.) Howell. Western Meadow-Queen. Fig. 2378. Spiraea occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 18: 192. 1883. Filipendula occidentalis Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 185. 1898. Stems 1-2 m. high, simple, straw-colored, pubescent above. Leaves pinnate with a large terminal division and small lateral ones, pubescent on both surfaces especially on the veins, terminal leaflet 8-15 cm. broad, digitately 3-7-cleft with doubly serrate lobes; the lateral leaflets 2379 2375. Holodiscus discolor 2376. Holodiscus dumosus 2378 2377. Holodiscus glabrescens 2378. Filipendula occidentalis 2380 2379. Horkelia frondosa 2380. Horkelia elata 416 ROSACEAE of 1 or 2 pairs, ovate to lanceolate, toothed, 5-10 mm. long; inflorescence flat-topped; petals white, 5-6 mm. long ; achenes long-stipitate. Along streams, Humid Transition Zone; Coast Ranges of Oregon. Type locality: Trask River, Tillamook County. June-Aug. 10. *HORKELIA Cham. & Sch. Linnaea 2: 26. 1827. Perennial herbs with a thick woody caudex or rootstock covered with brown scales, pinnate leaves, and cymose flowers. Hypanthium deeply campanulate to saucer-shaped; bractlets 5, alternating with the 5 sepals. Petals variable, unguiculate, white or rarely cream-colored. Stamens 10 or rarely 20, inserted in the throat of the hypanthium and remote from the base of the receptacle; filaments dilated. Receptacle hemispherical or conical with several to numerous pistils. Styles long and slender, generally thickened and somewhat glandular at base, deciduous. Ovules and seeds pendulous, anatropous. [Name in honor of John Horkel, a German physiologist.] About 30 species, natives of western North America, chiefly California. Type species, Horkelia californica Cham. & Sch. Stamens 10; sepals erect or spreading. Bractlets ovate, simulating the sepals; pistils SO or more. Hypanthium cylindric-cupulate, 3-5 mm. deep; bractlets equaling or exceeding the sepals, often toothed. Hypanthium glabrous within; sepals green on inner surface. Leaflets 3-5 pairs, serrate; filaments opposite the sepals, lanceolate-deltoid. 1. H. frondosa. Leaflets 5-10 pairs, deeply incised; filaments all essentially linear. 2. H. elata. Hypanthium pubescent within; sepals purple-flecked within. 3. H. californica. Hypanthium deeply saucer-shaped, 1.5-2 mm. deep; bractlets shorter than the sepals. Leaflets 5-10 pairs, the uppermost confluent. 4. H. cuneata. Leaflets 1-3 pairs, the terminal one petiolulate. 5. H. truncata. Bractlets lanceolate to linear, much smaller than the sepals. Pedicels recurved in fruit; cyme diffuse; hypanthium glabrous within. Hypanthium saucer-shaped, 5-6 mm. broad; pistils 17-30, rarely 50. 6. H. Parryi. Hypanthium cupulate, 3-4 mm. broad; pistils 3-4. 7. H. Wilderae. Pedicels erect, never recurved. Leaflets 5-20 pairs, the margin serrate to incised. Stipules of basal leaves not dissected; style glandular at base. Filaments glabrous. Hypanthium glabrous within. Petals cuneate, truncate or emarginate at apex; leaflets serrate to incised. 8. H. fusca. Petals oblanceolate, rounded at apex; leaflets toothed at apex or palmately lobed. 9. H. Clevelandii. Hypanthium pubescent within. Leaflets serrate or shallowly lobed. Herbage appressed-villous and more or less hoary; montane species. 10. H. Bolanderi. Herbage shaggy-villous; maritime species. 11. H. marinensis. Leaflets deeply palmatifid. Cymes compact, many-flowered; leaflets villous, 5—10 mm. long. 12. H. tenuiloba. Cymes open, few-flowered; leaflets short-hirsute, 3.5-5 mm. long. 13. H. hispidula. Filaments pubescent; herbage densely silky-villous. 14. H. Hendersonii. Stipules of basal leaves 2-4 times divided into filiform segments; style not glandular at base. Cyme diffuse; leaflets simply cleft or dissected; hypanthium turbinate. 15. H. sericata.. Cyme compact; leaflets compoundly dissected; hypanthium shallowly cupulate. 16. H. daucifolia. Leaflets 2-5 pairs, entire or short-toothed only at apex. Petals emarginate or rarely rounded, well exceeding the sepals, and as broad or broader than long, cream-colored. 17. H. congesta. Petals obtuse or rounded at apex, equaling or shorter than sepals and narrower than long, white. 18. H. tridentata. Stamens 20; sepals reflexed in anthesis. 19. H. pxirpurascens. 1. Horkelia frondosa (Greene) Rydb. Leafy Horkelia. Fig. 2379. Potentilla frondosa Greene, Pittonia 1: 300. 1889. Horkelia frondosa Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 54. 1898. Potentilla californica var. frondosa Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 494. 1925. Stems leafy throughout, stout, erect or decumbent, 0.5-1 m. high, glandular-pubescent and fragrant. Lower leaves with 7-9, the upper with 3-7 leaflets, glandular-villous ; leaflets 3-5 cm. long, ovate to oblong, doubly serrate, with mostly rounded teeth ; bractlets ovate, 3-5 mm. long, usually 3-toothed, slightly exceeding the triangular-lanceolate sepals ; petals oblong, shorter than the sepals. Open slopes near the coast, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; San Francisco Bay region to Monterey, California. Type locality: Martinez, Contra Costa County. May— Oct. * The keys and specific and subspecific limits in the genera Horkelia and Ivesia are based largely on David D. Keek's able revision recently published. ROSE FAMILY 417 2. Horkelia elata (Greene) Rydb. Tall Horkelia. Fig. 2380. Potentilla elata Greene, Pittonia 1: 100. 1887. Potentilla californica var. elata Greene, Fl. Fran. 1: 66. 1891. Horkelia elata Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 54. 1898. Stems slender and numerous, 5-8 dm. high, softly glandular-villous. Basal leaves numerous, slender-petioled ; leaflets obovate or cuneate-flabelliform, cleft and incised into very narrow segments, soft-villous ; stem leaves few and smaller ; hypanthium campanulate, glandular-villous ; bractlets lanceolate, usually entire, 4-6 mm. long, slightly exceeding the triangular-lanceolate sepals ; petals about equaling the sepals. Shady slopes, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Inner Coast Ranges and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, central California. Type locality: shady banks of the upper Napa River, a little above Calistoga. June-Sept. Horkelia glandulosa Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 195. 1905. A more robust plant than typical H. elata Greene, and with fewer leaflets, usually about 11 pairs, but otherwise closely resembling it and perhaps not distinct. Known only from the type locality and vicinity: Laytonville, Mendocino County, California. 3. Horkelia californica Cham. & Sch. California Horkelia. Fig. 2381. Horkelia californica Cham. & Sch. Linnaea 2: 26. 1827. Horkelia grandis Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey 339. 1838. Potentilla californica Greene, Pittonia 1 : 100. 1887. Potentilla californica var. carmeliana Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 282. 1901. Stems stout, leafy, 0.5-1 m. high, glandular-pubescent and fragrant. Leaves densely glandu- lar-pubescent, the basal numerous bearing 11-21 leaflets, the cauline smoother; leaflets obovate to orbicular in outline, 2-5 cm. long, toothed and incised, with mostly acute teeth ; inflorescence open; bractlets 5-10 mm. long, slightly exceeding the sepals, ovate, usually 3-toothed; sepals ovate, acute, much longer than the strap-shaped petals. Open places, near the coast, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Humboldt Bay to Santa Cruz County and locally in San Luis Obispo County, California. Type locality : San Francisco. May-Sept. 4. Horkelia cuneata Lindl. Wedge-leaved Horkelia. Fig. 2382. Horkelia cuneata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 23: under pi. 1997. 1837. Horkelia californica var. cuneata A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 529. 1865. Potentilla Lindleyi Greene, Pittonia 1: 101. 1887. Horkelia platycalyx Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 131. 1898. Potentilla multijuga of various California authors. Not Lehm. Stems several, from a short woody caudex, rather slender, 15-30 cm. high, villous and glandular or nearly glabrous, fragrant. Leaflets of basal leaves 8-12 pairs, cuneate to obovate, about 1 cm. long, deeply toothed above, villous or hirsute-puberulent ; cyme few-flowered, rather dense; hypanthium villous-glandular, cupulate, 5-8 mm. broad, densely pilose within; bractlets ovate-lanceolate; sepals slightly exceeding the bractlets, acuminate; petals oblong-spatulate, about one-third longer than the sepals. Open fields near the coast, Upper Sonoran and Humid Transition Zones; Santa Cruz County to Santa Barbara County, California. Type locality: California, probably Monterey. May-Oct. Horkelia cuneata subsp. sericea (A. Gray) Keck, Lloydia 1 : 86. 1938. {Horkelia californica var. sericea A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 529. 1865; H. Kelloggii Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 2: 416. 1887.) Herbage densely silky-sericeous, only obscurely glandular, hypanthium as in the typical species densely pilose within and the flowers usually in glomerules. Along the coast from Sonoma County to Los Angeles County, California. Horkelia cuneata subsp. puberula (Greene) Keck, op. cit. 87. {Potentilla puberula Greene, Pittonia 1: 102. 1887; P. Lindleyi var. puberula Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 485. 1925.) Herbage rather thinly glandular- pubescent; flowers in open cymes, not glomerate; hypanthium sparsely pilose to glabrate within. Inland mesas and hills of southern California from San Luis Obispo County to San Bernardino and San Diego Counties. Type locality: mesas five miles west of San Bernardino, California. 5. Horkelia truncata Rydb. Ramona Horkelia. Fig. 2383. Horkelia truncata Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 274. 1908. Potentilla truncata Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 495. 1925. Stems several from a woody caudex, 2-5 dm. high, rather thinly glandular-pubescent. Basal leaves several, glandular-pubescent and hirsute on the veins ; leaflets 5-9, obovate-cuneate, truncate at the apex, crenate-serrate on the sides, usually with 3 larger teeth at the apex; inflorescence few-flowered and open ; hypanthium saucer-shaped, 7-8 mm. wide ; bractlets lanceo- late-ovate, 4-5 mm. long, shorter than the ovate, acuminate sepals ; petals broadly obovate, 5-6 mm. long. Hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; western San Diego County, California, and adjacent Lower California. Type locality: Ramona, California. May- June. 6. Horkelia Parryi Greene. Parry's Horkelia. Fig. 2384. Potentilla Parryi Greene, Pittonia 1 : 102. 1887. Horkelia platypetala Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 55. 1898. Stems several, 1-2 dm. high, from a much branched cespitose caudex, glandular-puberulent ; stipules ovate, often pectinately toothed. Leaflets of basal leaves 4-5 pairs, obovate-cuneate, 5-10 mm. long, deeply incised, somewhat villous-pubescent but green ; cyme with slender branches ; pedicels very slender, 10-15 mm. long, recurved in fruit; hypanthium 6-7 mm. broad in fruit; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 5 mm. long, much larger than the lanceolate bractlets; petals obovate- oblong, exceeding the sepals, rounded at the apex. Stony places, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; foothills of the Sierra Nevada from Eldorado County to Calaveras County, California. Type locality: vicinity of lone, Amador County, California. April- July. 418 ROSACEAE 7. Horkelia Wilderae Parish. Wilder's Horkelia. Fig. 2385. Horkelia Wilderae Parish, Bot. Gaz. 38: 460. 1904. Potentilla Wilderae Munz & Jtn. Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 24: 8. 1925. Potentilla Parryi var. Wilderae Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 494. 192S. Stems several crowning a deep perpendicular taproot, slender, 2 dm. high ; stipules lanceolate, entire or 1-2-toothed. Leaflets of basal leaves 5-6 pairs, 5-7 cm. long, cuneate, deeply incised, the lobes oblong; cyme diffuse, the flowers numerous on very slender recurved pedicels; hypan- thium glabrate, about 2 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, 2 mm. long, twice the length of the linear-oblong bractlets ; petals obovate, about equaling the sepals. Along trail leading from Barton Flat to South Fork of Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Mountains, Cali- fornia. The only known locality. June— Aug. 8. Horkelia fusca Lindl. Dusky Horkelia. Fig. 2386.. Horkelia fusca Lindl. Bot. Reg. 23: pi. 1997. 1837. Potentilla Douglasii Greene, Pittonia 1 : 103. 1887. Horkelia tenuisecta Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22 : 278. 1908. Stems from a short woody caudex, 1-3 dm. high, erect and simple, densely glandular above. Leaflets of basal leaves 5-10 pairs, 5-10 mm. long, cuneate or obovate in outline, deeply pin- natifid into linear segments, these sometimes again toothed; cymes corymbose and congested or open ; hypanthium 4 mm. broad, glandular-hirsute ; sepals acuminate, 4 mm. long ; petals cuneate, slightly emarginate, 4 mm. long. Meadows and open woods, mainly Transition Zone; Kittitas County, Washington, to the vicinity of Mount Hood, Oregon. Type locality: erroneously attributed to "California." May-Aug. Horkelia fusca subsp. capitata (Lindl.) Keck, Lloydia 1: 97. 1938. (Horkelia capitata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 23: under pi. 1997. 1837; Potentilla capitata Greene, Pittonia 1: 104. 1887; Horkelia caeruleomontana St. John, Fl. S.E. Wash. 199. 1937.) Stems stout, 4-6 dm. high, glandular-hirsute above. Leaflets of basal leaves 5-7 pairs, obovate or oval, 2-3 cm. long, bright green and nearly glabrous, deeply incised-toothed; cymes sub- capitate, purple, subtended by broad palmately divided leaves, equaling or surpassing the head; sepals acuminate, 4-5 mm. long, about equaled by the linear bractlets; petals 5-6 mm. long, truncate. Open coniferous forests, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; Coeur d'Alene Mountains, Idaho, to the Blue and Steens Mountains, eastern Oregon, and Warner Mountains, California. Type locality: "America-boreali-occidentalis," Douglas. Horkelia fusca subsp. pseudocapitata (Rydb.) Keck, Lloydia 1: 99. 1938. (Horkelia pseudocapitata Rydb. ex Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 180. 1898; H. Brownii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 276. 1908; Potentilla Douglasii var. pseudocapitata Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 203. 1936.) Leaflets of basal leaves 5-7 pairs, obovate or cuneate, 8-20 cm. long, toothed or incised above; cymes subcapitate, their leaves small, much shorter than the heads; sepals ovate-lanceolate, well exceeding the linear bractlets; petals broadly cuneate, 3-4 mm. long, truncate or slightly emarginate at apex. Border of mountain meadows, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; Deschutes County, Oregon, to the eastern slopes of the northern Sierra Nevada, California, and adjacent Nevada. Type locality : Janesville, Lassen County, California. Horkelia fusca subsp. parviflora (Nutt.) Keck, Lloydia 1: 99. 1938. (Horkelia parviflora Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 338. 1838; Potentilla Andersonii Greene, Pittonia 1: 104. 1887.) Leaves sparingly pubescent, dark green, decidedly glandular; leaflets 4-8 pairs, cuneate-obovate, cleft at the apex into oblong or lanceolate lobes; cyme capitate or branched; bractlets linear-filiform; sepals ianceolate, 2-3 mm. long; petals broadly cuneate, 2-3 mm. long. Open pine forests, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; central Idaho and Yellowstone Park to southern Washington and along the Cascades and Sierra Nevada to Tulare County, Cali- fornia. Type locality: "Plains of the Oregon [Columbia] toward the Rocky Mountains." Horkelia fusca subsp. filicoides (Crum) Keck, Lloydia 1 : 100. 1938. (Potentilla Douglasii var. fdicoides Crum, Leaflets W. Bot. 1: 100. 1934.) Leaves mostly basal; leaflets deeply pinnatifid into linear segments; cyme openly branched, the flowers solitary or in small glomerules; sepals much exceeding the bractlets. Open pine woods. Transition and Canadian Zones; Cascade Mountains, soutthern Oregon. Type locality: "eight miles north of Diamond Lake, Douglas County, Oregon." Horkelia fusca subsp. tenella (S. Wats.) Keck, Lloydia 1: 101. 1938. (Horkelia fusca var. tenella S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 181. 1876; Horkelia tenella Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 55. 1898.) Leaflets small, palmately divided into linear-oblong segments: cymes dense, usually capitate; otherwise as in suhsp. Parviflora. Dry meadows and flats of volcanic ash, mainly Arid Transition Zone; northern^ Sierra Nevada, Shasta and Tehama Counties to Sierra County, California. Type locality: "Sierra County," California. 9. Horkelia Clevelandii (Greene) Rydb. Cleveland's Horkelia. Fig. 2387. Potentilla Clevelandii Greene, Pittonia 1 : 102. 1887. Horkelia Clevelandii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 54. 1898. Horkelia Bolanderi subsp. Clevelandii Keck, Lloydia 1: 94. 1938. Stems several from a short caudex, simple, 2-4 dm. high, finely pubescent with spreading hairs, glandular above. Leaflets of basal leaves 7-11 pairs, densely silky-pubescent, broadly obovate-cuneate, 5-10 mm. long and often as broad, deeply crenate-toothed at the apex; cyme with short erect branches ; hypanthium finely pubescent, somewhat glandular ; sepals ovate- lanceolate, acute, 4 mm. long, a little longer than the ovate bractlets ; petals spatulate-oblong, a little longer than the sepals. Grassy mountain slopes. Arid Transition Zone; San Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains, southern California. Type locality : Laguna, San Diego County, California. June— July. 10. Horkelia Bolanderi A. Gray. Bolander's Horkelia. Fig. 2388. Horkelia Bolanderi A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 338. 1868. Potentilla Bolanderi Greene, Pittonia 1: 103. 1887. Stems several from a slender much branched and somewhat tufted caudex, 1-3 dm. high, finely villous; stipules lanceolate, 5 mm. long, mostly entire. Leaflets of basal leaves 6-11 pairs, loosely to densely villous or hoary-canescent, about 5 mm. long, cuneate, coarsely 3-5-toothed at the apex ; cyme subcapitate or often more open ; hypanthium about 4 mm. broad, saucer- shaped, hoary-pubescent ; bractlets linear-lanceolate, generally much shorter than the broadly ROSE FAMILY 419 lanceolate sepals, these about 5 mm. long ; petals oblong-spatulate, rounded at the apex, about a third longer than the sepals. Dry grassy slopes of open pine forests, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; Lake County to Mon- terey County, California, in the Inner Coast Ranges chiefly. Type locality: dry alkaline soil near Clear Lake, Lake County, California. June-Aug. Horkelia Bolanderi subsp. Parryi (S. Wats.) Keck, Lloydia 1: 92. 1938. (Horkelia Parryi Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 129. 1898, not Greene; H. bernardina Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 273. 1908; H. Rydbergii Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 39: 50. 1905.) Closely resembling the tyjpical form, but leaves more broadly cuneate, and pubescence more appressed. Open pine forests; Santa Lucia Mountains, Mount Pinos and San Bernardino Mountains, California. 11. Horkelia marinensis (Elmer) Crum. Point Reyes Horkelia. Fig. 2389. Horkelia Bolanderi var. marinensis Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 41 : 321. 1906. Potentilla Kelloggii var. marinensis Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 199. 1936. Horkelia marinensis Crum ex Keck, Lloydia 1: 91. 1938. Stems several, from a stout branching matted caudex, 12-20 cm. high, pilose-tomentose and glandular, fragrant. Basal leaves densely tufted, 4-6 cm. long, short-petioled ; leaflets 7-10 pairs, densely shaggy-villous canescent, cuneate-obovate, palmately lobed into 3-7 segments ; stem leaves few, much reduced; cymes compact and subcapitate; hypanthium coarsely pilose, 1.5 mm. deep ; sepals 5-6 mm. long ; petals about 5 mm. long ; pistils about 25 ; filaments all dilated, often pink. Seacoast, usually on or near dunes, Humid Transition Zone; Mendocino County to Marin County, Cali- fornia. Type locality: Point Reyes, Marin County, California. May-Aug. 12. Horkelia tenuiloba (Torr.) A. Gray. Santa Rosa Horkelia. Fig. 2390. Horkelia fusca var. tenuiloba Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4: 84. 1857. Horkelia tenuiloba A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 529. 1865. Potentilla tenuiloba Greene, Pittonia 1: 105. 1887. Potentilla Micheneri Greene, Erythea 1 : 5. 1893. Potentilla stenoloba Greene, Erythea 3: 36. 1895. Horkelia Micheneri Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 54. 1898. Stems 1-2 dm. high, with a short woody caudex and a horizontal rootstock, hirsute-villous, mostly simple, stipules often pectinate-toothed. Leaflets of basal leaves 6-10 pairs, about 1 cm. long, divided almost to the base into linear segments, canescent-hirsute ; cyme dense, often sub- capitate; hypanthium 5 mm. broad, hirsute; bractlets linear-filiform; sepals broadly lanceolate, 4 mm. long ; petals oblong, scarcely exceeding the sepals, notched at the apex. Dry ridges. Upper Sonoran Zone: Sonoma County to San Luis Obispo County, California. Type locality: "Laguna of Santa Rosa Creek, California." April-July. 13. Horkelia hispidula Rydb. White Mountains Horkelia. Fig. 2391. Horkelia hispidula Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 278. 1908. Potentilla hispidula Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 493. 1925. Stems slender from an erect caudex, 2 dm. high, sparingly hirsute and glandular-puberulent. Leaflets of basal leaves 7-12 pairs, rather crowded, cuneate-flabelliform, 4-6 mm. long, divided to near the base into 3-6 spatulate segments, densely short-hirsute ; cyme with ascending branches, 3-4-flowered ; hypanthium 4 mm. broad, sparingly pilose and glandular ; sepals lanceolate, acu- minate, 4 mm. long, exceeding the narrowly linear bractlets ; petals obcordate, 5 mm. long. A little known species originally collected under pines among rocks, White Mountains, California, at an alti- tude of 3,300 meters. June— Aug. 14. Horkelia Hendersonii Howell. Henderson's Horkelia. Fig. 2392. Horkelia Hendersonii Howell, Pacif. Coast PI. Coll. 1887: 2. 1887. Stems simple, about 1 dm. high, from a thick cespitose caudex, hirsute-villous ; stipules lanceolate, mostly entire. Basal leaves numerous, densely canescent-hirsute ; leaflets rather crowded, 5-8 pairs, cuneate, about 5 mm. long, incised into 4-6 unequal oblong lobes ; cymes dense ; hypanthium cup-shaped, 4 mm. broad ; sepals 4 mm. long, longer than the linear-filiform bractlets ; petals oblong-linear, usually shorter than the sepals. Mountain slopes, Canadian Zone; Mount Ashland, Siskiyou Mountains, southern Oregon. Type locality: "Summit of Ashland Butte," Oregon. June-Aug. 15. Horkelia sericata S. Wats. Howell's Horkelia. Fig. 2393. Horkelia sericata S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 364. 1885. Potentilla Howellii Greene, Pittonia 1: 104. 1887. Potentilla sericata Greene, loc. cit. Potentilla laxiflora Drew, Bull. Torrey Club 16: 151. 1889. Horkelia laxiflora Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 55. 1898. Horkelia Howellii Rydb. loc. cit. Stems several from a short caudex, slender, simple, sparsely villous. Leaflets of basal leaves 5-20 pairs, very crowded, 3-10 mm. long, ovate-oblong, entire or usually cleft to the base into 2-3 similar segments, more or less villous ; cyme few-flowered with elongate branches and very short pedicels ; hypanthium silky-villous and glandular. 3-4 mm. broad ; sepals lanceolate, 3 mm. 420 ROSACEAE 2381 2382 2383 2386 2384 2385 2387 2388 2389 2381. Horkelia californica 2382. Horkelia cuneata 2383. Horkelia truncata 2384. Horkelia Parryi 2385. Horkelia Wilderae 2386. Horkelia fusca 2387. Horkelia Clevelandii 2388. Horkelia Bolanderi 2389. Horkelia marinensis ROSE FAMILY 421 long, longer than the linear bractlets ; petals obcordate, unguiculate, exceeding the sepals ; pistils 3-6 ; styles glandless, long-persistent. Barren slopes, Transition and Canadian Zones; Coast Ranges of southwestern Oregon. Type locality: sum- mit of the Coast Range, Curry County, Oregon. May-Aug. 16. Horkelia daucifolia (Greene) Rydb. Carrot-leaved Horkelia. Fig. 2394. Potentilla daucifolia Greene, Pittonia 1 : 160. 1888. Potentilla congcsta var. lobata t.emmon, Bull. Torrey Club 16: 211. 1889. Horkelia daucifolia Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 55. 1898. Horkelia caruifolia Rydb. ex Howell, El. N.W. Amer. 1 : 181. 1898. Stems mostly simple from a short caudex, about 3 dm. high, glandular-pubescent throughout and pilose with long fine hairs. Leaflets of basal leaves 8-12 pairs, 1-3 cm. long, divided to near the base into linear segments, silky-pilose ; stipules of basal leaves twice dissected into narrowly linear segments; hypanthium 4-5 mm. broad, silky-pilose; sepals 4-5 mm. long, triangular- lanceolate, a little longer than the linear bractlets. Dry, barren ground, Arid Transition Zone; Rogue River Valley, Oregon, to Shasta Valley, California. Type locality: Klamath and Shasta Valleys, California. May-Aug. 17. Horkelia congesta Dougl. Dense-flowered Horkelia. Fig. 2395. Horkelia congesta Dougl. ex Hook. Bot. Mag. 56: pi. 2880. 1829. Horkelia hirsuta Lindl. Bot. Reg. 23: under pi. 1997. 1837. Sibbaldia congesta D. Dietr. Syn. PI. 2: 1020. 1840. Potentilla congesta Baillon, Hist. PI. 1: 369. 1867-9. Stems slender from a short caudex, 3-4 dm. high, hirsute toward the base. Leaflets of basal leaves 4-5 pairs, linear-oblong, 10-15 mm. long, deeply 2-3-toothed at apex, silky-villous, pale green and thin; stipules filiform-divided; hypanthium sparingly silky-villous without, glabrous within, 5 mm. broad; sepals ovate-acuminate, 2-3 mm. long, exceeding the linear-filiform bract- lets ; petals broadly obovate, cream-colored, nearly 4 mm. long ; filaments all lanceolate. Dry open places, Transition Zones; Willamette Valley south to Josephine County, Oregon. Type locality: Umpqua River, Oregon. May-July. 18. Horkelia tridentata Torr. Three-toothed Horkelia. Fig. 2396. Horkelia tridentata Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4: 84. 1857. Horkelia Tilingii Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. 1: 153. 1871. Potentilla Tilingii Greene, Pittonia 1: 105. 1887. Horkelia flavescens Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 138. 1898. Horkelia integrifolia Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 279. 1908. Potentilla congesta var. Tilingii Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 496. 1925. Stems several, ascending or decumbent from a short cespitose caudex and taproot, 2-4 dm. high. Leaflets of basal leaves 3-4 pairs, cuneate to oblong-obovate, generally 3-toothed at the apex, 10-15 mm. long, white silky-pubescent; cyme often branched with subcapitate terminal clusters of flowers ; hypanthium silky-villous, 3-4 mm. broad ; sepals broadly ovate, 1-2 mm. long, exceeding the linear bractlets ; petals oblanceolate ; filaments all linear-lanceolate. Open places in yellow pine forests, Arid Transition Zone; Siskiyou Mountains, southern Oregon to the Coast Ranges, northern Lake County, and to the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: "wet ravines, Dufneld's Ranch, Sierra Nevada, Tuolumne County, California." May-July. 19. Horkelia purpurascens S. Wats. Purple Horkelia. Fig. 2397. Horkelia purpurascens S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 148. 1876. Potentilla purpurascens Greene, Pittonia 1: 105. 1887. Horkeliclla purpurascens Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 282. 1908. Potentilla purpurascens var. pinetorum Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7: 77'. 1892. Ivesia purpurascens Keck, Lloydia 1 : 132. 1938. Stems erect from a short erect caudex, more or less pubescent and glandular. Basal leaves numerous, 8-15 cm. long; leaflets 15-20 pairs, crowded, 2-4 mm. long, divided to near the base into 2-4 oval lobes, more or less hirsute ; cyme narrow with erect branches ; hypanthium hirsute, cupulate, 4-5 mm. broad ; sepals lanceolate, twice the length of the linear bractlets ; petals strap- shaped, emarginate, slightly exceeding the sepals, white, often tinged with purple. Dry soils, on the margins of mountain meadows, Transition and Canadian Zones; southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality j headwaters of Kern River, California. June— Aug. Horkelia purpurascens subsp. Congdonis (Rydb.) Abrams (Horkelia Congdonis Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 26: 543. 1899.) Distinguished mainly from the typical species by the glandular stems, and the obtuse petals. Mainly eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Casa Diablo, Mono County, California. 11. IVESIA Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 63:72. 1857. Perennials with thick erect rootstocks. Leaves mostly basal and numerous, pinnate, the leaflets numerous, small, more or less crowded and imbricate. Flowers 5-merous, in open or dense cymes. Hypanthium campanulate or commonly saucer-shaped, bearing bractlets alternate with the 5 sepals. Petals white or yellow, oblanceolate and clawed or nearly orbicular and clawless. Stamens 5 or 20 (rarely 10 or 15), inserted in the throat of the hypanthium; filaments filiform, except in /. argyrocoma. Pistils 1-15, surrounded 422 ROSACEAE 5. I. campestris. 6. /. unguiculata. 7. 8. 9. I. Pickeringii. I. sericoleuca. I. Kingii. by a ring of bristles. Styles terminal or nearly so, long and slender. Ovules and seeds pendulous and anatropous. [Name in honor of Dr. Eli Ives.] A west American genus of about 20 species. Type species, Ivcsia Gordonii (Hook.) Torr. & Gray. Pistils solitary; anthers opening by subterminal pores; leaflets closely imbricate, densely silvery-silky; stamens IS. 1. 7. santolinoides. Pistils 2 to many (rarely reduced to 1) ; anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Stamens 15 or 20. Inner row of stamens inserted at the edge of the receptacle; stamens 20; cespitose dwarf plants, with few-flowered cymes. Petals white, obovate, equaling the sepals. 2. I. callida. Petals yellow, linear, much shorter than the sepals. 3. I. Jaegeri. Inner stamens inserted some distance from the edge of receptacle; stamens IS or 20. Filaments dilated below; leaflets closely imbricate, densely silvery-silky; stamens 20. 4. I. argyrocoma. Filaments slender, not dilated below. Plants tomentose or villous-tomentose, hypanthium campanulate. Pistils 9-12; petals yellow. Pistils 2—7; petals cream-colored or white. Stamens IS; petals white. Stamens 20; petals cream-colored. Pistils 2 or 3; hypanthium pilose within. Pistils 4-7; hypanthium glabrous within. Plants glabrous or essentially so; hypanthium saucer-shaped. Stamens S or 10: Stamens 10; leaflets finely glandular-puberulent. Stamens 5. Inflorescence of corymbose or subcapitate cymes; leaflets divided to near the base. Leaves silky-pubescent. Leaves vermiform with minute closely imbricate and densely white-silky leaflets. 11. I. Muirii. Leaves not vermiform; leaflets not densely imbricate, somewhat silky-pubescent but green- ish, 10-20 mm. long. 12. /. Webberi. Leaves glandular-pubescent or glabrate. Leaflets not bristle-tipped. Hypanthium shallowly cupulate; petals exceeding the sepals. 13. I. Tweedyi. Hypanthium campanulate; petals usually much shorter than the sepals. Pistils 1-5, usually 2; styles filiform elongated, not glandular. 14. I. Gordonii. Pistils 9-20; styles short, glandular. 15. I. lycopodioides. Leaflets bristle-tipped, densely glandular-pubescent. 16. /. Shockleyi. Inflorescence an open lax cyme; pedicels very slender; leaflets merely toothed or incised. 17. /. Baileyi. 1. Ivesia santolinoides A. Gray. Mouse-tail Ivesia. Fig. 2398. Ivesia santolinoides A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 531. 1865. Potentilla santolinoides Greene, Pittonia 1: 106. 1887. Stellariopsis santolinoides Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 155. 10. I. pygmaea. 1898. Stems several, erect, from a short erect caudex, hairy toward the base. Basal leaves 3—10 cm. long, densely silky, terete and resembling a mouse-tail from the minute numerous densely imbri- cated leaflets ; cyme much branched, open, the branches and pedicels very slender ; hypanthium 3 mm. broad in fruit, sparsely pubescent; sepals 1.5 mm. long, twice the length of the minute bractlets; petals white, broadly ovate, twice as long as the sepals; stamens 15, filaments filiform; pistil 1. Dry, gravelly open places, Transition Zone; Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Type locality : Sierra Nevada, California. June-Aug. 2390 2390. Horkelia tenuiloba 2391 2391. Horkelia hispidula 2392 2392. Horkelia Hendersonii ROSE FAMILY 423 2. Ivesia callida (Hall) Rydb. Tahquitz Ivesia. Fig. 2399. Potentilla callida Hall, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 1 : 86. 1902. Ivesia callida Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 286. 1908. Potentilla Shocklcyi var. callida Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 492. 1925. Stems from a simple or cespitose caudex, spreading, leafy, 2-5 cm. long ; herbage glandular- pubescent and hirsute. Basal leaves 1.5-3 cm. long; leaflets 6-8 pairs, crowded, 2-3 mm. long, entire or divided into 2 unequal segments ; cyme few-flowered, open ; hypanthium about 2 mm. wide, disciform; sepals lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long; petals white, obovate, equaling the sepals; stamens 20, inserted close to the white-hirsute receptacle ; pistils 4-6 ; style glandular-thickened. A local species known only from Tahquitz Peak, San Jacinto Mountains, southern California. July-Aug. 3. Ivesia Jaegeri Munz & Jtn. Jaeger's Ivesia. Fig. 2400. Ivesia Jaegeri Munz & Jtn. Bull. Torrey Club 55: 165. 1929. Stems from a short simple or cespitose caudex, decumbent, slender, 5-12 cm. long ; herbage glandular-puberulent throughout. Basal leaves 3-8 cm. long; leaflets 4-8 pairs, rather distant, 3-6 mm. long, divided nearly or quite to the base into 2-5 oblanceolate or obovate segments; cyme open, with few flowers on filiform pedicels; hypanthium disciform, about 2.5 mm. wide; bractlets ovate, about 0.5 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long; petals yellow, linear, 1 mm. long ; stamens 20, the innermost on the rim of the hirsute receptacle ; pistils 3-9, style scarcely glandular. Crevices of rocks Arid Transition Zone; Clark Mountains, San Bernardino County, California, and Charles- ton Mountains, Nevada. Type locality : Charleston Resort, Charleston Mountains, Nevada. July-Aug. 4. Ivesia argyrocoma Rydb. Silver-haired Ivesia. Fig. 2401. Horkelia argyrocoma Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2 : 144. 1898. Ivesia argyrocoma Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 284. 1908. Stems decumbent or ascending, branching, about 2 dm. long, silky-villous, the lower part and petioles covered with long, spreading, silvery hairs. Leaflets of basal leaves numerous, densely imbricate, 3 mm. long, divided to the base into oblong segments, densely silky-pubescent ; cyme dense, becoming open in age; sepals lanceolate-acuminate, 4 mm. long, exceeding the oblong or lanceolate bractlets; petals white, broadly obovate, clawed, exceeding the calyx- lobes ; stamens 20. Dry gravelly soils, Arid Transition Zone; San Bernardino Mountains, southern California. Type locality: Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains. June-Aug. 5. Ivesia campestris (M. E. Jones) Rydb. Field Ivesia. Fig. 2402. Potentilla utahensis var. campestris M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 679. 1895. Horkelia campestris Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 147. 1898. Ivesia campestris Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22 : 285. 1908. Horkelia mollis Eastw. Bot. Gaz. 41 : 286. 1906. Potentilla campestris Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 490. 1925. Stems several, ascending or decumbent, 1-2 dm. long, somewhat silky-villous. Leaflets of basal leaves numerous, crowded, 3-4 mm. long, more or less silky-villous; cyme subcapitate; hypanthium 5 mm. broad; sepals subulate-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long; petals yellow, spatulate, a little exceeding the sepals; stamens 15-20. Mountain meadows, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; southern Sierra Nevada. Type locality: Whitney Meadows, Sierra Nevada, California. June-Aug. 2393 2393. Horkelia sericata 2394 2394. Horkelia daucifolia 2395 2395. Horkelia congesta 424 ROSACEAE 6. Ivesia unguiculata A. Gray. Yosemite Ivesia. Fig. 2403. Ivesia unguiculata A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 339. 1868. Potentilla unguiculata Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 37: pi. 6560. 1881. Potentilla ciliata Greene, Pittonia 1: 103. 1887. Horkelia unguiculata Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2 : 146. 1898. Stems several, decumbent or ascending, 3-4 dm. high, simple, sparingly silky-villous. Basal leaves numerous, canescent, but not densely silky with long hairs; leaflets numerous, crowded, 5-7 mm. long, divided to the base into linear-oblong lobes ; cyme subcapitate ; hypanthium 4 mm. broad, slightly silky ; sepals 2-3 mm. long, broadly lanceolate ; petals white, broadly spatulate or obovate; stamens 10-15. Borders of mountain meadows, Arid Transition Zone; Sierra Nevada, Mariposa County to Fresno County, California. Type locality: Westf all's Meadow, Yosemite Valley, California. June- Aug. 7. Ivesia Pickeringii Torr. Pickering's Ivesia. Fig. 2404. Ivesia Pickeringii Torr. ex A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 531. 1865. [Bot. Wilkes Exp. 288. pi. 4. 1874.] Potentilla Pickeringii Greene, Pittonia 1 : 105. 1887. Horkelia Pickeringii Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 145. 1898. Stems ascending, leafy, 25-45 cm. long ; caudex stout, woody, covered with glabrous old leaf- bases, plant densely and finely villous, minutely viscid. Basal leaves 8-18 cm. long; leaflets crowded or imbricate, 2-5 mm. long, parted to the base, the lobes oblong to obovate; cyme corymbosely branched, the flowers scattered or in subcapitate glomerules ; hypanthium campanu- late, 2-2.5 mm. deep, pilose within; bractlets lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long; petals broadly spatulate, slightly exceeding the sepals; filaments filiform; pistils 2, rarely 3; achenes ellipsoid, narrowed to a blunt apical beak, often similarly beaked at the base. Mountain slopes, Arid Transition Zone; Siskiyou and Trinity Counties, California. Type locality: on the Klamath River, according to Torrey, probably on the Sacramento according to Gray. July-Sept. 2399 2396. Horkelia tridentata 2397. Horkelia purpurascens 2398. Ivesia santolinoides 2399. Ivesia callida 2400. Ivesia Jaegeri 2401. Ivesia argyrocoma ROSE FAMILY 425 8. Ivesia sericoleuca Rydb. Plumas Ivesia. Fig. 2405. Horkelia sericoleuca Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 144. pi. 85. 1898. Ivesia sericoleuca Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 284. 1908. Stems decumbent or ascending, 15-40 cm. high; caudex woody, covered with densely hirsute old leaf-bases ; plant more or less densely white-sericeous to tomentose. Basal leaves 10-25 cm. long; leaflets crowded or imbricate, 5-15 mm. long, divided to the base into 2-4 oblong to elliptic lobes; cymes dense, many-flowered, or when open the flowers clustered in glomerules; hypan- thium campanulate, 2-2.5 mm. deep, glabrous within; bractlets narrowly lanceolate, about half as long as sepals; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 3.5-5.5 mm. long; petals exceeding sepals; stamens 20, filaments filiform; pistils 4-7; achenes smooth, pyriform. Dry flats and slopes, Arid Transition Zone; eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, Plumas County to Nevada County, California. Type locality: Sierra County, California. June-Sept. 9. Ivesia Kingii S. Wats. King's or Alkali Ivesia. Fig. 2406. Ivesia Kingii S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 91, 448. 1871. Potentilla Kingii Greene, Pittonia 1 : 105. 1887. Horkelia Kingii Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 148. 1898. Stems several from thick perennial root, decumbent or ascending, 15-30 cm. high, nearly or quite glabrous. Basal leaves 6-10 cm. long; leaflets crowded, 3-parted, the segments oblong to rounded, entire, 2-6 mm. long, glabrous and glaucous or rarely ciliate on the margins ; upper cauline leaves with simple leaflets ; cymes in a loose panicle ; hypanthium sparsely pubescent without, glabrous within, bractlets subulate; petals white, exceeding the sepals, clawed, the blades orbicular; stamens 15-20; pistils 2-8. Alkaline soils, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; western Nevada and Mono County, California, to western Utah. Type locality: "Monitor, Diamond and Ruby Valleys, Nevada; 6,000 feet altitude." July- Aug. 2402. Ivesia campestris 2403. Ivesia unguiculata 2404. Ivesia Pickeringii 2405. Ivesia sericoleuca 2406. Ivesia Kingii 2407. Ivesia pygmaea 426 ROSACEAE 10. Ivesia pygmaea A. Gray. Dwarf Ivesia. Fig. 2407. Ivesia pygmaea A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 531. 1865. Ivesia Gordonii var. pygmaea S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 183. 1876. Potentilla decipiens Greene, Pittonia 1: 106, as to synonyms. 1887. Horkelia pygmaea Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 152. 1898. Ivesia chaetophora Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22 : 290. 1908. Stems scapose, 4-12 cm. high, glandular-puberulent. Basal leaves numerous, 2-5 cm. long, finely glandular-puberulent ; leaflets numerous, densely crowded, 1-2 mm. long, divided to the base into oblong or oval thick segments, usually tipped with bristles ; cyme subcapitate ; hypan- thium glandular-hirsute, 4 mm. broad ; petals yellow, obovate, slightly exceeding the triangular- lanceolate sepals ; stamens 10. Rocky alpine slopes, Arctic- Alpine Zone; Sierra Nevada, California, and western Nevada. Type locality: Sierra Nevada. July-Aug. 11. Ivesia Muirii A. Gray. Muir's Ivesia. Fig. 2408. Ivesia Muirii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 627. 1873. Potentilla Muirii Greene, Pittonia 1 : 106. 1887. Horkelia Muirii Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 148. 1898. Horkelia Chandleri Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 28: 177. 1901. Ivesia Chandleri Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 286. 1908. Stem from a short cespitose caudex, 2-16 cm. high, simple, silky-villous. Basal leaves, 2-5 cm. long, densely white-silky, terete and wormlike from the numerous small densely imbricate leaflets ; hypanthium cupulate, 3 mm. broad ; sepals triangular-ovate, 2 mm. long, a third longer than the linear bractlets ; petals yellow, linear, 1 . 5 mm. long ; stamens mostly 5. Alpine peaks above timber line, Boreal Zones: Sierra Nevada crest from Tuolumne and Mono Counties to Fresno County, California. Type locality: Mount Hoffmann, Sierra Nevada, California. July-Aug. 12. Ivesia Webberi A. Gray. Webber's Ivesia. Fig. 2409. Ivesia Webberi A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 10: 71. 1874. Potentilla Webberi Greene, Pittonia 1: 105. 1887. Horkelia Webberi Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 149. 1898. Stems several from a cespitose caudex, decumbent, 5-15 cm. long, glabrate. Basal leaves 3-4 cm. long, the petioles with long fine silky hairs; leaflets 8-10 pairs, grayish silky but not densely so, 1 cm. long, divided to the base into linear or lanceolate acute segments; cyme sub- capitate ; hypanthium cupulate, 4 cm. broad ; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, exceed- ing the linear bractlets ; petals yellow, oblanceolate, scarcely as long as the sepals ; stamens 5. Dry barren ground, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; northern Sierra Nevada, especially the eastern slopes of Plumas and Sierra Counties, California, also Washoe County, western Nevada. Type locality: Sierra Valley, California. June— Aug. 13. Ivesia Tweedy i Rydb. Tweedy 's Ivesia. Fig. 2410. Ivesia Tweedyi Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 287. 1908. Horkelia Tweedyi Nels. & Macbr. Bot. Gaz. 61: 31. 1916. Stems several, decumbent or ascending from a cespitose caudex, 1-2 dm. high, glandular- puberulent. Basal leaves numerous, 5-8 cm. long; leaflets 15-20 pairs, 4-8 mm. long, divided to the base into 3-5 linear or oblong-oblanceolate segments, glandular-puberulent ; cymes open, with ascending branches ; hypanthium 3 mm. broad, cupulate, slightly short-villous and glandular- 2408 2408. Ivesia Muirii 2409. Ivesia Webberi 2410. Ivesia Tweedyi ROSE FAMILY 427 puberulent; sepals triangular-lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long, longer than the narrowly linear bractlets; petals yellow, spatulate, slightly exceeding the sepals ; stamens 5. Alpine slopes, Hudsonian and Arctic Zones; Wenatchee Mountains, Washington; also the Coeur d'Alenes, Idaho. Type locality: "Yakima Region, Washington." July-Aug. 14. Ivesia Gordonii (Hook.) Torr. & Gray. Gordon's Ivesia. Fig. 2411. Horkelia Gordonii Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 5: 341. 1853. Ivesia Gordonii Torr. & Gray in Newb. Pacif. R. Rep. 6s: 72. 1857. Potentilla Gordonii Greene, Pittonia 1 : 106. 1887. Ivesia alpicola Rydb. Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1 : 182. 1898. Horkelia Gordonii var. alpicola Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 152. 1898. Stems subscapose from a short cespitose caudex, minutely glandular-puberulent, 1-2 dm. high Basal leaves numerous, puberulent; leaflets 10-20 crowded pairs, 5-12 mm. long, divided into 3-5 broadly oblong segments ; cyme capitate ; hypanthium 4-5 mm. broad, villous-pubescent and glandular ; sepals ovate, 5 mm. long, twice the length of the linear bractlets ; petals yellow, shorter than the sepals ; stamens 5 ; pistils 1-6. Alpine slopes, Arctic-Alpine Zone; southern Washington to northern California, Montana, and Colorado. Type locality : upper Platte River. July-Aug. 15. Ivesia lycopodioides A. Gray. Club-moss Ivesia. Fig. 2412. Ivesia lycopodioides A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 530. 1865. Ivesia Gordonii var. lycopodioides S. Wats. Bot. Calf. 1: 183. 1876. Potentilla Gordonii var. lycopodioides Greene, Pittonia 1: 106. 1887. Horkelia lycopodioides Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 151. 1898. Stems scapose from a densely cespitose caudex, glabrous, less than 5 cm. high. Basal leaves crowded, about 3 cm. long, glabrous ; leaflets numerous, more or less imbricate, 1-2 mm. long ; cyme few-flowered; hypanthium 3 mm. broad, glabrous or puberulent, the lobes 2 mm. long, about a third longer than the oblong bractlets ; petals oblong-oblanceolate, about equaling the sepals, pilose ; stamens 5 ; filaments and styles 1 mm. long. Summits of high mountain peaks, Arctic- Alpine Zone; central Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Mount Dana, 11,000-12,000 feet altitude. July-Aug. Ivesia lycopodioides subsp. scandularis (Rydb.) Keck, Lloydia 1: IIS. 1938. (Ivesia scandularis Rydb. N Amer Fl 22: 228. 1908.) Alpine dwarf like the typical species, but leaves densely puberulent and less viscid and the leaflets villous-ciliate. Alpine meadows, Boreal Zones; White Mountains, Mono County, and Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California. Type locality: White Mountains, elevation 12,000 feet, California. Ivesia lycopodioides subsp. megalopetala (Rydb.) Keck, Lloydia 1: 119. 1938. (Ivesia megalopetala Rydb N Amer Fl. 22: 289. 1908.) Stems ascending, 10-25 cm. long; herbage glabrate, sparsely glandular with sessile glands. Leaves approximate but not imbricate, the segments linear to spatulate, thinner; flowers about 10 mm broad; filaments and styles 2 mm. long. Subalpine meadows, Boreal Zone; Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne County to southeastern Tulare County, California. Type locality: Mount Dana, California. 16. Ivesia Shockleyi S. Wats. Shockley's Ivesia. Fig. 2413. Ivesia Shockleyi S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 263. 1888. Horkelia Shockleyi Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 153. 1898. Stems subscapose from a densely cespitose caudex, glandular-pubescent, 2-10 cm. high. Basal leaves numerous, 2-6 cm. long; leaflets 8-12 pairs, crowded, 2-4 mm. long, cleft to the base into several obovate thick segments, densely glandular-pubescent and with a few scattered cilia, bristle-tipped; cyme open; hypanthium 3 mm. broad, glandular-pubescent; sepals ovate, twice the length of the ovate bractlets; petals about equaling the sepals; stamens 5. Rocky alpine slopes, Boreal Zones; Sierra Nevada and White Mountains from Placer County to Inyo County, California, and western Nevada. Type locality: summit of Silver Peak, Alpine County, California. July-Sept. 17. Ivesia Baileyi S. Wats. Bailey's Ivesia. Fig. 2414. Ivesia Baileyi S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 90. 1871. Potentilla Baileyi Greene, Pittonia 1: 105. 1887. Horkelia Baileyi Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 154. 1898. Stems several, from a cespitose caudex, decumbent or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, finely pubes- cent or glabrate. Basal leaves many, 5-15 cm. long; leaflets 4-6 rather distinct pairs, pubescent or glabrate, 5-10 mm. long, broadly obovate, deeply incised into broadly obovate segments; stem leaves with 2-3 pairs of leaflets; inflorescence leafy-bracted, open and truly cymose; pedicels very slender, often 15-20 mm. long; hypanthium saucer-shaped, 4-5 mm. broad, glandular- pubescent, distinctly 5-angled in fruit ; sepals ovate, 2 mm. long, about twice the length of the linear-oblong bractlets ; petals yellow, spatulate, shorter than the sepals ; stamens 5. Mountain cliffs, Boreal Zones; southeastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and adjacent Nevada. Type locality: Wright's Canon, West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada. July-Aug. 12. POTENTILLA L. Sp. PI. 495. 1753. Perennial or rarely annual herbs with digitately or pinnately compound leaves and cymose or solitary, yellow, perfect flowers. Hypanthium persistent, concave or hemi- spherical, 5-bracteolate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, mostly obovate and emarginate. Stamens commonly 20, inserted on an annular disk very near the base of the receptacle; filaments filiform or spatulate but not flattened. Pistils many, becoming dry achenes in fruit, in- serted on a hemispherical or conical receptacle; style terminal or nearly so, lateral or basal, deciduous; ovules pendulous, attached at union of style and ovary, anatropous, 428 ROSACEAE amphitropous or orthotropous. [Name diminutive of potens, powerful, from the medicinal properties of some species.] About 300 species, native of the north temperate zone. Type species, Potentilla reptans L. Styles terminal to lateral; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Styles terminal or subterminal; ovules pendulous. Flowers solitary, axillary, long-peduncled ; 4-merous. 1. P. procumbent. Flowers cymose; 5-merous. Styles fusiform and glandular. Annuals or biennials; cymes leafy, many-flowered. Leaflets toothed. Achenes gibbous on the inner side; leaves pinnate. 2. P. paradoxa. Achenes not gibbous; leaves 3-foliolate or the lower pinnately 5-foliolate. Leaves pinnately 5-foliolate below, 3-foliolate above. 3. P. rivalis. Leaves all 3-foliolate. Stems soft-pubescent; stamens usually 10; petals about half the length of the sepals. Low, diffusely branched; the branches decumbent; soft-pubescent or glabrate. 4. P. millegrana. Erect, 3-5 dm. high, soft glandular-pubescent. 5. P. biennis. Stems stout, erect, hirsute below; stamens 15-20; petals about equaling the sepals. 6. P. monspeliensis. Leaflets divided to near the base into 3-5 linear segments. 7. P. Ncwberryi. Perennials, cymes not very leafy, few-flowered; leaves odd-pinnate. 8. P. pseudosericea. Styles filiform, not glandular at base; perennials. Leaves digitate, see also P. diversifolia. Basal leaves with 5-9 leaflets. Plants erect or ascending. Leaflets white-tomentose beneath. Leaflets toothed or lobed scarcely half way to the midrib, the teeth oblong to lanceolate. Leaflets densely white-tomentose beneath; stems slender. 9. P. gracilis. Leaflets grayish, rather sparsely tomentose beneath; stems stout. 10. P. glomerata. Leaflets toothed well beyond half way to the midrib. Plants 4-8 dm. high; leaflets with short tomentum. Lobes of the leaflets about 1 cm. long, oblong-linear, scarcely revolute. 11. P. Blaschkeana. Lobes of the leaflets extending almost to the midrib, 1-2 era. long, narrowly linear and revolute. 12. P. flabelliformis. Plants scarcely 2 dm. high, more or less densely villous-tomentose throughout. 15. P. fastigiata. Leaflets more or less silky-pubescent beneath, not tomentose, more or less glandu- lar atomiferous. Leaflets strongly nerved, oblanceolate, sparsely appressed-pubescent beneath. 13. P. Nuttallii. Leaflets not strongly nerved, obovate; more or less densely silky-pubescent beneath. 14. P. etomentosa. Plants prostrate or nearly so, silky-villous and more or less glandular throughout; leaflets 5, crenate at the summit. 16. P. Wheeleri. Basal leaves 3-foliolate. Leaves more or less tomentose beneath. Stems 1-2-flowered; leaflets deeply lobed. 17. P. uniflora. Stems several-flowered; leaflets crenate-serrate, Fragaria-like. Leaves sparsely pubescent or glabrate. Leaves odd-pinnate, or digitate in P. diversifolia. Petals acutish or acuminate at the apex. Petals rounded or emarginate at the apex. Leaflets digitate or a few odd-pinnate, 5-7, deeply cleft. Leaflets strictly odd-pinnate. Leaves with 3-5 leaflets. Leaflets 5. Leaflets 3, the terminal long-petiolulate. Leaves with 7 or more leaflets. Leaves canescent, silky or tomentose at least beneath. Leaves green and glabrate or merely strigose. Pedicels at least in fruit recurved; stems diffuse or spreading. Stems and petioles rather copiously villous with long ascending or spreading hairs. 25. P. klamathensis. Stems and petioles sparingly strigose with short appressed hairs. Bractlets lanceolate, acute, equaling the lobes or nearly so. 26. P. millefolia. Bractlets oblong-elliptical, obtuse, much shorter than the lobes. 27. P. Hickmanii. Pedicels straight and erect or ascending; stems erect or ascending. Leaflets 5—11. 28. P. Drummondii. Leaflets 17-27. 29. P. multijuga. 18. P. villosa. 19. P. flabellifolia. 20. P. saxosa. 21. P. diversifolia. 22. P. brevifolia. 23. P. Grayi. 24. P. Breweri. ROSE FAMILY 429 Styles lateral; ovules ascending, amphitropous. Undershrubs; achenes pubescent. 30. P.fruticosa. Herbs ; achenes glabrous. Petals yellow; receptacle not enlarged in fruit. Stems and petioles pubescent with ultimately spreading hairs; achenes with a deep dorsal groove. 31. P. Anserina. Stems and petioles glabrous or nearly so; achenes without a groove. 32. P. pacifica. Petals red-purple, acute; receptacle somewhat enlarged and spongy in fruit. 33. P. palustris. Styles basal; ovule ascending; orthotropous; perennial herbs with pinnate leaves. Styles fusiform, less than twice as long as the ovaries. Seeds smooth, shining, light brown, oblong-ovoid, about twice as long as broad; petals cream-white. Petals scarcely longer or usually shorter than the sepals. Stems leafy, stout, glandular-villous; flowers many in a narrow crowded cymose panicle. 34. P. Convallana. Stems subscapose, the stem leaves few and reduced; flowers few in open cymes. 35. P. Hansemi. Petals well exceeding the sepals. Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; bractlets lanceolate to linear. 36. P. ashlandica. Sepals broadly ovate; bractlets elliptic to oval. 37. P. pumila. Seeds finely reticulate or veined, dull dark brown, obliquely and broadly ovoid, often nearly as broad as long; stems leafy, glandular-villous. Petals not reflexed in anthesis; seeds reticulate, sometimes obscurely so. Petals yellow; sepals mainly ovate-lanceolate-acute. 38. P. glandulosa. Petals cream-white; sepals rounded or obtuse at apex. 39. P. W rangelliana. Petals reflexed in anthesis, yellow; seeds conspicuously veined. 40. P. reflexa. Styles filiform or nearly so, more than twice the length of the ovaries. 41. P. rhomboidea. 1. Potentilla procumbens Sibth. Wood Cinquefoil. Fig. 2415. Tormentilla reptans L, Sp. PI. 500. 1753. Not P. reptans L. Potentilla procumbens Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 162. 1794. Potentilla nemoralis Nestl. Mon. Pot. 65. 1816. Stems slender, prostrate and often rooting at the nodes, strigose or glabrate. Stipules oblong- lanceolate, usually entire ; leaves digitally 5-foliolate, the petioles 3-10 cm. long ; leaflets cuneate to oblanceolate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 1-3 cm. long, crenate or dentate appressed- pubescent on both surfaces or glabrate in age ; bractlets ovate or elliptical, 5-10 mm. long, usually well exceeding the ovate sepals ; petals 4, obcordate, 6-10 mm. long. Widely distributed over Europe, naturalized in Labrador, Nova Scotia, California, and Oregon. April-July. 2. Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. Bushy Cinquefoil. Fig. 2416. Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 437. 1840. Annual or biennial with decumbent or erect, simple or bushy stems, sparsely pubescent 3-6 dm high. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, usually entire, ciliate; leaves petioled, pinnately 7-11- foliolate ; leaflets obovate or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, deeply crenate, in age glabrous ; flowers in leafy-bracted cymes ; hypanthium sparingly hairy, 7-9 mm. broad ; bractlets about equaling the oblong-ovate sepals, 3-4 mm. long; petals obovate-cuneate, slightly exceeding the sepals; achenes with a thick corky swelling on the inner side. In sandy bottom land, Transition Zone; Ontario and New York to New Mexico and eastern Washington. Type locality : banks of the Ohio River. May-July. 3. Potentilla rivalis Nutt. River Cinquefoil. Fig. 2417. Potentilla rivalis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 437. 1840. Tridophyllum rivale Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 189. 1905. Stems erect, simple below, branched above, 3-6 dm. high, finely villous-hirsute and somewhat viscid, leafy. Lower leaves pinnately 5-foliolate, and the upper leaflet often ternate; leaflets Z-5 cm long, obovate, with coarse ovate teeth ; cyme with ascending branches, leafy ; flowers short- pedicelled ; hypanthium hirsute, about 5 mm. broad ; bractlets oblong, about 3 mm. long ; sepals ovate, acute, 3-4 mm. long ; petals yellow, cuneate, much shorter than the sepals ; stamens about 10; achenes smooth. Moist bottom lands, Transition and Sonoran Zones; British Columbia to southern California, east to Sas- katchewan and Mexico. Type locality: Lewis River, collected by Nuttall. April-Sept. 4. Potentilla millegrana Engelm. Diffuse Cinquefoil. Fig. 2418. Potentilla millegrana Engelm. ex Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1849: Add. 12. 1849. Potentilla rivalis var. millegrana S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 553. 1873. Potentilla leucocarpa Rydb. in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 212. 1897. Stems usually diffusely branched, weak and decumbent, 15-30 cm. high, soft villous-pubescent or glabrate Leaves 3-foliolate, more or less pubescent; leaflets oblong-cuneate, 1-6 cm. long, thin, deeply serrate; cyme spreading, its leaves bractlike; hypanthium soft-pubescent, 4-5 mm. broad ; bractlets and sepals oblong-ovate, 3-4 mm. long ; petals pale yellow, about half the length of the sepals ; stamens usually 10 ; achenes smooth, light colored. Sandy bottom lands, mainly Transition Zone; Washington and Manitoba to California, Illinois, and New Mexico. Type locality: St. Louis, Missouri. April-Oct. 430 ROSACEAE 5. Potentilla biennis Greene. Biennial CinquefoiL Fig. 2419. Potentilla biennis Greene, FI. Fran. 1: 65. 1891. Potentilla lateriflora Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 23: 261. 1896. Tridophyllum bienne Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 189. 1905. Stems several with erect branches, 3-5 dm. high, rather densely pubescent and glandular- viscid. Leaves 3-foliolate, more or less pubescent ; leaflets broadly obovate, 2-4 cm. long, coarsely crenate; cymes often appearing like leafy racemes; hypanthium glandular-pubescent; bractlets a little narrower and shorter than the ovate-acute sepals; petals yellow, much shorter than the sepals ; stamens about 10 ; achenes whitish, smooth. Moist, usually sandy soils, mainly Transition Zone; British Columbia and Saskatchewan to Colorado, Arizona, and Lower California. Type locality: Butte County, California. May-Aug. 6. Potentilla monspeliensis L. Rough Cinquefoil. Fig. 2420. Potentilla monspeliensis L. Sp. PI. 499. 1753. Potentilla grossa Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 193, as synonym. 1832. Tridophyllum monspeliensis Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 189. 1905. Stems erect, stout, branched above, 2-7 dm. high, hirsute. Leaves 3-foliolate, more or less hirsute; leaflets 3-5 cm. Long, narrowly obovate, serrate with broad teeth; cyme leafy; hypan- thium hirsute, 7-8 mm. broad ; sepals 4-5 mm. long ; bractlets about equaling the lobes in length but narrower ; petals yellow, nearly equaling the sepals ; stamens generally 20 ; achenes rugulose when mature. Moist rich soils, Transition and Boreal Zones; Alaska and Labrador to Mexico, also in Europe and Asia. Type locality: Botanical Garden, Montpellier, France. June— Sept. 7. Potentilla Newberry i A. Gray. Newberry's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2421. Potentilla Newberryi A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 532. 1865. Potentilla Newberryi var. arenicola Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 112. 1898. Stems erect or spreading, from a biennial or perhaps perennial root, 2-4 dm. high, sparsely silky-villous. Basal leaves pinnate, silky-villous ; leaflets 3-10 pairs, divided to near the base into 3-5 oblong-spatulate segments ; stem leaves similar but shorter and with 2-4 less divided leaflets ; cyme diffuse, the pedicels slender, recurved ; hypanthium villous, about 5 mm. broad ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, the bractlets similar ; petals white, obcordate, exceeding the sepals ; stamens 20 ; receptacle beset with bristles. Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Oregon and northeastern California. Type locality: banks of Rhett Lake, California or Oregon. May-July. 8. Potentilla pseudosericea Rydb. Strigose Cinquefoil. Fig. 2422. Potentilla pseudosericea Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 98. 1898. Perennial, with a short cespitose caudex, the stems 1-4 dm. high, densely puberulent and villous with long spreading hairs. Basal leaves with 7-11 leaflets; petioles puberulent and long- villous with spreading hairs ; leaflets 1-5 cm. long, oblanceolate, green above and strigose- pubescent, canescent beneath with a dense tomentum, deeply cleft with linear or linear-lanceolate revolute lobes ; flowers congested ; hypanthium 5-7 mm. broad, villous ; sepals ovate 5, long, slightly exceeding the lanceolate bractlets; petals obovate, about 7 mm. long; stamens 20; styles glandular at base. Dry plains and hillsides, Arid Transition and Boreal Zones; eastern British Columbia and plains of the Hudson Bay to Kansas and New Mexico. White Mountains, California, is the only known locality in the Pacific States. Type locality: plains of the Missouri. May-June. 9. Potentilla gracilis Dougl. Slender Cinquefoil. Fig. 2423. Potentilla gracilis Dougl. ex Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 2984. 1830. Potentilla longipedunculata Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 39. 1898. Potentilla macropetala Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 313. 1908. Stems erect or ascending, slender, 4-7 dm. high, more or less silky-villous. Stipules lanceo- late, entire or with 1 or 2 teeth ; basal leaves digitate with 5-7 leaflets, the petioles slender, silky- villous ; leaflets oblanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, green but more or less silky-pubescent above, densely and finely white-tomentose beneath, divided about half way to the midrib into lanceolate-triangu- lar coarse teeth; cyme many-flowered; hypanthium silky-pubescent, 8-10 mm. broad in fruit; bractlets lanceolate, shorter than the acuminate sepals ; petals obcordate, often over 1 cm. long ; stamens about 20. Usually in moist places, stream banks or mountain meadows, Transition and Boreal Zones; coastal Alaska and British Columbia southward west of the Cascade Mountains to northern California. Type locality: banks of the Columbia River. May-July. 10. Potentilla glomerata A. Nels. Great Basin Cinquefoil. Fig. 2424. Potentilla glomerata A. Nels. Bull. Torrey Club 26: 480. 1899. Potentilla dichroa Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 319. 1908. Stems stout, erect, 4-8 dm. high, rather densely pubescent. Basal leaves 7-foliolate, green but densely appressed-pubescent above, more or less tomentose beneath ; leaflets oblanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, toothed nearly half way to the midrib, the teeth lanceolate; cyme at first congested, but later more open ; sepals acuminate, 5-8 mm. long ; petals 6-8 mm. long. Low moist ground, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington and Montana south to northeastern California and Utah. Type locality: Bear River at Evanston, Wyoming. June-Aug. ROSE FAMILY 431 11. Potentilla Blaschkeana Turcz. Blaschke's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2425. Potentilla Blaschkeana Turcz. ex Lehra. Hamb. Gart. & Blumenz. 9: 506. 1853. Potentilla ctenophora Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 75. 1898. Stems stout, erect, 5-8 dm. high, sparingly silky-pubescent Basal leaves digitate, usually with 7 leaflets, the petioles 5-15 cm. long ; leaflets obovate in outline, deeply cleft into linear or oblong divisions ; cyme many-flowered ; sepals long-acuminate, 5-6 mm. long ; petals obcordate, much exceeding the sepals. Meadows, Transition and Boreal Zones; British Columbia and Alberta to northern California. Type locality: near Fort Ross, California. June-Aug. Potentilla Blaschkeana var. permollis (Rydb.) Wolf, Bibl. Bot. 16: 212. 1908. Leaves and hypanthium densely and softly pubescent, almost velvety. Eastern Washington; originally collected at Endicott, Whitman County, Washington. 12. Potentilla flabelliformis Lehm. Fan-shaped Cinquefoil. Fig. 2426. Potentilla flabelliformis Lehm. Stirp. Pug. 2: 12. 1830. Potentilla gracilis var. flabelliformis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 440. 1840. Stems slender, erect, 4-6 dm. high, silky-strigose, branched above. Basal leaves 7-foliolate, silky-pubescent above, densely white-tomentose beneath ; leaflets 3-5 cm. long, divided nearly to the midrib into narrowly linear lobes, these revolute on the margin ; sepals triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 mm. long, slightly exceeded by the petals. Meadows, Arid Transition Zone: eastern British Columbia and Saskatchewan to northeastern California and Wyoming. Type locality: plains of the Saskatchewan, according to Hooker's Flora. June-Aug. 13. Potentilla Nuttallii Lehm. Nuttall's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2427. Potentilla recta Nutt. Gen. 1:310. 1818. Not L. 1753. Potentilla rigida Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 20. 1834. Not Wall. 1828. Potentilla chrysantha Lehm. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 193. 1832. Not Trev. 1818. Potentilla Nuttallii Lehm. Stirp. Pug. 9: 44. 1851. Potentilla gracilis var. rigida S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 557. 1873. Stems stout, erect, 6-8 dm. high, sparingly pubescent. Basal leaves usually 7-foliolate, prominently veined, green, sparingly pubescent, not at all tomentose, usually glandular-atomif- erous ; leaflets oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, toothed about half way to the midrib with lanceolate teeth; cyme many- flowered ; hypanthium about 1 cm. broad in fruit, the lobes long-acuminate; petals 6-8 mm. long. Mountain meadows and valleys, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; British Columbia to Dakota, south to Oregon and Colorado. Type locality: Fort Mandan [North Dakota]. June-Aug. Rydberg (N. Amer. Fl. 22: 311-312. 1908) has described three segregates of this species (P. angustata, P. grosseserrata, P. rectiformis) but it is doubtful if the characters relied upon are sufficiently stable to warrant specific distinction. Potentilla Nuttallii var. glabrata Lehm. Rev. Potent. 89. 1856. Leaves glabrous except on the veins beneath, otherwise closely resembling the typical form. Washington and Oregon to Wyoming. 14. Potentilla etomentosa Rydb. Sierra Potentilla. Fig. 2428. Potentilla etomentosa Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 24: 8. 1897. Potentilla amadorensis Ryb. N. Amer. Fl. 22 : 312. 1908. Stems ascending or decumbent from a thick caudex, 3-5 dm. high, slightly pubescent. Basal leaves usually 5-7-foliolate, sparsely appressed-pubescent above, more or less silky-pubescent beneath but without tomentum; leaflets obovate to broadly oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, the teeth broadly lanceolate, sometimes extending half way to the midrib, but usually shorter; petals ob- cordate, slightly exceeding the ovate-lanceolate sepals. Moist places, mainly Arid Transition Zone; Sierra Nevada and North Coast Ranges, California, also western Nevada. Type locality: California. June-Aug. Potentilla* etomentosa subsp. Hallii (Rydb.) Abrams. (Potentilla Hallii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 28: 176. 1901.) This has been placed as a variety of P. gracilis by Wolf, but it is undoubtedly much more closely related to P. etomentosa which it closely resembles in habit and shape of leaves and differs only in the amount of pubescence, the under surface of the leaves being densely silky-pubescent with an obscure tomentum_ beneath. Mountain meadows, Arid Transition Zone; southern Sierra Nevada to San Diego County, California. Type locality: Pine Ridge, Fresno County, California. Considerable variation occurs in the pubescence and depth of leaf-serration, characters which have led to the following segregates by Rydberg: P. Parishii, P. lasia, P. Elmeri, P. comosa, P. Hassei. 15. Potentilla fastigiata Nutt. Densely-flowered Cinquefoil. Fig. 2429. Potentilla fastigiata Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 440. 1840. Potentilla holopetala var. fastigiata Lehm. Stirp. Pug. 9: 46. 1851. Potentilla gracilis var. fastigiata S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 8:557. 1873. Potentilla subvillosa Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 316. 1908. Stems low, 1-3 dm. high, ascending, more or less densely silky-villous. Basal leaves 5-7- foliolate, densely white, silky-villous on both surfaces and somewhat tomentose beneath ; leaflets obovate, 1-3 cm. long, usually deeply incised; cyme narrow, usually rather dense; hypanthium silky-villous ; sepals triangular-ovate, acute, 5 mm. long, slightly exceeded by the petals. Open grassy places, Arid Transition Zone; Sierra Nevada, California, to Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. Type locality: plains of the Rocky Mountains. June— Aug. 432 ROSACEAE 2411 2412 2415 2414 2418 2419 2411. Ivesia Gordonii 2412. Ivesia lycopodioides 2413. Ivesia Shockleyi 2414. Ivesia Baileyi 2415. Potentilla procumbens 2416. Potentilla paradoxa 2417. Potentilla rivalis 2418. Potentilla millegrana 2419. Potentilla biennis ROSE FAMILY 433 2420 2421 2423 2422 2425 2427 2428 2420. Potentilla monspeliensis 2421. Potentilla Newberryi 2422. Potentilla pseudosericea 2423. Potentilla gracilis 2424. Potentilla glomerata 2425. Potentilla Blaschkeana 2426. Potentilla flabelliformis 2427. Potentilla Nuttallii 2428. Potentilla etomentosa 434 ROSACEAE 16. Potentilla Wheeleri S. Wats. Wheeler's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2430. Potentilla Wheeleri S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11 : 148. 1876. Potentilla Wheeleri var. viscidula Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 23 : 429. 1896. Potentilla viscidula Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 327. 1908. Potentilla Wheeleri var. paupercula Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 488. 1925. Stems many, spreading or decumbent, 5-20 cm. long, branched, silky-villous. Basal leaves numerous, digitately 5-foliolate; leaflets equally silky on both surfaces, cuneate to obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, crenate at the rounded summit; flowers many; sepals ovate, 2-3 mm. long, a little longer than the oblong bractlets, inflexed in fruit. Mountain valleys and meadows, Canadian Zone; southern Sierra Nevada, California, to northern Lower California. Type locality: Sierra Nevada, about the headwaters of Kern River. June-Aug. 17. Potentilla unifldra Ledeb. Single-flowered Cinquefoil. Fig. 2431. Potentilla uniflora Ledeb. Mem. Acad. St.-Petersb. 5: 543. 1812. Potentilla macrantha var. uniflora G. Don, Gen. Hist. PI. 2: 550. 1832. Potentilla villosa var. uniflora Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 2:58. 1844. Potentilla nivea var. uniflora Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 23 : 303. 1896. Stems arising from a densely cespitose caudex, about 5 cm. high, slightly villous or tomen- tose, with a few small leaves or nearly scapose, 1-2-flowered. Basal leaves crowded, ternate, silky or glabrate above, densely white-tomentose beneath; leaflets broadly cuneate, 10-15 mm. long, deeply cut from the apex into coarse oblong-lanceolate teeth; hypanthium about 8 mm. broad, villous or tomentose; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, 4-5 mm. long; bractlets a little narrower and shorter ; petals 6-8 mm. long ; stamens 20. Arctic-Alpine Zone; eastern Asia and in North America from Alaska to Oregon and Colorado. Type locality: Davuria, southeastern Siberia. July-Aug. 18. Potentilla villosa Pall. Villous Cinquefoil. Fig. 2432. Potentilla villosa Pall. ex. Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 353. 1814. Potentilla lucida Willd. ex Schlecht. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin Mag. 7: 296. 1815. Potentilla fragiformis var. villosa Regel & Tiling, Fl. Ajan. 85. 1858. Potentilla villosa var. chrysocoma Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 88. 1898. Stems several from the stout short caudex, 1-3 dm. high, villous with white or yellowish hairs. Basal leaves stout-petioled, ternate, prominently veined and densely white-tomentose be- neath, densely silky above ; leaflets 2-4 cm. long, obovate, coarsely toothed ; cymes few-flowered ; sepals 5-8 mm. long, triangular-ovate, bractlets ovate to oval, about equaling the lobes; petals yellow, 6-12 mm. long; stamens about 20. Arctic- Alpine Zone; Alaska to the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier, Washington; also eastern Siberia. Type locality: northwest coast. July-Aug. 19. Potentilla flabellifolia Hook. Mount Rainier Cinquefoil. Fig. 2433. Potentilla flabellifolia Hook, ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 442. 1840. Potentilla gelida S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 559. 1873. Not C. A. Mey. 1831. Stems from a scaly branching rootstock, slender, 15-30 cm. high, minutely puberulent. Basal leaves usually with long slender petioles, ternate, very thin, short-pubescent or glabrate; leaflets cuneate-flabelliform. deeply incised-serrate ; cymes few-flowered; sepals ovate, acute, 5-6 mm. long ; bractlets oval, obtuse, about equaling the lobes ; petals yellow, 8-10 mm. long. Arctic- Alpine Zone; British Columbia to the central Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Mount Rainier, Washington. June-Sept. 20. Potentilla saxosa Lemmon. Rock Cinquefoil. Fig. 2434. Potentilla saxosa Lemmon ex Greene, Pittonia 1: 171. 1888. Horkelia saxosa Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2:155. 1898. Potentilla rosulata Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 26 : 542. 1899. Potentilla acuminata Hall, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 1: 86. 1902. Stems slender from a branching caudex, 10-30 cm. high, villous-pubescent and glandular. Basal leaves pinnate, villous and glandular; leaflets 5-15, flabelliform, 10-15 mm. long, cleft to the middle into oblong-acutish or rounded segments ; cyme few-flowered ; sepals ovate, acute or short-acuminate, 3 mm. long, a third longer than the ovate or elliptical bractlets; petals yellow, spatulate-oblanceolate, acutish, 2-3 mm. long; stamens 20-40; styles filiform, attached below the apex of the achene. Rock crevices, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zone; White Mountains and San Jacinto Mountains, California, to the San Rafael Mountains, Lower California. Type locality: San Rafael Mountains, Lower California. April-June. 21. Potentilla diversifolia Lehm. Diverse-leaved Cinquefoil. Fig. 2435. Potentilla diversifolia Lehm. Stirp. Pug. 2: 9. 1830. Potentilla dissecta Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 21. 1834. Not Pursh, 1814. Potentilla glaucophylla Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1836: 7. 1836. Stems slender, erect, 1-3 dm. high, few-leaved, glabrous or strigose. Basal leaves digitate or often pinnate with approximate leaflets, sometimes both kinds on the same plant; leaflets 5-7, cuneate-oblanceolate to obovate, more or less deeply toothed or lobed with triangular-lanceolate ROSE FAMILY 435 divisions, loosely villous-pubescent ; sepals lanceolate, acute, 4-5 mm. long, a little exceeding the similar bractlets ; petals well exceeding the sepals. Usually in moist rocky situations, Canadian Zone; British Columbia and Saskatchewan to the Sierra Nevada, California, and Colorado. Type locality: summits of Rocky Mountains [British America] according to Hooker's Flora. June-Aug. 22. Potentilla brevifolia Nutt. Short-leaved Cinquefoil. Fig. 2436. Potentilla brevifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 442. 1840. Stems from a short cespitose caudex, very short, usually less than 1 cm. high, glandular- puberulent. Basal leaves numerous, small with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets, puberulent ; leaflets sub- orbicular, cuneate at base, 5-10 mm. long, cleft and crenate ; stem leaves 1 or 2, much reduced ; hypanthium 4-5 mm. broad, glandular-puberulent ; sepals broadly ovate, 4 mm. long, exceeding the oblong bractlets ; petals slightly exceeding the sepals. Moist slopes, Arctic-Alpine Zone; Blue Mountains, Oregon, to Idaho and Wyoming. Type locality: "Goodier River of the Oregon." Probably Goodwin, Idaho. July-Aug. 23. Potentilla Grayi S. Wats. Gray's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2437. Potentilla Grayi S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 560. 1873. Potentilla Clarkiana Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 7 : 94. 1876. Stems subscapose from a short caudex, 5-15 cm. high, sparsely strigose or glabrous. Basal leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, with the middle leaflets long-petiolulate, glaucous-green, sparingly pubescent or glabrate; leaflets 1-2 cm. long, broadly obovate, coarsely 5-8-toothed; flowers on slender pedicels ; sepals about 5 mm. long, about twice the length of the bractlets ; petals slightly longer than the sepals. Mountain meadows, Canadian and Hudsonian Zones; central and southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Yosemite. June-Aug. 24. Potentilla Breweri S. Wats. Brewer's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2438. Potentilla Breweri S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 555. 1873. Potentilla Breweri var. expansa S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 179. 1876. Potentilla plattensis var. leucophylla Greene, Erythea 1 : 5. 1893. Potentilla Bruceae Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22 : 342. 1908. Potentilla Breweri var. viridia Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 488. 1925. Stems several from a short caudex, ascending or decumbent, 10-35 cm. high, tomentose. Basal leaves short-petioled, pinnate, densely white-silky-villous ; leaflets 3-6 pairs, crowded, 7-15 mm. long, cuneate, deeply cut-toothed with lanceolate divisions ; stem leaves similar but with few leaflets ; inflorescence dense or rather open ; hypanthium silky-villous, sepals acute or acuminate, 4-5 mm. long ; bractlets narrowly lanceolate, shorter than the lobes ; petals ob- cordate, exceeding the sepals. Mountain meadows, Canadian Zone; Lane County, Oregon, south to the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Mono Pass, California. June-Sept. 25. Potentilla klamathensis Rydb. Klamath Cinquefoil. Fig. 2439. Potentilla kla7nathensis Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22 : 343. 1908. Potentilla plattensis var. klamathensis Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 488. 1925. Stems diffuse or ascending from a short caudex, slender, 1-2 dm. high, sparingly and loosely villous with at first ascending but soon spreading hairs. Basal leaves nearly equaling the stems, with 6-10 pairs of leaflets, loosely hairy; leaflets 1-2 cm. long, dissected into linear-acute seg- ments ; pedicels recurved in fruit, 1-2 cm. long ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, 6-7 mm. long ; bractlets 5 mm. long in fruit, linear-oblong ; petals slightly exceeding the sepals, obcordate, Low moist alkaline flats, Arid Transition Zone; Klamath and Lake Counties, Oregon, and Modoc County, California. Type locality: near Fort Klamath, Oregon. May-July. 26. Potentilla millefolia Rydb. Many-leaved Cinquefoil. Fig. 2440. Potentilla plattensis Greene, Fl. Fran. 1: 64. 1891. Not Nutt. 1840. Potentilla millefolia Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 23 : 433. 1896. Potentilla plattensis var. millefolia Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 488. 1925. Stems numerous, prostrate or spreading from a short caudex, about 1 dm. long, appressed- pubescent. Basal leaves about as long as the stems, pinnate, sparingly strigose ; leaflets 6-12 pairs, divided nearly to the base into linear-subulate divisions ; flowers on slender pedicels, often reflexed in fruit ; sepals lanceolate, about 5 mm. long ; bractlets similar but a little smaller ; petals obcordate, longer than the sepals. Mountain meadows, Canadian Zone; Siskiyou County to Sierra County, California. Type locality: collected by Lemmon (No. 86), probably in Sierra County. June— July. 27. Potentilla Hickmanii Eastw. Hickman's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2441. Potentilla Hickmanii Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 29 : 77. 1902. Stems slender, decumbent from a short woody taproot, 8-15 cm. long, sparingly strigose. Basal leaves pinnate, with usually 6 pairs of leaflets, sparingly strigose; leaflets 6-15 mm. long, digitately cleft to about the middle into 3-6 lanceolate divisions; pedicels slender, reflexed in 436 ROSACEAE 2432 2434 2435 2429. Potentilla fastigiata 2430. Potentilla Wheeleri 2431. Potentilla uniflora 2436 2432. Potentilla villosa 2433. Potentilla flabellifolia 2434. Potentilla saxosa 2435. Potentilla diversifolia 2436. Potentilla brevifolia 2437. Potentilla Grayi ROSE FAMILY 437 2438 2439 2440 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 2438. Potentilla Breweri 2439. Potentilla klamathensis 2440. Potentilla millefolia 2441. Potentilla Hickmanii 2442. Potentilla Drummondii 2443. Potentilla multijuga 2444. Potentilla fruticosa 2445. Potentilla Anserina 2446. Potentilla pacifica 438 ROSACEAE fruit; sepals lanceolate, acute, about 5 mm. long; bractlets oblong, obtuse, about half as long as the lobes ; petals obcordate, exceeding the sepals. Open pine forests, Transition Zone; Monterey Peninsula, California. Type locality: near the reservoir of Pacific Grove, California. April-Aug. Potentilla versicolor Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 344. 1908. Stems decumbent or ascending from a thick caudex, 2 dm. high, sparingly appressed-silky. Basal leaves pinnate, 5-10 cm. long, tomentose when young, greener in age: leaflets 15-25, 5-8 mm. long, cuneate or flabelhform, divided to near the base into 3-7 linear- oblong acutish segments; flowers in an open 3-6-flowered cyme; sepals lanceolate acute 3 imp. long, a third longer than the elliptical or oval bractlets, hirsute; petals obcordate, 5 mm long. The status of this species 13 doubtful, for it is known only from a single collection, Grayhart Buttes, Oregon, Covtlle ir Leioerg 50/. 28. Potentilla Drummondii Lehm. Drummond's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2442. Potentilla Drummondii Lehm. Stirp. Pug. 2: 9. 1830. Potentilla dissecta var. Drummondii Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb. 19: 374. 1894. Potentilla Drummondii var. cascadensis (Rydb.) Th. Wolf, Bibl. Bot. 16, Heft 71 : 492. 1908. Potentilla anomalofolia M. E. Peck, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 49: 110. 1936. Stems erect from a short caudex, 3-6 dm. high, slightly hirsute. Basal leaves sparsely hir- sute 5-10 cm. long; leaflets 2-5 cm. long, obovate-cuneate, deeply incised with linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute teeth ; flowers long-pedicelled ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the lanceolate bractlets ; petals obcordate, 6-10 mm. long. Boreal Zones; British Columbia to Alberta and southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: "Rocky Mountains north of Smoking River in latitude 56°." May-Aug. 29. Potentilla multijuga Lehm. Coast Cinquefoil. Fig. 2443. Potentilla multijuga Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1849: 6. 1849. Stems erect, 3-7 dm. high from a stout taproot, sparsely strigose, more or less leafy. Basal leaves numerous, pinnate, 20-30 cm. long, slightly hairy or glabrate ; leaflets usually 13-^7, obovate-cuneate, 1-4 cm. long, coarsely toothed above the middle ; pedicels slender, 2-4 cm. long ; sepals ovate, acute, 5-6 mm. long, a third longer than the oblong bractlets ; petals obcor- date, about a third longer than the sepals. A little known species, occurring in low coastal flats near Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, California. Type locality: California. June- Aug. 30. Potentilla fruticosa L. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Fig. 2444. Potentilla fruticosa L. Sp. PI. 495. 1753. Dasiphora riparia Raf. Aut. Bot. 167. 1838. Dasiphora fruticosa Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 188. 1898. Much branched shrub, with very leafy erect or ascending stems, 2-12 dm. high, the bark shreddy. Leaflets 3-7, linear to oblong, entire, acute at each end, 0.5-2 cm. long, silky-pubescent, the margins revolute ; flowers in small loose cymes or solitary ; bractlets linear-oblong, usually a little longer than the ovate, acuminate sepals ; petals yellow, orbicular, 5-15 mm. long. Open meadows or moist rocky slopes, Boreal Zones; Alaska to Labrador, California, New Mexico, and New Jersey; also in Europe and Asia. Type locality: England. June-Aug. 31. Potentilla Anserina L. Common Silver-weed. Fig. 2445. Potentilla Anserina L. Sp. PI. 495. 1753. Potentilla argentina Huds. Fl. Angl. 195. 1762. Fragaria Anserina Crantz, Stirp. Aust. 2: 9. 1763. Argentina vulgaris Lam. Fl. Franc. 3:119. 1778. Argentina Anserina Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 159. 1898. Basal leaves 1-2 dm. long, with about 9-31 larger leaflets interspersed with smaller ; petioles and rachis long-hairy ; larger leaflets 1-4 cm. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, white-silky and tomentose beneath, green and sparsely silky above ; pedicels 3-10 cm. long ; sepals broadly ovate ; petals oval, 7-10 mm. long ; achenes corky, grooved at the upper end. Native of Europe and Asia and in North America, Manitoba to New Mexico, southern California, and Alaska Type locality: in Europe. The plants of Western America differ from the European and the apparently introduced plants of eastern North America by the more obovate leaflets rounded at the apex and the broader ovate or triangular teeth. April-Oct. Potentilla Anserina var. sericea Hayne, Arzn. Gew. 4: 31. 1816. (P. Anserina _ var. argentea (Rydb.) Jepson Man Fl PI Calif 485. 1925.) Upper surface of leaflets silvery-sericeous. Probably not more than an ecological form, associated with drier habitats, away from the coast, Oregon to California and across the continent, also in Europe. 32. Potentilla pacifica Howell. Pacific Silver-weed. Fig. 2446. Potentilla Anserina var. grandis Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 444. 1840. Potentilla pacifica Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 179. 1898. Argentina Anserina var. grandis Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 161. 1898. Argentina pacifica Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 353. 1908. Argentina grandis Piper in Piper & Beattie, Fl. Northw. Coast 211. 1915. Argentina occidentalis Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 354. 1908. Basal leaves mostly erect, 2-4 dm. long, the petioles and rachis mostly with appressed pu- bescence or almost glabrous; larger leaflets 15-25, obovate or oval, the upper 4-6 cm. long, coarsely serrate, glabrous or nearly so above, white-silky and tomentose beneath ; peduncles l-i dm long; hypanthium silky; bractlets lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long; sepals ovate, 5-6 mm. long; petals broadly obovate, 10-12 mm. long ; achenes neither grooved nor corky. Moist ground near the coast, Alaska to southern California. Type locality: Oregon. April-Aug. ROSE FAMILY 439 33. Potentilla palustris L. Purple or Marsh Cinquefoil. Fig. 2447. Comarum palustre L. Sp. PI. 502. 1753. Potentilla palustris Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 1: 359. 1772. Stems stout, ascending, 2-5 dm. high, the upper part pubescent and more or less glandular. Leaves S-7-foliolate, the lower long-petioled ; leaflets 2-6 cm. long, oblong or oval, sharply serrate, obtuse or acute, stipules membranaceous; sepals ovate, acuminate, 10-15 mm. long, wine-purple within ; petals very much smaller than the sepals, ovate-lanceolate. Swamps and peat bogs, Boreal Zones; Alaska to Labrador, northern California, Wyoming, Iowa, and New Jersey, also Europe and Asia. Type locality : Europe. May-Aug. 34. Potentilla Convallaria Rydb. Convallaria Cinquefoil. Fig. 2448. Potentilla Convallaria Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 24: 249. 1898. Drymocallis Convallaria Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 193. 1898. Drymocallis corymbosa Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 369. 1908. Potentilla arguta var. Convallaria Th. Wolf, Bibl. Bot. 16, Heft 71: 134. 1908. Stems 3-10 dm. high, more or less glandular-villous. Basal leaves with 7-11 leaflets; petioles 2-10 cm. long, viscid-villous ; leaflets 3-5 cm. long, the upper obovate, the lower more orbicular and smaller, coarsely doubly serrate; cyme many-flowered, rather narrow and com- pact or more or less flat-topped ; bractlets linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long ; sepals ovate-lanceo- late, acute, 5 mm. long, becoming 8 mm. long in fruit ; petals cream-white, 5-6 mm. long. Mountain meadows, Boreal Zones; British Columbia and Athabasca to Washington, Colorado, and New Mexico. Type locality: near Bozeman, Montana. 35. Potentilla Hansenii Greene.. Hansen's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2449. Potentilla glandulosa var. nevadensis S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 178. 1876. Potentilla glandulosa var. lactea Greene, Fl. Fran. 65. 1891. Potentilla Hansenii Greene, Pittonia 3: 20. 1896. Potentilla lactea Greene, Pittonia 3: 20. 1896. Drymocallis Hansenii Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 200. 1898. Drymocallis cuneifolia Rydb. op. cit. 2 : 204. Potentilla Piersonii Munz, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31 : 65. 1932. Stems slender, 3-6 dm. high, finely pilose, only slightly viscid. Basal leaves with about 9 leaflets ; petioles 2-5 cm. long, pilose ; leaflets sparingly pubescent on the veins and only slightly glandular, the upper obovate, 15-30 mm. long, the lower smaller and much rounded, stem leaves reduced ; hypanthium pilose ; sepals lanceolate, acute, 4 mm. long, becoming 6 mm. long in fruit ; bractlets lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long ; petals cream-colored, obovate, about 5 mm. long. Mountain meadows, Transition and Canadian Zones; Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains, Cali- fornia. Type locality: Fresno and Kern Counties, California. June-Aug. 36. Potentilla ashlandica Greene. Ashland Cinquefoil. Fig. 2450. Potentilla ciliata Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 175. 1898. Not Greene, 1887. Potentilla ashlandica Greene, Pittonia 3: 248. 1898. Drymocallis ashlandica Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 200. 1898. Drymocallis monticola Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 370. 1908. Drymocallis gracilis Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 28: 177. 1901. Stems 2-3 dm. high, slender, arising from creeping rootstocks, simple below, branched above with ascending or erect branches, only slightly glandular, finely pilose above. Leaflets of basal leaves 5-9, obovate, 10-25 mm. long, coarsely and doubly serrate ; stem leaves few, smaller 3-5- foliolate ; cymes narrow ; hypanthium densely pilose, usually half the length of the sepals ; petals cream-yellow, orbicular, 8-10 mm. long, well exceeding the sepals ; styles glandular. Mountain streams and meadows, mainly Canadian Zone; southern Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains, Ore- gon, to the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Ashland Butte, Oregon. June-July. 37. Potentilla pumila (Rydb.) Fedde. Dwarf Cinquefoil. Fig. 2451. Drymocallis pumila Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 372. 1908. Potentilla pumila Fedde, Bot. Jahresb. 36a: 494. 1910. Potentilla glandulosa var. pumila Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 181. 1936. Cespitose, the stems 10-20 cm. high, sparingly viscid-puberulent. Leaflets of the basal leaves 9-11, glandular-puberulent or glabrate, the terminal broadly obovate, about 1 cm. long, serrate with ovate teeth, the lateral leaflets often broader than long ; stem leaves 1-3, the upper otten only 3-foliolate ; inflorescences corymbose, few-flowered ; bractlets elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute, a little shorter than the ovate sepals ; petals orbicular or nearly so, 7-8 mm. long, yellow. Moist places, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; southeastern Oregon to northeastern California, Nevada, and Utah. Type locality : Moist cliffs, Steens Mountain, Oregon. June-July. 38. Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. Sticky Cinquefoil. Fig. 2452. Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. Bot. Reg. 19: pi. 1583. 1838. Potentilla arguta var. glandulosa Cockerell, W. Amer. Sci. 5: 11. 1888. Drymocallis glandulosa Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 198. 1898. Drymocallis amplifolia Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 373. 1908. Stems strict, slender, 3-6 dm. high, viscid and glandular-hirsute, branching above. Basal leaves with 7-9 leaflets, nearly glabrous above, sparingly glandular-hirsute beneath; leaflets 440 ROSACEAE obovate, simply or doubly serrate, 1-3 cm. long ; stem leaves reduced ; flowers in an open many- flowered cyme ; hypanthium glandular-hirsute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 6-7 mm. long, becoming 10 cm. long in fruit; bractlets linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long; petals obovate, yellow, about equaling the sepals. Open woods and hillsides, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; British Columbia to eastern Oregon, South Dakota, and New Mexico. Type locality: California. Described from cultivated plants, grown from seeds collected by Douglas, probably in the Columbia Basin. May-July. Potentilla valida Greene, Pittonia 3: 20. 1896. Stems stout, leafy, 4-10 dm. high, more or less glandular- villous, branched above. Basal leaves with 7-11 leaflets, more or less pubescent or glabrate, glandular-atomifer- ous; leaflets 3-6 cm. long, the terminal broadly obovate, the lateral nearly orbicular or obliquely elliptical; stem leaves similar; cyme open, rather flat-topped in fruit; hypanthium viscid-villous; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, 6 mm. long, becoming 10 cm. long in fruit; bractlets lanceolate, about 4 mm. long; petals yellow, nearly orbicular, 8-10 mm. long. Meadows, Transition Zone; British Columbia and Idaho to Oregon and northern Utah. Type locality: Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Possibly only a large-flowered form of Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. 39. Potentilla Wrangelliana Fisch. & Ave-Lall. Wrangell's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2453. Potentilla Wrangelliana Fisch. & Ave-Lall. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 7: 140. 1840. Drymocallis Wrangelliana Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 201. 1898. Potentilla glandulosa var. Wrangelliana Th. Wolf, Bibl. Bot. 16: Heft 71: 137. 1908. Drymocallis oregana Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 374. 1908. Stem stout, 4-8 dm. high, leafy, branched, densely glandular-villous. Basal leaves with 7-9 leaflets, sparingly pubescent on both surfaces ; leaflets often 5-6 cm. long, obovate or nearly orbicular ; stem leaves with few leaflets, these little reduced in size ; cyme open, usually dichoto- mously branching ; sepals ovate, abruptly obtuse or rounded with mucronate tip, 5-6 mm. long, becoming 8-10 mm. long in fruit ; petals ochroleucous, broadly oval, about the length of the sepals. Open woods and hillsides, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; British Columbia and Idaho to southern California. Type locality: near Fort Ross, California. April-July. Drymocallis albida Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 375. 1908. Stems viscid-villous. Basal leaves with usually 7 leaflets, sparingly pubescent; leaflets 2—4 cm. long, the terminal obovate, the lateral more rounded; bractlets linear-lanceolate, about 2 mm. long; sepals elliptic-ovate, mucronate, 4—5 mm. long, in fruit 7-8 mm. long; petals obovate, whitish, usually shorter than the sepals. In moist shady places, British Columbia to Washington. Doubtfully distinct from Potentilla Wrangelliana. 40. Potentilla reflexa Greene. Greene's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2454. Potentilla glandulosa var. reflexa Greene, Fl. Fran. 1 : 65. 1891. Potentilla reflexa Greene, Pittonia 3: 19. 1896. Drymocallis reflexa Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 203. 1898. Drymocallis laxiflora Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 374. 1908. Stem 3-6 dm. high, villous and only slightly glandular. Basal leaves with about 7 leaflets, rather densely pubescent ; leaflets coarsely serrate with ovate teeth, the terminal rhombic, 2-3 cm. long, the lateral smaller and more obovate ; cyme few-flowered, rather open ; bractlets lanceolate, much shorter than the ovate mucronate sepals ; petals deep yellow, broadly obovate, about equaling the sepals, reflexed in anthesis. Dry hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; foothills of the Sierra Nevada and southern California mountains. Type locality: foothills, Sierra Nevada, California. April- June. 41. Potentilla rhomboidea Rydb. Rhomboid Cinquefoil. Fig. 2455. Potentilla rhomboidea Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 23: 248. 1896. Drymocallis rhomboidea Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 203. 1898. Stems slender, about 2 dm. high, simple, nearly glabrous or glandular-pubescent above. Basal leaves short-petioled ; leaflets about 7, rhombic-ovate, the largest 1.5 cm. long, mostly- acute, serrate with acute teeth, glabrous or sparsely pubescent ; stem leaves about 3, the lowest similar, the others 3-foliolate and subsessile; cymes open, few-flowered; bractlets linear-oblong, obtuse, 2-3 mm. long ; sepals broadly ovate, 4-5 mm. long ; petals yellow, obovate, a little longer than the sepals; styles nearly basal, filiform, in fruit about twice as long as the smooth achene. Mountain meadows, Transition Zone; Washington and western Montana to southwestern Oregon. Type locality: Deer Creek Mountains, Josephine County, Oregon. May-July. 13. DUCHESNEA J. E. Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. 10:372. 1811. Perennial herbs, with trailing- stems (runners) often rooting at the nodes, 3-foliolate, long-petioled leaves, and axillary yellow flowers on slender peduncles. Sepals, bractlets, and petals 5. Stamens numerous. Pistils numerous. Receptacle hemispherical, greatly en- larged in fruit, but not pulpy. Achenes superficial. [Named in honor of A. N. Duchesne, French botanist.] Two species, natives of southern Asia. Type species, Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke. 1. Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke. Mock or Indian Strawberry, Fig. 2456. Fragaria indica Andr. Bot. Rep. pi. 479. 1807. Duchesnea indica Focke in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. 3s: 33. 1888. Stems trailing, forming leafy runners, silky-pubescent. Leaflets 2-4 cm. long, obovate or ROSE FAMILY 441 2452 2447. Potentilla palustris 2448. Potentilla Convallaria 2449. Potentilla Hansenii 2450. Potentilla ashlandica 2451. Potentilla pumila 2452. Potentilla glandulosa 2453. Potentilla Wrangelliana 2454. Potentilla reflexa 2455. Potentilla rhomboidea 442 ROSACEAE broadly oval, crenate, glabrate and dark green above, silky-pubescent beneath, peduncles equal- ing or longer than the leaves; flowers 15-20 mm. broad; bracelets toothed, exceeding the ovate or lanceolate spreading sepals ; fruit red, ovoid or globose, insipid. Cultivated as an ornamental plant, and becoming naturalized on the Pacific Coast, but not frequent. Native of India. May-Aug. 14. FRAGARIA L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753. Perennial acaulescent stoloniferous herbs, with scaly rootstocks. Leaves ternate, rarely with one or two small bractlike ones in addition. Hypanthium very shallow, almost flat. Bractlets and sepals 5. Petals 5, white or in one species pink, broadly orbicular to elliptical. Stamens 20, in three series, closely surrounding the base of the receptacle. Re- ceptacle hemispherical or conical bearing very numerous pistils, becoming enlarged, red and juicy in fruit. Styles filiform, rather short, attached near the middle of the ovaries. Achenes small, turgid and crustaceous; seeds ascending, amphitropous. [Name Latin, fragum, meaning fragrance.] About 35 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South America. Type species, Fragaria vesca L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, more or less densely silky. 1. F. chiloensis. Leaves rather thin, not coriaceous. Leaves densely silky beneath. 2. F. californica. Leaves slightly silky beneath, in age glabrate. Leaflets subsessile; achenes superficial. Flowers pinkish, nodding from the beginning. 3. F. Helleri. Flowers white, erect or spreading, nodding only in fruit. 4. F. bracteata. Leaflets usually petiolulate; achenes set in usually deep pits; plants more or less glaucous. 5. F. platypetala. 1. Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne. Chilean or Beach Strawberry. Fig. 2457. Fragaria vesca var. chiloensis L. Sp. PI. 495. 1753. Fragaria chiloensis Duchesne, Hist. Nat. Frais. 165. 1766. Fragaria chilensis Molina, Sagg. Chile 134. 1784. Fragaria chilensis var. Scouleri S. Wats. Bibl. Index 282. 1878. Rootstocks stout and thick, crowned with many leaves and large brown scarious stipules. Petioles stout, 2-20 cm. long, densely silky-villous with upwardly appressed or at length spread- ing hairs; leaflets thick and coriaceous, slightly pubescent above when young but glabrous and shiny in age, strongly nerved and reticulate, densely silky-pubescent and tomentulose beneath, the terminal one 2-5 cm. long, distinctly petiolulate, broadly obovate, rounded to subcordate at apex, crenate above the middle, the lateral similar but smaller and usually subsessile and very oblique; scapes densely silky, shorter than or exceeding the leaves; flowers 20-35 mm. broad; hypanthium and sepals densely silky; fruit hemispheric, 15-20 mm. in diameter, hairy; achenes set in shallow pits. Mainly a maritime species; extending from Alaska to central California, and in South America from Peru to Patagonia; also in the Sandwich Islands. One of the parents of the commonly cultivated varieties and used in California as a ground cover for banks. Type locality: Concepcion or possibly on Chiloe Island, Chile. March-Aug. Fragaria cuneifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 448, as synonym. 1840. Closely related to F. chiloensis and probably not specifically distinct. Leaflets firm but thinner and not reticulate, narrower and decidedly cuneate, pubescence of the petioles and peduncles more divaricately spreading and even reflexed, flowers somewhat smaller. Western British Columbia to western Oregon. Fragaria crinita Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 171. 1898. Very similar to F chiloensis and probably only a form. Leaflets not reticulate and rather sharply toothed; petioles and peduncles densely villous-hirsute with spreading hairs. British Columbia to northern California. 2. Fragaria californica Cham. & Sch. California Strawberry. Fig. 2458. Fragaria californica Cham. & Sch. Linnaea 2: 20. 1827. Fragaria californica var. franciscana Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 173. 1898. Rootstock short, not very thick. Leaves few with ovate-lanceolate, brown, scarious stipules ; petioles slender, sparingly villous with long white spreading or reflexed hairs ; terminal leaflets rounded obovate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse, coarsely serrate, subsessile, glabrate above, appressed- villous beneath, the lateral very oblique; scapes slender, villous with spreading hairs, seldom leaf y-bracted ; flowers 10-15 mm. broad; hypanthium silky; silky bractlets and sepals lanceolate, acuminate or acute; petals very little exceeding the sepals, obovate; fruit hemispherical, 10-15 mm. in diameter ; achenes in shallow pits. Shaded banks and open woods, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; northern California to Lower Cali- fornia and New Mexico. Type locality: California. March-June. 3. Fragaria Helleri Holz. Heller's or Pink-flowered Strawberry. Fig. 2459. Fragaria Helleri Holz. Bot. Gaz. 21 : 36. 1896. Rootstock rather slender. Leaves very thin, glabrate above, finely silky beneath ; petioles and scapes very slender, sparingly silky or glabrate in age; leaflets broadly obovate, 20-30 mm. long, coarsely serrate ; scapes 10-20 cm. high, often with a f oliaceous unifoliolate bract ; flowers 15-20 mm. broad, on nodding pedicels; petals nearly orbicular, rose-colored; fruit oblong; achenes superficial. Known only from a few localities: Olympia, Olga, and Orcus Island, Washington, and Latah County, Idaho. Type locality: Pine Creek, near Farmington Landing, Latah County, Idaho. May-June. ROSE FAMILY 443 4. Fragaria bracteata Heller. Bracted Strawberry. Fig. 2460. Fragaria bracteata Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 194. 1896. Fragaria retrorsa Greene, Ottawa Nat. 18: 216. 1905. Rootstock short and rather thick. Leaves very thin, somewhat glaucous, silky when young, glabrate in age ; petioles and scapes slender, villous with long spreading or reflexed hairs ; leaflets broadly obovate, acute, coarsely serrate, 2-5 cm. long; scapes often 10 cm. long, often exceeding the leaves, usually with a unifoliolate bract; flowers 15-20 mm. broad; sepals and bractlets lanceolate-acute; petals often nearly twice the length of the sepals; fruit ovoid; achenes superficial. Open forests especially in clearings, Transition Zone; British Columbia and Montana to the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, California, and New Mexico. Type locality : Santa Fe Creek, nine miles east of Santa Fe, New Mexico. May-June. 5. Fragaria platypetala Rydb. Broad-petaled Strawberry. Fig. 2461. Fragaria virginiana var. illinoensis S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 177. 1876. Fragaria platypetala Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 177. 1898. Fragaria latiuscula Greene, Ottawa Nat. 18: 216. 1905. Fragaria virginiana var. platypetala Hall, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 4: 198. 1912. Rootstock thick and woody. Leaves rather firm, glabrous and glaucous above, appressed- silky beneath ; petioles and scapes rather stout, villous with long spreading or reflexed hairs ; leaflets broadly cuneate to obovate, 2-8 cm. long, coarsely serrate or crenate above the middle, distinctly petiolulate ; flowers 15-25 mm. broad; sepals and bractlets lanceolate; petals almost orbicular, usually twice as long as the sepals; fruit hemispheric, 10-15 mm. broad; achenes in rather shallow pits. Open woods, mainly Transition Zone; Alaska to the Sierra Nevada, California, Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. Type locality: Spout, British Columbia. May- June. Fragaria Suksdorfii Rybd. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 361. 1908. Leaflets short-petiolulate, elliptic-oblanceolate, crenate above the middle with round-ovate teeth, densely silky beneath, becoming less so and glaucous in age; sepals ovate-acuminate; petals broadly oval, 8 mm. long; fruit subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter; achenes in very shallow pits. Closely related to F. platypetala and perhaps not specifically distinct. Originally collected "on dry grounds in open woods, Falcon Valley, Washington." Fragaria truncata Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 177. 1898. Closely related to F. platypetala, being distinguished chiefly by the elliptic sepals and bractlets. Originally collected in Nevada County, California. Fragaria sibbaldifolia Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2: 176. 1898. This is probably a dwarf alpine form of F. platypetala, and has been so designated by Hall (Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 4: 199. 1912). Terminal leaflet broadly obovate, truncate, coarsely 3-7-toothed at the apex, 1—2 cm. long; achenes in deep pits. Boreal Zones of the southern Sierra Nevada. 15. SIBBALDIA L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. Low, tufted perennial herbs, with short cespitose caudices, ternate leaves, and cymose flowers and scape-like peduncles. Hypanthium campanulate ; sepals and bractlets 5. Petals 5, yellow. Stamens 5; filaments filiform, inclined. Pistils 5-20; styles lateral. Ovule at- tached near the base of the style, amphitropous. [Name in honor of Robert Sibbald, a Scotch botanist.] About 5 species of the arctic and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere. Type species, Sibbaldia pro- cumbens L. 1. Sibbaldia procumbens L. Sibbaldia. Fig. 2462. Sibbaldia procumbens L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. Potentilla procumbens Clairv. Man. 166. 1811. Not Sibth. 1794. Potentilla Sibbaldii Hall. f. in Ser. Mus. Helv. 1 : 51. 1818. Densely tufted with short, decumbent or creeping, woody stems, and membranaceous stipules. Leaves 3-f oliolate, with slender petioles ; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, cuneate at the base, 3-5-toothed at the apex, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces ; peduncles axillary, nearly leafless, about equaling the leaves; sepals oblong-ovate, acute, 2-3 mm. long, much longer than the narrow bractlets ; petals yellow, oblong or oval, much shorter than the sepals. Moist places, Arctic-Alpine and Hudsonian Zones; Alaska to Greenland, south to the southern Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains, California, Colorado, and New Hampshire; also in Europe and Asia. Type locality: Lapland. June-July. 16. ALCHEMILLA L. Sp. PL 123. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate leaves and connate stipules. Leaves pal- mately lobed or divided. Flowers usually cymose, but in ours in axillary few-flowered clusters. Hypanthium campanulate to urn-shaped, enclosing the achene in fruit. Sepals 4-5, usually with as many minute bractlets. Petals none. Stamens 1-4, the anthers open- ing by a transverse slit. Pistils 1-8, free from the hypanthium; styles nearly basal, per- sistent. [Name from its fancied value in alchemy.] About 30 species, chiefly in the mountains from Mexico to Chile, with a few in Europe, Asia and South Africa. Type species, Alchemilla vulgaris L. 444 ROSACEAE 2456 2458 2459 &&*. 2462 2463 2464 2456. Duchesnea indica 2457. Fragaria chiloensis 2458. Fragaria californica 2459. Fragaria Helleri 2460. Fragaria bracteata 2461. Fragaria platypetala 2462. Sibbaldia procumbens 2463. Alchemilla occidentalis 2464. Sanguisorba occidentalis ROSE FAMILY 445 1. Alchemilla occidentalis Nutt. Western Lady's Mantle or Dew-cup. Fig. 2463. Alchemilla occidentalis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 432. 1840. Alchemilla cuneifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 432. 1840. Alchemilla arvensis var. occidentalis Piper, Fl. Palouse Reg. 96. 1901. Aphanes occidentalis Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 380. 1908. Aphanes macrosepala Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 380. 1908. Low profusely branched hirsute annual, 3-10 cm. high. Leaves petioled, cuneate-flabelliform, 5-8 mm. long, deeply 3-parted, the divisions again 3-5-clef t ; hypanthium about 1 mm. long, urn- shaped, hirsute with rather short stiff hairs; bractlets usually present, ovate, about half as long as the ovate sepals ; stamen 1 ; pistils 1 or 2 ; achene glabrous. Open fields, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Washington to Lower California. Type locality: rocky plains of Columbia River. March-June. Alchemilla arvensis (L.) Scop. (Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 1: 115. 1770) to which the Pacific Coast plants have been referred is a native of the Old World and sparingly introduced in eastern North America. 17. SANGUISORBA L. Sp. PI. 116. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, with adnate stipules and toothed or petiolifid leaflets. Flowers small, perfect or some of them pistillate, in dense terminal spikes. Hypanthium urn-shaped, angled and usually winged. Sepals 4. Petals none. Stamens 2-A or in some exotic species many. Pistil one, free from the hypanthium; style terminal ; ovule solitary. Achene enclosed in the indurate 4-angled or winged hypan- thium. [Name Latin, meaning blood-staunching, from its supposed properties.] About 10 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Type species, Sanguisorba officinalis L. Annual or biennial ; flowers greenish, leaves pinnatifid. 1. S. occidentalis. Perennial; leaves toothed. Flowers white. 2- S. sitchensis. Flowers purple. 3- 3". microcephala. 1. Sanguisorba occidentalis Nutt. Western Great Burnet. Fig. 2464. Sanguisorba occidentalis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 429. 1840. Sanguisorba myriophylta Braun & Bouche, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berl. App. 1867 : 10. 1868. Poteridium occidentale Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 388. 1908. Glabrous annual or biennial herb, with a taproot, the stems branching, leafy, 1^4- dm. high. Leaves odd-pinnate; stipules foliaceous, pectinately divided; leaflets of the lower leaves 11-15, obovate in outline, 1-2 cm. long, pectinately pinnatifid into narrowly linear segments; spikes globose to oblong-cylindrical, 5—25 mm. long, or more elongated in fruit ; flowers hermaphrodite ; bracts and bractlets with broad scarious margins ; sepals oval, green with whitish margins, 2 mm. long ; stamens usually 2 ; fruiting hypanthium 4-angled with narrow thick wings. Grassy slopes, Arid Transition Zone; southern British Columbia and western Montana to southern Cali- fornia. Type locality: The Cascades, Columbia River. May-July. 2. Sanguisorba sitchensis C. A. Mey. Sitka Great Burnet. Fig. 2465. Sanguisorba canadensis var. latifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 198. 1832. Sanguisorba sitchensis C. A. Mey. Fl. Ochot. 34. 18S6. Poterium sitchense S. Wats. Bibl. Index 1 : 303. 1878. Sanguisorba latifolia Coville, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3: 339. 1896. Glabrous perennial from a stout rootstock, the stems leafy, simple or branched above, 2-12 dm. high. Leaves odd-pinnate, 1-10 dm. long, the lower with 11-21 leaflets; stipules rounded, coarsely toothed ; leaflets oblong-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, rounded at the apex, cordate at the base, coarsely serrate, petiolulate; spike 2-10 cm. long, lanceolate becoming cylindric in age; bracts lanceolate, glabrous or ciliate ; sepals oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, white or slightly tinged with purple; filaments 8-10 mm. long, dilated above. In swamps and borders of salt marshes, Humid Transition and Canadian Zones; Alaska and Yukon Terri- tory to Idaho and Oregon. Type locality: Sitka, Alaska. May-Aug. 3. Sanguisorba microcephala Presl. Small-headed Great Burnet. Fig. 2466. Sanguisorba microcephala Presl, Epimil. Bot. 202. 1849. Sanguisorba Menziesii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 387. 1908. Glabrous perennial with a rootstock and a slender stem, 1-2 m. high, branched above. Leaves 3-10 dm. long, the upper reduced ; leaflets oblong-ovate, 1-4 cm. long, rounded at the apex, cor- date at the base, coarsely serrate; spike oblong-cylindric, dense, 15-25 mm. long; bracts ovate, pubescent; sepals dark purple, oval, 2-2.5 mm. long; filaments 3-7 mm. long; fruiting hypan- thium narrowly 4-winged. Swamps, Boreal Zones; Alaska to northern California. Type locality: Nootka Sound. July-Sept. 18. ACAENA L. Mant. 2: 145. 1771. Shrubby or perennial herbs with more or less woody caudices. Leaves unequally pin- 446 ROSACEAE nate, with stipules adnate to the petioles. Flowers in spikes or racemes, the lower usually remote. Hypanthium ellipsoid, contracted at the throat, covered with barbed prickles. Sepals 3-5, usually 4. Petals none. Stamens 3-5, inserted in the mouth of the hypanthium. Pistil usually 1, style terminal; stigma many-cleft. Achenes wholly enclosed in the indu- rated echinate hypanthium. Seeds solitary, pendent. [Greek, meaning a thorn, in refer- ence to the spines on the hypanthium.] About 40 species mainly in the southern hemisphere, extending into Mexico, California, and the Hawaiian Islands. Type species, Acaena elongata L. 1. Acaena californica Bitter. California Acaena. Fig. 2467. Acaena californica Bitter, Bibl. Bot. 177*: 116. 1910. Stems simple or rarely branching, 1-7 dm. high from a short branched woody caudex, sparingly villous. Basal leaves crowded, with 11—17 leaflets, glabrous or slightly ciliate above, appressed-silky beneath, leaflets 5-10 mm. long, obovate in outline, pinnatifid, with 3-7 linear or linear-lanceolate callus-tipped divisions; stem leaves similar but usually few and reduced; flow- ers green, in a crowded spike, or the lower remote ; sepals linear-oblong, about 3 mm. long ; filaments long-exserted, purple ; style 1 mm. long ; fruiting hypanthium ovoid, 4-angled with 2-4 stout prickles on the angles. Dry grassy slopes near the coast; Sonoma County to Monterey County, California. Type locality: no definite locality given in the original publication. March-June. This species has long been confused with a Chilean species, Acaena trifida Ruiz & Pav., to which it is closely related. Bitter recognizes five varieties, all from the vicinity of San Francisco. 19. AGRIMONIA L. Sp. PI. 448. 1753. Perennial herbs with rootstocks and conspicuous stipules. Leaves unequally pinnate, with small leaflets interposed between the larger ones. Flowers in narrow spicate racemes, small, regular, perfect. Hypanthium in fruit obconical or hemispherical, constricted at the throat, usually longitudinally 10-grooved, bearing a ring of hooked bristles above. Sepals 5, connivent. Petals 5, small, yellow. Stamens 5-15. Pistils 2; stigmas 2-lobed; ovules pendulous. Fruit dry, mostly reflexed ; achenes 1 or 2. [Ancient Latin name.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, five others occur in the eastern and southern states. Type species, Agrimonia eupatoria L. 1. Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Tall Hairy Agrimony. Fig. 2468. Agrimonia eupatoria var. hirsuta Muhl. Cat. 47. 1813. Agrimonia gryoposepala Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1 : 49. 1842. Agrimonia hirsuta Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 23: S09. 1896. Stems 6-15 dm. high, glandular-puberulent interspersed with long widely spreading hairs. Principal leaflets mostly 7, 4-12 cm. long, mostly lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, coarsely ser- rate, resinous-glandular beneath and sparingly hirsute on the veins; racemes 2-4 dm. long; pedicels 2-10 mm. long; petals obovate, about 3 mm. long, yellow; fruiting hypanthium 4-5 mm. long and about as broad, strongly grooved with rounded ridges, the dilated marginal rim bear- ing numerous bristles. Moist woods and thickets, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Mendocino, Lake, and San Bernardino Counties, California; also in the eastern United States and Mexico. Type locality: Pennsylvania. July-Sept. 20. ADENOSTOMA Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 139. 1832. Unarmed evergreen shrubs with small coriaceous entire fascicled stipulate leaves and small white flowers in terminal panicled racemes. Hypanthium obconical, 5-toothed, 10- striate. Petals 5, orbicular. Stamens 10-15, inserted in bundles alternate with the petals. Pistil 1, simple; style lateral; ovary 1 -celled, 1-2-ovuled. Achenes enclosed by the hard- ened persistent hypanthium. [Greek, gland, mouth, in reference to the glands on the mouth of the calyx.] Leaves club-shaped, fascicled; throat of the hypanthium with fleshy glands. 1. A. fasciculatum. Leaves filiform, scattered; throat of the hypanthium without glands. 2. A. sparsifolium. 1. Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn. Common Chamise. Fig. 2469. Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 139. pi. 30. 1832. Adenostoma fasciculatum var. densiflorum Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 199. 1905. Shrubs 1-4 m. high with reddish glabrous or puberulent yirgate branches and grayish bark, becoming shreddy. Stipules small, acute; leaves fascicled, linear-subulate^ 4-8 mm. long, pun- gently acute, glabrous, often resinous ; flowers crowded, sessile ; hypanthium bracted at base, green, 2 mm. long ; sepals shorter than the small petals ; ovary obliquely truncate. A common shrub of the chaparral, Upper Sonoran Zone; Lake County, California, to northern Lower Cali- fornia. April-June. Type locality: Monterey, California. A thicket of this was known among Spanish Cali- fornians as "chamisal." May-July. Adenostoma fasciculatum var. obtusifdlium S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 184. 1876. Distinguished from the typical form by the obtuse leaves, and pubescent twigs. The common form on the mesas and hills of south- western San Diego County, California, and adjacent Lower California. ROSE FAMILY 447 2. Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. Yerba del Pasmo, Ribbon Wood. Fig. 2470. Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. in Emory, Notes Mil. Rec. 140. 1848. An arborescent, yellowish-green and resinously glandular shrub, 2-6 m. high, with reddish- brown trunks, old bark exfoliating. Leaves narrowly linear, alternate, not fascicled, 7-15 mm. long, glandular ; flowers in open showy panicles ; sepals rounded, whitish, 2 mm. long, half the length of the white elliptic petals ; stamens shorter than the petals. Chaparral, Upper Sonoran Zone; rare in the Santa Monica Mountains, common in the San Jacinto Moun- tains, California, extending southward to northern Lower California. Type locality: Warner's Pass, San Diego County, California. July-Nov. Thin-leaved Chamise. 21. DRYAS L. Sp. PI. 501. 1753. Low depressed cespitose shrubs with short spreading branches. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, toothed or entire. Flowers solitary on naked peduncles. Sepals 8-10, per- sistent, nearly distinct. Petals 8-10. Stamens numerous, inserted in the mouth of the little developed saucer-shaped hypanthium. Pistils numerous, sessile ; style terminal, per- sistent, elongated and plumose in fruit. Fruit 1-seeded, indehiscent; seed basal, ascending. [Name, Latin, a wood-nymph.] Three species, natives of the arctic and cold temperate regions of the north temperate zone. Type species, Dryas octopetala L. 1. Dryas Drummondii Richards. Drummond's Mountain Avens. Fig. 2471. Dryas Drummondii Richards, in Hook. Bot. Mag. 57: pi. 2972. 1830. Dryas octopetala var. Drummondii S. Wats. Bibl. Index 1: 281. 1878. Dryades Drummondii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 215. 1891. Stems prostrate, cespitose, young branches white-tomentose. Leaves elliptical or obovate, 1-3 cm. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, dark green and glabrous or nearly so above, firm, veiny and somewhat rugose, coarsely crenate-serrate, the margins of the teeth slightly revolute ; petioles 1-3 cm. long ; scape 5-20 cm. long, white-tomentose and with a few scattered black hairs above ; hypanthium densely covered with black glandular hairs ; petals yellow, oblong-spatulate, about 1 cm. long, almost erect ; fruiting styles 3-4 cm. long. Rocky slopes and ledges, Arctic-Alpine Zone; Alaska, Mackenzie River, and Quebec to the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and Montana. Type locality: Canadian Rocky Mountains. June-Aug. 22. GEUM L. Sp. PI. 500. 1753. Perennial herbs with rootstocks and odd-pinnate or pinnatifid, stipulate leaves with large terminal lobes. Flowers cymose or solitary, yellow, white or purple. Hypanthium persistent, turbinate or hemispherical, usually 5-bracteate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, orbicular to cuneate, obtuse or emarginate. Stamens numerous, inserted on a disk at the base of the hypanthium; filaments filiform. Pistils numerous, on a short clavate receptacle ;_ styles terminal, filiform, strongly curved and geniculate above, the upper portion deciduous. Achenes small with a hooked beak. Seed erect, with a membranous coat. [The ancient Latin name.] About 40 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone, a few in southern South America, one in South Africa. Type species, Geum urbanum L. Lower portion of style glandular-puberulent. !• G. maerophyllum. Lower portion of style not glandular. 2- G- strictum. 1. Geum maerophyllum Willd. Large-leaved Avens. Fig. 2472. Geum maerophyllum Willd. Enum. Hort. Ber. 557. 1809. Geum urbanum var. oregonense Scheutz, Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. III. 76: 26. 1870. Geum oregonense Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 56. 1898. Stems stout, erect, bristly pubescent. 3-10 dm. high. Stipules broad, foliaceous ; basal leaves petioled lyrate-pinnate, the terminal leaflet much the largest, 6-10 cm. broad, reniform, orbicular or cordate, crenulate-dentate, 3-7-lobed ; lateral leaflets 3-6, oval or obovate, with smaller ones interspersed; stem leaves short-petioled or sessile, the divisions 2-4, rhombic to oblanceolate ; flowers corymbiform; bractlets linear, minute; sepals 3-5 mm. long; petals yellow, 4-8 mm. long; receptacle short-pubescent ; lower internode of style glandular-puberulent. Wet meadows, Boreal and Transition Zones; Alaska to Newfoundland, south to southern California, Mon- tana, and New Hampshire; also eastern Siberia. Type locality: Kamchatka. May-Aug. 2. Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens. Fig. 2473. Geum strictum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 217. 1789. Stems erect or ascending, hirsute, 5-15 dm. high. Basal leaves lyrate-pinnate, pubescent or glabrate- terminal leaflet broadly obovate or cuneate, variously cleft or divided and doubly dentate, 2-10 cm. broad ; principal lateral leaflets 4-8, cuneate or obovate ; upper stem leaves 3-foliolate, short-petioled; flowers few on ascending pedicels; bractlets linear; sepals 6 mm. long; petals yellow, 5-8 mm. long, receptacle densely short-pubescent ; lower internode of style 4-5 mm. long, glabrous throughout, or sparingly hispid at the base, the upper internode hirsute. Wet meadows or swamps. Boreal Zones; British Columbia to Newfoundland, south to New Mexico, Mis- souri, and New Jersey. Not definitely known from the Pacific States but common on Vancouver Island, lype locality: North America. June-Aug. 448 ROSACEAE 2465. Sanguisorba sitchensis 2466. Sanguisorba microcephala 2467. Acaena californica 2468. Agrimonia gryposepala 2469. Adenostoma fasciculatum 2470. Adenostoma sparsifolium 2471. Dryas Drummondii 2472. Geum macrophyllum 2473. Geum strictum ROSE FAMILY 449 23. SIEVERSIA Willd. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin Mag. 5: 397. 1811, Perennial usually tufted herbs with rootstocks. Basal leaves lyrately or odd-pinnately divided, usually with smaller segments interspersed ; stem leaves usually reduced ; stipules large, adnate to the petioles. Flowers cymose or solitary, yellow or purple. Hypanthium turbinate or hemispherical, usually 5-bracteolate. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens numerous ; filaments filiform. Pistils numerous; styles terminal, filiform, not jointed, generally elongated in fruit. Fruit a hairy achene ; seed erect, basal. [Name in honor of J. A. C. Sievers, Russian botanist.] About IS species of arctic or alpine regions. Type species, Dryas anemonoides Pall. Styles much elongated in fruit, plumose to near the apex. Petals much exceeding the obtusish sepals; hypanthium turbinate or hemispherical. 1. 5". campanulata. Petals shorter than or about equaling the acute or acuminate sepals. Bracts well exceeding the sepals. 2. S. ciliata. Bracts mostly shorter than the sepals. 3. 5". canescens. Styles not greatly elongated in fruit and not plumose; hypanthium nearly saucer-shaped. 4. S. gracilipes. 1. Sieversia campanulata (Greene) Rydb. Bell-shaped Purple Avens. Fig. 2474. Erythrocoma campanulata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 178. 1906. Sierversia campanulata Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 409. 1908. Stems 10-25 cm. high from a thick, short rootstock, 1-3-flowered, purple tinged, finely soft- hairy. Basal leaves 3-7 cm. long ; rachis silky-pilose ; principal leaflets rather crowded, obovate- cuneate, 10-15 mm. long, pilose, 3-6-cleft more than half way to the base into linear-oblong divisions ; bractlets linear or linear-subulate, about 5 mm. long ; hypanthium hemispheric, reddish purple, viscid; sepals ovate, obtusish, 6-7 mm. long; petals broadly oval, well exceeding the sepals, tinged and veined with crimson. Ridges, Canadian Zone; Olympic Mountains, Washington, and Saddle Mountain, Oregon. Type locality: Olympic Mountains. June— Aug. 2. Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) G. Don. Long-plumed Purple Avens, Prairie-Smoke. Fig. 2475. Geum ciliatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 352. 1814. Sieversia ciliata G. Don, Gen. Hist. PI. 2: 528. 1832. Geum pubescens Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 175. 1832. Erythrocoma ciliata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 177. 1906. Erect from a stout rootstock, 3-5 dm. high, soft-hairy throughout. Basal leaves tufted, 10- 20 cm. long ; principal leaflets 9-19, obovate in outline, 2-5-divided, the divisions cleft and toothed with linear lobes or teeth ; bractlets linear-subulate, usually exceeding the sepals ; sepals ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, 8-10 mm. long ; petals oval, yellowish or tinged with purple, about equaling the sepals; plumose portions of style about 3 cm. long, the upper glabrous portion about Z-A mm. long. Open hillsides, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; British Columbia and Alberta, south to eastern Wash- ington, Utah, and New Mexico. Type locality: banks of the Kooskooskie (Idaho). April-June. 3. Sieversia canescens (Greene) Rydb. Downy Purple Avens. Fig. 2476. Erythrocoma canescens Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 178. 1906. Erythrocoma grisea Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 178. 1906. Sieversia canescens Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22 : 409. 1908. Stems erect, 2-4 dm. high, finely pilose throughout, mostly 3-flowered. Basal leaves 8-15 cm. long, the rachis hirsute; principal leaflets obovate-cuneate, 10-25 mm. long, densely soft-hairy, ciliate on the margins and veins, mostly 2-3-lobed scarcely half-way to the base, the lobes with 2 or 3 broadly oblong-ovate teeth ; bractlets oblong-linear or lanceolate, mostly shorter than the sepals; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 1 cm. long; petals elliptical, somewhat ex- ceeding the sepals; plumose portion of fruiting style about 3 cm. long, the glabrous portion 3 mm. long. Dry open hillsides, mainly Arid Transition Zone; eastern Oregon and Wyoming, south to California, Arizona, and Chihuahua. Type locality: San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. June-Aug. 4. Sieversia gracilipes (Piper) Greene. Slender Purple Avens. Fig. 2477. Potentilla gracilipes Piper, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 392. 1900. Sieversia gracilipes Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 4. 1903. Acomastylis gracilipes Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 174. 1906. Acomastylis depressa Greene, loc. cit. Stems from a thick tufted rootstock and caudex, 6-8 cm. high, pubescent, 1-flowered. Basal leaves many, pinnatifid, silvery sericeous on both surfaces, 4-6 cm. long; divisions 9-21, broadly cuneate in outline, 3-cleft at the apex or entire; stem leaves 1 or 2, small, entire, or 3-lobed; bractlets elliptic, smaller than the sepals; sepals broadly ovate, acutish, 6-7 mm. long; petals orbicular, 7-10 cm. long ; ovaries hairy ; styles glabrous, as long as the fruit. Mountain cliffs, Boreal Zones; Blue Mountains, Oregon. Type locality: "face of north cliffs, Blue Moun- tains, Oregon, at the head of Anthony Creek, altitude 8,000 feet." June-Aug. 450 ROSACEAE 24. FALLUGIA Endl. Gen. 1246. 1840. Shrubs with stramineous branches and scaly bark. Leaves pinnately divided into small linear divisions, revolute on the margins, deciduous. Stipules present, small. Flowers terminal, peduncled, solitary or few. Hypanthium hemispheric, persistent. Sepals 5, imbricate. Bractlets present. Petals 5, orbicular, spreading, white. Stamens numerous, inserted in 3 series on the margin of the hypanthium. Pistils numerous on the conical receptacle, villous; style terminal; stigma minute; ovules solitary, erect, basal. Achenes oblong, coriaceous, villous, tipped by the elongated plumose styles. Seeds linear; embryo with inferior radicle. [Name in honor of V. Falugi, Abbot of Vallombrosa.] A monotypic genus of western North America. 1. Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. Apache Plume. Fig. 2478. Sieversia paradoxa D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. 14: 576. 1825. Geum cercocarpoides DC. Prod. 2: 554. 1825. Fallugia mexicana Walp. Rep. 2: 46. 1841. Fallugia paradoxa Endl. ex Torr. in Emory, Notes Mil. Rec. 140. 1848. Fallugia paradoxa var. acuminata Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 306. 1901. Much branched shrub, 5-15 dm. high, the pale whitish branchlets pilose. Leaves with 3-7 linear divisions, 1-2 cm. long, rusty-lepidote beneath, pubescent or glabrate above ; flowers few, in corymbose cymes ; hypanthium 4-5 mm. broad, silky-villous ; sepals variable, 8-10 mm. long, the outer lanceolate, acuminate-caudate, the inner ovate or broadly oval ; bractlets subulate to lanceolate, shorter than the sepals ; petals obovate, about 2 mm. long ; pistils numerous ; styles in fruit 3-4 cm. long. Gravelly or rocky slopes, mainly Lower Sonoran Zone; eastern Mojave Desert, California, to Nevada, south- ern Colorado, Arizona, western Texas, and Mexico. Type locality: Mexico. May-June. 25. COWANIA D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. 14: 574. 1825. Shrubs or small trees with alternate coriaceous glandular-dotted leaves. Flowers terminal, solitary on short branches. Hypanthium persistent, more or less turbinate. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, obovate, spreading. Stamens numerous, in two series, in- serted in the throat of the hypanthium. Pistils 1-12, distinct, densely hirsute; style ter- minal, plumose, persistent and elongated in fruit ; ovules solitary. Achenes striate, villous- hirsute ; seeds linear ; radicle inferior. [Name in honor of John Cowan, British merchant and botanist.] About 6 species, natives of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Type species, Cowania mexicana D. Don. 1. Cowania Stansburiana Torr. Stansbury's Cowania. Fig. 2479. Cowania Stansburiana Torr. in Stansbury's Exp. 386. 1852. C. mexicana var. Stansburiana Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 498. 1925. Erect shrub, 1-3.5 m. high with gray shreddy bark, and reddish brown glandular twigs. Leaves obovate in outline, 8—15 mm. long, pinnately 3-5-divided, glandular-punctate and green above, more or less tomentulose beneath, the divisions linear or narrowly oblong and usually cleft or toothed, revolute on the margins ; pedicels 2-8 mm. long, with stalked glands ; hypanthium turbinate-funnelform, 4-6 mm. long, more or less glandular and tomentose when young; sepals 4 mm. long, broadly ovate, obtuse or acutish, about equaling the tube ; petals yellow to white, broadly obovate, 8-10 mm. long ; pistils 5-10 ; styles 4-5 cm. long in fruit. Hillsides and dry washes of the desert region, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; Nevada, Utah, and south- ern Colorado, south to the Providence Mountains, southern California, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. Type locality: Stansbury Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah. April-Sept. This species has been confused with Cowania mexicana D. Don of central Mexico which has a campanulate hypanthium and leaves without secondary divisions. Cowania alba Goodding, Bot. Gaz. 37: 55. 1904. (C. mexicana var. dubia Brandg. Zoe 5: 149. 1903.) Apparently only a form of C. Stansburiana with fewer (1-3) pistils and shorter fruiting styles. Providence Mountains, California to southern Nevada. 26. PURSHIA DC. ex Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4:623. 1816. Erect shrubs or small trees, with alternate, apparently fascicled, deeply 3-cleft leaves. Flowers solitary, terminating short branches. Hypanthium persistent, turbinate or funnel- form. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, yellow. Stamens about 25, in one series, inserted on the margin of the hypanthium. Pistils 1, rarely 2, oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a short style; ovule solitary, erect. Fruit an achene tipped by the slightly elongated persistent style; seed without endosperm; radicle inferior. [Name in honor of Frederick Pursh, author of one of the earliest North American floras.] Two species, natives of western North America. Type species, Tigarea tridentata Pursh. Leaves pubescent above, densely tomentose beneath; glands not sunken into the tissue of the leaves. 1. P. tridentata. Leaves glabrous at least above; glands sunken into the tissue of the leaves. 2. P. glandulosa. ROSE FAMILY 451 1. Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Northern Antelope Bush. Fig. 2480. Tigarea tridentata Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 333. 1814. Purshia tridentata DC. Trans. Linn. Soc. 12: 158. 1817. Kunzia tridentata Spreng. Syst. 2: 275. 1825. Shrub 1-3 m. high with brown or grayish bark, the young twigs somewhat tomentose and glandular. Leaves cuneate in outline, 5-30 mm. long, 3-lobed at the apex, thick and revolute- margined, white-tomentose beneath, glabrate or slightly pubescent above, the lobes oblong-linear ; flowers short-pedicelled ; hypanthium funnelform, about 4 mm. long; sepals oblong, 3-4 mm. long; petals yellow, spatulate-obovate, 7-9 mm. long; achene fusiform, with the short style IS mm. long, velvety-pubescent and glandular ; seeds black. Dry slopes, mainly Arid Transition Zone; British Columbia and Montana to central California (mostly east of the Sierra Nevada) and New Mexico. Type locality: prairies of the Rocky Mountains [Montana]. May-June. 2. Purshia glandulosa Curran. Mojave Antelope Bush. Fig. 2481. Purshia glandulosa Curran, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 153. 1885. Kunzia glandulosa Greene, Pittonia 2: 299. 1892. Purshia tridentata var. glandulosa M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 6S0. 1895. Shrub, 1-6 m. high with brown or gray bark, young twigs prominently glandular but other- wise glabrous. Leaves cuneate in outline, 5-10 mm. long, 3-lobed or rarely 5-lobed at apex, somewhat tomentose when young, becoming green and glabrous in age, conspicuously glandular- punctate, the lobes linear-oblong, revolute ; flowers short-pedicelled; hypanthium funnelform, 5 mm. long, tomentulose; sepals elliptic, 3 mm. long; petals yellow, spatulate, 5-6 mm. long; achene fusiform, with the style about 15 mm. long, short-pubescent; seed flesh-colored. Dry slopes, Arid Transition and Upper Sonora Zones; especially in the desert regions, southern Sierra Nevada, California, and southern Nevada to northern Lower California and Arizona. Type locality: Mojave side of Tehachapi Pass. April-June. 27. CHAMAEBATIA Benth. PI. Hartw. 308. 1848. Erect glandular-pubescent shrubs with a strong resinous odor. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate with numerous minute segments, persistent. Flowers in terminal few-flowered paniculate cymes. Hypanthium persistent, turbinate-campanulate. Sepals 5, valvate. Petals 5, white, spreading. Stamens numerous, in several series on the throat of the calyx. Pistils solitary; style terminal, not elongated in fruit; ovules solitary, erect, basal. Fruit an obovoid coriaceous achene; seed with scanty endosperm; radicle inferior. [Name Greek, meaning low and bramble.] A California genus of two species. Type species, Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth. Leaves ovate or obovate in outline; leaflets tipped with a small more or less stalked gland; ovary hirsute. 1. C. foliolosa. Leaves lanceolate in outline; leaflets tipped with a prominent gland half sunken in the tissue of the leaflets: ovary glabrous. 2. C. australis. 1. Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth. Mountain Misery. Fig. 2482. Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth. PI. Hartw. 308. 1848. An erect shrub 3-10 dm. high, with numerous leafy branches, the young twigs glandular- hirsute and tomentulose but the entire integument soon exfoliating leaving a smooth dark brown bark. Leaves ovate to obovate in outline, 2-10 cm. long, 1 . 5-6 cm. wide, viscid, glandular-hirsute on the rachis and its branches, mostly thrice pinnate, ultimate divisions elliptical, tipped with a small more or less stalked gland ; hypanthium glandular-hispid ; sepals lanceolate, short-acuminate, not mucronate, about 4 mm. long ; petals obovate, 6-8 mm. long ; ovary more or less white-hirsute. Open pine forests, often abundant, Arid Transition Zone; Shasta County to Tulare County, California. Type locality: "Excursion to Bear Valley," Nevada County, California. May-July. Bear Clover. 2. Chamaebatia australis (Brandg.) Abrams. Southern Chamaebatia. Fig. 2483. Chamaebatia foliolosa var. australis Brandg. Bot. Gaz. 27: 447. 1899. Chamaebatia australis Abrams, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 263. 1907. Low shrub intricately branched and leafy, bark almost black. Leaves lanceolate in outline, 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, mostly twice pinnate, viscid-pubescent, the rachis and its branches rather sparsely beset with stout-stalked glands, ultimate divisions oval or rounded, tipped with a large sessile gland partially sunken in the tissue ; cymes 1-4-flowered ; hypanthium tomentose and glandular-hirsute; sepals 3 mm. long, abruptly mucronate; petals white, broadly obovate, 4-5 mm. long ; ovary glabrous. Dry chaparral ridges, Upper Sonoran Zone; San Miguel Mountain, San Diego County, California, and northern Lower California. Type locality: La Grulla, Lower California. April-May. 28. CERCOCARPUS H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 232. 1823. Small trees or shrubs, with dark colored hard wood and smooth bark. Leaves alternate, simple, stipulate, evergreen, entire or toothed. Flowers small, apetalous, axillary or terminal, solitary or fascicled. Hypanthium salverform, the lower part persistent, but the campanulate limb deciduous ; sepals 5, broadly triangular to nearly subulate. Stamens 452 ROSACEAE 2480 2481 2482 2474. Sieversia campanulata 2475. Sieversia ciliata 2476. Sieversia canescens 2477. Sieversia gracilipes 2478. Fallugia paradoxa 2479. Cowania Stansburiana 2480. Purshia tridentata 2481. Purshia glandulosa 2482. Chamaebatia foliolosa ROSE FAMILY 453 15 or more, inserted in two or three rows on the limb of the hypanthium. Pistil 1 ; style terminal ; ovule solitary, ascending. Fruit a coriaceous terete villous achene, included in the elongated persistent hypanthium and tipped with the elongated twisted plumose style; seed linear. [Greek, meaning shuttle and fruit, in allusion to the fruit and its twisted plumose style.] Approximately 10 species, confined to the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast region of the United States, extending southward through the Cordilleras of Mexico. Type species, Cercocarpus fothergilloides H. B. K. Leaves serrate or dentate. Upper surface of the leaves with impressed veins, the lower conspicuously white-tomentose. 1 . C. Traskiae. Upper surface of the leaves with the veins not impressed, the lower surface glabrate, strigose or somewhat tomentose. Leaves with coarse ovate teeth. 2. C. montanns. Leaves with short triangular apiculate teeth. Leaves more or less pubescent beneath and grayish; sepals broadly triangular. Hypanthium villous-tomentose; petioles 4-10 mm. long; leaves mostly over 2.5 cm. long. 3. C. alnifolius. . Hypanthium appressed-pubescent; petioles 2-4 mm. long; leaves mostly less than 2.5 cm. long. 4. C. betuloides. Leaves glabrous or essentially so beneath and bright yellowish-green; sepals nearly subulate. 5. C. minutiflorus. Leaves with entire more or less revolute margins, linear to oblong-elliptic. Leaves 15-30 mm. long, the margins only slightly revolute. 6. C. ledifolius. Leaves 5-15 mm. long, the margins strongly revolute almost to the midrib. 7. C. intricatus. 1. Cercocarpus Traskiae Eastw. Trask's Mountain-mahogany. Fig. 2484. Cercocarpus Traskiae Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 1: 136. 1898. Shrub or small tree, 3-7 m. high, with a trunk up to 20 cm. in diameter, the bark rough, grayish brown, the branchlets densely tomentose. Leaves rounded to oval, 25-60 mm. long, obtuse at the apex, subcordate, truncate or rarely cuneate at base, dentate or nearly entire, glabrous and shining above in age, densely white-tomentose beneath; lateral veins 7-8, very prominent beneath ; flowers in fascicles of 3-7 ; hypanthium about 1 cm. long, densely villous-tomentose, its limb and broadly triangular sepals 5-8 mm. in diameter ; style in fruit about 5 cm. long. A rare insular species, known only from Santa Catalina Island, southern California. March-April. 2. Cercocarpus montanus Raf. Colorado Mountain-mahogany. Fig. 2485. Cercocarpus montanus Raf. Atlant. Journ. 146. 1832. Cercocarpus parvifolius Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 337. 1838. Cercocarpus macrourus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 420. 1913. Shrub 1-3 m. high with thin grayish brown bark and sparingly villous branchlets soon be- coming glabrous. Leaves oval to obovate, 25-50 mm. long, coarsely dentate above the middle, dark green and eventually glabrous above, pale and finely tomentose beneath, rounded or obtuse at apex, cuneate at base ; hypanthium villous-pilose, its limb and sepals about 6-7 mm. in diam- eter ; fruiting style 5-8 cm. long. Dry hills and mountain slopes, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; South Dakota and New Mexico west to Montana and Utah; also in northeastern California and adjacent Oregon. The western plants are C. macrourus Rydb. Type locality: Rocky Mountains [Colorado]. March-May. 3. Cercocarpus alnifolius Rydb. Island Mountain-mahogany. Fig. 2486. Cercocarpus betulaefolius var. Blancheae C. K. Schneid. Mitt. Deuts. Dendr. Ges. 14: 127, in part. 1905. Cercocarpus alnifolius Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 421. 1913. Small tree, 5-10 m. high, with rough grayish bark, young branchlets sparsely tomentose, soon glabrate and reddish brown. Leaves oval to ovate-oval or round-oval, 3-6 cm. long, spar- ingly appressed-pubescent above when young, thinly tomentulose beneath, dentate with short broad teeth, lateral veins 6 or 7 pairs ; hypanthium tube about 12 mm. long, villous-tomentose, the limb 6-7 mm. wide ; sepals broadly triangular ; styles 5-6 cm. long in fruit, usually strongly curved. Hillsides and canyons, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina Islands, California. Type locality : Avalon, Santa Catalina Island. March-April. 4. Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. California Mountain-mahogany. Fig. 2487. Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 427. (June) 1840. Cercocarpus betulaefolius Nutt. ex. Hook. Ic. PI. pi. 322. (Oct.) 1840. Cercocarpus parvifolius var. glaber S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 175. 1876. Cercocarpus parvifolius var. betuloides Sarg. Silva 4: 66. 1892. Cercocarpus Douglasii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 421. 1913. Cercocarpus rotundifolius Rydb. loc. cit. Shrub or small tree, 3-8 m. high, with smooth bark, covered with deciduous scales, the branchlets glabrous or sparingly hairy. Leaves obovate or oval, 2-5 cm. long, rounded at the apex, cuneate at base, serrate above the middle, sparingly appressed-hairy when young, soon glabrate, dark green above, paler beneath ; hypanthium silky-tomentose, its limb 6 mm. broad ; sepals broad-triangular ; fruiting style 6-10 cm. long. A common component of the chaparral, Upper Sonoran Zone; southwestern Oregon to northern Lower Cali- fornia. Type locality: Santa Barbara, California. March-April. Hardtack. 454 ROSACEAE The above description is of the typical form, which is common in the California Coast Ranges from Sonoma Cuyamaca Mountains 'the foliage becomes soft-downy beneath. Several species have been proposed for these variations. 5. Cercocarpus minutiflorus Abrams. Smooth Mountain-mahogany. Fig. 2488. Cercocarpus minutiflorus Abrams, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 149. 1910. Shrub 2-3 m. high, with herbage glabrous throughout. Leaves obovate, cuneate at base, serrate-toothed on the rounded summit, 1-2 cm. long, shining yellowish green beneath ; pedicels slender, 6-7 mm. long; hypanthium tube 10-12 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, the limb 2-3 mm. broad, minutely and sparsely tomentulose ; sepals subulate-triangular. Chaparral slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; hills and mountain slopes of San Diego County, California. Type locality: dry chaparral-covered hills near San Dieguito (Bernardo). March-April. 6. Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Curl-leaved Mountain-mahogany. Fig. 2489. Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 427. 1840. Cercocarpus hypoleucus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 424. 1913. A small tree or shrub, 2-9 m. high, with red-brown furrowed bark covered with persistent scales, the branchlets canescent, soon becoming glabrous. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute at the apex, narrowed at base to a short petiole, the margins revolute, entire, thick- coriaceous, usually glabrous above, resinous and tomentulose beneath; flowers solitary or in axillary clusters of 2 or 3, sessile; hypanthium white-villous-tomentose. Open rocky ridges, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; eastern Washington to Montana, and southward of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Divide to southern California and Colorado.. Type locality: "Rocky Mountains in alpine situations on the summits of the hills of Bear River [Idaho]." April-May. 7. Cercocarpus intricatus S. Wats. Little-leaved Mountain-mahogany. Fig. 2490. Cercocarpus intricatus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 10: 346. 187S. Cercocarpus ledifolius var. intricatus M. E. Jones, Zoe 2: 14. 1891. Low intricately branched shrub, 5-15 dm. high, young branchlets pubescent. Leaves oblong, but strongly revolute, 5-10 mm. long, thick, dark green and glabrate above, white-tomentose beneath; hypanthium tube 4-6 mm. long, tomentulose, the limb 3 mm. wide; persistent style of achene 2-4 cm. long. Desert ranges and mountain slopes, mainly Arid Transition Zone; (White, Panamint, and Providence Moun- tains) California to Utah and Arizona. Type locality: American Fork Canyon, Utah. May. 29. COLEOGYNE Torr. PL Frem. 8. 1853. Shrubs with opposite spinescent branches and minute stipules. Leaves in opposite fascicles, linear-clavate, entire, deciduous. Flowers solitary terminating short branchlets, subtended by trifid bracts. Hypanthium coriaceous. Sepals 4, united at the base, persistent. Corolla none. Stamens 30-40; filaments filiform. Pistil 1 ; ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, hemitro- pous ; style lateral, filiform, exserted, bent and twisted, villous. Fruit an achene. [Name Greek, meaning sheath or scabbard and ovary.] A monotypic genus of western North America. 1. Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. Black Bush. Fig. 2491. Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. PI. Frem. 8. 1853. Shrub 0.5-2 m. high with divergent branches, ashy gray, becoming black in age. Leaves linear-clavate, 5-15 mm. long, flat on the upper surface, with 5 rounded longitudinal ridges on the lower, strigose; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute and mucronate, 7-8 mm. long, coriaceous and strigose, the inner with broad, scarious, brownish or yellowish margins; sheath between the pistil and stamens 4-5 mm. long ; achene about 5 mm. long, brown. Desert mesas and foothills, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; Mojave and Colorado Deserts, southern Cali- fornia, to southern Utah, southwestern Colorado, and Arizona. Type locality: sources of the Mojave and Virgin Rivers. April-July. 30. RUBUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 492. 1753. Low shrubs or trailing vines, usually prickly, with alternate leaves, the stipules adnate to the petioles. Flowers terminal or axillary, solitary, racemose or panicled, white or purplish, mostly perfect. Hypanthium persistent, bractless. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted on the hypanthium, distinct. Carpels many, inserted on a convex or elon- gated receptacle, ripening into drupelets and forming an aggregate fruit. Ovules 2, 1 abor- tive; style terminal, slender. Seed pendulous. [The ancient name of the bramble, from ruber, red.] About 200 species, widely distributed, but most abundant in the north temperate zone. Type species, Rubus fruticosus L. ROSE FAMILY 455 Styles club-shaped; receptacle flat, drupelets tipped with a hard pubescent cushion. 1. R. parviflorus. Styles filiform; receptacle convex to conical; drupelets without cushion. Stems herbaceous, never prickly, rarely bristly, stoloniferous; stipules broad, free or nearly so. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate; drupelets pubescent. 2. R. lasiococcus. Leaves S-foliolate; drupelets glabrous. 3. R. pedatus. Stems woody, usually prickly, sometimes merely bristly. Stipules broad, free or nearly so. 4. R. nivalis. Stipules narrow, linear-lanceolate or subulate, more or less adnate to the petioles. Drupelets united into a thimble-shaped aggregate fruit, falling off from the dry receptacle. Flowers solitary or few; petals rose-colored, much exceeding the sepals. 5. R. spectabilis. Flowers clustered; petals white, usually shorter than the sepals. Inflorescence corymbose; fruit nearly black. Leaves white-tomentose beneath. 6. R. leucodermis. Leaves green and glabrous beneath. 7. R. nigerrimus. Inflorescence racemose; fruit red. 8. R. melanolasius. Drupelets distinct, adhering to the fleshy receptacle, falling with it or falling separately. Flowers dioecious, with decumbent biennial densely prickly stems; leaves 1 -3-foliolate. 9. R. vitifolius. Flowers perfect; leaflets 5-foliolate. 10. R. laciniatus. 1. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Thimble Berry. Fig. 2492. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Gen. 1 : 308. 1818. Rubus nutkanus Moc. ex Ser. in DC. Prod. 2: 566. 1825. Rubus nutkanus var. Nuttallii Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 450. 1840. Rubus lacer Kuntze, Meth. Sp. 103. 1879. Rubacer parviflorum Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 30: 274. 1903. Bossekia parviflora Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 211. 1906. Rubus nutkanus var. parviflorus Focke, Bibl. Bot. 1772: 124. 1911. Stems erect, 1-2.5 m. high, without prickles; bark smooth or somewhat glandular-pubescent, becoming brown and shreddy. Leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally serrate, 10-15 cm. broad, glabrous or somewhat tomentose on the veins beneath; petioles and peduncles hirsute-glandular; flowers few, corymbose, white, 2-4 cm. broad; sepals tipped with a long slender appendage ; fruit separating from the receptacle when ripe, hemispheric, red. In open woods and among bushes, mainly Transition Zone; southern Alaska to western Ontario, south to New Mexico. Type locality: island of Michilimackinac, Lake Huron. March-Aug. Rubus parviflorus var. velutinus (Hook. & Arn.) Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 274. 1903. Leaves densely pilose beneath, otherwise not essentially differing from the typical form. This is the common form throughout the most of California, especially near the coast. 2. Rubus lasicoccus A. Gray. Hairy-fruited Dwarf Bramble. Fig. 2493. Rubus lasiococcus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 201. 1882. Comarobatia lasiococca Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 245. 1906. Unarmed herbaceous perennial, with slender creeping pubescent stems, rooting at the nodes, the flowering branches ascending, 5-10 cm. long, 1-3-leaved. Leaves simple or ternate, reni- form, 3-6 cm. broad, serrate-dentate sparsely pubescent above and on the veins beneath ; flowers 1 or 2, pedicels slender, 1-5 cm. long; sepals ovate, acuminate, 6-7 mm. long; petals white, slightly exceeding the sepals; fruit greenish or rose-colored, 1 cm. in diameter, pubescent; putamen smooth. Wooded mountain slopes. Boreal Zones; British Columbia south to the Siskiyou Mountains, southern Oregon. Type locality: Oregon, near Mount Hood. June- Aug. 3. Rubus pedatus Smith. Five-leaved Dwarf Bramble. Fig. 2494. Rubus pedatus Smith, PI. Ic. Ined. pi. 63. 1791. Dalibarda pedata Stephan, Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1 : 129. 1806. Comaropsis pedata DC. Prod. 2: 555. 1825. Ametron pedatum Rat. Sylva Tell. 161. 1838. Psychrobatia pedata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 245. 1906. Unarmed herbaceous perennial, with glabrous creeping stems, rooting at the nodes, the flow- ering branch very short. Leaves 1-4, approximate, pedately 5-foliolate (rarely 3-foliolate) ; leaflets obovate, irregularly incised, glabrous or very sparsely pubescent, 1-5 cm. long, petioles slender, 3-10 cm. long; flower solitary, on very slender peduncles, 4-10 cm. long; sepals foha- ceous, 8-10 mm. long, often lobed ; petals white, equaling the sepals, spreading or reflexed; drupelets 1-6, 8-10 mm. long ; putamen rugose. Woods, Boreal Zones; Yukon and Alaska to Alberta, Idaho, and the Cascades of central Oregon and Hum- It County, California. Type locality: western part of North America, definite locality not given. May-July. boldt 4. Rubus nivalis Dougl. Snow Dwarf Bramble. Fig. 2495. Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 181. 1832. Rubus pacificus Macoun, Ottawa Nat. 16: 213. 1903. Cardiobatus nivalis Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 244. 1906. Perennial, with slightly woody creeping puberulent stems, 3-12 dm. long, sparingly armed with curved prickles. Leaves simple or sometimes ternate, ovate, cordate or rounded-cordate, more or less distinctly 3-lobed, dentate with broad abruptly mucronate teeth, glabrous or spar- ingly hispid; floral branches short; flowers usually solitary; sepals 7-9 mm. long, the outer 456 ROSACEAE 2485 ■ " 2487 2488 2486 2489 2490 2491 2483. Chamaebatia australis 2484. Cercocarpus Traskiae 2485. Cercocarpus montanus 2486. Cercocarpus alnifolius 2487. Cercocarpus betuloides 2488. Cercocarpus minutiflorus 2489. Cercocarpus ledifolius 2490. Cercocarpus intricatus 2491. Coleogyne ramosissima ROSE FAMILY 457 foliaceous, reflexed in anthesis ; hypanthium more or less prickly; petals dull purple, linear- lanceolate; pistils few; drupelets pubescent, large, red; putamen faveolate. Deep coniferous woods, or on open ridges, Canadian Zone; British Columbia and Idaho to western Oregon. Type locality: high sunny ridges of the Rocky Mountains. June- Aug. 5. Rubus spectabilis Pursh. Salmon Berry. Fig. 2496. Rubus spectabilis Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 348. 1814. Rubus stenopetalus Cham, ex Choris, Voy. Pitt. Kamtch. 10. 1822. Parmena spectabilis Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 244. 1906. Stems shrubby, 2-5 m. high, glabrous or pilose when young, with yellowish shreddy bark, unarmed or with small straight prickles. Leaves usually 3-foliolate; petioles 4-6 cm. long, slender, usually unarmed; leaflets thin, green and sparingly pubescent on both sides, doubly serrate, the terminal 4-10 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, truncate or cuneate at base, the lateral obliquely ovate; flowers 2-4 or usually solitary; sepals ovate, about 1 cm. long; petals reddish purple, elliptical, 15-20 mm. long; fruit ovoid, 15-20 mm. long, red or yellow, drupelets numerous, falling off together, glabrous ; putamen strongly reticulate. Stream banks, Humid Transition Zone; Aleutian Islands to Idaho and Mendocino County, California. Type locality: banks of the Columbia. March-July. Rubus spectabilis var. Menziesii S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 172. 1876. (Rubus franciscanus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 441. 1913.) Leaves densely pilose beneath, otherwise closely resembling typical R. spectabilis. Coastal region of central California from Sonoma County to Santa Cruz County. 6. Rubus leucodermis Dougl. White-stemmed Raspberry. Fig. 2497. Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 454. 1840. Rubus occidentalis leucodermis Focke, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 4: 147. 1874. Melanobatus leucodermis Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 243. 1906. Melanobatus bernardinus Greene, op. cit. 1 : 244. Rubus bernardinus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 444. 1913. Stems erect, 4-8 dm. high, glaucous, armed with stout, straight or recurved prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate or rarely 5-foliolate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate-acuminate, doubly serrate, white-tomentose beneath; the veins, petioles and peduncles prickly; stipules setaceous; flowers few, corymbose, 1 cm. broad; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate, exceeding the petals; ovaries tomentose; fruit separating from the receptacle when ripe, yellowish red with a white bloom and agreeable flavor. Open woods, Transition Zone; British Columbia and Montana to Utah and southern California. Type locality: Oregon. The southern California plants (R. bernardinus) have the pedicels and hypanthium glandular- hispid. April-July. 7. Rubus nigerrimus (Greene) Rydb. Dark Raspberry. Fig. 2498. Rubus hesperius Piper, Erythea 5: 103. 1897. Not Rogers, 1896. Melanobatus nigerrimus Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1: 244. 1906. Rubus nigerrimus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 445. 1913. Stems biennial, 1-2 m. high, glacous becoming brown and shining in age, strongly armed with straight flat prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate or 5-foliolate, petioles, rachis and ribs armed with recurved prickles ; leaflets 5-8 cm. long, ovate, acuminate, coarsely and doubly serrate, green and glabrous on both surfaces ; flowers in terminal corymbs ; hypanthium and sepals glabrous or sparingly glandular ; petals white, 3-4 mm. long ; fruit nearly black, without bloom ; drupelets tomentose ; putamen strongly faveolate-reticulate. Canyon slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Washington. Type locality: Snake River Canyon at Wawawai and Almota, Whitman County, Washington. May-July. 8. Rubus melanolasius Focke. Rocky Mountain Raspberry. Fig. 2499. Rubus melanolasius Focke, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 13: 469. 1896. Batidaea laetissima Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 240. 1906. Batidaea unicolor Greene, op. cit. 1 : 241. Batidaea Sandbergii Greene, op. cit. 1 : 242. Stems biennial, erect, 0.5-1 m. high, purple or yellow and often glaucous, densely armed with slender straight bristles. Leaves 3-5-foliolate ; stipules subulate; petioles, rachis and mid- veins usually bristly and glandular ; leaflets 3-6 cm. long, ovate to lanceolate, short-acuminate, densely white-tomentose beneath ; inflorescence a short terminal or axillary raceme, glandular- hispid ; petals elliptical, 5-6 mm. long, erect ; fruit red or purplish red, very sour ; drupelets numerous, tomentose; putamen reticulate. Usually on rocky slopes, Canadian Zone; British Columbia and Alberta to eastern Oregon, Utah, and Colo- rado. Type locality: raised from seeds from northwestern America. 9. Rubus vitifdlius Cham. & Sch.. Pacific Blackberry. Fig. 2500. Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Sch. Linnaea 2: 10. 1827. Rubus macropetalus Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 178. 1832. Rubus ursinus var. glabratus Presl, Epimel. Bot. 197. 1851. Rubus Helleri Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 460. 1913. Stems woody, weak and trailing or suberect, 1-6 m. long, somewhat glaucous, armed with straight, slender prickles. Leaves pinnately 3-5-foliolate or those of the flowering branches only deeply lobed ; leaflets ovate to oblong, coarsely toothed, glabrous or nearly so beneath ; flowers 458 ROSACEAE dioecious, staminate large with elongated petals, pistillate small with broad petals ; fruit per- sistent on the receptacle, oblong, black and sweet, glabrous or nearly so. Stream banks and open woods especially in burned areas, mainly Humid Transition Zone; British Columbia and Idaho south along the coast to San Francisco, California. Type locality: San Francisco, California. March- Aug. Rubus vitifolius subsp. ursinus (Cham. & Sch.) Abrams. (Rubus ursinus Cham. & Sch. Linnaea 2: 11. 1827. Rubus Menziesii Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 179. 1832. Rubus Eastwoodianus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 460. 1913.) Distinguished from the typical form chiefly by the more pubescent leaves which are more or less densely soft-pubescent and canescent on the lower surface. This subspecies replaces the typical species throughout California except along the northern coast, extending south to northern Lower California, mainly Upper Sonoran Zone. Type locality : San Francisco, California. 10. Rubus laciniatus Willd. Evergreen or Cutleaved Blackberry. Fig. 2501. Rubus laciniatus Willd. Hort. Berol. pi. 82. 1807. Rubus vulgaris var. laciniatus Dippel, Hanb, Laubh. Deuts, Dendr. Ges. 3: 529. 1893. Stems woody, perennial, climbing, 3-5 m. long, armed with numerous stout recurved prickles. Leaves 5-foliolate, or those of the floral branches 1-3-foliolate; leaflets pinnately cleft or parted and laciniately incised, sparsely pubescent beneath ; petioles prickly ; flowers in cor- ymbs; sepals pubescent and prickly; petals white or pinkish, often incisely cleft; fruit black, globose, 12-15 mm. in diameter. An escape from cultivation and becoming naturalized, especially in western Washington and Oregon. Type locality: unknown. May- Aug. 31. ROSA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 491. 1753. Prickly shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves, adnate stipules and large solitary or corymbose flowers. Hypanthium globose or urceolate. Bractlets none. Sepals 5. Petals 5, rounded, spreading. Stamens many on the silky disk, which lines the hypanthium. Pistils many, included in the hypanthium, but free and distinct; styles subterminal; ovules solitary, pendulous. Achene bony, enclosed in the fleshy, enlarged, red, berry-like hypanthium. [The ancient Latin name of the rose.] A genus of approximately 125 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Type species, Rosa centifolia L. Pistils numerous; styles and upper part of hypanthium persistent in fruit. Sepals spreading or reflexed in fruit and tardily deciduous; leaves glandular-pruinose beneath and sweet- scented. 1. R. rubiginosa. Sepals erect and persistent in fruit; leaves scarcely or not at all sweet-scented. Flowers mostly solitary; petals normally over 2 cm. long; leaflets glabrous above; fruit 12-20 mm. thick. Pedicels and calyx not bristly. Leaflets double-toothed. Prickles straight or nearly so. Prickles stout, more or less flattened below; petioles not pilose. Prickles slender, nearly terete; petioles distinctly pilose. Prickles strongly curved. Leaflets simple-toothed. Pedicels and sepals densely bristly; hypanthium densely bristly. Flowers mostly corymbose, if solitary petals less than 2 cm. long; fruit usually less than 10 mm. thick. Hypanthium smooth or rarely pilose. Leaves pubescent or puberulent. Rachis and leaflets more or less pubescent and often glandular. Leaflets double-toothed, the teeth, lower surface of leaflets and rachis distinctly glandular. 7. R. Aldersonii. Leaflets mostly simple-toothed, the lower surface and rachis scarcely glandular. 8. R. calif ornica. Rachis and lower surface of leaflets finely puberulent, not glandular. Leaflets elliptical to oval, nearly equally green on both surfaces. Sepals glandular-hispid on the back. 9. R. pisocarpa. Sepals not glandular-hispid. Stems sparsely prickly; leaflets firm. 10. R. ultramontana. Stems densely prickly; leaflets thin. 11. R. gratissima. Leaflets obovate, pale and more or less glaucous beneath. 12. R. Macounii. Leaves glabrous throughout. Leaflets broadly oval, 3-5 cm. long. 13. R. rivalis. Leaflets elliptic, rarely 3 cm. long. 14. 7?. mohavensis. Hypanthium densely glandular -hispid. Leaflets rather thin and green, not glaucous. 15. R. spithamaea. Leaflets firm and distinctly glaucous. 16. R. sonomensis. Pistils few; styles and upper part of hypanthium deciduous in fruit. Leaflets glabrous beneath. 17. Leaflets pubescent beneath. 18. 1. Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier. Fig. 2502. Rosa rubiginosa L. Mant. 2: 564. 1771. Rosa micrantha Borrer ex Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 2490. 1813. Rosa suaveolens Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 346. 1814. Rosa Walpoleana Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 264. 1912. Stems branched, 1.5-2.5 m. high, often forming long wands, armed with stout flat recurved 2. R. nutkana. 3. R. pinetorum. 4. R. myriadcnia. 5. R. Spaldingii. 6. R. Macdougalii. R. gymnocarpa. R. Bridgesii. ROSE FAMILY 459 prickles. Stipules glandular-ciliate ; rachis of the leaves pubescent and glandular and often sparsely prickly; leaflets 5-7, usually doubly serrate, densely glandular-pubescent and resinous beneath, very aromatic ; flowers pink to white ; hypanthium smooth or often with a few prickles ; sepals lanceolate, usually laciniately lobed, spreading, deciduous; fruit ovoid, 12-18 mm. long. Pastures and waste places; western Washington to northwestern California, especially abundant in western Oregon. Naturalized from Europe. The Eglantine of Chaucer and Shakespeare. May-July. 2. Rosa nutkana Presl. Nootka Rose. Fig. 2503. Rosa nutkana Presl, Epimel. Bot. 203. 1851. Rosa anacantha Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 265. 1912. Rosa columbiana Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 514. 1918. Stems stout, erect, 0.5-1.5 m. high, usually armed with large paired straight or somewhat curved prickles, the floral branches glabrous or nearly so. Stipules 1-2 cm. long, more or less glandular-dentate ; petioles and rachis more or less puberulent or short-pubescent and often with interspersed stalked glands; leaflets usually 7, 1.5-5 cm. long, broadly ovate, rounded at both ends or acute at apex, doubly serrate, with glandular teeth, dark green and glabrous above, paler and somewhat glandular-puberulent or slightly pubescent on the veins beneath; flowers usually solitary; pedicels glabrous or sometimes glandular-hispid; hypanthium glabrous; sepals lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, cordate-acuminate, often with foliaceous entire appendages, glabrous or rarely glandular on the back ; petals 25-35 mm. long, broadly obcordate ; hypanthium globose, 15-18 mm. broad in fruit. Canadian and Transition Zones; Alaska to Wyoming and northern California. Type locality: Nootka Sound, British Columbia. May-July. Rosa nutkana var. muriculata (Greene) G. N. Jones, Madrono 3: 128. 1935. Leaflets oval, 15-30 mm. long, doubly serrate, the lower surface with muriculate glands interspersed with the pilose pubescence. Mostly near the coast, Humid Transition and Canadian Zones; British Columbia to Mendocino County, California. 3. Rosa pinetorum Heller. Pine Rose. Fig. 2504. Rosa pinetorum Heller, Muhlenbergia 1 : 53. 1904. Rosa Brownii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 44: 70. 1917. Rosa gymnocarpa var. pinetorum Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 500. 1925. Stems erect, slender, 0.5-1 m. high, armed with straight usually terete prickles, the sterile shoots also often bristly. Leaves 5-7-foliolate; stipules pilose and glandular on the back; rachis and petioles glandular and pilose ; leaflets broadly oval, 1-3 cm. long, pilose and glandular be- neath, doubly serrate with gland-tipped teeth ; pedicels glabrous ; petals broadly obovate, about 2-3 cm. long ; fruit about 12 mm. in diameter. Open woods, Transition Zone; Shasta County to Monterey County, and central Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Monterey, California. May-July. Rosa Durandii Crepin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 22: 19. 1875. Stems erect, 2-3 m. high, brown, with stout flat curved prickles, about 15 mm. long, the branches pubescent and densely glandular-hispid. Leaves 5-9-foliolate; petioles unarmed, pubescent and very glandular; leaflets broadly oval, glabrous above, densely glandular-granu- liferous beneath, double-toothed with gland-tipped teeth; hypanthium glabrous or glandular at base, globose, in fruit 12—15 mm. broad- sepals broadly lanceolate, caudate-attenuate, entire, glandular on the back. A little- known species, Queen Charlotte Island, Davidson 8144, and Oregon, Elihu Hall 146. Type locality: Oregon, without definite locality. 4. Rosa myriadenia Greene. Glandular Rose. Fig. 2505. Rosa myriadenia Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 263. 1912. Stems low, with spreading branches, armed with slender terete distinctly curved infrastipular prickles. Leaves 5-foliolate; stipules broad, densely glandular and slightly prickly; leaflets oval, 1-2 cm. long, doubly serrate, with gland-tipped teeth, dark green and glabrous above, densely pilose beneath and glandular on the veins ; flowers 1-3 ; pedicels glabrous ; hypanthium globose, with a short neck; sepals caudate-attenuate, glandular-hispid and sometimes prickly on the back. Transition Zone; southern Oregon, west of the Cascade Mountains. Type locality: Huckleberry Mountain, Jackson County, Oregon. May-July. 5. Rosa Spaldingii Crepin. Spalding's Rose. Fig. 2506. Rosa macrocarpa Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 258. 1830. Not Merat, 1812. Rosa Spaldingii Crepin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 12: 420. 1876. Stems erect, about 1 m. high, brown, usually with straight infrastipular prickles, 5-10 mm. long, young shoots usually bristly, flowering branches glabrous, sparsely prickly. Leaves 5-7- foliolate; petioles and rachis puberulent and sometimes slightly glandular; leaflets oval or broadly oval, 1.5-5 cm. long, coarsely toothed, the teeth seldom double and scarcely glandular, light green and glabrous above, pale and puberulent beneath ; flowers usually solitary ; pedicels glabrous; hypanthium glabrous; sepals lanceolate, caudate-attenuate, entire, sometimes with foliaceous tips, glabrous or very rarely glandular on the back; fruiting hypanthium globose, 12-18 mm. broad. British Columbia to eastern Oregon, Wyoming, and Utah. Type locality: Clearwater, Idaho. May- July. Rosa yainacensis Greene, Pittonia 5: 109. 1903. Stems low and depressed, armed, often densely so, with long straight prickles. Leaves usually 7-foliolate; stipules densely glandular-denticulate; petioles and rachis with numerous short-stalked glands and a few prickles; leaflets oval to obovate, rarely 2 cm. long, doubly toothed, glabrous and dark green above, pale and puberulent beneath; flowers usually solitary; pedicels densely glandular- hispid; hypanthium globose, glabrous; sepals often with foliaceous tips, sparingly glandular-hispid and prickly. Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; southern Oregon east of the Cascades, also adjacent California. Type locality: hills of the Yainax Indian Reservation, Oregon. May-July. 460 ROSACEAE 2496 2498 2500 2492. Rubus parviflorus 2493. Rubus lasicoccus 2494. Rubus pedatus 2495. Rubus nivalis 2496. Rubus spectabilis 2497. Rubus leucodermis 2498. Rubus nigerrimus 2499. Rubus melanolasius 2500. Rubus vitifolius ROSE FAMILY 461 2502 2501 2504 r\ v . s 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2501. Rubus laciniatus 2502. Rosa rubiginosa 2503. Rosa nutkana 2504. Rosa pinetorum 2505. Rosa myriadenia 2506. Rosa Spaldingii 2507. Rosa Macdougalii 2508. Rosa Aldersonii 2509. Rosa califomica 462 ROSACEAE 6. Rosa Macdougalii Holz. MacDougal's Rose. Fig. 2507. Rosa nutkana var. hispida Fernald, Bot. Gaz. 19: 335. 1894. Rosa Macdougalii Holz. Bot. Gaz. 21 : 36. 1896. Rosa nutkana Macdougalii Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 335. 1906. Stems erect, 1-2 m. high, armed with straight infrastipular prickles, the floral branches with weaker prickles or unarmed. Leaves 7-foliolate; stipules more or less glandular-toothed; petioles and rachis puberulent and slightly glandular ; leaflets oval, 1 . 5-5 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so above, puberulent or slightly glandular beneath ; flowers solitary or rarely corymbose ; pedicels glandular-bristly; hypanthium subglobose, densely bristly or prickly, 12-18 mm. thick in fruit ; sepals glandular on the back, caudate-attenuate. Arid Transition Zone; British Columbia and eastern Washington to northern Utah. Type locality: Farming- ton, Idaho. May-July. 7. Rosa Aldersdnii Greene. Alderson's Rose. Fig. 2508. Rosa californica var. Petersiana C. A. Mey. Zimmtr. 19. 1847. Rosa californica var. glandulosa Crepin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 52. 1876. Rosa Aldersonii Greene, Pittonia 5: 110. 1903. Rosa Brezveri Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 262. 1912. Stems armed with stout recurved prickles. Leaves 5-9-foliolate, pilose and glandular- pubescent throughout ; leaflets broadly oval, obtuse, 15-30 mm. long, more or less doubly serrate with gland-tipped teeth ; pedicels pilose and glandular ; flowers in few- to several-flowered cymes; sepals pilose and glandular; petals 15-20 mm. long; fruit 8-10 mm. thick, globose or ovoid and short-beaked, glabrous or sparsely pilose toward the base. Hillsides and thickets. Upper Sonoran Zone; central California to northern Lower California. Type locality: Witch Creek, San Diego County, California. April-Aug. This species and californica, as here treated, constitute two extremely variable groups. A number of segre- gates have been proposed based largely upon pubescence, the shape of the prickles, and the absence or presence of a neck on the fruit. 8. Rosa californica Cham. & Sch. California Rose. Fig.. 2509. Rosa californica Cham. & Sch. Linnaea 2: 35. 1827. Rosa californica var. pubescens Crepin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 52. 1876. Rosa Hartwegiana Crepin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 52, as a synonym. 1876. A variable species, the typical form with stems erect, much branched, light brown or yellow- ish, 1-3 m. high, armed with stout flattened recurved prickles, the young shoots usually bristly. Leaves 5-7-foliolate, oval, 1-2 cm. long, usually simply serrate, teeth without glands, dull green and more or less appressed-pubescent above, villous and sometimes slightly glandular beneath ; pedicels glabrous or somewhat villous ; hypanthium glabrous or rarely sparsely villous, globose or subglobose with a distinct neck, 10-15 mm. broad in fruit; sepals lanceolate, caudate-atten- uate, entire, villous and rarely glandular on the margins. Low ground or moist slopes, often forming thickets, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; southern Oregon to northern Lower California. Type locality: San Francisco, California. May-Sept. 9. Rosa pisocarpa A. Gray. Mortar or Cluster Rose. Fig. 2510. Rosa pisocarpa A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 382. 1872. Rosa Copelandii Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 264. 1912. Rosa Pringlei Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 44: 79. 1917. Rosa Eastwoodiae Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 527. 1918. Stems slender, 1-2 m. high, armed with weak infrastipular prickles, the floral branches sometimes unarmed. Stipules densely short-pubescent, slightly glandular-dentate ; leaflets usually 7, 1-4 cm. long, glabrous above, densely puberulent beneath ; flowers corymbose ; pedicels glabrous ; hypanthium smooth, globose, about 8 mm. broad in fruit ; sepals caudate-attenuate, often foliaceous, glandular-hispid on the back. In moist places, Transition Zone; British Columbia to Idaho and northern California. Type locality: Oregon. May-Aug. In the northern Sierra Nevada and the Siskiyou Mountains are a series of forms that seem to show hybridi- zation or intergradation between the southern R. californica, the northwestern R. pisocarpa, and the interior or Great Basin R. ultramontana. 10. Rosa ultramontana (S. Wats.) Heller. Interior Rose. Fig. 2511. Rosa californica var. ultramontana S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1 : 187. 1876. Rosa ultramontana Heller, Muhlenbergia 1: 107. 1904. Rosa Woodsii var. ultramontana Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 210. 1936. Stems rather stout, 1-3 m. high, armed with straight prickles, the floral branches often unarmed and over-topped by long sterile shoots. Stipules puberulent and often denticulate; leaflets normally 7, 2-4 cm. long, oval, coarsely serrate, dull green on both surfaces, glabrous above, puberulent and often pruinose beneath ; flowers corymbose ; pedicels glabrous ; hypan- thium glabrous, globose, 8-10 mm. broad in fruit; sepals glabrous or slightly puberulent but not glandular-hispid on the back. Moist places, Arid Transition Zone; British Columbia to Montana, Nevada, and northern California, east of the Sierra Nevada. Type locality: eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, California. June- Aug. ROSE FAMILY 463 11. Rosa gratissima Greene. Tehachapi Rose. Fig. 2512. Rosa gratissima Greene, Fl. Fran. 73. 1891. Stems much branched, 1-2 m. high, densely armed with straight stramineous prickles and bristles, the larger often infrastipular. Stipules puberulent, entire or dentate, not glandular; leaflets 5-7, oval, 1-3 cm. long, glabrous above, puberulent beneath; flowers corymbose; pedicels glabrous or pruinose, sometimes slightly prickly; hypanthium glabrous, globose, about 8 mm. broad in fruit ; sepals glabrous on the back. Moist ground, mainly Arid Transition Zone; central Sierra Nevada, mainly eastern slope, to southern Cali- fornia. Type locality: mountains of Kern County, California. April- Aug. 12. Rosa Macounii Greene. Macoun's Rose. Fig. 2513. Rosa Woodsii Lindl. Bot. Reg. 12: pi. 976. 1826. Not Lindl. 1820. Rosa Macounii Greene, Pittonia 4: 10. 1899. Stems 0.5-2 m. high, much branched, usually armed with straight terete prickles, the young shoots bristly; floral branches often unarmed. Stipules glandular-denticulate or entire, puberu- lent on the back ; petioles and rachis puberulent ; leaflets 5-7, obovate, cuneate at base, 1-3 cm. long, serrate, green and glabrous above, pale and puberulent beneath ; flowers solitary or in few- flowered corymbs; pedicels glabrous; hypanthium globose, smooth, 8-10 mm. broad in fruit; sepals glabrous or sparingly puberulent on the back. Moist ground, mainly Arid Transition Zone; British Columbia and Saskatchewan to eastern Oregon, Ne- braska, and western Texas. Type locality: Assiniboia. June-July. Rosa Covillei Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 262. 1912. Stems less than 1 m. high, glaucescent, bristly and with weak straight infrastipular prickles. Stipules narrow, glandular-ciliate; petioles and rachis more or less glandular; leaflets 7, oval or obovate, 15-20 mm. long, serrate, glabrous above, puberulent beneath; flowers solitary; pedicels glabrate; hypanthium glabrous, round-ovoid, contracted into a neck, 1.5 mm. broad in fruit; sepals ovate, short-acuminate, about 1 cm. long. Originally collected in the yellow pine forests south of Naylox, Klamath County, Oregon. Perhaps only a local variation of Rosa Macounii Greene. 13. Rosa rivalis Eastw. Brook Rose. Fig. 2514. Rosa rivalis Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 198. 1905. Stems about 1 m. high, glabrous, armed with scattering slender straight prickles. Stipules glabrous ; rachis and petioles glabrous or slightly pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, broadly oval, 2-5 cm. long, coarsely toothed, thin, glabrous or sparsely pubescent on the veins beneath; flowers corymbose; hypanthium globose; sepals 1.5-2 cm. long, usually with dilated tips, sparingly glandular on the back; petals about 2 cm. long. Transition Zone; southern Oregon to central California. Type locality: Laytonville, Mendocino County, California. June-July. 14. Rosa mohavensis Parish. Mojave Rose. Fig. 2515. Rosa californica var. glabrata Parish, Erythea 6: 88. 1898. Rosa mohavensis Parish, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 1 : 87. 1902. Rosa Woodsii var. mohavensis Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 210. 1936. Plant glabrous throughout; stems slender, 5-10 dm. high, armed with nearly straight scat- tered prickles flattened at base; floral branches short, more or less prickly. Stipules mostly entire ; petioles and rachis occasionally with a few prickles ; leaflets generally 5, oval to elliptic, 5—15 mm. long, serrate ; flowers solitary, rarely 2 or 3 ; hypanthium globose ; sepals caudate- attenuate, about 10 mm. long ; petals about 15 mm. long. Moist places, Upper Sonoran Zone; borders of the Mojave Desert, southern California. Type locality: Cushenberry Springs, on the desert slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, California. May-July. 15. Rosa spithamaea S. Wats. Ground Rose. Fig. 2516. Rosa spithamaea S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 444. 1880. Rosa adenocarpa Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 261. 1912. Stems low, 1-3 dm. high, from creeping rootstocks, armed with straight, terete, infrastipular prickles and often also bristly. Stipules glandular-ciliate and slightly glandular on the back; petioles and rachis glandular and often with a few prickles ; leaflets usually 5, oval to sub- orbicular, 1-3 . 5 cm. long, doubly serrate with gland-tipped teeth, sparingly pubescent or glabrate above, glandular-pruinose beneath; flowers corymbose or sometimes solitary; pedicels glandular-hispid ; hypanthium ellipsoid or subglobose, densely glandular-hispid, 7-8 mm. broad in fruit ; sepals densely glandular-hispid on the back. Open forests, Arid Transition Zone; southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. Type locality: Trinity River, California. June-Aug. 16. Rosa sonomensis Greene. Sonoma Rose. Fig. 2517. Rosa sonomensis Greene, Fl. Fran. 72. 1897. Rosa spithamaea var. sonomensis Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 279. 1901. Rosa granulata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 262. 1912. Plants much resembling Rosa spithamaea in size and general habit, differing chiefly in the leaflets which are broadly oval to orbicular, 5-15 mm. long, doubly serrate with glandular teeth, glabrous on both surfaces, firm and somewhat glaucous. Local on high mountain ridges, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; Sonoma and Marin Counties to San Luis Obispo County, California. Type locality: Petrified Forest, Sonoma County. May- Aug. 464 ROSACEAE 2517 2511 V^'Yv 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2510. Rosa pisocarpa 2511. Rosa ultramontana 2512. Rosa gratissima 2513. Rosa Macounii 2514. Rosa rivalis 2515. Rosa mohavensis 2516. Rosa spithamaea 2517. Rosa sonomensis PEACH FAMILY 465 17. Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Wood Rose. Fig. 2518. Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 461. 1840. Stems slender, erect, 1-3 m. high, often very bristly and with slender infrastipular prickles, the floral branches often unarmed. Stipules narrow, glandular-ciliate and usually dentate; petioles and rachis usually glandular-hispid ; leaflets 5-9, suborbicular to elliptic, 1-3 cm. long, thin, glabrous on both surfaces, doubly serrate with gland-tipped teeth ; flowers usually solitary ; hypanthium ellipsoid, in fruit 4-6 mm. broad; sepals ovate, acuminate, glabrous on the back, deciduous with the styles. In shady woods, chiefly Humid Transition Zone; British Columbia to Montana and central California. Type locality: in shady woods, Oregon. May-July. Bald-hip Rose. Greene (Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 255-266. 1912) has described ten segregates of this species based on minor vegetative variations. 18. Rosa Bridgesii Crepin. Bridges' Rose. Fig. 2519. Rosa Bridgesii Crepin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 54. 1876. Rosa gymnocarpa var. pubescent S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 187. 1876. Rosa crenulata Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 255. 1912. Rosa oligocarpa Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 532. 1918. Stems slender, low and spreading, 2-10 dm. high, armed with straight or slightly curved infrastipular prickles, the floral branches often unarmed. Stipules glandular-ciliate; petioles and rachis puberulent and glandular ; leaflets suborbicular to oval, 1-2 cm. long, doubly serrate with gland-tipped teeth, finely pubescent on both surfaces; flowers mostly solitary; pedicels glabrous or somewhat glandular-hispid ; hypanthium glabrous, globose, 6-7 mm. broad in fruit ; sepals ovate, acuminate, about 8 mm. long, deciduous with the styles. Open pine forests, Arid Transition Zone; southern Oregon to the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: California. June-July. Family 65. AMYGDAL-ACEAE. Peach Family. Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum, and the leaves, bark, and seeds contain- ing prussic acid and bitter. Leaves alternate, simple, petioled, serrate or entire, the teeth and petioles often glandular, the stipules small, early deciduous. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or corymbs, or sometimes solitary, regular and usually perfect. Hypanthium campanulate or turbinate, free from the ovary, deciduous. Sepals and petals 5, inserted on the rim of the hypanthium. Stamens 10-25, in- serted with the petals. Pistils 1 or in one genus 5 ; ovary 1-celled ; ovules 2, pendu- lous ; fruit a more or less fleshy drupe with a bony stone ; seeds 1 or rarely 2. About 6 genera and 120 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the northern hemisphere. Pistil 1; flowers perfect; leaves serrate. *• Prunus. Pistils usually 5; flowers polygamo-dioecious; leaves entire. 2. Osmaronia. 1. PRUNUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 473. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with deciduous or evergreen leaves. Flowers umbellate, corymbose, or racemose, appearing- before or with the leaves, on branches of the same or the previous season. Petals spreading, white or pink. Style terminal. Ovary and fruit glabrous or pubescent. Drupe with a fleshy or sometimes dry, usually edible exocarp, and a bony endocarp, which is smooth or roughened, globose-ovoid, or compressed. [Ancient Latin name of the plum.] A genus of about 95 species, natives of the north temperate zone, tropical America, and Asia. Type species, Prunus domestica L. Flowers corymbose or umbellate, appearing with or before the leaves on twigs of the previous season; leaves deciduous. Drupe glabrous (somewhat pubescent in P. subcordata oregana), with a pulpy exocarp. (Prunus.) Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, narrowed at base; drupe 5-6 mm. long, bright red, very bitter. 1. P. emargmata. Leaves orbicular to ovate, rounded or subcordate at base; drupe 20-25 mm. long, purple, edible. 2. P. subcordata. Drupe pubescent, with an almost dry exocarp. (Emplectocladus.) Leaves ovate or suborbicular, rounded or subcordate at base, serrate. 3. P. Fremontii. Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate. Leaves glabrous, obscurely serrulate; flowers long-pedicelled, 10-15 mm. broad. A. P. Andersonn. Leaves usually pubescent, entire; flowers subsessile, 4-6 mm. broad. 5. P. fasciculata. Flowers in narrow racemes. Racemes terminating leafy branches of the season; drupe with a thick fleshy exocarp; leaves deciduous. (Padus.) 6- P- demissa. Racemes in the axils of the leaves on the twigs of the previous season: drupe with a large stone and thin exocarp; leaves evergreen, entire or spinulose-dentate. (Laurocerasus.) Leaves conspicuously spinulose-dentate, strongly undulate-crisped, 2-4 cm. long. 7. P. ilicifolia. Leaves entire or occasionally sparsely spinulose-denticulate, plane or nearly so, 4-8 cm. long. 8. P. Lyonn. 466 AMYGDALACEAE 1. Primus emarginata (Dougl.) Walp. Bitter Cherry. Fig. 2520. Cerasus emarginata Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 169. 1834. Prunus emarginata Walp. Rep. 2: 9. 1843. Cerasus glanditlosa Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 1 : 59. 1855. Cerasus arida Greene, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18. 57. 1905. Shrub or small tree 1-6 m. high, with smooth bark, young twigs reddish. Leaves oblong- obovate to oblanceolate, acute or acutish at apex, narrowed to near the base, 2-5 cm. long, glandular-serrate, glabrous above and nearly so beneath at least at maturity; flowers appearing with the leaves in small corymbose clusters; hypanthium campanulate, glabrous, about 3 mm. high ; sepals oblong, obtuse, about 2 mm. long ; petals obovate, 6-7 mm. long ; drupe 6-8 mm. in diameter, bright red, very bitter and astringent ; stone ellipsoid, somewhat pointed at each end. Mountain slopes and stream banks, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Vancouver Island and southern British Columbia to western Montana and southern California. Type locality: "On the upper part of the Colum- bia River, especially about the Kettle Falls." In addition to the cited synonyms, several other segregates have been proposed by Greene. April-May. Prunus emarginata var. mollis (Dougl.) Brewer in Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 167. 1876. Tree, 10-20 IP. high. Leaves 3-8 cm. long, elliptic to obovate, obtuse or acute, tomentose beneath; pedicels and hypan- thium pubescent. Open woods, Humid Transition Zone; Vancouver Island, western Washington, and western Oregon. Originally collected by Douglas near the mouth of the Columbia River. 2. Prunus subcordata Benth. Sierra Plum. Fig. 2521. Prunus subcordata Benth. PI. Hartw. 308. 1849. Shrub 1 . 5-3 m. high with straggly and rather rigid or somewhat spinescent branches, young twigs glabrous or puberulent, red-brown becoming gray-brown in age. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, elliptic-ovate to suborbicular, obtuse or rounded at apex, obtuse to subcordate at base, serrulate, glabrous or more or less pubescent ; petioles 4-10 mm. long ; flowers 2-4 in a cluster ; pedicels glabrous or pubescent, 8-15 mm. long; hypanthium campanulate, 4-5 mm. high, glabrous or pubescent; sepals about equaling or shorter than the hypanthium, glandular-ciliate ; petals obovate, 4-6 mm. long; drupe broadly ellipsoid, 16-20 mm. long, reddish-purple, edible; stone somewhat flattened, the sides nearly smooth except 2-3 low ridges, edges prominently keeled. Mountain slopes or canyons, Transition Zones; Douglas and Lake Counties, Oregon, to Tulare County and Santa Cruz County, California. Type locality : Sierra Nevada, probably along the American River. March-May. Prunus subcordata var. oregana (Greene) Wight, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 179: 33. 1915. Leaves ovate, abruptly acute or short-acuminate, more or less pubescent; ovary and young fruit densely tomentose; drupe rather narrowly ellipsoid, about 2 cm. long, dark red, more or less pubescent. Klamath County, Oregon, and Modoc County, California. Prunus subcordata var. Kelloggii Lemmon, Pittonia 2: 67. 1890. Drupe yellow, and larger with more and sweeter pulp. This is probably only a minor variant of the species. It is found from the Mount Shasta region to Sierra County, California. 3. Prunus Fremontii S. Wats. Desert Apricot. Fig. 2522. Prunus Fremontii S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 442. 1880. Amygdalus Fremontii Abrams, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 385. 1910. Prunus eriogyna Mason, Journ. Agric. Research 1: 168. /. 5. 1913. Rigidly branched shrub or small tree, 2-3 m. high with brownish glabrous often spine-tipped twigs. Leaves deciduous, broadly ovate to suborbicular, serrate, 10—25 mm. long, glabrous; petioles slender, 3-4 mm. long; flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters; pedicels 8-12 mm. long; sepals ciliate ; corolla 12-15 mm. broad; drupe about 12 mm. in diameter with a dry exocarp ; stone turgid, about 12 mm. long, rounded on the dorsal side, and with a thick wing on the ventral side. Desert slopes, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; Chuckawalla Mountains, southern California, to northern Lower California. Type locality: Oriflamme Canyon, San Diego County, California. Feb.-April. 4. Prunus Andersonii A. Gray. Desert Peach. Fig. 2523. Prunus Andersonii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 337. 1868. Amygdalus Andersonii Greene, Fl. Fran. 49. 1891. Rigidly branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, armed with divaricate spinescent branchlets. Leaves fascicled, oblanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, narrowed to the subsessile base, obscurely serrulate, gla- brous, pale green ; flowers usually solitary on short spurs ; pedicels 5-8 mm. long ; hypanthium glabrous, 2.5 mm. high, sepals 3 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate-triangular; petals broadly obovate, 5-6 mm. long, rose-colored ; drupe appressed-globose, 10-14 mm. long, densely brownish- tomentulose ; pulp thin and rather dry ; stone somewhat roughened. Desert slopes and mesas, Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Modoc County to Inyo County, California, east to western Nevada. Type locality: "Foothills of the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, near Carson," Nevada. March-April. 5. Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) A. Gray. Desert Almond. Fig. 2524. Emplectocladus fasciculatus Torr. PI. Frem. 10. pi. 5. 1853. Prunus fasciculata A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 10: 70. 1874. Amygdalus fasciculata Greene, Fl. Fran. 49. 1891. Lycium Spcncerae J. F. Macbride, Contr. Gray Herb. 53: 18. 1918. Shrub 1-2 m. high, with pale gray bark, and divaricately branching often spine-tipped branches, usually pubescent when young. Leaves clustered on short stubby branchlets, deciduous, oblanceolate -spatulate, 8-15 mm. long, narrowed to an indistinct petiole, pale green and pubes- PEACH FAMILY 467 cent, entire or rarely obscurely serrulate ; flowers 1-3 on the short stubby branchlets, subsessile ; hypanthium 2 mm. long; petals oblanceolate, about 3 mm. long; drupe ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, densely pubescent ; stone smooth, narrowly winged on the ventral side. Desert slopes, Sonoran Zones; Mojave and Colorado Deserts from Inyo County to Imperial County, Cali- fornia, east to southern Utah and western Arizona. Type locality: "Sierra Nevada, California." March-May. Prunus fasciculata var. punctata Tepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 230. 1936. Young branches densely pubescent. Leaves glandular-punctate, otherwise glabrous. Sandy flats near Bicknell station, northern Santa Barbara County (type locality), also western San Luis Obispo County, California. 6. Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Walp. Western Choke Cherry. Fig. 2525. Cerasus demissa Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 411. 1840. Prunus demissa Walp. Rep. 2: 10. 1843. Padus demissa M. Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3: 87. 1847. Erect shrub, 1-5 m. high, with gray-brown bark becoming slightly fissured on old trunks, young twigs usually rather densely hairy, becoming smooth and gray-brown. Leaves oblong- ovate, 3-8 cm. long, acute or abruptly short-pointed at apex, more or less pubescent beneath ; petioles about 1 cm. long, with 1 or 2 glands near the base of the blade ; racemes 5-10 cm. long, terminating more or less leafy branchlets ; sepals short, obtuse ; petals orbicular, 5-6 mm. broad ; drupe globose, 5-6 mm. broad, red or dark purple, sweet and edible, but astringent ; stone glo- bose, smooth. Ravines and wooded slopes, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Washington and Idaho south to southern California. Type locality: "Plains of the Oregon [Columbia] towards the sea, and at the mouth of the Wahla- met [Willamette]." Prunus demissa subsp. melanocarpa A. Nels. Mitt. Deuts. Dendr. Ges. 1911: 231. 1911. Distinguished from the typical species by the glabrous bright green leaves, glandless petioles, glabrous twigs and black fruit. The common choke cherry of the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin, extending into eastern Oregon and the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, California. 7. Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp. Holly-leaved Cherry. Fig. 2526. Cerasus ilicifolia Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 340. 1832. Prunus ilicifolia Walp. Rep. 2: 10. 1843. Laurocerasus ilicifolia M. Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3: 92. 1847. Arborescent shrub or small tree, 2-9 m. high with a round-topped crown and a trunk up to 3-4 dm. in diameter, bark dark gray-brown and becoming fissured, young twigs red-brown, gla- brous. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, ovate to suborbicular, 2-6 cm. long, spinose-toothed ; petioles 8-12 mm. long ; racemes 2-6 cm. long ; petals broadly obovate, 2-3 mm. long ; drupe ovoid-ellipsoid, 12-18 mm. long, dark purple, with a thin fleshy exocarp; stone smooth, slightly obcompressed, apiculate. Wooded slopes, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Coast Ranges from Napa County, California, to northern Lower California. Type locality: Santa Barbara, California. April- May. 8. Prunus Lyonii (Eastw.) Sarg. Catalina Cherry. Fig. 2527. Prunus occidentalis Nutt. ex Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 11: 202. 333. 1886. Not Sw. Prunus integrifolia Sarg. Man. Trees N. Amer. 531. /. 441. 1905. Not Walp. Cerasus Lyonii Eastw. Occ. Papers Calif. Acad. 9: 54. 1905. Laurocerasus Lyonii Britt. in Britt. & Shafer, N. Amer. Trees 512. 1908. Prunus Lyonii Sarg. PI. Wilson. 74. 1911. Trees, 5-15 m. high, bark dark gray-brown becoming fissured. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, oblong-ovate to lanceolate-ovate, acute to acuminate, 3-8 cm. long, commonly entire but some- 2518 2519 2520 2518. Rosa gymnocarpa 2519. Rosa Bridgesii 2520. Prunus emarginata 468 AMYGDALACEAE 2526 2521. Prunus subcordata 2522. Prunus Fremontii 2523. Prunus Andersonii 2524. Prunus fasciculata 2525. Prunus demissa 2526. Prunus ilicifolia 2527. Prunus Lyonii 2528. Osmaronia cerasiformis APPLE FAMILY 469 times with a few spinose teeth, glabrous ; drupes a little larger than in the preceding species, blackish purple when ripe. Canyon slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente Islands, southern California. Type locality: Santa Catalina Island. These two species of evergreen cherries are popular ornamentals, and remain distinct under cultivation, but they are closely related and some botanists prefer calling the latter a variety. 5. OSMARONIA Greene. Pittonia 2: 191. 1891. Shrubs, with the characteristic bitter bark of Prunus. Leaves simple, entire, decidu- ous, the stipules small, early deciduous. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, white and fragrant, in nodding racemes terminating leafy branchlets of the season. Hypanthium turbinate- campanulate, deciduous. Sepals and petals 5. Staminate flowers with spreading petals; stamens 15 in 3 series, 10 inserted with the petals and 5 inserted lower down on the disk lining the hypanthium. Pistillate flowers with smaller erect petals; stamens present but abortive; pistils 5, simple, free and distinct, glabrous; styles short, lateral, jointed at base; ovules 2 to each ovary, pendulous. Fruit consisting of 1-5 drupes, with a thin pulpy exo- carp and a bony endocarp. Seed solitary ; cotyledons convolute. [Name consisting of the Greek adjective meaning fragrant, prefixed to the generic name Aronia.] A monotypic and somewhat anomalous genus peculiar to the Pacific Coast. 1. Osmaronia cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray) Greene. Oso Berry. Fig. 2528. Nuttallia cerasiformis Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 336. 1838. Exochordia Davidiana Baillon, Adansonia 9: 149. 1869. Osmaronia cerasiformis Greene, Pittonia 2: 191. 1891. Shrub or small tree, 1-5 m. high, the bark smooth, the branches mostly erect. Leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, entire, thin, paler and sparingly pubescent beneath when young, glabrate in age; raceme 3-10 cm. long, nodding, bracts and bractlets membranaceous, deciduous; hypanthium about 5 mm. wide and as deep ; sepals 3 mm. long ; petals of staminate plants obovate, 5-6 mm. long, those of the pistillate smaller and narrower; fruit about 1 cm. long, black and glaucous, the exocarp fleshy, bitter. Canyons and shaded slopes. Transition Zone; British Columbia southward west of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Divide to Monterey and Tulare Counties, California. Type locality: Columbia River. March-April. Family 66. MALACEAE. Apple Family. Trees and shrubs with alternate simple or pinnate leaves, the stipules free from the petiole, small and deciduous. Flowers regular, perfect, racemose, corymbose, or solitary. Hypanthium adnate to the ovary. Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually clawed. Stamens numerous or rarely few. Ovary 1-5-celled, composed of 1-5 usually united carpels ; styles 1-5 ; ovules 1-2 in each carpel. Fruit a more or less fleshy pome, con- sisting of the thickened hypanthium enclosing the bony, papery, or leathery carpels. Endosperm none; cotyledons fleshy. About 20 genera and over 500 species, of wide geographic distribution. Leaves deciduous; carpels united and coalescent with the fleshy hypanthium. Leaves pinnate. 1. Sorbus. Leaves simple, entire, toothed or lobed. Mature carpels papery or leathery. Cavities of the ovary and fruit as many as the styles, 2-ovuled and 2-seeded. 2. Mains. Cavities of the ovary 2-ovuled and as many as the styles, but in fruit each becoming divided into two. Petals oblong, ascending. 3. Amelanchier. Petals orbicular, spreading. 4. Peraphyllum. Mature carpels bony, becoming separable or united 1-seeded stones. 5. Crataegus. Leaves evergreen; carpels 2, partly free and separating, bcoming thin and papery, enclosed in the fleshy hypan- thium. 6. Heteromeles. 1. SORBUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 477. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnate deciduous leaves, serrate leaflets, and decidu- ous stipules. Flowers perfect, regular in terminal compound cymes. Hypanthium urn- shaped. Petals 5, white, spreading, short-clawed. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior; styles usually 3, distinct ; stigma truncate ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a small red berry- like pome, the carpels papery. [The ancient Latin name for the pear or service-tree.] A genus of about 10 species, native of the northern hemisphere; 4 are in North America. Type species, Sorbus domestica L. Leaves serrate only toward the apex; fruit glaucous. 1. S. occidentalis. Leaves serrate to near the base; fruit not glaucous. 2. S. sitchensis. 470 MALACEAE 1. Sorbus occidentalis (S. Wats.) Greene. Western Mountain Ash or Rowan. Fig. 2529. Pyrus occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 263. 1888. Sorbus occidentalis Greene, Fl. Fran. 54. 1891. Low shrub about 1 m. high, the young branches pubescent. Leaves bearing 7-11 leaflets, the rachis and petiole sparsely pubescent; leaflets 2-4 cm. long, oblong, obtuse, serrate only near the apex, sometimes entire, dull on the upper surface; cyme 4-10 cm. broad, its branches pubes- cent ; petals about 4 mm. long ; fruit globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, purplish red and glaucous. Alpine slopes, Hudsonian Zone; British Columbia to Oregon in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains. Type locality: Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°. June- Aug. 2. Sorbus sitchensis M. Roem. Sitka Mountain Ash or Rowan. Fig. 2530. Sorbus sitchensis M. Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3: 139. 1847. Pyrus sitchensis Piper, Mazama 2: 107. 1901. Sorbus cascadensis G. N. Jones, Univ. Wash. Pub. Biol. 7: 174. 1938. Shrub 2-5 m. high with smooth bark, the young branches pubescent. Leaves bearing 9-13 leaflets, the rachis and petioles pubescent ; leaflets linear to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate to acute, sharply serrate to near the base, glabrate, shining above ; fruit ellipsoid, coral red, 7-8 mm. long. Mountain slopes, Transition Zone; Alaska to western Montana, and the Cascade Mountains to Crater Lake, Oregon. Type locality: Sitka, Alaska. May-July. Sorbus sitchensis subsp. californica (Greene) Abrams. (Sorbus calif omica Greene, Pittonia 4: 131. 1900. Pyrus sitchensis var. californica Smiley, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 9: 233. 1921. Sorbus sitchensis var. densa Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 508. 1925.) Leaflets mostly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, otherwise like the type and intergrading with it. Siskiyou Mountains south in the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa County, California, and western Nevada. 2. MALUS [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Trees or shrubs, with alternate, toothed or lobed leaves, and showy white or pink flowers in simple terminal cymes. Hypanthium urn-shaped, open, not closed by a cushion. Sepals 5. Petals 5, rounded, clawed. Styles 2-5 (usually 5), united at the base; ovules 2 in each cell; carpels papery or leathery. Fruit a pome, usually depressed-globose and hollowed at the base, its flesh not containing grit-cells. [Greek, apple.] A genus of about 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone, six of which are in North America. Type species, Pyrus Malus L. 1. Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneider. Oregon Crab-apple. Fig. 2531. Pyrus fusca Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 254. 1830. Pyrus diversifolia Bong. Mem. Acad. St.-Petersb. VI. 2: 133. 1832. Pyrus rivularis Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 203. pi. 68. 1833. Malus rivularis M. Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3: 215. 1847. Malus diversifolia M. Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3: 215. 1847. Malus fusca Schneider, Handb. Laubholzk. 1 : 723. 1906. Small tree 5-10 m. high, the branches somewhat thorny. Leaves 2-4 cm. long, ovate-lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, occasionally 3-lobed, serrate, darker green and sparsely pubescent above, pale and pubescent or tomentose beneath; inflorescence a simple cyme, the pedicels and hypan- thium tomentose; petals white, 8-10 mm. long, suborbicular ; fruit about 15 mm. long, oblong, depressed at both ends, purplish. Moist open woods, Humid Transition Zone; Aleutian Islands, coast region of Alaska, and British Columbia, and west of the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, reaching its southern limit in Sonoma and Plumas Counties, California. Type locality: Not given. April-June. Malus fusca var. levipes (Nutt.) Schneider, Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 724. 1906. Leaves usually less pubes- cent, sometimes glabrous; pedicels and hypanthium glabrous. This is the more common form in the Willamette Valley and along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains. The typical species is the common form nearer the coast. 3. AMELANCHIER Medic. Phil. Bot. 1:155. 1789. Shrubs or small trees with simple deciduous leaves and unarmed branches. Flowers racemose or rarely solitary, white. Hypanthium campanulate, more or less adnate to the ovary. Sepals 5, narrow, persistent and usually reflexed. Petals 5, ascending. Stamens many; filaments subulate. Styles 2-5, connate, pubescent at the base. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, the cells becoming twice as many as the styles by false partitions intrud- ing from the back. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Fruit a berry-like pome, 4-10- celled. [The Savoy name of the Medlar.] A genus of about 25 species, natives of the north temperate zone; about twenty are in North America. Type species, Mespilus Amelanchier L. Top of ovary and leaves glabrous. Styles 3-5; petals 10-15 mm. long. Leaves truncate or retuse, rather coarsely crenate-serrate to near the base; inflorescence glabrous. 1. A. glabra. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, obtuse to acute, sharply serrate; inflorescence usually sparsely villous- tomentose. 2. A. Cusickii. Styles 2 or 3; petals 5 or 6 mm. long. 3. A. Covillei. APPLE FAMILY 471 Top of ovary and leaves, at least when young, pubescent. Styles 4 or 5 ; fruit dark purple at maturity. Leaves floccose-tomentose beneath; petals 12-15 mm. long. 4. A. florida. Leaves tomentulose beneath; petals 7-10 mm. long. 5. A. gracilis. Styles 2 or 3; fruit reddish or orange at maturity; leaves pale. Leaves coarsely toothed to below the middle. 6. A. utahensis. Leaves entire or finely toothed toward the apex, often mucronate. 7. A. pallida. 1. Amelanchier glabra Greene. Smooth or Glabrous Service-berry. Fig. 2532. Amelanchier glabra Greene, Fl. Fran. 52. 1891. Amelanchier basalticola Piper in Piper & Beattie, Fl. Palouse Reg. 100. 1901. Shrub 1-2 m. high, with reddish-brown twigs, the whole plant glabrous or sometimes the sepals more or less villous on the inner surface. Leaves suborbicular to broadly oblong, 2-3 cm. long, truncate to retuse at apex, obtuse to subcordate at base, green above, paler beneath, rather coarsely crenate-serrate to near the base; petals oblong-spatulate, 10-15 mm. long, rarely longer; sepals triangular-subulate, equaling the hypanthium ; fruit dark purple. Borders of woods, and along streams, Canadian Zone; eastern Washington and Idaho to the Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: in the Donner Lake region, Sierra Nevada, California. April-June. 2. Amelanchier Cusickii Fernald. Cusick's Service-berry. Fig. 2533. Amelanchier Cusickii Fernald, Erythea 7: 121. 1899. Low shrub 1-3 m. high, with red-brown slender erect branchlets. Leaves ovate to ovate- elliptic, acute or acutish at apex, obtuse or rounded at base, 2-3.5 cm. long, sharply serrate to near the base, bright green above; raceme short, 3-6-flowered; hypanthium glabrous; sepals subulate, glabrous without, hairy within ; petals oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, 10-15 mm. long ; fruit dark purple. Stream banks and bluffs, Arid Transition and Canadian Zones; Blue Mountains of southeastern Washing- ton to the Klamath region, southern Oregon. Type locality: stony hills, Union County, Oregon. April-May. 3. Amelanchier Covillei Standley. Coville's Service-berry. Fig. 2534. Amelanchier Covillei Standley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 27 : 198. 1914. Amelanchier alnifolia var. Covillei Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 510. 1925. Shrub 1-2 m. high, with stout brownish-red glabrous branches. Leaves 1-2 cm. long, oblong- oval or rarely obovate-orbicular, rounded or usually pointed at apex, rounded or broadly cuneate at base, rather finely serrate to near the base, glabrous, firm, pale green and somewhat glaucous ; racemes short, rather densely few-flowered, glabrous ; hypanthium glabrous ; sepals triangular- subulate, 2.5-3 mm. long, reflexed; petals 5-6 mm. long, obovate-oblong. Canyons of desert mountains, Upper Sonoran Zone; Panamint Mountains, California, to southern Nevada and northern Arizona. Type locality : Cottonwood Canyon, Panamint Mountains, California. April-May. 4. Amelanchier florida Lindl. Pacific Service-berry. Fig. 2535. Amelanchier florida Lindl. Bot. Reg. 19: pi. 15S9. 1833. Amelanchier ovalis var. semiintegrifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 202. 1834. Shrub or small tree, 2-5 m. high, with reddish-brown branchlets. Leaves broadly oblong to suborbicular, mostly 3-4 cm. long, subcordate to rounded at the base, obtuse at the apex, coarsely toothed above the middle or rarely subentire, more or less tomentose beneath, glabrous or more or less strigose above, rather thin in texture, bright green above, paler beneath ; petioles, branches of the inflorescence and pedicels often villous-tomentose ; petals oblanceolate-obtuse, 12-15 mm. long ; ovary pubescent at the summit ; fruit dark purple, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. In open woods and clearings, mainly Humid Transition Zone; southern Alaska to the coastal region of central California; common in western Oregon and Washington, extending east to Idaho. Type locality: on the banks of the Columbia, near Fort Vancouver, Washington. March-May. 5. Amelanchier gracilis Heller. Slender Service-berry. Fig. 2536. Amelanchier gracilis Heller, Muhlenbergia 2: 59. 1905. Amelanchier siskiyouensis Schneider, Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 735. 1906. Amelanchier recurvata Abrams, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 151. fig. 1. 1910. Shrubs 1-2.5 m. high with erect or ascending usually wand-like branches and grayish bark, the young twigs reddish purple. Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptical, 2-4 cm long, acute to truncate, entire or slightly toothed toward the apex ; racemes few-flowered ; petals 10 mm. long ; styles 4 'or 5 ; ovary more or less tomentose at tip ; sepals triangular-lanceolate, 2 mm. long, re- curved from the base in fruit ; fruit dark purple, glabrous or sparsely tomentose. Mountain slopes, Transition and Canadian Zones; Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, to southern California. Type locality: near Shasta Springs, Siskiyou County, California. April-May. 6. Amelanchier utahensis Koehne. Utah Service-berry. Fig. 2537. Amelanchier utahensis Koehne, Nissensch. Prog. Falk-Realgym. Berlin 95: 25. 1890. Amelanchier alnifolia var. utahensis M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. 5: 679. 1895. Shrub 1-5 m. high with gray or brownish branches. Leaves 1-3 cm. long, elliptical to oval, acute to rounded at apex, rounded to subcordate at base, coarsely crenate-serrate to near the base pallid finely tomentulose and somewhat canescent on both surfaces ; racemes 2-3 cm. long ; 472 MALACEAE 2529. Sorbus occidentalis 2530. Sorbus sitchensis 2531. Malus fusca 2532. Amelanchier glabra 2533. Amelanchier Cusickii 2534. Amelanchier Covillei 2535. Amelanchier florida 2536. Amelanchier gracilis 2537. Amelanchier utahensis APPLE FAMILY 473 sepals narrowly lanceolate, short-villous on both surfaces ; petals elliptical, 7 mm. long ; fruit 7-8 mm. broad, puberulent, yellow or orange. Dry hillsides, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington and Oregon to Idaho and Colorado, south through the Great Basin region to the Mojave Desert, California, Arizona, and New Mexico. Type locality: Leeds, Utah. April-June. 7. Amelanchier pallida Greene. Pallid Service-berry. Fig. 2538. Amelanchier pallida Greene, Fl. Fran. S3. 1891. Amelanchier alnifolia var. pallida Jepson. Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 509. 1925. Amelanchier subintegra Greene, Pittonia 5: 109. 1903. Shrub 2-3 m. high with mostly short rigid grayish branches, young twigs tomentose. Leaves elliptical to broadly ovate, pallid, firm, tomentulose beneath, strigose above, entire or toothed toward the apex, the teeth small; petals oblong, 8-10 mm. long, sparsely puberulent; styles nor- mally 2 or 3 ; fruit reddish tardily darkening, glabrous or sparsely tomentose ; fruiting sepals narrow, acuminate, more or less erect at least below. Dry hillsides, mainly Arid Transition Zone; Siskiyou Mountains, southern Oregon, to the Cuyamaca Moun- tains, California, east to Nevada. Type locality: northern and northeastern California. April-June. Amelanchier cuneata Piper, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 392. 1900. Shrub about 2 m. high, the branchlets with grayish bark, and the young twigs pubescent with somewhat appressed white hairs. Leaves 2-3 cm. long, elliptical to obovate, few-toothed toward the apex, cuneate at base, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces; racemes 10-20-flowered; hypanthium pubescent; petals 12 m. long, oblanceolate. A little-known form which has been collected only "in sagebrush land, Ellensburg, Washington." 4. PERAPHYLLUM Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 474. 1840. Low shrub with grayish bark. Leaves alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches, simple, entire or serrulate. Flowers appearing- with the leaves, solitary or 2 or 3 together, perfect, regular. Hypanthium subglobose, adnate to the ovary. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, orbicular. Ovary with 2 carpels, but 4-celled by 2 false partitions ; styles 2 or 3, slender, stamens about 20. Fruit a pome, fleshy and bitter, the carpels cartilaginous. [Name Greek, meaning very leafy.] A monotypic genus of the Great Basin region. 1. Peraphyllum ramosissimum Nutt. Squaw Apple. Fig. 2539. Peraphyllum ramosissimum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 474. 1840. Low, intricately branched shrub, 1-2 m. high. Leaves 2-4 cm. long, narrowly oblanceolate, narrowed at the base, acute at the apex, sparingly appressed-pubescent, entire or serrulate, the teeth tipped with deciduous glands ; sepals triangular, reflexed ; petals pale pink ; fruit yellowish, 8-10 mm. thick, very bitter. Dry hills, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; eastern Oregon and northeastern California to south- ern Utah and western Colorado. Type locality: "dry hillsides near the Blue Mountains of the Oregon." April- May. 5. CRATAEGUS L. Sp. PI. 475. 1753. Shrubs or small trees, usually armed with thorns or spines. Leaves deciduous, alter- nate, petioled, simple, toothed and usually more or less lobed. Flowers in terminal cor- ymbs or cymes. Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate, adnate to the ovary. Sepals 5, reflexed after anthesis. Petals 5, white or pink, spreading, rounded. Stamens 5-25, in- serted on the margin of the hypanthium in 1-3 series; filaments filiform. Ovary inferior, 1-5-celled; styles 1-5, separate, usually surrounded at the base by tomentum; ovules usually 1 in each cell, or if 2 dissimilar. Pome small, yellow, red, or rarely blue or black, containing 1-5 bony and 1 -seeded carpels. [Greek, meaning strong, from the hardness and toughness of the wood.] About 300 species, natives of the north temperate zone of both hemispheres, extending to the tablelands of Mexico and the Andes, but most abundant in the eastern United States. Type species, Crataegus Oxyacantha L. Sepals short-triangular, merely acute; fruit black. 1. C. Douglasii. Sepals attenuate, usually more or less glandular-toothed; fruit purple or red. Inflorescence glabrous or glabrate. 2. C. Columbiana. Inflorescence densely villous. 3. C. Piperi. 1. Crataegus Douglasii Lindl. Douglas' Thorn-apple. Fig. 2540. Crataegus punctata var. brevispina Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 201. 1833. Crataegus Douglasii Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: pi. 1810. 1835. Shrub or small tree, 5-12 m. high, armed with stout thorns 1-2 cm. long. Leaves broadly obovate, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse or acutish at apex, more or less doubly serrate above the cuneate base, those of young shoots often incisely lobed, glabrous beneath, pubescent at least on the mid- rib above, rather thick and firm; pedicels glabrous or sparingly hairy; corymbs usually many- flowered ; hypanthium glabrous, the short-triangular sepals more or less villous toward the apex, entire ; petals orbicular, 4-5 mm. long ; anthers pink ; fruit black, smooth. Along streams and the edges of meadows, Humid Transition Zone; western British Columbia to central California, west of the Cascade Mountains. Type locality: vicinity of Vancouver, Washington. April-June. 474 MIMOSACEAE 2. Crataegus columbiana Howell. Columbia Thorn-apple. Fig. 2541. Crataegus columbiana Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 163. 1898. A shrub or small tree 2-5 m. high, usually much branched, the thorns stout, 2-5 cm. long-. Leaves cuneate-obovate, 2-5 cm. long, usually incisely 5-9-lobed, irregularly serrate above the cuneate base, the teeth often gland-tipped, sparingly pubescent above, glabrous below or sparsely hairy in the axils of the principal veins ; branches of the corymb and pedicels glabrous or glabrate ; flowers many ; sepals long-triangular, acuminate, often glandular-serrate, very sparingly villous ; fruit purple or red. Along streams, Arid Transition Zone; southeastern British Columbia, eastern Washington and Oregon to northeastern California. Type locality: common along the Columbia River and its tributaries east of the Cascade Mountains. April-May. 3. Crataegus Piperi Britt. Piper's Thorn-apple. Fig. 2542. Crataegus Piperi Britt. Torreyal:55. 1901. A much branched shrub, 2-3 m. high, the thorns rather slender, 3-5 cm. long, dark brown. Leaves broadly oval, 2-4 cm. long, the teeth sharp, gland-tipped, incised and doubly serrate above the middle, merely serrate on the cuneate base, sparingly strigose on both surfaces ; pedicels and hypanthium densely villous; sepals long-triangular, 4-5 mm. long, usually glandular-toothed; fruit coral-red, spherical or nearly so, about 12 mm. broad, sparingly pubescent. Along streams and on moist slopes, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and Idaho. Type locality: Pullman, Washington. April-May. 6. HETEROMELES M. Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3: 105. 1847. An unarmed shrub or small tree, with simple coriaceous evergreen toothed leaves, and minute stipules. Flowers small, white, in terminal corymbose panicles. Hypanthium tur- binate, partly adnate to the ovary. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, rounded, concave, spreading. Stamens 10, in pairs opposite the sepals ; filaments dilated at base and some- what connate. Ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules 2 to each cell, ascending ; styles 2-3. Fruit a red ovoid berry-like pome, the fleshy hypanthium connate with the membranaceous carpels to the middle, and the thickened sepals curved over them above. A monotypic California genus, closely related to Photinia of China and Japan. 1. Heteromeles arbutifolia (Ait.) M. Roem. Tollon, Christmas Berry. Fig. 2543. Crataegus arbutifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 202. 1811. Not Lam. 1783. Photinia arbutifolia Lindl. Trans. Linn. Soc. 13: 103. 1821. Heteromeles arbutifolia M. Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3: 105. 1847. Photinia salicifolia Presl, Epimel. Bot. 204. 1849. Heteromeles Fremontiana Decn. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris 10: 144. 1874. Heteromeles salicifolia Abrams, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 381. 1910. Arborescent shrub or small tree 2-10 m. high, the young branchlets tomentulose. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, rather pungently and remotely serrate or dentate, coriaceous, dark green and shining above, pale beneath, glabrous or sparsely tomentulose ; corymbs many- flowered, often 10-15 cm. broad, the branches sparsely tomentulose; hypanthium about 3 mm. high ; sepals short, triangular ; petals suborbicular, 4 mm. long ; fruit broadly ovoid, 4-6 mm. in diameter, bright red. Hillsides and canyons, at its best in deep rich soils, mainly Upper Sonoran Zone; California from Humboldt and Shasta Counties to Mariposa County, and in the Coast Ranges to northern Lower California. Type locality: Monterey, California. April-July. Yellow-berried plants are sometimes found in the southern Coast Ranges, and on San Clemente and Santa Catalina Islands the berries are usually larger. Both of these variants have been given varietal names by some botanists. Family 67. MIMOSACEAE. Mimosa Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate mostly compound leaves, and small regu- lar mostly perfect flowers, in heads, spikes, or racemes. Calyx 3-6-toothed or -lobed. Corolla of as many distinct or more or less united valvate petals. Stamens as many as the petals, twice as many or numerous, distinct or monadelphous. Pistil solitary ; ovary 1 -celled ; ovules several or numerous ; style simple. Fruit a legume. About 40 genera and 1,500 species, mostly of tropical distribution. This, and the three following families, are often united under the name Leguminosae. Stamens united below into a tube. 1. Calliandra. Stamens distinct or united only at the base. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10; anthers not gland-tipped. 2. Acacia. Stamens 10; anthers gland-tipped. 3. Prosopis. MIMOSA FAMILY 475 1. CALLlANDRA Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 2: 138. 1840. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with bipinnate leaves and capitate flowers, the heads pe- duncled, axillary or in terminal racemes. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Petals united to about the middle into a 5-lobed funnelform or campanulate corolla. Stamens numerous, long-exserted ; filaments united below into a tube; anthers small, glandular-pubescent or glabrous; pollen grains agglomerate. Style filiform; ovules many. Legume linear, usu- ally narrowed below, flat, straight or nearly so, not pulpy within, elastically dehiscent from the apex, the valves coriaceous with raised margins. Seeds orbicular or obovate, compressed. [Name Greek, meaning beautiful stamens.] A genus of about 150 species, natives of subtropical and tropical America, Africa, and India. Type species, Calliandra Houstonii (L'Her.) Benth. Anneslia Salisb. (1807) has priority but Calliandra is conserved. 1. Calliandra eriophylla Benth. Hairy-leaved Calliandra. Fig. 2544. Calliandra eriophylla Benth. Lond. Journ. Bot. 3: 105. 1844. Calliandra Chamaedrys Engelm. ex A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 39. 1849. Calliandra conferta Benth. ex A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1 : 63. 1852. Anneslia eriophylla Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 59. 1928. Low much branched shrub, commonly about 30 cm. high, two or more main branches usually arising from the same root, the older branches gray, the young twigs brownish with the broad striae canescent with a downwardly appressed pubescence. Stipules subulate-setaceous ; pinnae 1-7 pairs ; leaflets usually 5-8 pairs, oblong, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, more or less stri- gose ; heads racemose or axillary, few-flowered ; flowers sparingly strigose, reddish purple ; calyx 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla 4-6 mm. long; stamens about 2 cm. long, united at base into a short tube ; legume 3-6 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide, tapering below the middle, densely short- pubescent with downwardly appressed hairs. Rocky canyons and hillsides, Lower Sonoran Zone; Chocolate Mountains, southeastern California, to western Texas, south to Lower California and Puebla, Mexico. Type locality: Chila, Puebla, Mexico. March-May. False Mesquite. 2. ACACIA [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Trees or shrubs, or some species nearly herbaceous, with bipinnate leaves, the ulti- mate leaflets usually small and numerous, or the leaves in many exotic species modified into simple flat phyllodia. Flowers small, usually yellow, in heads or spikes. Calyx usu- ally 4-5-toothed, or the sepals distinct. Petals usually 4 or 5, distinct or united, or want- ing. Stamens many, exserted; filaments filiform, distinct; pollen grains cohering in twos to sixes. Pod linear to oval, flat or swollen, often constricted between the seeds. [Greek, meaning point or thorn, many species being thorny.] A genus of perhaps 300 species, chiefly in subtropical regions, and most abundant in Africa and Australia. Type species, Mimosa scorpioides L. 1. Acacia Greggii A. Gray. Gregg's Acacia, Cat-claw, Ufia-de-gato. Fig. 2545. Acacia Greggii A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1 : 65. 1852. Senegalia Greggii Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 110. 1930. Shrub or small tree, the grayish-brown branches usually rigid and armed with short, more or less flattened and recurved spines. Leaves with 2 or 3 pairs of pinnae, cinereous-pubescent throughout; leaflets oblong to obovate, 3-6 mm. long; spikes 3-5 cm. long, about equaling the peduncles; flowers light yellow; pods flat, 8-12 cm. long. Desert hillsides and canyons, Lower Sonoran Zone; Colorado Desert, southern California, to western Texas, Lower California, and Sonora. Type locality: western Texas. April- June. Acacia Farnesiana (L.) Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1083. 1806. Small tree or arborescent shrub. Leaves de- ciduous; leaflets 3-8 pairs, glabrous, linear-oblong, 2-6 mm. long; flowers bright yellow, in globose heads on slen- der pubescent peduncles; pod oblong or cylindric, often thicker than wide, 3-7.5 cm. long. This Mexican and tropical American species has been collected {Wolf) near Otay, San Diego County, California, where it was probably introduced. 3. PROSOPIS L. Mant. 1:10. 1767. Trees or shrubs often armed with axillary spines or spinescent stipules. Leaves bi- pinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae and usually small entire leaflets. Flowers greenish, regular, in cylindric or globose axillary pedunculate spikes. Calyx campanulate, the teeth very short and valvate. Petals 5, valvate, united below the middle or at length free, woolly on the inner side. Stamens 10, free and exserted; anthers tipped with a deciduous gland. Ovary villous ; style filiform. Pod linear, compressed or nearly terete, straight, falcate or spirally coiled, coriaceous and indehiscent, usually pulpy within. Seeds numerous, ovate, compressed. [Ancient Greek name of some very different plant.] About 10 species, natives of the warm temperate and tropical regions. Type species, Prosopis spicigera L. Pods not coiled. L P chilensis glandulosa. Pods spirally coiled. 2. P. pubescens. 476 2544 2545 2546 2538. Amelanchier pallida 2539. Peraphyllum ramosissimum 2540. Crataegus Douglasii 2541. Crataegus columbiana 2542. Crataegus Piperi 2543. Heteromeles arbutifolia 2544. Calliandra eriophylla 2545. Acacia Greggii 2546. Prosopis chilensis MIMOSA FAMILY 477 2547 2551 2549 2550 2552 2553 2547. Prosopis pubescens 2548. Cercis occidentalis 2549. Cassia armata 2550. Cassia Covesii 2551. Cercidium microphyllum 2552. Cercidium floridum 2553. Hoffmanseggia densiflora 2554. Hoffmanseggia microphylla 478 CAESALPINIACEAE 1. Prosopis chilensis subsp. glandulosa (Torr.) Standley. Mesquite. Fig. 2546. Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. 2: 192. 1828. Prosopis julifiora var. glandulosa Cockerell, Bull. N. Mex. Agr. Sta. 15: 58. 1895. Prosopis chilensis subsp. glandulosa Standley, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1658. 1926. Much branched shrub or small tree, the widely spreading branches armed with axillary spines. Leaves glabrous or sparsely puberulent on the petioles and the margins of the leaflets ; leaflets 8-12 pairs, linear, 12-15 mm. long; spikes 5-8 cm. long, usually densely flowered; pedicels 2 mm. long; pods straight or slightly falcate, usually only 1-3 developing, 10-15 cm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, longitudinally veiny, narrowed to a short stipe, straw-colored, sweetish when ripe. River bottoms and washes, Lower Sonoran Zone; interior valleys and desert regions of southern California to Texas and southern Mexico. Type locality: New Mexico. April-June. Prosopis chilensis subsp. velutina (Wooton) Standley, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1658. 1926. (Prosopis velutina Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 456. 1898.) Leaflets smaller than the preceding and distinctly pubes- cent. Southern California to Arizona and Mexico. 2. Prosopis pubescens Benth. Tornillo or Screw-bean. Fig. 2547. Prosopis pubescens Benth. Lond. Journ. Bot. 5: 82. 1846. Prosopis Emoryi Torr. in Emory, Notes Mil. Rec. 139. 1848. Strombocarpa pubescens A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1: 60. 1852. Prosopis odorata Torr. & Frem. in Frem. Second Rep. 313, in part. 1845. Shrub or small tree, attaining 10 m. in height, the trunk 1-3 dm. in diameter, the bark brown, separating into thin flakes, the branchlets armed with stout whitish spines. Leaves deciduous; leaflets 3-7 pairs on each pinna, oblong-linear, 1 cm. long or less, pubescent ; spikes 5-8 cm. long ; pods tightly coiled into a spiral 3-5 cm. long. River bottoms and washes, Lower Sonoran Zone; deserts of southern California to western Texas, Lower California, Sonora, and Chihuahua. Type locality: not definitely known. May-Aug. Family 68. CAESALPINIACEAE. Senna Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate, simple, or compound mostly stipulate leaves. Flowers usually perfect, sometimes polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, irregular or nearly regular. Calyx with 5 distinct sepals, or merely 5-toothed. Petals usually 5, imbricated, the lower pair outermost, the upper odd ones enclosed by the lateral pair. Stamens 10 or fewer, distinct or the filaments more or less united. Ovary 1-celled, with one to many ovules. Fruit a legume, usually dehiscent into 2 valves; seeds with or without endosperm. About 90 genera and 1,000 species, mostly of tropical distribution. Leaves simple; flowers purple, very irregular and papilionaceous-like. 1. Cercis. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate; flowers yellow, only slightly irregular. Leaves pinnate; sepals distinct. 2. Cassia. Leaves bipinnate; sepals united into toothed or lobed calyx. Trees or arborescent shrubs, spinose. 3. Cercidium. Herbs or low shrubs, without spines. 4. Hoffmanseggia. 1. CERCIS L. Sp. PL 374. 1753. Small trees or arborescent shrubs with simple leaves, and reddish-purple flowers borne in lateral fascicles on the twigs of the preceding year. Calyx broadly campanulate, slightly oblique, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and simulating the papilionaceous ; petals 5, the standard innermost and smallest, the keel petals larger than the wings. Stamens 10, distinct, declined; anthers all alike. Ovary short-stipitate ; ovules many. Pod oblong or linear-oblong, flat, the upper suture margined; valves thin, reticulate-veined; seeds com- pressed, obovate, with endosperm. [The ancient name.] About 7 species, natives of North America, Europe, and Asia. Type species, Cercis Siliquastrum L. 1. Cercis occidentalis Torr. Western Red-bud or Judas-tree. Fig. 2548. Cercis occidentalis Torr. ex A. Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 6: 177. 1850. Siliquastrum occidentale Greene, Man. Bot. Bay Reg. 84. 1894. Cercis latissima Greene, Rep. Spec. Nov. 11: 111. 1912. Cercis nephrophylla Greene, Rep. Spec. Nov. 11: 111. 1912. Arborescent shrub or small tree, 2.5-5 m. high, twigs glabrous, bud scales more or less finely ciliate on the margins.^ Leaves round or round-reniform, 4-6 cm. broad, more or less deeply cor- date with a narrow sinus, rounded at apex, glabrous and glossy on both surfaces, rather pale SENNA FAMILY 479 green; petioles slender, 15-20 mm. long; pedicels 10-15 mm. long; pods 5-6 cm. long, about 15 mm. wide, very thin. Foothill slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; Siskiyou Mountains, south through the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada to San Diego County, California, east to Utah and western Texas. Type locality: "rocky drains of the Upper Guadaloupe," Texas. April-May. 2. CASSIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 376. 1753. Trees and shrubs or herbaceous plants, with evenly pinnate leaves, and usually yellow flowers. Calyx deeply toothed or divided into nearly equal lobes. Petals 5, nearly equal, spreading, clawed, imbricate. Stamens 10 or sometimes 5, _ often unequal; anthers all alike or those on the lower stamens longer, opening by terminal pores. Ovary sessile or stipitate; ovules many. Pods flat or terete, often curved, sometimes septate between the seeds. [Ancient Greek name.] About 200 species of warm temperate and tropical regions. Type species, Cassia fistula L. Leaf-rachis much prolonged beyond the last pair of leaflets and sharp-pointed; herbage finely and usually sparsely puberulent, appearing glabrous except under a lens. 1- C. armata. Leaf-rachis not prolonged beyond the leaflets; herbage densely white-pubescent. 2. C. Covesii. 1. Cassia armata S. Wats. Armed Senna or Cassia. Fig. 2549. Cassia armata S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 136. 1876. Xerocassia armata Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. El. 23: 246. 1930. Low much branched shrub, 0.5-1.5 m. high, the branches pale green, striate and minutely puberulent, fistulous. Stipules none; leaves very sparse, pinnate, the rachis dilated ending in a prolonged sharp point, 5-7 cm. long; leaflets only 1-4 pairs, remote, obliquely oblong, 4-6 mm. long, nearly glabrous; racemes 5-15 cm. long, leafy-bracted ; pedicels slender, 10-15 mm. long; petals broadly ovate, 8-12 mm. long, salmon-colored ; pods short-stipitate, 25-40 mm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, minutely appressed-puberulent. Dry desert washes and slopes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave and Colorado Deserts, California, to central Arizona. Type locality: "Between Fort Mojave and Cajon Pass," California. April-June. 2. Cassia Covesii A. Gray. Coves's Cassia. Fig. 2250. Cassia Covesii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 399. 1868. Earleocassia Covesii Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 249. 1930. Low suffrutescent plants, 3-6 dm. high, clothed throughout with a dense white pubescence, the stems leafy, branching at the base from a woody caudex. Stipules filiform ; leaf-rachis 25-35 mm. long; leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, obliquely oblong to elliptical, 10-25 mm. long; racemes short, corymbose, the lower pedicels about 2 cm. long ; petals 10-12 mm. long, oblong-obovate, yellow ; pods 2-3 cm. long, straight or slightly curved. Sandy desert washes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Chuckwalla Mountains, southern California, to Arizona. Type locality : Camp Grant, and south of Prescott, Arizona. April-Aug. Parkinsonia aculeata L. Sp. PI. 375. 1753. Small tree 6-9 m. high, with smooth light green bark. Petioles very short or none, subtended by stout 1-3-forked spines; pinnae 1 to several, their rachis flattened, often 20 cm long or more; leaflets scattered, sometimes very scanty, 4-10 mm. long; flowers racemose; petals 10-15 mm. long the blades rounded or oval; pods 5-10 cm. long, constricted between the seeds, and acuminate at both ends. In sandy alluvial soils, Lower Sonoran and Tropical Zones; southwestern Arizona to Florida, and widely dis- tributed in the tropics. Probably not native in California, but widely planted in the Colorado Desert region of Riverside and Imperial Counties, and sometimes growing spontaneously. Palo Verde. 3. CERCIDIUM Tulasne, Arch. Mus. Paris 4: 133. 1844. Shrubs or small trees with smooth bark, the branches often armed with spines.^ Leaves bipinnate, distinct from the spines, the rachis of the pinnae terete. Flowers in short corymbose clusters. Calyx-lobes short, valvate. Petals 5, yellow, with broad imbricated blades. Stamens 10, slightly declined, the filaments pubescent near the base. Pods flat- tened or torose, the seeds several. [Name Greek, a weaver's instrument, which the shape of the pod suggests.] An American genus of 8 to 10 species. Type species, Cercidium spinosum Tulasne. Branches spine-tipped but not armed with spines; leaflets minute, 1-2; mm. long; pods torose. . 1. C. microphyllum. Branches armed with short spines; leaflets 4-7 mm. long; pods flattened. 2. C. ftoridnm. 1. Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) Rose & Johnston. Small-leaved Palo Verde. Fig. 2551. Parkinsonia microphylla Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4: 82. 1857. Cercidium microphyllum Rose & Johnston, Contr. Gray Herb. 70: 66. 1924. Cercidiopsis microphylla Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 306. 1930. Arborescent shrub or small tree, 2-8 m. high, with smooth light gray-green bark, the branch- lets spine-tipped but without lateral spines. Leaves without a primary rachis, the two sessile pinnae 1-3 cm. long; leaflets 4-8 pairs, elliptic, 1-2 mm. long; pedicels 5-15 mm. long; petals yellow, 5-7 mm. long ; pods 4-6 cm. long, scarcely flattened, 1-4-seeded, much restricted between the seeds, ending in a long acuminate beak, narrowed to a stipe at the base. Desert regions, Lower Sonoran Zone; Whipple Mountains, California, to Arizona and Sonora. Type locality: diluvial banks, Yuma, Arizona. March-May. Horse Bean. 480 FABACEAE 2. Cercidium fldridum Benth. Border Palo Verde. Fig. 2552. Cercidium floridum Benth. in A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1 : 58. 1858. Parkinsonia florida S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 135. 1876. Parkinsonia Torreyana S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 135. 1876. Cercidium Torreyana Sarg. Gard. & Forest 2: 388. 1889. Small tree, 4-6 m. high, with smooth pale gray-green bark, branchlets often armed with short simple spines. Leaves of short duration, leaving the plants leafless most of the year ; primary rachis 1-2 cm. long, bearing 2 pinnae at the summit ; leaflets mostly 2 or 3 pairs, oblong-oblan- ceolate, 4-7 mm. long, these and the rachis sparsely pubescent ; petals with rounded blades about 7 mm. broad ; pods flattened, 2-6 cm. long, usually about 1 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at both ends, 1 to several-seeded, and more or less constricted between the seeds. Desert washes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Colorado Desert, southern California, to Arizona, Lower California, and Sonora. Type locality: originally collected by Coulter on his trip from Monterey to Yuma. April-June. 4. HOFFMANSEGGIA Cav. Ic. 4:63. pi. 392, 393. 1797. Herbs or low shrubs, with glandular-punctate bipinnate leaves and small stipules. Flowers in terminal or lateral racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted into nearly equal lobes. Petals 5, nearly equal, yellow. Stamens 10, distinct, slightly declined; filaments often glandular below; anthers similar, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile or nearly so; ovules many. Pod flat, linear to ovate, 2-valved. [Name in honor of Joh. Centurius Graf Hoffmansegge, a Portuguese botanist.] About 20 species, natives of America and South Africa. Type species, Hoffmanseggia falcaria Cav. Leaves with 5-9 pinnae; perennial herb. 1. H. densiflora. Leaves with 3 pinnae, on the uppermost leaves the 2 lateral pinnae reduced or sometimes wanting; shrub. 2. H. microphylla. 1. Hoffmanseggia densiflora Benth. Camote de Raton. Fig. 2553. Hoffmanseggia densiflora Benth. ex A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. 3: 55. 1852. Hoffmanseggia stricta Benth. ex A. Gray, op. cit. 56. Stems several from a deep-seated perennial root, puberulent with minute retrorsely incurved hairs. Leaves 5-12 cm. long, with 5-9 pinnae, the rachises with scattered stout-stipitate glands ; pinnae 5-20 mm. long; leaflets 10-20, oblong, 4-6 mm. long, sparsely puberulent with upwardly incurved hairs ; racemes 5-15 cm. long, the short pedicels and calyx tomentose and stipitate- glandular; calyx-lobes similar, 7-8 mm. long; petals about 1 cm. long, the blade broadly oblong or obovoid, abruptly narrowed to the stipitate-glandular claw ; stamens glandular toward the base ; pods 15-40 mm. long, slightly curved, with scattered short-stipitate glands. Alkaline soils, Lower Sonoran Zone; upper San Joaquin Valley and Inyo County, California, southward through the desert region to Lower California, eastward to Texas and Mexico; closely related to the Chilean H. falcaria Cav. Type locality: valley of the Pecos, Texas. April-June. 2. Hoffmanseggia microphylla Torr. Small-leaved Hoffmanseggia. Fig. 2554. Hoffmanseggia microphylla Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 58. 1859. Shrub 0.5-2 m. high, with slender broom-like branches. Leaves sparse, with 3 pinnae, scantily short-pubescent, not at all glandular; petioles 10-15 mm. long; lateral pinnae 5-10 mm. long, the terminal 15^40 mm. long; leaflets oblong, 3-5 mm. long ; racemes slender, 5-15 cm. long, pubescent with spreading hairs, the bractlets and sometimes the calyx-lobes stipitate-glandular on the margins ; petals 6-7 mm. long, the blade rounded, the claw rather short, stipitate-glandular on the back; filaments glandular-stipitate ; pods 15-25 mm. long, rather densely clothed with almost sessile glands. Sandy soils, Lower Sonoran Zone; Colorado Desert, southern California, to Lower California. Type locality: "Sandy desert of the Colorado, California." Feb.-June. Family 69. FABACEAE. Pea Family. Herbs or woody plants with alternate usually compound stipulate leaves. Flowers irregular and papilionaceous, perfect or sometimes polygamo-dioecious. Hypan- thium obsolete or obscure. Calyx 4-5-toothed or -cleft, the divisions equal or un- equal, sometimes 2-lipped. Petals on the receptacle or on the rim of the very short hypanthium, usually 5, reduced to 1 in Amorpha, the upper one (standard or ban- ner) enclosing the two lateral ones (wings) in the bud, and these in turn enclosing the two lower (keel). Stamens usually 10, separate or generally with their filaments more or less united and diadelphous or monadelphous. Pistil 1 , simple ; ovary supe- rior, 1 -celled or sometimes 2-celled by the intrusion of the sutures ; ovules 1 to many, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a legume, or rarely a loment, 1- to many-seeded, PEA FAMILY 481 dehiscent by two valves or indehiscent. Seeds generally without endosperm ; cotyle- dons thick. A family of over 300 genera and about 5,000 species, widely distributed in mostly temperate and tropical regions. Stamens 10, all distinct. Tribe I. Podalyrieae. Stamens united and monadelphous or diadelphous. Leaves not tendril-bearing. Pod not a loment, 2-valved or indehiscent. Stamens 10 and monadelphous; anthers of 2 kinds. Tribe II. Genisteae. Stamens 10 and diadelphous, or (Petalostemon) 5 and monadelphous; anthers all alike. Leaflets denticulate, 3, rarely 4 or 5. Tribe III. Trifolieae. Leaflets entire, varying from 1 to many. Plants not glandular-dotted, except Glycyrrhiza, which has many-seeded pods. Flowers umbellate or solitary. Tribe IV. Loteae. Flowers racemose; leaves pinnately several to many-foliolate. Tribe VI. Galegeae. Plants glandular-dotted; pods indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Tribe V. Psoraleae. Pod a loment, that is, a legume which is contracted between the seeds, breaking apart at the constrictions when ripe into 1-seeded joints. Tribe VII. Hedysareae. Leaves pinnate, the rachis terminating in a simple or branched tendril (tendril rudimentary or wanting in Vicia faba). Tribe VIII. Vicieae. Tribe I. Podalyrieae. Herbs; stipules conspicuous; flowers yellow, racemose. L Therptopsis. Spinescent shrubs; stipules none; flowers purple, solitary. 2. Pickeringta. Tribe II. Genisteae. Leaves palmately 7-11-foliolate; seeds estrophiolate. 3. Lupinus. Leaves 1-3-foliolate or reduced to pungent petioles; seeds strophiolate. Leaves phyllodial, reduced to pungent petioles. 4. Ulex. Leaves 1-3-foliolate, not pungent. 5- Cytisus. Tribe III. Trifolieae. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet distinctly petiolulate; flowers in racemes or spikes; corolla de- ciduous after anthesis. Style subulate; pod coiled or curved. 6. Medicago. Style filiform; pod ovoid, straight, coriaceous. 7. Melilotus. Leaves palmately 3-foliolate; flowers in a head or rarely in a short spike; corolla withering-persistent; pod minute, 1-2-seeded, membranous. 8. Trifolium. Tribe IV. Loteae. Flowers umbellate or solitary; stipules herbaceous, membranous or gland-like. 9. Hosackia. Flowers umbellate (in ours); leaflets (in ours) 3, the lowest two sessile and simulating stipules. 10. Lotus. Tribe V. Psoraleae. Stamens 10, diadelphous, sometimes only 9 present in Dalea. Petals 5. Corolla truly papilionaceous, free from the stamens; leaves mostly palmately 3-5-foliolate, sometimes pinnately 3-foholate; heavy-scented herbs. 11- Psoralea. Corolla not truly papilionaceous; 4 of the petals attached to the staminal tube near its middle; shrubs or herbs. 13- Dalea. Petal 1; stamens monadelphous at base; shrubs; leaves pinnately many-foliolate. 12. Amorpha. Stamens S; the cleft staminal tube bearing 4 of the petals at its summit. 14. Petalostetnon. Tribe VI. Galegeae. Trees with odd-pinnate leaves and often spines; flowers racemose. Pods flattened, wing-margined on the upper suture; introduced tree. 15. Robinia. Pods but little flattened, not wing-margined; native of the desert regions. 16. Olneya. Herbs or suffruticose plants. Pods not prickly. Leaves even-pinnate; standard petal broad. !?• Sesbama. Leaves odd-pinnate; standard petal narrow. Keel petals not produced into a beak. 18- Astragalus. Keel petals produced into a beak. 19- Oxytropis. Pods prickly; plants glandular-dotted. 20. Glycyrrhiza. Tribe VII. Hedysareae. Herbs, not spinescent; leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers in pedunculate heads or umbels; pods (in ours) 4-angled. 21. Coronilla. Flowers in racemes; pods compressed. 22. Hedysarum. Low shrubs with axillary spines; leaves simple. 23. Alhagi. Tribe VIII. Vicieae. Styles not flattened, villous all around at the apex. 24. Vicia. Styles flattened towards the apex, villous on the inner side. 25. Lathyrus. 1. THERMOPSIS R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 3:3. 1811. Stout perennial herbs with sheathing scales at base, alternate 3-foliolate leaves, and 482 FABACEAE usually large foliaceous stipules. Flowers large, yellow or purple, in terminal racemes. Calyx campanulate, the teeth equal or the two upper ones united. Standard nearly orbicu- lar, equaling the oblong wings, the keel nearly straight. Stamens 10, distinct. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate ; ovules many ; style incurved ; stigma terminal, small. Pod linear or oblong, usually flat, straight or incurved. [Name Greek, meaning lupine-like.] About 20 species, natives of North America and northern and eastern Asia. Type species, Thermopsis lanceolata (Willd.) R. Br. Stems glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ascending, the leaflets oblong-lanceolate; raceme dense. 1. T. montana. Leaves spreading, the leaflets elliptic-oblong to obovate; raceme often loose. 2. T. gracilis. Stems villous-tomentose or silky. Herbage more or less densely tomentose with spreading or matted hairs. 3. T. tnacrophylla. Herbage silvery-strigose. 4. T. argentata. 1. Thermopsis montana Nutt. Rocky Mountain Thermopsis or False Lupine. Fig. 2555. Thermopsis montana Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 388. 1840. Thermopsis stricta Greene, PI. Baker. 3: 34. 1901. Thermopsis angustata Greene, PI. Baker, loc. cit. Stems usually stout, 4-7 dm. high, simple or branched above, glabrous or nearly so. Stipules broadly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long; leaflets linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath ; racemes rather loosely flowered, 5-20 cm. long; calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube, triangular-subulate; pods erect, straight, 4-6 cm. long, 10-12-seeded. Meadows, Transition and Canadian Zones; eastern Washington and Montana to eastern Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado. Type locality: "high valleys of the Rocky Mountains, in bushy places by streams near the line of Upper California." May-July. Golden Pea. 2, Thermopsis gracilis Howell. Slender Thermopsis or False Lupine. Fig. 2556. Thermopsis gracilis Howell, Erythea 1 : 109. 1893. Thermopsis montana ovata Robinson, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 349. 1906. Thermopsis venosa Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 198. 190S. Stems stout, 5-10 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so and somewhat glaucous, slightly branched above. Stipules ovate to lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long ; leaflets oval to obovate, mostly obtuse, 3-7 cm. long, glabrous above, somewhat pubescent beneath ; raceme rather loosely flowered, 6-12 cm. long ; calyx-teeth triangular, shorter than the tube ; standard much shorter than the wings and keel ; pods straight and erect in fruit. Meadows, Transition Zone; British Columbia and western Montana to the Siskiyou Mountains, and Humboldt County, California. Type locality: mountains of southwestern Oregon from the sources of the Willamette River to northern California. April-July. 3. Thermopsis macrophylla Hook. & Arn. California Thermopsis or False Lupine. Fig. 2557. Thermopsis macrophylla Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 329. 1836. Thermopsis californica S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 126. 1876. Thermopsis robusta Howell, Erythea 1: 109. 1893. Thermopsis velutina Greene, Erythea 3: 19. 1895. Stems usually stout, 4-8 dm. high, more or less villous-tomentose with spreading hairs. Stipules ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long ; leaflets 3-6 cm. long, obovate to oblanceolate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, usually rather sparsely villous-tomentose on both surfaces; raceme rather dense, 6-15 cm. long; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, shorter than the tube; standard nearly as long as the wings and keel ; pod straight, erect, 2-5-seeded. Wooded slopes or meadows, mainly Transition Zone; southern Oregon to southern California. Type locality: California Coast Ranges. April-June. 4. Thermopsis argentata Greene. Silvery Thermopsis or False Lupine. Fig. 2558. Thermopsis argentata Greene, Erythea 3: 18. 1895. Stems rather slender, 3-6 dm. high, the whole plant especially when young silvery-canescent with a dense minute silky pubescence. Stipules 2-4 cm. long, broadly to narrowly lanceolate ; leaf- lets of the lower leaves narrowly cuneate-obovate, 3-5 cm. long, those of the upper sometimes narrower and acute ; racemes 8—12 cm. long, rather loosely flowered ; calyx-teeth triangular-subu- late, about equaling the tube ; wings and keel longer than the standard ; pods erect, about 4 cm. long, silky-pubescent, 5-8-seeded. Moist soils. Transition Zone; northeastern California in Modoc and Shasta Counties; specimens also from Mount Pinos, Ventura County, seem to belong here. Type locality: Forestdale, Modoc County, California. May- July. 2. PICKERINGIA Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 389. 1840. Shrub with smooth green bark and stiff spine-tipped branches. Leaves usually sparse, giving a broom-like appearance to the plant, small, 1-3-foliolate; stipules none. Flowers PEA FAMILY 483 solitary, subsessile, showy, purple. Calyx campanulate, repandly 5-toothed. Petals equal in length ; standard orbicular, with reflexed sides ; keel petals distinct, oblong, obtuse. Stamens with distinct filaments. Pod linear, straight, compressed, several-seeded. [Name in honor of Charles Pickering, of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition.] A monotypic California genus. 1. Pickeringia montana Nutt. Stingaree-bush, Chaparral Pea. Fig. 2559. Pickeringia montana Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 389. 1840. Xylothermia montana Greene, Pittonia 2: 188. 1891. Shrub with stiff widely spreading branches, 1-3 m. high, the branchlets spinescent, sparsely puberulent or glabrous, olive-green. Leaves rather crowded, glabrous or nearly so; leaflets oblanceolate to obovate, 8-15 mm. long, entire, pale green, firm; calyx about 6 mm. long; petals 15-20 mm. long, reddish purple. Dry chaparral ridges, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; central California from Sonoma and Mariposa Counties south to southern California. Type locality: summits of the mountains in the vicinity of Santa Barbara. May-July. Pickeringia montana subsp. tomentdsa Abrams {Xylothermia montana subsp. tomentosa Abrams, Bull. Tor- rey Club 34: 263. 1907). Young twigs and leaves canescent. The common form from the San Bernardino Mountains, California, to northern Lower California. Type locality: El Nido, San Diego County, California. 3. LUPINUS* L. Sp. PL 721. 1753. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs or shrubs, 5-240 cm. tall. Leaves alternate, pal- mately compound or rarely unifoliolate; petioles short or much elongated, dilated at base, stipulate; leaflets usually 5-17, rarely 3 or 4. Flowers 5-20 mm. long, racemose, the pedicels 1—12 mm. long. Calyx bilabiate, the lips entire, toothed, or the upper bifid, often with interstitial bracteoles. Banner commonly with a ventral median sulcus, a pair of rounded umboes near the center, the sides commonly reflexed, the back glabrous or more or less pubescent ; wings usually glabrous ; keel arcuate or nearly straight along the upper edges, often ciliate along the upper margins, sometimes also on the lower edges near claws. Stamens 10, monadelphous, the anthers alternately of two forms, elongated and short. Pistil of one carpel, becoming a flattened legume; ovules 2-12. Seeds with a sunken hilum, which is often thus surrounded by a thickened ring. [Latin, from Lupus, a wolf, because of an erroneous impression that these plants rob the soil.] A genus of perhaps 200 species, mostly of North and South America, where particularly abundant in the western mountains, but also represented by a few annuals in the Mediterranean region of the Old World. Type species, Lupinus albus L. Cotyledons sessile, perfoliate; ovules usually two only; annuals. Flowers verticillate; keel ciliate on the upper margins near claws, sometimes also below. A. Microcarpi. Flowers non- verticillate; keel non-ciliate. B. Pusilli. Cotyledons petioled after germination; ovules two to twelve or more. Plants annual or biennial. Flowers verticillate. Keel ciliate on both upper and lower margins, near the claws. E. Succulenti. Keel ciliate on the upper margins only and near apex, or non-ciliate. G. Micranthi. Flowers non-verticillate. Keel non-ciliate. C. Concinni. Keel ciliate on lower margins near claws and also often on the upper margins. Racemes longer than their peduncles. F. Sparsiflori. Racemes shorter than their peduncles. D. Stiversiani. Plants perennial. Keel ciliate between middle and claws, but not between middle and apex. O. Latifolii. Keel ciliate between middle and apex, or non-ciliate. Apex of banner normally not much reflexed from upper margin of wings; ventral median sulcus of banner deep, including considerable of the wings. Pedicels short and stout, usually less than 3 mm. long; banner pubescent on the back. K. Leucophylli. Pedicels slender, usually 3-12 mm. long. I. Calcarati. Apex of banner normally well reflexed from upper margins of wings; ventral median sulcus of banner usually shallow, including very little of the wings. Upper calyx-lip entire, emarginate, or bidentate. Calyx-cup strongly spurred above pedicel. I. Calcarati. Calyx-cup subsymmetrical, sometimes slightly gibbous but not spurred. Stems without long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time. Keel non-ciliate. N. Albicaules. Keel more or less ciliate on upper edges. M. Arborei. Stems with some long-petioled lower leaves at flowering times. Leaves largely basal and long-petioled, the stems usually stout and fistulous, few- leaved. Keel non-ciliate. P. Polyphylli. Keel ciliate on upper edges. Q. Saxosi. Leaves many, the upper cauline well developed. Banner more or less pubescent on the back. L. Sericei. Banner glabrous and leaves usually greenish above. M. Arborei. * Text of the genus Lupinus contributed by Charles Piper Smith. 484 FABACEAE Upper calyx-lip cleft to middle or bifid. Without long-petioled leaves at flowering time. L. Seeicei. With some long-petioled leaves at flowering time. Flowers crowded in dense racemes, mostly spicate or capitate. H. Caespitosi. Flowers scattered or in verticils in rather loose racemes. Leaves largely basal, stem-leaves few. R. Magnifici. Stems well developed and with many leaves. Dwarf plants less than 2 dm. tall, commonly shrubby and matted. J. Breweriani. Plants usually over 3 dm. tall, often much-branched shrubs. L. Sericei. A. MlCROCARPI. Flowers ascending to suberect in anthesis. Banner 7-11 mm. wide, rounded at apex; both wing and keel petals ciliate near claws on both upper and lower edges. L L- horizontals. Banner 4-6 mm. wide, angled at apex; neither wing nor keel petals ciliate on lower edges. 2. L. microcarpus. Flowers spreading in anthesis. Flowers becoming suberect soon after anthesis, usually not secund. 3. L. subvexxts. Flowers spreading or distinctly secund after anthesis. Stems often fistulous; banner elliptic or oval, rarely ovate; keel sparsely ciliate or non-ciliate below, near claw; seeds smooth or roughened, but not tuberculate. 4. L. densiflorns. Stems never fistulous; banner ovate; keel densely ciliate below as well as above, near claws; seeds uni- formly dark brown and tuberculate. 5. L. lutcolus. B. PUSILLI. Pods lance-oblong, hirsute, constricted between the seeds; peduncles very short, the racemes equaled or surpassed by the foliage; seeds lenticular. 10. L. pusillus. Pods oblong or ovate, scarcely constricted between the seeds; peduncles well developed; seeds more or less oblong. Pods oblong, about 20 mm. long, smooth or scaly on the sides; ovules 2-6. 9. L. odoratus. Pods ovate, or not over 15 mm. long; ovules 2. Banner suborbicular; racemes elongated; pods loosely villous on the sides. 7. L. rubens. Banner longer than wide. Stems and petioles loosely villous; racemes usually subcapitate; pods loosely villous on the sides. 6. L. brevicatihs. Stems and petioles short- velvety; racemes elongated and flowers scattered; pods smooth or scaly on the sides. 8. L. Shockleyi. C. CONCINNI. One species. 11- L. concinnus. D. Stiversiani. One species. 12- £■ Stiver sii. E. SUCCULENTI. One species. 13. L. succulentus. F. Sparsiflori. Largest leaflets 15-25 mm. wide; plants with stinging hairs 2-5 mm. long. 14. L. hirsutissimus. Largest leaflets 2-12 mm. wide; longest hairs not over 2 mm. long. Keel stout, with short, blunt acumen, woolly-ciliate on the upper margins. 15. L. truncatus. Keel with slender, acute acumen. Matured pods ascending; petals blue, lilac or purple. Pedicels 5-9 mm. long; floral bracts much exceeding the buds, usually early deciduous. 16. L. Benthamu. Pedicels 2-4 mm. long; bracts not greatly exceeding the buds, often subpersistent. 17. L. sparsiflorus. Matured pods deflexed; petals neither blue nor purple. Plants 2-4 dm. tall; petals white or pinkish; pods five- to eight-seeded. 18. L. deflexus. Plants 1-2 dm. tall; petals orange or golden; pods two- to four-seeded. 19. L. citrinus. G. MlCRANTHI. Pedicels 3-8 mm. long; flowers 8-16 mm. long; banner suborbicular or wider than long; verticils four to several. 20. L. nanus. Pedicels 1-3 mm. long. Banner cuneate or spatulate; keel short and broad, the blunt acumen scarcely upturned. 23. L. micranthus. Banner neither cuneate nor spatulate; keel slender, with the long, narrow acumen often much upturned. Pods 6-9 mm. wide; seeds 4-5 mm. long by fully 3 mm. wide. 21. L. pachylobus. Pods 3-5 mm. wide; seeds 2-3 mm. long by about 2 mm. wide. 22. L. bicolor. H. Caespitosi. Racemes capitate or subcapitate, rarely more than twice as long as wide; peduncles often curved or bent, spread- ing or decumbent; stems often woody near base. 24. L. Lyallii. Racemes cylindrical or conoidal, usually more than twice as long as wide. Banner suborbicular, about as wide as long; peduncles shorter than the elongated, leafy stems. 29. L. hypolasius. Banner usually longer than wide. Peduncles very short, the racemes subsessile and surpassed by the foliage. 25. L. caespitosus. Peduncles well developed, the racemes equaling cr surpassing the foliage. Stems poorly developed, few-leaved; flowers 6-9 mm. long, mostly crowded in the raceme. 26. L. aridus. Stems well developed, many-leaved. Largest leaflets usually under 30 mm. long, silky above. 27. L. Icpidus. Largest leaflets usually over 30 mm. long (3-8 cm.), greenish, subsericeous to glabrate above. 28. L. pratensis. 38. L. corymbosv,s. 39. L. tcnellus. 40. L. oreganus. 41. L. Biddlei. 42. L. mucronulatus. 43. L. onustus. j-pubescent; keel cili 31. L. inyoensis. 32. L. caudatus. 33. L. holosericeus. 34. L. meionanthus. PEA FAMILY 485 I. Calcarati. Wing-petals rather densely pubescent on outer surface near upper distal corner, or calyx-cup distinctly spurred, banner long-clawed, and upper calyx-lip much exposed. 30. L. laxiflorus. Wing-petals not pubescent near upper distal corner, though sometimes with a few scattered villi on the outer surface near claws. Leaflets glabrous or glabrate above. Stems without long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time. Stems much branched above. Stems simple or nearly so. Stems with some long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time. Keel non-ciliate. Stems not fistulous; flowers scattered or subverticillate. Stems fistulous; flowers in crowded verticils. Keel ciliate. Keel arcuate. Keel nearly straight. Leaflets permanently pubescent above. Stems without long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time; pedicels sprea calyx-cup short-spurred or strongly gibbous. Stems with some long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time. Calyx-cup strongly gibbous or spurred. Calyx-cup scarcely gibbous. Flowers 7-10 mm. long. Lower leaves long-petioled. All leaves short-petioled. Flowers 10-14 mm. long. Banner more or less pubescent on the back; petals usually pale yellow, rarely blue. 35. L. sulphureus. Banner glabrous, or with very few scattered hairs; petals blue, purplish, pinkish, or white. Pubescence, at least below the inflorescence, mostly appressed, if spreading (var. mollis) the keel not ciliate. 36. L. leucopsis. Pubescence largely spreading, keel strongly ciliate on the upper edges. 37. L. nevadensis. J. Breweriani. A single polymorphic species. 44- L- Breweri. K. Leucophylli. Floral bracts caducous; pubescence very dense and closely appressed. 45. L. Peirsonii. Floral bracts mostly persistent; pubescence woolly-canescent or short-villous. 46. L. leucophyllus. L. Sericei. Low alpine dwarfs, scarcely 1 dm. tall; leaves crowded basally; peduncles scapose; flowers 11-12 mm. long; racemes subcapitate. Pubescence loosely ascending. 44. L. Breweri var. Pubescence closely appressed. 49. L. lapidicola. Plants 2-15 dm. tall. Keel narrow, with long slender acumen and narrowed toward the claws. Keel non-ciliate or with 1-5 scattered cilia; longest petioles about 2 cm. long, about equaling the leaflets. 47. L. Channssonis. Keel ciliate along upper edges of acumen, or lower petioles much longer than their leaflets. 48. L. altnfrons. Keel broader, not narrowed toward the base, usually ciliate along more or less of the upper edges. Upper leaves short-petioled. Pedicels appressed-pubescent. Pubescence dense, usually silvery or satiny; banner glabrous or more or less silky on the back. 50. L. ornatus. Pubescence thin, leaves distinctly green; banner usually sparsely silky on the back. 51. L. alpicola. Pedicels spreading-pubescent. Banner pubescent on the back. With a few long-petioled lower leaves at flowering time; upper calyx-lip bidentate. 52. L. sericeus. With no long-petioled leaves at flowering time; upper calyx-lip bifid. 53. L. Abramsu. Banner normally glabrous. Flowers 11-14 mm. long; keel sparsely ciliate on the upper edges; petals largely blue. 54. L. Suksdorfix. Flowers 15-18 mm. long; keel densely ciliate on the upper edges; petals bright yellow, or rarely bluish. 55. L. Sabtntt. Most or all of the leaves long-petioled. Stems and petioles appressed-silky. Largest leaflets not over 12 mm. wide. 56- L- excubitus. Largest leaflets 15-30 mm. wide. 57. L. sericatus. Stems and petioles with widely spreading hairs. Largest leaflets 15-30 mm. wide. S8- L- cervinus. Largest leaflets not over 12 mm. wide. Leaflets oblanceolate; pubescence more downy than woolly; racemes 10-15 cm. long. 59. L. Grayi. Leaflets cuneate or spatulate; pubescence distinctly woolly; racemes 15-20 cm. long. 60. L. ludoincianus. 72. L. fulcratus. 71. L. Andersonii. 74. L. adsurgens var. 70. L. cr^ 2756. Psoralea californica 2757. Psoralea castorea 2758. Amorpha californica 2759. Amorpha occidentalis 2760. Dalea mollis 2761. Dalea neomexicana 2762. Dalea Parryi 2763. Dalea Emoryi 2764. Dalea polyadenia PEA FAMILY 561 km*-* M w 2765 2770 2772 2773 2765. Dalea arborescens 2766. Dalea californica 2767. Dalea Fremontii 2768. Dalea Schottii 2769. Dalea spinosa 2770. Petalostemon ornatus 2771. Petalostemon Searlsiae 2772. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia 2773. Olneya Tesota 562 FABACEAE united. Standard large, reflexed; wings oblong, curved; keel obtuse, curved. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Ovary stipitate ; ovules many. Pod flat, linear, not septate, tardily 2-valved. [Name in honor of John and Vesparian Robin, who first grew the Locust-tree in Europe.] About 8 species, natives of North America. Type species, Robinia Pseudo-acacia L. 1. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L. Locust-tree. Fig. 2772. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L. Sp. PI. 722. 1753. Tree with a rough bark, the twigs and foliage nearly glabrous. Stipules often spiny ; leaf- lets 9-19, petiolulate, ovate to oval, entire, 25-50 mm. long ; racemes drooping, loosely-flowered ; pedicels 6-12 mm. long ; flower white or slightly pinkish, fragrant, 15-20 mm. long, the standard yellowish at base ; pod 5-10 cm. long, 12 mm. wide, glabrous. Native of eastern North America, and extensively cultivated. Spreading freely by underground parts and becoming naturalized in the Pacific States from Washington to central California. May-June. 16. OLNEYA A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 5: 328. 1855. Canescent spinose trees, with pinnate or odd-pinnate leaves, and obsolete stipules. Racemes axillary. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, the two upper lobes united to near the apex. Petals short-clawed, the blade of the standard rounded, reflexed with two callosities at the base; wings obliquely obovate, strongly falcate; keel broadly lunate with a broad basal auricle. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Ovary short-stipitate, several-ovuled. Pod rather turgid, 2-valved, torulose. Seeds broadly ellipsoid, erect. [Name in honor of S. T. Olney, 1812-1878, New England botanist.] A monotypic genus of the arid southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. 1. Olneya Tesdta A. Gray. Desert Ironwood. Fig. 2773. Olneya Tesota A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 5: 328. 1855. Tree 5-8 m. high with a broad crown, and densely canescent branches. Spines 5-10 mm. long, solitary or in pairs beneath the leaves, brown or black-tipped ; leaves 3-10 cm. long ; leaf- lets 8-25, oblong to cuneate, 5-20 mm. long, canescent, rounded at the apex ; racemes 3-5 cm. long ; bracts minute, deciduous ; calyx 3-4 mm. long, canescent, the lobes abruptly acute, scarcely as long as the tube ; corolla yellow, 8-10 mm. long ; pod 4-6 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. wide, puberu- lent and glandular-pubescent. Desert washes and valleys, Lower Sonoran Zone; Colorado Desert, California, to western Ariona, Sonora, and Lower California. Type locality: tablelands on the Gila River, Arizona. May-June. 17. SESBANIA Scop. Introd. 308. 1777. Herbs or shrubs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the rachis ending in a setaceous point. Stipules small, scarious, caducous ; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong. Flowers in axillary racemes, bracteate. Calyx campanulate, the lobes shorter than the tube. Corolla yellow or the standard purplish; standard with a suborbicular reflexed blade; wings with short claws ; keel petals obtuse or rounded. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary short-stipitate, many- ovuled. Pod linear, terete or slightly compressed, with septa between the seeds, 2-valved. Seeds many, narrowly oblong. [Sesban, Arabic name of one of the species.] About 15 species, natives of the warm-temperate and tropical regions. Type species, Aeschynomene Sesban L. 1. Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl. Big-podded Sesbania, Bequilla. Fig. 2774. Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl. Cat. 65. 1813. Darwinia exaltata Raf. Fl. Ludov. 106. 1817. Sesban exaltatus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 204. 1924. Sesban sonorae Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 205. 1924. Annual, glabrous ; stems 3-10 dm. high, striate. Leaves 5-30 cm. long ; leaflets 20-70, linear- oblong, 10—25 mm. long, rounded or oblong at each end, somewhat glaucous beneath ; racemes 2-6-flowered; bracts and bractlets narrowly linear; pedicels slender, 5-10 mm. long; calyx about 5 mm. long and as broad; lobes triangular-subulate, scarcely 2 mm. long; corolla about 15 mm. long, yellowish, the standard streaked and dotted with purple; pod 10-15 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, tipped with a slender beak, 15-30-seeded ; seeds 4 mm. long. River bottoms and canals, Lower Sonoran Zone; Imperial Valley and the lower Colorado River, Cali- fornia, east to South Carolina and south to Central America. Type locality: South Carolina. March-Oct. Colorado River Hemp. 18. ASTRAGALUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 755. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with odd-pinnate leaves of several to many leaflets and persistent stipules. Flowers purple, white or yellow, in axil- lary spikes or racemes, rarely umbellate or solitary. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with narrow blade and slender claw ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Stigma terminal, minute ; ovary sessile or stipitate. Pod coriaceous and turgid, or thin and bladdery-inflated, 1- PEA FAMILY 563 celled or becoming 2-celled by intrusion of one or both sutures. Seeds few to many, small, on slender funiculi. [Ancient Greek name of some leguminous plant.] About 1,500 species, of wide geographical distribution, abundant in northern Asia and western North America. Type species, Astragalus Christanus L. Fruit wholly 1-celled, the lower suture rarely sulcate but if so not forming a partition. Pod1 more or less compressed laterally, both sutures prominent. Leaflets spine-tipped; pods 1-4-seeded. I. Kentrophyta. Leaflets not spine-tipped; pods with several to many seeds. II. Homalobus. Pod not laterally compressed, or only slightly so, the lower suture not prominent; leaflets not spine-tipped. Pod usually coriaceous or woody in texture. Valves of the pod not winged. Calyx campanulate; pods erect. III. Cnemidophacos. Calyx cylindric; pods horizontal. IV. Xylophacos. Valves of the pod winged. V. Pterophacos. Pod membranous or papery, rarely rather firm. VI. Phaca. Fruit perfectly or imperfectly 2-celled, the lower suture inflexed, forming a false, complete or partial partition (septum). Pod imperfectly 2-celled, the septum not meeting the upper suture. Pod membranous or papery, more or less inflated. Body of the pod oval or oblong in outline, the sutures equally curved or the upper more than the lower, the cross-section elliptic to orbicular. VII. Atelophragma. Body of the pod lunate, the lower suture more strongly curved than the upper, the cross-section deltoid-ovate. VIII. Phacomene. Pod coriaceous or woody. Pods linear or linear-lanceolate in outline, the lower suture often sulcate, and the cross-section usually cordate, rarely suborbicular. IX. Tium. Pods oval to elliptic in outline, suborbicular in cross-section, the sides usually a little compressed. X. Brachyphragma. Pod completely 2-celled, the septum meeting the upper suture. Pods membranous or papery, inflated. XI. Cystium. Pods coriaceous, not strongly inflated. Body of the pod elongated, linear or rarely oblong in outline. Pods sessile. XII. Hamosa. Pods stipitate. X. Brachyphragma. Body of the pod short, ovoid or broadly oblong in section. Pods distinctly stipitate. XIII. Hesperonix. Pods sessile or subsessile. Pods erect or ascending, neither didymous nor cross-wrinkled. XIV. Euastragalus. Pods reflexed, more or less, didymous and cross-wrinkled. XV. Hesperastragalus. I. Kentrophyta. Perennial, diffusely branched; leaflets 3-9, subulate to linear-lanceolate, rigid, spinulose-tipped; flowers in small axillary clusters; pods ovoid, flat, 1-celled, with both sutures prominent, 1-2-seeded. Stipules united only at base, more or less herbaceous; stems 3—4 dm. high, mostly erect; corolla ochroleucous. 1. A. impensus. Stipules united to the middle, scarious; stems scarcely 1 dm. long, spreading or decumbent; corolla purple. 2. A. tegetarius. II. Homalobus. Perennial herbs, with rootstocks or woody caudex; flowers racemose; calyx campanulate; keel obtuse or narrowed to a slender acute tip; pod usually more or less compressed, membranaceous or chartaceous, 1-celled with no trace of a partition, both sutures prominent; seeds several to many. Pods sessile or subsessile. Pod broadly elliptic in outline, 4-5 mm. long. 3. A. tegetarioides. Pod linear in outline, 15-20 mm. long. Leaflets strigose and canescent on both surfaces; pods strigose. 4. A. strigosus. Leaflets glabrous above and green. 5. A. serotinus. Pods distinctly stipitate. Calyx not gibbous at base, less than half as long as the corolla; pod usually membranous. Leaflets narrowly linear; pods dehiscent first at the base, splitting through the stipe. Pods glabrous. Leaflets slightly strigose beneath or glabrous throughout. 6. A. stenophyllus. Leaflets strigose-cinereous on both sides. 7. A. MacGregorii. Pods strigose. Pods abruptly acutish at apex. 8. A. filipes. Pods acuminate at apex. 9. A. inversus. Leaflets linear to linear-oblong or oval; pods dehiscent first at apex. Pods glabrous. 10. A. Antisellii. Pods strigose. 11. A. gaviotus. Calyx strongly gibbous at the base, more than half as long as the corolla; pod rather coriaceous. Sutures of pods not prominently thickened and coriaceous. Pods straight or nearly so. Pods pendulous or divaricately spreading. Pods short-villous, not mottled, 20-25 mm. long. 12. A. collinus. 1 In giving the measurements of the pod, "wide" or "broad" is used to denote the distance from suture to suture, and "thick" the distance across the pod from valve to valve. 564 FABACEAE Pods strigose, usually mottled, 25-30 mm. long. 13. A. californicus. Pods erect; leaflets linear. 14. A. Tweedyi. Pods distinctly curved. Pods curved less than a circle. Stem and leaves pubescent. Stem and leaves long-villous. IS. A. Gibbsii. Stem and leaves pubescent with incurved hairs. 16. A. Whitedii. Stem and leaves glabrous, except for a sparse pubescence on the lower surface of the leaves. 17. A. subglaber. Pods spirally curved, forming one and a half to two coils; leaflets linear or oblong. Corolla about 10 mm. long; pod 4-4.5 mm. broad, strongly reticulate. 18. A. speirocarpus. Corolla 5-6 mm. long; pod 3-3.5 mm. broad. 19. A. alvordensis. Sutures of pods thick and coriaceous; leaflets linear. Stipe nearly as long as the flat body of the pod. 20. A. sclerocarpus. Stipe about half as long as the more turgid body of the pod. 21. A. bicristatus. III. Cnemidophacos. Cespitose perennials; racemes strict, many-flowered; calyx-tube deeply campanulate, the teeth linear-lanceo- late, equaling the tube; corolla yellow or white; pod coriaceous, oblong-ovoid, rounded dorsally, and somewhat depressed on the upper side, 1-celled, without a partial partition or rarely with a rudimentary one; upper suture usually prominent. Pods glabrous; calyx black-hairy. 22. A. reventus. Pods pubescent with long hairs; calyx white-hairy. 23. A. hoodianus. IV. Xylophacos. Low often subacaulescent perennial herbs, usually copiously pubescent ; racemes densely flowered, short or subcapitate; calyx cylindric, the lobes shorter than the tube; corolla purple or ochroleucous, or in one species crimson; pod coriaceous or woody, 1-celled, sessile, straight or incurved, the lower suture often slightly sulcate. Pods glabrous, strigose or short-pilose. Stems glabrous; leaves broadly elliptic or oval; pods coiled to almost a complete circle. 24. A. iodanthus. Stems decidedly strigose; leaves linear or oblong-linear. Pods strigose; leaves linear, rather sparingly strigose. 25. A. Casei. Pod glabrous; leaves narrowly oblong-obovate, densely silky-canescent. 26. A. Webberi. Pods long-villous. Corolla purple or ochroleucous. Pubescence of the leaves strictly appressed. 27. A. Newberryi. Pubescence of the leaves loosely villous. Corolla usually 20-30 mm. or at least over 15 mm. long. Calyx-teeth about half as long as the tube; bracts subulate; pod strongly incurved. Stems 1-3 dm. high; pod 20-25 mm. long, bent at the middle; corolla purplish. 28. A. inflexus. Stems less than 1 dm. high; pod 20 mm. long, abruptly bent above the middle, corolla ochroleucous, the keel purple-tipped. 29. A. incurvus. Calyx-teeth less than one-third the length of the tube; stems usually less than 1 dm. high. Leaflets obovate, mostly rounded to retuse at the apex. Calyx black-hairy; corolla bluish, 25-30 mm. long. 30. A. funereus. Calyx white-hairy; corolla rose-purple, 25 mm. long. 31. A. utahensis. Leaflets elliptic or lanceolate, acute or obtuse. Corolla ochroleucous or white, the keel only tipped with purple. 32. A. Purshii. Corolla purple or purple-tinged. Peduncles not exceeding the leaves. Leaflets oblanceolate, acute; pod long-acuminate. 33. A. glareosus. Leaflets elliptic, obtuse; pod short-acuminate. 34. A. candelarius. Peduncles in flower exceeding the leaves; pod short-acuminate. 35. A. Icucolobus. Corolla not over 15 mm. long. Leaflets broadly obovate; keel purple-tipped, corolla otherwise ochroleucous. 36. A. Jonesii. Leaflets oblanceolate; corolla purple. 37. A. lectulus. Corolla crimson, even when dry. 38. A. coccineus. V. Pterophacos. Perennials with a woody cespitose caudex; leaflets linear to filiform; corolla white or purple; pod sessile, woody, 1-celled, the valves winged on the back, the sutures prominent, often narrowly winged. A single species in the Pacific States. 39. A. cinerascens. VI. Phaca. Perennial or annual; calyx campanulate; corolla ochroleucous or purple; keel beakless; pod membranous, inflated, sessile or stipitate, 1-celled, with neither suture intruded, without even a partial partition; seeds nu- merous. Pods papery, indehiscent, or tardily splitting. Pods distinctly stipitate. Pod acuminate at each end, somewhat compressed. 40. A. o.ryphysus. PEA FAMILY 565 Pod rounded and mucronate or merely acute at apex. Pod ellipsoid, broadest near the middle. Corolla ochroleucous or white, stems usually over 3 dm. high (except A. trichopodus). Stipe of the pod well exceeding the calyx. Corolla twice as long as the calyx or less; leaflets elliptic to broadly linear. Leaflets pubescent on both surfaces; corolla 12-15 mm. long; pods usually stri- gose. Leaflets appressed-silky-pubescent on both surfaces; stipe about two-thirds the length of the body of the pod. 41. A. asymmetricus. Leaflets loosely white-villous; stipe less than half the length of the body of the pod. 42. A. leucopsis. Leaflets glabrous above; pods glabrous. 43. A. trichopodus. Corolla three times as long as the calyx; leaflets narrowly linear. 44. A. Cusicku. Stipe of the pod not exceeding the calyx-lobes. 45. A. curtipes. Corolla purple; plants cespitose, usually less than 3 dm. high. Pod 40 mm. long; corolla 14-16 mm. long; leaflets glabrous. 46. A. oophorus. Pod 20-25 mm. long; corolla 8-10 mm. long; leaflets strigose. 47. A. nutans. Pod distinctly obovoid, narrowed from near the rounded apex to the stipe; cespitose plants. 48. A. Whitneyi. Pods sessile. Pod ellipsoid, rarely somewhat ovoid or with the upper suture straight but if so, both sutures rounded. Pods 2 or more cm. long. Racemes lax; banner obovate, strongly arched. Calyx-lobes deltoid, one-fourth to one-third the length of the tube. Pod rather firm, 20-25 mm. long, broadest near the base, glabrous. 49. A. oocarpus. Pod thin, papery, 35-50 mm. long, broadest at or near the middle. Leaflets 10-25 mm. long; flowers greenish yellow. 50. A. Parishii. Leaflets 2-6 mm. long; flowers purple. 51. A. Peirsonii. Calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, one-half to fully as long as the tube. Plants strigose or glabrate; calyx-teeth 2 mm. long. 52. A. Douglasii. Plants more or less white-villous; calyx-teeth about 4 mm. long. 53. A. macrodon. Racemes dense; banner oblong-obovate, moderately arched; plants more or less villous. Pods strigose or glabrous. Plants green and glabrous or nearly so, often prostrate. 54. A. pomonensis. Plants more or less villous, erect or decumbent at base. 55. A. Menziesii. Pods densely tomentose with short kinky hairs. 56. A. miguelensis. Pods 1 cm. or less in length. 57. A. microcystis. Pod obliquely ovoid, the upper suture usually acute, straight or only slightly convex, less than 2 cm. long. Annuals or short-lived perennials from a slender taproot and without a woody caudex. Racemes few-flowered, barely equaling the leaves. Pubescence of the pod appressed or none. Pods thinly strigose. Leaflets obovate; perennial. 58. A. diurnus. Leaflets linear to linear-oblong; annual. Calyx white-hairy. 59. A. Geyeri. Calyx black-hairy. 60. A. chuckwallae. Pods densely white-strigose; annual. Flowers white; pods narrowly ovoid, 5-6 mm. wide. 61. A. aridus. Flowers purple; pods broadly ovoid, 8-11 mm. wide. 62. A. Harwoodii. Pubescence of the pod long-villous and spreading. 63. A. sabulonum. Racemes many-flowered, about twice as long as the leaves; corolla dark purple; plants canescent. 64. A. vaseyi. Perennials, cespitose or, if tall, with a more or less woody base and root. Plants cespitose; racemes few-flowered; pod villous. 65. A. Pulsiferae. Plants not cespitose; racemes densely flowered. Pod glabrous; leaves canescent. 66. A. pychnostachyus. Pod short-villous; leaves glabrous. 67. A. Hornii. Pods firm and leathery, splitting into 2 valves at the apex when ripe. Stipe evident, 5-6 mm. long. 68. A. Preussii. Stipe scarcely evident, 1-2 mm. long; leaflets broadly obovate. 69. A. Crotalariae. VII. Atelophragma. Caulescent perennials, with rootstocks; stipules nearly distinct; calyx campanulate, the lobes subulate; pod membranous or papery, more or less compressed laterally, usually stipitate, the lower suture intruding and form- ing a partial partition. Pods glabrous. Leaves loosely and densely villous on both sides; pods 8-12 mm. wide. 70. A. Cottonii. Leaves rather densely strigose below, glabrous above; pods 4-5 mm. wide. 71. A. Forwoodii. Pods black-hairy. Pods 10-14 mm. long, sulcate on lower suture. 72. A. alpinus. Pods 18-22 mm. long, not sulcate on lower suture. 73. A. Macounii. 566 FABACEAE VIII. Phacomene. Cespitose perennials; corolla large; pod short-stipitate, papery or rather leathery, inflated, acute at each end, the upper suture acute, the lower flat or slightly sulcate; septum incomplete, usually narrow and not extending to the apex. Corolla ochroleucous; pods tapering at each end; calyx-teeth 5-6 mm. long, equaling the tube. 74. A. weiserensis. Corolla purple; pods ovoid, abruptly narrowed to the strongly curved stipe; calyx-teeth 2 . 5-3 mm. long, shorter than the tube. 75. A. cimae. IX. TlUM. Perennial herbs; flowers in racemes; calyx campanulate, the teeth nearly equal; corolla purple, white or ochroleucous, banner with a broad erect blade; pod linear or oblong, tapering at each end, more or less stipitate, usually membranous, 1 -celled, obcordate or inverted V-shaped in cross-section, the dorsal suture strongly sulcate, rarely with a narrow partial partition. Pods pendulous, linear or linear-lanceolate in outline. Pods distinctly stipitate, compressed, deeply but narrowly sulcate on the lower suture. Pods nearly straight, including the stipe 40-50 mm. long, long-acuminate; corolla 12-14 mm. long. 76. A. Arthurii. Pods distinctly arcuate, 20-30 mm. long, including the stipe. Plant glabrous or sparingly short-villous. Corolla white or ochroleucous; pod 3-4 mm. wide. Leaflets short-villous on both surfaces; corolla 10-12 mm. long. 77. A. Howellii. Leaflets glabrous above; corolla 8 mm. long. 78. A. misellus. Corolla purple; pod 6 mm. wide. 79. A. inyoensis. Plant densely white-tomentose or villous. Pods glabrous. 80. A. Nevinii. Pods pubescent. 81. A. Traskiae. Pods subsessile, the stipe, if present, much shorter than the calyx, somewhat obcompressed, broadly sulcate on the lower suture. Racemes lax, exceeding the leaves; pods not mottled. Septum of the pod extending halfway to the upper suture. 82. A. mensarus. Septum very narrow. Leaflets and pod linear, the latter 2-3 mm. broad. 83. A. owyheensis. Leaflets and pod oblong, the latter 5-6 mm. broad. 84. A. salmonis. Racemes 1-4-flowered, much shorter than the leaves. 85. A. panamintensis. Pods erect or ascending. Pods distinctly stipitate. Stipe much exceeding the calyx; pod glabrous. Stipe about equaling the calyx; pod strigose. Pods sessile or subsessile. Calyx 5-6 mm. long; corolla 12-15 mm. long; plants 3-4 dm. high. Calyx 3-4 mm. long; corolla 8-10 mm. long; plants 1-2 dm. high. X. Brachyphragma. Perennials; corolla purple or white; pod sessile or short-stipitate, coriaceous, terete or nearly so, oblong- ellipsoid to long-ovoid, splitting at the apex, incompletely 2-celled, the partial septum not meeting the apex nor the upper suture. Pods densely tomentose, long-ovoid; flowers reflexed. 90. A. Brauntonii. Pods strigose or glabrous, oblong; flowers spreading. Pod sessile or subsessile. Leaflets linear, glabrate above; pod spreading, about 3 cm. long, glabrous. 91. A. Serenoi. Leaflets elliptic or oval, white-strigose on both surfaces; pod strigose. 92. A. mohavensis. Pod distinctly stipitate, the stipe about 7 mm. long; leaflets narrowly linear, strigose on both surfaces. 93. A. pachypus. XI. Cystium. Perennials, with glabrous, sparingly pubescent, or cinereous leaves; flowers ochroleucous or purple; calyx short-cylindric or campanulate, the teeth subulate; pod membranous, much inflated, perfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of both sutures, several-seeded. Racemes elongated, loosely flowered except in A. tehachapiensis; biennials or short-lived perennials, usually flowering as winter annuals. Pods and usually the whole plant densely white-silky; corolla blue-purple or rarely white. Corolla 15 mm. long; pods well-inflated and broadly ovoid. Corolla 10-12 mm. long; pod little inflated, lanceolate, strongly arcuate. Pods rather thinly strigose with curved hairs. Calyx white-hairy, rarely with a few black hairs. Pods firm, usually mottled, strigose with curved hairs. Pods thin, papery, shining, glabrous or thinly strigose. Calyx black-hairy. Stems and leaves white-tomentose; calyx with spreading hairs. Stems and leaves very thinly strigose or glabrous; calyx appressed-pubescent. 99. A. Racemes subcapitate, densely flowered; plants perennial, the stems prostrate or decumbent. Plants not cespitose, the stems prostrate, slender, often 40-50 dm. long; leaflets densely white-silky, at least when young. 100. A. albifolius. 86. A. eremiticus. 87. A. arrectus. 88. A. conjunctus. 89. A. miser. 94. A. Coulteri. 95. A. agninus. 96. A. Arthu-Schottii. 97. A. Fremontii eremicus. 98. A. nigricalycis. sesc 99. :ent A. tehachapiensis. PEA FAMILY 567 Plants cespitose, the stems 2-30 cm. long. Leaflets densely white-silky; stems seldom over 5 cm. long. 101. A. platytropis. Leaflets sparsely strigose or glabrous; stems mostly 10-30 cm. long. Pods glabrous; leaflets glabrous or nearly so, obovate, flat. Pods firm coriaceous, 25-30 mm. long, arcuate; corolla 12-15 mm. long. 102. A. araneosus. Pods thin and papery, subglobose, not strongly arcuate; corolla 10 mm. long. 103. A. salinus. Pods strigose, rather firm (see also A. araneosus). Leaflets not conduplicate, glabrous or very sparsely strigose; pods ovoid, strongly arcuate. 104. A. lentiginosus. Leaflets conduplicate, rather crowded, sparsely strigose, at least below. Flowers white or ochroleucous; pods ovoid, only slightly arcuate, thin. 105. A. ineptus. Flowers purple; pods oblong-lanceolate, strongly arcuate, firm-coriaceous. 106. A. idriensis. XII. Hamosa. Annual or perennial plants with decumbent or tufted stems; calyx short-campanulate, the teeth subulate; corolla usually purplish, the standard with a rather broad, erect blade, the wings usually longer than the keel; pods linear, laterally flattened, membranous, completely 2-celled by the intrusion of the lower suture; seeds numerous. Perennials with a cespitose caudex or rootstock. Pods linear or linear-oblong, 15-40 mm. long. Pods villous. Calyx black-hairy; pods 25-40 mm. long; corolla purple or purple-tipped. Pubescence spreading; pod moderately arcuate, acute or short-acuminate. 107. A. malacus. Pubescence ascending or appressed; pod strongly arcuate. 108. A. Layneae. Calyx white-hairy; pod about 15 mm. long; corolla white or ochroleucous. 109. A. Andersonii. Pods strigose or glabrous. Pods glabrous. Calyx-tube cylindric-campanulate, 6-7 mm. long, much longer than the teeth; corolla 15 mm. long. 110. A. succumbens. Calyx-tube campanulate, less than 5 mm. long, about equaled by the teeth; corolla 10 mm. long or less. Wing petals 2-lobed; plants acaulescent, densely silvery. 111. A. calycosus. Wing petals entire; plants leafy-stemmed, canescent or glabrate. Stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so. 112. A. umbraticus. Stem and leaves pubescent. Pods not sulcate dorsally; corolla purple. 113. A. bernardinus. Pods broadly sulcate on the back, triangular in cross-section; corolla white. 114. A. tricarinatus. Pods strigose. Leaflets sparsely strigose below, glabrate above. 115. A. drepanolobus. Leaflets canescent or silky. Calyx more or less black-hairy; corolla white, about 15 mm. long. 116. A. Congdonii. Calyx white-hairy; corolla purple, 8 mm. long. 117. A. albens. Pods lanceolate, less than 10 mm. long, tapering from near the base to an acuminate apex. 118. A. Clevelandii. Annuals. Keel obtuse, not beaked. Calyx black-hairy; corolla 7-10 mm. long. Pods less than 2 cm. long. Pods 4 mm. wide, glabrous; inflorescence short-racemose. 119. A. Bruceae. Pods 2 mm. wide, strigose or rarely glabrous; inflorescence subcapitate. 120. A. tener. Pods 2.5-6 cm. long. Pods 2.5 cm. long, strongly arcuate and spreading. 121. A. Clarianus. Pods 3.5-6 cm. long, straight or only slightly arcuate, ascending. 122. A. Rattanii. Calyx white-hairy; corolla 4-6 mm. long. 123. A. austrinus. Keel produced into a porrect beak. 124. A. acutirostris. XIII. Hesperonix. Cespitose perennials with woody rootstocks, the stems decumbent or ascending; calyx campanulate, the lobes subulate: pods stipitate, coriaceous, completely 2-celled, the lower suture little or not at all sulcate; septum formed by the lower suture extending to the upper. Pod and stipe distinctly curved, thin-coriaceous. 125. A. Bolanderi. Pod straight and not recurved on the stipe, thick-coriaceous. Body of the pod 8-20 mm. long. Pod pubescent, the body 8-15 mm. long. 126. A. accidens. Pod glabrous, 15-20 mm. long, somewhat fleshy, becoming strongly wrinkled when dry. 127. A. Watsonii. Body of the pod 30-40 mm. long; leaflets villous on the margins and midrib. 128. A vallaris. 568 FABACEAE XIV. EUASTRAGALUS. Perennial or annual herbs; calyx campanulate to cylindric; corolla purple or white, rarely ochroleucous or yellow; keel not beaked; pods ovoid to oblong, chartaceous, turgid, completely 2-celled. dehiscent; septum formed by the intruded lower suture; seeds few to many. Plants perennial from woody rootstocks. Pods ascending or spreading; racemes densely flowered. Flowers deflexed or spreading in anthesis; lower suture of pod slightly sulcate; pods ellipsoid, spherical or nearly so in cross-section. 129. A. Mortonii. Flowers erect in anthesis; lower suture deeply sulcate; pod ovoid, cordate or triangular in cross-section. Pod appressed-pubescent. 130. A. striatus. Pod villous with spreading hairs. Stems glabrous or sparingly strigose. 131. A. goniatus. Stems villous-pubescent. Corolla white; stems 2-5 dm. high. 132. A. Spaldingii. Corolla purple; stems less than 2 dm. high. 133. A. Austiniae. Pods deflexed, lenticular in outline; racemes loosely flowered, corolla white or ochroleucous. Racemes elongated, many-flowered, usually longer than the leaves. 134. A. Lyallii. Racemes short, rather few-flowered, usually shorter than the leaves. Leaves and stems villous; pod abruptly acute. 135. A. lentiformis. Leaves and stems strigose; pod gradually acute. 136. A. Lemmonii. Plants annual; beak of the pod equaling the ovoid deeply sulcate body. 137. A. Breweri. XV. Hesperastragalus. Slender annuals, with distinct stipules; leaflets usually retuse; flowers subsessile in heads or short spikes, usually crowded, small, rarely over 8 mm. long; calyx long-villous; pods didymous, distorted or transversely rugose on the sides, 3-5 mm. long, ovoid to broader than long, coriaceous, not inflated, sessile, 2-celled. Pods little or not at all exserted beyond the calyx and not reflexed. Calyx white-hairy; pods deeply and narrowly grooved dorsally, the two lobes approximate, short-pubescent. 138. A. dispermus. Calyx usually black-hairy; pods didymous, the two lobes diverging, minutely and rather sparsely strigose, rarely glabrous. 139. A. didymocarpus. Pods well exserted and strongly reflexed-pubescent with spreading or sometimes appressed hairs. 140. A. Gambellianus. 1. Astragalus impensus (Sheldon) Woot. & Standi. Nevada Spiny Rattle-weed. Fig. 2775. Astragalus Kentrophyta var. elatus S. Wats. Bot. King. Expl. 77. 1871. Astragalus viridus var. impensus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 118. 1894. Kentrophyta impensus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 665. 1905. Astragalus impensus Woot. & Standi. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 19: 369. 1915. Astragalus montanus var. impensus M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 80. 1923. Perennial, diffusely branched from the base, the stems erect or ascending, 3-4 dm. high, simple or with a few short branches. Stipules united only at the base, lanceolate, with elongated spinulose tips; leaflets 5-7, subulate to linear-lanceolate, 8-15 mm. long, strongly ribbed, spinulose- tipped. strigose ; flowers axiliary in clusters of 2 or 3 ; calyx-tube campanulate, 1 . 5 mm. long, the teeth about 1 mm. long, subulate ; corolla ochroleucous, 4 mm. long ; banner oblong, reflexed ; keel obtuse, shorter than the wings ; pod ovoid, flat, 6-7 mm. long, both sutures prominent, 1-2-seeded. Dry valleys, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; eastern Washington to western Colorado, south to Nevada and Arizona. Type locality: "Holmes Creek Valley, Nevada." May-Sept. Spiny Milk Vetch. 2. Astragalus tegetarius S. Wats. Alpine Spiny Rattleweed. Fig. 2776. Astragalus tegetarius S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 76. 1871. Kentrophyta tegetaria Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 421. 1907. Astragalus montanus var. tegetarius M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 81. 1923. Kentrophyta montana Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 583. 1925. Not Nutt. Perennial, the stems scarcely 1 dm. long, diffusely spreading or decumbent. Stipules ovate, scarious, 4-5 mm. long, united to near the middle ; leaflets 3-9, narrowly linear-lanceolate, rigid, hirsutulose, 5-8 mm. long, spinulose-tipped ; peduncles 2-10 mm. long, 1-3-flowered ; calyx-tube about 2.5 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long; corolla 5-6 mm. long; pod ovoid, 5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, compressed, hirsutulose. Boreal Zones; Idaho and Montana to Utah and Colorado, southward to eastern Oregon, Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia, and Nevada. Type locality: "Peaks of the East Humboldt and Clover Mountains, Nevada." July-Aug. 3. Astragalus tegetarioides M. E. Jones. Blue Mountains Locoweed. Fig. 2777. Astragalus tegetarioides M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 66. 1902. Cespitose perennial, the stems much branched forming dense mats, about 1 dm. long, the whole plant silvery with wavy hairs. Leaves 2.5-4 cm. long, petiole filiform, elongated; leaflets nearly contiguous, 5-7, obcordate, 4-5 mm. long, petiolulate, folded ; peduncles filiform, about 2 cm. long; flowers horizontal, usually 6 in the head; calyx-tube about 1 mm. long, the teeth lax, 2 mm. long ; banner 3 mm. long, purple-striped, abruptly erect ; pod 4-5 mm. long, and about 3 mm. high, chartaceous, flattened laterally but swollen over the solitary seed. Sandy soil, Arid Transition Zone; Blue Mountains, Oregon. Type locality: Buck Range, southern Blue Mountains, Oregon. May-July. PEA FAMILY 569 2777 ^ 2778 2780 2781 2782 2774. Sesbania macrocarpa 2775. Astragalus impensus 2776. Astragalus tegetarius 2777. Astragalus tegetarioides 2778. Astragalus strigosus 2779. Astragalus serotinus 2780. Astragalus stenophyllus 2781. Astragalus MacGregorii 2782. Astragalus filipes 570 FABACEAE 4. Astragalus strigdsus Coult. & Fisher. Gray-haired Locoweed. Fig. 2778. Astragalus strigosus Coult. & Fisher, Bot. Gaz. 18: 299. 1893. Astragalus griseopubescens Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1 : 24. 1894. Homalobus strigosus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 53. 1913. Perennial, the stems several, decumbent or ascending, 15-35 cm. high, strigose. Leaves 3-8 cm. long; leaflets 13-21, linear to narrowly linear, 1-2 cm. long, strigose and cinereous on both surfaces; racemes lax, 10-20-flowered ; calyx-tube 2.5 mm. long, black-hairy, the teeth subulate, about equaling the tube ; corolla purplish, about 10 mm. long ; keel merely obtuse at tip and dark purple; pods sessile, linear, 15-20 mm. long, about 3 mm, deep, strigose. Dry plains and ridges, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; eastern Washington to Montana. Type lo- cality: Basin, Montana. June— July. 5. Astragalus serotinus A. Gray. Late-flowering Rattle-weed. Fig. 2779. Astragalus serotinus A. Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 12: 51. pi. 5. 1860. Homalobus serotinus Rydb. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1 : 248. 1900. Phaca serotina Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 374. 1906. Astragalus campestris var. serotinus M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 75. 1923. Perennial, the stems several, ascending or erect, slender, 2-4 dm. high, strigose. Leaves 8-15 cm. long; leaflets 9-21, linear to linear-lanceolate, glabrous above, strigose beneath, 1-3 cm. long; peduncles slender ; racemes lax, 5-15-flowered ; flowers spreading, purplish ; calyx-tube about 2.5 mm. long, black-hairy; teeth subulate, less than 1 mm. long; corolla 6-8 mm. long; keel with a deep purple broad obtuse tip; pod linear, 20-25 mm. long, about 3 mm. deep, mainly strigose or glabrate in age. Open pine forests. Arid Transition Zone; British Columbia and eastern Washington as far south as Walla Walla, to Montana. Type locality: "On the Okanogan near the Columbia River." May-July. Astragalus serotinus var. Palliseri (A. Gray) J. F. Macbride, Contr. Gray Herb. 65: 37. 1922. (As- tragalus Palliseri A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 227. 1864.) Pod glabrous from the beginning, otherwise closely resembling the typical form of the species_ which has the pods strigose, at least when young. Columbia Basin region of southeastern Washington and adjacent Oregon. 6. Astragalus stenophyllus Torr. & Gray. Narrow-leaved Locoweed. Fig. 2780. Astragalus leptophyllus Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 18. 1834. Not Desf. 1800. Astragalus stenophyllus Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 329. 1838. Homalobus stenophyllus Rydb. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1 : 249. 1900. Phaca stenophylla Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 371. 1906. Perennial, usually much branched from the somewhat woody base, the stems slender and wiry, erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 5-10 cm. long ; leaflets mostly 9-13, rather distant, filiform to narrowly linear, 5-15 mm. long, sparsely strigose; pe- duncles well exceeding the leaves ; flowers in a loose raceme, nodding ; calyx campanulate, 5 mm. long, the teeth very minute ; corolla ochroleucous, 10-12 mm. long ; body of pod linear-oblong, 20-25 mm. long, 4-5 mm. deep, only slightly inflated in age, abruptly acutish at apex, narrowed at base to a filiform stipe, 5-10 mm. long. Sagebrush plains and hillsides, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; British Columbia to western Montana south, east of the Cascades, to northeastern California and northern Nevada. Type locality: "Head- waters of the Missouri." May— July. 7. Astragalus MacGregorii (Rydb.) Tidestrom. MacGregor's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2781. Homalobus MacGregorii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 50 : 270. 1923. Astragalus filipes var. residuus Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 571. 1925. Astragalus MacGregorii Tidestrom, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 50: 20. 1937. Perennial, the branches several from the woody base, erect or ascending, slender, 4-6 dm. high, glaucous, green and somewhat cinereous with a strigose pubescence. Stipules triangular- subulate, erect, thin, about 3 mm. long; leaves 5-7 cm. long; leaflets about 13, linear, 8-15 mm. long, 1 . 5-3 mm. wide, rounded or retuse at the apex, distinctly petiolulate, gray-green and strigose ; peduncles often 10 cm. long ; racemes loosely flowered ; flowers pedicellate, spreading or recurved; calyx-tube campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, very thin, the teeth triangular, scarcely 1 mm. long ; corolla ochroleucous, about 12 mm. long, the banner well exceeding the keel ; pod linear-oblong, approximately of equal width throughout, rather abruptly acute at both ends- 20-25 mm. long, about 4 mm. wide, glabrous ; stipe filiform, 8-10 mm. long. Desert slopes, Sonoran Zones; southern California, from Mount Pinos to the Santa Rosa Mountains. Type locality: near the Frazier Borax Mine, Mount Pinos, California. April-May. 8. Astragalus filipes Torr. Thread-leaved Locoweed. Fig. 2782. Astragalus filipes Torr. ex A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 226. 1864. Tragacantha filipes Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 944. 1891. Homalobus filipes Heller, Muhlenbergia 9: 67. 1913. Stems slender, branched, 3-10 dm. long, strigose, from a cespitose caudex. Leaflets 7-11, nar- rowly linear to filiform, 8-15 mm. long, strigose, acute; raceme lax, including the peduncle 1-2 dm. long; calyx -tube 3 mm. long, strigose, the teeth deltoid, 1 mm. long; corolla white, 8 mm. PEA FAMILY 571 long ; pod pendulous, sparingly strigose, the body oblong, about 20 mm. long, and 4-5 mm. wide, the stipe 8-10 mm. long. Dry hillsides, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Washington to eastern Oregon, Idaho, and Nevada. Type locality: near Fort Okanogan, Washington. May-June. 9. Astragalus inversus Jones. Susanville Rattle-weed. Fig. 2783. Astragalus inversus Jones, Zoe 4: 276. 1893. Homalobus inversus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 50: 271. 1923. Perennial, from an erect fleshy root, the stems decumbent to ascending, slender and lax, 6-10 dm. long, with long internodes, green and sulcate. Stipules green, rigid, subulate, reflexed ; leaves about 1 dm. long, the rachis green, scarcely tapering; leaflets 5-11, remote, narrowly linear, the terminal phyllodia-like ; peduncles often 3 dm. long, very slender, falcate; raceme loosely few-flowered; calyx-tube campanulate, about 3 mm. long, reddish, the teeth minute; corolla about 10 mm. long, lavender striped with reddish purple ; pods horizontal or slightly re- flexed, the body 25-40 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, nearly flat, reddish, drying purple, straight or slightly arcuate, acute or short-acuminate, narrowed at base to a short stipe, 5—10 mm. long. Gravelly soils, Arid Transition Zone; Siskiyou and Modoc Counties, California. Type locality: Susanville, California. May-July. Astragalus Applegatei M. E. Peck, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 49: 111. 1936. Stems simple or branched, cespitose or procumbent, glabrous or sparingly strigose, 25-40 cm. long. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; leaflets 9-13, linear or linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long; racemes 5-7 cm. long; corolla 6-7 mm. long, pale lavender; pod oblong, 8-13 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, compressed, strigulose, and purple-spotted, splitting first at the apex; stipe 4-5 mm. long. A little known species, originally described from specimens collected at Keno, and near Klamath Falls, Klamath County, Oregon. Resembling most closely A. filipes but the pods split first at the apex as in A. Anti- sellii. 10. Astragalus Antisellii A. Gray. Antisell's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2784. Astragalus Antisellii A. Gray, Antisell's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2784. Astragalus Hasseanus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1 : 124. 1894. Homalobus Antisellii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 50: 271. 1923. Astragalus trichopodus var. Antisellii Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 572. 1925. Perennial, the stems erect or ascending, 5-8 dm. high, rather slender, from a woody base, the whole plant more or less sparsely strigose. Stipules subulate, reflexed; leaves 7-15 cm. long; leaflets mostly 21-25, narrowly to broadly oblong, 8-20 mm. long ; peduncles usually much longer than the leaves; raceme elongated, loosely flowered; calyx-tube campanulate, 5 mm. long, the teeth triangular, scarcely 1 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous, 10 mm. long; pod 20-25 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, flattened laterally or sometimes slightly inflated when ripe, tapering at base to a slender stipe, 7—15 mm. long. Dry mesas and hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; southern California, San Luis Obispo to Los Angeles. Type locality: Santa Ynez, California. March-June. 11. Astragalus gaviotus Elmer. Gaviota Rattle-weed. Fig. 2785. Astragalus gaviotus Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 39: 54. 1905. Homalobus gaviotus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 50: 272. 1923. Astragalus trichopodus var. gaviotus Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 571. 1925. Astragalus Antisellii var. gaviotus Munz & McBurney, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31: 67. 1932. Stems stout, from a cespitose caudex, cinereous-strigose, 3-5 dm. high, branched above. Leaflets 15-31, oblong to elliptic, 10-25 mm. long, obtuse to retuse at the apex, strigose on both surfaces; peduncles about 10 cm. long; racemes dense, 2-3 cm. long; calyx-tube 3 mm. long, strigose with both white and black hairs, the teeth subulate, 1 mm. long; corolla white, 15 mm. long ; pod pendulous or spreading, strigulose, the stipe 6-8 mm, long, the body elliptic 25-30 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, acute at each end. Rolling hills, Upper Sonoran Zone; Santa Barbara County, California. Type locality: Gaviota, California. April-June. 12. Astragalus collinus Dougl. Hill Rattle-weed. Fig. 2786. Phaca collina Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 141. 1830. Astragalus collinus Dougl. ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. PI. 2: 256. 1832. Astragalus cyrtoides A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 201. 1864. Tragacantha collina Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 943. 1891. Homalobus collinus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 53. 1913. Perennial, the stems several, erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. high, branching freely, strigose. Leaves 3-5 cm. long ; leaflets linear to narrowly linear, 5-15 mm. long, obtuse or retuse, pilose with upwardly curved hairs; peduncles stout, 10-30 cm. long, flower-bearing on the upper third; flowers recurved ; calyx-tube gibbous at base, broadly cylindric, 7-8 mm. long, the teeth subulate, about 2 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous, 10-12 mm. long, the banner reflexed just beyond the calyx; pod pendulous, linear-oblong, straight or slightly curved upward, 15-20 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, oval in cross-section, upper suture straight, lower curved upward at each end, coriaceous, strigose. local Open hillsides, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington and Oregon to Idaho. Type ity: "On the subalpine ranges of the Blue Mountains in dry soils." May-June. 572 FABACEAE 2783 2787 2786 2789 2791 2783. Astragalus inversus 2784. Astragalus Antisellii 2785. Astragalus gaviotus 2786. Astragalus collinus 2787. Astragalus californicus 2788. Astragalus Tweedyi 2789. Astragalus Gibbsii 2790. Astragalus Whitedii 2791. Astragalus subglaber PEA FAMILY 573 13. Astragalus californicus (A. Gray) Greene. Klamath Basin Rattle-weed. Fig. 2787. Astragalus collinus var. californicus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 12: 54. 1876. Astragalus californicus Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 157. 1885. Homalobus californicus Heller, Muhlenbergia 2: 86. 1905. Perennial, the stems many from the crown, erect, little branched, rather stout, 5-6 dm. high, grayish pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves 5-7 cm. long; leaflets 15-21, linear or oblong, 5-12 mm. long, often folded, acutish, rather densely pubescent with spreading wavy hairs ; pe- duncles stout, strict, 10-15 cm. long; raceme 8-10 cm. long; flowers many, spreading, 10-15 mm. long, ochroleucous ; calyx-tube broadly cylindric, 5-6 mm. long, somewhat gibbous, black-hairy ; teeth triangular-subulate, about 1.5 mm. long; pod pendulous or spreading, straight, acute at each end, 3-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, elliptic in cross-section, coriaceous, strigose when young becoming glabrous, blotched with purple, pendent on a stipe 6-12 mm. long. Upper Sonoran Zone; valleys of the Klamath River, Siskiyou County, California. Type locality: Yreka, California. April-May. 14. Astragalus Tweedyi Canby. Tweedy 's Rattle- weed. Fig. 2788. Astragalus Tweedyi Canby, Bot. Gaz. 15: 150. 1890. Phaca Tweedyi Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 371. 1906. Homalobus Tweedyi Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 51 : 14. 1924. Perennial, much branched from the base. 3-5 dm. high, slender and flexuous, sparsely strigose- pubescent. Leaves 5-6 cm. long; leaflets 15-21, linear, 7-15 mm. long, rather sparsely strigose; peduncles strict in fruit, 10-20 cm. long ; racemes 4-7 cm. long ; flowers spreading on very short pedicels ; calyx-tube cylindric, 6-7 mm. long, gibbous at base, the teeth triangular, about 1 mm. long; corolla 10-12 mm. long, ochroleucous; pods erect, 12-15 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, nearly circular in cross-section, firm-coriaceous, reticulate, glabrous ; stipe stout, a little longer than the calyx. Dry hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; Valley of the Columbia, mouth of the Yakima River, Washington, to near The Dalles, Oregon. Type locality : prairies of eastern Oregon. June. 15. Astragalus Gibbsii Kell. Gibbs's Rattle- weed. Fig. 2789. Astragalus Gibbsii Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 2: 161. fig. 50. 1862. Tragacantha Gibbsii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 943. 1891. Homalobus Gibbsii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 51 : 15. 1924. Homalobus Plummerae Rydb. op. cit. 51: 16. Perennial, the stems much branched, decumbent at base, 3-5 dm. high, rather stout, whole plant grayish with a short spreading pubescence. Leaves spreading or often reflexed, 4-5 cm. long ; leaflets usually 17-19, oblong-obovate to obovate, obtuse or retuse at apex, 7-20 mm. long ; peduncles stout, 6-8 cm. long ; fruiting racemes 6-8 cm. long ; flowers many, more or less reflexed; calyx-tube broadly cylindric, 7-8 mm. long, gibbous at base, teeth triangular-subulate, 2-3 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous, keel about 10 mm. long, banner strongly reflexed, 2-3 mm. longer than the keel ; pod arcuate, the body about 20-25 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, almost circular in cross-section, pilose, acuminate at apex, narrowed at base, firm, splitting at the apex ; stipe equaling the calyx. Dry hillsides and plains, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Oregon from the western edge of the Columbia Basin east to the Blue Mountains and adjacent Idaho, south to Nevada and northeastern California. Type locality: "Sierra Nevada near the headwater of Carson River," California. June-July. 16. Astragalus Whitedii Piper. Whited's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2790. Astragalus speirocarpus var. falciformis A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1: 152. 1876. Astragalus speirocarpus var. curvicarpus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 125. 1894. Astragalus Whitedii Piper, Bull. Torrey Club 29 : 224. 1902. Perennial, the stems several from a cespitose caudex, 2-4 dm. high, more or less strigose. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; leaflets mostly 13-15, oblong-obovate, retuse. 10-15 mm. long, strigose; peduncles 5-8 cm. long ; fruiting racemes 4-5 cm. long ; calyx-tube 8 mm. long, gibbous at base, the teeth about 1 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous, 15 mm. long; pod curved, forming about a semicircle, the body 15-20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, abruptly acute at both ends, firm-coriaceous, glabrous ; stipe slender, about 1 cm. long. Dry hills, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Washington near Wenatchee, to western Idaho, south through eastern Oregon to northeastern California and western Nevada. Type locality: Colockum Creek, 20 miles south- east of Wenatchee, Washington. May-June. Astragalus sinuatus Piper, Bull. Torrey Club 28: 40. 1901. Perennial, with cespitose caudex, the stems 2-3 dm. high, whole plant short-pubescent with upwardly curved hairs. Leaves 4-5 cm. long; leaflets usually 11-13, elliptic, 10-12 mm. long; peduncles about 6 cm. long; flowers not known; pod 20-25 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, curved, thick-walled and turgid, sinuous on the lower suture, rugulose, strigose. Known only from the original collection which was made somewhere in eastern Washington by Brandegee in 1883. 17. Astragalus subglaber (A. Gray) M. E. Peck. Glabrous Rattle-weed. Fig. 2791. Astragalus collinus var. subglaber A. Gray ex Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 51 : 17. 1924. Homalobus subglaber Rydb. loc. cit. Astragalus subglaber M. E. Peck, Man. PI. Oregon 444. 1941. Perennial, with cespitose caudex, the stems 2-3 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 4-8 574 FABACEAE cm. long; leaflets 11-25, oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, glabrous above, sparingly short-pubescent beneath, often only on the margins and midrib ; peduncles S-10 cm. long ; racemes 3-5 cm. long ; calyx villous, the tube 8 mm. long, gibbous on the upper side, the two upper teeth triangular, the three lower lanceolate, 0.5 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous, 14 mm. long; pod arcuate, 12-18 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, sparingly short-pubescent; stipe 8-10 mm. long. Upper Sonoran Zone; northeastern Oregon. Type locality: John Day River, Oregon. May-June. Astragulus Laurentii (Rydb.) M. E. Peck, Man. PI. Oregon 443. 1941. This is apparently only a form of Astragalus subglaber with the body of the pod villous, slightly curved and 10-15 mm. long. Known only from the type locality, Heppner, Morrow County, Oregon. 18. Astragalus speirocarpus A. Gray. Spiral-pod Rattle-weed. Fig. 2792. Astragalus speirocarpus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 225. 1864. Phaca speirocarpus Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 370. 1906. Homalobus speirocarpus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 51: 18. 1924. Perennial, the stems much branched from a slender root, flexuous, 2-3 dm. high, rarely more, the whole plant grayish-strigose. Leaves 5-7 cm. long ; leaflets 9-17, oblong-cuneate to oblong- obovate, retuse, 5-12 mm. long ; peduncles 4-5 cm. long, shorter than the leaves, nearly equaled by the racemes ; flowers spreading ; calyx-tube 6-7 mm. long, gibbous at base, the teeth broadly tri- angular, scarcely 1 mm. long ; corolla ochroleucous, 15 mm. long, the banner well exceeding the keel ; pods spirally coiled, 3-4 mm. broad, acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed below to a stout stipe, firm, strigose, reticulate. Dry plains, Upper Sonoran Zone; Yakima and Klickitat Counties, eastern Washington, to Klamath and Lake Counties, eastern Oregon. Type locality: Wenas, Yakima County, Washington. May-June. 19. Astragalus alvordensis M. E. Jones. Alvord Rattle-weed. Fig. 2793. Astragalus alvordensis M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 67. 1902. Homalobus alvordensis Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 51 : 18. 1924. Perennial, the stems slender, ascending, much branched, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves 2-4 cm. long ; leaflets 13-17, approximate, obovate-cuneate. retuse, 4-6 mm. long, thick, short-pubescent; pe- duncles slender, 1-2 cm. long ; racemes 3-8-flowered ; flowers widely spreading ; calyx-tube tur- binate-campanulate, about 2 mm. long, obliquely inverted at the base, the teeth triangular, minute ; corolla 7 mm. long, purple-veined ; pod about 2 cm. long, 3 mm. high, flattened, spirally coiled into one or one and one-half coils, firm-coriaceous and pubescent, long-acuminate at apex, narrowed to a slender stipe, about 1 cm. long. Dry plains and hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; known only from Alvord Valley, eastern Oregon. June. 20. Astragalus sclerocarpus A. Gray. Woody-pod Rattle-weed. Fig. 2794. Phaca podocarpa Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 142. 1831. Not Astragalus podocarpus C. A. Mey. 1831. Astragalus sclerocarpus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 225. 1864. Homalobus podocarpus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 51: 18. 1924. Perennial, the stems several from the crown of a woody root, rather widely branching, 3-5 dm. high, strigose, but scarcely canescent. Leaves rather sparse, 6-8 cm. long; leaflets 7-14, distant, narrowly linear, 8-15 mm. long, strigose; peduncles 6-8 cm. long; racemes 3-5 cm. long; calyx-tube 6 mm. long, black-hairy, the teeth 1 mm. long; corolla 10 mm. long, white tinged with purple ; pods including the stipe 4-5 cm. long, curved only slightly to about one-third of a circle, long-acuminate at apex and tapering at base to the stipe, coriaceous, flat when young, oval in cross-section when mature, reticulate, strigose, dehiscent from the base. Dry plains, especially in sand, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Washington and eastern Oregon, from Ellens- burg to the Malheur River. Type locality: Great Falls of the Columbia River. April-May. 21. Astragalus bicristatus A. Gray. Crested Rattle-weed. Fig. 2795. Astragalus bicristatus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 75. 1883. Homalobus bicristatus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 51: 19. 1924. Perennial, the stems much branched, 3-5 dm. high, green and nearly glabrous or more or less cinereous-strigose. Leaves 6-8 cm. long; leaflets 11-15, linear to oblong, 8-20 mm. long, green or more or less cinereous ; peduncles exceeding the leaves ; racemes 4-5 cm. long ; calyx- tube 7 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 3 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous or tinged with purple, 12 mm. long ; body of the pod 15-20 mm. long, curved often to one-third circle, rather abruptly narrowed to a prominent beak at apex, glabrous, somewhat obcompressed, broader than deep, the dorsal suture more or less winged; stipe 8-10 mm. long. Open pine forests and desert slopes, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; San Gabriel and San Ber- nardino Mountains, southern California. Type locality: Holcomb Valley, San Bernardino Mountains. May-June. 22. Astragalus reventus A. Gray. Revenant Locoweed. Fig. 2796. Astragalus reventus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 15: 46. 1879. Phaca reventa Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 372. 1906. Cnemidophacos reventus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 52. 1913. Cnemidophacos reventiformis Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 284. 1929. Stems erect, 2-4 dm. high, numerous, sparingly strigose. Leaflets 21-37, oblong to linear, 10-15 mm. long, cinereous-strigose on both surfaces or glabrate above ; peduncles erect, often 2 dm. long in fruit ; racemes 3-5 cm. long ; calyx black-hairy, the tube 7-8 mm. long, the teeth PEA FAMILY 575 3 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous or white, 2 cm. long; pod erect, ovoid-oblong, acute, 15-20 mm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, thick-walled, glabrous. Hillsides, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Washington and eastern Oregon to Idaho. Type locality: "Interior of Oregon." May-July. Cnemidophacos Knowlesianus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24 : 284. 1929. This is a form of A. reventus, charac- terized by its sparsely black-hairy calyx and short-pubescent pods. Klickitat County, Washington, and adjacent Oregon. 23. Astragalus hoodianus Howell. Hood River Locoweed. Fig. 2797. Astragalus hoodianus Howell, Erythea 1: 111. 1893. Perennial from a woody crown, the stems erect, 10-15 cm. high, whole plant canescent with a strigose pubescence. Leaflets 11-15, linear, 5-10 mm. long; peduncles stout, often 2-3 dm. long; racemes loose, 5-8 cm. long ; calyx-tube cylindrical, 5 mm. long, the teeth subulate, about equal- ing the tube; corolla white or ochroleucous, 16-18 mm. long; pod coriaceous, oblong, dorsally compressed, 10—15 mm. long, pubescent. Dry hillsides, Arid Transition Zone; Hood River, Oregon, to The Dalles, Oregon, and across the Columbia River in adjacent Washington. Type locality: hills along Hood River, Oregon. May-July. 24. Astragalus iodanthus S. Wats. Violet Rattle-weed. Fig. 2798. Astragalus iodanthus S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 70. 1871. Tragacantha iodantha Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 943. 1891. Xylophacos iodanthus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 144. 1925. Stems several from the woody crown, 1-3 dm. long, spreading or ascending, glabrous. Stipules membranous, erect ; leaves 5-7 cm. long ; leaflets 13-19, or sometimes fewer, elliptic to broadly oval or obovate, 5-10 mm. long, glabrous or very sparsely strigose ; peduncles 3^ cm. long ; fruiting racemes 3-5 cm. long ; calyx-tube cylindric, 4 mm. long, black-hairy, teeth subulate, scarcely 2 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous, about 10 mm. long; pods curved into almost a com- plete circle, 20-25 mm. long, acuminate at apex, abruptly rounded to the sessile base, strongly obcompressed and sulcate, strigose and mottled. Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern base of the Sierra Nevada from Honey Lake, California, to Esmeralda County, Nevada. Type locality: near Virginia City, Nevada. May. 25. Astragalus Casei A. Gray. Case's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2799. Astragalus Casei A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1: 154. 1876. Tragacantha Casei Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 943. 1891. Xylophacos Casei Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 147. 1925. Stems numerous and freely branching from the woody crown, 2-4 dm. high, strigose and more or less cinereous. Stipules green, reflexed; leaflets 5-11, rather distant, linear, 6-15 mm. long, strigose ; peduncles 5-10 cm. long ; fruiting racemes 3-10 cm. long ; calyx-tube cylindric, 7 mm. long, black-hairy, the teeth subulate, scarcely 2 mm. long; corolla purplish, 12-15 mm. long ; pods 4-5 cm. long, more or less arcuate, the acuminate beak upturned and the base de- clined, 6-8 mm. broad, obcompressed, shallowly sulcate, strigose and rugose-reticulate when mature. Sagebrush plains and hills, Upper Sonoran Zone; Pyramid Lake, Nevada, to the Panamint Mountains, California. Type locality: "high plateau near Pyramid Lake." April-May. 26. Astragalus Webberi A. Gray. Webber's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2800. Astragalus Webberi A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1: 154. 1876. Xylophacos Webberi Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 151. 1925. Stems 15-30 cm. high from a woody crown, strigose. Stipules lanceolate, reflexed; leaves 5-7 cm. long; leaflets 11-21, rather approximate, oblong or obovate-oblong, 10-15 mm. long, densely silvery-canescent with a fine silky pubescence ; peduncles surpassing the leaves ; raceme short, rather densely 9-20-flowered ; calyx-tube cylindric, 7 mm. long, the teeth subulate, about 3 mm. long ; corolla ochroleucous, about 12 mm. long ; pod 2-3 cm. long, acute at apex, rounded at base, 8-12 mm. wide, obcompressed, shallowly and broadly sulcate, rugosely reticulate, glabrous. Arid Transition Zone: mountain slopes about Sierra Valley, California. Type locality: Indian and Sierra Valleys, California. July. 27. Astragalus Newberry i A. Gray. Newberry's Woolly-pod. Fig. 2801. Astragalus Newberryi A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 12: 55. 1876. Xylophacos Newberryi Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 662. 1906. Perennial, cespitose, the branches usually less than 1 dm. long. Leaflets 5-7, rarely 9, broadly oblanceolate or obovate, 6-12 mm. long, densely silky with a fine strictly appressed pubescence ; peduncles equal to or usually shorter than the leaves; racemes capitate, 5-7-flowered; calyx silky-villous with interspersed black hairs, the tube cylindric, about 10 mm. long, the teeth subu- late, 3 mm. long ; corolla 20-25 mm. long, tinged with purple, the keels tipped with dark purple ; pods densely long-hairy, 2 cm. long and 1 . 5 cm. wide, ovoid to nearly globose, often somewhat obcompressed, and slightly sulcate at base on both sutures. Sonoran Zones of the Great Basin Region, Nevada and Wyoming to the eastern edge of California (White and New York Mountains) in the Mojave Desert, Arizona, and New Mexico. Type locality: "On the frontiers of Utah and Arizona." March-May. 576 FABACEAE 2795 2797 2798 2799 2800 2792. Astragalus speirocarpus 2793. Astragalus alvordensis 2794. Astragalus sclerocarpus 2795. Astragalus bicristatus 2796. Astragalus reventus 2797. Astragalus hoodianus 2798. Astragalus iodanthus 2799. Astragalus Casei 2800. Astragalus Webberi PEA FAMILY 577 28. Astragalus inflexus Dougl. Grooved Woolly-pod. Fig. 2802. Astragalus inflexus Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 151. 1834. Phaca inflexa Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 369. 1906. Xylophacos inflexus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 49. 1913. Perennial, the stems several, decumbent, 2-4 dm. long, whole plant hoary with a dense long- villous pubescence. Leaflets 15-25 mm. long, elliptic to oblanceolate ; raceme subcapitate, 5-10- flowered ; calyx-tube 10-12 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 6-7 mm. long ; corolla light purple, 20-25 mm. long ; pod oblong-ovoid, 20-25 mm. long, curved, deeply sulcate on both sutures, villous. Dry plains and hills, especially sandy soil, Upper Sonoran Zone; southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon to Montana. Type locality: "On the barren sandy grounds of the Columbia from the junction of Lewis and Clark [Snake] River to the [Blue] mountains." May-June. 29. Astragalus incurvus (Rydb.) Abrams. Curved Woolly-pod. Fig. 2803. Xylophacos incurvus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 366. 1925. Astragalus Purshii var. longilobus M. E. Jones, Zoe 4: 269, in part. 1893. Astragalus Purshii var. incurvus Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 360. 1936. Perennial, cespitose, the stems seldom over 5 cm. long, whole plant densely white-villous. Leaflets 11-17, elliptic to oblanceolate, acute, 8-15 mm. long; peduncles 3-5 cm. long; racemes subcapitate, 3-5-flowered ; calyx-tube about 1 cm. long, white-villous, the teeth subulate, 5-7 mm. long ; corolla about 2 cm. long, white or faintly tinged with rose-purple, the keel purple-tipped ; pod densely hairy, 2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, usually sulcate on both sutures, strongly incurved almost to a half circle. Usually in gravelly somewhat alkaline soils, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; western Nevada and California east of the Sierra Nevada. Type locality: California. April-June. 30. Astragalus funereus M. E. Jones. Black Woolly-pod. Fig. 2804. Astragalus funereus M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 12: 11. 1908. Xylophacos funereus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 367. 1925. Xylophacos Blyae Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 24: 303. 1929. Astragalus Purshii var. funereus Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 360. 1936. Perennial, cespitose, the stems usually less than 1 dm. long, whole plant densely villous with tangled hairs. Leaflets 13-17, oval to obovate, obtuse at the apex, 5-8 mm. long; peduncles stout ; racemes subcapitate, 3-10-flowered ; calyx-tube 7-8 mm. long, black-hairy, the teeth subu- late, about 3 mm. long; corolla rose-purple, becoming bluish when dry, 15-20 mm. long; pods densely hairy, about 5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide, ovoid, somewhat obcompressed at base, slightly curved, hooked at the apex, upper suture slightly sulcate. Clay soils, Lower Sonoran Zone: Mojave Desert of southern Nevada, northwestern Arizona, and eastern borders of California. Type locality: Rhyolite, Nevada. March-April. 31. Astragalus utahensis (Torr.) Torr. & Gray. Utah Woolly-pod or Pink Lady-fingers. Fig. 2805. Phaca mollissima var. utahensis Torr. in Stansbury's Exp. 385. pi. 2. 1853. Astragalus utahensis Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 2: 120. 1856. Xylophacos utahensis Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 49. 1913. Xylophacos subvillosus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 368. 1925. Perennial, cespitose, the stems usually less than 1 dm. long, the whole plant densely white- woolly. Leaflets 9-17, obovate, often broadly so, rounded at the apex, 5-10 mm. long ; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves; racemes subcapitate, 3-10-flowered; calyx-tube about 12 mm. long, the teeth subulate, about 4 mm. long; corolla 25-30 mm. long, violet-purple; pod ovoid, about 2 cm. long, slightly curved, slightly sulcate on both sutures, densely hirsute-villous. Hills and bench-lands, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones of the Great Basin region; Harney County, eastern Oregon, and northern Sierra Nevada, California, to Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. Type locality: northeast shore of Great Salt Lake and on Stansbury Island. April-May. Astragalus nudisiliquus A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 54: 410. 1912. Closely resembles A. utahensis, but the pod sparingly instead of densely woolly, and the flowers ochroleucous or white instead of rose-purple. Found in Elmore County, Idaho, and Malheur County, Oregon. 32. Astragalus Purshii Dougl. Pursh's Woolly-pod or Sheep-pod. Fig. 2806. Astragalus Purshii Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 152. 1830. Astragalus mollissima Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 350. 1838. Phaca Purshii Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11 : 369. 1906. Xylophacos Purshii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 662. 1906. Perennial, cespitose, the stems usually less than 5 cm. long, whole plant densely white-villous. Leaflets 9-13, oblong to oblanceolate, acutish, 8-15 mm. long; calyx-tube 10 mm. long, the teeth subulate, about 3 mm. long; corolla 20-25 mm. long, ochroleucous, the keel tipped with dark purple; pod ovoid, densely villous, 15-20 mm. long, slightly curved and scarcely sulcate. Dry hillsides and plains, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; British Columbia to South Dakota, south to eastern Washington and Oregon and Nevada. Type locality: "On low hills of the Spokane River," Washington. May-June. 578 FABACEAE 33. Astragalus glareosus Dougl. Gravel Woolly-pod. Fig. 2807. Astragalus glareosus Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 152. 1831. Astragalus allanaris Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1 : 141. 1894. Astragalus inflexus var. glareosus M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 62. 1902. Phaca glareosa Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 369. 1906. Xylophacos glareosus Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. S06, 1063. 1917. Perennial, cespitose, decumbent, usually less than 1 dm. long, the whole plant canescent- hirsute. Leaflets 11-17, oblong, acute, 4-10 mm. long; peduncles very short; flowers 3-8, sub- capitate; calyx-tube 8-9 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long; corolla purple, about 2 cm. long ; pod ovoid, 20-25 cm. long, villous. Dry hills and plains, mainly Arid Transition Zone; British Columbia and eastern Washington to eastern Oregon Montana, and Wyoming. Type locality: "Plentiful on dry, gravelly banks of rivers, from the confluence of the Lewis and Clark's [Snake] River with the Columbia to the [Blue] mountains." May-June. Astragalus ventosus Suksdorf ex Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 370. 1925. Closely related to Astragalus glareosus Dougl., from which it is distinguished by its black-hairy calyx and broader leaflets, which are elliptical, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long and 2-3 mm. wide. Known only from the type locality: "Windy rocky places, several kilos east of Bingen," Washington. 34. Astragalus candelarius Sheldon. Candelaria Woolly-pod. Fig. 2808. Astragalus Purshii var. tinctus M. E. Jones, Zoe 4: 269. 1893. Astragalus candelarius Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1 : 143. 1894. Xylophacos candelarius Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 370. 1925. Perennial, cespitose, the stems usually less than 1 dm. long, whole plant cinereous-villous. Leaflets 5-9, elliptic to narrowly obovate, obtuse or rounded at apex, 6-12 mm. long; peduncles usually exceeding the leaves ; racemes 3-7-flowered ; calyx-tube 8 mm. long, the teeth subulate, about 3 mm. long ; corolla purple, 20 mm. long ; pods broadly ovoid, slightly curvedt very densely hairy, scarcely sulcate. Dry hills and plains, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zone; Wheeler County, eastern Oregon, to north- eastern California and Esmeralda County, Nevada. Type locality: near Candelaria, Esmeralda County, Nevada. April-May. 35. Astragalus leucolobus S. Wats. Bear Valley Wooly-pod. Fig. 2809. Astragalus leucolobus S. Wats, ex M. E. Jones, Zoe 4: 270. 1893. Astragalus Purshii var. leucolobus M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 61. 1902. Xylophacos leucolobus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 371. 1925. Perennial, cespitose, the stems seldom over 5 cm. long, whole plant densely white-villous. Leaflets mostly 15-17, elliptic to oblanceolate, acute, 6-8 mm. long; peduncles about equaling or usually well exceeding the leaves ; racemes subcapitate to 3 cm. long, 3-10-flowered ; calyx-tube 7-8 mm. long, about 3.5 mm. wide, white-villous, the teeth subulate, about 2.5 mm. long; corolla 18-20 mm. long, purple or rose-purple. Mountain slopes, Arid Transition Zone; southern California in the Panamint Mountains, and in the San Gabriel Range south to the Santa Rosa Mountains. Type locality: mountain slopes, Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, 6,500 feet altitude. May-June. Astragalus leucolobus subsp. consectus (Sheldon) Abrams. {Astragalus consectus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 143. 1894; Xylophacos consectus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 306. 1929; Astragalus leucolobus var. subvestitus Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 361. 1936.) Cespitose perennial, the stems 3-6 cm. long, densely woolly with long white hairs. Leaflets 11-25, oblong to oval, 5-8 mm. long, densely and loosely villous; peduncles 3-6 cm. long; bracts 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate; racemes 5-8-flowered; calyx loosely white-villous, the tube 7-8 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 3 mm. long; corolla purple, 15-18 mm. long; pod densely villous, 2 cm. long, arcuate, grad- ually acute. Dry gravelly hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; Tehachapi Mountains and the adjacent sections of the southern Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, California. This subspecies has been considered by some as a distinct species; the long woolly pubescence and the shorter peduncles are its principal distinguishing characters. Type locality: Tejon Pass, California. May-June. 36. Astragalus Jdnesii Abrams. Silver Woolly-pod. Fig. 2810. Xylophacos argentinus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 371. 1925. Not Astragalus argentinus Mang. Perennial, cespitose, whole plant silvery with a dense woolly pubescence, the stems less than 5 cm. long. Leaflets 7-13, broadly obovate, about 1 cm. long, rounded at apex ; peduncles 3-5 cm. long; racemes 2-5-flowered; calyx-tube 5-6 mm. long, white-villous, the teeth subulate, 2-3 mm. long ; corolla ochroleucous, 13-14 mm. long ; pod densely white-villous, 2 cm. long, 8 mm. deep, acutish above the middle, the sutures slightly sulcate. Sandy or gravelly soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; Desert Ranges, Inyo and eastern San Bernardino Counties, California. Type locality : Lone Pine, California. April-June. 37. Astragalus lectulus S. Wats. Purple Woolly-pod or Sheep-pod. Fig. 2811. Astragalus lectulus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 471. 1887. Astragalus Purshii var. lectulus M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 61. 1902. Xylophacos lectulus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 371. 1925. Xylophacos lagopinus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 372. 1925. Astragalus viarius Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 1: 178. 1935. Perennial, cespitose, the stems less than 5 cm. long, whole plant densely white-woolly. Leaves 3-5 cm. long; leaflets 3-9, oblanceolate to elliptic, 6-10 mm. long, acute or obtuse; peduncles much shorter than the leaves; racemes subcapitate, mostly 3-5-flowered; calyx-tube 4-5 mm. PEA FAMILY 579 long, white-villous, the teeth subulate, scarcely 2 mm. long ; corolla purple, about 12 mm. long ; pod ovoid, about 7 mm. long, densely white-woolly. Gravelly flats, Arid Transition Zones; eastern Oregon, Crook County, to the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Type locality: Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, altitude, 6,000 feet. June-Aug. 38. Astragalus coccineus (Parry) Brandg. Crimson Woolly-pod or Sheep-pod. Fig. 2812. Astragalus Purshii var. coccineus Parry, W. Amer. Sci. 7: 10. 1890. Astragalus coccineus Brandg. Zoe 2: 72. 1890. Xylophacos coccineus Heller, Muhlenbergia 2: 217. 1906. Perennial, cespitose, the stems less than 5 cm. long, whole plant densely white-woolly. Leaves 6-10 cm. long; leaflets 9-15, elliptic to obovate, obtuse or rounded, 6-12 mm. long; peduncles usually a little shorter than the leaves ; racemes subcapitate, mostly 3-6-flowered ; calyx-tube 15 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, the teeth subulate, 3-4 mm. long, white-villous ; corolla bright crimson, 25 mm. long, the keel nearly straight, the standard reflexed; pods oblong, about 35 mm. long, 10 mm. wide, slightly curved, densely villous. Sandy or stony ground, Upper Sonoran Zone; Desert Ranges, from Inyo County, California, to northern Lower California. Type locality: eastern slope of the mountains bordering the Colorado Desert, San Diego County. April-May. 39. Astragalus cinerascens (Rydb.) Tidestrom. Winged Locoweed. Fig. 2813. Pterophacos cinerascens Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 309. 1929. Astragalus cinerascens Tidestrom, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 50: 21. 1937. Stems from a cespitose woody caudex, 1-2 dm. high, slender, branched, strigose-canescent. Leaves spreading; leaflets 7-11, linear, 5-8 mm. long, acute, stiff, strigose-canescent; peduncles 2-6 cm. long ; racemes 2-4 cm. long, few-flowered ; calyx-tube 4 mm. long, black-hairy ; teeth deltoid, 1 mm. long; corolla purplish, 12-14 mm. long; pod strongly falcate, 15-20 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, prominently 4-winged, shiny beneath the sparse strigose pubescence. Dry sandy hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Oregon. Type locality: dry sandy bluffs southwest of Narrows, Harney County, Oregon. May-July. 40. Astragalus oxyphysus A. Gray. Diablo Locoweed. Fig. 2814. Astragalus oxyphysus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 218. 1864. Phaca oxyphysa Heller, Muhlenbergia 2: 86. 1905. Perennial, densely soft silky-pubescent, the stems branching from the woody base, erect or ascending, about 5-6 dm. high. Leaflets 4-10 pairs, narrowly elliptic to oblong, 1-2 cm. long; racemes 6-15_cm. long; calyx-tube tubular, 6 mm. long, the teeth subulate, about 2 mm. long; corolla greenish white, 15 mm. long; pods about 25 mm. long, clavate-obovoid, tapering at base to the stipe ; stipe becoming recurved, about 5 mm. long. Dry hillsides and plains, Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Range and San Joaquin Valley, California. Type locality: Mount Diablo Range, Arroyo del Puerto. April-May. 41. Astragalus asymmetricus Sheldon. San Joaquin Locoweed. Fig. 2815. Astragalus leucophyllus Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 336. 1838. Not Willd. 1800. Phaca leucophylla Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey 333. 1840. Astragalus asymmetricus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1 : 23. 1894. Astragalus leucopsis var. asymmetricus M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 62. 1902. Perennial, hoary with a dense silky pubescence, or in age nearly canescent, the stems several, flexuous from a somewhat woody base, 5-10 dm. high. Stipules triangular-subulate; leaflets 14-18 pairs, linear-oblong, 15-20 mm. long; raceme 5-8 cm. long; calyx-tube broadly tubular, 5-6 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long ; corolla white tinged with green and yellow ; pod much inflated, thin and bladdery, 3-4 cm. long, about 2 cm. wide and nearly as thick, obtuse at apex, abruptly contracted at base ; stipe 2-4 cm. long, recurved, pubescent. Dry hillsides and plains, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; Lower Sacramento Valley and San Joaquin Valley to Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California. Type locality: originally collected by Douglas, presumably on his journey from Monterey to Santa Barbara. April-July. 42. Astragalus leucopsis Torr. & Gray. Southern California Locoweed. Fig. 2816. Phaca canescens Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 344. 1838. Not Astragalus canescens DC. 1802. Phaca leucopsis Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 694. 1840. Astragalus leucopsis Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 56. pi. 16. 1859. Tragacemtha leucopsis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 946. 1891. Phaca encenadae Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 336. 1929. Perennial, tomentulose-canescent throughout, the stems branching from the somewhat woody base, 3-5 dm. high. Leaflets 10-15 pairs, oval or oblong, obtuse, 1 cm. long or more; racemes dense, 4-6 cm. long; calyx-tube narrowly campanulate, 4 mm. long, hyaline, the teeth subulate, 2-3 mm. long ; corolla greenish white, 12 mm. long ; pod thin, bladdery, strigose, half-oval, 2-3 cm. long, abruptly narrowed to a stipe, mostly 8-12 mm. long. Hillsides and plains, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; Santa Barbara, California, to northern Lower Cali- fornia. Type locality: dry plains, Santa Barbara, California. March-June. A form (Phaca encenadae Rydb.) found in northern Lower California and occasionally in San Diego County, California, has glabrous pods. 580 FABACEAE 2801 2802 2804 2805 2803 2806 2807 2808 2809 2801. Astragalus Newberryi 2802. Astragalus inflexus 2803. Astragalus incurvus 2804. Astragalus funereus 2805. Astragalus utahensis 2806. Astragalus Purshii 2807. Astragalus glareosus 2808. Astragalus candelarius 2809. Astragalus leucolobus PEA FAMILY 581 2813 2816 2810. Astragalus Jonesii 2811. Astragalus lectulus 2812. Astragalus coccineus 2813. Astragalus cinerascens 2814. Astragalus oxyphysus 2815. Astragalus asymmetricus 2816. Astragalus leucopsis 2817. Astragalus trichopodus 2818. Astragalus Cusickii 582 FABACEAE 43. Astragalus trichopodus (Nutt.) A. Gray. Santa Barbara Locoweed. Fig. 2817. Phaca trichopoda Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. N. Amer. 1 : 343. 1838. Astragalus trichopodus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 218. 1864. Tragacantha trichopoda, Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 948. 1891. Perennial, the stems usually several, erect or ascending, 30-50 cm. high, herbage grayish- strigose when young, becoming greener and glabrate with age. Leaves 10-15 cm. long, the rachis slender; leaflets 25-33, linear-oblong, 8-18 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; peduncles exceeding the leaves ; flowers numerous, reflexed on short pedicels ; calyx-tube campanulate, 3 mm. long, black- hairy, the teeth triangular-subulate, scarcely 1 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous, 12 mm. long, the banner arched upward nearly to the tip ; pod 20-25 mm. long, 7-10 mm. high, upper suture convex, oval in cross-section, acutish at both ends; stipe 8-15 mm. long. Dry hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; cismontane region, southern California, Santa Barbara to Orange County. Type locality: "Borders of woods near the sea," Santa Barbara, California. April-May. Astragalus trichopodus var. capillipes (M. E. Jones) Munz & McBurney, Bull. S. Calif Acad. 31 : 67. 1932. Pod more compressed than in the species; upper suture straight or somewhat concave. Santa Catalma Island, California. 44. Astragalus Cusickii A. Gray. Cusick's Locoweed. Fig. 2818. Astragalus Cusickii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 13: 370. 1878. Phaca Ctisickii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 47. 1913. Perennial, the stems tufted, erect, 3-6 dm. high, slender, broom-like, very sparsely strigose. Stipules small, subulate ; leaves 6-10 cm. long ; leaflets remote, mostly scattered, narrowly linear to filiform, 3-25 mm. long, deciduous ; peduncles exceeding the leaves ; flowers loosely racemose, ochroleucous; calyx-tube campanulate, 4 mm. long, the teeth triangular, scarcely 1 mm. long; corolla 12-15 mm. long, the banner well exceeding the keel ; pods elliptic to obovate, about 3 cm. long, narrowed at the base to a short (2-4 mm.) stipe, translucent, lined and penciled with red- dish purple. Dry rocky ridges, Upper Sonoran Zone; northeastern Oregon and adjacent Idaho. Type locality: Union County, Oregon. April-May. 45. Astragalus curtipes A. Gray. San Luis Locoweed. Fig. 2819. Astragalus curtipes A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 218. 1864. Tragacantha curtipes Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 944. 1891. Astragalus leucopsis var. curtipes Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 62. 1902. Perennial, woody at base, cinereous with minute appressed hairs, or green with age, the stems stout, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules hyaline, conspicuous, connate opposite the petioles ; leaflets narrowly oblong, 10-15 pairs; racemes rather short and dense; calyx-tube campanulate, 4 mm. long, the teeth scarcely equaling the tube; corolla white, 8-10 mm. long, soon reflexed; pods half-oval, 3-4 cm. long, 2 cm. thick, sulcate on the upper suture, abruptly contracted at base to the short stipe, which about equals the calyx. Dry hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; vicinity of San Luis Obispo, California. Type locality: San Luis Obispo, on dry hillsides. April-June. 46. Astragalus oophorus S. Wats. Spindle Locoweed. Fig. 2820. Astragalus oophorus S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 73. 1871. Phaca jucunda Jepson & Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24 : 339. 1929. Cespitose perennial, glabrous throughout, the stems decumbent at the base, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves 10-15 cm. long; stipules broadly deltoid, 5-8 mm. long; leaflets 11-19, oval to obovate, 5-20 mm. long, usually retuse at the apex; peduncles 7-15 cm. long; racemes 3-7 cm. long; calyx-tube campanulate, 5 mm. long, the lobes lanceolate-subulate, 4 mm. long ; corolla purple, at least the banner, 15-18 mm. long; pod ellipsoid, more or less mottled, 4 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, acutish at each end, the stipe little exceeding the calyx-tube. Desert ranges, Upper Sonoran Zone; Nevada and Utah south to the White and Panamint Mountains, Cali- fornia, and northern Arizona. Type locality: Reese River Pass of the Shoshone Mountains, Nevada. May-June 47. Astragalus nutans M. E. Jones. Providence Mountain Rattle-weed. Fig. 2821. Astragalus nutans M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 108. 1923. Astragalus deserticolus Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 565. 1925. Slender perennial or biennial, canescent throughout with closely appressed hairs, the stems several, slender, branching throughout, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves 2-5 cm. long; leaflets 7-13, nar- rowly elliptic to linear, 6-12 mm. long; peduncles shorter than or exceeding the leayes ; racemes loosely few-flowered ; pedicels 2-4 mm. long in fruit ; calyx 3 mm. long, the teeth triangular, about 1 mm. long; corolla purple, about 1 cm. long, the banner with a white spot and purple veins; pod nearly globose, 15-20 mm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, thin and papery, penciled with pur- ple, rounded at base ; stipe short, 2 mm. long or less. Desert sands, Lower Sonoran Zone; Providence Mountains and adjacent ranges, eastern Mojave Desert, California. Type locality: Providence Mountains. May. PEA FAMILY 583 48. Astragalus Whitneyi A. Gray. Whitney's Locoweed. Fig. 2822. Astragalus Whitneyi A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 526. 1865. Astragalus Hookerianus var. Whitneyi M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 668. 1895. Phaca Whitneyi Heller, Muhlenbergia 9: 67. 1913. Phaca lenophylla Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 341. 1929. Astragalus violaceus St. John, Research Stud. St. Coll. Wash. 1 : 98. 1929. Perennial, with a deep taproot and cespitose caudex, the flowering stems 1-2 dm. long, de- cumbent, cinereous. Leaflets 13-19, oblong, 5-10 mm. long, strigose-canescent on both sides; racemes short, few-flowered ; calyx-tube 3-4 mm. long, more or less black-hairy, the teeth subu- late, 2 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous or pale purple, 8-10 mm. long; pod 15-30 mm. long, obovoid, mottled, the stipe about equaling the calyx. Dry slopes and ridges, Boreal Zones; Sierra Nevada and high desert ranges of southeastern California and western Nevada. Type locality: near Sonora Pass, Sierra Nevada, California. July-Sept. Astragalus Whitneyi subsp. pinosus (Elmer) Abrams. {A. Whitneyi var. pinosus Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 39: 54. 1905.) Leaflets sparsely strigose; pods glabrous, conspicuously mottled. Mount Pinos, southern California. Astragalus Whitneyi subsp. Hookerianus (Torr. & Gray) Abrams. {Phaca Hookeriana Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 693. 1840; Astragalus Sonneanus Greene, Pittonia 3: 186. 1897.) Leaflets canescent; pods 2-3.5 cm. long, strigose. Eastern Washington to northeastern California, Idaho, and Colorado. This subspecies as here treated is variable and may include two or three geographic variations worthy of subspecific rank. The plants of northeastern California and adjacent Oregon have more flowers in the racemes, larger corollas and pods. Astragalus Whitneyi subsp. siskiyouensis (Rydb.) Abrams. {Phaca siskiyouensis Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 340. 1929.) Leaflets 10-15 mm. long, sparsely strigose or nearly glabrous. Stems often 2 dm. long; racemes lax, 4-7-flowered; corolla 8-9 mm. long; pods 3-4.5 cm. long, glabrous. Trinity Mountains, California. Type locality: Mount Eddy, Siskiyou County, California. 49. Astragalus oocarpus A. Gray. San Diego Rattle-weed. Fig. 2823. Astragalus oocarpus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 213. 1864. Phaca oocarpa Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 343. 1929. Perennial, with flexuous spreading branches 6-8 dm. long, glabrous or the nascent parts sparsely strigose. Stipules deflexed ; leaflets 17-23, oblong to broadly linear, 10-20 mm. long, ob- tuse, green and thickish; racemes loosely many-flowered; calyx campanulate, the tube 3 mm. long, the teeth short, triangular; corolla 8-10 mm. long, creamy white, the keel much incurved, standard longer than the wings, the sides reflexed ; pod erect, glabrous, inflated but firm, 2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, narrowed but sessile at base, distinctly pointed at apex. Alkaline soils, Sonoran Zones; San Diego County, California. Type locality: mountains east of San Diego. April-June. 50. Astragalus Parishii A. Gray. Parish's Locoweed. Fig. 2824. Astragalus Parishii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 75. 1883. Phaca vallicola Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 343. 1929. Phaca pseudoocarpa Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 343. 1929. Astragalus Douglasii var. Parishii M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 8: 6. 1898. Perennial, stems rather stout, ascending from a decumbent base, 5-10 dm. high, sparingly strigose or glabrous. Leaflets 11-25, oblong to elliptic-obovate, 10-25 mm. long, obtuse to retuse, sparsely strigose-canescent, the tube 4 mm. long, the teeth triangular-lanceolate, 1-1 . 5 mm. long ; flowers pale yellow, 8-10 mm. long, the banner strongly reflexed ; pod sessile, strigose, papery, broadly ellipsoid, 4-5 cm. long. Hillsides and gravelly flats, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, to northern Lower California. Type locality: San Jacinto Mountains, southern California. April-Aug. Astragalus Parishii subsp. perstrictus (Rydb.) Abrams. {Phaca perstricta Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 344. 1929.) Pods longer than the species, 5-6 cm. long. San Diego County, California. 51. Astragalus Peirsonii Munz & McBurney. Peirson's Locoweed. Fig. 2825. Astragalus Peirsonii Munz & McBurney, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31 : 67. 1932. Annual, densely white-strigose throughout, the stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, with a few erect branches. Leaves 5-9 cm. long, with a flattened rachis; leaflets 9-13, oblong or oblong-linear, 2-6 mm. long ; peduncles 6-10 cm. long ; flowers in short racemes ; calyx-tube 3-A mm. long, the teeth lanceolate-subulate, 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla rose-purple, 10-12 mm. long; pod 20-25 mm. long, 15 mm. wide, membranous, stramineous and appressed-pubescent. Desert sand dunes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Colorado Desert, Imperial County, California. Type locality: sand dunes between Holtville, California, and Yuma, Arizona. March-April. 52. Astragalus Douglasii (Torr. & Gray) A. Gray. Douglas' Rattle- weed. Fig. 2826. Phaca Douglasii Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 346. 1838. Astragalus Douglasii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 215. 1864. Astragalus tejonensis M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 644. 1895. Perennial, the stems several to many, decumbent, 5-8 dm. long. Stipules 3-4 mm. long, triangular-subulate ; leaflets 19-27, narrowly elliptic to linear-oblong, obtuse, 1-2 cm. long, rather thick, green and glabrous except for a sparse appressed strigose-pubescence beneath on the mid- rib and margins ; peduncles about equaling the leaves ; racemes loosely few-flowered ; calyx-tube campanulate, the teeth triangular-subulate, a little shorter than the tube; corolla cream-yellow, 584 FABACEAE 2819 2820 2823 2824 2819. Astragalus curtipes 2820. Astragalus oophorus 2821. Astragalus nutans 2822. Astragalus Whitneyi 2823. Astragalus oocarpus 2824. Astragalus Parishii 2825. Astragalus Peirsonii 2826. Astragalus Douglasii 2827. Astragalus macrodon PEA FAMILY 585 7-8 mm. long, banner well exceeding the keel, strongly arched beyond the calyx ; pod half-ovoid, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about 2 cm. wide, the upper suture somewhat intruding. Dry hillsides and mesas, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; Coast Ranges, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, to the Tehachapi Mountains, California. Type locality, originally collected by Douglas, prob- ably on his excursion from Monterey to Santa Barbara. March-May. Astragalus Douglasii var. megalophysus (Rydb.) Munz & McBurney, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31: 65. 1932. (Phaca megalophysa Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 344. 1929.) Resembling the typical species in general habit and calyx characters but corolla 10 mm. long and pods 5-6 cm. long. Desert slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains, southern California. 53. Astragalus macrodon (Hook. & Arn.) A. Gray. Salinas Rattle- weed. Fig. 2827. Phaca macrodon Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 333. 1841. Astragalus macrodon A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 216. 1864. Astragalus holosericeus M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 638. 1895. Perennial, the stems branched at the base, 3-6 dm. high, herbage densely villous-pubescent. Stipules distinct, lanceolate-subulate, reflexed; leaflets more or less distinct, 17-23, linear or linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, acute ; racemes rather loosely flowered ; flowers soon reflexed ; calyx- tube campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, the teeth subulate equaling the tube; corolla yellowish white, 8 mm. long, the banner and the keel strongly arched; pods sessile, reflexed, half -ovoid, 2.5-3 cm. long, densely soft-pubescent. Dry hillsides and mesas, Upper Sonoran Zone; Upper Salinas Valley, Monterey County, to San Luis Obispo County. California. Type locality: originally collected by Douglas, presumably on his trip from Monterey to Santa Barbara. April-June. 54. Astragalus pomonensis M. E. Jones. Pomona Rattle-weed. Fig. 2828. Astragalus pomonensis M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 59. 1902. Phaca pomonensis Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 346. 1929. Stems several from the perennial root, decumbent, 6-10 dm. long, the whole plant very sparsely pubescent. Stipules distinct ; leaves 15-20 cm. long ; leaflets 25-37, oblong-elliptic, 15-25 mm. long; racemes 5-8 cm. long, on stout peduncles; calyx-tube 4 mm. long, pubescent with blackish hairs ; corolla cream-colored, 10-12 mm. long ; pods much inflated, 3-5 mm. long, ob- lique, ending in a short deltoid apex ; seeds 2 mm. long, light brown. Dry plains and hills, Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones; interior valleys of southern California. Type locality: Fallbrook, San Diego County, California. March-June. 55. Astragalus Menziesii A. Gray. Menzies' Rattle-weed. Fig. 2829. Phaca densifolia Smith in Rees, Cycl. 27: No. 9. 1814. Not A. densifolius Lam. Phaca Nuttallii Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 343. 1838. Not A. Nuttallii DC. 1825. Astragalus Menziesii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 217. 1864. Astragalus vestitus var. Menziesii M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 110. 1923. Stems several from a perennial base, decumbent or ascending, leafy. Stipules connate, often 1 cm. long; leaflets 13-19 pairs, 6-20 mm. long, elliptic, cuneate at base, usually retuse at apex, more or less cinereous-pubescent ; peduncles about 1 dm. long ; flowers reflexed ; calyx-tube 4 mm. long, sparsely pubescent, the teeth subulate, barely 2 mm. long; corolla greenish cream-colored, 10-12 mm. long ; pod papery, much inflated, 3-5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick and wide, obliquely ovoid ; seeds 4 mm. long. Coastal species ranging from Monterey to southern California. Type locality: Monterey, California. April- Sept. Astragalus Menziesii subsp. virgatus (A. Gray) Abrams. {A. Crotalariae var. virgatus A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1: 149. 1876; A. franciscanus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 135. 1894.) Stems sparsely villous; leaflets green, sparingly villous on the veins beneath and sometimes on the margin; pods glabrous or sparsely strigose. Hillsides and bluffs, mainly Transition Zone; Mendocino County to San Mateo County, California. 56. Astragalus miguelensis Greene. San Miguel Locoweed. Fig. 2830. Astragalus miguelensis Greene, Pittonia 1 : 33. 1887. Phaca miguelensis Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 348. 1929. Astragalus vestitus var. miguelensis Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 352. 1936. Perennial, branched from the base, the branches 15-30 cm. long, the whole plant hoary with a densely matted short woolly pubescence. Leaves 4-8 cm. long; leaflets 19-23, approximate, round-oval to broadly elliptic, 6-12 mm. long, peduncles scarcely equaling the leaves ; racemes rather densely flowered, about 3 cm. long in flower ; calyx narrowly campanulate, about 6 mm. long, the teeth subulate-lanceolate, about equaling the tube ; corolla ochroleucous, 12 mm. long, nearly straight ; pods 25-30 mm. long, about 15 mm. wide, and as thick, rounded at base, abruptly short-pointed at apex, woolly-pubescent. Channel Islands, southern California. Type locality: San Miguel Island. May-Sept. 57. Astragalus microcystis A. Gray. Small-pod Locoweed. Fig. 2831. Astragalus microcystis A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 220. 1864. Tragacantha microcystis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 964. 1891. Perennial with a woody cespitose caudex, the stems diffusely branched, decumbent or pro- cumbent, 2-3 dm. long, strigose. Leaves 3-6 cm. long ; leaflets 9-13, oblong or lanceolate-elliptic, 586 FABACEAE 6-12 mm. long, appressed-pubescent below, sparsely so or glabrous above ; raceme exceeding the leaves, loosely flowered ; calyx-tube 1 . 5 mm. long, white-strigose often with a few intermingling black hairs ; lobes subulate, 1 mm. long ; corolla rose-colored or white, 5 mm. long, the standard purple-veined ; pod round-obovoid, 8-10 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, sessile, usually pubescent with spreading white hairs. Alpine ridges, Boreal Zones; British Columbia south to the Olympic Mountains and east through Wash- ington to Montana. Type locality: Fort Colville, Washington. July-Sept. 58. Astragalus diurnus S. Wats. John Day Rattle-weed. Fig. 2832. Astragalus diurnus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 450. 1886. Astragalus Craigii M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 1 : 42. 1900. Phaca diurna Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 353. 1929. Perennial from slender underground rootstock, much branched and tufted, 3-4 dm. high. Leaves 4-5 cm. long; leaflets 9-11, 2-8 mm. long, ovate-obovate, obtuse or retuse, glabrous above, strigose beneath; peduncles shorter than the leaves, slender, few-flowered; calyx-tube turbinate- campanulate, 2 mm. long, the teeth triangular-subulate, nearly equaling the tube ; corolla white, tinged with purple at apex, 7-8 mm. long, arched; pod obliquely oblong-ovoid, about 15-18 mm. long and 1 cm. wide, the ventral suture slightly convex at apex and base, and concave in the middle, truncate at base, much flattened at tip and acute, strigose, becoming nearly glabrous in age, stiff-papery. Dry hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; John Day Valley, eastern Oregon. Type locality: Dayville, John Day River, Oregon. May. Astragalus Gilmanii Tidestrom. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 50: 20. 1937. {A. triflorus var. morans Crum ex Jepson Fl. Calif. 2: 354. 1936.) Cespitose perennial, the stems 10-20 cm. long, strigose. Leaves 4-5 cm. long; leaflets' 9-13, oblong to obovate-oblong, 5-10 mm. long, cinereous-strigose; racemes shorter than the leaves; calyx 4 mm. long, hirsutulose with white hairs; corolla 7-8 mm. long, dark purple becoming white below; pod sessile, 1-celled inflated, ovoid, abruptly acute, 2 cm. long, strigose. A little known species apparently restricted to the Panamint Mountains, Mojave Desert, California. Type locality: Death Valley Canyon. It also has been col- lected at head of Hanaupah and Wild Rose Canyons. 59. Astragalus Geyeri A. Gray. Geyer's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2833. Phaca annua Geyer ex Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 213. 1847. Not. A. annuus DC. 1802. Astragalus Geyeri A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 214. 1864. Annual, usually much branched, 5-15 cm. high, herbage appressed-pubescent, canescent when young, becoming greener with age. Leaves 3-6 cm. long; leaflets usually rather distinct, 11-19, linear-oblong, 10-15 mm. long, becoming glabrate above; peduncles slender, 10-25 mm. long, 2-5-flowered; calyx-tube campanulate, 1-2 mm. long, the teeth subulate, equaling the tube; corolla whitish, 6 mm. long, the banner strongly arched; pod ovoid, acute, 15-18 mm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, sparsely strigose. Sandy plains and hillsides. Upper Sonoran Zone; Great Basin region, eastern Oregon, and California east of the Sierra Nevada to Wyoming. Type locality: "drift-sand plains of the Upper Platte." May-Aug. 60. Astragalus chuckwallae Abrams. Chuckwalla Rattle-weed. Fig. 2834. Annual, the stems erect, branching from the base and above, 1-3 dm. high, strigose. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; leaflets 9-13, oblong or oblong-elliptic, 8-15 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so above, sparsely strigose below; stipules lanceolate, 3 mm. long, black-hairy; peduncles 5-6 cm. long, usually 5-6-flowered ; calyx black-hairy, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long ; corolla 5-6 mm. long, purplish; pod sessile, membranaceous, strigose, 18-20 mm. long, 10-12 mm. wide and thick, rather abruptly short-pointed. Sandy washes, Lower Sonoran Zone; vicinity of Corn Springs, Chuckwalla Mountains, Colorado Desert, southern California. March-May. Annua, erecta, ramosa, 1-3 dm. alta, strigosa; folia 5-8 cm. longa; foliola 9-13, oblonga vel oblongo-elliptica, 8-15 mm. longa; pedunculi 5-6 cm. longi, floribus 5-6; calyx nigra, hirsuta; corolla 5-6 mm. longa, purpurea; legumen sessile, 18-20 mm. longum, 10-12 mm. crassum, abrupte apiculatum, membranaceum, strigosum. Type collected in sandv wash, vicinity of Corn Springs, Chuckwalla Mountains, Colorado Desert, California, P. A. Mum & D. Keck 4779 (no. 155382 Dudley Herbarium). 61. Astragalus aridus A. Gray. Annual Desert Rattle-weed. Fig. 2835. Astragalus aridus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 223. 1864. Tragacantha arida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 943. 1891. Astragalus albatus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 128. 1894. Annual, profusely branching from the base, 15-30 cm. high, whole plant densely silvery with appressed pubescence. Leaves 4-7 cm. long; leaflets 7-15, elliptic to obovate, 6-10 mm. long; peduncles slender, shorter than the leaves; racemes loosely few-flowered; calyx-tube 4 m long, the teeth lanceolate-subulate, longer than the tube ; corolla cream-yellow or tipped with purple, 6-7 mm. long; pods sessile, erect, 10-12 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, narrowly ovoid, somewhat incurved, acute. Sandy desert plains and hillsides; Colorado Desert, southern California, to northern Lower California. Type locality: Colorado Desert, California. March-May. 62. Astragalus Harwoodii (Munz & McBurney) Abrams. Harwood's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2836. Astragalus insularis var. Harwoodii Munz & McBurney, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31 : 66. 1932. Annual, strigose-canescent throughout, the stems diffusely branching from the base, 1-3 dm. PEA FAMILY 587 high. Leaves 4-6 cm. long; leaflets 15-21, linear-oblong, 9-14 mm. long; peduncles shorter or about equaling the leaves ; racemes lax, few-flowered ; calyx white-strigose, the teeth lanceolate- subulate, 2 mm. long ; corolla purple, 5-6 mm. long ; pod sessile, obliquely ovoid, abruptly nar- rowed at the apex to a conical beak, 15-20 mm. long, 10 mm. wide, purple-tinged, strigose. Sandy washes and flats, Lower Sonoran Zone; Colorado Desert, southern California. Type locality: Blythe Junction, Riverside County, California. Feb.-April. 63. Astragalus sabulonum A. Gray. Sand Rattle-weed. Fig. 2837. Astragalus sabulonum A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 13: 368. 1878. Astragalus virgineus Sheldon ex Coville, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 4: 88. 1893. Phaca sabulonum Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 47. 1913. Phaca arenicola Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 356. 1929. Annual or short-lived perennial, densely white-silky, branches several from the crown of a slender taproot, decumbent at base or ascending, 1-3 dm. long. Leaflets 9-13, oblong to obovate, 5-12 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide ; peduncles 2-5 cm. long ; racemes 2-3 cm. long, few-flowered ; calyx white-silky, the tube 2-2.5 mm. long, the teeth lanceolate-subulate, slightly exceeding the tube; corolla 6 mm. long, creamy white, often tinged or veined with purple, the keel strongly arcuate, obtuse; pod sessile, spreading or deflexed, white-villous, lanceolate in outline, 10-12 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide and about as thick, lower suture strongly curved, the upper straight or nearly so and acute. Light soils, Lower Sonora Zone; southern Nevada to the Colorado Desert, southern California, Lower Cali- fornia and Sonora. Type locality: southeastern Nevada, "near the confluence of Muddy River with Rio Virgen." Jan.-June. 64. Astragalus Vaseyi S. Wats. Vasey's Locoweed. Fig. 2838. Astragalus Vaseyi S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 370. 1882. Phaca Vaseyi Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 354. 1929. Perennial with a slightly woody base, the branches rather slender, erect or ascending, 2-8 dm. high, herbage silvery-canescent throughout with a closely appressed strigose pubescence. Leaves 5—10 cm. long; leaflets 13-17, elliptic, apiculate, rarely over 10 mm. long; fruiting pe- duncles 10-15 cm. long; flowers subsessile, spicate, calyx campanulate, the tube 3 mm. long, the teeth subulate, half the length of the tube ; corolla white or yellowish, 7-8 mm. long, strongly arched shortly beyond the calyx ; pods spreading, about 10-12 mm. long and 5 mm. wide, acute, firm, strigose, usually recurved. Desert slopes, Lower Sonoran Zone; San Jacinto Mountains, southern California, to northern Lower Cali- fornia. Type locality: Mountain Springs, San Diego County, California. March-May. Astragalus Vaseyi var. metanus (M. E. Jones) Munz & McBurney, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31: 66. 1932. Calyx black-hairy, flowers purple; pod strongly' flattened at the tip. San Diego County, California, to northern Lower California. Astragalus Vaseyi var. Johnstdnii Munz & McBurney, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31 : 66. 1932. {Phaca Deanei Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 355. 1929; Astragalus Vaseyi var. Deanei Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 350. 1936.) More glabrous than the species; calyx-teeth 1-2 mm. long, pod scarcely flattened at the tip. Little San Bernardino Mountains to central San Diego County, California. 65. Astragalus Pulsiferae A. Gray. Pulsifer's Locoweed. Fig. 2839. Astragalus Pulsiferae A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 10: 69. 1874. Astragalus Suksdorfii Howell, Erythea 1: 111. 1893. Phaca Suksdorfii Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11 : 369. 1906. Perennial from a woody root, branches several to many from the crown, slender, prostrate, more or less hoary with a soft spreading villous pubescence. Leaves 2-3.5 cm. long; leaflets mostly 7-9, obovate to broadly oblanceolate, 5-10 mm. long; peduncles slender, 2-3 cm. long, mostly few- flowered ; calyx-tube 1 mm. long, exceeded by the lax subulate teeth ; corolla white in the banner tinged with purple, 6-7 mm. long, the banner strongly arched; pod 10—12 mm. long, obliquely ovoid, papery and villous, the ventral suture arched at both ends, tipped by a flat up- curved beak. Gravelly soils, Transition and Canadian Zones; Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada from Falcon Valley, Washington, to Placer County, California. Type locality: Sierra and Plumas Counties, California. Named in honor of the discoverer, Mrs. Pulsifer Ames. May-July. 66. Astragalus pycnostachyus A. Gray. Marsh Locoweed. Fig. 2840. Astragalus pycnostachyus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6 : 527. 1864. Phaca pycnostachyus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 357. 1929. Perennial, the stems stout, erect, 6-10 dm. high, canescent throughout, with a soft lanate pubescence. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; leaflets crowded, 23-35, narrowly oblong-elliptic, 7-15 mm. long ; peduncles about equaling the leaves ; flowers numerous in dense spikes ; calyx campanulate, about 6 mm. long, the teeth subulate, scarcely half the length of the tube ; corolla sordid white or the wings yellowish, 10-12 mm. long; pod ovoid, 7-9 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, beaked by the persistent style, nearly glabrous to more or less canescent. Coastal marshes, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Humboldt County to San Mateo County, California. Type locality : Bolinas Bay. April-Oct. Astragalus pycnostachyus var. lanosissimus (Rydb.) Munz & McBurney, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31 : 66. 1932. (Phaca lanosissima Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 357. 1929.) Plant hoary with a dense lanate pubescence. Marshes near the coast, Los Angeles County, California. 588 FABACEAE 2829 2828 2831 2828. Astragalus pomonensis 2829. Astragalus Menziesii 2830. Astragalus miguelensis 2831. Astragalus microcystis 2832. Astragalus diurnus 2833. Astragalus Geyeri 2836 2834. Astragalus chuckwallae 2835. Astragalus aridus 2836. Astragalus Harwoodii PEA FAMILY 589 67. Astragalus Hornii A. Gray. Sheep Locoweed. Fig. 2841. Astragalus Hornii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 398. 1868. Phaca Hornii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 358. 1929. Phaca tularensis Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 358. 1929. Astragalus Hornii var. tularensis Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 354. 1936. Annual, the stems slender, widely spreading-, 6-12 dm. long, herbage green, sparsely ap- pressed-pubescent. Stipules herbaceous, reflexed; leaves 8-10 cm. long; leaflets not crowded, 19-29, narrowly oblong, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse ; peduncles 10-20 cm. long ; spikes densely-flowered, 4-5 cm. long in fruit ; calyx-tube campanulate, 3-4 mm. long, the teeth subulate, about 1 . 5 mm. long ; corolla yellowish, about 8 mm. long ; pods erect, crowded, broadly ovoid, acuminate, 10-12 mm. long, pilose, 1 -celled. Low alkaline places, Sonoran Zones; Inyo and Tulare Counties, California, to northern Lower California and southern Utah. Type locality: "Fort Tejon or in Owens Valley," California. Said to be poisonous to sheep. May-Sept. 68. Astragalus Preussii A. Gray. Preuss' Locoweed. Fig. 2842. Astragalus Preussii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 222. 1864. Tragacantha Preussii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 947. 1891. Phaca Preussii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 47. 1913. Perennial, with a stout woody root, and a short cespitose caudex, glabrous throughout ; stems several, 2-5 dm. high, stout, glabrous. Leaves 7-11 cm. long; stipules large, broadly deltoid, 4-7 mm. long; leaflets 11-15, broadly obovate to oblong, 8-15 mm. long, obtuse to retuse at apex, glabrous and somewhat fleshy; peduncles 5-10 cm. long; racemes 4-6 cm. long; calyx cylindric, the tube 7-8 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2-2.5 mm. long; corolla purple, 18-22 mm. long; banner slightly arched ; pod glabrous, oblong, slightly curved especially at base, 20-25 mm. long, 6-8 mm. wide and thick ; stipe stout, 5-6 mm. long. Desert plains and hillsides, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave Desert along the eastern borders of California to Nevada, southern Utah, and northern Arizona. Type locality: "Banks of the Rio Virgen [Nevada]." March-May. 69. Astragalus Crotalariae (Benth.) A. Gray. Salton Locoweed. Fig. 2843. Phaca Crotalariae Benth. PI. Hartw. 307. 1848. Astragalus Crotalariae A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 216. 1864. Astragalus limatus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 126. 1894. Astragalus Preussii var. limatus Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 566. 1925. Perennial, with a stout taproot, often flowering as a winter annual, the stems solitary or few, stout, often fistulous, 3-6 dm. high, strigose-pubescent. Leaves ascending with a stout rachis, 7-12 cm. long; leaflets 11-17, oblong-obovate to broadly obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex, 10-20 mm. long, sparsely strigose beneath, glabrous above ; stipules ovate-deltoid, free, 5-6 mm. long; peduncles 7-10 cm. long; racemes 4-8 cm. long; calyx strigose with mostly black hairs, the tube 8 mm. long, broadly cylindric, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long ; corolla dark purple, about 2 cm. long ; pod obliquely ovoid-ellipsoid, 20-25 mm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, abruptly nar- rowed at base to a very short stipe and at apex to a 3-4 mm. long mucronation, rather thinly strigose. Dry plains and washes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Colorado Desert, southern California, southward to adjacent Lower California. Type locality: erroneously given as Monterey, California. Collected by Coulter on his trip from Monterey to Yuma. Feb.-March. Astragalus Crotalariae var. Davidsonii (Rydb.) Munz & McBurney, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31: 66. 1932. (Phaca Davidsonii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 362. 1929.) Leaflets glabrous; pods 5-8 mm. wide, glabrous. Antelope Valley and western edge of the Mojave Desert, California. 70. Astragalus Cottonii M. E. Jones. Olympic or Cotton's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2844. ' Astragalus olympicus Cotton, Bull. Torrey Club 29: 573. 1902. Not Pall. 1800. Astragalus Cottonii M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 135. 1923. Atelophragma Cottonii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 55: 121. 1928. Cespitose perennial, with a deep taproot, the stems several, prostrate, 1-2 dm. long, villous. Leaves 2-3 cm. long, spreading; leaflets 11-17, oblong, 5-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, acutish, villous-canescent on both sides; peduncles 3-5 cm. long; racemes 2-3 cm. long, 8-15-flowered; calyx-tube 4-5 mm. long, pubescent with mixed black and white hairs, the teeth subulate, 2-3 mm. long; corolla greenish white, the keel purple-tipped, 8-10 mm. long; pods glabrous, ellipsoid, 20-25 mm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, the stipe 5 mm. long. Talus slopes, Boreal Zones; Olympic Mountains, Washington. Type locality: Olympic Mountains, Wash- ington. June— Aug. 71. Astragalus Forwoodii var. wallowensis (Rydb.) M. E. Peck. Wallowa Rattle-weed. Fig. 2845. Atelophragma wallowense Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 55: 122. 1928. Astragalus Forwoodii var. wallowensis M. E. Peck, Man. PI. Oregon 447. 1941. Perennial with a woody root and cespitose caudex, the stems decumbent, 1-2 dm. long, strigose. Leaves 2-4 cm. long ; leaflets 9-13, oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, 8-15 mm. long, short villous-canescent below, becoming glabrous or nearly so above; peduncles 3-7 cm. long; racemes becoming elongate and lax in age; calyx black-hairy, the tube 3 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long; corolla about 1 cm. long, purplish, the keel with dark purple tip; pod 590 FABACEAE oblanceolate in outline, 15 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, arched on the upper suture, nearly straight on the lower, glabrous ; stipe 5 mm. long. Rocky slopes and ridges, Boreal Zones; Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. Type locality: Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. June-Aug. 72. Astragalus alpinus L. Alpine Rattle-weed or Milk Vetch. Fig. 2846. Astragalus alpinus L. Sp. PI. 760. 1753. Phaca astragalina DC. Astrag. 52. 1802. Astragalus andinus M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 137. 1923. Atelophragma alpinum Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 55: 130. 1928. Rootstock cespitose, creeping; stems slender, decumbent, 15-25 cm. high, densely or sparsely strigose. Leaves 8—10 cm. long; leaflets 17-19, oval to elliptic; peduncles 7-14 cm. long, racemes short and dense, 8-12-flowered ; calyx 4-5 mm. long, black-hairy ; corolla purplish with purple- tipped keel, 10-11 mm. long; pods black-hairy, turgid, stipe 1-2 mm. long, body of pod 9-12 mm. long, lower suture sulcate. Boreal Zones; Alaska and British Columbia south to Okanogan County, Washington, and east to New England. Also Europe and Asia. Type locality: Lapland. June-July. AtelophrSgrna alpiniforme Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 55: 129. 1928. Closely related to Astragalus alpinus L. and probably only a form with glabrous leaves and smaller flowers. Known only from the type locality, Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. 73. Astragalus Macounii Rydb. Macoun's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2847. Astragalus Macounii Rydb. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1 : 243. 1900. Aielophragma Macounii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 660. 1906. Perennial with a cespitose rootstock, the stems 3-6 dm. high, erect, strigose. Leaflets 9-17, oblong to oval or elliptic, 15-25 mm. long, glabrous above, strigose beneath, thin; peduncles 7-15 cm. long ; racemes 2-5 cm. long, more elongated in age ; calyx black-hairy, 5 mm. long including the short teeth; corolla blue-purple, about 10 mm. long; pod black-hairy, the body 16—18 mm. long, 5 mm. wide and 3 mm. thick, acute at each end, neither suture sulcate. Edges of bogs or moist copses, Boreal Zones; British Columbia and Alberta to Okanogan County, Wash- ington, Wallowa Mountains, Oregon, Idaho, East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, and Colorado. Type locality: Deer Park, Lower Arrow Lake, British Columbia. June-Aug. 74. Astragalus weiserensis (M. E. Jones) Abrams. Weiser Rattle-weed. Fig. 2848. Astragalus Beckwithii var. weiserensis M. E. Jones, Zoe 5: 47. 1900. Phacome weiserensis Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 29: 383. 1929. Perennial with a woody root and cespitose caudex, the stems few, ascending, 2-3 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves ascending, 10-15 cm. long; leaflets 7-17, rather distant, glabrous, oval to broadly obovate, obtuse to rounded and retuse at apex, 10-20 mm. long; peduncles 4-7 cm. long; racemes 4-5 cm. long; calyx glabrous or with scattering black hairs on the throat and base of the teeth, the tube 5-7 mm. long, the teeth subulate, equaling the tube; corolla ochroleucous, 18 mm. long ; pod leathery, unmottled or faintly so, glabrous, the stipe 5 mm. long, nearly straight, upper suture wing-margined, the lower only slightly sulcate. Dry flats, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; Columbia Basin of eastern Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Type locality: Weiser, Idaho. April-May. 75. Astragalus cimae Jones. Cima Rattle-weed. Fig. 2849. Astragalus cimae M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 163. 1923. Astragalus cimensis M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. Index. 1923. Phacome cimae Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 384. 1923. Perennial, with a woody root and a cespitose caudex, the stems several, ascending, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves ascending, 5-12 cm. long, sparingly strigose on the margins of the leaf- lets, otherwise glabrous; stipules mainly hyaline, deltoid-lanceloate, 6-8 mm. long; leaflets 15-21, ovate to obovate, rounded or retuse at apex ; peduncles 3-8 cm. long ; racemes 2-8 cm. long, 5-12-flowered; calyx sparingly black-hairy, the tube 4 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long; corolla purple, 10-11 mm. long; pod rather firm and leathery, glabrous, 2-2.5 cm. long, obcom- pressed, obliquely oblong in outline in a side view, long-ovate seen from above, upper suture acute, the lower sulcate, the partial septum about 1.5 mm. wide. Desert slopes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave Desert in the vicinity of the New York and Ivanpah Mountains, California. Type locality: near Cima, San Bernardino County, California. April-May. 76. Astragalus Arthurii M. E. Jones. Waha Locoweed. Fig. 2850. Astragalus Arthurii M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 8: 20. 1898. Tium Arthurii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 388. 1929. Stems several from the woody crown, slender, erect or ascending, 3-4 dm. high, strigose- pubescent. Leaflets 17-23, oblong, 6-12 mm. long, sparsely pubescent below, glabrous or nearly so above ; peduncles erect, often 2 dm. long ; racemes at length 6-8 cm. long ; calyx with black and white hairs intermingled, the tube 6 mm. long, the teeth barely 2 mm. long ; corolla white, about 12 mm. long ; pods widely spreading or reflexed, narrowly linear, about 5 cm. long, includ- ing the stipe, attenuate at each end, the body about 3 mm. wide, pubescent. Open slopes, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Type locality: Lake Waha, Nez Perce County, Idaho. May-July. PEA FAMILY 591 77. Astragalus Howellii A. Gray. Howell's Locoweed. Fig. 285 1. Astragalus Howellii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. IS: 46. 1879. Tium Howellii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 389. 1929. Stems several from the woody root, ascending, 2-3 dm. long, strigose-pubescent. Leaflets 17-21, oblong-elliptical, 7-10 mm. long, cinereous with somewhat appressed woolly pubescence; peduncles 10 cm. long; racemes 3-5 cm. long; calyx sparsely pubescent with whitish hairs, the tube 4-5 mm. long, the teeth 3 mm. long ; corolla ochroleucous, 10 mm. long ; pods including the stipe 25-30 mm. long, abruptly acute at each end, the body 4 mm. wide, strigose, cuneate-obcordate in cross-section. Dry plains, Upper Sonoran Zone; Wasco County, eastern Oregon. Type locality: Wasco County, Oregon. May-June. 78. Astragalus misellus S. Wats. Watson's Dwarf Locoweed. Fig. 2852. Astragalus misellus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 21 : 449. 1886. Astragalus Howellii var. misellus M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 262. 1923. Tium misellum Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 389. 1929. Stems decumbent or ascending, 1-2 dm. long, slender, cinereous-strigose, the internodes short. Leaflets 17-21, linear to linear-elliptic, 4-10 mm. long, sparsely strigose beneath, glabrate above; peduncles slender, 2.5-5 cm. long; racemes 3-5 cm. long in fruit; calyx- tube 2 mm. long, strigose, the teeth scarcely 1 mm. long ; corolla ochroleucous or white, 5-6 mm. long ; pod including the stipe 2 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, abruptly short-acuminate at each end, strigose, almost completely 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture. Open dry hills, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Washington and Oregon from Pasco, Washington, to the John Day Valley, in Wheeler and Grant Counties, Oregon. Type locality: Mitchell, Wheeler County, Oregon. lay-July. 79. Astragalus inyoensis Sheldon. Inyo Locoweed. Fig. 2853. Astragalus inyoensis Sheldon, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 4: 86. 1893. Tium inyoense Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 389. 1929. Stems erect or decumbent at base from a woody cespitose caudex, 3-6 dm. high, sparingly strigose. Leaves 17-21, ovate or obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex, 4-6 mm. long, glabrous above, strigose beneath ; peduncles 5-10 cm. long ; racemes 2-8 cm. long ; calyx strigose, the tube 3 mm. long ; corolla purple, about 10 mm. long, the keel orange with purple tip ; pod strigose, tapering at both ends, only slightly inflated, 12-15 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, 6 mm. thick, the lower suture deeply sulcate, cordate in cross-section, the septum narrow. Dry gravelly deserts, Lower Sonoran Zone; Inyo and White Mountains, Inyo County, California. Type locality : Darwin Mesa, near Mill Creek Divide. May. 80. Astragalus Nevinii S. Wats. Nevin's Locoweed. Fig. 2854. Astragalus Nevinii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 21 : 412. 1886. Tium Nevinii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 390. 1929. Stems stout, decumbent, 3 dm. long, hoary. Leaflets 11-17, narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, rounded or retuse at apex, 5-10 mm. long, cinereous, with an upwardly appressed pubescence; peduncles 5-6 cm. long ; racemes rather lax, 3-5 cm. long ; calyx-tube broadly campanulate, 3-4 mm. long, black-hairy, the teeth scarcely over 1 mm. long; corolla about 10 mm. long, ochro- leucous ; pod including the slender stipe 20-25 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, arcuate, acute at each end, glabrous, cordate in cross-section. Known only from San Clemente Island, southern California. April-May. 81. Astragalus Traskiae Eastw. Trask's Locoweed. Fig. 2855. Astragalus Traskiae Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 3: 102. 1897. Astragalus Nevinii var. Traskiae M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 87. 1902. Tium Traskiae Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 390. 1929. Perennial, the decumbent stems woody at the base, 2-4 dm. high, densely white-tomentose. Leaves crowded, 5-9 cm. long; leaflets 17-25, elliptic to broadly oval, 5-12 mm. long, densely white-tomentose on both sides ; peduncles 5-10 cm. long ; racemes 3-7 cm. long ; calyx tomentose, the tube 5 mm. long, the teeth 1 mm. long; corolla yellowish, 15 mm. long; pod white-tomentose, the stipe 6-7 mm. long, the body half-ovoid in outline, 15 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, 6 mm. thick, abruptly acute at each end, lower suture deeply sulcate, the sulcus extending nearly halfway and the septum nearly to the upper suture. Bluffs and mesas, in heavy soil, Upper Sonoran Zone; Islands of San Nicolas, Santa Barbara, and Anacapa, southern California. Type locality : San Nicolas Island. April-May. 82. Astragalus mensarus (M. E. Jones) Abrams. Darwin Mesa Locoweed. Fig. 2856. Astragalus atratus var. mensarus M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 665. 1895. Tium mensarum Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24 : 395. 1929. Cespitose perennial, with a short woody caudex, the stems several, erect or decumbent, slender, 2-3 dm. long, strigose-canescent. Leaflets 11-15, elliptic or oblong, or those of the upper leaves linear, 8-10 mm. long, strigose-canescent on both sides ; calyx strigose-canescent, the tube 4 mm. long, teeth 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla 10 mm. long, purple; pod narrowly oblong, 15 mm. 592 FABACEAE ■ 2838 2839 2837 2840 2842 2843 2844 2845 H T 2837. Astragalus sabulonum 2838. Astragalus Vaseyi 2839. Astragalus Pulsiferae 2840. Astragalus pycnostachyus 2841. Astragalus Hornii 2842. Astragalus Preussii 2843. Astragalus Crotalariae 2844. Astragalus Cottonii 2845. Astragalus Forwoodii PEA FAMILY 593 2849 2850 2846. Astragalus alpinus 2847. Astragalus Macounii 2848. Astragalus weiserensis 2849. Astragalus cimae 2850. Astragalus Arthurii 2851. Astragalus Howellii 2852. Astragalus misellus 2853. Astragalus inyoensis 2854. Astragalus Nevinii 594 FABACEAE long, 3 mm. wide and scarcely as thick, strigose, acute at apex, attenuate at base ; septum broad, extending halfway to the upper suture. Dry desert slopes, Sonoran Zones; Darwin Mesa, Inyo County, California. Type locality: Mill Creek Divide, Darwin Mesa, California. April-May. 83. Astragalus owyheensis A. Nels. Owyhee Locoweed. Fig. 2857. Astragalus owyheensis A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 55: 375. 1913. Astragalus atratus var. owyheensis M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 182. 1923. Perennial, the stems several from a woody crown, prostrate, 2-5 dm. long, whole plant sparsely strigose. Leaflets 5-13, remote, linear, about 1 cm. long; racemes loosely flowered, ex- ceeding the leaves ; calyx strigose and black-hairy, the tube 3 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 1 mm. long ; corolla white, 8-10 mm. long ; pod oblong-linear, 8-10 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, 4 mm. thick, strigose, mottled with purple, the lower suture sulcate. Sagebrush plains, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Oregon and adjacent Idaho in the Owyhee River region. Type locality: above the "Hot Hole" of the East Bruneau, Owyhee County, Idaho. June-July. 84. Astragalus salmonis M. E. Jones. Trout Creek Locoweed. Fig. 2858. Astragalus salmonis M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 8: 9. 1898. Tium salmonis Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 396. 1929. Cespitose, the stems tufted from a woody crown, rarely 2-5 cm. long. Leaves 4-6 cm. long ; leaflets 9-13 or more, linear, 2-8 mm. long, strigose beneath, glabrous above ; peduncles scape- like, 5—15 cm. long; racemes short, usually 3-4-flowered ; calyx-tube 4 mm. long, strigose, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long; corolla greenish white tinged with purple, 10-12 mm. long; pods strigose, sessile or subsessile, about 2 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick and about as wide, reniform in cross-section, shallowly and broadly sulcate on the lower suture, the septum intruding about halfway. Dry stony ridges, Transition Zone; Blue Mountains, Oregon. Type locality: Trout Creek, Grant County, Oregon. April-May. 85. Astragalus panamintensis Sheldon. Panamint Locoweed. Fig. 2859. Astragalus panamintensis Sheldon, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 4: 87. 1893. Astragalus atratus var. panamintensis Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 575. 1925. Tium panamintense Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 396. 1929. Cespitose perennial, the stems distinctly woody below forming tufts, the herbaceous branches with very short internodes, silky-strigose. Leaves 5-7 cm. long; leaflets remote, seldom over 9, narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, 5-8 mm. long, silky ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, mostly 2-3-flowered; calyx-tube scarcely 3 mm. long, silky or black-hairy, the teeth subulate, about equaling the tube; corolla white, tipped with purple, 12-15 mm. long; pod 15 mm. long, 3 mm. wide and 2 mm. thick, sessile, rounded at the apex, broadly sulcate on the dorsal suture, silky- strigose. Rocky cliffs, Upper Sonoran Zone; Panamint Mountains, California. Type locality: Surprise Canyon, alti- tude 1,300 meters. April-May. 86. Astragalus eremiticus Sheldon. Eremitic Locoweed. Fig. 2860. Astragalus eremiticus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 161. 1894. Astragalus boiseanus A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 53: 223. 1912. Cespitose perennial, the stems several, 3-5 dm. high, nearly or quite glabrous. Leaves 7-10 cm. long; leaflets 21-35, oblong to oval, 8-18 mm. long, glabrous above, sparingly strigose be- neath; peduncles 5-15 cm. long; raceme 5-10 cm. long, lax; calyx sparingly black-hairy, the tube 5 mm. long, the teeth scarcely 2 mm. long ; corolla white, yellowish or purple, about 15 mm. long; pod glabrous, oblong, abruptly contracted at each end, 15-20 mm. long, 6 mm. wide and 5 mm. thick, reniform in cross-section, the septum 1 mm. wide. Dry plains, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Oregon to Idaho and northern Arizona. April-May. Astragalus malheurensis Heller, Cat. N. Amer. PI. ed. 2. 7. 1900. (A Cusickii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 26: 541. 1899.) Essentially like A. eremiticus Sheldon, and possibly only a form of that species, the chief differences being the linear leaflets which are 20-30 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. Malheur County, Oregon. 87. Astragalus arrectus A. Gray. Palouse Locoweed. Fig. 2861. Astragalus arrectus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 289. 1870. Astragalus palousensis Piper, Bot. Gaz. 22: 489. 1896. Phaca arrecta Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 371. 1906. Stems erect from a woody crown, 3-5 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaflets 15-31, linear or linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, sparsely strigose below, glabrate above; peduncles stout, erect, 1-2 dm. long ; racemes loosely flowered, 6-8 cm. long ; calyx-tube campanulate, about 3 mm. long, sparsely strigose, the teeth triangular-subulate, 1 mm. long ; corolla 10 mm. long, ochroleucous ; stipe about equaling the calyx-tube; pod strigose, 15-20 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, 5 mm. thick, the lower suture deeply and broadly sulcate, often intruding almost to the upper suture, but with- out septum. Hillsides, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; eastern Washington and northeastern Oregon to adja- cent Idaho. Type locality: Clearwater River, Idaho. May-June. Astragalus arrectus var. Leib6rgii M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 68. pi. 13. 1902. This variety differs from the typical form of the species in the narrowly linear (1 mm. wide) leaves. Eastern Wash- ington and Idaho. Type locality: Egbert Springs, Douglas County, Washington. PEA FAMILY 595 88. Astragalus conjunctus S. Wats. Strict Locoweed. Fig. 2862. Astragalus conjunctus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 371. 1882. Astragalus arrectus var. conjunctus M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 61. 1902. Phaca conjuncta Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 373. 1906. Tium Sheldonii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 393. 1929. Stems tufted on a woody crown, erect or ascending, rather slender, about 1 dm. high, gla- brous or nearly so. Leaves 15-20 cm. long; leaflets rather remote, 15-23, narrowly linear, 5-15 mm. long, sparsely strigose ; peduncles scape-like, 2-3 dm. long; racemes at length 4-15 cm. long ; calyx-tube 8 mm. long, sparsely black-hairy, the teeth triangular-subulate, 2-3 mm. long ; corolla purple or tinged with purple, 2 cm. long ; pods sessile, erect, 20-25 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, 5-6 mm. thick, obtuse or rounded at base, abruptly acuminate above into a slender beak, glabrous, chartaceous, the lower suture slightly sulcate. Dry hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Washington to southeastern Oregon and Idaho. Type locality: John Day Valley, Oregon. May-June. Astragalus conjunctus var. oxytropidoides M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 665. 1895. {Tium oxytropoid.es Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 393. 1929.) Mainly distinguished from typical A. conjunctus by the strigose pods. Vicinity of The Dalles, Oregon. 89. Astragalus miser Dougl. Douglas' Dwarf Locoweed. Fig. 2863. Astragalus miser Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 153. 1838. Astragalus obscurus S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 69. 1871. Tium miserum Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 394. 1929. Stems several arising from a cespitose caudex, slender, 5-15 cm. high, ascending. Leaflets 9-15, linear or oblong, 3-10 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, strigose on both sides ; peduncles 6-10 cm. long; racemes 2-5 cm. long; calyx strigose, with intermingling white and black hairs, the tube 3 mm. long; corolla 8-10 mm. long, yellowish, the keel tipped with purple; pod subsessile, linear, 15-20 mm. long, acute at both ends, strigose, the lower suture sulcate, the septum about 1 mm. wide. Dry hillsides, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Washington to Idaho and Nevada, and northeastern California to Lake Tahoe. Type locality : Spokane River, Washington. April-May. 90. Astragalus Brauntonii Parish. Braunton's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2864. Astragalus Brauntonii Parish, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 2: 26. 1903. Brachyphragma Brauntonii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 399. 1929. Perennial, the whole plant densely canescent-tomentose, woody below ; stems of the season stout, erect or reclinate, 1-1.5 m. high. Leaflets 25-41, oblong to oblong-elliptic, 6-20 mm. long; peduncles 3-5 cm. long ; racemes dense, 4-9 cm. long ; flowers reflexed ; calyx-tube 3 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2.5-3 mm. long; corolla rose-purple, 10 mm. long; pod sessile, coriaceous, obliquely oblong-ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, densely tomentose, rounded at base, acute at apex, upper suture ribbed, the lower sulcate. Dry clay soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; coastal southern California. Type locality: near Santa Monica, Cali- fornia. April-June. 91. Astragalus Serenoi (Kuntze) Sheldon. Humboldt Rattle-weed. Fig. 2865. Astragalus nudus S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 74. 1871. Not Clos. 1846. Tragacantha Serenoi Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 941. 1891. Astragalus Serenoi Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1 : 130. 1894. Astragalus Shockleyi M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 659. 1895. Brachyphragma Serenoi Rydb. Amer. Journ. Bot. 16: 205. 1929. Perennial with a woody base, stems several, decumbent at base, 4-6 dm. high, glabrous, branching. Leaves 10-15 cm. long; leaflets 3-7, very sparsely strigose or glabrate above, densely white-strigose beneath, those of the lower leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oval, those of the upper leaves linear, 2-4 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, acute at each end; peduncles 10-20 cm. long; racemes loosely flowered, 2-10 cm. long; calyx-tube 6-7 mm. long, black-hairy, the teeth subulate, 4-5 mm. long; corolla about 2 cm. long, the banner much exceeding the keel, purple and white; pods woody-coriaceous, glabrous and wrinkled, oblong, 15-25 mm. long, 10 mm. wide and about as thick, abruptly narrowed to the slender beak, the septum 2 mm. wide, not extending to the apex. Canyons of desert ranges, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern California to central Nevada. Type locality: West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada. April-June. 92. Astragalus mohavensis S. Wats. Mojave Rattle-weed. Fig. 2866. Astragalus mohavensis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 361. 1885. Perennial froma taproot, the stems much branched from the base, decumbent, 2-4 dm. long, the whole plant hairy with a short appressed pubescence. Leaflets usually 7-9, obovate-elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, 5-15 mm. long; peduncles 5-8 cm. long, about equaled by the fruiting racemes ; calyx-tube 3 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long ; corolla purple, 7 mm. long ; pod compressed, oblong, 15-20 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, strigose, both sutures prominent. Dry desert washes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave Desert of southern California to southern Nevada. Type locality: "In a canyon south of Newberry Spring in the Mojave Valley, in large depressed masses." March-May. 596 FABACEAE 2855 2856 2857 2861 2855. Astragalus Traskiae 2856. Astragalus mensarus 2857. Astragalus owyheensis 2858. Astragalus salmonis 2859. Astragalus panamintensis 2860. Astragalus eremiticus 2861. Astragalus arrectus 2862. Astragalus conjunctus 2863. Astragalus miser PEA FAMILY 597 93. Astragalus pachypus Greene. Thick-podded Rattle-weed. Fig. 2867. Astragalus pachypus Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 157. 1885. Brachyphragma pachypus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 401. 1929. Perennial, distinctly woody below, the branches of the season several, densely strigose, ascending. Leaves 10-15 cm. long; leaflets rather distant, 15-21, narrowly linear, 15-20 mm. long, white-strigose; peduncles stout, 10-20 cm. long; racemes loosely flowered, 5-10 cm. long; calyx-tube 4 mm. long and as broad, sparingly black-hairy, the teeth subulate, 3 mm. long; corolla 16-20 mm. long, white or cream-colored ; pods thick-coriaceous, glabrous, wrinkled, 18-25 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, compressed, both sutures prominent. Gravelly or sandy soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges, San Benito County, south to the San Jacinto Mountains, southern California. Type locality : Tehachapi Mountains, Kern County, California. March- May. Astragalus pachypus var. Jaegeri Munz & McBurney, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 31 : 67. 1932. Differs from the species in having yellow flowers 12-13 mm. long. Desert slopes, western Riverside County, California. 94. Astragalus Coulteri Benth. Coulter's Locoweed. Fig. 2868. Astragalus Coulteri Benth. PI. Hartw. 307. 1848. Astragalus lentiginosus var. Coulteri M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 8: 4. 1898. Cystium Coulteri Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 50. 1913. Perennial or biennial from a taproot, often flowering as a winter annual, the stems ascending or decumbent, flexuous, densely silvery-strigose. Leaflets mostly 13-17, oval to obovate, obtuse or retuse, densely silky-strigose, 7-15 mm. long; peduncle stout, 5-8 cm. long; racemes loosely flowered, 5-10 cm. long ; calyx-tube cylindrical, 4 mm. long, densely silvery-strigose, the teeth subulate, 2-3 mm. long; corolla purple, 12-14 mm. long; pod much inflated, rather chartaceous, the mottled surface usually obscured by the densely white-strigose pubescence, the body sub- globose, 10-12 mm. long, the beak 3-6 mm. long. Dry desert hillsides and washes in sandy soils, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave and Colorado Deserts, southern California to western Arizona and southern Nevada. Type locality: collected by Coulter on his trip from Mon- terey, California, to Yuma. March-June. 95. Astragalus agninus Jepson. Borrego Locoweed. Fig. 2869. Astragalus lentiginosus var. borreganus M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 126. 1923. Astragalus agninus Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 577. 1925. Cystium agninus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 408. 1929. Annual or biennial, with several stems arising from a taproot, 3-5 dm. high, branching and somewhat flexuose, densely white-silky. Leaves 5-10 cm. long; leaflets 7-15, oblong to obovate, obtuse to retuse, 6-12 mm. long, densely white-silky on both surfaces ; peduncles 3-10 cm. long, usually equaled or exceeded by the rather loosely flowered racemes ; calyx-tube 5 mm. long, the teeth triangular-subulate, 1 mm. long; corolla purple, 10-12 mm. long; pods lanceolate, 12—15 mm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, slightly inflated, shallowly sulcate on the upper suture, nearly straight or strongly falcate, densely white-silky. Desert washes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Colorado Desert, Borrego Valley, California, to Yuma, Arizona. Type locality: Borrego Springs, San Diego County, California. April-May. 96. Astragalus Arthu-Schottii A. Gray. Schott's Locoweed. Fig. 2870. Astragalus Arthu-Schottii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 209. 1864. Cystium Arthu-Schottii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 409. 1929. Perennial, the taproot becoming woody with age ; stems several, branching from the base, and ascending or decumbent, 10-30 cm. long, white-silky. Leaves 4-10 cm. long ; leaflets rather distant, 7-17, elliptic to obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex, 7-15 mm. long, silky-pubescent on both sides; peduncles 4-10 cm. long; racemes about the same length, loosely flowered; calyx appressed-pubescent, the tube 4 mm. long, the teeth 2 mm. long, subulate ; corolla purple, 10-12 mm. long ; pod broadly ovoid, well inflated, deeply sulcate on the upper suture, papery, 15 mm. long, 10-12 mm. thick, abruptly narrowed to a short upturned apex, sparsely strigose and con- spicuously mottled. Sandy or gravelly soils, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave and Colorado Deserts, southern California, to south- western Nevada, Arizona, Sonora, and Lower California. Type locality: diluvial banks of the Colorado near its mouth. Feb.-May. 97. Astragalus Fremontii subsp. eremicus (Sheldon) Abrams. Fremont's Locoweed. Fig. 2871. Astragalus eremicus Sheldon, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 4: 86. 1893. Cystium Kennedyi Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 407. 1929. Cystium eremicum Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 409. 1929. Annual or perennial with a stout taproot, the stems branching fromthe base, decumbent or ascending, 3-6 dm. long, rather sparsely silky-tomentose. Leaves ascending, 8-12 cm. long, leaf- lets 11-21, oblong-elliptic to narrowly obovate, 1-2 cm. long, rather sparsely short-villous on both surfaces with kinky hairs ; peduncles 5-10 cm. long, about equaling the racemes ; calyx-tube 5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent with black hairs, the teeth subulate, erect or recurved, 2 mm. long ; corolla purple, 7-10 mm. long ; pod broadly ovoid, 18-25 mm. long, papery, abruptly nar- rowed to a straight stout beak, glabrous or sparsely strigose. Sandy soils, Upper Sonoran Zone: eastern borders of California and western Nevada. Type locality: near Lone Pine, Inyo County, California. May-Oct. 598 FABACEAE 98. Astragalus nigricalycis (M. E. Jones) Abrams. Black Locoweed. Fig. 2872. Astragalus lentiginosus var. nigricalycis M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 674. 1895. Cystium nigricalyce Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 408. 1929. Perennial from a woody root, the stems several from the crown, decumbent, 2-5 dm. long, more or less densely short-tomentose. Leaves ascending or somewhat spreading 6^8 cm. long ; leaflets 15-23 obovate, often rather narrowly so, rounded or obtuse at apex, 6-12 mm. long, mostly glabrous above, loosely pubescent or tomentose beneath; peduncles 4-8 cm. long; racemes 2-5 cm long, rather densely flowered, the tube cylindric, 4 mm. long, black-hairy, the teeth triangular-subulate, scarcely over 1 mm. in length ; corolla 12 mm. long, ochroleucous or tinged with rose-purple; pods broadly ovoid, 15-20 mm. long, 10-12 mm. wide and as thick, mottled and rather densely pubescent with spreading hairs, the beak 3-5 mm. long, somewhat curved upward. Sandy plains, Lower Sonoran Zone; abundant in the upper San Joaquin Valley, California. Type locality: Bakersfield, Kern County, California. Feb.-April. 99. Astragalus tehachapiensis (Rydb.) Tidestrom. Tehachapi Locoweed. Fig. 2873. Cystium tehatchapiense Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 414. 1929. Astragalus tehachapiensis Tidestrom, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 50: 21. 1937. Perennial from a woody rootstock, the stems 3-4 dm. long, ascending, rather stout and flexu- ous glabrous or nearly so, stipules triangular-lanceolate, mainly membranous, about 4 mm. long, spreading or reflexed. Leaves 5-7 cm. long; leaflets 15-19, broadly obovate, retuse /-15 mm. long, bright green, glabrous above, very sparsely strigose beneath ; peduncles stout 3-5 cm. long ; racemes about 2 cm. long, densely flowered; calyx-tube narrowly campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, sparsely black-hairy, the teeth triangular-subulate, scarcely 1 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous, tipped with purple, 12 mm. long; pod much inflated, obliquely ovoid, about 2.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. thick, abruptly narrowed to a prominent upcurved beak, papery, mottled, glabrous. Fields and gentle slopes. Upper Sonoran Zone; Tehachapi Mountains, California. Type locality: fields near Tehachapi, California. April-May. 100. Astragalus albifolius (M. E. Jones) Abrams. White-leaved Locoweed. Fig. 2874. Astragalus lentiginosus var. albifolius M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 124. 1923. Cystium albifolium Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 413. 1929. Perennial, stems several, widely spreading and prostrate, 3-7 mm. long, slender, strigose. Leaves 4-6 cm. long, divergent or reflexed, sessile or nearly so; leaflets 11-15, oblong to elliptic, 10-15 mm. long, pallid and more or less hoary-strigose ; peduncles 1.5-4 cm. long, divergent or ascending ; racemes rather densely-flowered, in fruit 2-4 cm. long and the pods crowded ; calyx- teeth cylindric, 3 mm. long, silky, the teeth subulate, about 2 mm. long; corolla 8-10 mm. long, ochroleucous or tinged with pink ;_ pods subglobose, papery, about 1 cm. long, the beak 2-3 mm long or reduced to a mere apiculation. Alkaline plains, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave Desert, southern California. Type locality: Lone Pine, Inyo County, California. May-June. 101. Astragalus platytrdpis A. Gray. Broad-keeled Locoweed. Fig. 2875. Astragalus platytropis A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 526. 1865. Tragacantha platytropis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 947. 1891. Cystium platytrope Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24 : 406. 1929. Cespitose perennial from stout horizontal rootstocks, densely silvery-silky throughout, the stems short, seldom over 5-8 cm. long. Leaflets 7-13, obovate to oblong, about 5 mm. long; pe- duncles 15-25 mm. long; flowers subcapitate; calyx-tube densely silky-pubescent, 3-4 mm. long, equaled or exceeded by the subulate teeth ; corolla 6-7 mm. long, scarcely exserted, ochroleucous, except the purple keel; pod ovoid, very short-pointed, 15-20 mm. long, strigose, and usually mottled. Gravelly alpine slopes, Boreal Zones; Sierra Nevada, California, to the Humboldt and Wasatch Mountains, Nevada. Type locality: mountain near Sonora Pass, California, growing in loose gravel and sand near the summit, altitude 10,000 feet. July-Aug. 102. Astragalus araneosus Sheldon. Gilliam Locoweed. Fig. 2876. Astragalus araneosus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 170. 1894. Cystium platyphyllidium Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 410. 1929. Astragalus Icntiainosus var. cuspidocarpus M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 673. 1895. Not A. cuspido- carpus Sheldon. 1894. Cystium cornutum Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 412. 1929. Perennial with a cespitose caudex, the stems decumbent, 3-4 dm. long, glabrous. Leaves 5-10 cm. long; leaflets 11-15, obovate to oblong-obovate, 1-2 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, glabrous, rounded or retuse at apex; peduncles 3-4 cm. long; racemes 1.5-2 cm. long, 5-10-flowered ; calyx sparsely black-hairy, the tube 4 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long ; corolla about 12-15 mm. long, white tipped with purple; pod ovoid-lanceolate, arcuate, slightly sulcate at least on the upper suture, 20-25 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, leathery, glabrous or becoming glabrate and mottled. Drv hillsides. Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern Washington to northeastern California, Idaho, and Nevada. Type locality: Pine Creek, Gilliam County, Oregon. April-June. PEA FAMILY 599 103. Astragalus salinus Howell. Salt Locoweed. Fig. 2877. Astragalus salinus Howell, Erythea 1: 111. 1893. Cystium salinum Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 411. 1929. Astragalus lentiginosus var. chartaceus M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 673. 1895. Perennial, the stems decumbent or ascending, 10-20 cm. long, rather slender, very sparsely strigose. Leaflets 9-17, obovate, obtuse or retuse, 8-12 mm. long; racemes subcapitate; calyx- tube 3 mm. long ; teeth about 2 mm. long ; corolla ochroleucous, 8-9 mm. long ; pod well inflated, broadly ovoid, about 15 mm. long, with a short curved beak, thin-chartaceous and glabrous. Saline soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; southeastern Oregon and central and southern Idaho. Type locality: Harney County, Oregon. June-Aug. 104. Astragalus lentiginosus Dougl. Mottled Rattleweed. Fig. 2878. Astragalus lentiginosus Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 151. 1834. Cystium lentiginosum Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 412. 1929. Perennial from a deep taproot, the stems branching from the base, decumbent, 1 . 5-3 dm. long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with upwardly appressed hairs. Leaflets 11-19, narrowly to broadly obovate, 5-10 mm. long, glabrous or sparsely strigose ; flowers in subcapitate racemes ; calyx-tube campanulate, 3-4 mm. long, sparsely hairy, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long ; corolla ochroleucous, 8-9 mm. long; pod ovoid, more or less strongly incurved, 15-20 mm. long, abruptly tapering to a stout upcurved beak, usually mottled, rather thinly strigose. Arid plains, Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition Zones; southeastern Washington to northeastern California and east to Idaho and Utah. Type locality: "Subalpine ranges of the Blue Mountains of North- West America." May-July. 105. Astragalus ineptus A. Gray. Sierra Locoweed. Fig. 2879. Astragalus ineptus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 525. 1865. Cystium ineptum Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 659. 1905. Astragalus lentiginosus var. ineptus M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 124. 1923. Astragalus lentiginosus var. sierrae M. E. Jones, loc. cit. Astragalus kernensis Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 569. 1925. Cespitose perennial, branched from the woody caudex, the stems decumbent, 1-3 dm. long, sparsely strigose. Leaves 3-6 cm. long; leaflets linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic, 6-10 mm. long, sparsely strigose and somewhat canescent ; peduncles slender, shorter than the leaves ; racemes short, usually not more than 2 cm. long ; calyx-tube cylindric, 4 mm. long, loosely short- pubescent, the teeth subulate, about 2 mm. long ; pod ovoid, abruptly short-beaked, the body about 12-16 mm. long, 7-8 mm. wide and thick, papery, strigose and mottled. Gravelly mountain slopes, Arid Transition Zone; northern Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Type locality: rocky mountain slopes at 9,000 feet altitude near Sonora Pass, California. July-Aug. 106. Astragalus idriensis (M. E. Jones) Abrams. Idria Locoweed. Fig. 2880. Astragalus lentiginosus var. idriensis M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 63. 1902. Cystium idriense Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 414. 1929. Perennial, with a cespitose woody caudex, the stems several, decumbent, 2 dm. long, sparsely strigose. Leaves 2-4 cm. long; leaflets 13-19, obovate, 5-8 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at apex, strigose beneath, glabrous above ; peduncles 3-5 cm. long ; raceme 2 cm. long, densely flowered ; calyx sparsely strigose, the tube 4 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 1 mm. long; corolla 10-12 mm. long, purple or the banner with a white spot; pod narrowly ovoid, 15-20 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, 7 mm. thick, strongly curved, acute on the upper suture, strigose and mottled. Rocky ridges, Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges, San Benito County, to the Mount Pinos region, California. Type locality: near New Idria, California. April-May. 107. Astragalus malacus A. Gray. Soft Rattle-weed. Fig. 2881. Astragalus malacus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 336. 1868. Hamosa malaca Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 496, 1063. 1917. Perennial, cespitose, the stems ascending, usually less than 2 dm. long, whole plant villous with spreading hairs. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; leaflets 11-17, obovate to elliptic-obovate, 6-12 mm. long ; peduncles stout, 4-6 cm. long ; racemes many-flowered, 3-4 cm. long ; calyx-tube cylindric- campanulate, 6-7 mm. long, white-villous with black hairs interspersed; teeth subulate, 3 mm. long; corolla purple, 15 mm. long; pod 2-3 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, strongly flattened laterally, somewhat curved, densely villous. Gravelly soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; Blue Mountains, Oregon, and adjacent Idaho south, east of the Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada, to western Nevada, and the Mojave Desert, California. Type locality: near Carson City, Nevada. April. Astragalus Minthorniae (Rydb.) Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 374. 1936. {Hamosa Minthomiae Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 15. 1927.) Stems erect or ascending from a stout root crown, 10-30 cm. high or sometimes shorter and tufted, strigose or short-villous with ascending hairs. Leaves 5—10 cm. long, erect; leaflets 11-19, obovate, 8-15 mm. long, silky-canescent; racemes 6-10 cm. long, well surpassing the leaves; calyx black-hairy, the tube 5-6 mm. long; corolla white except the purple-tipped keel, banner 12-15 mm. long; pod erect or ascend- ing, straight or nearly so, shaggy-pilose, 2-2.5 cm. long, 4 mm. thick and wide, abruptly acute at apex. South- western Nevada and the New York Mountains, San Bernardino County, California. Doubtfully distinct from Astragalus malacus A. Gray. Best distinguished by the smaller flowers and more open racemes. 600 FABACEAE 108. Astragalus Layneae Greene. Layne's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2882. Astragalus Layneae Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 156. 188S. Hamosa Layneae Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 15. 1927. Perennial, cespitose, stems usually only a few from the crown of the woody root, usually less than 1 dm. long, whole plant pilose with appressed or ascending hairs. Leaves 6-10 cm. long; leaflets 15-21, obovate, 6-15 mm. long; peduncles stout, 6-15 cm. long; racemes 5-10 cm. long, loosely flowered; calyx-tube cylindric-campanulate, 5-7 mm. long, black-hairy; teeth subu- late-triangular, 1 mm. long; corolla pale lilac, tipped with purple, 12-15 mm. long; pod villous, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, obcompressed, broadly sulcate dorsally, strongly curved, long- acuminate at apex. Rocky hillsides, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave Desert, southern California, to southern Nevada and western Arizona. Type locality: Mojave Desert, southern California. April. 109. Astragalus Andersdnii A. Gray. Anderson's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2883. Astragalus Andersonii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 524. 1866. Hamosa Andersonii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 16. 1927. Perennial, the stems usually numerous from the woody crown, mostly 2-3 dm. high, whole plant hoary with a dense ascending or somewhat appressed silky-villous pubescence. Leaves 5-7 cm. long; leaflets mostly 13-15, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, acute or obtuse, 7-12 mm. long ; stipules herbaceous, triangular-subulate, 3 mm. long ; peduncles about equaling the leaves ; racemes becoming loosely flowered, 4-6 cm. long; calyx-tube cylindric-campanulate, 5-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, white-villous ; teeth subulate, 4-5 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous or tinged with pink, 10-12 mm. long; pod 15 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, compressed, arcuate, acute at apex, villous. Gravelly sagebrush land, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, western Nevada and Cali- fornia, from Lassen County to Inyo County, California. Type locality: near Carson City, Nevada. May-June. 110. Astragalus succumbens Dougl. Sprawling Rattle-weed. Fig. 2884. Astragalus succumbens Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 151. 1831. Astragalus dorychnioides Dougl. ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. PI. 2: 151. 1832. Phaca succumbens Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 370. 1906. Hamosa succumbens Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 14. 1927. Perennial, cespitose, the stems decumbent or ascending, the central one usually erect, 2-4 dm. long, whole plant canescent with spreading pilose pubescence. Leaves 3-6 cm. long ; leaflets 9-17, obovate to broadly oblanceolate, 6-12 mm. long; peduncles shorter than the leaves; racemes 2-3 cm. long ; bracts subulate, 5-7 mm. long ; calyx-tube cylindric-campanulate, 6-7 mm. long ; teeth subulate, 3 mm. long, sparsely white-pilose with a few black hairs interspersed ; corolla ochro- leucous tinged with rose toward the base, 15-18 mm. long; pods glabrous, 30-35 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, strongly flattened laterally, the lower suture deeply and narrowly sulcate, slightly arcuate. In sand and rocky hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Washington from Klickitat and Walla Walla Counties south to Gilliam and Umatilla Counties, eastern Oregon. Type locality: "On the barren grounds of the Columbia and near the Wallawallah River." May-June. 111. Astragalus calycosus Torr. King's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2885. Astragalus calycosus Torr. ex S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 66. pi. 10. f. 4-7. 1871. Hamosa calycosa Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 50. 1913. Perennial, cespitose, the stems several from the woody crown, very short, whole plant silvery- silky. Leaflets 1-5, oblong to oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 6-8 mm. long ; peduncles slender, 2-4 cm. long, a little exceeding the leaves, 2-6-flowered; calyx-tube campanulate, 4 mm. long; \'i » 2864 2864. Astragalus Brauntonii 2865. Astragalus Serenoi 2866. Astragalus mohavensis PEA FAMILY 601 2870 2874 2875 2867. Astragalus pachypus 2868. Astragalus Coulteri 2869. Astragalus agninus 2870. Astragalus Arthu-Schottii 2871. Astragalus Fremontii 2872. Astragalus nigricalycis 2873. Astragalus tehachapiensis 2874. Astragalus albifolius 2875. Astragalus platytropis 602 FABACEAE teeth subulate, scarcely 2 mm. long; corolla ochroleucous, 10 mm. long, the wings 2-lobed; pod strigose, sessile, oblong, straight, 15 mm. long, 4 mm. wide and 3 mm. thick, slightly sulcate dorsally, chartaceous. Gravelly or rocky situations, Canadian to Upper Sonoran Zones; eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and Inyo and White Mountains, California, to southern Idaho, Wyoming, and New Mexico. Type locality: western Nevada. June. 112. Astragalus umbraticus Sheldon. Silvan Rattle-weed. Fig. 2886. Astragalus sylvaticus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 262. 1888. Not Willd. Astragalus umbraticus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 23. 1894. Hamosa umbratica Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 19. 1927. Perennial, stems several from the small crown, erect or ascending, 4-6 dm. high, with long internodes, nearly glabrous. Stipules lanceolate-subulate ; leaves 5-8 cm. long ; leaflets 17-21, oblong to oval, obtuse or retuse, 6-12 mm. long, thin, glabrous or nearly so ; peduncles about 8 cm. long ; racemes 2-8 cm. long ; calyx-tube campanulate, 3 mm. long, black-hairy ; teeth subu- late, about 2 mm. long ; corolla ochroleucous, 8 mm. long ; pod linear, curved, about 12 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, glabrous, narrowly and deeply sulcate dorsally. Open woods in rich soil, Transition Zone; southwestern Oregon, south to Humboldt County, California. Type locality : Glendale, Oregon. June. 113. Astragalus bernardinus M. E. Jones. San Bernardino Rattle-weed. Fig. 2887. Astragalus bernardinus M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 661. 189S. Hamosa bemardina Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 19. 1927. Perennial, the stems several from the small crown, broom-like, pale glaucous green, sparsely strigose. Leaves 7-10 mm. long ; leaflets usually 13, rather distinct, linear, 5-15 mm. long, pale green and somewhat grayed with strigose pubescence ; peduncles 5-10 cm. long ; racemes 5-9 cm. long, the flowers rather distant; calyx-tube 3 mm. long, canescent with appressed pubescence and in- termingling black hairs ; teeth subulate, about 1 mm. long ; corolla purple, 7 mm. long ; pod linear, 25 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, erect, nearly straight, distinctly narrowed at base, glabrous, ventral suture acute, the dorsal rounded, 2-celled. Desert ridges, Upper Sonoran Zones; desert slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains to the western base of the New York Mountains, southern California. Type locality: "Morongo King Mine, east side of San Bernardino Mountains, California, 5000 ft. alt." May. 114. Astragalus tricarinatus A. Gray. Triple-ribbed Rattle-weed. Fig. 2888. Astragalus tricarinatus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 12: 56. 1876. Hamosa tricarinata Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 20. 1927. Perennial with a stout woody root, the stems several from the short caudex, 2-4 dm. high, sparsely strigose. Leaves 10-15 cm. long; leaflets 17-35, oblong-oval, obtuse to retuse at apex, 6-15 mm. long, densely white-strigose beneath, less so above; peduncles 6-10 cm. long, sparsely strigose or glabrous ; racemes 5-9 cm. long, loosely flowered ; calyx sparsely black-hairy, the tube 4-5 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2 mm. long ; corolla white, 12 mm. long, the banner broadly obovate ; pod linear in outline, slightly arcuate, glabrous, 25-35 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide and as thick, broadly sulcate on the lower suture, and deeply cordate in cross-section. Dry desert washes, Lower Sonoran Zone; base of the San Bernardino Mountains on the desert slopes, Cali- fornia. Type locality: White Water, San Bernardino County, California. April-May. 115. Astragalus drepanolobus A. Gray. Sickle-pod Rattle-weed. Fig. 2889. Astragalus drepanolobus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 75. 1883. Hamosa drepanoloba Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 21. 1927. Perennial from slender rootstocks, stems decumbent, several from the scarcely woody crown, decumbent, 2-3 dm. long, sparsely strigose. Leaves 3-4 cm. long; leaflets 7-9, obovate, rounded or retuse at apex, 5-8 mm. long, somewhat canescent when young, becoming green and sparsely strigose when mature ; peduncles 3 cm. long, about equaled by the racemes ; flowers several to many, small ; calyx-tube campanulate, oblique, scarcely over 2 mm. long, white-hairy ; teeth subulate, a little shorter than the tube; corolla white, veined with purple, 6-7 mm. long; pod sparsely strigose, linear, curved into a semicircle, 1 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, deeply and narrowly sulcate dorsally. On alluvial gravelly soils, Upper Sonoran Zones; rarely collected; Bingen, Washington, John Day Valley, eastern Oregon, and Washoe Valley, Nevada. Type locality: "On John Day's River at Scotts Bridge," Oregon. April-May. 116. Astragalus Congdonii S. Wats. Congdon's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2890. Astragalus Congdonii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 360. 1885. Hamosa Congdonii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 20. 1927. Perennial, the stems several, ascending or somewhat decumbent, 20-35 cm. long, plant, ex- cept the inflorescence, white-woolly or the stems glabrate. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; leaflets 17-23, elliptic to narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, obtuse to retuse; peduncles 8-10 cm. long; racemes 3-8 cm. long, rather loosely flowered; calyx and rachis conspicuously black-hairy; calyx-tube campanulate, scarcely 4 mm. long; teeth subulate, 2 mm. long; corolla white, about 15 mm. long; pods reflexed, slightly curved, linear, 15-18 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, acute at apex, pubescent, the dorsal suture sulcate. On the border line between the Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Ama- dor and Mariposa Counties, California. Type locality: Hites Cove, Mariposa County, California. April-May. PEA FAMILY 603 117. Astragalus albens Greene. White Rattle-weed. Fig. 2891. Astragalus albens Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1: 156. 1885. Hatnosa albens Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 22. 1927. Perennial, whole plant silver with appressed silky pubescence, the stems numerous, spreading, ascending, 2-4 dm. long. Leaves 9-11, elliptic-obovate, 7-10 mm. long, acutish or obtuse; pe- duncles 2.5-5 cm. long; racemes short, about 1-2 cm. long, rather densely flowered; calyx-tube scarcely 3 mm. long, white-silky ; teeth subulate, about as long as the tube ; corolla purple, 8 mm. long; pods broadly linear, narrowed at base to a short stipe, strongly curved, 15-20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, coriaceous, strongly reticulate, strigose, ribbed along the ventral suture, broadly sulcate dorsally except toward the apex. Rocky canyons, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave and Colorado Deserts, California, to southern Nevada. Type locality: Mojave Desert. April-May. 118. Astragalus Clevelandii Greene. Cleveland's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2892. Astragalus Clevelandii Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 9: 121. 1882. Hamosa Clevelandii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 334. 1927. Perennials from a woody root, the stems slender, erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves 4-10 cm. long, leaflets 11-19, narrowly elliptic, obtuse or acutish, 5-10 mm. long, green and glabrous above, sparsely strigose beneath; peduncles erect, 5-15 cm. long; racemes often 10—15 cm. long in fruit, many-flowered ; calyx-tube broadly campanulate, scarcely 2 mm. long, white-hairy ; teeth subulate, equaling the tube ; corolla white, 5 mm. long ; pods reflexed, lanceo- late, 5-7 mm. long, 2 mm. wide near the base and gradually narrowed to the acuminate apex, strongly sulcate dorsally, glabrous. Gravelly or rocky soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges, Lake County, California. Type locality: Indian Valley, Lake County. June-July. 119. Astragalus Bruceae (M. E. Jones) Abrams. Bruce's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2893. Astragalus tener var. Bruceae M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 268. 1923. Annual, branching from the base, the branches 5-10 cm. long, sparsely strigose. Leaflets mostly 7-9, cuneate or oblong, retuse, 4-6 mm. long, strigose beneath, sparsely so or glabrate above; peduncles very slender, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; flowers short-racemose, 1-6; calyx-tube cam- panulate, about 2.5 mm. long, black-hairy; teeth subulate, 1 mm. long; corolla purple, 7 mm. long ; pod linear-oblong, falcate, barely 2 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, acute at apex, distinctly flattened laterally, shallowly and narrowly sulcate dorsally, glabrous and mottled. Heavy clay soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; Sacramento Valley and adjoining foothills, Butte and Tehama Counties, California. Type locality: plains of Butte County, California. March- April. 120. Astragalus tener A. Gray. Slender Rattle-weed. Fig. 2894. Astragalus hypoglottis var. strigosa Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 2: 115. 1861. Astragalus tener A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 206. 1864. Astragalus strigosus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 9 : 24. 1894. Astragalus Titi Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 195. 1905. Astragalus tener var. rattanoides M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 268. 1923. Hamosa Kelloggiana Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 323. 1927. Slender annual, branching from the base, the stems glabrous or sparingly strigose. Leaflets mostly 9-13, linear and acute to narrowly oblong and truncate or retuse, 5-12 mm. long, green, very sparingly strigose or glabrate, peduncles 3-7 cm. long ; flowers 2 to many, subcapitate ; calyx-tube 2 mm. long, black-hairy ; teeth about 1 . 5 mm. long ; corolla purple, 7-9 mm. long ; pod 10-15 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, straight or nearly so, not attenuate at base, acute or short- acuminate at apex, narrowly sulcate dorsally, strigose or rarely glabrous. Low ground, usually in saline soils near the coast, Upper Sonoran Zone; San Francisco Bay region south to Los Angeles. Type locality: California. Collected by Douglas probably in the vicinity of San Francisco or Monterey. March— May. 121. Astragalus Clarianus Jepson. Clara Hunt's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2895. Astragalus Clarianus Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 578. 1925. Astragalus Rattanii var. Clarianus Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 379. 1936. Annual, branching from the base, the branches 6-20 cm. long, sparsely strigose. Leaflets 7-11, oblong-cuneate, truncate or retuse, 6-10 mm. long, sparsely strigose below, glabrate above; pe- duncles 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers 4—10, subcapitate; calyx-tube campanulate, 2 mm. long, black- hairy ; teeth subulate, 1 mm. long ; corolla pale lavender or white tipped with dark purple, 7-8 mm. long; pod strongly arcuate, narrowly linear, 2.5-3 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, acuminate at apex, attenuate to a stipe-like base, strigose. Clay soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; northern Coast Ranges and Sacramento Valley, California. Type locality: near St. Helena, California. April-June. 122. Astragalus Rattanii A. Gray. Rattan's Rattle-weed. Fig. 2896. Astragalus Rattanii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 75. 1883. Annual, branching from the base, the stems 10-35 cm. high, sparsely strigose. Leaflets 9-15, cuneate-obovate to oblong, obtuse or retuse, 5-10 mm. long, sparingly strigose or glabrate ^pe- duncles 5-7 cm. long; flowers subcapitate, 3 to many; calyx-tube 2.5 mm. long, black-hairy; 604 FABACEAE 2876 2879 2880 2882 2S76. Astragalus araneosus 2877. Astragalus salinua 2878. Astragalus lentiginosis 2879. Astragalus ineptus 2880. Astragalus idriensis 2881. Astragalus malacus 2882. Astragalus Layneae 2883. Astragalus Andersonii 2884. Astragalus succumbens PEA FAMILY 605 2887 2886 2888 2889 2885. Astragalus calycosus 2886. Astragalus umbraticus 2887. Astragalus bernardinus 2888. Astragalus tricarinatus 2889. Astragalus drepanolobus 2890. Astragalus Congdonii 2891. Astragalus albens 2892. Astragalus Clevelandii 2893. Astragalus Bruceae 606 FABACEAE teeth subulate, 1.5 mm. long; corolla violet-purple to white, 8-12 mm. long; pods nearly straight or somewhat curved, at least toward the base, 3-4.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide and as thick, attenuate at apex, and somewhat so at base, very narrowly sulcate dorsally, strigose. Stream banks, mainly Humid Transition Zone; Humboldt and Mendocino Counties, California. Type locality: Bug Creek, Humboldt County, California. June-July. 123. Astragalus austrinus (Small) Schulz. Sonora Rattle-weed. Fig. 2897. Astragalus Nuttallianus var. trichocarpus Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 334. 1838. Astragalus Nuttallianus var. canescens Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 2: 163. 1856. Hamosa austrina Small, Fl. S.E. U.S. 618. 1903. Astragalus pertenuis Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 42. 1910. Astragalus austrinus Schulz, 500 Wild Fl. San Antonio 104. 1922. Hamosa Emoryana Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 327. 1927. Hamosa imperfecta Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 329. 1927. Annual, stems branched at the base, decumbent, 0.5-2.5 dm. long, pubescence sparingly to densely strigose. Leaves 2-5 cm. long; leaflets 9-11, oblong to linear, usually acute; peduncles slender, 3-10 cm. long, surpassing the leaves ; inflorescence 1-4-flowered, subcapitate, calyx white- strigose, 3-5 mm. long, teeth subulate, equaling or nearly equaling the tube ; flowers white tinged with purple, 4-6 mm. long ; pod 1-1 . 5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, strigose to glabrous, more or less arcuate, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Western Nevada and the Death Valley region to Lower California, Sonora, and western Texas. Type locality: Fronteras, Sonora. March-April. 124. Astragalus acutirostris S. Wats. Beaked Rattle-weed. Fig. 2898. Astragalus acutirostris S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20; 360. 1885. Oxytropis acutirostris M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 677. 1895. Aragallus acutirostris Heller, Cat. N. Amer. PI. 4. 1898. Hamosa acutirostris Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 331. 1927. Astragalus Nuttallianus var. acutirostris Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 379. 1936. Annual, the stems several, decumbent, 1-2 dm. long, whole plant cinereous, with upwardly curved or somewhat appressed short pubescence. Leaves 1.5-2 cm. long; leaflets 9-13, oblong- oblanceolate, usually retuse, 4-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; peduncles very slender, 3-6 cm. long ; racemes loosely 2-8-flowered; calyx-tube scarcely more than 1 mm. long, usually black-hairy; teeth subulate, 1 mm. long ; corolla white or tinged with purple, 5 mm. long ; keel with an acute beak; pods spreading or ascending, linear, only slightly curved, about 15 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, abruptly acute at both ends, deeply and narrowly sulcate dorsally, strigose. Dry desert slopes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave Desert, California, and southern Nevada. Type locality: near Brown's Ranch, Mojave Desert, California. April-May. 125. Astragalus Bolanderi A. Gray. Bolander's Locoweed. Fig. 2899. Astragalus Bolanderi A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7 : 337. 1868. Astragalus supervacaneus Greene, Erythea 1: 221. 1893. Hesperonix Bolanderi Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 440. 1924. Stems several from the crown of a woody rootstock, decumbent or ascending, 3-5 dm. long, sparsely strigose. Leaflets mostly 17-19, linear-oblong, 7-10 mm. long, sparsely woolly-pubes- cent ; peduncles 5-10 cm. long ; racemes subcapitate, rather densely flowered ; calyx-tube 4 mm. long, sparsely pubescent, the teeth triangular-subulate, 2 mm. long ; corolla 12 mm. long, white or yellowish; pod inflated, 15 mm. long, 7-8 mm. wide and thick, gradually narrowed from the rounded base to the apex, and strongly arched, thin, coriaceous, reticulate, glabrous, lower suture sulcate, 2-celled, except the flattened acute apex ; stipe slender, 5-7 mm. long. Granitic gravels and sand, mainly Canadian Zone; Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: "Dry ground, at Ostrander's Ranch, Yosemite Valley." June-Aug. 126. Astragalus accidens S. Wats. Rogue River Rattle-weed. Fig. 2900. Astragalus accidens S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 471. 1887. Hesperonix accidens Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 438. 1929. Stems from a slender woody rootstock, decumbent or ascending, 3-4 dm. high, sparingly pubescent, leaflets mostly 21-25, oblong-elliptic, retuse, 10-15 mm. long, sparsely pubescent with upwardly curved hairs, peduncles 6-8 cm. long ; racemes about 2 cm. long ; calyx-tube 3-4 mm. long, black-hairy; teeth triangular-subulate, scarcely 2 mm. long; corolla white, 15 mm. long; body of the pod 8-12 mm. long, equaled by the slender stipe, half-ovoid, about 5 mm. wide and nearly as thick, coriaceous, transversely reticulate, strigose, 2-celled. Dry open woods, Arid Transition Zone; Cow Creek Mountains and hills about Rogue River Valley, southern Oregon. Type locality: Cow Creek Mountains. May-June. 127. Astragalus Watsonii Sheldon. Watson's Locoweed. Fig. 2901. Astragalus Hendersonii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 471. 1887. Not Baker 1879. Astragalus Watsonii Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 23. 1894. Astragalus pacificus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 174. 1894. Astragalus accidens var. Hendersonii M. E. Jones, Rev. N. Amer. Astrag. 164. 1923. Stems several, decumbent, from a slender woody rootstock, 3-4 dm. high, sparingly pubescent with upcurved hairs. Leaflets mostly 21-25, oblong-elliptic, retuse, about 1 cm. long, loosely PEA FAMILY 607 appressed-pubescent ; peduncles 6-8 mm. long ; racemes about 25 mm. long ; calyx-tube 3-4 mm. long, black-hairy; teeth subulate, 2.5 mm. long; corolla white, 12 mm. long; stipe about 1 cm. long ; body of pod half-ovoid, about 2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide and nearly as thick, coriaceous and corrugately roughened with transverse ridges, ribbed on both sides by the prominent sutures. Open woods, Arid Transition Zone; Jackson and Josephine Counties, Oregon, to Tehama County, California. Type locality: open woods near Ashland, Oregon. April. 128. Astragalus vallaris M. E. Jones. Snake River Rattle-weed. Fig. 2902. Astragalus vallaris M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 10: 59. 1902. Hesperonix vallaris Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 439. 1929. Stems stout, several from the crown of a woody rootstock, decumbent or ascending, about 3 dm. long, glabrous. Leaflets elliptic, 6-15 mm. long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent on the midrib and margins; peduncles stout, 5-8 cm. long; racemes short; calyx-tube 5 mm. long, black- hairy; teeth subulate, 4-5 mm. long; corolla white, 18 mm. long; pods 35-50 mm. long, 10-12 mm. thick, 4-5 mm. wide, oblong-ovoid, abruptly acuminate at apex, narrowed at base with firm rather thick cartilaginous walls, 2-celled; stipe 10—12 mm. long. Dry hillsides, Snake River Canyon and Pine Creek, eastern Oregon. Type locality: Snake River Canyon, near Ballard's Landing, Oregon. April-May. 129. Astragalus Mortonii Nutt. Morton's Locoweed. Fig. 2903. Astragalus Mortonii Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7 : 19. 1834. Astragalus spicatus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 336. 1838. Astragalus canadensis var. Mortonii S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 68. 1871. Tragacantha Mortonii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 946. 1891. Phaca Mortonii Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 372. 1906. Astragalus Torreyi Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 448. 1929. Perennial, the stems few to several, ascending, 4-6 dm. high, stout, glabrous or sparsely strigose. Leaves 8-12 cm. long; leaflets 13-21, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 15-30 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at apex, sparsely strigose beneath, glabrous or nearly so above ; peduncles stout, often 10-12 cm. long ; racemes densely flowered, 3-6 cm. long ; calyx campanulate-strigose, often intermingled with black hairs ; tube 5 mm. long ; teeth triangular-subulate, 2 mm. long ; corolla 15 mm. long, ochroleucous ; pods oblong, about 12 mm. long, 4 mm. thick, the lower shallowly sulcate, the upper suture prominent, chartaceous, glabrous or sparsely strigose. Open forests, Transition and Canadian Zones; eastern Washington to northeastern California, Idaho, and Utah. Type locality: "About the sources and upper branches of the Missouri." June-Aug. Astragalus brevidens Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 450. 1929. A closely related species or possibly subspecies with short white-villous pubescence on the calyx. Baker County, Oregon, and adjacent Washington. 130. Astragalus striatus Nutt. Striate Locoweed. Fig. 2904. Astragalus adsurgens of Amer. authors. Not Pall. Astragalus nitidus Dougl. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 149, as a synonym. 1830. Astragalus striatus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 330. 1838. Perennial, the stems several from the short branching crown, decumbent, 2-3 dm. long, pal- lid, sparsely strigose. Leaflets usually 13, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, silky-strigose; peduncles stout, 5-15 cm. long; racemes spicate, densely flowered, 2-5 cm. long ; calyx cylindric, strigose with or without interspersed black hairs, the tube 5-6 cm. long, the teeth subulate, 3 mm. long; corolla purple or white, 14-15 mm. long; pods narrowly ellipsoid, 7-10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, chartaceous, silky-strigose, the lower suture sulcate. Dry plains and hills, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; British Columbia to Medical and Silver Lakes, Washington, and Harney Lake, Oregon, east to Saskatchewan, Minnesota, and Colorado. Type locality: "Plains and hills of the Platte and Missouri." June-July. 131. Astragalus goniatus Nutt. Angle-stemmed Locoweed. Fig. 2905. Astragalus hypoglottis of Amer. authors. Not L. Astragalus goniatus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, N. Amer. Fl. 1: 330. 1838. Perennial, with a woody rootstock ; stems 1-2 dm. high, decumbent or ascending, glabrous or sparingly strigose. Leaflets 15-21, linear-oblong to elliptic, obtuse or retuse, 5-10 mm. long, sparingly strigose or glabrate; peduncles about 5 cm. long; racemes spicate, densely flowered, 2-3 cm. long ; calyx-tube 6-7 mm. long, usually with black hairs, the teeth subulate, 2-3 mm. long; corolla 15 mm. long; purple pod ovoid, about 1 cm. long, long-villous. Meadows and river valleys, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Washington to northeastern California, Minne- sota, and New Mexico. Type locality: "Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Platte." May-July. 132. Astragalus Spaldingii A. Gray. Spalding's Locoweed. Fig. 2906. Astragalus Spaldingii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 524. 1865. Tragacantha Spaldingii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 948. 1891. Phaca Spaldingii Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 370. 1906. Astragalus tighensis M. E. Peck, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 49: 110. 1936. Perennial, the stems tufted from the crown of a woody rootstock, decumbent, rather slender, 3-6 dm. long, the entire plant white-villous. Leaflets mostly 19-25, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-8 mm. long ; peduncles 4-10 cm. long; racemes spicate, densely flowered, 2-3 cm. long, be- coming elongated and looser in fruit ; calyx-tube 3 mm. long, long-villous ; teeth subulate, equaling or slightly exceeding the tube ; corolla ochroleucous, 7-8 mm. long ; pod erect or ascending, long- 608 FABACEAE 2894 2897 2895 2896 2894. Astragalus tener 2895. Astragalus Clarianus 2896. Astragalus Rattanii 2897. Astragalus austrinus 2898. Astragalus acutirostris 2899. Astragalus Bolanderi 2900. Astragalus accidens 2901. Astragalus Watsonii 2902. Astragalus vallaris PEA FAMILY 609 ovoid, 5-7 mm. long, short-beaked, straight, white-villous, lower suture broadly and shallowly sulcate, cordate in cross-section. Hills and plains, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Washington to northeastern California and western Idaho. Type locality: "Clearwater" River, Idaho. May-July. 133. Astragalus Austiniae A. Gray. Austin's Locoweed. Fig. 2907. Astragalus Austiniae A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1: 156. 1876. Cespitose perennial, the stems rarely over 2-5 cm. long, densely white-silky. Leaves about 3 cm. long including the slender elongated petiole; leaflets 9-17, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute and apiculate, 5-10 mm. long, silky-pubescent ; peduncle slender, longer than the leaves ; racemes subcapitate, 6-12-flowered ; calyx-tube campanulate, white-villous, 3 mm. long, the teeth subulate, equaling the tube ; corolla ochroleucous, 6 mm. long, scarcely surpassing the calyx- teeth; pod ovoid, chartaceous, 4 mm. long, almost circular in cross-section, hoary-pubescent. Dry rocky ridges, northern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: summit of Mount Stanford (Castle Peak), Nevada County, California. June-Aug. 134. Astragalus Lyallii A. Gray. Lyall's Locoweed. Fig. 2908. Astragalus Lyallii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 195. 1865. Phaca Lyallii Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 370. 1906. Tragacantha Lyallii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 943. 1891. Perennial, from a stout woody root, the stems several, 1-3 dm. high, ascending, whole plant cinereous or hoary with a more or less dense villous pubescence with mostly ascending hairs. Leaflets 15-21, narrowly elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 5-15 mm. long, acute; peduncles slender, 4-7 cm. long; fruiting racemes 4-8 cm. long; flowers scattered, somewhat secund, reflexed; calyx-tube short-campanulate, 1.5 mm. long, densely white-villous, the teeth filiform-subulate, 4 mm. long ; corolla yellow or white, 7 mm. long ; pod ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, triangular-cordate in cross-section, densely white-villous. Sandy or gravelly soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; Kittitas and Yakima Counties, Washington, to Elmore County, Idaho. Type locality: "Upper Yakima River," Washington. May-July. 135. Astragalus lentiformis A. Gray. Lens-pod Locoweed. Fig. 2909. Astragalus lentiformis A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1: 156. 1876. Tragacantha lentiformis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 943. 1891. Perennial from a woody root, the stems several from the crown, prostrate, much branched, 1-3 dm. long, slender, hoary with appressed-villous pubescence. Leaflets 11-15, obovate to oblong- spatulate, 6-10 mm. long, retuse, silky-villous ; peduncles many, 1-2 cm. long ; racemes usually longer than the peduncles, several to many-flowered, calyx-tube bowl-shaped, arched, 2 mm. long, woolly, the teeth subulate, scarcely equaling the tube ; corolla white, about 5 mm. long ; pods broadly oblong, 6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. high, woolly-pubescent, lenticular, lower suture slightly sulcate. Sagebrush-covered hills. Upper Sonoran Zone; eastern Oregon (Crook County) to northeastern California (Sierra County). Type locality: "Sierra Nevada, in Clover Valley," Sierra County, California. May-Aug. Astragalus Peckii Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 37: 92. 1924. Leaflets acute, the terminal one but poorly developed, strigose-canescent; pods strigose, 7 mm. long, acute at both ends. Known only from the type locality, McKenzie Pass, Crook County, and from Deschutes River (Cusick), Oregon. 136. Astragalus Lemmonii A. Gray. Lemmon's Locoweed. Fig. 2910. Astragalus Lemmonii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 626. 1873. Tragacantha Lemmonii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 943. 1891. Perennial, from a somewhat fleshy taproot, the stems usually many from the crown, slender, 2903 2904 2905 2903. Astragalus Mortonii 2904. Astragalus striatus 2905. Astragalus goniatus 610 FABACEAE herbaceous to the base, 2-5 dm. long, prostrate, very sparsely strigose. Leaflets mostly H-13, narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, 4-8 mm. long, sparingly appressed-pubescent ; peduncles slender, mostly 1-2 cm. long; racemes subcapitate, several-flowered; calyx-tube campanulate, silky- villous, 4 mm. high, the alternate subulate teeth equaling or longer than the tube ; corolla about 6 mm. long, ochroleucous tinged with purple ; pod strigose, oblong-ovoid, about 7 mm. long, the lower suture shallowly sulcate, cordate in cross-section, acute at apex and short-mucronate. Dry sagebrush-covered hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; southeastern Oregon (Klamath County) to northeast- ern California (Sierra County). Type locality: Sierra Valley, California. May-Aug. 137. Astragalus Brewed A. Gray. Brewer's Locoweed. Fig. 2911. Astragalus Breweri A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 207. 1864. Tragacantha Breweri Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 943. 1891. Annual, the stems ascending or decumbent, 1-2 dm. high, sparsely strigose with white hairs or with white and black intermingling. Leaflets usually 9, cuneate-obovate, rounded or retuse at apex, 5-10 mm. long, sparsely strigose beneath, glabrous above ; peduncles 2-8 cm. long, rather slender ; flowers in several-flowered heads ; calyx-tube campanulate, 4 mm. high, densely black- hairy with or without intermingling white hairs, the teeth subulate, about equaling the tube; corolla 8-10 mm. long, purple, the banner with a yellow central spot ; pods sessile, the body oblique, half -ovoid, about 7 mm. long, 3-sided, sulcate on the lower suture, silky-pubescent, tipped with a slender beak about equaling the body. Grassy slopes and fields, Upper Sonoran and Humid Transition Zones; California Coast Ranges, from Men- docino and Lake Counties to Marin County. Type locality: "Sonoma Valley, common in fields." April-July. 138. Astragalus dispermus A. Gray. Desert Dwarf Locoweed. Fig. 2912. Astragalus dispermus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 13: 365. 1878. Hesperastragalus dispermus Heller, Muhlenbergia 1; 137. 1906. Annual, branching from the base, the stems slender, 1-2 dm. high, strigose. Leaves 2-4 cm. long; leaflets mostly 9-13, oblong-cuneate, retuse, 4-6 mm. long, strigose and more or less canes- cent; peduncles slender, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers in a short dense spike; calyx densely white- villous, 4 mm. long, the tube shorter than the subulate teeth ; corolla about 5 mm. long, little exceeding the calyx, varying from white to purple ; pods scarcely equaling the calyx, deeply and narrowly sulcate, the two lobes approximate, conspicuously rugose, short-pubescent, or rarely glabrous. Dry sandy soils, Sonoran Zones; desert regions of southern California and Arizona. Type locality: Wicken- burg, Arizona. April-May. 139. Astragalus didymocarpus Hook. & Arn. Common Dwarf Locoweed. Fig. 2913. Astragalus didymocarpus Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 334. Hesperastragalus didymocarpus Heller, Muhlenbergia 2 : 87. 1905. Hesperastragalus compaclus Heller, Muhlenbergia 2: 218. 1906. Hesperastragalus obispensis Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 53: 167. 1926. Hesperastragalus Milesianus Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 53: 169. 1926. Slender annual, branching from the base ; the stems 1-3 dm. high, sparsely strigose. Leaves 2-6 cm. long ; leaflets linear to linear-oblong, 4-12 mm. long, retuse, more or less cinereous with an upwardly appressed short pubescence; peduncles slender, 1.5-3 cm. long; flowers capitate or in short spikes ; calyx about 3 mm. long, the lobes villous with white and black hairs, equaling the tube; corolla about 4 mm. long, cream-white or tinged with purple; pods 3.5 mm. long, scarcely exserted beyond the calyx, and not reflexed, prominently ridged transversely or diago- nally, minutely and sparsely puberulent, or rarely glabrous. Dry gravelly or sandy soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; Coast Ranges and the Great Valley, central California, to northern Lower California. The glabrous-podded form is Hesperastragalus obispensis Rydb. and a form of the Sierra foothills with a longer and more dense pubescence on the pods is Hesperastragalus compactus Heller. Type locality: coastal California. March-May. Astragalus catalinensis Nutt. Proc. Acad. Phila. 4: 9. 1848. Perhaps too closely related to Astragalus didymocarpus to be considered a distinct species. Differs principally in, the smaller flowers, the corolla being scarcely 3 mm. long, and in the longer hairs on the pods. Originally discovered on Santa Catalina Island, but also occurs about San Diego and in northern Lower California. 140. Astragalus Gambellianus Sheldon. Gambell's Dwarf Locoweed. Fig. 2914. Astragalus nigrescens Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. II. 1: 153. 1847. Not Pall. Astragalus Gambellianus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 21. 1894. Hesperastragalus Gambellianus Heller, Muhlenbergia 2: 87. 1905. Slender annual 4-20 cm. high, branching from the base. Leaves 1.5-3 cm. long; leaflets 9-13, linear to cuneate-oblong, retuse, 3-8 mm. long, strigose, often sparsely so; peduncles slender, 1-3 cm. long; flowers short-spicate or capitate; calyx black-hairy, about 2.5 mm. long, the lobes about equaling the tube ; corolla but slightly exceeding the calyx, purple or tipped with purple ; pods well-exserted and strongly reflexed, pubescent with spreading crisped white hairs, slightly curved and deltoid or ovoid, narrowly and deeply sulcate on the lower suture, the upper suture forming a keel, the sides concave between the suture and the margin of the pod. Gravelly or sandy soils, Upper Sonoran Zone; Inner Coast Ranges and Sacramento Valley, to cismontane southern California and northern Lower California. Type locality: Santa Catalina Island. April-May. Astragalus Gambellianus subsp. filmeri (Greene) Abrams. (Astragalus Elmeri Greene, Erythea 3: 98. 1895.) Like typical Astragalus Gambellianus in all essential characters but the pubescence of the pod upwardly PEA FAMILY 611 appressed instead of spreading. This is the common form in the San Francisco Bay region and occurs as far south as Malibu, Los Angeles County. Sphaerophysa salsula (Pall.) DC. Prod. 2: 271. 1825. Perennial from a woody rootstock, the stems erect, about 1 m. high, strigose. Leaves 5-7 cm. long; leaflets 9-19, elliptic to obovate, 5—10' mm. long, glabrate above; racemes axillary, pedunculate, 6-15 cm. long; calyx 3-4 mm. long; corolla 12-15 mm. long, red-orange, the standard with a 2-lobed yellow spot, the keel yellow below; pod bladdery-inflated, 1 -celled, borne on a reflexed pedicel, but the stipe also reflexed bringing the pod to a horizontal position. An Astragalus-like plant apparently recently introduced at Umatilla, Oregon, also Utah and Colorado. Native of northern and central Asia. 19. OXYTROPIS DC. Astrag. 24. 1802. Perennial herbs, from a stout woody taproot and usually with a much-branched crown. Leaves basal or nearly so, odd-pinnate. Flowers racemose or spicate, terminating the scape-like peduncles. Calyx campanulate with subequal teeth. Petals clawed; stand- ard erect, ovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel produced into a porrect beak. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Pods sessile or stipitate, coriaceous, usually completely or incompletely 2-celled by the intrusion of the upper suture. [Name Greek, meaning sharp and keel.] A genus of about 160 species inhabiting North America, especially the western part, and Eurasia. Type species, Oxytropis montana (L.) DC. Pods erect or ascending; stipules decidedly adnate to the petiole. Inflorescence 1-3-flowered; plants dwarf, pulvinate; corolla purple; pod inflated, ovoid. 1. O. oreophila. Inflorescence many-flowered; plants not pulvinate; pod oblong, not inflated. Plants silky-villous, not viscid. Stipules glabrous on the back; leaflets 6-8 mm. long; corolla yellowish or nearly white, 10—12 mm. long. 2. O. Cusickii. Stipules more or less appressed-pilose on the back; longer leaflets 15-20 mm. long; corolla yellow, 15-17 mm. long. 3. O. luteola. Plants thinly villous, viscid and beset with slightly raised glands. 4. O. viscida. Pods pendent in fruit; stipules only slightly adnate at base to the petiole. 5. O. deflexa. 1. Oxytropis oreophila A. Gray. Rock-loving Oxytrope. Fig. 2915. Oxytropis oreophila A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 3. 1884. Aragallus oreophilus A. Nels. Erythea 7: 59. 1899. Spiesia oreophila Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 207. 1891. Perennial with a much branched cespitose woody caudex, densely silvery-silky pubescent throughout. Leaves crowded at the apex of the caudex branches, 1.5-3 cm. long; leaflets 5-11, lance-elliptic, 4-6 mm. long ; scape slender, 2-7 cm. long ; racemes short, 1-8-flowered ; calyx silky-villous, the tube 5 mm. long, the teeth 1.5 mm. long; corolla violet-purple, 10-12 mm. long; pod inflated, ovoid, 10 mm. long, densely white-villous. Rocky alpine ridges, Boreal Zones; Utah, Nevada, and the summits of Mount San Antonio and Mount San Gorgonio, southern California. Type locality: Aquarius Plateau at nearly 10,000 feet altitude, Utah. June-July. Oxytropis columbiana St. John, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 41 : 100. 1928. Perennial with a woody taproot and branched crown, acaulescent. Leaves many, cancscent with appressed-pilose pubescence, becoming greater in age; stipules generally appressed-pilose; leaflets 17-21, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. long; scapes 15-20 cm. long; spike becoming 3—5 cm. long; calyx narrowly campanulate, 9-10 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2-3 mm. long; corolla 15-16 mm. long, white with delicate blue veins; keel with a large violet blotch just below the apex; standard oblong, emarginate, bisulcate and reflexed; pod oblong or lanceolate in outline, attenuate to a slender beak. Gravelly soils, Arid Transition Zone; along the Columbia River, Stevens County, Washington. Type locality: gravelly branches of the Columbia River, Marcus, Washington. 2. Oxytropis Cusickii Greenm. Cusick's Oxytrope. Fig. 2916. Oxytropis Cusickii Greenm. Erythea 7 : 116. 1899. Oxytropis masama St. John, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 41: 101. 1928. Oxytropis cascadensis St. John, op. cit. 105. Perennial, depressed-cespitose. Leaves 4-8 cm. long, silvery with somewhat appressed villous pubescence ; leaflets 7-19, oblong-lanceolate, 4-8 mm. long, acute or rarely obtuse, the margins more or less involute ; stipules scarious, 3-nerved, glabrous or nearly so on the outer surface ; scape in fruit nearly twice the length of the leaves; flowers yellowish, 10-12 mm. long; calyx 7-9 mm. long, villous-canescent, with shorter black hairs intermingled ; teeth 2 mm. long ; stand- ard 10-12 mm. long, oblong-obovate. deeply emarginate; pod cylindric, 15-20 mm. long, ap- pressed-pubescent with white and black hairs. Alpine summits, Boreal Zones; Olympic and Cascade Mountains, Washington, and the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. Type locality : alpine summits, Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. July-Aug. 3. Oxytropis luteola (Greene) Piper. Yellow-flowered Oxytrope. Fig. 2917. Aragallus luteolus Greene, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 17. 1905. Oxytropis luteolus Piper in Piper & Beattie, Fl. Northw. Coast 227. 1915. Oxytropis okanoganea St. John, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 41 : 102. 1928. Oxytropis olympica St. John, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 41 : 103. 1928. Perennial, the somewhat woody caudex branches forming few to several crowns. Leaves 6-10 cm. long, rather densely appressed-villous and canescent or almost silvery; leaflets .15-21, lance-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, acutish or sharply acute, 8-15 mm. long; scapes 10-18 cm. long; spikes 3-5 cm. long, 7-15-flowered, the flowers spreading or more or less ascending; bracts lanceolate, 5 mm. long ; calyx-tube cylindric, 5-6 mm. long, villous with white and black hairs ; 612 FABACEAE 2907 2906 2908 2910 2911 2909 2912 2913 2914 2906. Astragalus Spaldingii 2907. Astragalus Austiniae 2908. Astragalus Lyallii 2909. Astragalus lentiformis 2910. Astragalus Lemmonii 2911. Astragalus Breweri 2912. Astragalus dispermus 2913. Astragalus didymocarpus 2914. Astragalus Gambellianus PEA FAMILY 613 teeth 2.5 mm. long; corolla yellowish, 15-17 mm. long; pods ascending, subterete, 12-15 mm. long, 5 mm. thick, pubescent with white and black hairs. Rocky ridges, Boreal Zones; Olympic and Cascade Mountains, Washington, to northern Idaho and adjacent British Columbia. Type locality: Olympic Mountains, Washington. June-July. 4. Oxytropis viscida Nutt. Sticky or Viscid Oxytrope. Fig. 2918. Oxytropis viscida Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 341. 1838. Spiesia viscida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 207. 1891. Aragallus viscidus Greene, Pittonia 3: 211. 1897. Perennial with a branched woody caudex. Leaves 10-15 cm. long; leaflets 25-57, oblong- lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, acute or obtuse; scape 5-15 cm. high, villous-hirsute ; stipe 3-8 cm. long, flowers mostly ascending; calyx-tube villous, 5 mm. long, the teeth subulate, 2.5-3 mm. long ; corolla violet, rarely white, 12 mm. long ; pod oblong-ovoid, 12-15 mm. long, short-pubes- cent. Moist meadows, Boreal Zones; Rocky Mountains and Great Basin species, reaching the Pacific States in eastern Oregon and in the White Mountains and eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California. Type locality: "Rocky mountains, near the sources of the Oregon." June— July. 5. Oxytropis deflexa (Pall.) DC. Pendent Pod Oxytrope. Fig. 2919. Astragalus deflexus Pall. Act. Acad. Petrop. 2: 268. pi. 15. 1779. Oxytropis deflexa DC. Astrag. 96. 1802. Aragallus deflexus Heller, Cat. N. Amer. PI. 4: 1898. Perennial, loosely villous, acaulescent or sometimes with one or two short stems from the crown. Leaflets 25-41, lanceolate to ovate, 5-20 mm. long, acute; raceme loosely flowered; calyx- teeth subulate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla 6-9 mm. long, whitish below, blue above; pod oblong, about 15 mm. long, strongly reflexed. Moist ground, Boreal and Transition Zones; Alaska southward to Idaho, South Dakota, New Mexico, and eastern Washington, where it has been collected near Old Waucanda, and also near Tonasket, Okanogan County. Type locality: Siberia. May-July. Oxytropis Parryi A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 4. 1884. Tufted or matted on the root crown, 3-7 cm. high, densely silvery-pubescent. Leaflets 11-15, oblong to ovate-oblong, 3-4 mm. long; peduncles exceeding the leaves, 2-5 cm. long, 1-2-flowered; calyx black and white strigcse; corolla purple, 8-10 mm. long; pods 1-2 cm. long, oblong, acute, grooved ventrally, canescent. A single collection from Sheep Mountain, White Mountains, Inyo County, California, is doubtfully referred to this species of Utah and New Mexico. 20. GLYCYRRHIZA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 741. 1753. Perennial herbs, with thick sweet roots and odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes, blue or white. Calyx-teeth subequal, the two upper sometimes partly united. Standard short-clawed, with a narrowly ovate or oblong blade; wings oblong; keel acute or obtuse. Stamens mainly diadelphous ; anthers alternating longer and shorter. Pod sessile, covered with prickles or glands, indehiscent, several-seeded. [Name Greek, meaning sweet root.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone, southern South America and Australia. Type species, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 1. Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh. Wild or American Licorice. Fig. 2920. Liquivitia lepidota Nutt. in Fraser's Cat. 1813. Hyponym. Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 480. 1814. Stems erect, 3-10 dm. high, herbage beset with minute scales or glands, otherwise glabrous or more or less puberulent. Leaves short-petioled ; stipules lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. long, de- ciduous; leaflets 11-19, lanceolate to oblong, acute or obtuse, mucronate, entire, 2-3 cm. long, short-petiolulate ; peduncles shorter than the leaves; spikes 2.5-5 cm. long, many-flowered; calyx narrowly campanulate, the teeth lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the tube; corolla yellowish white, 8-12 mm. long ; pod about 12 mm. long, oblong, beset with hooked prickles, suggesting a cockle-bur. Low ground and waste places, Boreal to Lower Sonoran Zones; British Columbia and Saskatchewan to southern California, Minnesota, Missouri, and Chihuahua. Type locality: on the banks cf the Missouri River, near St. Louis. May-Aug. Glycyrrhiza lepidota var. glutinosa (Nutt.) S. Wats, in Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 144. 1876. Stems, petioles and peduncles glandular-villous, as well as scaly; spikes usually not over half the length of the leaves. This is the more common form on the Pacific slope, especially west of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon and in the Coast Ranges of California, but it extends eastward to Idaho. The type locality is on the Snake River. 21. CORONILLA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 742. 1753. Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers in axillary pedunculate heads or umbels, purple or yellow. Calyx -teeth subequal, the two upper somewhat united. Petals clawed; standard suborbicular ; wings oblong to obliquely obovate; keel beaked, incurved. Sta- mens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Pod terete, angled or compressed, jointed. [Name Greek, diminutive of crown.] An Old World genus of about 25 species. Type species, Coronilla varia L. 614 FABACEAE 1. Coronilla varia L. Coronilla, Axseed. Fig. 2921. Coronilla varia L. Sp. PI. 743. 1753. Perennial, the stems branching, straggling or ascending, glabrous, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile; leaflets 11-25, oblong to obovate, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse and mucronate ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers capitate, 8-12 mm. long, on slender pedicels ; standard pink, wings white, keel purple-tipped; pod linear, 4-angled, the joints 6-8 mm. long. Native of Europe, sparingly naturalized in western Oregon, especially on ballast near Portland. June-July. 22. HEDYSARUM L. Sp. PI. 745. 1753. Perennial herbs or some species shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and persistent stipules. Flowers showy in axillary pedunculate racemes. Calyx bracteolate, its teeth subequal. Standard short-clawed, obovate to orbicular; wings oblong; keel obtuse, ex- ceeding the other petals. Stamens diadelphous. Pod compressed, jointed, its joints orbicu- lar or quadrate, approximate, readily separable. [Name Greek, meaning sweet-broom.] A genus of about 70 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Type species, Hedysarum coronarium L Flowers purple. Pods of 4—7 joints, strigose; calyx-lobes longer than the tube, subulate. 1. H. Mackenzie. Pods of 1-3 joints, glabrous; calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. 2. H. occidentale. Flowers yellow. 3. H. sulphurescens. 1. Hedysarum Mackenzii Richards. Mackenzie's Hedysarum or Sweet-broom. Fig. 2922. Hedysarum Mackenzii Richards, in Frankl. 1st Journ. Bot. App. 745. 1823. Stems 2-5 dm. high, strigose-pubescent or glabrate toward the base. Leaves 10-15 cm. long ; leaflets 7-15, oblong-elliptic, 10-25 mm. long, glabrous above, cinereous-strigulose beneath; calyx rather sparsely strigose-pubescent, the tube 3 mm. long ; teeth subulate, 4-5 mm. long ; corolla purple, 18-20 mm. long; pods rather densely strigulose, 4-7-jointed, the joints 6-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide. Dry slopes usually among shrubs, Canadian Zone; Yukon to Alberta. In the Pacific States known only from the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. Type locality: barren grounds from Point Lake to the Arctic Sea. July-Aug. 2. Hedysarum occidentale Greene. Western Hedysarum or Sweet-broom. Fig. 2923. Hedysarum occidentale Greene, Pittonia 3: 19. 1896. Stems usually several from the woody crown, erect, 3-6 dm. high, striate, glabrous or very sparingly pubescent. Leaves subsessile, 7-15 cm. long; stipules brownish and scarious, the lowest 15-20 cm. long, sheathing, the upper smaller and lanceolate; leaflets 13-21, elliptic to ovate- elliptic, 10-25 mm. long, mucronate, pilose on the midvein and along the margins on the lower surface; racemes well exceeding the leaves, many-flowered; corolla reddish purple, 15-20 mm. long; keel exceeding the other petals; pods of 1-3 joints, these elliptic-obovate, 6-9 mm. wide, reticulate-veined, sparsely strigose. Dry slopes, near timber line. Boreal Zones; Olympic Mountains, Washington. Type locality: Olympic Mountains, Washington. June-Aug. 3. Hedysarum sulphurescens Rydb. Yellow Hedysarum or Sweet-broom. Fig. 2924. Hedysarum flavescens Coult. & Fisher, Bot. Gaz. 18: 300. 1893. Not Regel & Schmalh. 1882. Hedysarum sulphurescens Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 24: 251. 1897. Stems several from the perennial root, erect or ascending, 3-5 dm. high, appressed-pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaflets 11-15, oblong to oval, 1-4 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so, shining; racemes much exceeding the leaves, loosely flowered; calyx strigose, the teeth lanceolate, 1-2 mm. long; corolla about 15 mm. long, sulphur-yellow; pods 2-3- jointed, the joints elliptic- obovate, 6-7 mm. broad, reticulate-veined, glabrous. Open wooded slopes, Boreal Zones; eastern Washington (Okanogan County) and British Columbia to Al- berta, Montana, and Wyoming. Type locality: Helena, Montana. June-Aug. 23. ALHAGI [Tourn.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 328. 1763. Rigid branched shrubs with axillary spines. Leaves simple, small, entire; stipules small. Flowers in axillary racemes, red ; the rachis rigid and spine-tipped ; bracts minute. Calyx turbinate, the teeth short, subequal. Standard obovate, short-clawed ; wings oblong- falcate; keel obtuse, incurved. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile, few- to many-ovuled; style filiform; stigma minute, terminal. Pod linear, compressed or subterete, indehiscent, constricted between the seeds. Seeds reniform. [The Maure- tanian name.] Three species, natives of the eastern Mediterranean region and central and eastern Asia. Type species, Alhagi maurorum Medic. PEA FAMILY 615 1. Alhagi camelorum Fisch. Camel Thorn. Fig. 2925. Alhagi camelorum Fisch. Hort. Gorenk. ed. 2. 72. 1812. Low shrub, 4-8 dm. high, the branches striate, pale green and glabrous, the spines slender, 10-25 mm. long. Leaves linear to elliptic-oblong, 8-15 mm. long, tipped with a recurved apicula- tion, glabrous above, strigose beneath, at least when young, and on the short petiole ; raceme rachis 2-3 cm. long, bearing mostly 4-6 flowers ; pedicels slender, 2-3 mm. long ; calyx 2 mm. long, the teeth broadly triangular, very short ; corolla reddish purple, about 8-9 mm. long ; pod distinctly stipitate, torulose, strongly constricted between the few seeds. Naturalized from Asia Minor; locally established in Fresno, Imperial, and San Diego Counties, California. June-July. 24. VICIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 734. 1753. Herbaceous vines, with pinnate tendril -bearing leaves and conspicuous stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary or racemose, purple or yellowish. Calyx with a somewhat oblique tube and subequal or unequal teeth. Petals clawed; standard obovate to oblong, emarginate; wings oblique-oblong, adherent to the shorter oblong keel. Stamens diadel- phous; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or stipitate; ovules many; style slender with a tuft or ring of hairs at the apex. Pod strongly compressed, dehiscent, 2-valved; seeds subglobose. [Classical Latin name of the Vetch.] About 130 species of wide geographic distribution. Type species, Vicia sativa L. Flowers sessile or on very short peduncles, 1 or 2 in the leaf axils; annuals. Flowers 20-30 mm. long; seeds black, globose. 1. V. sativa. Flowers 10-15 mm. long; seeds brown, somewhat compressed. 2. V. angustifolia. Flowers on more or less elongated peduncles. Corolla 4-7 mm. long; slender annuals. Pod hirsute, 2-seeded; peduncles 2-6-flowered. 3. V. hirsuta. Pod glabrous, several-seeded; peduncles 1- or rarely 2-flowered. Pod 8-12 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, rounded at both ends. 4. V. tetrasperma. Pod 25-30 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, obliquely pointed at both ends. 5. V. exigua. Corolla 10-20 mm. long; perennials except V. villosa. Racemes short, 3-8-flowered. Stems glabrous or nearly so; leaflets strigose or sometimes glabrate above; pods glabrous. 6. V. americana oregana. Stems and leaflets villous-tomentose; pods pubescent. 7. V. calif ornica. Racemes elongated, one-sided, many-flowered. Flowers violet; pod not turning black. Annual or biennial, densely villous with spreading hairs; flowers violet. 8. V. villosa. Perennials, glabrous or appressed-pubescent. 9. V. Cracca. Flowers reddish purple to tawny; plants glabrous; pod and usually whole plant turning black in drying. 10. V. gigantea. 1. Vicia sativa L. Common or Spring Vetch. Tare. Fig. 2926. Vicia sativa L. Sp. PI. 736. 1753. Annual, the stems glabrous or sparingly pubescent, mostly ascending, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 6-10 cm. long; leaflets 8-14, obovate or oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, 12-30 mm. long, truncate or emarginate, mucronate, pilose-pubescent when young, becoming more or less glabrate in age ; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils, sessile or subsessile, violet-purple, 20-25 mm. long ; calyx-teeth equal- ing the tube ; pod linear-oblong, 4-7 cm. long, brown ; seeds slightly compressed. Roadsides and fields; naturalized on the Pacific Coast from Vancouver Island to southern California. Native of Europe. April-Aug. Vicia Faba L. Sp. PI. 737. 1753. Horse Bean. Erect annual, 4-8 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaflets oval to elliptic, 4—6 cm. long, obtuse, mucronate; tendril rudimentary or wanting; flowers in the axils, subsessile, dull white with a large dark purple spot on the wings; pods 5-20 cm. long; seeds large, flat. Native of the Old World, and cultivated since prehistoric times. Becoming naturalized in coastal central and southern California. 2. Vicia angustifolia L. Smaller Common Vetch. Fig. 2927. Vicia angustifolia L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 105. 1759. Vicia sativa var. angustifolia Ser. in DC. Prod. 2: 361. 1825. Annual or winter annual, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, the stems slender, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; leaflets 6-12, narrowly linear to oblong-oblanceolate, acutish to truncate or emarginate, prominently mucronate, 15-25 mm. long, glabrate or sparsely appressed-puberulent ; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils, sessile; calyx -teeth about as long as the tube; corolla violet, 12-18 mm. long ; pod linear-oblong, 4-6 cm. long, black ; seeds globose. Roadsides and fields, naturalized in the Pacific States from Washington to California. Native of Europe. April-July. 3. Vicia hirsuta (L.) Koch. Hairy Vetch or Tare. Fig. 2928. Ervum hirsutum L. Sp. PI. 738. 1753. Vicia Mitchellii Raf. Prec. Decouv. 37. 1814. Vicia hirsuta Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 191. 1837. Annual, the stems slender, 15-60 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 3-5 cm. long; 616 FABACEAE stipules narrowly linear, usually auriculate and sometimes toothed ; leaflets 12-14, narrowly linear to linear-oblong, truncate, often notched, mucronate, sparsely pubescent or glabrous ; peduncles slender, about half the length of the leaves, 2-6-flowered; corolla nearly white with a tinge of pale blue-purple, 3 mm. long ; pod oblong, 6-9 mm. long, hirsute-pubescent, 2-seeded. Roadsides, western Washington and Oregon, naturalized from Europe. June-July. Tine Tare. 4. Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench. Slender Vetch or Tare. Fig. 2929. Ervum tetraspermum L. Sp. PI. 738. 1753. Vicia tetrasperma Moench, Meth. 148. 1794. Annual, nearly or quite glabrous, stems slender, weak, 1 . 5-5 dm. long. Leaves shortypetioled ; stipules linear; leaflets 6—12, linear to linear-oblong, 12-18 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, thin; peduncles filiform, equaling or shorter than the leaves, 1-6-flowered; flowers light purple, 4-6 mm. long ; pod 8-12 mm. long, glabrous, 3-6-seeded. Meadows and roadsides, Humid Transition Zone; Portland and Willamette Valley, Oregon, to Humboldt County, California; naturalized from Europe. May-July. 5. Vicia exigua Nutt. Slender Vetch. Fig. 2930. Vicia exigua Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 272. 1838. Annual, the stems slender, erect or ascending, usually branching below the base, 3-7 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves rather distant, with slender rachis, well prolonged beyond the leaflets ; stipules semisagittate, entire; leaflets 2-4 pairs, linear to narrowly linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, usually rounded at apex but varying from obtuse to rarely emarginate, minutely and very sparsely strigose be- 2916 2918 2915. Oxytropis oreophila 2916. Oxytropis Cusickii 2919 2917. Oxytropis luteola 2918. Oxytropis viscida 2917 2920 2919. Oxytropis deflexa 2920. Glycyrrhiza lepidota PEA FAMILY 617 neath or glabrous; peduncle very slender, 2.5-4 cm. long, 1-flowered or rarely 2-flowered; corolla about 5 mm. long, white or purplish; pod 2.5-3 cm. long, glabrous, several-seeded. Open woods Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; southern Oregon southward through the Coast Ranges to northern Lower California. Type locality: "Upper California." Probably Monterey or Santa Barbara. April- June. Vicia exigua var. Hissei (S. Wats.) Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 296. 1901. (Vicia Hassei S. Wats. Proc Amer. Acad. 25: 129. 1890.) Plants stouter, leaflets hnear-oblong, deeply notched at apex; flower 6-7 mm long Probably only a leaf-form of the species, about the same range as the species but less frequent. An- other leaf-form, more plentiful in southern California and northern Lower California, has very narrowly linear, acute leaflets. 6. Vicia americana subsp. oregana (Nutt.) Abrams. American Vetch. Fig. 2931. Vicia oregana Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 270. 1838. Vicia americana var. oregana A. Nels. in Coult. & Nels. Man. Bot. Rocky Mts. 301. 1909. Perennial, trailing or climbing, 6-10 dm. long, sparsely pubescent. Stipules semisagittate, incisely toothed ; leaflets 8-16, oblong-elliptic to ovate-elliptic, rounded to somewhat emarginate at apex, cuspidate and often with a few low serrations, 15-45 mm. long, thin and sparsely strigose beneath, glabrate above ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; raceme short, 2-7-flowered ; calyx- teeth lanceolate; corolla purple; standard 15-18 mm. long; pod glabrous, 3-4 cm. long. Grassy slopes in open woods, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; British Columbia to southern California, east to Idaho. Type locality: "Plains of the Oregon [Columbia River]." April-June. In the Rocky Mountain region this subspecies intergrades with the eastern Vicia americana Muhl. which is glabrous. Vicia americana var. truncata (Nutt.) Brewer in Brewer & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1: 158. 1876. Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, at least the upper truncate at the apex, the lower often narrower and acute. About the same range as the preceding subspecies, and best considered as a leaf-form of it. Vicia americana var. linearis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 134. 1875. (Vicia linearis Greene, Fl. Fran. 3. 1891.) Leaves all narrowly linear and acute or some of the uppermost truncate or emarginate. About the same range as the two preceding in the Pacific States, and probably only a leaf-form; a pale, more pubescent and stronger-veined form occurring east of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Divide and extending eastward through the Great Basin region is Vicia sparsifolia Nutt. 7. Vicia californica Greene. California Vetch. Fig. 2932. Vicia californica Greene, Fl. Fran. 3. 1891. Vicia pumila Heller, Muhlenbergia 2: 88. 1905. Vicia Durbrowii Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 196. 1905. Perennial, the stems branching from the base, mostly spreading, rather stiff and zigzag, 2-3 dm. long, rarely climbing and taller, finely villous-pubescent. Leaflets 8-12, elliptic to cuneate- obovate, 6-15 mm. long, truncate or blunt, and finely pectinate-denticulate at apex, or rarely simply mucronate, firm, strongly veined and canescent with a rather dense villous tomentum; stipules semisagittate, laciniate-toothed ; racemes 4-8-flowered; corolla deep purple, about 12-15 mm. long ; pods 2.5 cm. long, about 8 mm. wide, pubescent. Dry soils in open coniferous forests, Arid Transition Zone; southern Oregon to southern California. Type locality: Calaveras County, California. April-June. Sierra Vetch. Vicia californica var. madrensis Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 386. 1936. "Leaflets strongly serrate above the base." North Fork, Madera County, California. 8. Vicia villosa Roth. Winter or Woolly Vetch. Fig. 2933. Vicia villosa Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 2: 182. 1789. Annual or biennial, in general habit resembling the preceding species, but villous throughout with spreading, somewhat tangled hairs. Leaflets linear to oblong-linear, obtuse or acute, mucro- nate; racemes one-sided, many-flowered, corolla violet-purple, 15 mm. long; pod broadly oblong, oblique at each end, 4-6-seeded, glabrous. Roadsides and fields, naturalized from Europe; Washington to central California. April-July. Crimson Vetch. 9. Vicia Cracca L. Cow Vetch, Blue Vetch. Fig. 2934. Vicia Cracca L. Sp. PI. 735. 1753. Vicia semicinecta Greene, Erythea 3: 17. 1895. Perennial, finely pubescent or glabrate, the stems slender, climbing or trailing, 5-10 dm. long. Leaves 4-7 cm. long ; stipules narrowly semisagittate, entire ; leaflets 8-24, linear to linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, mucronate, 15-20 mm. long; racemes elongated, one-sided, densely flowered; corolla violet, 9-12 mm. long ; pod glabrous, 18-24 mm. long. Sparingly naturalized in the Pacific States from Washington to northern California, also in the Rocky Mountain and eastern states. Native of Eurasia. June-Aug. Bird Vetch. 10. Vicia gigantea Hook. Giant Vetch. Fig. 2935. Vicia gigantea Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 157. 1839. Perennial, the stems stout, somewhat fistulous, sparingly pubescent, ascending or climbing, 6-10 dm. high, the whole plant turning dark when drying. Leaves 10-12 cm. long, leaflets ap- proximate, 9-13 pairs, narrowly-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, rounded or obtuse at apex, 15-35 618 FABACEAE mm long sparsely strigose on both surfaces ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; raceme densely flowered, 'one-sided; flowers reddish purple, about 12 mm. long; pod oblong, 3-4 cm. long, several-seeded; seeds globose, black. Borders of swamps and streams near the coast, Humid Transition and Canadian Zones; southern Alaska to Monterey County, California, extending inland to the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Type locality: open woods on the Columbia River. March-July. Vicia disperma DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 154. 1813. Annual, somewhat pilose with 8-10 pairs of linear- oblong mucronate leaflets; peduncles 2-3-flowered, shorter than the leaves; flowers minute; calyx-lobes lanceo- late-subulate, about equaling the corolla; pod oblong, 2-seeded. Native of southern Europe, locally introduced at Berkeley, California. Vicia pannonica Crantz, Stirp. Aust. ed. 2. 393. , 1769. Hungarian Vetch. Annual, with reclining or climbing stems, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves with very short petioles; stipules small; leaflets 8-16, linear to oblong, ong- villous especially when young; peduncles very short, 2-4-flowered; flowers yellowish white, 15-18 mm. long. Introduced from Europe and becoming established in several places in Willamette Valley, Oregon, and Sonoma County, California. 25. LATHYRUS L. Sp. PI. 729. 1753. Annual or mostly perennial, herbaceous vines or rarely erect herbs. Leaves pinnate, the rachis usually produced into a tendril. Flowers in axillary racemes or sometimes solitary. Calyx obliquely campanulate or gibbous at the base, its teeth nearly equal, or the upper shorter. Corolla nearly as in Vicia but commonly larger, and proportionately shorter for its breadth. Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous below. Style curved, flat- tened, hairy along the inner side. Pod flat or sometimes terete, 2-valved. [Ancient Greek name of some leguminous plant.] About 100 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and South America. Type species, Lathyrus syl- vestris L. Leaflets none; the stipules large, simulating a pair of large opposite cordate leaves. 1. L. Apliaca. Leaflets present. Leaflets a single pair. Annual; flowers 1 or 2 on the peduncle, 8-10 mm. long. 2. L. pusillus. Perennial; stems strongly winged; flowers several on the peduncle, 2 mm. long. 3. L. latifolius. Leaflets more than 1 pair. Tendrils reduced and bristle-like, sometimes wanting, or sometimes once forked in Nuttallii. Plants densely silky-villous. 4. L. littoralis. Plants not densely silky-villous. Flower solitary (rarely 2) on a short slender pedicel-like peduncle. 5. L. Torreyi. Flowers in 2- to several-flowered racemes. Leaflets linear-lanceolate, longer than the leaf-rachis. Flowers 15-20 mm. long, white. 6. L. Cusickii. Flowers 10 mm. long, purple. 7. L. bijugatus. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate to obovate, shorter than the rachis. Flowers purple. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous; tendrils rudimentary. 8. L. rigidus. Leaflets ovate, thin, thinly pubescent; tendrils simple or sometimes forked. 10. L. Nuttallii. Flowers white or yellowish. 9. L. nevadensis. Tendrils well developed and usually forked. Stems prominently winged on two of the angles. Stems slender; leaflets 2-3 pairs; peduncles 2-6-flowered. 12. L. palustris. Stems stout; leaflets 4-6 pairs; peduncles 6-15-flowered. Plants puberulent. 13- L. Watsonii. Plants glabrous. 14. L. Jepsonii. Stems merely angled, or the angles rarely narrowly margined. Plants glabrous. Flowers cream-yellow, fading brownish yellow, 10-12 mm. long. 15. L. sulphureus. Flowers more or less violet-purple. Stipules large, over half the size of the adjacent leaflets. Stipules as large as the leaflets. 16. L. maritimus. Stipules about half as large as the leaflets. 17. L. polyphyllus. Stipules narrow, thin, half the size of the adjacent leaflets. Flowers 20-25 mm. long. 18. L. pauciftorus. Flowers 12-15 mm. long. 19. L. Schaffneri. Plants more or less pubescent. Corolla 10-12 mm. long; leaflets linear or linear-lanceolate. 11. L. Lanszwertii. Corolla 15 mm. or more in length. Corolla 15-18 mm. long; lower calyx-lobes usually well exceeding the tube, lanceolate. Leaves and calyx more or less densely tomentose-pubescent; racemes shorter than the leaves. 20. L. vestitus. Leaves and calyx glabrous or essentially so; racemes often longer than the leaves, many-flowered. 21. L. Bolanderi. Corolla 20-35 mm. long; lower calyx-lobes narrowly subulate, shorter than or about equaling the tube. Standard not strongly reflexed. Flowers cream or flesh-colored, 20 mm. long. 22. L. laetiflorus. Flowers rose-colored, 20-25 mm. long. 23. L. Alefeldii. Standard strongly reflexed and lying back on the base of the flower; petals all deep red. 24. L. splendens. PEA FAMILY 619 1. Lathyrus Aphaca L. Yellow Vetchling. Fig. 2936. Lathyrus Aphaca L. Sp. PI. 729. 1753. Annual, with slender twining stems, 2-8 dm. high, glabrous throughout. Stipules large, simulating simple opposite leaves, broadly sagittate-cordate, 1-3 cm. long ; leaflets none ; tendril simple, usually exceeding the stipules ; peduncles slender, about as long as the tendrils, 1-flowered or rarely 2-flowered ; flowers 6-9 mm. long, yellow ; pods flat, 20-25 mm. long, 4-7-seeded. Roadsides and waste places; naturalized from Europe and becoming established about the principal cities in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, also in Napa County, California. April-June. 2. Lathyrus pusillus Ell. Low Vetchling. Fig. 2937. Lathyrus pusillus Ell. Bot. S.C. & Ga. 2: 223. 1823. Annual, glabrous, stems slender, narrowly winged, 3-6 dm. high. Leaflets 2, linear or nar- rowly oblong, 1-5 cm. long; tendril simple or branched; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, usually 1-2-flowered; flowers 8-10 mm. long, purple; pod linear, 2-4 cm. long, glabrous. Native of the eastern and southeastern United States; locally established in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. April-May. 3. Lathyrus latifolius L. Everlasting Pea. Fig. 2938. Lathyrus latifolius L. Sp. PI. 733. 1753. Perennial, glabrous; stems stout, winged, climbing, 1-2 m. high. Stipules lanceolate, often 2.5 cm. long; petioles winged, 2-3 cm. long; leaflets 2, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long ; peduncles longer than the leaves, many-flowered ; flowers purple or white, 20-25 mm. long. Occasionally appearing as an escape from gardens in western Oregon and northern California. Native of Europe. May-July. Lathyrus hirsutus L. Sp. PI. 732. 1753. Rough Pea. Annual, the nascent parts somewhat hairy; stems branching from the base, 6 dm. or more high, strongly winged on the angles. Stipules narrowly linear-lanceolate, 10-15 mm. long; leaflets 2, linear-lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long; tendrils well-developed, branched; peduncles longer than the leaves, 1-2-flowered; corolla red, about 7 mm. long; pod flat, villous-hirsute. Locally established in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Native of Europe. Lathyrus tingitanus L. loc. cit. Tangier Pea. Glabrous annual, with stout winged stems, 1-1.5 m. high. Leaflets 2, linear to narrowly lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, strongly veined; peduncles commonly 2-flowered; flowers about 25 mm. long, deep red-purple. Escaped from gardens and becoming locally established in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Native of the western Mediterranean region. Lathyrus odoratus L. loc. cit. Sweet Pea. Stems rough-hairy, winged. Leaflets 2, oval or oblong; peduncles much longer than the leaves, 2-4-flowered; flowers showy, variable in color, very fragrant. Escaped from gardens and locally established in California. Native of Italy. 4. Lathyrus littoralis (Nutt.) Endl. Silky Beach Pea. Fig. 2939. Astrophia littoralis Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 278. 1838. Lathyrus littoralis Endl. ex Walp. Rep. 1 : 722. 1842. Orobus littoralis A. Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 4: 58. 1856. Perennial, densely silky-villous throughout, stems several, stout, decumbent, 2-6 dm. long. Leaflets 2-10, oblanceolate, 5-20 mm. long; stipules ovate, much larger than the leaflets; tendril rudimentary or none ; peduncles 4-9 cm. long, surpassing the leaves ; flowers 4-10, purple or white, about 2 cm. long ; calyx-teeth lanceolate ; pods 3 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, densely villous. Sand dunes and beaches along the coast, Canadian and Transition Zones; Washington to central California. Type locality: sand hills of the estuary of the Oregon. April-June. 5. Lathyrus Torreyi A. Gray. Torrey's or Redwood Pea. Fig. 2940. Lathyrus Torreyi A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 337. 1867. Lathyrus Torreyi var. tenellus Wiegand, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 135. 1899. Perennial, minutely villous, the stems slender, branching from slender creeping rootstocks, erect, 1-4 dm. high. Leaflets 8-14, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, mucronate, 8-15 mm. long, rather thin, paler beneath; stipules small, semisagittate, lanceolate-subulate, entire; tendrils reduced to a short bristle-like prolongation; peduncles very slender, 8-40 mm. long, 1-2-flowered ; calyx-teeth very unequal, the lower three subulate and longer than the tube ; corolla 15 mm. long, the standard bluish purple, the other petals nearly white; pods 15-20 mm. long, pubescent. Open woods, mainly Transition Zones; western Washington to the Coast Ranges of central California. Type locality: Mendocino or southern part of Humboldt County, California. April-July. 6. Lathyrus Cusickii S. Wats. Cusick's Pea. Fig. 2941. Lathyrus Cusickii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 371. 1882. Perennial, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, the stems slender, erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. high. Leaflets 4-6, linear-lanceolate to narrowly linear, 3-6 cm. long ; stipules semisagittate, narrowly lanceolate, 10-15 mm. long; tendrils none; peduncles slender, about as long as the leaves, 2-3- flowered ; flowers about 2 cm. long, white ; pods 4-5 cm. long. Open coniferous forests and dry mountain slopes, Canadian Zone; Blue Mountains, Oregon. Type locality: "On dry mountain slopes, Union County, Oregon." May-June. 7. Lathyrus bijugatus White. Latah Pea. Fig. 2942. Lathyrus bijugatus White, Bull. Torrey Club 21 : 457. 1894. Perennial, glabrous, the stems erect, slender, branching from the base, 1-3 dm. high. Leaflets usually 2-4, oblong to elliptic, acute, 2-4 cm. long ; tendrils reduced to a minute bristle ; stipules 620 FABACEAE 2924 2926 2927 2928 2929 2921. Coronilla varia 2922. Hedysarum Mackenzii 2923. Hedysarum occidentale 2924. Hedysarum sulphurescens 2925. Alhagi camelorum 2926. Vicia sativa 2927. Vicia angustifolia 2928. Vicia hirsuta 2929. Vicia tetrasperma PEA FAMILY 621 2930 2931 2933 2936 2937 2930. Vicia exigua 2931. Vicia americana 2932. Vicia californica 2933. Vicia villosa 2934. Vicia Cracca 2935. Vicia gigantea 2936. Lathyrus Aphaca 2937. Lathyrus pusillus 2938. Lathyrus latifolius 622 FABACEAE small, semisagittate, lanceolate-subulate; peduncles slender, about half as long as the leaves, 2-3-flowered; flowers purple, 10 mm. long; calyx-teeth deltoid, scarcely 2 mm. long; pods 3-4 cm. long. Stony hillsides, Arid Transition Zone; Whitman County, Washington, and adjacent Idaho. Type locality: Latah County, Idaho. May-July. Lathyrus bijugatus var. Sandbergii White, loc. cit. This is merely a form of the species with linear or linear-lanceolate leaflets. It grows in similar situations and has about the same range. 8. Lathyrus rigidus White. Rigid Pea. Fig. 2943. Lathyrus albus S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 442. 1880. Not Kittel. Lathyrus rigidus White, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 45S. 1894. Perennial, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, the stems stout, several to many from a woody rootstock, erect or the base decumbent, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaflets 6-10, oblong-lanceolate to ob- lanceolate, cuspidate, 1-2 cm. long, rigid and strongly veined; tendrils none or rudimentary; stipules semisagittate, as large as the leaflets; peduncles usually a little longer than the leaves, 1-3-flowered; flowers white, 15-20 mm. long; calyx-teeth narrowly-lanceolate to deltoid, shorter than the tube ; pod glabrous, 30-35 mm. long ; seeds usually 3. Dry hillsides, Arid Transition Zone; Blue Mountains, eastern Oregon, south to Modoc County, California. Type locality: Union County, Oregon. April-June. 9. Lathyrus nevadensis S. Wats. Sierra Nevada Pea. Fig. 2944. Lathyrus venosus var. obovatus Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4: 77. 1857. Lathyrus nevadensis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 133. 1876. Vicia nana Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 7: 89. 1876. Lathyrus obovatus White, Bull. Torrey Club 21 : 455. 1894. Perennial, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, the stems erect, slender or rather stout, often branched, 1-5 dm. high. Leaflets 4-8, ovate to ovate-oblong, or especially those of the lower leaves often obovate, 1-3 cm. long, rather thin ; stipules small, semisagittate, lanceolate-subulate ; tendril a short bristle; peduncles usually a little exceeding the leaves, 2-4-flowered; calyx gla- brous or sparingly pubescent, the longer lower teeth shorter than the tube ; corolla about 20 mm. long, bluish purple, or the wings and keel somewhat ochroleucous ; pods glabrous. Open coniferous forests, Arid Transition Zone; Wallowa and Blue Mountains, Oregon, south to the central Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Sierra Nevada, Calaveras County, California. March-June. Lathyrus nevadensis subsp. stipulaceus (White) Bradshaw, Bot. Gaz. 80: 244. 1925. (L. obovatus var. stipulaceus White, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 455. 1894.) Stipules larger, broadly lanceolate, the lower segment often toothed, tendrils often 15-20 mm. long; peduncles usually with more flowers. Eastern Washington and adjacent Idaho. Type locality: between Colville and Spokane, Washington. 10. Lathyrus Nuttallii S. Wats. Nuttall's Pea. Fig. 2945. Lathyrus pubescens Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 274, as a synonym. 1838. Not Hook. & Arn. Lathyrus Nuttallii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 450. 1886. Lathyrus lanceolatus Howell, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 158. 1898. Perennial, sparingly pubescent, the stems slender, 4-9 dm. high, ascending or erect, branch- ing. Leaflets 6-14, commonly 8, narrowly to broadly elliptic, acute, 2-5 cm. long ; stipules small, semisagittate, lanceolate-subulate, entire; tendrils well-developed, slender, simple or divided; peduncles about as long as the leaves, 5-7-flowered; calyx pubescent, the longer lower teeth lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla 15 mm. long, the standard bluish purple, the other petals whitish ; pods pubescent, narrow, about 3 . 5 cm. long. In open woods, Humid Transition Zone; Vancouver Island and western Washington south to northern Cali- fornia and Klamath County, Oregon. Type locality: probably along the lower Columbia River. May-July. 11. Lathyrus Lanszwertii Kell. Nevada Pea. Fig. 2946. Lathyrus Lanszwertii Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 2: 150. fig. 44. 1863. Lathyrus coriaceus White, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 452. 1894. Lathyrus oregonensis White, Bull. Torrey Club 21 : 456. 1894. Lathyrus Goldsteiniae Eastw. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 197. 1905. Perennial, sparingly puberulent throughout, the stems rather stout and somewhat climbing, 2-6 dm. high, little or not at all branched. Leaflets 6-12, linear-lanceolate to linear-elliptic, acute or obtuse, firm and coriaceous, strongly veined, 3-5 cm. long; stipules semisagittate, 10-15 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate ; tendrils well-developed, forked ; peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 4-10-flowered; calyx-teeth unequal., the lower triangular-lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla 15 mm. long, the standard bluish purple, the wings often purple-tinged; pod slender, 3 cm. long, glabrous. Moist ground and thickets, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Washington to western Nevada and the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: Wasco, Nevada. May-July. Lathyrus Lanszwertii subsp. aridus (Piper) Bradshaw, Bot. Gaz. 80: 247. 1925. (L. coriaceus subsp. aridus Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31: 190. 1918.) Leaflets 6 or 8, very rarely only 4, narrowly linear-lanceo- late, 4-7 cm. long; tendrils usually simple; corolla about 10 mm. long. Open forest, Arid Transition Zone; Klicki- tat County, eastern Washington, to the central Sierra Nevada, California. Sierran forms of this have erroneously been referred to Lathyrus graminifolius S. Wats. 12. Lathyrus palustris L. Marsh Pea or Vetchling. Fig. 2947. Lathyrus palustris L. Sp. PI. 733. 1753. Perennial, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; stems angled and usually winged, slender, 3-8 PEA FAMILY 623 dm. long-. Leaflets 2-3 pairs, linear-lanceolate to oblong, 2-3 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, acute or obtuse, mucronate; stipules semisagittate, linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 10-15 mm. long; tendrils simple or commonly forked ; peduncles about as long as the leaves, 2-6-flowered ; lower calyx-teeth about equaling the tube; corolla purple, 10-14 mm. long; pod glabrous, 3.5-5 cm. long, 6 mm. wide. Moist or wet ground, mainly Boreal Zones; Alaska to northwestern California, along the coast; also along the northern Atlantic coast, and in Eurasia. Type locality: northern Europe. June-Aug. 13. Lathyrus Watsonii White. Watson's or Buff Pea. Fig. 2948. Lathyrus vcnosus var. californicus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11 : 133. 1876. Lathyrus californicus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 363. 1885. Not Dougl. 1828. Lathyrus Watsonii White, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 447. 1894. Perennial, rather minutely tomentose, the stems stout, 1-2 m. high, frequently branching, prominently winged on two of the angles. Leaflets ovate to linear-lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, ob- tuse or acute, prominently veined, and rather firm ; stipules not half the length of the leaflets, commonly toothed at the base, but sometimes narrower and entire ; peduncles equaling or exceed- ing the leaves, 6-15-flowered ; calyx tomentose, sometimes sparsely so, the lower teeth longer than the tube ; corolla 18-20 mm. long, white, with rose-purple veins ; pods 4-7 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, veiny, glabrous. Usually along watercourses, Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones; California, Shasta County to Monterey and Madera Counties. Type locality : Sonoma County. April-June. 14. Lathyrus Jepsonii Greene. Jepson's or Tule Pea. Fig. 2949. Lathyrus Jepsonii Greene, Pittonia 2: 158. 1890. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, the stems stout, 15-30 dm. high, prominently winged on two of the angles. Leaflets 8-12, linear-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, acute, prominently veined and coria- ceous ; tendrils stout, well-developed and divided ; stipules semisagittate, entire or toothed toward the base, usually less than half the length of the leaflets; peduncles stout, about equaling the leaves, 6-15-flowered; calyx glabrous or puberulent, the lower teeth equaling the tube; corolla 18-20 mm. long, rose-purple; pod 6-7 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, glabrous, 12-16-seeded. Low marsh lands, Upper Sonoran Zone; Suisun marshes and the delta islands on the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, California. Type locality: Suisun marshes. May-June. 15. Lathyrus sulphureus Brewer. Brewer's or Snub Pea. Fig. 2950. Lathyrus sulphureus Brewer ex A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 399. 1867. Lathyrus ochropetalus subsp. holochlorus Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31: 190. 1918. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so. the stems sharply angled or inconspicuously winged, rather slender, 5—10 dm. long. Leaflets 6-12, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, light green on both sur- faces, coriaceous ; tendrils well-developed ; stipules broad, half as long as the leaflets ; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves, 6-20-flowered ; calyx glabrous, the lower teeth longer than the tube, the upper two very short, triangular ; corolla 10-12 mm. long, cream-white turning yellow- ish brown, the standard with rose-colored veins ; pods 6 cm. long, glabrous, 6-7-seeded. Open places on hillsides. Transition Zones; western Washington to the North Coast Ranees and the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Type locality: "In woods along foothills of the Sierra Nevada," California. April-June. Lathyrus sulphureus var. argillaceus Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 393. 1936. Herbage distinctly strigose; corolla 14-15 mm. long; otherwise much as in the typical species. Tehama and Shasta Counties, California. Type locality: Rosewood, Tehama County. 16. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigelow. Beach or Sand Pea. Fig. 2951. Pisum maritimum L. Sp. PI. 727. 1753. Lathyrus maritimus Bigelow, Fl. Bost. ed. 2. 268. 1824. Lathyrus californicus Dougl. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. 14: pi. 1144. 1828. Lathyrus pisiformis Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 158. 1834. Perennial, glabrous or very sparingly pubescent, slightly glaucous, the stems stout,, decumbent, 25-90 cm. long, angled. Leaflets 8-12, oblong to ovate, acute or obtuse, 1-5 cm. long, rather fleshy; tendrils mostly simple; stipules often nearly as large as the adjacent leaflets, peduncle about equaling the leaves, 6-10-flowered; calyx-teeth unequal, the upper as long as the tube, the three lower longer than the tube ;_ corolla purple, or the keel and wing petals partly white, 20-25 mm. long ; pod 4-5 cm. long, sparingly pubescent, 6-8-seeded. Beach and dune sands along the coast, Boreal Zones; Alaska to Humboldt County, California; also north- eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. Type locality: northern Europe. May-July. The American plants are considered by some as L. maritimus var. glaber (Ser.) Eames, Rhodora 11 : 95. 1909. 17. Lathyrus polyphyllus Nutt. Many-leaved or Oregon Pea. Fig. 2952. Lathyrus polyphyllus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1 : 274. 1838. Perennial, glabrous, the_ stems stout, angled, erect and climbing, 7-10 dm. high. Leaflets 10- 20, petiolulate, oblong-elliptic to ovate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse, rather thin, paler beneath ; tendrils small, branched ; stipules broad, nearly as large as the leaflets, more or less dentate ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 5-10-flowered ; calyx-teeth ciliate on the margins, the lower subulate, shorter than the tube; corolla purple, 15-18 mm. long; pods 4-6 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide. Coniferous forests, Humid Transition Zone; British Columbia south along the Pacific slope to the North Coast Ranges, California. Type locality : "Forests of the Oregon toward the sea." May-June. 624 FABACEAE 2939 2941 2942 2943 2945 2946 2939. Lathyrus littoralis 2940. Lathyrus Torreyi 2941. Lathyrus Cusickii 2942. Lathyrus bijugatus 2943. Lathyrus rigidus 2944. Lathyrus nevadensis 2945. Lathyrus Nuttallii 2946. Lathyrus Lanszwertii 2947. Lathyrus palustris PEA FAMILY 625 2951 2952 2953 2948. Lathyrus Watsonii 2949. Lathyrus Jepsonii 2950. Lathyrus sulphureus 2951. Lathyrus maritimus 2952. Lathyrus polyphyllus 2953. Lathyrus pauciflorus 2954. Lathyrus Schaffneri 2955. Lathyrus vestitus 2956. Lathyrus Bolanderi 626 FABACEAE 18. Lathyrus paucifldrus Fernald. Few-flowered or Brush Pea. Fig. 2953. Lathyrus pauciflorus Fernald, Bot. Gaz. 19: 335. 1894. Lathyrus Bradfeldianus A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 54: 411. 1912. Perennial, glabrous throughout, 6-9 dm. high, the stems angled, rather stout. Leaflets 6-12, oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute, 2-4 cm. long, prominently veined ; stipules about half as large as the adjacent leaflets, entire or dentate on the lower auricle; tendrils simple or branched ; peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves, 3-7-flowered ; calyx-teeth sparsely pubes- cent, the lower about as long as the tube ; corolla 20-24 mm. long, violet ; pods narrow, 3-5 cm. long, glabrous. Open woods, Humid and Arid Transition Zones; Vancouver Island to western Oregon, east to Idaho. Type locality : Almota, Washington. April-June. Lathyrus pauciflorus subsp. utahensis (M. E. Jones) Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31: 194. 1918. Leaflets oval to ovate, obtuse. Eastern Washington and eastern Oregon to Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. Lathyrus pauciflorus subsp. tenuior Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 378. 1906. Leaflets linear-lan- ceolate, 3-6 cm. long; stipules nearly as wide as the leaves, but not half as long. Eastern Washington and Idaho. 19. Lathyrus Schaffneri Rydb. Schaffner's Pea. Fig. 2954. Lathyrus parvifolius S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 345. 1882. Not Roth. Lathyrus Schaffneri Rydb. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 258. 1900. Lathyrus ecirrhosus Heller, Muhlenbergia 1 : 54. 1904. Lathyrus pauciflorus subsp. Schaffneri Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31: 194. 1918. Perennial, glabrous, the stems rather stout, angled, erect or decumbent, 2-6 dm. long. Leaf- lets 8-16, oval or elliptic, or sometimes narrowly elliptic, 1-3 cm. long, thick and prominently nerved ; peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves, 6-12-flowered ; calyx-teeth glabrous or sparingly pubescent on the margins, the lower shorter than the tube ; corolla about 12-15 mm. long, violet- purple, or the wings and keel yellowish toward the base ; pod 25-35 mm. long, glabrous. Open coniferous forests, Arid Transition Zone; eastern Oregon south to the North Coast Ranges, the Sierra Nevada and Tehachapi Mountains, California, east to Utah, and northern Mexico. Type locality: San Miguelito Mountains, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. April-June. 20. Lathyrus vestitus Nutt. Common Pacific Pea. Fig. 2955. Lathyrus vestitus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, N. Amer. Fl. 1 : 276. 1838. Lathyrus puberulus White ex Greene, Man. Bay. Reg. 85. 1894. Lathyrus quercetorum Heller, Muhlenbergia 2: 290. 1907. Perennial, low and herbaceous or often 1-3 m. high, climbing over shrubs, woody at base, more or less pubescent with somewhat appressed kinky hairs. Leaflets 8-14, ovate-oblong to linear, cuspidate, rather firm, 15-30 mm. long, stipules semisagittate, less than half the size of the leaflets, entire or few-toothed on the lower lobe; peduncles about equaling the leaves., 4-12- flowered; calyx pubescent, the lower teeth lanceolate, equaling the tube; corolla 15 mm. long, standard purple-veined, the petals otherwise white ; pod 4-6 cm. long, appressed-pubescent. Growing on open grassy slopes, or among shrubs, Upper Sonoran and Humid Transition Zones; western Oregon to the Coast Ranges of central California. Type locality: "Plains of the Oregon [Columbia River] toward the sea." Feb.-June. Lathyrus vestitus subsp. violaceus (Greene) Abrams. (Lathyrus violaceus Greene, Erythea 1: 105. 1893.) Closely resembling the typical species in general habit, pubescence, and size and shape of petals and calyx-lobes, distinguished only by the violet-purple standard petals. In recent California manuals it has been confused with L. Alfeldii White (L. strictus Nutt.), but that has larger flowers, with very different shaped keel-petals and dif- ferent calyx-lobes. California Coast Ranges from Monterey to Los Angeles County. Lathyrus violaceus var. barbarae White is a narrow-leaved form of this subspecies. 21. Lathyrus Bolanderi S. Wats. Bolander's Pea. Fig. 2956. Lathyrus Bolanderi S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 363. 1885. Perennial, the stems stout, often with a narrow winged margin on the angles, 6-10 dm. high, erect or climbing. Leaflets 8-12, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, prominently mucronu- late, rather thin, paler beneath; tendrils slender, usually with several forks; stipules about half the size of the leaflets, usually toothed below; peduncles as long as or sometimes well exceed- ing the leaves, usually many-flowered ; calyx glabrous to rarely sparsely pubescent, the lowest lobe usually exceeding the tube, lateral lobes lanceolate, about equaling the tube ; corolla purple or nearly white and purple-veined, 15 mm. long; pods 4 cm. long, glabrous or sometimes with minute brownish glands. Hillsides and open woods, mainly Humid Transition Zone; Coast Ranges of southern Oregon to central California. Type locality: "Oakland Hills, Oakland, California." April-June. 22. Lathyrus laetiflorus Greene. San Gabriel or Canyon Pea. Fig. 2957. Lathyrus laetiflorus Greene, Erythea 1: 105. 1893. Perennial, puberulent or rarely glabrous, the stems stout, climbing, 1-3 m. high, branching. Leaflets 6-12, oblong to ovate, obtuse or acute, 1-5 cm. long, firm and coriaceous, veiny; tendrils well developed, divided; stipules small, not half the size of the adjoining leaflet, commonly toothed; peduncles stout, frequently twice the length of the leaves, 5-1 2- flowered ; calyx-teeth very unequal, the upper triangular, the two lateral lanceolate-subulate, scarcely equaling the KRAMERIA FAMILY 627 tube, the lowest one narrowly subulate, longer than the tube ; corolla 2 cm. long, cream or faintly flesh-colored, the banner rose- veined ; pods 4-5 cm. long, many-seeded. Growing over bushes, Upper Sonoran Zone; southern California in the cismontane region from the Santa Monica to the San Jacinto Mountains. April-May. 23. Lathyrus Alefeldii White. San Diego Pea. Fig. 2958. Lathyrus strictus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 276. 1838. Not Grauer, 1784. Lathyrus Alefeldii White, Bull. Torrey Club 21 : 449. 1894. Perennial, sparingly puberulent with somewhat kinky hair, the stems ribbed on the angles, rather stout, often climbing, 1-2 m. high. Leaflets 6-10, usually alternating, linear-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, acute or obtuse, 1-4 cm. long, firm-coriaceous, and veiny; peduncles stout, usually well surpassing the leaves, 6-10-flowered ; pedicels 8-10 mm. long ; calyx pubescent, the upper lobes short-triangular, the two lateral lanceolate-subulate, and the lowest one narrowly subulate, shorter than the tube ; corolla rose-purple to rose-red, 20-25 mm. long, the banner broadly ob- cordate, nearly as broad as long. On chaparral slopes, Upper Sonoran Zone; western Riverside and Orange Counties, California, south to northern Lower California; also on San Clemente and Santa Catalina Islands. Type locality: San Diego, Cali- fornia. March-May. 24. Lathyrus splendens Kell. Campo Pea. Fig. 2959. Lathyrus splendens Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 7: 90. 1876. Perennial, the stems merely angled, climbing, 1-2 m. high. Leaflets 6-8, elliptic-ovate to linear-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, veiny and coriaceous, pale green on both surfaces ; tendrils well developed, divided; stipules scarcely half the length of the leaflets, rather narrow and entire or sometimes toothed toward the base; peduncles stout, usually well exceeding the leaves, 4-12- flowered ; calyx-teeth thinly pubescent, the lower lobes narrowly lanceolate, shorter than the tube ; corolla deep red, 25-35 mm. long ; the standard strongly reflexed ; pod glabrous, 6-7 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, 12-16-seeded. Hillsides, Upper Sonoran Zone; San Diego County, California, south to northern Lower California. Type locality: southern California. April-June. Family 70. KRAMERIACEAE. Krameria Family. Shrubs or perennial herbs, with alternate, simple and entire or rarely 3-foliolate leaves. Flowers irregular, rather large, commonly purple, axillary or racemose. Peduncles usually bearing 2 opposite foliaceous bracts. Calyx of 4 or 5 unequal sepals. Petals 5, unequal, the three upper ones long-clawed, distinct or partly united, the 2 lower much smaller, sessile, rather thick and fleshy. Stamens 4, free or borne on the claws of the upper petals ; anthers 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore. Style slender, elongated, acute. Ovary 1 -celled ; ovules 2, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit globose, indehiscent, spiny, 1-seeded. Seeds without endosperm ; embryo with thick cotyledons. The family comprises the single genus, Krameria, and about 20 species. 1. KRAMERIA [Loefl.] L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 177. 1762. [Name in honor of J. G. H. Kramer, xA.ustrian botanist and physician of the 18th century.] An American genus of about 20 species. Type species, Krameria Ixina L. Claws of the upper petals distinct; spines of the fruit barbed only at apex. 1. K. Grayi. Claws of the upper petals united; spines of the fruit barbed along their sides or barbless. Peduncles and outer sepals stipitate-glandular. 2. K. glandulosa. Peduncles and sepals not glandular. 3. K. imparata. 1. Krameria Grayi Rose & Painter. White Ratany. Fig. 2960. Krameria canescens A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1: 42. 1852. Not Willd. 1825. Krameria Grayi Rose & Painter, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 10: 108. 1906. Low much branched spinescent shrub, 3-6 dm. high, the twigs densely canescent with a short appressed pubescence. Leaves linear, 8-20 mm. long, mostly 1.5-2 mm. wide, acute or acuminate at apex, narrowed below to the sessile base, densely canescent; peduncles solitary in the axils, 15-25 mm. long, bearing two foliaceous bracts above the middle; sepals 8-10 mm. long, canescent without, nearly glabrous and purplish within ; upper petals distinct, spatulate, 4-5 mm. long ; lower petals much shorter, cuneate-obovate, truncate or emarginate ; fruit 5-7 mm. in diameter, densely canescent ; prickles armed at apex with 2-4 rather prominent retrorse barbs. Dry rocky ridges, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave Desert, southern California, eastward to southern Nevada and western Texas, south to Lower California and northern Mexico. Type locality: prairies, near Pecos, Texas. April-May. 628 KRAMERIACEAE 2. Krameria glandulosa Rose & Painter. Glandular Ratany. Fig. 2961. Krameria glandulosa Rose & Painter, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 10: 108. 1906. Krameria parvifolia var. glandulosa J. F. Macbride, Contr. Gray Herb. No. 56: 52. 1918. Low much branched shrub resembling the preceding species in general habit, young twigs and peduncles somewhat less canescent and beset with stipitate glands. Leaves very narrowly linear to almost subulate, mostly less than 1 mm. wide, 5-10 mm. long, canescent ; calyx rather sparsely canescent; upper petals united below, the middle lobe oblong, the lateral obliquely ovate, the lower cuneate-obovate, about 3 mm. long ; body of the fruit 6-7 mm. broad, rather densely canescent, the slender prickles with a few inconspicuous barbs along the sides below the naked apex. Rocky ridges and slopes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave and Colorado Deserts, California, east to southern Nevada and western Texas. Type locality: El Paso, Texas. April-June. Heart-nut. 3. Krameria imparata (J. F. Macbride) Britt. Pima Ratany. Fig. 2962. Krameria parvifolia var. imparata J. F. Macbride. Contr. Gray Herb. No. 56: 52. 1918. Krameria imparata Britt. N. Araer. Fl. 23: 199. 1930. Closely resembling the preceding species, but more densely sericeous and not glandular. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, acute or obtuse, 2-12 mm. long; peduncles 15 mm. long or less ; sepals sericeous, 6-11 mm. long; upper petals united below, 4 mm. long, the middle lobe oblong, the lateral obliquely ovate; lower petals cuneate-obovate, truncate, 2.5 mm. long; stamens united to the claw of the petals; body of the fruit densely strigose, the prickles barbed on the sides below the apex to about the middle. Rocky desert ridges and slopes, Lower Sonoran Zone; Mojave Desert, southern California, to southern Nevada, south to Sonora and Lower California. Type locality: Mountain Springs, California. March-May. 2957 2958 2959 2960 2957. Lathyrus laetiflorus 2958. Lathyrus Alefeldii 2961 2959. Lathyrus splendens 2960. Krameria Grayi 2962 2961. Krameria glandulosa 2962. Krameria imparata APPENDIX New Species, Subspecies, and Varieties from the Pacific States Described in 1938-1943 The manuscript for this volume was closed and submitted to the printers in 1938 and has been in type since 1939 and early 1940. Since then a number of species, subspecies, and varieties have been described. Without attempting to evaluate these new proposals we are appending a biblio- graphical list including the type localities. POLYGONACEAE Chonzanthe Thurberi var. macrotheca J. T. Howell, Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 205. 1943. Alcalde, Monterey County, California. Chorizanthe ventricosa Goodman, op. cit. 2: 193. fig. 1, 2. 1939. Between San Lucas and Priest Valley, Mon- terey County, California. Eriogonum caespitosum subsp. Douglasii var. sublineare Stokes, op. cit. 2: 72. 1938. Ellensburg, Kittitas County, Washington. Eriogonum effusum var. limbatum Stokes, op. cit. 3: 15. 1941. Pinyon Mesa, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County, California. Eriogonum fulvum Stokes, op. cit. 3: 200. 1943. Bickleton, Klickitat County, Washington. Eriogonum Gilmani Stokes, op. cit. 3: 16. 1941. Pinyon Mesa, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County, California. Eriogonum Hoffmannii var. robustius Stokes, loc. cit. Ryan Wash, Funeral Mountains, Inyo County, California. Eriogonum pratense Stokes, loc. cit. Cottonwood Creek, Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California. Eriogonum nodosum subsp. monoense Stokes, op. cit. 3: 201. 1943. Sherwin Grade, Mono County, California. Eriogonum pratense Stokes, loc. cit. Cottonwood Creek, Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California. Eriogonum racemosum var. desertorum Stokes, op. cit. 3: 17. 1941. Arcane Meadow, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County, California. Polygonum montereyense Brenckle, op. cit. 3: 166. 1942. Monterey, Monterey County, California. NYCTAGINACEAE Mirabilis laevis var. cordifolia Dunckle, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 40: 108. 1941. San Clemente Island, California. PORTULACACEAE Lewisia Cantelovii J. T. Howell, Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 139. 1942. Near Belden, Plumas County, California. Spraguea pulcherrima Heller, op. cit. 2: 219. 1940. Feather River, Plumas County, California. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene Andersonii Clokey, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 38: 2. 1939. Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and eastern San Bernardino County, California. RANUNCULACEAE Aquilegia fontinalis J. T. Howell, Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 254. 1940. San Luis Range, San Luis Obispo County, California. Delphinium antoninum Eastw. op. cit. 3: 126. 1942. Anthony Peak, between Mendocino and Tehema Counties, California. Delphinium armeniacum Heller, op. cit. 2: 219. 1940. Fredonyer Pass, Lassen County, California. Delphinium Bakeri Ewan, Bull. Torrey Club 69: 144. 1942. Coleman Valley, Sonoma County, California. Delphinium californicum var. interius Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 137. 1938. Hospital Canyon, San Joaquin County, California. Delphinium caprorum Ewan, Bull. Torrey Club 69: 145. 1942. Goat Rocks, Cascade Mountains, Lewis County, Washington. Delphinium splendens G. N. Jones, Madrono 6: 84. 1941. Mount Rainier, Washington. Delphinium umatillense Ewan, Bull. Torrey Club 69: 149. 1942. Madison Butte, Morrow County, Oregon. PAPAVERACEAE Platystemon californicus var. ciliatus Dunckle, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 39: 177. 1940. (Without Latin diag- nosis.) Op. cit. 39: 197. 1941. Santa Barbara Island, California. BRASSICACEAE Arabis Breweri var. pecuniaria Rollins, Rhodora 43: 409. 1941. San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California. Arabis inyoensis Rollins, op. cit. 43: 457. 1941. West of Big Pine, Inyo County, California. Arabis Koehleri var. stipitata Rollins, op cit. 43: 426. 1941. Near Waldo, Josephine County, Oregon. Arabis Lemmonii var. paddoensis Rollins, op. cit. 43: 384. 1941. Mount Adams, Washington. Arabis microphylla var. Thompsonii Rollins, op. cit. 43: 429. 1941. Table Mountain, Kittitas County, Wash- ington. Arabis modesta Rollins, op. cit. 43: 350. 1941. Near Galice, Josephine County, Oregon. Arabis pygmaea Rollins, op. cit. 43: 476. fig. 1941. Basin of Upper Kern River, Tulare County, California. Arabis rigidissima Rollins, op. cit. 43: 380. Mary Blaine Mountain, Trinity County, California. Arabis sparsiflora var. californica Rollins, op. cit. 43: 402. 1941. Near Campo, San Diego County, California. Arabis suffrutescens var. perstylosa Rollins, op. cit. 43: 471. 1941. Quincy, Plumas County, California. 629 630 APPENDIX Cardaria pubescens var. elongata Rollins, Rhodora 42: 306. 1940. Pacific States. Draba asterophora var. macrocarpa C. L. Hitchc. Univ. Wash. Pub. Biol. 11: 64. 1941. Cup Lake, Sierra Nevada, California. Draba cruciata var. integrifolia C. L. Hitchc. & Sharsmith, Madrono 5: 151. 1940. Lone Pine Canyon, Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California. Draba nivalis var. Thompsonii C. L. Hitchc. Univ. Wash. Pub. Biol. 11: 85. pi. 6. fig. 51f. 1941. Mount Stuart, Chelan County, Washington. Draba sierrae Sharsmith, Madrono 5: 149. 1940. Head of Rock Creek, Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California. Erysimum filifolium Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 73. 1938. Glenwood, Santa Cruz County, California. Erysimum moniliforme Eastw. loc. cit. Alcalde, Fresno County, California. Rorippa subumbellata Rollins, Contr. Dudley Herb. 3: 177. pi. 46. fig. 2. 1941. Meeks Bay, Lake Tahoe, Eldorado County, California. Smelowskia ovalis var. congesta Rollins, Rhodora 40: 302. pi. 497. fig. 18. 1938. Lassen Peak, Shasta County, California. Thelypodium Jaegeri Rollins, Contr. Dudley Herb. 3: 174. pi. 46. fig. 3. 1941. Southern end of Inyo Mountains, Inyo County, California. CRASSULACEAE Sedum laxum subsp. latifolium Clausen, Bull. Torrey Club 69: 38. 1942. Crescent City, Del Norte County, California. Sedum laxum subsp. perplexum Clausen, op. cit. 69: 36. 1942. Mouth of Rogue River, Curry County, Oregon. Sedum nesioticum G. N. Jones, Madrono 6: 86. 1941. Gulf of New Georgia, Washington. Sedum obtusatum subsp. boreale Clausen, Bull. Torrey Club 69: 32. 1942. Mud Creek Canyon, Mount Shasta, Siskiyou County, California. GROSSULARIACEAE Ribes Menziesii var. ixoderme Quick, Madrono 4: 287. pi. 38. fig. 4. 1938. Sand Creek Road to General Grant National Park, Fresno County, California. ROSACEAE Adenostoma fasciculatum var. prostratum Dunckle, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 40: 109. 1941. Santa Rosa Island, California. Potentilla glandulosa subsp. Ewanii Keck, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 520: 47. 1940. Mount Islip, San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County, California. Potentilla glandulosa subsp. globosa Keck, op. cit. 46. 1940. Mount Ashland, Jackson County, Oregon. Rosa rainierensis G. N. Jones, Univ. Wash. Pub. Biol. 7: 174. 1939. Goat Mountains, Washington. Rubus sirbenus L. H. Bailey, Gentes Herb. 5: 62. 1941. Jackson, Amador County, California. FABACEAE Astragalus Jaegerianus Munz, Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 49. 1941. About 30 miles northeast of Yermo, San Bernardino County, California. Lotus argophyllus var. adsurgens Dunckle, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 39: 175. 1940. (Without Latin diagnosis.) Op. cit. 39: 197. 1941. San Clemente Island, California. Lotus argophyllus var. argenteus Dunckle, op. cit. 39: 176. 1940. (Without Latin diagnosis.) Op. cit. 39: 197. 1941. San Clemente Island, California. Lotus argophyllus var. Hancockii Dunckle, op. cit. 39: 176. 1940. (Without Latin diagnosis.) Op. cit. 39: 197. 1941. San Clemente Island, California. Lotus purpurascens Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 264. 1940. Near Point Arena, Mendocino County, California. Lotus rubiflorus Sharsmith, Madrono 6: 56. fig. 1941. Adobe Valley, Mount Hamilton Range, Stanislaus County, California. Lotus trifoliatus Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 265. 1940. Two miles east of Crescent City, Del Norte County, California. Lupinus albopilosus Heller, Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 92. 1941. Two miles south of Williams, Colusa County, California. Lupinus alcis-montis C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 315. 1942. Elk Mountain Road to Pillsbury Lake, Lake County, California. Lupinus Aliceae C. P. Smith, op. cit. 316. 1942. Mount Sanhedrin, Lake County, California. Lupinus angustiflorus Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 226. 1940. Mount Lassen National Park, California. Lupinus antoninus Eastw. op. cit. 3: 202. 1943. Anthony Peak between Mendocino and Tehama Counties, California. Lupinus arvensi-plasketti C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 313. 1942. Plaskett Meadows, Glenn County, California. Lupinus Blaisdellii Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 18. 1941. Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County, California. Lupinus Brandegeei Eastw. op. cit. 3: 19. 1941. Lakeport, Lake County, California. Lupinus brunneo-maculatus Eastw. loc. cit. Mammoth Crest, Mono County, California. Lupinus caeruleus Heller, op. cit. 3: 93. 1941. East of Chico, Butte County, California. Lupinus caesius Eastw. op. cit. 3: 169. 1942. Diamond Lake, Douglas County, Oregon. Lupinus Campbellae Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 252. 1940. Moraine Lake, Tulare County, California. Lupinus Campbellae var. bernardinus Eastw. op. cit. 2: 253. 1940. Big Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California. Lupinus caudatus var. submanens C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 106. 1939. Antone Creek, Baker (?) County, Oregon. Lupinus caudiciferus Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 215. 1939. Elk Mountain, Lake County, California. Lupinus Christinae Heller, op. cit. 2: 279. 1940. Summit Lake, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. Lupinus Dalesae Eastw. op. cit. 2: 266. 1940. Near Quincy, Plumas County, California. Lupinus danaus var. bicolor Eastw. op. cit. 2: 201. 1939. Mount Dana, Tuolumne County, California. Lupinus diversalpicola C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 237. 1940. Mount Aix, Yakima County, Washington. Lupinus Durani Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 251. 1940. Near Mono Mills, Mono County, California. Lupinus elegantulus Eastw. op. cit. 3: 20. 1941. Fandango Pass, Warner Mountains, Modoc County, California. Lupinus Fikeranus C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 236. 1940. Scotch Basin, Okanogan County, Washington. Lupinus fragrans Heller, Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 279. 1940. Snow Mountain, Lake County, California. Lupinus glacialis C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 236. 1940. Big Four, Snohomish County, Washington. APPENDIX 631 Lupinus Hendersoni Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 266. 1940. Alvord Ranch, Harney County, Oregon. Lupinus indigoticus Eastw. op. cit. 2: 226. 1940. Near Walterville, Lane County, Oregon. Lupinus Isabelianus Eastw. op. cit. 2: 216. 1939. Elk Mountain, Lake County, California. Lupinus Johannis-Howellii C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 147. 1940. Twenty miles west of Bend, Deschutes County. Oregon. Lupinus Kerrii Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 171. 1942. Four miles west of Lone Pine, Inyo County, California. Lupinus klamathensis Eastw. op. cit. 3: 169. 1942. Junction of Klamath and Shasta Rivers, Siskiyou County, California. Lupinus lasiotropis Greene ex Eastw. op. cit. 3: 42. 1941. Crystal Springs Lake, San Mateo County, California. Lupinus laxiflorus var. Elmerianus C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 106. 1939. Paradise, Wallowa County, Oregon. Lupinus laxiflorus var. Lyleianus C. P. Smith, op. cit. 105. 1939. Head of Sheep Creek, Wallowa County, Ore- gon. Lupinus Layneae Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 86. 1938. Point Reyes, Marin County, California. Lupinus Lelandsmithii Eastw. op. cit. 3: 21. 1941. Hornbrook, Siskiyou County, California. Lupinus lilacinus Heller, op. cit. 2: 280. 1940. Near Bennett Spring, Glenn County, California. Lupinus luteolus var. albiflorus Eastw. op. cit. 2: 187. 1939. Priest Valley, Monterey County, California. Lupinus lutescens C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 235. 1940. Badger Mountain, Douglas County, Washington. Lupinus lutosus Heller, Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 93. 1941. Anderson Valley, Sonoma County, California. Lupinus Lyleianus C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 107. 1939. Pearson Ranger Station, Umatilla County, Oregon. Lupinus marinensis Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 267. 1940. San Anselmo Canyon, Marin County, California. Lupinus mariposianus Eastw. op. cit. 2: 227. 1940. Nipinnawasee-Mariposa Road, Mariposa County, California. Lupinus Milo-Bakeri C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 240. 1940. Covelo, Mendocino County, California. Lupinus minutifolius Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 267. 1940. Fish Lake, Steins Mountains, Harney County, Oregon. Lupinus monoensis Eastw. op. cit. 2: 250. 1940. Crestview, Mono County, California. Lupinus Munzii Eastw. op. cit. 3: 202. 1943. Wild Rose Canyon, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County, California. Lupinus navicularis Heller, Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 94. 1941. East of Red Bluff, Tehama County, California. Lupinus nipomensis Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 187. 1939. Nipomo Mesa, San Luis Obispo County, Cali- fornia. Lupinus ochroleucus Eastw. op. cit. 3: 171. 1942. Between Briceburg and Mariposa, Mariposa County, Cali- fornia. Lupinus oreocharis Eastw. loc. cit. Five Lakes Basin, Sierra Nevada, Tulare County, California. Lupinus osteofluminis C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 239. 1940. Lincoln, Lincoln County, Washington. Lupinus Parishii Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 181. 1939. La Verne, Los Angeles County, California. Lupinus pasadenensis Eastw. op. cit. 3: 172. 1942. Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California. Lupinus Pennellianus Heller ex Eastw. op. cit. 3: 42. 1941. Between Pulga and Arch Rock Tunnel, Butte County, California. Lupinus perglaber Eastw. op. cit. 2: 268. 1940. Castle Lake, Siskiyou County, California. Lupinus piperitus var. sparsipilosus Eastw. op. cit. 3: 172. 1942. Between Big Arroyo and Chagoopa Plateau, Tulare County, California. Lupinus pumicola Heller, Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 280. 1940. Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Lupinus Purerae C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 192. 1940. Near Coles Corner, Chelan County, Washington. Lupinus rimae Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 173. 1942. Near Mammoth, Mono County, California. Lupinus Rosei Eastw. op. cit. 3: 22. 1941. Mono Lake, Mono County, California. Lupinus rubro-soli Eastw. op. cit. 3: 203. 1943. Red Mountain, Mendocino County, California. Lupinus salticola Eastw. loc. cit. West side of Walker Pass, Kern County, California. Lupinus sellulus var. elatus Eastw. op. cit. 3: 174. 1942. East Lake, Sierra Nevada, Fresno County, California. Lupinus sericeus var. Egglestonianus C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 104. 1939. Grass Valley, Sherman County, Oregon. Lupinus sericeus var. Thompsonianus C. P. Smith, op. cit. 105. 1939. Rowena, Wasco County, Oregon. Lupinus sericeus var. wallowensis C. P. Smith, loc. cit. Chico Ranger Station, Wallowa County, Oregon. Lupinus sonomensis Heller, Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 94. 1941. Two miles east of Shellville, Sonoma County, California. Lupinus sublanatus Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 174. 1942. Between Mammoth and Earthquake Fault, Mono County, California. Lupinus sulphureus var. Applegateianus C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 109. 1939. Gearhart Mountain, Lake County, Oregon. Lupinus tegeticulatus Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 251. 1940. Mount Pinos, Ventura County, California. Lupinus Tracyi Eastw. op. cit. 2: 268. 1940. Trinity Summit, Humboldt County, California. Lupinus volcanicus var. rupesticola C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 236. 1940. Goat Rocks, Cascade Mountains, Lewis County, Washington. Lupinus wenatchensis Eastw. Leaflets West. Bot. 3: 174. 1942. Wenatchee Mountain, Kittitas County, Wash- ington. Lupinus Whiltonae Eastw. op. cit. 3: 158. 1942. Mineral King Road, Tulare County, California. Lupinus yakimensis C. P. Smith, Sp. Lup. 238. 1940. Cleman Mountain, Yakima County, Washington. INDEX OF GENERA AND FAMILIES [Phyla, classes, and families in Small Capitals; genera in Roman; synonyms and casual references in Italic] Abronia 108 Acacia 475 Acaena 445 Acanthogonum 12 Acanthoscyphus 19 Achlys 219 Achyranthes 100 Achyronychia 113, 111 Acleisanthes 102 Acomastylis 449 Aconitum 190 Aconogonum 62 Actaea 179, 178 Adenostoma 446 Agrimonia 446 Agrostemma 170, 158 Aizoaceae 115 Alchemilla 443 Alhagi 614 Allenrolfea 90 Allionia 104 Alsine 138, 155 Alsinella 145 Alsinopsis 146 Alyssum 319, 319 Amaranthaceae 98 Amaranthus 98 Antarenus 523 Amblogyna 99 Ambrina 72 Amelanchier 470 Ametron 455 Ammodenia 152 Amorpha 555 Amygdalaceae 465 Amygdalus 466 Anelsonia 290 Anemone 193, 190 Aniso lotus 542 Anneslia 475 Anotites 163 Antiphylla 359 Anulocaulis 103 Aphanes 445 Aphanisma 67 Aquilegia 179 Arabidopsis 267 Arabis 253, 267, 292, 302, 303 Aragallus 606, 611 Arcteranthis 211 Arctomecon 231 Arenaria 152-155, 145 Argemone 230 Argentina 438 Armor acia 279 Arthocnemum 91 Aruncus 413 Asagraea 559 Astragalus 562 Astrophia 619 Atelophragma 589 Athysanus 298, 298 Atragene 194 Atriplex 76 Balardia 155 Banalia 67 Barbarea 275 Basilima 414 Bassia 90 Batidaceae 114 Batidaea 457 Batis 94, 115 Batrachium 214 Beckwithia 214 Behen 160 Bensonia 374 Berberidaceae 216 Berberis 217 Beta 68 Bicuculla 233 Bikukulla 233 Biscutella 285 Bistorta 61 Blitum 71, 74 Blondia 371 Boerhaavia 102 Bolandra 349 Bossekia 455 J5ofry.y 70 Boykinia 351 Brachylobus 278 Brachyphragma 595 Brasenia 172 Brassica 272, 521, 274 Brassicaceae 237 tfraya 297, 302 Z?Mda 155 Buillardia 331 Bunias 270 5wrjo 291 Butneria 221 Caesalpiniaceae 478 Cakile 270 Calandrinia JJJ, 121 Calliandra 475 Calligonutn 87 Calobotrya 394 Caltha 175 Calycanthaceae 221 Calycanthus 221 Calyptridium 250, 130 Camelina 291 Canbya 232 Capnodes 235 Capnoides 235 Capnorchis 233 Capparidaceae 322 Capsella 290, 291 Carara 263 Cardamine 269, 252, 504, 279 Cardaria 258 Cardiobatus 455 Cardionema 114 Carpenteria 386 Carpobrotus 119 Cartiera 247 Caryophyllaceae 137 Cascadia 358 Cassia 479 Caulanthus 242, 250, 253 Cerastium 142 Cerasus 466 Ceratophylla- ceae 174 Ceratophyllum 174 Cercidiopsis 479 Cercidium 479 Cercis 478 Cercocarpus 451 Cerophyllum 391 Chamaebatia 451 Chamaebatiaria 413 Cheiranthus 315, 321 Cheirinia 315 Chelidonium 228 Chenopodiaceae 66 Chenopodium 74, 59, 95, 68 Chlorocrambe 242 Chorispora 321 Chorizanthe 2, 5, 4 Chrysamorpha 329 Chrysapis 523 Chrysocoptis 178 Chrysosplenium 367 Cimicifuga 225, 179 Cladothrix 100 Claytonia 222, 224, 252, 122 Clematis 193 Cleome 240, 52<5, 322 Cleomella 323 Clypeola 319 Cnemidophacos 574 Cochlearia 279, 256 Coleogyne 454 Comarobatia 455 Comaropsis 455 Comarum 439 Congdonia 333 Conringia 321 Coptis 178 Coreosma 392 Corispermum 90 Coronilla 613 Coronopus 263 Corrigiola 113 Corydalis 234, 235 Cotyledon 333, 338, 343 Cowania 450 Crassula 330, 331 Crassulaceae 330 Crataegus 473 Crossosomata- ceae 406 Crossosoma 406 Cruciferae 238 Crunocallis 126 Cryophytum 118 Cryptanthus 68 Cucubalus 160 Cycloloma 74 Cypselea 117 Cystium 597 Cytisus 519 Dalea 555 Dalibarda 455 Darlingtonia 329 Darwinia 562 Dasiphora 438 Delphinastrutn 182 Delphinium 180 Dendromecon 226 Dentaria 282 Descurainia 268 Dianthus 171 Dicentra 233 Diclytra 233 Dielytra 233 Diotis 89 Diplotaxis 275 Dithyrea 285 Dondia 94 Draba 290, 295, 292 Drosera 329 Droseraceae 329 Drummondia 376 Dryades 447 Dryas 447 Drymocallis 439 Duchesnea 440 Dudleya 333 Duravia 61 Earleocassia 479 Echeveria 333, 338 Echinopsilon 90 Edtvinia 387 Ellimia 328 Elmera 378 Emex 49 Emplectocladus 90 Endolepis 79 633 634 INDEX OF GENERA AND FAMILIES Enemion 176 Epimedium 219 Eremosemium 89 Eriocallis 131 Eriogonella 12 Eriogonum 2, 18, 19 Eriogynia 411 Ermolithia 133 Erophila 292 Eruca 271 Erucastrum 274 Ervum 615 Erysimum 266, 321, 315 Erythrocoma 449 Eschscholtsia 227 Eschscholzia 226 Euclisia 250, 253 Eurotia 89 Euxolus 99 Exochordia 469 Fabaceae Fallugia Fendlera Fendlerella Filipendula 480 450 388 387 415 Fragaria 438, 440, 442 Fremontia 94 Fumaria 254, 237 FUMARIACEAE 233 Galliaria 99 Genista 519 Geum 449, 450, 447 Gilmania 2 Glaucium 228 Glaux 67 Glinus 117 Glycyrrhiza 613 Gormania 346, 342 Grayia 89 Greniera 147 Grossularia 395 Grossulariaceae 388 Guillenia 245, 253 Gymnogonum 18 Halimocnetnis 67 Halimolobus 267 Halostachys 90 Hamosa 599 Hasseanthus 339 Hedysarum 614 Heliamphora 329 Hemieva 351, 350 Hermidium 102 Herniaria 113 Hes per astragalus 610 Hesperis 267, 290, 319, 321 Hesperomecon 225 Hesperonia 107 Hesperonix 606 Heterisia 360 Heterodraba 298 Heteromeles 474 Heuchera 572, 574, 378 Hirschfeldia 274 Hoffmanseggia 480 Hoita 553 Hollisteria 2 Holochloa 382 Holodiscus 414 Holosteum 143 Homalobus 570 Honkenya 152 Horkelia 425, 454, 416 Horkeliella 421 Hosackia 538 Hunnemannia 228 Hutchinsia 302, 290 Hydrangeaceae 384 Hydrastis 215 Hydropeltis 172 Hymenolobus 290 Hymenophysa 258 Idahoa 283 Illecebraceae 111 Isatis 271 Isomeris 326 Isopyrum 176 Ivesia 421 Jacksonia 327 Jamesia 387 Jepsonia 354 Kentrophyta 568 Kochia 74, 90, 89 Koniga 319 Krameria 627 Krameriaceae 627 Kuhnistera 559 Kumlienia 211 Kunsia 451 Lastarriaea Lathyrus Lauraceae Laurocerasus Leontice Lepidium 263, Lepigonum Leptarrhena Leptaxis Lesquerella Lewisia Limnia Liquivitia Lithophragma Loeflingia Lotodes Lotus Luetkea Lupinaster Lupinus Lychnis Lycium Lyonothamnus Lyrocarpa 3 618 222 467 219 290, 258 155 355, 355 374 286 131 126 613 367 114, 158 553 539, 552 411, 412 527 483 162, 170 466 409 285 Macropodium 244 Mahonia 217 Malaceae 469 Malus 470 Matthiola 321 Meconella 225 Meconopsis 230 Medica 520 Medicago 519 Melandrium 162 Melanobatus 457 Melilotus 521 Mengea 99 Mesembryanthe- mum 118 Mesoreanthus 249 Mespilus 470 Micranthes 362 Microsemia 251 Micro sisymbrium 246 Mimosaceae 474 Minuartia 146, 154 Mirabilis 104, 106 Mitella 375, 376, 377 Mitellastra 375 Mitellopsis 376, 377 Mitophyllum 251 Moehringia 152 Mollugo 115 Monolepis 74 Montia 123, 123 Montiastrum 126 Mucronea 15 Muscaria 359 Myagrum 291 Myosurus 194 Nasturtium 246, 261, 276, 278 M?t7/t"a 409 Nemacaulis 2 Neslia 291 Nitrophila 67 Nigella 176 Norta 267 Nuphar 172 Nuttallia 469 Nyctaginaceae 100 Nymphaea 172 Nymphaeaceae 172 Obione Odostemon Oligomeris Olneya Opulaster Oreobroma Oreodaphne Orobus Osmaronia Oxybaphus Oxytropis Oxyria Oxystylis Oxytheca Ozomelis 79 217 328 562 409 131 223 619 469 107, 104 606, 611 54 327 14, 29, 15 377 Pachypodium 245 Padus 467 Paeonia 175 Papaver 230, 230 Papaveraceae 223 Parkinsonia 479 Parmena 457 Parnassia 347 Parnassiaceae 347 Paronychia 113 Parosela 557 Parrya 290 Pectiantia 375 Pediomelum 554 Peltiphyllum 355 Pentacaena 114 Peraphyllum 473 Peritoma 322 Persicaria 62 Petalosteira 371 Petal ostemon 559 Petrophytum 411 Phaca 570 Phacoma 590 Philadelphus 384 Phoenicaulis 290 Photinia 474 Phyllogonum 2 Physaria 286 Physocarpus 409 Pickeringia 482 Pisum 623 Planodes 305 Platanaceae 403 Platanus 406 Platyspermum 283 Platystemon 225, 223 Platystigma 225 Pleiocardia 248, 253 Polanisia 327 Polycarpon 158 Polyctcnium 302 Polygonaceae 1 Polygonum 54 Ponista 359 Portulaca 135 Portulacaceae 119 Portulacastrum 117 Potentilla 416, 422, 443, 449, 427 Poteridium 445 Poterium 445 Prosopis 475 Prunus 465 Psoralea 553 Psychrobatia 455 Pterochiton 87 Pterostegia 1 Pulsatilla 193 Purshia 450 Pyrus 470 Quamoclidion 106 Radiana 117 Radicula 276 Ranunculaceae 174 Ranunculus 197 Raphanus 275 Reseda 328, 328 Resedaceae 327 Rhodiola 344 INDEX OF GENERA AND FAMILIES 635 Ribes 396, 389 Senebiera 263 Robinia 559 Scnegalia 475 Robsonia 403 Sericotheca 414 Romneya 226 Sesban 562 Rosa 458 Sesbania 562 Rosaceae 407 Sesuvium 117 Rorippa 275 Sibara 304 Roubieva 74 Sibbaldia 421, 443 Rubacer 455 Sieversia 450, 449 Rubus 454 Silene 159 Rumex 5< i, 49 Siliquastrum 478 Sagina 143 Salicornia 91 Salsola 72, 74, 90, 96 Sandbergia 306 Sanguisorba 445 Saponaria 171, 171 Sarcobatus 94 Sarracenia 329 Sarraceniaceae 329 Sarratia 99 Saxifraga 350-54, 413, 355 Saxifragaceae 349 Saxijragopsis 359 Schizonotus 414 Schoenocrambe 246 Scleranthus 114 Scopulophila 113 Sedella 331 Sedum 331-33, 337-39, 343, 344 Selinocarpus 102 Sinapis 274, 271 Sisymbrium 246, 267, 268, 275, 276, 266 Smelowskia 269, 302 Sophia 268, 270 Sorbaria 414 Sorbus 469 Spartium 519 Spatularia 362 Spergula 156, 154 Spergularia 154 Sphaerophysa 611 Spiesia 611 Spinacia 74 Spiraea 409, 413-15, 410 Spirostachys 91 Spraguea 129 Sprengeria 259 Stanfordia 254 Stanleya 240 Stellaria 137 Stellariopsis 422 Streptanthella 253 Streptanthus 243, 253, 307, 246 Strombocarpa 478 Stylomecon 228 Stylophyllum 337 Suaeda 94 Subularia 257 Suksdorfia 350, 351 Sullivantia 351 Syrmatium 546 Talinum 121, 134, 119 Tellima 368, 378, 374 Tetragonia 118 Tetranthera 223 Thalictrodes 179 Thalictrum 215 Thelypodiopsis 243 Thelypodium 253, 305, 242 Thermopsis 481 Therofon 352 Therophon 352 Thlaspi 259, 291, 263 Thysanocarpus 298, 299 Tiarella 374, 375, 379, 371 Tidestromia 100 Tigarea 451 Tillaea 331, 330 Tillaeastrum 331 Tiniaria 66 Tissa 155 Tium 590 Tolmiea 355, 371 Tormentilla 429 Tragacantha 570 Trautvetteria 215 Trianthema 117 Trier atus 110 Tridophyllum 429 Trifolium 521, 521 Trigonella 546 Tripterocalyx 108 Trollius 176 Tropidocarpum 283 Turritis 306, 302 Ulex 519 Umbellularia 222 Vaccaria 170 Vancouveria 170 Velezia 171 Vesicaria 287, 286 Vicia 622, 615 Viorna 193 Wedelia 104 Wedeliella 104 Wislizenia 326 Whipplea Xerocassia 388, 388 479 Xylophacos 575 Xylothermia 483 Yamala 382 fll3>^jite