LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AN ILLUSTRATED FLORA NORTHERN UNITED STATES, CANADA AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS FROM NEWFOUNDLAND TO THE PARALLEL OF THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF VIRGINIA, AND FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN WESTWARD TO THE IO2D MERIDIAN BY NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, PH. D. Hi EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, AND DIRECTOR-IN-L'IIII i OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARJM N AM) HON. ADDISON BROWN PRESIDENT OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT L'llll FLY PREPARED IJY 1'KolKsSOK BRITTON, WITH Till-: ASSISTANCE OK SpKl 1 Al.ISTS IN SEVERAL GROUPS; THK Flt.lKKS ALSO DRAWN UNDER HIS SUPERVISION IN THREE VOLUMES VOL. II PORTULACACEAE TO MENYANTHACEAE PORTULACA TO BUCKBEAN NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1897 COPYRIGHT 1897 BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS no en THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. Choripetalae (continued) 1-546 20. PORTULACACEAE I 21. CARYOPHYI^ACEAE 6 22. NYMPHAEACEAE 41 23. CERATOPHYLLACEAE 46 24. MAGNOLIACEAE 47 25. ANONACEAE 49 26. RANUNCULACEAE 50 27. BERBERIDACEAE 89 28. MENISPERMACEAE 93 29. CALYCANTHACEAE 94 30. I/AURACEAE 95 31. PAPA VER ACE AE 98 32. CRUCIFERAE 108 33. CAPPARIDACEAE 154 34. RESEDACEAE 158 35. SARRACENIACEAE 159 36. DROSERACEAE 160 37. PODOSTEMACEAE 163 38. CRASSULACEAE 163 39. SAXIFRAGACEAE 169 40. GROSSUL.ARIACEAE 187 41. HAMAMELIDACEAE 192 42. PLATANACEAE 194 43. ROSACEAE 194 44. POM ACE A E 232 548 549 554 556 573 582 2. PYROLACEAE . MONOTROPACEAE . ERICACKAK 5. VACCINIACEAE 6. DIAPENSIACEAE 45. DRUPACEAE 246 46. MIMOSACEAE 254 47. CAESAI.PINACEAE 256 48. KRAMERIACEAE 261 49. PAPILJONACEAE 262 50. GERANIACEAE 340 51. OXAUDACEAE 344 52. LINACEAE 348 53. ZYGOPHYL.L.ACEAE • 351 54. RUTACEAE 352 55- SlMARUBACEAE 354 56. POLYGALACEAE 355 57. EUPHORBIACEAE 361 58. CALUTRICHACEAE 381 59. EMPETRACEAE 383 60. BUXACEAE 384 61. LIMNANTHACEAE 385 62. ANACARDIACEAE 385 63. CYRILLACEAE 389 64. IL.ICACEAE 390 65. CELASTRACEAE 393 66. STAPHYLEACEAE 396 67. ACERACEAE 396 68. HlPPOCASTANACEAE 400 Gamopetalae 548-623 7. PRIMUI.ACEAE 584 8. PUJMBAGINACEAE 594 9. SAPOTACEAE 595 10. EBENACEAE 596 11. SYMPLOCACEAE 597 69. SAPINDACEAE 70. BAL.SAMINACEAE 71. RHAMNACEAE 72. VITACEAE 73. TlLIACEAE 74. MALVACEAE 75. THEACEAE 76. HYPERICACEAE 77. ELATINACEAE 78. CISTACEAE 79. VlOLACEAE 80. PASSIFLORACEAE 81. LOASACEAE 82. CACTACEAE 83. THYMELEACEAE 84. ELAEAGNACEAE 85. LYTHRACEAE 86. MEIvASTOMACEAE 87. ONAGRACEAE 88. TRAPACEAE 89. HALORAGIDACEAE 90. ARAUACE.MC 61. UMUELUFERAE 92. CORNACI \i 12. STYRACP;AK 13. OLKACEAE 14. LOGANIACEAE 15. GENTIANACKAK 16. MENYANTHACEAE 598 600 604 606 621 ENGUSH FAMILY NAMES. Petals distinct, or none (continued ) 20. PURSLANE FAMILY i 21. PINK FAMILY 6 22. WATER-L.ILY FAMILY 41 23. HORNWORT FAMILY 46 24. MAGNOLIA FAMILY 47 25. CUSTARD- APPLE FAMILY 49 26. CROWFOOT FAMILY 50 27. BARBERRY FAMILY. 89 28. MOONSEED FAMILY 93 29. STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY 94 30. LAUREL FAMILY 95 31. POPPY FAMILY 98 32. MUSTARD FAMILY 108 33. CAPER FAMILY 154 34. MIGNONETTE FAMILY 158 1-547 35. PITCHKR-PLANTFAMILYI59 36. SUNDEW FAMILY 160 37. RIVER-WEED FAMILY 163 38. ORPINE FAMILY 163 39. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 169 40. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 187 41. WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY 192 42. PLANE-TREE FAMILY 194 IV CONTENTS. [Voi.. II. w 43. ROSE FAMILY 194 61. FALSE MERMAID 78. ROCK-ROSE FAMILY 439 44. APPLE FAMILY 232 FAMILY 385 79. VIOLET FAMILY 45. PLUM FAMILY 246 62. SUMAC FAMILY 385 80. PASSION-FLOWER 46. MIMOSA FAMILY 254 63. CYRILLA FAMILY 389 FAMILY 457 47. SENNA FAMILY 256 64. HOLLY FAMILY 390 81. LOASA FAMILY 458 48. KRAMERIA FAMILY 261 65. STAFF-TREE FAMILY 393 82. CACTUS FAMILY 460 49. PEA FAMILY 262 66. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY 396 83. MEZEREON FAMILY 465 50. GERANIUM FAMILY 340 67. MAPLE FAMILY 396 84. OLEASTER FAMILY. 466 51. WOOD-SORREL FAMILY 344 68. BUCKEYE FAMLIY 400 85. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 468 52. FLAX FAMILY 348 69. SOAPBERRY FAMILY 402 86. MEADOW-BEAUTY 53. CALTROP FAMILY 351 70. JEWEL-WEED FAMILY 403 FAM 1 1. \ 54. RUE FAMILY 352 71. BUCKTHORN FAMILY 404 87. EVENING-PRIMROSE 55. AILANTHUS FAMILY 354 72. GRAPE FAMILY 407 FAMILY 475 56. MILKWORT FAMILY 355 73. LINDEN FAMILY 413 88. WATER-NUT 1 ''AMI I.Y 500 57. SPURGE FAMILY 361 74. MALLOW FAMILY 415 89. WATER-MILFOIL 58. WATER-STARWORT 75. TEA FAMILY 426 FAMILY 500 FAMILY 381 76. ST. JOHN'S- WORT 90. GINSENG FAMILY 505 59. CROWBERRY FAMILY 383 FAMILY 427 91. CARROT FAMILY 508 60. Box FAMILY 384 77. WATER-WORT FAMILY 437 92. DOGWOOD FAMILY 542 Petals wholly or partly united, rarely separate or wanting 548-623 i. WHITE ALDER FAMILY 548 7. PRIMROSE FAMILY 584 I 12. STORAX FAMILY 998 2. WlNTKRC.KKKN FAMILY 549 8. Pi.fMiiAc.ii FAMILY 594 13. Onvi. FAMILY 600 3. iNDiAN-rirn FAMILY 554 9. SAIMUMI LA FAMILY 595 14. LO<;A\IA FAMILY 604 4. HEATH FAMILY 556 10. EBONY FAMILY 596 15. GKN i IAN FAMILY 606 5. HUCKLKHLRRY FAMILY 573 1 1 . SWEET- LEAK FAM i I.Y 597 16. BrcKHi.AN FAMILY 6ai 6. DIAPENSIA FAMILY 582 INDEX OK LATIN NAMES 624 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES 635 SYMBOLS USED. 0 is used after figures to indicate feet. f is used after figures to indicate inches. " is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch. r over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English .sound of the vowel, v over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of the vowel. IN THE METRIC SYSTEM The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches. The decimetre = 3.94 inches. The centimetre — | of an inch, or 4$ lines. The millimetre = 5'5 of an inch, or i a line. 2\ millimetres = i line. very nearly. NEW YORK, May 31, 1897. ILLUSTRATED FLORA. VOL. II. Family 20. PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 161. 1828. PURSLANE FAMILY. Herbs, generally fleshy or succulent, rarely somewhat woody, with alternate or opposite leaves, and regular perfect but unsymmetrical flowers. Sepals com- monly 2 (rarely 5). Petals 4 or 5, rarely more, hypogynous, entire or emar- ginate, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, equal in number to the petals or fewer, rarely more; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehis- cent. Ovary i -celled; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-divided, the divisions stigmatic on the inner side; ovules 2-00 , amphitropous. Capsule membranous or crusta- ceous, circumscissile, or dehiscent by 3 valves. Seeds 2-00 , reniform-globose or compressed; embryo curved. About 150 species, mostly natives of America. Calyx free from the ovary; capsule 3-valved. Seeds numerous; stamens 5- v. . i. Tali num. Seeds not more than 6: stamens 2-5. Petals distinct or very nearly so, and stamens 5 in our species. Petals united into a short tube at the base; stamens 2 or 3. Calyx partly adnate to the ovary; capsule circumscissile. 2. Clay ton ia. 3. Montia, 4. Portnlaca. i. TALINUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 245. 1763. Fleshy glabrous erect or ascending, perennial or annual herbs, with scapose or leafy stems, alternate terete or flat exstipulate leaves (terete and clustered at the base in the fol- lowing species I, and mainly cymose racemose or panicled flowers. Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 5, hypogynous, fugacious. Stamens as many as or more numerous than the petals and ad- herent to their bases. Ovary many-ovuled; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule ovoid, oval or globose, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, borne on a central globose placenta. [Aboriginal name* of a Senegal species.] A genus of about 12 species, all but i or 2 natives of America. In addition to the following, about 4 others occur in the western and southwestern t"nited States. l-'lo\vers 5"-S" broad; sepals deciduous. Stamens 10-30; capsule globose. Stamens only 5; capsule oval. I:lo\vers io"-i5" broad; sepals persistent. i. Talinum teretifolium Pursh. Fame- flower. (Fig. 1426.) Talinum terelifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 365. 1814. Perennial, erect, 4/-i2/ high, leafy at the base. Leaves linear, terete, Yz'-i' long, about \" wide, the base broadened and prolonged posteriorly; scape-like peduncles 1-5, terminal, branched, leafless, slender, bracted at the nodes, 3'-6' long; cymes terminal, loose, the branches ascending or divaricate; flowers pink, 6"- 8" broad, opening for a day; sepals membranous, deciduous, ovate, obtuse, 2" long, about half the length of the petals; stamens 10-30; style as long as the sta- mens ; capsule globose, 2" in diameter; bracts of the cyme ovate or ovate-lanceolate, i" long, prolonged posteriorly. On dry rocks, Chester count}', Pa., to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 3800 ft. in North Caro- lina. May-Aug. T. teretifolium. T. pari'ijloi'inii. T. calycinum. PORTULACACEAE. [Vox.. II. 2. Talinum parviflorum Xutt. Small- flowered Talinum. (Fig. 1427.) Talinum fturrijlorum Xutt.; T. i: 197. 1838. (',. Fl. X. A Perennial, similar to the preceding species, leafy below. Leaves terete or nearly so, linear, rather more slender, broadened at the base; scape-like peduncles very slender, s'-S' tall; cymes loose, their branches and pedicels as- cending; flowers pink, 4//-5// broad; sepals ovate, deciduous, acute or subacute; stamens 5 (or sometimes fewer?); style somewhat longer than the stamens; capsule oval, i'r high, about i" in diameter; bracts of the cyme narrowly lanceolate, slightly prolonged posteriorly. In dry soil, Minnesota to Arkansas, New Mex- ico.and Texas. May-Sept. 3. Talinum calycinum Engelm. Large-flowered Tulimun. (Fig. 1428.) Talinum culycinnm Kngelm. in Wisli/. K< 1848. Perennial, erect from a very thick root, slender, 6/-io/ high. Leaves nearly terete, clustered at the base, I ^'-2' long, the base triangular-broadened, slightly prolonged pos- teriorly; cyme terminal, some what compound, scarious-bracted, its branches ascending; flow- ers pink, io//-i5// broad; sepals broadly ovate, persistent, cuspidate; petals twice as long as the calyx; stamens 12-30; style twice as long as the stamens; capsule globose-ovoid, about 3" in diameter. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas. June. 2. CLAYTONIA L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Annual or perennial succulent glabrous herbs, with petioled basal leaves, and opposite or alternate cauline ones. Flowers terminal, racemose or cymose. Sepals 2, ovate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, distinct, or slightly united by their bases. Stamens 5, inserted on the bases of the petals. Ovary few-ovuled; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule ovoid or globose, 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. Seeds compressed, orbicular or reniform. [In honor of John Clayton, I686P-I773, American botanist.] About 25 species, mainly natives of northern North America. The genus is not well distin- guished from Montia. Upper leaves not connate. Perennials; leaves linear, lanceolate, oval or ovate. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3' -7' long. i. C. I'irginica. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 2' -3' long. 2. C. Carolinian a. Annual, diffuse; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate. 3. C. Chamissoi. Upper leaves connate, forming an orbicular disk. 4. C. Perfoliata. PURSLANE FAMILY VOL. II.] i. Claytonia Virginica L. Spring Beauty. (Fig. 1429.) Claytonia Virginica I,. Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Ascending or decumbent, perennial from a deep tuberous root, stem 6/-i2/ long, simple or rarely with a few branches. Leaves elongated, linear, or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, nar- rowed into a petiole, the basal 3/-7/ long, i//- 6// wide, the cauline shorter and opposite; ra- ceme terminal, loose, at length 5/~5/ long, some- what secund; flowers white or pink, with darker pink veins, 6//-io// broad; pedicels slender, at length I'-iJ^' long and recurved; petals emar- ginate; capsule shorter than the sepals. In moist woods, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Ter- ritory, south to Georgia and Texas. Very variable in the breadth of leaves. Ascends to 2400 ft. in Virginia. March-May. 2. Claytonia Caroliniana Michx. Carolina Spring Beauty. (Fig. 1430.) Claytonia Caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 1 60. 1803. Similar to the preceding species but some- times more nearly erect. Basal leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong, 1/4'-$' l°ng. 6//-o// wide, obtuse; stem-leaves on petioles 3//-6// long; flowers fewer. In damp woods, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina along the Alleghanies, and to Ohio and Missouri. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. March-May. Claytonia lanceolata Pursh, a related species, with sessile shorter stem-leaves, occurs from the Rocky Mountain region to the Pacific Coast, and probably in the extreme western portion of our territory. 3. Claytonia Chamissoi L,edeb. Chamisso's Claytonia. (Fig. 1431.) Claytonia C/iamissoiJ Mexico. April-May 3. MONTIA L. Sp. PI. 87. 1753. Small annual glabrous herbs, with opposite fleshy leaves and minute nodding solitary or loosely racenied white flowers. Sepals 2 (rarely 3), broadly ovate, persistent. Petals 5, hy- pogynous, more or less united. Stamens 3 (very rarely 5). inserted on the corolla. Ovary 3-ovulcd; style short, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds nearly orbicular, com- pressed, minutely tuberculate; embryo peripheral. [In honor of Guiseppe Monti, Italian botanist and author of the eighteenth century.] A genus of about \ species, widely distributed in the colder parts of both hemispheres. In ad- dition to the following, another occurs in ( ircgon. i. Montia fontana L. Water or Blinking Chick- weed. Blinks. \Vuter-blinks. (Fig. 1433.) Mtnititi /tnitunn L. Sp. PI. ^7. 175.}. Densely tufted, very green, weak, diffuse or ascending, i'- 6' long, freely branching. Leaves opposite, spatulate or ob- ovate, mainly obtuse, 3//-6'/ long, i" broad or less; flowers nodding, solitary and terminal or in a small loose leafy-bracted raceme; sepals obtuse, slightly shorter than the ovate-oblong petals; capsule globose, nearly \" in diameter. In springs and wet places, St. Anne des Monts, Quebec; Maine, Nova Scutia. New Brunswick, I the endo- sperm, rarely straight; cotyledons mainly incumbent. About seventy genera and about 1500 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the northern hemisphere. •9t Calyx of united sepals, tubular or ovoid. Calyx-ribs at least twice as many as the teeth, running both into the teeth and into the sinuses. Styles 5. alternate with the foliaceous calyx-teeth. i. Agrosteiinnn. Styles 3-5, when 5, opposite the short calyx-teeth. - 5, capsule several-celled at the base. 2. Styles 3, rarely 4. 3. Styles 5, capsule i-celled to the base. 4. Calyx 5-ribbed, ^-nerved, or nerveless, or striate -nerved. Calyx conspicuously scarious between its green nerves. Calyx not bracteolate at the base. 5. Calyx bracteolate at the base. 6. Calyx not at all scarious. Petals appendaged at the base of the blade. 7. Petals not appendaged at the base of the blade. Calyx strongly 5-angled, not bracteolate. 8. Vaccaria. Calyx terete or nearly so, subtended by bractlets. 9. •£•£ Calyx of distinct sepals, or the sepals united only a^ the base. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by apical teeth or by valves. Styles separate to the base; stipules wanting. Plants not fleshy; disk of the flower inconspicuous or none. Petals deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted (rarely none). Capsule ovoid or oblong, dehiscent by valves. 10. Capsule cylindric, commonly curved, dehiscent by teeth. 11. Petals entire or eniarginate (rarely none). Capsule cylindric. Capsule ovoid or oblong. Styles as many as the sepals. Styles opposite the sepals. Styles alternate with tne sepals. Styles fewer than the sepals. Seeds not appendaged by a strophiole. Seeds stropniolate. Plants fleshy, maritime; disk conspicuous, 8-io-lobed. Styles separate to the base: stipules present, scarious. Styles and capsule-valves 5. Styles and capsule-valves 3. Styles united below; southwestern herbs with subulate leaves. aria. Silene. Lychnis. Gypsophila. Tunica. Alsine. Cerastinm. 12. Holosleum. Moenchia. Sagina. Arena r ia. Mnt'ln-ingia. Ammodfnia. Spergula. Tissa. Loeflingia. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. Fruit an indehiscent or irregularly bursting utricle or achene. Leaves stipulate. vSepals awn-tipped. Sepals awnless. Leaves not stipulate. 21. Paronychia. 22. Any chia. 23. Scleranthns. i. AGROSTEMMA L,. Sp. PI. 435. 1753. Annual pubescent often branching herbs, with linear or linear-lanceolate acute or acumi- nate sessile leaves, and large red or white erect flowers, solitary at the ends of long axillary peduncles. Calyx oblong, not inflated, narrowed at the throat, ic-ribbed, 5-lobed, the lobes linear, elongated and foliaceous. Petals 5, shorter than the calyx-lobes, their blades obovate or cuneate, emarginate, not appendaged; stamens 10. Styles 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes, opposite the petals. Capsule i-celled. Seeds numerous, black. [Greek, a field-garland.] Two known species, natives of Europe and Asia. i. Agrostemma Githago L/. Corn Cockle. Corn Rose. Corn Campion. (Fig. 1438.) Agrostemma Githago L. Sp. PI. 435. 1753. Lychnis Githago Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i: 310. 1772. Erect, i°-3° high, simple or with few erect branches, densely pubescent throughout with whitish appressed hairs. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute or long-acumi- nate, erect, 2'-^ long, 2//~3// wide, the lowest narrowed at the base; flowers red, !'-$' broad; peduncles stout, 3'- 8' long, erect; calyx ovoid, its lobes linear, foliaceous, 3 or 4 times the length of the tube and much exceed- ing the petals, deciduous in fruit; petals usually slightly emarginate, the blade obovate-cuneate. In grain fields and waste places, frequent or occasional throughout our area. Adventive from Europe, occurring also in northern Asia. Called also Crown-of-the-Field. July-Sept. 2. VISC ARIA Roehl. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 37. 1796. Perennial or biennial glabrous herbs, with erect, nearly or quite simple stems, and nar- row leaves, the basal densely tufted, those of the stem sessile, and small red or rarely white flowers in clustered terminal cymes, the inflorescence in our species almost capitate. Calyx oblong-campanulate, not inflated, 4-5-toothed, 8-io-ribbed. Petals 4 or 5, much exceeding the calyx, each with a 2-cleft appendage at the base of the obovate emarginate blade. Stamens 10, exserted. Styles opposite the calyx-teeth, alternate with the petals. Capsule several-celled at the base, its teeth as many as the styles. [Latin, glutinous.] About 5 species, the following of arctic and subarctic regions; the others European and Asiatic. i. Viscaria alpina (L,.) Roehl. Red Alpine Campion. (Fig. 1439.') Lychnis alpina L. Sp. PI. 436. 1753. Viscaria alpina Roehl. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 37. 1796. Tufted, 3/-i2/ high, rather stout, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, not viscid. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceo- late or linear, densely rosulate, %'-*%' long, i//-2// wide; stem-leaves distant, linear-lanceolate, erect, acute or obtuse, about i/ long; inflorescence dense, terminal, ^2/-i/ broad; bracts small, membranous; flowers pink, 3/r- 4" wide; calyx campanulate, 2" long, its teeth short, rounded ; petals about twice the length of the calyx, obo- vate, 2-lobed; appendages minute. Mt. Albert, Gasp6, Quebec; Labrador, Newfoundland, Hud- son Bay, Greenland, and in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. a CARYOPHYLLACEAE. [VOL. II. 3. SILENE L. Sp. PI. 416. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with clustered or solitary, mainly pink red or white flowers. Calyx more or less inflated, tubular, ovoid or campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, lo-many- nerved, not bracted at the base. Petals 5, narrow, clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 3 (rarely 4 or 5); ovary i-celled, or incompletely 2-4-celled. Pod dehiscent by 6 or rarely 3 apical teeth. Seeds mainly spiny or tubercled. [Greek, saliva, in allusion to the viscid secretions of many species ] About 250 species of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, some 35 others occur in the southern and western parts of the continent. Dwarf, arctic-alpine; flowers solitary. Krect or ascending herbs; flowers clustered (sometimes solitary in nos. 3-7). Leaves or some of them verticillate in 4's. Leaves all opposite. Calyx much inflated and bladdery. I 'lowers few, leafy-bracted. 1 "lowers numerous, in leafless cymes. Calyx merely expanded by the ripening pod. Flowi-rs cymose or paniculate. Day-blooming; flowers rarely white, mostly pink or red. Perennials, more or less viscid-pubescent. Petals 2-cleft, 2-lobed, or irregularly incised, scarlet or crimson. leaves lanceolate or spatulate; flowers numerous Flowers in slender panicles, nodding. Flowers in terminal cymes, erect. Leaves broadly oval ; flowers few OT solitary. Petals erose, entire, or emarginate. Petals scarlet; plant 3° -4° tall. Petals pink; plant 4'-io' high. Annuals, glutinous at or below the nodes. Calyx ovoid; flowers small, paniculate. Calyx club-shaped; flowers largo. cym»~r. Night-blooming; flowers large, white. Flowers spicate or racemose, short-pedicelled. Spicate raceme simple; flowers small. 13. 5. Raceme forked; flowers 6"-8" broad. i |. \. dickotomA. Flowers axillary and terminal, sleiider-pedicelk-d; western. 15. .S. 1. 5". acattlis. 2. S. Stella ta. 3. 5. alba. 4. S. rulgaris. 5. 5". >in/iins. 6. 5". I'irginica. 7. 5. rotnndifolia. 8. 5. rcgia. 9. S. Caroliniana. 10. S. anth'i'hina. 11. S. Armeria. 12. 5. noctiflora. i. Silene acaulis L. Moss Campion. (Fig. 1440.) Silent ac aulis L. Sp. I'l. Kd. 2, 603. 1762. Perennial, puberulent or glabrous, branched, densely tufted, i '-3' high. Leaves sessile, crowded, linear, 4//-6// long, about W wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, the margins ciliate-serrulate; flowers solitary at the ends of the branches, sessile or slender-peduncled, 4//-6// broad, purple or purplish; calyx campanulate, glabrous, 4// high; petals entire or emargiuatc, with a scale at the base of the blade; pod oblong, equalling or exceeding the calyx. Summits of tin- \Vhitr Mountains, N. H.; Gasp6, Quebec; Cape Breton Inland. Labrador and throughout arctic America, south in tin- higher Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in arctic and alpine Kurope and Asia. Called also Cushion Pink. Summer. 2. Silene stellata (L.) Ait. Starry Cam- pion. (Fig. 1441.) Cucubalus stellalus L. Sp. PI. 414. I75V Silene stellata Ait. f. Hort. Kew. 3: 84. ' 1811. Perennial, erect, 2°-3^° high, densely and min- utely rough-pubescent throughout. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, 2'-$' long, }^'-\f wide, ver- ticillate in 4's or the lowest opposite, their margins finely ciliate; flowers white, 7//-io'/ broad, in pani- cled cymes, forming a large showy inflorescence; calyx campanulate, inflated, 7//-8// high, its teeth triangular, acute; petals crownless, fimbriate, about equalling the stamens; pod globose-ovoid, alxiut the length of the calyx. In woods, Rhode Island to Niagara and Minnesota, south to South Carolina and Arkansas. June-Aug. Silene ovata Pursh, which has the habit of this spe- cies but the leaves opposite, is recorded by Pursh from " the western parts of Virginia and Carolina," but is not definitely known from Virginia. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. 3. Silene alba Muhl. Western White Campion. (Fig. 1442.) Silene alba Muhl. Cat. 45. 1813. Cucubalus niveus Nutt. Gen. i: 287. 1818. Silene nivea Otth in DC. Prodr. i: 377. 1824. Perennial, ascending or erect, rather weak, simple, or divergently branched above, minutely puberulent or glabrate. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3/-5/ long, 5//-8// wide, acu- minate, the upper gradually smaller, and sub- tending the flowers; pedicels about \' long, di- varicate; flowers few, often solitary, white, about 10" broad; calyx inflated, elongated-campanu- late, pubescent, its teeth ovate, obtuse, more or less scarious-margined; petals cuneate, 2-cleft, or 2-lobed, minutely crowned. In shaded or moist places, Pennsylvania to Min- nesota and Iowa. Not common. June-July. 4. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke. Bladder Campion. (Fig. 1443.) Cucubalus Behen L. Sp. PI. 414. 1753. Not Silene Behen I,. Behen rulgaris Moench, Meth. 709. 1794. Silene Cucubalus Wibel, Prim. Werth. 241. 1799. Silene vulgaris Garcke, Fl. Deutsch. Ed. 9, 64. 1869. Silene inflata J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2: 292. 1800. Perennial, branched from the base, glaucous and glabrous, or rarely pubescent, 6'-iS/ high. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute, variable in size, the lower often spatulate; flowers white, 6//-io// broad, in loose cymose panicles, often drooping; calyx at first tubular- campanulate, at length inflated and globose, 4//-6// long, strongly veined; petals 2-cleft, with or without a small crown. In meadows and waste places, New Brunswick to Ontario, south to New Jersey and Illinois. Locally abundant. Naturalized from Europe and native also of Asia. Summer. Called also Behen. Cow-bell, and Spattling or Frothy Poppy. 5. Silene nutans L. Nodding Catchfly. (Fig. 1444.) Silene nutans L. Sp. PI. 417. 1753. Perennial, glandular-pubescent above or nearly glabrous, stem slender, erect, i°-2° tall. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, subacute at the apex, 2/-5/ long, 3//-8// wide, tapering into slender pe- tioles; stem-leaves few and distant, narrowly ob- long or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, sessile, the uppermost (bracts) very small; flowers 6//-8// broad, white or pink, nodding or spreading in a loose panicle; pedicels slender, 4//-i2// long; calyx oblong-cylindric in flower, 4//-5// long, glan- dular, its teeth triangular, acute; petals 2-cleft or sometimes 4-cleft, the lobes narrowly oblong; cap- sule ovoid, 5//-6// high, distending the calyx. Mt. Desert Island, Maine, and Staten Island, N. Y. Fugitive from Europe. English names, Dover Catch- fly, Nottingham Catchfly. June-Sept. IO CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 6. Silene Virginica L,. (Fig. 1445.) [Vol.. II. Fire Pink. Silene Virginica I,. Sp. PI. 419. 1753. Pereunial, slender, ascending or erect, viscid- pubescent, branching above, i°-2° high. Leaves thin, those of the base and lower part of the stem spatulate or oblanceolate, $'-$' long, obtuse or acute, tapering into a winged petiole; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile; inflorescence loosely cymose-paniculate; flowers crimson, I'-ift' broad; pedicels slender, !^/-2/ long; calyx tubular- campanulate, 9"-! 2" long, enlarged by the ripen- ing pod, its teeth ovate, acute, scarious-margincd; petals 2-cleft, 2-lobed, or irregularly incised, crowned, the limb oblong or linear-oblong. In dry woods, southern New Jersey, western NYw York and southwestern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. M.iy Sept. 7. Silene rotundifdlia Xutt. Round-leaved Catchfly. (Fig. 1446.) Silene rotitndifolia Nutt. Gen. i: 288. 1818. Perennial, stem slender, ascending or re- clining, viscid-pubescent, branched, i>£0-20 long. Leaves thin, membranous, the lower and basal ones obovate or broadly spatulate, 2'-4' long, narrowed into a winged petiole, ob- tuse but pointed, the cauline obovate, broadly oblong or orbicular-ovate, acute, the uppermost sessile; flowers few and loosely cymose, or soli- tary, scarlet, i'-2/ broad; pedicels slender, i'- 2' long; calyx tubular-campanulate, lo"-i5" long, somewhat enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, acute; petals 2-cleft, lobed, or laciniate, crowned. In shaded places, southern Ohio and Kentucky to Georgia. Summer. 8. Silene regia Sims. Royal Catchfly. (Fig. 1447.) Silene regia Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1724. 1814. Perennial, erect, stout, 3°-4° high, simple or spar- ingly branched, minutely rough-pubescent, slightly viscid. Leaves all but the lowest sessile, thick, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2/~3/ long; in- florescence a narrow strict panicle of few-flowered cymose clusters; pedicels generally less than %f long; flowers numerous, deep scarlet, about \' broad; calyx oblong-tubular, 10" long, slightly enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate-acute; petals emarginate or laciniate, crowned. Prairies, Ohio to Alabama, west to Missouri. July. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. II Silene Caroliniana Walt. Pink. (Fig. 1448.) Wild Silene Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 142. 1788. Silene Pennsylvanica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 272. 1803. Perennial, tufted, 4/-io/ high, viscid-pubes- cent, especially above, generally nearly gla- brous below. Basal leaves spatulate, or oblan- ceolate, acute or obtuse, 2/-4/ long, narrowed into a broad petiole, the margins often ciliate; stem-leaves shorter, sessile, oblong or lanceo- late; flowers pink, about \f broad, in terminal cymes; pedicels 2//-i5// long; calyx narrow, tubular, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, acute; petals cuneate, emarginate, eroded, crowned at the base of the claw. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Maine to Georgia, west to central New York, Pennsylvania and Ken- tucky. Ascends to 3300 ft. in West Virginia. April-June. 10. Silene antirrhina L,. Sleepy Catchfly. (Fig. 1449.) Silene antirrhina L,. Sp. PI. 419. 1753. Annual, slender, erect or ascending, puberuleut or glabrous, glutinous about the nodes, simple, or branched above, 8'-2%° high, the branches as- cending. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or ob- lanceolate, i/-2/ long, narrowed into a petiole, ob- tuse or acute, sometimes slightly ciliate; upper leaves linear and gradually reduced to subulate bracts; inflorescence a loose cymose panicle; pedi- cels slender, erect; flowers pink, about i//-2// broad; calyx narrowly ovoid, 2//-3// long, much expanded by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, acute; petals obcordate, minutely crowned. In waste places and woods, New England to south- ern Ontario and Britisli Columbia, south to Florida and Mexico. Flowers opening for a short time in sunshine. Ascends to 3200 ft. in Virginia. Summer. Silene antirrhina divaricate Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 28: 132. 1893. More slender than th_e species and with narrower leaves; branches spreading, filiform; calyx 2"-2lA" long; petals none. Illinois and central New York. ii. Silene Armeria L,. Sweet William or lyobel's Catchfly. (Fig. 1450.) Silene Armeria L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 601. 1762. Annual, erect, branching, glabrous and glau- cous, or minutely puberulent, about i° high, glutinous below each node. Basal leaves ob- lanceolate, 2/~3/ long, obtuse; stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, i/-3/ long, acute or obtuse; inflorescence a terminal compact compound cyme; flowers purple or pink, 6//-8// broad; calyx club-shaped, §"-W long, slightly en- larged by the ripening pod; pedicels about \" long; petals emarginate, crowned with narrow scales. In waste places and spontaneous in gardens, New Brunswick and Ontario to Michigan, south to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Introduced from Europe. June-July. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 12. Silene noctiflora L. [Voi,. ii. Night-flowering Catchfly. (Fig. 1451.) Silene noctiflora L,. Sp. PI. 419. 1753. Annual, stout, viscid-pubescent, simple, or branching, i°-3° high. Lower and basal leaves obovate or oblanceo- late, 1'-$' long, obtuse, narrowed into a broad petiole; upper leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, i '-3' long; flowers few, pedicelled, white or pinkish, 8"- 12" broad, in a loose dichotouious panicle; calyx io//- 15" long, tubular, lo-nerved and beautifully veined, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth linear, acute; petals 2-clcft. In waste places, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Mani- toba, south to Florida and Missouri. Adventive from Europe. Flowers opening at dusk and remaining so until UK- morning of the next day, fragrant. July-Sept. 13. Silene Anglica L. English or Small-flowered Catchfly. (Fig. 1452.) Silene Anglica I,. Sp. PI. 416. i Silene Gallica L. Sp. PI. 417. 1753. Annual, hirsute-pubescent, stem slender, usually erect, simple or branched, i°-2° high. Leaves spatu- late or oblanccolate, 6//-2/ long, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, narrowed into a margined petiole, or the upper ones narrower and acute; flowers in a terminal simple i-sided spicate raceme, nearly sessile or the lower ones distant and longer-pedicelled, sometimes all distinctly pedicelled; calyx cylindric or oblong- tubular iu flower, lo-ncrved, villous, 4//-5// long, much enlarged by the ripening pod and becoming ovoid with a contracted throat, its teeth lanceolate, spreading; petals toothed, entire or somewhat 2-cleft, white, somewhat longer than the calyx. In waste places, Maine to Ontario, south to southern New York ami 1't iui-\ Ivania. Adventive from Kurope. Extensively naturalized as a weed on the Pacific C<>a-t. and widely distributed in nearly all warm temperate re- gions. Has been mistaken for 5. nocturna I,. April-July. 14. Silene dichotoma Khrh. Forked Catchfly. (Fig. 1453.) Silene dichotoma Khrh. Bekr. 7: 143. 1792. Silene racemosa Otth in DC. Prodr. x: 384. 1*2}. Annual, erect, branching, pubescent, i°-2° high. Lower and basal leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2'— 3' long, acuminate or acute, tapering into a villous petiole; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear^ flowers white, sessile or very short- pedicelled, distant in forking i-sided spikes; calyx cylindric, 6//-8// long, hirsute, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals white, bifid, with a short obtuse crown. In fields and waste places, Maine to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Also in California. Adventive from southern Europe. Summer. . II.] PINK FAMILY. 15. Silene Menziesii Hook. Menzies' Pink. (Fig. 1454.) Silene Jfenziesii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 90. pi. jo. 1830. Perennial, slender, ascending or decumbent, leafy, widely branching, minutely and densely glandular- pubescent, 6/-iS/ high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest narrowed into a petiole, oval, ovate- lanceolate or slightly oblanceolate, acute or acu- minate at each end, minutely ciliate on the mar- gins, i/-2^2/ long; flowers axillary and terminal, numerous, slender-peduncled, white (or pink?), 4//-5// long; petals 2-cleft, crownless, longer than the 5-toothed calyx; capsule about the length of the calyx; seeds black, minutely tuberculate. In damp soil, western Nebraska to the Northwest "Territory, British Columbia, California and New Mex- ico. June-Aug. 4. LYCHNIS L. Sp. PI. 436. 1753. Herbs, mainly erect, with the aspect of Silene. Calyx ovoid, tubular, or inflated, 5- toothed, jo-nerved. Petals 5, narrowly clawed, the blade entire, 2-cleft, or laciniate, gener- ally crowned. Stamens 10. Ovary i-celled or incompletely several-celled at the base, many-ovuled; styles 5, opposite the calyx-teeth (occasionally 4 or rarely even 3). Capsule dehiscent by 10 or fewer apical teeth or valves. [From the Greek for lamp, in allusion to the flame-colored flowers of some species.] A genus of about 35 species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. In addition to the following about 8 others occur in the northern and western parts of North America. Calyx-teeth not twisted; plants pubescent, glandular or glabrate. Flowers cyniose or panicled; calyx enlarged by the ripening pod. Fruiting calyx much enlarged, ovoid, obovoid or globose. Plants viscid-pubescent; flowers usually dioecious. Flowers white or pink, opening in the evening. Flowers red, opening in the morning. Plant roughish-pu Descent; flowers perfect, scarlet. Fruiting calyx campanulas or tubular. Petals deeply laciniate; introduced species. Petals entire or emarginate; native \yestern species. Flowers solitary; calyx inflated; plants arctic-alpine. Flower nodding; pod erect. Flower and pod erect or nearly so. Calyx-teeth twisted; plant densely white-woolly all over. 1. L. alba. 2. L. dioica. 3. L. Chalcedonica. 4. L. Flos-ciiculi. 5. L. Drummondi. 6. L. apetala. 7. L. affinis. 8. L. Coronaria. i. Lychnis alba Mill. White Campion. Evening Lychnis. (Fig. 1455.) Lychnis alba Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768. Lychnis vespertina Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 146. 1794. Biennial, viscid-pubescent, loosely and freely branching, i°-2° high. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1'-$' long, the lower tapering into a margined petiole, the upper sessile; flowers few, loosely paniculate, <)'f-i2/f broad, white or pinkish, opening at dusk and remaining open into the morning of the next day, slightly fragrant, often dioecious; calyx at first tubular, 6//-9// long, about 27/ wide, swell- ing with the ripening pod so as to become ovoid and 6//~7// in diameter, its teeth short, lanceo- late; petals obovate, 2-cleft, crowned; teeth of the capsule 2-cleft, nearly erect. In waste places and on ballast, occasional in the maritime provinces of Canada, Ontario and in the Eastern and Middle States. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Summer. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. VOL. II.} 2. Lychnis dioica L. Red Campion. (Fig. 1456.) Lychnis dioica L. Sp. PI. 437. 1753. Lychnis din ma Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 145. 1794. Biennial, very viscid- pubescent, branching above, i°-2° high. Basal leaves long-petioled, oblong, obtuse but pointed, the blade, 2'-3/ long; stein- leaves sessile or the lower short-petioled, ovate, acute, i '-2' long, %'-!%' wide; flowers numerous in panicled cymes, red or nearly white, scentless, 9//-i2// broad, dioecious, opening in the morning; calyx at first tubular, about 4" long and 2l/2" wide, swollen in fruit to nearly globular by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals obo- vate, 2-cleft, crowned; teeth of the capsule 2-cleft, recurved. In waste places and ballast, Nova Scotia. Ontario, New England and the Middle States. Not common. Adventive from Europe. Summer. Called also Adder's- flower. 3. Lychnis Chalcedonica L. Scarlet Lychnis. (Fig. 1457.) Lychnis Chalcedonica L. Sp. PI. 436. 1753. Perennial, stem stout, erect, simple or little branched, finely pubescent or hirsute, i°-2j4° tall. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile or somewhat clasping, dark green, 2/-5/ long, 6"- i8r/ wide; flowers perfect, numerous, about i' broad, scarlet, in one or more usually dense termi- nal cymes; calyx oblong in flower, becoming ob- ovoid, its teeth triangular, acute; petals 2-cleft or laciniate; capsule borne on a stipe of nearly its own length, its teeth entire. Escaped from tfanh us to roadsides, Massachu- si-tts to southern New York. Native of eastern Eu- rope and utsu-tn Asia. Flowers, in cultivation. often double. Old English names, Scarlet Light- ning, and Cross-of-Jerusalem. June-Sept. 4. Lychnis Flos-cuculi L. Cuckoo Flower. Ragged Robin. (Fig. 1458.) Lychnis Flos-cuculi L. Sp. PI. 436. 1753. Perennial, slender, erect, i°-2° high, freely branching, downy-pubescent below, slightly vis- cid above. Lower and basal leaves oblanceo- late or spatulate, 2/~3/ long, tapering into a broad petiole; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, distant, the uppermost reduced to lanceolate bracts; inflorescence paniculate; flow- ers pink, blue or white, 8//-i2// broad; calyx at first cylindric, 3" long, lo-nerved, becoming campanulate in fruit, its teeth triangular, acute; petals cleft into 4 linear lobes, the middle pair of lobes longer; capsule globose. In moist waste places, New Brunswick to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Commonly cultivated. Fugitive from Europe. Called also Crow-flower, Meadow Pink, and Meadow Campion. June-Sept. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. 5. Lychnis Drummondi (Hook.) S. Wats. Drummond's Pink. (Fig. 1459.) Silene Drummondi Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 89. 1830. Lychnis Drummondi S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 37. 1871. Erect from a perennial root, simple or spar- ingly branched, finely glandular-pubescent and viscid, i°-3° high. Leaves oblanceolate or linear, acute, narrowed into a margined peti- ole or the upper sessile, T-'-^/t' long; flowers few, slender-pedicelled, white or purplish, 6"- lo" long; petals scarcely longer than the tu- bular calyx, entire or emarginate at the apex, narrower than the auricled claw; capsule ob- long-cylindric, 6" -8" long; seeds tuberculate. In dry soil, Nebraska to Manitoba, west to Cali- fornia and Oregon. June-July. 6. Lychnis apetala L. Nodding Lychnis, (Fig. 1460.) Lychnis apetala L. Sp. PI. 437. 1753. Tufted, arctic or alpine, perennial, 3'-8' high, glandular-pubescent at least above. Stems i-flow- ered; leaves linear or oblanceolate, %'-2%' long, j//_y/ wj(je) sessile, or the lower narrowed into a petiole; flower nodding, 6"-S// long; petals narrow,. 2-cleft, included in the calyx; calyx inflated, strongly purple-veined, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute; petals narrow, about i// wide, minutely appeudaged, equal- ling or shorter than the calyx, deeply 2-cleft; cap- sule erect, ovoid, 4" in diameter. Labrador and throughout arctic America. Also in arc- tic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 7. Lychnis affinis Vahl. Arctic Lychnis. (Fig. 1461.) Lychnis affinis Vahl, in Fries, Mant. 3: 36. 1843. Tufted, arctic, perennial, erect, 2r-4' high, glandular-pubes- cent throughout. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, about y^' long, ciliate; stem-leaves linear, %'-if long, obtuse, sessile, or nar- rowed into a short broad petiole; flower erect, 4//-6// long; calyx oblong or ovate-campanulate, slightly inflated, its teeth short, acute; petals somewhat exserted, the blade narrowed below, emarginate and eroded, the appendages minute. Labrador and arctic America and Europe. Summer. 1 6 CARYOPHYLLACEAE [VOL. II. 8. Lychnis Coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein Pink. (Fig. 1462.) Agrostemma Coronaria L. Sp. PI. 436. 1753. Lychnis Coronaria Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 643. 1789. Perennial, densely white-woolly all over; stem stout, erect or ascending, simple or branched, i°-3° tall. Lower leaves spatu- late, 2/-4/ long, 6//-i5// wide, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, sessile, acute or acuminate at the the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, the uppermost (bracts) usually small; flow- ers few, i' broad or more, long-pedicelled in open terminal panicles; calyx oblong-cam- panulate, its teeth filiform-subulate, twisted, shorter than the tube; petals crimson. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and \vu>u- ]il:uvs. Massachusetts to southern New York. Native of Europe. Also called Rose Campion. June- Aug. 5. GYPSOPHILA L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753. Annual or perennial, branching or diffuse, mostly glabrous and glaucous herbs, with nar- row leaves, and small numerous axillary or paniculate flowers. Calyx turbinate or campauu- late, 5-toothed, 5-nervcd, bractless. Petals 5, entire or emarginate, their claws narrow. Sta- mens 10; styles 2. Capsule dehiscent by 4 valves extending to or below the middle. Seeds reniform, laterally attached; embryo coiled. [Greek, in allusion to the supposed preference of some species for gypsum soils]. About 60 species, natives of Europe, Asia and northern Africa. Annual, diffuse, leaves narrowly linear; flowers axillary on filiform peduncles, Erect perennial ; leaves lanceolate; flowers paniculate. 1. ','. H/MM//M. 2. G. i. Gypsophila muralis L. Low Gypso- phyll. (Fig. 1463.) ii'Yf>snf>hila muralis L. Sp. PI. 408. 1753. Annual, diffuse, slender, much branched, glabrous or slightly rough at the base, 4'-?' high. Leaves narrowly linear or subulate, attenuate at each end, 3//-io// long, %"-%" wide; peduncles slender, spreading or ascend- ing. 3//-io// long, flowers purplish, i^//-2// broad; calyx turbinate, i^"-2" long, 5-toothed, the teeth rounded; petals crenate or emarginate, 2//-3// long, much exceeding the calyx; pod about 2" long, slightly longer than the calyx. In waste places, Ontario to Massachusetts, southern New York and New Jersey. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. -VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. I? 2. Gypsophila paniculata L,. Tall Gypsophyll. (Fig. 1464.) Gypsophila paniculata L. Sp. PI. 407. 1753. Perennial, glabrous or sometimes pubes- cent below, stem slender, erect, much branched, i°-2° tall. Leaves lanceolate, those of the stem i' long or more, 2//-4// wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, those of the branches much smaller, the bracts and bractlets minute; flowers ij^//-2// broad, very numerous in panicled cymes; pedicels 2//-5// long; calyx campanulate, i" high, deeply 5-lobed, the segments with broad scarious margins; petals white or pink, slightly emarginate, one-fourth to one-half longer than the calyx. Near Etnerson, Manitoba (according to Ma- coun ) . Fugitive from northern Europe or Asia. Summer. 6. TUNICA Adans. Fam. PL 2: 255. 1763. Rigid and slender mainly perennial herbs, with small glomerate panicled or solitary flowers, bracted at the base. Calyx top-shaped or campauulate, 5-toothed, 5~i5-nerved. Petals 5, long-clawed, the limb emarginate or bifid. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule ovoid or oblong, dehiscent by 4 apical teeth or valves. Seeds compressed, laterally attached; embryo straight, eccentric. [Latin, a cloak, in allusion to the bracts at the base of the calyx.] A genus of about 20 species, natives of southern Europe and western Asia. i. Tunica Saxifraga (L,.) Scop. Tunica. Saxi- frage Pink. (Fig. 1465.) Dianthus Saxifraga L,. Sp. PI. 413. 1753. Tunica Saxifraga Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 300. 1772. Perennial, tufted, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; stems dif- fuse or ascending, 4/-S/ long, terete, branching. Leaves linear- subulate, erect, very acute, 3//~5// long, less than l/2ff wide, connate at the base, the lower imbricated, the upper distant, their margins scabrous or ciliate; flowers panicled, about 3" broad, pink or purple; calyx campanulate, 5-ribbed, 3" long, twice the length of the scarious-margined acute bracts. Roadsides, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y., and London, Ontario. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 7. SAPONARIA L. Sp. PI. 408. 1753. Annual or perennial, erect or diffuse herbs, mostly with broad leaves and large flowers. Calyx ovoid, oblong or tubular, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved. Petals 5, entire or emarginate, long-clawed. Stamens 10. Ovary i-celled or incompletely 2-4-celled; styles 2. Capsule ovoid or oblong, dehiscent by 4 short apical teeth or valves. [Latin, soap; its juices abound in saponin, and have cleansing qualities.] About 35 species, natives of Europe, Asia and northern Africa. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Saponaria officinalis L,. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet. Hedge Pink. Bruise-wort. (Fig. 1466.) Saponaria officinalis L- Sp. PI. 408. 1753. Perennial, glabrous, erect, stout, sparingly branched, leafy, i°-2° high. Leaves ovate or oval, 2/-3/ long, about i' wide, strongly 3~5-ribbed, acute, narrowed at the base into a broad short petiole; flowers pink or whitish, about i' broad, in dense terminal corymbs, with numerous small lanceolate bracts or floral leaves; calyx tubular, S//-io// long, faintly nerved, 5-toothed; petals obcordate with a scale at the base of the blade; pod narrowly oblong, shorter than the calyx. . Roadsides and waste places, common in most districts and es- caped from gardens, spreading by underground stolons. Natu- ralized from Europe. Flowers sometimes double. Summer. Called also Fuller's-herb, Old Maid's Pink and Sheepweed. 8. VACCARIA Medic. Phil. Bot. i: 96. 1789. Annual glabrous and glaucous erect dichotomously branching herbs, with clasping ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute leaves, and rather small red or pink slender-pedicelled flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx cylindric in flower, becoming sharply 5-angled and inflated in fruit, 5-toothed, not bracted at the base. Petals much longer than the calyx, not appendaged. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothcd. Seeds laterally attached; embryo curved. [Latin, cow, in allusion to its value for fodder.] About 3 species, natives of Kurope ami AM.I i. Vaccaria Vaccaria (L.) Britton. Cow-herb. (Fig. 1467.) Saponaria Vaccaria t. Sp. PI. 409. 1753. Vaccaria vulgar i.t Host, 1-1. Aust. i: 518. Branching above, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, l'-3' long, #'-1' wide, acute, connate at the base; flowers pale red, 3"- 4" broad, borne in loose corymbose cymes; calyx oblong or ovate, 5"-7" long, 5-ribbed, much inflated and wing-angled in fruit, petals crenulate, with no scale at the base of the blade. In waste places, Ontario to British Columbia, south to Florida and Louisiana. Locally abundant. Also in the Rocky Mountain region. Nattirali/ed or .idvcntivc from Europe. June-Aug. 9. DIANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 409. 1753. Stiff perennial (rarely annual) herbs, mainly with narrow leaves. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymosc-pauiculate, generally purple. Calyx 5-toothcd, finely and equally many- striate, tubular, several-bracted at the base. Petals 5, long-clawed, dentate or crenate. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Ovary i-celled, stipitate. Capsule cylindric or oblong, stalked, de- hiscent by 4 or 5 short teeth at the summit. Seeds compressed, laterally attached. Embryo straight, excentric. [Greek, the flower of Jove.] Species about 200, natives of the Old World; one of Siberia extending into arctic America. Annuals; flowers clustered. Bracts broad, scarious. I. D. prolifer. Bracts narrow, herbaceous, long-pointed. 2. D. Armeria. Perennials. Flowers solitary; leaves linear, short. 3. D. del t aides. Flowers clustered; leaves lanceolate. 4. D. barbatus. Vol.. II.] PINK FAMILY. i. Dianthus prolifer L,. Proliferous Pink. (Fig. 1468.) Dianthus prolifer L,. Sp. PI. 410. 1753. Annual, erect, slender, glabrous, 6/-i5/ high, simple, or with few erect branches. Leaves dis- tant, linear, erect, acute, yz"-\" wide, 9"-i5" long; flowers small, pink, clustered in^terminal oblong or obovoid heads, and appearing suc- cessively from behind the bracts, which are broad, ovate, scarious, imbricated, shining, ob- tuse or mucronate, equalling and concealing the calyx. In waste places and ballast, Staten Island, N. Y., New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. Dianthus deltoides L,. (Fig. 1470.) 2. Dianthus Armeria L,. Deptford Pink. (Fig. 1469.) Dianthus Armeria I,. Sp. PI. 410. 1753- Annual, erect, stiff, finely pubescent, S'-iS'liigh; branches few, nearly erect. Leaves linear, erect, acute or the lower obtusish, i'-3' long, i"-!^" wide; flowers small, pink with whitish dots, borne in terminal often dense clusters; bracts lanceolate- subulate, long-pointed, erect, mostly longer than the sharply-toothed calyx; capsule sometimes 5- toothed. In fields and along roadsides, southern Ontario and Maine to Maryland, west to Michigan; rather common in the Eastern and Middle States. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. Maiden Pink. Dianthus deltoides L,. Sp. PI. 411. 1753. Perennial, tufted, glabrous or somewhat hoary ; stems ascending, 6/-i5// long; branches usually several, nearly erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 6//-9// long, \" wide, those of the flowering stems erect, acutish, the lower obtuse and spreading; flowers pink or whit- ish, solitary at the ends of the stem and branches; petals dentate at the end; bracts ovate, pointed, about half as long as the calyx or less. In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to northern New York and Michigan. Adventive from Europe. Native also of western Asia. Summer. [VOL. II. 20 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 4. Dianthus barbatus L,. Sweet William. Bunch Pink. (Fig. 1471.) Dianthus barbatus L. Sp. PI. 409. 1753. Perennial, tufted, glabrous, stems erect, i°-2° high, branching above. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, i%f-j/ long, 4//~9// wide, acute; bracts linear-filiform, about equalling the long-toothed calyx; flowers pink or whitish, in large terminal clusters. In waste places, escaping from gardens, occasional in the East- ern and Middle States. Introduced from Europe. Summer. 10. ALSINE L. Sp. PI. 274. 1753. [STELLARIA L. Sp. PI. 421. 1753.] Tufted annual generally diffuse herbs, with cymose white flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals of the same number, 2-cleft, 2-parted, or emarginatc, white in our species, rarely none. Stamens 10 or fewer, hypogyuous. Ovary i-cclled, several or many-ovuled; styles com- monly 3, rarely 4-5, usually opposite the sepals. Capsule globose, ovoid or oblong, dehis- cent by twice as many valves as there are styles. Seeds smooth or roughened, globose or compressed. [Greek, grove, the habitat of some species.] Species about 75, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate or cold climates. Styles 5; leaves ovate, I'-a* long. I. A. at/ita/ica. Styles 3, rarely 4. Leaves broad, ovate, ovate-oblong or oblong. Plants glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. Flowers few, terminal; leaves ovate, a" -3" long. Cymes lateral; leaves oblong, 5"-io" long. Stems with i or 2 pubescent lines; petioles often ciliate. Petals shorter than the calyx; lower leaves petioled. Petals longer than the calyx; lower leaves rarely petioled. Leaves narrow, linear, oblong, oblanceolate or spatulate. Flowers 7-10" broad. Flowers only 2"-6" broad. Bracts of the cyme small, scarious. Pedicels widely spreading; cyme diffuse. Leaves linear, acute at each end; seeds smooth. Leaves lanceolate, broadest below; seeds rough. Pedicels erect; flowers few or solitary. Bracts of the cyme foliaceous, resembling the upper leaves. Capsule i K-2 times as long as the calyx; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Seeds rough; petals equalling or longer than the calyx. 10. A. crassifotia. Seeds smooth; petals much shorter than the calyx or none. n. A. boreal i\. Capsule not longer than the calyx; leaves linear or linear-spatulate; petals none. 12. A.fontinalis. i. Alsine aquatica (L.) Britten. Water Mouse-ear Chick weed. (Fig. 1472.) Cerastinm aqualicum L. Sp. PI. 439. 1753. Stellaria aquatica Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, x: 319. 1772. Alsine aquatica Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 356. 1894. Perennial, stem angled, mostly glandular-pubescent above, nearly glabrous below, ascending or decum- bent, branched, i°-2^0 long. Leaves ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute at the apex, the upper sessile and subcordate, the lower petioled, rounded at the base, i'- 2' long; flowers about ]^f broad, solitary in the forks of the stem and in terminal cymes; pedicels slender, glandular, deflexed and much longer than the calyx in fruit; calyx campanulate; sepals ovate, acute, about one-half as long as the 2-cleft petals; stamens 10; styles 5, alternate with the sepals; capsule ovoid-oblong, slightly longer than the calyx; seeds rough. In wet and waste places, Ontario to Pennsylvania. Also in British Columbia. Adventive from Europe. May-Aug. 2. A. htimi/nsa. 3. A. itliginosa. 4. A. media. 5. A. f>n beta. 6. A. Hoi os tea. 7. A. 8. A. graminea. 9. A . longipes. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. 2. Alsine humifusa (Rottb.) Britton. Low Chickweed. (Fig. 1473.) Stellaria humifusa Rottb. Skrift. Vid. Selsk. 10: 447. 1770. Arenaria thymifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 317. 1814. Alsine humifusa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: I5°- 1804. Glabrous, stems branching, spreading and as- cending, i/-3/ long, purplish. Leaves ovate or ob- long, fleshy, 2//-3// long, acutish or obtuse, sessile; bracts foliaceous; flowers few or solitary, terminal or axillary, 3//-5// broad; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, 2// long; petals 2-parted, equalling or somewhat exceeding the calyx; capsule ovoid, as long as the sepals; seeds smooth, brown. In moist or wet places, Labrador to New Brunswick and Maine, west to Alaska. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 21 3. Alsine uliginosa (Murr.) Britton. Bogj Starwort. Marsh Chickweed. (Fig. 1474.) Stellaria uliginosa Murr. Prodr. Goett. 55. 1770. Alsine uliginosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894. Weak, decumbent or ascending, slender, generally growing in dense masses, stems nearly simple, 6/-i6/ long. Leaves oblong, 8//-i2// long, 2//~5// wide, nar- rowed at the base, the lower slightly petioled and sometimes ciliate, the upper sessile; flowers 3" broad, in lateral sessile cymes, rarely terminal; pedicels slen- der; sepals i//-i^// long, lanceolate, acute; petals 2- parted, about the length of the calyx and the ovoid pod; seeds rough. In cold brooks and springs, Maryland, eastern Pennsyl- vania and •vyestern New Jersey, north to New Brunswick. Also in British Columbia and the Northwest Territory, Kurope and Asia. Called also Bog or Marsh Stitchwort. Summer. Alsine media L. Common Chick- weed. (Fig. 1475.) Alsine media L- Sp. PI. 272. 1753. Stellaria media Cyr. Char. Comm. 36. 1784. Annual, weak, tufted, much branched, decum- bent or ascending, 4/-i6/ long, glabrous except a line of hairs along the stem and branches, the pubescent sepals and the sometimes ciliate peti- oles. Leaves ovate or oval, 2//-i^/ long, acute or rarely obtuse, the lower petioled and often cordate, the upper sessile; flowers 2//~4// broad, in terminal leafy cymes or also solitary in the axils; pedicels slender; sepals oblong, mostly acute, longer than the 2-parted petals; stamens 2-10; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx; seeds rough. In waste places, meadows and woods, common throughout North America. Naturalized from Eu- rope, though possibly native northward. Native also of Asia and now almost universally distributed as a weed. Jan.-Dec. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. [VOL. II. 5. Alsine pubera (Michx.) Britton. Great Chickweed. (Fig. 1476.) Slellaria pubera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 273. 1803. Alsine pubera Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894. Perennial, erect or decumbent, 4/-i2/ high, branching, the stems and branches with two finely hairy lines. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, %'-*#' long, acute or obtuse, their margins more or less ciliate, the upper generally sessile, the lower sometimes narrowed at the base or on broad peti- oles, those of sterile shoots sometimes all petioled; flowers 4//-6// broad, in terminal leafy cymes ; pedicels rather stout, more or less pubescent; sepals lanceolate, blunt or acute, often scarious-margined, shorter than the 2-cleft or 2-parted petals; capsule subglobose, or ovoid, its teeth re volute after split- ting; seeds rough. In moist, rocky plaivs. New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Indiana, smith t» Kentucky. Geoqtfa and Alabama. Ods to 4500 ft in North Carolina. May June. 6. Alsine Holostea (L.) Britton. Greater Stitch- wort or Starvvort. Adder's Meat. (Fig. 1477.) Stellaria Holostea L. Sp. PI. 422. 1753. Afsinc Holostea Britton. Mini. Torr. Club, $: 150. 1894. Krect from a creeping rootstock, glabrous or slightly downy, perennial, $'-2° high, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, i'-3' long, 2//~3// wide at the base, tapering to a long slender tip; flowers showy, ""-ID" broad, in terminal leafy cymose panicles; pedicels rather slender, downy; sepals 3"-6" long, lanceolate, acute, scarious-margined, one-half to two-thirds the length of the 2-clcft petals; capsule globose- ovoid. Stem angled, rough on the angles. Along Train's Meadnw Road. I.onjj Island, N. V. ( Rujft-r, 1872). Fugitive or adventive from Kurupe. Native aN»<>f ni.rthetn A Also called Allbone. fmm its brittle nodi-s. April June. \ Alsine longifdlia (Miihl.) Britton. Long-leaved Stitchwort. (Fig. 1478.) Stellaria linii;ir\>li£/-2>£/ long, i//-3// wide, the lower smaller; bracts lanceolate, \"-\yt" long, scarious; pedicels slender, divaricate; cymes at length ample, terminal or lateral; flowers nu- merous, 3//-5// broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, about 1%" long, 3-ncrved, equalling or some- what shorter than the 2-parted petals; capsule ovoid-oblong, nearly twice as long as the calyx; seeds smooth, shining. In low meadows and swamps, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Kentucky and Louisiana, and in the Rocky Mountain region, British Columbia, northern Kurope and Asia. May-July. VOL. II. ] PINK FAMILY. 8. Alsine graminea (L,.) Britton. Lesser Stitchwort. Lesser Starwort. (Fig. 1479.) Stellaria graminea L. Sp. PI. 422. 1753. Alsine graminea Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5; 150. Weak, glabrous, ascending from creeping root- stocks, branching above, i°-il/2° high or long, stem 4-angled. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, spreading or ascending, io"-is" long, 2//~3// wide, broadest just above the base, acute, the lower smaller; cymes diffuse, terminal, or at length lateral; pedicels slender, spreading; bracts scarious, often ciliate, lanceolate, 2"-3" long; flowers 3r/-5x/ broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, 2//-2^// l°ng. 3-nerved; petals 2-cleft, about the length of the sepals; capsule oblong, exceeding the sepals; seeds finely roughened. In fields and along roadsides, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, New England and the Middle States; fre- quent. Considered by Prof. Macoun as native in Canada; in southern New York and New Jersey it is certainly introduced and adventive from Europe. Native of Europe and northern Asia. May-July. 9. Alsine longipes (Goldie) Coville. Long-stalked Stitchwort. (Fig. 1480.) Slellaria longipes Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 327. 1822. Alsine longipes Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 70. 1893- Erector ascending, tufted, simple or rarely sparingly branched, 3/-i2/ high, glabrous, shining, rarely glaucous or pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5"- i8// long, \'f-^" wide at the base, rigid, as- cending or erect; flowers few, 3//-5// broad, terminal, on long slender erect pedicels; bracts scarious, lanceolate; sepals ovate or lanceolate, acute or acutish; petals 2-cleft, exceeding the calyx; capsule ovoid, longer than the sepals; seeds smooth. In moist places, Labrador and Nova Scotia to northern New England, west to Alaska and Min- nesota, south in the Rocky Mountains to Col- orado, and in California. Also in northern Asia. Summer. Alsine longipes Edwardsii (R. Br. ) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894. Stellaria Edzcardsii R. Br. in Parry's Voy. App. cclxxi. 1824. Stellaria longipes var. Edii'ardsii S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 113. 1878. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sparingly ciliate at the base; stems 2-3-flowered, 2' -3' tall. Labrador and Quebec, through arctic America to Siberia. Alsine longipes peduncularis (Bunge) Britton. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894. Stellaria peduncularis Bunge; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 2: 157. 1830. Stellaria longipes var. peduncularis Fenzl, in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. I: 387. 1842. Stem 2' -6' high, bearing 1-3 larger flowers on longer pedicels; stem more or less pubescent, especially at the nodes. Labrador to Alaska and Siberia. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. [VOL. II, 10. Alsine crassifolia Khrh. Fleshy Stitchwort. (Fig. 1481.) Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh. Hannov. Mag. 8: 116. 1784. Alsine crassifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894. Diffuse or ascending, weak, slender, simple or branched, glabrous, 2/-io/ long. Leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong- lanceolate to linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, narrowed at the base, 3//-8// long, i//-2^// wide; cymes terminal, few-flow- ered, or flowers axillary and solitary; bracts foliaceous, small; peduncles slender, ascending, flowers 2//-3// broad; sepals lanceolate-oblong, acute; petals longer than the calyx; capsule ovoid, longer than the sepals; seeds rough. In springs and moist places, Illinois, Minnesota, Quebec, Lab- rador, Manitoba and in arctic America, south in the Rocky Moun- tains to Wyoming. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. ii. Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. Northern Stitchwort. (Fig. 1482.) Stellaria borealis Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 182. 1824. Alsine borealis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894. Erect or ascending, weak, much branched, gla- brous, or pubescent above, 6'-i8/ long. Leaves membranous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, %'- i%f long, 2//-5// wide, acute, sessile, their margins ciliate or naked; inflorescence a leafy terminal compound cyme; pedicels slender, ascending or spreading; flowers 2//-4// broad; sepals ovate- lanceolate, acute; petals 2-5, shorter than the sepals, or none; capsule oblong, much exceeding the sepals; seeds smooth. In wet places, Rhode Island to northern New Jersey, Minnesota and British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Ascends to 5. ««> ft. in New Hampshire. Summer. Alsine borealis alpeatria (Fries) Brittnn, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894. Stellaria alfieslris Fries, Mant. 3: 194. i- Stellaria borealis var. al/>fs/ris A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 9V 1867. Larger, leaves broader, cyme more diffuse; upper bracts scar ious or scarious-margined; seeds- obscurely roughened. Like Superior, the Saskatchewan region, British Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. Also in northern Asia. 12. Alsine fontinalis (Short & Peter) Britton. Water Stitchwort. (Fig. 1483.) S,tt; ina fontinalis Short & Peter, Transylv. Journ. Med. 7: 600. 1834. Stellaria fontinalis Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 29: 286. 1894. Alpine font i nalis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 356. 1894. Annual, glabrous, stems weak, very slender, branched, ascending or diffuse, 4/-i2/ long. Leaves linear-spatulate, 4//-i2// long, about \" wide, the upper sessile, acute or subacute at the apex, the lower obtuse and narrowed into short petioles; pedicels filiform, $"-15" long, erector as- cending, solitary or 2-3 together in the forks of the stem and branches and axils; calyx oblong-cam- panulate, i" long; sepals 4 or 5, oblong or linear, obtuse, about equalling the ovoid-oblong obtuse capsule; stamens 4-8; petals wanting; styles very short; seeds densely tuberculate-roughened. In wet places, Kentucky and Tennessee. April-May. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. ii. CERASTIUM L,. Sp. PL 437. 1753. Annual or perennial, generally pubescent or hirsute herbs, with terminal dichotomous cymes of white flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals of the same number, emarginate or bifid (rarely wanting). Stamens 10, rarely fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and op- posite them, or in some species fewer. Capsule cylindric, i-celled, many-ovuled, often curved, dehiscent by 10, rarely 8, apical teeth. Seeds rough, more or less flattened, attached by their edges. [Greek, horn y, referring to the horn-like capsule of many species.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the temperate zones. Petals equalling the sepals, or shorter. Pedicels not longer than the sepals; flowers glomerate. Pedicels at length longer than the sepals; flowers cymose. Leaves 2" -4." long; capsule nearly straight. Leaves 4"-i2" long; capsule curved upward. Petals manifestly longer than the sepals (rarely wanting). Annuals, viscid-pubescent; flowers 2" -3" broad. Pedicels much longer than the calyx. Pedicels shorter than or but little exceeding the calyx. Perennials, glabrous or pubescent; flowers 6"-io" broad. Styles always 5. Leaves linear or lanceolate-oblong, mainly acute. 6. C. arvense. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse. 7. C. alpinum. Styles 3 ( very rarely 4 or 5 ) ; leaves linear-oblong. 8. C. cerastioides. 1. C. viscosum. 2. C. semidecandrum. 3. C. vulgatum. 4. C. longipedunculatum. 5. C. brachypodum. i. Cerastium viscosum L,. Mouse-ear Chickweed. (Fig. 1484.) Cerastium viscosum L- Sp. PI. 437. 1753. Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Fl. Paris, Ed. 2, 226. 1824. Annual, tufted, stems ascending or spreading, densely viscid-pubescent, 4/-i2/ long. Leaves ovate or obovate, or the lower spatulate, 4//-i2// long, 3//-7// wide, obtuse; bracts small, herba- ceous; flowers about 2//~3// broad, in glomerate cymes, becoming paniculate in fruit; pedicels shorter than or equalling the acute sepals; petals shorter than the calyx, 2-cleft. In waste places and meadows, New Brunswick and Ontario, south to Florida and Mexico. Natu- ralized from Europe, but not very common. Natu- ralized also in the West Indies, Central America, and on the Pacific Coast. April-July. 2. Cerastium sernidecandrum L. Small or Five-stamened Mouse-ear Chickweed. (Fig. 1485.) Cerastium semidecandrum L. Sp. PI. 438. 1753. Cerastium vulgatum var. semidecandrum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 94. 1867. Low, tufted, erect or decumbent, annual, 2/r-6/ high, finely viscid-pubescent. Leaves ovate, or the lower spatulate, 2//-4// long, obtuse; bracts scarious, mem- branous; inflorescence cymose; pedicels at length longer than the calyx; flowers i//-t^// broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, scarious-margined, slightly exceed- ing the emarginate petals; capsule narrow, nearly straight; stamens often 5. In dry, sterile soil, New Jersey to Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Spring Mouse-ear. April-May. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. [VOL. II. 3. Cerastium vulgatum L,. Larger Mouse-ear Cliickweed. (Fig. 1486.) Ceraslium rulgatum L. Sp. PI. Kd. 2, 627. 1762. Cerastium triz'iale Link, Enutn. Hort. Ber. 1:433. 1821. Cerastium nscosum of Linnaeus Herb, and of many recent authors. Biennial or perennial, viscid-pubescent, tufted, erect or ascending, 6/-iS/ long. Lower and basal leaves spatulate-oblong, obtuse; upper leaves oblong, 6"- 1 2" long, $"-5" wide, acute or ob- tuse; bracts scarious-margined; inflorescence cy- niose, loose, the pedicels at length much longer than the calyx; sepals obtuse or acute, about equalling the 2-cleft petals, 2//~3// long; capsule curved upward. In fields and woods, common throughout our area and probably indigenous high northward, though certainly in largo part naturalized from Europe. Often a troublesome weed. Occurs also in tin- South- ern and Western States, and is native iu northern Asia. May-Sept. 4. Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl. Nodding Cliickweed. Powder-horn. (Fig. 1487.) ( '. loiigifiednnculalum Muhl. Cat. 46. 1813. Ceraslium niilanx Raf. Prec. Decouv. 36. 1814. Annual, bright green, stem weak, reclining or ascending, diffusely branched, 6/-24/ long, striate, finely clammy-pubescent to glabrate. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, petioled, ft'-i' long, those of the middle part of the stem lanceolate or oblong, i'-2' long, 3//-4// wide, the upper similar, acute, sessile, gradually smaller; inflorescence loosely cy- mose; pedicels slender, in fruit several times the length of the calyx; flowers 2//-3" broad; sepals lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, about one-half the length of the 2-cleft petals; pods nodding, 5' '-9" long, curved upward, much exceeding the calyx. In moist, shaded places, Nova Scotia and Hud son Hay to North Carolina, west to Hritish Co- lumbia, Nevada and nortlu-rn Mexico. The plant sometimes produces capsules from appar- ently apetalous tlowei>. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Pennsylvania. April -June. 5. Cerastium brachypodum (Kngelm.) Robinson. Short-stalked Cliickweed. (Fig. 1488.) Ceraslium tin /mis var. braclivf>oilntn Kngelm. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 94. 1867. Ceraslium brack vfnnt inn Robinson; Hritton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 1.50. 1894. Annual, light green, viscid-pubescent or pu- berulent all over, stems simple or sparingly branched, tufted, erect, 3/-io/ tall. Lower and basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, 3"- 12" long, narrowed into short petioles, the upper linear or linear-ob- long, acute, sessile, sometimes erect-appressed; cymes terminal, few-several-flowered; flowers about 2" broad; fruiting pedicels, or some of them, deflexed, not more than twice as long as the calyx; capsules straight or slightly curved upward, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. In dry soil, southwestern Illinois and Missouri to Nebraska, South Dakota and Colorado, south to Texas, Ari/.ona and Mexico. March-July. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. Cerastium brachypodum compactum Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 29: 278. 1894. Cyme capitate; capsules very slender. Nebraska to Texas. 6. Cerastium arvense L,. Field Chickweed. (Fig. 1489.) Cerastium arvense L. Sp. PI. 438. 1753. Perennial, densely tufted, erect or ascend- ing, pubescent or nearly glabrous, flowering stems simple or sparingly branched, 4/-io/ high. Basal leaves and those of the sterile shoots linear-oblong, close, slightly narrowed at the base; stem-leaves distant, linear or nar- rowly lanceolate, • 5"-i5" long, i//-2// wide, acute; flowers several, cymose, 6//-8// broad; pedicels slender, erect; petals obcordate, much exceeding the lanceolate acute sepals which equal or are a little shorter than the slightly oblique pod. In dry, rocky places, Labrador to Alaska, south to Georgia, Missouri, Nevada and California. Also in Europe and Asia. April-July. Cerastium arvense oblongifolium (Torr. ) Holl. & Britt. Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 47. 1887. Cerastium oblongifolium Torr. Fl. U. S. 460. 1824. Larger, pubescent, leaves oblong or lanceolate, broader, mainly obtuse; capsules about twice the length of the calyx. Mainly on magnesian rocks, southern New York to Virginia, west to southern Ontario, Minnesota and in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada. Cerastium arvense velutinum (Raf. ) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894. Cerastium velutinum Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 359. 1808. Cerastium arvense var. rillosum Holl. & Britt. Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 49. 1887. Depressed, villous-pubescent, stem-leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; capsule 2 or 2^ times the length of the calyx. On serpentine rocks, Lancaster and Chester counties, Pa. 7. Cerastium alpinum L,. Alpine Chickweed. (Fig. 1490.) Cerastium alpinum L. Sp. PI. 438. 1753. Perennial, generally silky-hairy, sterile stems prostrate, flowering stems erect, 2/-6' high. Lower leaves somewhat oblauceolate or spatulate, dense, 2//-4// long, obtuse; upper leaves distant, ovate-oblong, obtusish, 4//-S// long; flowers solitary or 2-3, 6" -9" broad; pedicels slender; petals 2-lobed, twice the length of the lanceolate acute scarious-tipped sepals; pod longer than the calyx, nearly straight. In nioist, rocky places, Gaspe, Quebec; Labrador and in arctic America. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. Cerastium alpinum Fischerianum (Ser. ) T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 188. 1838. Cerastium Fischerianum Ser. in DC. Prodr. i: 419. 1824. Taller; pubescence more rigid. Labrador and through arctic America to Siberia. 28 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. [VOL. II. 8. Cerastium cerastioides (L,.) Britton. Starwort Chickweed. (Fig. 1491.) Stellaria cerastioides L. Sp. PI. 422. 1753. Cerastium trigymim Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 3:645. 1789. Cerastium cerastioides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894.. Perennial, glabrous except a line of minute hairs along one side of the stem and branches, rarely pubescent throughout. Flowering branches as- cending, 3/-6/ long; leaves linear-oblong, 4//-8" long, about i" wide, obtuse, the lower often smaller and slightly narrowed at the base; flowers solitary or few, 5//-6// broad, long-pedicel led; petals 2- lobed, twice the length of the obtuse or acutish scarious-margined sepals; capsule nearly straight, twice the length of the calyx; styles 3, rarely 4 or 5; sepals and petals 5 or 4. Gasp£, Quebec, and in arctic America. Also in arctic and alpine Kurope and Asia. Summer. 12. HOLOSTEUM L,. Sp. PI. 88. 1753. Annual erect herbs, often viscid-pubescent above, with cymose-umbellate, white flowers on long terminal peduncles. Sepals 5. Petals 5, emargiuate or eroded. Stamens 3-5, hy- pogynous. Styles 3. Ovary i -celled, many-ovuled. Capsule ovoid-cylindrical, dehiscent by 6 short valves or teeth. Seeds compressed, attached by the inner face, rough. [Greek, signifying all bone, an antiphrase, the herbs being tender.] About 3 species, natives of Europe and temperate Asia. i. Holosteum umbellatum L,. Jagged Chickweed. (Fig. 1492.) Holosteum umbellatum I,. Sp. PI. 88. 1753. Glabrous or slightly downy below, viscid and glandular-pubescent above, simple, tufted, s'-ia' high. Basal leaves spreading, oblanceolate or oblong; stem-leaves oblong, acute or obtuse, ses- sile, *A'-\' long; umbel terminal, 3-8-flowered; pedicels very slender, about i' long, erect or as- cending in flower, subsequently reflcxed and again erect when the fruit is mature; flowers white, 2"- 3// broad; sepals obtuse, about 2" long, scarious- margined, somewhat shorter than the eroded petals; capsule ovoid, nearly twice the length of the sepals, its teeth recurved. \\-ry abundant in the vicinity of Lancaster, Pa.; Delaware. Naturali/.ecl from Kurope. Native also of northern Asia. April-May. 13. MOENCHIA Khrh. Beitr. 2: 177. 1788. Low annual glabrous herbs, with small narrow sessile leaves. Flowers rather large, ter- minal, solitary or cymose, 4-parted or sometimes 5-parted, white. Sepals scarious-margined, lanceolate. Petals entire. Stamens 4-10. Styles as many as the sepals and opposite them. Capsule cylindric, equalling or shorter than the calyx, 8-toothed or rarely lo-toothed, the teeth somewhat revolute at maturity. [In honor of Konrad Moench, Professor in Marburg.} Two or three species, natives of the Mediterranean region. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. 29 i. Moenchia erecta (L,.) Gaertn. Upright Pearlwort. (Fig. 1493.) Sagina erecta L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753. Moenchia erecta Gaertn. Fl. Wett. i: 219. 1799. Cerastium quaternellum Fenzl, Verbr. Alsin. tabel. p. 18. 1833. Glabrous and glaucous, tufted, erect or ascending, 2/-6/ high. Basal leaves spatulate and narrowed into a short petiole; stem-leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, 4//-8// long, about ix/ wide; flowers few or solitary, erect, 2//-4// broad, on slender erect pedicels; sepals 4, lanceolate, acute, 2//_y/ long, scarious-margined; petals 4, slightly shorter than the sepals, entire; stamens 4, rarely 8; styles 4; capsule ovoid, dehiscent by 8 short apical teeth. In waste grounds, near Philadelphia (Drummond) and Balti- more. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Not recently col- lected. May-July. 14. SAGINA L. Sp. PL 128. 1753. Tufted matted low annual or perennial herbs, with subulate leaves, and small pedi- celled whitish flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals of the same number, entire, emarginate or none. Stamens of the same number, or fewer, or twice as many. Ovary i-celled, mauy- ovuled. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Capsule 4-5-valved, at length dehiscent to the base, the valves opposite the sepals. [Ancient name of the spurry.] About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Parts of the flower in 4's (or some flowers in 5's). Plant depressed-spreading; petals present. i. S. procumbens. Plant erect; petals very minute or none. 2. 5. apetala. Parts of the flower in s's. Leaves opposite, not fascicled. Petals equalling or shorter than the sepals. 3. 5. decumbens. Petals and pods longer than the sepals. 4. S. saginoides. Leaves fascicled in the axils; petals exceeding the sepals. 5. S1. nodosa. i. Sagina procumbens L,. Procumbent Pearl- wort. (Fig. 1494.) Sagina procumbens L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753. Annual or perennial, branching, decumbent, depressed or spreading, glabrous or minutely downy, matted, i'-3' high. Leaves linear, subulate, i//-3// long, connate at the base; flowers about \" broad, numerous; peduncles capillary, longer than the leaves, often recurved at the end after flower- ing; sepals 4, sometimes 5, ovate-oblong, obtusish, generally longer than the petals, which are occasionally wanting; capsule about equalling the calyx; stamens 4, rarely 5. In moist places, Newfoundland and Greenland to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Also in northern Michigan. Native of Eu- rope and Asia. Our plant is probably in part naturalized from Europe, as it is in Mexico and in South America. May-Sept. 2. Sagina apetala Ard. Small-flowered Pearlwort. (Fig. 1495.) Sagina apetala Ard. Animad. Bot. Spec. 2: pi. 5. 1764. Erect or ascending, annual, glabrous, filiform, i'-4' high. Leaves linear-subulate, glabrous or sparingly ciliate, i//-4//long; flowers ix/ broad or less; peduncles elongated, capillary, erect; sepals 4, ovate or oval, obtuse; petals none, or 4 and very min- ute; pod ovoid, nearly twice the length of the calyx. In dry soil in woods and fields, Massachusetts to New Jersey and Pennsylvania; rare. Apparently introduced. Native of Europe. Regarded by Bentham as a mere form of the preceding species. June . CARYOl'IIYLLACEAE. [VOL. II. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Decumbent Pearhvort. (Fig. 1496.) Sp.'roidii dttiimbens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 523. 1817. Snx'iiia tiecitmbfiisT. &. G. Fl. N. A. i: 177. i - Sagina subttlata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:17*. iS.^s. Not Presl, 1826. Annual, tufted, stems decumbent or ascending, 2/-4/ long, gla- brous or minutely glandular-pubescent above. Leaves narrowly linear, sometimes bristle-tipped, $"-$" long; peduncles filiform, 3//-i5// long; flowers \"-\y2" broad; sepals, petals and styles 5; stamens 5 or 10; petals equalling or shorter than the calyx; pod ovoid-oblong, nearly twice as long as the calyx; sepals acutish or obtuse. In dry soil, eastern Massachusetts to Illinois, south to Florida, Mi- souri and Louisiana. March-May. Sagina decumbens Smithii (A. Gray) S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 105. 1878. Sagina subiilata var. Sinitliii A. Gray, Man. Kd. 5, 95. i- Slender, stems erect or nearly so; flowers apetalous. Plant with the aspect of S. apetala, but the parts of the flower in s's. Southeastern Pennsylvania and southern Now Jersey. 4. Sagina saginoides (L,.) Britten. Arctic Pearhvort. (Fig. 1497.) 1894. saginonti v I.. Sp. PI. 441. 1753. Sa.ifina Linnaei Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 14. Sagina saginoides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 151. Perennial, glabrous, tufted, i'-4' high, few-flowered or the flowers solitary at the ends of the stems. Leaves linear-subulate, or filiform, 2//-5// long, acuminate or mu- cronate; flowers i^//-2ij4// broad; sepals, petals and styles 5; stamens 10; sepals oval, obtuse, half the length of the ovoid-oblong capsule. On rocks, Labrador, Anticosti and in arctic America. in the higher Rocky Mountains, south to Colorado and I'tah, and in California. Also in alpine and arctic Kurope and Asia. Summer. JL Sagina noddsa (L,. ) Fenzl. Knotted Pearl- wort. (Fig. 1498.) '(i mntusa L Sp. PI. 440. 1753. MOi/owf l-Vn/.l. Vetlir. Al-in. !-•. 1833. Perennial, tufted, erect or decumbent, 2/-6/ high, stems sparingly branched, slender, glabrous, or slightly glandular- pubescent above. Lower leaves linear, teretish, 4//-8// long, mucronulate, the upper shorter and with clusters of minute ones iu their axils; flowers few, about 3" broad, terminating the stem and branches; sepals, petals and styles 5; stamens 10; peduncles 3//-8// long; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, i" long; petals obovate, longer than the calyx, as is also the ovoid pod. In wet, sandy places, coast of New Hampshire and Maine ^to reenland; Arctic Sea. Greenland; shores of Lake Superior, Lake Winnipeg and of the . Also in northern Kurope and Asia. Summer. 15. ARENARIA L. Sp. PI. 423. 1753. [ALSINE Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 127. 1812. Not L. I753-] Annual or perennial, mainly tufted herbs, with sessile leaves, and terminal cymose or capitate, rarely axillary and solitary, white flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire or scarcely emarginate, rarely none. Stamens 10. Styles generally 3 (rarely 2-5). Ovary i-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule globose or oblong, dehiscent at the apex by as many valves or teeth as there are styles, or twice as many. Seeds reniform-globose or compressed. [Latin, sand, in allusion to the habitat of many species.] About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution; not common in tropical regions. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. 1. A. serpyllifolia. 2. A. cilia ta. 3. A. Hookeri. 4. A. Fendleri* 5. A, biflora. 6. A. verna. 7. A. Caroliniana. Valves of the capsule 2-cleft or 2-toothed, sometimes appearing as if double the number of the styles. Leaves ovate or oblong. Sepals acuminate; annual herb of waste places. Sepals obtuse or scarcely acute; perennial; arctic. Leaves subulate or setaceous. Cymes very dense; stems i'-4/ tall. Cymes loose; stems 4' '-15' tall. Valves of the capsule entire (Genus ALSIXE Wahl). Leaves rigid, subulate or setaceous. Arctic or alpine, densely tufted, i'~3' high. Flowers 5" -8" broad. Flowers 2" -3" broad. Neither arctic nor alpine, tufted but diffuse, 4"-i6" high. Leaves densely imbricated; pine barren species. Leaves fascicled in the axils. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2" long; plant bright green. 8. A. stricta. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2]4" long; plant pale green. 9. A. Texana. Leaves soft, herbaceous; narrowly linear or filiform. Sepals prominently ribbed; southern. 10. A. patula. Sepals not ribbed; alpine and northern. n. A. Groenlandica. i. Arenaria serpyllifolia L,. Thyme- leaved Sandwort. (Fig. 1499.) Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Sp. PI. 423. 1753. Annual, slender, slightly downy-pubescent, widely branched and diffuse, 2/-S' high. Leaves ovate, 2//-4// long. i^//-2// wide, acute; pedi- cels slender, 2//-6// long; bracts ovate, resem- bling the leaves; flowers i" broad or less, very numerous in cymose panicles; sepals ovate, i^" long, acute or mucronate, 3~5-nerved, scarious- margined; petals obovate or oblong, usually shorter; capsule ovoid, slightly shorter than or equalling the calyx, dehiscent by 6 short apical valves; seeds rough. In dry or rocky places, common throughout east- ern North America, extending across the continent. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia, and widely distributed as a weed. May-Aug. 2. Arenaria ciliata I,. Fringed Sandwort. (Fig. 1500.) Arenaria ciliata L- Sp. PI. 425. 1753. Perennial, tufted, glaudular-puberuleut, stems very slender, creeping or ascending, pubescent in lines, i/-5/ long, or the flow- ering branches erect. Leaves ovate or ob- long, obtuse or acute at the apex, sessile or very nearly so, i//-3// long, ciliate or glabrous; peduncles filiform, erect, mostly i-flowered; flowers about 3" broad; sepals ovate or oblong, obtuse, nerveless or faintly i-nerved, about as long as the petals; cap- sule oblong, twice as long as the calyx, its 3 valves deeply 2-cleft; seeds slightly roughened. Quebec to Greenland. Also in arctic and alpine Europe. The American plant is re- ferred by Dr. B. L- Robinson to the var. hu- m if lisa Hornem. — having glabrous leaves and nerveless sepals so far as observed, and may be specifically distinct from the European. In Europe the species has been separated into several varieties. Summer. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. [VOL. II. 3. Arenaria Hookeri Nutt. Hooker's Sand wort. (Fig. 1501.) Arenaria Hookeri Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 178. 1838. Tufted from a deep woody root, 2/-3/ high. Leaves linear-subulate, rigid, very sharp- pointed, densely imbricated, glabrous, 6"-i2" long; flowering stems short, finely and densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate-subulate, scarious- margined, the margins ciliolate; cyme dense, 8"-i8" broad, its rays short and pubescent; sepals lanceolate-subulate, pubescent, shorter than the similar bracts and about one-half the length of the petals; capsule not seen. In dry or rocky soil, Nebraska end Colorado to Montana. June-Aug. 4. Arenaria Fendleri A. Gray. Fendler's Sanchvort. (Fig. 1502.) Arenaria Fendleri A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II. )4: 13. 1849- Perennial by a woody root, pale green, glandu- lar-pubescent above; stems tufted, erect, very slender, usually several times forked, 4/-i5/ tall, the intcrnodes i '-2' long. Lower leaves subulate or setaceous, glabrous or minutely ciliate, i'-4' long, about X" wide, the|upper gradually smaller and somewhat connate at the base; cyme loose, its forks filiform, several-flowered; pedicels very glandular, 3//-i2// long; flowers 4//-6// broad; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious- margincd, nearly as long as the obovate petals; capsule narrowly oblong, rather shorter than the sepals, 3-valved, the valves 2-toothed. In dry, usually rocky soil. Nebraska and Wyoming to Utah, south to N\-\v Mexico and Arizona. Tune- Aug. June- 5. Arenaria bifldra (L.) S. Wats. Arctic Sanchvort. (Fig. 1503.) Ilaria bifiora L. Sp. PI. 422. 1753. Arenaria Sajancnsis Willd. ; Schlecht. Berl. Mag. Natf. 1816: 200. 1816. Aiinaria biflora S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 94. 1878. Perennial, stem woody below, tufted, glandular-pubescent, i/-2/ high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile and sheathing, densely imbricated, somewhat broadest at the base, 3 "-4" long, semiterete, obtuse, glabrous, ciliate or glandular-pubescent, generally falcate, strongly keeled by the midvein; peduncles slender, terminal, i-2-flowered; flowers 5"-S" broad; sepals linear-oblong, 3-nerved, obtusish; petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx; capsule slightly longer than the sepals; seeds smooth. Greenland and Labrador to Quebec, west through Arctic Amer- ica to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in Asia. Summer. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. 33 6. Arenaria verna L/. Vernal Sand- wort. (Fig. 1504.) Arenaria verna L. Mant. 72. 1767. -Arenaria hirta Wormsk. ; Hornem. Fl. Dan. pi, 1646. Perennial, densely tufted, flowering stems erect or ascending, i'-5' high, branching, gla- brous or sparingly pubescent. Leaves subulate- linear, rather rigid, imbricated below, more dis- tant above, 2//-4// long, the upper a little shorter and broader than the lower; flowers 2//-3// broad, numerous in loose cymes; pedicels 2//-4// long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, i^2//-2// long, 3-ribbed; petals slightly longer than the sepals; capsule 3-valved, exceeding the sepals; seeds rugose. In rocky places, Smuggler's Notch, Vt. ; Mt. Al- bert, Gaspe, Quebec; Labrador and arctic America, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in northern and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 7. Arenaria Caroliniana Walt. Pine- barren Sandwort. (Fig. 1505.) Arenaria Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 141. 1788. Arenaria squarrosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i- 27-? 1803. Perennial from a deep root, tufted, more or less glandular-pubescent, base woody, flower- ing stems ascending or erect, 4/-io/ high, nearly simple up to the cymose inflorescence. Lower leaves subulate, rigid, 2//-3// long, chan- neled on the inner surface, keeled by the promi- nent midrib, densely imbricated; upper leaves similar, distant; cymes terminal, few-flowered; pedicels ascending or erect; flowers 5//-8// broad; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, nerveless; petals oblanceolate, 3-4 times as long as the calyx; pod short- ovoid, twice as long as the calyx, 3-valved; seeds very nearly smooth. In dry sand, southeastern New York, pine bar- rens of New Jersey, south near the coast to Florida and Georgia. May-July. 8. Arenaria stricta Michx. A renaria stricta Michx.Fl. Bor. Am. i : 274. 1803. Alsine Michauxii Fenzl, Verbr. Alsin. table, p. 18. 1833. Arenaria MicJiau.ritHook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 23: 287. 1867. Perennial from a short root, tufted, slender, erect or ascending, glabrous, dark green, 6'- 16' high, simple or nearly so to the diffuse cymose bracted inflorescence. Leaves slen- der, rigid, subulate or filiform, broadest at the sessile base, 4//-io// long, distinctly i- ribbed, spreading, with numerous others fascicled in the axils; pedicels 3//-i8// long; flowers 4//~5// broad; calyx ovoid-oblong in fruit; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-ribbed, 2" long, about half the length of the petals and slightly shorter than the ovoid pod; seeds minutely rugose. In dry, rocky places, especially limestone bluffs, Ontario and Vermont to Virginia, west to Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missoun. June-July. Rock Sandwort. (Fig. 1506.) 34 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 9 [Vol.. II. Arenaria Texana (Robinson) Britton. Texas Sandwort. (Fig. 1507.) Arenaria stricta Texana Robinson; Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 152. 1894. Similar to the preceding species but lower, stiffer, pale green, stems erect, 4/-7/ tall, simple up to the inflorescence, conspicuously thickened at the nodes, the internodcs mostly very short. Leaves subulate, stiff, 3//-6// long, strongly con- nate, with numerous minute or similar ones fas- cicled in their axils; cymes small, rather few- flowered, compact or rather loose; pedicels rarely more than 8" long; flowers 4//-5// broad; calyx narrowly conic in fruit; sepals narrowly lanceo- late, strongly 3-ribbed, long-acuminate, 2" long, longer than the capsule. In dry, rocky soil, Kansas and Missouri to Texas. June-July. 10. Arenaria patula Michx. Pitcher's Sandwort. (Fig. 1508.) Arenaria patula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 273. 1803. Arenaria Pi/chert Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. x: 180. 1838. Annual, branched from the base, slender or even filiform, erect or ascending, 4/-io/ high, finely pubescent or glabrous. Leaves soft, herbaceous, linear-filiform, 4//-i2// long, %" wide or less, ob- tuse or acutish; cyme terminal, several-flowered, diffuse; pedicels slender; sepals lanceolate, acumi- nate, 3-5-ncrved, about half the length of the emarginate petals and equalling the pod; seeds rough. In open, dry places, Kentucky to Illinois and Kan- sas, south to Alabama, Tennessee and Texas. April- May. ii. Arenaria Groenlandica (Retz) Spreng. Mountain Sandwort or Starwort. (Fig. 1509.) Slellaria Groenlandica Retz, Fl. Scand. Ed. 2, 107. 1795- Arenaria Groenlandica Spreng. Syst. 2: 402. 1825. Perennial from a slender rootstock, densely tufted, glabrous, flowering stems slender, 2/-5/ high; leaves linear-filiform, the upper distant, the lower matted, 3"-6" long; cyme terminal, several- flowered; pedicels 2//-6// long, filiform; flowers 4//-6// broad; sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-mar- gined, nerveless; half the length of the entire or retuse petals and shorter than the oblong pod; seeds compressed, smooth. On dry rocks, Labrador and Greenland to northern New York, Connecticut, the mountains of southern New York and Pennsylvania, and on the higher Alle- ghanies of Virginia and North Carolina. June-Sept. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. 35 16. MOEHRINGIA I,. Sp. PI. 359. 1753. Low herbs, our species perennials, with oblong ovate ovate-lanceolate or linear soft leaves, sessile or very short-petioled, and small white flowers solitary in the axils or in termi- nal cymes. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid, few- seeded. Seeds mostly smooth and shining, appendaged at the hilum by a membranous broad strophiole. [In honor of P. H. G. Moehring, naturalist of Danzig.] About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known to occur in North America. Leaves oblong or oval, usually obtuse; sepals obtuse or acute, much shorter than the petals. i. M. lateriflora. Leaves lanceolate, usually acute; sepals acuminate, longer than the petals. 2. M. macrophylla. i. Moehringia lateriflora (L,.) Fenzl. Blunt- leaved Moehringia or Sandwort. (Fig. 1510.) Arenaria lateriflora L. Sp. PI. 423. 1753. Moehringia lateriflora Fenzl, Verbr. Alsin. table, p. 18. 1833- Stems erect or ascending, simple or at length spar- ingly branched, finely pubescent throughout, 4/-i2/ high. Leaves thin, oval or oblong, %f-i' long, obtuse, spreading, the margins and nerves ciliate; cymes lateral and terminal, few-flowered or flowers sometimes soli- tary; flowers 3//-4// broad, their parts in 4's or 5*3; sepals oblong, obtuse or acute, half as long as the nearly entire petals; ovary at first 3-celled; capsule ovoid, nearly twice as long as the calyx, dehiscent by 3 2-cleft valves. In moist places and on shores, southern New York and New Jersey to Missouri, north to Nova Scotia and Alaska, extending in the Rocky Mountains to Utah. Also in Oregon and British Columbia and in northern Europe and Asia. May-July. 2. Moehringia macrophylla (Hook.) Torr. Large-leaved Moehringia or Sandwort. (Fig. 1511.) Arenaria macrophylla Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 102. PI. 37. 1830. Moehringia macrophylla Torr. Bot. Wilkes' Exp. 246. 1874. Stems decumbent, puberulent, usually branched, 6/-i5/ long. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate (rarely obtusish) at the apex, narrowed at the base, i/~3/ long, 2//-s// wide; cymes terminal or becoming axillary by the elongation of the stem, i-5-flowered; flowers about $" broad; sepals lance- olate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, longer than the small petals; capsule rather shorter than the calyx, 3-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Isle St. Ignace Lake Superior, to British Columbia, south to California. May-Aug. 17. AMMODENIA J. G. Gmel. Fl. Sib. 4: 160. 1769. [HONKENYA Ehrh. Beitr. 2: 180. 1788.] Perennial fleshy maritime herbs, with ovate obovate oblong or oblanceolate leaves, and rather small flowers, solitary in the axils and in the forks of the stem or branches. Sepals 5 (rarely 4). Petals the same number, entire. Stamens 8 or 10. Disk prominent, 8-io-lobed, glandular. Styles 3-5. Capsule subglobose, fleshy, 3~5-valved when mature, the valves en- tire. Seeds numerous, obovate, not strophiolate. [Greek, referring to the growth of these plants in sand.] Two species, the following of sea beaches throughout the north temperate zone, the other of the coasts of northwestern America and northeastern Asia. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Ammodenia peploides (L,.) Rupr. Sea-beach Sandwort. ( Fig. 1512.) Arenaria peploides L,. Sp. PI. 423. 1753. Honkenya peploides Ehrh. Beitr. a: 181. 1788. Ammodenia peploides Rupr. Beitr. Pfl. Russ. Reich. 2: 25. iS4.s. Perennial from long rootstocks, glabrous, fleshy throughout, stems stout, tufted, simple or branched, erect, diffuse or ascending, 3/-io/ long. Leaves sessile, clasping, ovate or oval, acute or mucronate, 5//-io// long; flowers axillary and ter- minal, 3//-4// broad; peduncles stout, 2//-8// long; ovary 3-celled (rarely 4-5-celled); sepals ovate, ob- tusish, about equalling the petals, shorter than the depressed-globose mostly 3-valved pod; seeds smooth, short-beaked at the liiluin, not strophio- late. On sands of the seashore, New Jersey to arctic America. Also on the shores of northern Europe and Asia. Called also Sea Chickweed and Sea Purslane. June-July. 18. SPERGULA L. Sp. PI. 440. 1753. Annual branched herbs, with subulate stipulate leaves, much fascicled in the axils, and terminal cymes of white flowers. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, the valves opposite the sepals. Seeds compressed, acute- margined or winged. [Latin, (from spergo) to scatter.] Two or three species, natives of the Old World. The following is widely distributed as a \vn-tl. i. Spergula arvensis L,. Spurry. Corn Spurry. (Fig. 1513.) Spergula arvensis L. Sp. PI. 440. 1753. Slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branch- ing at or near the base, erect or ascending, 6'-i8' high. Leaves narrowly linear or subulate, i/-2/ long, clustered at the nodes in two opposite sets of 6-8 together, appearing verticillatc; stipules small, connate; flowers 2//-3" broad, numerous in loose terminal cymes; pedicels slender, divaricate; sepals ovate, i>^//-2// long, slightly longer than the petals; stamens 10 or 5 in flowers on the same plant; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx. In fields and waste places, frequent as a weed throughout eastern Canada and the Eastern and Mid- dle States, and locally \vist\v.ini. Advcntivr or natu- ralized from Europe. Called also Sandweed. Summer. 19. TISSA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 507. 1763. [BUDA Adans. Fam. PI. 2:507. 1763.] [SPERGULARIA Pers. Syn. i: 504. 1805.] Low annual or perennial herbs, mostly with fleshy linear or setaceous leaves, often with others clustered in the axils, and small pink or whitish flowers in terminal racemose bracted or leafy cymes. Stipules scarious. Sepals 5. Petals the same number, rarely fewer, or none, entire. Stamens 2-10. Ovary i-celled, many ovuled; styles 3. Pod 3-valved to the base. Seeds reniform -globose or compressed, smooth, winged or tuberculate. [Name unexplained.] About 20 species, of wide geographic distribution, most of them inhabitants of saline shores or salt marshes. Species of salt marshes or sea beaches; leaves very fleshy. Pedicels i J4-2 times the length of the sepals- flowers pink. i. T. marina. Pedicels 2-4 times the length of the sepals; flowers pale or white. 2. T. Canadensis. Species mostly of dry sandy soil; leaves scarcely fleshy. 3. T. rubra. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. 37 i. Tissa marina (L.) Britton. Salt-marsh Sand Spurry. Arenaria rubra var. marina L. Sp. PI. 423. 1753. Spergularia salina Presl, Fl. Cech. 95. 1819. Buda marina Dumort. Fl. Belg. no. 1827. Spergularia media A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 95. 1867. Tissa marina Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 16: 126. 1889. Buda marina var. minor S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 90. 1890. Annual, erect, ascending or nearly prostrate, from fibrous roots,4/-8/ high, but very variable, freely branch- ing, glabrous or glandular-pubescent. Stipules ovate; leaves linear, terete, very fleshy, ^/-i^/ long, }^"-\ff wide, often much fascicled in the axils; pedicels spreading or ascending, 2//~5// long; flowers numer- ous, pink; sepals ovate, acute or obtuse, i//-3// long; capsule a little longer than the calyx; seeds smooth, or roughened with projecting processes, wingless, or winged. In salt marshes, New Brunswick to Florida. Also in those of the Pacific Coast, and of Europe and northern Asia. Called also Sea-side Sandwort. Summer. (Fig. 1514.) 2. Tissa Canadensis (Pers.) Britton. Northern Sand Spurry. (Fig. 1515.) Arenaria Canadensis Pers. Syn. i: 504. 1805. Buda borealis S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 90. 1890. Tissa salina Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 16: 127. 1889. Not Spergularia salina Presl. Tissa Canadensis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 152. 1894. Annual, slender, diffuse and spreading, entirely glabrous, 2'-$' high. Leaves linear, fleshy, teret- ish, 5"-8" long, mainly obtuse, generally simply opposite and not fascicled; stipules broadly ovate; pedicels slender, spreading, 3"-6" long, at length much exceeding the calyx; sepals \" long; flowers pale or white; capsule twice the length of the calyx; seeds smooth or papillose, usually wingless. On muddy shores, Maine to Labrador. Summer. 3. Tissa rubra (L,.) Britton. Sand Spurry. Purple Sandwort. (Fig. 1516.) Arenaria rubra L. Sp. PI. 423. 1753. Buda rubra Dumort. Fl. Belg. no. 1827. Spergularia rubra Presl, Fl. Cech. 93. 1819. Tissa rubra Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 16: 127. 1889. Annual or biennial, depressed or ascending, very leafy up to the inflorescence, glabrous or sparingly glandular- pubescent above, 2/-6/ high, often forming dense little mats. Leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy, 2//-4// long; flowers bright pink, \"-\yzff broad; stipules ovate- lanceolate, acuminate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acutish; pedicels slender, spreading, 2//-4// long; pods about equalling the calyx; seeds wingless, rough with pro- jecting points. In waste places and along roadsides, or sometimes mari- time. Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, western New York and Virginia. Apparently adventive from Europe in large part, but perhaps indigenous northward. Also introduced in California and Oregon. Native of Europe and Asia. Sum- mer. CARYOPHYLLACBAE. [VOL. II. 20. LOEFLINGIA L,. Sp. PI. 35. 1753. Low annual glaudular-puberuleut diffusely branched herbs, with small subulate or setaceous stipulate leaves and very small sessile flowers, solitary or glomerate in the axils. Sepals 5, rigid, keeled, acuminate or awn-tipped, the outer ones commonly with a tooth on each side. Petals 3-5, minute, or wanting. Stamens 3-5, perigynous. Ovary triangular- pyramidal, i-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds oblong or obovate, attached •near their bases; embryo somewhat curved; cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of Peter Loefling, 1729-1756, Swedish traveler.] About 5 species, natives of southwestern North Amer- ica, the Mediterranean region and central Asia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southwestern United States. i. Loeflingia Texana Hook. Texan Loeflingia. (Fig. 1517.) Loeflingia Texana Hook. Ic. PI. 3: pi. 275. 1840. Finely and densely glandular-puberulent, stems much branched, bushy, 3/-6/ high, the branches slender, terete, ascending or those bearing flowers secund and recurved. Leaves subulate, 2//-3// long, appressed-ascending; flowers less than i" broad; sepals nearly or quite straight, the 3 outer ones or all with a setaceous tooth on each side; petals much shorter than the sepals; stamens usually 3; capsule shorter than the calyx; seeds obovate. In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas. April-June. 21. PARONYCHIA Adans. Fain. PI. 2: 272. 1763. Perennial tufted herbs, often woody at the base, with opposite leaves, scarious stipules, and small clustered scarious-bractcd apetalous flowers. Calyx 5-partcd, the se^inc/nts bris- tle-pointed. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the calyx, sometimes alternate with as in my stamiiuxlia. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, narrowed upward into the style; style 2-cleft at the apex; ovule solitary, amphitropous. Utricle membranous, included in the calyx, i-secded. [Greek, for a disease of the fingers and a plant supposed to cure it.] About 40 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Resides the following about 5 cithers occur in the Southern States, one in the Rocky Mountains, and one in California. Awns of the calyx-segments erect. Awns of the calyx-segments divergent. Stipules 2-cleft. Stipules entire. Lowest leaves obtuse, uppermost mucronate or bristle-pointed. Leaves all acute, mucronate or bristle -pointed. 1. P. argyrocomn. 2. P. sessiliJJora. 3. P. J (. /'. i. Paronychia argyrocoma (Michx.) Nutt. Silver Whitlow- wort. (Fig. 1518.) Anychia argyrocoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. x: 113. 1803. Paronychia argyrocoma Nutt. Gen. i: 160. 1818. Stem erect or ascending, much branched, 3/-8/ high, clothed with silvery appressed scale-like hairs. Leaves linear, i -nerved, acute or mucronate at the apex, pubes- cent or nearly glabrous; stipules silvery-white, scarious, entire, usually shorter than the leaves; flowers in fork- ing cymes, subtended by the large silvery membranous bracts; calyx-segments 2" a^" long, their awns erect, nearly as long as the segments; style filiform, minutely 2-cleft at the summit; staminodia minute and much shorter than the filaments or wanting. In rocky places, Maine and New Hampshire to Tennessee and Georgia. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Called also Silver Chickweed and Silverhead. July-Sept. VOL. II. ] PINK FAMILY. 39 2. Paronychia sessiliflora Nutt. L,ow Whitlow- wort. (Fig. 1519.) Paronychia sessiliflora Nutt. Gen. i: 160. 1818. Densely tufted from stout thick roots, low, the interuodes very short and hidden by the im- bricated leaves and stipules. Leaves linear-subu- late, glabrous or puberulent, the lowest erect and obtuse, the uppermost recurved-spreading, mu- cronate or bristle-pointed; stipules 2-cleft, usually shorter than the leaves; bracts entire, mostly shorter than the flowers; flowers sessile, solitary or several together; calyx. i"-!^" long, its seg- ments hooded at the apex, tipped with divergent awns of nearly their own length; staminodia about as long as the filaments. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Nebraska and Wyoming. Aug.-Sept. 3. Paronychia Jamesii T. & G. James' Whitlow-wort. (Fig. 1520.) Paronychia Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 170. 1838. Scabrous-pubescent, stems 3/-8/ high, much branched from the base. Leaves linear-subulate, the lowest obtuse, the uppermost mucronate or bristle-pointed; stipules entire; flowers in small cymes; bracts shorter than the calyx; calyx \ff- i Yi." long, the segments hooded at the apex, tipped •with divergent awns of about one-fourth their length; staminodia about as long as the filaments. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. July-Oct. Paronychia Jamesii depressa Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 171. 1838. Lower, rarely over 3' high, densely tufted; inter- nodes very short; leaves imbricated. Nebraska to Texas. 4. Paronychia dichotoma (L,. ) Nutt. Forking Whitlow- wort. Nail wort. (Fig. 1521.) Achyranthes dichotoma L- Mant. 51. 1767. Paronychia dichotoma Nutt. Gen. i: 159. 1818. Much branched from the thick woody base, gla- brous or puberulent, 4/-i4/ tall. Leaves subulate, all acute, mucronate or bristle-tipped; stipules en- tire, often $"-6" long, tapering into a slender awn; calyx i//-2// long, the awns of its segments diver- gent, short; staminodia of minute bristles hardly one-fourth as long as the filaments; styles nearly as long as the perianth-segments, usually cleft for about one-fourth their length. In dry soil, Maryland to North Carolina, west to Arkansas and Texas. July-Oct. 4° CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 22. ANYCHIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 112. 1803. [Vox,. II. Annual herbs, with repeatedly forking stems, elliptic oval or oblauceolate opposite mostly punctate very short-petioled leaves, small scarious stipules, and minute green apetal- ous flowers. Calyx 5-parted, its segments oblong, concave, not awned. Stamens 2-5, inserted on the base of the calyx; filaments filiform. Staminodia wanting. Ovary subglobose, com- pressed; styles 2, distinct, or united at the base; ovule solitary, atnphitropous. Utricle sub- globose, somewhat compressed, longer than the calyx. [Derivation same as the preceding genus.] Only the following species, natives of eastern North America. Pubescent; flowers sessile; stems mostly prostrate or ascending. i. A. dichotoma. Glabrous or nearly so; flowers pedicelled; stems usually erect. 2. A. Canadensis. i. Anychia dichotoma Michx. Forked Chickweed. (Fig. 1522.) Anychia dicholoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 113. 1803. Pubescent, stems mostly prostrate or ascending, much forked, 3/-io/ high, the internodes often shorter than the leaves. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 2//-4// long, W-T." wide, mucronate or acute at the apex, sessile, or the base tapering into a very short petiole, usually very numerous and crowded; flowers sessile in the forks, more or less clustered, scarcely W highi inconspicuous except when fully expanded; stamens commonly 2 or 3, sometimes 5 In dry woods, thickets and in open places, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida, Alabama and Arkan- sas. Ascends to 5200 ft. in Georgia. June-Sept. 2. Anychia Canadensis (L.) B.S.P. Slender Forked Chickweed. (Fig. 1523.) Qveria Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 90. 1753. Quo ia eapillacea Nutt. Gen. i: 159. 1818. Anyckia dichotoma var. eapillacea Torr. Fl. V. S. i: 273. 1824. Anychia eapillacea DC. Prodr. 3: 369. 1828. Anychia Canadensis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 1888. Glabrous or very nearly so, stem very slender or filiform, usually erect, repeatedly forked above, 6'-i2' tall, the internodes sometimes i' long, much longer than those of the preceding species. Leaves elliptic, oval or sometimes ob- lanceolate, 3"-8" long, \"-\" wide, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, narrowed into petioles about i" long, not crowded; flowers minute, more or less pedicelled. In dry woods, Ontario to Massachusetts and Georgia, west to Minnesota and Arkansas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. June-Sept. 23. SCLERANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753. Low annual herbs, with rather stiff forking stems, opposite subulate leaves connate at the base, no stipules and minute green clustered apetalous flowers. Calyx not bracted, deeply 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes awnless, the cup-like tube hardened. Stamens i-io, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary ovoid; styles 2, distinct; ovule solitary, pendulous, amphitropous. Utricle i-seeded, enclosed by the calyx. [Greek, referring to the hard calyx-tube.] About 10 species, of wide geographic distribution in the Old World, the following naturalized from Europe as a weed. VOL. II.] PINK FAMILY. 4! i. Scleranthus annuus L. Knawel. German Knotgrass. (Fig. 1524.) Scleranthus annuus L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753- Much branched from long and rather tough roots, the branches prostrate or spreading, 2>/~5/ l°ng> roughish- puberulent or glabrous. Leaves subulate, 2//-i2// long, ciliate, light green, often recurved, their bases membran- ous at the junction; tube of the calyx lo-angled, rather longer than the lobes, usually glabrous, the lobes some- what angled on the back and their margins incurved. In fields and waste places or on dry rocks, Quebec and On- tario to Pennsylvania and Florida, mostly near the coast. Naturalized from Europe. Very common in parts of the Eastern and Middle States. March-Oct. Family 22. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. Propr. Med. Ed. 2, 119. WATER LILY FAMILY. 1816. Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks, floating, immersed or rarely emersed leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Sepals 3-5. Petals 5-00 . Stamens 5-00 ; anthers erect, the connective continuous with the filament. Car- pels 3-00 , distinct, united, or immersed in the receptacle. Stigmas distinct, or united into a radiate or annular disk; ovules i-oo , orthotropous. Fruit inde- hiscent, separate or coherent. Seeds enclosed in pulpy arils, or rarely naked; cotyledons fleshy; hypocotyl very short. Eight genera and about 33 species, of wide geographic distribution in fresh-water lakes and streams. Sepals and petals 3; stamens 6, hypogynous; carpels distinct; ovules few. Leaves dissected, excepting the small floating ones. i. Cabomba. Leaves peltate, entire, floating. 2. Brasenia. Sepals 4-6; petals numerous or several; carpels united; ovules numerous. Petals small or minute; stamens hypogynous. 3. Nymphaea. Petals large, numerous; stamens epigynous. 4. Castalia. Sepals 4-5; petals numerous; carpels distinct, immersed in the receptacle; ovule I. 5. Nelumbo. i. CABOMBA Aubl. PI. Guian. i: 321. 1775. Stems slender, coated with gelatinous matter, branching. Leaves petioled, peltate, the floating ones small, entire; submerged ones opposite, palmately dissected into numerous capillary segments. Flowers small, white or yellow. Sepals and petals 3. Stamens 6; fila- ments slender; anthers extrorse. Carpels 2-4. Stigmas small, terminal; ovules commonly 3, pendulous. Fruit coriaceous, indehiscent, about 3-seeded. [Guiana name.] A genus of 2 or possibly 3 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. i. Cabomba Caroliniana A. Gray. Cabomba. Carolina Water-shield. (Fig. 1525.) Cabomba Caroliniana A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4: 47. 1837. Stem several feet long, branching. Submerged leaves op- posite or sometimes verticillate, petioled, I'-a' broad, cen- trally peltate, repeatedly divided; floating ones alternate or opposite, linear-oblong, 6//-io// long; flowers long-peduncled from the upper axils, 6//-8// wide, white, or yellow at base within; petals obovate; ripened carpels 3, separate, flask- shaped. In ponds and slow streams, southern Illinois to North Carolina, south to Florida and Texas. May-Aug. NYMPHAEACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. BRASENIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 372. 1789. Stem slender, several feet long, branching, covered with gelatinous matter as are the petioles, peduncles and lower leaf-surfaces. Leaves alternate, oval, entire, 2/-4/ long, long- petioled, centrally peltate, floating, palmatcly veined. Flowers axillary, purple. Sepals and linear petals 3. Stamens 12-18; filaments filiform. Carpels 4-18, separate. Ovules 2-3, pendulous from the dorsal suture. Ripe carpels indehisceut, coriaceous, i-2-seedcd. [Name unexplained.] A monotypic genus of North America, Cuba, eastern and tropical Asia, west tropical Africa, and Australia. i. Brasenia purpurea (Michx.) Casp. Water-shield or -target. (Fig. 1526.) Menvanthes nymphaeoides Thunb. Fl. Jap. 82. 1784. Not L. 1753- Hydropeltis purpurea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:324. pi. 29. 1803. Menyanthes peltata Thunb. Nov. Act. Upsal. 7: 142. 1815. Brasenia peltata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 389. 1814. Brasenia purpurea Casp. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 2, 6. 1890. Rootstock slender. Leaves 2'-4' long, i#'- 2' wide, thick, rounded at each end; flowers 5//-6// in diameter, on long stout peduncles; fruit oblong, 3//-4// long. In ponds and slow streams, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Manitoba and Texas. Also in Cuba, Mexico, and at a ft- w stations <>n the Pacific Coast from California to Washington. Summer. 3. NYMPHAEA L. Sp. PI. 510. 1753. [NUPHAR Sibth. & Smith, Fl. Grace. Prodr. i: 391. 1806.] Aquatic herbs, with cylindric thick horizontal rootstocks, and large cordate leaves with a deep sinus. Flowers showy, yellow, or sometimes purplish. Sepals 5-6, concave, thick. Petals oo , small, stamen-like, hypogynous. Stamens oo , hypogynous. Carpels w , many- ovuled, united into a compound pistil. Stigmas disciform, 8-24-radiate. Seeds with endosperm. [Greek, water-nymph.] A genus of about 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Leaves broadly ovate or oval. Leaves 5'-i2' long; stigma 12-24-rayed; petals truncate, fleshy. Leaves 3'-io' long, stigma 9-1 2- rayed; petals spatulate, fleshy. Leaves 2' -4' long; stigma --io-rayed; petals spatulate, thin. Leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Large Yellow Pond Lily. (Fig. 1527.) .\\mphaea advena Soland. in Ait. Unit I, 226. 1789. .\nphar advena R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 3:295. 1811. Floating and cmersed leaves 5'-! 2' long, s'-g' broad, ovate or orbicular-oval, thick, the sinus 2'-5x deep, generally open; submerged leaves, \\lu-n present, thin-membranous, nearly orbi- cular, otherwise similar; petioles, peduncles and lower surfaces of the leaves often pubes- cent; flowers i/^/-3>^/ in diameter, depressed- globose, yellow or tinged with purple; sepals 6, oblong, about i%" long; petals fleshy, ob- long, truncate, 4//~5// long; stamens in 5-7 rows; anthers about the length of the fila- ments; stigmatic disc undulate, yellow, or pale red, rays 12-24; fruit ovoid, not deeply con- stricted into a neck, i >£/-2/ long, about i' thick. In ponds and slow streams, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to the Rocky Mountains, south to Florida, Texas and Utah. April-Sept. Rev. Thos. Morong (Bot. Gaz. u: 167) describes a var. (?) minor of Nuphar advena having smaller flowers, the margins of the .stigmatic disc more crenate, rays 10, and fruit only i' long. Called also Cow -lily and Spatter-dock. Fruit ovoid, naked. 1. N. advena. 2. A '. rtibrodisca. 3. N. Kalmiana. 4. \. i. Nymphaea advena Soland. VOL. II.] WATER LILY FAMILY. 43 Red-disked Pond Lily. 2. Nymphaea rubrodisca (Morong) Greene. (Fig. 1528.) Nnphar rubrodiscum Morong, Bot. Gaz. n: 167. 1886. Nymphaea rubrodisca Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 15:84. 1888. Nymphaea Fletcheri Lawson, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 6: sec. IV. 119. 1888. Floating leaves s'-io' long, 2/-6/ wide, the sinus open or closed, sometimes pubes- cent beneath; submerged leaves generally present, membranous, orbicular; flowers ix- i^' broad, yellow; sepals 5 or 6; petals di- lated upward, or obovoid, 3X/-4X/ long, less fleshy than those of the last; anther nearly the length of the filament; stigmatic disk crenate, bright red or crimson, 9~i2-rayed; stamens in about 5 rows; fruit about i' long, contracted into a neck below the disk, i7 thick. In ponds and slow streams, Lake Champlain, Ottawa, Ont., Adirondack Lakes of New York, to southeastern Pennsylvania and Michigan. May-Sept. 3. Nymphaea Kalmiana (Michx. ) Sims. Small Yellow Pond Lily. (Fig. 1529.) Nymphaea lutea var. Kalmiana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 311. 1803. Nymphaea microphylla Pers. Syn. 2: 63. 1807. Nuphar Kalmianum R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, Ed. 2, 3: 295. 1811. N. Kalmiana Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1243. 1809. Leaves 2/-4/ long, i'-$f broad, the sinus open or closed, commonly more or less pubescent beneath; submerged ones al- ways present, membranous, orbicular, larger; flowers i' in diameter or less, yel- low; sepals 5; petals thin and delicate, 2" long; stamens in 3 or 4 rows, narrowly linear, the anther one-fourth the length of the filament; stigmatic disk crenate or stel- late, 2//-3// broad, 6-7-rayed, dark red; fruit ovoid, 6//-7// long, with a short neck. In ponds and slow streams. Newfoundland to southern New York and Pennsylvania, west to the Saskatchewan and Minnesota. Summer, flowering later than the others. 4. Nymphaea sagittaefolia Walt. Arrow- leaved Pond Lily. (Fig. 1530.) Nymphaea sagiltaefolia Walt. Fl. Car. 155. 1788. J^uphar sagittaefolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 370. 1814. Floating leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, obtuse, 8/-i5/long, 2/-3/ wide; submerged ones numerous, similar, but membranous and commonly larger; flowers yellow, about i' broad; sepals 5; petals broadened above, 3" long; stamens in 4 or 5 rows, the filaments about equalling the anthers; stigmatic disk crenate, n-15-rayed; fruit ovoid, not constricted into a neck, about i' long. In ponds, southern Indiana and Illinois, and in the Atlantic -States from North Carolina to Florida. Summer. 44 XYMPHAEACEAE. [VOL. II. 4. CASTALIA Salisb. in Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 71. 1805. Aquatic herbs, with horizontal perenuial rootstocks, floating leaves and showy flowers. Sepals 4. Petals oo , imbricated in many rows, inserted on the ovary, gradually passing into stamens; stamens =c , the exterior with large petaloid filaments and short anthers, the interior with linear filaments and elongated anthers. Carpels cc , united into a compound pistil with radiating linear projecting stigmas. Fruit globose, covered with the bases of the petals, ripening under water. [A spring of Parnassus.] About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution. Flowers 3' -5%' broad, fragrant; leaves orbicular, purplish beneath. i. C. odorala. Flowers 4' -9' broad, not fragrant; leaves orbicular, green both sides. 2. C. tuberosa. Flowers I'-i'A' broad, not fragrant; leaves oval. 3. C. tctragona. 1. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood. Sweet-scented White Water Lily. Pond Lily. Water Nymph. Water Cabbage. (Fig. 1531.) Xymphaea odorata Dryand. in Ait.Hort. Kew. 2: 227. 1789. Castalia pudica Salisb. in Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 72. 1805. Castalia odorala Woodv. & Wood in Rees' Cyclop. 6: no. i. 1806. Xvniphaea odorata var. minor Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1652. 1814. Rootstock thick, simple or with few branches. Leaves floating, orbi- cular or nearly so, 4/-i2/ in diameter, glabrous, green and shining above, purple and more or less pubescent beneath, cordate-cleft or reniform, the sinus open but sometimes narrow; petioles and peduncles slender, with 4 main air-channels; flowers white, or tinged with pink, $'-$%' broad, del- iciously fragrant; petals numerous, in many rows, narrowly oblong, ob- tuse; fruit globose, or slightly de- pressed; seeds stipitate, oblong, shorter than the aril. In ponds and slow streams. Nova So • tia to Manitoba, south to Florida and Louisiana. June- Sept. Castalia odorata rdsea (Pursh) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 154. Nymphaea odorata var. rosea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 369. 1814. Flowers large, deep pink or red. Eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey, near the coast. 2. Castalia tuberdsa ( Paine) Greene. Tuberous White Water Lily. (Fig. 1532.) \\mphaea tuberosa Paine, Cat. I'l. Oneida Co., N. Y. 132. 1865. Castalia tuberosa Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 84. 1888. Rootstock thick, with numerous lateral tuberous-thickened branches, which become detached and propa- gate the plant. Leaves orbicular, 5'- 12' in diameter, floating, sometimes slightly pubescent beneath, green both sides, the veins very prominent on the lower surface; sinus open or closed; petioles stout; flowers pure white, 4'- 9' broad, inodorous or very slightly scented; petals oblong, in many rows, broader than those of C. odorala, ob- tuse; fruit depressed-globose ; seeds, globose-ovoid, sessile, longer than or about equalling the aril. Lake Champlain, west through the Great Lakes to Michigan, south to Tren- ton, X. J., Meadville, Pa., and eastern Nebraska. Summer. Nymphaea reni- formis Walt, of the southern Atlantic States is clearly a different species. 1894- Vox,, ir.] WATER LILY FAMILY. 45 Castalia tetragona (Georgi) Lawson. (Fig. 1533.) Small White Water Lily. Nymphaea tetragona Georgi, Reise in Russ. Reichs, i: 220. 1775. Castalia pygmaea Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 68. 1807. CZ,£/fo?r£-*YMorong.Bot.Gaz.i3: 134. 1888. Castalia tetragona Lawson, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 6: Sec. IV. 112. 1888. Leaves floating, oval or oblong, 2/-4/ long, i ^'-3' wide, green above, green or purplish beneath, the basal lobes acute or rounded; sinus open, narrow; petioles and peduncles nearly or quite glabrous; flowers white, inodorous, ix- 2' broad; petals in about 2 rows, faintly striped with purple, obtuse or acutish, oblong or obovate, thin, about the length of the sepals. In the Misinaibi River, Ontario (R. Bell); in ponds along the Severn River, Keewatin (J. M. Macoun); near Granite Station, northern Idaho (Leiberg). Also in Siberia, Japan and the Himalayas. Summer. 5. NELUMBO Adans. Fam. PL 2: 76. 1763. Large aquatic herbs, with thick rootstocks, long-petioled concave emersed or floating leaves, and small and scale-like submerged ones borne sessile on the rootstock. Flowers large, showy, yellow, pink or white. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricate. Petals and stamens oo, in- serted on the calyx, caducous. Filaments more or less petaloid; anthers introrse. Carpels 00 , distinct, contained in pits in the large convex receptacle. Style short; ovules i or 2, pen- dulous or anatropous; endosperm none; cotyledons thick, fleshy. Nuts globose or oblong. [Ceylon name for N. Nelumbo.'] A genus of 2 species, one North American, the other Asiatic and Australasian, known as Water- bean. Flowers pale yellow; plant native. Flowers pink or white; plant introduced. 1. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. American Nelumbo or Lotus. (Fig. 1534.) Nelumbium htleum Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 1259. 1799. Nelumbo lutea Pers. Syn. i: 92. 1805. Rootstock nearly horizontal, tuberiferous. Emersed leaves i°-2° broad, nearly orbi- cular but often somewhat constricted in the middle, centrally peltate, raised high out of water or floating, prominently ribbed, gla- brous above, more or less pubescent and lepidote beneath, the lower surface marked with an oblong, transverse area; petioles and peduncles thick, 3°-7° long, with sev- eral large air-canals; flowers pale yellow, 4/-io/ broad; petals concave, obovate, ob- tuse; anthers appendaged; fruit obconic or somewhat hemispheric, $'-$' long; seeds nearly globular, 6" in diameter. Grand River, near Dunnville, Ont. ; Sodus Bay, Lake Ontario; in the Connecticut River near Lyme; Swartswood Lake, northern New Jersey; ponds at Woodstown and Sharptown, southern New Jersey; formerly in the Delaware River below Philadelphia, and locally south to Florida, west to Michigan, the Indian Territory and Louisiana. Tubers and seeds farinaceous, edible. Called also Great Water Lily, and Water Chinkapin, or Wankapin. July-Aug. 1. TV. lit tea. 2. N. Nelumbo. i NYMPHAEACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. Nelumbo Nelumbo (L.) Karst. Indian Lotus. (Fig. 1535.) Xymphaea Nelumbo L,. Sp. PI. 511. 1753. Xflnnibo n itcifera. Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. i: 73. pi. 19. 1788. .\, lumbium speciosum Willd. Sp. PI. a: 1258. 1799. Nelumbo Nelumbo Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 553. 1880-83. Leaves 2°-3° in diameter, high exserted above the. water or some of them floating, thin, concave, glaucous; petioles and pe- duncles 3°-6° long, glabrous or with scat- tered minute prickles; flowers ^-lo' broad, pink or sometimes white; petals oblong or elliptic, obtuse; fruit obconic, 4/-5' long, 3/-4/ in diameter; seeds oblong or ovoid. Naturalized in ponds about Bordentown, N. J., where it was introduced by Mr. K. I). Sturte- vant. Native of India, Persia, China, Japan and Australia. A superb plant, often cultivated. July- Aug. Family 23. CERATOPHYLLACEAE A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4: 41. HORNWORT FAMILY. Submerged aquatics, with slender widely branching stems, and verticillate leaves, the monoecious or dioecious flowers solitary and sessile in the axils. Perianth many-parted, the segments entire or toothed. Stamens numerous, crowded on a flat or convex receptacle; anthers sessile or nearly so, linear- oblong, extrorse, the connective prolonged into a thick appendage beyond the sacs. Pistillate flowers with a superior i -celled ovary; ovule i, orthotropous, pendulous; style filiform, stigmatic at the summit. Fruit an indehiscent nut or achene. Endosperm none; embryo composed of 4 verticillate cotyledons, with a short hypocotyl and a plumule of several nodes and leaves. The family contains only the following genus. i. CERATOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 992. 1753. Leaves crowded in verticils, linear or filiform, spinulose-serrulate, forked. Sterile flowers with 10-20 stamens, the anthers about as long as the perianth. Fertile and sterile flowers generally at different nodes, but sometimes in opposite axils at the same node. Ovary and fruit somewhat longer than the perianth, the fruit beaked with the long persistent stj le. One or possibly two species, widely distributed in fresh water. i. Ceratophyllum demersum L. Hornwort. (Fig. 1536.) Ceratophyllum demersum L. Sp. PI. 092. 1753. Stems 2°-8° long, according to the depth of water. Leaves in verticils of 5's-i2's, linear, 2-3 times forked, the end of the segments capil- lary and rigid, 4"-! 2" long; ripe fruit oval, 2"- 3X/ long with a straight or curved spine-like beak 2//-4// long, smooth and spurless or with a long basal spur on each side, or tuberculate and with narrowly winged spiny margins or broadly winged without spines. In ponds and slow streams, throughout North America except the extreme north. Several species and varieties have been proposed, based on the spurs, spines or wings of the fruit, but none of them seem to be of any value. June-July. Vox.. II.] Family 24. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 47 1805. MAGNOLIACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 2: 74. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire or rarely lobed leaves, large solitary flowers, and bitter aromatic bark. Sepals and petals arranged in 3's, hypogy- nous, deciduous. Stamens co ; anthers adnate. Carpels co , separate or coher- ent, borne on the surface of the elongated receptacle, ripening into an aggregate fruit composed of i-a-seeded dry or fleshy follicles or achenes. About 10 genera and 70 species, of wide geographic distribution. Anthers introrse; leaves entire, or with 2 basal lobes. Anthers extrorse; leaves lobed or truncate. 1. Magnolia. 2. Liriodendron . i. MAGNOLIA L. Sp. PI. 535- i?53- Trees or shrubs. Leaves large and generally thick, entire. Buds covered with condu- plicate sheathing stipules. Flowers large, fragrant. Sepals 3, petaloid. Petals 6-12, imbri- cated in 2-4 series. Anthers linear, introrse. Carpels spiked or capitate on the elevated or elongated receptacle, 2-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. Seeds fleshy, suspended from the ripe cones by slender filamentous threads. [In honor of Pierre Magnol, 1638-1715, Professor of Botany in Montpellier. ] A genus of about 15 species, natives of eastern North America, eastern Asia and the Himalayas. Leaves auriculate, glabrous. Leaves cordate, white -pubescent beneath. Leaves acute at base. Leaves 8' -20' long, light green and somewhat pubescent beneath. Leaves 3' -6' long, glaucous beneath. Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, thin. 1. M. Fraseri. 2. M. macrophylla. 3. M. tripetala. 4. M. Virginiana. 5. M. acuminata. i. Magnolia Fraseri Walt. Fraser's Magnolia. Long- or Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree. (Fig. 1537. ) Magnolia Fraseri Walt. Fl. Car. 159. 1788. Magnolia auricnlata Lam. Encycl. 3: 673. 1789. A tree 25°-5o° high, the trunk s'-iS' in diameter, straight, the branches widely spreading. Leaf-buds glabrous; leaves clustered at the ends of the branches, auriculate, 6'- 15' long, 3'-S' broad, elongated-obovate or oblong, contracted below, glabrous, the lower surface light green, the upper surface darker; petioles slender, i '-3' long; flowers white, 3/-8/ broad; petals spatulate or obovate, obtuse, much longer than the sepals; cone of fruit $'-4' long, rose-colored when mature. In mountain woods, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida and Mississippi. Heart-wood soft, brown; sap-wood white. Weight per cubic foot 31 Ibs. May-June. 2. Magnolia macrophylla Michx. Great- leaved Magnolia. Large-leaved Umbrella- tree, or Cucumber-tree. (Fig. 1538.) Magnolia macrophylla Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 327. 1803. A tree 2o°-6o° high, the trunk 6'-2o' in diameter, bark gray. Leaf-buds silky-pubescent; leaves ob- long or obovate, blunt, cordate, i°-3>^0 long, 8/-i4/ broad, glabrous and green above, glaucous-white and pubescent beneath; petioles stout, 2/-4/long; flowers 8//-i5/ in diameter, white with a large purple centre; petals ovate-oblong, obtuse, thrice the length of the rounded sepals; cone of fruit ovoid-cylindric, 4/-6/ long, bright rose-colored at maturity. In woods, southeastern Kentucky to Florida, west to Arkansas and Louisiana. Heart-wood brown, satiny, hard; sap-wood light yellow; weight per cubic foot 33 Ibs. May-June. 48 MAGNOLIACEAE. 3. Magnolia tripetala L,. Umbrella-tree. Elk-wood. (Fig. 1539.) Magnolia tripetala L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 756. 1763. Magnolia Virgi niana var. tripetala L,. Sp. PI. 536. 1753. Magnolia umbrella Lam. Encycl. 3: 673. 1789. A tree 20° -40° high, trunk 4/-i8/ in diameter. Leaf-buds glabrous; leaves clustered at the summits of the flowering branches, i°-i^° long, 4/-8/ wide, obovate, acute, cuneate at the base, dark green and glabrous above, light green and more or less pubes- cent beneath; petioles stout, i'-3' long; flowers 8'- 10' in diameter, white, slightly odorous; sepals broad, reflexed, early deciduous; petals oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acutish; cone of fruit 4/-6/ long, rose-colored when mature. In woods, southeastern Pennsylvania to Alabama, west to Arkansas and Mississippi. Heart-wood brown, soft; sap-wood white; weight per cubic foot 28 IDS. The name tripetala is in allusion to the 3 petaloid sepals. May. 4. Magnolia Virginiana L,.' Laurel Magnolia. Sweet Bay. (Fig. 1540.) M. Virginiana and var. glauca L. Sp. PI. 535. 1753. Magnolia glauca L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 755. 1763. A tree I5°-7O° high, trunk 5'-$%° in diameter. Leaf-buds pubescent; leaves scattered along the flowering branches, 3/-6/ long, I'-a' broad, oval or oblong, obtuse or blunt-acuminate, acute at the base, coriaceous, dark green above, glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath; petioles about i' long; flowers white, depressed-globose, dcliciously fragrant, 2'-$' in diameter; sepals spreading, ob- tuse, nearly as large as the obovate rounded petals; cone of fruit oblong, ij4'-2' high, pink. In swamps and swampy woods, easteni Massachu- setts, Long Island, Lebanon County, I'.i . ami southward, mainly east of the Alleghanits to Florida, west through the Gulf States to Arkansas and T Heart-wood soft, reddish-brown ; sap-wood nearly white; weight 31 Ibs. Also called White Hay. Swamp Laurel, Swamp Sassafras and Beaver-tree. May June. 5. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber- tree. Mountain Magnolia. (Fig. 1541.) Magnolia I'irginiana var. acuminata L. Sp. PI. 536. 1753. Magnolia acuminata L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 756. 1763. A tree 60° -90° high, trunk ac'-so' in diameter. Leaf- buds silky-pubescent; leaves scattered along the branches, 6'-io/ long, $'-4' wide, thin, oval, acute or somewhat acuminate, rounded or truncate at the base, light green and more or less pubescent on the lower surface, especially along the veins; petioles I'-i^' long; flowers oblong- campanulate, greenish-yellow, 2' high; petals obovate or oblong, much longer than the spreading deciduous sepals; cone of fruit cylindric, 3/-4/ long, about i' in diameter, rose-colored when mature. In woods, southern New York to Illinois, south to Kentucky, western North Carolina and Alabama, west to Arkansas. Heart-wood soft, yellowish-brown; sap-wood lighter. Weight per cubic foot 29 Ibs. Ascends to 4200 feet in Virginia. May-June. . IL] MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 49 2. LIRIODENDRON L,. Sp. PL 535. 1753. A large forest tree. Leaves alternate, truncate or broadly emarginate, 4-6-lobed or rarely entire, recurved on the petiole in the laterally compressed obtuse buds. Stipules united at the base. Flowers large, slightly fragrant. Sepals 3, petaloid, reflexed. Petals 6, connivent. Anthers linear, extrorse. Carpels spiked on the elongated receptacle, 2-ovuled, samaroid, i-2-seeded; seeds pendulous by a short slender funiculus at maturity. [Greek, a tree bearing lilies.] One or possibly two species, natives of eastern North America and China. i. Liriodendron Tulipifera L,. Tulip-tree. White- wood. (Fig. 1542.) Liriodendron Tiilipifera 1,. Sp. PI. 535. 1753. A magnificent tree 6o°-i9o° high with diverging curved branches, the trunk 4°-i2° in diameter. Leaves glabrous, very broadly ovate or nearly orbi- cular in outline, truncate or broadly notched at the apex, truncate, rounded or cordate at the base, 3/-6/ long with 2 apical and 2-4 basal lobes with rounded sinuses, or occasionally entire; flowers about 2' high, erect, greenish-yellow, orange-colored within; petals obovate, obtuse, about equalling the reflexed sepals; cone of fruit dry, oblong, acute, 3' long. In woods, Vermont and Rhode Island to Florida, west to Michigan and Arkansas. May-June. Wood soft; yellow- ish or brownish; sap-wood nearly white. Weight per cubic foot 26 Ibs. Called also Yellow Poplar. Family 25. ANONACEAE DC. Syst. i: 463. 1818. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, generally aromatic, with alternate entire leaves. Stipules none. Sepals 3 (rarely 2), valvate or rarely imbricate. Petals about 6, arranged in 2 series. Stamens co ; anthers adnate, extrorse. Carpels co ( separate or co- herent, mainly fleshy in fruit. Seeds large, anatropous; embryo minute; endo- sperm copious, wrinkled. About 46 genera and 550 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in the temperate zones. i. ASIMINA Adans. Fam. PL 2: 365. 1763. Small trees, or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary nodding flowers. Buds naked. Sepals 3, ovate, valvate. Petals 6, arranged in 2 series, imbricated in the bud, those of the outer series the larger when mature. Receptacle subglobose. Stamens and car- pels 3-15. Style oblong, stigmatic along the inner side; ovules numerous, in 2 rows. Fruit, large fleshy oblong berries. Seeds large, flat, horizontally placed, enclosed in fleshy arils. [From the aboriginal name Assimin.] A genus of about 7 species, natives of eastern and southeastern North America. i. Asimina triloba (L/.) Dunal. North American Papa w. (Fig. 1543.) Annona triloba L. Sp. PI. 537. 1753. Asimina triloba Dunal, Mon. Anon. 83. 1817. A tree io°-45° high, the trunk 5/-io/ in diameter. Shoots and young leaves dark-pubescent, becoming glabrous at maturity; leaves obovate, acute, 6/-i2/ long, cuneate or rounded at the base; petioles 4//- 6" long; flowers axillary, on shoots of the preced- ing year, appearing with the leaves, I'-iJ^' in di- ameter, dark purple; sepals ovate, 4//-6// long, densely dark-pubescent, as are the short peduncles; outer petals spreading, nearly orbicular, slightly ex- ceeding the ovate inner ones; stamens numerous, short; fruit a fleshy berry, 3/-7/ long, i/-2/ thick, sweet and edible when ripe, pendulous, several together on a thick peduncle. Along streams, southwestern Ontario and western New York, Pennsylvania and western New Jersey to Michigan, south to Florida and Texas. March-April, the fruit mature in October. Wood light, soft, weak, greenish-yellow. Weight per cubic foot 24 Ibs. RANUNCULACEAE. [Vol.. II. Family 26. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Gen. 231. 1789. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely climbing shrubs, with acrid sap. L/eaves alternate (except in Clematis), simple or compound. Stipules none, but the base of the petiole often clasping or sheathing. Pubescence, when present, composed of simple hairs. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like, imbricate, except in Clematis. Petals about the same number (occasionally more), or wanting. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens oo , hypogynous, their anthers innate. Carpels oo or rarely solitary, i -celled, i-many-ovuled. Ovules anatropous. Fruit achenes, follicles or berries. Seeds with endosperm. About 35 genera and 1050 species, distributed throughout the world, not abundant in the tropics. •X- Carpels several-ovuled (i-a-ovuled in nos. i and 8) ; fruit a follicle or berry. Flowers regular; leaves palmately nerved or palmately compound. Petals wanting. Carpels ripening into a head of red berries. Carpels ripening into a head of dry follicles. Petals present, narrow or small, linear, flat. Petals present, narrow or small, tubular, at least at the base. Sepals persistent; stem tall, leafy. Sepals deciduous; stem scape-like, bearing one leaf. Flowers regular; leaves ternately or pinnately compound or decompound. Petals not spurred. Low herbs with solitary or panicled flowers. Carpels and follicles stalked. Carpels and follicles sessile. Low shrub with racemose flowers. Tall erect herbs with racemose flowers. Fruit berries. Fruit follicles. Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs. Flowers irregular. Posterior sepal spurred. Posterior sepal hooded, helmet-like. •£#• Carpels i-ovuled; fruit an achene. Flowers subtended by involucres remote from the calyx or close under it Styles short, glabrous or pubescent, or none. Involucre remote from the calyx; styles short, subulate. 14. Involucre of 3 simple sessile leaves close under the flower. 15. Involucre of 3 compound sessile leaves; leaflets stalked; stigma sessile. 16. Styles elongated, densely plumose. 17. Flowers not subtended by involucres. Leaves opposite. Sepals petal-like. Petals wanting. 18. Petals present, small, spatulate. 19. Leaves alternate or basal. Small annual herbs; leaves basal, linear; sepals spurred. 20. Low or tall herbs, mostly with both basal and stem leaves; sepals spurless. Petals none; leaves palmately Ipbed. 21. Petals present, bearing a nectariferous pit at the base of the blade. Achenes compressed, smooth, papillose or spiny; flowers yellow. 22. Achenes transversely wrinkled; flowers white. 23. Achenes swollen, smooth; sepals 3; petals mostly 8. 24. Achenes compressed or terete; longitudinally nerved. Achenes terete; leaves pinnately compound. 25. Achenes compressed; leaves crenate or lobed. 26. Petals none; leaves ternately decompound. 27. Petals present, with no nectar-bearing pit; leaves dissected. 28. i. HYDRASTIS Ellis; L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1088. 1759. Erect perennial pubescent herbs, with pal- mately lobed renifonn leaves, and small solitary greenish-white flowers. Sepals 3, petaloid, fall- ing away at anthesis. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Carpels oo , each bearing two ovules near the middle, and in fruit forming a head of i-2-seeded crimson berries, somewhat resem- bling a raspberry. [Greek, water-acting, from its supposed drastic properties. ] Two known species, one of eastern North Amer- ica, the other Japanese. i. Hydrastis Canadensis L/. Orange- root. Golden Seal. (Fig. 1544.) Hydraslis Canadensis L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1088. 1759. Perennial from a thick yellow rootstock, erect, about i° high. Basal leaf long-petioled, Hydraslis. Caltha. Trollius. Helleborus. Eranthis. Coptis. Isopyrum. Xanthorthiza. Actaea. Cimicifuga. Aquilegia. Delphinium. Aconihnn. Anemone. Hepatica. Syndesmon. Pulsatilla. Clematis. Atragene. Myostirus. Trautvelteria. Ranunculus. Batrachium. Ficaria. Cyrtorhyncha. Oxygraphis. Thaliclrum. Adonis. Vox,. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY. reniform, 5/-8/ broad, palmately s-g-lobed, the lobes broad, acute, sharply and unequally serrate; cauline leaves 2, borne at the summit of the stem, the upper one subtending the greenish-white flower, which is 4//-5// broad when expanded; filaments widened, about •2." long; anthers oblong, obtuse; head of fruit ovoid, blunt, about 8X/ long, the fleshy car- pels tipped with a short curved beak. In woods, southern New York to Minnesota and western Ontario, south to Georgia and Mis- souri. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. April. Called also Yellow Puccoon, Yellow-root, Turmeric- root, Yellow Indian Paint. 2. CALTHA L. Sp. PI. 558. 1753. Succulent herbs, with simple entire or crenate mostly basal cordate or auriculate leaves. Flowers yellow, white or pink. Sepals large, deciduous, petal-like. Petals none. Stamens numerous, obovoid. Carpels numerous or few, sessile, bearing ovules in 2 rows along the ventral suture, in fruit forming follicles. [Latin name of the Marigold.] A genus of beautiful marsh plants, comprising about 10 species, distributed through the tem- perate and arctic regions of both hemispheres. In addition to those here described, three others are found on the western side of the continent. Stems erect or ascending; flowers yellow. Leaves cordate, generally with a narrow sinus; flowers I'-i J£' wide. i. C. palusiris. Leaves flabelliform with a broad sinus; flowers 6" -9" wide. 2. C. flabellifolia. Stems floating or creeping; flowers white or pink. 3. C. natans. i. Caltha palustris L. Marsh-mari- gold. Meadow-gowan. (Fig. 1545.) Caltha palustris L. Sp. PI. 558. 1753. Stout, glabrous, stem hollow, erect or ascend- ing, i°-2° high, branching and bearing several flowers. Basal leaves on long and broad peti- oles, cordate or reniform, 2/~7/ wide, with a nar- row sinus, entire, crenate or dentate, the upper shorter-petioled or sessile, with nearly truncate bases; flowers bright yellow, I'-i^' broad; se- pals oval, obtuse; follicles 3-12 or even more, compressed, 5//-6// long, slightly curved out- ward, many-seeded. In swamps and meadows, Newfoundland to South Carolina, west through British America to the Rocky Mountains and to Iowa. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vir- ginia. Locally called Cowslip and used as a spring vegetable. April-June. Old English names, Water Dragon, Water- or Horse-blob, May-blob. 2. Caltha flabellifolia Pursh. Mountain Marsh-marigold. (Fig. 1546.) Caltha flabellifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 390. 1814. Caltha palustris var. flabellifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:27. 1838. Weak, slender, reclining or ascending, i°-i^° long, glabrous. Basal leaves 2/-4/ broad, long- petioled, flabelliform or reniform, with a wide open sinus; the upper sessile or short-petioled, similar or with truncate bases, all crenate or den- tate; flowers yellow, 6//-9// wide, solitary or 2-3 together; sepals oval; achenes 4-10, about \ff long, compressed. In cold shaded mountain springs, Pocono plateau of Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey to Mary- land. Strikingly different from the former in habit and appearance. June-July. RANUNCULACEAE. 3. Caltha natans Pall. marigold. [VOL. II. Floating Marsh- (Fig. 1547.) Caltha natans Pall. Reise Russ. 3: 284. 1776. Stems slender, floating or creeping in wet places, rooting at the nodes, 6/-i8/ long, branch- ing. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, cordate-renifonn, i'-2' wide, crenate or entire, thin, cordate with a narrow sinus; upper leaves short-petioled, smaller; flowers white or pink, 6//~9// broad; sepals oval, obtusish; follicles several or numerous, rather densely capitate, about 2" long, the beak short and straight. In pools and streams, Tower, Mich., Athabasca, arctic America and northern Asia. Summer. 3. TROLLIUS L. Sp. PI. 556. 1753. Erect or ascending perennial herbs, with palmately divided or lobed leaves, thickened fibrous roots, and large usually solitary yellowish or purplish flowers. Sepals 5-00 , petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5-30 , small, unguiculate, linear, with a nectariferous pit at the base of the blade. Carpels 5-00 , sessile, many-ovuled, forming a head of follicles in fruit. Stamens numerous. [Old German, trol, something round.] About 10 species, mainly inhabiting marshy places, natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following one is North American, unless the Rocky Mountain plant proves to be distinct. i. Trollius laxus Salisb. American Globe- flower. (Fig. 1548.) Trollius Americanus Muhl. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 3: 172, name only. 1791. Trollius laxus Salisb. Trans. I.inn. Soc. 8: 303. 1803. Stems slender, weak, ascending, i°-2° long. Leaves all but the upper petioled (the lower peti- oles sometimes a foot long), palmately 5~7-parted, z'-4f wide, the segments obovate, cuneate, lobed, cleft or toothed; flowers generally solitary, i#' broad; sepals 5-7, ovate or obovate, obtuse, spread- ing; petals 15-25, minute, much shorter than the numerous stamens; filaments filiform; anthers lin- ear, i" long; head of fruit nearly an inch broad, the follicles 4" long, each tipped with a straight sub- ulate beak of one-fourth its length. In swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware, west to Michigan. Also in the northern Rocky Moun- tains, where a white-flowered form (yar. albi flows A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 31: 241) is found at high altitudes, and in Washington and British Columbia. May-July. 4. HELLEBORUS L. Sp. PI. 557. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, with large palmately divided leaves, the basal long-petioled, the upper sessile and sometimes reduced to bracts. Flowers large, white, greenish or yellowish. Sepals 5, broad, petaloid, mainly persistent. Petals small, unguiculate, tubular. Stamens oo . Carpels generally few, sessile, in fruit forming several-seeded capsules, which are dehis- cent at the apex at maturity. [The classical name for H, orientalis ; derivation unknown. ] A genus of coarse herbs, comprising about 10 species, natives of Europe and western Asia. VOL. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY i. Helleborus viridis L,. Green Hellebore. (Fig. 1.549- ) Helleborus viridis L,. Sp. PI. 558. 1753. Stout, erect, l°-2° high, glabrous. Basal leaves S'-ia' broad, on petioles 6/-io/ long, palmately divided into 7-11 oblong acute sharply serrate segments 3/-4/ long; stem hardly exceeding the basal leaves, and bear- ing several sessile similar leaves near the top subtending the large drooping yellowish- green flowers; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, spreading, about i/ long; petals tubular, 2- lipped, z" long; stamens widened; anthers oblong, obtuse; pods 8" long, tipped with a slender beak one-third their length or longer. In waste places, locally adventive from Eu- rope in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. May. 5. ERANTHIS Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 303. 1803. Low herbs, with perennial tuberiferous rootstocks. Basal leaves palmately dissected. Cauline leaf one, borne near the summit of the stem, sessile or amplexicaul, immediately subtending the large yellow flower. Sepals 5-8, narrow, petaloid, deciduous. Petals, small two-lipped nectaries. Stamens numerous. Carpels commonly few, stipitate, many-ovuled, in fruit forming a head of follicles. [Greek, flower of spring.] A genus of about 5 species, natives of Europe and the mountains of Asia. i. Eranthis hyemalis (L,.) Salisb. Win- ter Aconite or Hellebore. (Fig. 1550.) Helleborus hyemalis L. Sp. PI. 557. 1753. Eranthis hyemalis Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 304. 1803. Erect, simple, s'-S' high from a tuberous-thick- ened rootstock; roots fibrous. Basal leaves long- petioled, i}4' broad, divided and cleft into numer- ous linear or oblong lobes; cauline leaf similar, in- volucrate,sessile,clasping; flower solitary, 1)4' wide, sessile; sepals 5-9, membranous, obovate, obtuse, occasionally lobed; petals several, clawed, 2-lipped; stamens numerous; filaments filiform; anthers ob- long, obtuse; carpels several, stipitate; follicles compressed, 5" long, tipped with a sharp beak. Naturalized from Europe at Bartram's Garden, Phil- adelphia, and at Media, Pa. February. 6. COPTIS Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 305. 1803. Low herbs, with slender perennial rootstocks, basal compound or divided leaves, and scapose white flowers. Sepals 5-7, petaloid, deciduous; petals 5-6, small, linear, cucullate. Stamens numerous. Carpels stipitate, few, in fruit forming an umbel of follicles. [Name from the Greek, referring to the cut or divided leaves.] A genus of about 9 species, inhabiting the cooler portions of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, three others are found on the Pacific Coast of North America. 54 RANUNCULACEAE. i. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Gold-thread. (Fig. 1551.) [VOL. II. Hellfborus trifolius L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 784. 1762. Coptis trifolia Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 305. 1803. Isopyrum trifolium Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 265. 1891. Tufted, glabrous, 37-6x high from a slender or filiform yellow bitter rootstock. Leaves all basal, long-petioled, the blade reniform, I'-a' broad,3-divided; petioles very slender; segments broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, prominently veined, crenate or slightly lobed, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, the teeth mu- cronate; scape i-flowered, slender; sepals oblong, obtuse; petals small, club-shaped; follicles 3-7, about 3" long, borne on stipes of about their own length, spreading, tipped with a beak i"- i#" long. In damp mossy woods, and bogs, Newfoundland to Maryland, west to Minnesota, British Columbia and Alaska. Leaves evergreen. Ascends to 3500 ft. in the Adirondacks. Called also Canker-root. May-Aug. 7. ISOPYRUM I,. Sp. PL 557- '753- Slender glabrous herbs, with ternately decompound leaves, and solitary or panicled white flowers. Sepals 5-9, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, nectariform or none. Stamens numerous. Carpels 2-20, sessile (stalked in a western species), several-ovuled, forming a head of follicles in fruit. [Old Greek name for some Fumaria.] A genus of about 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, there are 3 other North American species, natives of the Pacific Coast. i. Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.)T. &G. False Rue Anemone. (Fig. 1552.) Encmion bitematum Raf. Journ. Phys. 91: 70. 1820. Isopyrum biternatum T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 660. 1840. Slender, erect, paniculately branching above; roots fibrous and sometimes tuberiferous. Basal leaves long-petioled, biternate, thin, the ulti- mate segments broadly obovate, obtuse, lobed or divided; upper ones similar but sessile or short* petioled; flowers several, terminal and axillary, white, 5"-9" broad; sepals 5, oblong or some- what obovate, obtuse; petals none; stamens many; filaments slender, thickened above; car- pels few; follicles widely spreading, ovate, 2" long, several -seeded, tipped with a beak nearly one-half their length. In moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Minne- sota, south to Florida and Texas. May. 8. XANTHORRHIZA L/Her. Stirp. Nov. 79. 1784. Low shrubby plants, with pinnate or bipinuate leaves, and small compoundly racemose flowers. Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, smaller than the sepals, unguiculate, con- cave, 2-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10. Carpels 5-10, sessile, 2-ovuled, forming i-seeded follicles at maturity by the suppression of one of the ovules. [Greek, yellow root.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. VOL. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY i. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L/Her. Shrub Yellow-root. (Fig. 1553.) Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 79. 1784. Xanthorrhiza simplicissima Marsh. Arb. Amer. 168. 1785. Glabrate, i°-2° high, the bark and long roots yellow and bitter. I/eaves pinnate or sometimes bipinnate, clustered at the sum- mit of the short stem, the blade 5/-6/ long, slender petioled; leaflets 5, thin, 1'-$' long, incisely toothed, cleft or divided, sessile, ovate or oblong, acute, cuneate, shining; branches of the raceme or panicle slender, drooping, 2/~3/ long; flowers about 2" broad, pedicelled, solitary or 2-3 together, brown- ish-purple; sepals ovate, acute; follicles 4-8, inflated, light yellow, i-seeded, diverging, curved at the apex, minutely beaked. In woods, southwestern New York to Florida. Also called Yellow -wood. The lowest leaves are sometimes 3-foliolate. April-May. 9. ACTAEA I,. Sp. PI. 504. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, with large ternately compound leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals 3-5, petaloid. Petals 4-10, small, spatulate or narrow, clawed. Stamens numerous. Ovary i, many-ovuled, forming in fruit a large somewhat poisonous berry; stigma broad, sessile. [An ancient name of the elder.] About 4 known species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following another occurs in the western United States. Pedicels slender; berries red. I. A. rubra. Pedicels stout; berries white. 2. A. alba. x. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry. (Fig. 1554.) Actaea spicata var. rubra Ait. Hort, Kew. 2: 221. 1789. Actaea rubra Willd. Enurn. 561. 1809. Erect, bushy, i°-2° high, pubescent or glabrate. Leaves petioled, or the upper sessile, ternate, the divisions pinnate with the lower ultimate leaflets sometimes again compound; leaflets ovate or the ter- minal one obovate, toothed or somewhat cleft, the teeth mainly rounded or mucro- nate, oracutish; raceme ovoid; petals spat- ulate, shorter than the stamens; pedicels mainly slender, 5//-7// long; berries red, oval, 5//-6// long, many-seeded. In woods, Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to the Rocky Mountains. Most abundant northward. April-June. A. spicata L-, of Europe, has purplish-black ber- ries and has not been observed in America. This and the following species are called also Cohosh, Herb-Christopher, and Rattle- snake Herb. I Actaea rubra arguta (Nutt. ) Greene, Pitt. 2: 108. 1890. Actaea arguta Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 35. 1838. Plant larger, the leaflets more incised. Nebraska to British Columbia and California. Actaea rubra dissecta Britton. Leaflets all deeply incised, the lower compound or decompound. Lincoln Co., Ontario. 56 RANUNCULACEAE. [Voi,. II. 2. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry. (Fig. 1555.) Actaea spicata var. alba L. Sp. PI. 504. 1753. Actaea alba Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Closely resembles the preceding species in habit and aspect. Leaflets generally more cut and the teeth and lobes acute or acuminate; ra- ceme oblong; petals truncate at the apex; fruit- ing pedicels as thick as the peduncle and often red; berries short -oval, white, often purplish at the end. In woods, Nova Scotia and Anticosti to Georgia, west to British Columbia and Missouri. Ascends to- 5000 ft. in Virginia. April-June. Forms with white berries and slender pedicels and red berries on thickened pedicels are occasionally met with, and supposed by Watson and Coulter (Gray's Man. Ed. 6, 48) to be the result of hybridization. The whitr- berried species is said to bloom a week or two later than the ml. 10. CIMICIFUGA L. Amoen. Acad. 8: 193. 1774. Tall erect perennial herbs, with large decompound leaves, and white racemose flowers. Sepals 2-5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 1-8, small, clawed, 2-lobcd or none. Carpels 1-8, many-ovuled, sessile or stipitate, forming follicles at maturity. Stigma broad or minute. [Latin, to drive away bugs.] A genus of about 10 species, natives of North America, Asia and eastern Europe. Besides the following, there are 3 on the western side of the continent. Carpels i or 2, sessile; seeds in 2 rows, smooth. Leaflets ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the base. i. C. racemosa. leaflets broadly ovate or suborbicular, deeply cordate. 2. C. cordifolia. Carpels 2-3, stalked; seeds in i row, chaffy. 3- C. Americana, i. Cimicifuga racemdsa (L. ) Nutt. Black Snakeroot. (Fig. 1556.) Actaea racemosa L. Sp. PI. 504. 1753. Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt. Gen. 3: 15. 1818. Stem slender, 3°- 8° high, leafy above. Leaves ternate, the divisions pinnate and the ultimate leaflets often again compound; leaflets ovate or oblong, or the terminal one obovate, acute or sometimes obtusish at the apex, narrowed, truncate or the lower sub- cordate at base, incisely-toothed, cleft or di- vided, thickish, nearly glabrous; racemes compound, terminal, 6'-2° long, usually finely pubescent; pedicels bracted; flowers 6"-7" broad, foetid; petals 4-8, 2-cleft; sta- mens very numerous; pistils i or 2, sessile; stigma broad; follicles oval, 3//-4// long, minutely beaked; seeds in 2 rows, smooth, flattened. In woods, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. Cimicifuga racemosa dissecta A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 47. 1890. Leaves pinnately compound, the leaflets all incised. Southern Pennsylvania and Delaware. VOL. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY. 2. Cimicifuga cordifolia Pursh. Heart-leaved Snakeroot. (Fig- I557-) Cimicifuga cordifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 373. 1814. Cimicifuga racemosa var. cordifolia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i: Part i, 55. 1895. Tall, similar to the preceding species and perhaps intergrading with it. Leaflets very broadly ovate or orbicu- lar, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, some- times 6' wide; pistil i, sessile; follicles apparent!}' very similar to those of C. racemosa. An imperfectly understood species, reported to flower later than C. racemosa where the two grow together. In woods, southwestern Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee. Tennes- see specimens agree exactly with the figure of this plant given in Botanical Magazine, pi. 2069. June-July. 3. Cimicifuga Americana Michx. American Bugbane. (Fig. 1558.) Cimicifuga Americana Michx. Fl. Am. i: 316. 1803. Stem slender, 3°-5° high, leafy. Leaves ter- nate, the divisions pinnate with many of the ultimate leaflets again compound; leaflets ovate or oblong, the terminal one generally cuneate, acute, thin, glabrate, all incisely toothed, cleft or divided, 1'-$' long; racemes terminal, slender, compound, densely and finely pubescent i°-2° long; flowers pedi- celled, 4//-6// broad; pedicels minutely bracted; petals few, 2-lobed; stamens numer- ous; pistils 3-8, stipitate, stigma minute; follicles inflated, membranous, 5" long, nar- rowed below, tipped with a short oblique subulate beak; seeds in i row, flattened, chaffy. Blair Co., Pa., south along the mountains to Georgia. Aug. -Sept. ii. AQUILEGIA L. Sp. PI. 533- 1753- Erect branching perennial herbs, with ternately decompound leaves, and large showy flowers. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals concave, produced backward be- tween the sepals into a hollow spur; stamens numerous, the inner ones reduced to stamin- odia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming heads of follicles in fruit. [Latin, eagle, from the fancied resemblance of the spurs to the eagle's claws.] A genus of beautiful plants, comprising about 15 species, distributed throughput the north tem- perate zone and extending into the mountains of Mexico. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of North America. Spur of petals nearly straight; flowers scarlet, white or yellow. Spur incurved; flowers blue or purple, about 9" long. Spur strongly hooked; flowers white or purple, i'-2' long. 1. A. Canadensis. 2. A. brevistyla. 3. A. vulgaris. RANUNCULACEAE. [Vol.. II. i. Aquilegia Canadensis L. Wild Columbine. (Fig. 1559.) Aquilegia Canadensis L,. Sp. PI. 533. 1753. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, i°-2° high, branching. I/ower and basal leaves slendcr-peti- oled, biternate, 4/-6/ broad, the ultimate leaflets sessile or on very short stalks, obovate, obtuse, cuneate, obtusely lobed and toothed, pale beneath; leaves of the upper part of the stem lobed or di- vided; flowers nodding, i '-2' long, scarlet or rarely white, the spurs nearly straight, 6X/ long, thickened at the end; stamens and styles long-exsertcd; head of fruit erect; follicles slightly spreading, about 8" long, tipped with a filiform beak of about the same length. In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Also at "high altitudes in the Rocky Mountains. April-July. Aquilegia Canadensis flaviflora (Tenney) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 97. 1888. Aquilegia fiai-iflora Tenney, Am. Nat. i: 389. 1867. Flowers yellow; foliage lighter green than in the type. Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey. Rare. 2. Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Small- flowered Columbine. (Fig. 1560.) Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 24. 1829. Slender, erect, sparingly pubescent, branching, 6'- 18' high. Basal leaves 2/-5/ broad, long-petioled, bi- ternate, the ultimate leaflets nearly sessile, broadly ob- ovate, lobed and crenate; leaves of the stem few, nearly sessile, lobed or divided; flowers small, nodding, about as broad as long (8"), blue or purple; spurs short, in- curved, about 2" long; stamens and short styles barely exserted; head of fruit erect; follicles slightly spread- ing, 8" long, pubescent, tipped with a subulate beak about 2" long. Northwest Territory to South Dakota. June-July. \ 3. Aquilegia vulgaris L,. European Columbine. (Fig. 1561.) Aquilegia vulgaris I,. Sp. PI. 533. 1753. Stout, erect, pubescent or nearly glabrous, i°-2° high, branching above. Basal and lower leaves 4/-6/ broad, petioled, 2-3-ternate, the lateral di- visions broadly obovate, obtuse, lobed and crenate, glaucous beneath, dark green above; the upper few, lobed or divided; flower i>^/-2/ broad and about as long, showy, blue, purple or white; spurs 3//~4// long, stout, strongly hooked; sepals spread- ing; stamens and styles hardly exserted. Escaped from gardens into woods and fields, fre- quent in the Eastern and Middle States, in Nova Sco- tia and New Brunswick. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. May-July. VOL. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY. 59 12. DELPHINIUM L. Sp. PI. 530. 1753. Annual or perennial erect branching herbs, with racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Leaves palmately lobed or divided. Sepals 5, the posterior one prolonged into a spur. Petals 2 or 4, small, the two posterior ones spurred, the lateral, when present, small. Carpels few, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. [Latin, from the supposed resem- blance of the flowers to a dolphin.] A genus of beautiful plants, with large irregular flowers, comprising some 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 20 others in western North America and several in the mountains of Mexico. Annual; pistil i. i. D. Consolida. Perennials; pistils 3. Follicles erect. Raceme narrow, elongated; spur straight. Raceme short; spur curved upward. Follicles widely spreading; raceme loose. 2. D. urceolatum. 3. D. Carolinianum. 4. D. trtcorne. i. Delphinium Consolida L,. Field Larkspur. Knight' s-spur. Lark-heel. (Fig. 1562.) Delphinium Consolida L,. Sp. PI. 530. 1753. Erect, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, 1-2^° high, divaricately branched. Leaves short-peti- oled or sessile, all divided into narrowly linear cleft or toothed segments; racemes terminal, rather loose, S'-io' long; flowers on short pedicels, blue or white, I'-i^' long; spur slender, bent near the middle; petals 2, united; carpel i, forming an erect glabrous follicle in fruit, tipped with a short slender beak. In waste places, naturalized from Europe in south- ern New Jersey, Pennsylvania and southward, locally adventiye or fugitive northward. Summer. Delphin- ium Ajacis of the gardens, which is commonly culti- vated and occasionally seen outside of fences, may be distinguished from this species by its pubescent fol- licles, shorter spurs, longer and denser racemes. 2. Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. Tall Larkspur. (Fig. 1563.) Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. Coll. i: 153 1786. Delphinium exaltatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 244. 1789. Slender, 2°-6° high, glabrous or spar- ingly hairy below, densely pubescent above. Leaves large, all but the upper petioled, deeply 3-5 -cleft, the divisions lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuneate, acu- minate, cleft and toothed toward the apex, upper ones reduced to small linear or lanceolate bracts subtending the flow- ers; racemes dense, elongated (some- times over i° in length); flowers purple or blue, 8//-io// long, downy-pubescent, the lower pedicels about \' long; spur nearly straight, 4" long; follicles 3, erect, 4//~5// long, pubescent, tipped with a subulate beak. In woods, Allegheny and Huntingdon Cos., Pa., to Minnesota, south to North Car- olina, Alabama, and Nebraska. July-Aug. RANUNCULACEAE. [Vol.. II. 3. Delphinium Carolinianum Walt. Carolina Larkspur. (Fig. 1564.) Delphinium Carolinianum Walt. Fl. Car. 155- 1788. Delphinium azurcutn Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 314. 1803. Stem slender, more or less pubescent, i°-2° high. Leaves deeply cleft into linear toothed or cleft segments; raceme terminal, 4/-8/ long; flowers pedicelled, blue varying to white, about i' long, the spur curved upward, 8" long; follicles 3, erect or slightly spreading, downy, 7//-o// long, tipped with a subulate beak; seed- coat rugose. Prairies and open grounds, Illinois t<> Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas; also in the Rocky Mountain region. May-July. 4. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Dwarf Larkspur. (Fig. 1565.) Delphinium tricornc Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 314. 1803. Stout, glabrous or pubescent, simple, i°-3° high. Leaves slender-pctioled, deeply 5-7- cleftor divided, the divisions linear or obovatc, obtuse, entire, or again cleft and toothed; raceme loose, 4/-5/ long, mostly several-flow- ered; flowers i'-\%' long, blue or white; spur generally slightly bent, ascending, io"-i5" long; follicles 3, widely spreading, $"-6" long, tipped with a short beak ; seed-coat smooth, dark. Western Pennsylvania to the mountains of Geor- gia, west to Minnesota and Arkansas. Roots tuber- ous. April-June. 13. ACONITUM L. Sp. PI. 532. 1753- Tall or long, erect ascending or trailing perennial herbs, with palmately lobed or divided leaves, and large irregular showy flowers. Sepals 5, the posterior (upper) one larger, hooded or helmet-shaped. Petals 2-5, small, the two superior ones hooded, clawed, concealed in the helmet, the three posterior ones, when present, minute. Stamens numerous. Carpels 3-5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. [Ancient Greek name for these plants.] A genus of beautiful plants including some 18 species, mostly natives of mountainous regions in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 2 others are found in the Rocky Mountains and on the Pacific Coast. Roots poisonous, as are also the flowers of some species. Flowers blue. Helmet arched, tipped with a descending beak. i. A. Noveboracense. Helmet conic, slightly beaked. 2. A. uncinatum. Flowers white; stem trailing; helmet elongated-conic. 3. A. reclinatum. Voi,. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY i. Aconitum Noveboracense A. Gray. New York Monkshood. (Fig. 1566.) Aconitum Noveboracense A. Gray; Coville, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 190. 1886. Slender, erect, about 2° high, leafy. Lower leaves all petioled, 3'-4x broad, nearly orbicular, deeply 5-7-cleft, the divisions obovate, cuneate, toothed and cut, acute or acuminate, glabrous, rather thin; upper leaves nearly sessile, 3-5- cleft, otherwise similar, subtending branches of the loose pubescent few-flowered panicle; flow- ers blue, 6" broad, about i/ high, the arched gibbous helmet tipped with a prominent de- scending beak about 3" long; follicles erect, 3// long, subulate-beaked. Orange, Ulster and Chenango Counties, N. Y. Nearest A. paniculatum Lam. of central Europe. June-Aug. I I 2. Aconitum uncinatum L/. Wild Monks- hood. (Fig. 1567.) Aconitum uncinatum L- Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 750. 1762. Slender, weak, 2°-4° long, ascending or climb- ing, leafy. Leaves thick, broader than long, 3X-4X wide, deeply 3~5-lobed or cleft; lobes oblong or ovate-lanceolate, cleft or toothed, acute, glabrous or nearly so; panicle few-flowered, pubescent; flowers clustered at the ends of its branches, blue, ix broad or more; helmet erect, obtusely conic, acute in front but scarcely beaked; follicles 3, 6"- 7" long, subulate-beaked. In woods, southern Pennsylvania and south along the mountains to Georgia. Also in Wisconsin. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. 3. Aconitum reclinatum A. Gray. Trailing Wolfsbane. (Fig. 1568.) Aconilum reclinatum A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci.42: 34- 1842. Trailing, 2°-8° long. Leaves 3-7-cleft, all but the upper petioled, thin, the lower 6/-8/ broad, mainly obovate, acute, toothed and cleft toward the apex; simple panicle or raceme loose, pubescent; flowers white, 8//-io// long; helmet horizontal or nearly so, elongated-conic, with a straight, short beak; follicles 3, 5" long, with slender divergent beaks. In woods, Cheat Mountain, Virginia, south along the Alleghanies to Georgia. Ascends to 5500 ft. in North Carolina. July-Aug. 62 RANUNCULACEAE. 14. ANEMONE L,. Sp. PI. 538. 1753. [VOL. II. Erect perennial herbs. Basal leaves lobed, divided or dissected, those of the stem forming an involucre near to or remote from the flower. Sepals 4-20, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens oo , shorter than the sepals. Carpels oo . Achenes compressed, i-seeded. [From the Greek, a flower shaken by the wind.] About 7S species, widely distributed through the temperate and subarctic regions of both hemi- spheres. About 16 species are natives of North America. -X- Achenes densely woolly. Stem simple, slender, i-flowered. Root tuberous; sepals 6-20, narrow. I. A. Caroliniana. Rootstock slender; sepals 5-6, oval. 2. A. parviflora. Stem commonly branching above, tall, generally 2-several-flowered. Leaves of the involucre sessile or short-petioled; sepals red; head of fruit globose or oval. 3. A. multifida. Leaves of the involucre slender-petioled; sepals white or green; head cylindric, oval, or oblong. Head of fruit cylindric; divisions of the leaves wedge-shaped, narrow. 4. A. cylindrica. Head of fruit oblong or oval; divisions of the leaves ovate, broad. 5. A. virginiana. •ft 4f Achenes pubescent, or nearly glabrous. Leaves of the involucre sessile. Stout, i°-2° high, branching and bearing several flowers; carpels nearly orbicular. 6. A. Canadensis. Slender, 2'-! 2' high, i -flowered; carpels narrow. 7. A. Richardsmui. Leaves of the involucre petioled. Involucral leaf divisions lobed and incised; plant 4' -9' high. 8. A. quinquefolia. gh. Involucral leaf-divisions dentate; plant io'-i6' higr i. Anemone Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Anemone. (Fig. 1569.) Anemone Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 157. 1788. Sparsely hairy, 4/-io/ high, arising from a tuber 3"-4" in diameter. Basal leaves slender-petioled, 3-divided, the divisions variously lobed and parted, those of the involu- cre sessile and 3-cleft; flower erect, 9"-i8" broad; sepals 6-20, linear-oblong, purple, varying to white; head of fruit oblong; achenes densely woolly. Open places, Illinois to Wisconsin and Nebraska, south to Georgia and Texas. April-May. 9. A. trifolia. 2. Anemone parvifldra Michx. Northern Anemone. (Fig. 1570.) Anemone pan'iflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 319. 1803. Sparingly hairy, 4/-i2/ high from slender rootstocks. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, the broadly wedge- shaped divisions obtusely lobed or crenate, those of the involucre nearly sessile, similarly lobed; flower i' in diameter or less; sepals oval, very obtuse, white; head of fruit short-oval or globose; achenes densely woolly. Anticosti, Labrador, Newfoundland and Quebec to Wis- consin, Minnesota, and in arctic America, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Asia. May-June. Voi.. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY. 3. Anemone multifida Poir. Cut-leaved Anemone. Red Wind-flower. (Fig. 1571.) Anemone multifida Poir. in I/. iSif>. 1816. Not Pursh, 1814. Clematis Simsii Sweet, Hort. Brit, i: i. 1827. Clematis Pilcheri T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 10. 1838. A high climbing vine, the branches more or less pubescent. Leaves pinnate; leaflets entire, lobed or trifoliolate, thick, reticulated, generally mucronate; flowers solitary; calyx campanulate, less than i' long, purplish, pu- bescent; sepals with recurved margined tips; filaments hairy; persistent styles more or less pubescent, about i' long. Southern Indiana to Missouri and Texas. May-Aug. VOL. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY 5. Clematis Viorna L. lyeather- flower. (Fig. 1586.) Clematis Viorna L. Sp. PI. 543- J753- A vine, climbing to the height of 10° or more over bushes in rich soil. Leaves mostly pinnate; leaflets glabrous, entire, lobed or tri- foliolate; uppermost and lowest leaves often entire; calyx ovoid-catnpanulate, purple, the sepals remarkably thick; flowers solitary; per- sistent styles plumose throughout, i' long or more, brownish. Southern Pennsylvania to Ohio and West Vir- ginia, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Re- ported from further north and west. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 6. Clematis Addisonii Britton. Addi- son Brown's Clematis. (Fig. 1587.) Clematis ovata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 8. 1838. Not Pursh, 1814. C. Addisonit'Britton, Mem. Torr.Club, 2: 28. 1890. Ascending or erect, i°-3° long, simple or branched, tufted, glaucous and glabrous. Lower leaves simple, entire or i-4-lobed, ob- tuse, deep bluish-green above, glaucous be- neath, sessile, clasping, 2/-4/ long; upper leaves pinnate, or sometimes simple, tendril- bearing, leaflets 2-4, ovate, sessile, flowers soli- tary, terminal and axillary, purplish, nodding; calyx ovoid, 9//-i5// long, $"-7" broad, con- tracted near the summit; sepals thick, lanceo- late, acute, their tips recurved; stamens nu- merous, pubescent above; achenes flat, nearly orbicular, silky-pubescent; persistent styles \'-\}£f long, brown-plumose throughout. Banks near Roanoke, Va. ; North Carolina and Georgia. May-June. Clematis viornioides Britton, is a hybrid between this and C. Viorna. Roanoke, Va. 7. Clematis ochroleuca Ait. Erect Silky Clematis. (Fig. 1588.) Clematis ochroleuca Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 260. 1789. Clematis sericea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 319. 1803. An erect silky-hairy plant, i°-2° high, some- what woody at the base. Leaves simple, sessile, ovate, obtuse, glabrous and reticulated above, silky beneath, entire or occasionally lobed, mu- cronate; flower terminal, nodding, io// long; calyx cylindraceous, green; sepals thick, very silky without, their tips recurved; head of fruit erect; achenes scarcely oblique; persistent styles yellowish-brown, plumose throughout, i/-2/ long. Brooklyn, N. Y. (locality now destroyed); abun- dant in several localities on Staten Island; Pennsyl- vania, and southward to Georgia. May-June. Local. RANUNCULACEAE. [Vor.. II. 8. Clematis ovata Pursh. Erect Moun- tain Clematis. (Fig. 1589.) Clematis ovata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814. Similar to the preceding species, stems stiff, i°-2° tall, pubescent when young, becoming nearly glabrous when old. Leaves ovate, entire, I %'-2f long, strongly reticulate-veined and nearly glabrous when mature ; flowers solitary at the ends of the stem or branches, purple, nod- ding, nearly i' long; achenes distinctly oblique, persistent styles plumose throughout, the plumes white or slightly dingy, i'-ift' long. Kate's Mountain, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va Apparently first collected on Negro's Head, a moun- tain of the Blue Ridge in South Carolina or Georgia. May-June. 9. Clematis Fremontii S. Wats. Fre- mont's Clematis. (Fig. 1590.) Clematis Fremontii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 339 rtH Clematis ochroleuca var. Fremont ii J. K. James, Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist. 6: 120. 1883. Stout, erect, 6'-i$' high, the stem villous-pubes- cent, especially at the nodes, woody at the base, sim- ple or branched. Leaves simple, sessile, coriaceous, conspicuously reticulated, glabrous except on the veins beneath, broadly ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire or sparingly toothed; flowers terminal, nodding; calyx purple, i' long; sepals thick, tomentose on the margins, their tips recurved; head of fruit i' in diameter or more, erect; persistent styles about ft' long, silky below, naked above. Prairies, Kansas and Missouri. Rare and local. April-May. 10. Clematis Scottii Porter. Scott's Clematis. (Fig. i59T-) Fl. Clematis Scottii Porter, in Porter & Coulter, Colo. i. 1874. Clematis />,nnflasii var. Scottii Coulter, Man. Bot. Rocky Mts. 3. 1885. Somewhat villous when young, nearly gla- brous when old, stems erect, simple, or nearly so, or branched from the base, io/-2° tall. Leaves petioled, the upper pinnate or bipinnate, $'-6' long, their segments lanceolate, oblong or ovate, entire or few-toothed, stalked, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 6"-i8" long; lower leaves sometimes entire, or pinnately cleft, smaller than the upper; flowers solitary, terminal or also axillary, long-peduncled, nod- ding, nearly i' long, purple; sepals ovate-lance- olate, thick; persistent styles plumose through- out, i' long or more, the plumes brown. In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Col- orado, and Idaho. May-July. VOL. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY. 19. ATRAGENE L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Perennial climbing vines, with opposite petioled compound leaves, and large showy pe- duncled flowers, solitary in the axils, or at the ends of the branches. Sepals very large, petaloid, mostly membranous and prominently veined. Petals small, spatulate. Stamens very numerous, the outer ones usually with broadened filaments. Styles long, persistent, plumose. [Ancient Greek name for some vine.] About 3 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, another occurs in the Rocky Mountains and one in northwestern North America. i. Atragene Americana Sims. Purple Virgin's Bower. (Fig. 1592.) Atragene Americana Sims, Bot. Mag-. pl.SSj. 1806. •Clematis verlicillaris DC. Syst. i: 166. 1818. A trailing or partly climbing vine of rocky woodlands. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets thin, ovate, acute, toothed or entire, more or less cordate; petioles slender; flowers solitary, purplish blue, 2/-4/ broad when expanded; sepals 4, thin and translucent, strongly veined, silky along the margins and the veins; petals spatulate, 6//~9// long; persis- tent styles plumose throughout. Hudson Bay to Manitoba, south to Virginia and Minnesota. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Cats- kills. May-June. 20. MYOSURUS L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. Diminutive annual herbs, with fibrous roots, basal linear entire leaves and i-flowered scapes. Sepals 5 (rarely 6-7), long-spurred at the base. Petals the same number or none, when present greenish-yellow, narrow, the claw bearing a nectariferous pit at the summit, the limb spreading. Stamens 5-25, about equalling the sepals. Pistils numerous, borne on a central axis, which becomes greatly elongated in fruit. Ovule i, suspended. Achenes apiculate or aristate. [Greek, mouse-tail.] - A genus of insignificant plants of local but wide geographic distribution, consisting of the spe- cies here figured and 4 others found in west America and Australia. f i. Myosurus minimus L/. (Fig- I593-) Mouse-tail. Myosurus minimus L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. Myosurus Short ii Raf. Am. Journ. Sci. i: 379. 1819. Myosurus Hihtimusvar. Shortii Huth, Engler's Bot. Jahrb. 16: 284. 1893. Low, glabrous, i'-6' high, the scape at length sur- passing the leaves and the elongated receptacle attain- ing the length of i' or more. Leaves all basal, 2' '-4' long, narrowly linear, blunt; petals present, small; achenes glabrous, apiculate, In moist places, southern Ontario to Illinois, Kentucky and Florida. Reported from/fne Pacific Coast. Also in central Europe. At Norfolk; Va., the plant seems to have been introduced. April-Jnly. RANUNCULACEAE. [VOL. II. 21. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. i: 22. 1834. Tall erect perennial herbs, with large palmately-lobed leaves, those of the stem dis- tant. Sepals 3-5, concave, caducous. Petals none. Carpels oo , i-ovuled. Acheues capi- tate, sharply angular, inflated, tipped with the minute styles. Embryo large. Flowers small, white, corymbosely paniculate. [In honor of Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.} A monotypic genus of North America and eastern Asia. i. Trautvetteria Carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. False Bugbane. (Fig. 1594.) Hydrastis Carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 156. 1788. Cimicifuga palmata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 316. 1803. Trautvetteria palmata F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. i: 22. 1834. Trautvetteria Carolinensis Vail, Mem. Torr. Club,. 2: 42. 1890. Stout, 2°-3° high, branching, nearly glabrous, except the lower surfaces of the leaves. Basal leaves long-petioled, 6'-8' broad, 4/~5' long, deeply lobed, the lobes acute and sharply den- tate; panicle ample, the flowers 3//-6// broad, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of its branches; filaments slender, slightly widened; anthers oblong. Southwestern Pennsylvania to the mountains of Virginia and Kentucky, south to Florida, west to Indiana and Missouri. Ascends to6ooo ft. in North Carolina. June-July. 22. RANUNCULUS L. Sp. PI. 548. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate simple entire lobed or divided or dissected leaves, and yellow white or red flowers. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals equal in num- ber or more, conspicuous or minute, provided with a nectariferous pit and a scale at the base of the blade. Carpels oo, i-ovuled. Achenes capitate or spicate, generally flattened, smooth, papillose or echinatc, tipped with a minute or an elongated style. [Latin for a small frog, in allusion to the marsh habitat of many species.] Some 200 species, widely distributed in the temperate and cool regions of both hemispheres and on mountain tops in the tropics. In addition to those here described, about 40 others inhabit the western and northwestern parts of the continent. The names Crowfoot or Buttercup are popu- larly applied to most of the species with large flowers and divided leaves. * Aquatic, with dissected submerged leaves, the upper ones lobed, floating or emersed; flowers large. i. R. dclphinifolius. * * Terrestrial or mud plants, with entire, lobed or divided leaves. [Nos. 2, 3, 6, 7 and 9 some- times in ditches or swamps.] f Creeping or decumbent perennial*, with palmately lobed or divided leaves ; flowers small. Plants leaf y-stemmed. More or less pubescent; leaves orbicular, palmately divided. Achenes marginless; northern. 2. R. Purshii. Achenes callous-margined; southwestern. 3. R. Missouriensis. Glabrous; leaves globed or 3-cleft, cuneate at the base; arctic. 4. R. hyperboreus. Plant scapose from filiform rootstocks. 5. R. Lapponicus. ft Plants of swamps or muddy shores; leaves entire or denticulate. Annuals; achenes beakless. Petals i"-2" long: stamens few. 6. R. pusillus. Petals 2"~3" long; stamens numerous. 7. R. oblongifolius. Perennials, rooting from the nodes; achenes beaked. Stems trailing; achenes minutely beaked. 8. R. reptans. Stems ascending or erect; achenes subulate-beaked. 9. R. oblusiusculus. tft Terrestrial species with some or all the leaves lobed or divided. Calyx conspicuously black-pubescent; arctic; flowers white or light yellow. 10. R. nivalis. Calyx glabrous or pubescent: flowers yellow. i. Achenes smooth, neither papillose, muricate nor spiny. Plant low, arctic-alpine; leaves small, palmately lobed. n. R. pygmaeus, Plants neither arctic nor alpine. Basal leaves, some or all of them, merely crenate. Head of fruit oblong, 2-3 times as long as thick. 12. R. pedatifidus. Head of fruit globose or subglobose. Petals large, longer than the sepals. Basal leaves oval or ovate, not cordate. 13. R. ovalis. Basal leaves reniform or orbicular, cordate. 14. R. Harveyi. VOL. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY. Petals small, shorter than or equalling the sepals. Styles very short. Basal leaves cordate ; plant glabrous or nearly so. 15. R. abortivus. Basal leaves not cordate ; plant villous. 16. R. micranthus. Styles subulate, hooked, nearly one-half as long as the achene. 17. R. Alleghaniensis. Leaves all lobed or divided. Plant glabrous; stem hollow; flowers very small. 18. R. sceleralus. Plants more or less pubescent. Beak of the achene strongly hooked; flowers 4" -5" wide. 19. R. recurvatus. Beak of the achene short. Erect plants, naturalized in fields; flowers i' broad. Calyx spreading; roots fibrous. 20. R. acris. Calyx reflexed; stem bulbous-thickened at base. 21. R. bulbosus. Erect or ascending plants of moist soil; flowers 3" -6" broad. Petals not longer than the reflexed sepals. 22. R. Pennsylvanicus Petals longer than the sepals. 23. R. Macounii. Ascending and creeping by stolons; flowers i' broad. 24. R. repens. Beak of the achene long, stout or slender; flowers 6"-i8" broad. Roots slender; beak stout; leaflets cuneate at base. 25. R. septentrionalis. Roots thickened; beak of achene slender, subulate. Leaf-segments broad, oblong or obovate. 26. R. hispidus. Leaf-segments narrow, linear-oblong. 27. R.fascicularis. 2. Achenes with a few scattered papillae near the margins. 28. R. f>arvtilus. 3. Achenes rough-papillose all over. 29. R. parviflorus. 4. Achenes muricate or spiny. Leaf-lobes broad, obtuse. 30. R. muricatus. Leaf -lobes narrow, subacute. 31. R. arvensis. i. Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. Yellow Water- Crowfoot. (Fig. 1595.) Ranunculus multifidus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814. Not Forsk. 1775. R. delphinifolius Torr. ; Eaton, Man. Ed. 2, 395. 1818. Ranunculus lacustris Beck & Tracy, N. Y. Med. and Phys. Journ. 2: 112. 1823. Aquatic or partly emersed, branching, some- times several feet long. Immersed leaves re- peatedly divided into capillary segments, short- petioled, i'-3' long; emersed leaves glabrous or pubescent, ^/-2/ broad, petioled or the upper nearly sessile, 3-5 divided, the divisions cleft into linear or cuneate segments; flowers yellow, <)"- 18" broad; petals 5-8, much longer than the sepals; head of fruit globose or oblong, 3//-5// long; achenes less than \" long, callous-mar- gined, tipped with a straight persistent beak of one-half their length or more. In ponds, Ontario to Michigan, south to North Carolina and Missouri. The so-called var. terresrist appears to be an emersed form. June-Aug. 2. Ranunculus Purshii Richards. Pursh's Buttercup. Ranunculus Purshii Richards. Frank. Journ. 741. 1823. Ranunculus limosus Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 20. 1838. Ranunculus multifidus var. repens S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 8. 1871. Perennial, creeping, pubescent at least on the younger parts, sometimes densely so; stems slender, often rooting from the lower nodes, a'-S' long. Leaves slender-petioled, orbicular or reniform in outline, %'-\' wide, palmately divided nearly to the base into obtuse lobes or segments; flowers yel- low, long-peduncled, 2//-7// broad; sepals spread- ing, ovate, obtusish, early deciduous; petals about 5; head of fruit subglobose or ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2//-3// long; achenes little compressed, smooth, ]^f long, acutish on the back, abruptly tipped with a slender style of about one-third their length. In moist soil, northern Michigan and Minnesota to western Ontario and arctic America, west to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. July-Aug. (Fig. 1596.) 74 RANUNCULACEAE. [Vol.. II. 3. Ranunculus Missouriensis Greene. Missouri Buttercup. (Fig. 1597.) Ranunculus Missouriensis Greene, Erythea, 3: 20. 1895- Perennial (?), similar to the preceding species but larger, sparingly pubescent; stems slender, decumbent, leafy, i° long or more, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves usually wider than long, thin, i'-3' wide, palmately divided nearly to the base into 3 obovate-cuneate incised and lobed segments, the lobes obtuse; petioles slen- der; flowers yellow, long-peduuclcd, 3//-4// broad; petals about 5; head of fruit oblong, about 4// long; achenes conipressed, somewhat wrinkled, rather more than >£" long, promi- nently callous-margined on the back, abruptly tipped by a subulate style of rather more than one-half their length. In ditches and on borders of lakes, Missouri to New Mexico. July-Aug. 4. Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. Arctic Buttercup. (Fig. 1598.) Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. Skrift. Kjoeb. Selsk. 10: 458. 1770. Stem slender, glabrous, filiform, creeping, 2'-6' long. Leaves petioled, 3-lobcd or cleft, broadly ovate, 2//-5// broad, 2"-4" long, obtuse, the base cuneate or rounded, the lobes oblong, ob- tuse, the lateral ones sometimes toothed; petioles sheathing and biauriculate; flowers few, 2"-3" broad, yellow; petals slightly shorter than the reflexed sepals; peduncles 4//-6// long; head of fruit globose, 2" broad; achenes slightly compressed, with a minute blunt point. Labrador, arctic America, Iceland, northern Europe and Siberia. Summer. 5. Ranunculus Lappdnicus L. Lapland Buttercup. (Fig. 1599.) Ranunculus Lapponicus L. Sp. PI. 553- '75.V Anemone nudicaulis A. Gray, Coult. Bot. Gaz. ii : 17. 1886. Scaposc from running rootstocks, 3'-6' high. Basal leaves long-petioled, the blade I'-lH' broad, reniform, 3-parted, the divisions broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, creuate or lobed; scape i- flow- ered, slender, longer than the leaves, oc- casionally bearing a single deeply lobed leaf; flower 3//-5// broad, yellow; petals 5-6; sepals generally fewer and reflexed; head of fruit globose, 6" broad; achenes flattened, ovate, gradually narrowed into a slender hooked beak. Lake Nipigon and Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, northern Minnesota, western arc- tic America, and in northern Europe and Siberia. Summer. VOL. II.] 6. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. L,ow Spearwort. (Fig. 1600.) Ranunculus pusillus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 99. 1804- Annual, slender, weak, glabrous, branch- ing, 6/-i2/ high. L,eaves entire or denticu- late, the lower oblong or ovate, on long petioles, the upper narrower, lanceolate or linear, short-petioled or sessile; flowers yel- low, 2//-3// broad, the petals few, often barely exceeding the sepals; stamens i-io; head of fruit globose, 2/x broad; achenes beakless, merely tipped by the persistent style-base. Marshes, southern New York and New Jersey near the coast. Bucks and York counties, Pa., south to Florida and west through the Gulf States to Texas and Missouri. April-July. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 75 7. Ranunculus oblongifolius Ell. Oblong-leaved Spearwort. (Fig. 1601.) Ranunculus oblongifolius Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 58. 1821-24. Ranunculus pusillus var. oblongifolius T. & G. Fl. N.A.I :i6. 1838. Annual, branched above, erect or ascend- ing, i°-i}4° high, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves entire or denticulate, oblong, or ob- long-lanceolate, the lower on long petioles, the blade sometimes 3' long, the upper nar- rower, lanceolate or linear; flowers yellow, 5//_6/' broad, the 5 petals much exceeding the sepals; stamens numerous; head of fruit 2" broad; achenes merely tipped by the style- base. In swamps, southern Virginia, southern Illi- nois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. April-Sept. 8. Ranunculus reptans L/. Creeping Spearwort. (Fig. 1602.) Ranunculus reptans L. Sp. PI. 549- !753- Ranunculus filiformis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:320. 1803. Ranunculus Flammula var. reptans E. Meyer. PI. Lab. 96. 1830. Trailing or reclining, glabrous or pubescent, rooting from the nodes, the flowering stems and peduncles ascending. Leaves linear, lanceolate or spatulate, i/-2/ long, mainly en- tire, gradually narrowed into the petiole; flowers bright yel- low, 4//~5// broad, solitary on peduncles \'-$' long, petals 4- 7, much exceeding the calyx; achenes flattish, with a minute sharp beak; stamens numerous. On shores, Newfoundland and arctic America, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 76 RANUNCULACEAE. [VOL. II. Ranunculus reptans intermedius (Hook.) T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 16. 1838. Ranunculus Flammula var. intermedius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: n. 1829. Larger; leaves longer and wider, 3' -5' long, z"-^" wide. Newfoundland to the shores of the Great Lakes, and Oregon. The European R. Flammula has not been found in America. Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. Water Plantain Spearwort. (Fig. 1603.) Ranunculus obtusiuscitlus Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 359. 1808. Ranunculus alismaefolius A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 41. 1867. Not Geyer, 1848. Ranunculus ambigens S. Wats. Bibliog. Index, i: 16. 1878. Stout, i°-3° high, ascending, gla- brous, rooting from the lower nodes; stem hollow, sometimes nearly i' thick at the base. Leaves lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, 3 '-6' long, 5//-i2//' wide, denticulate or entire, all but the uppermost on broad petioles, which clasp the stem by a broad base; flowers yellow, panicled, 6//-8// broad; petals 5-7. much exceeding the sepals; head of fruit globose or slightly elongated, 5//-6// in diameter; achenes com- pressed, W long, subulate-beaked, but the beak early deciduous. M.ushes, Maine and Ontario to Geor- gia, west to Minmsotii and Missouri. June-Aug. 10. Ranunculus nivalis L,. Snow Buttercup. (Fig. 1604.) Ranunculus nivalis L. Sp. PI. 553. 1753. Stem simple, 4'- 12' high. Basal leaves long- petioled, 3~7-lobed, or crcnate, thick, glabrous, the blade about i' broad, those of the stem short- petioled or sessile, deeply lobed; flowers solitary, 6//~9// broad, white or light yellow; calyx nearly half the length of the petals, densely black or brown hairy all over, as is the upper part of the peduncle; head of fruit oblong, 6" long; achenes tipped with the subulate style. Labrador and arctic America generally; also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. n. Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahl. Pigmy Buttercup. (Fig. 1605.) Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 157. 1812. Small, i/-2/ high, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Basal leaves slender-petioled, deeply 3~5-lobed or di- vided, the blade 3//-6// wide; those of the stem similar and nearly sessile; flowers yellow, 2//~3// wide, the petals slightly exceeding the sepals; head of fruit short- oblong, 2" long; achenes _j£" long, lenticular, tipped with a slender beak. Labrador, arctic America, and in the Rocky Mountains. Also in Europe and Asia. VOL. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY. 77 12. Ranunculus pedatifidus J. E. Smith. Northern Buttercup. (Fig. 1606.) Ranunculus pedatifidus J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop. no. 72. 1813-16. R. affinis R. Br. in Parry's Voy. App. 265. 1823. Erect, 4/-i2/ high, branching. Basal leaves petioled, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, about i' broad, obtuse, crenate or often lobed, those of the stem deeply lobed, nearly sessile, the lobes narrow, obtuse; flowers yellow, 6//-8// broad, the petals exceeding the spreading pubescent calyx; head of fruit oblong, 3//-6'/ long; achenes oval, tipped with a short beak, often hairy. Labrador and Quebec to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in northern Asia. Summer. Ranunculus pedatifidus cardiophyllus (Hook.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 265. 1891. R. cardiophyllus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 14. 1829. Basal leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, crenate or slightly lobed; flowers larger; calyx tome ntose. Lab- rador to British Columbia, south to Quebec, South Dakota and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona (?). Perhaps a distinct species. 13. Ranunculus ovalis Raf. Prairie Crowfoot. (Fig. 1607.) Ranunculus ovalis Raf. Proc. Dec. 36. 1814. Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 329. 1822. Pubescent, branching, e'-iS' high. Lower and basal leaves oval, oblong, or ovate-oblong, long-petioled, the blade i' in length or more, crenate or slightly lobed, obtuse, the base more or less cuneate; upper cauline leaves sessile or short petioled, deeply divided into 3-7 linear or oblong obtuse lobes; flowers yellow, 9//-i2// broad, the petals narrow and much exceeding the calyx; head of fruit spherical; carpels and achenes oval or orbicular, minutely beaked. In fields and on prairies, Labrador and Ontario to the Northwest Territory, Illinois and Wiscon- sin. March-May. 14. Ranunculus Harveyi (A. Gray) Britton. Harvey's Buttercup. (Fig. 1608.) Ranunculus aborlivitsvar. Harvevi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 372. 1886. Ranunculus Harveyi Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 159. 1894. Glabrous, stem erect, slender, branched, 8'- 18' tall. Leaves thiu, the basal and lower ones long-petioled, reniform or suborbicular, ob- tusely crenate or somewhat lobed, 5"-i8" wide, cordate, or some of them truncate at the base, the upper sessile or nearly so, deeply 3-cleft or 3-parted into linear or narrowly oblong entire or few-toothed obtuse segments; flowers bright yellow, 6//~9// broad; petals 4-8, oblong, 4 or 5 times as long as the reflexed sepals; head of fruit globose, 2" in diameter; achenes oblique, compressed, tipped with a minute straight style. On dry hillsides, Missouri and Arkansas. April-May. RANUNCULACEAE. [Voi,. II. 15. Ranunculus abortivus I,. Kidney- leaved Crowfoot. (Fig. 1609.) Ranunculus abortivus I,. Sp. PI. 551. 1753. Glabrous, or but sparingly pubescent, 6/-2° high, branched. Basal leaves long-petioled, bright green, thick, creuate or sometimes lobed, broadly ovate, obtuse, aud generally cordate or reniform, the caulinc sessile or nearly so, di- vided into oblong or linear somewhat cuneate lobes; head of fruit globose, the receptacle short, pubescent; flowers yellow, 2//~3// broad, the petals oblong, shorter than the reflexed calyx; achenes tipped with a minute curved beak. In woods and moist grounds, Labrador and Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida, Arkan- sas and Colorado. April-June. 16. Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. Rock Crowfoot. (Fig. 1610.) Ranunculus micranthus Nutt; T. & G. Fl. N. A. I: 1838. Ranunculus abortiiiis var. micranthus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 42. 1867. Similar to the preceding species but usually smaller, villous with spreading hairs, flowering when very young, 6/-i8/ tall. Leaves thin, dull green, the basal ones ovate or suborbicular, 3- lobed or crenate, narrowed, rounded or subcor- dale at the base; segments of the upper leaves narrow, entire or sharply toothed; flowers yellow, about 3" broad; sepals narrowed into a short claw; petals oblong or oval, 2-3 times as long as wide; head of fruit rather longer than thick, the receptacle linear, glabrous or very nearly so. In rich woods, often on rocks, range apparently m-arly that of A', abortivus. blooms somewhat earlier than that species. Roots tuberous. April-May. In New York it 17. Ranunculus Alleghani6nsis Brit- ton. Mountain Crowfoot. (Fig. 1611.) KantiHi-uliis Allcghanicnsis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 224. 1895. Similar in aspect to R. abortivus and R. mi- cranthus, glabrous, stem widely branched, i°- 2° tall. Basal leaves reniform or suborbicular, 6//_2/ wi(]e> long-pctioled, crenate or some of them lobed, the teeth and lobes subacute; stem leaves sessile or the lower petioled, divided nearly or quite to the base into linear acute en- tire toothed or cleft segments; flowers about 3" broad; petals oblong, not exceeding the calyx, yellow, glandular; head of fruit globose or glo- bose-oblong, 2" in diameter; achenes slightly compressed and margined, tipped with subulate hooked or recurved styles of about one-half their length. Mountains of Virginia and North Carolina to the Catskills, and eastern Massachusetts. April-May. VOL. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY. 79 18. Ranunculus sceleratus L,. Celery- leaved or Ditch Crow- foot. (Fig. 1612.) Ranunculus sceleratus *L,. Sp. PI. 551- J753- Stout, glabrous, or nearly so, 6'-2° high, freely branching, stem hollow. Basal leaves thick 3-5-lobed, on long and broad petioles, the blade i/-2/ broad, reniform or cordate, those of the stem petioled or the upper sessile, deeply lobed or divided, the lobes obtuse, cuneate-oblong or linear, several-toothed or entire; flowers yellow, numerous, 3//-4// broad, the petals about equalling the calyx; head of fruit oblong or cylindric, 4//-6// long; achenes l/z" long, very numerous, merely apiculate. In swamps and wet ditches, New Brunswick to Florida, abundant along the coast, and locally westward to Minnesota, preferring saline or alka- line situations. Also in Europe and Asia. Stem sometimes i#' thick. April-Aug. 20. Ranunculus acris L. Tall or Meadow Buttercup. (Fig. 1614.) Ranunculus acris L. Sp. PI. 554. 1753. Erect, hairy, branched above, 2°-3° high; roots fibrous. Basal leaves tufted, petioled, 3~7-divided, the divisions sessile and cleft into numerous narrow mainly acute lobes; upper leaves short-petioled and merely 3-parted, distant; flowers nu- merous, bright yellow, about i' broad; petals twice or thrice the length of the spreading calyx, obovate; head of fruit globose, 6//-7// broad; achenes com- pressed, short-beaked. In fields and meadows, common, espe- cially in the Northern States and Canada. Naturalized from Europe. Stem sometimes nearly glabrous. May-Sept. 19. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. (Fig. 1613.) Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. in Itdus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 321. 1803. Densely villous when young, sometimes merely appressed-pubescent or glabrate when old; stems ascending or spreading, 87-20 long; plant not stoloniferous; roots a cluster of thick- ened fibres. Leaves pinnately 3~5-divided, the divisions ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, sharply cleft or lobed, usually thin; flowers 6//-i8// broad; petals about twice as long as the spreading sepals; head of fruit globose-oval or globose; achenes broadly oval, lenticular, narrowly margined, abruptly tipped by a subulate style of about one-half their length. 1 In dry woods and thickets, Ontario to the North- west Territory, south to Georgia and Arkansas. The earliest flowering Buttercup of the vicinity of New York. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. March-May. RANUNCULACEAE. [VOL. II. 27. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Early or Tufted Buttercup. (Fig. 1621.) Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Cat. 54. 1813. Pubescent; fibrous roots thickened; plant gen- erally low, 6/-i2/ high, tufted. Leaves petioled, 3~5-divided; divisions stalked (especially the ter- minal one), deeply lobed and cleft, the lobes ob- long or linear; flowers about \f broad; petals yellow, obovate, much longer than the spread- ing sepals, rounded, truncate or even emargi- nate; head of fruit globose, about, 4" in diam- eter; achenes flat, slightly margined, beaked with the subulate persistent style which is nearly or quite their length. Woods, Ontario and New England to North Caro- lina, west to Manitoba and Texas. April-May. 28. Ranunculus parvulus L. Hairy But- tercup. (Fig. 1622.) Ranunculus parvulus L. Mant. i: 79. 1767. Ranunculus Philonotis Retz, Obe. 6: 31. 1791. Erect, hairj', 6'-i5' high, branching. Basal and lower leaves broad -petioled, the blade about 2' broad and long, 3-divided or cleft, the divisions broadly ovate, cuneate, stalked, cleft and lobed, the upper sessile or nearly so, deeply cleft into linear-oblong obtuse segments; flowers yellow, io//-i5// broad; petals much exceeding the reflexed calyx; head of fruit oblong, 1"-$" thick; achenes flat, strongly margined, short-beaked, provided with a series of small tubercles or papillae which become more prominent in drying, or rarely nearly smooth. In ballast grounds and waste places, St. John, N. B. ; vicinity of New York and of Philadelphia, Norfolk, and in the Southern States. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 29. Ranunculus parvifldrus L. Small- flowered Crowfoot. (Fig. 1623.) Ranunculus parviflorus L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 780. 1763. Hairy, slender, diffuse, branching from the base, S'-io' high. Basal leaves long-petioled, the blade reniform or cordate-orbicular, i' broad or less, 3-cleft, the lobes broadly oval, obtuse| cut and toothed; upper leaves short -petioled or nearly sessile, 3-5-parted into linear-oblong lobes; flowers yellow, i//-2// wide, the petals not longer than the calyx; head of fruit globose, 2" broad; achenes flat, margined, densely papil- lose, 1J4" long, tipped with a sharp beak of about one-fourth their length. In waste places, Maryland and eastern Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas, and in ballast grounds about the northern seaports. Naturalized or fugitive from Europe. Also naturalized in Ber- muda. Summer. VOL. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY 30. Ranunculus muricatus I,. Spiny-fruited Crowfoot. (Fig. 1624.) Ranunculus muricatus L. Sp. PI. 555. 1753. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched from the base, i °-2° high. Lower and basal leaves on long broad petioles, the blade reni- form or cordate-orbicular, i/-2/ wide, 3- lobed, cleft, or crenate; the upper 3-divided, cuneate, short-petioled or sessile; flowers light yellow, 3//-5// wide, the petals exceed- ing the calyx; head of fruit globular, 5//-6// wide; achenes flat, densely muricate and spiny on the sides, i" long, tipped with a stout slightly curved beak of one-half their length. Waste places, eastern Virginia and south- ward, naturalized or fugitive from Europe. Also on the Pacific Coast. Native also in Asia and naturalized in tropical America. Summer. 31. Ranunculus arvensis L,. Corn Crowfoot. Hunger-weed. (Fig. 1625.) Ranunculus arvensis L,. Sp. PI. 555. 1753- Erect, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched above, i° or more high. Lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile, all deeply cleft or divided into linear-oblong, obtuse cuneate, lobed or toothed segments or the low- est entire; flowers 6//-8// broad, pale yellow, the petals exceeding the sepals; achenes 4-8, flattened, margined, spiny -tuberculate on the sides, 2" long, tipped with a subulate beak more than one-half their length. In waste grounds, Tom's River and Passaic, N. J., and in ballast about the northern seaports. Fugitive from Europe, where it is abundant in gram-fields. Called Hunger-weed because sup- posed to indicate, when prevalent, a poor crop and consequent want. Summer. 23. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 720. 1821. Perennial aquatic or ditch herbs, with alternate dissected or palmately lobed leaves, the segments of the submerged ones often filiform, and solitary rather small white flowers, borne on peduncles opposite the leaves. Sepals and petals usually 5. Petals oblong or oval, the base sometimes yellowish, the claw bearing a small pit. Stamens several or nu- merous. Achenes oblique, compressed, not margined, nearly or quite beakless, tranversely wrinkled. [Greek, referring to the aquatic habitat.] About 20 species of very wide geographic distribution, in northwestern North America. Besides the following, 3 others occur Leaves all dissected into filiform segments and lobes. Leaves i'-2* long, flaccid, collapsing when taken from the water. Leaves i' long or less, rigid when taken from the water. Leaves all reniform or broadly ovate, 3~5-lobed, 5"-io" wide. 1. B. Irichophyllum. 2. B. divaricalum. 3. B. hederaceum. RANUNCULACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Bossch. White Water- Crowfoot. (Fig. 1626.) Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix in Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 1:335. 1786! Batrachium trichophyllum Bossch, Prodr.Fl. Bat 5. 1850. Ranunculus aquatilis var. trichophyllus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 40. 1867. Ranunculus aquatilis var. caespitosus DC. Prodr. i: 26. 18*4. Submerged; stems branching, usually i° long or more. Leaves petioled, i/-2/ long, flaccid and col- lapsing when withdrawn from the water, repeatedly forked into capillary divisions; flowers white, 6" -9" broad, on stout peduncles i/-2/ long, blooming at the surface of the water; head of fruit globose, 2" broad; receptacle hairy; achenes apiculate but beakless. In ponds and streams. Nova Scotia to British Colum- bia, south to North Carolina and California. Also in Europe and Asia. A variable species. The so-called var. caespitosus is a small mud form. June-Sept. 2. Batrachium divaricatum (Schrank) Wimm. Stiff White Water-Crowfoot. (Fig. 1627.) Ranunculus divaricatus Schrank, Baicr. Fl. 2: 104. 1789. Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. ; J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2: 596. 1800. Ranunculus aquatilis var. divaricatus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 7. 1856. Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves are shorter, less than i' long, spreading nearly at right angles from the stem, rigid when withdrawn from the water and nearly ses- sile; there appear to be no constant differences in flower or fruit. In ponds and slow streams, Ontario, New England, northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and west to the Pacific Coast, ex- tending south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in Eu- rope. Summer. 3. Batrachium hederaceum (L.) S. F. Gray. Ivy-leaved Crowfoot. (Fig. 1628.) Ranunculus hederaceus L. Sp. PI. 556. 1753. Batrachium hederaceum S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 721. 1821. Semi-aquatic, rooting extensively at the joints, branching, entirely glabrous. Leaves floating, or spreading on the mud, semi-circular or broadly ovate in outline, 3-5 lobed, 3//-6// long, 5//-io// broad, the lobes obtuse; flowers white, 2//~3// broad; head of fruit globose, 2" wide; achenes rugose, minutely beaked. In ponds and pools, Newfoundland and southeastern Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. VOL. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY. 24. FICARIA Huds. Fl. Angl. 213. 1762. Glabrous slightly fleshy perennial herbs, with thickened tuberous roots, branched or simple spreading or erect stems, petioled entire or toothed cordate leaves, and large solitary yellow terminal or axillary flowers. Sepals 3 or sometimes 5, deciduous. Petals 7-12 (commonly 8), yellow, or red at the base, bearing a small pit at the base of the blade (?). Stamens and pistils numerous. Achenes slightly compressed, blunt, not wrinkled nor ribbed. Cotyledon only one. [Latin, fig, from the fig-like thickened roots.] About 4 species, natives of the Old World. I. Ficaria Ficaria (L.) Karst. Lesser Celandine. (Fig. 1629.) Ranunculus Ficaria L,. Sp. PI. 550. 1753- Ficciria ranunculoides Moench, Meth. 215. 1794. Glabrous, flowering stems scapose, 4'-5' high, bearing i or 2 leaves or naked, erect from large fleshy thick- ened roots. Leaves ovate, cordate, obtuse, crenate, somewhat fleshy, on broad petioles, the blade i/-2/ long; flowers yellow, i' broad; sepals 3; petals 8 or 9; head of fruit globose, l/z' broad; carpels beakless, truncate. College Point, Long: Island; Staten Island; Philadelphia. Fugitive from Europe, where it is a common pasture weed, occurring also in western Asia. Called also Pilewortand Figwort Butter- cup. April-May. 25. CYRTORHYNCHA Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 26. 1838. A glabrous perennial herb, with fibrous roots, slender erect stems, crenate or lobed leaves, and small yellow flowers. Sepals 5, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, narrowly spatu- late or oblong, bearing a small pit near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Head of fruit globose. Achenes terete, longitudinally ribbed or nerved, tipped with the incurved style. [Greek, curved -beak.] The genus as here recognized consists of the following species only. i. Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina Nutt. Xuttall's Buttercup. (Fig. 1630.) Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:26. 1838. Ranunculus Xntlallii A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 56. 1863. Ranunculus ranunculinus Rydberg, Bot. Surv. Neb. 3: 23. 1894. Slender, glabrous, erect, branched above, 6'- io/ high. Roots thick and clustered, numerous; basal leaves on long slender petioles, bipinnate, the divisions deeply parted into oblong or linear, entire or dentate, acutish lobes; stem-leaves few, subtending the branches, ternately or pinnately parted into linear lobes; flowers few, somewhat corymbose, about 6// broad; sepals yellow, petal- oid, spreading; petals spatulate; achenes i"- \y-i" long, capitate in a globose head, glabrous, oblong-cylindric, obtuse, striate, not flattened, tipped with the slender recurved style. In gravelly soil, Nebraska, Wyoming and Colo- rado. June. 86 RANUNCULACEAE. [Vol.. II. 26. OX YGR APHIS Bunge, Verz. Suppl. Fl. Alt. 46. 1836. Perennial herbs, with crenate dentate or lobed long-petioled leaves, and small yellow flowers, solitary or 2-7 together on scapes or scape-like peduncles. Sepals usually 5, spread- ing, tardily deciduous. Petals 5-12, each bearing a small nectar-pit near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Head of fruit oblong, oval or subglobose. Achenes compressed, sometimes swollen, longitudinally striate, without a hard coat. [Greek, sharp-style.] About 10 species, the following of North America, Asia and southern South America, the others Asiatic. i. Oxygraphis Cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl. Seaside Crowfoot. (Fig. 1631.) Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 392. 1814. Oxygraphis Cymbalaria Prantl, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 2, 63. 1891. Cvrtorhyncha Cymbalaria Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 161. "1894. Low, glabrous, spreading by runners. Leaves mostly basal, slender-petioled, the blade cordate-oval or reni- fonn, crenate, a"-©/' long; flowers 1-7, about $"-4," broad, borne on scapes i'-6' long, these sometimes bear- ing one or more leaves toward the base; head of fruit ob- long, 3//-8'/ long; achenes compressed, somewhat swol- len, distinctly striate, minutely sharp-pointed. On sandy shores, Labrador to New Jersey, west along the St. I,awrence River and the Great Lakes to Minnesota and the Northwest Territory, and in saline soil throughout the western half of the continent, extending into Mr\io>. Plant sumr- what fleshy. Also in Asia and South America. The so-called var. alpina is a small northern form. Summer. 27. THALICTRUM L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753. Erect perennial herbs. Leaves ternately decompound, basal and cauline, the latter al- ternate. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, generally small, greenish-white, panicled or racemed. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals none. Carpels commonly few, one-seeded, ribbed or nerved, stipitate or nearly sessile. Stamens ao , exserted. [Derivation doubtful.] A genus of about 75 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone, a f< w in the Andes of South America, India and South Africa. In addition to the species described below, about 8 others are North American, natives of the Southern States, the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast. Flowers perfect. Stem simple, scape-like; achenes sessile; filaments slender. Stem branched, leafy; achenes long-stipitate ; filaments petal-like. Flowers dioecious or polygamous Filaments filiform or slender, not wider than the anthers. Flowers strictly dioecious. Achenes terete; eastern species. Leaflets thin, orbicular or broader; roots not yellow. Leaflets thick, obovate or reniform; roots bright yellow. Achenes 2-edged; western species. Flowers polygamous; leaflets usually glandular, or waxy. Filaments spatulate, often wider than the anthers; plant not glandular. 1. T. alpinum. 2. T. clavatum. 3. T. dioicuni. 4. T. coriaceiim. 5. T. venulosum. 6. T. purpurascens. T. polygamum. i. Thalictrum alpinum L. Arctic or Dwarf Meadow-Rue. (Fig. 1632.) Thalictrum alpinum L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753. Smooth or slightly glandular, I'-ia' high. Leaves small, tufted at the summits of scaly rootstocks, biter- nate; the scapiform stem leafless or i-leaved near the base; leaflets cuneate-obovate or orbicular, firm, 3-5- lobed at the apex, margins revolute; panicle very sim- ple, often racemose; flowers perfect; stamens about 10; filaments filiform, about equalling the sepals; an- thers oblong-linear, mucronate; stigma linear; achenes \W long, obliquely obovoid. Anticosti, Newfoundland and arctic America generally. Also in the Rocky Mountains, and in Europe and Asia. Summer. Voi,. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY 2. Thalictrum clavatum DC. Mountain Meadow-Rue. (Fig. 1633.) Thalictrum clavatum DC. Syst. i: 171. 1818. Glabrous, branching, 6/-24/ high. Leaves oval, ovate, or the terminal obovate-cuneate, basal and cauline, large, biternate; leaflets thin, stalked, with 3 main lobes and a few sec- ondary ones, their margins not revolute; in- florescence cytnose; flowers perfect; filaments spatulate and petal-like; anthers oblong, blunt; achenes spreading, equalling their stipes or longer, obliquely ovoid, narrowed at each end, flattened; stigma minute. Mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to Alabama and Tennessee. May-June. 3. Thalictrum didicum L. Early Meadow-Rue. (Fig. 1634.) Thalictrum dioicum L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753- Glabrous, erect, i°-2° high, slender, leafy. Roots not yellow; leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets thin, pale beneath, orbicular or broader, often cordate and the terminal one somewhat cune- ate, 5~9-lobed; flo'wers dioecious, greenish, drooping or spreading; panicle elongated, of numerous lateral corymbs or umbels; filaments longer than the sepals; anthers linear, blunt, longer than the filaments; stigma elongated; achenes ovoid, sessile or minutely stipitate, deeply grooved, much longer than the style. In woods, Labrador and Anticosti to Alabama, west to Saskatchewan and Missouri. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. April-May. 4. Thalictrum coriaceum (Britton) Small. (Fig. 1635.) Thalictrum dioicum var. coriaceum Britton, " Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 363. 1891. Thalictrum coriaceum Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 98. 1893. Tall, 3°-.5° high, the large rootstocks and roots bright yellow. Stem striate, paniculately branched above; leaves 3- 4-ternate, short-petioled, the lower peti- oles expanded at the base into stipule-like appendages; leaflets obovate or reniform- orbicular, coriaceous, nearly white be- neath, usually deeply and sHarply incised, the veins prominent on the lower surface ; flowers dioecious, the staminate nearly white, the anthers linear, subulate-tipped, longer than the filiform filaments; pistil- late flowers purple; achenes oblong-ovoid , subacute, stalked, sharply ribbed, longer than the persistent style. In open places, mountains of southwest- ern Virginia, North Carolina and Kentucky. May-June. Thick-leaved Meadow-Rue. RANUNCULACEAE. [Vox,. II. 5. Thalictrum venulosum Trelease. Veiny Meadow-Rue. (Fig. 1636.) Thalictrum venulosum Trelease, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 302. 1886. T. campestre Greene, Erythea, 4: 123. 1896. Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, stem pur- plish, erect, or assurgent at the base, 6/-2° tall. Leaves 3-4-ternate, long-petioled ; leaflets firm, obovate or suborbicular, rounded at the apex, cuneate, obtuse or subcordate at the base, 4//-8/A long, 3-5-lobed, the lower surface rather promi- nently rugose- veined; panicle narrow, it& branches nearly erect; flowers dioecious; sta- mens 8-20; filaments slender; anthers linear, slender-pointed; achenes ovoid, nearly sessile, tapering into a short beak, thick-walled, 2 -edged. In dry soil, Manitoba and South Dakota to the Northwest Territory and Washington, south to Col- orado. May-June. 6. Thalictrum purpurascens Purplish Meadow-Rue. (Fig. 1637.) L. Thalictrum purpurascens L. Sp. PI. 546. 1753. Thalictrum pit r put ascens var. ceriferum Aus- tin; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 39. 1867. Stout, erect, 4°-7° high, leafy, branching above, glandular, pubescent or even glabrous; leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets 'thick, oblong or obovate, dark green above, commonly waxy beneath, with revolute margins, and 3 main apical pointed lobes; panicle compound, leafy, i° long or more; flowers polygamous; fila- ments narrow, slightly widened above; an- thers linear or linear-oblong, cuspidate; stigma linear, persistent; achenes ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, short-stipitate, with 6-8 longitudinal wings. In copses and woodlands, Nova Scotia and Anticosti to Florida, wt-st to the Saskatchewan and Arizona. Stems often purplish. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. 7. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. Tall Meadow-Rue. (Fig. 1638.) Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. Cat. 54. 1813. Thalictrum Cornuti T. & G. Fl. N. A. x: 38. 1838. Not L. 1753- Stout, 3°-i i ° high, branching, leafy, smooth or pubescent but not glandular nor waxy. Leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets moderately thick, light green above and paler beneath, oblong, obovate or orbicular, with 3 main apical pointed or obtuse lobes; panicle compound, leafy, a foot long or more; flowers polygamous, white; filaments, broadened; anthers oblong, short; achenes ovoid, stipitate, 6-8-winged, glabrous or pubescent. Labrador and Quebec to Florida, west to Ohio. Its favorite habitat is in open sunny swamps, blooming one to four weeks later than T. purpur- ascens. The two species are easily distinguishable in the field; less easily in herbarium specimens, the characters being similar and variable. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Vox,. II.] CROWFOOT FAMILY. 28. ADONIS L. Sp. PI. 547. 1753. 89 Erect, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnately dissected into numerous linear segments. Flowers yellow or red, solitary, terminal. Petals 5-16, conspicuous. Car- pels co , i-ovuled. Achenes capitate or spicate, tipped with the persistent styles. [Mytho- logical name for a favorite of Venus, changed into a flower.] A genus of showy-flowered plants, natives of the north temperate regions of Europe and Asia, consisting of the following and about five other species. i. Adonis annua L. Pheasant's Eye. (Fig. 1639.) Adonis annua L. Sp. PI. 547. 1753. Adonis autumnalis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 771. 1763. Annual, erect, i°-2° high, branched, gla- brous. Leaves finely dissected, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the segments acute; sepals smooth, deciduous; flowers 9"- i8// broad, nearly globular, orange or red, the petals obovate, and darker colored at the base; achencs spicate, rugose or angular. Commonly cultivated for ornament; spon- taneous in gardens and occasionally escaped into waste places, especially southward. Fugi- tive from Europe. Summer. Family'a;. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: /> 1838. BARBERRY FAMILY. Shrubs or herbs, with alternate or basal, simple or compound leaves, with or without stipules, and solitary or racemed mostly terminal flowers. Sepals and petals generally imbricated in several series (2-many). Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, hypogynous. Flowers perfect and pistil one in all our species. Anthers extrorse, opening by valves (except in Podophyllum) . Style short; ovules 2-00 , anatropous. Fruit a berry or capsule. About 20 genera and 105 species, widely distributed in the north temperate zone, the Andes and temperate South America, a few in tropical regions. Shrubs; fruit baccate. I. Berberis. Herbs. Anthers opening by valves. Pericarp early bursting, leaving two large naked stalked seeds, resembling berries. 2. Caulophyllum. Fruit baccate ; stamens 6. 3. Dibhylleia. Fruit capsular, half circumscissile. 4. Jeffersonia. Anthers longitudinally dehiscent; fruit baccate; stamens 6-18. 5. Podophyllum, i. BERBERIS L. Sp. PI. 330. 1753. Shrubs with yellow wood, simple or compound often spiny leaves, and yellow racemose (rarely solitary) flowers. Sepals 6-9, petaloid, bracted. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 series, each with 2 basal glands. Stamens 6, irritable, closing around the stigma when shocked; anthers dehiscent by valves opening from the apex. Pistil i ; stigma peltate. Berry i-few- seeded. [From the Arabic name.] A genus of about 75 species, natives of North America, Europe, northern Asia and South Amer- ica. Besides the following, about 10 others are found in the western parts of North America. Leaves simple ; racemes drooping; berries scarlet. Twigs ash-colored ; racemes many-flowered; petals entire. i. B.'vulgaris. Twigs dark brown ; racemes few-flowered; petals notched. 2. B. Canadensis. Leaves pinnate; racemes erect; berries blue or purple. 3. B. Aquifolium. BERBERIDACEAE. [VOL. II. Berberis vulgaris L,. European Barberry. (Fig. 1640.) Berberis vulgaris 1,. Sp. PI. 330. 1753. A glabrous shrub, 6°-8° high, the branches arched and drooping at the ends, the twigs gray. Leaves alternate or fas- cicled, obovate or spatulate, unifoliolate, obtuse, thick, i/-2/ long, bristly serrate, many of those on the young shoots re- duced to 3-pronged spines, the fascicles of the succeeding year appearing in their axils; racemes terminating lateral branches, many-flowered, i/-2/ long (3'- 4' in fruit); flowers yellow, 3//-4// broad with a disagreeable smell; petals entire; berries oblong, scarlet when ripe, acid. In thickets, naturalized from Europe in the Eastern and Middle States, adventive in Canada and the West. Native of Europe and Asia, running into numerous forms and varieties. Pepperidge-bush. May-June. 2. Berberis Canadensis Mill. Ameri- can Barberry. (Fig. 1641.) Herberts Canadensis Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Berberis i>vlgaris var. Canadensis Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 479. 1789. A shrub, i°-6° high, with slender, reddish- brown branchlets. Leaves similar to those of B. vulgaris, but with more divergent and dis- tant teeth, or sometimes nearly entire. Axil- lary spines 3-pronged; racemes few-flowered; petals conspicuously notched or emarginate at the apex; flowers about 3" broad, berries scar- let, oval or subglobose. In woods, mountains of Virginia to Georgia along the Alleghanies, and in Missouri. June. Referred by Regel to B. Sinensis De»f., as a va- riety. Readily distinguished fnun all forms of />'. ntlgaris by its dark-colored twigs. \ 3. Berberis Aquifdlium Pursh. Trailing Mahonia. (Fig. 1642.) Berberis Aquifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 219. 1814. Berberis ref>ens Lindl. Hot. Reg. pi. 1176. 1828. Mahonia repens Don, 'Card. Diet, i: 118. 1831. A low trailing glabrous shrub. Leaves petioled, pinnate; leaflets 3-7, ovate, oval, or nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute at the apex, oblique and obtuse, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, sessile, thick, persistent, finely reticulated, dentate with spine-bearing teeth, i'-2' long; racemes several, erect, dense, terminal, many-flow- ered; flowers yellow, $"-4," broad, short - pedicelled; bracts ovate, persistent; berry globose, blue or purple, about 3" in diameter. Western Nebraska and throughout the Rocky Mountain, region, extending to .Arizona and British Columbia. April-May. Vol.. II.] BARBERRY FAMILY. 91 i. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 205. 1803. Erect herbs, with thickened rootstocks, and ternately compound leaves. Sepals 6, the calyx 3-4-bracted. Petals 6, smaller, cucullate, opposite the sepals. Stamens 6; anthers oblong, dehiscent by valves. Pistil i; style short; stigma lateral; ovules 2, ripening into large globose stipitate seeds, resembling berries, which in growth soon rupture the membranous caducous pericarp. [Greek, stem-leaf.] i. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh. (Fig. 1643.) Leontice thalictroides I,. Sp. PI. 312. 1753. Caulophyllum thalictroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 205. 1803. Glabrous, glaucous when young, i°-3° high, with 2 or 3 large sheathing bracts at the base, a large triternate nearly sessile leaf near the summit, and genet ally a smaller similar one near the base of the inflorescence. Divisions of the leaves long-petioled, ternately or pinnately compound, the ultimate segments thin, \'-jf long, oval, oblong or obovate, 3~5-lobed near the apex; panicle terminal, 2'-$' long; flowers greenish purple, 4//-6// broad; seeds globular, 4" in diameter, blue, glaucous, borne on stout stalks about 3" long. In woods, New Brunswick to South Carolina, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. As- cends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. April-May. Called also Papoose Root. 3. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 203. 1803. Herbs with horizontal rootstocks, large peltate leaves, and cymose white flowers. Sepals 6, petaloid. Petals 6, flat. Stamens 6; anthers dehiscent by valves Pistil i; ovules few, arranged in 2 rows. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, curved. [Greek, double-leaf.] A genus of 2 species, one native of eastern North America, the other of Japan. i. Diphylleia cymosa Michx. Um- brella-leaf. (Fig. 1644.) Diphylleia cymosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 203. 1803. Erect, stout, i°-2° high, glabrous or nearly so. Basal leaves solitary, long-petioled, i°-2° in diameter, peltate near the centre, deeply 2- cleft, many-lobed, the lobes acute or acumi- nate, sharply dentate; cauline leaves 2, similar, smaller, petioled, constricted in the middle and generally peltate near the margin; cyme many- flowered, 2/~3/ broad; flowers white; petals flat, oblong, obtuse; fruiting pedicels slender, i' long or more; berries blue, oblong, 6" long. In woods, Virginia to Georgia along the moun- tains, mainly at higher altitudes. May-June. 92 BERBERIDACEAE. [Vol.. II. 4. JEFFERSONIA Bart. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3: 342. 1793. Glabrous herbs, with basal palmately-veined or palmately-lobed leaves, and solitary white flowers borne on slender scapes. Sepals 4, petaloid, caducous. Petals 8, flat, longer than the sepals. Stamens 8; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pistil I, many-ovuled. Capsule leath- ery, pyriform, half-circumscissile near the summit. Seeds oblong, arillate. [In honor of Thomas Jefferson.] A genus of 2 species, one native of eastern North America, the other of Mantchuria. i. Jeffersonia diphylla (L. ) Pers. (Fig. 1645.) Twin-leaf. Podophyllum diphyllum L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Jeffersonia binata Bart. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3: 312. 1793. Jeffersonia Bartonis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. x: 237. 1803. Jeffersonia diphylla Pers. Syn. x: 418. 1805. Erect, 6'-8' high when in flower, attaining i6'-i8' in fruit. Leaves glaucous beneath, long-petioled, cordate or reniform, 3/-6/ long, 2'-4' wide, parted longitudinally into 2 obliquely ovate obtuse lobed or entire divisions; lobes rounded, the sinuses sometimes 9" deep; scape naked, i -flowered; flowers white, about i' broad; petals oblong; stigma peltate, undu- late; capsule about i' long, short-stipitate. I In woods, eastern Pennsylvania, western New York and On- "5" tario to Wisconsin, south to Virginia and Tennessee. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. May. Called also Rheumatism Root. 5. PODOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Erect herbs, with horizontal poisonous rootstocks, large peltate palmately lobed leaves, and solitary white flowers. Sepals 6, petaloid, fugacious. Petals gh-6, flat, obovate, longer than the sepals. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; anthers linear, longitudi- nally dehiscent. Pistil I (rarely several), many-ovuled, forming a large fleshy berry in fruit. Seeds numerous, obovate, enclosed in fleshy arils. [Greek, foot-leaf.] A genus of about 4 species, one native of eastern North America and Japan, the others Asiatic. i. Podophyllum peltatum L. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. (Fig. 1646.) Podophyllum peltatum 1.. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Erect, i°-i#° high. Basal leaves centrally peltate, nearly i° in diameter, long-petioled, deeply 5-7 -lobed, glabrous, or pubescent and light green on the lower surface, darker above; lobes 2-cleft and dentate at the apex; flowering stems appearing from different rootstocks, bear- ing 1-3 similar leaves, or occasionally leafless; flower white, stout-ped uncled, nodding, 2' broad, appearing from the base of the upper leaf and generally from immediately between the two leaves; fruit ovoid, yellowish, 2' long, edible. In low woods, western Quebec and throughout southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vir- ginia. Also known as Wild Lemon and Hog Apple. May. Voi,. II.] Family 28. MOONSEED FAMILY. MENISPERMACEAE DC. Prodr. i: 95. MOONSEED FAMII/V. 93 1824. Climbing or twining woody or herbaceous vines, with alternate entire or lobed leaves, no stipules, and small dioecious panicled racemose or cymose flowers. Sepals 4-12. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 rows, sometimes fewer, or none. Stamens about the same number as the petals. Carpels 3-00 (generally 6), i-ovuled, separate; styles commonly recurved. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo long, curved. About 55 genera and 150 species, mainly of tropical distribution, a few extending into the tem- perate zones. Petals none. Petals present. Stamens 6; drupe red. Stamens 12-many; drupe black. 1. Calycocarpum. 2. Cebatha. 3. Menispermum. i. CALYCOCARPUM Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 48. 1838. A high climbing vine, with large petioled palmately lobed leaves, and greenish flowers in long narrow drooping panicles. Sepals 6, oblong, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens about 12, nearly equalling the sepals; anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3; stigma laciniate. Drupe oval, the stone flattened and hollowed out on one side. [Greek, cup-fruit, in allusion to the cup- like stone.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Calycocarpum Lyoni (Pursh) Nutt. Cup-seed. (Fig. 1647.) Menispermum Lyoni Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 371. 1814. Calycocarpum Lyoni Nutt; A. Gray, Gen. 111. 1:76. 1848. Climbing to the tops of trees, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves long-petioled, thin, very broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, 5 '-8' long, cordate with a broad round sinus, palmately 5-7-lobed, glabrous above, more or less pubescent on the veins be- neath; lobes ovate or oblong, acute or acumi- nate, repand, dentate or entire; panicles axil- lary, 5'-io' long, loose; flowers 2" broad, strictly dioecious; drupe nearly i' long, black, the stone toothed or erose along the margin of its lateral cavity; pistillate flowers some- times containing abortive stamens. In rich woods, Illinois to Missouri and Kan- sas, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-June, the fruit ripe in August. 2. CEBATHA Forsk. Fl. AEgypt. 171. 1775. [GOCCUI.US DC. Syst. Veg. i: 515. 1818.] Climbing vines with small dioecious panicled flowers. Sepals 6, arranged in 2 series. Petals 6, shorter than the sepals, concave. Stamens 6; anthers 4-celled or 4-lobed. Pistils 3-6, sometimes accompanied by sterile filaments; styles erect; stigma entire. Drupe glo- bose or ovoid, the stone flattened, curved. [Name Arabic.] A genus of about 10 species, mainly of tropical regions, two or three in the temperate zones. MENISPERMACEAE. [Vou II. i. Cebatha Carolina (I,. ) Britton. Caro- lina Moonseed. (Fig. 1648.) Menisbermum Carolinum L,. Sp. PI. 340. 1753. COCCHIUS Carolinus DC. Syst. Veg. i: 524. 1818. Cebatha Carolina Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 162. 1894. A slender vine, trailing, or climbing to the height of several feet, the stem glabrous or pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, 2/-4' long, cordate or rounded at the base, entire or lobed, acute or obtuse, sometimes densely pubescent beneath, mainly glabrous above; petioles slender, i'-4' long; panicles axillary and terminal, loose, I'-s' long; flowers about i" broad; drupe red, laterally flattened, 2//-3// in diameter, the stone curved into a closed spiral, crested on the sides and back. Alonjf streams, Virginia to Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. June -Aug. 3. MENISPERMUM L. Sp. PI. 340. 1753. High climbing vines, with small dioecious panicled flowers. Sepals 4-8, arranged in 2 series, longer than the 6-8 petals. Stamens 12-24. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4, inserted on a slightly elevated receptacle and generally accompanied by 6 sterile filaments. Dmpe nearly globular, or ovoid, laterally flattened, the stone curved into a spiral and crested on the sides and back. [Greek, moonseed.] A genus of 2 species, one native of eastern North America, the other of eastern Asia. i. Menispermum Canadense I,. Canada Moonseed. (Fig. 1649.) Menisf>ft tnnm Canadense L. Sp. PI. 340. 1753. Stem climbing over bushes or walls, 6°-i2° in length, slender, slightly pubescent, or gla- brous. Leaves slender-petioled, very broadly ovate, 4/-8/ wide, cordate or sometimes nearly truncate at base, acuminate, acute or obtuse, entire or with 3-7 lobes, pale beneath, peltate near the base, although the petiole is sometimes inserted so near the margin that this character is not apparent; flowers green- ish-white, 2" wide; panicles loose, bracteo- late; drupe globose-oblong, 3//-4// in diam- eter, the stone spirally curved. In woods along streams, western Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. Bunches of fruit bluish black, with the aspect of small grapes. June-July. " ^ \JL Family 29. CALYCANTHACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 159. 1836. STRAWHKRRY-SHRUB FAMILY. Shrubs, with opposite entire short-petioled leaves, no stipules, and terminal solitary large flowers on lateral leafy branches. Sepals and petals imbricated in many series. Stamens co, the inner sterile, short, inserted on the receptacle; anthers innate. Pistils oo , nearly enclosed in the hollow receptacle; ovules i or 2, anatropous. Fruit accessory, consisting of the enlarged ovoid oblong or pyriform receptacle, to which the bases of petals, sepals and bracts are adnate, enclosing few to many smooth shining achenes. Seed erect; cotyledons folia- ceous, convolute. A family of 2 genera and about 5 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. VOL. II.] STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY. 95 i. BUTNERIA Duham. Trait. Arb. i: 113. pi. 45. 1755. [CALYCANTHUS L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1066. 1759-] Stamens inserted in several rows. Flowers purple or red. Otherwise as in the family. [Name in honor of Butner or Buettner.] The genus comprises 3 species, one additional to those here described occurring on the Pacific Coast. Chimonanthus Lindl. of Japan and China comprises 2 species with yellow flowers smaller than those of Butneria. The species are called Sweet-scented Shrub and Carolina Allspice. Leaves pubescent beneath ; flowers fragrant, i. B. florida. Leaves green, often glaucous beneath, smooth or rough above; flowers not fragrant. 2. B.fertilis. i. Butneria florida (L.) Kearney. Hairy Strawberry-shrub. (Fig. 1650.) Calycanthus floridus L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1066. 1759. Buettneria florida Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 175. 1894. A branching shrub, 4°-8° high, the branchlets and petioles pubescent. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, soft-downy or pubescent beneath, rough above; flowers dark purple, about i' broad, with a strong odor of strawberries when crushed; sepals and petals linear or oblong, acutish or blunt, 6"-8" long. In rich soil, Virginia (?), North Carolina to Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. Freely planted for orna- ment. April-Aug. CalycanlhusferlilisVfa.\t. Fl. Car. 151. Calycanthus laevigatus Willd. 2. Butneria fertilis (Walt.) Kearney. Smooth Strawberry-shrub. (Fig. 1651.) 1788. Enum. 559. 1809. Calycanthus glaucus Willd. Enum. 559. 1809. Buettnena fertilis Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 175. 1894. A branching shrub, 4°-8° high, the branchlets and petioles glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rough and dark green above, glau- cous and sometimes slightly pubescent beneath or bright green and smooth on both sides; sepals and petals linear or linear-lanceolate, acute; flowers greenish-purple, inodorous. In rich woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina, east Tennessee and Georgia along the mountains. March-Aug. Occasional in cultivation. Fruit re- puted to be poisonous to sheep. Family 30. LAURACEAE Lindl. Nat Syst. Ed. 2, 200. 1836. LAUREI, FAMILY. Aromatic trees and shrubs, with alternate (very rarely opposite) mostly thick evergreen or deciduous, punctate exstipulate leaves. Flowers small, perfect, polygamous, dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, usually fragrant, yellow or greenish, in panicles, corymbs, racemes or umbels. Calyx 4-6-parted, the seg- ments imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Corolla none. Stamens inserted in 3 or 4 series of 3 on the calyx, distinct, some of them commonly imperfect or re- duced to staminodia; anthers 2 -celled or 4-celled, opening by valves. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, i-celled; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous; style filiform or short, rarely almost wanting; stigma discoid or capitate. Fruit 96 LAURACEAE. [Vol.. II. a i -seeded drupe or berry. Endosperm of the seed none. Cotyledons plano- convex, accumbent. About 40 genera and 900 species, widely distributed in tropical regions; a few in the temperate zones. Flowers perfect, panicled, not involucrate ; leaves evergreen. i. Persea. Flowers mostly dioecious, racemose or umbellate, involucrate; leaves deciduous. Anthers 4-celled. Flowers in umbelled racemes; leaves, or some of them, lobed. 2. Sassafras. Flowers in capitate umbels; leaves all entire. 3. Malapoenna. Anthers 2-celled; leaves entire. 4. Benzoin, i. PERSEA Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 222. 1805. Trees or shrubs, with alternate coriaceous persistent entire leaves, and perfect panicled flowers. Calyx 6-parted, persistent, its segments equal or unequal. Stamens 12, in 4 series of 3, the inner series reduced to gland-like staminodia, the 3 other series anther-bearing, their anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, those of the third series extrorse and the others introrse in our species. Staminodia large, cordate, stalked. Fruit a globose or oblong berry. [Ancient name of some oriental tree.] About 50 species, natives of America. Besides the following another occurs in Florida. Twigs and petioles puberulent or nearly glabrous. Twigs and petioles densely tomentose. i. Persea Borbonia (I,.) Spreng. Red Bay. Isabella-wood. Laurus Borbonia L. Sp. PI. 370. 17, Persea Borbonia Spreng. Syst. 2: 1. P. Borbonia. 2. P. pubescens. (Fig. 1652.) 1825. 1836. Persea Carolinensis Nees, Syst. 150. --.,— Notaphoebe Borbonia Pax in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflf. 3: Abt. 2, 116. 1889. A tree, with dark red bark, reaching a maximum height of about 65° and a trunk diameter of 3°. Twigs puberulent or nearly glabrous. Leaves lan- ceolate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, bright green above, paler beneath, glabrous when mature, a'-y' long, \'-i' wide, obscurely pinnately veined, acute, acuminate or some of them obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed at the base; petioles y*'-\f long; peduncles short, axillary, often little longer than the peti- oles, bearing few-flowered panicles; calyx puberu- lent, spreading in fruit, its inner segments longer than the outer; berries dark blue, about #' in diameter, their pedicels thick, red. Along streams and borders of swamps, Delaware (?) Virginia to Florida and Texa.», m-ar the coast, north to Arkansas. Wood hard, strong; color bright red; weight per cubic foot 40 Ibs. April-June. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 2. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. Swamp Bay. (Fig. 1653.) Laurus Carolinensis var. pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1814. Persea Carolinensis var. palustris Chapm. Fl. S. States, 393. 1860. Persea pubescens Sarg. Silva, 7: 7. pl.jO2. 1895. A tree, seldom over 35° high, the trunk some- times 15' in diameter. Bark brown; twigs densely brown -tomentose; leaves oval, oblong or lanceolate, glabrous and shining above when mature, pubescent beneath or also tomentose on the veins, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, strongly pinnately veined, 3'-7' long, }4'-i%' wide; peti- oles 4//-8// long; peduncles tomentose, mostly longer than the petioles, sometimes 2/-3/ long; calyx tomentose, its inner segments longer than the outer; berry dark blue, 6//-o// in diameter. In swamps and along streams, southern Virginia to Florida and Mississippi, near the coast. Wood hard, orange-brown; weight per cubic foot 40 Ibs. May-July. Fruit ripe Sept. VOL. II.] LAUREL FAMILY. 97 2. SASSAFRAS Nees & Eberm. Handb. Med. Pharm. Bot. 2: 418. 1831. A rough-barked tree, with broad entire or i-3-lobed deciduous leaves, and yellow dioe- cious flowers in involucrate umbelled racemes at the ends of twigs of the preceding season, unfolding with or before the leaves, the involucre composed of the persistent bud-scales. Calyx 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent, its segments equal. Staminate flowers with 3 series of 3 stamens, the 2 outer series with glandless filaments, those of the inner series with a pair of stalked glands at the base. Anthers all 4-celled and introrse, 4- valved. Pistillate flowers with about 6 stamiuodia and an ovoid ovary. Fruit an oblong- globose blue drupe. [The popular Spanish name.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. j. Sassafras Sassafras (I,.) Karst. Sassafras or Ague Tree. (Fig. 1654.) Laurus Sassafras L. Sp. PI. 371. 1753. Sassafras officinale Nees & Eberm. Handb. Med. Pharm. Bot. 2: 418. 1831. Sassafras Sassafras Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 505. 1880-83. A tree sometimes 125° high, the trunk 7° in maximum diameter; the bark very rough in ir- regular ridges, aromatic, the twigs and leaves mucilaginous, pubescent when young but be- coming glabrous. Leaves oval and entire or mitten -shaped, or 3-lobed to about the middle and often as wide as long, membranous, pin- nately veined, petioled; petioles i' long or less; racemes several or numerous in the umbels, pe- duncled; flowers about $" broad; stamens about equalling the calyx-segments; fruiting pedicels red, much thickened below the calyx; drupe nearly %' high. In dry or sandy soil, Massachusetts to Ontario, Michigan, Florida and Texas. Root largely used for the aromatic oil. Wood soft, weak, durable, brittle; color dull orange; weight 31 Ibs. per cubic foot. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. April-May. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 3. MALAPOENNA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 447. 1763. [TETRANTHERA Jacq. Hort. Schoen. i: 59. pi. f/j. 1797.] Trees or shrubs, with entire leaves, deciduous in our species, and small greenish or yel- low flowers in small umbels or almost capitate, involucrate by the bud-scales, axillary, or in the following species unfolding before the leaves at the nodes of twigs of the previous sea- son. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Staminate flowers much as in Sassafras, bearing 3 series of 3 stamens, their anthers all 4-celled, 4-valved and introrse. Pistillate flowers with 9 or 12 stam- inodia and a globose or oval ovary. Fruit a small globose or oblong drupe. [Malabar name.] About loo species, natives of tropical and warm regions of both the Old World and the New, only the following known in North America. i. Malapoenna geniculata (Walt.) Coulter. Pond Spice. (Fig. 1655.) Laurus geniculata Walt. Fl. Car. 133. 1788. Tetranthera geniculata Nees, Syst. 567. 1836. Litsea geniculata Mez, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, 5: 476. 1889. Malapoenna geniculaia Coulter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 164. 1894. A much-branched shrub, with terete smooth zigzag spreading twigs. Leaves oblong, firm, yi'-i' long, }^f-Yz' wide, acute or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous and rather dark green above, paler and puberulent, at least on the veins, beneath, or quite glabrous when mature; umbels 2-4-flowered, sessile; involucres of 2-4 scales ; flowers yellow, less than 2" broad; drupe globose, red, about 3" in diameter. In swamps and wet soil, southern Virginia to Florida. March-April. LAURACEAE. 1 [VOL. II, 4. BENZOIN Fabric. Emim. PL Hort. Helmst. 1763. Shrubs (some Asiatic species trees), with alternate entire pinnately veined and in our species deciduous leaves, and dioecious or polygamous yellow flowers, in lateral sessile invo- lucrate clusters unfolding before the leaves, the involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Calyx- segments 6, equal, deciduous. Staminate flowers with 3 series of 3 stamens, the filaments of the inner series lobed and gland-bearing at the base, those of the 2 outer series glandless; anthers all introrse, 2-celled, 2-valved. Pistillate flowers with 12-15 staminodia and a glo- bose ovary. Fruit an obovoid or oblong red drupe. [Named from the Benzoin gum, from its similar fragrance.] About 7 species, of eastern North America and Asia. Only the following are North American. Shrub glabrous or nearly so throughout; leaves narrowed at the base. i. B. Benzoin. Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves pubescent; leaves rounded or subcordate at the base. 2. B, melissaefolium. I. Benzoin Benzoin (L,.) Coulter. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush. (Fig. 1656.) Laurus Benzoin L. Sp. PI. 370. 1753. Lindera Benzoin Blume, Mus. Bot. I.ugd. x: 324. 1857- B. Benzoin Coulter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 164. 1894. A glabrous or nearly glabrous shrub, 4°-2o° high, with smooth bark and slender twigs. Leaves obovate oval or elliptic, z'-s' long, i'- 2)4' wide, acute, short-acuminate or some of them rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, pale beneath; petioles 3//-6// long; flowers about i%" broad, bright yellow, fragrant; pedicels about equalling the calyx-segments; anthers oval, minutely emarginate at the summit; ovary about as long as the style; drupe 4//-5// long, about 3" in diameter. In moist woods, thickets and along streams, Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas. March- May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Called also Feverbush and Wild Allspice. Leaves of young shoots much larger. 2. Benzoin melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees. Hairy Spice-bush. (Fig. 1657.) Laurus melissaefolia Walt. Fl. Car. 134. 1788. Lindera melissaefolia Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. x: 324. 1857. Benzoin melissaefolium Nees, Syst. 494. 1836. A shrub similar to the preceding species but the young twigs, buds and lower surfaces of the leaves densely pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceo- late or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, 2/-4/ long, 9//-i8// wide; petioles \rf-^" long; pedicels equalling or slightly longer than the calyx-seg- ments; anthers truncate at the summit; drupe 3"-5" high. In swamps and wet soil, Illinois and Missouri to North Carolina, south to Alabama and Florida. Feb.-March. Family 31. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. POPPY FAMILY. Herbs, with milky or colored sap, and alternate leaves or the upper rarely op- posite. Stipules none. Flowers solitary or in clusters, perfect, regular or irregu- lar. Sepals 2 (rarely 3 or 4), caducous. Petals 4-6 or rarely more, imbricated, often wrinkled, deciduous. Stamens numerous or few, hypogynous, distinct; filaments filiform; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i, many-ovuled, mainly i -celled; style short; stigma simple or divided; ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule, generally dehiscent by a pore, or by valves, rarely indehiscent. Voi.. II.] POPPY FAMILY. 99 About 26 genera and 200 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone. •Jf Flowers regular. Pod dehiscent at the top, or only to the middle. Leaves not spiny-toothed. Leaves spiny-toothed. Pod dehiscent to the base. Flowers white; juice red. Flowers and juice yellow. Capsule oblong or short-linear, bristly. Capsule long-linear, rough, tipped with a dilated stigma. Capsule linear, smooth, tipped with a subulate style and minute stigma. •X--X- Flowers irregular. Family FuMARIACEAE DC. Each of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base. Corolla deeply cordate at base ; petals slightly coherent. Corolla rounded or slightly cordate; petals permanently coherent, persistent. One of the outer petals spurred at base. Capsule 2-valved, few-several-seeded. i. Papaver. • 2. Argemone. 3. Sanguinaria. 4. Stylophorum. 5. Glaucium. 6. Chelidonium. Bicuculla. Adlumia. Fruit globose, indehiscent, i-seeded. 9. Capnoides. 10. Fumaria. i. PAPAVER L. Sp. PI. 506. 1753. Hispid or glaucous herbs, with milky sap, lobed or dissected alternate leaves, nodding flower-buds and showy regular flowers. Sepals 2 or occasionally 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens oo . Anthers extrorse. Ovules oo, borne on numerous internally-projecting placentae. Stigmas united into a radiate persistent disc. Capsule globose, obovoid, or oblong, dehiscent near the summit. Seeds marked with minute depressions. [Classic Latin name of the poppy.] About 25 species, mostly natives of the Old World, but 2 or 3 indigenous in western America. Glabrate and glaucous; leaves lobed, clasping; capsule subglobose. i. P. somniferum. Green, hirsute; leaves pinnately divided. Stems branching, leafy; weeds of waste or cultivated ground. Capsule glabrous. Capsule subglobose or top-shaped. 2. P. Rhoeas. Capsule oblong, narrowed below. 3. P. dubium. Capsule oblong, hispid with a few erect hairs. 4. P. Argemone. Leaves all basal; capsule obovoid, densely hispid with erect hairs; arctic. 5. P. alpinum. i. Papaver somniferum L/. Opium or Garden Poppy. (Fig. 1658.) Papaver somniferum L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753. Erect, sparingly branched, glaucous, i°-3° high. Leaves clasping by a cordate base, 4/-8/ long, 2/-3/ wide, oblong, wavy, lobed or toothed; flowers 3 '-4' broad, bluish-white with a purple centre; filaments somewhat dilated upward; capsule globose, glabrous. Occasional in waste grounds and on ballast. Fugitive from Europe. Often cultivated for ornament. Widely cul- tivated in Europe and Asia for its capsules, from which the drug opium, and poppy-oil are derived. Native of the Mediterranean region. Summer. 2. Papaver Rhoeas L. Field, Red or Corn Poppy. (Fig. 1659.) Papaver Rhoeas L. Sp. PI. 507. 1753. Erect, branching, i°-3° high, hispid with spreading bristly hairs. Lower leaves petioled, 4/-6/ long, the upper smaller, sessile, all pinnatifid; lobes lanceolate, acute, serrate; flowers -2'-$.' broad, scarlet with a darker centre; filaments not dilated; capsule subglobose or top- shaped, glabrous, the disk with 10 or more stigmatic rays. In waste places and on ballast, not common. Occasion- ally cultivated. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. Old English names, Corn-rose, Red-weed, Headache, Canker- rose and Cheese-bowl. i 100 PAPAVERACEAE. 3. Papaver dubium L. [VOL. II. Long Smooth-fruited Poppy. (Fig. 1660.) Papaver dubium 1,. Sp. PI. 1196. 1753. Slender, branching, i°-2° high, hirsute with spreading hairs. Lower leaves petioled, 4/-6/ long, the upper smaller, nearly sessile, all deeply pinnately divided; lobes oblong, pinnatifid, cleft or sometimes entire; flowers 2' broad, scarlet, sometimes darker in the centre; filaments not dilated; capsule oblong, glabrous, 8//-io// long, narrowed below; stigmatic rays 6-10. Iti waste and cultivated grounds, Pennsylvania to Virginia and southward. Also in ballast about the seaports. Adven- tive from Europe. Summer. 4. Papaver Argemdne L. Pale or Long Rough-fruited Poppy. (Fig. 1661.) Papaver Argemone L. Sp. PI. 506. 1753. Slender, hirsute, or nearly glabrous, i°-2° high, branching. Leaves all but the upper petioled, lan- ceolate in outline, pinnately divided, the divisions pinnatifid and toothed; flowers I'-a' broad, pale red, often with a darker centre; filaments not dilated; capsule oblong, 8"-io" long, narrowed at the base, bristly-hairy. Waste grounds, Philadelphia, and in ballast about the seaports. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. Old name Wind-rose. 5. Papaver alpinum L. Arctic Poppy. (Fig. 1662.) Papaver alpinum L. Sp. PI. 507. 1753. Palaver nudicaule L. Sp. PI. 507. 1753. Perennial, more or less hirsute. Leaves all basal, pinnately lobed or cleft, the lobes linear- oblong, acute or obtuse; scape erect, slender, 2/-i2/ tall, much exceeding the leaves; flower solitary, 1'-$' broad, yellow or red; filaments filiform; capsule narrowly obovoid, 5"-8" high, about 4" in greatest diameter, densely beset with erect bristly hairs. Greenland and Labrador to Alaska and British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. VOL. II. 1 POPPY FAMILY. 101 2. ARGEMONE I,. Sp. PL 508. 1753. Glaucous herbs, with yellow sap, spiny-toothed leaves and large showy flowers. Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens co . Placentae 4-6, many-ovuled. Style very short. Stigma dilated, 3-6-radiate. Capsule prickly, oblong, dehiscent at the apex by valves. Seeds numerous, cancellate. [Greek, an eye disease, supposed to be relieved by the plant so called.] A genus of about 6 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Petals yellow; leaves blotched; flowers sessile or subsessile. I. A. Mexicana, Petals white; leaves glaucous or green, not blotched; flowers peduncled. 2. A. alba. i. Argemone Mexicana L/. Mexican or Prickly Poppy. (Fig. 1663.) Argemone Mexicana L,. Sp. PI. 508. 1753. Stem stout, i°-2° high, simple or spar- ingly branched, spiny or sometimes nearly unarmed. Leaves sessile, clasp- ing by a narrowed base, 4/-io/ long, •2.'-\' wide, glaucous, white-spotted, runcinate-piunatifid, spiny-toothed and more or less spiny on the veins; flowers yellow sessile or subsessile, i'-3' broad; sepals acuminate, bristly-pointed; sta- mens 4//-5// long; filaments slender, much longer than their anthers; capsule i' long or more. In waste places, New Jersey and Penn- sylvania to Florida and Texas. Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Ad- ventive from tropical America. A common weed in the tropics. The seeds yield a valuable painter's oil. June-Sept. 2. Argemone alba Lestib. White Prickly Poppy. (Fig. 1664.) Argemone alba Lestib. Bot. Belg. Ed. 2: 3: Part 2, 132. 1799. Argemone albiflora Hornem. Hort. Havn. 469. 1815. Argemone intermedia Sweet, Hort. Brit. Ed. 2, 585- 1830. Similar to the preceding species but qom- monly stouter and taller. Leaves piunatifid or pinnately lobed, glaucous or green, notblotched, but sometimes whitish along the veins; flowers white, usually much larger, tf-tf broad, dis- tinctly peduncled; petals rounded; spines of the sepal-tips stouter; capsules I'-i^' long. Prairies, South Dakota to Texas, Arizona and Mexico, east to Florida. May-Aug. 3. SANGUINARIA L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Rootstock horizontal, thick; juice red. Leaves basal, palmately veined and lobed, cor- date or reniform. Scape i-flowered (rarely 2). Flower white. Sepals 2, fugacious. Petals 8-12, arranged in 2 or 3 rows. Stamens co . Stigmas grooved. Placentae 2. Capsule ob- long, dehiscent to the base, the valves persistent. Seeds smooth, crested. [Name f.-om the red color of the juice.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 102 PAPAVERACEAE. [Vox.. II. i. Sanguinaria Canadensis It. Bloodroot. (Fig. 1665.) Sangutnaria Canadensis L,. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Glabrous, glaucous, especially when young. Root- stock l/2f-i' thick, several inches long, densely clothed •with thick fibrous roots; petioles (t'-itf long; leaves 6'-\2' broad, 4'-7' long, palmately s-g-lobed, the lobes repand, or cleft at the apex; flowering scape at length overtopped by the leaves; flower i/-i>£/ broad; petals oblong or obovate, early deciduous; capsule oblong, narrow, i-celled, 2-valved, i' long. In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Nebraska, south to Florida and Arkansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Also called Red Puccoon and Red Indian Paint. Flower sometimes pinkish. The scape rarely bears 2 or 3 flowers and bracts. April-May." 4. STYLOPHORUM Nutt. Gen. 2: 7. 1818. Herbs, with stout rootstocks, yellow sap, pinnatifid leaves and clustered or solitary flow- ers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens co . Placentae 2-4; style distinct; stigma 2-4-lobed, radi- ate. Capsule linear or ovoid, dehiscent to the base. Seeds cancellate, crested. [Name Greek, style-bearing ] A genus of about 4 species, natives of eastern North America, the Himalayas, Japan and Mantchuria. i. Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. Yellow or Celandine Poppy. (Fig. 1666.) Chelidonium diphvllum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 309. 1803. Stylophoriun diphyllum Nutt. Gen. a: 7. 1818. Afeconofisis difihylla DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 88. 1821. Glaucous, especially the lower surfaces of the leaves, sparingly pubescent, i2'-i8' high. Leaves basal and cauline, 4/-io/ long, slender-petioled, i- 2-pinuatind, the divisions obovate, obtuse, lobed or irregularly crenate, those of the stem 2-4, the upper opposite; flowers 2-4, terminal, about i' broad, deep yellow; sepals hirsute, caducous; petals obovate, rounded; capsule V long, ovoid, acute at each end, hirsute, tipped with the persistent style. In low woods, western Pennsylvania (?), Ohio to Ten- nessee, west to Wisconsin and Missouri. March-May. 5. GLAUCIUM Juss. Gen. PL 236. 1789. Glaucous herbs, with alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and saffron-colored sap. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens oo . Placentae 2, rarely 3; stigma sessile, dilated, 2-lobed, the lobes convex. Capsule long-linear, 2-celled, dehiscent to the base. Seeds cancellate, crestless. [Name Greek, from the glaucous foliage.] A genus of about 6 species, natives of the Old World, and mainly of the Mediterranean region. Voi,. II.] POPPY FAMILY. 103 i. Glaucium Glaucium (L.) Karst. Yellow Horned or Sea Poppy. (Fig. 1667.) Chelidonium Glaucium L. Sp. PI. 506. 1753. Glaucium luteum Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i: 369. 1772. Glaucium Glaucium Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 649. 1880-83. Stout, 2°-3° high, rigid, branching. Leaves thick, ovate or oblong, 3'-8' long, i/-2/ wide, scurfy, the bas- al and lowest cauline petioled, the upper sessile, clasp- ing, all pinnatifid, the divisions toothed; flowers axillary and terminal, yellow, I'-a' broad; sepals scurfy; capsule narrowly-linear, 6/-i2/ long, tipped with the persistent stigma. In waste places, Long Island and southward near the coast to Virginia. Widely diffused as a weed in maritime re- gions of the Old World. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 6. CHELIDONIUM L,. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Erect branching herbs, with alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, yellow sap and yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens oo . Placentae 2. Styles distinct; stigma not di- lated, 2-lobed. Capsule linear, dehiscent to the base. Seeds smooth, shining, crested. [Name Greek for the swallow, which appears at about its flowering time.] A monotypic genus of temperate Europe and Asia. i. Chelidonium majus L. (Fig. 1668.) Celandine. Chelidonium majus L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Weak, i°-2° high, sparingly pubescent. Leaves thin, 4' -8' long, glaucous beneath, i-2-pinnatifid, the segments ovate or obovate, crenate or lobed; petioles often dilated at the base; flowers 6//-8// broad, borne in axillary pedunculate umbels; petals rounded ; pedi- cels slender, 2//-6// long, elongating in fruit; capsule glabrous, i/-2/ long, tipped with the persistent style and stigma. Waste places, roadsides and even in woods, common in the East. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Summer. Called also Greater Celandine, to distinguish it from Ficaria, the Small or Lesser Celandine. Old names Swallow-wort and Tetter-wort April-Sept. 7. BICUCULLA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: App. 23. 1763. [DICLYTRA Borck. Roem. Arch, i: Part 2, 46. I797-] [DiCENTRA Bernh. Linnaea, 8: 468. 1833.] Erect, diffuse or climbing herbs, with dissected leaves, and racemose irregular flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. Sepals 2, scale-like. Corolla cordate at base; petals 4, in 2 pairs, con- nivent, slightly coherent, the exterior pair oblong, concave, spurred at the base, spreading at the apex, the inner narrow, clawed, coherent above, crested or winged on the back. Sta- mens 6, in two sets placed opposite the outer petals; filaments more or less diadelphous. Placentae 2; style slender; stigma 2-4-lobed. Capsule oblong or linear, dehiscent to the base by 2 valves. Seeds crested. [Name from the Latin, double-hooded.] A genus of about 14 species, natives of North America and western Asia. The original spelling is Bikukulla. Raceme simple; flowers white or whitish. Spurs divergent; inner petals minutely crested. i. B. Cucullaria. Spurs short, rounded; inner petals conspicuously crested. 2. B. Canadensis. Racemes paniculate ; flowers pink. 3- B. eximia. 104 PAPAVERACEAE. [VOL. IL i. Bicuculla Cucullaria (L,.) Millsp. Dutchman's Breeches. Sol- dier's Cap. (Fig. 1669.) Fumaria Cucullaria L. Sp. PI. PI. 699. 1753. Diclytra Cucullaria DC. Syst Veg. a: 108. 1821. Dielytra Cucullaria T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 66. 1838. Dicentra Cucullaria Torr. Fl. N. Y. i: 45. 1843. Bicuculla Cucullaria Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric, Exp. Sta. 3: 327. 1892. Delicate, glabrous, s'-io' high, arising from a bulbous base. Leaves all basal, pale beneath, slender-petioled, ternately compound, the divisions stalked and finely dissected into linear or oblanceo- late segments; scape slender; raceme secund, 4-10- flowered; flowers nodding, pedicelled, 6//-8// long, 8//-io// broad at the base, white, or faintly pink, yellow at the summit; spurs widely divergent. hi woods, Nova Scotia to Lake Huron, Minnesota and Washington, south to North Carolina, Nebraska and Missouri. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. April-May. 2. Bicuculla Canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. Squirrel Corn. (Fig. 1670.) Corydalis Canadensis Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 329. 1822. Diclytra Canadensis DC. Prodr. i: 126. 1824. Di centra Canadensis Walp. Rep. x: 118. 1842. Bicuculla Canadensis Millsp. Hull. West Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 3: 327. 1892. Glabrous, 6'-i2' high, the rootstock bearing numer- ous small tubers. Leaves all basal and nearly similar to those of the preceding species, decidedly glaucous beneath; scape slender; raceme 4-8- flowered; flowers nodding, short-pedicelled, j"-g" long, 5" broad at the base, greenish-white, purplish tinged, slightly fragrant; spurs short, rounded. In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Lake Huron and Minne- sota, south along the mountains to Virginia and Kentucky, west to Missouri. May-June. QL: 3. Bicuculla eximia (Ker) Millsp. Wild Bleeding-heart. (Fig. 1671.) FuiHaria eximia Ker, Hot. Reg. i: pi. 50. 1815. Diclytra ciimia DC. Syst. 3: 109. 1821. Dicentra eximia Torr. Fl. N. Y. i: 46. 1843. Bicuculla e.iimia Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. a: 327. 1892. Glabrous, somewhat glaucous, weak, i°-2° high; rootstock scaly. Leaves all basal, larger than those of the other eastern species, ternately parted, the divisions stalked, finely piunatifid into oblong or ovate segments; scape slender, about equalling the leaves; raceme compound; flowers clustered in cymes, slender-pedicelled, pink, nodding, 8"-io" long, 3//-4// broad at the base; spurs short, rounded, incurved; outer petals spreading at the apex. In rocky places, western New York, south to Georgia and Tennessee along the Alleghanies. May-Sept. VOL. II.] POPPY FAMILY. 105 1808. 1888. 8. ADLUMIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808. Glabrous climbing vines, with decompound leaves. Sepals 2, scale-like. Petals 4, all permanently united into a narrowly ovate cordate persistent spongy corolla 4-lobed at the apex. Stamens 6, monadelphous below, diadelphous above, adherent to the petals. Cap- sule oblong, included in the persistent corolla. Seeds crestless. Closely related to certain Asiatic species of Bicuctilla. [In honor of John Adlum, a gardener of Washington.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Climbing Fumitory. (Fig. 1672.) Fumaria fungosa Ait. Ilort. Kew. 3: i. 1789. Adlumia cirrhosa Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352- A. fungosa Greene; B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 3. Weak, slender, climbing over other plants by its slender petioles. Leaves bipinnate, the primary divisions distant, the second more approximate, all slender-stalked; ultimate segments lobed or entire, very thin, ovate or cuneate, pale beneath; flowers numerous in axillary drooping cymes, 5"- 7" long, s" broad at the base, narrowly ovate, greenish purple; capsule 2-valved, few-seeded. In moist woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Ontario and Michigan, south to North Carolina and Kansas. Called also Mountain Fringe and Alleghany Vine. June-Oct. 9. CAPNOIDES Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 431. 1763. [NECKERIA Scop. Introd. 313. 1777.] [CORYDALIS Vent Choix, 19. 1803.] Erect or climbing herbs, with basal and cauline decompound leaves, and racemose flow- ers, terminal, or opposite the petioles. Sepals 2, small. Corolla irregular, deciduous; petals 4, erect-connivent, one of the outer pair spurred at the base, the interior ones narrow, keeled on the back. Stamens 6, in 2 sets, opposite the outer petals. Placentae 2; style entire, di- lated or lobed, persistent. Capsule linear or oblong, 2-valved. [Greek, smoke-like, in allusion to the smoke-like odor of some species, as in Fumaria.] About no species, natives of the north temperate zone and South Africa. Stems tall; flowers pink with yellow tips. I. C. sempervirens. Stems low, diffuse or ascending; flowers yellow. Flowers ^"-4" long; spur short. Seeds sharp-margined, wrinkled; pods drooping or spreading. 2. C.flavulum. Seeds blunt-margined, smooth, shining; pods ascending. 3. C. micrantfijim. Flowers 6" -8" long; spur conspicuous. Pods smooth. Seeds smooth or obscurely reticulated; pods spreading or pendulous. Capsules spreading or drooping, distinctly torulose; eastern. 4. C. aureum. Capsules ascending, terete or slightly torulose; western. 5. C. montanum. Seeds finely reticulated; pods ascending. 6. C. curvisiliqum. Pods densely covered with transparent vesicles. 7. C. crystallinum. i. Capnoides sempervirens (L. ) Borck. Pink Corydalis. (Fig. 1673.) Fumaria sfmfierz'irens L. Sp. PI. 700. 1753. Capnoides semperz'irens Borck. in Roem. Arch, i: Part 2, 44. 1797. Corydalis sempervirens Pers. Syn. 2: 269. 1807. Corydalis glauca Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 463. 1814. Glabrous, glaucous, erect or ascending, i°-2° high, freely branching. Lower leaves i'-4' long, short- petioled, the upper nearly sessile, pinnately decompound, the primary di- visions distant, the ultimate segments obovate or cuneate, toothed or entire, obtuse, often mucronulate; flowers numer- ous, panicled, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of the branches, 5"-8" long, pink with a yellow tip; spur rounded, about \" long; capsules narrowly linear, erect, i/-2/ long, nodose when mature; seeds shining, minutely reticulated. In rocky places, Nova Scotia to the Canadian Rocky Moun- tains, south to North Carolina and Minnesota. Also in British Columbia and Alaska. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. April-Sept. io6 PAPAVERACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. Capnoides flavulum (Raf. ) Kuntze. Pale Corydalis. (Fig. 1674.) Corydalis flavula Raf.; DC. Prodr. x: 129. 1824. jCapnoidesflai'ulum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891. Slender, glabrous, diffuse or ascending, 6'-i4' high, freely branching. Lower leaves slender- petioled, the upper nearly sessile, all finely dis- sected into linear or oblong, sometimes cuneate, acute or obtuse segments; pedicels very slender; bracts conspicuous, broidly oblong, acute or acu- minate, 2//-4// long; spur ^"long, rounded; outer petals slightly longer than the inner, yellow, sharp-pointed; crest dentate; pods torulose, droop- ing or spreading; seeds sharp-margined, finely reticulated. In rocky woods, southern New York, northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, southwestern Ontario to Minnesota, Virginia, Kansas and Louisiana. Ascends to 4000 ft in Virginia. May-June. 3. Capnoides micranthum (Engelm.) Britton. Small-flowered Corydalis. (Fig. 1675.) Corydalis aurea var. micranlha Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867. Corydalis micranlha A. Gray, Coult. Bot. Gaz. ix: 189. 1886. Capnoides micranlhum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 166. 1894. Habit and foliage nearly as in the preceding spe- cies, the ultimate leaf segments generally slightly broader. Flowers similar, the crest entire; or some- times cleistogamous and minute, spurless and but slightly crested; pods ascending, short-pedicelled, torulose; seeds obtuse-margined, smooth, shining. In woods, Minnesota, Missouri to Texas, east to Florida and North Carolina. Feb.-April. 4. Capnoides aureum (Willd.) Kuntze. Golden Corydalis. (Fig. 1676.) Corydalis aurea Willd. Enum. 740. 1809. Capnoides aureum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891. Glabrous, 6/-i4/ high, diffuse, branching. Leaves all but the uppermost petioled, finely dissected into oblong obovate or cuneate seg- ments, mainly broader than those of related species; flowers 6" long, bright yellow; spur one-half the length of the body of the corolla, or more, rounded; outer petals keeled, not crested; pedicels short, slender; pods spreading or pendulous, torulose, especially when dry; seeds obtuse-margined, shining, obscurely reticulated. In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. March-May. VOL. II.] POPPY FAMILY 5. Capnoides montanum (Engelm.) Britton. Mountain Corydalis. (Fig. 1677.) Corydalis montana Engelm. ; A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 6. 1849. Corydalis aurea var. occidentalis Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867. Capnoides aureum var. occidentale A. S. Hitch- cock, Spring Fl. Manhattan, 17. 1894. Capnoides montanum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 166. 1894. Closely resembles C. aureum, but is lighter green and the leaves are rather more finely divided. Flower-clusters spicate-racemose, the pedicels usually very short; flowers bright yel- low, 6//-8// long; spur of the corolla as long as its body, or less; capsules spreading or some- what ascending; seeds sharp-margined, shining or obscurely reticulated. In dry soil, South Dakota to Kansas and Texas, west to Oregon (? ), Utah and Arizona. April-Aug. 6. Capnoides curvisiliqum (Engelm.) Kuntze. Curved-fruited Corydalis. (Fig. 1678.) Corydalis cun-isiliqua Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867. Capnoides cunnsiliqum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891. Similar to the two preceding species, often rather taller than either. Flowers spicate or spicate-racemose, about S" long, conspicu- ous, bright yellow; spur of the corolla con- spicuous ; pods curved upward, very short- pedicelled, stout, somewhat 4-sided; seeds sharp- margined, finely and distinctly reticu- lated. South Dakota to Nebraska, Texas and Chi- huahua. April-June. 7. Capnoides crystallinum (Engelm.) Kuntze. Vesicular Corydalis. (Fig. 1679.) Corydalis crystallina Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867. Capnoides crystallinum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891. Erect or ascending, glabrous, 8/-2o/ high, branching. Lower leaves slender-petioled, the upper sessile, all finely dissected into oblong or cuneate segments; pedi- cels stout, short, diverging; flowers spicate, 6"-8// long, bright yellow; spur 3"-4" long; crest large, dentate; capsules 9" long, ascending or erect, densely covered with transparent vescicles; seeds acute-margined, reticu- lated. Prairies, Missouri and Arkansas. April-June. io8 PAPAVERACEAE. [VOL. II. io. FUMARIA L,. Sp. PI. 699. 1753. Diffuse or erect (sometimes climbing) herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and small race- mose flowers. Sepals 2, scale-like. Petals 4, erect-connivent, the outer pair larger, i of them spurred, the inner narrow, coherent at the apex, keeled or crested on the back. Stamens 6, diadelphous, opposite the outer petals. Ovule i; style slender; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit i-seeded, nearly globose, indehiscent. [Name from the Latin, smoke, from the smoke- like smell of some species.] About 15 species, all natives of the Old World. i. Fumaria officinalis L,. Fumitory. Hedge Fumitory. (Fig. 1680.) Fuinaria officinalis L- Sp. PI. 700. 1753. Glabrous, stems diffuse or ascending, freely branching, 6'-$° long. Leaves petioled, finely dissected into entire or lobed linear oblong or cuneate segments; racemes axillary and terminal, 1'-$' long, narrow; pedicels i//-2// long, axillary to small bracts; flowers purplish, 2//~3// long, darker at the summit; spur rounded, }&" long; nut i" in diameter, depressed-globose. In waste places and on ballast, occasional about towns and villages, Nova Scotia to Florida and the Gulf States, and locally in the interior. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. Fumaria parviflora Lam., found on ballast about the seaports, may be distinguished by its still smaller paler flowers (2"), very narrow sharp and channeled leaf -segments, and its apiculate nut. Family 32. CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian." MISTARD FAMILY. Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid sap, alternate leaves, and racemose or corymbose flowers. Sepals 4, deciduous, or rarely persistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner similar, or concave, or saccate at the base. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal, generally clawed. Stamens 6, hypogy- nous, tetradynamous, rarely fewer. Pistil i, compound, consisting of 2 united carpels, the parietal placentae united by a dissepiment; style generally persis- tent, sometimes none; stigma discoid or usually more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicic, generally 2-celled, rarely i -celled, in a few genera indehiscent and lomentaceous. Seeds attached to both sides of the septum; endosperm none; cotyledons incumbent, accumbent or conduplicate. About 185 genera and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution. The following wholly artificial key is designed to apply only to the species and genera of our Flora. The natural alliances of the genera are largely based on minute characters. The family is also known as BRASSICACKA i •k Pod a silique or silicic, dehiscent into two valves to the base, t Pod an elongated-linear silique, or at least twice as long as wide. (See also species of No. 29. > 1 . Silique borne on a long stipe. I. Slanleya. 2. Silique terete, 4-sided, or compressed, very short-stipitate, or sessile on the receptacle. a. Silique tipped with the short slender style, or style none. Seeds globose or oblong, wingless. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the p^d. Pubescence, when present, of simple hairs. 17. Roripa. Pubescence of forked hairs; leaves finely dissected. 30. Sophia. Seeds in only i row in each cell. Leaves auricled at the base; flowers violet. 16. lodanlluts. Leaves reniform or cordate, undulate or repand; flowers white. 8. Alliaria. Leaves dentate or pinnatifid; hairs simple; flowers yellow. 9. Sisymbrium. Leaves finely dissected; pubescence of forked hairs; flowers yellow. 30. Sophia. Leaves entire, or slightly toothed. Stigma nearly entire, discoid; plant glabrous. Stigma 2-lobed ; plants more or less pubescent. Flowers white or pink, small. Valves of the silique nerved. Valves of the silique nerveless, rounded. Flowers yellow. Flowers large, purple, purplish or white. Seeds flat, wingless or winged. Siliques 4-angled, the valves keeled; flowers yellow. Siliques flat or flattish. 2. Thely podium. 9. Sisymbrium. 31. Stenophragma. 33. Erysimtnn. 37. Hesperis. 15. Barbarea. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. 109 Valves of the silique nerveless. Seeds winged; stem scape-like; flowers few. 22. Leavenworthia. Seeds wingless; valves of the silique elasticallj- dehiscent. Stems leafy below or throughout. 18. Cardamine. Stems leafless below, 2-4-leaved above. 19. Dentaria. Valves of the silique i -nerved or veiny, not elasticalty dehiscent. 32. Arabis. b. Silique produced into a beak beyond the valves. Beak conic, very short in no. 13. Silique terete; seeds in i row. 12. Brassica. Silique flat; seeds in 2 rows. 13. Diplotaxis. Beak flat, sword-shaped. n. Sinapis. 3. Silique elliptic or oblong, very flat, 2-3 times as long as broad, clearly stipitate. Flowers violet; funiculus of the seed adnate to the septum of the pod. 20. Lunaria. Flowers yellow; funiculus of the seed free from the septum. 21. Selenia. 1 1 P°d an orbicular globose or oblong silicle, or but little more than twice as long as wide (except in some species of no. 29). 1 . Silicle globose, or flattened parallel with the septum. a. Plants terrestrial, or not strictly aquatic. + Silicle globose, or terete-oblong, little or not at all compressed. Plants not maritime. Petals not 2-cleft. Seeds minute, round, not flattened, in 2 rows in each cell. 17. Roripa. Seeds flat; silicle inflated; plants stellate-pubescent, 24. Lesquerella. Petals 2-cleft. 36. Berteroa. Plants maritime, fleshy, northern. 7. Cochlearia. •H- Silicle didymous, its cells globose-inflated. 23. Physaria. +++ Silicle compressed or flat, many-seeded. 29. Draba. 2-8-seeded. Flowers yellow. 34. Alyssum. Flowers white. t 35. Koniga. ++++ Silicle pear-shaped, or obovoid, many-seeded. 27. Camelina. b. Wholly submersed small aquatic; silicle globose or oblong. 3. Subularia. . Silicle flattened at right angles to the narrow septum. Seeds several in each cell of the silicle. Silicle triangular, obcuneate. 26. Bursa. Silicle elliptic, wingless, its valves with a strong midvein. 25. Hutchinsia. Silicle oblong or orbicular, winged all around. 6. Thlaspi. Seeds solitary in each cell, compressed. 4. Lepidium. •": -X- Pod indehiscent, short or elongated. Pod broader than long, more or less didymous. 5. Coronopus. Pod globose, reticulated. 28. Neslia. Pod elongated. Pod of 2 joints, separating at maturity; plants maritime. 10. Cakile. Pod constricted between the seeds, not jointed, beaked. 14. Raphanus. i. STANLEYA Nutt. Gen. 2: 71. 1818. Glabrous and glaucous, perennial tall mostly erect and branching herbs, with entire toothed lobed or pinnately divided leaves, and large yellow bractless flowers in elongated terminal racemes. Sepals linear, narrow. Petals narrow, long-clawed. Stamens 6, very nearly equal; anthers twisted. Ovary short-stipitate; style short or none. Siliques linear, long-stipitate, spreading or recurving, somewhat compressed, dehiscent, the valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in i row in each cell, numerous, pendulous. Cotyledons straight, incumbent. [Named for Lord Edward Stanley, President of the Linnaean Society.] About 3 species, of western North America. i. Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton. Stanley a. (Fig. 1681.) Cleome pinnata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 739. 1814. Stanleya pinnatifida Nutt. Gen. 2: 71. 1818. Stanleya pinnata Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 8: 62. 1888. Stems stout, 2°-5° tall, sometimes decum- bent. Lower leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided, or entire, s'-S1' long, 1'-$' wide, long- petioled; upper leaves similar, or less divided, or narrowly oblong or lanceolate, entire, short- petioled and narrowed at the base; flowers nu- merous, showy; petals 8//-i2// long; filaments filiform, exserted; siliques 2/~3/ long, about i" thick, 2-3 times as long as their stipes, spreading, downwardly curved, somewhat constricted between the seeds when dry. In dry soil, South Dakota and Nebraska to Cali- fornia, New Mexico and Arizona. Plant with the aspect of a Cleome. May-July. no CRUCI FERAE. [VOL. II. 2. THELYPODIUM Endl. Gen. 876. 1839. [PACHYPODIUM Xutt. 1838. Not Lindl. 1830.] Erect glabrate biennial or perennial herbs, with simple entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and racemose purplish or white flowers. Siliques nearly terete, linear, with a short stipe in some species; valves i-nerved, dehiscent; style short; stigma nearly entire. Seeds in i row in each cell of the pod, oblong, marginless; cotyledons obliquely incumbent. [Greek, female-stalk, from the stiped ovary.] A genus of about ,8 specieSi natives of North Amer- ica. All but the following occur only in the western part of the continent. i. Thelypodium integrifdlium (Nutt.) Endl. Entire-leaved Thelypodium. (Fig. 1682.) Pachypodium inlegrifolium Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:96. 1838. Thflypodium integrifoliutn Endl.; Walp. Rep. i: 172. 1842. Glabrous, erect, branching above, 3°-6° high. Leaves entire, thickish, the basal and lower ones petioled, narrowly oval or oblong, 2'-4' long, the upper or sometimes nearly all the cauline ones sessile, linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers pink, in short dense racemes; pedicels slender, spreading, 2/'-4// long; petals obovate or spatulate, long-clawed; pods narrowly linear, about i' long and %" wide; stipe very short; style slender, nearly i" long. Nebraska and Wyoming to Oregon, Utah and New Mexico. July-Sept. 1753- 3. SUBULARIA L. Sp. PI. 642. Small annual aquatic submersed herbs, with basal lin- ear subulate leaves, and minute racemose white flowers. Silicles short-stipitate, oblong or elliptic, the valves con- vex, ribbed on the back. Stigma sessile, entire. Seeds few, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons in- cumbent, curved above their base. [Latin awl, from the awl-shaped leaves.] A monotypic genus of the northern hemisphere. i. Subularia aquatica L. Water Awlwort. (Fig. 1683.) Subularia aquatica L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Tufted, glabrous, \'-\' high, growing on the bottoms of lakes in shallow water. Flowering scape simple, lateral; leaves nearly cylindric, 6"-i5" long; flowers few, race- mose, distant; pedicels slender, i"-3"long in fruit; petals white, minute; pods oblong or globose, i"-i#" long; seeds several in each cell; style none. In clear, cold lakes, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Maine, New Hampshire and Ontario, south in the Rocky Mountains to Wyoming, and to California. Also in Europe and Siberia. June-Sept. 4. LEPIDIUM L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Erect, or rarely diffuse, glabrous or pubescent herbs, with pinnatifid lobed or entire leaves and racemose white or whitish flowers. Stamens often fewer than 6. Petals short, some- times none. Silicles oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition, winged or wing- less; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cell, flattened; cotyledons incumbent or rarely accumbent. [Greek, a little scale, from the flat scale-like pods.] About 65 species, widely distributed. In addition to the following, about 16 others occur in western North America. Called indifferently Cress, Pepperwort or Pepper-grass. Stem-leaves clasping by an auriculate base. Pods broadly ovate, winged. Pods wingless, broader than long. Stem-leaves petioled or sessile, not clasping. Pods and seeds entirely wingless; petals none. 1. L. campestre. 2. L. Draba. 3. L. ruderale. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. ill Pods slightly winged above, orbicular or oval, about i" broad; petals present or none. Cotyledons accumbent; petals generally present. 4. L. Virginicum. Cotyledons incumbent; petals minute or wanting. 5. L. afietalum. Pods oblong, winged all around, longer than wide, about 2" high. 6. L. sativum. i. Lepidium campestre (L,.) R. Br. Field or Cow Cress. (Fig. 1684.) Thlaspi campestre L,. Sp. PI. 646. 1753. Lepidium campestre R. Br. in Ait. f. Hort. Kew, 4: 88. 1812. Annual or biennial, erect, io/-i8/ high, branch- ing above, hoary-pubescent with scale-like hairs or rarely nearly glabrous. Basal leaves oblong, or spatulate-oblong, entire, or pinnatifid in the lower part, obtuse, petioled, 2/-3/ long; stem-leaves ob- long or lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate, ses- sile, clasping the stem by an auricled base; flowers white or yellowish; pedicels rather stout, spread- ing, 2//-4// long in fruit; pods very numerous, forming dense elongated racemes, broadly ovate, slightly curved upward, about equalling their pedicels, or shorter, broadly winged at the apex, notched, tipped with a minute style. In fields and waste places, New Brunswick and On- tario to Virginia, and on the Pacific Coast, a bad weed in the Middle States. Naturalized from Europe. May-July. Also called Yellow Seed, Mithridate Mustard, and Poor Man's Pepper. 2. Lepidium Draba L. Hoary Cress. (Fig. 1685.) Lepidium Draba L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Perennial, erect or ascending, io/-i8/ high, hoary-pubescent, branched at the inflorescence. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, slightly dentate or entire, i^/-2/ long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile and clasping; pedicels slender, ascending or spreading, 3//-6// long in fruit; flowers white, about i//-2// broad; pods very broadly ovate, or cordate, i%" long, -2" broad, arranged in short corymbose racemes; valves distinct, papillose, keeled, wingless, tipped with a slender style y^ff-i/f long. Near Astoria, N. Y., and on ballast about the sea- ports. Also in Colorado and California. Fugitive from Europe. Native also of Asia. April-June. 3. Lepidium ruderale L. Roadside or Narrow-leaved Pepper-grass. (Fig. 1686.) Lepidium ruderale L,. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Annual, erect, f>'-i$' high, glabrous, wiry, freely branching. Basal and lower leaves oblong in outline, i'-4' long, i-2-pinnatifid into linear or oblong obtuse segments; upper leaves smaller, entire or with a few lobes; flowers %" broad or less, greenish; petals none; stamens 2; pods flat, not margined, about \" in length, short-oval or suborbicular; pedicels spreading or some- what ascending, very slender, \%"-2" long in fruit; valves sharply keeled, barely winged; cotyledons incumbent. In waste places, on ballast and along roadsides about the cities, Nova Scotia to Texas. Naturalized from Europe. Has the odor of Wart-cress. Occurs also in Australia. Summer. 112 CRUCIFERAE. [VOL. II. 4. Lepidium Virginicum L. Wild Peppergrass. (Fig. 1687. Lepidium Virginicum I,. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Similar to L. niderale, often taller. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate in outline, less pin- natifid, generally with a large terminal lobe and numerous small lateral ones, all dentate, gla- brous or slightly pubescent; stem-leaves lanceo- late or oblong-linear, sharply dentate or entire, sessile, or the lower stalked; flowers ^"-i" broad, white; petals generally present, some- times wanting in the later flowers; pedicels very slender, spreading, z//-3// long in fruit; pod flat, short-oval or orbicular, minutely winged above; cotyledons accumbent. In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Minne- sota, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies, and introduced as a weed into southern Europe. May-Nov. 5. Lepidium apetalum Willd. Apetalous Pepper-grass. (Fig. 1688.) Lepidium apetalum Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 439. 1801. Lepidium intermedium A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2. 1856. Not A. Rich. 1847. Much like L. ruderale and L. Virginicum. Basal leaves pinnatifid. Pods nearly orbicu- lar, sometimes broader than long, slightly wing-margined above, about \" in diameter; flowering pedicels ascending, forming nar- row racemes, or in fruit spreading; petals minute or wanting; cotyledons incumbent. In dry soil, Maine and Ontario to California, south to Texas. Apparently naturalized from Europe. May- Aug. Lepidium medium Greene (L. intermedium A. 'Gray, PI. Wright. 1848. Not A. Rich. ), with rather large white petals, orbicular pods r " broad, and incumbent cotyledons, is found by Mr. Bicknell near New York city. 6. Lepidium sativum L. Garden, Town, or Golden Pepper-grass or Cress. (Fig. 1689.) Lepidium sativum I,. Sp. PI. 644. 1753. Glabrous, bright green, stem slender, usu- ally much branched, about i° high. Lower leaves 2-pinnate, or pinnate with the segments lobed or pinnatifid, 3/-7/ long, the lobes en- tire or incised; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, entire or incised, much smaller; flowers in loose elongated racemes, about i// broad; petals present; silicles oval, about 2" high and V wide, equalling or longer than their pedicels, cmarginate, winged all around; style very short. In waste places, Quebec to New York and Brit- ish Columbia. Escaped from gardens. Native of Europe. Much cultivated for its pungent foliage. Petals often pinkish. May-Aug. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. 5. CORONOPUS Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 293. 1791. Annual or biennial, diffuse herbs, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, and small whitish flow- -ers. Silicles small, didymous, laterally compressed, sessile. Stamens often only 2 or 4. Valves of the capsule oblong or subglobose, obtuse at each end, indehiscent, falling away from the septum at maturity. Seeds i in each cell; cotyledons narrow, incumbent or con- duplicate. [Greek, crow-foot, from the shape of the leaves.] About 6 species, of wide geographic distribution in warm and temperate regions. Pod rugose, not crested. Pod coarsely wrinkled, crested. i. Coronopus didymus (L-.) J. E. Smith. Lesser Wart-cress. (Fig. 1690.) Lepidium didymum'L,. Mant. 92. 1767. .Senebiera didyma Pers. Syn. 2: 185. 1807. Coronopus didymus J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 3: 691. 1800. Diffuse, tufted, spreading on the ground, spar- ingly pubescent. Stems 2'-!$' long, branching; leaves deeply i-2-pinnatifid, the lower slender- petioled, the upper sessile; flowers minute, white, racemose; pedicels slender, i//-i^// long in fruit; pod didymous, about i// broad and slightly more than *4" high; valves rugose, obtuse at each end and readily separating into 2 ovoid nutlets. In waste places, Newfoundland to Florida, Mis- souri and Texas, west to California. Abundant in ballast about the northern seaports. Also through- out tropical America and widely distributed in the Old World. Summer. Naturalized from the South. 1. C. didymus. 2. C. Coronopus. 2. Coronopus Coronopus (I,.) Karst. Wart or Swine's Cress. (Fig. 1691.) Cochlearia Coronopus I,. Sp. PI. 648. 1753. Senebiera Coronopus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 7: 76. 1806. Coronopus Coronopus Karst. Deutch. Fl. 673. 1880-83. Diffuse, tufted, spreading on the ground, succulent, glabrous and glaucous, or with a few spreading hairs, branching. Stems 2/-i5/ long; leaves similar to those of the last species, generally larger, sometimes less divided; flowers similar; pedicels stout, \" long or less; pod 2" broad and about \yt" high, flattish, rounded, apiculate at the summit, marked with coarse wrinkles which form a crest around the margin; valves not distinctly separate. In. waste places and on ballast, New Brunswick to Florida and the Gulf States. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Sometimes called Buckshorn and Herb Ivy. Summer. 6. THLASPI L,. Sp. PL 645. 1753. Erect glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with entire or dentate leaves, the basal ones forming a rosette, those of the stem, or at least the upper ones, auriculate and clasping. Flowers white or purplish. Siliques obcuneate, obcordate, or oblong-orbicular, mostly emar- ginate, flattened at right angles to the narrow septum, crested or winged. Valves dehiscent. Seeds 2 or several in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, to flatten, from the flat pod.] A genus of about 25 species, natives of temperate, arctic and alpine regions. In addition to the following, 2 others occur in arctic America, the Rocky Mountains and California. Lower stem-leaves not clasping; seeds rugose. All the stem-leaves cordate-clasping; seeds smooth. 8 1. T. arvense. 2. T. perfoliatum. 114 CRUCIFERAE. [Voi,. II. i. Thlaspi arvense I,. Field Penny-cress. (Fig. 1692.) Thlaspi arvense L,. Sp. PI. 646. 1753. Annual, erect, glabrous, 6'-i8' bigb, sim- ple or branching above. Basal leaves petioled, oblanceolate, early deciduous; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, sparingly dentate, the upper clasping the stem by an auricled base, the lower merely sessile; flowers white, about i" long, ^// broad; pedicels spreading or curved upward, slen- der, *>"-<)" long in fruit; pods nearly orbicu- lar when ripe, 4//-6// broad, very flat, broadly winged all around, notched at the apex, in long racemes; style minute, or none; seeds rugose, about 6 in each cell. In waste places and on ballast, sparingly adventive or fugitive from Europe in the East- ern and Middle States, but abundant in Que- bec and a bad weed in Manitoba and the Northwest Territory. Native also of northern Asia. June-Aug. Called also Bastard Cress. a. Thlaspi perfoliatum L,. Perfoli- ate Penny-cress. (Fig. 1693.) Thlaspi perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. 646. 1753. Annual, glabrous, branched at the base, stems commonly simple, slender, ascending or erect, 3X-7X tall. Basal leaves ovate or suborbicular, often petioled; stem-leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, auricled at the base and clasping the stem, #'-i' long, $"-6" wide, obtuse or acute at the apex; pedicels filiform, spreading; silicic ob- ovate-orbicular, 2//-3// broad, rather nar- rowly winged, broadly notched at the sum- mit; style short but manifest; seeds usually 4 in each cell. Near Hamilton, Ontario. Fugitive or adven- tive from Europe. May-Aug. 7. COCHLEARIA L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. Annual or perennial maritime herbs, with simple alternate mostly fleshy leaves, and white or rarely purplish or yellowish racemose flowers. Silicic inflated, oblong or globose. Valves very convex, dehiscent. Stigma nearly simple, or capitate. Seeds several in each cell of the pod, usually in 2 rows, marginless. Cotyledons mainly accumbeut. [Greek, spoon, from the shape of the leaves.] A genus of about 25 species, not well understood, all natives of the colder parts of the noith temperate zone. Besides the following, about three others are found on the arctic and northern Pacific coasts of North America. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY i. Cochlearia officinalis L-. Scurvy- grass. (Fig. 1694.) Cochlearia officinalis L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. Cochlearia oblongifolia DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 363. 1821. Annual or perennial, diffuse, branching, gla- brous, somewhat fleshy, the branches 6/-i2/ long. Lower leaves long-petioled, oblong, orbi- cular or reniform, obtuse, X/-I/ l°ng> dentate or entire; upper leaves ovate or oblong, sessile or short-petioled; flowers white, 2"-3" broad; pet- als emarginate, or entire, thrice as long as the calyx; raceme elongating in fruit; pedicels as- cending, 3//-4// long in fruit; pods globose or ovoid, 2//~3// long, smooth or reticulated; valves convex, strongly i-nerved; style ]/?." long. Along seacoasts and rivers, Anticosti to Greenland and arctic America generally. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. A valued antiscorbutic salad. 8. ALLIARIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 418. 1763. Biennial or perennial, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, erect branching herbs, with broad dentate cordate or reniform leaves, and rather large racemose white flowers. Sepals short. Petals oblong, clawed. Stamens 6. Style very short, conic. Siliques linear, narrowly cyl- indric, terete or nearly so, slightly constricted between the seeds when dry, the valves with a strong midnerve, dehiscent from the base. Seeds oblong, striate, in i row in each cell; cotyledons flat, incumbent. [From Allium, garlic, on account of its similar odor.] " About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia. i. Alliaria Alliaria (L. ) Britton. Hedge-garlic. Garlic Mustard. (Fig. 1695.) Erysimum Alliaria L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Sisymbrium Alliaria Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 26. 1772. Alliaria Alliaria Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 167. 1894. Erect, branching, i°-3° high, glabrous or with a few hairs on the petioles and leaf-margins. Leaves reniform, broadly ovate or cordate, rarely nearly orbicular, crenate or undulate, the lower 2/-7/ broad on long petioles, the upper smaller, sessile or nearly so; pedicels 2//-3// long, spread- ing and very stout in fruit; flowers white, 3//~4// broad; pods glabrous, stiff", i/-2/ long, i" thick, pointed, 4-sided when dry. Waste places, woods and along roadsides, Ontario to southern New York, New Jersey and Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. May-June. Called also Jack-by-the-Hedge and Sauce alone. 9. SISYMBRIUM L> Sp. PI. 657. 1753. Annual or biennial, mostly tall and erect herbs, with simple entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and yellow white or rarely pink flowers. Petals generally elongated. Siliques elongated, linear, terete or flat, many-seeded. Valves mostly 3-nerved, dehiscent. Stigma nearly simple, or with 2 short lobes. Seeds in i row in each cell of the pod, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. [Ancient Greek name of some crucifer.] A genus of about 50 species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, about 8 other species are found in western North America. Leaves runcinate -pinnatifid. Flowers yellow; pods 1A' long, appressed. i. S. qfficinale. Flowers cream-color; pods 2' -4' long, divergent. 2. S. altissimum. Leaves oblong or spatulate, dentate; flowers white or pink. 3. S. humile. n6 CRUCIFERAE. [Vox.. II. i. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge Mustard. (Fig. 1696.) Erysimum officinale L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 26. 1772. Erect, more or less pubescent, or glabrous, i°- 3° high, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, the lower petioled, the up- per nearly sessile; lobes 3-6 pairs and an odd one, oblong, ovate or lanceolate, dentate, crenate or nearly entire, acutish or obtuse, the lower ones often recurved; pedicels i// long, erect in fruit; flowers yellow, i%" broad, pods 5" -7" long, linear, acuminate, glabrous or slightly hairy, closely appressed to the stem; valves with a strong prominent midrib. In waste places, common throughout our area, except the extreme north. Naturalized from Kurope. Native also of northern Asia. May-Nov. 2. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tall Sisymbrium. (Fig. 1697.) Sisymbrium altissimum L. Sp. PI. 659. 1753. Sisymbrium Sinapistrum Crantz, Stirp. Aust. Ed. 2, 52. 1769. Sisymbrium Pannontcum Jacq. Coll. i: 70. 1786. Erect, 2°-4° high, freely branching, glabrous or nearly so. Lowest leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, petioled, the lobes lanceolate, often auriculate; upper leaves smaller, shorter petioled or nearly ses- sile, very deeply pinnatifid, the lobes linear or lan- ceolate, dentate or entire, often with a narrow pro- jection on the lower side near the base; uppermost leaves often reduced to linear nearly entire bracts; flowers yellowish, about 3" broad; pedicels 3"-4" long, spreading or ascending, thickened in fruit; pods very narrowly linear, divergent, if-tf long, W wide; valves with a prominent midrib. Iti waste places, Quebec and Ontario to Alberta and Missouri, and in ballast at New York. Adventive from Europe. A bad weed in the Northwi-st Summer. 3. Sisymbrium humile Meyer. Low or Northern Rock-cress. (Fig. 1698.) Arabis petraea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 42. 1829. Not I^am. Sisymbrium humile Meyer, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 137. 1831 . Braya humilis Robinson, in Gray & Wats. Syn. Fl. i: Part i, 141. 1895. / Perennial, erect, 4/-io/ high, branching below, spar- ingly pubescent. Leaves spatulate, or oblanceolate, the lower obtuse, i '-2' long, narrowed into a petiole, sharply dentate or rarely entire, the upper smaller, narrower, often acute; flowers white or pink, i^//-2// broad; pedi- cels ascending or erect, 1"-$" long in fruit; pods nearly terete, glabrous, narrowly linear, f>"-ia" long, }&" wide; valves finely nerved; style yt" long. In rocky places, Anticosti, Willoughby Mountain, Vt, near Michipicoten Harbor, Iistrum. Upper leaves clasping by an auricled base. 4. B. campestris. i. Brassica nigra (L/.) Koch. Black Mustard. (Fig. 1701.) Sinapis nigra I,. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Brassica nigra Koch, in Roehl, Deutsche Fl. Ed. 3, 4: 713. 18.33. Erect, 2°-7° high, freely and widely branching, pubescent or glabrate. Lower leaves slender-petioled, deeply pinnatifid, with i terminal large lobe and 2-4 smaller lateral ones, dentate all around; upper leaves shorter-petiolcd or sessile, pinnati- fid or dentate, the uppermost reduced to lanceolate or oblong entire blades; flowers bright yellow, 3//-5// broad; pedicels slen- der, appressed, 2// long in fruit; pods nar- rowly linear, 4-sided, S"-?" long, %" wide, appressed against the stems and forming very narrow racemes; beak slen- der, i//-2// long; seeds dark brown. In fields and \\asU- places, common throughout our area. Naturalized from Ku rope. Native also of central Asia. June-Nov. 2. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard. (Fig. 1702.) Sinapis juncea L,. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Brassica juncea Cosson, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 6: 609. 1859. Annual, pale, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, somewhat glaucous, stem erect, usually stout, i°-4° tall. Lower leaves runcinate-piunatifid and dentate, long-petioled, 4/-6' long, the uppermost sessile or nearly so, lanceolate or linear, commonly entire, much smaller; flow- ers 6"-9// wide; fruiting racemes sometimes i° long; pods erect or nearly so, on slender ascending pedicels $"-5" long, not appressed to the axis, i/-2/ long, rather more than \" wide, the conic-subulate empty beak one- fourth to one-third the length of the body. In waste places, New Hampshire and Penn- sylvania to Michigan and Virginia. Adventive or naturalized from Asia. Also introduced into the West Indies and South America. May-July. Vor,. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. 119 3. Brassica arvensis (L,.) B.S.P. Charlock. Wild Mustard. (Fig. 1703.) Sinapts arvensis L,. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Brassica Sinapistrum Boiss. Voy. Espagne, 2: 39- 1839-45. Brassica arvensis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 1888. Erect, i°-2° high, hispid with scattered stiff hairs, or glabrate, branching above. Leaves similar to those of B. nigra but gen- erally not so much pinuatifid; flowers 6//- 8" broad; pedicels stout, 2//~3// long in fruit; pods glabrous, spreading or ascending, some- what constricted between the seeds, 6//-8// long, i ff wide, tipped with a flattened elon- gated-conic often i-seeded beak 5//-6// long, the valves strongly nerved. In fields and waste places, frequent or occa- sional. Adventive from Europe and widely dis- tributed as a weed. English names, Corn Mus- tard, Chadlock, Corn- or Field-Kale. May- Nov. 4. Brassica campestris I,. Turnip. Wild Navew. (Fig. 1704.) Brassica campestris L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Stem i°-3° high, branching, glabrous and glaucous, or sometimes slightly pubes- cent below. Lower leaves petioled, pu- bescent, more or less lobed or pinnatifid; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtusish, sessile and clasping the stein by an auricled base, entire or dentate, glabrous; flowers bright yellow, 4//-5// broad; pedicels spreading or ascending, often i' long in fruit; pods \y2'-i' long, tipped with a beak 4//~5// long. In cultivated grounds, sometimes persist- ing for a year or two, and occasional in waste places eastward. Fugitive from Europe. April-Oct. Brassica Napus I,. (RAPE) has all the leaves glabrous, and is sometimes found in waste places. 13. DIPLOTAXIS DC. Syst. 2: 628. 1821. Annual or perennial herbs, similar to the Mustards, with basal and alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Silique elongated, linear, flat or flattish, short-beaked or beakless, the valves mostly i -nerved. Style usually slender. Seeds in 2 complete or incomplete rows in each cavity of the silique, marginless; cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, referring to the double rows of seeds.] About 20 species, natives of the Old World, the following fugitive or adventive in our territory. The genus is often united with Brassica. Perennial; stem leafy nearly to the inflorescence. I. D. tenuifolia. Annual; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate. 2. D. muralis. 120 CRUCIFERAE. [VOL. II. i. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Wall Rocket. (Fig. 1705.) Sisymbrium tenuifolium L. Cent. PI. i : 18. 1755. Diploiaxis tenuifolia DC. Syst. 3: 632. 1821. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat glaucous, stem branched, bushy, leafy, i°-4° high. Leaves pinnatifid, often nearly to the midrib, thin, the lower 3/-6/ long, the lobes distant or close together, mostly narrow; ra- cemes elongated in fruit, loose: flowers 8"- io// broad; pods \'-\]^f long, about i#" wide, nearly erect; pedicels slender, lo^-zo" long in fruit. In waste places and ballast, Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, chiefly about the cities. June-Aug. 2. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Sand Rocket. (Fig. 1706.) Sisymbrium murale I,. Sp. PI. 658. 1753. Diploiaxis muralis DC. Syst. a: 634. 1821. Annual, branched from the base, sparingly hispid or glabrous, the slender branches i°- 2° high, leafy only below. Leaves oblanceo- latc, sinuate-lobed or sometimes pinnatifid, 2'-4' long, narrowed at the base, mostly slen- der- petioled;- fruiting racemes long, loose; flowers 6"-%'f broad; pod about i' long and i" wide, erect, flattish; fruiting pedicels 4"- 8" long. In waste places and ballast, range of the pre- ceding species. June-Aug. 14. RAPHANUS L. Sp. PI. 669. 1753. Erect branching mainly biennial herbs, with lyrate leaves and showy flowers. Silique elongated-linear, coriaceous, fleshy or corky, constricted or continuous and spongy between the seeds, indehiscent. Style slender. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, quick-appearing, from its rapid germination.] A genus of about 6 species, natives of Europe and temperate Asia. Flowers yellow, fading white; pod longitudinally grooved, 4-io-seeded. i. R. Raphanistritni, Flowers pink or white; pod not longitudinally grooved, 2-3-seeded. 2. R. sativus. Voi,. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. 121 i. Raphanus Raphanistrum I,. Wild Radish. (Fig. 1707.) Raphanus Raphanistrum L,. Sp. PI. 669. 1753. Biennial or annual, erect or ascending from a slender root, freely branching, i°- 2l/2° high, sparsely pubescent with stiff hairs especially below, or rarely glabrous throughout. Basal and lower leaves deeply lyrate-pinnatifid, 4/-8/ long, with a large terminal lobe and 4-6 pairs of succes- sively smaller lateral ones, all crenate or dentate; upper leaves few, small, oblong; flowers 6//~9// broad, yellow, fading to white, purplish-veined ; pedicels 3//-8// long in fruit; pods i'-i>£' long, 6-10 seeded, nearly cylindric when fresh, con- stricted between the seeds when dry, longi- tudinally grooved, tipped with a conic beak 5//-io// long. In fields and waste places, Pennsylvania to Ontario and New Brunswick. Often a trou- blesome weed. Introduced also in British Columbia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Rarely the flowers are purplish throughout. Erroneously called Rape. Summer. Jointed or White Charlock. -f 2. Raphanus sativus I,. Garden Radish. (Fig. 1708.) Raphanus sativus L. Sp. PI. 669. 1753. Similar to the last, but flowers pink or white. Root deep, fusiform or napi- form, fleshy. Pods fleshy, 2-3-seeded, not longitudinally grooved, often equalled or exceeded by the long conic beak. Cultivated and occasionally spontaneous for a year or two in gardens or fields, rarely in waste places. Native of Asia. June- Oct. 15. BARBAREA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2', 4: 109. 1812. Erect glabrous biennial or perennial branching herbs, with angled stems, pinnatifid leaves, and racemose yellow flowers. Stamens 6. Silique elongated, linear, 4-angled. Valves keeled or ribbed. Style short. Stigma 2-lobed or nearly capitate. Seeds in i row in each cell, flat, oblong, marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Name from St. Barbara, to whom the plant was anciently dedicated.] A genus of about 6 species, natives of the temperate zones. Pods obtusely 4-angled, slender-pedicelled; leaf-segments 1-4 pairs. Pods divergent or ascending. I. B. Barbarea. Pods erect, appressed. 2. B. slricta. Pods sharply 4-angled, stout-pedicelled; leaf -segments 4-8 pairs. 3. B. praecox. 122 CRUCIFERAE. [VOL. II. i. Barbarea Barbarea (I,.) MacM. 2. Barbarea stricta Amir/. Krect- f ruited Winter Cress. ( Fig. 1710.) Barbarea stricta Andrz. in Bess. Kmim. PI. Volh. 72. 1821. Rarbarea vulgaris var. stricta A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 35. 1856. Similar to the preceding species, about equally tall. Lateral segments of the leaves comparatively larger; pods obtusely or ob- scurely 4-angled, about i' long, erect and ap- pressed against the rachis of the raceme on erect or ascending slender pedicels. In fields and waste places, Quebec to Minne- sota and the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Nebraska. The plant is certainly naturali/i-d from Europe in the Kast, but is im- ported as indigenous in the Northwest. It is very abundant in northern Europe and Asia. Leaves shining above. April-June. Yellow Rocket or Cress. (Fig. 1709.) Erysimum Barbarea L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 109. 1812. Barbarea vulgaris var. arcuala A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 35. 1856. Barbarea Barbarea MacM. Met. Minn. 259. 1892. Tufted, stems erect, i°-2° high. Lower leaves petioled, 2/~5/ long, pinnatiful; ter- minal division much larger than the 1-4 pairs of lateral ones, all oval or obovate, repand-toothcd or sometimes entire; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, sometimes clasp- ing; flowers bright yellow, 3//-4// broad; pods spreading or ascending, about i' long, obscurely 4-angled; pedicels about 2" long. In fields and waste places, Labrador to south- ern New York and Virginia and locally in the interior. Also on the Pacific coast. Naturalized from Europe. Leaves thickish, shining above. April-June. Also called Bitter, Winter or Rocket Cress. 3. Barbarea praecox (J. E. Smith) R. Br. Early Winter or Belle Isle Cress. ( Fig. 1711.) imum praeco.v J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2: 707. 1800. Barbarea praecox R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 109. 1812. Closely resembles the last species. Divi- sions of the leaves more numerous (4-8 pairs); pods sharply 4-sided, slightly com- pressed, i^/-3/ long, borne on stout pedicels. In waste places, southern New York, Penn- sylvania and southward. Adventive from Eu- rope. Sometimes cultivated for salad. Re- ferred by Hooker and Thomson (Journ. Linn. Soc. 5: 139) to a variety of B. vulgaris and so regarded by Bentham and other English botan- ists, but its characters appear to be constant. In the Southern States called Scurvy-grass. April-June. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. 123 16. IODANTHUS T. &G.; A. Gray, Man. 32. 1848. A glabrous erect perennial herb, with dentate leaves auricled at the base, or the lower and basal ones lyrate-pinnatifid, and violet or white flowers in panicled racemes. Sepals much shorter than the petals, the inner ones slightly gibbous at the base. Petals long-clawed. Style stout; stigma subcapitate. Silique linear-cylindric, somewhat constricted between the seeds. Seeds oblong, rounded, in i row in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, violet-colored flower.] A monotypic genus of southeastern North America. i. lodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. lodanthus. Purple or False Rocket. (Fig. 1712.) Hesperis (?) pinnalifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 31. 1803. lodanthus hesperidoides T. & G. ; A. Gray, Gen. 111. i: 134. 1848. Thelypodium pinnatifidum S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 25. 1871. lodanthus pinnalifidus Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 812. 1841. Glabrous, stem slender, i°-3° high, branching above. Lower leaves ovate or oblong (occasionally cordate), 2'- 8' long, dentate, tapering into a mar- gined petiole which is clasping and auriculate at the base, the lower part of the blade often pinnatifid into 2-6 pairs of small oblong segments; stem- leaves similar or merely dentate, nar- rower, sometimes ovate-lanceolate, the upper nearly sessile; flowers numerous, 3//-4// broad; pedicels spreading, 2"- 3" long in fruit; pods linear, i/-i^/ long, y?." wide, spreading or ascend- ing; style stout, \" long. On river banks, western Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to Kentucky, Louisi- ana and Texas. May-June. 17. RORIPA* Scop. Fl. Cam. 520. 1760. [NASTURTIUM R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 109. 1812.] Branching herbs, with simple or pinnate lobed dissected or rarely entire leaves, and yel- low or white flowers. Sepals spreading. Stamens 1-6. Pods short or elongated, terete or nearly so. Stipe none. Valves generally i -nerved. Style short or slender. Stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Seeds turgid, minute, in 2 rows in each cell (very rarely in i row). Cotyledons accumbent. [Name unexplained.] About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, there are about 5 other North American species, natives of the southern and western parts of the continent. The white- flowered species perhaps represent different generic types. Flowers yellow. Flowers and pods distinctly pedicelled. Plants perennial by creeping or subterranean branches. Leaves pinnately divided; style very short; naturalized European species. i. R. sylvestris. Leaves pinnatifid; style slender; native western species. 2. R. sinuata. Plants annual or perennia_l, with fibrous roots. Pods i "-5" long, straight. Fruiting pedicels i"-2" long; stem diffuse. 3. R. obtusa. 4. R. sphaerocarpa. Pods linear to oblong, 3-5" long. Pods subglobose, about i" in diameter. Fruiting pedicels 2" -4" long; stem erect. Stem nearly or quite glabrous ; pods linear or linear-oblong. 5. R. palustris. Stem hispid-pubescent; pods globose or oval. Pods 4" -7" long, strongly curved upward. Flowers and pods very nearly sessile. Flowers white. Leaves pinnately divided; pods linear. Leaves simple or the lower pinnatifid; pods oblong or globose. Terrestrial, tall; leaves crenate, or the lower lobed or pinnatifid. Aquatic; immersed leaves finely dissected. 6. R. hispida. 7. R. curvisiliqua. 8. R. sessiliflora. 9. R. Nasturtium. 10. R. Armoracia. 11. R. Americana. * Originally spelled Rorippa, but corrected to this form by Adanson in 1763. CRUCIFERAE. [Voi,. II. i. Roripa sylvestris (L,.) Bess. Creeping Yellow Water-cress. (Fig. 1713.) Sisymbrium sylvestre L,. Sp. PI. 657. 1753. Nasturtium sylvestre R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: no. 1812. Roripa sylvestris Bess. Enum. 27. 1821. Perennial, glabrous; stems creeping, branches ascending. Leaves pinnately divided or deeply pinuatifid, petioled, $'-$' long, i'-2' broad, ovate in outline, the divisions obovate, or ob- long, toothed or lobed, the terminal one often somewhat larger than the lateral; pedicels slen- der, 3// long; flowers yellow, 3//-4// broad; pod linear, 4//-6// long; style very short. In low grounds and waste places, occasional from Massachusetts to Virginia and Ohio. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Summer. 2. Roripa sinuata (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchcock. Spreading Yellow- cress. (Fig. 1714-) Nasturtium sinuatum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:73. 1838. Rortpa sinuata A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhattan, 18. 1894. Perennial, diffuse, glabrous, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 2/-3/ long, %'-if wide, piuna- tiful, the lobes linear or oblong, obtuse, en- tire, or sparingly dentate; pedicels slender, 3" long; flowers yellow, about 2" broad; pods linear-oblong, sometimes slightly curved* 4//-6// long; style slender, i//-i/'4// long. Banks of the Mississippi, Minnesota to Mis- souri, west to the Sierra Nevada. The eastern forms referred to this species may be specifically distinct. June -Sept. 3. Roripa obtusa (Nutt.) Britton. Blunt-leaved Yellow-cress. (Fig. 1715.) Nasturtium oblusum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:74- 1838. Rorif>a obtusa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 169. 1894. Annual or biennial, diffuse, much branched, the branches ascending or erect. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 2/-4/ long, pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse, repand-toothed, or sometimes entire; pedicels i//-2// long; flowers yellow, i" broad or less; pods narrowly oblong, or lin- ear, 3//-5// long, ascending; style YI" long. In low grounds, Michigan, south to Texas, west to the Pacific Coast. April-Aug. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. 125 4. Roripa sphaerocarpa (A. Gray) Britton. Round-fruited Cress. (Fig. 1716.) Nastztrtium sphaerocarpum A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 6. 1849. Roripa sphaerocarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 170. 1894. Glabrous, stem erect or decumbent, usually branched, slender, 4/-i2/ high. Leaves oblong, obtuse, the lower lyrate-pinnatifid or incised, the upper sometimes nearly entire, all petioled or the upper subsessile; petioles narrowly mar- gined, somewhat clasping at the base; flowers i" broad or less; petals yellow, about equalling the sepals; silicle globose, about \" in diameter, about as long as its pedicel; style very short. Illinois to Kansas, Texas and California. June- July. 5. Roripa palustris (I,.) Bess. Marsh i or Yellow Water-cress. ( Fig. 1717.) Sisymbrutni amphibium var. palustre L. Sp. PI- 657- 1753- Nasturtium terrestre R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: no. 1812. Nasturtium palustre DC. Syst. 2: 191. 1821. Roripa palustris Bess. Enum. 27. 1821. Annual, or biennial, erect, branching, glabrous or slightly pubescent, i°-3^° high. Lower leaves petioled, $'-"1' long, oblong or oblanceolate, deeply pinnatifid (rarely only dentate), the lobes acutish or blunt, repand or toothed; upper leaves nearly sessile, dentate or somewhat lobed; base of the petiole often dilated and clasp- ing; pedicels slender, 3// long in fruit; flowers yellow, a//-3// broad; pods linear, or linear-oblong, 2-6 times as long as thick, about equalling the pedicels, spread- ing or curved; style W long or less. In wet places, nearly throughout North America except the extreme north. Appar- ently naturalized from Europe on the eastern side of the continent, but evidently indige- nous in the west. May-Aug. 6. Roripa hispida (Desv.) Britton. His- pid Yellow-cress. (Fig. -1718.) Rrachylobus hispidus Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 183. 1814. Nasturtium hispidum DC. Syst. 2: 201. 1821. Nasturtium palusfrevax. hispidum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 30. 1856. Roripa hispida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 169. 1894. Roripa palustris hispida Rydberg, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 149. 1895. Resembling the preceding species, but often stouter, sometimes 4° high, the stem, branches, petioles and veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves lyrate- pinnatifid; pedicels slender, spreading, about 3" long, longer than the globose or ovoid pod, which is 1-2 times as long as thick. In wet places. New Brunswick to British Columbia. Florida and New Mexico. Lower leaves sometimes 10' long. Summer. 126 CRUCIFERAK. [VOL. II. 7. Roripa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Bessey. Curved- fruited Cress. (Fig. 1719.) Sisymbrium curz-isiliqua Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 61. 1830. Nasturtium curvisiliqua Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 73- l838- Roripa cun-isiliqua Bessey, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 169. 1894. Annual or biennial, sparingly pubescent or gla- brous, stems erect or ascending, usually much branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves oval or oblance- olate in outline, pinnatifid, piunately lobed or toothed, the lower i'-3' long; flowers light yellow, 2" broad in short racemes; pe-tals rather longer than the sepals; style short; pods linear, 4//-7// long, less than \" wide, strongly curved upward; pedicels spreading or ascending, i"-2" long. In moist soil, Nebraska (according to Bessey), to British Columbia and California. May-Aug. 8. Roripa sessilifldra (Nutt.) A. S. Hitch- cock. Sessile-flowered Cress. (Fig. 1720.) Nasturtium sessiliflorum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 7V 1838. Roripa stssiliflora A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Man- hattan, 18. 1894. Annual or biennial, erect, glabrous, 8/-2o/ high, sparingly branched above, the branches ascend- ing. Leaves petioled, the lower 3/-4/ long, obo- vate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, lobed or pinnati- fid, with obtuse lobes; flowers yellow, i" broad, nearly sessile ; pods very slightly pedicelled, spreading or ascending, 3"-6" long, i" broad, narrowly oblong; style very short; seeds minute, mostly in 2 rows in each cell. In low grounds, Tennessee, western Illinois and Iowa to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. April- June. 9. Roripa Nasturtium (L.) Rusby. Water-cress. (Fig. 1721.) Sisymbrium Nasturtium I«. Sp. PI. 657. 1753. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ]•'A«-A*««*««*I if—Ar foil- ctAm cimnl**- atv»t«o Qm £^m at~CtiC(l. Perennial, i'-6' tall; stem simple; arctic. i. Lesquerella spathulata Rydberg. Bladder-pod. (Fig. 1745.) Low Ltsauerella spathulata Rydberg, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 486. 1896. Perennial, tufted from a deep root, very finely canescent and stellate, 4/-5/ high; stems slender, generally numerous, simple. Lower leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 6//-i2// long, acutish, narrowed into a petiole; the upper linear, mainly less than i" wide; flowers yellow, about 2" broad; racemes rather few-flow- ered; pedicels 3//-6// long, ascending, or recurved in fruit; pods oblong or nearly globose, slightly compressed, acute, subacute or rarely obtuse at each end, finely canescent, about i" long, few-seeded, tipped with a style of about their own length; septum commonly uu perforated. Dry hills, Nebraska and South Dakota to Montana and the North- west Territory. June. 2. Lesquerella globosa (Desv.) S. Wats. Short's Bladder-pod. (Fig. 1746.) Vesicaria globosa Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 184. 1814. Vesicaria Shortii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 102. 1838. Lesquerella globosa S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 252. 1888. Slender, erect or ascending, sparingly branch- ing, 6/-2o/ high, finely stellate-pubescent all over. Basal leaves obovate, l'-i %' long, obtuse ; stem-leaves narrower, linear or oblong, smaller, sessile, entire or with slightly undulate margins, the lowest sometimes narrowed into a petiole; flowers yellow; petals 2//~3// long; pedicels slen- der, spreading, 4//-5// long in fruit; raceme elon- gating; pod nearly globular, i" in diameter, glabrous when mature; seeds i or 2 in each cell; style very slender, 2" long. In open places, Kentucky and Tennessee to east- ern Missouri. April. Voi,. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY 3. Lesquerella argentea (Pursh) MacM. Silvery Bladder-pod. (Fig. 1747.) Myagrum argenteum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 434. 1814. Vesicaria argentea DC. Syst. 2: 297. 1821. Lesquerella Ludoviciana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 252. 1888. Lesquerella argentea MacM. Met. Minn. 263. 1892. Biennial or perennial, tufted, nearly sim- ple, 6/-i8/ high, densely stellate-pubescent throughout. Leaves linear, oblong or ob- lanceolate, the lower 2/~3/ long, blunt, entire or sparingly repand-toothed; flowers yellow; petals 3" long; pedicels slender, 8//-i2// long in fruit, spreading or recurved; pod slightly stipitate, stellate-pubescent, globose to oval, 2//-2^// long; style about equalling the pod. Prairies, Minnesota, Nebraska and Kansas, west to Dakota and northern Arizona. May-June. 4. Lesquerella gracilis (Hook.) S. Wats. Slender Bladder-pod. (Fig. 1748.) Vesicaria gracilis Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. JSJS- 1836. Lesquerella gracilis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 253. 1888. Weak, green, stem slender, io/-2O/ high, freely branching, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Leaves linear or oblanceolate, the lower slightly petioled, the upper sessile, 9//-2/ long, their margins often undulate; flowers yellow; petals about 3" long; pedicels spreading, sometimes i' long in fruit, ascending or upwardly curved; pod globose, glabrous, 2// in diameter, stipitate at the end of the pedicel; style 2// long; seeds several in each cell. Prairies, Nebraska to Texas. March-May. 5. Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydberg, n. sp. Oval-leaved Bladder-pod. (Fig. 1749.) Perennial from a tufted caudex, pale, densely stellate-canescent. Basal leaves tufted, broadly oval to obovate, sometimes nearly orbicular, entire, obtuse or subacute, i/-2/ long, narrowed into rather long petioles; stem-leaves distant, sessile, or the lowest short-petioled, linear-ob- lanceolate or narrowly spatulate; fruiting pedi- cels comparatively stout, ascending, 6//-io// long; pods very short-stipitate, subglobose, ob- tuse, 2>^//-3// in diameter, glabrous; style about 3" long; seeds about 6 in each cell. In dry soil, Kimball Co., Neb. (Rydberg, no. 22, 1891). This has been confounded with Lesquerella Engelmanni (A. Gray) S. Wats., of Texas and Colorado, said to occur in western Kan- sas. It differs in the simpler and taller (12' -i 8' ) habit and narrower ovate or oblong leaves. CRUCIFERAE. [VOL. II. 6. Lesquerella arctica (DC.) S. Wats. Arctic Bladder-pod. (Fig. 1750.) Alyssum ? arcticum DC. Syst. 2: 324. 1821. Vesicaria arctica Richards. Frank. Journ. 743. 1823. Lesquerella arctica S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 254. 1888. Perennial, tufted, densely stellate-pubescent, stem nearly or quite simple, erect, x'-s' tall. Leaves ob- lanceolate, or spatulate, or the upper oblong, i' long or less, obtuse, entire, the basal ones narrowed into broad petioles, the upper sessile; petals about 2" long; pods oval or subglobose, obtuse, 2//-3// high, glabrous or somewhat stellate-pubescent, few-seeded; septum per- forated; style i" or less long. Greenland and arctic America. Summer. Lesquerella irctica Piirshii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 254. 1888. Taller, sometimes 6' high; septum of the sparsely stel- late-pubescent pod unperforatea. Anticosti. 25. HUTCHINSIA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 52. 1812. [HYMENOLOBUS Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 117. 1838.] Low mostly diffuse herbs, more or less pubescent with forked hairs, our species annual, •with entire or pinnately lobed leaves, and very small white flowers in terminal racemes, the axis of the racemes much elongating in fruit. Stamens 6. Style wanting or very short. Silicles oval, obcompressed (i. f., at right angles to the partition), the valves with a strong midvein. Seeds numerous in each cell; cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. [Name in honor of Miss Hutchins, of Han try, Ireland, an eminent botanist.] About 8 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, only the following known in North America. i. Hutchinsia procumbens (L,.) Desv. Prostrate Hutchinsia. (Fig. 1751.) Lepidium procumbens L. Spec. PI. 643. 1753. Hutchinsia procumbens Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 168. 1814. Hymenolobus divaricalus Nutt.; T. & G. PI. N. A. i: 117. 1838. Capsella elliptica C. A. Meyer; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 199. 1831. Tufted, somewhat pubescent, or glabrous, branching near the base, the branches ascending or procumbent, slender, 2/-6/ long. Lower leaves short-petiolcd, pin- natifid, lobed, dentate or sometimes entire, %'-if long; upper leaves sessile or very nearly so, entire or lobed; flowers about #" broad; pedicels very slender, ascend- ing or spreading, 3//-6// long in fruit; pods elliptic or oval, mostly obtuse or emarginate, i #"-2" long; seeds several in each cell. In moist ground, often in saline situations, Labrador to British Columbia, and widely distributed in the Pacific States. Also in Europe, Asia and Australia. June-Aug. 1780. 26. BURSA Weber in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hoist. 47. [CAPSELLA Medic. Pfl. Gatt. x: 85. 1792.] Annual erect herbs, pubescent with forked hairs, the basal leaves tufted. Flowers race- mose, small, white. Silicles cuneate, obcordate or triangular, compressed at right angles with the septum, their valves boat-shaped, keeled. Style short. Seeds numerous in each cell, marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Middle Latin, purse, from the shape of the pod.] About 4 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, another occurs in the western parts of North America. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. i. Bursa Bursa-pastdris (I,.) Britton. Shepherd's Purse. (Fig. 1752.) Thlapsi Bursa-pastoris L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. Bursa pastoris Weber in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hoist. 47. 1780. Capsella Bursa-pastoris Medic. Pfl. Gatt. i: 85. 1792. Bursa Bursa-pastoris Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 172. 1894. Erect, branching, 6/-2o/ high from a long deep root, pubescent below, mainly glabrous above. Basal leaves more or less lobed or pinnatifid, form- ing a large rosette, rarely entire, 2/-5/ long; stem- leaves few, lanceolate, auricled dentate or entire; flowers white, about i" long; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, 5//-7// long in fruit; pods triangular, cuneate at the base, truncate or emar- ginate at the apex, 2//-4// long; seeds 10 or 12 in each cell. In fields and waste places, very common. Natural- ized from Europe, and widely distributed as a weed over all parts of the globe. Jan. -Dec. Other names are St. James'-weed, Case-weed, Mother's-heart. 27. CAMELINA Crantz, Stirp. Austr. i: 18. 1762. Erect annual herbs, with entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small yellowish flowers. Silicles obovoid or pear-shaped, slightly flattened; valves very convex, i-nerved. Seeds sev- eral or numerous in each cell, oblong, marginless, arranged in 2 rows. Stigma entire; style slender. Cotyledons incumbent [Greek, low flax.] A genus of about 5 species, natives of Europe and eastern Asia. i. Camelina sativa (L,.) Crantz. Gold-of- Pleasure. False Flax. (Fig. 1753.) Myagrum salivum L. Sp. PI. 641. 1753. Camelina sativa Crantz, Stirp. Austr. i: 18. 1762. Pilose-pubescent, or glabrous, simple, or branching above, i°-2° high. Lowest leaves petioled, entire or toothed, 2/~3/ long, lanceolate, acutish; upper leaves sessile, smaller, clasping by a sagittate base, mostly entire; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, 6"- ic/'longin fruit; flowers numerous,about3//long; pod obovoid or pyriform, margined, slightly flattened, 3"- 4" long, about 2//-3// wide; style slender, 1%" long. In fields (especially where flax has been grown) and waste places, frequent or occasional throughout our area. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Old name Mya- grum. Cultivated in Europe for the fine oil of its seeds; nutritious to cattle. June-July. 28. NESLIA Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 162. 1814. Annual erect branching herbs, hispid with branched hairs, with entire leaves, and small yellow racemose flowers. Silicles small, globose, wingless, reticulated, indehiscent, i-celled, i-seeded or rarely 2-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds horizontal; cotyledons incumbent. [Dedicated to J. A. N. De Nesle, a French botanist] A monotypic genus of Europe and eastern Asia. CRUCIFERAE. [VOL. II. i. Neslia paniculata (L,. ) Desv. Neslia. (Fig. 1754.) Myagrum paniculatum L. Sp. PI. 641. 1753. Neslia paniculata Desv. Jourti. Bot. 3: 162. 1814. Slender, branched above, rather densely rough- hispid, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate, or the up- per linear-lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, sagittate-clasping at the base, I'-zJ^' long, 2'/-8// wide; racemes elongated; flowers yellow, nearly \" broad; pedicels filiform, ascending, 3//-5// long in fruit; silicles globose, or slightly de- pressed, about i" in diameter, finely reticulated. In waste places, Ontario, Manitoba and British Co- lumbia, and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. May-Sept Rapistrum rug6sum(L. ) All., a plant with 2-jointed indehiscent pods, erect on appressed pedicels, in long racemes, has been found as a waif at Easton, Penn., and plentifully in_ballast about the seaports. It is near! .iu\.3, ii. i^ uw« luuuu ua a wan ai I..I>KMI, r dill., plentifully in ballast about the seaports. It is rly related to Raphanus. 29. DRABA L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Low tufted mostly stellate-pubescent herbs, with scapose or leafy stems, simple leaves, and mainly racemose flowers. Silicles elliptic, oblong or linear, flat, few to many-seeded. Stigma nearly entire. Seeds wingless, arranged in 2 rows in each cell of the pod, numerous; valves dehiscent, nerveless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek name for some plant of this family.] Species about 150, mainly natives of the north temperate and arctic regions, a few in southern South America. Besides the following, some 25 others are natives of western North America. Flowers white. Petals deeply 2-cleft. Petals entire, toothed, or emarginate. Flowering stems scapose, leafy only below. Plants annual, not arctic. Leaves entire, obovate or oblong. Leaves dentate, cuneate. Low arctic perennials. Leaves stellate-canescent. Leaves pilose-ciliate or glabrous. Flowering stems leafy throughout up to the inflorescence. Leaves entire or sparingly dentate. i />. rerna. 2. D. Caroliniana. 3. D. cunei/olia. 4. D. Fladnizensis. 5. D. nivalis. Leaves sharply dentate. Flowers yellow; stems leafy. Pods oblong, i"-a" long. Pods linear or lanceolate, 3"-6" long. Annual; pods 3" -4" long; pedicels divaricately spreading. Perennial; pods 4" -7" long; pedicels erect. Flowers yellow; stems scapose. i. Draba v6rna L,. Vernal Whitlow -grass. (Fig. 1755.) Draba verna L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Erophila vulgaris DC. Syst. Veg. a: 356. 1821. Annual, the leafless flowering stems (scapes) numerous, i '-5' high, erect or ascending, arising from among a tuft of basal leaves, which are oblong or spatulate-oblanceo- late, X/-I/ l°ngi dentate or nearly entire, acutish and pu- bescent with stiff stellate hairs; scapes nearly glabrous; flowers white, i^//-2// broad; petals deeply bifid; pedicels ascending, Yzf-\f long in fruit; racemes elongating; pods oblong, glabrous, $"-4," l°ng» i" broad, obtuse, shorter than their pedicels; style minute; seeds numerous. In fields, common throughout our district except the ex- treme north. Naturalized from Europe. Occurs also in Brit- ish Columbia. Native of Europe and western Asia. Feb.-May. 6. /'. incana. -. n. ramosissima. 8. D. brachycarpa. 9. D. nemorosa. 10. D. aurea. n. />. alpina. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. 141 2. Draba Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Whitlow-grass. (Fig. 1756 Draba Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 174. 1788. Draba hispidula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 28. 1803. Annual, the flowering scapes i/-5/ high from a short leafy stem. Leaves tufted, ob- ovate, 4//-io// long, obtuse, entire or rarely •with 3 or 4 teeth, pubescent with stiff stel- late hairs; scapes nearly glabrous; flowers white, iW~2ff broad; petals entire, some- times wanting in the later flowers; pedicels I//_2// long in fruit, clustered at the sum- mit of the scape; pods linear, 4//-6// long, nearly i// broad, glabrous; style none. In sandy fields, eastern Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. March-June. Draba Caroliniana micrantha (Nutt. ) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 72. 1867. Draba micrantha Nutt; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 109. 1838. Differs from the type only in the appressed- hispidpods. Petals often wanting. Prairies.Il- linois to Texas, New Mexico and Washington. 3. Draba cuneifolia Nutt. Wedge- leaved Whitlow-grass. (Fig. 1757.) Draba cuneifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 108. 1838. Annual, stellate-pubescent all over, 4/-8/ high, branching and leafy below. Leaves obovate, cuneate, or the lowest spatulate, yz'- \Y^f long, obtuse, dentate toward the sum- mit; flowering branches erect or ascending; flowers white, 2" broad; petals emarginate, twice or thrice the length of the calyx; pedi- cels ascending or spreading, 2//-4// long in fruit; raceme elongating; pods linear-oblong, obtuse, 4//-5// long, i" wide, minutely hairy; style none. In fields, Kentucky to Kansas, south to Flor- ida, west to southern California. Feb.-April. 4. Draba Fladnizensis Wulf. White Arctic Whitlow-grass. (Fig. 1758.) Draba Fladnizensis Wulf. in Jacq. Misc. i: 147. 1778. Draba androsacea Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 174. 1812. A low tufted arctic or alpine perennial. Leaves oblanceo- late basal, rosulate, acutish, entire, stellate-pubescent or with some simple hairs, ciliate or rarely nearly glabrous, 4"- 8" long; flowers whitish; scapes glabrous; pedicels ascend- ing, i/"-2// long in fruit; raceme at length somewhat elon- gated; pods oblong, glabrous, 2//~3// long, nearly i" wide; style altrost wanting. Gasp6, Quebec, and through arctic America, south in the higher Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. CRUCIFERAE. [VOL. II. 5. Draba nivalis 1,11 j. Yellow Arctic Whitlow-grass. (Fig. 1759.) Draba nivalislj\\. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1793: 208. 1793. Perennial by a short branched caudex; scapes tufted, somewhat pubescent, slender, leafless or sometimes bearing a small sessile leaf, \'-6,f high. Basal leaves usually numerous, tufted, oblanceolate or spatulate, 2//-7// long, entire, acutish or acute at the apex, narrowed into a short petiole, stellate-can escent, not ciliate, or slightly so near the base; flowers yellow, about 2" broad; calyx pubescent; style short; pods ob- long or linear-oblong, narrowed at both ends, glabrous or but little pubescent, on ascending pedicels i//~3// long. Labrador (according to Robinson), through arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada to Nevada. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 6. Draba incana L,. Hoary or Twisted Whitlow-grass. Draba incana L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Draba confusa Ehrh. Beitr. 7: 155. 1792. Perennial or biennial, erect, simple or somewhat branched, leafy, stellate-pubescent throughout, 6'- 12' high. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate, 4//-i2// long, acutish or obtuse, dentate or nearly entire; flowers white, i"-i#" broad; petals notched, twice as long as the calyx; pods oblong or lanceolate, acute, twisted when ripe, on short nearly erect pedicels, densely pubescent or nearly glabrous; style minute. In rocky places. Green Mountains: Gaspe, Quebec, arctic America, to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Eur- ope and Asia. Called also Hunger-flower. Summer. Draba incana arabisans (Michx.) S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 260. 1888. Draba arabisans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 28. 1803. Stem branched below, bearing tufts of spatulate narrow leaves; pods glabrous, twisted; style 1A" long. Northern New England and New York to Labrador, west along the Great Lakes to Minnesota and Manitoba. (Fig. 1760.) 7. Draba ramosissima Desv. Branching Whitlow-grass. (Fig. 1761.) Draba ramosissima Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 186. 1814. Erect, much branched below, 6"-i8' high, stel- late-pubescent throughout, the branches bearing tufts of leaves, the inflorescence corymboscly pan- iculate. Lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, i/-2/ long, acute, dentate with spreading teeth; upper leaves oblong or ovate, similarly dentate; branches of the panicle erect or ascending; flowers white, 2//-3// broad; petals entire or erose, twice or thrice the length of the sepals; pedicels spreading or ascending, 3//-4// long in fruit; pods oblong or lanceolate, hairy, 3/'-4// long, twisted; style slender, j//_2// long. Mountains of Virginia and Kentucky, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. April-May. MUSTARD FAMILY Voi,. II.] 8. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Short- fruited Whitlow-grass. (Fig. 1762.) Draba brachycarpa Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 108. 1838. Annual, tufted, 2/-5/ high, loosely stellate-pubes- cent, leafy to the inflorescence. Basal leaves ovate or obovate, 4//-6// long, obtuse, sparingly dentate or entire; stem-leaves smaller, sessile, oblong, en- tire; pedicels ascending, i//-2// long in fruit; raceme elongating; flowers yellow, \" broad; petals somewhat longer than the calyx, sometimes wanting; pods oblong, acute, \W-z" long, y2ff broad; style minute. Dry hills and fields, Virginia to Illinois and Missouri, south to Georgia and Louisiana. March-May. 9. Draba nemorosa I,. Wood Whitlow- grass. (Fig. 1763.) Draba nemorosa L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Annual, loosely stellate-pubescent, 6/-i2/ high, branching below, leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, dentate, the lower io'/-i2// long, 5"-1}" wide, the upper smaller; flowers yellow, fading to whitish, i// broad; petals notched, slightly exceeding the calyx; pedi- cels divaricately spreading in fruit, glabrous, 3//-io// long; racemes open, much elongating; pods pubes- cent, or nearly glabrous, oblong, obtuse, 3//-4// long; style none. Western Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota to Oregon, arctic America and in the Rocky Mountains. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 10. Draba aurea Vahl. Golden Whitlow- grass. (Fig. 1764.) Draba aurea Vahl in Hornem. Fl. OEcon. Ed. 2, 599. 1806. Perennial, pubescent throughout with stellate and simple hairs; stem branching or nearly simple, S'-io' high, leafy to the inflorescence. Basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 6//-i2// long, obtuse or acutish, slightly dentate or entire, often ciliate at the base; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute; pods lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4//-6// long; flowers yellow, 2" broad; petals twice the length of the calyx, emarginate or entire; pods acute, pubes- cent or rarely glabrous, at length slightly twisted, 4//-7// long, on erect pedicels one-half their length; style stout, }/2" long. Mignon Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Greenland; arctic America and in the Rocky Mountains south to Arizona. Summer. CRUCIFERAE. [VOL. II. ii. Draba alpina L,. Alpine Whitlow- grass. (Fig. 1765.) Draba alpina L,. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Perennial by a branched caudex, densely tufted, scapes pubescent, ^'-6' high. Leaves all basal, entire or few-toothed, oblong, or oblong-lanceo- late, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, ciliate, or villous-pubescent, some- times with some stellate hairs, 2//-6// long, sessile or short-petioled ; flowers yellow, about 3" broad; calyx pubescent or villous; style %" long or less; pod oval or ovate, narrowed at both ends, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, 2#//-4// long, \"-\W wide; pedicels ascending, i//-5// long. Hudson Bay to the mountains of British Columbia and Alaska. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 30. SOPHIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 417. 1763. [DESCURAINIA Webb & Barth. Phyt Can. i: 72. 1836.] Annual or perennial herbs (some exotic species shrubby), canescent or pubescent with short forked hairs, with slender branching stems, 2-pinnatifid or finely dissected leaves, and small yellow flowers in terminal racemes, the racemes much elongating in fruit. Calyx early deciduous. Style very short. Siliques linear or linear-oblong, slender-pedicelled, the valves i-nerved. Seeds very small, oblong, wingless, in i or 2 rows in each cell; cotyledons incumbent [Name in allusion to reputed medicinal properties.] About 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone, the Canary Islands and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States. Pods narrowly linear, 8"-ia" long, J»" wide, curved upward; pedicels ascending. i. 5. Sophia. Pods linear-oblong, 4" -7" long, nearly or quite i" wide, straight or nearly so; pedicels divergent or ascending, mostly longer than the pods. Densely and finely canescent; pedicels diverging nearly at right angles. 2. S. pinnata. Glabrate or somewhat canescent; pedicels ascending. 3. S1. incisa. Pods linear, 4"-s" long, about 'A" wide: pedicels erect-appressed or narrowly ascending, equalling or shorter than the pods. 4. S. Hartwegiana. i. Sophia Sdphia (L.) Britton. Flixweed. Herb-Sophia. (Fig. 1766.) Sisymbrium Sophia L. Sp. PI. 659. 1753. Descurainia Sophia Webb; Prantl in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 2, 192. 1892. Minutely hoary-canescent, stem usually much branched, i°-2#° tall, quite bushy. Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid into nar- rowly linear or linear-oblong segments; flowers very numer- ous, about 3" long; pedicels ascending, very slender, 6f/-8" long, glabrous or nearly so; pods narrowly linear, 8"-l2" long, fa" thick, ascending, curved upwards; seeds in i row in each cell of the pod. In waste places, New Brunswick to Ontario, south to New York and Illinois. Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. Called also Fine-leaved Hedge-Mustard. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. 2. Sophia pinnata (Walt.) Britton. Tansy- Mustard. (Fig. 1767.) Erysimum pinnatum Walt. Fl. Car. 174. 1788. .Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. Gen. 2: 68. 1818. Descurainia pinnata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 173. 1894. Densely canescent nearly all over, pale; stem erect, branched, 8/-24/ tall, slender, the branches ascending. Leaves 2/~4/ long, oblong in outline, 2-pinnatifid into very numerous small toothed or entire obtuse segments; pedicels very slender, spreading nearly or quite at right angles to the axis, 5//-7// long, usually longer than the pods; flowers i//-i^// broad; pods horizontal or ascend- ing, oblong or linear-oblong, compressed, 3//-4// long, i" wide, glabrous or somewhat canescent; style minute; seeds plainly in 2 rows in each cell. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. The western plants, commonly referred to this species, are here considered to belong mostly to the next. May-July. 3. Sophia incisa (Engelm.) Greene. Western Tansy-Mustard. (Fig. 1768.) Sisymbrium brachycarpon Richards. Frank. Journ. 744. 1823 ? Sisymbrium incisum Engelm.; A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 8. 1849. Descurainia. incisa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 173. 1894. Sophia incisa Greene, Pittonia, 3: 95. 1896. Resembles the preceding species, but is greener, nearly glabrous, or the pubescence is mixed with short glandular hairs. Leaves pinnately divided, and the pinnae i-2-pinnatifid into linear-oblong entire or toothed segments ; fruiting pedicels widely ascending, filiform, 5//-io// long, usually longer than the pods; pods 4//-7// long, about \" thick, somewhat swollen, erect or ascending ; seeds in i or 2 rows. In dry soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Tennessee, Kansas, Texas and California. May-Aug. 4. Sophia Hartwegiana (Fourn.) Greene. (Fig. 1769.) Sisymbrium Harlwegianum Fourn. Sisymb 66 1865. Sisymbrium incisum var. Harlwegianum Brew & Wats. Bot. Cal. i: 41. 1876. Descurainia Hartwegiana Britton, Mem. Ton- Club, 5: 173. 1894. Sophia Hartwegiana Greene, Pittonia, 3: 95. 1896. Similar to the two preceding species, densely minutely canescent or puberulent, stem i°-2° tall, the branches slender, ascending. Leaves usually less finely dissected, pinnately divided into 5-7 pinnae, which are pinnatifid with ob- tuse segments and lobes; fruiting pedicels erect-appressed or closely ascending, \%"- 4" long, shorter than or equalling the pods; pods erect or nearly so, linear, 4//-5// long about l/2" thick; seeds in i row. In dry soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory and Oregon, south to Utah, Mexico and California. The northern plant may be distinct from the plant of Fournier, which was Mexican. May-July. 10 Hartweg's Tansy- Mustard. I46 CRUCIFERAE. [Vol.. II. 31. STENOPHRAGMA Celak. OEster. Bot. Zeitsch. 27: 177. 1877. Annual or perennial herbs with the aspect of some species of Arabis, pubescent with forked hairs, with branched slender erect stems, entire or toothed leaves and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Style very short; stigma 2-lobed. Siliques narrowly linear, the valves rounded, nerveless, dehiscent. Seeds in i row in each cell in the following species, in some European species in 2 rows; cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, narrow septum. J About 10 species, natives of Europe and Asia. i. Stenophragma Thaliana (L.) Celak. Mouse-ear-, or Thale-cress. Wall-cress. (Fig. 1770.) Arabis Thaliana L,. Sp. PI. 665. 1753. Sisymbrium Thalianum Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. 7: 399. 1826. Stenophragma Thaliana Celak. OEster. Bot. Zeitsch. 27: 177. 1877. Stem slender, erect, i/-i6/ high, freely branching, more or less pubescent with short stiff hairs, especially below. Basal leaves \'-if long, obtuse, oblanceolate or oblong, narrowed into a petiole, entire or slightly toothed; stem-leaves smaller, sessile, acute or acutish, often entire ; pedicels very slender, spreading or ascending, 2"-4" long in fruit; flowers white, about i^x/ long; petals about twice the length of the sepals; pods narrowly linear, 4"-ic/' long, acute, often curved upward, glabrous. In sandy fields and rocky places, Massachusetts and south- ern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. Very common eastward. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. April-May. 32. ARABIS L. Sp. PI. 664. 1753. [TURRITIS L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753.] Annual or perennial, glabrous or pubescent herbs, with entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves and white or purple flowers. Siliques linear, elongated, flat; valves smooth, keeled or ribbed, mostly i -nerved, not elastically dehiscent at maturity. Stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Seeds in I or 2 rows in each cell, flattened, winged, margined or marginlcss; cotyle- dons accumbent [Name from Arabia.] A genus of about 80 species, mainly natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, about 26 other species occur in the northern and western parts of the continent. Called also Wall-cress. Seeds in i or a incomplete rows in each cavity of the pod. Basal leaves pinnatifid; pods ascending. Seeds large, orbicular, wing-margined; stem-leaves pinnatifid. i. A. Virginica. Seeds minute, oblong, wingless; stem-leaves entire, or dentate. 2. A. lyrala. Leaves small, mostly entire ; pods drooping; seeds oblong, wingless; arctic. 3. A. numi/usa. Basal leaves merely dentate or lyrate. Seeds minute, oblong, wingless. 4. A. denlata, Seeds larger, oblong, winged or margined. Pods curved upward, nearly i" broad. 5. A. alpina. Pods nearly erect, %" broad. Flowers white, 4" broad; pods not appressed; style 1A" long, Flowers white or greenish-white, 2" '-3 +"*•**• ~«'» <.»>»«•»«,«,« 6. A. patens. broad; pods appressed; style none. 7. A. hirsula. Pods recurved-spreading. Plant glabrous throughout. 8. A.laevigata. Leaves and lower part of stem hairy. 9. A. Canadensis. Seeds in 2 distinct rows in each cavity of the pod. Pods spreading or ascending; seeds winged. 10. A. brachycarpa. Pods erect, appressed; seeds wingless or narrowly winged. n. A. glabra. Pods reflexea; seeds winged. 12. A. Holboellii. . II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. 147 i. Arabis Virginica (L,.) Trelease. Virginia Rock-cress. (Fig. 1771 Cardamine Virginica L,. Sp. PI. 656. 1753. Cardamine Ludoviciana Hook. Journ. Bot. i: 191. 1834. Arabis Ludoviciana Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petr. 9: 60. 1842. Arabis Virginica Trelease; Branner & Coville, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1884: Part 4, 165. 1891. Annual or biennial, diffuse, glabrate, the stems ascending, 6/-ia/ high. I/eaves oblong, narrow, deeply pinnatifid, I'-s'long, the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile and sometimes reduced to lobed or entire bracts; pedicels spreading or ascending, 2" long in fruit; flowers very small, white; pods linear, ascending, 8//-i2// long, about ix/ broad; seeds in i row in each cell, nearly as broad as the pod, orbicular, wing- margined. In open places, Virginia and Kentucky to Mis- souri, south to Florida and Texas, west to Lower California. March-May. 2. Arabis lyrata I,. Lyre-leaved Rock-cress. (Fig. 1772.) Arabis lyrata L. Sp. PI. 665. 1753. Cardamine spathulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2. 29. 1803. Tufted, perennial or biennial, erect, 4/-i2/ high, glabrous above, pubescent below, or sometimes gla- brous throughout. Basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, i/-2/ long, spatulate or oblanceolate, pubescent or glabrous; stem-leaves entire or dentate, spatulate or linear, ^'-l' long; pedicels slender, ascending, 3"- 4" long in flower, elongating in fruit; flowers pure white, 3//-4// broad ; petals much exceeding the calyx; pods 9//-i5// long, linear, ascending, less than i" broad, their valves firm, nerved; style X" l°ng; seeds in i row, oblong, X/x l°ng> wingless. Rocky and sandy places, Ontario to Virginia and Ken- tucky, west to Manitoba and Missouri. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Also in Japan. April-Sept. Arabis lyrata occidentalis S. Wats. ; Robinson in Gray & Wats. Syn. Fl. i: Part i, 159. 1895. Valves of the pod thin, faintly nerved; stigma sessile or very nearly so. Lake Erie ; British Columbia to Alaska. 3. Arabis humifusa (J. Vahl) S. Wats. Arctic Rock-cress. (Fig. 1773.) Sisymbrium humifusum J. Vahl, Fl. Dan. pi. 2297. A. humifusa S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 124. 1890. Perennial from a slender root, somewhat pubes- cent at least below, or entirely glabrous, the stems diffuse or ascending, slender, mostly simple, 3/-6/ long. Leaves spatulate or oblong, nearly entire, 4"-8" long, i "-2" wide, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; flowers purplish or white, about 3" broad; style very short; pods linear, flat, at length drooping, 8//-i2// long, rather more than %" wide, the valves very faintly nerved; seeds ob- long, wingless, in 2 incomplete rows in each cell; cotyledons imperfectly accumbent. Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory. Summer. CRUCIFERAE. [VOL. II. 4. Arabis dentata T. & G. Toothed Rock-cress. (Fig. 1774.) Sisymbrium dentatum Torr. Transyl. Journ. Med. 10: 338. Name only. 1837. Arabis dentata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 80. 1838. Slender, erect or ascending, i°-2° high, sparingly branching, finely rough-pubescent. Basal leaves on margined petioles, obovate, dentate, 2/-4/long, obtuse; stem-lea vessessile> clasping by an auricled base, dentate, oblong or oblanceolate; pedicels i//-2// long, spread- ing; flowers greenish-white, i//-2// broad, the petals hardly exceeding the calyx; pods nar- rowly linear, io//-i5// long, spreading; style almostnone; seeds in i row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Western New York to Minnesota, south to Ten- nessee and Missouri. April-June. 5. Arabis alpina L. Alpine Rock- cress. (Fig. 1775.) Arabis alpina L. Sp. PI. 664. 1753. Erect or ascending, 4/-i2/ high, densely and finely pubescent. Basal leaves i/-2/ long, obovate or spatulate, obtuse, dentate, on margined petioles; stem-leaves ovate, ses- sile, clasping by an auricled base, dentate; flowers white, 2"-3" broad; petals much ex- ceeding the calyx; pedicels slender, spread- ing or ascending, 4" long in fruit; pods i'- i #' long, curved upward, narrowly linear, \" broad; seeds in I row in each cell, oblong, narrowly winged; style scarcely any. Gaspe, Quebec, to Labrador, arctic America and Alaska. Also in northern and central Europe and in northern Asia. Summer. 6. Arabis patens Sulliv. Spreading Rock-cress. (Fig. 1776.) Arabis palens Sulliv. Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 49. 1842. Erect, i°-2° high, mostly pubescent with spreading hairs, at least below. Basal leaves dentate, i'-3' long, on margined petioles; stem-leaves i/-2/ long, ovate or oblong, acute or acutish, sessile, dentate or nearly entire, partly clasping by a cordate base; pedicels as- cending, 6//-8// long in fruit, slender; flow- ers white, 4" broad; pods i/-i>^/ long, %" broad, narrowly ascending, not appressed; seeds in i row in each cell, oblong, narrowly winged; style i" long. Eastern Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Missouri. Summer. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. 149 7. Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Hairy Rock-cress. (Fig. 1777.) Turritis hirsuta L,. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Arabis hirsuta Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 2: 30. 1772. Stem strictly erect, nearly simple, i°-2° high, rough-hairy or nearly glabrous. Basal leaves on margined petioles, obovate or spatulate, obtuse, den- tate or repand, i/-2/ long; stem-leaves sessile, clasp- ing by an auricled base, lanceolate or oblong; pedicels nearly erect, or appressed, 3//-6// long in fruit; flowers 2//_3// iong) white or greenish- white; petals more or less longer than the calyx; pods narrowly linear, erect or appressed, i/-2/ long, about */%" wide; seeds i -rowed, or when young obscurely 2-rowed, ob- long or nearly orbicular, narrowly margined; style very short. In rocky places, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to the mountains of Georgia, Arizona and Cali- fornia. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 8. Arabis laevigata Smooth Rock-cress. Leaves flowers one (Muhl.) Poir. (Fig. 1778.) Turrilislaevigata'NLuhl. :Willd. Sp. PI. 3:543. 1801. A. laevigata Poir.in Lam.Encycl.Suppl. i: 411. 1810. Glaucous, entirely glabrous, i°-3° high, nearly simple. Basal leaves petioled, spatulate or ob- ovate, sharply and deeply dentate, 2'-$' long; stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate, or the upper lin- ear, acute, entire or dentate, clasping by an auricled or sagittate base; pedicels ascending or spreading, 4"-5" long in fruit; flowers greenish white, 2//-3// high; petals nearly twice the length of the calyx; pods 3/-4/ long, i" wide, recurved-spreading ; seeds in i row, oblong, broadly winged; style almost none. In rocky woods, Quebec to Lake Huron and Min- nesota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. April-May. Arabis laevigata lacmiata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:82. 1838. Stem-leaves deeply and narrowly laciniate- toothed. Kentucky. Arabis laevigata Biirkii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 17: 15. 1890. linear or lanceolate, elongated, entire or sparingly toothed, not auricled at the base- half the size of the type; petals equalling the sepals. Pennsylvania to North Carolina.' 9. Arabis Canadensis L. Sickle-pod. (Fig. 1779.) Arabis Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 665. 1753. Stem nearly simple, i°-3° high, pubescent below, glabrous above. Basal leaves narrowed into a petiole, blunt but sometimes acutish, dentate or lyrately lobed, 3'-7' long; stem-leaves sessile, not clasping, lanceo- late or oblong, narrowed at each end, toothed, or the upper entire, pubescent; pedicels hairy, ascending and 2//-4// long in flower, spreading or recurved and 4//r- 6" long in fruit; flowers greenish-white, 2//-3// long; petals twice as long as the calyx; pods 2/-3>£/ long, \Yzff broad, scythe-shaped, pendulous; seeds in i row in each cell, oblong, wing-margined; style almost none. In woods, Ontario to Georgia, west to Minnesota, Arkan- sas and Texas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. 150 CRUCIFERAE. [Vol.. II. 10. Arabis brachycarpa (T. &. G.) Britton. Purple Rock-cress. (Fig. 1780.) Turritis brachycarpa T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 79. 1838. Arabis confints S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 466. 1887. A. brachycarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 174. 1894. Biennial, somewhat glaucous, generally pur- plish, glabrous except at the base, simple or sparingly branched, i°-3° high. Basal leaves stellate-pubescent, obovate or spatulute, 1'-$' long, dentate, narrowed into a petiole; stem leaves sessile, auricled at the base, lanceolate or oblong-linear, about i' long, entire or with a few teeth; pedicels erect or spreading, $"-$" long in fruit; flowers white or pink, 4" broad; petals twice the length of the calyx; pods nar- rowly linear, nearly straight, i'-3' long, i" wide, loosely erect or ascending; seeds in 2 rows in each cavity, oblong, wing-margined. Quebec to Manitoba and the Northwest Territory, south to Massachusetts, western New York, Illi- nois and Minnesota. June-July. ii. Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard. (Fig. 1781.) Turritis glabra L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Arabis glabra Bernh. Verz. Syst. Erf. 195. 1800. Arabis per/oliata Lam. Encycl. i: 219. 1783. Biennial, erect, glabrous and decidedly glaucous above, pubescent at the base, nearly simple, 2°-4° high. Basal leaves petioled, 2/-io/ long, oblanceolate or oblong, dentate or sometimes lyrate, hairy with simple pubescence, or with hairs attached by the middle; stem-leaves sessile, with a sagittate base, glabrous, entire or the lower sparingly den- tate, 2/-6/ long, lanceolate or oblong, acutish; pedicels 2"- 6" long, erect; flowers yellowish-white, 2" broad; petals slightly exceeding the calyx; pods narrowly linear, 2/~3/ long, W wide, strictly erect and appressed; seeds in 2 rows, marginless, or narrowly winged; style none. In field? and rocky places, Quebec to southern New York and Pennsylvania, west to the Pacific Coast. Appears in some places as if not indigenous. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 12. Arabis Holboellii Hornem. Holboell's Rock-cress. (Fig. 1782.) .1. /f,>lhoellii Hornem. Fl. Dan. 11: pi. 1879. 1827. Arabis retrofracta Graham, Kdinb. Phil. Journ. 1829, 344. 1829. Erect, simple or branching above, io'-24r high, stellate-pubescent, hirsute or even nearly glabrous. Lower leaves spatulate or oblance- olate, tufted, petioled, j£'-2' long, obtuse, en- tire or sparingly toothed; stem-leaves sessile, erect, clasping by a narrow auricled base; pedicels slender, reflexed or the upper as- cending, 3" -5" long in fruit; flowers purple or whitish, 3 "-4" long, becoming pendent petals twice the length of the calyx; pods lin- ear, i/-2/ long, slightly more than y2'f wide, drooping; seeds margined, indistinctly in 2 rows in each cell; style very short or none. Lake Nepigon (according to Macoun) and throughout arctic America, extending south in the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada to New Mexico and California. Summer. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. i. E. cheiranthoides. 33. ERYSIMUM L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Annual or biennial, mainly erect and branching herbs, more or less pubescent or hoary, •with simple entire toothed or lobed leaves. Flowers mostly yellow. Siliques elongated, linear, 4-angled or rarely terete; valves strongly keeled by a prominent midvein. Stigma lobed. Seeds oblong, in i row in each cell, marginless or narrowly margined at the top; cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, name of a garden plant, meaning, perhaps, blister-drawing.] A genus of about 85 species, natives of the north temperate zone, most abundant in eastern Europe and central Asia. In addition to the following, 2 others are found in the Rocky Mountains .and one on the Californian coast. Flowers 2" -4" high. Pedicels slender, spreading; pods very narrow, 6"-ia" long. Pedicels stout, short; pods 9' -2' long. Pods i'-2' long, less than i" thick; plant green, appressed-pubescent. 2. E. inconspicuum. Pods9"-i8" long, about i" thick; plant pale, appressed-canescent. 3. E. syrticolum. Flowers 8" -12" high, conspicuous. 4. E. asperum. I. Erysimum cheiranthoides L,. Worm- seed or Treacle Mustard. (Fig. 1783.) Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Sp. PI. 661. 1753- Erect, minutely rough-pubescent, branching, 8'-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, i'-4' long, acutish or obtuse, entire or slightly dentate, ta- pering at the base into a short petiole or the upper ses- sile; pedicels slender, spreading or somewhat ascend- ing, 3//-4// long in fruit; flowers about a^" high; pods linear, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, 6//-i2// long, less than i" broad, nearly erect on slender spreading pedi- cels; valves strongly keeled; style YT." long. Along streams and in fields, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and southern New England to Newfoundland, west to the Pacific Coast. Appears in some places as adventive. Also in northern Europe. June-Aug. 2. Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. (Fig. 1784.) Small Erysimum. Erysimum parvtflorum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 95. 1838. Not Pers. Erysimum asperum var. inconspicuum S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 24. 1871. Erysimum inconspicuum MacM. Met. Minn. 268. 1892. Erect, green, roughish-puberulent, stem i°-2° tall, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves oblanceolate or linear, i/-3/ long, obtuse, entire or dentate, the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled; flowers about 4" high and broad; pedicels stout, about 2" long in fruit, ascending; pods narrowly linear, i'- 2' long, less than \" wide, minutely rough- puberulent, narrowly ascending or erect; style very stout, X//~I In dry soil, Minnesota to Manitoba, British Columbia and Alaska, south to Kansas, Colo- rado and Nevada. Also in Ontario, according to Macoun. July-Aug. 152 CRUCIFERAE [Vox.. II, 3. Erysimum syrticolum Sheldon. Sand Erysimura. (Fig. 1785.) Erysimum syrticolum Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 285. 1893. Similar to the preceding species and per- haps a form of it, but pale and finely ap- pressed-canescent, the stems stiff, erect or assurgent, branched near the base or simple, i°-2^° tall. Leaves firm, linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, i/-2/ long, early falling away; flowers 3"-4" high; stigma conspicuously 2-lobed; style less than i" long; pods linear, rather stout, 9"-! 8" long, nearly i" thick, erect or nearly so on ascending pedicels 2#"-4" long; seeds ob- long, %" long. On dry sandy banks, Minnesota to the North- west Territory. July-Aug. 4. Erysimum &sperum DC. Western Wall-flower. Yellow Phlox. (Fig. 1786.) Erysimum lanceolatum Pursh, Fl- Am. Sept. 436. 1814. NotR. Br. 1812- Erysimum asperum DC. Syst. a: 505. 1821. Erysimum Arkansanum Nutt. ; T. & 6. Fl. N. A. i: 95. 1838. Rough-pubescent or hoary, 1°-$* high, simple or branching above. Lower leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering into a petiole, dentate or sometimes entire, mainly acute; upper leaves smaller, sessile or nearly so, entire or rarely toothed; flowers orange-yellow, large and showy, 6//-i2// high and nearly as broad; pedicels stout, spreading, 2//-3// long in fruit; pods linear, rough, i #'-4' long, nearly \" wide, 4-sided; style short, thick. In open places, Ohio and Illinois to Texas and the Saskatchewan region, west to the Pacific Coast. The eastern plant (E. Arkansanum Nutt.) gener- ally has broader leaves than the west- ern. Also in eastern Quebec, prob- ably cdventive. May-July. 34. ALYSSUM L. Sp. PI. 650. 1753. Low branching stellate pubescent annual or perennial herbs, with small racemose yellow or yellowish flowers. Petals entire. Filaments often dilated and toothed or appendaged. Silicic ovate, oblong or orbicular, compressed, its valves nerveless, the septum thin. Stigma nearly entire. Seeds 1-8 in each cell of the pod, wingless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, curing madness.] A genus of about 100 species, natives of the Old World, some of them known as Madwort. VOL. II.] MUSTARD FAMILY. i. Alyssum alyssoides (I,.) Gouan. Yellow or Small Alyssum. (Fig. 1787.) Clypeola alyssoides L- Sp. PI. 652. 1753. Alyssum alyssoides Gouan, Hort. Monsp. 321. 1762. Alyssum calycinum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 908. 1763. Densely stellate-pubescent, erect, simple, or branching from the base, tufted, s'-io' high. Leaves linear-oblong or spatulate, narrowed at the base, obtuse, entire, Zff-i$ff long, the lower somewhat petioled; flowers yellowish- white, i/x broad; pedicels spreading or ascending, 2" long in fruit; pods orbicular, i^x/ in diameter, margined, mi- nutely pubescent, notched at the apex, tipped with the mi- nute style; sepals persisting around the base of the pod; seeds 2 in each cell; filaments of the shorter stamens minutely toothed at the base. In fields, Ontario to southeastern New York, New Jersey < Iowa, and in ballast about the seaports. Also in the Far W< Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Summer. and est. 35. KONIGA* Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 420. 1763. [LOBULARIA Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 172. 1813.] Perennial herbs or shrubs, pubescent or canesceut with forked hairs, with entire leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Filaments slender, not toothed, but with two small glands at the base. Silicic compressed, oval or orbicular. Seeds i in each cell. Cotyledons accutnbent. [Name in honor of Charles Konig, a curator of the British Museum.] About 4 species, natives of the Mediterranean region. i. Koniga maritima (I,.) R. Br. Sweet Alyssum. Seaside Koniga. (Fig. 1788.) Clyfteola maritima L. Sp. PI. 652. 1753- Alyssum maritimum Lam. Encycl. 1:98. 1783. Koniga maritima R. Br. in Denh. & Clapp, Narr. Exp. Afric. 214. 1826. Procumbent or ascending, freely branch- ing, 4/-i2/ high, minutely pubescent with appressed hairs. Stem-leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate or linear, X/-2/ l°ng> i//-2^// wide; basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into a petiole; flowers white, fragrant, about 2" broad; pedicels ascending, 3//~4''/ long in fruit; pods glabrous, pointed, oval or nearly orbicular, i//-i^// long; calyx deciduous; stamens not appendaged. In waste places, occasional. Escaped from gardens. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 36. BERTEROA DC. Mem. Mus. Paris, 7: 232. 1821. Annual or perennial herbs, pubescent or canescent with forked hairs, the leaves mostly narrow and entire, and the flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. Petals 2-cleft. Filaments 2-toothed at the base. Silicles oblong or subglobose, little compressed. Seeds several in each cell; cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of C. G. Bertero, a botanist of Pied- mont, 1739-1831.] About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia. * Originally spelled Konig. Latinized by R. Brown in 1826. [VOL. II. 154 CRUCIFERAE. i. Berteroa incana (L/.) DC. Hoary Alyssum. (Fig. 1789.) Alyssum incanum L> Sp. PI. 650. 1753. Berteroa incana DC. Syst. a: 291. 1821. Erect or ascending, i°-2° high, hoary-pubescent, branching above. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, ftf- i%' long, obtuse, entire or slightly undulate, the lower narrowed into a petiole; flowers white, \"-\W broad; pedicels ascending, 2//~3// long in fruit; pod pubescenti oblong, $"-4," long and about half as broad; cells several-seeded; style i//-i^// long; stigma minute. In waste places, Maine to Massachusetts, New Jersey and Missouri. Adventive or naturalized from Europe, becoming abundant. Racemes elongating, the flowers and pods very numerous. June-Sept. • 37. HESPERIS L. Sp. PI. 663. 1753. Erect perennial or biennial herbs, pubescent with forked hairs, with simple leaves and large racemose purple or white flowers. Stigma with 2 erect lobes. Siliques elongated, nearly cylindric, the valves keeled, dehiscent, i-nerved. Seeds in I row in each cell, globose, wing- less; cotyledons incumbent. [Name from Hesperus, evening, when the flowers are most fragrant.] About 20 species, natives of Europe and Asia. i. Hesperis matronalis L/. Dame's Rocket or Dame's Violet. (Fig. 1790.) Hesperis malronalis L. Sp. PI. 663. 1753. Erect, simple or sparingly branched above, 2°- 3° high, pubescent. Lower leaves 3'-8' long, tapering into a petiole, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, dentate with minute teeth, pubescent on both sides; upper leaves similar but smaller, ses- sile or short -petioled; flowers 8//-i2// broad, pink, purple or white, fragrant; blade of the petals widely spreading, about as long as the claw; pods 2/-4/ long, spreading or ascending, contracted between the seeds when ripe. In fields and along roadsides, escaped from gar- dens, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and Iowa. Native of Europe and Asia. May-Aug. Old Kng- lish names are Queen's or Dame's Gilliflower; Night-scented, Rogue's or Winter Gilliflower; Damask Violet. Family 33. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst Ed. 2, 61. 1836. CAPKR FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs (rarely trees), with a watery sap, alternate or very rarely opposite, simple or palmately compound leaves and axillary or terminal, solitary or racemose, regular or irregular, mostly perfect flowers. Sepals 4-8. Petals 4 (rarely none), sessile or clawed. Receptacle elongated or short. Stamens 6-00 , not tetradynamous, inserted on the receptacle; anthers oblong. Ovary sessile or stipitate; style generally short; ovules oo , borne on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds mainly reniform in our species; endosperm none; embryo generally coiled. A family of about 35 genera and 400 species, mostly of warm regions. VOL. II.] CAPER FAMILY. 155 Pod long-stipitate on its pedicel; stamens 4-6. Pod linear-elongated ; petals generally clawed. Petals entire. Petals laciniate. Pod short, rhomboid; petals sessile. Pod nearly or quite sessile on its pedicel. 1. Cleome. 2. Cristatella. 3. Cleomella. 4. Polanisia. i. CLEOME L. Sp. PI. 671. 1753. Herbs or low shrubs, generally branching. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or simple. Leaflets entire or serrulate. Calyx 4-divided or of 4 sepals, often persistent. Petals 4, cru- ciate, nearly equal, entire, more or less clawed. Receptacle short, slightly prolonged above the petal-bases. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), inserted on the receptacle above the petals. Ovary stalked, with a gland at its base. Capsule elongated, long-stipitate, many-seeded. [Deriva- tion uncertain; perhaps from the Greek, to shut.] About 75 species, mainly natives of tropical regions, especially American and African. In ad- dition to the following, 4 others occur in the western part of the United States. Leaves 3-foliolate; flowers pink, or white. i. C. serrulata. Leaves, at least the lower, s-y-foliolate. Flowers pink, or white. 2. C. spinosa. Flowers yellow. 3. C. lutea. ««sf M$r .. i. Cleome serrulata Pursh. Pink Cleome. (Fig. 1791.) Cleome serrulata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 441. 1814. Cleome inlegrifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 122. 1838. Erect, glabrous, 2°-3° high, branching above. Leaves 3-foliolate, the lower long and slender-petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so; leaflets lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire or distantly serrulate, \f-$f long; fruiting racemes greatly elongated; bracts lanceolate or linear, often mucronate; pedicels slender, spreading or recurved and 6//-io// long in fruit; stipe of the pod about equalling the pedicel; flowers pink or white, very showy; petals oblong, slightly clawed, 5//-6// long, obtuse; pods linear, acute, I'-z' long. Prairies, northern Illinois to Minnesota and the Canadian Rocky Mountains, southwest to Kansas, New Mexico and Arizona. Naturalized from the west, in its eastern range. July-Sept. 2. Cleome spinosa L. Spider- flower. (Fig. 1792.) Cleome spinosa L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 939. 1763. Cleome pungens Willd. Enum. PI. 689. 1809. Erect, 2°-4° high, branching above, clammy-pubescent. Leaves 5~7-foliolate, the lower long-petioled, s'-S' in diameter, the upper shorter-petioled or nearly ses- sile, passing into the simple lanceolate or cordate-ovate bracts of the raceme; peti- oles spiny at the base; leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely serrulate; flowers numerous, long-pedi- celled, showy, purple or whitish, i' broad or more; petals obovate, long-clawed; stipe of the linear glabrous pod at length 2/-6/ long; stamens variable in length, often long-exserted. In waste places, southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Illinois and Louisiana. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. Fugi- tive or adventive from tropical America. Summer. 156 CAPPARIDACEAE. [Vol.. II. 3. Cleome lutea Hook. Yellow Cleome. (Fig. 1793.) Cleome lutea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 70. pi. 25. 1830. Erect, glabrous, branching, i_j£°- 3}4° high- Leaves 5-foliolate, slender- petioled, or the upper 3-foliolate and nearly sessile; leaflets oblong or ob- long-lanceolate, entire, short-stalked or sessile, narrowed at the base, ob- tuse or acute and mucronulate at the apex, j£/-2/ long; racemes elongating in fruit; bracts linear-oblong, mucro- nate; pedicels slender, 5//-6// long; flowers densely racemose, yellow; petals obovate or oblanceolate, about 5" long; pod linear, 1%'-$' long, acute, borne on a stipe becoming longer than the pedicel. In dry soil, Nebraska to Washington and Arizona. June-Sept. 2. CRISTATELLA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7: 85. pi. 9. 1834. Annual viscid glandular-pubescent herbs, with digitately 3-foliolate leaves, and small white or yellowish flowers in terminal bracted racemes. Sepals spreading, slightly united at the base. Petals 4, laciniate or fimbriate at the summit, borne on long slender claws, the 2 lower smaller than the 2 upper. Receptacle short, with a short petaloid nectary between the ovary and the upper sepal. Stamens 6-14; filaments slender, declined. Ovary stalked, alsodeclined. Capsule linear, nearly terete, many-seeded. [ Diminutive of cristatus, crested.] A genus of a species natives of the south-central United States. x. Cristatella Jamesii T. &G. James' Cristatella. (Fig. 1794.) Cristatella Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 124. 1838. Erect, slender, branching, 6'-is' high. Leaves slender-petioled; leaflets nearly sessile, linear or linear-oblong, longer than the petiole, entire, obtuse, 4//-i2// long; flowers slender-pedicclled, whitish or yellowish; bracts mostly 3-foliolate; claws of the larger petals i#//-2/j£// long; sepals acute or obtusish; pod ascending, much longer than its stipe and somewhat longer than the pedicel. In dry soil, Nebraska to Louisiana and Texas. June-Dec. 3. CLEOMELLA DC. Prodr. i: 237. 1824. Annual glabrous branching erect or diffuse herbs, with small yellow flowers and 3-folio- late leaves. Calyx of 4 sepals. Petals 4, sessile, not clawed. Receptacle short, glandlcss. Stamens 6, inserted on the receptacle. Ovary short, long-stalked. Capsule short, rhomboid or trapezoid, often broader than long, 4-io-seeded. [Diminutive of Cteome.] A genus of about 8 species, natives of southwestern North America, extending into Mexico. VOL. II.] CAPER FAMILY. 157 i. Cleomella angustifolia Torr. Northern Cleomella. (Fig. 1795.) Cleomella angiistifolia Torr.; A. Gray, PI. Wright, i: 12. 1852. Generally erect, i°-i^° high, branching above. Leaflets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, longer than the petiole; bracts linear, simple; flowers yellow, 2X/- 3" broad; pedicels very slender, Yif long in fruit; pod flattened, rhomboid, 1"-$" broad, about 2/x high, pointed, raised on a very slender stipe 2//-4// long, its valves almost conic; placentae persistent after the valves fall away, each bearing about 3 seeds. Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. Summer. 4. POLANISIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 98. 1819. Annual branching herbs, mainly glandular-pubescent and exhaling a strong disagreeable odor, with whitish or yellowish flowers, and palmately compound or rarely simple leaves. Sepals 4, lanceolate, deciduous. Petals slender or clawed. Receptacle depressed, bearing a gland at the base of the ovary. Stamens 8- x, somewhat unequal. Pod nearly or quite ses- sile on its pedicel, elongated, cylindric or compressed, its valves dehiscent from the summit. Seeds rugose or reticulated. [Greek, very unequal, referring to the stamens.] A genus of about 14 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. In addition to the fol- lowing, 2 other species are found in the southern and western parts of North America. Stamens equalling or slightly exceeding the petals; flowers 2" -3" long. Stamens much exceeding the petals; flowers 4" -6" long. 1. P. graveolens. 2. P. trachysperma. i. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Clammy-weed. (Fig. 1796.) Cleome dodecandra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. a; 32. 1803. Not L. 1753. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Am. Journ. Sci. i: 378. 1819. Viscid and glandular-pubescent.branch- ing, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves 3-foliolate, slender-petioled; leaflets oblong, obtuse, entire, 6//-i2// long ; sepals purplish, slightly unequal; petals cuneate, clawed, deeply emarginate or obcordate, yellow- ish-white; stamens 9-12, purplish, equal- ling or slightly exceeding the petals; style about i// long; pod lanceolate-ob- long, slightly compressed, i'-iyi' long, 3//-4// wide, slightly stipitate, rough, reticulated; seeds rough. Sandy and gravelly shores, western Que- bec to Manitoba and the Northwest Terri- tory, south to southern New York, Pennsyl- vania, Kansas and Colorado. Summer. CAPPARIDACEAE. [Vox,. II. 2. Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Large-flowered Clammy- weed. (Fig. 1797.) Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 669. 1840. Jacksonia trachysperma Greene, Pittonia, 2: 175. 1891. Similar to the last, but flowers twice the size (4//-6// long); style slender, 2/'-3// long; stamens much exserted, often twice the length of the petals; filaments purple, conspicuous; pod slightly larger, nearly or quite sessile. Prairies, Iowa to Texas, west to British Columbia, Nevada and Arizona. Summer. Family 34. RESEDACEAE S. F. Gray, Nat. An. Brit. PI. 2: 665. 1821. MIGNONETTE FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with alternate or fas- cicled leaves, gland-like stipules and racemose or spicate, bracted flowers. Flowers unsymmetrical. Calyx 4-7 -parted, more or less inequilateral. Petals generally 4-7, cleft or entire, hypogynous. Disk fleshy, hypogynous, i -sided. Stamens 3-40, mainly inserted on the disk; filaments generally unequal. Ovary i, compound, of 3-6 carpels; styles or sessile stigmas 3-6; ovules oo . Fruit cap- sular in all but i genus. Seeds reniform, without endosperm; cotyledons incumbent. Six genera and about 65 species, mainly natives of the Mediterranean region. i. RESEDA L. Sp. PI. 448. 1753. Erect or decumbent herbs, with entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and small spicate or narrowly racemose flowers. Petals 4-7, toothed or cleft. Disk cup-shaped, glandular. Stamens 8-30, inserted on one side of the flower and on the inner surface of the disk. Cap- sule 3-6-lobed, horned, opening at the top before the seeds mature. [Ancient Latin name, referring to the supposed sedative effects of some of the species.] About 55 species, all natives of the Old World. leaves entire; upper petals lobed, the lower entire. i. R. Luteola. Leaves lobed or pinnatifid. Petals greenish-yellow, 3 or 4 of them divided. 2. R. lutea. Petals white, all of them cleft or divided. 3. R. alba. i. Reseda Luteola L. Dyer's Rocket. Yellow-weed. (Fig. 1798.) Reseda Luteola L. Sp. PI. 448. 1753. Glabrous, erect, simple, or sparingly branched above, i°-2^° high. Leaves lanceolate or lin- ear, entire, obtuse, sessile or the lowest narrowed into a petiole; flowers greenish-yellow, i//-2// broad, in long narrow spikes; sepals 4; petals 4 or 5, very unequal, the upper ones lobed, the lower entire; capsule globose, 2'/~3// in diame- ter, with 3 or 4 apical teeth and 6-8 lateral ridges. In waste places, Long Island, N. Y. ; also in the western part of the State (Gray), and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from Europe. Cultivated for its yellow dye. Summer. Also called Dyer's Weed, Dyer's Mignonette and Weld. VOL. II.] MIGNONETTE FAMILY. 159 (Fig. 1799.) 2. Reseda lutea L. Yellow Cut-leaved Mignonette. Reseda lutea L. Sp. PI. 449- 1753- Ascending or decumbent, pubescent with short scattered stiff hairs, or nearly glabrous. Leaves 2'-4/ long, broadly ovate or oblong in outline, deeply lobed or divided, sometimes pinnatifid, their segments linear or oblong, obtuse, the margins un- dulate; flowers greenish-yellow, 2//-3// broad, in narrow racemes; pedicels ascending, about 2X/ long in fruit; petals 6 or 5, all but the lowest irregularly cleft; sepals of the same number; capsule oblong, about 4" long, i^//-2// wide, with three or rarely 4 short teeth. In waste places, Nantucket, Mass., to New Jersey and Michigan, and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from Europe. Summer. Called also Crambling Rocket. Reseda odorata L,., the Mignonette of the gardens, has wedge-shaped entire or 3-lobed leaves, and very fragrant flowers with deeply cleft petals. 3. Reseda alba L,. White Cut-leaved Mignonette. (Fig. 1800.) Reseda alba L,. Sp. PI. 449. 1753. Erect, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, i°-3° high. Leaves often crowded, pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, the segments 9-12, linear, linear- oblong or lanceolate, obtusish, entire or un- dulate, 4//-i2// long; flowers nearly or quite white, 2//-3// broad, in dense spike-like ra- cemes; pedicels short; petals 6 or 5, all 3-cleft at the summit; sepals of the same number; capsule ovoid-oblong, usually 4-toothed, 5"- 6" long. In waste places, Buffalo, N. Y. ; Youngstown, Ohio, in ballast about the eastern seaports and in British Columbia. Adventive from southern Europe. July-Aug. Family 35. SARRACENIACEAE La Pyl. Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, 6: 379. 1827. PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY. Marsh herbs, with basal tubular or pitcher-shaped leaves, and large scapose nodding flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, hypogynous, imbricated, persistent. Petals 5, imbricated, hypogynous, deciduous or none. Stamens oo; anthers versatile. Ovary i, 3-5 -celled ; ovules oo , in many rows. Capsule 3-5 -celled, loculicid- ally dehiscent ; style terminal, peltate, lobed, or in one genus simple. Seeds small, the testa reticulated ; embryo small ; endosperm fleshy. Three genera and about 10 species, all natives of America. Besides the following genus, Chrys- amphora of California and Heliamphora of Venezuela are the only known members of the family. i. SARRACENIA L. Sp. PI. 510. 1753. Leaves hollow, pitcher-form or trumpet-shaped, with a lateral wing and a terminal lid or lamina. Sepals 5, with 3 or 4 bracts at the base. Petals 5, ovate or oblong. Ovary 5-celled. Style dilated at the apex into a peltate umbrella-like structure with 5 rays which terminate under its angles in hooked stigmas. Capsule 5-celled, granular, rugose. Seeds anatropous. [Named in honor of Dr. Jean Antoine Sarracin, a botanist of Quebec.] About 8 species natives of eastern and southeastern North America. i6o SARRACENIACEAE. Leaves pitcher-shaped, curved; flower purple or greenish Leaves tubular-trumpet-shaped; flower yellow. (rarely yellow). [VOL. ii. 1. 5. purpurea. 2. S.flava. i. Sarracenia purpurea L,. Pitcher-plant. Side-saddle Flower. (Fig. 1801.) Sarracenia purpurea L- Sp. PI. 510. 1753. Glabrous, except the inner side of the lamina and inner surface of the pitchers, which are densely clothed with stiff reflexed hairs. Leaves tufted, as- cending, curved, 4/-i2/ long, purple-veined, or some- times green all over, much inflated, narrowed into a petiole below, broadly winged, persistent ; scapes i°-2° high, slender, bearing a single nodding deep purple nearly globose flower 2' in diameter or more; petals obovate, narrowed in the middle, incurved over the yellowish style. In peat-bogs, Labrador to the Canadian Rocky Moun- tains, Florida, Kentucky and Minnesota. May-June. The hollow leaves are commonly more or less completely filled with water containing drowned insects. Young plants often bear several smaller flat obliquely ovate leaves. Called also Huntsman's Cup and Indian Cup. Sarracenia purpurea heterophylla (Eaton) Torr. PI. N. Y. i: 41. 1843. Sarracenia heterophylla Katon, Man. Kd. 3, 447. 1822. Flowers yellow; leaves slightly or not at all purple- veined, light green or yellowish. Massachusetts and New York to New Jersey. 2. Sarracenia flava L,. Trumpets. Trumpet-leaf. (Fig. 1802.) Sarracenia flava L. Sp. PI. 510. 1753. Glabrous throughout. Leaves trumpet- shaped, i°-3° long, i/-2/ wide at the orifice, narrowly winged, prominently ribbed, green, the lid i '-4' wide, obtuse or acuminate, erect, contracted at the base; scape i°-2° high, slender; flower a'-3' broad, yellow; petals narrow, oblanccolate or obovate, sometimes 3' long, drooping, slightly contracted at the middle. In bogs, Virginia (?), North Carolina to Flor- ida, west to Louisiana. April. Family 36. DROSERACEAE S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 664. 1821. SUNDEW FAMILY. Perennial or biennial glandular-pubescent herbs, exuding a copious viscid secretion, mostly with basal leaves, circinate in the bud, and fugacious perfect flowers, racemose in our species. Calyx persistent, 4-5 -parted or the sepals distinct and imbricated. Petal 5, hypogynous, convolute, marcescent, distinct or slightly united at the base. Stamens 4-20, hypogynous or perigynous; fila- ments subulate or filiform; anthers usually versatile. Disk none. Ovary free, or its base adnate to the calyx, globose or ovoid, i-3-celled; styles 1-5, simple, 2-cleft or multifid; ovules numerous. Capsule i-5-celled, loculicidally dehis- cent. Seeds several or numerous; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight, cylindric. Six genera and about 125 species, of wide geographic distribution. Vol.. II.] SUNDEW FAMILY. 161 i. DROSERA L. Sp. PI. 281. 1753. Bog herbs, with basal leaves clothed with glandular hairs which secrete a fluid that entraps insects, and scapose racemose flowers. Calyx-tube short, free from the ovary, very deeply 4- 8-parted (commonly 5-parted). Petals usually 5, spatulate. Stamens as many as the petals: anthers short, extrorse. Ovary i-celled; styles 2-5, usually 3, distinct or united at the base, often deeply 2-parted so as to appear twice as many, or fimbriate. Capsule 3-valved (rarely 5-valved), many -seeded, generally stipitate in the calyx. [Name from the Greek, dew, in allusion to the dew-like drops exuded by the glands of the leaves.] About 1 10 species, most abundant in Australia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southeastern States. Otir species are known as Sundew, or Dew-plant. i. D. rotundifolia. 2. D. intermedia. 3. D. longifolia. 4. D. linearis. 5. D.filiformis. Blade of the leaf orbicular, or wider than long; petals white. Blade of the leaf linear, or longer than wide. Leaves linear or spatulate with a distinct petiole; petals white. Blade of the leaf spatulate. Blade 2-3 times as long as wide. Blade 6-8 times as long as wide. Blade linear, 10-15 times as long as wide. Leaves filiform, much elongated, with no distinct petiole; petals purple. i. Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew or Dew-plant . ( Fig . 1 803 . ) Drosera rotundifolia L- Sp. PI. 281. 1753. Scape slender, erect, glabrous, 4/-io/ high. Leaves orbicular or broader, spreading on the ground, the blade 3//-6// long, abruptly narrowed into a flat pubescent petiole ^'-2' long, the upper surface covered with slender glandular hairs; raceme i- sided, simple or sometimes once forked, 4-i2-flowered; pedi- cels i "-a" long; flowers white, about -2" broad, opening in sunshine; petals oblong, somewhat exceeding the sepals; seeds fusiform, pointed at both ends, the testa loose. In bogs or wet sand, Labrador to Alaska, south to Florida and Alabama, and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Ascends to 2500 ft. in the Catskills. Also in Europe and Asia. Rootstock usually short. Called also Rosa-solis, Youth-wort. July-Aug. 2. Drosera intermedia Hayne. Spattilate-leaved Sundew. (Fig. 1804.) 0 Drosera intermedia Hayne in Schrad. Journ. Bot 1800: Part i, 37. Drosera longifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 186. 1803. Not L 1753- Drosera Americana Willd. Knum. 340. 1809. Drosera intermedia var. Americana DC. Prodr. i: 318. 1824. Rootstock elongated (2/-4/ long when growing in water). Scape erect, glabrous, $'-&' high. Blades of the leaves as- cending, spatulate, obtuse at the apex, 3//-7// long, ii^//-2// wide, their upper surfaces clothed with glandular hairs, gradually narrowed into a glabrous petiole Y^'-iYi' l°ng; raceme i-sided; flowers several; pedicels about i^// long; petals white, slightly exceeding the sepals; seeds oblong, the testa close, roughened. In bogs, Anticosti and New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida and Louisiana. Also in the West Indies, and in northern Europe. July-Aug. II DROSERACEAE. [Vol.. II. 3. Drosera longifolia L/. Oblong-leaved Sundew. (Fig. 1805.) Drosera longifolia L,. Sp. PI. 282. 1753. Drosera Anglica Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 135. 1778. Similar to the preceding species, but the leaf-blade is erect, longer (8//-i5// long, i^//-2// wide), elongated- spatulate and narrowed into a glabrous petiole \'-\f long; pedicels W-$f/ long; flowers several, racemose, white, 2//-2j4// broad; seeds oblong, obtuse at both ends, the testa loose. In bogs, Newfoundland and arctic America to Manitoba and British Columbia, south to Ontario and California. Also- in northern Kurope and Asia. Summer. 4. Drosera linearis Goldie. Slender-leaved Sundew. (Fig. 1806.) Drosera linearis Goldie, Kdinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 325. 1822. Scape low but sometimes exceeding the leaves, glabrous. Petioles erect, glabrous, 2/-4/ long; blade linear, i'-3' long, about i" wide, densely clothed with glandular hairs, obtuse at the apex; flowers few, or solitary, white; petals somewhat exceeding the sepals; seeds oblong, the testa close, smooth and somewhat shining. In bogs, shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, west to the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Blooms a little later than /'. rotund if olia when the two grow together. 5. Drosera filiformis Raf. Thread-leaved Sundew. (Fig. 1807.) Drosera filiformis Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 360. 1808. Drosera tenuifolia Willd. Knum. 340. 1809. Scape erect, glabrous, 8'- 20' high. Leaves narrowly lin- ear or filiform, glandular-pubescent throughout, 6/-i5/ long, about i" wide, usually acutish at the apex, with no distinc- tion between blade and petiole, woolly with brown hairs at the very base; racemes i-sided, io-3o-flowered; pedicels 2//- 4" long; flowers purple, 4//-i2// broad; petals obovate^ much exceeding the sepals; seeds fusiform, acute at each end, the testa minutely punctate. In wet sand, near the coast, eastern Massachusetts to Florida. July-Sept. VOL. II.] RIVER-WEED FAMILY. .163 I836. Family 37. PODOSTEMACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 190. RIVER-WEED FAMILY. Small aquatic fresh-water mostly annual fleshy herbs, the leaves usually poorly differentiated from the stem, the whole structure commonly resembling the thallus of an alga or hepatic, the small usually perfect flowers devoid of any perianth and subtended by a spathe-like involucre, or in some genera with a 3-5 -cleft membranous calyx. Stamens hypogynous, only 2 in the following genus, numerous in some others; filaments united or distinct; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary stalked or sessile, 2-3-celled; ovules usually numerous in each cell, anatropous; styles 2 or 3, short. Capsules 2-3- celled, ribbed. Seeds numerous, minute, without endosperm; embryo straight. About 21 genera and 175 species, mostly in the tropics, only the following North American. i. PODOSTEMON Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 164. pi. //. 1803. Habit of the several species various. Flowers sessile or very nearly so in the spathe-like involucre. Perianth none. Stamens 2, their filaments united to near the summit; anthers 2, oblong or oval. Staminodia 2, filiform. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled; stigmas 2, nearly erect, short, subulate. Capsule ovoid, 6-io-ribbed, 2-valved. [Greek, stalked -stamens.] About 12 species of rather wide geographic distribution. i. Podostemon Ceratophyllum Michx. River- weed. Thread-foot. (Fig. 1808.) Podostemon Ceratvphyl/ntn'M.ichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 165. 1803. Plant dark green, rather stiff, firmly attached to stones in running water, densely tufted, I'-io' long, the leaves narrowly linear, sheathing at the base, commonly split above into almost filiform segments or lobes. Flowers less than \" broad, at length bursting from the spathes; capsule oblong- oval, rather more than i" long, obtuse, borne on a stipe of about its own length, 8-ribbed; stigmas at length recurved. In shallow streams, Massachusetts to northern New York, Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Ala- bama and Kentucky. July-Sept. Family 38. CRASSULACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 4: 382. 1805. ORPINE FAMILY. Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, mostly fleshy or succulent, with cymose or rarely solitary regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none. Calyx per- sistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, 4~5-cleft or 4~5-parted in our species. Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, distinct, or slightly united at the base, usually persistent, rarely wanting. Stamens of the same number or twice as many as the petals; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Receptacle with a scale at the base of each carpel. Carpels equal in number to the sepals, distinct, or united below; styles subulate or filiform; ovules numerous, arranged in 2 rows along the ventral suture. Follicles mem- branous or coriaceous, i -celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds minute; endosperm fleshy; embryo terete; cotyledons short, obtuse. About 15 genera and 500 species, of wide geographic distribution. 164. CRASSULACEAE. Carpels distinct to the base; plants very succulent. Stamens of the same number as the sepals; minute herbs. Stamens twice as many as the sepals; succulent herbs. Flowers 4-5-parted. Flowers 6-i2-parted. Carpels united to about the middle; plant scarcely succulent. [VOL. II. 1. Tillaea. 2. Sedum. 3. Sempervivum. 4. Penthorum. i. TILLAEA L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753. Minute, mostly glabrous, aquatic or mud-loving succulent herbs, with opposite entire leaves and very small solitary or cymose-paniculate axillary or terminal flowers. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 3-5, distinct, or united at the base. Stamens 3-5. Carpels 3-5, distinct. Styles short, subulate. Ovules usually few. Follicles few-seeded or several -seeded. [Named after Michael Angelo Tilli, 1653-1740, an Italian botanist] About 20 species, of very wide geographic distribution. occur in the western and southwestern States. Besides the following, about 4 others i. Tillaea aquatica L. Pigmy-weed. (Fig. 1809.) Tillaea aquatica L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753. Tillaea simplex Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil, i: 114. 1^17. Rulliarda aquatica DC. Prodr. 3: 382. 1828. Stem ascending or erect, usually simple, lA'-z' high, glabrous. Leaves linear-oblong, entire, acutish or obtuse at the apex, connate at the base, 2"-3" long, at length shorter than the internodes; flowers solitary, axillary, ses- sile or short-peduncled, W broad; calyx-lobes, petals, stamens and carpels 4, rarely 3; petals greenish, about twice the length of the calyx-lobes; follicles ovoid, longer than the calyx-lobes, 8-io-seeded. Muddy banks of streams, Nova Scotia to Massachusetts and Maryland, near the coast. Stem often rooting at the nodes. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 2. SEDUM L. Sp. PI. 430. 1753. Fleshy mostly glabrous herbs, erect or decumbent, mainly with alternate, often imbricated, entire or dentate leaves, and perfect or dioecious flowers in terminal often i -sided cymes. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, distinct. Stamens 8-10, perigynous, the alternate ones usually attached to the petals. Filaments filiform or subulate. Scales of the receptacle entire or emarginate. Carpels 4-5, distinct, or united at the base; styles usually short; ovules oo . Follicles many-seeded or few -seeded. [Latin, to sit, from the lowly habit of these plants.] About 150 species, mostly natives of temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere, a few in the mountains of Mexico and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, about jo others occur in the western parts of North America. Cyme regular, compound, the flowers not secund; leaves broad, flat. Flowers dioecious, mostly 4-parted. i. 5. roseum. Flowers perfect, 5-parted. Petals purple; plant somewhat glaucous; petals twice as long as the sepals. 2. S. Telephium. Petals pink; plant very glaucous; petals 3-4 times as long as the sepals. 3. S. telephioides. Flowers secund along the branches of the cyme. Petals yellow. Leaves short, thick, ovate, densely imbricated. 4. S. acre. Leaves linear or terete, scattered on the stems. Annual; petals little longer than the sepals. 5. S. Torreyi. Perennial ; petals twice as long as the sepals. Plant 3' -6' high; native, western. 6. S. stenopetalum. Plant 8'-i2' high; introduced in a few places. 7. S. reflexum. Petals purple or white. Leaves terete; petals purple, pink, or white. 8. 5. pulchellum. Leaves flat, spatulate or obovate; petals white. Lower leaves verticillate in 3's. 9. 5. fenialtini. Leaves all alternate. 10. 5". Nevii. Vol.. II.] ORPINE FAMILY. 165 i. Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. Roseroot. Rosewort. (Fig. 1810.) Rhodiola rosea L. Sp. Pi. 1035. 1753. Sedum roseum Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 326. 1772. Sedum Rhodiola DC. Platites Gras. pi. 143. 1805. Perennial, branched at the base, or simple, erect or ascend- ing, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, 4/-i2/ high. Leaves sessile, oval or slightly obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, dentate or entire, 6//-i2// long, 3//-5// wide, the lower ones smaller; cyme terminal, dense, l/t'-ir broad; flowers dioecious, yellowish-green or purplish, 2^//-4// broad; sepals oblong, narrower and shorter than the petals; staminate flowers with 8 (rarely 10) stamens, the pistillate ones with 4 (rarely 5) carpels; follicles purple, about -2" long, their tips spreading. In rocky places, Labrador and arctic America to Maine, the Nockamixon Rocks on the Delaware River, and on the southern Alleghanies. Also in the Rocky Mountains south to Colorado, in the mountains of Washington, and in northern and alpine Europe and Asia. Root rose-scented. Snowdon Rose. May-July. 2. Sedum Telephium L/. Orpine. L/ive- forever. (Fig. 1811.) Sedum Telephium L. Sp. PI. 430. 1753. Perennial, stems erect, stout, simple, tufted, glabrous and slightly glaucous, i°-i}4° high. Leaves alternate, ovate, broadly oval or obovate, obtuse, i'-2' long, coarsely den- tate, the upper sessile and rounded at the base, the lower larger, narrowed at the base or sometimes petioled; cyme dense, regular, compound, 2'-$' broad; flowers perfect, 2^//-4// broad, 5-parted; petals purple, twice as long as the ovate acute sepals; stamens 10; follicles about 2" long, tipped with a short style. In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Ontario, south to Maryland and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe and native of western Asia. Blooms sparingly, but spreads freely by its joints. Also called Live-long, Aaron's Rod, and Midsummer- men. June-Sept. 3. Sedum telephioides Michx. American Orpine. (Fig. 1812.) Sedum telephioides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 277. 1803. Similar to the preceding species, but more slender, sel- dom over io7 high, very glaucous and purplish through- out. Leaves oval or obovate, obtuse, coarsely dentate or entire, i/-2/ long, all narrowed at the base and petioled or the uppermost sessile; cyme dense, regular, 2/-4/ broad; flowers perfect, $f'-\" broad, 5-parted; petals pale pink, much longer than the lanceolate sepals; follicles about 2" long, tipped with a slender style. On dry rocks, southern Pennsylvania and Maryland to western New York and southern Indiana, south to North Carolina and Gepr^ii. Reported from farther north. As- cends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Aug.-Sept. i 1 66 CRASSULACEAE. [VOL. II. 4. Sedum &cre L. Wall-pepper. Biting, or Mossy Stonecrop. (Fig. 1813.) Sedum acre L. Sp. PI. 432. 1753. Perennial, densely tufted, spreading and matted, glabrous; sterile branches prostrate, the flowering ones erect or ascending, I'-tf high. Leaves sessile, alternate, ovate, very thick, densely imbricated, light yellowish green, entire, about \Yz" long, those of the sterile branches usually arranged in 6 rows; cyme 2-3-forked, its branches J^'-i' long; flowers sessile, about 4" broad; petals bright yellow, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3 or 4 times as long as the ovate sepals; central flower of the cyme commonly 5-parted, the others usu- ally 4-parted as in all the following species; follicles spreading, i>^//-2//long, tipped with a slender style. On rocks and along roadsides, escaped from cultivation, New Brunswick to Ontario, south to southern New York and Pennsylvania. Adventive from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Also called Bird's-bread, Creeping Jack, Pricket, Golden-moss, Lattle Houseleek and Gold Chain. June-Aug. 5. Sedum Torreyi Don. Torrey's Stonecrop. (Fig. 1814.) Sedum Torreyi Don, Gard. Diet. 3: 121. 1834. Sedum sparsiflornm Nutt.; T. & ('.. l-l. N. A. i: 559- l84°- Annual, low, tufted, glabrous, 2/~3/ high. Leaves alternate, scattered, linear-oblong, teretish, sessile, entire, 2//-4// long; cyme 2- 5-forked, its branches ^j'-z' lonjj; i\<- sessile or very short-pedicelled, about 3#" broad; petals yellow, lanceolate, acute, some- what longer than the ovate sepals; follicles widely divergent, tipped with the short sub- ulate style. " ' In dry, open places, Missouri and Arkansas to Texas. May. 6. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh. Narrow-petaled Stonecrop. (Fig. 1815.) Sfitiim stenopetalum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 324. 1814. Perennial, tufted, glabrous; flowering branches erect, 3'- -' high. Leaves alternate, crowded but scarcely imbricated, except on the sterile shoots, sessile, terete or linear, 3//-8// long, entire; cyme 3~7-forked, compact, the branches Yt'-\' long; flowers mostly short-pedicelled, 4//-5// broad; petals narrowly lanceolate, very acute, yellow, much exceeding the calyx-lobes; follicles about 2" long, their subulate style-tip at length somewhat divergent. In dry rocky places, Nebraska and Colorado to Dakota and the Northwest Territory, west to Utah, Oregon and British Columbia. May-June. Voi,. II. ] 7. Sedurn reflexum L,. Reflexed Stonecrop. leek. (Fig. ORPINE FAMILY. Crooked Yellow or Dwarf House- 1816.) Sedum reflexum L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 618. 1762. Perennial by a creeping stem producing numerous short barren shoots, the flowering branches erect, 8/-i4/ high. Leaves alternate, sessile, densely imbricated on the sterile shoots, terete, somewhat spurred at the base, 3//-9// long; cyme 4-S-forked, its branches recurved in flower; flowers 4"- 6" broad; petals linear, yellow, two to three times as long as the short ovate sepals; follicles about \W long, tipped with a very slender somewhat divergent style. Eastern Massachusetts and western New York, escaped from gardens. Native of Europe. Summer. 8. Sedum pulchellum Michx. Widow's Cross. (Fig. 1817.) Sedum pnlcfiellum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 277. 1803. Perennial (?), glabrous, ascending or trailing, branched at the base, 4/-i2/ long. Leaves densely crowded, terete or linear, sessile, obtuse at the apex, slightly auriculate at the base, 3//-i2// long, about \" wide; cyme 4-7-forked, its branches spreading or recurved in flower; flowers sessile, close together, 4//-6// broad; petals rose-purple, pink, or white, linear-lanceolate, acute, about twice the length of the lanceolate obtusish sepals; follicles 2//-3// long, tipped with a slender style. On rocks, Virginia to Georgia, west to Indiana, Ken- tucky, Missouri and Texas. May-July. Cultivated in the South under the above name. g. Sedum ternatum Michx. Wild Stonecrop. (Fig. 1818.) 5. ternatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 277. 1803. Perennial, glabrous, tufted, stems creeping, flowering branches ascending, 3'-8' high. Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots flat, obovate, entire, 6//-i2// long, sometimes 9/x wide, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base or narrowred into a petiole, verticillate in 3's; upper leaves oblanceolate or oblong, alternate, sessile; cyme 2-4-forked, its branches spreading or recurved in flower; flowers rather distant, often leafy-bracted, about 5" broad; petals linear-lanceolate, acute, white, nearly twice the length of the oblong obtuse sepals; follicles lYz" long, tipped with the slender style. On rocks, New York and New Jersey to Geor- gia, west to Indiana and Tennessee. Also es- caped from gardens to roadsides in the Middle and Eastern States. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Vir- ginia. April-June. 168 CRASSULACEAE. [Vol.. II. 10. Sedum Nevii A. Gray. Nevius' Stone- crop. (Fig. 1819.) Sedum Nevii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 172. 1867. Densely tufted, glabrous, stems spreading or decum- bent, flowering branches ascending, $'-5' high. Leaves of the sterile shoots very densely imbricated, spatulate or obovate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, mostly sessile, rounded at the apex, entire, 3//-6// long, i"-2" wide, the lower ones smaller; leaves of the flowering branches spatulate or linear-oblong, alternate; cyme about 3-forked, its branches usually recurved in flower; flowers close together, 3 "-4" broad; petals linear, acuminate, longer than the sepals; follicles about 2" long, widely divergent, tipped with the short style. On rocks, mountains of Virginia to Alabama. May-June. 3. SEMPERVIVUM L. Sp. PI. 464. 1753. Fleshy perennial herbs, the thick succulent leaves densely imbricated on the short sterile shoots and scattered on the erect flowering stems, with compound terminal usually dense cymes of showy flowers. Flowers 6-2oparted. Petals distinct, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Styles filiform; ovules oo . Follicles many-seeded. [Latin, always living.] About 40 species, natives of the Old World, chiefly distinguished from Scdtim by the more nu- merous parts of the flower. i. Sempervivum tectdrum L,. Houseleek. (Fig. 1820.) Sempcrvii'um tectorum L. Sp. PI. 464. 1753. Flowering stems about i° high, the barren shoots forming lateral nearly globular tufts. Leaves oval or ovate, the lower I'-ij^' long, very thick, short-pointed, bordered by a line of stiff short hairs; cyme large, dense; flowers some- times i' broad, pink, sessile along its spreading or recurved branches; petals lanceolate, acute, 2 to 3 times as long as the obtuse ciliate sepals. Essex Co., Mass., escaped from gardens and reported as \vrll established; Somerset Co., N. J. Native of continental Europe. Summer. Old English names, Homewort, Sengreen and Thumh r plant; a fancied protection against lightning, as well as fire. 4. PENTHORUM L. Sp. PI. 432. 1753. Erect perennial scarcely succulent herbs, with alternate sessile serrate thin leaves, and greenish perfect flowers in forked secund cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Petals usually wanting, if present 5. Stamens 10, hypogynous; filaments filiform. Carpels 5, united to the middle, ovules oo. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-beaked, the lobes tipped with divergent styles; many-seeded. [Greek, five, from the symmetrical flower.] About 3 species, natives of eastern North America, Japan and Ch'na. The following is the only one known in North America. The genus is referred to the Saxifrage Family by some authors. Vol.. II. ] ORPINE FAMILY. i. Penthorum sedoides L,. Ditch or Virginia Stonecrop. (Fig. 1821.) Penthorum sedoides 1,. Sp. PI. 432. 1753. Glabrous, erect, stem usually branched and an- gled above, terete below, 6/-2° high. Leaves lan- ceolate or narrowly elliptic, acuminate at each end, finely serrate, 2'-4' long, 6//-i2// wide; cymes 2- 3-forked, the branches \'-$f long; flowers short - pedicelled, about •2" broad ; sepals triangular-ovate, acute, shorter than the flattish capsule; petals of ten or generally wanting. In ditches and swamps, New Brunswick to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas. July-Sept. Family 39. SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 36. 1829. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, vines, or trees, with basal or alternate or opposite leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, solitary, racemose, cymose or paniculate. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted (rarely 4-i2-lobed or parted), free, or adnate to the ovary, usually persistent. Petals usually 4 or 5, rarely none. Stamens equal in number or twice as many as the petals, in apetalous species as many or twice as many as the calyx-lobes, perigynous or epigynous; filaments distinct. Disk generally present. Carpels i-several, often 2, distinct or united, mostly fewer than the stamens; styles as many as the carpels or cavities of the ovary, or all united into one. Fruit a capsule, follicle or berry. Seeds commonly numerous; endosperm generally copious, fleshy; embryo small, terete. About 70 genera and 600 species, of wide geographic distribution, mainly natives of the tem- perate zones, rare in the tropics. Herbs; leaves basal or opposite or alternate. Staminodia (abortive stamens) none; flowers mostly clustered. Large herbs; leaves 3-ternate ; flowers polygamous. i. Aslilbe. Leaves simple, cleft, lobed or 3-foliolate; flowers perfect. Placentae axial. Ovary superior or nearly so; stamens 10. 2. Saxifraga. Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. Stamens 5, in pur species. Petals deciduous. Petals persistent. Stamens 10. Placentae almost basal. Placentae parietal. Petals present (in our species); terrestrial plants. Petals entire. Petals lobed or pinnatifid. Petals none; small aquatic plants. Staminodia present, alternate with the stamens; flower solitary. Shrubs, or woody vines; leaves opposite or alternate. Leaves opposite. Stamens 8-12. Stamens 20-40. Vine; petals small; style only i. Shrubs; petals large; styles 3-5. Leaves alternate; flowers small, racemed. 3. Therofon. 4. Sullivantia. 2. Saxifraga, 5. Tiarella. 6. Heuchera. 7. Mitel la. 8. Chrysosplenium. 9. Parnassia. 10. Hydrangea. 11. Decumaria. 12. Philadelphus. 13. I tea. i. ASTILBE Hamilt; D. Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 210. 1825. Erect perennial herbs, with large 2-3-ternate leaves, and small spicate polygamous flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx campanulate, 4~5-lobed. Petals 4-5 (in our species), linear-spatulate, inserted at the base of the calyx. Stamens 8-10, all perfect, inserted with the petals; filaments elongated. Ovary superior or nearly so, 2-3-celled, deeply 2-3-lobed; styles 2-3; stigmas obtuse; ovules oo. Capsule 2-3-lobed, separating into 2-3 follicle-like carpels, each usually few-seeded. Seeds small, the testa loose, tapering at each end. [Greek without brightness.] 170 SAXIFRAGACEAE. [VOL. II. About 7 species, natives of eastern North America, eastern Asia and the Himalayas. Besides the following another species or variety occurs in the southern Alleghanies. i. Astilbe biternata (Vent.) Britton. False Goat's Beard. Astilbe. (Fig. 1822.) Tiarella biternata Vent. Jard. Malm. pi. 54. 1803. Spiraea Aruncusvar. hermaphrodita Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 294. 1803. Astilbe decandra D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 211. 1825. Astilbe biternata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 475. 1893. Erect, 3°-6° high, more or less pubescent. Leaves petioled, 2-3- ternately compound, often 2° broad; leaflets thin, stalked, ovate, cordate, truncate or rounded at the base, the lateral ones usually ob- lique, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate or incised, 2/-5/ long; panicles often i° long; flowers sessile or nearly so, about 2" broad, yellowish white; petals of the staminate flowers spatulate, those of the perfect ones inurli smaller or none; stamens 10; fol- licles 2, acute, glabrous, about i%" long. In woods, mountains of Virginia to North Carolina, Georgia and Tennes- see. Plant with the aspect of Antn- cus. Junr. 2. SAXIFRAGA L. Sp. PI. 398. 1753. Perennial herbs, with alternate opposite or basal entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and corymbose paniculate or solitary perfect flowers. Calyx-tube free, or adnate to the base of the ovary, 5-lobed. Petals 5, equal, or in some species unequal, perigynous. Stamens 10, in- serted with the petals; filaments filiform, club-shaped or subulate; anthers didymous. Ovary superior or partly inferior, a-celled, 2-lobed at the summit; styles short; stigmas truncate or capitate; ovules oo , on axial placentae. Capsule 2-beaked, many-seeded. Seeds small, the testa smooth or roughened. [Greek, stone-breaking, from reputed medicinal qualities.] About 210 species, nearly all natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, about 50 others occur in the western parts of North America. ••* Steins prostrate; leaves rounded, opposite ; petals purple. I. S. Oppositifoha. •X- #• Steins erect or ascending; leaves alternate; petals white or yellow. Flowers yellow; leaves entire. Stems several-flowered; leaves linear. 2. S. aizoides. Stems i-flowered; leaves oblong. 3. 5. Hirculns. Flowers white; leaves 3~7-lobed, mostly wider than long. Stems 4'-io' tall; flower commonly solitary, nodding. 4. S. cerniia. Stems weak, 2' '-5' long; flowers 1-5, erect. 5. 5. rivnlaris. •X- -Jf -Jf Stems scapose, naked or bracted, the leaves clustered at the base. t Leaves stiff, oblong or oblanceolate; petals yellow or yellowish. Leaves sharply 3-toothed at the apex. 6. 51. tricuspidata. Leaves with white denticulate margins. 7. S. Aizoon. t t Leaves deeply 3~5-cleft; petals white. 8. 5. caespiiosa. t t t Leaves soft, obovate or oval with narrowed or spatulate base. Flowers regular; petals all nearly alike. Plants large, i°-3° tall, growing in wet places. Leaves merely denticulate or repand; follicles ovoid. Leaves coarsely and sharply dentate; follicles lanceolate. Plants low, 2'-i8' tall, growing in dry or rocky places. Petals sessile, not clawed. Flowers in cymose or at length panicled clusters. Flowers capitate; arctic and alpine sped* Petals narrowed into a claw. Flowers few, most or all of them replaced by tufts of leaves. 13. 5". comosa. Inflorescence loose, cymose-paniculate. Follicles erect, united to near their summits; styles short. 14. 5. stellaris. Follicles divergent, united only at base; styles filiform. 15. S. Grayana. Flowers irregular, 3 petals large, 2 smaller. 16. S. Micliau.i ii. t t t t Leaves soft, orbicular, cordate, dentate all around. 17. 5. Genni. Q. S. Pennsylvanica. 10. 5. micranthidifolia. n. S. Virginiensis. 12. S. nivalis. Vol.. II.] SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 171 i. Saxifraga oppositifolia L. Purple or Mountain Saxifrage. (Fig. 1823.) Saxifraga oppositifolia L. Sp. PI. 402. 1753. Tufted, stems prostrate, densely leafy, 2/-io/long. Leaves sessile, ovate, obovate or nearly orbicular, purplish, persistent, keeled, fleshy, opposite, or im- bricated in 4 rows on the sterile shoots, obtuse, punctate with 1-3 pores, i^-a.^" long, the margins ciliate; flowers solitary, peduncled or nearly sessile, 4//_6// broad; calyx-lobes obtuse, much shorter than the obovate purple petals; calyx free from the ovary and capsule; follicles abruptly short-pointed; seeds rugose. On wet rocks, Mt. Mansfield and Willoughby Moun- tain, Vt.; Anticosti, Newfoundland and throughout arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Moun- tains to Wyoming and to Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 2. Saxifraga aizoides L,. Yellow Moun- tain Saxifrage. (Fig. 1824.) Saxifraga aizoides L. Sp. PI. 403. 1753. Tufted, glabrous, stems leafy, 2'-6' high. Leaves alternate, linear, thick, fleshy, mucronate-tipped, narrowed at the base, sessile, 4//-9// long, i"-i%" wide, the margins often sparingly ciliate; flowers several, corymbose, \"-l" broad; pedicels rather slender; petals oblong, yellow and sometimes spot- ted with orange, exceeding the ovate-oblong calyx- lobes; carpels abruptly acuminate; base of the cap- sule adnate to the calyx; seeds minutely rugose. On wet rocks, Newfoundland and Labrador to Ver- mont and western New York, west through arctic America to the Rocky Mountains, south to Michigan. Also in alpine and arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. Also called Sengreen Saxifrage. 3. Saxifraga Hirculus L,. Yellow Marsh Saxifrage. (Fig. 1825.) Saxifraga Hirculus L- Sp. PI. 402. 1753. Erect from a slender caudex, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, simple, leafy, 4/-io/ high. Leaves alter- nate, oblong or linear-oblong, entire, ^/-i^/ long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; flower terminal, solitary (rarely 2-4), bright yellow with scarlet spots, %'-*' broad; calyx-lobes oval or oblong, obtuse, reflexed; petals erect or ascending, obovate or oblong, about 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; capsule free from the calyx or nearly so, about 4" long, its beaks at length diverging. In bogs, Labrador and arctic America. Also in northern and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 4. Saxifraga cernua L. Bulbous Saxifrage. [VOL. II. Nodding or Drooping (Fig. 1826.) Sa.i-ifraga cernua L. Sp. PI. 403. 1753. Stem weak, slender, ascending, pubescent but scarcely glutinous, 4'-i2/ long. Leaves alternate, the basal and lower ones petioled, broadly renifonn, palmately 5-7- lobed, usually less than i' wide; upper leaves smaller, sessile, 3-lobed or entiie and bract-like, often bearing small bulbletsin their axils; flowers 1-3, terminal, nodding, white, 4//-5// broad; petals obovate, sometimes retuse, 3-4 times as long as the ovate calyx-lobes. Newfoundland, Labrador, and through arctic America to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. .Summer. 5. Saxifraga rivularis L,. Alpine Brook Saxifrage. (Fig. 1827.) Saxifraga rivularis L. Sp. PI. 404. 1753. Densely tufted, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, matted, \'-$f high. Leaves alternate, the basal and lower ones slender-petioled, renifonn, 3-5-lobed, seldom more than 3" wide; petioles dilated at the base; upper leaves lanceolate or ovate, entire or slightly lobed, mainly sessile; flowers 1-5, terminal, erect, white, about 3"-5" broad; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, slightly shorter than the ovate-oblong petals; tips of the capsule widely divergent, its base adnate to the calyx. Alpine summits of the White Mountains, Labrador, arctic America and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 6. Saxifraga tricuspidata Ret/. Three-toothed Saxifrage. (Fig. 1828.) Saxifraga tricuspidata Retz, Prodr. Fl. Scand. Ed. 2, 104. 1795. Tufted, flowering stems strict, erect, 2'-8' high, the leaves densely clustered at the base, oblong or oblong-spatulate, parchment-like, 4"-7// long, sharply 2-3-dentate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, the margins ciliate with short hairs; scape bracted; flowers several, corymbose, yellow, 4"- 5" broad; sepals ovate, coriaceous, obtusish, much shorter than the oblong-obovate or narrowly oblong petals; capsule tipped with the diverging styles, its lower part adnate to the calyx. In rocky places, Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson Bay, west through arctic America to Alaska, south to Lake Superior and in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Also in arctic Europe. Summer. VOL. II.] SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 7. Saxifraga Aizoon Jacq. Livelong Saxi- frage. (Fig. 1829.) Saxifraga Af~oon]acq. Fl. Austr. 5: 18. pi. 438. 1778. Leaves clustered in a dense rosette at the base of the bracted flowering scape; plant spreading by offsets, so that several are often joined together. Leaves 4//-i2// long, spatulate, thick, obtuse and rounded at the apex, the margins serrulate with sharp hard white teeth; scape erect, viscid-pubescent, 4/-io/ high; flowers several or numerous, corymbose, yellowish, about 3// broad; calyx- lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, viscid, shorter than the obo- vate, often spotted petals; capsule tipped by the divergent styles, its base adnate to the calyx. On dry rocks, Mt. Mansfield, Vermont; Quebec to Labra- dor, west to Lake Superior and Manitoba. Also in alpine and arctic Europe. Summer. 8. Saxifraga caespitosa L,. Tufted Saxifrage. (Fig. 1830.) Saxifraga caespitosa L. Sp. PI. 404. 1753. Densely tufted, leaves clustered at the base, spatulate or fan-shaped, 3//~9// long, deeply 3-5-cleft or lobed into linear obtuse segments, glabrous; flowering stem erect, 2/-8/ high, viscid-pubescent, at least above, linear-bracted or with several 3-lobed leaves; flowers i-S, corymbose, 4//-7// broad, white; calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, much shorter than the obovate petals; capsule-tips divergent; base of the capsule adnate to the calyx. On rocks, Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland, west through arctic America to Alaska, south to Oregon and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Siberia. Summer. 9. Saxifraga Pennsylvanica L,. Pennsylvania or Swamp Saxifrage. (Fig. 1831.) Saxifraga Pennsylvanica L. Sp. PI. 399. *-*. (*\ 1753- Saxifraga Forbesii Vasey, Am. Entom. & Hot. 2: 288. 1870. Scape stout, terete, viscid-pubescent, l0-3#° high, bracted at the inflores- cence. Leaves large, oval, ovate, obovate or oblanceolate, pubescent or glabrate, 4'- 10' long, 1%'-$' wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into a broad petiole, the margins denticulate or repand; cymes in an elongated open panicle; flowers greenish, regular, i W-2%" broad; calyx- tube nearly free from the ovary, its lobes ovate, obtusish, reflexed, one-half shorter than the lanceolate or linear-lanceolate petals; filaments subulate or filiform ; fol- licles ovoid, their tips divergent when mature. In swamps and on wet banks, Maine to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Virginia, Iowa and Missouri. May. 174 SAXIFRAGACEAE. [Vol.. II. ii. Saxifraga Virginiensis Michx. Saxifraga Virginiensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 269. 1803. Scape viscid-pubescent, 4/-i2/ high, naked, or with a few bracts at the base of the pedicels. L,eaves obovate, or oval with a spatulate base, narrowed into a margined petiole, dentate or crenate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, i'-3' long or longer; inflorescence cymose, at length loose and paniculate with the lower peduncles elongated; flowers white, regular, 2"-3// broad; calyx-lobes erect, triangular or triangular-ovate, much shorter than the oblong-spatulate, obtuse petals; ovary nearly free from the calyx; carpels nearly separate, the follicles at length widely divergent, often purplish. In dry or rocky woodlands, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee. As- cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. March-May. Forms with 15 stamens occur on New York Island, and with green petals in Essex Co., Mass. 10. Saxifraga micranthidifolia (Haw.) B.S.P. Lettuce Saxi- frage. (Fig. 1832.) Robertsonia micranthidifolia Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 322. 1812. Saxifraga erosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 311. 1814. Saxifraga micranthidifolia B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 17. 1888. Scape rather slender, more or less viscid, i°-3° high, bracted above. Leaves oblance- olate or oval, sometimes i° long, obtuse at the apex, tapering downward into a long margined petiole, coarsely and sharply den- tate; panicle loose, elongated; flowers white, regular, 2"-3// broad; calyx-lobes reflexed, slightly shorter than the oval or oblong ob- tuse petals; calyx-tube free from the ovary; filaments club-shaped; follicles lanceolate, sharp-pointed, 2"-3" long, their tips at length divergent. In cold brooks, Bethlehem, Pa., south along the mountains to North Carolina. Ascends to 5500 ft. in North Carolina. May-June. Karly Saxifrage. (Fig. 1833.) 12. Saxifraga nivalis L. Clustered Alpine Saxifrage. (Fig. 1834.) Saxifraga nivalis L. Sp. PI. 401. 1753. Resembling the preceding species but commonly lower, seldom over (/ high. Scape viscid, naked, or bracted at the base of the capitate sometimes branched inflorescence; leaves ovate or oval, narrowed into a margined petiole, thicker; flowers white, 3//-5// broad, in a compact cluster; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, spreading, obtuse, about one- half the length of the oblong or oblong-ovate petals; ovary half-inferior; follicles deep purple, divergent. Labrador and arctic America, south in the Rocky Moun- tains to Arizona. Also in northern and alpine Europe and Siberia. Summer. Said to flower heneath the snow. YOU II.] SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. I7S 13. Saxifraga comosa (Poir.) Britton. Foliose Saxi- frage. (Fig. 1835.) Saxifraga stellaris var. comosa Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 680. 1804. Saxifraga foliolosa R. Br. in Parry's Voy. 275. 1824. Saxifraga comosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 178. 1894. Scape slender, slightly viscid, 2/-6/ high. Leaves oblanceolate, cuneate at the base, dentate and mostly obtuse at the apex, 4//-9// long; flowers few, white, regular, many or sometimes all of them replaced by little tufts of leaves; calyx nearly free from the ovary, its lobes re flexed, much shorter than the sagittate obtusish petals which are narrowed into a claw, or sometimes cordate at the base. In rocky places, Mt. Katahdin, Maine; Labrador and arctic America, Mt. Evans, Colo. Also in northeastern Asia and northern Europe. Summer. 14. Saxifraga stellaris L,. Star or Starry Saxifrage. (Fig. 1836.) Saxifraga stellaris L. Sp. PI. 400. 1753. Scape naked below, bracted at the inflorescence, glabrous or slightly viscid, 4/-I2' high. Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, sharply and coarsely dentate, tapering into a broad petiole, %'- 2' long; flowers loosely cymose-paniculate, regular, about 5" broad; petals white, yellow-spotted at the base; calyx nearly free from the ovary, its lobes re- flexed, lanceolate, obtusish, about one-half the length of the oblong acutish petals, which are narrowed into a short claw; capsule 2//-3// long, its tips acumin- ate, at length somewhat divergent. In rocky places, reported from Labrador and Green- land. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 15. Saxifraga Grayana Britton. Gray's Saxifrage. (Fig. 1837 Saxifraga Caroliniana A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 3: 39. 1846. Not Schleich. 1821. Saxifraga Grayana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 178. 1894. Glandular-pilose all over, scapose from a conn -like rootstock, scape 6'-i8' tall. Basal leaves clustered, oblong, oval or nearly orbicular, I'-s' long, crenate-den- tate, narrowed into margined petioles, mostly shorter than the blade and dilated at the base; inflorescence cymose-panicu- late, ample; bracts spatulate or lanceolate; flowers white, 4//~5// broad; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its segments ovate- oblong, reflexed, obtuse; petals ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2-spotted, narrowed into a slender claw ; filaments club-shaped ; follicles oblong, 2//-3// long, united only at the base, diverging; styles subulate; seeds papillose in lines. In rocky situations, mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. June-July. 176 SAXIFRAGACEAE. [Vol.. II. 16. Saxifraga Michauxii Britton. Michaux's Saxifrage. (Fig. 1838.) Saxifraga leucanthemifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:268. 1803. Not LePeyr. 1795-1801. Hexaphoma petiolaris Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 67. 1836. Not 5. petiolaris R. Br. 1819. Saxifraga Michauxii Britton, Mem Torr. Club, 4: 1 1 8. 1894. Erect, viscid-pubescent, 6/-2o/ high. Basal leaves clustered, oblanceolate or ob- long, acute or obtuse at the apex, 3'-7' long, narrowed into a margined petiole, coarsely and deeply dentate; flowering stem naked below, leafy-bracted above; inflorescence widely paniculate; flowers 2//_y/ Droai- campanulate or hemispheric, adnatc to the base of the ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, 3- clefl or pinnatifid. Stamens 10 (sometimes 5); filaments short. Ovary globose, i-cellcd; styles 2, short; ovules so. Capsule i-celled. 2-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Seeds smooth, shining. [Diminutive of tnitra, a cap, from the form of the young pod.] About 7 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, about 4 cithers occur on the Pacific Coast. Basal leaves ovate ; scape with 2 opposite leaves. Basal leaves reniform; scape naked or i-leaved near the base. 1. M. diphylla. 2. M. HH tiii. i. Mitella diphylla L. Two- leaved Bishop's Cap, or Mitre- wort. (Fig. 1848.) Mitella diphylla L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753. Scape io'-i8' high, pubescent, bear- ing a pair of opposite nearly or quite sessile leaves near its middle. Basal leaves broadly ovate, cordate at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, 3~5-lobed, dentate, scabrous and with scattered hairs on both sides, i/-2/ long; leaves of the scape similar, usu- ally smaller; spiciform raceme erect, 3/-8/ long, the flowers distant; calyx- lobes and petals white; capsule flattish, broad, dehiscent above, the valves spreading. In rich woods, Quebec to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. A third leaf is rarely borne on the scape at the base of the inflorescence. April-May. VOL. II.] SAXIFRAGE FAMILY, 2. Mitella nuda L,. Stoloniferous or Naked Bishop's Cap or Mitrewort. (Fig. 1849.) Mitella nuda L. Sp. PI. 408. 1753. Stem usually stoloniferous, scape erect, very slender, pubescent, 3/-7/ high. Basal leaves reni- form-orbicular, obtuse, cordate at the base, crenate or doubly crenate, i'-i%' wide, pubescent with scattered hairs on both sides; stem-leaves usually none; flowers pedicelled, greenish, about 2/x broad; capsule similar to that of the preceding species. In cold woods and peat-bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to the Pacific coast, south to New England, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Also in northeastern Asia. April-June, or blooming again in the autumn. 8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM L,. Sp. PI. 398. 1753. Low decumbent or erect somewhat succulent mainly semi-aquatic herbs, with petioled opposite or alternate crenate leaves, with no stipules. Flowers minute, greenish, axillary or terminal, solitary or clustered, perfect. Calyx-tube urn-shaped or obconic, adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 8-10 (rarely 4-5 ), inserted on the margin of a disk; filaments short. Ovary i-celled, flattish, 2-lobed; styles 2, short, recurved; ovules oo. Capsule membranous, short, inversely cordate or 2-lobed, 2-valved above, few or many-seeded. Seed-coat muricate or pilose. [Greek, golden spleen, from some reputed medicinal quality.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern South America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in northwestern America. Lower leaves opposite ; flowers mostly solitary. Leaves all alternate; flowers corymbose. 1. C. Americanum. 2. C. alternifolium . i. Chrysosplenium Americanum Schwein. Golden Saxifrage. Water Carpet. (Fig. 1850.) Chrysosf>lenium oppositifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 140. 1788. Not L. C. Americanum Schwein.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 242. 1832. Stems slender, decumbent, forked above, glabrous or very nearly so, 3'-8' long. Lower leaves opposite, the upper often alternate, broadly ovate, orbicular or somewhat reuiform, ob- tuse or truncate at the base, rounded at the apex, crenate or obscurely lobed, 2//-io// wide; flowers sessile, axillary, usu- ally solitary, about i" broad; calyx-lobes commonly 4, yel- lowish, or purplish within; stamens commonly 8; anthers orange-red. In wet, shaded places, Nova Scotia to the Saskatchewan region, south, along the mountains to Georgia, and to Ohio, Michigan and Minnesota. March-June. 2. Chrysosplenium alternifolium L,. Alternate- leaved Golden Saxifrage. (Fig. 1851.) Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. Sp. PI. 398. 1753. Flowering stems erect, glabrous or pubescent, 2/-6/ high, branched above. Leaves all alternate, the basal ones long- petioled, reniform, or cordate, often pubescent on the upper sur- face, 3//-i8// wide, or crenate with 5-11 rather broad lobes; flowers mainly terminal, corymbose; calyx-lobes commonly 4, orange-yellow within; stamens usually 8. Decorah, Iowa (according to S. Watson), and in arctic America, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and to British Columbia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. May-June. 182 SAXIFRAGACEAE. [VOL. II. g. PARNASSIA I,. Sp. PI. 273. 1753. Glabrous scapose herbs, with basal petioled entire leaves, usually with a single sessile leaf on the scape, and solitary terminal white or pale yellow flowers. Calyx 5-lobed nearly to the base, its short tube free from or adnate to the ovary. Petals 5, spreading, marcescent. Fertile stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Staminodia (imperfect stamens) generally numerous, borne in clusters at the base of each petal. Ovary i-celled; style very short or none; stigmas usually 4; ovules oo. Capsule i-celled, with 4 placentae projecting within, 4-valved. Seeds numerous. Seed-coat winged. [From the Greek mount; the plant called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides. ] About 12 species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. Besides the following, an- other occurs in northwestern America. Petals sessile; leaves ovate, oval, orbicular or cordate. Staminodia 3-5 at the base of each petal. Flower 9"-! 8" broad; petals much exceeding the calyx-lobes. Staminodia not longer than the stamens, stout. i. P. Caroliniana. Staminodia longer than the stamens, slender. 2. P. grandifolia. Flower 4" -5" broad; petals equalling the calyx-lobes. 3. P. Kotzebuei. Staminodia 7-15 at the base of each petal, slender. Flower i' broad; leaves cordate at base. 4. P. palustris. Flower 4" -5" broad; leaves narrowed at base. 5. P. parviftora. Petals clawed; leaves reniform; Staminodia 3 at each petal. 6. P. asarifolia. i. Parnassia Caroliniana Michx. Carolina Grass-of- Parnassus. (Fig. 1852.) Parnassia Caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 184. 1803. Scape 8/-24/ high, with a nearly sessile ovate clasping leaf below the middle. Basal leaves long-petioled, ovate, broadly oval or orbicular, obtuse at the apex, rounded or sometimes cordate-reniform at the base, or decurrcnt into the petiole, \'-i' long; flower 9"- 1 8" broad; calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, ob- tuse, much shorter than the sessile broadly oval white greenish-veined petals; Stamino- dia generally 3 in each set, stout; capsule 4"-5" long. In swamps and low meadows, New Bruns- wick to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Illinois and Iowa. June-Sept. 2. Parnassia grandifolia DC. Large-leaved Grass-of -Parnassus. (Fig. 1853.) Parnassia grandifolia DC. Prodr. x: 320. 1824. Similar to the preceding species, the scape bearing an ovate clasping leaf at the middle or much .below it. Basal leaves as in P. Caroliniana, but often larger and narrowed at the base; flower i'-2' broad; calyx-lobes shorter than the sessile white petals; stami- nodia 3-5 in each set, slender or almost fili- form, exceeding the anther-bearing stamens. In moist soil, southwestern Virginia to Flor- ida, Missouri and Louisiana. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. Voi,. II.] SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 3. Parnassia Kotzebuei C. & S. Kotzebue's Grass-of-Parnassus. (Fig. 1854.) Parnassia Kotzebtiei C. & S. Linnaea, i: 549. 1826. Scape slender, 3/-y/ high, leafless, or sometimes with a sin- gle sessile oval leaf near the base. Basal leaves short-peti- oled, membranous, ovate or oval, narrowed or sometimes cordate at the base, 3//-i2// long; flower 4//-5// broad, calyx- lobes oblong, equalling or slightly shorter than the elliptic white 3~5-veined sessile petals; staminodia 3-5 at the base of each petal, rather slender. Mt. Albert, Quebec; Labrador, arctic America to Alaska and in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Perhaps not distinct from P. parviflora. Summer. 4. Parnassia palustris I,. Marsh or Northern Grass-of-Parnassus. (Fig. 1855.) Parnassia palustris L. Sp. PI. 273. 1753. Scape slender, 3'-i2' high, bearing a clasping ovate leaf below the middle, or rarely leafless. Basal leaves sleuder-peti- oled, ovate, obtuse at the apex, usually cor- date at the base, <)"-i%" long; flower 6"- i2// broad; calyx ^-^ shorter than the elliptic few-veined sessile petals; stamino- dia 9-15 at the base of each petal, slender. In wet places, Newfoundland, Quebec and Labrador to the Canadian Rocky Mountains and Alaska, south to Minnesota, Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Wyoming. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 5. Parnassia parviflora DC. Small- flowered Grass-of-Parnassus. (Fig. 1856.) Parnassia parviflora DC. Prodr. i : 320. 1824. Scape 4/-i2/ high, very slender, usually bearing a clasping oval leaf at about the middle. Basal leaves petioled, oval or ovate, narrowed at the base, not cordate, 6"-i-zff long; flower 4/'-8// broad; sepals equalling or somewhat shorter than the elliptic sessile petals; staminodia 5-7 at the base of each petal, slender. In wet places, Quebec to Labrador and the Pacific Coast, south to Minnesota, Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Wyoming. July-Sept. SAXIFRAGACEAE. [VOL. IL 6. Parnassia asarifolia Vent. Kidney-leaved Grass-of- Par- nassus. (Fig. 1857.) Parnassia asarifolia Vent. Jard. Malm. pi. 39- 1803. Scape io/-2o/ high, bearing a clasping nearly orbicular leaf at about the middle. Basal leaves long-petioled, orbicular or much broader than long, rounded, broadly kidney-shaped at the base, often 2'-$' wide; flower about i' broad; calyx-lobes oval, much shorter than the strongly veined elliptic petals, which are rather abruptly narrowed into a claw; staminodia 3 in each set, slender, about the length of the stamens. In wet places, high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. July-Sept. 10. HYDRANGEA L. Sp. PI. 397. 1753. Shrubs, or some Asiatic species small trees, with opposite simple petioled leaves and ter- minal corymbose flowers. Stipules none. Exterior flowers of the corymb often apetalous, slender-pedicclled, sterile, but with enlarged and very conspicuous calyx-lobes, or sometimes the whole corymb changed to these sterile flowers; fertile flowers small. Calyx-tube hemi- spheric or obconic, adnate to the ovary, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the disk. Filaments filiform. Ovary 2-4-celled; styles 2-4, distinct, or united at the base; ovules oo . Capsule membranous, usually 2-celled, ribbed, many-seeded, dehiscent at the bases of the styles. [Greek, water-vessel, from the shape of the capsule.] About 35 species, natives of eastern North Anu-rk-a, eastern Asia and the Himalayas, and South America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southeastern States. Leaves glabrous or somewhat pubescent beneath. i. H. arborescens. Leaves densely tomentose beneath. 2. H. radiata. i. Hydrangea arborescens I,. Wild Hydrangea. (Fig. 1858.) H. arborescens I.. Sp. PI. 397. 1753. Hydrangea nilgaris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 268. 1803. A shrub, 4°-io° high, the young twigs pubescent or glabrate. Peti- oles slender, i'-4' long; leaves ovate, thin, 3/-6/ long, acute or often acu- minate at the apex, rounded, cordate or rarely broadly cuneate at the base, sharply dentate, green both sides, glabrous above, sometimes pubes- cent beneath; cymes 2/-5/ broad; marginal sterile flowers usually few or none, but sometimes numerous, or forming the entire inflorescence. On rocky stream or river banks, southern New York and New Jersey, very abundant in the valley of the Del- aware, to Iowa, south to Florida and Missouri. Species variable. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. June- July, sometimes blooming again in Sept. Hydrangea arborescens Kanawhana Millsp. Bull. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2: 363. 1891. Leaves pale or somewhat glaucous beneath. West Virginia. Vot. II. ] SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 185 Downy 2. Hydrangea radiata Walt. Hydrangea. (Fig. 1859.) Hydrangea radiata Walt. Fl. Car. 251. 1788. Hydrangea nivea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 268. 1803. A shrub 6°-8° high, the twigs finely pubescent or glabrate. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, 3/-6/ long, thicker than those of the preceding species, green and nearly gla- brous above, densely tomentose, sometimes sil- very white beneath; marginal flowers, or at least some of them, sterile and conspicuous. Missouri to Tennessee and North Carolina, south to Georgia. Our description perhaps includes two species. June-July. ii. DECUMARIA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1663. 1763. Woody climbing vines, with opposite petioled leaves, and terminal corymbose perfect flowers. Stipules none. Calyx-tube top-shaped, adnate to the ovary, its limb y-iotoothed. Petals 7-10, narrow. Stamens 20-30, inserted on the disk; filaments subulate. Ovary 5-10- celled, io-i5-ribbed, its apex conic; style thick; stigma capitate, 5-io-lobed; ovules oo . Capsule fragile, ribbed, opening between the ribs. Seeds numerous, the testa membranous, reticulated, produced into a club-shaped appendage. [Latin, decent, ten; the parts being often in io's.] A monotypic genus of southeastern North America. i. Decumaria barbara L. Decu- maria. (Fig. 1860.) Decumaria barbara L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1663. 1763. Glabrous, or the shoots pubescent, climb- ing by aerial rootlets to a height of several feet. Petioles J^'-i' long; leaves ovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base 2 '-4' long, entire or repand-denticulate, sometimes pubescent on the veins of the lower surface, glabrous and shining above; corymbs terminal, compound, 2/~3/ broad; flowers white, fra- grant, 3//~4// broad; calyx-teeth decidu- ous; capsule top-shaped, 2//-3// high, tipped with the conic persistent style, opening between the ribs and remaining on the plant after the seeds fall away. In swamps, southeastern Virginia to Flor- ida, west to Louisiana. May-June. 12. PHILADELPHIA L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753. Shrubs, with opposite petioled simple deciduous leaves, and no stipules. Flowers large, terminal or axillary, corymbose, racemose or solitary, white or cream-colored. Calyx-tube top-shaped, adnate to the ovary, 4~5-lobed. Petals 4-5, convolute, rounded or obovate. Stamens 20-40, inserted on the disk; filaments linear. Ovary 3~5-celled; styles 3-5, filiform, distinct, or united at the base; ovules oo. Capsule top-shaped, 3-5-celled, at length loculi- cidally dehiscent by 3-5 valves, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, the testa membranous, pro- duced at each end. [Named after King Ptolemy Philadelphus.] About 15 species, natives of North America, Mexico, Asia and central Europe. Besides the following, about 5 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Called Mock Orange from the orange-like blossoms of the various species. The common name Syringa is un- fortunate, being the generic name of the Lilac. i86 SAXIFRAGACEAE. [Voi,. II. Flowers inodorous, solitary or few. Calyx-lobes about equalling the tube. Calyx-lobes about twice as long as the tube. Flowers racemose, numerous, fragrant. 1. P. inodorus. 2. P. grandiflorus. 3. P. coronarius. i. Philadelphus inodorus L,. Scent- less Syringa. (Fig. 1861.) Philadelphus inodorus L. Sp. PI. 470. 1803. A shrub, 6°-8° high, glabrous or very nearly so throughout. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or acu- minate at the apex, rounded or sometimes nar- rowed at the base, 2'-$' long, strongly 3-nerved, serrate with small distant teeth, or entire; flowers white, inodorous, about i' broad, solitary or 2 or 3 together at the ends of short branches; calyx- lobes triangular-ovate, acute, about as long as the tube; capsule about 3" high. In thickets, Virginia to Alabama and Georgia, principally in the mountains. Escaped from culti- vation in Pennsylvania. May. 2. Philadelphus grandifldrus Willd. Large- flowered Syringa. (Fig. 1862.) Philadelphus grandiflorus Willd. Knum. Hort. Berol. 511. 1809. A shrub, 6°-lo° high, resembling the pre- ceding species and perhaps not specifically dif- ferent. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, more or less pubescent, especially beneath, $'-$' long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply dentate, 3-nerved; flowers i- 3 together at the ends of the branches, and sometimes also axillary to the upper leaves, white, inodorous, i%'-2' broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate or acute, twice as long as the tube; capsule about 3" high. In low grounds, Virginia to Tennessee and Florida. April-May. 3. Philadelphus coronarius L. Garden Syringa. Mock Orange. (Fig. 1863.) Philadelphus coronarius L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753. A shrub 8°-io° high. Leaves short-peti. oled, oval, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, z'-tf long, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, denticulate with distant teeth, 3- nerved; flowers numerous, racemose at the ends of the branches, I'-iJ^' broad, creamy white, very fragrant; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, longer than the tube. Escaped from gardens in Virginia and Ohio, and sparingly in the Middle and Eastern States. Native of central Europe. May-June. VOL. II.] SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. I87 13. ITEA L. Sp. PI. 199. 1753- Shrubs or small trees, with simple alternate petioled deciduous leaves, no stipules, and small white flowers in terminal narrow racemes. Calyx-tube obconic or campanulate, 5- lobed, its base adnate to the ovary. Petals 5, linear, their apices inflexed. Stamens 5, in- serted on the disk. Ovary a-celled; style slender; stigma 2-grooved in our species; ovules few or numerous. Capsule oblong or narrowly conic, 2-valved, several-many-seeded. Seeds narrow, flattish, the testa produced at each end. [Greek for willow, which its leaves resemble.] About 5 species, natives of the eastern United States and Asia. The following is the only one known to occur in North America. i. Itea Virginica L. Itea. Virginia Willow. (Fig. 1864.) Itea Virginica L. Sp. PI. 199. i"53- A shrub 4°-io° high, the twigs and inflores- cence finely pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, narrowly oval, oblanceolate or rarely obovate, i '-3' long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, gla- brous, or with a few hairs along the veins be- neath; racemes terminal, dense, 2/-6/ long; flowers short-pedicelled; petals linear, erect or slightly spreading, about 2^" long; cap- sule 2-grooved, 2//~3// long, pubescent, nar- row, tipped with the persistent at length 2- parted style. In wet places, pine barrens of New Jersey, and eastern Pennsylvania to Florida, west to west- ern North Carolina and Louisiana. May-June. Family 40. GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 37. 1829. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY. Shrubs, with alternate often fascicled usually lobed petioled leaves, and race- mose or subsolitary axillary or lateral flowers, the pedicels bracteolate. Calyx- tube ovoid, cylindric or hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, the limb 4~5-lobed, often colored. Petals 4-5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like, often included. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals, included or exserted. Ovary i -celled; styles 2, distinct or united; ovules few or numerous. Berry globose or ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its summit. Seeds obscurely angled, their outer coat gelatinous, the inner crustaceous. Only the following genus, having the characters of the family. i. RIBES L. Sp. PI. 200. 1753. About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South America, sides the following some 40 others occur in the western parts of North America. Flowers solitary, or 2-4, axillary. Native plants of woods or swamps; spines mostly slender. Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; berries more or less spiny. Calyx-tube ovoid-campanulate, green. Calyx-tube tubular, white. Calyx-lobes exceeding the tube; berries glabrous. Peduncles slender; stamens long-exserted. Peduncles short; stamens included or little exserted. Stamens not exceeding the oblong calyx-lobes. Stamens somewhat exceeding the linear calyx-lobes. Introduced, escaped from gardens; spines stout, usually 3 together Flowers racemose, small, axillary or lateral. Stems and berries bristly. Stems entirely unarmed. Berries red, glandular-bristly. Berries glabrous. Racemes erect or ascending; fruit black. Racemes pendulous. Calyx-tube cylindric; fruit black. 10. R. floridum. Calyx-tube campanulate; fruit red. n. R. rubrum. Calyx tubular; fruit red. 12. R. cereum. Flowers racemose ; calyx-tube elongated, bright yellow. 13. R. a u reum. Be- 1. R. Cynosbati. 2. R. setosum. 3. R. gracile. 4. R. oxyacanthoid.es. 5. R. roiundifolium. 6. R. Uva-cnspa. 7. R. lacustre. 8. R. prostratum. 9. R. Hudsonianum. i88 GROSSULARIACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Ribes Cynosbati L. Wild Gooseberry. Dogberry. (Fig. 1865.) Ribes Cynosbati I,. Sp. PI. 202. 1753. Infra-axillary spines slender, solitary or sometimes 2-3 together, erect or spreading, 3//-6" long, or often wanting. Prickles of the branches few and weak or none; petioles 6//-i8// long, slender, generally pubescent; leaflets nearly orbicular, i/-2/ broad, some- what pubescent, at least when young, truncate or cordate at the base, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes creuate-dentate or incised; peduncles and pedicels slender; flowers 1-3, green, 3"- 4" long; calyx-lobes oblong, shorter than the ovoid tube; stamens not exserted; berry 4"- 6" in diameter, with subulate prickles. In rocky woods, New Brunswick, south, especi- ally along the Alleghanies to North Carolina, west to Manitoba and Missouri. Accends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. April-June. 2. Ribes setdsum Lindl. Bristly Gooseberry. (Fig. 1866.) Kibes setosum Lindl. Trans. Hort. Soc. 7: 243. 1830. Infra-axillary spines 1-2 together, slender, 2"- 3" long, spreading, sometimes none. Bristles usually numerous, scattered; leaves slender- peti- oled, more or less pubescent, at least when young, i' in width or less, broadly ovate or orbicular, 3- 5-lobed, the lobes incised-dentate; flowers 1-4, white, 3"-5" long; calyx-tube cylindric, longer than the oblong lobes; stamens not ex- serted; fruit sparingly bristly, or often glabrous. On lake shores, and in thickets, western Ontario and Manitoba to Montana, Nebraska and Wyoming. May. 3. Ribes gracile Michx. Missouri Gooseberry. (Fig. 1867.) Ribes gracile Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. i: in. 1803. Spines slender, solitary, or 2-3 together, red- dish, 3"-S" long or more. Prickles gener- ally few or none; leaves slcnder-pctioled, some- what pubescent when young, orbicular or broader, 9//-i8// wide, truncate, slightly cor- date, or sometimes obtuse at the base, 3-5- lobed, the lobes rather blunt, dentate; pedicels very slender, 4//-6// long; flowers white or greenish tinged, drooping, 6//~9// long; calyx- tube narrow, shorter than the linear lobes; stamens connivent or parallel, much exserted; berry reddish-purple, 5//-6// in diameter. In dry or rocky soil, Minnesota, Michigan, Illi- nois and Pennsylvania to Tennessee and Texas. May. Voi,. II.] GOOSEBERRY FAMILY. 4. Ribes oxyacanthoides L,. Hawthorn or Northern Gooseberry. (Fig. 1868.) Ribes oxyacanthoides I<. Sp. PI. 201. 1753. Ribes hirtellum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: in. 1803. Spines generally solitary, light colored, 3//-6// long, sometimes none. Prickles scattered or wanting; leaves petioled, similar to those of the preceding species, the lobes obtuse or acute; peti- oles and lower leaf-surfaces commonly pubescent; peduncles short, commonly less than f>" long; flowers 1-3, short-pedicelled, greenish-purple or white, about 3//-4// long; calyx-lobes oblong; sta- mens short, not exserted; berry globose or glo- bose-ovoid, glabrous, 4//-6// in diameter, reddish- purple when ripe. In wet woods and low grounds, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Ohio, Michigan and in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and Colorado. May-July. 6. Ribes Uva-crispa L,. Garden Gooseberry. (Fig. 1870.) Ribes Uva-crispa L,. Sp. PI. 201. 1753. Ribes Grossularia I,. Sp. PI. 201. 1753. Spines stout, spreading or reflexed, usually 3 together but sometimes solitary or 2, appa- rently never entirely wanting. Prickles scattered or none; leaves rather short- peti- oled, orbicular or broader, pubescent, at least when young, seldom over i' wide, 3-5-lobed, the lobes obtuse and crenate-dentate; pedun- cles very short, i -flowered or sometimes 2- flowered, usually pubescent; flowers green, about 3" long; calyx-tube campanulate, its lobes oval; stamens somewhat exserted, or in- cluded; fruit globose- ovoid, glabrous, or with weak bristles, often \f long in cultivation. Along roadsides in eastern New Jersey and southeastern New York, escaped from gardens. Native of Europe and Asia. Teaberry. May. 5. Ribes rotundifolium Michx. Eastern Wild Gooseberry. (Fig. 1869.) Ribes rotundifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 1 10. 1803. Closely resembling the preceding species, the spines commonly shorter, or often alto- gether wanting, and the prickles few or none. I/eaves similar, pubescent, at least beneath, when young; peduncles rather short; flowers 1-3, greenish- purple, ^ff-\" long, pedicelled; calyx-lobes linear-oblong or somewhat spatulate; stamens exserted for about ^ their length; berry globose, glabrous, usually not more than 4" in diameter. In rocky woods, western Massachusetts and southeastern New York to North Carolina, es- pecially along the mountains. May-July. GROSSULARIACEAE. [VOL. II- Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. 8. Ribes prostratum L'Her. R. prostratum L'Her. Stirp. Nov. i : 3. pi. 2, 1784. Branches decumbent or spreading, thorn- less and without prickles. Petioles slender, I '-3' long, pubescent or glabrous, the dilated base sometimes ciliate; leaves nearly orbi- cular, sharply and deeply 5-7-lobed, i'-3' wide, usually somewhat pubescent along the veins beneath, the lobes acute or acutish, dentate-serrate; flowers racemose, appear- ing from the same buds as the leaves, about •2% " broad; pedicels 2//-2,j4// long, glandu- lar, bracted at the base; calyx broadly cam- panulate, its lobes short and broad; stamens short, not exserted; fruit light red, glandu- lar-bristly, about 2" in diameter. In cold wet places, Labrador to British Colum- bia and the Northwest Territory, south, especi- ally alon? the mountains, to North Carolina, Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado. Plant with a disagreeable odor. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. May-June. Swamp Gooseberry. (Fig. 1871.) Ribes oxyacanthoid.es var. lacustre Pers. Syn. i: 252. 1805. Ribes lacustre Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2: 856. 181 1. Spines slender, weak, generally clus- tered. Branches usually densely bristly; petioles slender, more or less pubescent; leaves nearly orbicular, thin, pubescent along the veins beneath, deeply 5-7- Icbed, i '-2' wide, the lobes obtuse or acutish, incised-dentate; flowers race- mose, green, about 2" long; pedicels slender, bracted at the base, about "2" long; calyx-tube short, campanulate, its lobes short, broad, spreading; stamens very short, not exserted; berry about 2// in diameter, reddish, covered with weak bristles. In swamps and wet woods, Newfound- land to Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania, west to Michigan, British Columbia and Washington. Intermediate between Gooseberries and Currants. May- June. Fetid Currant. (Fig. 1872.) 9. Ribes Hudsonianum Richards. Northern Black Currant. ( Fig. 1 873. ) Ribes Hudsonianum Richards. Prank. Journ. Ed. 2, 6. 1823. Branches erect, unarmed. Petioles slender, i '-4' long; leaves broader than long, i'-4' wide, more or less pubescent and resinous- dotted beneath, 3-5-lobed, the lobes obtuse or acutish, coarsely dentate; racemes from the same buds as the leaves, erect, densely flowered; pedicels i" long or less; flowers white, 2//-3// broad, calyx broadly campanu- late, its lobes oval, obtuse; stamens short, not exserted; bracts setaceous, deciduous; fruit black, glabrous, 2//~3// in diameter. Hudson Bay and western Ontario to British Columbia and the Northwest Territory, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. May-June. Ribes nigrum I,., the Black Currant of the gar- dens, with similar leaves, but loosely flowered drooping racemes, is beginning to escape from cultivation. VOL. II.] GOOSEBERRY FAMILY. 191 10. Ribes floridum I/ Her. Wild Blackcurrant. (Fig. 1874.) Ribes floridum L'Her. Stirp. Nov. i: 4. 1784. Ribes nigrum var. Pennsylvanicum Marsh. Arb. Amer. 132. 1785. Ribes Pennsylvanicum Lam. Encycl. 3: 49. 1789. Branches erect, unarmed. Petioles slen- der, loosely pubescent, or glabrous; leaves nearly orbicular, glabrous above, somewhat pubescent and resinous-dotted beneath, if—$f wide, sharply 3-5-lobed, the lobes dentate- serrate, acutish; racemes appearing from the same buds as the leaves, pendulous, rather loosely flowered, pubescent; bractlets linear, much exceeding the pedicels, or shorter; flowers greenish-white, 4//-5// long; calyx tubular, its lobes short, broad, obtuse; sta- mens not exserted; fruit globose-ovoid, black, glabrous, about 3" in diameter. In woods, Nova Scotia to Virginia, west to Manitoba, Kentucky, Iowa and Nebraska. April-May. ii. Ribes rubrum L,. Red Currant. (Fig. 1875.) Ribes rubrum L. Sp. PI. 200. 1753. R. albinervium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: no. 1803. Ribes rubrum var. subglandulosum Maxim. Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 19: 261. 1874. Unarmed. Petioles slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, i/~3/ long; leaves pubes- cent beneath, at least when young, orbicular or broader, cordate at the base, 3-5-lobed, the lobes obtuse or acutish, sharply dentate; ra- cemes appearing from different buds than the leaves, pendulous, loosely flowered; pedicels 2//_y/ long, curved and sometimes ascend- ing, longer than the ovate bractlets; flowers greenish or purplish, about 2" broad; calyx flat-cam panulate; stamens short; fruit red, glabrous, 2//~4// in diameter. In cold woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to northern New England, New Jersey, Indiana and Minnesota.and freely escaped from cultivation in the Middle and Eastern States. Also in Europe and Asia. The European plant has been more or less modified in cultivation. May-June. 12. Ribes cereum Dougl. White- flowered Currant. Squaw Cur- rant. (Fig. 1876.) Ribes cereum Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. 7: 512. 1830. Unarmed. Petioles slender, more or less gland- ular-pubescent, 3//-io// long; leaves reniform- orbicular, cordate at the base, X/~IX/ wide, sparingly glandular-pubescent, or glabrate on both sides, 3-5-lobed, the lobes very obtuse, cre- nate or crenulate; racemes short, pubescent, pendulous, appearing from the same buds as the leaves; bractlets persistent; flowers sessile or short-pedicelled, white or greenish-white; calyx tubular, glandular; petals minute, nearly orbicu- lar; stamens short; fruit red, insipid, glabrous or slightly glandular, about 3" in diameter. Nebraska to British Columbia, Arizona and Cali- fornia. May-June. 192 GROSSULARIACEAE. [VOL. II. 13. Ribes aureum Pursh. Golden, Buffalo or Missouri Currant. (Fig. 1877.) Kibes aureum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 164. 1814. Unarmed. Petioles rather slender, pubescent, at least when young; leaves convolute in the bud, pubescent and ciliate, or at length glabrous, often broader than long, thick, 3-lobed or sometimes 5- lobed, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, the lobes obtuse, few-toothed or entire; racemes leafy - bracted, few-flowered; flowers bright yellow, spicy- scented, 6//-i2// long; calyx-tube cylindric, gla- brous, 3-4 times as long as the oval spreading lobes; stamens slightly exserted; fruit yellow, becoming black, glabrous, 3//~5// in diameter. Along: streams, Minnesota to Missouri and Texas, west to California, Oregon and the Northwest Territory. Common in cultivation. April-May. Ribes aureum chrysococcum Rydb. Fl. Neb. ax: 71. 1895, is a form with the fruit yellow when mature, found in western Nebraska. Family 41. HAMAMELIDACEAE Lindl. \ V-. Kin^d. 784. 1847. WITCH HA/.I-:I, FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled simple leaves, and perfect or poly- gamous flowers, variously clustered. Perianth often imperfect, or sometimes none. Calyx-tube, when present, more or less adnate to the ovary, its limb truncate or 5-lobed. Petals, when present, 4-*, perigynous. Stamens 4-00, perigynous; filaments distinct. Disk circular or none. Ovary compound, of 2 carpels united below, 2-celled; styles 2, subulate, erect or recurved; ovules i-oo. Fruit a 2-celled 2-beaked woody or cartilaginous capsule, dehiscent at the sum mil. Seeds i-several, anatropous; embryo large; endosperm scanty. About 15 genera and 35 species, natives of North America, Asia and South Africa. Ovules i in each cell; flowers perfect or polygamous; shrubs or small ttees; fruit iiut spiny. I lowers white, in catkin like spikes; petals none. i FotkCTfitta. Flowers yellow, in axillary clusters; petals long. 2. ffanittniflis. Ovules several in each cell; flowers monoecious; large trees; fruit globular, spiny, . i. FOTHERGLLA Murr. Syst. Veg. 418. 1774. Shrubs, the foliage somewhat stellate-pubescent. Leaves alternate, obovate. Flowers perfect, or often polygamous (sometimes monoecious) in catkin -like bracted terminal spikes, appearing a little before the leaves. Calyx campaiiulate, slightly 5-7-lobed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, inserted on the edge of the calyx; anthers subglobose. Ovary 2-celled; styles slender; ovules i in each cell. Capsule cartilaginous, 2-celled, 2-seedcd. Seeds bony, pendulous. [Named for Dr. John Fothergill 1712-1780, an English naturalist.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. ^ x. Fothergilla Carolina (L.) Britton. Fothergilla. (Fig. 1878.) Hamamelis I'irginiana Carolina L,. Mant. 333. 1771. Fothergilla Gardeni Murr. Syst. Veg. 418. 1774. Fothergilla alnifolia Iy. f. Suppl. 267. 1781. F. Carolina Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 180. 1894. A shrub, 2°-$° high, the young twigs densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, 2'- 3' long, obovate or broadly oval, obtuse or short- pointed at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, usually inequilateral, coarsely deu- tate-crenate above the middle, or entire, more or less stellate-pubescent; spikes dense, erect, i'- 2' long; bracts densely pubescent, the lower ones sometimes lobed; stamens white or pink- ish, 2//~4// long; capsule very pubescent. In wet grounds, Virginia to Georgia. April. VOL. II.] WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. 193 2. HAMAMELIS L. Sp. PI. 124. 1753. Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and clustered lateral yellow bracted flowers, appearing in late summer or autumn. Calyx 4-parted, persistent, adnate to the lower part of the ovary. Petals 4, elongated, linear, persistent, or in the staminate flowers sometimes wanting. Sta- mens 4, alternating with 4 scale-like staminodia; filaments very short; anthers dehiscent by a valve. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, short; ovules I in each cell, pendulous. Capsule woody, at length 2-valved at the summit. Seed oblong, its testa shining. [Greek, with the apple, flower and fruit being borne together.] A genus of 3 known species, one native of eastern North America, the others of Japan. i. Hamamelis Virginiana L. Witch-Hazel. (Fig. 1879.) Hamamelis Virginiana L- Sp. PI. 124. 1753. A shrub, or rarely a small tree with max- imum height of about 25°, the twigs slightly scurfy, or glabrous. Leaves short-petioled, obovate or broadly oval, obtuse or pointed at the apex, somewhat cordate and inequilateral at the base, stellate-pubescent, at least when young, 2/~5/ long, thick, repand-dentate; flowers in axillary clusters, nearly sessile, bright yellow, appearing late in the season, when the leaves are falling and while the pre- vious fruit remains; petals narrow, about l/i'f wide, 6//~9// long; calyx-lobes spreading or recurved, oval, ciliate, pubescent on the outer surface; capsule maturing the next season, beaked with the 2 persistent styles, densely pubescent, ^'r-\'f high, at length bursting elastically; seeds large, bony. In low woods, New Brunswick and Nova Sco- tia to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, light brown; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. Aug.-Dec. 3. LIQUIDAMBAR L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753. Large trees with resinous sap, simple alternate lobed petioled leaves, and small monoe- cious flowers in heads, the staminate clusters racemose, the pistillate ones usually solitary. Calyx and corolla of the staminate flowers none; stamens numerous; filaments short; an- thers longitudinally dehiscent. Calices of the pistillate flowers confluent; petals none; an- thers rudimentary, borne on the edge of the calyx; ovary partly inferior, 2-celled; ovules several or numerous; styles 2. Capsules 2-beaked, 2-valved at the summit, dry, hard, form- ing a dense spinose globular head. [Name Latin-Arabic referring to the fragrant sap.] i. Liquidambar Styraciflua L. Sweet Gum. Star-leaved or Red Gum. Bilsted. Alligator- tree. (Fig. 1880.) Liquidambar Styraciflua L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753. A forest tree, maximum height about 150°; bark very rough, branches usually winged with corky ridges. Twigs glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves broader than long, 3/~9/ wide, subcordate at base, deeply 3-7-lobed, glabrous above, often pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, the lobes triangu- lar-ovate, acute, sharply and finely serrate; sterile flower-clusters erect or spreading, conic, consist- ing of numerous small heads, greenish; fertile heads long-peduncled, at length drooping, borne near the base of the sterile; head of fruit about \'~\l/zf in diameter, the fertile seeds few, with numerous mi- nute sterile ones. In low woods, Connecticut and southern New York to Florida, Illinois, Missouri and Mexico. Not common away from the coast in the Middle States. Wood hard, not strong, reddish brown; weight per cubic foot 37 Ibs. Leaves fragrant when bruised, brilliant in autumn. Its gum, copal-balsam or copalm, used as a substitute for storax. April-May. 13 194 PLATANACEAE. [Vol.. II. I836. Family 42. PLATANACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 187. PLANE-TREE FAMILY. Large trees, with thin exfoliating bark, alternate petioled patmately lobed and veined leaves, the hollowed petiole bases enclosing the buds for the fol- lowing season, and very small green monoecious flowers in dense globular heads. Receptacle somewhat fleshy. Calyx of 3-8 externally pubescent minute sepals. Corolla of as many thin glabrous petals. Staminate flowers with stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them; filaments short; anthers oblong or linear, longi- tudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with 2-8 distinct pistils; ovary linear, i -celled; style elongated; stigma lateral. Ripened head of fruit composed of very numerous narrowly obpyramidal nutlets which are densely pubescent below with long nearly erect hairs. Seed pendulous; endosperm thin; cotyledons linear. The family contains only the following genus, comprising some 7 species, natives of the north temperate zone. i. PLATANUS L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753. Characters of the family. [Name ancient.] Besides the following species, 2 others occur in the western United States and i or 2 in Mexico, i. Platanus occidentalis L. Button-wood. Button-ball. Plane-tree. (Fig. 1881.) Platanus occidentalis L,. Sp. PI. 999. 1753. A large tree; maximum height about 130° and trunk diameter 14°; outer bark freely peeling off in thin plates, uncovering the bright white inner layers. Leaves orbicular, or wider than long, 4'-9' wide when mature, cordate or truncate at the base, 3-5-lobed, densely floccose-pubesccnt with whitish branched hairs when young, less so above and becoming nearly glabrous when old, the lobes mostly large, sharply serrate, or rarely entire; petiole mostly shorter than the blade; stipules with broad spreading toothed borders, conspicuous on young shoots; fruiting heads i' in diameter, usually solitary, hanging on a long peduncle, persistent through the winter, the nutlets at length scattered by the wind. Along streams and in wet woods, Maine to On- tario and Minnesota, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, weak, difficult to split, reddish brown; weight per cubic foot 35 Ibs. The largest tree of east America; often called Sycamore. The outer bark of the lower part of old trunks does not freely exfoliate. May. Family 43. ROSACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. ROSE FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate (in some exotic genera opposite), simple or compound leaves, and regular perfect or rarely polygamo-dioecious flowers. Stipules commonly present, sometimes large. Calyx free from or adnate to the ovary, 5-lobed (rarely 4-9-lobed), often bracteolate. Disk adnate to the base of the calyx. Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, distinct, or none. Stamens usually numerous, distinct; anthers small, 2-celled. Carpels I-QO , dis- tinct, or adnate to the calyx. Ovary i -celled or rarely imperfectly 2-celled; style terminal or lateral. Ovules i, 2, or several, anatropous. Fruit various, mostly follicles or achenes; endosperm none, or rarely copious. A family comprising about 65 genera and 1200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Pistils few, seldom more than 5, ripening into 2-4-seeded follicles. Follicles dehiscent along both sutures; seeds shining. i. Ofiulaster. Follicles dehiscent along one suture; seeds dull. Pistils alternate with the calyx-lobes. Flowers perfect; leaves simple; shrubs. 2. Spiraea. Flowers dioecious; leaves 2-3-pinnate; tall herbs. 3. Aruncus. Pistils opposite the calyx-lobes; petals white, strap-shaped. 4. Porteranthus. Voi,. II.] ROSE FAMILY. 195 5. Rubus. 6. Dalibarda. 7. Fragaria. Pistils numerous, ripening into i-2-seeded drupelets or achenes. Pistils ripening into drupelets crowded on the receptacle. Drupelets very pulpy. Drupelets nearly dry, enclosed by the calyx. Pistils ripening into achenes. Style deciduous. Receptacle very pulpy in fruit. Receptacle not fleshy, even in fruit. Pistils very numerous. Receptacle much enlarged in fruit; bractlets longer than calyx. 8. Duchesnea. Receptacle little enlarged; bractlets mostly shorter than calyx. Petals white or yellow, obtuse or emarginate. 9. Potentilla. Petals purple, abruptly acuminate, much shorter than calyx. 10. Comarum. Pistils only 1-12. Stamens 5; petals minute; arctic and alpine herb. n. Sibbaldia. Stamens numerous; petals conspicuous. 12. Waldsteinia. Style persistent on the achene, often plumose. Calyx-lobes and petals 5; leaves interruptedly pinnate. 13. Geum. Calyx-lobes and petals 8-9; leaves simple. 14. Dryas. Pistil solitary; achene with a long persistent plumose style; shrub. 15. Cercocarpus. Pistils 5-15, ripening into i-seeded capsules; filaments narrowed at base; herbs. 16. Ulmaria. Pistils 1-4; fruit enclosed in the dry persistent calyx-tube; herbs. Calyx with 4 or 5 bractlets; petals none. 17. Alchemilla. Calyx not bracteolate, but bearing hooked prickles; petals 5. 18. Agrimonia. Calyx neither bracteolate nor prickly; petals none. 19. Sanguisorba. Pistils numerous, ripening into achenes enclosed by the fleshy persistent calyx-tube; shrubs with pinnate leaves. 20. Rosa. i. OPULASTER Medic. Pfl. Anat. 2: 109. 1799. [PHYSOCARPA Raf. New Fl. N. A. 3: 73. 1836.] Branching shrubs, with petioled simple palmately lobed leaves, and white flowers in ter- minal corymbs. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, rounded, inserted in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 20-40, inserted with the petals. Pistils 1-5, short-stipitate, when 5 al- ternate with the calyx- lobes. Stigma terminal, capitate. Pods 1-5, inflated, in our species at length dehiscent along both sutures, 2-4-seeded. Seeds ovoid or globose, crustaceous, shining; endosperm copious. [Greek, a wild Opulus, or cranberry -tree.] Species about 5, i or perhaps 2 of eastern North America, 3 of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast, i in Mantchuria. i. Opulaster opulifolius (L,.) Kuntze. Ninebark. (Fig. 1882.) Spiraea opulifolia L,. Sp. PI. 489. 1753. Neillia opulifolia Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. i: 171. 1876. OpnlasterofinlifoliusKuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 949. 1891. A shrub 3°-io° high, with recurved branches, glabrous twigs and foliage, the bark peeling off in thin strips. Stipules caducous; leaves peti- oled, ovate-orbicular, obtusely or acutely 3-lobed, cordate, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base, i/-2/ long, or larger on the young shoots, the lobes irregularly crenate-dentate; corymbs ter- minal, peduncled, nearly spherical, many-flow- ered, i/-2/ broad; pedicels slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, s//-8// long; flowers white or purplish; calyx glabrous or nearly so; follicles 3-5, glabrous, shining, obliquely subulate-tipped, twice as long as the calyx. River-banks and in rocky places, Quebec to Georgia, west to Manitoba and Kansas. June. 2. SPIRAEA L. Sp. PI. 489. 1753. Shrubs, with alternate simple pinnate or pinnatifid mainly stipulate leaves. Flowers terminal or axillary, racemose, cymose, corymbose or paniculate, white or pink, perfect. Calyx persistent, its tube mainly campanulate, 4~5-lobed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx, short-clawed. Stamens 20-60, distinct, inserted on the calyx; filaments filiform; anthers di- dymous. Disk adnate to the calyx-tube. Pistils commonly 5 (rarely 1-8), superior, sessile or short-stipitate, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Stigmas capitate or discoid; ovules 2-00. Follicles usually 5, not inflated, dehiscent along i suture. Seeds linear, pendulous, the testa dull; endosperm little or none. [Greek, twisting, the pods twisted in some species.] About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, about 2 others occur in the western parts of North America. 196 ROSACEAE. Flowers in dense terminal panicles. Glabrous or nearly so throughout. Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves woolly-pubescent. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Leaves broadly oval or ovate, thick, serrate. Leaves oblong, thin, nearly entire. [VOL. II. 1. 5. salicifolia. 2. S. lomentosa. 3. 5". corymbosa. 4. S. Virginiana. i. Spiraea salicifolia L. Willow- leaved or American Meadow-sweet. Quaker Lady. (Fig. 1883.) Spiraea salicifolia L- Sp. PI. 489. 1753. An erect shrub, 2°-4° high, simple, or branched above, nearly glabrous. Leaves petioled, oblanceolate, obovate, lanceolate or oval, glabrous or very nearly so, sharply serrate, especially above the middle, i/-2/ long, 4//-i2// wide, or on young shoots much larger, obtuse or acutish at the apex, mainly cuncate at the base, pale beneath; stipules deciduous or none; flowers white or pinkish-tinged, 1"-$" broad, in dense ter- minal panicles; follicles glabrous. In swamps or moist ground, Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains, south to Georgia :m£0 high. Stipules small, dentate; basal leaves petioled, lobed, 3-foliolate or pinnately divided, their segments 3-5, the terminal one broadly ovate or obovate, the lateral ones narrower, all dentate and more or less lobed, sometimes with smaller ones borne on the petiole; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, 3~5-lobed or divided; peduncles slender; flowers white, 4//-8// broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, re- flexed; petals obovate, equalling or shorter than the sepals; head of fruit globose-obovoid, sessile, 4/'-6" long; receptacle densely short-bristly; style glabrous, or pubescent below, jointed, 3"- 4" long. In shaded places, Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri. June - AUK. White Avens. (Fig. 1944.) 6. Geum Virginianum L,. (Fig. 1945.) Rough Avens. Geum Virginianum L,. Sp. PI. 500. 1753. Resembling the preceeding species but much stouter, the stem and petioles bristly-pubescent, the stout short peduncles pubescent with reflexed hairs. Sepals reflexed, exceeding the spreading revolute creamy- white petals; head of fruit globose, very dense, 6//-8// in diameter; receptacle merely downy or glabrous; style slender, jointed, pubescent below, 4' '-5" long. Low ground, New Brunswick to Pennsylvania and south- ward in the Alleghanies, west through Ontario to Minne- sota and to Missouri. Blooms somewhat earlier than (r. Canadense. Basal leaves becoming very large, the terminal leaflet sometimes 6' wide. May-July, Vox,. II.] ROSE FAMILY. 221 7. Geum flavum (Porter) Bicknell. Cream-colored Avens. (Fig. 1946.) Geum album vxt'.flaz>um Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 16: 21. 1889. Geum Canadense var. flavum Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 270. 1891. G.flainim Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 523. 1896. Stem bristly-hairy below, erect, iX°-3° tal1- Stipules large, often i' long, foliaceous, dentate orlobed. Basal leaves mostly pinnately divided, sometimes only lobed; lower stem-leaves usually -also pinnately divided, the terminal segment often elongated; upper stem-leaves oval or lan- ceolate, sometimes entire; peduncles slender; flowers cream-yellow, about 3" broad; petals nar- rowly oblong, shorter than or little exceeding the reflexed calyx-lobes; head of fruit sessile, about 5" in diameter; receptacle bristly-villous; style nearly glabrous to the base, jointed, 3//-4// long. In woods, New York to Virginia. June- Aug. r Geum urbanum I,., from Europe, distinguished by its bright yellow, broader and longer petals, is es- caped from cultivation at Cambridge, M;iss. I 8. Geum macrophyllum Willd. Large- leaved Avens. (Fig. 1947.) Geum macrophyllum Willd. Enum. 557. 1809. Stout, erect, bristly -pubescent, simple or branched above, i°-3° high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal leavespetioled, lyrate-pinnate, the terminal segment much the largest, reniform, orbicular or cordate, den- tate, 3~7-lobed; lateral leaflets 3-6, oval or obovate, with smaller ones interspersed or borne on the peti- ole; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, the leaf- lets or lobes 2-4, cuneate; flowers several, terminal, short-peduncled, yellow, 5//-io// broad; petals ob- ovate, exceeding the acute reflexed calyx-lobes; receptacle nearly glabrous; style slender, jointed, pubescent, at least below, 3//-5// long. In low grounds, Nova Scotia and New England to Alaska and British Columbia, south to New York, Missouri, Colorado and Oregon. Also in northern Europe. May-July. 9. Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens. (Fig. 1948.) Geum strictum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 217. 1789. Geum Canadense Murr. Comm. Goett. 5: 34. pi. 4. f. B. 1783. Not Jacq. 1772. Erect or ascending, pubescent, branched above, 2°-5° high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal leaves lyrate- pinnate; leaflets 5-7, obovate, cuneate, dentate or lobed, with a few smaller ones interspersed, the terminal one largest, broadly ovate or cuneate; stem-leaves sessile or short-petioled, with 3-5 ovate or oblong acute segments; flowers yellow, similar to those of the preceding spe- cies; receptacle downy-pubescent; style slender, 3"- \" long, jointed, pubescent below. In swamps or low grounds, Newfoundland to British •Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Missouri and Arizona. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June- Aug. A hybrid with G. Canadense has been found in •eastern Pennsylvania. 222 ROSACEAE. 14. DRYAS L. Sp. PI. 501. 1753. [Voi.. II. Low tufted herbaceous shrubs, with simple petioled stipulate leaves white-cauescent be- neath, and white or yellow, rather large perfect solitary flowers on slender scapes. Calyx persistent, not bracted, its tube concave, glandular-hirsute, S-g-lobed. Petals 8 or 9, obovate, larger than the calyx-lobes. Stamens oo, inserted on the throat of the calyx; filaments subu- late. Carpels so , sessile, inserted on the dry receptacle; style terminal, persistent, elongated and plumose in fruit. Seed ascending, its testa membranous. [Name Latin, a wood- nymph.] Three species, natives of the cold-temperate and arctic parts of the north temperate zone. Flowers white ; sepals linear. Leaves oval or ovate, coarsely crenate. i. D. octopetala. Leaves ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, subcorclate, entire or nearly so. 2. D. integrifolia. Flowers yellow; sepals ovate; leaves crenate. 3. D. Drummondii. i. Dryas octopetala L,. White Mountain Avens. (Fig. 1949.) Dryas oclopetala I.. Sp. PI. 501. 1753. Dryas chamaedrifolia Pers. Syn. 2: 57. 1807. Stems prostrate, woody at the base, branched, 3/-6/ long. Stipules linear, ad- nate to the petiole; leaves oval or ovate, coarsely crenate all around, green and gla- brous above, densely white-canescent be- neath, generally obtuse at each end, %'-ir long; scape terminal, erect, I '-5' long, pubescent; flower white, about i' broad; sepals linear, acute or acutish, glandular- pubescent, persistent; style about I'long, plumose and conspicuous in fruit. Labrabor and Greenland and throughout arctic America, south in the Rockv Mountains t<> I 'tali. Also in arctic and alpine Knropt- and Asia. June-Aug. 2. Dryas integrifolia Vahl. Entire-leaved Mountain Avens. (Fig. 1950.) Dryas integrifolia Vahl, Act. Havn. 4: Part 2, 171. 1798. Dryas tenella Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 350. 1814. Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves are ovate or ovate -lanceolate, obtuse and often subcordate at the base, obtusish at the apex, entire or with i or 2 teeth near the base, the margins strongly revolute; flowers white, generally slightly smaller; sepals linear. "White Hills of New Hampshire," collected by Prof. Peck, according to Pursh; Anticosti, Labrador, west through arctic America to Alaska, and in Greenland. June-Aug. Vol.. II.] ROSE FAMILY. 3. Dry as Drummondii Richards. Drummond's Mountain Avens. (Fig. 1951.) Dryas Drummondii Richards.; Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 2972. 1830. Dryas octopetala var. Drummondii S. Wats. Bibliog. Index, i: 281. 1878. Similar to D. octopelala, the leaves crenate-den- tate, but generally narrowed at the base. Scape floccose-pubescent, often taller; flower yellow, about 9X/ broad; sepals ovate, acutish, black glan- dular-pubesce n t. On gravel, Gaspe, Quebec; Anticosti and Labrador, throughout arctic America, and in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. June-Aug. 223 15- CERCOCARPUS H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 6: 232. 1823. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate simple petioled coriaceous dentate or entire, stipu- late, prominently straight- veined leaves, and short-pedicelled or sessile, solitary or clustered, axillary or terminal, perfect flowers. Calyx narrowly tubular, persistent, contracted at the throat, 5-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 15-25, inserted in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx; filaments very short; anthers oval, often pubescent. Ovary i, terete, slender, in- cluded in the calyx-tube, ripening into a villous achene; style filiform, villous, persistent, plumose and elongated in fruit; stigma obtuse; ovule solitary, nearly erect. Seed linear, its testa membranous. [Greek, tailed-fruit. ] About 6 species, natives of western North America and Mexico. i. Cercocarpus parvifolius H. & A. Small-leaved Cercocarpus. (Fig. 1952.) Cercocarf>us parvifolius H. & A. Bot. Beechey ¥05-, 337- 1841- A low branching shrub. Leaves obovate or oval, coriaceous, obtuse at the apex, cuneate or some- times rounded at the base, short-petioled, dentate, silky-pubescent or canescent below, sparingly so or glabrous above, 6//-i2// long, 3 "-8" broad; flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, short-pedun- cled, recurved, about 3" broad; calyx-tube pubes- cent, 4//-6// long, its limb deciduous; style becom- ing 2/-4/ long and very plumose in fruit. In dry or rocky soil, South Dakota and western Kansas to northern Mexico, west to California. April- •June. 16. ULMARIA Hill. Hort. Kew. 213. 1769. Tall perennial herbs, with alternate petioled pinnately divided stipulate leaves, and small white pink or purple perfect flowers in large cymose panicles. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens numerous, inserted on the flat or slightly concave receptacle; filaments narrowed at the base. Pistils about 10 (5-15), distinct; ovary 2-ovuled. Ripe carpels capsu- lar, indehiscent, i-seeded. Seed pendulous. [Named from the fancied resemblance of the leaf-segments to those of Ulmus, the Elm.] About 9 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Lateral leaflets palmately 3~5-lobed; flowers pink or purple. i. If. rubra. Lateral leaflets merely serrate, or slightly lobed; flowers yellowish-white. 2. U. Ulmaria. 224 ROSACE AE. [VOL. II. i. Ulmaria rubra Hill. Queen- of-the-Prairie. (Fig. 1953.) Ulmaria rubra Hill, Hort. Kew. 214. pi. 7. 1769. Spiraea lobala Gronov. ; Jacq. Hort. Vind. i : 38. pl.SS. 1770. Spiraea rubra Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 270. 1891. Glabrous, stem branched, grooved, 2°- 8° tall. Leaves large, the lower sometimes 3° long, pinnately 3-7-foliolate, commonly with smaller leaf-segments interposed or borne on the petiole; lateral leaflets ses- sile, opposite, palmately 3-5-lobed or 3-5- parted, the lobes acute, unequally serrate or incised; terminal leaflet larger, 7-9- parted; stipules serrate, persistent, 4//-8// long; flowers pink or purple, fragrant, about 4" broad; capsules glabrous. In moist grounds and on prairies, western Pennsylvania to Illinois and Mii'liii-un, south to Georgia, Kentucky and Iowa. Escaped from gardens farther east. June-July. Meadow-sweet or Meadow-Queen. 2. Ulmaria Ulmaria (L. ) Barnhart. Honey-sweet. (Fig. 1954.) Spiraea Ulmaria I,. Sp. PI. 490. 1753. f'lmaria fialuslris Moench, Meth. 663. 1794. I'lmaria Ulmaria Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club, 21:491. 1894. Stem branched, angular or grooved, 2°- 4° tall. Leaves pinnately 3-9-foliolate, densely and finely white-downy beneath, green above.or in some forms green on both sides, sometimes with several or numer- ous much smaller leaf-segments interposed between the leaflets or borne on the peti- ole; lateral leaflets sessile, opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate or sometimes slightly lobed, the ter- minal one larger and deeply 3-5 Io1«d, the lobes acute and serrate; stipules about #' long; flowers yellowish-white, fragrant. Escaped from gardens, Quebec to Massa- chusetts. Native of Europe and Asia. June- Aug. Called also Mead -sweet and Meadow - wort; this and Spiraea salicifolia, also called Bride-wort. 17. ALCHEMILLA L. Sp. PI. 123. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate lobed or digitately compound leaves, adnate stipules, and small perfect greenish corymbose or capitate flowers. Calyx persistent, cup- shaped, contracted at the throat, 4~5-lobed, 4~5-bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1-4; fila- ments short. Carpels 1-4; style basal or lateral, slender. Achenes 1-4, enclosed in the calyx-tube. Seed ascending, its testa membranous. [Name from its fancied value in alchemy.] About 35 species, natives of the Old World and of western America from British Columbia to Chili, very abundant in the higher Andes. The two following species of our area are introduced from Europe. Annual; flowers in sessile axillary clusters; leaves small. Perennial; flowers in compound terminal corymbs; leaves large. 1. A. arvensis. 2. A. vulgar is. VOL. II.] ROSE FAMILY. i. Alchemilla arvensis (L.) Scop. Parsley-Piert, or Field Lady's Mantle. Argentill. (Fig. 1955.) Aphanes arvensis L. Sp. PI. 123. 1753. Alchemilla arvensis Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i: 115. 1770. Annual, softly pubescent, branching at the base, the branches usually slender, ascending, i'-6f high. Stipules toothed or rarely entire; leaves very short-petioled, pubes- cent, fan-shaped, 2//-5// long, deeply 3-parted, the lobes cuneate, 2-4-cleft, the segments obtuse or acutish; flowers i/f-i%" broad, in sessile axillary clusters partly enclosed by the stipules; calyx-lobes usually 4, ovate, obtusish. In dry fields, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and in Nova Scotia. Also on the Pacific coast. Naturalized or adven- tive from Europe. Called also Breakstone, Parsley-vlix, Parsley Breakstone, and Firegrass. April-Sept. 2. Alchemilla vulgaris I,. Lady's Mantle. Dew-cup. (Fig. 1956.) Alchemilla vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 123. 1753. Perennial from a thick woody rootstock, branched, ascending or erect, pubescent or glabrate. Stipules mostly toothed; leaves orbicular-reniform, 5-9- lobed, more or less pubescent, the lower slender- petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so, lobes broad, not deep, serrate; flowers about 2" broad, very numerous in terminal and axillary peduncled often leafy corymbs; calyx-lobes usually 4, ovate, acutish. In grassy places near the coast, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Labrador and Greenland. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Duck's-foot, Padelion or Lion's- foot. May-Sept. Alchemilla alpina L-, reported by Pursh from the White and the Green Mountains, a native of alpine and northern Europe and Asia, is distinguished from the preceding by its 5 oblong silky entire leaflets. 18. AGRIMONIA L. Sp. PI. 448. 1753.* Perennial erect herbs, often glandular. Leaves alternate, petioled, odd-pinnate, with smaller leaf-segments interposed between the larger ones, and conspicuous stipules. Flowers small, regular, perfect, yellow, in narrow spicate racemes. Calyx- tube in fruit obconic, hemispheric or turbinate, often grooved, uncinate-bristly above, somewhat constricted at the throat, the 5 lobes connivent. Petals 5, small. Stamens 5-15, slender. Carpels 2, included; style terminal; stigma 2-lobed; ovules pendulous. Fruit dry, mostly reflexed; achenes 1-2, oblong. Seed suspended, its testa membranous. [Ancient Latin name.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South America. Be- sides the following, another occurs in the Southern States. Racemes and leaves beneath with loose spreading hairs or glabrous. Roots not tuberous; fruit large, turbinate, with numerous radiating bristles, i. A. hirsuta. Roots tuberous; fruit very small, hemispheric, with few ascending or erect bristles. 2. A. striata. Racemes and leaves beneath closely or softly pubescent. Roots tuberous; stems pubescent; leaves not glandular-dotted beneath. Small, often simple, with elongated terminal raceme; leaflets 3-5. 3. A. pumila. Larger, paniculate-branched ; leaflets 5-1 1 . 4. A . mollis. Roots not tuberous; stems hirsute; leaves glandular-dotted beneath. Leaflets mostly 7-9; fruit large, the bristles connivent. 5. A. Brittoniana. Leaflets mostly 11-17; fruit small, the bristles radiate. 6. A. parviflora. *Text contributed by MR. EUGENE P. BICKNELL. 15 226 ROSACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. Tall Hairy Agrimony. (Fig. 1957.) A. Eupatoria hirsuta Muhl. Cat. 47. 1813. Agrimonia hirsuta Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 509. 1896. Mostly 3°-4° tall (2°-6°), minutely glandu- lar, villous. Leaves large; leaflets thin, bright green, mostly 7, spreading, elliptic to broadly oblong, or the odd one obovate, apex acute, base often subcordate, coarsely ser- rate, the margins and nerves beneath ciliate, the lower surface rarely pubescent; inter- posed leaf-segments ovate, mostly 3 pairs; stipules broad, coarsely cut-toothed; flowers 4//-6// broad, the buds ovoid, acute; fruit re- flexed, 3" long, short-turbinate, abruptly contracted at the pedicel, the disk convex, the dilated marginal rim bearing numerous reflexed spreading and erect bristles. Woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Min- nesota, North Carolina and California. Roots fibrous. Tune-Aug. The European A. Eupa- toria L. differs markedly in foliage and fruit from any of our species. Woodland Agrimony. (Fig. 1958.) 2. Agrimonia striata Michx. A. striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 278. 1803. Agrimonia pannflora DC. Prodr. a: 587. 1821. Not Soland. 1789. A. microcarpa Wallr. Beitr. Bot. i: «).//. /./j. 1842. Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. Beitr. Bot. i: 42. 1842. Mostly about 2° high (i°-5°), minutely glan- dular, simple or delicately paniculately branched; racemes filiform short, loosely flow- ered. Roots tuberous. Stem glabrous, or with scattered hairs above; leaflets thin, commonly 5, mostly oblong or obovate-oblong and obtuse, crenate or dentate, often cuncate, scarcely cili- ate; interposed leaf-segments usually a small entire pair; stipules small, entire and lanceo- late, or ovate and laciniate; flowers 2//-2^// broad, the buds subglobose, truncate or nearly so; fruit 2" high or less, spreading or nodding, hemispheric, the furrows shallow or obsolete; disk very tumid, its rim unmargiued, its bristles short and weak, erect or ascending. In dry woods, Connecticut to Virginia and Mis- souri. July-Sept. 3. Agrimonia pumila Muhl. Small- fruited Agrimony. (Fig. 1959.) Agrimonia pumila Muhl. Cat. 47. 1813. Small and slender, i°-2° high, erect or assur- gent, simple, or with a few branches above. Root tuberous; stem villous with spreading hairs below, appressed-pubescent above; leaves often crowded toward the base of the stem, frequently 3-foliolate; leaflets 3-5, small, elliptic to obovate or cuneate, obtuse or acute at the apex, often pilose above, soft-pubescent and pale beneath; interposed leaf- segments, if any, a small pair; stipules small, the lower ones lanceolate and entire, the upper rounded on the outer side and laciniate; racemes very loosely flowered, flowers small; fruit 2" long or less, minutely glandular, hemispheric to turbi- nate; disk flat; bristles few, ascending or erect. In dry soil, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Florida, Kentucky and Louisiana. Aug. VOL. II.] ROSE FAMILY. 227 4. Agrimonia mollis (T. & G.) Britton, Soft Agrimony. (Fig. 1960.) Agrimonia Eupatoria var. mollis T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 431. 1840. A. mollis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 221 1892. Virgately branched, i%°-6° tall. Roots tuber- ous. Stem pubescent, or villous below, finely pubescent or canescent above, as also the racemes. Leaves thickish, dull green, veiny, pale and vel- vety-pubescent beneath; leaflets mostly 7 (5-11), spreading, narrowly oblong to obovate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, crenate to dentate; interposed leaf-segments oblong, mostly a single pair; stipules lanceolate to ovate-oblong, cut-toothed or lobed; flowers 3//-4// broad, the buds subglobose, obtuse; fruit 2" long or more, ascending, spreading or loosely reflexed, oblong, to broadly turbinate, disk flat, or convex, the ascending slender bristles nearly in a single row. Dry woods and thickets, Connecticut to Michigan, North Carolina and Kansas. July-Oct. 5. Agrimonia Brittoniana Bicknell. Britton' s Agrimony. (Fig. 1961.) Agrimonia Brittoniana Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 517. 1896. Robust, 2°-6° tall, virgately branched. Roots fibrous. Stem hirsute-pubescent with short spreading brownish hairs, sub-appressed above; leaves numerous; leaflets 7-9, rarely n, ob- lique to the rachis, tetragonal-elliptic to rhom- boid-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, deeply and closely serrate; dull green, thickish, rugose, softly pubescent beueath, glabrate above, their margins finely scabrous-ciliolate; interposed leaf-segments narrow, usually several pairs; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, laciniate; racemes long, erect or as- cending; flowers crowded, 3//-5// wide; fruit 3"- 4" long, reflexed, long-turbinate, deeply grooved; unmargined; disk flat or concave; bristles often purplish, short, crowded, inflexed and connivent over the sepals. Along thickets and roadsides, Quebec to northern New York, south along or near the mountains to West Virginia. Also in the Rocky Mountains. June-Sept. 6. Agrimonia parviflora Soland. Many-flowered Agrimony. Agrimonia parviflora Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 130. 1789. Virgately branched, 2°-6° high, with long racemes. Stem densely hirsute with coarse brownish hairs, villous above; leaves crowded, the lower often deflexed; leaflets 9-17, close together, spreading, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, rather thin, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, especially on the veins, very glandular; in- terposed leaf-segments mostly 4 or 5 crowded pairs; stipules laciniate, acuminate; flowers very numerous, 3//-5// broad; the buds rounded-truncate; fruit loosely reflexed, small, glandular, dilated-turbinate with a proment elevated disk, bristles reflexed, spreading and erect. In moist or dry soil, southern New York to Michigan, south to Georgia and Mississippi. Roots fibrous. July-Oct. (Fig. 1962.) 228 ROSACEAE. [VOL. II. 19. SANGUISORBA L. Sp. PI. 116. 1753. Erect, mostly perennial herbs, sometimes decumbent at the base, with alternate odd-pin- nate stipulate leaves and small perfect or polygamo-dioecious flowers in dense terminal peduncled spikes or heads. Calyx-tube turbinate, constricted at the throat, persistent, 4- lobed, the lobes petaloid, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4-w , inserted on the throat of the calyx; filaments filiform, elongated, exserted; anthers short; carpels 1-3, enclosed in the calyx-tube. Style filiform, terminal. Achene usually i, enclosed in the dry angled calyx. Seed pendulous. [Latin, blood-staunching, from its supposed properties.] About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the western parts of North America. Flowers capitate, greenish; stamens numerous; leaflets 6"-io" long. i. 5". Sanguisorba. Flowers white, spicate; stamens 4; leaflets i'~3' long. 2. 5. Canadensis. i. Sanguisorba Sanguisorba (I/.) Britton. Salad Burnet. (Fig. 1963.) Poterium Sanguisorba L. Sp. PI. 994. 1753. Sanguisorba Sanguisorba Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 189. 1894. Glabrous or pubescent, erect, slender, peren- nial, branched, lo'-ao' high. Stipules usually small, laciniate; leaflets 7-19, ovate or broadly oval, deeply incised, short-stalked or sessile, 6//-io// long; flowers greenish, in dense pe- duncled globose-ovoid heads 3//-6// long, the lower ones staminate, the upper perfect; stamens numerous, drooping; stigma tufted, purple; calyx-lobes ovate, acute or acutish; fruit i//-2// long. In dry or rocky soil and in ballast, southern On- tario, New York and Pennsylvania to Maryland. Naturalized or adventive from Europe and native also of Asia. Summer. Called also Garden Burnet, Bloodwott, Pimpernelle, and Toper's Plant. 2. Sanguisorba Canadensis L. American Great Burnet. (Fig. 1964.) Sanguisorba Canadensis L. Sp. PI. H7. 1753. Poterium Canadense A. Gray, Man. Ea. 5, 150. 1867. Glabrous or slightly pubescent toward the base, erect, branched above, i°-6° high, the branches erect. Stipules often foliaceous and dentate; basal leaves long-petioled, sometimes 2° long; leaflets 7-15, ovate, oblong, or oval, obtuse or acutish, cordate or obtuse at the base, serrate with acute teeth, stalked, 1'-$' long; flowers white, perfect, bracteolate at the base, in dense terminal showy spikes i'-6' long; stamens 4; fila- ments long-exserted, white; achene enclosed in the 4-anglcd calyx. In swamps and low meadows, Newfoundland to Michigan, south to Georgia. July-Oct. 20. ROSA L. Sp. PI. 491. 1753. Erect or climbing shrubs, generally with subterranean rootstocks. Stems commonly prickly. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers corymbose or solitary, red, pink or white (in our species). Calyx-tube cup-shaped or urn-shaped, con- stricted at the throat, becoming fleshy in fruit, 5- (rarely 4-) lobed, the lobes imbricated, spreading, deciduous or persistent. Petals 5 (rarely 4), spreading. Stamens oo , inserted on the hollow annular disk. Carpels oo , sessile at the bottom of the calyx; ovaries commonly pubescent; styles distinct or united. Achenes numerous, enclosed in the berry-like fruiting calyx-tube. Seed pendulous. [The ancient Latin name of the rose.] Voi,. II.] ROSE FAMILY. 229 A large genus, the number of species variously regarded, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, about 6 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. •K- Styles cohering in a column; leaflets mostly 3. i. R. setigera. •* •& Styles all distinct; leaflets 5-11. Sepals persistent, erect on the fruit, or spreading. Infrastipular spines generally none. Stems unarmed or nearly so; sepals erect on the fruit. 2. R. blanda. Stems armed with numerous pnckles. Leaflets 3-9, often resinous, obtuse at base; flowers solitary; sepals erect on the fruit. 3. R. acicularis. Leaflets 7-11, not resinous, narrowed at base; flowers corymbed; sepals spreading. Infrastipular spines commonly present; stems prickly. Sepals deciduous, spreading. Leaflets finely serrate ; spines stout, recurved. Leaflets coarsely serrate. Infrastipular spines slender, nearly straight; native bushy species. Stems with scattered prickles or naked; flowers often solitary. Stems very densely prickly; flowers usually solitary. 4. R. Arkansana. 5. R. Woodsii. 6. R. Carolina. R. humilis. R. nitida. Infrastipular spines stout, hooked; introduced wand-like or climbing species. Leaflets somewhat pubescent beneath, serrate. 9. R. canina. Leaflets very glandular beneath, doubly serrate. 10. R. rubiginosa. i. Rosa setigera Michx. Prairie Rose. Climbing Rose. (Fig. 1965.) Rosa setigera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 295. 1803. Stems climbing, several feet long, armed with scattered curved prickles, but not bristly. Petioles, twigs and peduncles often glandular-pubescent; stipules very narrow; leaflets 3, or sometimes 5, mostly ovate, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the base, I'-j' long, sharply serrate; flowers co- rymbose, about -2.%.' broad; sepals ovate, acute, at length reflexed and deciduous, glandular; petals ob- cordate, varying from rose-color to white; styles co- hering in a glabrous column; fruit globose, 4//-5// in diameter, more or less glandular. In thickets and on prairies, southern Ontario to Wis- consin, West Virginia, Florida and Texas. Escaped from cultivation in New Jersey and Virginia. June- July. Called also Michigan Rose. 2. Rosa blanda Ait. Smooth or Meadow Rose. (Fig. 1966.) Rosa blanda Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 202. 1789. Erect, low, 2°-4° high; entirely unarmed or with a few straight slender prickles on the stem. Stipules rather broad; leaflets 5-7, short-stalked, usually pale beneath, oval or obovate, obtuse at the apex, com- monly narrowed or cuneate at the base, i'- \%f long, simply and sharply serrate; flow- ers pink, sometimes 3' broad, corymbose or solitary; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, entire, hispid-pubescent, persistent and erect on the fruit; petals obovate, erose or sometimes obcordate; styles separate; fruit globose or pyriform, glabrous or nearly so, about 5" in diameter. In moist, rocky places, Newfoundland to Vermont and northern New Jersey, west to On- tario and Illinois. June-July. 230 ROSACEAE. [VOL. II. 3. Rosa acicularis Lindl. Prickly Rose. (Fig. 1967.) Rosa acicularis Lindl. Ros. Monog. 44. pi. 8. 1820. Rosa Sayi Schwein. in Keating, Narr. Long's Exp. a: 388. 1824. R. Engclmanni S. Wats. Card. & For. 2: 376. 1889. Bushy, low, i°-4° high, the stems and often the branches, densely armed with straight prickles; iufrastipular spines none. Stipules mostly broad; leaflets 5-9 (rarely 3), oval or oval-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base, simply or doubly serrate, often more or less resinous-pubescent, i'-i' long; flowers usually solitary, 2 #'-3' broad; sepals lanceo- late, acuminate or sometimes dilated above, en- tire or few-toothed, hispid or glabrous, persist- ent and erect upon the fruit; styles distinct; fruit globose or ovoid, sometimes i' long, generally glabrous. Anticosti to Ontario, northern Michigan, Minne- sota and the Northwest Territory, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. We follow Dr. G. N. Best in the reduction of R. Sayi and R. l-'.n- gelmanni to this species, which occurs also in northern Europe and Asia. June-July. 4. Rosa Arkansana Porter. Arkansas Rose. (Fig. 1968.) Rosa Arkansana Porter, Syn. Fl. Colo. 38. 1874. Rosa blanda var. Arkansana Best, Bull. Torr. Club, 17: 145- "890. Erect, low, i°-2° high. Stems densely prickly with very slender bristles; infrastipular spines none; stipules rather narrow, sometimes toothed above; leaflets 7-11, oval or obovate, sessile or nearly so, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or often cuneate at the base, seldom over i' long, simply and sharply serrate, glabrous on both sides; flowers corymbose or rarely solitary, about 2' broad; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly glandu- lar-hispid or glabrous, or sometimes lobed, persistent and spreading or reflexed; styles distinct; fruit globose or nearly so, 4"-6" in diameter, glabrous. Prairies, Minnesota and Iowa to Nebraska, Colorado, Texas and New Mexico. June-July. \ 5. Rosa Woddsii Lindl. Woods' Rose. (Fig. 1969.) Rosa Woodsii Lindl. Mon. Ros. 21. 1820. Rosa Fendleri Crepin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 91. 1876. Low, bushy, i°-3° high, armed with slender mostly straight spines, or naked above. Infrastip- ular spines commonly present; stipules rather broad, entire; leaflets 5-9, oval or obovate, short-stalked or sessile, obtusish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 5//-i8// long, simply and sharply serrate, somewhat glaucous beneath; flowers i/-2/ broad, corymbose or solitary, short-pedicelled; sepals lan- ceolate, acuminate, laterally lobed or entire, erect and persistent on the fruit; styles distinct; fruit glo- bose or globose-ovoid, 4//-5// in diameter, glabrous, sometimes glaucous. Prairies, Minnesota to Missouri, the Northwest Terri- tory, New Mexico and Colorado. June-July. Vol.. II.] ROSE FAMILY 6. Rosa Carolina L. Swamp Rose. (Fig. 1970.) Rosa Carolina L. Sp. PI. 492. 1753. Bushy, i°-8° high, armed with rather distant stout commonly recurved spines. Prickles not very abun- dant, sometimes none; stipules very narrow; leaflets 5-9 (usually 7), varying considerably in outline, oval, oblong, ovate-lanceolate or even obovate, 1'-$' long, finely and simply serrate, generally short-stalked, acute or acutish at each end, pale or pubescent be- neath; flowers corymbose or rarely solitary, z'-tf broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate or dilated above, rarely lobed, hispid-pubescent, spreading or reflexed, deciduous; styles distinct; fruit globose or depressed-globose, about 4" high, glandular-hispid. In swamps and low grounds, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Mississippi. June-Aug. 7. Rosa humilis Marsh. Low or Pas- ture Rose. (Fig. 1971.) Rosa humilis Marsh. Arb. Am. 136. 1785. Rosa parviflora Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 21. 1789. Bushy, 6'-6° high, usually armed with slender straight infrastipular spines, and more or less prickly. Stipules narrow, entire; leaflets usu- ally 5 (sometimes 7), rather thin, ovate oval or obovate, somewhat shining, coarsely and simply serrate, 6//-2/ long, mostly acute or acutish at each end, short-stalked or sessile, glabrous or pu- bescent beneath; flowers usually few or solitary, 2/~3/ broad; pedicels and calyx usually glandular; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, or dilated above, commonly lobed, spreading and deciduous; petals obovate, obcordate or sometimes lobed; styles distinct; fruit globose or depressed-glo- bose, glandular-hispid, about A," high. In dry or rocky soil, Maine and Ontario to Wis- consin, south to Georgia and Louisiana. Our com- monest wild rose. A double-flowered form occurs in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. May-July. Rosa humilis lucida (Ehrh.) Best, Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 256. 1887. Rosa lucida Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 22. 1789. Leaflets 5-9, thicker, shining above, stipules broader; flowers more numerous. New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Ontario and Newfoundland. Rosa humilis villdsa Best, Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 256. 1887. Low, very prickly; leaflets thickish, villous-pubescent beneath. New Jersey and southern New York. 8. Rosa nitida Willd. Northeastern Rose. (Fig. 1972.) Rosa nitida Willd. Enum. 544. 1809. Low, bushy, seldom over 2° high, the stems and branches very densely covered with slender straight prickles nearly as long as the slender infrastipular spines. Stipules usually broad, often glandular; leaf- lets 5-9, oblong or oval, generally acute at each end, short-stalked, the terminal one sometimes slightly ob- ovate and obtuse at the apex, all sharply serrate, shin- ing above, glabrous or very nearly so, 6//-i5// long; flowers solitary or few, if-2%' broad; sepals lanceo- late, acuminate, entire, hispid or glandular, at length spreading, deciduous; petals often obcordate; styles dis- tinct; fruit glandular-hispid, globose, about 4" high. In low grounds, Massachusetts to Newfoundland. June-July. ROSACEAE. [VOL. II. 9. Rosa canina L,. Dog Rose. Canker Rose. Wild Brier. (Fig. 1973.) Rosa canina I<. Sp. PI. 491. 1753. Branches erect or straggling, sometimes 10° long, armed with stout short hooked spines, not bristly but sometimes glandular. Stipules broad, glandular; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oval, rather thick, generally ob- tuse at each end, usually simply and sharply serrate, sometimes pubescent beneath, glabrous or nearly so above, I'-iJ^' long; flowers solitary or few, pink vary- ing to white; sepals much lobed, lanceolate, reflexed, deciduous; styles distinct; fruit long-ovoid, 6//-o// long, usually glabrous. In waste places, especially along roadsides, Nova Scotia western New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania; abundant in the valley of the Delaware. Also in Tennessee. Natur- alized or adventive from Europe; native also in northern •Asia. Called also Cat-whin and Canker-blooms (Shaks- pere). June-July. 10. Rosa rubigindsa L. Sweetbrier. (Fig. 1974.) Rosa rubiginosa I,. Mant. a: 564. 1771. Rosa micrantha J. E. Smith, Eng. Bot. pi. 2490. Rosa eglanleria Mill. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768. Not L. 1753. Slender, 4°-6° high, or often forming longer wands, armed with stout recurved spines. Stipules rather broad; leaflets 5-7, similar to those of the preceding species in out- line, but generally doubly serrate and densely glandular- pubescent and resinous beneath, very aromatic; flowers pink varying to white; sepals lanceolate, usually much lobed, spreading, deciduous, glandular-hispid; fruit oval or ovoid, 6//-io// long. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Tennessee and Virginia. Adventive or naturalized from Europe ; native also in central Asia. June-July. The Eglantine of Chaucer, Spenser and Shakspere. Rosa cinnamomea I,., the Cinnamon Rose, with small double reddish flowers, and leaves downy-pubescent beneath, is occa- sionally found along roadsides in the Middle States. Family 44. 1764. POMACEAE L. Ord. Nat. APPLE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnately veined or pinnate petioled leaves, the small deciduous stipules free from the petiole. Flowers regular, perfect, racemed, cymose or solitary. Calyx superior, mostly 5-toothed or 5-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary. Petals mostly 5, usually clawed. Stamens numerous or rarely few, distinct; anthers small, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i-5-celled, usually 5-celled, composed of 1-5 wholly or partly united carpels; ovules 1-2 (rarely several^ in each carpel, anatropous, ascending; styles 1-5; stigma small. Fruit a more or less fleshy pome, consisting of the thick- ened calyx-tube enclosing the bony papery or leathery carpels. Endosperm none; cotyledons fleshy. About 20 genera and 225 species, of wide geographic distribution. Ripe carpels papery or leathery. Leaves pinnate. Leaves simple, entire, toothed, or lobed. Cavities of the ovary (carpels) as many as the styles. Flesh of the pome with grit-cells. Flesh of the pome without grit-cells. Cymes simple ; trees. Cymes compound ; low shrubs. Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many as the styles. Ripe carpels bony. Ovule i in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar. Ovules 2 in each carpel, alike. i. Sorbus. 2. Pyrus. 3. Mains. 4. Aronia. 5. Amelanchier. 6. Crataegus. 7. Cotoneaster. Vol.. II.] APPLE FAMILY. 233 i. SORBUS L-. Sp. PI. 477. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, deciduous stipules, and perfect regular white flowers, in terminal compound cymes. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, 5-lobed, not bracteolate. Petals 5, spreading, short-clawed. Stamens oo . Ovary inferior; styles usu- ally 3, distinct; stigma truncate; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit a small red berry-like pome, its carpels not cartilaginous. [The ancient Latin name of the Pear or Service-tree.] A genus of about 7 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs in western North America. Leaflets long-acuminate; fruit 2" -3" in diameter. Leaflets obtuse or short-pointed; fruit about 4" in diameter. 1. 5. Americana. 2. 5. sambucifolia. \ i. Sorbus Americana Marsh. American Mountain Ash. Dogberry. (Fig. 1 975.) Sorbus Americana Marsh. Arb. Am. 145. 1785. Sorbus >microcar pa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 341. 1814. Pyrus Americana DC. Prodr. 2: 637. 1825. A small tree, with smooth bark, reaching a maxi- mum height of 30° and a trunk diameter of 18'. Leaf-buds acute; leaves petioled; leaflets 11-17, lan- ceolate, long-acuminate, glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent when young, bright green above, generally paler beneath, i^/-4/ long, sharply serrate with mucronate teeth; cymes densely compound, 3'-6' broad; flowers 2//-3// broad; fruit globose, bright red, 2"-$" in diameter. In low woods or moist ground, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south, especially along the mountains, to North Carolina and to Michigan. Wood soft, light brown; weight per cubic foot 34 Ibs. Called also Amer- ican Service Tree. A closely related or identical form occurs in Japan. May-June. 2. Sorbus sambucifolia (C. &S.) Roem. Western Mountain Ash. (Fig. 1976.) Pyrus sambucifolia C. & S. Linnaea, 2: 36. 1827. Sorbus sambucifolia Roem. Syn. Mon. 3: 39. 1847. A small tree or often a shrub, closely resembling the preceding species. Leaf-buds acute; leaflets 7-15, proportionately broader and shorter, oval or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, sharply serrate, glabrous and dark green above, pale and usually more or less pubescent beneath, especi- ally along the veins, seldom over 3' long; flowers 3ff-$W broad; calyx and pedicels generally pubes- cent; cymes 2/-4/ broad; fruit globose, red, about 4" in diameter. In moist ground, Labrador to Alaska, northern New England, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Wood similar to that of the preceding; weight per cubic foot 37 Ibs. Occurs also in northeastern Asia. June-July. Sorbus Aucuparia L-, the European Mountain Ash, Rowan Tree or Quick-beam, has the leaves pubescent on both sides, especially when young, the calyx and pedicels usually woolly. Often planted; reported as escaped from cultivation in Prince Edward Island. 2. PYRUS L. Sp. PI. 479- 1753- Trees, or some species shrubs, with simple leaves. Flowers large, showy, white or pink, in simple terminal cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes acute. Petals 5, rounded, short-clawed. Stamens usually numerous; styles mostly 5, distinct, or united only at the very base; ovules 2 in each cavity; carpels cartilaginous or leathery. Fruit a pome, usually pear-shaped, its flesh abounding in grit-cells. [Latin name of the Pear.] About 12 species, natives of the Old World. POMACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Pyrus communis ~L,. Pear. Choke Pear. (Fig. 1977.) Pyrus communis L. Sp. PI. 479. 1753. A tree, sometimes 60° high and with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, commonly much smaller, the branches usually thorny. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obovate, finely serrulate or entire, slender- petioled, i^/~3/ long, downy and ciliate when young, becoming glabrous or nearly so when old, the apex acute or acuminate, the base usu- ally rounded; petioles sometimes as long as the blades or longer; cymes few-several-flowered, borne at the ends of short twigs of the preced- ing year; pedicels 9//-2/ long, at first downy; flowers white, i/-2/ broad; calyx-lobes about as long as the tube; styles distinct to the base; pome, in the wild form, seldom over i' long, in the numerous cultivated forms often much larger. In thickets and woods, Maine to New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, escaped from cultivation. Native of Europe and Asia. Wood hard, fine- grained, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 51 Ibs. April-May. 3. MALUS Juss. Gen. 334. 1789. Trees or shrubs, with alternate toothed or lobed leaves, and showy pink or white flowers in simple terminal cymes. Calyx-tube urn-shaped or campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, rounded, clawed. Styles 2-5 (usually 5), united at the base; ovules 2 in each cavity, carpels papery or leathery. Fruit a pome, usually depressed-globose, mostly hollowed at the base, but sometimes rounded, its flesh not containing grit-cells. [Greek, apple.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern America. Leaves glabrous, at least when mature. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the base. i. M. anguslifolia. Leaves ovate, cordate or rounded at the base. 2. M. eoronaria. Leaves persistently pubescent or tomentose beneath. Leaves mostly narrowed at the base; pome I'-i #' in diameter. Pedicels slender, i'-iH' long. 3. M. Tofnsis. Pedicels stout, 6" -12" long. 4. M. Soulardi. Leaves rounded or subcordate at the base; pome 2' -4' in diameter. 5. M. Mains. i. Malus angustifdlia (Ait.) Michx. Narrow -leaved Crab Apple. (Fig. 1978.) Pyrus angustifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 176. 1789. Malus angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 292. 1803. A small tree, sometimes 20° high and the trunk 10' in diameter. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oval, thick, shining and dark green above, gla- brous when mature, sometimes pubescent beneath when young, dentate or often entire, obtusish or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, i/-2/ long; cymes few-flowered; pedicels \'-\%' long, slen- der; flowers pink, fragrant, mostly less than i' broad; styles nearly separate; pome about i' in diameter. In thickets, New Jersey to Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and Louisiana. Wood hard, reddish brown ; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. March-May. VOL. II.] APPLE FAMILY. 235 2. Malus coronaria (L/.) Mill. American Crab Apple. (Fig. 1979.) Pyrus coronaria L. Sp. PI. 480. 1753- Malus coronaria Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. A small tree, sometimes reaching a height of 25° and trunk diameter of 12' '. Leaves petioled, ovate to triangular-ovate, sparingly pubescent beneath along the veins when young, glabrous when old, sharply serrate and often somewhat lobed, ovate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, \f-^' long; flowers rose-colored, very fragrant, i/-2/ broad; pedicels f>"-\%" long, gla- brous; calyx slightly pubescent; pome fleshy, glo- bose or depressed, \'-\Yz' in diameter, greenish- yellow, fragrant, very acid. In thickets, Ontario to Michigan, south to New Jer- sey and South Carolina. Wood soft, reddish brown; Weight per cubic foot 44 Ibs. Called also Sweet-' scented Crab Tree. April-May. Fruit ripe Sept. 3. Malus loensis (Wood) Britton. Western Crab Apple. (Fig. 1980.) Pyrus coronaria var. loensis Wood, Class- book, 333. 1860. Pyrus loensis Bailey, Am. Card. 12 : 473. 1891. A small tree, resembling Malus corona- ria. Leaves simple, firm, white-pubescent beneath, at length glabrous above, obtuse [ at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, ovate, oval or oblong, dentate, crenate or with a few rounded lobes, i'-2' long, or on young shoots much larger; petioles and calyx pubescent, #'-i%' long; flowers much like those of M. coronaria ; pedicels pubescent, slender, \'-\l/z' long. Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois to Ken- tucky, Louisiana and the Indian Territory. April-May. 4. Malus Soulardi (Bailey) Britton. Soulard Crab Apple. (Fig. 1981.) Pyrus Soulardi Bailey, Am. Card. 12: 473. 1891. A small upright stout-growing tree, resem- bling the two preceding species. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obovate, mostly obtuse or truncate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, ru- gose and densely tomentose beneath, irregu- larly crenate-dentate or sometimes few-lobed; petioles i' long or less, tomentose; flowers smaller than those of M. coronaria, the cymes dense; pedicels stout, white-tomentose, 6//-i2// long; pome i/-2^/ in diameter. Minnesota to Missouri and Texas. Regarded by some as a hybrid between the preceding and the following species. April-May. POMACEAE. [Vol.. II. 5. Malus Malus (L.) Britton. Apple. (Fig. 1982.) Pyrus Malus L. Sp. PI. 479. 1753. Malus sylveslris Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. i. 1768. A large tree with spreading branches, the trunk sometimes reaching a diameter of 3° in cultiva- tion. Leaves petioled, broadly ovate or oval, obtuse or abruptly pointed at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base \'-$' long, dentate or nearly entire, glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent and often woolly beneath, especially when young; pedicels generally tomentose, i/-2/ long; flowers pink, or white, i/4/-3/ broad; calyx tomentose; fruit depressed-globose or elongated, hollowed at the base, 1%'-$' in diameter. In woods and thickets, frequent in southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Our common apple, introduced from Europe and escaped from cultivation. Native also of western Asia. Wood hard, reddish brown; weight per cubic foot 50 Ibs. April-May. 4. ARON1A Pers. Syn. a: 39. 1807. Low shrubs, with alternate simple petioled finely serrate leaves, the upper side of the midrib glandular, the narrow stipules early deciduous. Flowers small, white or pink, in terminal compound cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Petals 5, concave, spreading. Stamens numerous. Styles 3-5, united at the base. Ovary woolly. Pome small, globose or somewhat top-shaped, not hollowed at the base, its carpels rather leathery. [Name modified from Aria, the Beam-tree of Europe.] The genus consists of the following species: Cyme and lower surfaces of the leaves woolly: fruit bright red. i. A. arbutifolia. Cymes and leaves glabrous or nearly so; fruit black or purplish. 2. A. nigra. i. Aronia arbutifdlia (L.) Ell. Red Choke-berry. (Fig. 1983.) Mespilus arbutifolia L. Sp. PI. 478. 1753. Pyrus arbutifolia L. f. Suppl. 256. 1781. Mespilus arbutifolia var. erythrocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 292. 1803. Aronia arbutifolia EH. Hot. S. C. & Ga. i: 556. 1821. A branching shrub, sometimes reaching a height of 12°, but usually much lower. Leaves petioled, oval, oblong or obovate, obtuse or abruptly short-pointed at the apex, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base, i'-$f long, serrulate-crenulate, glabrous above, generally densely tomen- tose beneath; cymes terminal, but at length overtopped by the young sterile shoots, compound; flowers white or pur- plish-tinged, 4//-6// broad; calyx and pedicels tomentose; pome a//-3// in diam- eter, globose or somewhat depressed, and bright red when mature. In swamps and wet woods, .reported from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Called also Dogberry Tree. March-May. Vox,. II.] APPLE FAMILY. 237 2. Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britton. Black Chokeberry. (Fig. 1984.) Mespilus arbuiifolia var. nigra Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 1013. 1800. Mespilus arbutifolia var. melanocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 292. 1803. Pyrus nigra Sargent, Card. & For. 3: 416. 1890. Aronia nigra Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 182. 1894. A shrub resembling the preceding species, and generally regarded as a variety of it. Leaves obo- vate or oval, obtuse, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, short- petioled, crenulate, dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces; flowers simi- lar to the preceding; calyx and pedicels nearly gla- brous; fruit globose or oval, nearly black, or purplish black, 3//-4// in diameter. In swamps or low woods, or sometimes in drier soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario, south to Florida and Michigan. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. March-June. 5. AMELANCHIER Medic. Phil. Bot. i: 155. 1789. Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple petioled serrate or entire leaves, unarmed branches, and racemose or rarely solitary white flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, more or less adnate to the ovary, 5-lobed, the lobes narrow, reflexed, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens oo , inserted on the throat of the calyx; filaments subulate; styles 2-5, connate, pubescent at the base. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, its cavities becoming twice as many as the styles; ovule i in each cavity, erect. Pome small, berry -like, 4-iocelled. Testa of the seed cartilaginous. [The Savoy name of the Medlar.] A genus of about 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in western North America and i in Mexico. Flowers several or numerous in the racemes; pome globose. Glabrous or pubescent trees and shrubs; leaves usually serrate nearly all around. Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex; top of the ovary glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous when mature; base cordate or rounded. i. A. Canadensis. Leaves oblong, oval, ovate or obovate, rarely subcordate at base, densely white-woolly beneath, at least when young. 2. A. Botryapium. Leaves rounded, obtuse or subacute at the apex; top of the ovary woolly. Low shrub of rocky places, i°-2° high; petals 2-4" long. 3. A. spicata. Tree or small shrub; petals 5" -8" long. 4. A. rotundifolia. Glabrous western shrub; leaves dentate above the middle only. 5. A. alnifoha. Flowers only 1-4 in the clusters; pome oblong or obovoid. 6. A. oligocarpa. i. Amelanchier Canadensis (I,.) Medic. June-berry. Service-berry. May-cherry. (Fig. 1985.) Mespilus Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 478. 1753. Crataegus racemosa Lam. Encycl. i: 84. 1783. A. Canadensis Medic. Geschichte, 79. 1793. A tree, sometimes reaching the height of 60°, with trunk diameter of 2°, but usually lower, sel- dom over 25° high. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, sharply and finely serrate, sometimes sparingly pubescent when young, soon entirely glabrous, i/-3/ long, or larger on young shoots; racemes spreading or drooping; pedicels long, slender; bracts silky, purplish, deciduous; petals linear, linear-spatulate, or linear-oblong, 6//-o// long, 3-4 times the length of the nearly or quite glabrous calyx; pome globose, red or purple, sweet, about 3" high. In dry woodlands, Newfoundland to western On- tario, south to Florida and Louisiana. Wood very hard, brown; weight per cubic foot 49 Ibs. March- May. Fruit ripe June-July. POMACEAE. [VOL. II- 2. Amelanchier Botryapium (L. f.) DC. Shad-bush. Swamp Sugar- Pear. (Fig. 1986.) Pyrus Botrvapium L. f. Suppl. 255. 1781. A. Botryapium DC. Prodr. 2: 632. 1825. Amelanchier Canadensis var. oblongifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 473. 1840. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 30° high, the foliage and inflorescence densely white- woolly when young, often nearly or quite gla- brous when old. Leaves oval, oblong, ellip- tic or obovate, acute at the apex, rounded, or sometimes narrowed or subcordate at the base, finely and sharply serrate nearly all around; racemes short, rather dense; pedicels short, seldom over i' long; petals spatulate or linear- spatulate, 3//-7// long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; calyx usually densely white- woolly; pome globose, $"-4," in diameter. In swamps and moist soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Louisiana. April-May. 3. Amelanchier spicata (Lain.) Dec. IvOw June-berry. (Fig. 1987.) Crataegus spicata Lam. Encycl. i: 84. 1783. Amelanchier spicata Dec. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, 10 : 135. pi. 9. 1874. Stems i°-3° high from a long root creeping among rocks. Leaves elliptic or oval, g"-!^' long, rounded at both ends, or sometimes sub- acute at the apex, sometimes subcordate at the base, serrulate or dentate-serrate nearly all around or sometimes entire below the middle, dark green and quite glabrous when mature, woolly when young; racemes numerous, 4-10 flowered; pedicels slender, *£'-i' long in fruit; petals 2//-4// long; calyx-lobes nearly triangu- lar; top of the ovary woolly; pome globose, about 3" in diameter. In dry rocky places, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. May. 4. Amelanchier rotundifdlia (Michx.) Roem. Round-leaved June-berry. (Fig. 1988.) Mespilus Canadensis var. rolundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 291. 1803. Amelanchier Canadensis var. rotundifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 473. In part, 1840. A. rotundifolia Roem. Syn. Mon. 3: 146. 1847. A tall shrub or small tree, sometimes 25° high. Leaves broadly oval, ovate or nearly orbicular, i/-3/ long, obtuse or rounded at both ends, or rarely subacute, often cordate at the base, serrate nearly all around with large teeth, or entire near the base, glabrous from the time of unfolding or more or less woolly when very young; racemes several- flowered; pedicels slender, I'-i^' long in fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate; petals spatu- late or oblanceolate, *>"-W long; pome globose, $"-$" in diameter. In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Minnesota, New York and Michigan. May. Fruit ripe in August, after that of A. Cana- densis has fallen. Voi,. II.] APPLE FAMILY. 239 5. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Northwestern June or Service-berry. (Fig. 1989.) Aronia alnifolia Nutt. Gen. i: 306. 1818. Amelanchier Canadensis var. alnifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 473. 1840. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 473. As synonym. 1840. A shrub, 6°-8° bigh, more or less to- tnentose-pubescent wben young, at length glabrate throughout and some- what glaucous. Leaves thick, broadly elliptic or almost orbicular, very obtuse and often truncate (rarely acutish) at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, coarsely dentate above the middle, YZ'-I' long; racemes short, rather dense; pedicels short; petals oblanceolate, cu- neate. 3//~9// long, 2-4 times the length of the calyx; pome globose, purple with a bloom, 3//~4// high, sweet. Dry soil, western Ontario to British Co- lumbia, south to Michigan, Nebraska, New Mexico and California. April. 6. Amelanchier oligocarpa (Michx. ) Roem. (Fig. 1990.) Oblong-fruited June-berry. Mespilus Canadensis var. oligo- carpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 291. 1803. A. Canadensis var. oligocarpa T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 474. 1840. Amelanchier oligocarpa Roem. Syn. Mon. 3: 145. 1847. A shrub, 2°-<)° high, glabrous or very nearly so throughout, ex- cept the early deciduous bracts, which are sometimes loosely to- meutose. Leaves thin, narrowly oval or oblong, generally about 3 times as long as broad, nar- rowed and acute or acutish at each end, finely and sharply ser- rate, i '-3' long; racemes 1-4- flowered; pedicels slender; petals obovate or oblanceolate, 3//-4// long, about twice as long as the calyx; pome pear-shaped, pur- ple, with a bloom, 3//-4// long. In cold swamps or wet rocky places, Labrador to western Ontario, south to northern New Eng- land, Pennsylvania and Michigan. May. 6. CRATAEGUS I,. Sp. PI. 475. 1753. Shrubs or small trees, usually spiny, with alternate petioled serrate lobed or pinnati- fid leaves and white or pink terminal corymbose flowers. Calyx-tube cup-shaped or cam- panulate, adnate to the carpels, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, spreading, rounded, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens oo , usually numerous; filaments filiform. Ovary inferior, or its summit free, i-5-celled; styles 1-5, separate; ovule i in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar. Pome rather small, drupe-like, containing 1-5 bony carpels, each i-seeded or rarely 2- seeded. Seed erect, flattish. [Greek, strong, from the toughness of the wood.] About 50 species, natives of the north temperate zone, Mexico and the Andes of New Granada. Besides the following, 4 or 5 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Corymbs many-flowered. Leaves obovate, spatulate or oblanceolate. Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, sharply serrate. i. C. Crus-Galli. Leaves narrowly spatulate, crenate-dentate at the apex. 2. C. spathulala. Lower leaf -surfaces, pedicels and calyx somewhat pubescent. 3. C. punctata. 240 POMACEAE. [VOL. II. Leaves ovate, broadly oval or nearly orbicular in outline. Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous or nearly so. Leaves mainly truncate or cordate at the base, lobed. 4. C. cordata. Leaves narrowed or wedge-shaped at the base. Leaves much incised; styles 1-3. 5. C. Oxyacantha. Leaves serrate or but little incised; styles mostly 5. 6. C. viridis. Lower surfaces or teeth of the leaves, pedicels and calyx pubescent or gland-bearing. Leaves deeply pinnately incised; pome 3" long. 7. C. apiifolia. Leaves serrate or lobed, not deeply incised; pome 4"-i2" long. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, their teeth mostly tipped with small glands. Leaves, or most of them, truncate or cordate at the base. 8. C. coccinea. Leaves, or most of them, narrowed at the base. Fruit subglobose, pyriform or oval, 5" -7" in diameter; bractlets and calyx densely glandular. 9. C.rotundifolia. Fruit globose, 3"~4" in diameter; bractlets and calyx somewhat glandular. 10. C. macracantha. Leaves pubescent, especially along the veins beneath. Leaves broadly ovate, truncate or cordate at the base; flowers i' broad. n. C. mollis. Leaves oval, narrowed at both ends; flowers 6"-8" broad. 12. C. tomcntosa. Corymbs i-7-flowered. Calyx-lobes not incised; petioles and leaf-serrations very glandular. 13. C. flava. Calyx-lobes deeply incised; petioles and leaf-serrations little or not at all glandular. Leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse. 14. C. uniflora. Leaves oval, mostly acute at both ends. 15. C. Vailiae. i. Crataegus Crus-Galli L. Cockspur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn. (Fig. 1991.) Crataegus Crus-Galli L. Sp. PI. 476. 1753. A shrub or small tree, with maximum height of about 30° and trunk diameter of i°, the branches spreading. Thorns numerous, slender, z'-tf long; leaves coriaceous, shining above, dull beneath, glabrous on both sides, obovate or ob- lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly acumi- nate at the apex, very cuneate at the base, i '-2' long, sharply and somewhat irregularly serrate; corymbs many-flow- ered, terminating short branches; pedi- cels and calyx glabrous; flowers about 6" broad; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate; styles usually 1-3; fruit globose or slightly pear-shaped, about 3" long. In thickets, western Quebec to Mani- toba, south to Florida arid Texas. Wood hard, satiny, reddish brown. Weight per cubic foot 45 Ibs. May-June. 2. Crataegus spathulata Michx. Small- fruited Haw. (Fig. 1992.) Mesbilus Azarolus Marsh. Arb. Am. 88. 1785. Not C. Azarolus L. 1753- Cralaegus spathulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 288. 1803. A shrub or small tree, sometimes reaching a height of 25° and trunk diameter of xo7. Spines i/-2/ long; leaves fascicled near the ends of short branches, cori- aceous, shining above, rather dull beneath, glabrous on both sides, spatulate, obtuse and crenate or with 2-3 lobes at the summit, entire and narrowly cune- ate at base, almost sessile, i' long, or those of the sterile branches often larger; cymes terminating short branches, many-flowered; pedicels and calyx glabrous; flowers about 4" broad; calyx-lobes ovate; styles commonly 5; fruit red, globose, or oval-glo- bose, 2//~3// long. In thickets, Virginia to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. Wood hard, reddish brown. Weight per cubic foot 45 Ibs. May-June. VOL. II.] APPLE FAMILY. 24I 3. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Crataegus punctaia Jacq. Hort. Vind. i: 10. pi. 28. Mespilus cornifolia Muench. Hausv. 5: 145. 1770. Crataegus tomentosa var. punctaia A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 124. 1856. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 25° high, with horizontal, thorny branches. Thorns i/-2/ long, often branched; leaves slender-petioled, obovate, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex and irregularly serrate or serrulate, cuneate and often entire at the base, nearly glabrous above, pubescent or at length glabrous be- neath, 2'-$' long, rarely lobed, veins straight, con- spicuous; corymbs many-flowered; flowers 5//~9// broad; calyx-lobes linear, entire; styles 3-5; calyx and pedicels pubescent or glabrate; fruit globose or oval, red or yellow, 8//-i2// in diameter. In thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Georgia, especially in the mountains, west to Iowa. May. Crataegus punctata canescens Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 231. 1894. Lower leaf-surfaces, petioles, peduncles and pedicels densely whitish-tomentose. Vermont to Pennsylvania. L/arge-fruited Thorn. 1770. (Fig. 1993.) 4. Crataegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. Washington Thorn. (Fig. 1994.) Mespilus cordata Mill. Fig-. PI. pi. 179. 1760. Crataegus populifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 147. 1788. Crataegus cordata Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 168. 1789. A tree, i5°-45° high, with maximum trunk diameter of about 18', often lower and shrubby. Spines slender, i/-2/ long; leaves slender-peti- oled, broadly ovate, generally sharply 3-7-lobed and serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate or cordate at the base, glabrous on both sides, i '-3' long; corymbs many-flowered, ter- minal; flowers 4//-6'/ broad; pedicels glabrous; calyx glabrous or sparingly pubescent without, quite pubescent within, its lobes ovate; styles 5; fruit bright red, depressed-globose, i" high. In woods and thickets, Virginia to Georgia, espe- cially along the mountains, west to Illinois and Tennessee. Much planted for hedges; escaped from cultivation in southern New Jersey and Pennsylva- nia. Wood hard, reddish brown; weight per cubic foot 45 Ibs. March-May. 5. Crataegus Oxyacantha I,. Hawthorn. White or May Thorn. (Fig. 1995.) Crataegus Oxyacantha L. Sp. PI. 477. 1753. A shrub or tree, sometimes attaining a height of 40° and trunk diameter of i° or more. Thorns stout, numerous; leaves slender-petioled, glabrous on both sides or pubescent when young, sharply 3- 7-lobed, broadly ovate or slightly obovate, acute or obtusish at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, i/-2/ long, the lobes serrate or entire; corymbs many-flowered; pedicels and calyx glabrous or sparingly pubescent, not glandular; flowers $"-7" broad, white or pink; calyx-lobes ovate; styles 1-3; fruit globose or globose-ovoid, about 3" high. Along roadsides and in thickets, sparingly escaped from cultivation. Wood hard, yellowish -white ; weight per cubic foot 50 Ibs. Introduced from Europe and native also of Asia. May -June. Called also Hathorne, Hedge-thorn, May Bush, May, Quickset. 16 242 POMACEAE. Crataegus viridis L,. Southern Thorn. (Fig. 1996.) Crataegus viridis L. Sp. PI. 4?6._ 1753. ^. &. [Vox,. II. C. arborescens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 550. 1821. A small tree with maximum height of about 30° and trunk diameter of 18', often without spines. Leaves slender-petioled, varying from ovate to lanceolate or somewhat obovate, gla- brous on both sides or pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, sharply serrate and usually somewhat lobed, mostly acute at each end, i'- 3' long; corymbs many-flowered; pedicels and calyx glabrous or little pubescent; flowers 6"- 9" broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate; styles com- monly 5; fruit globose or oval, about 3" high, persistent into the winter. Valley of the Mississippi from Missouri to Louisi- ana and Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. Wood hard, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 40 Ibs. March-April. Crataegus viridis nitida Engelm. Leaves more shining; fruit larger, glaucous. Missouri and Arkansas. Perhaps a distinct species. 7. Crataegus apiifdlia (Marsh.) Michx. Par- 'sleyHaw. Parsley-leaved Thorn. (Fig. 1997.) Mespilus apiifolia Marsh. Arb. Am. 89. 1785. Crataegus apiifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 287. 1803. A shrub or small tree, reaching a maximum height of about 25° and trunk diameter of about 3'. Spines stout, i'-2' long; leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, pubescent on both sides at least when young, obtuse or acutish at the apex, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, %'-i%' long, thin, pinnately and deeply 5-7-cleft, the lobes sharply serrate; corymbs numerous, several-flowered, the slender pedicels and calyx pubescent; flowers 4"- 6" broad; calyx-lobes linear, glandular; styles 1-3; fruit red, oval, 2"-3" long. In thickets. Virginia to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. Wood hard, bright reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 46 Ibs. March-April. 8. Crataegus coccinea L,. Scarlet Thorn or Haw. Red Haw. (Fig. 1998.) Cralaegus coccinea L. Sp. PI. 476. 1753. A shrub or sometimes a small tree, reaching a maxi- mum height of about 30° and trunk diameter of i°. Spines stout, ijJ^/-2/ long; leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate or orbicular, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly truncate or subcordate at the base, thin, or becoming firm, very sharply incised and serrate^ the teeth glandular- tipped, glabrous or very nearly so beneath, 2/~3/ long; pedicels, bractlets and calyx somewhat glandular-pubescent; flowers numerous, 8//-i4// broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate; styles 3-5; fruit red, globose or oval, 5//-8// in diameter, rarely hairy. Thickets, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 53 Ibs. April-May. Crataegus coccinea flabellata (Spach) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 183. 1894. Mespilus flabellata Spach, Hist. Veg. 2: 63. 1834. Leaves cuneate -narrowed at the base, very sharply incised-serrate, thick and shining when old. Quebec and New England to the .Northwest Territory. Probably specifically distinct. VOL. II.] APPLE FAMILY. 243 Crataegus rotundifolia (Ehrh.) Borck. Glandular Thorn. (Fig. 1999.) Mespilus rotundifolia Ehrh. Beitr. 3: 20. 1788. Crataegus glandulosa Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 1002. 1800. Not Soland. 1789. C. coccinea var. oligandra T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 465. 1840. C. rotundifolia Borck. in Roem. Arch, i: Part 3, 87. 1798. A shrub, similar to the preceding species, the spines slender. Leaves mostly smaller, slender-petioled, thin, becoming firm, dull, glabrous or very nearly so, oval, ovate, obovate, or some of them nearly orbicular, incised-serrate with gland-tipped teeth, or sometimes lobed, acute at the apex, most of them narrowed or cuneate at the base, the veins not very conspicuous; bractlets and calyx-lobes very glandular; flowers nu- merous, 8//-i2// broad; fruit oval or obovoid, red, 4"- 8" long. Connecticut to Indiana, Florida and Alabama. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Blooms later than C. coccinea where the two grow together. April-June. 10. Crataegus macracantha Lodd. L/ong-spined Thorn. (Fig. 2000. ) Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ; Loudon, Arb. Brit. Ed. 2, 2: 819. 1854. Crataegus coccinea var. macracantha Dudley, Bull. Cornell. Univ. 2: 33. 1886. A shrub or small tree, the branches sometimes straggling, the bright brown thorns 2/~5/ long. Leaves dark green, dull, rather stout-petioled, iX/~3/^/ l°nK. glabrous above, usually with a few hairs on the prominent veins beneath, sharply and often doubly serrate with gland- tipped teeth, acute or obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed or cuneate at the base; pedicels often pubescent; calyx and bractlets glandular; flow- ers numerous, 6//-8// broad; fruit globose or oval, 3x/-5//r in diameter. Quebec to Dakota, south to Virginia and Mis- souri. May-June. ii. Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele. Red-fruited Thorn. (Fig. 2001.) Crataegus coccinea var. mollis T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 465. 1840. Crataegus subvillosa T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 465. As synonym. 1840. Crataegus mollis Scheele, Linnaea, 21: 569. 1848. Crataegus tomentosa var. mollis A.. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 160. 1867. Similar to Crataegus coccinea, growing to about the same height. Leaves generally broadly ovate, truncate at the base, large (sometimes 5' long), incised and sharply ser- rate with gland-tipped teeth, roughish above, very pubescent beneath, especially when young; corymbs many-flowered; twigs, petioles and calyx densely pubescent; calyx-lobes usually incised and glandular; flowers 8//-i2// broad; fruit bright red, 7//-i2// in diameter, hairy. Thickets, Quebec to Michigan, Nebraska and Missouri, south to Pennsylvania, Louisiana and Texas. Wood hard, light reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 50 Ibs. April-May. 244 POMACEAE. [VOL. II. Crataegus flava Ait. 12. Crataegus tomentdsa I,. Pear- thorn. Pear Haw. (Fig. 2002.) Crataegus lomentosa I,. Sp. PI. 476. 1753. A shrub or small tree, sometimes reaching 25° in height and a trunk diameter of 18'. Spines stout, i/-2_j4/ long; leaves petioled, broadly oval or ovate-oval, acute or acutish at the apex, nar- rowed or cuneate at the base, sharply dentate or somewhat lobed, not glandular, slightly scabrous above, pubescent, especially along the veins beneath, 2/-5/ long; corymbs many-flowered; twigs, petioles and calyx tomentose-pubescent; flowers about 6" broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, usually incised; styles 3-5; fruit dull red, obovoid or globose, about 6" in diameter. In thickets, southern Ontario to New Jersey and Georgia, west to Michigan and Missouri. Wood hard, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 47 Ibs. May-June. Summer or Yellow Haw. (Fig- 20x33.) Mespilus hyemalis Walt. Fl. Car. 148. 1788? Crataegus flava Ait. Hort. Kew. a: 169. 1789. C. flava \zr.pubescens A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 160. 1867. Crataegus flexispina Sarg. Card. & For. 3: 424. 1889. Not Mespilus flexispina Muench. 1785. A tree, with maximum height of about 20° and trunk diameter of i(/, usually very thorny. Leaves obovate, petioled, obtuse or short-pointed and irregularly glandular dentate at the apex, nar- rowed or cuneate and often entire at the base, #'- i#' long, pubescent on both sides or at length glabrate; corymbs few-flowered; pedicels and calyx pubescent; flowers 6"-o// broad; calyx- lobes entire or glandular-serrate; styles commonly 5; fruit globose or somewhat pyriform, greenish, yellow or red, 5 "-8" in diameter. In'sandy thickets, Virginia to Florida, west to Mis- souri and Texas. April-May. 14. Crataegus unifldra Muench. Dwarf Thorn. (Fig. 2004.) Crataegus uniflora Muench. Hausv. 5: 147. 1770. Crataegus parvifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 169. 1789. Crataegus tomcntosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 289. 1803. Not L. 1753. A shrub, 3°-8° high or sometimes a small tree. Spines numerous, slender, i/-2/ long; leaves ob- ovate, coriaceous, nearly sessile, obtuse and crenate at the apex, cuneate and entire at the base, ^'-i^' long, more or less pubescent on both surfaces or glabrate and at length shining above; corymbs 1-7- flowered; twigs, pedicels and calyx pubescent; flow- ers 4"-5" broad ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, deeply in- cised, glandular, about equaling the petals; styles commonly 5, fruit globose or pyriform, 5 "-8" in diameter, yellow. In sandy soil, southern New York to Florida, west to West Viiginia ar.d Louisiana. April-May. VOL. II.] APPLE FAMILY. 245 15. Crataegus Vailiae Britton. Vail' s Haw. (Fig. 2005.) Crataegus Vailiae Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 53. 1896. A shrub, 3°-6° high, the branches stout, light gray; thorns slender. Leaves oval, \f-$' long, short-peti- oled, pubescent on both sides, but becoming glabrate and slightly shin- ing above, acute at both ends, or some of them obtuse at the apex, sharply serrate nearly all around, sometimes slightly 3-lobed, the peti- oles sparingly glandular, or gland- less; stipules narrow, very glandu- lar; corymbs 2-6- flowered; pedicels and calyx densely pubescent; calyx- lobes lanceolate, 4//-6// long, deeply incised, glandular, nearly as long as the petals, reflexed in fruit; pome globose, yellowish green, 4//-5// in diameter. In thickets, Virginia and North Car- olina. Leaves of young shoots nearly orbicular. May-June. 7. COTONE ASTER Medic. Phil. Bot. i: 155. 1789. Shrubs, with alternate stipulate coriaceous often evergreen leaves, and small white cy- mose or rarely solitary flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5, scarcely clawed. Stamens numerous; filaments mostly subulate. Ovary 2-5-celled or of 2-5 carpels, separate at the summit; styles 2-5; ovules 2 in each cavity or carpel, alike, erect. Pome ovoid, globose or top-shaped, the carpels bony when mature. [Name neo-Latin, Quince-star or Star-quince.] About 20 species, natives of the Old World. i. Cotoneaster Pyracantha (L,.) Spach. Evergreen or Fire Thorn. Pyra- canth. (Fig. 2006.) Mespilus Pyracanlha L. Sp. PI. 478. 1753. Crataegus Pyracantha Medic. Gesch. 84. 1798. Cotoneaster Pyracantha Spach, Hist. Veg. 2: 73. 1834. A shrub, 3°-8° high. Spines slender, l/2'- \f long; leaves evergreen, glabrous on both sides, oval or slightly oblanceolate, crenulate, obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, somewhat shining above, i/-2/ long, short-petioled; cymes terminal, compound, many-flowered; pedicels and calyx pubes- cent; calyx-lobes ovate; flowers about 3" broad; styles 5; fruit scarlet, depressed- globose, about ir/ high, bitter. In thickets, escaped from cultivation about Philadelphia and Washington. Native of south- ern Europe and western Asia. May. 246 DRUPACEAE. [VOL. II. Family 45. DRUPACEAE DC. Fl. Fran. 4: 479. 1805. PI.UM FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum, the foliage, bark and seeds contain- ing prussic acid, bitter. Leaves alternate, petioled, serrate, the small stipules early deciduous, the teeth and petiole often glandular. Flowers corymbose, umbelled, racemed or solitary, regular, mostly perfect. Calyx inferior, decidu- ous, free from the ovary, its tube obconic, campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Disk annular. Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, inserted on the calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted with the petals. Pistil i in our genera; ovary i -celled, 2-ovuled; style simple; stigma mostly small and capitate. Fruit a drupe. Seed i, suspended; endosperm none; cotyledons fleshy. About 6 genera and no species, widely distributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Drupe glabrous. I. Prunus. Drupe velvety. 2. Amygdalus. i. PRUNUS L. Sp. PI. 473- 1753- Shrubs or trees, mostly with edible fruits, the white or pink flowers variously clustered, the leaves conduplicate or convolute in vernation. Petals spreading. Stamens 15-20, dis- tinct; filaments filiform. Style terminal; stigma peltate or truncate. Exocarp of the drupe fleshy, glabrous, the endocarp bony, smooth or a little roughened, globose or oval, or oblong and compressed. [Ancient Latin name of the Plum-tree.] About 90 species, natives of the north temperate zone, tropical America and Asia. Besides the following, some 12 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The genus is often divided into Prunus proper, the plums, and Cerasus, the cherries; but other than flavor, there appears to be no salient feature separating the two groups. •£ Flowers in lateral scaly umbels or fascicles, expanding with or before the leaves. f Inflorescence umbellate, the clusters sessile or nearly so. leaves convolute in vernation; fruit mostly large; pit more or less flattened. Umbels several-flowered Leaves abruptly acuminate; drupe red or yellow. Calyx-lobes entire, pubescent within; fruit globose. i. P. Americana. Calyx-lobes glandular-serrate; fruit subglobose or oval. Calyx-lobes glabrous within; leaves oval or obovate. 2. P. nigra. Calyx-lobes pubescent on both sides; leaves ovate-lanceolate. 3. P.hortulana. Leaves acute or obtusish; drupe red or purple. Leaves glabrous when mature. Fruit red, with little bloom or none. Leaves lanceolate; drupe thin-skinned. 4. P. angustifolia. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong; drupe thick-skinned; western shrub. 5. P. Watsoni. Fruit dark purple, with a bloom; leaves ovate. 6. P. Alleghaniensis. Leaves pubescent, at least on the lower surface, when mature. Drupe 8"-i2" in diameter; coast plants. Leaves ovate or oval, acute; stone pointed at both ends. 7. P. maritima. Leaves orbicular, very obtuse; stone pointed at base. 8. P. Gravesit. Drupe 3" -5" in diameter; prairie plant. 9. P. gracilis. Umbels only i-2-flowered. 10. P. sfinosa. Leaves conduplicate in vernation; fruit mostly small; pit mostly globose. Flowers 3 -6" broad; low shrubs. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate ; northern. n. P. pumila. Leaves oval, oblong, or slightly obovate. Petioles 4"-io'r long; drupe 4" -5" in diameter; eastern. 12. P. cuneata. Petioles 2"~3" long; fruit 6"-8" in diameter; western. 13. P. Besseyi. Flowers 9"-is" broad; trees; leaves ovate. Leaves glabrous; pedicels short; fruit sour. 14. P. Cerasus. Leaves pubescent beneath, at least on veins; pedicels long; fruit sweet. 15. P. Avium. t t Inflorescence more or less corymbose: leaves shining. 16. P. Pennsylvania. •5f -X- Flowers corymbose, terminating twigs of the season. 17. p. Mahaleb. •X- -Sf •£ Flowers racemed, terminating branches of the season. Fruit red, astringent; leaves obovate or oval. 18. P. Virginiana. Fruit purple or purplish-black, sweet or bitter. Leaves oval or obovate; fruit purple; shrub or small tree. 19. P. demissa. Leaves oblong-acuminate; fruit black; large tree. 20. P. serotina. Vol.. II.] PLUM FAMILY. 247 i. Prunus Americana Marsh. Wild Yellow or Red Plum. (Fig. 2007.) Prunus Americana Marsh.iArb. Am. in. 1785- A shrub or small tree, maximum height about 35°, and trunk diameter about 12'; branches more or less thorny; bark thick. Leaves ovate or ob- ovate, acuminate, nearly or quite glabrous when mature, usually pubescent when young, sharply and often doubly serrate, rounded at the base, slender-petioled; petioles usually glandless; flow- ers white, 8//-i2// broad, appearing in lateral ses- sile umbels before the leaves; pedicels $"-<)" long; calyx-lobes pubescent within, entire; drupe glo- bose, red or yellow, 9"-! 2" in greatest diameter, the skin tough, bloom little or none, the stone somewhat flattened, its ventral edge acute or mar- gined, the dorsal faintly grooved. New York to Montana, Florida and Colorado. A southwestern form has very pubescent leaves. April- May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Oct. 2. Prunus nigra Ait. Canada Plum. Horse Plum. (Fig. 2008.) Prunus nigra Ait. Hort. Kew. a: 165. 1789. Prunus mollis Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 470. 1824. A tree, 2O°-3O° high, the trunk sometimes ic/ in diameter, the bark thin. Leaves oval, ovate or obovate, long-acuminate, pubescent when young, crenulate-serrate, narrowed, obtuse or subcordate at the base, $'-$' long; petioles stout, j£'-i' long, bearing i or 2 red glands near the blade; flowers in lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves, i'- i%' broad; pedicels 6"-io" long, slender, gla- brous; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous within, sometimes pubescent without; drupe oval, I'-iJ/j' long, orange-red, thick-skinned, bloom lit- tle or none, the flesh adherent to the oval com- pressed stone, which is sharply ridged on the ven- tral edge, somewhat grooved on the dorsal. Newfoundland to Manitoba, Massachusetts and Wisconsin. Wood hard, reddish -brown; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. May. Fruit Aug. 3. Frunus hortulana Bailey. Wild Goose Plum. (Fig. 2009.) P. hortulana Bailey, Card. & For. $: 90. 1892. A small tree, similar to the two preceding; branches spreading, bark thin. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, long-acuminate, somewhat peach-like, closely glandular-ser- rate, 4/-6/ long; petioles not i' long, usually bearing two glands near the blade; flowers in lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves; pedicels 5//-io// long; calyx-lobes glandu- lar-serrate, pubescent without and within; drupe subglobose or short-oval, bright red, thin-skinned, stone swollen, roughish, not margined; bloom little or none. Illinois to Tennessee, Arkansas and Texas. Perhaps a hybrid. April-May. Prunus hortulana Miner! Bailey, Bull. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. 38: 23. 1892. Leaves dull, thick, irregularly coarsely serru- late, conspicuously veiny beneath; stone nearly smooth ; leaves varying to oblanceolate. Illinois to Tennessee and Missouri. DRUPACEAE. [VOL. II. 4. Prunus angustifolia Michx. Chicka- saw Plum. Hog Plum. (Fig. 2010.) Primus angustifolia Marsh. Arb. Am. in. 1785. Prunus Chicasa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 284. 1803. A small tree, sometimes 25° high, the trunk 7' in diameter, the branches somewhat thorny. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, serrulate, often rounded at the base, gla- brous when mature, $'-$' long; flowers smaller than those of the preceding species, in lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves; drupe red, globose, 6"-9// in diameter, nearly destitute of bloom, thin-skinned, its stone ovoid, hardly flat- tened, both edges rounded, one of them slightly grooved. In dry soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, west to the Rocky Mountains. Supposed to be native in the Southwest Wood soft, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. April. Fruit ripe May-July. 5. Prunus Watsoni Sargent. .Watson's Plum. Sand Plum. (Fig. 2011.) Prunus Waisoni Sargent, Card. & For. 7: 134. / 25. 1894. A shrub, 6°-io° high, somewhat spiny. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, firm, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, finely crenulate-serrulate all around, i/-2/ long, 6"-io" wide, shining above, the petioles about >£' long; flowers 5//-6// broad, in numerous sessile lateral fascicles; pedicels 4//-6" long, red, glabrous; petals oblong-ob- ovate, short-clawed; fruit globose or some- what elongated, about 9" in diameter, orange- red, without a bloom, the flesh yellow; skin thick; stone oval, pitted, mostly rounded on both margins, abruptly flattened at the summit Sandy soil, Nebraska to Arkansas. April-May. 6. Prunus Alleghaniensis Porter. Porter's Plum. (Fig. 2012.) J'rnnus Alleghaniensis Porter, Bot Gaz. 2: 85- 1877. A low, straggling shrub or small tree, with maximum height of about 15° and trunk dia- meter of 5', seldom thorny. Leaves ovate-ob- long or obovate, acute or acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, rounded at the base, pubescent when young, glabrous or very nearly so when old; flowers similar to those of P. Americana, about 7// broad; drupe globose-ovoid, about 5" in greatest diameter, very dark purple with a conspicuous bloom; pulp pleasantly acid; stone slightly flattened, a shallow groove on one margin, a slight expansion on the other. Barrens of Huntingdon Co.. across the.Alleghany Mountains to Clearfield Co., Pa. April. Fruit ripe in August. VOL. II.] PLUM FAMILY. 249 7. Prunus maritima Wang. Beach Plum. (Fig. 2013.) Prunus maritima Wang. Am. 103. 1781. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 17. 1789. Prunus sphaerocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 284. 1803. A low much-branched shrub, i°-7° high, not thorny. Leaves oval, ovate or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, acutish or acute at the apex, rounded at the base, pubescent beneath even when old; flow- ers white, numerous, showy, in sessile lateral um- bels, expanding before the leaves, 5//-8// broad; petals obovate; drupe globose, purple, %'-\f in di- ameter, sweet when ripe, covered with a bloom; stone little flattened, acute on one margin, slightly grooved on the other, usually pointed at both ends. On seabeaches and in sandy soil near the coast, Vir- ginia to New Brunswick. April-May. Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct. 8. Prunus Gravesii Small. Graves' Beach Plum. (Fig. 2014.) Prunus Gravesii Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 45. 1897. A low shrub, reaching a maximum height of about 4°, not thorny, the twigs of the season mostly puberulent. Leaves orbicular, oval- orbicular, or slightly obovate, 9//-i8// long, rounded, retuse or apiculate at the apex, obtuse or truncate at the base, pubescent, at least on the nerves beneath; flowers white, about 6" broad, solitary or 2-3 together in lateral um- bels, expanding with the leaves; petals subor- bicular; drupe globose, 5//-8// in diameter, nearly black, with a light blue bloom ; stone nearly as thick as wide, pointed only at the base. On a gravelly ridge, Groton, Connecticut. May- June. Fruit ripe in Sept. 9. Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray. Low Plum. (Fig. 2015.) Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 243. 1847. A branching shrub, i°-4° high, the foliage and young twigs densely soft-pubescent. Leaves short- petioled, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acute or acutish at both ends, sharply serrate, glabrate on the upper surface at maturity; flowers white, 3//-4// broad, in sessile, lateral umbels, appearing before the leaves; pedicels slender, pubescent; drupe oval-globose, 4//~5// in diameter; stone little flattened, nearly orbi- cular. In sandy or dry soil, Tennessee to Kansas and Texas. 250 DRUPACEAE. [VOL. II. 10. Prunus spindsa L,. Sloe. Blackthorn. Buckthorn. (Fig. 2016.) Primus spinosa L. Sp. PI. 475. 1753- A much-branched shrub with thorny branches, 2°-i5° high. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, serrate, nearly glabrous when mature; flowers white, 4"- 6" broad, appearing before the leaves, the lateral clusters only i-2-flowered; drupe globose, nearly black with a bloom, in the wild state about 6" in diameter; stone little flattened, acute on one edge. Along roadsides, etc. , Pennsylvania and New Jersey to Massachusetts. Naturalized or adyentive from Europe. Called also Blackberry. April-May. Prunus spinosa insititia ( L. ) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, us. 1856. B ULLAGE. Prunus insititia L> Arnoen. Acad. 4: 273. 1755. Taller; leaves and pedicels pubescent ; branches less thorny ; drupe ovoid-globose. Naturalized in eastern Massachusetts. Regarded by many authors as a species, and as the original of the cultivated Euro- pean plums (Prunus domestica I*. ). ii. Prunus pumila L,. Sand Cherry. Dwarf Cherry. (Fig. 2017.) Prunus pumila L. Mant. PI. 75. ' 1767. Cerasus pumila Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. x: 286. 1803. Prostrate and spreading or ascending, much branched from the base, sometimes bushy, 6'- 6° high. Leaves mostly oblanceolate or spatu- late, acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, serrate, especially toward the apex, usually pale beneath and deep green above, gla- brous or very nearly so on both sides when ma- ture; flowers white, 4"-5" broad, appearing with the leaves in sessile lateral umbels; clus- ters few-flowered; drupe 4//-6// in diameter, dark red or nearly black when mature without bloom; flesh thin, acid. On sandy or gravelly shores, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Maine, New Jersey and Michi- gan. April-May. Fruit ripe in August. 12. Prunus cuneata Raf. Appalachian Cherry. (Fig. 2018.) Prunus cuneata Raf. Ann. Nat. n. 1820. An erect shrub, i°-4° high, the branches often strict, light colored. Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, narrowed or wedge-shaped at the base, more or less serrate with rather appressed teeth, rather thin, i'-3' long, sometimes nearly I'wide; pet- ioles 4//-io// long; flowers in umbels, appearing with the leaves, about 5" broad; drupe globose, 4//-5// in diameter when mature; pedicels i' long or less. In wet soil, or among rocks, New Hampshire to Minnesota, North Carolina and Wisconsin. Voi,. II.] PLUM FAMILY 13. Prunus Besseyi Bailey. Western Sand Cherry. Bessey's Cherry. (Fig. 2019.) Prunus Besseyi Bailey, Bull. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. 70: 261. 1894. A shrub, i°-4° high, the branches diffuse, spreading or prostrate, not strict. Leaves ellip- tic, oblong or oval, the teeth appressed, the apex and base mostly acute; petioles 2//-3// long; stip- ules of young shoots often longer than the peti- ole; flowers in sessile umbels, expanding with the leaves, 4//-5// broad; fruit 6//-8// in diameter, on stout pedicels usually not more than 6" long, bitterish and astringent, black, mottled or yel- lowish. Prairies, Manitoba and Minnesota to Kansas and Utah. April-May. 14. Prunus Cerasus L,. Sour Cherry. Egriot. (Fig. 2020.) Prunus Cerasus L. Sp. PI. 474. 1753. A tree, reaching in cultivation the height of 50°, with trunk diameter of 3^°, but usually smaller. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, vari- ously dentate, abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous on both sides, very resinous when young; flowers white, 8//-i2// broad, in sessile, lateral, very scaly um- bels, expanding with the leaves or before them; pedicels little over i%' long in flower; drupe glo- bose, 4//-6// in diameter (larger in cultivation), black or red, sour, without bloom; stone globose. In woods and thickets, southern New York and Pennsylvania, escaped from cultivation. Native of Europe. Wood strong, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 54 Ibs. April-May. Fruit June-July. Its leaves unfold several days later than those of P. A vium when growing with it. This, and the follow- lowing species, in the wild state, are the originals of most of the cultivated cherries. 15. Prunus Avium L,. Wild or Crab Cherry. Hazard. Gean. Sweet Cherry. (Fig. 2021.) Prunus Avium L. Fl. Suec. Ed. 2, 165. 1755. A large tree, often 70° high, the trunk reach- ing 4° in diameter. Leaves ovate, oval, or slightly obovate, abruptly short-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or sometimes narrowed at the base, irregularly serrate or doubly serrate, pu- bescent on the veins beneath, or over the entire lower surface when young; flowers white, about i' broad, in scaly lateral umbels, expanding with the leaves; pedicels slender, i/-2^/ long in flower; drupe globose, black or dark red, sweet. In thickets and woodlands, escaped from cultiva- tion, Connecticut to Pennsylvania and Virginia. Native of Europe. April-May. 252 DRUPACEAE. [VOL. II. 16. Prunus Pennsylvania L,. f. Wild Red Cherry. Pin or Pigeon Cherry. (Fig. 2022.) Prunus Pennsylvania L. f. Suppl. 252. 1781. Cerasus Pennsylvanica Lois. Nouv. Duham. 5: 9. 1812. A small tree, with maximum height of about 35°, and trunk diameter of ij4°, sometimes shrubby. Leaves oval or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mainly rounded at the base, glabrous and shining on both sides, serru- late, rather slender-petioled; flowers white, in lateral, corymbose, peduncled or sessile leafless clusters, unfolding with the leaves; pedi- cels slender, glabrous, 6//-i2// long; drupe glo- bose, red, 2"-3" in diameter, without bloom, its flesh thin and sour, its stone globular. In rocky woods, and clearings, Newfoundland to Georgia, west to the Rocky Mountains. Wood soft, light brown; weight per cubic foot 31 Ibs. April- June. Fruit ripe in August 17. Prunus Mahaleb L. Mahaleb. Perfumed Cherry. (Fig. 2023.) Prunus Mahaleb L. Sp. PI. 474. 1753. Cerasus Mahaleb Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768. A small tree or shrub, with maximum height of about 25° and trunk diameter of i°, generally flowering when but a few years old. Bark pale, smooth; leaves petioled, ovate, abruptly acute at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, glabrous on both sides, denticulate, fragrant; flowers white, about 5" broad, in corymbs borne on short leafy branches of the season, unfolding with the leaves; drupe reddish-black, globose or globose-ovoid, about 4" long, the flesh thin, the stone slightly flattened. Roadsides and waste places, southern New York and eastern Pennsylvania, becoming fre- quent. Adventive from Europe. Wood hard, brown. Used in Europe for cabinet making. April-May. Fruit ripe July. 18. Prunus Virginiana L. Choke , Cherry. (Fig. 2024.) Prunus Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 473- *7S3- Cerasus Virginiana Lois. Nouv. Duham. 5: 3. 1812. A shrub, 2°-io° high, or rarely a small tree, with gray bark. Leaves thin, obovate or broadly oval, abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous, or slightly pubes- cent along the veins beneath, sharply or doubly serrulate with slender teeth; petioles with sev- eral glands; flowers white, 4//-5// broad, in erect or spreading mainly loosely- flowered racemes, terminating leafy branches of the season; petals suborbicular; pedicels 2//~3// long, drupe red to nearly black, rarely yellow, globose, 4//~5// in diameter, very astringent; stone globular. Along river-banks and in rocky situations, New- foundland to Manitoba and British Columbia, south to Georgia, Nebraska, Texas and Colorado. April- May. Fruit ripe in July or August. VOI,. II.] PLUM FAMILY. 253 19. Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Walp. Western Wild Cherry. (Fig. 2025.) Cerasus demissa Nutt. in T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 411. 1840. Prunus demissa Walp. Rep. 2: 10. 1843. A shrub or small tree, with greatest height of about 30° and trunk diameter of \l/2°, but usu- ally much smaller. Leaves similar to those of the preceding species, but thicker, acute or often obtusish at the apex, and with shorter teeth; flowers white, 4//~5// broad; racemes generally dense, short or elongated, densely- flowered, terminating leafy branches; drupe dark purple or black, sweet or but slightly astringent, globose, $"-4" in diameter; stone globular. Prairies and dry soil, Dakota to Nebraska and New Mexico, west to British Columbia and Cali- fornia. Wood hard, not strong, light brown; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. Perhaps intergrades with the preceding species. May-July. Fruit ripe in August. 20. Prunus serotina Ehrh. Cabinet or Rum Cherry. Wild Black Cherry. (Fig. 2026.) Prunus serotina Ehrh. Beitr. 3: 20. 1788. Cerasus serotina Lois. Nouv. Duham. 5: 3. 1812. A large tree, wjth maximum height of about 90° and trunk diameter of 4°, the bark rough and black. Leaves thick, oval, oval- lanceolate or ovate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, glabrous, or pubescent along the veins be- neath, serrate with appressed callous teeth; flowers similar to those of the two preceding species, the racemes elongated, spreading or drooping, terminating leafy branches, petals obovate; drupe globose, 4//-5// in diameter; dark purple or black, sweet but slightly as- tringent. In woods or open places, southern Ontario to Florida, Dakota, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, strong, reddish -brown; weight per cubic foot 36 Ibs; used in cabinet making. May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. Prunus serotina Smallii Britton. Cerasus serotina montana Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 114. 1894. Not P. montana Marsh. 1785. Leaves firm, coriaceous, coarsely serrate, pale beneath; racemes thick, divergent, rather few- flowered; calyx and filaments pubescent. Summit of White Top Mountain, Virginia. 2. AMYGDALUS I,. Sp. PI. 472. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with mostly lanceolate serrulate short-petioled leaves, and pink or white flowers solitary or clustered at the nodes of the twigs of the preceding season. Petals spreading. Stamens 20-30, distinct, the filaments filiform. Style and stigma as in Prunus. Exocarp of the fruit mostly fleshy, velvety in the following species; endocarp (stone) bony, deeply pitted or nearly smooth, oval or oblong, pointed, more or less compressed. [Name said to be Syrian. ] About 5 species, natives of Asia, to which are added by some authors 2 or 3 shrubs (genus Emplectroclados Torr. ) of western North America. 254 DRUPACEAE. [VOL. II. x. Amygdalus Persica L,. Peach. (Fig. 2027.) Amygdalus Persica L. Sp. PI. 472. 1753. A small tree, the purplish-brown twigs gla- brous. Leaves mostly lanceolate or oblong-lan- ceolate, 3'-5' long, 8//-i8// wide, glabrous on both sides, long-acuminate at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, finely serrulate nearly all around, thickish; petioles i"-$" long; flowers pink, YZ'-I' broad, scaly-bracted; drupe subglo- bose, grooved, softly velvety, i#'-3' in diameter. Escaped from cultivation, southern New York to North Carolina. April-May. Family 46. MIMOSACEAE Reichenb. Fl. Exc. 437. 1832. MIMOSA FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate mostly compound, commonly 2-3-pin- nate leaves, the stipules various, and small regular perfect flowers in heads, spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-6-toothed, or 3-6-lobed, the teeth or lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Corolla of as many distinct or more or less united petals, also valvate. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, or oo, distinct, or monadelphous. Ovary i -celled; ovules several or numerous; style simple. Fruit a legume. Seeds without endosperm ; cotyledons fleshy. About 30 genera and 1350 species, mostly of tropical distribution, a few in the temperate zones. This, and the three following: families, are often united under the name I.EGUMINOSAE. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10. i. Acacia. Stamens only as many as the petals, or twice as many. Petals separate; pod smooth. 2. Acuan. Petals united to about the middle; pod spiny. 3. Morongia. i. ACACIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 319. 1763. Shrubs or trees, some species nearly herbaceous, with bipinnate leaves, the ultimate leaf- lets usually small and numerous, or the leaves in many exotic species modified into flat simple phyllodes. Flowers small, in heads or spikes. Calyx campanulate, usually 4-5 toothed, or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals. Petals mostly 4 or 5, separate, united, or wanting. Stamens oo, exserted; filaments filiform; pollen-grains cohering in 2's-o's. Ovary sessile or stipitate. Pod linear, oblong or oval, flat or swollen, often constricted between the seeds. [Greek, point, or thorn, many species being thorny.] About 450 species, chiefly in subtropical regions, most abundant in Africa and Australia, a few in the temperate zones. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern United States. i. Acacia filiculoides (Cav.) Trelease. Prairie Acacia. (Fig. 2028.) Mimosa filiculoides Cav. Ic. x: 55. pi, 78. 1791. Acacia filicina Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1072. 1806. Acacia filiculoides Trelease; Branner & Coville, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1888: Part 4, 178. 1891. A thornlcss shrub, varying from glabrous to hir- sute-pubescent, sometimes herbaceous. Pinnae of the leaves 2-15 pairs, oblong in outline, \'-i' long; leaflets 10-50 pairs, oblong or linear-oblong, about i" long, less than i" wide, obtuse or acute, slightly inequilateral, i-veined; heads globose, many-flow- ered, axillary, slender-peduncled, 6//-io// in dia- meter; sepals distinct or nearly so; filaments yel- low, 3-4 times as long as the sepals; pod linear, acute, often narrowed at the base, stipitate, mostly straight, i/-2/ long, about 3" wide, flat, its valves thin, reticulated, glabrous or pubescent, impressed between the seeds. Prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. May-July. Voi,. II.] MIMOSA FAMILY. 255 2. ACUAN Med. Theod. Sp. 62. 1786. [DESMANTHUS Willd. Sp. Pi. 4: 1044. 1806.] [DARUNGTONIA DC. Ann. Sci. Nat. 4: 97. 1825.] Perennial herbs or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and greenish or whitish small regular flowers in axillary peduncled heads or spikes. Flowers perfect, sessile, or the lowest sometimes staminate, neutral or apetalous. Calyx campanulate, its teeth short. Petals valvate, distinct, or slightly united or coherent below. Stamens 10 or 5, distinct, mainly exserted; anthers all alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules co . Pod linear, straight or curved, acute, glabrous, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved, the valves coriaceous or membranous. About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical America, one of them widely distributed in tropical regions of the Old World. Pods few, linear, erect, straight. i. A. leptoloba. Pods numerous in globose heads, oblong, curved. 2. A. Illinoensis. i. Acuan leptoloba (T. & G.) Kuntze. Prairie Mimosa. (Fig. 2029.) Desmanthus leptolobus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 402. 1840. Acuan leptoloba Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 158. 1891. Herbaceous, ascending, branched, stems rough- angled, 2°-3° long. Leaves short-petioled, bipin- nate; pinnae 5-10 pairs, sessile; leaflets 10-24 pairs, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, inequilateral, rounded at the base, usually glabrous, i^//-2// long, y2" wide or less; peduncles 6//-i2// long, few- flowered; stamens (always?) 5; pods 3-8, narrowly linear, acuminate, nearly straight, glabrous, about 3 times the length of the peduncle, 6-8-seeded. Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer. 2. Acuan Illinoensis (Michx.) Kuntze. Illinois Mimosa. (Fig. 2030.) Mimosa Illinoensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 254. 1803. Acacia brachyloba Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1071. 1806. Desmanthus brachylobus Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 358. 1842. Acuan Illinoensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 158. 1891. Ascending or erect, glabrous or nearly so, stems angled, i°-3° high. Foliage resem- bling that of the preceding species, but the pinnae and obtusish leaflets are sometimes more numerous; peduncles i/-3/ long; pods numerous, densely capitate, oblong or lanceo- late, strongly curved, 8//-i2// long, acute, slightly impressed between the 2-5 seeds. Prairies and river-banks, Indiana to Kentucky, Florida, Minnesota and Texas. May-Sept. 3. MORONGIA Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 191. 1894. [SCHRANKIA Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1041. 1806. Not Medic. 1792.] [LEPTOGLOTTIS DC. Mem. Leg. 451. 1823?] Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mainly prostrate or procumbent, armed with recurved prickles. Leaves bipinnate, usually sensitive; leaflets numerous, small; stipules setaceous. Flowers regular, small, 4~5-parted, pink or purple, perfect or polygamous, in axillary pe- duncled heads or spikes. Petals united to the middle. Stamens usually 8-12, distinct or united at the base; anthers all alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules co . Pod linear, acute or acuminate, spiny all over, at length 4-valved, several seeded. [Named in honor of the late Rev. Thos. Morong, a contributor to this work. ] About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical America, I in tropical Africa. Leaflets elliptic, strongly veined. i. M. uncinala. Leaflets linear-oblong, scarcely veined. 2. M. angustata. 256 MIMOSACEAE. [Vol.. II. i. Morongia uncinata (Willd.) Britton. Sensitive-brier. (Fig. 2031.) Schrankia uncinata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1043. 1806. Mimosa Intsia Walt. Fl. Car. 252. 1788. Not L. 1753. Morongia uncinata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 191. 1894. Herbaceous, perennial, branched, decumbent, 2°- 4° long. Stem, branches, petioles and peduncles thickly armed with hooked prickles %."-\'f long; stem grooved and angled; leaves petioled; pinnae 4-8 pairs, distant; leaflets 8-15 pairs, obliquely el- liptic, thick, obtusish and mucronate at the apex, inequilateral and rounded at the base, slightly cili- ate on the margins, strongly marked with few eleva- ted veins beneath, 2//-4// long; heads globose, very dense, 8"- 12" in diameter; flowers pink; pods terete, very densely spiny, about 2' long. In dry soil, Virginia to Illinois and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. May-July. a. Morongia angustata (T. & G.) Britton. Narrow-leaved Sensitive-brier. (Fig. 2032.) Schrankia angustata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 400. 1840. Morongia angustata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 191. 1894. Similar to the preceding species. Pinnae 3-6 pairs; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, thin, acutish or ob- tuse, not mucronate or but very slightly so, very ob- scurely veined, not at all reticulated, \l/t'f-^" long; peduncles shorter than the leaves; heads densely flow- ered, 5"-8" in diameter; flowers pink; pods linear, sparingly or densely spiny, i'-$f long. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Tennessee and Texas. Family 47. CAESALPINACEAE Kl. &Garcke, Bot. Erg.Wald. 157. 1862. SENNA FAMILY. Trees, herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple or compound mostly stipulate leaves. Flowers mostly clustered and perfect, sometimes monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, nearly regular, or irregular. Calyx mostly of 5 sepals or 5- toothed. Petals usually 5, imbricated, and the upper (unpaired) one enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. Stamens 10 or fewer in our genera, the fila- ments distinct, or more or less united. Ovary i -celled, i-many-ovuled. Fruit a legume, mostly dehiscent into 2 valves. Seeds with or without endosperm. About 90 genera and 1000 species, mostly of tropical distribution. Trees or shrubs; leaves simple; corolla irregular, apparently papilionaceous, but the lateral petals enclosing the upper one. i. Cercis. Herbs (all our species); flowers perfect; leaves pinnate or bipinnate; corolla nearly regular. Leaves pinnate, not punctate. 2. Cassia. Leaves bipinnate, glandular-punctate. 3. Hoffmanseggia. Trees; leaves pinnate or bipinnate; flowers dioecious or polygamous. Receptacle short; stamens 3-5; pod flat, elongated. 4. Gleditsia. Receptacle elongated; stamens 10; pod oblong, woody. 5. Gymnocladus. i. CERCIS L. Sp. PI. 374. 1753. Small trees or shrubs, with simple broad leaves, and pink flowers in short lateral fascicles borne on the twigs of preceding seasons. Calyx somewhat oblique, broadly campanulate, Vol.. II.] SENNA FAMILY. 257 5-toothed. Corolla irregular; petals 5; standard enclosed by the wings in the bud; keel larger than the wings. Stamens 10, distinct, declined; anthers all alike, short, versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary short-stipitate; ovules oo . Pod linear-oblong or oblong, flat, margined along the upper suture, 2-valved at maturity, the valves thin, reticulate-veined. [Ancient name of the Old World Judas-tree.] About 5 species, natives of North America, Eu- rope and temperate Asia. i. Cercis Canadensis I,. Red-bud. American Judas-tree. (Fig. 2033.) Cercis Canadensis It. Sp. PI. 374. 1753. A tree, with greatest height of about 50° and trunk diameter of i°, or often shrubby. Stipules membranous, small, caducous; leaves simple, petioled, cordate-orbicular, blunt-pointed, rather thick, glabrous, or pubescent along the veins beneath, 2/-6/ broad; flowers several together in sessile umbellate clusters, appearing before the leaves; pedicels slender, 4//-i2// long; corolla pink-purple, about \" long; pod short-stalked in the calyx, linear-oblong, acute at each end, glabrous, 2/~3/ long, 6// wide, several-seeded. In rich soil, southern Ontario and New Jersey to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, weak, dark reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 40 Ibs. April. 2. CASSIA L. Sp. PI. 376. 1753. Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions trees,, with evenly pinnate leaves, and mainly (in all our species) yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, generally longer than the tube. Co- rolla nearly regular; petals 5, spreading, nearly equal, imbricated, clawed. Stamens usually 10, sometimes 5, often unequal and some of them imperfect; anthers all alike, or those of the lower stamens larger, opening by 2 pores at the summit. Ovary sessile or stalked; ovules oo . Pod flat or terete, often curved, septate or continuous between the seeds. Seeds numerous. [Ancient name.] About 275 species, of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions, very abundant in tropi- cal America. Besides the following, about 20 others occur in the southern and southwestern States. Leaflets linear or oblong, numerous, 3"-io" long; plants 6'-i8' high Flowers 2" -4" broad, short-pedicelled; anthers 5. Flowers i'-iji' broad, slender- pedicelled; anthers 10. Leaflets ovate, oblong or obovate, i'-2' long; plants i°-5° high. Leaflets 6 or 4, broadly obovate. 3. C. Tora. Leaflets 8-18, oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Perennial; leaflets oblong, obtuse. 4. C. Marylandica. Annual; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 5. C. occidentalis. i. Cassia nictitans L,. Sensitive Pea. Wild Sensitive-plant. (Fig. 2034.) Cassia nictitans L. Sp. PI. 380. 1753. Annual, erect or decumbent, branching, more or less pubescent, 6/-i5/ high. Stip- ules subulate-linear, persistent; leaves peti- oled, sensitive, bearing a small gland near the base of the petiole; leaflets 12-44, linear- oblong, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, rounded and oblique at the base, inequilat- eral, $"-&" long, i//-i^// wide; flowers 2-3 together in the axils, short-pedicelled, 2//-4// broad; calyx-lobes acute or acuminate; sta- mens 5, all perfect; pod linear, nearly glabrous, or pubescent, i'-i >£' long, 2'-2%f wide. In dry soil, Maine to Georgia, west to Indiana Kansas and Texas. Southern plants usually have more numerous leaflets than northern. July-Oct. 1. C. nictitans. 2. C. Chamaecrista. 258 2. Cassia Chamaecrista L. CAESALPINACEAE. Partridge Pea. (Fig. 2035.) [VOL. II. Large-flowered Sensitive Pea. Cassia Chamaecrista I,. Sp. PI. 379. 1753. C. fasciculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 262. 1803. Annual, erect or spreading, widely branched, pubescent or nearly glabrous, i°-2j^0 high. Stipules subulate-linear, persistent; leaves pe- tioled, with a sessile gland on the petiole, sen- sitive; flowers 2-4 together in the axils, I'-i^' broad, slender-pcdicelled, showy, some of the petals often purple spotted; leaflets 20-30, lin- ear-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse, mu- cronate, inequilateral, oblique at the base, 4"- io// long, i #"-2" wide; calyx-lobes long-acu- minate; stamens 10, all perfect; pod linear, pu- bescent or glabrate,i,j4/-2-j4/long,2//-3// wide. In dry soil, range nearly the same as that of the preceding species, but extending somewhat far- ther west and to Uruguay and Bolivia. July-Sept. Cassia Chamaecrista robusta Pollard, Mem. Torr. Club, ax: 218. 1894. Taller, stems stouter, densely pubescent; flow- ers larger. Kentucky to Alabama and Mississippi. 3. Cassia Tora L. Low Senna. (Fig. 2036.) Cassia Tora L. Sp. PI. 376. 1753. Cassia oblusifolia L. Sp. PI. 377. 1753. Annual, glabrous, i%°-i° high, branched or sim- ple. Stipules linear-subulate, at length deciduous; leaves petioled, the gland borne between or above the lowest pair of leaflets; leaflets 2-4 pairs, thin, obovatc, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, i'-i%' long, often i' wide; flowers 6"-i2" broad, few, in short axillary racemes; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the anthers of the upper. 3 imperfect; pod linear, very slender, strongly curved, 4'-6' long, about i%" wide. Along rivers, southern Pennsylvania to Indiana and Missouri, south to Florida and Mexico, and throughout tropical America and the warmer parts of the Old World. July-Oct. 4. Cassia Marylandica L. Wild or American Senna. (Fig. 2037.) Cassia Marylandica L,. Sp. PI. 378. 1753. Perennial, glabrous or pubescent with a few scat- tered hairs, 3°-8° high, little branched. Stipules subulate-linear, caducous; leaves petioled, the gland borne near the base of the petiole; leaflets 12-20, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, mucronate, rounded at the base, i/-2/ long, 3//-6// wide; flowers y//-9// broad, numerous in axillary racemes on the upper part of the plant; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect; pod linear, pubescent or becoming glabrous, 3'-4' long, 3" wide, curved. In swamps and wet soil, New England to Florida, west to Michigan, Nebraska and Louisiana. July-Aug. VOL. II.] SENNA FAMILY. 259 5. Cassia occidentalis I,. Coffee Senna. (Fig. 2038.) Cassia occidentalis I,. Sp. PI. 377. 1753. Annual, glabrous, much branched, erect, 4°-6° high. Stipules caducous; gland borne near the base of the petiole; leaflets 8-12, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, i/-2/ long, 4//-9// wide; flowers -}"-§" broad, in short axillary racemes; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; pod linear, glabrous, 4/-6/ long, about 3" wide, some- what curved, its margins thickened. In waste places, Virginia to Indiana, south to Flor- ida and Mexico, and throughout tropical America, ex- tending to Chili and Uruguay. Also in the warmer parts of the Old World. In our area apparently adventive from the South. The seeds are known as Negro or Magdad Coffee. July-Aug. 3. HOFFMANSEGGIA Cav. Icones, 4: 63. pi. 392, 393. 1797. Herbs, or low shrubs, with glandular-punctate bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and yel- low flowers in terminal or lateral racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes nearly equal. Petals 5, oval or oblong, imbricated, nearly equal. Stamens 10, distinct, slightly declined; filaments often glandular at the base; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules oo . Pod flat, linear, oblong or ovate, curved or straight, 2-valved, sev- eral-seeded. [In honor of Joh. Centurius, Graf Hoffmansegge, a writer on Portuguese botany.] About 20 species, natives of western America and South Africa. Besides the following, some 9 others occur in the southwestern United States, leaflets black-punctate ; pod obliquely oblong, leaflets not punctate; pod linear-oblong. 1. H.Jamesii. 2. H. Falcaria. i. Hoffmanseggia Jamesii T. & G. James' Hoffmanseggia. (Fig. 2039.) Pomaria glandulosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 193. 1826. Not Cav. 1799. Hoffmanseggta Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 393. 1840. Caesalpinia Jamesii Fisher, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 18: 123. 1893. Herbaceous, glandular black-punctate and finely pu- bescent, branching at the base from a deep woody root, stems 6/-i2/ high. Stipules subulate; leaves petioled, bipinnate; pinnae 5-7; leaflets 9-19, oval or oblong, ob- tuse at each end, inequilateral, \l/t,'f-s" long; racemes terminal, or lateral (opposite the leaves), elongated; flowers yellow, distant, deflexed, 3//-4// long, the upper petal spotted with red; pod flat, obliquely oblong, black- punctate, about i' long and 5" wide, 2-3-seeded, tipped with the base of the style. Prairies, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. June-July. 2. Hoffmanseggia Falcaria Cav. Sickle- fruited Hoffmanseggia. (Fig. 2040.) Hoffmanseggia Falcaria Cav. Icones, 4: 63. pi. 392. 1797. Hoffmanseggia slricta Benth.; A. Gray, PI. Wright, i: 56. 1852. Caesalpinia Falcaria Fisher, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 18: 122. 1893. Herbaceous, puberulent, not black-punctate, the glands of the peduncles and petioles stalked; stems as- cending or decumbent, i° high or less. Stipules ovate; leaves slender- petioled, bipinnate; pinnae 7-11; leaflets 12-21, oblong, obtuse, i^'^^long; racemes few-sev- eral-flowered, elongating in fruit; pod flat, linear-ob- long, curved or nearly straight, I'-i^' long, about 3" wide, blunt, 8-i2-seeded, the fruiting pedicels recurved. Kansas (according to Fisher) to Texas, west to Califor- nia. Also in Central and South America. April-June. 26o CAESALPINACEAE. [Vox,. II. 4. GLEDITSIA L. Sp. PI. 1056. 1753. Large thorny trees, with evenly once or twice pinnate leaves, small stipules, and small greenish polygamous flowers in slender axillary spicate racemes. Calyx campanulate, 3-5- cleft. Petals 3-5, equal, sessile, inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 6-10, dis- tinct; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary rudimentary or none in the stami- nate flowers, in the fertile ones nearly sessile, elongated or ovoid. Ovules 2-co . Pod linear or oval, flat, nearly straight, or twisted at maturity, coriaceous, tardily dehiscent, i-seeded» or many-seeded, pulpy between the seeds. [In honor of J. T. Gleditsch, 1714-1786, German botanist, the name often spelled Gleditschia.] About 5 species, natives of eastern North America and Asia. Pod linear-oblong, elongated, many-seeded. i. G. I riacanthos. Pod obliquely oval, short, i -seeded. 2. G. aquatica. i. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey or Sweet Locust. Three- thorned Acacia. (Fig. 2041.) Gledilsia triacanlhos L. Sp. PI. 1056. 1753. A large tree, with rough bark, maximum height about 140° and trunk diameter 5>£0, usually armed with numerous stout branching or simple thorns. Leaves petioled, i-2-pinnate; leaflets short-stalked, oblong-lanceolate or oval, obtuse at each end, in- equilateral at the base, glabrous above, often pubes- cent on the veins beneath, crenulate, 8//-i5// long; racemes solitary or clustered, slender, drooping, dense, 3'-5' long; flowers greenish, about i" broad; pod linear-oblong, i°-i#° long, i'-i#' wide, stalked, glabrous and shining, twisted, many- seeded, pulpy within, sometimes eaten. In woods, western New York and Ontario to Michi- gan, Georgia, Kansas and Texas. Naturalized and ex- tensively planted further east. Wood durable, bright brownish n-d; wi-ight per cubic ft. 42 Ibs. May-July. 2. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water or Swamp Locust. (Fig. 2042.) Gleditsia aqualica Marsh. Arb. Am. 54. 1785. Gledilsia monosperma Walt. Fl. Car. 254. 1788. A tree, with maximum height of about 60°, and trunk diameter of 2^°. Foliage similar to that of the preceding species, but the leaflets thicker, darker green, usually larger, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate in outline, the margins more conspicuously crenulate; racemes drooping, elongated; pod obliquely oval, flat, glabrous, narrowed at each end, slender-stalked, I'-i^' long, 9//-i2// wide, i -seeded, not pulpy within. In swamps, Indiana to Missouri, south to South Caro- lina, Florida and Louisiana. Wood very hard, bright reddish-brown; weight per cubic ft. 46 Ibs. July. 5. GYMNOCLADUS Lam. Encycl. i: 733. 1783. Trees, with bipinnate leaves, and showy white dioecious or polygamous flowers in ter- minal racemes. Calyx tubular, s-lobed, the lobes narrow, nearly equal. Petals 5 (rarely 4), oblong or oval, nearly equal, imbricated, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, shorter than the petals and inserted with them; filaments pubescent; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary rudimentary, or none in the staminate flowers, ses- sile and many-ovuled in the pistillate and polygamous ones; style straight. Pod oblong, thick, large, coriaceous, flat, pulpy between the seeds, 2-valved. [Greek, naked-branch.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. Voi,. II.] SENNA FAMILY i. Gymnocladus dioica (I,.) Koch. Kentucky Coffee-tree. (Fig. 2043.) GiMandina dioica L. Sp. PI. 381. 1753. Gymnocladus Canadensis L,am. Encycl. i: '733. 1783- Gymnocladus dioicusTLoch, Dendrol. i: 5. 1869. A large forest tree, with rough bark, maxi- mum height about 100°, and trunk diameter of 3°. Leaves large, bipinnate, petioled; pinnae 5-9, odd or evenly pinnate; leaflets 7-15 (or the lowest pair of pinnae of but a single leaflet), ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous or pubescent on the veins beneath, ciliate on the margins, \f-$f long; racemes many-flowered, elongated; flowers nearly white, slender- pedicelled, &"-<)" long; pod s'-io' long, about 2' wide, the valves thick and coria- ceous. Rich woods, southern Ontario to Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Minnesota, Nebraska and the Indian Territory. Wood soft, strong, light reddish- brown; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. The fruit called Coffee-nut. May-June. 1829. Family 48. KRAMERIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20. KRAMERIA FAMILY. Pubescent herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate simple or digitately 3-foliolate leaves, and purple or purplish, solitary or racemed, irregular perfect flowers. Peduncles 2-bracted at or above the middle. Stipules wanting. Sepals 4 or 5 , usually large, the outer one commonly wider than the others. Petals usually 5, smaller than the sepals, the 3 upper ones long-clawed, often united by their claws, or the middle one of the 3 wanting, the 2 lower ones reduced to suborbi- cular fleshy glands. Stamens 3 or 4, monadelphous, at least at the base; anther- sacs opening by a terminal pore. Ovary i -celled, or partly 2 -celled; ovules 2, collateral, anatropous, pendulous; style slender, acute or truncate. Fruit glo- bose, or compressed, spiny, indehiscent, i-seeded. Seed without endosperm; 'cotyledons fleshy. The family consists of only the following genus, with about 15 species, distributed from the southern United States to Chile. It has often been included in the POLYGALACEAE, but its close affinity to Cassia and related genera indicates that it should be placed next to the CAESALPINACEAE. i. KRAMERIA Loefl. Iter Hisp. 195. 1758. [In honor of Johaun Georg Heinrich Kramer, an Austrian physician of the last century.] w* * i. Krameria secundiflora DC. L,inear- leaved Krameria. (Fig. 2044.) Krameria secundiflora DC. Prodr. i: 341. 1824. A perennial appressed-pubescent herb from a thick woody root, the stems prostrate or ascending, branched, often i° long or more. Leaves numer- ous, linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, ses- sile, simple, entire, about i' long, ^//-2// wide, acute, tipped with a minute prickle; peduncles soli- tary, axillary, i-flowered, sometimes secund, as long as the leaves, or shorter, bearing 2 leaf-like bracts just below the flower; flowers about i' broad, the sepals purple within, pubescent without; claws of the 3 upper petals united; stamens 4, monadel- phous; fruit globose, pubescent, very spiny, about Yi' in diameter. Florida to Kansas, New Mexico and Mexico. April- June. 262 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol.. II. Family 49. PAPILIONACEAE L. Ord. Nat. 1764. PEA FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees, with alternate mostly compound stipulate leaves, and irregular (papilionaceous) perfect or sometimes polygamo-dioecious flowers, mainly in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles. Calyx 4~5-toothed, or 4-5-cleft, the teeth or lobes unequal or equal; sometimes 2-lipped. Petals more or less united, or separate, perigynous or hypogynous, usually consisting of a broad upper one (standard, banner), two lateral ones (wings), and two front ones more or less united (forming the keel); the standard encloses the wings in the bud. Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or sometimes separate, 10 in most of the genera, sometimes 9, rarely 5. Pistil i, simple, superior; ovary mainly i -celled, sometimes 2-celled by the intrusion of the sutures, or several- celled by cross-partitions; style simple; ovules i-many, anatropous or amphitro- pous. Fruit a legume, i -many- seeded, dehiscent into 2 valves, or indehiscent, in one tribe a loment. Seeds mostly without endosperm; cotyledons thick. There are about 310 genera and 5000 species, most abundant in temperate and warm regions. The family is also known as PHASEOLACKAE, and is included by some authors in the LEGUMINOSAE. -;;- The 10 stamens distinct. Leaves pinnate. Tribe i. SOPHOREAE. Leaves digitate (in ours 3-foliolate), or simple. Tribe 2. PODALYRIEAE. -X- -5f The stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Herbs, shrubs, woody vines or trees, the leaves not tendril-bearing. Pod not a loment, 2-valved or indehiscent. Foliage not glandular-dotted (except in Glycyrrhiza, which has many-seeded pods). Stamens monadelphous; anthers of 2 kinds. Tribe 3. GENISTEAE. Stamens diadelphous (except in Ononis); anthers all alike. Leaves, in our species, 3-foliolate, rarely i-foliolate. Leaflets denticulate. Tribe 4. TRIFOLIEAE. Leaflets entire. Tribe 5. LOTEAE. Leaves pinnately several-many-foliolate (except in Orofhaca). Tnbe 7. GALEGEAE. Foliage glandular-dotted; pod indehiscent, i-a-seeded; herbs. Tribe 6. PSORALEAE. Pod a loment; herbs. Tribe 8. HEDYSAREAE. Herbaceous vines, or herbs; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils. Tribe 9. VICIKAE. Vines, ours herbaceous, or erect herbs; leaves odd-pinnate, mostly 3-foliolate, without tendrils. Tribe 10. PHASEOLEAE. Tribe i. SOPHOREAB. Our species herbs; flowers racemed. i. Sophora. Trees; flowers panicled. • 2. Ciadrastts. Tribe 2. PODALYRIEAB. Ovary sessile, or nearly so; pod flat in our species. 3. Thermofisis. Ovary distinctly stipitate; pod inflated. 4. Baptisia. Tribe 3. GENISTBAB. Herbs, with simple or s-ii-foliolate leaves. Leaves simple; pod inflated. 5- Crotalaria. Leaves 5-1 i-foliolate; pod flattened, o. Lupinus. Shrubs, with i -3-foliolate leaves. Calyx divided into 2 lips; leaves very prickly. 7. Ulex. Calyx cleft into 2 lips to about the middle. Calyx-teeth long. 8. Genista. Calyx-teeth short. 9- Cytisus. Tribe 4. TRIFOLIKAB. Flowers spiked, or capitate; pods curved, or coiled. 10. Medicago. Flowers in long racemes; pods coriaceous. n. Melilotus. Flowers capitate or umbelled; pods straight, membranous. 12. Trifolium. Tribe 5. LxXTEAB. A single genus in our area. J3- Lotus. Tribe 6. PsORALEAB. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or pinnately 3-foliolate. 14. Psoralea. Leaves pinnately 5-many-foliolate. Stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous, at least at the base. Corolla of only i petal (the standard). 15- Amorpha. Corolla of 5 petals, the wings and keel united to the filament-tube. 16. Parosela. Stamens only 5, monadelphous. '7- Kuhnistera. Tribe 7. GALEGEAE. Standard very broad, ovate or orbicular. Herbs; leaves odd-pinnate. Pod 4-angled in our species. 18. Indigofera. Pod flat. 19- Cracca. VOI,. II. PEA FAMILY. 263 High-climbing woody vines. Trees or shrubs. Herbs; leaves evenly pinnate. Standard narrow; our species all herbs. Pod not prickly; foliage not glandular-punctate. Keel of the corolla blunt. leaves pinnate, or simple. Pod not flattened, swollen, or one or both sutures intruded. Pod not much swollen, fleshy, leathery or papery. Pod much inflated, membranous. Pod flat, both sutures prominent externally. Leaves 3-foliolate. Keel of the corolla acute. Pod prickly; foliage glandular-punctate. Tribe 8. HEDYSAREAE. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers purplish, umbellate. Flowers purple or white, racemose. Flowers yellow, small. Leaves 4-foliolate or 2-foliolate. Leaves 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet stalked. Flowers yellow. Flowers purple, blue or white. Pod of several joints; leaflets stipellate. Pod of i or 2 joints; leaflets not stipellate. Tribe 9. VICIEAE. Style slender, with a tuft of hairs at the summit. Style flattened, bearded along the inner side. 20. Kraunhia. 21. Robinia. 22. Sesban. 23. Astragalus. 24. Phaca. 25. Homalobus. 26. Orophaca. 27. Spiesia. 28. Glycyrrhiza. 29. Coronilla. 30. Hedysarum. 31. AEschynomene. 33. Zornia. 32. Stylosanthes. 34. Meibomia. 35. Lespedeza. 36. Vicia. 37. Lathyrus. Tribe 10. PHASEOLEAE. Style bearded along the inner side; rachis not thickened at the insertion of the flowers; keel of corolla not curved nor coiled. 39. Clitoria. Style glabrous, or slightly pubescent below; keel of corolla not curved nor coiled. Standard spurred at the base. 38. Bradburya. Standard not spurred. Flowers blue, purple, purplish, or white. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 5^7. 41. Apios. Leaves 3-foholate, rarely i-foliolate. Calyx tubular, not bracteolate. 40. Falcata. Calyx short, bracteolate. 42. Galactia. Flowers yellow. 43- Rhynchosia, Style bearded along the inner side; rachis thickened at the insertion of the flowers. Keel of the corolla spirally coiled; flowers racemed. 44. Phaseolus. Keel of the corolla strongly incurved; flowers purple, capitate. 45. Strophostyles. Keel of the corolla short, slightly incurved; flowers yellowish, capitate. 46. Vigna. i. SOPHORA L. Sp. PI. 373. 1753. Shrubs, perennial herbs, or in tropical regions trees, with odd-pinnate leaves and white yellow or violet flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx generally campanulate, its teeth short. Standard obovate or orbicular, erect or spreading; wings obliquely oblong; keel oblong, nearly straight. Stamens all distinct or very nearly so; anthers versatile, all alike; style incurved. Ovary short-stalked; ovules co. Pod stalked in the calyx, coriaceous or fleshy, terete, constricted between the seeds, mainly indehiscent. [Name Arabic, yellow.] About 25 species, natives of warm and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Besides the fol- lowing, about 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern States. i. Sophora sericea Nutt. Silky Sophora. (Fig. 2045.) Sophora sericea Nutt. Gen. i: 280. 1818. Astragalus carnosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 740. In part. 1814. Herbaceous, woody at the base, erect or ascend- ing, branched, silky or silvery pubescent with appressed hairs, 6/-i2/ high. Stipules subulate, de- ciduous; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 7-25, short- stalked, obovate or elliptic, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 3//-6// long; raceme peduncled, rather loosely flowered, 2/-4/ long; flowers white, about 8" long, nearly sessile; pod dry, coriaceous, \'-if long, about i" thick, finely pubescent, few-seeded. Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Ari- zona. April-June. 264 PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. CLADRASTIS Raf. Neogenyton, i. 1825. Trees, with odd-pinnate leaves, no stipules nor stipels. Flowers showy, white, in termi- nal panicles. Calyx-teeth 5, short, broad. Standard orbicular-obovate, reflexed; wings ob- long; keel incurved, obtuse, its petals distinct. Stamens 10, all distinct; filaments slender; anthers all alike, versatile. Ovary sessile or nearly so; ovules few; style incurved. Pod lin- ear or lanceolate, short-stalked, flat, at length 2 valved, few-seeded. [Greek, brittle-branch.] A genus of 2 known species, i of the eastern United States, the other of Mantchuria. i. Cladrastis lutea (Michx.) Koch. American or Kentucky Yellow-wood. (Fig. 2046.) Virgilia lutea Michx. f. Arb. Am. 3:266. pi. j. 1813. Cladrastis fragrans Raf. Cat. Bot. Gara. Trans. 12. Name only. 1824. Cladrastis tinctoria Raf. Neogenyton, i. 1825. Cladrastis lutea Koch, Dendrol. x:6. 1869. A smooth-barked tree, with maximum height of about 50° and trunk diameter of about 3#°. Foliage nearly glabrous; leaves petioled; leaflets 5-11, ovate, oval or obovate, stalked, 2'~4' long, pointed or blunt-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or the terminal one cuneate at the base; panicles many-flowered, drooping, io/-2o/ long; pedicels slender, 5 "-9" long; calyx tubular-campanulate; corolla white, about i' long; pod short-stalked, glabrous, 2/-4/ long, 4//-5// wide, 2-6-seeded. In rich soil, Kentucky, Tennessee and western North Carolina. Wood yellow, hard, strong, yield- ing a yellow dye ; weight per cubic foot 39 Ibs. Flow- ers fragrant. June. 3. THERMOPSIS R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 3: 3. 1811. Perennial branching herbs, with sheathing scales at the base, alternate 3-foliolate leaves, and large yellow or purple flowers in terminal or axillary racemes. Stipules usually lar^c and foliaceous. Calyx campanulate or short-turbinate, its lobes equal and separate, or the two upper ones united. Standard nearly orbicular, equalling the oblong wings and about equal- ling the keel. Stamens 10, incurved, separate. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate; ovules o> ; style slightly incurved; stigma terminal, small. Pod sessile or short-stalked, flat (in our species), linear or oblong, straight or curved. [Greek, Lupine-like.] About 15 species, natives of North America and northern and eastern Asia. Besides the follow- ing, 5 others occur in the southern Alleghanies and in the western part of the continent. Leaflets i'-a' long; panicle elongated, usually long-peduncled; eastern. i. T. mollis. Leaflets M'-i' long; panicle short, short-peduncled; western. 2. T. rhombifolia. i. Thermopsis mollis (Michx.) M. A. Cur- tis. Alleghany Thermopsis. (Fig. 2047.) Podalyria mollis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 264. 1803. Baptisia mollis DC. Prodr. 2: 100. 1825. Thermopsis mollis M. A. Curtis; A. Gray, Chlor. Bor. Am. 47. pi. o. 1846. Erect, somewhat divaricately branched, 2°-3° high, finely appressed-pubescent. Leaves petioled, 3-folio- late; leaflets oval, rhombic-elliptic or obovate, entire, i/-2/ long, g^-is" wide, obtuse or acute, nearly ses- sile; stipules ovate or lanceolate, shorter than the pet- iole; racemes 6/-io/ long, mainly terminal; pedicels 2"-6// long, bracted at the base; flowers yellow, about 9" long; pod short-stalked in the calyx, linear, slightly curved, about 4' long. Southwestern Virginia and North Carolina, in the mountains. July-Aug. Prairie Thermopsis. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY, 265 2. Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt.) Richards. (Fig. 2048.) Cytisus rhombifolius Nutt. Eraser's Cat. 1813. Thermia rhombifolia Nutt. Gen. i: 282. 1818. Thermopsis rhombifolia Richards. Frank. Journ. App. 13. 1823. Erect, S'-zc/ high, branched, appressed silky-pubescent. Leaves petioled; leaflets oval or obovate or rhombic-elliptic, obtuse, en- tire, %f-\' long, 3//-6// wide, sessile; stipules broad; racemes terminal or lateral, rather dense, few-flowered, 2/-5/ long; pedicels 2"- 4" long, bracted; flowers yellow, about 10" long; pod linear, generally strongly recurved- spreading, several-seeded, stalked in the calyx, 3'-4' long. In sandy soil, on prairies, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota and Manitoba, west to the Rocky Moun- tains. June-July. 4. BAPTISIA Vent. Dec. Gen. Nov. 9. 1808. Perennial erect branching herbs, with sheathing basal scales, alternate 3-foliolate or sometimes simple perfoliate leaves, and showy yellow white or blue flowers in terminal or lateral racemes. Stipules foliaceous, or small, or none. Calyx campanulate, obtuse at base, or sometimes slightly turbinate, the teeth equal and separate, or the two upper ones united. Corolla and stamens as in Thermopsis. Ovary stipitate. Pod stalked, ovoid, oblong or nearly globose, pointed, inflated, the valves often coriaceous. [Greek, dyeing.] About 16 species, natives of eastern and southern North America. Flowers blue; plant glabrous. I. B. australis. Flowers yellow. Racemes numerous, terminal; plant glabrous. 2. B. tinctoria. Racemes few, lateral; plant more or less pubescent. 3. B. villosa. Flowers white or cream color. Very pubescent. 4. B. bracleaia. Glabrous or nearly so. Leaflets oblong or lanceolate, green in drying. 5. B. alba. Leaflets obovate-cuneate, black in drying. 6. B. leucantha. i. Baptisia australis (L>) R. Br. Blue Wild or Blue False Indigo. (Fig. 2049.) Sophora auslralis L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 12, 2: 287. 1767. Baptisia australis R. Br. in Ait. Hort Kew. Ed. 2, 3: 6. 1811. Glabrous, stout, 4°-6° high. Leaves short-petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or sometimes oval, obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, entire, i'-2%' long, sessile or nearly so; stipules lanceolate, equal- ling the petioles, or longer, persistent; racemes ter- minal, erect, loosely flowered, elongated (sometimes !(/ long); bracts narrow, caducous; pedicels 2//~3// long; flowers indigo-blue, 9//-i2// long; pod oblong, stalked in the calyx, I'-i^' long, 5//-6// thick, tipped with the subulate style. In rich soil, western Pennsylvania to Missouri, south to Georgia and Arkansas. June-Aug. A hybrid of this species with B. leucophaea has been observed by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock in Kansas. 266 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vox,. II. 2. Baptisia tinctdria (L.) R. Br. Wild Indigo. Yellow or Indigo Broom. Horsefly-weed. (Fig. 2050.) Sophora tincloria L. Sp. PI. 373. 1753. Baptisia tincioria R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Bd. 2,3:6. 1811. Glabrous, erect, succulent, much branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate; leaf- lets obovate or oblanceolate, ty-ity long, ses- sile or nearly so, obtuse, cuneate at the base, en- tire, turning black in drying; stipules minute, caducous; racemes numerous, few-flowered, terminal; bracts minute, deciduous; pedicels !//_2// long; flowers bright yellow, about %' long; pods ovoid or nearly globose, $"-$" long, tipped with the subulate style. In dry soil, Maine to southern Ontario, Minne- sota, Florida and Louisiana. June-Sept. 3. Baptisia villdsa (Walt.) Nutt. Hairy Wild Indigo. (Fig. 2051.) Sophora villosa Walt. Fl. Car. 134. 1788. Baptisia villosa Nutt Gen. i: 281. 1818. Erect, branched, 2°-4° high, more or less pubescent throughout, especially when young. Leaves very short-pctioled or sessile, 3-foliolate, turning dark in drying; leaflets oblong, oval, or obovate, obtusish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 2'-$' long, entire; stipules lanceolate or subulate, much longer than the petioles, persistent or the upper deciduous; racemes lateral, some- times 10' long, loosely many-flowered; pedi- cels z//~4// long; flowers yellow, about i' long; bracts caducous or deciduous; pods ob- long-ovoid, about i)4' long, finely appressed- pubescent, tipped with the subulate style. In dry soil, Virginia and North Carolina, west to Arkansas. June-July. Baptisia bracteata Ell. L/arge-bracted Wild Indigo. (Fig. 2052.) Podalyria bracteala Muhl. Cat. 42. Without description. 1813. Baptisia bracteata EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 469. 1817. Baptisia leucophaca Nutt. Gen. i: 382. 1818. Erect or ascending, bushy-branched, vil- lous-pubescent throughout. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, 3-foliolate, dark green or brownish in drying; leaflets oblanceolate or spatulate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, obtuse or acutish at the apex, i^'-s' long, 4//_8" -wide, thick, reticulate-veined; stip- ules lanceolate, or ovate, persistent; ra- cemes usually few, mainly lateral, some- times i° long, reclining, many-flowered; flowers white or cream-color, about i/ long, very showy; pedicels slender, 6//-i5// long, spreading, somewhat secund; bracts large and persistent; pods ovoid, mostly narrowed at the base, i'-2' long, pubescent, tipped with a long at length deciduous style. Prairies, Illinois, Michigan and Minnesota, south to Louisiana and Texas. April-May. Voi,. II.] PEA FAMILY. 5. Baptisia alba (L.) R. Br. White Wild Indigo. (Fig. 2053.) Crotalaria alba L Sp. PI. 716. 1753- Baptisia alba R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 3: 6. 1811. Glabrous throughout, divergently branching, i°-3° high. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate; petioles slender, 3//-9// long; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed at the base, obtuse at the apex, I'-i^' long, 4//-6// wide, rather thin, green in drying; stipules and bracts minute, subulate, early deciduous; racemes elongated, erect, 6/-io/ long, lateral, long-peduncled; pedicels 3//-8// long; flowers white, 6"-lf/ long; pod linear- oblong, about \yz' long, 4" thick, abruptly tipped with an almost filiform deciduous style. In dry soil, Missouri to southern Indiana, south to Lou- isiana, east to North Carolina and Florida. May-June. 267 6. Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Large White Wild Indigo. (Fig. 2054.) Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 385. 1840. Glabrous throughout, succulent, branch- ing, 2°-4° high, the branches stout, ascend- ing. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, blackening in drying; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, i/-2/ long, 6//-i2// wide, very obtuse, rounded and sometimes slightly ernargi- nate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base; stipules lanceolate or linear, equal- ling or shorter than the petioles, deciduous; racemes lateral, sometimes i° long, loosely flowered; flowers white, 9//-io// long; pedi- cels 2//-3// long; pod ellipsoid, long-stalked in the calyx, about 9" long, tipped with the subulate style. In rich soil, Lake Erie to Minnesota, south to Kentucky, North Carolina, Florida and Texas. June-July. 5. CROTALARIA L. Sp. PL 714. 1753- Herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with simple (or in some tropical species 3-7-foliolate) leaves, and racemose flowers. Calyx 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard orbicular or ovate, often cordate; wings oblong or obovate; keel curved. Stamens monadelphous, their sheath deeply cleft; anthers of 2 forms, alternating with each other, the one small, versatile, the other larger. Ovary sessile or short-stalked; style more or less curved. Pod oblong or globose, inflated, coriaceous or membranous, many-seeded, the seeds loose at maturity. [Greek, a rattle. ] About 250 species, mainly natives of tropical regions, occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Besides the following some 7 others Stem and branches erector ascending; leaves, at least the upper, lanceolate or oblong. i. C. sagittalis. Stems prostrate, from a deep root; leaves broadly oval. 2. C. rotundifolia. 268 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vor<. II. i. Crotalaria sagittalis I,. Rattle-box. (Fig. 2055.) Crotalaria sagittalis L. Sp. PI. 714. 1753. Annual, or perennial (?), erect or decum- bent, villous-pubescent, branching, rarely over i° high. Leaves simple, oval, lanceo- late or oblong, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the base, entire, nearly sessile, i'- 1%' long, 2//-8// wide; stipules persistent and united, decurrent on the stem, sagittate above, or the lower wanting; peduncles \'- 4' long, 2-4-flowered; pedicels 1"-$" long; flowers yellow, 4//-6// long, the corolla about equalling the calyx; pod oblong, glabrous, nearly sessile in the calyx, i' long, 4//-5// in thickness, much inflated, nearly black at maturity; seeds shining. In dry, open places, northern New England to Florida, west to Minnesota, Arkansas and Mexico. June -Sept 2. Crotalaria rotundifdlia (Walt.) Poir. Prostrate Rattle-box. (Fig. 2056.) Anonymos rotundifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 181. 1788. Crotalaria sagittalis\nr, ovalis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 55. 1803. Crolalaria rotundifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. a: 402. 1811. Crotalaria ovalis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 469. 1814. Perennial by a deep somewhat woody root, the slender branches usually prostrate. Pu- bescence mostly dense, brownish, appresscd ; leaves broadly oblong or oval, obtuse at both ends, or narrowed at the base, paler beneath than above, ^'-i^' long; petioles i//-2// long; upper stipules usually distinctly sagit- tate, the lower much smaller, or often want- ing; peduncles lateral, 2/-6/ long, slender, 2- 6-flowered; flowers usually distant, yellow, 6"-8// long; corolla little longer than the calyx; pod nearly as in the preceding species. Mostly in dry soil, southern Virginia to Flor- ida and Mississippi. May-Aug. 6. LUPINUS L, Sp. PI. 721. 1753. Herbs, rarely scrubs, with alternate digitately-compound 7-i5-foliolate (rarely simple or 3-5-foliolate) leaves, and showy flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply toothed and 2-lipped. Standard orbicular or ovate, its margins reflexed; wings oblong or obovate; keel incurved, sometimes beaked. Stamens monadelphous, their sheath not cleft; anthers of two forms as in Crotalaria. Ovary sessile; style incurved. Pod flattened, generally constricted between the seeds, the valves coriaceous. [Latin name of some pulse, from lupus, wolf.] Over loo species, mainly natives of temperate and warm regions. America, mainly on the western side of the continent. Perennial; flowers 7" -9" long; leaflets oblanceolate. Corolla blue, pink or white, the standard not spotted. Corolla blue, with a conspicuous dark spot on the standard. Perennial; flowers 4" -6" long; leaflets oblong-linear. Annual; leaflets mainly oblong; pod 2-seeded. About 70 occur in North 1. L. perennis, 2. L. Plattensis. 3. L. argenteus. 4. L. pusillus. Vox,. II.] PEA FAMILY, i. Lupinus perennis L. Wild Lupine. (Fig. 2057.) Lupinus perennis L. Sp. PI. 721. 1753. Perennial, erect, more or less pubescent, branched, i°-2° high. Leaves slender-petioled, 2/-3/ broad, leaflets 7-11 (commonly about 8), oblanceolate, ses- sile or nearly so, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, I'-iX' l°ng> 3//~6// wide, appressed-pubescent or glabrate; raceme terminal, peduncled, 6/-io/ long, rather loosely flowered; pedicels 3//-6// long; flow- ers blue, sometimes pink, or white, 6//-8// long; pod linear-oblong, very pubescent, i%' long, 4// wide, usually 4-5-seeded, the valves coiling at dehiscence; style subulate. In dry, sandy soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Missouri and Louisiana. Called also Old Maid's Bonnets and Wild Pea. May-June. Lupinus perennis occidentals S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 530. 1873. Villous-pubescent all over. Michigan and Wis- consin. 2. Lupinus Plattensis S. Wats. \ Nebraska Lupine. (Fig. 2058. ) Lupinus ornaius \a.r.glabralus S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 528. 1873. Not L. glabratus Agardh. 1835. Lupinus Plattensis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 369. 1882. Resembling the preceding species, perennial, i°-i^° high, branching, villous or appressed-pubescent, the living plant with a glaucous appear- ance; leaflets 7-10, oblanceolate, spatu- late or narrowly oval, I'-i^' long, 3"- 5" wide; raceme terminal, 4'-8' long, loosely flowered; pedicels 3//-5// long; corolla blue, 6//-8// long, the standard with a conspicuous dark spot. Plains. Nebraska, Wyoming, Dakota. June-July. 3. Lupinus argenteus Pursh. Silvery Lupine. (Fig. 2059.) Lupinus argenteus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 468. 1814. Lupinus decumbens Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 191. 1826. Perennial, rather shrubby, bushy-branched, i°-2° high, finely and densely silky-pubescent with ap- pressed hairs. Petioles slender, equalling or the lower exceeding the leaves; stipules minute, subulate; leaf- lets sessile, linear-oblong, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 9//-i8// long, a//-3// wide; racemes terminal, rather dense, 2'-$' long; pedicels 2//_y/ long; flowers purple, 4//-5// long; pod silky- pubescent, about i' long, mostly 3~5-seeded. Prairies, western Nebraska and South Dakota to Mon- tana, south to New Mexico and Arizona. The so-called var. argophyllus is a still more silky form, with larger flowers. July-Aug. PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. 4. Lupinus pusillus Pursh. Low Lupine. (Fig. 2060.) Lupinus pusillus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 468. 1814. Annual (always?), villous-pubescent, 4/-8/ high, from a deep root, much branched near the base. Leaves petioled, i/-2/ wide; leaflets 5-7 (commonly 5), oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, pubescent with long scat- tered hairs beneath, 3//~4// wide; racemes numer- ous, short-peduncled or sessile, I'-s' long, densely few-flowered; pedicels i//-a// long; flowers blue, 3/'-4// long; pod oblong, very pubescent, 6//-8" long, 2//-3// broad, about 2-seeded; style subulate. Dry plains, Kansas, Dakota, west to the Sierra Ne- vada, south to Arizona and New Mexico. March-July. 7. ULEX L. Sp. PI. 741. 1753- Shrubs, with stiff spine-like branches, simple, linear stiff very prickly leaves, and large yellow solitary or racemcd flowers. Calyx membranous, mostly yellow, divided nearly to its base into 2 concave lips; upper lip mostly 2-toothcd, and lower 3-toothed; teeth short. Stand- ard ovate; wings and keel oblong, obtuse. Stamens monad el phous; anthers alternately longer and shorter, the shorter versatile. Ovary sessile, several-many-ovuled; style some- what incurved, smooth. Pod ovoid, oblong or linear. Seeds strophiolate. [The ancient Latin name.] About 20 species, natives of eastern Europe. i. Ulex Europaeus L. Furze. Gorse. Whin. Prickly or Thorn Broom. (Fig. 2061.) Ulex Europaeus L. Sp. PI. 741. 1753. Much branched, bushy, 2°-6° high, more or less pubescent. Branchlets very leafy, tipped with spines; leaves prickly, a//-7// long, or the lowest sometimes lanceolate and foliaccous; flowers borne on twigs of the preceding season, solitary in the axils, 6//-8// long, the twigs ap- pearing like racemes; pedicels very short, bracted at the base; calyx a little shorter than the petals, minutely 2-bracteolate; pod few- seeded, compressed, scarcely longer than the calyx. In waste places, southern New York and eastern Virginia, escaped from cultivation. Also on Van- couver Island. Fugitive from Europe. May-July. 8. GENISTA L. Sp. PI. 709. 1753. Low branching sometimes thorny shrubs, mainly with i-foliolate leaves, and showy clus- tered yellow flowers. Calyx 2-lipped; teeth long. Standard oval or ovate; wings oblong; keel oblong, deflexed, the claws of its petals adnate to the uncleft sheath of the monadelphous stamens; anthers alternately long and short. Ovary sessile, several-ovuled; style incurved at the apex. Pod various, flat in our species, several-seeded. Seeds not strophiolate. [Celtic, gen, a small bush.] About 80 species, natives of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 271 i. Genista tinctoria L/. Dyeweed or Greenweed. Woad-waxen. Base Broom. (Fig. 2062.) Genista tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 710. 1753. Branching from the base, not thorny, the sterile shoots de- cumbent, the flowering ones erect, stiff, i°-2° high, branched above, slightly pubescent. Leaves i-foliolate, sessile, lanceo- late or elliptic-lanceolate, >£/-i>£/ long, glabrous or with scattered hairs, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, en- tire, shining; stipules none; racemes numerous, terminal, i/-2/ long, few-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers yellow, nearly sessile, about 6// long; calyx bracteo- late at the base, its 3 lower teeth narrower than the 2 upper; pod about i' long, flat, glabrous. On dry hills, Maine, Massachusetts and eastern New York. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Sum- mer. Known also as Green-Wood, Dyer's-broom, Dyer's-green- weed, Dyer's-whin and Alleluia. 9. CYTISUS L. Sp. PI. 739- 1753- Shrubs, often stiff or spiny, with 3-foliolate or i-foliolate leaves, and showy clustered flowers, mainly in terminal racemes. Calyx 2-lipped, the teeth short; standard ovate or orbicular; wings oblong or obovate; keel straight or curved. Stamens monadelphous; an- thers alternately larger and smaller. Ovary sessile, many-ovuled; style incurved. Pod flat, oblong or linear, pubescent or glabrous, several -seeded ; seeds strophiolatc. [From Cythrus, one of the Cyclades, where the first species was found.] About 45 species, natives of Europe, western Asia and northern Africa, the flowers very slightly different from those of Genista. i. Cytisus scoparius (L. ) Link. Broom. Green or Scotch Broom. Hagweed. (Fig. 2063.) Spartium scoparium L. Sp. PI. 709. 1753. Cytisus scoparius Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 241. 1822. Sarot/iamnusscopariusWimm.; Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 152. 1837- Stiff, wiry, 3°-5° high, much branched, nearly glabrous. Branches elongated, straight, nearly erect, angled; lower leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, the leaflets obovate, acute, or mucronate-tipped, $"-$" long, entire, narrowed at the base; upper leaves sessile, often i-foliolate; stipules none; flowers bright yellow, nearly i' long, in elongated terminal leafy racemes; pedicels solitary or 2-3 together, 3//-5// long; pod flat, glabrous on the sides, but ciliate on the margins, i/-2/ long; style slender, at length spirally curved. In waste places, Massachusetts to Delaware and Virginia. Also at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, and on Vancouver Island. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Bannal, Besom. Summer. 10. MEDICAGO L. Sp. PI. 778. 1753. Herbs (a single shrubby species in southern Europe), with small 3-foliolate leaves, and small yellow or violet flowers in axillary heads or racemes. Leaflets commonly dentate, pinnately veined, the veins terminating in the teeth. Calyx-teeth short, nearly equal; standard obovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, the i op- posite the standard separate from the other 9; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or nearly so, i-several-ovuled; style subulate. Pod curved or spirally twisted, reticulated or spiny, inde- hiscent, i-few-seeded. [Greek, Medike, from Medea, whence the Medic, or Lucerne was derived.] About 50 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. 272 PAPIUONACEAE. Perennial; flowers violet, conspicuous; Annual; flowers bright yellow, small. Pod i -seeded, curved, not spiny. Pod several-seeded, spiny on the edges, spirally twisted. Pod loosely coiled, not furrowed on the edge. Pod densely coiled, its edge furrowed. [Vol.. II. 1. M. saliva. 2. M. lupulina. 3. M. denticulata. 4. M. Arabica. i. Medicago sativa I,. Purple Medic. Alfalfa. Lucerne. Burgundy, Chilian or Brazilian Clover. Snail Clover. (Fig. 2064.) Medicago saliva I,. Sp. PI. 778. 1753. Perennial, much branched, decumbent or ascending, i°-i%° high, the young shoots and leaves with some scattered hairs, glabrous when mature. Leaves pe- tioled; leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, 2//-i2// long, dentate, especially toward the apex, obtuse, truncate or emarginate and often mucronate, narrowed or cun- eate at the base; stipules entire; peduncles )4'-2' long, bearing a dense short raceme of violet or blue flowers; petals about 3" long; pod pubescent, twisted into 2 or 3 spires. In fields and waste places, New England and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Missouri. Much culti- vated for fodder in the southern and western States. Intro- duced from Europe. Great or Spanish Trefoil. Summer. 2. Medicago lupulina L. Black or Hop Medic. Blackseed Hop Clover. Nonesuch. (Fig. 2065.) Medicago lupulina L. Sp. PI. 779. 1753. Annual, pubescent, branched at the base, the branches decumbent and spreading, often i°-2° long; leaves pe- tioled; leaflets obovate, oval or nearly orbicular, variable in size, sometimes 6"-8" long, denticulate or crenulate, obtuse, mucronate or emarginate, narrowed or rounded at the base; stipules ovate or^lanccolatc, dentate; pedun- cles i '-3' long; head oblong 'or cylindric, dense, 2"-io" long; flowers bright yellow, about \" long; pods nearly glabrous, black when ripe, curved into a partial spire, strongly veined, i -seeded. In fields and waste places, common throughout our area, and widely distributed as a weed in all temperate regions. Native of Europe and Asia. Called also Black or Melilot Trefoil, Black-grass, and sometimes Shamrock. March-Dec. 3. Medicago denticulata Willd. Toothed Medic. (Fig. 2066.) Medicago denticulata Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1414. 1803. Annual, branched at the base, the branches spreading or ascending, glabrous or with a few apprcssed hairs. Leaves petioled; leaflets ob- ovate, rounded, emarginate or obcordate, cune- ate, crenulate, 5"-8" long; stipules dentate; flowers few, yellow, i//loug, in small, peduncled heads; pod several seeded, spirally twisted, the 2 or 3 coils flat and rather loose, elegantly reticu- lated with elevated veins, the edges armed with i or 2 rows of curved prickles and not furrowed between them. In waste places and in ballast about the seaports, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania; also in the southern and western States and on the Pacific Coast. Fugi- tive or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia and widely distributed as a weed. Summer. Vor,. II.] PEA FAMILY. 4. Medicago Arabica All. Spotted Medic. (Fig. 2067.) Medicago Arabica All. Fl. Fed. i: 315. 1785. Medicago maculata Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 232. 1794. Annual, glabrous, or sometimes with a few spreading hairs, closely resembling the preceding species, but generally stouter. Leaflets often nearly i/ long, and with a conspicuous dark spot or spots near the centre; pod nearly globose, of 3 or 4 compactly wound coils, reticulate-veined on the sides, the edge thicker and furrowed between the marginal rows of curved prickles. In waste places and ballast, New Brunswick to Pennsylvania. Also on the Pacific Coast. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. Called also Bur-, Heart- or Spotted-clover, Heart-trefoil, and Heart-leaf. xi. MELILOTUS Juss. Gen. PI. 356. 1789. Annual or biennial herbs, with 3-foliolate petioled leaves, dentate leaflets, their veins commonly ending in the teeth, and small white or yellow flowers in slender racemes. Calyx-teeth short, nearly equal; standard obovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or stipitate, few-ovuled; style fili- form. Pod ovoid or globose, straight, indehiscent or finally 2-valved. Seeds solitary or few. [Greek, Honey-lotus.] About 20 species, natives of Europe, Africa and Asia. Flowers white; standard a little longer than the wings. i. M. alba. Flowers yellow; standard about equalling the wings. 2. M. officinalis. Melilotus alba Desv. White Melilot. White Sweet-clover. (Fig. 2068.) Melilolus alba Desv. in Lam. Encycl. 4: 63. 1797. Melilotus vulgaris Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 790. 1809. Erect or ascending, 3°-io° high, branching, gla- brous, or the young twigs and leaves finely pubescent. Leaves petioled, rather distant; leaflets oblong or slightly oblanceolate, serrate, narrowed at the base, truncate, emarginate or rounded at the apex, 6//-io// long, 2//~5// wide; stipules subulate; racemes numer- ous, slender, z'-tf long, often i-sided; pedicels i" long or less; flowers white; standard slightly longer than the wings; pod ovoid, slightly reticulated, glabrous, i%" long. In waste places, frequent throughout our area and in the southern States. Adventive or naturalized from Europe, and native also of Asia. Called also Honey- lotus, Cabul-, Tree- or Bokhara-clover. Leaves fragrant in drying, as in other species of the genus. June-Nov. 18 274 PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. Melilotus officinalis (L,.) L,am. Yellow Melilot. Yellow Sweet-clover. (Fig. 2069.) Trifolium Melilotus officinalis 1,. Sp. PI. 765. 1753. Melilolus officinalis Lam. Fl. Fr. a: 594. 1778. Resembling the preceding species, but the flow- ers are yellow. Standard about equalling the wings and keel; leaflets oblong, oblanceolate, or oval, serrate, the apex rounded, not truncate; pod about 2" long, with irregularly reticulated veins, often slightly pubescent with appressed hairs. In waste places, frequent throughout our area and in the southern States. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Summer, blooming later than M. alba, where the two grow to- gether in southern New York. Old English names, Balsam-flowers, Hart's-clover, King's-clover, King's Crown, Heart wort. Melilotus Indica (I,. ) All., introduced on ballast about the seaports, and an exceedingly abundant weed in the Far West, may be readily distinguished from this by its much smaller yellow flowers. Ononis ripens I,., an herb of the tribe TRIFOLIEAE, with axillary flowers, forming terminal leafy racemes, has been found as a waif in central New York. The genus is distinguished from others of the tribe by its monadelphous stamens. 12. TRIFOLIUM L. Sp. PI. 764. 1753. Herbs, with (in our species) mostly 3-foliolate, denticulate leaves, and purple pink red white or yellow flowers in dense heads or spikes. Stipules adnate to the petiole. Calyx- teeth nearly equal. • Petals commonly persistent, their claws more or less completely adnate to the stamen-tube. Stamens diadelphous, or the tenth one separate for only a portion of its length. Ovary sessile or stipitate, few-ovuled. Pod oblong or terete, often included in the calyx, membranous, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent by i suture, i-6-seeded. [Latin, refer- ring to the 3 leaflets.] About 250 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone, a few in South America and South Africa. Besides the following, about 50 others occur in the western part of the continent. Flowers yellow. Head 6"~9" long; stipules linear; leaflets all sessile. i. T. agrarium. Head 4"-6" long, nearly globose; stipules ovate; terminal leaflet stalked. Head 20-40- flowered; standard conspicuously striate. 2. T. procumbens. Head io-i2-flowered; standard scarcely striate. 3. T. dubium. Flowers red, purple, pink, or white. Head or spike much longer than thick; calyx silky, its teeth plumose. Corolla crimson, equalling or exceeding the calyx-lobes. Corolla whitish, shorter than the calyx-lobes. Head globose, oval or ovoid ; calyx nearly glabrous. Flowers sessile, or very nearly so; heads dense, ovoid, oval or globose. Heads sessile, or nearly so. 6. T. pralense. Heads always distinctly peduncled. Calyx-teeth pubescent. Plant glabrous throughout. Flowers pedicelled ; heads umbel-like, globose. Heads i' in diameter or more; peduncles i'~3' long. Prostrate; pubescent; perennial. Ascending; pubescent; annual or biennial. Stoloniferous; glabrous; perennial. Heads 6"-o" in diameter; lower peduncles 2' -8' long. Ascending or procumbent; flowers pink, pinkish, or purple. Ascending; calyx much shorter than the pink or nearly white corolla. 12. T. hybridum. Procumbent; tufted; calyx nearly equalling the purple corolla. 13. T. Carolinianum. Creeping; flowers white or pinkish. 14. T. repens. 4. T. incarnaltim. 5. T. arvense. 7. T. medium. 8. T. Beckwithii. 9. T. Virginicum. 10. T. reflexum. 11. 71 stoloniferum. Voi,. II.] PEA FAMILY. 275 i. Trifolium agrarium L. Yellow or Hop-clover. Trifolium agrarium ~L,. Sp. PI. 772. 1753. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, annual, ascend- ing, branched, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves petioled; stip- ules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4//-7// long, ad- nate to the petiole for about one-half its length; leaflets all from the same point, sessile, obovate or oblong, finely denticulate, narrowed at the base, rounded, truncate or etnarginate at the apex, 6//-9// long; peduncles axillary, >£/-2/ long; head oblong, or oval, 6//~9// long, densely many-flowered; flowers yellow, 2//~3// long, at length reflexed; pedicels shorter than the calyx; standard slightly emarginate, exceeding the pod, conspicuously striate, and brown, especially when dry. Along roadsides and in waste places, Nova Scotia to Virginia, west to Ontario, western New York and Iowa. Naturalized from Europe. May-Sept. (Fig. 2070.' \ 2. Trifolium procumbens L. Low, or Smaller Hop-clover or Hop-trefoil. (Fig. 207 1 . ) Trifolium procumbens L,. Sp. PI. 772. 1753. Similar to the preceding species, but lower, more spread- ing and more pubescent. Leaflets obovate, cuneate at the base, rounded, truncate or emarginate at the apex, finely denticulate, 4//-7// long, the lateral ones nearly sessile, the terminal distinctly stalked; stipules ovate, adnate to the lower part of the petiole, about 2" long; peduncles 3"- I2/X long; heads 2o-4o-flowered, globose or short-oval, 4"-6// in greatest diameter; flowers yellow, at length reflexed, about 2" long; standard dilated, not folded, exceeding the pod, striate and brown when dry. In fields and along roadsides, frequent or occasional throughout our area and in the southern States. Naturalized from Europe. May-Sept. 3. Trifolium dubium Sibth. Least Hop- clover or Hop-trefoil. (Fig. 2072.) Trifolium dubium Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 231. 1794. Trifolium minus Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 1256. 1799. Trifolium procumbens var. minus Koch, Fl. Germ. & Helv. Ed. 2, 195. 1843. Straggling or ascending, nearly glabrous, stems 2'- 20' long, branching. Leaflets obovate, truncate or emarginate at the apex, or even obcordate, denticu- late, cuneate at the base, the lateral ones nearly ses- sile, the terminal stalked; stipules ovate or lanceo- late, adnate to the lower part of the petiole ; peduncles 3//-i2// long; heads nearly globose, 2"-$" in diam- eter, 3-20- flowered; flowers about \l/2/f long, turn- ing brown, at length reflexed; standard exceeding and folded over the pod, scarcely striate. In fields and waste places, New England, New Jersey and in the southern States. Also in British Columbia. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. Said to be the true Shamrock. Called also Yellow Suckling, Wild Trefoil. PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol.. II. 4. Trifolium incarnatum L. Crim- son, Carnation or Italian Clover. (Fig. 2073.) Trifolium incarnatum 1,. Sp. PI. 769. 1753. Annual, erect, softly pubescent, little branched, 6/~3° high. Leaves long-petioled ; stipules broad, membranous, dentate, 4"- 12" wide; leaflets all from the same point, very nearly sessile, obovate or obcordate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, denticulate, 6//-ia// long; heads terminal, oblong or ovoid, I'-z^' long; flowers sessile, 4//-6// long; calyx hairy; corolla crimson, equalling or exceeding the subulate plumose calyx-lobes. In fields, waste places and ballast, southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Occa- sionally cultivated for fodder. Introduced from Europe. Called also Napoleons. Summer. 5. Trifolium arvense L,. Rabbit- foot, Old-field or Stone Clover. (Fig. 2074.) Trifolium arvense I*. Sp. PI. 769. 1753. Annual, erect, freely branching, silky-pubescent, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves short-petioled; stipules nar- row, 3"-5" long, subulate-tipped, entire or nearly so; leaflets all from the same point, linear or ob- lanceolate, denticulate above, obtuse and often emarginate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 6"- 12" long; heads terminal, peduncled, oblong or cylindric, 6//-i2//. long, very dense; calyx very silky; corolla whitish, shorter than the subulate plumose calyx-lobes. In fields and waste places, common in most sections throughout our area and in the southern States. Na- turalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Called also Hare's-foot and Pussy Clover. May-Sept. 6. Trifolium pratense L,. Red, Pur- ple or Meadow Clover. (Fig. 2075.) Tri/olium pratense L. Sp. PI. 768. 1753. Perennial, more or less pubescent, branching, decumbent or erect, 6/-2° high. Leaves long- petioled; stipules ovate, strongly veined, subu- late-tipped, 6//-io// long; leaflets short-stalked, all from the same point, oval, oblong, or ob- ovate, narrowed at base, hardly cuneate, obtuse and sometimes emarginate at the apex, often dark -spotted near the middle, finely denticulate, X'-2/ long; heads globose or somewhat ovoid, sessile (rarely slightly peduncled), about i' long; flowers red (rarely white), sessile, about 6" long, remaining erect in fruit; calyx sparingly hairy, its subulate teeth shorter than the corolla. In fields and meadows, common throughout our area and in the southern States. Naturalized from Europe and widely cultivated for fodder. Native also of northern Asia. Leaflets commonly 3, some- times 4-11. English names, Honeysuckle Clover, Knap, Suckles. April-Nov. Voi,. II.] PEA FAMILY. 7. Trifolium medium I,. Zig-zag Clover. Cow- or Marl-grass. (Fig. 2076.) T. medium L,. Amoen. Acad. 4: 105. 1759. Closely resembling the preceding species. Stem sometimes conspicuously zigzag, but often straight, finely pubescent or glabrate. Stipules lanceolate; leaflets lanceolate or ob- long, not spotted, frequently entire except for the projecting tips of the veins; heads al- ways more or less peduncled; corolla 6"- 7" long, bright purple; calyx-tube nearly glabrous, the teeth slightly pubescent. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia and Quebec to New York, west to Missouri. Also on Vancouver Island. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Siberia. Summer. 9. Trifolium Virginicum Small. Prostrate Mountain Clover. (Fig. 2078.) Trifolium Virginicum Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 112. 1894. Perennial from a long large root, diffusely branched at the base, the branches pros- trate, pubescent. Leaflets linear, narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5//-2o// long, obtuse or cuspidate, serrate-dentate, gla- brous above, more or less silky beneath, con- spicuously veined; flowers in a globose head about i' in diameter, whitish, crowded, the slender pedicels \"-i" long; standard emar- ginate-mucronate, striate; calyx silky, the teeth long, subulate. Slopes of Kate's Mountain, Greenbrier Co., W. Va. June. I 8. Trifolium Beckwithii Brewer. Beck with 's Clover. (Fig. 2077.) Trifolium Beckwithii Brewer; S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. n: 128. 1876. Perennial, glabrous throughout; stems rather stout, erect or nearly so, straight, 6'- 18' high. Basal leaves on long petioles; sti- pules narrow, acute, i' long or less; leaflets oblong, or somewhat oblanceolate, obtuse, denticulate, 9//-2/ long; heads long-pedun- cled, globose, I'-iJ^' thick; flowers purple or purplish, 6//~9// long, very short-pedi- celled, the lower at length reflexed; calyx- teeth glabrous, linear-subulate, the longer nearly equalling the tube; pod 2-6-seeded. Eastern South Dakota, probably introduced from farther west. Native from Montana to California. May-June. PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol.. II. 10. Trifolium reflexum I,. Buffalo Clover. (Fig. 2079.) Trifolium reflexum L. Sp. PI. 766. 1753. Annual or biennial, pubescent, ascending, branching, io/-2o/ high. Leaves long-petioled; stipules ovate-lan- ceolate, acuminate, foliaceous, few-toothed or entire, 8"- 12" long; leaflets all from the same point, short-stalked, oval or obovate, cuneate at the base, obtuse or emargi- nate at the apex, denticulate, 5//-i2// long; heads pedun- cled, dense, globose, i' in diameter or more; flowers 5"- 6" long, all on slender pedicels, at length 3//-4// long and reflexed; standard red; wings and keel nearly white; calyx-teeth linear, shorter than the corolla, finely pubes- cent; pods 3-6-seeded. In meadows, southern Ontario, western New York and Pennsylvania to Iowa and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. April-Aug. ii. Trifolium stoloniferum MuhL Running Buffalo Clover. (Fig. 2080.) Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. Cat. 70. 1813. Perennial, glabrous, branching.S'-ia' long.fortning run- ners at the base. Leaves, especially the lower, long-peti- oled; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, membranous, often I' long; leaflets all from the same point, short-stalked, ob- ovate or obcordate, broadly cuneate at the base, denticu- late, <)"-i$" long; heads terminal, peduncled, nearly i' in diameter; flowers white, purplish -tinged, 4//-6" long; pedicels slender, 3//-4// long, at length reflexed; calyx- teeth subulate, longer than the tube; pod commonly 2-seeded. Prairies and dry woods, Ohio to Nebraska, south to Ken- tucky and Missouri. May-Aug. 12. Trifolium hy-bridum L,. Alsike or Alsatian Clover. (Fig. 2081.) Trifolium hybridum L. Sp. PI. 766. 1753. Perennial, erect or ascending, sometimes rather stout and succulent, i°-2° high, branch- ing, glabrous or very nearly so. Leaves long- petioled; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, 6//-i2// long; leaflets all from the same point, short-stalked, obovate, some- times emarginate but not obcordate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, serrulate with sharp- pointed teeth, 6"-i2" long; heads globose, long-peduncled; flowers pink, or nearly white, 3"-4" long; pedicels slender, i//-2// long, re- flexed when old; corolla 3-4-times as long as the calyx; calyx- teeth subulate, about equal- ling the tube; pod 2-4-seeded. In meadows and waste places, Nova Scotia to Idaho, south to New Jersey and Georgia. Called also Swedish Clover. Sometimes cultivated for fodder. May-Oct. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 13. Trifolium Carolinianum Michx. Caro- lina Clover. (Fig. 2082.) Trifolium Carolinianum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 58. 1803. Perennial, pubescent, tufted, ascending or procum- bent, much branched from the base, 3x-8' high. Leaves slender-petioled; stipules ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, foliaceous, 2//-4// long, acute, few-toothed toward the apex, or entire; leaflets all from the same point, short-stalked, obovate, emarginate or obcor- date, cuneate at the base, denticulate, 2//-6// long; heads globose; peduncles slender, elongated; flowers purplish, 2//-3// long; standard apiculate; pedicels !//_2// long, strongly reflexed in fruit; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx; calyx-teeth subulate, longer than the tube; pod about 4-seeded. In waste places about Philadelphia, and in fields and open places, Virginia to Florida, west to Texas. March- Get. 14. Trifolium repens L,. White, Dutch or Honeysuckle Clover. (Fig. 2083.) Trifolium repens L. Sp. PI. 767. 1753. Perennial, glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs, branching at the base, the branches creep- ing, often rooting at the nodes, 4/-i2/ long. Leaves long-petioled; stipules ovate-lanceolate membranous, acute, 2//~5// long; leaflets all from the same point, short-stalked, obovate, emarginate or obcordate, broadly cuneate at the base, denticulate, 4//-9// long; heads globose, long-peduncled; flowers white, 3//-5// long; pedicels i//-2// long, finally reflexed; corolla 2-3-times as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth acuminate, somewhat shorter than the tube; pod about 4-seeded. In fields, waste ground and open places, very common throughout our area and in the southern States. Also in the Northwest. Naturalized from Europe, or perhaps native in the extreme north. Native also of Siberia. Widely distributed in all temperate regions. Leaflets sometimes 4-9. Heads occasionally proliferous. Flowers sometimes pink- ish. English names, Sheep's Gowan, Honeystalks, Lamb-sucklings, and sometimes Shamrock. May- Dec. 13. LOTUS I,. Sp. PI. 773. 1753- [HOSACKIA Dougl.; Benth. Bot. Reg. pi. 1257. 1829.] Herbs or shrubs, with i-3-foliolate simple or pinnate leaves, and solitary or clustered red- dish yellow or white flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the stamen-tube; standard ovate or orbicular; wings oblong or obovate; keel incurved, obtuse or beaked. Sta- mens diadelphous (i and 9); anthers all alike. Ovary sessile, i-several-ovuled. Pod linear or oblong, flattish or terete, 2-valved, i-several-seeded, septate or continuous between the seeds. [The Greek name of several different plants.] About 120 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 40 others occur in the western and southwestern United States. Corolla yellow; flowers umbelled. Corolla rose-color; flowers solitary in the axils. 1. L. corniculatus. 2. L. Americanus. 280 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol.. II. i. Lotus corniculatus L,. Bird' s-foot Trefoil. Ground Honeysuckle. Bloom-fell. (Fig. 2084.) Lotus corniculatus L. Sp. PI. 775. 1753. Perennial from a long root, appressed-pubescent or glabrate. Stems slender, decumbent, or ascending, 3/-2° long; leaves 3-foliolate, short-petioled; leaflets obovate, oblanceolate or oblong, 3//-8// long, obtuse or acute; stipules similar to the leaflets, and often as large; peduncles elongated, sometimes 4/-6/ long, um- bellately 3-i2-flowered; calyx-lobes acute, as long as the tube, or shorter; corolla bright yellow, 6//-9// long, or the standard reddish; pods linear, about i' long, spreading, several-seeded. In waste places and on ballast, New Brunswick, and about the seaports of the Eastern and Middle States. Ad- ventive from Europe. Native also of Asia, and widely distributed as a weed. Crowtoes (Milton), Cat's-clover, Sheepfoot. June-Sept. 2. Lotus Americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. Prairie Bird' s-foot Trefoil. (Fig. 2085.) Trigonella Americana Nutt. Gen. a: 120. 1818. Lotus sericeus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 489. 1814. Not DC. 1813. ffosackia Purshiana Benth. Bot. Reg. under pi. 1257. 1829. Lotus Americanus Bisch. Litt. Ber. Linnaea, 14: 132. 1840. Annual, erect, branched, villous-pubescent, or glabrate, IO/-2O/ high. Leaves 3-foliolate, or the upper sometimes i-foliolate, sessile or the lower on petioles about i" long; stipules minute or none; middle leaflet slightly lodger- stalked than the lateral ones, oblong, the lateral lanceo- late and more or less inequilateral, rounded at the base, 5/'-8// long, 2//-3// wide; peduncles axillary, i-flowered, 9//-i2// long in fruit, leafy-bracted at the summit; flowers rose-color, about 2" long, the standard darker-veined; keel acute; calyx-lobes linear, about twice the length of the tube; pods linear, straight, about i' long, acute, glabrous, 4-7-seeded, deflexed at maturity. In dry soil, Minnesota to Missouri, Arkansas, New Mexico and Sonora. Summer. 14. PSORALEA L. Sp. PI. 762. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with dark glands or pellucid dots, i-5-foliolate leaves, and purple blue pink or white flowers, mainly in spikes or racemes. Stipules broad. Calyx-lobes equal or the lower longest, or the two upper ones sometimes united. Standard ovate or orbicular, clawed; wings oblong or falcate; keel incurved, obtuse. Stamens monadelphous or diadel- phous; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or short-stalked, i-ovuled. Pod ovoid, short, inde- hiscent, i-seeded. [Greek, scurfy, from the glandular dots, whence the name Scurfy-pea.] About i ip species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, about 20 others occur in the western United States. leaves digitately 3-s-foliolate (leaflets all from the same point). Plants leafy-stemmed. Flowers small, 2" -4" long. Pods subglobose. Leaflets narrowly oblong. Leaflets, except those of basal leaves, filiform-linear. Pods ovoid, or ovate. Pods with a short, mostly abrupt beak. Flowers few, scattered in slender elongated racemes. 3. P. lenuiftora. Flowers numerous, clustered, or crowded in racemes. Leaflets oblong-obovate. 4- P- obtusiloba. Leaflets oblong. 5- P. floribunda. Pods with a slender sharp or elongated beak. Leaflets linear; flowers in loose elongated racemes. 6. P. lineari/olia. Leaflets linear-lanceolate, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate; flowers spiked. Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate ; pubescence gray. 7. P. collina. Leaflets linear-lanceolate or oblong; pubescence silvery. Leaflets linear-lanceolate; calyx inflated in fruit. 8. P. digitata. Leaflets oblong; calyx not inflated in fruit. 9. P. argophylla. Flowers large, 6"-8" long, densely spicate. 10. P. cuspidata. 1. P. lanceolata. 2. P. micrantha. Vol.. II.] PEA FAMILY. Plants acaulescent, or nearly so, low, spreading; roots tuberous. Leaflets oblong-cuneate. Leaflets linear-oblong. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate (the terminal leaflet stalked). Racemes short, on peduncles about equalling the leaves. Racemes spicate, elongated, much exceeding the leaves. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; pods 2" long, nearly orbicular. T *aoflo*-c r»-. ) Britton. Pink Parosela. (Fig. 2106.) Psoralea Dalea L. Sp. PI. 764. 1753. Dalea alofiecuroides Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1336. r. Cl 1803. lub, 5: 196. 1894. Parosela Dalea Britton, Mem. Torr. Erect, branched, i°-2° high, foliage glabrous. Leaflets i5-4i,oblanceolatc or linear-oblong.obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile or nearly so, 2//-3// long, #"-i" wide; spikes terminal, ob- long, very dense, I'-a' long, about 5" thick, pe- duncled; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous, about equalling the calyx, hyaline mar- gined; calyx very silky-pubescent, its teeth linear- lanceolate, acuminate, plumose; corolla pink, or whitish, about 2" long; keel about equalling the wings. Prairies. Illinois to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. Aug. -Sept. 4. Parosela aurea (Nutt.) Britton. Golden Parosela. (Fig. 2107.) Dalea aurea Nutt. Fraser's Cat. 1813. Psoralea aurea Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 590. 1816. Parosela aurea Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 196. 1894. Erect, pubescent, simple, i°-2° high. Leaflets 5-9, sessile, rather distant, obovate, oblong or ob- lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, 4//-6// long, i^//-2>£// wide; spikes soli- tary, short-peduncled, ovoid or globose, very dense, i'-$f long, 6//-8// thick; bracts ovate, mu- cronate, shorter than the densely plumose and pu- bescent calyx-teeth; corolla yellow, 4//-5// long; standard much shorter than the wings and keel. Prairies, Missouri to Texas. Summer. Vol.. II.] PEA FAMILY. 289 17. KUHNISTERA Lain. Encycl. 3: 370. 1789. [PETAI/5STEMON Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 48. 1803.] Perennial glandular-punctate herbs, with long or deep roots, odd-pinnate leaves, and pink purple or white spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals on long slender claws; standard oblong or cordate; wings and keel-petals similar to each other, their claws adnate to the sheath of the stamen-tube almost to its summit. Stamens 5, alter- nate with the petals. Ovary sessile, 2-ovuled; style subulate. Pod membranous, included in the calyx, i-2-seeded. [Named from the resemblance of these plants to the genus Kuhnia.'} About 35 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Foliage glabrous or very slightly pubescent. Flowers white ; leaflets 3-9. Leaflets oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate ; spikes cylindric or oblong. Calyx villous-pubescent. Calyx glabrous or nearly so. Stem little branched; spikes cylindric; leaflets ^'-i' long, thin. Stem much branched; spikes oblong; leaflets smaller, firm. Leaflets narrowly linear; heads globose or short. Flowers pink or purple. Leaflets 3-5; calyx silky -pubescent. Bracts glabrous; leaflets mucronulate. Bracts silky-pubescent; leaflets obtuse. Leaflets 13-31; calyx glabrous. Foliage silky-pubescent; leaflets 9-17. I. Kuhnistera compacta (Sprang.) Kuntze. Dense-flowered Prairie- clover. (Fig. 2108.) Dalea compacta Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 327. 1826. Petalostemon macrostachyus Torr. Ann. Lye. 2: 176. 1828. Peialostemon compactus Swezey, Nebraska Flow. PI. 6. 1891. Kuhnistera compacta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 192. 1891. Erect, dotted with sessile glands, branched, i°-2^° high. Leaflets 5-7, glabrous, short- stalked, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or obtusish, dotted beneath, 6//-i2// long, about 2" wide; peduncles terminal, elongated, not bracted; spikes cylindric, 2/-6/ long, about 6" thick, the rachis pubescent; flowers white or nearly so, about i" long; bracts awn-pointed, longer than the densely villous-pubescent calyx; wings and keel -petals oblong; standard cordate; pod pubescent, enclosed by the calyx. In dry soil, Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming. July-Aug. 1. K. compacta. 2. K. Candida. 3. K. oligophylla. 4. K. multiflora. 5. K. purpurea. 6. K. tenuifolia. 7. K.foliosa. K. villosa. .3. 2. Kuhnistera Candida (Willd.) Kuntze. White Prairie-clover. (Fig. 2109.) Dalea Candida Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1337. 1803. Peialostemon candidus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 49. 1803. Kuhmstera Candida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 192. 1891. Glabrous, stems erect, assurgent, or rarely prostrate, simple, or sparingly branched, i°- 2° high. Leaves petioled; leaflets 5-9, ob- long, or oblanceolate, 8//-i2// long, iX//-3// wide, obtusish or acute and often mu- cronulate at the apex, narrowed at the base, very short-stalked; peduncles terminal, elongated, bracted; spikes cylindric, i'-^/ long, 5//-6// thick; bracts awn-pointed, longer than the calyx; corolla white, 2//~3// long; wings and keel-petals oval; standard cor- date; calyx-teeth and pod slightly pubescent. Prairies; Indiana to Minnesota and the North- west Territory, south to Louisiana, Texas and Colorado. July-Aug. 2QO PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol.. II. Slender White Prairie-clover. Kuhnistera oligophylla (Torr.) Heller. (Fig. 2 1 10.) Petalostemon gracile\as. oligophyllum Torr. Em- ory's Mil. Rec. 130. 1848. Kuhnislera Candida var. occidentalis Rydberg, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 154. 1895. Kuhnistera oligophylla Heller, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 122. 1896. Glabrous, stem slender, erect or ascending, usually much branched, i°-2)£0 tall, the branches straight , ascending. Leaves short-petioled ; leaf- lets about 7 (5-9), linear, linear-oblong or some- what oblanceolate, firm, varying from less than i" wide to 2" wide, mostly less than io// long, or those of the lower leaves larger; spikes ob- long or short-cylindric, blunt, less densely flow- ered than those of the preceding species; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling the calyx, or longer, early deciduous; calyx-teeth usually pubescent; corolla white. Prairies, South Dakota to Wyoming, Texas, Ari- zona and Mexico. Root sometimes over i° long. June-Sept 4. Kuhnistera multifldra (Nutt.) Heller. Round-headed Prairie-clover. ( Fig. 2111.) Petalostemon multifiorus Nutt. Journ. Phil. A cad. 7: 92. 1834. Kuhnistera multiflora Heller Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 197. 1894. Glabrous, erect, corymbosely much branched, i°-2° high. Leaves short-petioled, often clustered; leaflets 3-9, linear or somewhat oblanceolate, ob- tuse or obtusish at the apex, cuneate or narrowed at the base, short-stalked, 4//-6// long, #"-i" wide; peduncles elongated; heads globose, 4//-6// in diameter; bracts subulate, shorter than the calyx; calyx-teeth slightly pubescent; corolla white, about 2" long; wings and keel -petals ovate, oval, or slightly cordate. Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer. 5. Kuhnistera purpurea (Vent.) MacM. Violet Prairie-clover. (Fig. 2112.) Dalea purpurea Vent. Hprt. Cels, pi. 40. 1800. Petalostemon violaceus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 50. 1803. Dal fa violacea Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1337. 1803. Kuhnistera purpurea MacM. Met. Minn. 329. 1892. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, erect, i K°-3° high, branching above. Leaves short-petioled, more or less clustered; leaflets 3-5, narrowly linear, •*,"-<)" long, W-\tf wide.acutish and often mucronate at the apex, narrowed at the base, very short-stalked; spikes peduncled, oblong or finally cylindric, >£/-2/ long, about 5X/ thick; bracts obovate, mucronate, nearly glabrous, equalling the silky-pubescent calyx or shorter; corolla violet or purple, about 2" long; standard cordate; wings and keel-petals oblong. Prairies, Indiana to the North west Territory.Texas and Colorado. Often grows with K. Candida. July-Aug. Vox,. II.] 6. PEA FAMILY. 291 Kuhnistera tenuifolia (A. Gray) Kuntze. (Fig. 2113.) Petalostemon tenuifolius A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11:73. l8?6- Kuhnistera tenuifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 192. 1891. More or less pubescent, erect, branching, i°-2° high. Leaves short-petioled; leaflets 3-5, linear, obtuse, somewhat involute, dotted with sessile glands, 3//-5// long, >^//-i// wide, very short- stalked or sessile; peduncles terminal, elongated, bracted; spikes oblong or cylindric, %'-!%' long, about 5X/ thick, the rachis pubescent; flowers rose-purple, about 2>£// long; bracts ovate, aris- tate, silky-pubescent, slightly exceeding the very silky-pubescent calyx; standard nearly orbicular, cordate, cucullate. In dry soil, Kansas? Arkansas to New Mexico. July-Aug. Silky Prairie-clover. 7. Kuhnistera foliosa (A. Gray) Kuntze. Leafy Prairie-clover. ( Fig. 2114.) Petalostemon foliosus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 336. 1868. Kuhnistera foliosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 192. 1891. Erect, branching, or sometimes simple, glabrous throughout, i°-3° high. Leaves numerous, peti- oled: leaflets 13-31, close together, short-stalked, linear-oblong or slightly oblanceolate, 4//-7// long, \f'-\W wide, acute or obtuse, mucronate at the apex, narrowed at the base; spikes terminal, long- ovoid or cylindric, i/-2/ long, 5//-6// thick, densely- flowered; peduncles short, bracted; bracts lanceo- late, awn-pointed, longer than the glabrous calyx; flowers rose-purple, about i" long; standard broad, nearly orbicular; wings and keel-petals oval; calyx- teeth finely ciliate. Along rivers, Illinois and Kentucky. July-Aug. . 8. Kuhnistera villosa (Nutt.) Kuntze. Hairy Prairie-clover. ( Fig. 2115.) Petalostemon villosus Nutt. Gen. 2: 85. 1818. Dalea villosa Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 326. 1826. Kuhnistera villosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 192. 1891. Ascending or decumbent from a deep root, branching at the base, densely villous or silky- pubescent all over, i°-2° high. Leaves short- petioled or nearly sessile; leaflets 9-17, ap- proximate, linear-oblong, or slightly oblanceo- late, acute or obtuse and often aristate at the apex, narrowed at the base, ^//~5// long, i//- 2" wide; spikes terminal, clustered or solitary, short -peduncled, cylindric, I '-3' long, 5 "-6" thick, very dense; bracts lanceolate, acumin- ate, exceeding the densely villous calyx; co- rolla rose-purple or rarely white, standard ob- long; wings and keel-petals oblong-obovate. Prairies, Wisconsin to the Saskatchawan region, south to Missouri and Montana. A*%. 292 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vox,. II. 18. INDIGOFERA L. Sp. PI. 751. 1753. Herbs, or rarely shrubs, often canescent with hairs affixed by the middle, with odd-pin- nate leaves, small stipules, and pink or purple spicate or racemose flowers. Calyx-teeth ob- lique, nearly equal, or the lower longer. Standard ovate or orbicular, sessile or clawed; wings oblong; keel erect, somewhat gibbous, or spurred. Stamens mainly monadelphous; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or nearly so, i-oo-ovuled; style slender. Pod linear, 4- angled (in our species), septate between the seeds. [Name from the yield of indigo by some species.] About 250 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. In addition to the following, some 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. i. Indigofera leptosepala Nutt. Wild or Western Indigo-plant. (Fig. 2116.) Indigo/era leptosepala Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 298. 1838. Perennial, decumbent, cinereous-pubescent, slender, branch- ing, 6' -24' long. Leaves short-petioled; leaflets 5-9, oblanceo- late or oblong-linear, 3//-i2// long, \"-$" wide, obtuse and often mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, short-stalked; spikes peduncled, loosely few-flowered; flowers pink or purplish, about 3" long; calyx-teeth subulate, equal; pods linear, acute, obtusely 4-angled, sessile in the calyx, 8"- 12" long, i" thick, reflexed at maturity. Prairies, Kansas to Texas and Mexico, east to Florida. Nov. May- 19. CRACCA L. Sp. PI. 752. 1753. [TEPHROSIA Pers. Syn. a: 328. 1807.] Herbs, sometimes slightly shrubby, with odd-pinnate not punctate leaves, and purple red or white flowers in terminal or lateral racemes or short clusters. Stipules small. Leaflets entire. Calyx-teeth usually nearly equal. Petals all clawed. Standard orbicular or broadly ovate; wings obliquely obovate or oblong; keel curved. Stamens monadelphous or diadel- phous; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile; ovules several or many. Pod linear, flat, 2-valved, several- seeded, continuous, or with membranous septa between the seeds. [Latin, vetch.] About 1 20 species, mainly natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, eleven species occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Raceme terminal, dense, nearly sessile, many-flowered. i. C. Virginiana. Peduncles lateral and terminal, elongated, few-flowered. • Villous; flowers in an interrupted spike or raceme. 2. C. spicata. Pubescent; peduncles few-flowered near the summit. 3. C. hispidula. i. Cracca Virginiana I,. Cat-gut. Goat's Rue. (Fig. 2117.) Cracca Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 752. 1753. Galega Virginiana I* Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1062. 1763. Tephrosia Virginiana Pers. Syn. a: 329. 1807. Erect or ascending, more or less villous or silky-pubescent with whitish hairs, i°-2° high. Roots long, fibrous, tough; leaves short-petioled; leaflets 7-25, oblong, linear-oblong or the ter- minal one oblanceolate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, rounded, mucronate or emarginate at the apex, 9//-i2// long, 2//-4// wide; flowers yellowish-purple, 6//-9// long, crowded in a terminal often compound nearly sessile raceme; pedicels 2//-4// long; pod linear, densely pubes- cent, i/-2/ long. In dry sandy soil, southern New England, shore of Lake Erie, to Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisi- ana and northern Mexico. Called also Hoary Pea, Wild Sweet Pea. June-July. Voi,. II. ] PEA FAMILY. 293 Cracca Virginiana holosericea (Nutt.) Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 27. 1895. Tephrosia holosericea Nutt. Joum. Acad. Phila. 7: 105: 1834. Densely woolly-pubescent4; leaflets acutish. Illinois to Wisconsin, Louisiana and Arkansas. Cracca spicata (Walt.) Kuntze. Loosely-flowered Goat's Rue. (Fig. 2118.) Galega spicata Walt. Fl. Car. 188. 1788. Tephrosia spicata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 296. 1838. Cracca spicata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 175. 1891. Villous-pubescent with long brown hairs, decumbent or straggling, much branched, i°-2° long. Leaves few and distant, short- petioled; leaflets 9-15, short-stalked, oval, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, nar- rowed, cuneate or rounded at the base, ob- tuse and mucronate at the apex, g//-i5// long, 3//-6// wide; peduncles lateral and terminal, slender, 4/-io/ long; inflorescence interrupted, very loose, 2/-5/ long; flowers purplish, 6" -8" long; pod linear, finely pubescent, about 2' long, 2^" wide. In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, west to Alabama and Mississippi. June-Aug. 3. .Cracca hispidula (Michx.) Kuntze. Few-flowered Goat's Rue. (Fig. 2119.) Galega hispidula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 68. 1803. Tephrosia hispidula Pers. Syn. 2: 329. "1807. Cracca hispidula Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 175. 1891. More or less pubescent, procumbent or straggling, much branched, slender, i°-2° long. Leaves petioled; leaflets 5-19, short-stalked, oval, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, narrowed, rounded or cuneate at the base, obtuse, emarginate or acute at the apex; peduncles lat- eral or terminal, slender, 2/-4/ long; flowers red-purple, few, terminal, about 6" long; pod linear, I'-i^' long, 2X/ wide, minutely pubescent. Dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Alabama. May-Aug. 20. KRAUNHIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808. [WISTERIA Nutt. Gen. 2: 125. 1818.] High-climbing woody vines, with odd-pinnate leaves, and showy blue or purplish flowers in large terminal racemes. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 upper teeth slightly shorter than the 3 lower. Standard large, reflexed, clawed, with 2 small appendages at the base of the blade; wings oblong, falcate, auriculate at the base; keel incurved, obtuse. Stamens dia- delphous; anthers all alike. Ovary stalked; ovules oo. Pod elongated, torulose, 2-valved, coriaceous, not septate between the seeds. [Named for Kraunh.] Four known species, the following of southeastern North America, the others Asiatic. 294 PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Kraunhia frutescens (L.) Greene. American Wisteria. (Fig. 2120.) Glycine frutescens L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753. Wisteria speciosa Nutt. Gen. a: 116. 1818. Wisteria frutescens Poir. in Lam. 111. 3: 674. 1823. Krauhnia frutescens Greene, Pittonia, 2: 175. 1891. Climbing over trees and bushes to a length of 3O°-4o° or more, forming a stein several inches in diameter. Leaves petioled; rachis and short stalks of the leaflets often pubescent; leaflets 9- 15, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acumi- nate but blunt at the apex, rounded at the base, entire, i/-2/ long, glabrous and dark-green above, pale and sometimes slightly pubescent beneath; racemes dense, 2/-7/ long; pedicels a//-3// long; calyx finely pubescent; corolla lilac -purple, 6"- 9" long; auricles of the wings one short and one slender; pod linear, 2'-$' long. In low grounds, Virginia to Florida, west to In- diana, Kansas, and Louisiana. Called also Kidney- bean Tree. April-June. 21. ROBINIA L. Sp. PI. 722. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and axillary or terminal racemes of showy flow- ers. Stipules small, often spiny. Petioles slightly dilated at the base, enclosing the buds of the next year. Calyx-teeth short, broad, the 2 upper somewhat united. Standard large, reflexed, not appendaged; wings oblong, curved; keel curved, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform, or the alternate ones smaller. Ovary stalked; ovules oo. Pod flat, linear, not septate between the seeds,. margined along the upper suture, 2-valved. [Name in honor of John and Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe, 1550-1629.] About 6 species, natives of North America and Mexico. 1. R. Pseudacacia. 2. R. viscosa. 3. R. hispida. Twigs, petioles and pods glabrous; flowers white; a tree. Twigs and petioles glandular; pods hispid; flowers pinkish; a tree. Twigs and petioles bristly; pods hispid; flowers pink or purple; a shrub. i. Robinia Pseudacacia L,. Locust- tree. False or Bastard Acacia. Silver-chain. (Fig. 2121.) Robinia Pseudacacia L. Sp. PI. 722. 1753. Pseudacacia odorata Moench, Meth. 145. 1789. A large tree with very rough bark, maximum height of about 80° and trunk diameter of 3>£°, rarely shrubby. Twigs and foliage glabrous or very nearly so; stipules often spiny; leaflets 9-19, stalked, ovate or oval, mainly rounded at the base, obtuse or emarginate and mucronulate at the apex, entire, i/-2/ long; stipels small, seta- ceous; racemes loose, drooping; pedicels slender, 3//-6//long; flowers white, fragrant, 7"-io// long, the standard yellowish at base; pod glabrous, 2/-4/ long, about 6" wide, 4~7-seeded. Monroe Co., Pa., south, especially along the west- ern slopes of the mountains, to Georgia, west to Iowa and the Indian Territory. Extensively naturalized in the Middle and Eastern States and eastern Canada. Wood strong, very durable, greenish brown, the sap- wood yellow; weight per cubic foot 46 Ibs. Exten- sively used for posts, in ship-building, and especially for tree-nails. Called also Yellow or Black Locust. May-June. 2 Voi,. II.] PEA FAMILY. 2. Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust. (Fig. 2122.) 295 3. Robinia hispida L,. Rose Acacia. Bristly or Moss Locust. (Fig. 2123.) Robinia hispida L,. Mant. 101. 1767. A much-branched shrub, 3°-9° high. Twigs, petioles, pedicels and rachises of the leaves bristly; stipules very small, or none; leaflets 9-13, stalked, broadly ovate or ob- long, entire, mainly obtuse or rounded at each end, mucronate, i'-2' long; stipels none or subulate; racemes loose; pedicels $"-(>" long; flowers pink or purple, 8//-i5//' long, not fragrant; pods linear, bristly-hispid. Mountains of Virginia to Georgia, tivated for ornament. May-June. Often cul- Robinia viscosa Vent. Hort. Cels, pi. 4. 1800. A small tree, with rough bark, maximum height about 40° and trunk diameter 10'. Twigs and petioles glandular-pubescent; stipules short, sometimes spiny; leaflets u- 25, stalked, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, ovate or oval, nearly glabrous, i/-2/ long, thicker than those of the preceding species; stipels small, subulate; racemes rather dense, often erect; pedicels 2//-4// long; flowers pinkish, 9//-i2// long, not fragrant; pod 2/-4/ long, about 6" wide, glandular-hispid. Mountains of southwestern Virginia to Geor- gia. Occasionally escaped from cultivation in the Middle and Eastern States and in Canada. Wood brown, the sap-wood yellow; weight per cubic foot solbs. June. 22. SESBAN Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 327. [SESBANIA Scop. Introd. 308. 1777.] 1763. Herbs or shrubs, with evenly pinnate leaves, the leaflets numerous, entire, not stipel- late, or the stipels minute. Flowers yellow, reddish, purplish or white, in axillary racemes, the slender pedicels with 2 deciduous bractlets under the calyx. Calyx campanulate, nearly equally 5-toothed. Standard broad, ovate or orbicular; wings oblong, falcate; keel blunt. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Ovary mostly stipitate, many-ovuled; style glabrous; stigma small. Pod elongated-linear, wingless, compressed, partitioned between the oblong seeds. [Name Arabic.] About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regions, only the following one known in North America. PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol.. II. i. Sesban macrocarpa Muhl. Long- podded Sesban. (Fig. 2124. ) Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl.; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 221. 1821. Annual, glabrous, widely branching, 4°-i2° tall. Leaflets 10-35 pairs, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, thin, i' long or less, 2//~3/' wide, pale beneath; racemes shorter than the leaves, i-5-flowered; calyx-teeth subulate, shorter than the tube; corolla yellowish, purple-spotted, the standard 8"-io" long; pod 6/-i2/ long, about -2" wide, somewhat curved, drooping, tipped with the subulate style. In wet or moist soil, Missouri to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida, south to Central America. Col- lected also in southern Pennsylvania. June-Sept. 23. ASTRAGALUS L. Sp. PI. 755. 1753. Herbs, sometimes woody, mostly with odd-pinnate or sometimes simple leaves, and pur- ple violet white or yellow flowers in spikes or racemes, or rarely umbellate or solitary. Stip- ules present. Calyx tubular, its teeth nearly equal. Petals clawed; standard erect, ovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel obtuse, about equalling the wings. Stamens diadelphous; an- thers all alike. Ovary sessile or stipitate; ovules oo . Pod sessile or stalked, dehiscent or in- dehiscent, i-2-celled, very different in different species and affording the best characters in classification. £Greek name of some leguminous plant.] About 1000 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in northern Asia. In addi- tion to the following, at least 175 others occur in the western and southern United States. •X- Pod a-celled. Pod fleshy, thick-walled, indehiscent. Pod glabrous, globose, or oval. Corolla purple; pod pointed. Corolla yellowish-white; pod obtuse. Pod pubescent, ovoid or oblong. Pod ovoid, about 6" long, not wrinkled. Pod oblong, curved, i' long or more, wrinkled. Pod dry, leathery, cartilaginous or papery, dehiscent. Plant densely villous-pubescent all over. Plants glabrous, or grayish-pubescent Flowers yellowish; pod terete, glabrous. Flowers purple; pod with a deep furrow, pubescent. Pod finely appressed-pubescent. Pod densely villous with white hairs. 8. A. Hypoglottis. •X- -X- Pod i-celled, but one or both sutures sometimes intruded. t Pod swollen. Pod triangular or heart-shaped in section, membranous; flowers mostly yellowish -white. Pod heart-shaped in section; plant woolly-pubescent. 9. A. Pod triangular in section; plant appressed-pubescent. 10. A. Pod 2-grooved on the upper side; flowers purple. n. A. Pod nearly circular, or 8-shaped, in sectipn, mostly coriaceous. Leaflets narrowly linear, elongated, persistent; flowers yellow. 12. A. peclinatus. Leaflets oblong, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oval or linear, deciduous. Plants scapose, or short-stemmed, villous or silvery-pubescent. Plant gray-villous; flowers yellow. 13. A. lotiflorus. Plants silvery-pubescent; flowers blue, violet or purple. Pod nearly circular in section, straight. 14. A. Missouriensis. Pod 8-shaped in section, its summit curved. 15. A. Shorlianus. Plants leafy-stemmed, appressed-pubescent or glabrate; flowers purple. Pod 3-6" long, wrinkled; flowers 3" long or less. Plant erect; leaflets obtuse, very narrow. 16. A. gracilis. Plant diffuse; leaflets emarginate, short-linear. 17. A. microlobus. Pod more than 6" long, smooth; flowers 6" long or more. Pod not grooved, puberulent. 18. A. flexuosus. Pod grooved on the lower side, glabrous. 19. A. distortus. t t Pod flattened, membranous. Pod sessile in the calyx, black-pubescent; flowers purple. 20. A. elegans. Pod stalked, glabrous; flowers white to violet. 21. A. aboriginorum. pubescent, slightly grooved, 9" long; flowers white or purple. 22. A. Robbinsii. pubescent, deeply grooved on lower side, 6" long; flowers violet. 23. A. alpinns. 1. A. crassicarpus. 2. A. Mexicanus. 3. A. Plaltensis. 4. A. Tennesseensis. 5. A. mollissimus. 6 A. Carolinianus. 7. A. adsurgens. Drummondii. racemosus. bisulcatus. VOT,. II.] PEA FAMILY. 297 i. Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. Ground Plum. (Fig. 2125.) Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. Fraser's Cat. 1813. Astragalus carnosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 740. In part. 1814. Astragalus caryocarpus Ker, Bot. Reg. 2: pi. 176. 1816. Appressed-pubescent, branching at the base, branches decumbent or ascending, 6/-i5/ long, mostly simple. Stipules ovate, acute, 2//-3// long; leaflets 15-25, oblong, elliptic or sometimes obovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 3//-6// long, iW-2%" wide; peduncles equalling or shorter than the leaves; flowers violet-purple, 8"- 9" long, in short racemes; pods sessile, thick, fleshy, completely 2-celled, indehiscent, glabrous, globose or oval, short-pointed, 8//-i2// in diameter. Prairies, Minnesota to Manitoba and the North- west Territory, south to Iowa, Colorado and Texas. Fruit edible, collected by prairie-dogs for their win- ter store. April-June. 3. Astragalus Plattensis Nutt. Platte Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2127.) Astragalus Plattensis Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 332. 1838. Villous-pubescent with spreading hairs, pros- trate or ascending, 6'-i i' high or long. Leaflets 13-29, oblong to obovate, obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, 4//~9// long, about 2/x wide; stipules broad, ovate, pointed, 3//-4// long; flow- ers yellowish-white or tipped with purple, about 9/x long, in short heads; pod sessile, ovoid, pointed, fleshy, indehiscent, 2-celled, smooth, loosely pubescent, nearly straight. Prairies, Indiana to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Alabama and Texas. May. 2. Astragalus Mexicanus A. DC. Larger Ground Plum. (Fig. 2126.) Astragalus Mexicanus A. DC. PI. Rar. Jard. Gen. 4: 16. 1826. Astragalus trichocalyx Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A 1:332. 1838. Similar to the preceding species, but less pubescent and with the hairs some- what spreading. Leaflets 17-33, oblong to obovate, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base; flowers yel- lowish-white, or purplish at the tip, 9"- 12" long, in short racemes; pod sessile, thick, fleshy, indehiscent, glabrous, glo- bose, not pointed, I'-iX' *n diameter. Prairies, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Arkansas and Texas. Fruit edible. May. 2Q8 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol.. II. 4. Astragalus Tennesseensis A. Gray. Tennessee Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2128.) Astragalus Tennesseensis A. Gray; Chapm. Fl. S. States, 98. 1860. A stragalus Plattensis var. Tennesseensis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 193. 1864. Stems erect or ascending from a deep root; plant villous with long whitish hairs. Leaflets I5~3I> oblong, or linear-oblong, obtuse, or emarginate, nearly glabrous above, 6//-io// long, 2//-4// wide; stipules lanceolate, oval, or ovate-lanceolate; peduncles about equalling the leaves; racemes short, several-many-flow- ered; flowers about io// long; pod oblong, 2- celled, fleshy, i' long or rather more, strongly wrinkled, at least when dry, its summit strongly curved. On hillsides, Tennessee to Alabama and Mis- souri. March-May. 5. Astragalus mollissimus Torr. Woolly Loco- weed or Crazy- weed. (Fig. 2129.) Phaca villosa James, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) a: 186. 1825. Not Nutt. 1818. Astragalus mollissimus Torr. Ann. Lye. 2: 178. 1826. Decumbent or ascending, stout, bushy, densely villous-pubescent, i°-2° high. Stem very short; stipules membranous, ovate, pointed, $"-$" long, adnate to the petiole; leaflets 19-27. oval, obtuse, but pointed at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 4//-6// long, 2/'-3// wide; peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; flowers violet- purple, 8//-i2// long, in dense spikes; pod oblong, dry, cartilaginous, glabrous, dehiscent into 2 valves, somewhat compressed, sessile, 2-celled, 5//-io// long, about 3" thick, furrowed at both sutures, slightly curved at maturity. Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado, south to Texas and New Mexico. June. The popular name of the plant is from its poisonous effects on cattle. 6. Astragalus Carolinianus L. Carolina Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2130.) Astragalus Carolinianus L. Sp. PI. 757. 1753. Astragalus Canadensis L Sp. PI. 757. 1753- Glabrous or slightly pubescent, erect or ascending, branched, i°-4° high. Stipules membranous, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 2//-4// long; leaflets 15-31, elliptic or oval, obtuse or slightly emarginate at the apex, rounded at the base, i'-2' long, $"-<)" wide; peduncles longer than the leaves, or shorter; flowers greenish yellow, <•>" -S" long in dense thick spikes; pod sessile, 2-c"elled, coriaceous, dehiscent, glabrous, erect, terete, or sometimes slightly furrowed at the dorsal suture, pointed, nearly straight, 5"-8" long. Along streams, Hudson Bay and Quebec to the Rocky Mountains, south to western New York, Georgia, Louisi- ana and Colorado. July-Aug. Vol.. II.] PEA FAMILY. 299 7. Astragalus adsurgens Pall. As- cending Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2131.) Astragalus adsurgens Pall. Astrag. 40. pl.Ji. 1800. Minutely cinereous-pubescent or glabrate, ascending or decumbent, 4/-i8/ long, simple or branched at the base. Stipules membran- ous, ovate, acuminate, 3//-5// long; leaflets *5~25, °val to linear-oblong, obtuse and sometimes emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 8//-i2// long; peduncles exceed- ing the leaves; flowers purplish, 6//-8// long, in dense short spikes; pod sessile, 2-celled, oblong, pointed, coriaceous, finely pubes- cent, erect, dehiscent, cordate-triangular in section, deeply furrowed on the back, 4//-6// long. Prairies, Minnesota to the Northwest Terri- tory and British Columbia, south to Kansas and Colorado. Also in northern Asia. June-July. 8. Astragalus Hypoglottis I,. Purple Milk Vetch or Cock' s-head. (Fig. 2132.) Astragalus Hypoglottis I,. Mant. 2: 274. 1771. Pubescent or glabrate, decumbent or ascending, slender, branched at the base, 6/-24/ long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2//-3// long; leaflets 17-25, oblong or elliptic, obtusish and generally emarginate at the apex, rounded at the base, 3//~7// long; flowers violet-purple, 6//-io// long, in dense heads; pods membranous, sessile, 2-celled, dehiscent, densely villous with white hairs, ovoid-oblong, deeply furrowed on the back, 4//~5// long. Kansas to Minnesota, north to Hudson Bay, west to Nevada and Alaska. Also in northern Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 9. Astragalus Drummondii Dougl. Drummond's Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2133.) Astragalus Drummondii Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 153. 1833. Loosely woolly-pubescent, erect, i°-2° high, rather stout, growing in clumps. Stipules ovate, long-acuminate, 3//~5// long; leaflets 19-33, ob- long or sometimes oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, 5//-io// long; flow- ers yellowish white or the keel purplish tinged, 8"-9" long, in loose spikes; peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; pod i-celled, the dorsal suture somewhat intruded, distinctly stipitrte, cartilaginous, linear, pendent, glabrous, grooved, about 2' long; calyx somewhat enlarged at the base, dark-pubescent above. Prairies, Nebraska to Manitoba, Wyoming and the Northwest Territory. June-July. 300 PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. 10. Astragalus racemosus Pursh. Racemose Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2134.) Astragalus racemosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 740. 1814. Erect or ascending, finely pubescent, branched at the base; stem somewhat zigzag, i°-2° high. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, membranous, 2//~3// long; leaflets 17-21, elliptic or linear-oblong, acutish or mucronate, io//-i5// long; peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; flowers yel- lowish-white, 8"-9" long, in loose spike-like racemes; pedicels i//-2// long; pods linear-ob- long, imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, triangular in section, acute at each end, glabrous, stipitate, broadly sulcate, pendent, about i' long. Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado, north to the Northwest Territory. June-July. ii. Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray. Two-grooved Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2135.) Phaca bisulcata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. x: 145. 1833. Astragalus bisulcatus A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. xa: Part 2, 42. pi. i. 1860. Rather stout, erect, nearly simple, i°-3° high. Stipules membranous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 4"- 6" long; leaflets 17-27, oval or oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, 8//-i2// long; flow- ers deep purple, 7//-8/' long, in elongated narrow racemes; peduncles longer than the leaves; pod i- celled, linear, stipitate, deflexed, pointed, glabrous at maturity, membranous, with 2 deep furrows on the upper side, 6//-io// long. Nebraska and Colorado to Montana and the North- west Territory. June-Aug. i\ j 12. Astragalus pectinatus (Hook.) Dougl. Narrow-leaved Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2136.) Phaca peclinata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 141. pl-54- 1830. Astragalus fiec/ina/us Doug\.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. x: 142. As synonym. 1830. Ascending, much branched at the base or also above, i°-2° high, finely canescent or glabrate. Stipules membranous, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 4//-6// long; leaflets 11-21, very nar- rowly linear, acute, #'-3' long; peduncles shorter than or exceeding the leaves; flowers yellow, 8' '-12" long, in loose spikes or spike-like racemes; stand- ard much longer than the wings and keel ; pod nearly terete, i-celled, sessile, oblong, pointed, coriaceous, glabrous, not furrowed, keeled along the upper suture, 6"-%" long. Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to the Northwest Territory. June-Aug. Vol.. II.] PEA FAMILY. 301 13. Astragalus lotiflorus Hook. L,ow Milk Vetch. Astragalus loliflorus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 152. 1833. Phaca lotiflora T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 349. 1838. Astragalus elatiocarpus Sheld. Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn. 9: 20. 1894. Villous-pubescent with white hairs, branched from the base, nearly acaulescent, or with stems i'-3' long. Stip- ules ovate, acuminate, i^//-2// long; leaflets 7-15, oval or oblong, obtuse and sometimes mucronulate at the apex, narrowed at the base, s'MJ" long; flowers yellow, 4//-6// long, in rather dense short spikes; peduncles shorter than or equalling the leaves, sometimes very short; pod i-celled, sessile, villous-pubescent, ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, some- what inflated, pointed, dehiscent, keeled along the straight dorsal suture. Prairies, Manitoba to Nebraska and Texas, west to Colo- rado and the Northwest Territory. June-July. Astragalus Missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2138.) Astragalus melanocarpus Ntitt. Fraser Cat. Name only. 1813. Astragalus Missouriensis Nutt. Gen. 2: 99. 1818. Densely silky-canescent all over, tufted, branching from the base, 2/~5/ long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2//-4// long, leaflets 7-21, elliptic or obovate, obtuse but sometimes mucronate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 3//-5// long; flowers few, violet- purple, 5//~9// long in loose heads or short spikes; pod i -celled, sessile, acute, oblong, pubescent, dehiscent, coriaceous, circular in section, slightly keeled along the ventral suture, transversely wrinkled, about \' long. Prairies, Nebraska to the Northwest Territory, south to New Mexico. May-July. 15. Astragalus Shortianus Nutt. Short's Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2139.) Astragalus Shortianus Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 331. 1838. Silvery canescent, nearly acaulescent, somewhat branched from the base. Stipules ovate, acutish, about 2" long; leaflets 9-15, elliptic or obovate, acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 5" -9" long; flowers blue or violet, 7"-9//r long; peduncles commonly shorter than the leaves; pod i -celled, sessile, coriaceous, 8-shaped in sec- tion, dehiscent at maturity, lanceolate-ovoid, pu- berulent, transversely wrinkled, strongly curved and beaked at the summit, I'-i^' long. Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado, south to New Mexico. May-July. PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. 16. Astragalus gracilis Nutt. Slen- der Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2140.) Dalea parviflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 474. Not A. pannftorus Lam. 1783. 1814. ' Astragalus gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 100. 1818. Slender, erect, finely pubescent, i°-2° high, simple or nearly so. Stipules ovate, acute or acuminate, 2//-3// long; leaflets 11-21, narrowly linear, distant, obtuse at the apex, 9//-i2// long, scarcely i" wide; flowers purple, $"-4" long, in narrow elongated spike-like racemes; pedi- cels i" long or less; pods i -celled, sessile in the calyx, pendent, straight, coriaceous, ellipsoid, finely appressed-pubescent with white hairs, especially on the ventral side, transversely .veined, a//-3// long. Prairies, Minnesota to Missouri, Colorado and Wyoming. May-June. .17. Astragalus microlobus A. Gray. Notched-leaved Milk Vetch. ( Fig. 2141.) Astragalus microlobus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 203. 1864. Diffuse or ascending, finely canescent, about i° high. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, i%"-i" long; leaflets 7-17, linear or linear-oblong, truncate or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 4"- 7" long; flowers purple, J/'-Q," long, in loose spikes; peduncles often longer than the leaves; pod sessile, i- celled, coriaceous, ovoid or ellipsoid, reflexed, finely pubescent, transversely veined, flattened on the back, keeled along the ventral suture, a"-3" long. Prairies, Nebraska to Missouri and Colorado. Similar to A. gracilis. Summer. 18. Astragalus flexuosus (Hook.) Dougl. Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2142.) Flexile Phaca elongata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 140. 1830. Not Astraga- lus elongatus Willd. 1803. Phaca flexuosa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 141. 1830. Astragalus flexuosus Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 140. 1830. Erect or ascending, finely pubescent, branching from the base, i°-i}4° high. Stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2//~3// long; leaflets 9-21, linear, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 3//-6// long; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers purple or purplish, 4//-5// long; pod i-celled, sessile, cylindric, linear or linear-oblong, puberulent, dehiscent, pointed, 8//-i2// long. Prairies, Nebraska to Colorado, north to the Northwest Terri- tory. June-Aug. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 303 19. Astragalus distortus T. & G. Bent Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2143.) Astragalus distortus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 333. 1838. Sparingly pubescent or glabrate, diffuse or as- cending, much branched from the base, stems 8/-i5/ long. Leaflets 11-25, obovate or oval, emarginate or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2//-5// long; flowers purple, 4//-6// long, in loose short spikes; pod sessile in the calyx, i-celled, slightly inflated, linear-oblong, coriaceous, strongly curved, glabrous, grooved on the under side, i'-i j£' long. In dry soil, Illinois to Iowa, south to West Vir- ginia, Mississippi and Texas. March-July. 20. Astragalus elegans (Hook.) Britton. Pretty Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2144.) Phaca elegans Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 144. 1830. Astragalus oroboides var. Americana A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 205. 1864. Phaca parviflora Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 348. 1838. Glabrous or nearly so, erect or ascending, slender, somewhat branched, io'-2C/ high. Stipules ovate, acute, about 2" long; flowers purple, $"-4," long, in elongated spike-like racemes; leaflets 9-17, oblong or linear-oblong, 8//-io// long; pedicels at length i" long; pod sessile, ellipsoid, i-celled, pendent, slightly in- flated, obtuse at each end, apiculate, black-pubescent all over, 2//-3// long. Quebec, Labrador, the Saskatchewan region and in the higher and northern Rocky Mountains. June-Aug. 2i. Astragalus aboriginorum Richards. Indian Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2145.) Astragalus aboriginorum Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 28. 1823. Phaca aborigina Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 143. pi. 56. 1830. Finely canescent or glabrate, erect, somewhat branched, 8'-i5' high. Stipules ovate, acute, membranous or foliaceous, a//-3// long; leaflets 9-13, linear or oblong, obtuse or acute, 6//-io// long; flowers white, tinged with violet, 4//~5// long, in rather loose racemes; peduncles longer than the leaves; pod slightly inflated, compressed, oval in section, i-celled, glabrous, half-elliptic, long-stipitate, acute at each end, slightly sulcate, the dorsal suture slightly intruded; calyx blackish- pubescent, its teeth subulate. Manitoba and the Northwest Territory, south to Colorado. Root long and yellow, " collected by the Cree and Stone Indians in the spring as an article of food " (Richardson). May-June. 304 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vox,. II. 22. Astragalus Robbinsii (Oakes) A. Gray. Robbins' Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2146.) Phaca Robbinsii Oakes, Hovey's Mag. Hort. 7: 179. 1841. Astragalus Robbinsii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 98. 1856. Astragalus Robbinsii Jesupi Eggleston & Sheldon, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn. 9: 155. 1894. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, slender, branched at the base, 9x-i8' high. Stipules ovate-oblong, membranous, 2//~3// long; leaflets 9-25, oblong, obtuse or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 4//-8// long; flowers white or purple, $"-5" long in loose short or elongated racemes; pedicels i//-2// long; pod much flattened, I -celled, oblong, short-stipitate, rather abruptly pointed at each end, membranous, finely blackish-pubescent, dehiscent, nearly straight, not furrowed, 9"- 12" long. In rocky places, Vermont and New Hampshire. June-July. 23. Astragalus alpinus L. Alpine Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2147.) Astragalus alpinus L. Sp. PI. 760. 1753. Phaca astragalina DC. Astrag. 64. 1803. Ascending or decumbent, branched from the base 6'- J5' high, slightly pubescent, or glabrous. Stipules ovate, foliaceous, 2//~3// long; leaflets 13-25, oval or elliptic, obtuse or retuse, narrowed or rounded at the base, 3'Mi" long; flowers violet, the keel commonly darker, in short racemes; peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves; pod i-celled, somewhat flattened, membranous, stipitate, pendent, dehiscent, rather densely black-pubescent, ob- long, acute, somewhat inflated, about 6" long, deeply furrowed on the under side; calyx dark -pubescent. On rocks, northern New England to Newfoundland and Labrador, west to Alaska and British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June. 24. PHACA L. Sp. PI. 755. 1753. Perennial herbs, similar to Astragalus, mostly with pinnate leaves, and racemed or spi- cate purplish or purple flowers. Pod much inflated, membranous in texture, strictly i-celled, neither of the sutures intruded. [Greek, Lentils.] A large genus, mainly of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, numerous other species occur in the western parts of North America. Leaflets 7-21, oblong, elliptic or ovate. Pod stalked; flowers slender-pedicelled. i. P.Americana. Pod sessile; flowers short-pedicelled. 2. P. neglecta. Leaflet only i, or sometimes 3-5, very narrowly linear. 3. P. longifolia. i. Phaca Americana (Hook.) Rydberg. Arctic Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2148.) Phaca frig ida var. Americana Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. x: 140. 1830. Astragalus frigidus var. Americanus S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 193. 1878. Erect, nearly simple, glabrous, i°-2° high. Stipules foliaceous, ovate-oblong, 2//-6// long; leaflets 7-17, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 9//-i8// long; peduncles generally ex- ceeding the leaves; flowers white, 8//~9// long, in loose racemes; pedicels filiform, %' long in fruit; pod i- celled, stipitate, inflated, membranous, io//-i2// long, acute at each end, oblong, dehiscent at maturity, glabrous, shining. In wet rocky places, Quebec and arctic America to British Columbia and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado. June-July. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 305 2. Phaca neglecta T. & G. Cooper's Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2149.) Phaca neglecta T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 344. . 1838. Astragalus Cooperi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 98. 1856. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, i°-2° high. Stipules ovate, acute, i//-2// long; leaflets 9-21, thin, oblong or elliptic, often minutely pubescent beneath, 8//-i2// long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base; peduncles shorter than or equalling the leaves; flowers white, 5//-?// long, in rather loose spikes; calyx pubes- cent with blackish hairs, its teeth subulate; pod i-celled, sessile, the ventral suture somewhat intruded, inflated, coriaceous, ovoid, acute, glabrous, slightly furrowed along both sutures, 6//-io// long, 5//-6// thick. On banks and shores, Quebec to Niagara, west to Minnesota and Iowa. June-July. 3. Phaca longifdlia (Pursh) Nutt. Long- leaved Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2150.) Psoralea longifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 741. 1814. Phaca longifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 346. 1838. Astragalus pictus var. Jilifolius A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 215. 1864. Erect, very slender, branching, finely canescent, 6/-i8/ high. Stipules subulate, rigid, those of the lower part of the stem connate; leaflet usually i, narrowly linear, nearly terete, \'-\' long, ^//-i// wide, sometimes 3 or 5; flowers few, pink, 3//~5// long, in short loose racemes; peduncles much shorter than the leaves; pod i-celled, short-stalked, much-inflated, membranous, spotted, glabrous, ovoid, short -pointed, not furrowed, about i' long, %' thick. In sandy soil, Nebraska to New Mexico. Leaves persistent. May-June. 25. HOMALOBUS' Nutt; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 352. 1838. Perennial herbs, with pinnate simple or pinnately 3-5-foliolate leaves, and racemose mostly small flowers, the peduncles short, or elongated. Keel of the corolla obtuse. Pod flat, glabrous or pubescent, completely i-celled, few-several-seeded, the sutures both promi- nent externally. [Greek, regular-lobes.] Besides the following species, some 30 others occur in western North America. Plants leafy-stemmed. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 11-23, thin. i. H. tenellus. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 3-7, rigid, very narrow, spiny. 2. H. montanus. Plant scapose; leaves simple, or pinnately 3-5-foliolate, the leaflets very narrow. 3. H. caespitosus. i. Homalobus tenellus (Pursh) Britton. Loose-flowered Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2151.) Astragalus tenellus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 473. 1814. Ervum multiflorum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 739. 1814. Homalobus multiflorus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 351. 1838. A. mullijlorus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 226. 1864. Ascending or diffuse, slender, branched, finely pubes- cent, or glabrate, ic'-iS' high. Stipules broadly ovate, I/^//~3// l°ng) acute or obtuse, the upper ones connate; leaflets 11-23, thin, oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceo- late, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, 6//-io// long; flowers yellowish-white, 3//~4// long, in loose spike-like racemes; pod stalked, straight, oblong, acute at each end, papery.'glabrous, 6//-8// long, 2" wide. Dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to California, north to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia. May-Aug. PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II 2. Homalobus montanus (Nutt.) Britton. Prickly Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2152.) Kentrophyta montana Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 353. 1838. Kentrophyta viridis Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 353. 1838. Astragalus Kentrophyta A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1863: 60. 1863. Densely tufted, intricately branched, 2/-io/ high, finely canescent. Stipules linear-lanceolate, spiny- tipped, 2//-5// long; leaflets 3-7, linear, rigid, spiny, widely spreading, 3//-6// long, ^/x wide; flowers 1-4 together in the axils, nearly sessile, yellowish-white or bluish-tinged, 2//~3// long; pod sessile or very short- stalked, i-3-seeded, ovoid-oblong, acute, coriaceous, dehiscent,' pubescent, 3//-4// long. In dry, rocky places, Nebraska to New Mexico, Nevada and the Northwest Territory. June-Sept. 3. Homalobus caespitdsus Nutt. Tufted Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2153.) Homalobus caespitosus Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 352. 1838. Astragalus caespitosus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 230. 1804. Silvcry-canesccnt, much tufted from a deep root, $'-6' high. Stipules scarious, much imbricated, lanceolate, acuminate, 4"-6" long; leaves simple, spatulate-linear, acute, i/-2/ long, or some of them 3-5-foliolate, with ob- long-linear leaflets; peduncles scapiform, exceeding or equalling the leaves; flowers purple, 4//-5// long, in heads or short spike-like racemes; pod erect, sessile, few-seeded, oblong, acute, coriaceous, slightly curved, pubescent, 4"- 5" long; calyx-teeth subulate. In dry rocky soil, Nebraska and Colorado, north to the *j Northwest Territory. May-July. 26. OROPHACA Britton. Perennial, silvery or villous-pubescent low tufted herbs, with branched woody caudices, deep roots, membranous scarious stipules, sheathing and united below, and digitately 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate) leaves, resembling those of Lupines. Flowers few, capitate or racemose, the clusters sessile or pcdunclcd. Keel of the corolla blunt. Pod coriaceous, completely i-celled, ovoid or oval, few-seeded, villous, partly or wholly enclosed by the calyx. [Greek, mountain vetch.] Three known species, the following, and one in Colorado and Wyoming. Flowers yellowish, 1-3 together in the axils. Flowers blue-purple, in peduncled racemes. 1. O. caespitosa. 2. O. sericea. i. Orophaca caespitdsa (Nutt.) Britton. Sessile-flowered Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2154.) Astragalus /n'/AjV/MJ Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 740. 1814. Not Pall. 1800. Phaca caespitosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 98. 1818. Phaca argophylla Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 342. 1838. A. hyalinns M. E. Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. (II. ) 648. 1895. Silvcry-canescent, densely tufted from a deep root, 2/-4/ high. Stipules scarious, imbricated, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, 3//-4// long; leaves digitately 3-5- foliolate, slender- petioled; leaflets oblong or oblanceo- late, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 6"-8" long; flowers yellowish, 6"-8" long, sessile in the axils of the leaves; pod i-celled, sessile, ovoid, acute or acuminate, coriaceous, dehiscent, villous-pubescent, enclosed by the calyx, 2//~3// long. Prairies, Nebraska and South Dakota to Montana and the Northwest Territory. May-July. . II.] PEA FAMILY. 307 2. Orophaca sericea (Nutt.) Britton. Hoary Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2155.) Phaca sericea Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 343. 1838. Astragalus sericoleucus A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci- (II.) 33: 410. 1862. Villous-pubescent, densely tufted, and spread- ing on the ground from a deep root, the stems 3/-4/ long. Leaves short-petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, acute or obtus- ish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 2//-5// long; peduncles slender, 2-6-flow- ered, equalling or exceeding the leaves; flowers bluish-purple, about 3" long; pod i-celled, ses- sile, ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, acute, villous- pubescent, about 3" long, partly enclosed by the calyx. < In dry, sandy or rocky places, Nebraska and Col- orado. May-July. 27. SPIESIA Neck. Elem. 3: 13. 1790. [OXYTROPIS DC. Astrag. 19. 1802.] Herbs, sometimes shrubby, and mostly acaulescent, with odd-pinnate leaves, and race- mose or spicate flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals clawed; standard erect, ovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel erect, shorter than or equalling the wings, its apex mucronate, acuminate or appendaged; stamens diadelphous; anthers all alike; style filiform. Pod ses- sile or stipitate, 2-valved, i -celled, or more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral suture. [In honor of Johann Karl Spies, a German botanist.] About 120 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, some n others occur in the western and northwestern parts of North America. leaves simply pinnate. Plants i '-4' high; heads few-flowered. Pod membranous, pubescent, much inflated, i-celled. Pod coriaceous, ovoid, little inflated, pubescent, partly 2-celled. Calyx gray-pubescent; leaflets 7-9, oblong. Calyx dark-pubescent; leaflets 7-21, linear. Plants 6'-i8' high; heads or spike-like racemes many-flowered. Sparingly pubescent; flowers 8"-g" long; pods papery. Silky-pubescent; flowers ^"-15" long; pods coriaceous. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets verticillate. Pod scarcely longer than the calyx, its tip spreading. Pod 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its tip erect. 1. 5". inflata. 2. S. multiceps. 3. 6'. arctica. 4. 5". campestris. 5. 5". Lamberti. 6. S. splendens. 7. 5. Belli. i. Spiesia inflata (Hook.) Britton. Inflated Oxy trope. (Fig. 2156.) Oxytropis arctica \ar.inflata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 146. 1833. Oxytropis podocarpa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 234. 1864. Spiesia inflala Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 201. 1894. Acaulescent or nearly so, more or less villous-pu- bescent, much tufted, \'-\' high. Stipules mem- branous, imbricated, adnate to the petiole, lanceolate, about 2" long; leaves pinnate; leaflets 9-21, linear, 2//_4// long, about yz" wide, obtuse or obtusish; pe- duncles i-2-flowered, scarcely exceeding the leaves; flowers violet, 7//-8'/ long; calyx densely dark-pu- bescent; pod membranous, much inflated, i-celled, ovoid, pubescent, short-stalked or sessile in the calyx, about 9'' long, pointed; ventral-suture slightly intruded. Arctic and alpine ; Labrador and arctic America, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer. 308 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol.. II. 2. Spiesia multiceps (Nutt.) Kuntze. Tufted Oxytrope. (Fig. 2157.) Oxytropis multiceps Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 341- 1838. Spiesia multiceps Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 207. 1891. Nearly acaulescent, with a deep root, tufted and matted, silky- canescent, 3' high or less. Stipules membranous, acute, adnate to the peti- ole; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-9, oblong, 3//-6// long, i//-2// wide; scape ^/~IX/ l°ug> about equalling the leaves, or shorter, i-3-flowered; flowers purple, nearly i' long; calyx slightly pubescent, its teeth short ; pod short-stalked in the calyx, coriaceous, little inflated, about J^' long, i -celled, acute, pubescent, enclosed by the swollen calyx. Western Nebraska, Wyoming and Summer. Colorado. 3. Spiesia arctica (R. Br.) Kuntze. Arctic Oxytrope. (Fig. 2158.) Oxytropis arctica R. Br. App. Parry's Voy. 278. 1823. Spiesia' arctica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 206. 1891. Acaulescent, tufted, villous-pubescent, i'-4' high. Stipules membranous, lanceolate, imbricated, pubes- cent; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-21, linear, or linear-ob- long, obtusish, 2//-4// long, about Yt" wide; peduncles exceeding the leaves, 2-5-flowered at the summit; flow- ers violet (?), 6"-io" long; calyx pubescent; pod coria- ceous, little or not inflated, oblong or ovoid-oblong, sessile, pubescent, incompletely 2-celled. Shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; Hudson Strait, and along the Arctic seacoast. Summer. 4. Spiesia campestris (L.) Kuntze. Yellow Oxytrope. (Fig. 2159.) Astragalus campestris L. Sp. PI. 761. 1753. Oxylropis campestris DC. Astrag. 74. 1802. Spiesia campestris Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 206. 1891. Acaulescent or nearly so, much tufted, sparingly pu- bescent, or glabrate, 6/~9/ high. Stipules membranous, lanceolate, acuminate, imbricated, $"-4" long; leaves pinnate, $'-6' long; leaflets 13-27, lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the base, sessile, $"-\o" long, i//-2>^// wide; peduncles generally exceed- ing the leaves; flowers several or numerous in short spikes or heads, white, yellowish white, or blue, 6//-8" long; pods sessile, papery in texture, ovoid or oblong, blackish-pubescent, 6//-9//long, acuminate with the subu- late style, incompletely 2-celled. In rocky places, Quebec, northern Maine and New Bruns- wick to Labrador and Hudson Strait. Also in Europe. Summer. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 309 5. Spiesia Lambert! (Pursh) Kuntze. Stemless Loco-weed or Crazy-weed. Colorado Loco vetch. (Fig. 2160.) Oxytropis Lamberti Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 740. 1814. Spiesia Lamberti Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 207. 1891. Silky-pubescent with appressed or slightly spreading hairs, acaulescent or nearly so, tufted. Stipules imbricated, membranous, pubescent, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 4//~7// long; leaves 4/-g/ long; leaflets 9-19, linear, oblong or sometimes lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, mainly rounded at the base, 8//-i2// long, i>£//-3// wide; peduncles longer than the leaves, 6/-i2/ long; flowers pur- ple, yellowish, or purplish, 8//-i5// long, in dense heads or spikes; pod incompletely 2-celled, coriaceous, sessile, erect, ovoid-cylindric, densely pubescent, long-acuminate, 6//-i2// long, exceeding the calyx. Prairies, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Texas and New Mexico. April-Aug. Spiesia Lamberti sericea ( Nutt. ) Rydb. Bot. Surv. Neb. 3: 32. 1894. Oxytropis sericea Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 339. 1838. More silky; leaflets wider, lanceolate or oblong; flowers often yellow. Range nearly of the type. 6. Spiesia splendens (Dougl.) Kuntze. Showy Oxy trope. (Fig. 2161.) Oxytropis splendens Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 147. 1833. Spiesia splendens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 207. 1891. Densely silvery and silky-villous, acaulescent, tufted. Stipules imbricated, membranous, villous-pubescent, lan- ceolate, acute, 4//-6// long; leaves 4'~9>£/ long, erect; leaflets very numerous, in verticils of 3-6, oblong or ob- long-lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded at the base, 6//-io// long, 2//-4// wide; peduncles exceeding the leaves, sometimes 12' long; flowers deep purple, about 6" long, in dense spikes; pods ovoid, erect, 2-celled or nearly so, long-acuminate with a spreading or oblique tip, villous-pubescent, little exceeding the calyx, 6"-9" long. Prairies, Minnesota and Manitoba to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Colorado and New Mexico. June-Aug. 7. Spiesia Belli Britton. (Fig. 2162.) Spiesia Belli Britton; J. M. Macoun, Can. Rec. Sci. 1894: 148. 1894. Acaulescent, tufted, loosely villous with white hairs. Stipules membranous, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, imbricated, villous orglabrate, 5//_7// iong; leaves 3/-6/ long; leaflets oblong or oblong-lanceolate, subacute at the apex, rounded at the base, $"-4" long, i"-2" wide, in verticils of 3 or 4; peduncles about equalling the leaves; in- florescence capitate; pod oblong, erect-spreading, densely pubescent with black hairs or some longer whitish ones intermixed, about 9" long and 3" thick, 2-3 times as long as the black-pubescent ca- lyx, very nearly or quite 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral suture, the tip erect; corolla not seen. Hudson Bay. Summer. 3io PAPILIONACEAE. 28. GLYCYRRHIZA I,. Sp. PI. 741. 1753. [Voi,. II. Perennial herbs, with thick sweet roots, odd-pinnate leaves, and spicate or capitate flow- ers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Standard narrowly ovate or oblong, short-clawed; wings oblong, acutish; keel acute or obtuse, shorter than the wings. Stamens mainly diadelphous; anthers alternately smaller and larger. Pod sessile, covered with prickles or glands, nearly indehiscent, continuous between the seeds. [Greek, sweet-root.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone, southern South America and Australia. The following is the only known North American species. i. Glycyrrhiza lepiddta Pursh. Wild lyiquorice. (Fig. 2163.) Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 480. 1814. Erect, branching, i°-3° high, the foliage with minute scales or dots. Stipules lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acute, 2"-3" long, deciduous; leaves pet- ioled; leaflets 11-19, lanceolate, or oblong, acute or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, rounded or nar- rowed at the base, entire, very short-stalked, 10"- 18" long, $"-(>" wide; peduncles axillary, much shorter than the leaves; spikes dense, many-flow- ered, i'-2' long, about 9" thick; flowers yellowish- white, 6" long; calyx-teeth slender, longer than the tube; pod 'about 6" long, few-seeded, oblong, densely covered with hooked prickles. Fort Erie, Ontario; Manitoba, Minnesota, north to Hudson Bay, west to Washington, south to Iowa, Mis- souri, Chihuahua and California. May-Aug. 29. CORONILLA L. Sp. PI. 742. 1753. Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and purple purplish or yellow flowers, in peduncled heads or umbels. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, the 2 upper more or less united. Petals clawed; standard nearly orbicular; wings oblong or obliquely obovate; keel incurved, beaked. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike. Pod terete, angled or compressed, curved or straight, jointed. [Diminutive of corona, crown.] About 25 species, natives of Europe, Asia and northern Africa, i. Coronilla varia It. Coronilla. Axseed. Ax wort. (Fig. 2164.) Coronilla varia I,. Sp. PI. 743. 1753. Perennial, straggling or ascending, glabrous, branching, i°-2° long. Leaves sessile; leaflets 11-25, oblong or obovate, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 6//~9// long, iX//~3// wide; peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers 4//-6// long, pinkish- white (standard pink, wings white or purple- tipped), in dense umbels; pedicels i//-2// long; pod coriaceous, linear, 4-angled, the joints 3//-4// long. Roadsides and waste places, Connecticut, south- ern New York and New Jersey. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 30. HEDYSARUM L. Sp. PI. 745. 1753. Perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby, with odd-pinnate leaves, and showy flowers in ax- illary peduncled racemes. Calyx bracteolate, its teeth nearly equal. Standard obovate or obcordate, narrowed at the base; wings oblong, shorter than.the standard; keel longer than the wings, obtuse, obliquely truncate. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Pod flat, linear, its joints oval, orbicular or quadrate. [Greek, sweet-broom.] About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone and northern Africa, ing, another may occur in northwestern North America. Calyx-teeth ovate, acute, shorter than the tube. Calyx-teeth subulate, acuminate, longer than the tube. Besides the follow- 1. H. Americanum. 2. H. Mackenzii. i. Hedysarum Americanum (Michx.) Britton. Hedysarum alpinum var. Americanum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 74. 1803. Hedysarum borealeNutt. Gen. 2: no. 1818. Hedysarum Americanum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 201. 1894. Stem erect or somewhat decumbent, glabrous or nearly so, 6'-2%° high, generally simple. Leaves short-petioled; stipules lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2//-8// long; leaflets 11-21, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse and often mucronulate at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, 6//-io// long, 2//-5// wide; ra- cemes longer than the leaves; flowers violet -purple, or sometimes white, numerous, deflexed, 7//-io// long, in rather loose elongated racemes; calyx-teeth ovate, acute, shorter than the tube; pod l/£f-i%' l°ng> drooping, of 3-5 oval or orbicular nearly glabrous strongly reticulated joints, about 2j^// wide. In rocky places, northern New England to. Labrador and Newfoundland, west to Alaska and British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and in the Black Hills. Recorded by Michaux from the Alleghanies. Occurs also in northeastern Asia. June-July. Hedysarum. (Fig. 2165.) 2. Hedysarum Mackenzii Richards. Macken- zie's Hedysarum. (Fig. 2166.) Hedysarum Mackenzii Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 17. 1823. Hedysarum Americanum Mackenzii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 202. 1894. Similar to the preceding species, but usually minutely pubescent; stem decumbent or erect, i°-2^° high, some- times branched. Leaflets 11-19; flowers slightly larger, violet-purple, deflexed; calyx-teeth subulate, acuminate, longer than the tube, or equalling it; pod minutely pubes- cent, 3-8-jointed. Hudson Bay (according to Macoun); Northwest Territory to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer. 31. AESCHYNOMENE L. Sp. PI. 713. 1753. Herbs, or in tropical regions shrubs, mainly with odd-pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers in axillary panicles or clusters Calyx-teeth nearly equal, more or less united into 2 lips. Standard orbicular, short-clawed; wings oblong or obliquely obovate, about as long as the standard; keel curved. Stamens diadelphous (5 and 5); anthers all alike. Ovary stipitate; ovules 2-00. Pod stalked in the calyx, flat, jointed. [Greek, to be ashamed, referring to the sensitive leaves.] About 55 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern States. 312 PAPIUONACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Aeschynomene Virginica (X.) B.S.P. Sensitive Joint Vetch. (Fig. 2167.) Hedysarum Virginicum L. Sp. PI. 750. 1753. A Esc hynomene hispida Willd. Sp, PI. 3: 1163. 1800. AEschynomene Virginica B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 13. 1888. Annual, herbaceous, branched, erect, rough-pubes- cent or glabrate, 2°-5° high. Stipules membranous, ovate, acuminate, 3//-4// long, deciduous; leaves short- petiolcd; leaflets 25-55, oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, $"-<)" long; somewhat sensi- tive; flowers few, reddish-yellow, about 5" long; petals veined; pod linear, \'-i*£' long, 3" wide, sparingly tuberculate or glabrous, of 5-10 nearly square easily separable joints. River banks, southeastern Pennsylvania, southwest- ern New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana. Called also Bastard Sensitive Plant. Aug. -Sept. 32. STYLOSANTHES S\v. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ. 108. 1788. Perennial herbs, mainly with villous or viscid pubescence, 3-foliolate leaves, and yellow ter- minal or axillary spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, its teeth membranous, the 4 upper ones more or less united. Petals and stamens inserted at or near the summit of the tube; standard orbicular; wings oblong; keel curved, beaked. Stamens monadelphous; anthers alternately longer and shorter. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules 2-3; style filiform. Pod sessile, flattened, i-2-jointed, reticulate, dehiscent at the summit. [Greek, column-flower, alluding to the column-like calyx-tube. ] About 25 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern St;iU-->. i. Stylosanthes bifldra (L,.) B.S.P. Pencil-flower. (Fig. 2168.) Trifolinm biflornm L. Sp. 1M. 77;,. 1753. Stylosanthes elatior Sw. Svensk. Acacl. Handl. 1789: 296. pi. 2. f. 2. 1789. Slylosanthes biflora B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 13. 1888. Wiry, branched from the base and often also above, stems ascending, erect or spreading, villous-pubescent or glabrate, 6/-24/ long. Stipules sheathing the stem, linear-filiform above; leaves short-petiolcd; leaflets 3, oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, acute or acut- ish and mucronate at the apex, narrowed or cuncate at the base, 6"- 18" long, \]^"-i" wide, strongly veined, the terminal one stalked; flowers few, mainly terminal, sessile or nearly so, yellow, ciliate-bracted, $"-4" long; pod obovate or suborbicular, pubescent, about 2" long, of I perfect and i abortive joint In dry soil, southeastern New York to Florida, west to Indiana, Kansas, the Indian Territory and Louisiana. June-Sept. 33. ZORNIA Gmel. Syst. 2: 1096. 1791. Herbs, with digitately 4-foliolate or 2-foliolate petioled leaves, the leaflets not stipellate, the stipules small or foliaccous, sagittate. Flowers yellow in our species, small, interrupt- edly spicate, large-bracted, sessile, rarely solitary, the spikes axillary and terminal, pe- duncled. Bracts 2 together, nearly enclosing the flower. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stand- ard nearly orbicular, clawed; wings oblique; keel incurved. Stamens monadelphous; anthers alternately longer and shorter. Ovary sessile; ovules several; style very slender. Loment flat, several-jointed. [In honor of Johann Zorn, a German apothecary.] About 12 species, all natives of America, 2 of them naturalized in the warmer regions of the Old World. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern States. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 313 i. Zornia bracteata (Walt.) Gmel. Zornia. (Fig. 2169.) Anonymos bracteata Walt. Fl. Car. 181. 1788. Zornia bracteata Gmel. Syst. 2: 1096. 1791- Zornia tetraphylla Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 76. 1803. Perennial by a long woody root, glabrous or spar- ingly finely pubescent; stems wiry, prostrate, i°-2° long. Stipules about 3" long; petioles >^/-i/ long, slender; leaflets 4, oblong, lanceolate, or oblong- obovate, acute at both ends, X/-I/ l°ng> or those of the lower leaves obtuse at the apex and shorter; pe- duncles longer than the petioles; spikes several-flow- ered, much interrupted in fruit, 2/-4/ long; bracts ovate, or broadly oval, 3//-5// long, acute or acutish; pod 3-5-jointed, the joints oval, i^//-2// long, densely spinulose. In dry sandy soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida, Texas and Mexico. May-Aug. Arachis hypogaea L,. , the Pea-nut, is occasionally seen as a waif, not permanently established. 34. MEIBOMIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 509. 1763. [DESMODIUM Desv. Journ. Bot. (II.) i: 122. pi. 5, f. /j. 1813.] Perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, erect, ascending or trailing, with stipellate 3-foliolate or in some species i- or 5-foliolate leaves, and usually small flowers in terminal or axillary compound or simple racemes or panicles. Calyx-tube short, its teeth more or less united into 2 lips, the upper one variously 2-toothed, the 3 lower teeth acute or attenuate. Standard oblong, ovate or orbicular, narrowed or rarely clawed at the base; wings obliquely oblong; keel nearly straight, obtuse. Stamens rnonadelphous or diadelphous (9 and i); an- thers all alike. Ovary sessile or stalked; ovules 2-00. Loment flat, sessile or stalked, several jointed, the joints mainly coriaceous and pubescent or muricate, indehiscent or rarely parti- ally dehiscent, readily separable. [Named for Dr. Brandus Meibom, died at Helmstadt, 1740 ] A genus of about 160 species, natives of warm and temperate North and South America, South Africa and Australia. Besides the following, about 20 others occur in the southern and southwest- ern States. Our species are known as Tick-trefoil, or Tick-seed. •jf Loment not constricted above, deeply constricted below, long-stalked ; leaflets broad. Panicle arising from the base of the plant; peduncle usually leafless. i. M. nudifiora. Panicle terminal; leaves crowded at its base. 2. M. grandiftora. leaves scattered along the stem. 3. M. pauciflora. •5f -X- Loment constricted on both margins, more deeply below than above. t Stems trailing or reclining. Leaflets orbicular or nearly so. Leaflets i' long or less, glabrate, coriaceous. Leaflets i'-z' long, thinnish, usually quite pubescent. Leaflets ovate or oval. Corolla whitish; leaves yellowish green; stipules broadly ovate. Corolla purple; leaves dull green; stipules subulate. t t Stems erect or ascending. Leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets linear or lanceolate. Leaves petioled. Leaflets narrowly linear; joints of the loment usually concave on the back 9. Leaflets broad (except in J/. paniculate, Chapmani). 1. Joints of the loment notably longer than broad. Leaflets obtuse, rough-pubescent, yellowish green. 10. M. canescens. Leaflets long-acuminate, scabrate abcve, slightly villous beneath, u. M. longifolia. Leaflets long-acuminate, glabrous, glaucous beneath. 12. M. bracteosa. 2. Joints of the loment little longer than broad. (a. ) Loment distinctly long-stalked in the calyx. Plants glabrous, or nearly so (except in M. paniculata pubens). Leaflets lanceolate or oblong. 13. M. paniculata. Leaflets broadly ovate or oval, glaucous beneath. 14. M. laevigata. Plants pubescent or scabrous. Leaflets thick, coriaceous, villous and reticulated beneath. 15. M. rhombi folia. velvety-pubescent beneath. 16. M. viridifiora. Leaflets scarcely coriaceous, appressed-pubescent or villous beneath. 17. M. Dillenii. (b. ) Loment sessile in the calyx, or nearly so. Loment-joints 4-7; flowers numerous, showy. Leaflets coriaceous, strongly reticulated beneath. 18. M. Illinoensis. Leaflets riot coriaceous, scarcely reticulated beneath; loments numerous. 19. M. Canadensis. Loment-joints 1-3. Leaflets scabrous, i'-2' long. Leaflets not scabrous, 5"-io" long. Plant nearly glabrous throughout. Stem pubescent; leaflets and petioles ciliate. 4. M. arenicola. 5. M. Michauxii. 6. M. ochroleuca. 7. M. glabella. 8. M. sessilifolia. M. strict a. 20. M. rigida. 21. M. Marylandica. 22. M. obtusa. 314 PAPIUONACEAE. [Vol.. II. i. Meibomia nudiflora (I,.) Kuntze. Naked-flowered Tick-trefoil. (Fig.2i7O.) If Hedysarum nudiflorum L. Sp. PI. 749. 1753. 4 Desmodium nudiflorum DC. Prodr. 2: 330. 1825. Meibomia nudiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 197. 1891. Slender, erect or ascending, the leaves clustered at the summit of the sterile stems, the peduncle arising from the base of the plant, leafless or rarely with i or 2 leaves. Stipules subulate, deciduous; petioles i'-4' long; leaflets oval or ovate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, somewhat acuminate or with a blunt point, pale beneath, i'-3' long, the terminal one rhomboidal, the others inequilateral ; panicles narrow, few-flowered; flowers rose-purple, $"-*>" long; bracts deciduous; calyx-teeth obtuse, the low- est one largest; loment 2-3-jointed, the joints longer than wide, straight or concave on the back, ob- liquely semi-rhomboidal, pubescent with uncinate hairs, the sutures glabrous; stipe nearly as long as the pedicel. In dry woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. July-Aug. 2. Meibomia grandifldra (Walt.) Kuntze. Pointed-leaved Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2171.) Hedysarum grandiflorum Walt. Fl. Car. 185. 1788. Hedysarum acuminatttm Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 72. 1803. Desmodium acuminatum DC. Prodr. a: 329. 1825. Meibomia grandifiora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 196. 1891. Erect, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, i°-5° high. Leaves in a cluster at the summit of the stem, from which rises the slender peduncle; peti- oles 3/-6/ long; stipules subulate, generally persis- tent; leaflets ovate, acuminate, 2' -6' long, pubes- cent with scattered hairs on both surfaces; panicle ample; bracts deciduous; flowers large, purple; lo- ment 2-3- jointed; joints longer than wide, concave above, obliquely rounded below, uncinate- pubes- cent; stipe as long as the pedicel. In dry or rocky woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida, Nebraska and the Indian Territory. June-Sept. 3. Meibomia paucifldra (Nutt.) Kuntze. Few-flowered Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2172.) Hedysarum pauciflorum Nutt. Gen. 2: 109. 1818. Desmodium pauciflorum DC. Prodr. 2:330. 1825. Meibomia paucijiora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Decumbent or ascending, more or less pubes- cent with scattered hairs, i°-3° long. Stipules subulate, deciduous; leaves alternate, distant, pctioled; leaflets ovate, obtuse or bluntly acu- minate, pubescent, \'-T> long, the terminal one rhomboid; racemes terminal or sometimes also axillary, simple, few-flowered; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate; corolla white (?), about 3" long; loment i-4-jointed, the joints concave or straight on the back, obliquely rounded below, larger than those of the preceding species, uncinate-pubes- cent; siipe slightly shorter than the pedicel. In woods, Ontario? and western New York to Florida, west to Ohio, Arkansas and Louisiana. July-Aug. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 315 4. Meibomia arenicola Vail. Sand Tick- trefoil. (Fig. 2173.) Hedysarum lineatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 72. 1803. Not L. 1759. Desmodium lineatum DC. Prodr. 2: 330. 1825. Meibomia arenicola Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 140. 1806. Decumbent or prostrate, pubescent or gla- brate, slender, i°-2° long. Stipules subulate, persistent; petioles about %f long; leaflets ovate-orbicular, ^/-i/long, glabrous or nearly so, coriaceous, reticulate- veined ; racemes terminal and axillary, elongated, usually pu- bescent ; flowers purple, about 2//-3// long ; pedicels slender; loment small, 2-4-jointed, the joints uncinate-pubescent, less convex above than below, i^//-2^// long; stipe about equalling the calyx-lobes. In dry woods, Maryland to Florida, west to Louisiana. July-Sept. 5. Meibomia Michauxii Vail. Prostrate Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2174.) Hedysarum rolundifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 72. 1803. Not Vahl. 1791. Desmodium rotundifolium DC. Prodr. 2: 330. 1825. Meibomia rolundifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 197. 1891. M. Michauxii Vail, Bull.Torr.Club, 23: 140. 1896. Prostrate, 2°-6° long, softly pubescent, or densely villous. Stipules ovate or triangular- ovate, persistent, acuminate, somewhat cor- date, striate, ciliate; leaves petioled; leaflets nearly orbicular, pubescent, i/-2^/ long; pan- icles terminal and axillary, loose; bracts decid- uous; flowers purple, $"-$" long; calyx-lobes ciliate; loment i' long or more, 3~5-jointed; joints obliquely rhomboid below, slightly con- vex above, uncinate-pubescent; stipe equal- ling or longer than the calyx-lobes. Dry woods, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. July-Sept. 6. Meibomia ochroleuca (M. A. Curtis) Kuntze. Cream-flowered Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2175.) Desmodium ochroleucum M. A. Curtis; Canby, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1864: 17. 1864. Meibomia ochroleuca Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Procumbent or decumbent, hirsute, i°-3° long. Stipules ovate, persistent, cordate, striate; petioles %'-i%' long; leaflets yellowish green, rugose or nearly smooth above, reticulate-veined and some- what scabrous beneath, 8//-2/ long, the terminal one rhomboid, the lateral obliquely ovate, smaller, or sometimes wanting; racemes terminal and axil- lary, simple; bracts deciduous; flowers whitish; upper calyx-lobe minutely 2-toothed, the others at- tenuate; loment 2-3-jointed, the joints only slightly more convex below than above, twisted, oval, pale green, glabrous except the uncinate-pubescent sutures; stipe about as long as the calyx-lobes. In woodlands, New Jersey to Georgia; also in Ten- nessee and Stoddard Co., Mo. Aug. -Sept. PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. 7. Meibomia glabella (Michx.) Kuntze. Trailing Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 21 76. ) Hedysarum glabellum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 73. 1803. Desmodium humifusum Beck, Bot. 86. 1833. Meibomia glabella Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Procumbent, glabrous or nearly so, stem terete below, striate above, sometimes 8° long. Stipules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; leaves petioled; leaf- lets ovate or oval, obtuse, glabrous or sparingly pu- bescent above, pale beneath, i/-2^/ long.the ter- minal one slightly rhomboid; racemes terminal and axillary, panicled; bracts deciduous; flowers purple; calyx-lobes acute, the upper one 2-toothed, the others attenuate; loment 3~5-joiuted, the joints ob- liquely semi-rhomboidal, less convex above than below; stipe about 2" long, equalling or rather longer than the calyx-lobes. In dry sandy woods, eastern Massachusetts to New York, western New Jersey, and eastern Pennsylvania to South Carolina. Aug.-Sept. 8. Meibomia sessilifolia (Torr. ) Kunt/.e. (Fig. 2177.) Hedysarum sessilifolium Torr.; Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, i: 123. 1834. Desmodium sessilifolium T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 363- 1838. Meibomia sessilifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Erect, 2°-4° high, uncinate-pubescent. Stipules small, deciduous; leaves very nearly sessile; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, nearly glabrous above, reticulate- veined and pubescent beneath, I'-j' long, 3"-9" wide; racemes terminal, simple or compound; flowers small, 2//~3// long, pur- ple; pedicels very short; bracts deciduous; calyx-lobes acute, the upper one obliquely 2-toothed; loment i-3-jointed, the joints about 2" long, obliquely obovatc, hispid, somewhat twisted, less convex above than below; stipe not exceeding the calyx-lobes. In dry soil, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut to Michigan, south to Kentucky, Arkansas and Texas. July-Sept. Sessile-leaved Tick-trefoil. Meibomia stricta (Pursh) Kunt/.e. Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2178.) Stiff Hedysarum slrictum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 483. 1814. Desmodiinn ^tritium DC. Prodr. 2: 329. 1825. Meibomia stricla Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Erect, slender, finely pubescent, 2°-4° high. Stipules subulate, deciduous; leaves petioled; leaflets linear, ob- tuse, glabrous, thick, reticulate-veined, 1'-?.}^' long, about 3" wide; flowers i//-2// long; loment small, i-3-jointed; joints semi-obovate or semi-rhomboid, often slightly con- cave on the back, uncinate-pubescent, about i" long; pedicels short; stipe about equalling the calyx-lobes. Pine barrens of New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana. July-Sept. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 317 Hoary Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2179.) 10. Meibomia canescens (L,.) Kuntze. Hedysarum canescens L,. Sp. PI. 748. 1753- Desmodium canescens DC. Prodr. 2: 328. 1825. M. canescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 195. 1891. Erect, much branched, densely short- or vil- lous-pubesceut, 3°~5° high. Stipules ovate, acu- minate, somewhat cordate, persistent; leaves petioled; leaflets ovate, obtuse or acutish, \f-\f long, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, cili- ate, the terminal one commonly rhomboid and larger than the lateral ones; racemes terminal, compound; bracts deciduous; upper lobe of the calyx 2-toothed, the others attenuate; flowers 2//-2^// long; loment 4-6 jointed, joints longer than wide, unequally rhomboid, 4//-6// long; stipe about equalling the upper lobe of the calyx. In rich soil Ontario to Massachusetts, Florida, Minnesota and Texas. July-Sept. Meibomia canescens hirsuta ( Hook. ) Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: in. 1892. Desmodium Canadensevax. hirsuta Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 23. 1835. Stem and branches more densely villous-pubes- cent; leaflets narrower. Missouri. ii. Meibomia longifolia (T.&G.) Vail. Long-leaved Tick- trefoil. (Fig. 2180.) Desmodium Canadense var. longifolium T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:365. 1838. Meibomia longifolia Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 140. 1896. Erect, 2°-5° high, the angled stems and pani- cle minutely pubescent. Stipules lanceolate- setaceous, deciduous or persistent; leaves pe- tioled; leaflets 2/-5/ long, lanceolate-ovate or ovate, cuspidate, scabrate or rugose above, lighter, appressed-pubescent or villous beneath; flowers showy, purple; bracts deciduous; the up- per calyx-lobe 2-toothed, the lower ones attenu- ate; loment i'-3' long, 4-6 jointed the joints triangular-oblong, or lozenge-shaped, uucinate- pubescent throughout; stipe about the length of the calyx-lobes. In rich soil and low woods, Illinois to Louisiana and Alabama. June-Sept. 12. Meibomia bracteosa (Michx.) Kuntze. Large-bracted Tick-trefoil. ( Fig. 2181.) Hedysarum bracteosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 73. 1803. Desmodium bracteosum DC. Prodr. 2: 329. 1825. Desmodium cuspidatum Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 23. 1835- Meibomia bracteosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 195. 1891. Erect, 3°-6° high, glabrous or nearly so below, the panicle finely pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, cuspidate, somewhat cordate, deciduous or persis- tent; leaves petioled; leaflets 2/-8/ long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or very nearly so; flowers large, purple, 4//-5// long; bracts decid- uous, cuspidate, striate; calyx deeply 2-lipped, the upper lobe 2-toothed, the others acute; loment i'- 3' long, 3-7-jointed, the joints obliquely-oblong, about twice as long as wide, uncinate-pubescent, especially on the sutures; stipe about the length of the lower calyx-lobes. In thickets, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Missouri and Texas. Aug. -Sept. PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. 13. Meibomia paniculata (I,.) Kuntze. Panicled Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2182.) Hedysarum paniculatum L. Sp. PI. 749. J?53- Desmodium paniculatum DC. Prodr. 2: 329. 1825. Meibomia paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Erect, slender, nearly glabrous, 2°-4° high. Stipules small, subulate, mainly deciduous; leaves petioled; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, i/-2/ long; racemes terminal, compound; bracts decid- uous; upper calyx-lobe deeply 2-toothed, the 3 lower ones attenuate, with the middle one elongated; flowers purple, 3//-4// long; loment \f long or more, 4-6-jointed, the joints obliquely triangular or rhomboid, minutely uncinate-pubescent; stipe nearly equalling the lower lobes of the calyx. In dry soil, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Massachusetts, Florida and Texas. July-Sept. Meibomia paniculata Chapmani Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 204. 1894. Desmodium paniculatnm var. angustifolium T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 364. 1838. Meibomia angustifolia Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 481. ^-n ,, iTff/^-j^-vz^ I894- Not Kuntze, 1891. I ^^^ J ie£2£^ • More slender, leaflets linear. Intermediate forms also '. /£Zs^ Lr"^ occur. In dry, sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Kentucky and Texas. Meibomia paniculata pubens (T. & G.) Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 112. 1892. Desmodium paniculatum var. pubens T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 364. 1838. Desmodium pubens Young, Fl. Texas, 233. 1873. Stems puberulent; leaflets coriaceous when old, oblong- lanceolate, sometimes scabrous above, pubescent beneath; loment-joints strongly angled on the back. In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, the Indian Territory, and Texas. 14. Meibomia laevigata (Nutt.) Kuntze. Smooth Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2183. ) Hedysarum laevigatum Nutt. Gen. 2: 109. 1818. Desmodium laevigatum DC. Prodr. 2: 329. 1825. Meibomia laevigata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Erect or ascending, 2°-4° high, glabrous. Stipules subulate, deciduous; petioles i/-2/ long, leaflets ovate, acutish, somewhat glaucous beneath, the terminal one larger than the lateral and more or less rhomboid; ra- cemes terminal, compound, slightly pubescent; bracts deciduous; calyx scabrous, the upper lobe entire or mi- nutely 2-toothed, the 3 lower attenuate; flowers pink, 5"- 6" long; loment 3~4-jointed, the joints triangular, angled on the back, uncinate-pubescent; stipe 2"-$" long. In dry woods, southern New York to Florida, Missouri and Texas. Stem terete, glaucous. Aug. -Sept. 15. Meibomia rhombifdlia (Ell.) Vail. Rhomb-leaved Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2184.) Hedysarum rhombifolium Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2. 216. 1824. Desmodium rhombifolium DC. Prodr. 2: 330. 1825. Desmodium Floridanum Chapm. Fl. 102. 1860. Meibomia Floridana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. .)/. thombifolia Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 113. 1892. Erect or ascending, 2°-3° high or more, uncinate- pubescent, simple or branched. Stipules subulate, taper- pointed; leaves ovate, often mucronulate, cori- aceous, scabrous above, villous and reticulated be- neath, 2/-3>£/ long, the terminal rhomboid, the lat- eral ones often wanting; racemes terminal, simple or panicled, elongated, usually leafless; bracts minute, deciduous; calyx-lobes acute, the upper one 2- toothed; loment 2-5-jointed, the joints obliquely semi-rhomboid, rounded on the back, uncinate- pubescent; stipe often as long as the lowest joint. In sandy soil and pine lands, Virginia and Florida, west to Alabama and Louisiana. May-Sept. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 319 16. Meibomia viridiflora (I,.) Kuntze. Velvet-leaved Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2185.) Hedysarum viridiflorum L. Sp. PI. 748. 1753. Desmodium viridiflorum Beck, Bot. 84. 1833. Meibomia viridiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 197. 1891. Erect, rather stout, downy-pubescent, 2°-4° high. Stipules lanceolate, mainly deciduous; pet- oles YZ'-^YZ' long; leaflets broadly ovate, rough above, densely velvety-pubescent beneath, \f-$%' long, the terminal one somewhat rhomboid; ra- cemes compound, elongated, terminal, uncinate- pubescent; bracts deciduous; upper calyx-lobe minutely 2-toothed, the 3 lower ones attenuate; flowers purple, 3//-4// long; loment 2-4-jointed, the joints semi-rhomboid, uncinate, about 2" long; stipe about equalling the lower lobes of the calyx. Dry woods, eastern Pennsylvania and southern * New York to Florida, west to Michigan, Missouri and j Texas. Aug. -Oct. 17. Meibomia Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. Dillen's Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2186. ) Hedysarum Marylandicum Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1189. 1803. Not L. 1753. Desmodium Dillenii Darl. Fl. Cest. 414. 1837. Meibomia Dillenii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 195. 1891. Erect, 2°~3° high, pubescent with scattered hairs, or nearly glabrous. Stipules subulate, mainly deciduous; petioles i/-2/ long; leaflets usually thin, oval or oblong-ovate, obtuse, i%'- 4' long, %'-!%' wide, sparingly pubescent or glabrous above, softly pubescent or villous be- neath; racemes terminal, compound, loose; bracts small, deciduous; upper calyx-lobe entire or minutely 2-toothed, the lower ones slender; flow- ers 3//-4// long; loment 2-4-jointed, the joints nearly triangular, about $" long, somewhat con- vex on the back, uncinate-pubescent; stipe shorter than the calyx-lobes. Woods, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri andTexas. Variable. June-Sept. 18. Meibomia Illinoensis (A. Gray) Kuntze. Illinois Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2 187.) Desmodium Illinoense A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 289. 1870. Meibomia Illinoensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Erect, stout, 2°-4° high, uncinate-pubescent. Stipules ovate, acute, cordate, ciliate, pubescent, persistent; petioles i/-2/ long; leaflets lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, obtusish, coriaceous, scabrous above, strongly reticulate veined and cinereous beneath, 2/~3^/ long, the terminal one broader and longer than the lateral; ra- cemes terminal, simple or compound; bracts deciduous, ovate-lanceolate; calyx-lobes acute, the upper one minutely 2-toothed; flowers 3"- 4" long; loments y^'-\' long, often in pairs, 3- 6-jointed, the joints oval or orbicular, densely uncinate-pubescent; stipe not longer than the short upper lobe of the calyx. Prairies, Nebraska and Illinois to Iowa and Kansas. June-Sept. 320 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vox,. II. Meibomia Canadensis (L,.) Kuntze. Canadian or Showy Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2188.) Hedysarum Canadense L. Sp. PI. 748. 1753. Desmodium Canadense DC. Prodr. a: 328. 1825. Meibomia Canadensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 195. 1891. Erect, stout, pubescent, 2°-8° high. Stipules linear-lanceolate, mostly persistent; lower peti- oles */i'-\f long, the upper leaves nearly sessile; leaflets oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, gla- brous or roughish above, appressed-pubescent beneath; racemes terminal, densely panicled; flowers large, 5"-S" long, conspicuous, pur- ple or bluish-purple; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate, at length deciduous; calyx-lobes attenuate, the upper 2-toothed, the lower ones elongated; lomcnt nearly sessile in the calyx, about i' long, 3-5-jointed ; joints triangular, straight or convex on back, uncinate-pubescent. Thickets and river-banks, New Brunswick to. Manitoba and Dakota, south to North Carolina, Missouri and the Indian Territory. Our most showy- flowered species. July-Sept. 20. Meibomia rigida (Ell.) KUIU/L-. Rigid Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2189.) Hedysarum figidum Ell. Bot. S. C. and Ga. a: 215. 1824. Desmodium rffUum DC. Prodr. a: 330. 1825. Meibomia rigida Kunt/.e, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Erect, rather rigid, finely uncinate-pubes- cent, 2°-3° high. Stipules small, lanceolate, deciduous; leaves petioled; leaflets ovate or oval, obtuse, thickish, scabrous above, pubes- cent, especially along the veins beneath, i'-2' long; racemes terminal, compound; flowers very small, \"-i" long, purplish; upper lobe of the calyx entire or minutely 2-toothed, the 3 lower ones slender; loment sessile in the calyx, i-3-jointed, the joints obliquely ovate, rounded on the back, uncinate-pubescent, about i%" long. In dry soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Michigan, Nebraska and Louisiana. July-Oct. 21. Meibomia Marylandica (L.) Kuntze. Smooth Small-leaved Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2190.) Hedysarum Marylandicum L. Sp. PI. 748. 1753. Desmodium Marvlandiciim Boott; Darl. Fl. Cestr. 412. 1837. Meibomia Marylandica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891. Erect or ascending, glabrous, rarely with a few scattered hairs, 2°-3° high. Stipules subulate, decid- uous or persistent; petioles 3//-6// long; leaves crowded; leaflets $"-11" long, ovate or nearly orbi- cular, obtuse, glabrous on both sides, the lateral often subcordate; upper lobe of the calyx emarginate or mi- nutely 2-toothed; racemes panicled; corolla purplish, very small, \"-i" long; lotnent sessile in the calyx or nearly so, i-3-jointcd, the joints small, obliquely oval or semi- orbicular. In dry soil and in copses, Ontario to Massachusetts, Florida, Michigan and Louisiana. July-Sept. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 22. Meibomia obtusa (Muhl.) Vail. Hairy Small-leaved Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2191.) Hedysarum obtusum Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1190. 1803. Hedysarum ciliare Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1196. 1803. Desmodium ciliare DC. Prodr. 2: 329. 1825. Meibomia obtusa Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 115. 1892. Erect, bushy, 2°-3° high, pubescent. Stipules subu- late, deciduous; leaves crowded; petioles ciliate, shorter than the leaflets; leaflets broadly ovate or oval, obtuse, somewhat coriaceous, more or less pubescent on both sides, ciliate, 6//-i2// long; racemes terminal, compound or simple, uncinate-pubescent; upper lobe of the calyx entire or minutely 2- toothed, the lower ones acute; flowers i//-2// long; loment 2-3-jointed, the joints obliquely oval; stipe not exceeding the calyx-lobes. Dry soil, Ontario to Massachusetts and Florida, west to Michigan and Texas. July-Oct. 35. LESPEDEZA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 70. 1803. Herbs, often somewhat woody, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, small stipules, and small purple or whitish flowers in axillary clusters, heads or panicles. Flowers often of 2 kinds intermixed, the one petaliferous and mainly sterile, the other minute, apetalous, abundantly fertile. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Standard in the petaliferous flowers obovate or oblong, clawed; wings oblong; keel incurved. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or stipitate, i-ovuled. Pod ovate, oblong, oval or sub- orbicular, flat, indehiscent, reticulated, composed of a single joint, or rarely with a second stalk-like joint at the base. [Named for Lespedez, governor of Florida, patron of Michaux.] A genus of about 35 species, natives of eastern North America, Asia and Australia. Perennials; stipules and bracts subulate; calyx-lobes narrow. •X- Both petaliferous and apetalous flowers present; corolla purple or purplish ; pod exserted. Peduncles slender and mostly exceeding the leaves. Petaliferous flowers capitate or spicate. Plants trailing or diffusely procumbent. Glabrous or appressed-pubescent. Woolly or downy-pubescent. Plants erect, rather stout, pubescent. Petaliferous flowers loosely paniculate; stem erect or ascending. Flower-clusters of both kinds sessile or nearly so. Leaflets oval, oblong or orbicular. Foliage densely downy-pubescent. Foliage glabrate or appressed-pubescent. Leaflets linear or linear-oblong. •X- -X- Flowers all complete; corolla whitish or yellowish; pod included or scarcely exserted. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, or nearly orbicular. Peduncles exceeding the leaves. 8. L, hirta. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. g. /,. capitata. Leaves linear or linear-oblong; peduncles elongated. 1. L. repcns. 2. L. procumbens. 3. L. Nuttallii. 4. L. violacea. L. Stuvei. L. frutescens. L. Virginica. Spikes densely-flowered. Spikes interrupted, loosely-flowered. Annual; stipules ovate; calyx-lobes broad. 10. L. angustifolia. n. L. leptpstachya. 12. L. striata. i. Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart. Creeping Bush-clover. (Fig. 2 1 92. ) Hedysarum repens L. Sp. PI. 749. 1753- L. repens Bart. Prodr. Fl. Phil. 2: 77. 1818. Trailing or diffusely procumbent, gla- brate or appressed-pubescent, tufted, stems slender, simple or somewhat branched, 6/-24/ long. Petioles shorter than the leaves; stipules subulate, about i" long; leaflets oval or obovate, obtuse or retuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 3//-8// long; peduncles of the petal- iferous flower-clusters slender, much ex- ceeding the leaves; inflorescence rather loose; corolla violet-purple, 2//-3// long- pod oval-orbicular, acute, finely pubes- cent, i%'f long. In dry or sandy soil, Long Island to Flor- ida, Minnesota and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 322 PAPIUONACEAE. [.VOL. II. 2. Lespedeza procumbens Michx. Trailing Bush-clover. (Fig. 2193.) Lesf>edeza procumbens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 70. 1803. Woolly or downy-pubescent, trailing, pro- cumbent or sometimes ascending, stouter than the preceding species, stems I2/~3O/ long. Stipules subulate; petioles commonly much shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval or elliptic, rarely slightly obovate, obtuse or retusc at the apex, rounded at the base, 5"-! 2" long; pe- duncles of the petaliferous flower-clusters longer than the leaves, or the flowers sometimes all apctalous and nearly sessile; corolla violet- purple or pinkish purple; pod oval-orbicular, acute, pubescent, \W long. In dry soil, Massachusetts to Floiida. \vt.st to the Indian Territory and Louisiana. Aug.-S< pt 3. Lespedeza Nuttallii Darl. Xuttall's Bush-clover. (Fig. 2194.) Lespedeza Xnltallii Darl. Fl. Cest. Ed. 2, 420. 1837. Erect or ascending, simple or branched, more or less villous-pubescent, 2°-3° high. Stipules subulate; petioles shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, obovate or suborbicular, thickish, obtuse or cmarginate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, dark green and glabrous or nearly so above, villous- pubescent beneath, 4"- 20" long, 3//-io// wide; pedun- cles mostly exceeding the leaves; inflorescence capi- tate, or spicate, dense; flowers violet-purple, about 3" long; pod oblong, or oval, acuminate or acute at each end, very pubescent, 2/4 "-3" long. Dry soil, southern New Ivnuland ami New York to Michigan. Florida and Kansas. Aug.-Scpt. 4. Lespedeza violacea (L. ) Pers. Bush-clover. (Fig. 2195.) ///• 1753- 1807. Erect or ascending, sparingly pubescent, usually much branched, i°-3° high. Stipules subulate, 2"-$" long; petioles shorter than or equalling the leaves; leaflets oval, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, thin, obtuse or retuse at the apex, rounded at the base, 6//-2/ long, appressed- pubescent beneath; peduncles, at least the upper ones, longer than the leaves; inflorescence loose, paniculate; corolla violet-purple, 3//-5// long; pod ovate or oval, acute, finely and sparingly . -X. pubescent, or glabrate, 2//-3// long. In dry soil, New Kngland to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas, Louisiana and northern Mexico. Aug.-Sept. Vol.. II.] PEA FAMILY. 323 5. Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt. Stuve's Bush-clover. (Fig 2196.) Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt. Gen. 2: 107. 1818. Erect or ascending, simple and \vand-like or sometimes slightly branched, densely velvety or downy pubescent all over, 2°-4° high. Stipules subulate, 2"-$" long; petioles commonly much shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, oblong or suborbicular, obtuse or retuse at the apex, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, 6//-io// or rarely 15" long; flowers of both kinds in nearly sessile axillary clusters; corolla violet- purple, 2//-3// long; pod ovate-oblong to orbicular, acute, or ob- long, 2//-3// long, downy-pubescent. Dry soil, Long Island to Virginia, west to Michigan and the Indian Territory. Aug.-Sept. Lespedeza Stuvei neglecta Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 206. 1894. Leaflets linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronu- late. New Jersey and Pennsylvania to North Caro- lina, Georgia, Missouri and Texas. 6. Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Britton. Wand-like Bush-clover. (Fig. 2197.) Hedysarum frutescens L. Sp. PI. 748. 1753. Lespedeza reticulata S. Wats. Bibliog. In- dex, i: 233. 1878. Not Pers. 1807. Lespedeza Stuvei var. intermedia S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 147. 1890. Lespedeza frutescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 205. 1894. Erect, simple or branched, finely ap- pressed-pubescent or glabrate, i°-3° high. Stipules subulate, 2"-$" long; petioles equalling or shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, oblong or elliptic, obtuse, truncate or retuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 6//-iS// long, glabrous and dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath; flowers of both kinds in short-stalked or nearly ses- sile axillary clusters, generally crowded toward the summit of the stem; cor- olla violet-purple, 2//-3// long; pod ovate- oblong, acute, pubescent, about 2" long. Dry soil, Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida, Illinois and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 7. Lespedeza Virginica (L.) Britton. Slender Bush-clover. (Fig. 2198.) Medicago I'irginica L. Sp. PI. 778. 1753. Lespedeza violacea var. angustifolia T. & (i. Fl. N. A. i: 367. 1840. Lespedeza I'irginica Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 12 : 64. 1893. Erect, slender, simple and wand-like or branched, resembling the preceding species. Leaflets linear or oblong-linear, 6//-i8// long, i"-2^" wide, truncate, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, finely pubescent beneath, or glabrate on both surfaces; clusters of both kinds of flowers sessile, or nearly so, crowded in the upper axils; flowers violet-purple, 2"- 3" long; pod ovate, or oval-orbicular, acute, or obtuse, 2" long; pubescent, or nearly glabrous. Dry soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 324 PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. 8. Lespedeza hirta (L.) Ell. Hairy Bush-clover. (Fig. 2199.) Hedysarum hirium L. Sp. PI. 748. 1753. L. polystachya Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:71. 1803. Lespedeza hirta Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 207. 1824. Erect or ascending, rather stout.generally branch- ing above, villous or silky-pubescent, 2°-4° high. Stipules subulate, i"-*%/f long; petioles shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, or suborbicular, obtuse at each end, sometimes emarginate at the apex, 6"- 2' long; peduncles elongated, often much exceeding the leaves; heads oblong-cylindric.rather dense, %'- i^'long; flowers all complete; corolla yellowish- white or the standard purple spotted, about 3" long; pod oval, acute, very pubescent, about equalling the calyx-lobes. Dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Florida, west to Illinois, Minnesota and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. Lespedeza hirta obloneifolia Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xa: 66. 1893. Leaves oblong, obtuse at each end, 9"-is" long, a"-4" wide, glabrate above, appressed-pubes- cent below; peduncles slender; spikes looser, I'—IJf1 long; calyx very pubescent. Pine barrens, Egg Harbor, X. J., and in the Southern States. 9. Lespedeza capitata Michx. Hedvsarum frutescensVf'\\\A. Sp. PI. 3: 1193. Not L. 1/53, L. capitata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 71. 1803. Lespedeza frutescens Ell. Bot. S. C a: 206. 1824. Lespedeza capitata var. sericea H. & A. Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 23. 1835. Stiff, erect or ascending, mainly simple and •wand-like, silky or silvery pubescent, 2°-5#° high. Stipules subulate; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets oblong or oval, obtuse or acute at each end, I'-iJ^' long, $"-$" wide; peduncles much shorter than the leaves, or the dense globose-ob- long heads sessile in the upper axils; flowers all complete; corolla yellowish-white, with a purple spot on the standard, 3" long; pod ovate-oblong, pubescent, about half as long as the calyx-lobes. Dry fields, Ontario and Maine to Florida, Minne- sota. Nebraska and Louisiana. Aug. -Sept. Lespedeza capitata longifolia (DC.) T. & G. Fl. N. A. x: 368. 1840. Lespedeza longifolia DC. Prodr. a: 349. 1825. Leaflets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, some- times 4' long. Illinois and Missouri. Round-headed Bush-clover. (Fig. 2200.) 1803. 10. Lespedeza angustifdlia (Pursh) Ell. Narrow-leaved Bush-clover. (Fig. 2201.) Lespedeza capitata var. angustifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 480. 1814. L. angustifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga.2: 206. 1824. Erect, simple, or branched above, slender, appressed-pubescent, 2°-3° high. Stipules subulate; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets linear or oblong-linear, rarely some of the lower ones lance-linear, I'-i^'long, i//-2// wide.obtuse, truncate or acutish at the apex; peduncles elongated, usually exceeding the leaves; flow- ers nearly as in the preceding species; pod ovate-orbicular, shorter than the calyx-lobes. Dry sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts, Long Island, south to Florida, west to Michigan and Louisiana. Aug. -Sept. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 325 ii. Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm. Prairie Bush-clover. (Fig. 2202.) Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm.; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 57. 1876. Erect, simple or branched, i°-3° high, silvery-pu- bescent with appressed hairs. Stipules subulate; petioles shorter than the leaves; leaflets linear, I'-i^7 long, i//-2// wide; spikes slender, interrupted and loosely flowered, on peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; corolla as in the preceding species; flowers all complete; pod ovate, pubescent, about 1%" long, nearly equalling the calyx. Prairies, Illinois to Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Aug.-Sept. 12. Lespedeza striata (Thunb.) H. & A. Japan Clover. (Fig. 2203.) Hedysarum striatum Thunb. Fl. Jap. 289. 1784. Lespedeza striata H. & A. Bot. Beechey, 262. 1841 . Annual, diffuse or ascending, branched, tufted, sparingly appressed-pubescent, 6/-i2/ long. Stipules ovate, acute or acuminate, i"- 2" long; petioles much shorter than the leaves; leaflets oblong or oblong-obovate, 4//-9// long, i//-4// wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, their margins usually sparingly ciliate; flowers 1-3 together, both petaliferous and apet- alous, sessile or nearly so in the axils; corolla pink or purple, about l/i" long ; calyx-lobes ovate; pod oval, acute, exceeding the calyx- lobes. In fields, Virginia to Illinois, Missouri, and very common in the Southern States. Naturalized from eastern Asia. Hoopkoop-plant. July-Aug. 36. VICIA I,. Sp. PI. 734- 1753- Climbing or trailing, herbaceous vines, with pinnate tendril-bearing leaves, half-sagit- tate or entire stipules, and axillary sessile or racemose, blue violet or yellowish flowers. Calyx-tube somewhat oblique, obtuse at the base, its teeth about equal, or the two upper ones slightly longer. Standard obovate or oblong, emarginate, clawed ; wings obliquely oblong, adherent to the shorter oblong curved keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i), or monadelphous below ; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or stipitate ; ovules co ; style very slender, with a tuft or ring of hairs at its summit. Pod flat, dehiscent, 2-valved, con- tinuous between the seeds. [The classical Latin name of the Vetch.] About 120 species of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, about 12 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Flowers racemed or spicate; peduncles elongated. Indigenous perennials. Spike-like racemes dense, i -sided, 15-40-2 owe red. i. V. Cracca. Racemes loose, i-2o-flowered. Flowers 7"-io" long. Leaflets elliptic, or ovate -oblong. 2. V. Americana. Leaflets narrowly linear; western. 3. V. linearis. Flowers 2" -5" long. Racemes 8-20- flowered; flowers 4" -5" long. 4. V. Caroliniana. Racemes i-6-flowered; flowers 2" -4 long. Leaflets 2-5 pairs, linear, or those of the lower leaves oval or obovate. 5. V. micrantha. Leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, all oval, elliptic or obovate. 6. V. Ludoviciana. Introduced annuals; flowers few, 2" -3" long. Pod glabrous, 3-6-seeded. 7. V. tetrasperma. Pod pubescent, 2-seeded. 8. V. hirsuta. 326 PAPILIOXACEAE. Flowers sessile or very nearly so, few, axillary. Flowers i or 2 in the axils; annuals. Leaflets oblong, oval or obovate. Leaflets, except those of lower leaves, linear, or linear-oblong. Flowers 2-6 in a short nearly sessile raceme; perennial. [Vol.. II. 9. I '. satiz-a. 10. V. angustifolia. 11. I'. Sepium. i. Vicia Cracca L. Tufted or Cow Vetch. Blue Vetch. (Fig. 2204.) 1'ic! a Cracca L,. Sp. PL 735. 1753. Perennial, finely pubescent or sometimes gla- brate, stems tufted, slender, wtak, climbing or trail- ing, 2°-4° long. Stipules linear, acute, entire, i//-4// long; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 18-24, thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, mucron- ate, 8//-io//long, i^//-2//wide;peduncles axillary, shorter than or equalling the leaves; spike-like racemes dense, i'-4' long; flowers bluish-purple, 5//-6// long, reflexed; pod short-stalked, glabrous, 9"-i2" long, about 3" wide, 5-S-seeded. In dry soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south t<- Nt \v York, New Jersey. Kentucky and Iowa. Also in Knrope and Asia. Tinesrrass. Cat-peas. Juiu— Aug. 2. Vicia Americana Mtihl. American Vetch. Pea Vine. (Fig. 2205.) I'ii-ia Americana Muhl.; Willd. Sp. I'l. 3: 1096. 1803. Perennial, glabrous or with some appressed pu- bescence, trailing or climbing, 2°-3° long. Leaves nearly sessile; stipules broad, foliaceous, triangular- ovate, sharply toothed, 2"-$" long; leaflets 8-14, elliptic, ovate or oblong, obtuse or sometimes emar- ginate and mucromilate at the apex, rounded at the base, S'^iS" long, 3"-7" wide; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves; racemes loose, 3-9-flowered; flowers bluish-purple, S//-o// long, spreading; pod short stalked, glabrous, x'-i^7 long, 4~7-seeded. In »n<>ist ground. New Brunswick to Miinitot>a ami British Columbia, south to Virginia, Kentucky and Nevada. Leaflets of lower leaves sometimes narrow. Ascends to vv" ft. in Virginia. May-Aug. Vicia Americana truncata t Nutt. i Brewer, in Iln-w vS: Wat*. Hot. Cal. i: 158. 1876. I'icia truncata Nutt.; T. & C.. Fl. N. A. i: 270. Leaflets thick, oblong or obovate, truncate and dentate at the ap<-\. north to Vancouver. 3. Vicia linearis (Nutt.) Greene. Narrow- leaved American Vetch. (Fig. 2206.) /.alhynix linraris Nutt. ; T. K (',. Fl. N. A. 1:27*,. I'icia Americana var. linearis S Wats. l'n>c. Am. 11: 1.^4. / icia linearis Greene, Fl. Franeis. ;,. isgi. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, stems weak, often zigzag, i°-2° long. Leaflets 4-7 pairs, nar- rowly linear to linear-oblong, <)"-\W long, l/2f'- 2" wide, rather thick, acute or obtusish, the apex not toothed, mucronate; stipules 2//-4// long, half- sagittate, acuminate, their bases prolonged, some- times dentate; peduncles shorter than the leaves, or about equalling them; racemes loose, 2-6-flow- ered; flowers purple or purplish, about 9" long; pod about i' long, 3" wide or rather more, gla- brous, short-stalked. In dry soil. Northwest Territory to British Columbia, Kansas. New Mexico and California. May-Aug. Nebraska to California, VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 327 4. Vicia Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Vetch. (Fig. 2207.) I'icia Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 182. 1788. 1'icia parviflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 69. 1803. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, trailing or climbing, slender, 2°-3° long. Stipules linear or oblong, entire, 2//~3// long; leaves short-petioled; leaflets S-iS, oblong or linear- oblong, entire obtuse or emarginate, or some- times acutish and mucronate, 6//-io// long, i|/2//-5// wide; peduncles equalling or shorter than the leaves; racemes loosely 8-2o-flow- ered; flowers nearly white, 4//~5// long, the keel bluish-tipped; pod glabrous, 8//-i4// long, short-stalked, 5-S-seeded. River-banks and cliffs, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Kentucky, and Kansas (accord- ing to S. Watson). Ascends to 3500 feet in Vir- ginia. May-July. 6. Vicia Ludoviciana Xutt. Lou- isiana Vetch. (Fig. 2209.) I'icia Ludoviciana Xutt.: T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 271. iS Perennial, glabrous, or the young parts pubescent; stem rather stout, angled, i}4°- 3° long. Leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, elliptic, oval or obovate, thin, 6//-io// long, 2//-4// wide, obtuse or emarginate; stipules very narrow, rarely over 3" long, linear, or half-sagittate; peduncles shorter than the leaves, or about equalling them, 2-6-flowcred (rarely i- flowered); flowers 3//-4// long, bluish; pod i' long, or rather more, 3//-5// wide, gla- brous, 4-6-seeded, the seeds compressed. Kansas (?), Texas and Louisiana to Florida. April-May. 5. Vicia micrantha Nutt. Small-flow- ered Vetch. (Fig. 2208.) / 'icia micrantha Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. I: 271. 1838. Perennial (or sometimes annual ?) glabrous, stems very slender, i°-2° long. Leaflets 2-5 pairs, narrowly linear to linear-oblong, thin, yt'-\y-tf long, i//-2// wide, obtuse, acutish or cmargiuate, or those of the lower leaves obo- vate, oval, or even obcordate, usually shorter; peduncles 4"- 1 5" long, i-2-flowered; flowers 2//-3//long, purplish; pod slightly pubescent, or glabrous, about i' long, 2>£" wide, 6-12- seeded; seeds compressed. On prairies and in thickets, Missouri to Ten- m-sst-e, Alabama and Texas. April-May. PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. 7. Vicia tetrasperma (I,.) Moench. Slender Vetch. Smooth or Lentil Tare. (Fig. 2210.) Ervum leiraspermum L. Sp. PI. 738. 1753. Vicia letrasperma Moench, Meth. 148. 1794. Annual, glabrous or nearly so, weak, slen- der, 6/-24/ long. Stipules linear, long-auric- ulate at the base; leaves short-petioled ; leaf- lets thin, 6-12, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, commonly mucronulate, 6//-8// long; peduncles filiform, equalling or shorter than the leaves, i-6-flowered; flowers pale blue or purplish, 2//-3// long; pod 4//-6// long, glabrous, 3-6-seeded. In meadows and waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. June-Sept. 8. Vicia hirsuta (L.) Koch. Ervum hirsutum 1,. Sp. PI. 738. 1753. Vicia Milchelli Raf. Prec. Decouv. 37. 1814. Vicia hirsula Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 191. 1837- Sparingly pubescent, or glabrous, annual, much resembling the preced- ing species. Stipules linear, long- auriculate and sometimes toothed; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 12-14, oblong or linear, obtuse, emarginate or truncate, mucronulate, 4//-8// long, narrowed at the base; peduncles slen- der, mainly shorter than the leaves, 2-6-flowered ; flowers pale purplish blue, about \W long; pod oblong, pubescent, 4//-6// long, 2-seeded. In fields and waste places, Virginia to Ohio and New Brunswick. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Tine-tare, Strangle-tare. May-Sept. Hairy Vetch or Tare. (Fig. 2211.) 9. Vicia sativa I,. Common Vetch or Tare. Pebble-vetch. (Fig. 2212.) J 'icia saliva L. Sp. PI. 736. 1753. Annual, pubescent or glabrate, spreading, ascending or climbing, i°-3° long. Stipules broad, generally sharply toothed; leaves short-petioled; leaflets 8-14, obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, truncate or retuse and mucronate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 9f/-i5// long, 2//-4// wide; flowers i or 2 in the axils, sessile or short-peduncled, bluish-purple, 9//-i2// long; calyx-teeth about as long as the tube; pod linear-ob- long, glabrous, 1%'-$' long, about 4" wide, 5-10- seeded. In fields and waste places, frequent or occasional through- out our area, in the southern States and on the Pacific Coast. Adventive from Europe, where it is extensively cultivated for fodder. May-Aug. Vol.. II.] PEA FAMILY. 329 (Fig. 2213.) 10. Vicia angustifolia Roth. Smaller Common Vetch. Vicia angustifolia Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ, i: 310. 1788. Vicia saliva var. angustifolia Ser. in DC. Prodr. 2: 361. 1825. Annual, glabrous or puberulent; stem slen- der, i°-2° long. Stipules mostly half-sagit- tate, toothed, or entire; leaves short-petioled, or nearly sessile; leaflets 8-16, linear, lanceo- late, or oblanceolate, 4//-i8// long, i//-2// wide, acute, obtuse, truncate or emarginate at the apex, mucronulate, those of the lower leaves commonly obovate, broader and shorter; flowers I or 2 in the upper axils, purple, 6//-8// long; calyx-teeth as long as the tube or shorter; pod linear, glabrous, i/-2/ long. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Flor- ida, mostly near the coast. Naturalized from Europe. Widely distributed as a weed in tem- perate regions. April-July. ii. Vicia Sepium L. Bush Vetch. Wild Tare. (Fig. 2214.) Vicia Sepium L. Sp. PI. 737. 1753. Perennial by slender stolons, minutely pubescent; stem slender, 2°-3° long. Leaves short-petioled, 2/-6/ long; leaflets 10-18, ovate or oval, 6//-i2// long, 3//~7// wide, emargi- nate or truncate at the apex, mucronulate, thin; stipules half-sagittate, 5" long or less; racemes in i or more of the upper axils, 2-6- flowered, Y^'-\' long, nearly sessile; flowers very short-pedicelled, pale purple, 6//-io// long; calyx-teeth unequal, shorter than the tube; pod io//-i5// long, about 3// wide, glabrous. Railway embankment near Hamilton, Ontario. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Crow-peas. May-July. Ervum Lens L , the Lentil, distinguished from all our species of Vicia by its elongated calyx- lobes and oval, i-2-seeded pod, is collected oc- casionally as a waif, not established. 37. LATHYRUS L. Sp. PI. 729. 1753- Herbaceous vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnate mostly tendril-bearing leaves, and racemose or sometimes solitary flowers. Calyx oblique or gibbous at the base, its teeth nearly equal or the upper ones somewhat shorter than the lower. Corolla nearly as in Vicia, but commonly larger. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i), or monadelphous below. Ovary sessile or stalked; ovules generally numerous; style curved, flattened, hairy along its inner side. Pod flat, or sometimes terete, 2-valved, dehiscent, continuous between the seeds. [Ancient Greek name of some leguminous plant.] About no species, natives of the northern hemisphere and of South America. Besides the fol- lowing, about 25 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Leaflets 3-6 pairs; flowers purple. Stipules broad, foliaceous; plant of the seashore and "the Great Lakes. Stipules half-sagittate or small, or wanting; inland plants. Plants climbing or trailing; stipules present; pod sessile. Leaflets ovate or oval, large; flowers 10-20. Leaflets linear, oblong or oval, smaller; flowers 2-6. Leaflets linear or linear-oblong; stem winged. Leaflets oblong or oval; stem wingless. Plants mainly erect; stipules often wanting; pod stipitate. Leaflets lanceolate or oblong. Leaflets linear. Leaflets 3-5 pairs; stipules foliaceous; flowers yellowish-white. Leaflets i pair; stipules foliaceous; flowers bright yellow. i. L. maritimus. 2. L. venosus. 3. L. palustris. 4. L. myrtifolius. 5. L. decaphyllus. 6. L. ornatus. 7. L, ochroleucus. 8. L. pratensis. 330 PAPILIOXACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Lathyrus maritimus (L,.) Bigel. Beach Pea. Sea or Seaside Pea. (Fig. 2215.) I'isum marifimuni L. Sp. PI. 727. 1753. Lathyrus marilimus Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 268. 1824. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, stout, somewhat fleshy, slightly glaucous; stems angled, decumbent, i°-2° long. Stipules large and foliaceous, ovate, half-hastate, acute, i '-2' long; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 3-6 pairs, oblong, oval or obovate, obtusish and mucronulate at the apex, mainly narrowed at the base, somewhat larger than the stipules; tendrils branched; peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers 6-10, 9"-! 2" long, purple; calyx-teeth often ciliate; pod sessile, linear-oblong, nearly glabrous, veined, 1%'-$' long, 4"-5" wide. Sea-beaches, New Jersey to arctic America, shores of the C.rcat Lakes, and on the Pacific COMt AK«> in northern Ku- rope and Asia. May Any Sometimes blooming again late in autumn. Also called S«-.i--id.- Kverlasting I' 2. Lathyrus venosus Muhl. Veiny Pea. . lathy Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1092. 1803. I'inely pubescent or glabrous, perennial, ascend- ing, climbing or decumbent, 2°-3° long. vStems strongly 4-augled; stipules lanceolate, half-sagittate, acute or acuminate, 4//-i2// long; leaves petioled; leaflets 4-7 pairs, ovate or oval, obtuse or acute and mucrouulate at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, i/-2/ long; tendrils branched; peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers purple, 6"-8" long; calyx pubescent or glabrous; pod linear, sessile, glabrous, veined, i^'-j' long, about 3" wide. River shores and hanks, western New Jersey and Penn- sylvania to Indiana and Assiniboia, south to Georgia, Louisiana and Kansas. Ascends to ;,=;<«> feet in Virginia. Leaflets often strongly reticulated. May-July. 3. Lathyrus palustris L. Marsh Yetchling. (Fig. 2217.) /Mthyriisftalnslri.'i L. Sp. PI. 733- '75.V Perennial, glabrous or spariugly pubescent; stems angled and winged, slender, i°-3° long; stipules half- sagittate, lanceolate, linear, or ovate-lanceolate, 5"-io" long, lYS'-iYi" wide; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, ob- long, or linear-oblong, acute or obtusish and mucronate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, i/-2/^/ long, 2//-5// wide; tendrils branched; peduncles generally about equalling the leaves, 2-6-flowered; flowers purple, 5"-?' long; pod linear, sessile, slightly pubescent, or glabrous, i^/-2^/ long, about 3r/ wide. In moist or wet grounds, Labrador to Alaska, Massachusetts, New York and British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 331 4. Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl. Myrtle-leaved Marsh Pea. (Fig. 2218.) Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1091. 1803. Lathyrus palustris var. myrtifolius A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 104. 1856. Perennial, usually quite glabrous; stems slender, angled, not winged, i°-3° long, weak. Stipules obliquely ovate, or half- sagittate, 6//-i2// long, often 4//-6// wide and toothed; leaflets 2-4 pairs, mostly 3 pairs, oval, oval-oblong or ovate, mucronate and acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, 9//-2/ long, 3//-7// wide, rather thin; tendrils branched; peduncles equalling the leaves, or shorter, 3-9-flowered; flowers pur- ple or purplish, similar to those of the pre- ceding species; pod linear, glabrous, sessile, i'-2x long, 3J4" wide or less. In moist or wet grounds, Neyv Brunswick to Manitoba, south to North Carolina and Tennes- see. May-July. Lathyrus myrtifolius macranthus White, Bull. Torr. Club, 21:448. 1894. Pubescent; stipules larger, often half as large as the leaflets; flowers 10-12" long. Maine. 5. Lathyrus decaphyllus Pursh. Prairie Vetchling. (Fig. 2219.) L. decaphyllus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 471. 1814. Lalhyruspolymorphus Nutt. Gen. 2: 96. 1818. Perennial, erect or ascending, glabrous, or finely pubescent, 6x-i8' high. Stems angled; stipules half-sagittate, acuminate, 4//-i2// long, i//-3// wide; leaves petioled; leaflets 3-7 pairs, obtuse or acute and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed at the base, thick, conspicuously reticulated, i/- 2>£' long, 3//-S'/ wide; stipules when present, branched, but often wanting; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves; flowers purple, i'-i%f long, showy; pod linear, stipitate; seeds with a narrow stalk and short hilum. Kansas (?), Idaho and Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico. March-July. 6. Lathyrus ornatus Xutt. Showy Vetchling. (Fig. 2220.) Lathyrus ornaius Xutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. I : 277- 1838. Closely resembling the preceding species, but generally lower, often less than i° high. Stipules lanceolate or linear, 2//-io// long; leaflets narrow, linear or linear-oblong, acute and mucronate, 4//-i2// long, i//-2// wide; tendrils commonly wanting; flowers purple, showy, i'-iytf long; pod linear, stipitate; seeds with a broad stalk and long hilum. Indian Territory to Kansas and Dakota, west to Colorado and Utah. May-June. 332 PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. 7. Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Cream-colored Vetchling. (Fig. 2221.) Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 159- 1833- Lathyrus glaucifolius Beck, Bot. 90. 1833. Perennial, slender, glabrous and slightly glaucous; stem somewhat angled, climbing or trailing, i°-2)£0 long; stipules broad, foliaceous, half-ovate and half-cordate, 8"- 12" long; leaves pctiolcd; leaflets 3-5 pairs, thin, pale beneath, ovate or broadly oval, acute or oblusish at the apex, rounded at the base, i'-2' long; tendrils branched; peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers 5-10, yellowish white, 7//-o// long; pod oblong-linear, sessile, glabrous, i'-2' long. 'On river-banks and hillsides, New Bruns- wick, N. J. (according to Beck), Pennsylvania to New England, Quebec and arctic America, west to Iowa, Dakota, Washington and British Columbia. May-July. 8. Lathyrus pratensis I,. Meadow Pea. Yellow Vetchling. (Fig. 2222.) Lathyrus pratensis I,. Sp. PI. 733. 1753. Perennial, weak, slender, glabrous or spar- ingly pubescent, climbing or straggling, i°-3° long. Stems angled, branching; stipules lan- olate, foliaceous, half-sagittate, acuminate, 6//-i2// long, nearly as large as the leaflets; leaves sessile; leaflets a single pair, ob- long or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, mu- cronulate, x'-i^' long, 2//-4// wide; tendrils simple or branched; racemes exceeding the leaves; flowers 6-12, yellow, 6"-8" long; pods linear, glabrous, I'-i)^' long. In waste places, Maine, New York, Massachu- setts and Ontario. Also throughout Europe and Russian Asia. English names Angleberries, Craw-peas, Mouse-pea, Tom Thumb, Yellow Tar-fitch. June-Aug. 38. BRADBURYA Raf. Fl. Ludov. 104. 1817. [CENTROSEMA Benth. Ann. Mus. Wien, a: 117. 1838.] Slender twining or prostrate vines, with pinnately 3-foliolatc leaves (rarely 5-7-folio- late), persistent stipules, and large showy axillary racemose or solitary flowers. Calyx campanulate, its teeth or lobes nearly equal; standard orbicular, nearly flat, spurred on the back near its base, clawed; wings obovate, curved; keel curved. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike. Style incurved, bearded at the apex around the stigma. Pod linear, flattened, nearly sessile, partially septate between the seeds, 2- valved, the valves thick-edged, longitudinally finely nerved along their margins. [In honor of John Bradbury who travelled in America early in the century.] About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. i. Bradburya Virginiana (I,. ) Kuntze. Spurred Butterfly- Pea. (Fig. 2223.) Clitoria Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753. Centrosema Virginianum Benth. Ann. Mus Wien, 2: 120. 1838. Bradburya Virginiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 164. 1891. Perennial, climbing or trailing, somewhat branched, finely rough-pubescent, 2°-4° long. Stipules linear, acute, about 2" long; petioles usually shorter than the leaves; leaflets 3, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, stipellate, acute and mucronulate or blunt, rounded at the base, reticulate-veined, i/-2/ long, 4//-i2// wide; peduncles about equalling the petioles, 1-4- flowered; bracts ovate, acute, finely striate; flowers short-pedicelled, I'-i^'long; corolla violet; calyx-lobes linear; pod linear, 4/-5/ long, about 2" wide, long-acuminate, its margins much thickened. Dry sandy soil, New Jersey to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. Extends throughout tropical America to Bolivia. July-Aug. 39. CLITORIA L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753. Woody vines, or erect or climbing herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (sometimes 5-9- foliolate) leaves, persistent stipules, and large showy axillary solitary or racemose flowers. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth more or less united. Standard large, erect, retuse, narrowed at the base, not spurred; wings oblong, curved; keel acute, shorter than the wings. Stamens more or less monadelphous ; anthers all alike. Ovary stipitate; style elongated, in- curved, hairy along the inner side. Pod stalked in the calyx, linear, or linear-oblong, flat- tened, 2-valved, partly septate between the seeds. About 30 species, natives of warm and temper- ate regions. The following is the only one known to inhabit North America. i. Clitoria Mariana L,. Butterfly- Pea. (Fig. 2224.) Clitoria Mariana L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753. Erect or ascending, sometimes twining, glabrous or nearly so, i°-3° high. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, i//-2// long; petioles usually shorter than the leaves; leaflets stipel- late, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, i/-2/ long, 4"-! 2" wide; peduncles short, i-3-flowered; bracts lanceo- late, striate, deciduous; flowers about 2' long, very showy; calyx tubular, 6//-8// long, its teeth ovate, acute; corolla pale blue; pods lin- ear-oblong, acute, about iMong and3// wide. Dry soil, Snake Hill, N. J., south to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. Formerly at Brook- lyn, N. Y. June-July. 40. 1796. FALCATA Gmel. in L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 13, 2: 1131. [AMPHICARPA Ell. Journ. Acad. Phil, i: 372. 1817.] Twining perennial vines, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, small white or violet flowers in axillary racemes, and also solitary apetalous fertile flowers in the lower axils or on the slender creeping branches from the base. Calyx of the petaliferous flowers tubular, 4-5- toothed. Standard obovate, erect, folded around the other petals; wings oblong, curved, adherent to the incurved obtuse keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike. 334 PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. Style filiform, not bearded. Pods from the upper flowers linear-oblong, several-seeded, 2- valved, those from the lower obovoid, fleshy, mainly i-seeded. [Latin, referring to the curved keel of the corolla.] About 7 species, natives of North America, eastern Asia and the Himalayas. Only the follow- ing are known in North America. Leaves thin: bracts small; plant pubescent or glabrate. i. /•'. ,;»nn(a. Leaves firm; bracts large; plant villous-brown-pubescent. 2. F. PiUln-ti. i. Falcata comosa (L. ) Kunt/.e. Wild or Hog Pea-nut. (Fig. 2225.) til yci ne comosa L. Sp. PI. 754. 1753. Glycinr monoica L. Sp. PI. Kd. 2, 1093. ; Amphicerpa monoica Kll. Journ. Acad. Phil, i: ;. 1817. Falcata comosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 182. 1891. Slender, simple or sparingly branched, climb- ing, pubescent or glabrate, i°-S°long. Stipules oblong or ovate, -2" long, striate; leaflets broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, the lower inequi- lateral, i'-3' long; racemes of petaliferous flow- ers mainly simple; bracts small, ovate, obtuse; flowers purplish or white, 6"-7" long; pedicels equalling or exceeding the bracts; pods of the petaliferous flowers about i' long, ;" wide, pubescent, especially along the margins. Moist thickets. New Brunswick to Florida. \v< -i to Lake Superior, Nebraska and Louisiana. Aui; Sept 2. Falcata Pitched < T. & G.) Kunt/.e. Pitcher's Hog Pea- nut. (Fig. 22 J' Amphicarpaea. Piichrri T. & G. I'l. X. A. i: 202. IS Falca/a J't/c/icn Kunt/e, Kev. T.en. PI. 182. 1891. Similar to the preceding but generally stouter, villous-pubescent throughout with reflexcd brown hairs. Leaflets larger and thicker, sometimes 4' long; pedicels mostly shorter than the nearly orbicular canescent bracts; ovary and pods of the petaliferous flowers pubescent through- out, subterranean fruit less abundantly produced than in F. comosa ; calyx larger. Moist thickets, western New York to Ne- braska, south to Tennessee and Texas. 1'i-r haps intergrades with the preceding species. Aug. -Sept. 41. APIOS Moench, Meth. 165. 1794. Twining perennial vines, with pinnately 3-7-foliolate leaves, small stipules and rather large brownish-purple or red flowers, mainly in axillary racemes or panicles. Calyx cam- panulate, somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth very small, the 2 upper united and short, the lower one long and acute. Standard ovate, or orbicular, reflexed. Wings obliquely obovate, adherent to the elongated incurved at length twisted keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike; ovary nearly sessile; ovules oo; style slender. Pod linear, straight or slightly curved, compressed, 2-valved, many-seeded. Rootstocks usually tuberous. [Greek, pear, from the shape of the tubers.] Four known species, i of eastern North America, 2 of China and i of the Himalayas. [VOL. II. i. Apios Apios (L. ) MacM. nut. (Fig. 2227.) PEA FAMILY Ground- Glycine Apios L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753. Apios tuberosa Moench, Meth. 165. 1794. Apios Apios MacM. Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 15. 1892. Slender, pubescent or glabrate, climbing over bushes to a height of several feet. Rootstock tuberous; stipules subulate, i//-2''/ long, decidu- ous; leaves petioled; leaflets 5-7 (rarely 3), ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded at the base, \f-$f long; racemes axillary, often compound; peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers numerous, brownish purple, odor- ous, about 6" long; rachis of the inflorescence knobby; pod linear, straight or slightly curved, pointed, 2/-4^/ long, about 2^" wide, many- seeded, its valves rather coriaceous. In moist ground, New Brunswick to Florida, west to western Ontario, Minnesota. Kansas and Louisi- ana. Stem with milky juice; tubers edible. July- Sept. 42. GALACTIA P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 298. 1756. Prostrate or climbing perennial vines (sometimes erect and shrubby), mainly with pin- nately 3-foliolate leaves, small and deciduous stipules, and purple or violet axillary race- mose flowers. Calyx 4-lobed, bracteolate, the lobes acute, often as long as the tube. Standard orbicular or obovate. Wings narrow, obovate, adherent to the narrow, nearly straight keel. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so (9 and i); anthers all alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules oo ; style filiform, not bearded. Pod linear, straight or slightly curved, usually flattened, 2-valved, several-seeded. Fleshy few-seeded pods are sometimes produced from subterranean apetalous flowers. [Greek, milk-yielding, many of the species having milky sap.] About 50 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, most abundant in America. Besides the following, about 15 others occur in the southern and southwestern states. Nearly glabrous throughout; pods slightly pubescent. Finely downy-pubescent; pods very downy. 1. G. regularis. 2. G. volubilis. i. Galactia regularis (L.) B.S.P. Milk Pea. (Fig. 2228.) Doli'chos regularis L. Sp. Pi. 726. 1753. Galactia glabella Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:62. 1803. Galaclia regularis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N.Y. 14. 1888. Prostrate, glabrous or sparingly appressed- pubescent; stems matted, usually branching, i°- 2° long. Stipules minute, deciduous; petioles shorter than the leaves; leaflets elliptic or ovate- oblong, obtuse and often emarginate at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, ytf-\Ytf long, 4//~9// wide; peduncles longer than the petioles and generally exceeding the leaves, erect, 4-io-flowered; racemes loose or dense; pedicels about \yz" long; flowers red- dish-purple, 6//-8// long; pods linear, straight, or slightly curved, slightly pubescent, I'-ij^' long, 2" wide, 4-7-seeded. In dry sandy soil, southeastern New York, Pennsylvania, pine barrens of New Jersey, south to Florida and Mississippi. July-Aug. 336 PAPILIONACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. Galactia volubilis (L.) Britton. Downy Milk Pea. (Fig. 2229.) Hedysarum volubile L. Sp. PI. 750. 1753. Galactia mollis Nutt. Gen. 3: 117. 1818. Not Michx. 1803. Galactia pilosa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 238. 1824. Not Nutt. 1818. Galactia volubilis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 208. 1894. Finely downy-pubescent all over, similar in general aspect to the preceding species. Leaf- lets ovate, elliptic, or oval, obtuse or acutish, sometimes emarginate at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, downy beneath, usually with some appressed pubescence above, tft'-i%' long, 5//-i2// wide; peduncles some- times elongated but variable in length; racemes rather loose; flowers purplish, about 6" long; pod linear, I'-i^' long, 2" wide, densely and finely downy-pubescent. In dry soil, New York Island; Flushing, Island, south to Florida, west to Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Texas. June-July. 43. RHYNCHOSIA Lour. Fl. Cochin. 562. 1793. Perennial twining trailing or erect herbs, with pinnately i-j-foliolate leaves, and yellow mostly axillary and racemose flowers. Leaflets generally punctate with resinous dots, not stipellate. Calyx 4-5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped. Standard obovate or orbicular, spreading or reflexed. Wings narrow. Keel incurved at the apex or falcate. Stamens diadelphous (9 and l). Ovary nearly sessile; ovules 2, rarely I ; style filiform. Pod flat, oblong or obliquely orbicular, 2-valved, i-2-seeded. [Greek, beak, from the beak-like keel of the corolla.] About loo species, natives of warm and temperate regions. 9 others occur in the southern States. Leaflets 3. Stem twining or trailing. Racemes shorter than the leaves; flowers 3" -4" long. Racemes longer than the leaves; flowers about 6" long. Stem erect, i°-2^° high. Leaflets solitary, very broad; plants low, 3' -9' high. In addition to the following, some 1. R. tomentosa. 2. R. latifolia. 3. R. e recta. 4. R. simplicifolia. i. Rhynchosia tomentosa (I,.) H. & A. Twining Rhynchosia. (Fig. 2230.) Glycine tomentosa L- Sp. PI. 754. 1753. Rhynchosia tomentosa var. volubilis T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 285. 1838. Rhynchosia tomentosa H. & A. Comp. Bot. Mag. x: 23- 1835. Trailing or twining, more or less pubescent with spreading hairs, simple or branched, i°-3° long. Stipules ovate, acute, 2//-4// long, some- times wanting; petioles shorter than the leaves; leaflets 3, or the lowest leaves i-foliolate, ovate, orbicular or broader than long, obtuse but gen- erally pointed, i/-2/ long; racemes short-pedun- cled or sessile, 2-8-flowered; flowers 3//-4// long; calyx deeply 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft; pod oblong, acute, pubescent, 8//~9// long, about 3" wide. In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Texas. May-July. VOL. II. ] PEA FAMILY 2. Rhynchosia latifolia Nutt. Prairie Rhynchosia. (Fig. 2231.) Rhynchosia latifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 285. 1838. Softly pubescent, stem angled, trailing or climbing, sometimes 5° long, with a few long branches. Stipules lanceolate, small, or wanting; petioles i'-$f long; leaflets 3, broadly ovate, or somewhat rhomboid, or the end one orbicular, I'-if long, mostly obtuse; racemes elongated, exceeding the leaves, sometimes i° long in fruit, many-flowered; pedicels i//-2// long; calyx about 6" long, very deeply parted, the segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; cor- olla little longer than the calyx; pod oblong, acute, very pubescent, about \f long. "' In dry soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. May-June. 3. Rhynchosia erecta (Walt.) DC. Erect Rhynchosia. (Fig. 2232.) Trifolium erectum Walt. Fl. Car. 184. 1788. Rhynchosia erecla DC. Prodr. 2: 384. 1825. Rhynchosia tomentosa var. erecta T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 285. 1838. Erect, rather stout, simple or slightly branched, velvety-pubescent or tomentose, i°-2}4° high. Stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 2//~3// long; petioles shorter than or equalling the leaves; leaflets 3, oval, ovate or slightly obovate, thick, densely tomentose, especially beneath, obtuse or acute, i'-2' long; racemes 5-15-flowered, sessile or short- peduncled; flowers $"-$" long; pod oblong, pubescent, 6//-8// long, about $" wide. In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, west to Louisiana. May-Sept. 4. Rhynchosia simplicifdlia (Walt.) Wood. Round-leaved Rhynchosia. (Fig. 2233.) Trifolium simf>licifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 184. 1788. Rhynchosia reniformis DC. Prodr. 2: 384. 1825. Rhynchosia tomentosa var. monophylla T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 284. 1838. Rhynchosia simplicifolia Wood, Bot. & Fl. 96. 1870. Erect, low, simple, pubescent with spreading hairs, $'-<)' high. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate, 3//-4// long; petioles shorter than or exceeding the leaves; leaflet usually solitary, orbicular or broader, thick, obtuse and rounded at the apex, slightly cordate at the base, i/-2/ long (leaflets rarely 3, the lateral ones ovate); racemes rather densely flowered, peduncled; flowers $"-*>" long; pod as in the pre- ceding species. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana. May-July. PAPIUONACEAE. [VOL. II. 44. PHASEOLUS L. Sp. PI. 723. 1753. Annual or perennial vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and axillary racemose flowers. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, or the 2 upper teeth more or less united. Standard orbicular, recurved, spreading or somewhat contorted; wings mainly obo- vate, equalling or exceeding the standard; keel spirally coiled, linear or obovoid. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike. Style longitudinally bearded; stigma oblique or lateral; ovary sessile or nearly so; ovules oo. Pod linear, straight or curved, 2-valved, sev- eral-seeded, tipped with the persistent style. Seeds mostly with rounded ends. Rachis thickened at the bases of the pedicels. [Ancient name of the Kidney Bean.] About 170 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, about 12 others occur in the southern and southwestern states. i. Phaseolus polystachyus (L,.) B.S.P. Wild Bean or Bean Vine. (Fig. 2234.) Dolichos polystachyus L,. Sp. PI. 726. 1753. Phaseolus ferennisVfa.lt. Fl. Car. 182. 1788. Phaseolus polystachyus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 15. 1888. Climbing over bushes, or trailing, from a perennial root, finely pubescent, branched, 4°-i5° long. Stipules lanceolate, deciduous; leaflets broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, 2'-4' long, the terminal one often slightly cordate, the lower ones unequal-sided; racemes axil- lary, usually numerous, peduncled, 4/-i2/ long, nar- row, loosely-flowered; pedicels 2//-4// long, minutely bracted at the base; corolla purple, about 4" long; pods stalked, drooping, somewhat curved, flat, i%'~ 2%' long, 4//-5// wide, 4-6-seeded, glabrous or nearly so; seeds chocolate-brown, 3"-4" long. In thickets, Canada (Torrey and Gray), New England, south to Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Louisi- ana. July-Sept. Called also Wild Kidney Bean. 45. STROPHOSTYLES Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. a: 229. 1822. Twining or trailing herbaceous vines, rarely erect, mostly pubescent, with pinnately 3- foliolate stipellate leaves, and pink-purple or nearly white flowers capitate at the ends of long axillary peduncles. Calyx as in Phaseolus. Standard nearly orbicular; wings mostly obovate; keel strongly curved. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Style longitudinally bearded, bent. Pod linear, nearly terete, or somewhat compressed, usually straight, few- several-seeded, tipped by the persistent style. Seeds truncate at the ends, more or less pubescent or mealy. [Greek, bent style.] An American genus, of about 6 species. Leaflets mainly lobed, I'-a* long; pod 2' -3' long. i. S. helvola. Leaflets mainly entire, Vt'-iYt' long; pod i'-a' long. Flowers several, about 6" long; root perennial. 2. S. umbellata. Flowers few, about 3" long; root annual. 3. S. pauciflora. i. Strophostyles helvola (I,.) Britton. Trailing Wild Bean. (Fig. 2235.) Phaseolus helvolus L. Sp. PI. 724. 1753. Phaseolus angulosus Ort. Nov. PI. 24. 1797. Phaseolus diversifoliiis Pers. Syn. 3: 296. 1807. Strophostyles angulosa Ell. Bot. S. C. a: 229. 1822. Prostrate orlow-twining, rathcrrough-pubesceut, branched at the base, 2°-8° long, rarely erect and io'-2c/ high. Root annual (always?); stipules narrowly lanceolate, \"- 2" long; leaflets broadly ovate, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded at the base, thickish, generally more or less obtusely lobed, sometimes entire, i/-2/ long, the lower ones often inequilateral; peduncles axillary, exceeding the peti- oles; flowers 3-10, sessile, capitate; corolla greenish-purple, 4//-6// long; keel slender, curved; pod sessile, linear, nearly terete, slightly pubescent, 2/-3/ long; seeds oblong, pubes- cent, 3" long. In sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Florida, west to Texas. Also1 along the Great Lakes from Quebec to Minnesota and south in the Mississippi Valley. July-Oct. VOL. II.] PEA FAMILY. 339 Strophostyles helvola Missouriensis ( S. Wats. ) Britton. Strophostyles angulosa var. Missouriensis S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 145. 1890. Climbing in trees to a height of 2p°-3O°. Leaflets larger, usually entire; seeds larger. Said to bloom .later. Perhaps a distinct species. Missouri. 2. Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl.) Britton. Pink Wild Bean. (Fig. 2236.) Glycine umbellata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1058. 1803. Strophostyles peduncularis Ell. Bot. S. C. 2: 230. 1822. Phaseolus helvolusT. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:280. 1838. Not L. 1753- Phaseolus umbellatus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. 9: 10. 1889. Root perennial; stems slender, trailing, branching, more or less pubescent with retrorse hairs, i°-5° long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, i//-2// long; leaflets ovate, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acutish at the apex, rounded at the base, sparingly pubescent, entire, or rarely with i or 2 shallow lobes; peduncles generally much longer than the leaves; flowers several, pink, fad- ing yellowish, capitate-umbellate, about (>f/ long, similar to those of the preceding species; pedicels l/t"-\" long; pod linear, straight, little compressed, sessile, i/-2/ long, -2" wide, sparingly pubescent; seeds mealy-pubes- cent, i^//-2// long. In sandy soil, Long Island to Florida, Indiana and Lou- isiana. July-Sept. 3. Strophostyles pauciflora (Benth.) S. Wats. Small Wild Bean. (Fig. 2237.) Phaseolus pauciflorus Benth. Comm. Leg. Gen. 76. 1837. Phaseolus leiospermus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 280. 1838. Strophostyles pauciflorus S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 145. 1890. Root annual, stem slender, finely retrorsely hirsute, low-climbing or trailing, i°-2^° long. Stipules ovate- lanceolate, W~i%" long; leaflets lanceolate or linear-ob- long, obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base, entire, 9"- 18" long, $"-$" wide; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers 2-6, capitate-umbellate, purplish, about 3/x long; pod flat, linear, about i/ long and 2" wide, very pubes- cent; seeds purple, glabrous and shining at maturity, i%" long. Along rivers, Indiana to Minnesota, south to Mississippi, Missouri and Texas. July-Sept. 46. VIGNA Savi, Mem. Phas. 3: 7. 1826. Climbing or trailing herbaceous vines, or sometimes erect herbs, with pinnately 3-folio- late stipulate leaves, the leaflets broad. Flowers clustered at the ends of long axillary peduncles, yellowish or purplish, the rachis of the head or raceme knotty, the bracts and bractlets early deciduous. Calyx 5-toothed, or the 2 upper teeth united. Standard nearly orbicular, auricled at the base; wings shorter than the standard; keel about equalling the standard, slightly incurved. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Ovary sessile; ovules numer- ous; style bearded along the inner side. Pod linear, nearly terete, 2-valved. [In honor of Domenic Vigni, a commentator on Theophrastus. ] About 30 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. 340 PAPIUONACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Vigna Sinensis (L.) Endl. Cow Pea. China Bean. Black-eyed Bean. (Fig. 2238.) Dolichos Sinensis "L,. Cent. PI. 3: 28. 1756. • Dolichos Catjang L. Mant. i: 269. 1767. Vigna Catjang Walp. Linnaea, 13: 533. 1839. Vigna Sinensis Endl. ; Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 386. 1848. Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; stem twining or trailing, striate. Stipules ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, prolonged backward, 3"- io// long; petioles stout, often as long as the leaf- lets or longer; terminal leaflet rhombic ovate, acute or blunt, 2/-6/ long, often about as wide, long-stalked; lateral leaflets very obliquely ovate and inequilateral, about as large as the terminal one, short-stalked; flowers few near the knotty ends of the long peduncles, yellowish, 8//-io// long; pod fleshy, 4/-7/long, •$"-%" thick, nearly straight; seeds with a dark circle around the scar of attach- ment. Escaped from cultivation, Missouri to Texas and Georgia. Native of Asia, and called Chowley, Tow- ' cok. Seeds edible. July-Sept. Family 50. GERANIACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 2: 51. 1805. GERANIUM FAMILY. Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or clustered perfect regular flowers. Stipules commonly present. Sepals 5 (rarely fewer), mostly persistent. Petals of the same number, hypogynous. Stamens as many as the sepals, or 2-3 times as many, distinct; anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary i, usually 5-lobed and 5-celled; ovules i or 2 in each cavity. Fruit capsular. Embryo straight or curved; cotyledons flat or plicate. About 10 genera and 450 species, natives of temperate regions, most abundant in South Africa. Anthers 10, rarely 5; carpel-tails not hairy inside. Anthers 5; carpel-tails bearded inside. 1. Geranium. 2. Erodium. i. GERANIUM L. Sp. PI. 676. 1753. Herbs with stipulate palmatcly lobed, cleft or divided leaves, and axillary i-2-flowered peduncles. Flowers regular, 5-merous. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricated. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), generally 5 longer and 5 shorter. Ovary 5-lobed, 5- celled, beaked with the compound style. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule elastically dehiscent, the 5 cavities i-seeded and long-tailed by the persistent style-divisions which are naked on the inner side. [Greek, a crane, from the long beak of the fruit.] About 170 species, widely distributed in temperate regions. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in western North America. Perennial; flowers i' broad or more. Annuals or biennials; flowers 2" -6" broad. Leaves 3-divided; segments pinnatifid, thin. I"-io" long, hispid; seeds deeply pitted. In fields and along: roadsides, New Jersey, Pennsylva- nia, Maryland and Virginia. Also in Dakota. Natural- ized or adventive from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. May-July. 5. Geranium rotundifdlium L,. Round- leaved Crane's-bill. (Fig. 2243.) Geranium rolundifolium L,. Sp. PI. 683. 1753. Annual, often tufted, 6'-i8'higb, much branched, softly pubescent with spreading white purple-tipped glandular hairs. Leaves rcniform-orbicular, broader than long, \%' wide, cleft about to the middle into 5-9 obtuse broad lobes, which are 3-5-toothed; peti- oles slender, those of the basal leaves elongated; flow- ers purple, 2//-3// broad; sepals ovate, or oval, short- pointed, somewhat shorter than the entire obovate petals; ovary and capsule-lobes hairy, not wrinkled; beak pubescent, about 6" long, pointed with a short awn; seeds reticulated. In waste places, Michigan, and in ballast about New York. Fugitive from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Summer. 6. Geranium Carolinianum L,. Carolina Crane's-bill. (Fig. 2244.) Geranium Carolinianum L. Sp. PI. 682. 1753. Annual, erect, generally branched from the base and also above, stout, 6/-i5/ high, loosely pubes- cent with spreading often glandular gray hairs. Leaves petioled, reniform-orbicular in outline, i'- 3' wide, deeply cleft into 5-9 oblong or obovate cuneate toothed or lobed segments; peduncles rather short and stout, 2-flowered ; flowers in compact clusters, pale pink or whitish, 4//-6// broad; sepals ovate, ciliate, awn-pointed, about equalling the obovate emarginate petals; ovary- lobes hispid-pubescent; persistent filaments not longer than the carpels; beak nearly i' long, short-pointed; seeds ovoid-oblong, finely reticu- lated. In barren soil, Nova Scotia (?), New England to British Columbia, south to Florida and Mexico. Also in Bermuda. April-Aug. VOL. II.] GERANIUM FAMILY 7. Geranium Bicknellii Britton. Bick- nell's Crane's-bill. (Fig. 2245.) Geranium Bicknellii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 92. 1897. Similar to the preceding species, but taller, the stems usually more slender, loosely pubes- cent. Leaves slender-petioled, somewhat angu- late in outline, the segments oblong or linear- oblong, mostly narrower; peduncles slender, 2- flowered, the inflorescence loose; sepals lanceo- late, awn-pointed; ovary-lobes pubescent; per- sistent filaments longer than the carpels; beak about \f long, long-pointed, its tip 2//~3// long; seeds reticulated. Nova Scotia (?), Maine to Western Ontario and southern New York. May-Sept. *343 8. Geranium dissectum L/. Cut-leaved Crane's-bill. (Fig. 2246.) Geranium dissectum L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 282. 1760. Closely related to the two preceding species, but smaller in every way, more slender, the branches decumbent or ascending; leaves sel- dom more than ij^' wide, deeply cleft into narrower segments; inflorescence loose; pedun- cles short, 2-flowered; flowers purple, about 3" broad; sepals ovate, awned, equalling or slightly longer than the notched petals; capsule-lobes and beak pubescent; seeds ovoid or globose, deeply pitted. In waste places, and in ballast in New York and New Jersey. Also in the far Northwest. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 9. Geranium pusillum L. Small-flow- ered Crane's-bill. (Fig. 2247.) Geranium pusillum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 957. 1763. Annual, widely branching, slender, weak, pu- bescent or villous, 4/-i8/ long. Leaves petioled, reniform-orbicular, J^'-i^' wide, deeply divided into 7-9 oblong, or sometimes linear-oblong, entire or 3-toothed, cuneate lobes; peduncles short, 3/x- 9/x long, 2-flowered; pedicels 3//-i2// long; sepals acute, awnless; flowers pale- purple, 3//-5// broad; petals notched; capsule-lobes hairy, keeled, not wrinkled; beak about 5" long, canescent; seed smooth; anther-bearing stamens commonly only ,5, as in Erodium. In waste places, southern New England to western New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Ontario and British Columbia. Adventive from Europe. May-Sept. 344 ' GERANIACEAE. [Vox,. II. (Fig. 2248.) 10. Geranium molle L,. Doves's-foot Crane '-bill. Geranium molle L,. Sp. PI. 682. 1753. Resembling the preceding species, but more villous, the leaves nearly orbicular [in outline and not as deeply cleft, generally only to just below the middle, into 7-11 obovate or cuneate lobes, which are 3~5-toothed at the apex; flowers dark- purple, 3//~5// broad ;sepals_obtusish, not awned; capsule-lobes distinctly marked with transverse wrinkles; beak about 5" long, sparingly pubescent; seeds smooth or striate, not pitted, nor reticulate; anther-bearing filaments 10. In waste places, Maine to Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio and Ontario. Also in Washington and Vancouver. Fugitive from Eu- rope. Other English names are Pigeon-foot, Starlights, Culverfoot. May-Sept. 2. ERODIUM I/Her. Geran. pi. i. 1787. Herbs, generally with jointed nodes, opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and axillary umbellate nearly regular flow- ers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricated, the 2 upper slightly smaller. Glands 5. Anther-bearing sta- mens 5, alternating with as many sterile filaments. Ovary 5- lobed, s-celled, beaked by the united styles, the beak termina- ting in 5 stigmas; ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule-lobes i-seeded, the styles elastically dehis- cent and coiled spirally at maturity, villous-bearded on the inner.'side. Seeds not reticulate. [Greek, a heron, from the resemblance of the fruit to its beak and bill.] About 60 species, widely distributed in temperate and warm regions. There are three native species in the southwest ana several exotic ones have been collected on ballast at the seaports. i. Erodium deuterium (L.) L'Her. Hemlock Stork' s-bill or Heron' s-bill. Alfilaria. Pine Needle. (Fig. 2249.) Geranium cicntarittm L. Sp. PI. 680. 1753. Erodium cicutarium L'Her.; Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 414. 1789. Annual, tufted, villous-pubescent, somewhat viscid, erect or ascending, branched, 6/-i2/ high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, 3'-7x long, #'-i' wide, pinnate, the divisions finely pinnatifid; upper leaves sessile, otherwise similar; peduncles gener- ally longer than the leaves, umbellately 2-12- flowered; flowers purple or pink, 4//-5// broad; sepals acute, villous, about equalling the entire petals; carpels hairy; beak %'-i%' long, its divi- sions spirally coiled when ripe. Waste places and fields, Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Jersey, New England, Pennsylvania and Michigan and very abundant from Texas to Oregon. Adventive from Europe, in our area. A common weed in the Old World. Called also Pin-clover, Pin-grass. April-Sept. Erodium moschatum Willd., reported from Ontario and Maine, has much broader leaf -segments. Family 51. OXALIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 140. 1836.* WOOD-SORREL FAMILY. Annual or perennial leafy-stemmed or acaulescent herbs, or rarely shrubs, often with rootstocks or scaly bulbs, the sap sour. Leaves mostly palmately 3- foliolate, in some exotic species pinnate or entire and peltate; stipules commonly present as scarious expansions of the petiole-bases; leaflets mostly obcordate. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like or forking cymes, or sometimes solitary; pedun- cles mostly long. Sepals 5, often unequal. Petals 5, white, pink, purple or yellow. Stamens 10-15. Ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed; styles united, or distinct; ovules 2-many in each cavity; fruit a loculicidal globose or columnar capsule, rarely baccate. Embryo straight, in fleshy endosperm. About 7 genera and 270 species, chiefly of tropical distribution. *Text contributed by Dr. JOHN K. SMALL. VOL. II.] WOOD-SORREL FAMILY. 345 i. OXALIS L. Sp. PI. 433. 1753. Annual or perennial, caulescent or acaulesceut, often bulbous herbs, with alternate, basal or cauline, mostly digitately -compound leaves (3-foliolate in our species) and axillary or basal, i-several-flowered peduncles. Flowers regular, often heterogonous. Sepals 5, im- bricated. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10, monadelphous at base, 5 longer and 5 shorter, all anther-bearing. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled; ovules several in each cavity; styles 5, separate, persistent, stigmas terminal. Capsule subglobose, ovoid, or columnar, loculicidally dehis- cent. Seeds 2 or more in each cavity, anatropous, with a loose aril-like dehiscent outer coat. Cotyledons flat; endosperm fleshy. [Greek, sour, from the acid juice.] About 250 species, mostly natives of warm or tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern and western states. Acaulescent; flowers white, pink or rose-purple. Scape i-flowered; flower pink, or rarely white; capsule subglobose. i. Scape several-flowered; flowers rose-purple, or rarely white; capsule ovoid. 2. Caulescent; flowers yellow. Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Stems creeping; stipules usually conspicuous. Stems not creeping, erect or decumbent; stipules usually inconspicuous. Pedicels with appressed pubescence, reflexed or deflexed in mature fruit. Stems wiry; capsules 4" -6" long, gradually narrowed to the apex. 4. O. filif>es. Stems stout; capsules 8"-i5" long, abruptly narrowed at the apex. 5. O. stncta. Pedicels villous, erect or spreading in fruit. 6. O. recurva. Flowers in dichotomous cymes. Petals 4"-s" long; capsules slender, 5" -7" long; seeds K" long. 7. O. cymosa. Petals 6" -8" long; capsules stout, 3" -5" long; seeds i" long. 8. O. grandis. O. Acetosella. O. violacea. 3. O. corniculata. White or True (Fig. 2250.) i. Oxalis Acetosella L. Wood-sorrel. Alleluia. Oxalis Acetosella L. Sp. PI. 433. 1753. Perennial from a scaly nearly unbranched root- stock, acaulescent, 2" -6" high, pubescent with scattered brownish hairs. Leaves 3-6, long-petioled; petioles jointed and dilated at the base; leaflets obcordate, wider than long; scapes 1-3, slightly longer than the leaves, i-flowered, 2-bracted above the middle; flowers broadly campanulate, about %' long; sepals obtusish; petals white or pink, veined with deep pink, emarginate or entire, 3-4 times as long as the calyx; capsule subglobose, i//-2// long, glabrous, its cavities i-2-seeded; seeds ovoid, .longitudinally grooved. In cold damp woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, the mountains of North Carolina, and the north shore of Lake Superior. Cleistogene flowers are borne on recurved scapes at the base of the plant. Native also in Europe, Asia and northern Africa. Old names, Wood-sower or Wood-sour, Cuckoo's Meat, Sour Trefoil, Stub-wort, Shamrock. Yields the druggists' "Salt of Lemons." May-July. 2. Oxalis violacea L,. Violet Wood- sorrel. (Fig. 2251.) Oxalis violacea L- Sp. PI. 434. 1/53. Perennial from a brownish bulb with ciliate scales, acaulescent, 4/-9/ high, nearly or quite gla- brous. Leaves generally 4-8, long and slender- petioled, about i/ wide; leaflets obcordate, minutely reticulated, the midrib sometimes sparingly hairy; scapes several, commonly exceeding the leaves, umbellately 3-i2-flowered; pedicels slender; flowers 8//-io// long, heterogonous; sepals obtuse; petals rose-purple, rarely white, lighter toward the base, obtuse or truncate, 3 times as long as the sepals; capsule ovoid, 2// in diameter; cavities 2-3-seeded; seeds flattened, rugose-tuberculate. In woods, northern New England to Minnesota and the Rocky Mountains, south to Florida and New Mex- ico. Also apparently the same plant in the Andes of Bolivia. May-June. OXALIDACEAE. [Vol.. II. 3. Oxalis corniculata L. Yellow Pro- cumbent Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 2252.) Oxalis corniculata L. Sp. PI. 435. 1753. Annual or perennial from creeping rootstocks, pubescent with appressed hairs or nearly glabrous, freely branching from the base and with a few branches above; stem i'-6f high, the branches diffuse, mainly procumbent and often rooting from the nodes. Leaflets obcordate, wider than long, about ^' wide; petioles slender, dilated at the base into oblong rounded or truncate stipules; peduncles i-3-flowered; flowers yellow, 2"-6" long; pedicels strigillose, more or less reflexed; capsule oblong, gradually narrowed to the apex, 5//-9// long; appressed pubescent; seeds com- pressed, transversely ridged. In ballast about the eastern sea-ports, and fre- quently growing on the ground in greenhouses. Texas and throughout tropical America. Recently found in Ontario. Occurs also in warm and tropical regions of the Old World. Ladies' Sorrel. Feb. -Nov. 4. Oxalis'filipes Small, n. sp. Slender Yel- low Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 2253.) Annual or perennial, very slender, sparsely pu- bescent with appressed hairs ; stem erect, nearly simple, usually very leafy, wiry, io'-2° high. Leaves X'-ft' wide, long-pctioled, not stipulate, or the stipules represented by a narrow dilation of the base of the'petiole; leaflets obcordate, with unequal sides, peduncles slender, equalling or exceeding the leaves, 2-3-flowered; flowers yellow, in umbel -like cymes; pedicels very slender, strigillose or glabrate, recurved in mature fruit; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 2" long, obtuse with a tuft of hair at the apex; petals .} " long, emarginate; capsule 4"-6" long, gradually narrowed to the apex, often curved; seeds o bo void or oblong, W long, with continuous ridges. In'woods, Virginia to Tennessee, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Plant smaller than the preceding, with the leaflets often dark -margined. May-Aug. 5. Oxalis stricta L. Upright Yellow Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 2254.) Oxalis stricta L. Sp. PI. 435'. 1753. Oxalis corniculata var. stricla Sav. in Lam. Encycl. 4: 683. 1797. Annual, or perennial, usually low and erect, pale green. Stem commonly branched at the base, the branches spreading, $'-6' long, more or less strigose; leaves <)"-!%' broad; leaflets coarsely cellular, very sensitive, closing when touched; petiole-bases narrowly dilated; flowers yellow, fragrant, in umbel-like cymes, peduncles i^/-6/ long, stout; pedicels at length deflexed; sepals linear or lanceolate, about •2%." long, ciliolate, erect or ascending; petals 4//-5// long, commonly reddish at the base; capsule columnar, 8//-i5// long, abruptly narrowed at the summit; seeds obo- void, or elliptic, about >£" long, with interrupted transverse ridges. In woods and fields, Nova Scotia to Dakota and Colorado, south to Florida and Texas. Introduced into Europe as a weed. April-Oct. Vox,. II.] WOOD-SORREL FAMILY. 6. Oxalis recurva Ell. Large-flowered Wood-sorrel . ( Fig. 2255.) Oxalis recurva EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 526. 1821. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, pilose or villous. Stem erect, or decumbent, 5/-i2/ tall, often woody at the base; leavesX/~IX/ broad; leaflets sharply notched; petioles i^'-sX' long, pubescent like the stem, slightly dilated at the base; flowers bright yellow, in umbel- like cymes, i or 2 opening at a time; pedicels villous, about as long as the flowers, erect, or spreading; sepals oblong, about 3" long, ob- tuse, nearly erect; petals about 7" long, slightly notched; capsule columnar, 6// long, abruptly narrowed at the summit; seeds obo- void, %" long, with broken transverse ridges. In rocky or sandy places, Missouri to South Carolina and Alabama. April-Aug. 7. Oxalis cymosa Small. Tall Yel- low Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 2256.) Oxalis cymosa Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 267. 1896. Annual or perennial, normally tall, bright green. Stem usually erect, 6'-4° high, branch- ed above, often villous, reddish or brown; leaves <)"-i8" broad, on petioles i}4'-3' long; leaflets broader than long, sharply notched; petiole-bases scarcely dilated ; flowers yellow, in dichotomous cymes; pedicels erect, or ascending, 3//-4// long, more or less villous; sepals lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 2//~3// long, finally spreading; petals obtuse, or emarginate, 4//-5// long; capsule slender, columnar, s"-?" long, gradually narrowed to the summit; seeds obovoid-oblong, %/f long, with nearly continuous ridges. In woods and fields, Ontario to Michigan, Florida, Nebraska and Texas. May-Oct. 8. Oxalis grandis Small. Great Yellow Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 2257.) Oxalis recurva Trel. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 4: 89. 1888. Not Ell. 1821. Oxalis grandis Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 474. 1894. Annual or biennial, stout, glabrate below or vil- lous, bright green. Stem erect, i°-4° tall, simple, or nearly so; leaves i>£/-3/ broad; leaflets usually unequal, often with a brown margin, more or less ciliate; petioles villous, hardly dilated at the base, 2/-6/ long; flowers yellow, in dichotomous cymes; pedicles 5//-7// long, erect, or spreading; sepals unequal ; ovate.or oblong, 1"-$" long, often ciliate at the apex ; petals rounded at the apex, 6//-S^/ long; capsule stout, ovoid, or ovoid- oblong, 3/x- 5" long, seeds ovoid or obovoid, \" long, with con- spicuous broken transverse ridges. On river banks, Pennsylvania to Illinois, North Carolina and Tennessee. May-Aug. 348 LINACEAE. [VOL. II. Family 52. LINACEAE Dumort. Comm. Bot 61. 1822. FI,AX FAMILY. Herbs, or shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, and perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers. Stipules mostly small or none. Sepals 5, rarely 4, im- bricated, persistent. Petals of the same number and alternate with the sepals, imbricated, generally contorted. Stamens of the same number, alternate with the petals; filaments monadelphous at the base; anthers versatile, 2-celled. Ovary i, 2-5-celled, or by false septa 4-io-celled. Ovules anatropous. Styles 2-5. Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds 1-2 in each cavity, oily; endosperm little or none; embryo straight; cotyledons flat. Four known genera and about 150 species of wide geographic distribution in temperate and tropical regions. i. LINUM L. Sp. PI. 277. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with alternate or opposite, rarely verticillate, sessile leaves, and perfect flowers. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, cymose, racemose or paniculate. Stipules a pair of glands, or wanting. Sepals 5. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 5, monadelphous, sometimes with interspersed staminodia. Ovary 4-5-celled, or 8-iocelled by false partitions, the real cavities 2-ovuled. Capsule 5-io-valved. [The classical Latin name.] About 90 species, natives of temperate or warm regions. In addition to the following some 17 others occur in the southern and western parts of the United States. •X- Flowers blue. 1. L. usilatissiminn. 2. L. Leivisii. Annual; introduced; capsule about as long as the calyx. Perennial; western; capsule much exceeding the calyx. * •£ Flowers yellow. Capsules i"-iH" long. Leaves and bracts entire. Stem nearly terete, corymbosely branched; usually only the lowest leaves opposite. Leaves thin, oblong or oblanceolate, spreading. 3. L. V'irginianum. Leaves firm, appressed-ascending. Capsule depressed-globose, i high. 4. L. medium. Capsule ovoid, i H high. 5. L. Floridanum. Stem angled, racemosely branched; leaves below the branches mostly all opposite. 6. L. slriatum. Upper leaves and bracts glandular-ciliate. 7. L. sulcatinii. Capsules 2"-2#" long. 8. L. rigidum. # # * Flowers white, small, long-pedicelled. 9. L. catliarticum. i. Linum usitatissimum L. Flax. Lint-bells. Linseed. (Fig. 2258.) Linum usilatissimum L. Sp. PI. 277. 1753. Annual, often tufted, erect, branching above, I2/-2O/ high, glabrous and somewhat glaucous. Stem terete, striate, the branches slightly angular; leaves alternate, 3-nerved, lanceolate, l/2'-i^ long, i"-3" wide, acute or acuminate; stipules none; inflorescence a terminal cymose leafy panicle; flowers blue, 6//_8// broad; pedicels slender; sepals oval, acuminate, the interior ones ciliate and 3- ribbed; petals obcuncate, crenulate, twice the length of the sepals; capsule ovoid- conic, $"-4" long, equalling or somewhat exceeding the sepals, indehiscent, incom- pletely lo-celled, the septa not ciliate; seeds compressed. Along roadsides, railways and in waste places, fugitive from Europe or from cultivation. Called also Flix, Lin, Lint. Summer. Linum humile Mill. Card. Diet. No. 2, variously regarded by authors as a distinct species or a variety or form of the Common Flax, may be distinguished by its dehiscent capsule with ciliate septa. It is rarely met with in our area in similar situations. Both have been cultivated since prehistoric times for their fibre and oil. Their origin is unknown. . II.] FLAX FAMILY. 2. Linum Lewisii Pursh. Lewis' Wild Flax. (Fig. 2259.) Linum Leiuisii Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 210. 1814. Linum perenne var. Lewisii Eat. & Wright, N. A. Bot. 302. 1840. Perennial from a woody root, i°-2° high, gla- brous, glaucous, densely tufted, simple up to the cymose inflorescence. Leaves crowded, oblong or linear, 3//-2o// long, y^."-1*" wide, acute or acutish, 3~5-nerved; flowers blue, I'-i^' broad; sepals oval, mainly obtuse, one-third or one-fourth the length of the petals; stigmas shorter than the styles; capsule broadly ovoid, 2-3-times as long as the calyx, obtuse, incompletely lo-celled, dehiscent, the septa ciliate. Prairies, Manitoba to Texas, west to Arizona, Utah and Alaska. Summer. The European L. perenne L., otherwise nearly iden- tical with this species, differs in having heterogonous flowers. 349 3. Linum Virginianum Wild or Slender Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2260.) Linum Virginianum L. Sp. PI. 279. 1753. Perennial by suckers, erect or ascending, glabrous, rather dark green, simple below, corymbose-paniculate above, i°-2° high. Stem and branches terete, slender, not stiff, striate, or slightly angled above; flowering branches ascending, or sometimes weak and recurved; fruiting branches ascending, or somewhat spreading; leaves thin, ob- long, or oblanceolate, spreading or ascend- ing, i- nerved, 6//-i3// long, 2//~3// wide, acute, or the lower opposite and spatulate, obtuse; pedicels filiform, the lower 2//-6// long, longer than the calyx; flowers yellow, 3"-4" broad; sepals ovate, acute, not cili- ate, about equalling the depressed-globose lo-celled capsule, which is about \" high. In shaded situations. New England to Georgia. June-Aug. 4. Linum medium (Planch.) Britton. Stiff Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2261.) Linum Virginianum var. medium Planch. Lond. Bot. 7: 480. 1848. Perennial by suckers, glabrous; stems erect, striate, stiff, not angled, corymbosely branched above, the branches erect-ascending both in flower and in fruit; leaves firm, appressed-ascending, the lowest commonly spatulate and opposite, the others lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute, 4"- 12" long, y2"-2" wide; pedicels %"-$" long, the lower rarely longer than the calyx; sepals ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, about equalling the de- pressed-globose capsule, which is about \" high. In dry soil, Ontario to Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 35° LINACEAE. [Voi,. II. Linum Floridanum (Planch.) Trel. Florida Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2262.) Linum Virginianum var. Floridanum (?) Planch. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 480. 1848. Linum Floridanum Trel. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 13. 1887. Perennial, glabrous, stem strict, stiff, terete, i%°-2%° high, corymbosely branched above, the branches erect-ascending, slightly angled. Leaves acute, the lowest mostly opposite, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, the others linear-lanceolate, ap- pressed-ascending, alternate, 5//-io// long, W- 2" wide; fruiting branches erect-ascending; fruit- ing pedicels shorter than or little exceeding the calyx, or the lowest ones slightly longer; sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, about equalling the capsule; capsule ovoid, about \W long; petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx. Illinois (according to Trelease), Florida to Louisi- ana. June-Aug. 6. Linum striatum Walt. Ridged Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2263.) Linum striatum Walt. Fl. Car. 118. 1788. Linum diffusum Wood, Bot. & Flor. 66. 1870. Perennial, racetnosely branched, light green and somewhat viscid, so that the plant adheres to paper in which it is dried, the stem and branches sharply angled or even winged by low ridges decurrent from the leaf-bases. Leaves usually opposite nearly up to the in- florescence, oblong, acute or obtuse; branches of the panicle short and divergent; flowers small, yellow, often clustered; capsule sub- globose, usually rather longer than the sepals. In bogs and swamps, rarely in drier ground, Ontario to Connecticut, Florida, Kentucky, Arkansas and Texas. Summer. 7. Linum sulcatum Riddell. Grooved Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2264.) Linum sulcalum Riddell, Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 10. 1836- Linum Bpoltii Planch. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 475. 1848. Linum simplex Wood, Bot. & Flor. 66. 1870? Annual, simple or branched, i°-2° high. Stem wing-angled and grooved, at least above; leaves alternate, lanceolate or linear, 8"-i2" long, i//- i^" wide, acute or acuminate, 3-uerved, the lower glabrous, the upper smaller and glandular- ciliate, as are the floral bracts and sepals; stipules represented by a pair of small globose dark-colored glands; flowers racemose or corymbose, about 6" broad, yellow; pedicels i//-4// long; sepals lanceo- late, acute, slightly longer than the ovoid, acute, incompletely lo-celled pod; styles separate above the middle; septa of the capsule ciliate. In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, south, especially along the mountains, to Georgia, west to Texas, rare near the Atlantic coast. Summer. "VOL. II.] FLAX FAMILY. 351 8. Linum rigidum Pursh. Large- flowered Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2265.) Linum rigidum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 210. 1814. Perennial (?), 6/-i5/high, branched, glaucous, glabrous or puberulent. Branches stiff, more or less angular; leaves erect, linear or linear-lanceo- late, 4//-i2//long, YT."-\" wide, acute or mucronate, the upper ones glandu- lar-serrulate or ciliate; stipular glands minute, globose, sometimes wanting; flowers yellow, 9//-i5// broad; sepals lanceolate, acute or awn-pointed, glandular-serrulate; petals cuneate- obovate, twice the length of the se- pals; styles separate only at the sum- mit; capsule ovoid, 5-valved, shorter than the sepals, 2//-2^// long. Prairies, Manitoba to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico. Sum- mer. 9. Linum catharticum L/. Dwarf or Cathartic Flax. (Fig. 2266.) Linum catharticum L. Sp. PI. 281. 1753. Annual, slender, glabrous, usually branched, 3/-8/ high. Leaves all opposite, sessile, oval or somewhat obovate, entire, 2//-4// long; flowers axillary and terminal, white, 2//-3// broad, on long slender erect or ascending pedicels; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate; petals obovate; pod small, globose. Along a low sandy seashore, Pictou, Nova Scotia. Apparently naturalized from Europe where it is abundant on chalky soils. Called also Fairy, Moun- tain or Purging Flax, Fairy Lint. July-Aug. Family 53. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. 1830. CALTROP FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, "the branches often jointed to the nodes. Leaves mostly opposite, stipulate, pinnate, or 2-3-foliolate, the leaflets entire. Stipules persistent. Flowers perfect, axillary, peduncled. Sepals usually 5, distinct, or united by their bases. Petals the same number as the sepals, or none. Stamens as many as the petals, or 2-3 times as many, in- serted on the base of the receptacle, the alternate ones sometimes longer; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehiscent; filaments usually with a small scale at the base or near the middle. Ovary 4-i2-celled; style terminal; stigma usually simple; ovules i-numerous in each cavity, pendulous, or ascending. Fruit various, dry in our species. Endosperm of the seed copious or none; embryo straight or curved; cotyledons linear or oblong. About 20 genera and 150 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. Fruit spiny, splitting into 5 3-5-seeded segments. i. Tribulus. Fruit not spiny, often tubercled, splitting into 10-12 i -seeded segments. 2. Kallstroemia. 352 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. [VOL. II. i. TRIBULUS L,. Sp. PI. 387. 1753. Herbs, mostly prostrate, with evenly pinnate leaves and peduncled axillary yellow flowers. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, the alternate ones some- what longer. Ovary sessile, 5-lobed, 5-celled, hairy, the hairs erect; style short; stigma 5- ridged; ovules 3-5 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit 5-angled, spiny, splitting into 5 3-5- seeded segments. [Greek, three-pronged, Caltrop, from the resemblance of the fruit to that implement.] About 12 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern States. i. Tribulus terrestris L,. Ground Bur- nut. Land Caltrop. (Fig. 2267.) Tribulus terrestris L. Sp. PL 387. 1753. Annual, pubescent, branched from the base, the stem prostrate or ascending, sometimes i° long or more. Leaves petioled; stipules small; leaflets 4-8 pairs, oblong, inequilateral, opposite, short- stalked, acutish or obtuse, 3//-8// long; flowers solitary, about 6" broad, peduncled; peduncles shorter than the leaves; petals oblong, about as long as the sepals; segments of the fruit usually with 2 long spines, 2 shorter ones, and a row of very short ones forming a crest on the back, also commonly with some bristle-like hairs. In ballast and waste places about the eastern sea- ports, and in central Nebraska. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 2. KALLSTROEMIA Scop. Introd. 212. 1777. Mostly annual branching pubescent herbs, the branches often prostrate, with opposite stipules, evenly pinnate leaves, and solitary axillary peduncled yellow flowers. Sepals usually 5, persistent or deciduous. Petals the same number, obovate or oblanceolate, decidu- ous. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovary sessile, io-i2-cclled; ovule I in each cavity, pendulous; style long, or short, io-i2-grooved, persistent; stigma mostly 10-12- ridged. Fruit io-i2-lobed, not spiny, often tubercled, splitting into 10-12 i-seeded segments. [In honor of Kallstroem.] About 10 species, of wide distribution in warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern and western States. i. Kallstroemia maxima (L/.) T. & G. Greater Caltrop. (Fig. 2268.) Tribulus ma.vimus L,. Sp. PL 387. 1753. Kallstroemia maxima T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 213. 1838. Annual, branches slender, prostrate, 6'-l8' long. Leaves short-petioled; stipules subulate, shorter than the petioles; leaflets 3-5 pairs, oval, or oblong, inequi- lateral, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcor- date at the base, 4"-io" long; peduncles slender, 6'/-2/ long in fruit; flowers i' broad, or less; sepals linear- lanceolate, very pubescent, persistent, shorter than the petals; fruit ovoid-conic, about 3" in diameter, about as long as the stout persistent style, the segments tuber- cled. In dry soil, Kansas to Georgia, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. April-Sept. Family 54. RUTACEAE Juss. Gen. 296. 1789. RUE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with heavy-scented and glandular-punctate foliage, alternate or opposite mainly compound exstipulate leaves, and (in our species) polygamo-dioecious generally cymose flowers. Sepals 4-5, or none. Petals 4-5, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens of the same number, or twice as many, distinct, inserted on the receptacle; anthers 2-celled, mostly versatile. Disk annular. Pistils 2-5, distinct, or i and compound of 2-5 carpels, inserted Voi,. II.] RUE FAMILY. 353 on the somewhat elongated receptacle. Fruit (in our species) a capsule, or samara. Seeds oblong or reniform; embryo straight or curved; endosperm generally fleshy, sometimes none; cotyledons thick or foliaceous. About 1 10 genera and 880 species, most abundant in South Africa and Australia. Pistils 3-5, distinct; fruit fleshy, capsular. i. Xanthoxylum* Pistil i, 2-celled; fruit a samara. 2. Ptelea. i. XANTHOXYLUM L. Sp. PI. 270. 1753. Trees or shrubs with alternate odd-pinnate leaves, the twigs and petioles commonly prickly. Flowers axillary or terminal, cymose, whitish or greenish, mostly small. Sepals 4 or 5, or none. Petals 4 or 5, imbricated. Staminate flowers with 4 or 5 hypogynous stamens. Pistillate flowers with 2-5 distinct pistils, rarely with some stamens. Carpels 2-ovuled. Pods fleshy, 2-valved, i-2-seeded. Seeds'oblong, black and shining. [Greek, yellow-wood.] About no species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. In addition to the following 2 others occur in the Southern States. Flowers in small sessile axillary cymes; calyx none. i. X. Americanum. Flowers in large terminal compound cymes; calyx present. 2. X. Clava-Herculis. i. Xanthoxylum Americanum Mill. Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree. (Fig.2269.) Xantho.rvlnm Americanum Mill. Card Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. A shrub, or small tree, reaching a maxi- mum height of about 25°, and a trunk diameter of 6'. Leaves alternate, odd- pinnate, pubescent when young, becom- ing glabrous or nearly so when old; leaf- lets 5-11, ovate, opposite, dark green above, lighter beneath, nearly sessile, i^/-2/ long, crenulate or entire, acutish; flowers greenish, about i-J^// broad, in ses- sile axillary cymes, borne on the wood of the previous season and appearing before the leaves; pedicels slender; calyx none; petals 4 or 5; pistils 2-5; capsules black, ellipsoid, about 2" long, on short stipes, i-2-seeded. In woods and thickets, Quebec to Virginia, especially along the mountains, west to west- ern Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska and Mis- souri. Wood soft, light brown; weight per cubic foot 35 Ibs. April-May. 2. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis L. Southern Prickly Ash. Sea Ash. Pepper-wood. (Fig. 2270.) X. Clava-Herculis L. Sp. PI. 270. 1753. X. Carolinianum Lam. Encycl. 2: 39. 1786. A small, very prickly tree, with a maxi- mum height of 45° and trunk diameter of 9 ', the prickles supported on cushions of cork sometimes 8' broad. Leaves alter- nate, odd-pinnate, glabrous, shining above, dull beneath; leaflets 5-17, ob- liquely ovate, nearly sessile, !%'-$' long, acute, crenulate; flowers greenish-white, in large terminal cymes, appearing before the leaves; sepals 4 or 5 ; petals 4 or 5 ; pis- tils 2 or 3; capsules about 2" long, sessile. Along streams, coast of southern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas. Wood light brown; weight per cubic foot 31 Ibs. June. 354 RUTACEAE. [Vol.. II. 2. PTELEA L. Sp. PI. 118. 1753. Shrubs or small trees, without prickles, the bark bitter. Leaves 3-5-foliolate, with entire or serrulate leaflets. Flowers greenish white, polygamous, corymbose-paniculate. Calyx 4-5-parted, the lobes imbricated. Petals 4 or 5, much longer than the calyx, also imbricated. Stamens 4 or 5, alternate with the petals; filaments hairy on the inner side, present in the pistillate flowers but the anthers abortive or wanting. Ovary flattened, 2-celled (rarely 3-celled). Fruit a nearly orbicular samara, 2-winged (rarely 3-winged), indehiscent. Cells i-seeded. Seed oblong-ovoid. [Greek, Elm.] About 6 species, natives of the United States and Mexico. i. Ptelea trifoliata L. Three-leaved Hop-tree. Shrubby Trefoil. (Fig. 2271.) Ptelfa trifoliata I,. Sp. PI. 118. 1753. A shrub or small tree, with a maximum height of about 20° and trunk diameter of 6'. Leaves long-petioled, 3-foliolate, pubescent when young, glabrate when old; leaflets ovate or oval, 2'-§f long, ses- sile, crenulate, acute or obtuse, the lateral ones somewhat oblique, the terminal one more or less cuneate at the base; flowers about 5" broad, in terminal compound cymes; odor disagreeable; sepals y^" long, obtuse; petals about 3" long, oblong; samara 8//~9// in diameter, the wing membranous and reticulated, emarginate, tipped with the minute persistent style or this finally deciduous. In woods, Long Island to Florida, west to southern ( Mitario, Minnesota, Texas and northern Mexico. The fruit is bitter and has been used as a substitute for hops. The foliage has an unpleasant odor. Wood light brown; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. Called also Wafer-ash, Swamp-Dogwood, Wingseed. June. Family 55. SIMARUBACEAE DC. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 209. 1811. AILANTHUS FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, and mainly alternate and pinnate not punctate leaves. Stipules minute or none. Inflorescence axillary, paniculate or racemose. Flowers regular, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3~5-lobed or divided. Petals 3-5. Disk annular or elongated, entire or lobed. Stamens of the same number as the petals, or twice as many; anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 2-5, or single and 2-5-lobed, i-5-celled; styles 1-5. Seeds generally solitary in the cells; embryo straight or curved. About 27 genera and 145 species, natives of warm or tropical regions, distinguished from RU- TACEAE mainly by their non-punctate foliage. i. AILANTHUS Desf. Mem. Acad. Paris, 1786: 265. pi. 8. 1789. Large trees, with odd-pinnate leaves, and terminal panicles of greenish-white polyga- mous flowers. Calyx short, 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated. Petals 5, spreading, valvate. Disk lo-lobed. Staminate flowers with 10 stamens inserted at the base of the disk. Pistil- late flowers with a deeply 2-5-cleft ovary, its lobes flat, cuneate, i-celled, and 2-3 stamens. Ovules solitary in each cavity. Samaras 2-5, linear, or oblong, membranous, veiny, i-seeded at the middle. Seed compressed; cotyledons flat, nearly orbicular. [From the Chinese name.] Three species, natives of China and the East Indies. The following has become widely natu- ralized in eastern North America. VOL. II.] AILANTHUS FAMILY. 355 i. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree-of -Heaven. Ailanthus. (Fig. 2272.) Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Mem. Acad. Paris, 1786: 265. 1789. A tree, 4o°-9o° high. Leaves i°-3° long, petioled, glabrous, odd-pinnate; leaflets 13-41, opposite or nearly so, stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cordate or truncate and often oblique at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, entire, or with 1-4 blunt teeth near the base; flowers greenish, about 3" broad, pedicelled, the staminate ones ill-scented; samaras twisted, nearly 2' long, very conspicu- ous on the pistillate tree in autumn. Escaped from cultivation, along roadsides and in fields, spreading extensively by suck- ers, and seeding freely in some localities, southern Ontario and in the eastern United States. Called also Chinese Sumach. Nat- uralized from China. June-July. Family 56. POLYGALACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 120. 1828. MIUCWORT FAMILY. Herbs, rarely shrubs or small trees in tropical regions, with alternate, or some- times opposite or verticillate leaves; stipules none. Flowers racemose, spicate, or solitary and axillary. Pedicels generally 2-bracted at the base. Flowers perfect, irregular. Sepals 5, the two lateral ones (wings) large, colored, the others smaller. Petals 3 (or 5), hypogynous, more or less united into a tube, the lower one often crested. Stamens generally 8, united in i or 2 sets. Ovary 2 -celled; style simple; stigma curved, dilated or lobed; ovules i in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds generally caruncled, often hairy; embryo straight. About 10 genera and 750 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. i. POLYGALA L. Sp. PI. 701. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate opposite or verticillate leaves. Flowers racemose, spicate, or capitate, rarely solitary and axillary, sometimes also cleistogamous and subter- ranean. Sepals very unequal, the two lateral ones large and petaloid. Petals 3, united into a tube which is split on the back, and more or less adnate to the stamens. Stamens 8 or 6, monadelphous below, or diadelphous; capsule membranous, compressed, dehiscent along the margin. Seeds i in each cavity, generally hairy. [Greek, much milk.] A genus of about 260 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 36 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. •X- Flowers in corymbed spike-like racemes at the summit of the stem, yellow. Basal leaves long, narrow, acuminate. i. P. cymosa. Basal leaves spatulate, or obovate. 2. P. ramosa. •X- •£ Flowers in solitary spikes or spike-like racemes, terminating the stem and branches. Basal leaves spatulate, or obovate; flowers orange yellow. 3. P. lutea. Basal leaves inconspicuous, or wanting; flowers not yellow. Leaves, at least the lower, verticillate; spikes 4-9" thick, blunt; flowers purple to greenish white. Spikes sessile, or nearly so; wings deltoid. 4. P. cruciata. Spikes peduncled; wings lanceolate-ovate. 5. P. brevifolia. Leaves verticillate and alternate; spikes 2" -3" thick, acute. Verticillate leaves predominating; spikes dense; flowers green to purplish. 6. P. verticillata. Alternate leaves predominating; spikes loose, long; flowers more purple. 7. P. ambigua. Leaves all alternate. Petals united into a cleft tube, 3" -4" long; flowers pink. 8. P. incarnata. Petals not conspicuously united into a tube. Spikes ovoid to globose. Bracts persistent; flowers rose-purple to white. Spikes blunt; wings broadly ovate. 9. P. viridescens. Spikes acutish ; wings narrowly ovate or elliptic. 10. P. Curtissii. . Bracts deciduous; flowers rose-purple. u. P.Mariana. 356 POIvYGALACEAE. [Vox,. II. Spikes cylindric. Leaves oblanceolate to linear, 2"-6" long; flowers greenish to purplish. 12. P. Nuttallii. Leaves lanceolate, i'-a' long, flowers white or greenish. 13. P. Senega. Spikes elongated-conic; flowers white. 14. P. alba. •X -X -X- Flowers distinctly racemose, rose or purple. 15. p. polygama. & -X •X- Flowers 1-4, large, axillary, but apparently terminal, rose-purple to white. 16. P. paucifolia. i. Polygala cymosa Walt. Tall Pine-barren Milkwort. (Fig. 2273.) Polygala cymosa Walt. Fl. Car. 179. 1788. Polygala acutifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 128. 1838. Stem erect, glabrous, 2°-3° high, simple, slightly angular; roots fibrous. Basal leaves elongated-linear, attenuate at the apex, 2'- 3' long, 2//-3// wide, entire, densely tufted; stem-leaves linear-subulate, bract-like, 5"- 8" long; inflorescence a simple or com- pound corymb of spike-like racemes; pedi- cels i "-2" long; bracts persistent; flowers yellow, drying greenish black ; seed globose, minute, nearly glabrous; caruncle none. In wet pine barrens, Delaware to Florida, west to Louisiana. May-July. 2. Polygala ramdsa Ell. Low Pine- barren Milkwort. (Fig. 2274.) P. corymbosa Nutt.Gen. 2:89. 1818. NotMichx. 1803. Polygala ramosa Ell. Hot. S. C. & Ga. a: 186. 1822. Glabrous, stems tufted or single from fibrous roots, 6/-i6/ high, simple. Stem-leaves linear- oblong, obtuse, 6//-io// long, i//-2// wide; basal leaves much broader and often larger, spatulate or obovate; inflorescence a terminal compound corymb, 3 '-6' broad, of numerous pcduncled spike-like racemes; flowers citron-yellow, i#" long, drying dark green; pedicels i" long or less; wings oblong, acuminate; crest minute; seed hairy, twice to thrice the length of the caruncle. In low pine barrens, Delaware to Florida, west to Louisiana. June-Sept. 3. Polygala lutea L. Orange Milkwort. Wild Bachelor's Button. (Fig. 2275.) Polygala lutea L. Sp. PI. 705. 1753. Glabrous; stems tufted from fibrous roots, erect or as- cending, or at length divaricately branched, 6/-i2/ high. Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 8//-i5//long, 2//-4// wide, entire; basal leaves broader and often larger, obovate or spatulate, obtuse; spike-like racemes terminal, solitary, ovoid or oblong, very dense, %'-!%' long, 6//-g// thick, obtuse; flowers 2"-$" long, orange-yellow, preserv- ing their color in drying; pedicels i//-2// long; wings ob- long-ovate, abruptly acuminate; crest of the corolla-tube minute; caruncle-lobes linear, about equalling the hairy seed, or shorter. In pine-barren swamps, Babylon, Long Island, New Jersey, south to Florida, west to Louisiana. June-Oct. VOI,. II.] MILKWORT FAMILY. 4. Polygala cruciata L. Cross-leaved or Marsh Milkwort. Polygala cruciata L. Sp. PI. 706. 1753- Erect, glabrous, 4/-i6/ high, at length freely branching above; stem square or slightly wing-an- gled. Basal leaves none; those of the stem and branches verticillate in 4's, or a few of them scat- tered, linear or oblanceolate, >^/-i^/ long, \"-i" wide, entire, obtuse, mucronulate, the lower smaller; spike-like racemes oval, obtuse, 4//~9// thick, ses- sile or short-peduncled; pedicels slender, i^//-2// long; bracts persistent; flowers purple, greenish or white; wings triangular-ovate, sessile, somewhat cordate, acute, acuminate or awn-pointed, i^//~3// long, much exceeding the pods; crest of the corolla minute; seed oblong, slightly hairy, about equalling the caruncle. In sandy swamps, Maine to Florida, west to Minne- sota and Louisiana, but wanting in some districts in the interior, quite common along the coast. July- Sept. 357 (Fig. 2276.) 5. Polygala brevifolia Nutt. Short- leaved Milkwort. (Fig. 2277.) Polygala brevifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 89. 1818. Resembling the preceding species, but lower, more slender and weaker. Leaves shorter, often scattered on the branches and upper part of the stem; spikes smaller (3//-5// thick), on slender peduncles; wings ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or mucronulate. In sandy swamps, coast of Rhode Island to Florida and Alabama. Summer. 6. Polygala verticillata L,. Whorled Milkwort. (Fig. 2278.) Polygala veriicillata L,. Sp. PI. 706. 1753. Glabrous, very slender, 6/-i2/ high, usually branched, the branches often opposite. Basal leaves none; stem-leaves linear, $"-15" long, ^//_2// wide; acute, entire, punctate, mucronu- late, mostly verticillate in 4's or 5's, with some scattered ones on the stem or branches; spikes conic, loug-peduncled, acute, 2" thick at the base, very dense, 4//-io// long; flowers greenish or purplish; pedicels about y2'f long; wings broadly oval, distinctly clawed, shorter than the pod; crest of the corolla manifest; seed oblong, hairy, twice the length of the caruncle; bracts deciduous. In dry or moist soil, mostly in fields, southern Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Mexico. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. June. -Nov. 353 POLYGALACEAE. [VOL. II. 7. Polygala ambigua Nutt. Loose-spiked Milkwort. (Fig. 2279.) Polygala ambigua Nutt. Gen. 2: 89. 1818. Polygala vcrticillata var. ambigua Wood, Bot. & Flor. 80. 1870. Resembling the preceding species, but often taller, s'-iS' high, very slender. Lower stem-leaves commonly verticillate, but the others all alternate; spikes long, loose, the lower flowers often quite distant; peduncles often several inches long; flowers rather larger; wings purple or purplish, nearly cir- cular in outline; mature capsule hardly longer than the wings, which are appressed to it; seed hairy. In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Georgia, Tennessee and Louisiana. 8. Polygala incarnata L. Pink Milkwort. (Fig. 2280.) Polygala incarnata L. Sp. PI. 701. 1753. Erect, glabrous, glaucous, very slender, i°-2° high, simple, or sparingly branched. Basal leaves none; stem- leaves distant, linear or subulate, sessile, \"-t>" long, rarely wanting; spike terminal, dense, I'-iJ^' long, 2"- 4" thick; pedicels J4" or less long; bracts minute or none; flowers pink or rose, 5 "-6" long; corolla -tube very slender, 3"-4" long, 2-5 times the length of the wings, its keel prominently crested; wings cuspidate: seed hairy, the caruncle-lobes enveloping its beaked extremity. In dry soil, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to southern Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Florida, Arkansas and Mexico. Summer. 9. Polygala viridescens L. Field or Purple Milkwort. (Fig. 2281.) Polygala viridescens L. Sp. PI. 705. 1753. Polygala sanguinea L. Sp. PI. 705. 1753. Erect, 6'- 15' high, glabrous, at length branch- ing above, leafy. Stem somewhat angled; basal leaves none; stem-leaves oblong, or linear-oblong, 8"-i5" long, i//-2//wide, obtuse or acute, mu- cronulate; heads globose, becoming oval, 4"- 6" thick, obtuse; pedicels about */*" long; flow- ers rose-purple, greenish, or sometimes white; wings sessile, sometimes slightly cordate, ovate, exceeding the pod; bracts generally persistent on the elongating axis; seed obovoid, hairy, about the length of the caruncle; crest minute. In fields and meadows, southern Ontario to east- ern New England, south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota, Arkansas and Louisiana. June-Sept. The contrast between the green-flowered and purple- flowered forms is striking where the two grow together. Vox,. II.] MILKWORT FAMILY. 10. Polygala Curtissii A. Gray. Curtiss' Milkwort. (Fig. 2282.) Polygala Curtissii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 121. 1867. Erect, slender, S'-io' high, much resembling the pre- ceding species and the following; heads globose or rarely elongated, blunt, loosely flowered, 4//-6// thick; bracts persistent, mainly shorter than the slender pedicels; wings oblong, clawed, nearly erect, twice the length of the pod; seed obovoid.very hairy, apiculate; caruncle minute, much shorter than the seed. 359 In dry soil, Maryland to Kentucky and Georgia. Sept. Aug.- ii. Polygala Mariana Mill. Maryland Milkwort. (Fig. 2283.) Polygala Mariana Mill. Gard. Diet. no. 6. 1768. Polygala fastigiata Nutt. Gen. 2: 89. 1818. Slender, glabrous, 6/-i6/ high, at length much branched above. Basal leaves none; stem-leaves linear, 3//-o// long, about \" wide, entire, mostly acute, mucronulate; heads globose or slightly longer than thick, obtuse, 3//-4// wide; pedicels slender, i ^//-2// long; flowers rose-purple; wings ovate-oblong or obovate, pointed, narrowed at the base, slightly longer than the pod; bracts decidu- ous from the elougating axis; caruncle-lobes em- bracing the smaller extremity of the slightly hairy obovoid seed; corolla minutely crested. In dry soil, southern New Jersey and Delaware to Florida, west to Kentucky and Louisiana. July-Sept. 12. Polygala Nuttallii T. & G. Nuttall's Milk- wort. (Fig. 2284.) Polygala sanguinea Nutt. Gen. 2: 88. 1818. Not L. 1/53. Polygala Nuttallii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 670. 1840. Glabrous, erect, slender, 4/-7/ high, branching above. Basal leaves none; stem-leaves numerous, linear or linear- oblong, 3//-8// long, X//-I// wide, entire, obtuse or acutish; spikes cylindric or oblong, about 2" thick, 3//-6// long, the floral axis elongating as the fruits fall away from below; pedicels l/i" long or less; bracts subulate, persistent; flowers greenish or yellowish-purple, i" long; seed obovoid, very hairy, longer than the caruncle; wings oblong to oval, about equalling the pod; crest very small. In dry sandy soil in open places, eastern Massachusetts to North Carolina, west to Alabama and Missouri. Aug.-Sept. I 360 POLYGALACEAE. [VOL. II. 13. Polygala Senega L. Seneca Snakeroot. Mountain Flax. (Fig. 2285.) Polygala Senega L. Sp. PI. 704. 1753. Glabrous or nearly so, stems several, from woody rootstocks, erect or ascending, 6/-i2/ high, simple, or sparingly branched above. Leaves alternate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, i/-2/ long, 3//-4// wide, serrulate, the lowest much smaller and scale-like; spike terminal, short-peduncled, dense, acute, i/-2/ long; flowers \W long, white or tinged with green; pedicels less than Y*" long; wings orbicular-obovate, concave; crest of the corolla short, few-lobed; seed hairy, slightly longer than the lobes of the caruncle. In rocky woods, New Brunswick, western New England to Minnesota and the Canadian Rocky Mountains, south to North Carolina along the Al- leghanies and to Missouri. May-June. Polygala Senega latifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 131. 1838. Stem taller, often branched above; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 2' -4' long, acuminate, acute at the base. Maryland and Pennsylvania to Tennessee and Mich- igan. 14. Polygala alba Nutt. White Milkwort. (Fig. 2286.) . . . . Polygala Senega var. lenuifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 750. P. t Polygala alba Nutt. Gen. a: 87. 1818. Polygala Senega var. lenuifol 1814. Not P. tenuifolia Willd. 1803. Glabrous, stems numerous, erect from hard woody root- stocks, slender, 6'- 15' high. Leaves alternate, narrowly linear, acute, 3//-ia// long, %"-i" wide, their margins entire and revolute, the lower somewhat broader and shorter, clustered; spike terminal, long-peduncled, dense, i/-2/ long; flowers i"-!^" long, wliite; pedicels less than *£" long; wings oblong-ovate, slightly concave; crest of the corolla short; seeds silky, about twice the length of the caruncle-lobes. Prairies, Nebraska and Kansas to Texas and Mexico, west to New Mexico and Arizona. May-July. 15. Polygala polygama Walt. Racemed Milkwort. (Fig. 2287.) Polygala polygama Walt. Fl. Car. 179. 1788. Glabrous; stems numerous, simple, 4/-2o/ high, erect from a deep slender biennial root. Stem-leaves crowded, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronulate, 8"-i2" long, i//-2// wide, entire, the lower gradually smaller; basal leaves spatulate, sometimes smaller ; raceme terminal, loose, i/-4/ long; pedicels spreading or recurved, i//-2// long; flowers purple or rose, rarely nearly white, showy, 2//-3// long; wings broadly obovate; crest of the corolla large, laciniate; stamens 8; subter- ranean branches horizontal, bearing numer- ous, nearly sessile cleistogamous flowers; seeds hairy, longer than the caruncle-lobes. In dry soil, Nova Scotia to" the Lake of the Woods, south to Florida and Texas. Local. June-July. Voi,. II.] MILKWORT FAMILY 16. Polygala paucifolia Willd. Fringed Milkwort. Flowering Wintergreen. Gay-wings. (Fig. 2288.) Polygala paucifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 880. 1800. Polygala uniflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 53. 1803. Glabrous, perennial from slender prostrate stems and root- stocks 6/-i5/ long. Flowering branches erect or ascending, 4'- 7' high; leaves of the summits of the stems clustered, ovate or oblong, j'-i^' long, 7//-io// wide, acute, rough-margined, on petioles 2//-4// long; those of the lower part of the shoots suc- cessively smaller, distant, the lowest scale-like; flowers 1-4, axillary to the upper leaves, 7//-io// long, slender-peduncled, rose-purple or rarely white, showy; wings obovate; crest of the corolla beautifully fimbriate; seed slightly shorter than the caruncle; cleistogamous subterranean flowers few, on short lateral branches. In moist rich woods, New Brunswick and Anticosti to the Sas- katchewan, south to Georgia and Illinois. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. May-July. I805.= Family 57. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 276. SPURGE FAMILY. Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees, with acrid often milky sap. Leaves opposite, alternate or verticillate, entire or toothed, sessile or petioled, sometimes with glands at the base; stipules present, obsolete or wanting. In- florescence various. Flowers apetalous or petaliferous, sometimes much reduced and subtended by an involucre which resembles a calyx (Euphorbia), the num- ber of parts in the floral whorls often different in the staminate and pistillate flowers. Stamens few, or numerous, in one series or many; filaments separate or united. Ovary usually 3-celled; ovules i or 2 in each cavity, pendulous; styles as many as the cavities of the ovary, simple, divided, or many-cleft. Fruit a mostly 3-lobed capsule, separating, often elastically, into 3 2-valved carpels from a persistent axis at maturity. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight, or slightly curved, in fleshy or oily endosperm, the broad cotyledons almost filling the seed-coats. About 210 genera and 4000 species, of wide geographic distribution. Flowers not in an involucre, with a true calyx. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Ovule I in each cavity of the ovary. Plants clothed with stellate pubescence. i. Phyllanthus. Ovary, and dehiscent capsule 2-4-celled, mostly 3-celled. Ovary, and capsule i -celled, achene-like. 2. Croton. 3. Crotonopsis. 4. Ditaxis. 5. Acalypha. 6. Tragia. 8. Jatropha. Plants variously pubescent with simple hairs. . Inflorescence spicate, racemose, or of axillary clusters. Flowers with petals. Flowers without petals. Styles many- cleft. Styles simple, somewhat united at the base. Inflorescence cymose. Plants glabrous, or nearly so. Inflorescence racemose, somewhat panicled; pistillate flowers above the staminate. 7. Ricinus. Inflorescence spicate; pistillate flowers below the staminate. 9. Stillingia. Flowers in an involucre, the calyx represented by a minute scale at the base of the filament-like pedicel. 10. Euphorbia. i. PHYLLANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 981. 1753. Annual or biennial herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees). Stems wiry. Leaves alternate, entire, often numerous, and so arranged as to appear like the leaflets of a compound leaf. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, sessile or pedicelled, a staminate and a pistillate one together in the axils or on the edges of leaf- like branches. Calyx mostly 5-6- parted, the lobes imbricated. Stamens usually 3, the filaments more or less united, rarely separate. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; styles 3, each 2-cleft. Capsule glo- bose, each carpel 2-seeded; endosperm of the seed fleshy. [Greek, leaf-flower, the blossoms in some species being seated on leaf-like flattened branches.] More than 400 species, natives of the tropical and temperate zones of both hemispheres. *Text contributed by DR. JOHN K. SMAI.I,. 362 EUPHORBIACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Phyllanthus Carolinensis Walt. Carolina Phyllanthus. (Fig. 2289.) Phyllanthus Carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 228. 1788. Pliy! Ian thus oboi-atus Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 574. 1805. Annual, dark green, glabrous. Stem sleuder, erect, or ascending, 4/-2o/ high, simple or branched, the branches 2-ranked; leaves obovate, or oblong, 3//-io// long, obtuse, narrowed to a very short petiole, or subsessile; flowers incon- spicuous, nearly sessile in the axils; calyx 6- parted, its lobes linear, or oblong; stamens 3; styles 3, each 2-cleft; glands of the pistillate flower more or less united; capsule about i" in diameter; seeds nearly yt" long, marked with lines and minute black papillae. In sandy or gravelly soil, eastern Pennsylvania to Illinois, Florida, Texas and Central America. May- Oct. 2. CROTON L. Sp. PI. 1004. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, monoecious or rarely dioecious, strong-scented, stellate-pubescent, more or less glandular. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, toothed or lobed, sometimes with 2 glands at the base of the blade. Flowers in axillary or terminal clusters, often spicate or racemose. Staminate flowers uppermost; calyx 4-6-parted (usually 5-parted); petals usually present, but small or rudimentary, alternating with glands; stamens 5 or more, indexed. Pistillate flowers clustered below the staminate; calyx 5-ro-parted; petals usually wanting; ovary mostly 3-celled; ovule i in each cavity; styles once, twice or many times 2-cleft. Capsule splitting into 2-4 (usually 2) 2-valved carpels. Seeds i in each carpel, smooth, or minutely pitted. Embryo straight in the fleshy endosperm. [The Greek name of the Castor-oil plant.] About 600 species, mostly of warm and tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones; some of high medicinal value. Plants monoecious. Leaves toothed; staminate calyx 4-lobed, pistillate 5-lobed. I«eaves entire; staminate calyx 3- 5-lobed, pistillate 5-i2-lobed. Capsules clustered, erect, depressed -globose, 3"-3&" broad. Capsules mostly solitary, nodding, ovoid, or oblong-ovoid, a"-2 Plant dioecious. 1. C. glandulosus. 2. C. capitatus. '," long. 3. C. monanthogynus. 4. C. Texensis. i. Croton glandulosus L,. Glandular Croton. (Fig. 2290.) Croton glandulosus L- Amoen. Acad. 5: 409. 1760. Annual, monoecious, usually dark green, rough with stellate hairs, and somewhat glandular. Stem erect or assurgent, rather slender, 8'-2%° high, corymbosely branched, or nearly simple; leaves oblong, linear-oblong or ovate, #'-3' long, coarsely serrate, bearing 2 glands at the base of the blade; petiole shorter than the blade; flower- clusters terminal or axillary, the staminate in spikes, with a 4-parted calyx, 4 petals, a 4-rayed glandular disk and 8 stamens; pistillate flowers several at the base of the staminate, with 5 sepals, rudimentary petals, and 3 2-cleft styles; capsule subglobose, about 2>£// in length; seeds oblong, minutely wrinkled. In sandy soil, Virginia to Iowa and Kansas, south to Florida and Central America. Also in the West Indies and South America. March-Dec. VOL. II.] SPURGE FAMILY 2. Croton capitatus Michx. Capitate Croton. Hogwort. (Fig. 2291.) Croton capitatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 214. 1803. Annual, monoecious, silvery green, densely stellate-pubescent. Stem erect or assurgent, usually corymbosely branched above; leaves lan- ceolate, oblong, or rarely ovate, entire, or often undulate, obtuse or cordate at the base; lower petioles often equalling or exceeding the blades, flowers clustered at the ends of the branches, the staminate racemose, with a 5-parted calyx, 5 petals, and 10-14 stamens; pistillate flowers several, sessile, with 7-12 sepals, no petals, the styles twice or thrice cleft; capsule depressed- globose, 3//-3^// in diameter; seeds gray, or variegated, turtle-shaped, smooth, or minutely pitted. In dry soil, New Jersey to Iowa, Georgia and Texas. May-Oct. 3. Croton monanthogynus Michx. Single-fruited Croton. (Fig. 2292.) C. monanthogynus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 215. 1803. Annual, monoecious, silvery green, rather densely stellate-pubescent and somewhat glandular. Main stem slender, 4/-8/ high, simple, or sparingly branched above, topped by a 3~5-rayed umbel with rays 5'-i5' long, forked or umbellately branched; leaves ovate or oblong, 5//-i^/ long, entire or un- dulate, obtuse or subcordate at the base; petioles usually about half as long as the blades; staminate flowers clustered at the ends of erect peduncles, with 3-5 unequal calyx- segments, the same number of petals and scale-like glands, and 3-8 stamens; pistillate flowers mostly solitary, on recurved pedi- cels, with 5 equal calyx-segments, no petals, 5 glands and 2 sessile 2-cleft stigmas; capsule ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2//-2>£// long, i-2-celled; seeds oval or orbicular, variegated, minutely pitted, shining. In dry soil, North Carolina to Indiana and Kansas, south to Florida and Mexico. June-Oct. 4. Croton Texensis (Klotzsch.) Muell. Arg. Texas Croton. Hendecanadra Texensis Klotzch, Erichs. Arch, i: 252. 1841. Croton Texensis Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15: Part 2, 692. 1862. Annual, dioecious, often bronze-green, canes- cent with stellate pubescence. Stem rather slender, erect or assurgent, 8/-2° high, panicu- lately or corymbosely branched; leaves ovate to linear-oblong, or almost linear, io//-3X/ long, entire or undulate; petioles mostly shorter than the blades; staminate flowers racemose; pistillate flowers sessile or nearly so in stalked clusters; calyx equally 5-parted, the segments ovate; petals none; glands 5, minute; stamens mostly 10; styles 3, twice or thrice 2-cleft; capsule subglo- bose, 2>£//-3// in diameter; somewhat muricate; seeds ovoid or oval, variegated, finely reticulated. In dry soil, South Dakota to Missouri, Alabama and New Mexico. June-Sept. (Fig. 2293.) 364 EUPHORBIACEAE. [Vox,. II. 3. CROTONOPSIS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 185. 1803. Annual slender silvery-scurfy monoecious herbs with branched stems, narrow alternate or rarely opposite short-petioled leaves, the flowers in terminal and lateral clusters. Stamin- nate flowers uppermost in the clusters, with an equally 5-parted calyx, 5 petals and 5 in- flexed stamens opposite the petals, the filaments distinct, enlarged at the summit. Pistillate flowers with a 3~5-parted calyx, no petals, 5 petal-like glands opposite the calyx-segments, and a i-celled ovary; ovule i; style twice or thrice cleft. Fruit a small scaly or spiny achene-like capsule. Seed lenticular or terete, longitudinally wrinkled; embryo straight in fleshy endosperm. [Greek, Croton-like.] Two known species, natives of the southeastern United States. i. Crotonopsis linearis Michx. Croton- opsis. (Fig. 2294.) Crotonopsis Uncarts Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 3: 186. pi. 46. 1803. Silvery, covered with peltate somewhat fringed scales, except on the green upper surfaces of the leaves. Stem wiry, 4'-! %° high, much branched; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, %'-i%' long, entire; staminate flowers with an equally 5-parted calyx, the petals spatulate; calyx of the pistillate flowers unequally 3~5-parted ; achcne ovoid-elliptic; seed ovoid, i"-i#" long. In dry sandy soil, New Jersey to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept. 4. DITAXIS Vahl; Juss. Euphorb. 27. 1824. Monoecious herbs or shrubs, perennial by rootstocks, silky or pilose, the sap purplish. Leaves alternate, entire, or rarely toothed, often strongly nerved. Flowers in axillary or axillary and terminal clusters, often racemed, usually bracted. Staminate flowers often crowded at the ends of the racemes; calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes valvatc; petals 4 or 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes and with the lobes of the disk; stamens of the same number as the petals or two or three times as many, united into a column. Pistillate flowers with the calyx-lobes imbricated and smaller petals, the ovary 3-celled, each cavity with i ovule; styles 3, short, once to thrice cleft. Capsule 3-lobed, depressed, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds subglobose, wrinkled, or muricate, sometimes crested; embryo straight in the fleshy endo- sperm. [Greek, double-ranked, in allusion to the stamens.] About 20 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes; leaves sessile. I. D. mercurial ina. Flowers in axillary clusters; leaves short-petioled. 2. D. humilis. i. Ditaxis mercurialina (Nutt.) Coult. Tall Ditaxis. (Fig. 2295.) Aphora mercurialina Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 174. 1833-37. At gyrothamnia mercurialina Muell. Arg. Linnaea, 34: 148. 1865. Ditaxis mercurialina Coult. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 213. 1894. Stem slender, strict, usually simple, channeled, silky, 4/-2° high. Leaves alternate, ovate to nar- rowly lanceolate, io//-2/ long, undulate, sessile, often strongly 3-nerved, glabrate; flowers in terminal and axillary racemes; staminate flowers with lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate acute ciliate calyx-segments, and spatulate-oblong undulate petals; pistillate flow- ers with a 5-parted calyx, the segments lanceolate, spreading, 3 times as long as those of the staminate, petals none; capsule depressed, 2"-4}4" in diame- ter, somewhat silky, 3-lobed; seeds globose-ovoid, 2" long, pointed, wrinkled, indistinctly 2-crested. In dry soil, Kansas and Arkansas to Texas. Lower leaves sometimes oblanceolate. April-July. VOL. II.] SPURGE FAMILY. 365 2. Ditaxis humilis (Engelm. & Gray) Pax. L,ow Ditaxis. (Fig. 2296.) Aphora humilis Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 262. 1847. Argyrothamnia humilis Muell. Arg. Linnaea, 34: 147. 1865. Ditaxis humilis Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 5, 45. 1890. Stem slender, much branched, pubescent, the branches spreading, 4'-!° long. Leaves alternate, ovate, oblong, obovate or oblanceo- late, 5//-i5// long, entire, narrowed into a short petiole; flowers in axillary clusters; staminate flowers with petals a little longer than the 5 calyx-segments and longer than the lobes of the disk; pistillate flowers with a 5-parted calyx and 3 styles each usually twice 2-cleft; capsule short-pedicelled, much de- pressed, 2//-3// in diameter, 3-4-lobed; seeds oval-globose, about i" long, muricate. Prairies, Kansas to Louisiana and Texas. March-Sept. 5. ACALYPHA L, Sp. PI. 1003. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, our species annual, monoecious. Stems mostly erect and branched. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed, petioled, stipulate. Flowers in axillary and terminal spikes or spike-like racemes, the staminate cluster peduncled, each flower in the axil of a minute bractlet, with a 4-parted calyx and 8-16 stamens united at their bases. Pistillate flowers subtended by a foliaceous bract which often equals or overtops the staminate, the calyx 3~5-parted, ovary 3-celled; stigmas fringed; petals wanting in both kinds of flowers; capsule usually of 3 2-valved carpels, each i-seeded. [Greek, nettle.] About 230 species, mostly tropical and subtropical. Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes or racemes; capsule spiny. i. A. ostryaefolia. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike or raceme; capsule smooth. Plant not glandular; bract pafmately rnany-lobed, equalling or exceeding the staminate spike. 2. A. Virgintca. . Plant glandular; bract many-cleft, shorter than the staminate spike. 3. A. gracilens. i. Acalypha ostryaefolia Ridd. Hornbeam Three-seeded Mer- cury. (Fig. 2297.) Acalypha Caroliniana Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 645. 1824. Not Walt. 1788. Acalypha ostryaefolia Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 33. 1835. Dark green, minutely pubescent. Stem erect, rather stout, simple or branched, i°- 2%° tall. Leaves thin, or membranous, ovate, 2^/-4/long, short-acuminate, serrate, obtuse or cordate at the base, the petioles often as long as the blades; staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes, the bractlets of the staminate minute, those of the pistillate conspicuous, lobed; capsule much depressed, 3-lobed, i^'-a^in diame- ter, spiny; seeds ovoid, \ff long, wrinkled. New Jersey to Kansas, Florida and Mexico. June-Nov. EUPHORBIACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. Acalypha Virginica L,. Virginia Three-seeded Mercury. (Fig. 2298.) Acalypha Virginica L. Sp. PI. 1003. 1753. Dark green or becoming purplish, some- what pubescent. Stem erect or ascending, 3/-2° tall; leaves ovate or elliptic, io//-4/ long, thin, coarsely serrate except near the base; staminatc and pistillate flowers in the same axillary clusters, the stamiuatc spike peduncled, usually included in the large pal- mately lobed bract; pistillate flowers 1-3 at the base of the statninate peduncle; cap- sule 3-lobed, subglobose, about i%" in diameter, smooth, sometimes slightly pubes- cent; seeds ovoid, reddish, striate. In woods and thickets, Ontario and Minne- sota, south to Florida and Texas. Occurs at 3000 ft. in Georgia. Upper leaves commonly forming a flat-topped cluster. June-Oct. 3. Acalypha gracilens A. Gray. Slender Three-seeded Mercury. (Fig. 2299.) Acalypha grac Hens A. Gray, Man. 408. 1848. Acalypha I'irginica var. gracilens Muell. Arg. I£0 tall, usually branched, the branches often nearly filiform, spreading or divergent; leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, $"-2f long, usually firm, acutish, serrate, narrowed to a short petiole; staminate and pistillate flowers in the same axillary clusters; stami- nate spike very slender, usually exceeding the many-cleft bract; pistillate flowers i or several; capsule subglobose, about \W in diameter; seeds globose-ovoid, dark red, or gray mottled with red, striate-pitted. In dry woods and thickets, Rhode sland to Kansas, Florida and»Texas. Occurs 2000 ft. in South Carolina. June-Sept. 6. TRAGIA L. Sp. PI. 980. 1753. Monoecious herbs, or shrubs, sometimes climbing, usually armed with stiff stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, toothed or somewhat lobed, mostly cordate, petioled ; flowers in racemes, or spicate racemes, bracteolate, apetalous; staminate flowers with a 3-5-parted calyx and 1-3 or rarely numerous stamens; pistillate flowers with a 3-8-lobed calyx, the segments entire or pinnatifid, a 3-celled ovary with I ovule in each cavity, and 3 styles, often united to above the middle; capsule 3-lobed, separating into 3 2-valved carpels; seeds subglobose; endosperm fleshy. [From Tragus, the Latin name of Hieronymus Bock, 1498-1553, a German botanist.] About 50 species, mostly natives of tropical regions. Stems not twining. Staminate calyx 4-lobed; stamens 2. i. T. urens. Staminate calyx 3-lobed; stamens 3. 2. T. nepetaefolia. Staminate calyx 4-5-lobed; stamens 4 or 5. 3. T. ramosa. Stems twining. 4. T. macrocarfia. VOI,. II.] SPURGE FAMILY. 367 i. Tragia urens L. Eastern Tragia. Tragia urens i,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1391. 1763. Tragia innocua Walt. Fl. Car. 220. 1788. Perennial, dull green, pilose or hirsute. Stem slender, erect, 4/-i5/ tall, branched; leaves obovate or ovate to linear, entire, un- dulate or toothed, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed or subcordate at base, short-petioled or sessile, 5//-2/ long ; flowers in terminal or lateral spike-like racemes often 4' long; sta- minate flowers with a 4-lobed calyx and 2 stamens; pistillate flowers several at the base of the racemes, with a 5-6-lobed calyx; capsule short-pedicelled, much depressed, 4//-5// in diameter, sparingly pubescent; seeds sub- globose, 2//r long, smooth. In sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. May-Aug. (Fig. 2300.) 3. Tragia ramosa Torr. Branching Tragia. (Fig. 2302.) T. ramosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. a: 245. 1826. T. stylaris Muell. Arg. Linnaea, 34: 180. 1860. Perennial, light green, bristly with sting- ing hairs. Stem slender, usually much branched, the branches sometimes spreading, 2/-i2/ long; leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceo- late or triangular-lanceolate, y-i'-i' long, acute at the apex, coarsely and sharply ser- rate, truncate or cordate at the base, short- petioled ; racemes %'-!%' long, few-flowered; staminate flowers very short-pedicelled, with a 4~5-lobed calyx and 4-6 stamens; pistillate flowers solitary with a 5-lobed calyx sub- tended by a 3-lobed bract; capsule much de- pressed, $"-$" in diameter, bristly; seeds globose, 2" in diameter, orange, more or less variegated. In dry soil, Missouri to Texas, Colorado and Arizona. July-Aug. 2. Tragia nepetaefolia Cav. Cat- nep Tragia. (Fig. 2301.) Tragia nepetaefolia Cav. Icones 6: 37. pi, 557, / /. 1801. Perennial, hispid with stinging hairs. Stem slender, erect or reclining, 6/-i5/ long; leaves triangular-ovate or lanceolate, 5//-2/ long, dentate-serrate, cordate, short-petioled, the lower sometimes orbicular; racemes 5"- i/4/ long, many-flowered; staminate flowers mostly with a 3-lobed calyx and 3 stamens; pistillate flowers with a 5-lobed calyx; cap- sule much depressed, $" in diameter, hir- sute; seeds globose, chestnut brown, smooth, 2" in diameter. In sandy soil, Kansas to Mexico and New Mexico. May-Oct. EUPHORBIACEAE. [VOL. II. 4. Tragia macrocarpa Willd. Twining or Large-fruited Tragia. (Fig. 2303.) Tragia cordata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 176. 1803. Not Vahl. 1790. Tragia macrocarpa Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 323. 1806. Perennial, twining, slightly hirsute. Stem slender, ic/-4^0 long, branched; leaves ovate, 2/-4^/ long, deeply cordate, coarsely dentate-serrate, long-acu- minate; petioles mostly shorter than the blades, sta- minate flowers with a 3-lobed calyx and 3 stamens; pistillate flowers several at the bases of the spikes, short- pedicelled, the calyx 5-lobed ; capsule depressed, g//_3// jn diameter; seeds subglobose, 2^" long, smooth, variegated. In dry or rocky soil, Kentucky to Missouri, Florida and Mexico. June-Sept. 7. RICINUS I,. Sp. PI. 1007. 1753. A tall stout monoecious herb, glabrous and glaucous, with alternate large peltate palmate- ly-lobed petioled leaves, and numerous small apetalous greenish flowers in terminal racemes, the pistillate above the staminatc. Staminate flowers with a 3~5-parted calyx, the segments valvate, and numerous crowded stamens; filaments repeatedly branched. Pistillate flowers with a caducous calyx, a 3-celled, 3-ovuled ovary, the 3 red styles united at the base, 2-cleft. Capsule subglobose, or oval, smooth or spiny, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds ovoid or oblong, usually mottled. Embryo straight. Endosperm fleshy and oily. [The Latin name of the plant.] A monotypic genus of the warmer parts of Africa and Asia. i. Ricinus communis L. Castor- oil Plant. Castor-bean. Pal in a Christi. (Fig. 230.4.) Ricinus communis L. Sp. PI. 1007. 1753. Stem erect, 3°-i5° tall, more or less branched, becoming tree-like in warm regions. Leaves nearly orbicular in out- line, 4/-2° broad, 6-n-palmately-lobed and peltate, the lobes toothed, acute or acuminate; capsule 6//-8// in diameter, usually spiny; sometimes smooth; seeds shining, smooth, black, variegated with white, or mottled with gray and brown markings. In waste places, escaped from cultivation, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. An im- posing ornamental plant, and also of medi- cinal value. Widely naturalized in warm and tropical regions. 8. JATROPHA L> Sp. PI. 1006. 1753. Monoecious or rarely dioecious perennial stinging bristly herbs, or shrubs, with entire, lobed or divided petioled leaves, the flowers in cymes. Staminate flowers on the upper parts of the cymes, with a corolla-like 5-lobed calyx, 5 petals distinct or united, or none, the sta- mens usually numerous (5-30) and in several series, their filaments mostly united at the base. Pistillate flowers in the lower forks of the cymes ; ovary mostly 3-celled and 3 ovuled ; styles united at the base; capsule ovoid or subglobose, easily separating into 2-valved carpels; seeds ovoid or obovoid; embryo straight; endosperm fleshy. [Greek, healing nutriment.] About 70 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions. Besides the following some 4 others occur in the southern States. VOL. II.] SPURGE FAMILY i. Jatropha stimulosa Michx. Spurge Nettle. Tread-softly. (Fig. 2305.) Jatropha stimulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 216. 1803. Jatropha iirensvar. stimulosa Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15: Part 2, 1101. 1862. Perennial by a stout root, herbaceous, bright green, armed with stinging hairs. Stem rather slender, erect, simple or branched, 4'- 3^° tall; leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 2^/-i2/ broad, truncate or cordate at the base, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes entire, toothed or pinnatifid; calyx of the staminate flowers sal- verform, white or pink, io//-2o// broad; cap- sule oblong, 5//-8// long, papillose, wrinkled; seeds oblong-obovoid, 5//-6// long, smooth, mottled. In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. March-Aug. 9. STILLINGIA L. Mant. i: 19. 1767. Monoecious glabrous herbs or shrubs, with simple or branched stems, alternate or rarely opposite, entire or toothed leaves, often with 2 glands at the base, the flowers bracteolate, in terminal spikes, apetalous, the bractlets 2-glandular. Staminate flowers several together in the axils of the bractlets, the calyx slightly 2-3-lobed; stamens 2-3, exserted. Pistillate flowers solitary in the axils of the lower bractlets; calyx 3-lobed, ovary 2-celled or 3-celled with a soli- tary ovule in each cavity; styles stout, somewhat united at the base. Capsule 2-lobed or 3- lobed, separating into 2 or 3 two-valved carpels. Seeds ovoid or subglobose. Embryo straight in the fleshy endosperm. [In honor of Dr. B. Stellingfleet, an English botanist.] About 15 species, mostly of tropical America and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. i. Stillingia sylvatica L. Queen's Delight. Queen-root. (Fig. 2306.) Slillingia sylvatica I,. Mant. i: 126. 1767. A bright green slightly fleshy perennial herb. Stem rather stout, erect or assurgent, usually branched from the base, i°-3>£0 tall. Leaves obovate, oblong or elliptic, $"-4? long, obtuse, or subacute, serrate with appressed teeth, often narrowed at the 2-glandular base, sessile; flow- ers in terminal spikes, lemon-colored, subtended by small bracts furnished with saucer-shaped glands; calyx cup-shaped; petals and glandular disk none; capsule depressed, 5" -7" in diameter, 3-lobed; seeds ovoid, 3" long, light gray, mi- nutely pitted and papillose, the base flattened. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Called also Silver-leaf; the root, known as Queen's- root, an alterative. March-Oct. 10. EUPHORBIA L. Sp. PI. 450. 1753. Monoecious herbs (many tropical species shrubs), with alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves, the inflorescence cymose. Flowers borne in sessile or peduncled, top-shaped or campanulate involucres subtended by bracts, which are often brightly colored. Sinuses of the involucres usually bearing glands, naked or appendaged. Staminate flowers scattered 24 370 EUPHORBIACEAE. [Vox.. II. over the inner surface of the involucre, consisting of a stamen jointed on a filament-like pedicel, which is subtended by a minute bractlet supposed to represent a calyx. Pistillate flower solitary, consisting of a 3-celled ovary at the bottom of the involucre, at length usually exserted on a stalk; styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule erect or nodding, 3-lobed, separating into 3 2- valved carpels. Seeds sometimes caruncled, often ash-colored, variously pitted, ridged or wrinkled. [Named in honor of Euphorbus, King Juba's physician.] Species about 700, most abundant in the warmer parts of the temperate zones. Besides the following, some 95 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. •& Glands of the involucre with petal-like appendages, t Leaves opposite, somewhat inequilateral, their bases more or less oblique. J Leaves entire; seeds smooth. Plants branched at the base, the branches prostrate. Seeds i J4" long. i. E. polygonifolia. Seeds J<"-K" long. Leaves usually more than twice as long as broad; seeds nearly terete, %" long. 4. E. Geyeri. . Leaves usually less than twice as long as broad; seeds obtusely 4-angled, %" long. 5. E. serpens. Plants with an erect or ascending stem, branched above, the branches ascending. Seeds nearly terete, i" long; leaves usually flat and straight. 2. E. petaloidea. Seeds 4-angled, -K" long; leaves often involute and curved. 3. E. Nultallii. J t Leaves entire; seeds variously roughened. Plants glabrous. 1 1 . E. Fendleri. Plants canescent. 12. E. /a/a. J J J Leaves serrate or dentate; plants prostrate or spreading. Herbage glabrous. Seeds faintly transversely ridged and pitted. 6. E. serpyllifolia. Seeds strongly transversely ridged, not pitted. 7. E. glyptospcrma. Herbage pubescent, or puberulent. Seeds gray or ash-colored, pitted. 10. E. strictospora. Seeds brown or black. Involucres not split. 8. E. macitlala. Involucres split on one side. 9. E. humislrata. tit i Leaves serrate or dentate; plants erect or ascending. 13. E, nutans. t t Leaves opposite, equilateral, their bases not oblique. 14. E. hevagona, t t t Leaves alternate or scattered on the stem, except a whorl subtending the umbel. Bracts and leaves of the umbel small and green; seeds ovoid, smooth, sparingly pitted. 15. E. corolla/a. Bracts and leaves of the umbel large, white-margined; seeds ovoid-globose, reticulate-tuberculate. 16. E. marginala. •X- -Jt Glands of the involucre naked (without petal-like appendages). t Leaves mostly opposite; herbage glabrous. Plants slender; stems or branches forked. Annual; stem branched at the base; leaves, or some of them, oblique at the base. i. E. polygonifolia. Perennial; stems several from a stout root; leaves not oblique at the base. 19. E. Ibecacuanhae, Plants stout; stem usually simple below, topped by an umbel. 21. E. Lathy ris. t t Leaves mostly opposite ; herbage pubescent. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; seeds narrowly-ovoid, not prominently tuberculate. 17. E. cupliosperma. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; seeds broadly ovoid, prominently tuberculate. 18. E. dentata. t t t Leaves alternate or scattered. Stem not topped by an umbel. 20. E. heterophylla. Stems topped by a several-rayed umbel. Leaves serrulate; glands of the involucre oblong, oval or orbicular. Seeds smooth or faintly reticulated. Glands stalked; warts on the capsules elongated; seeds faintly reticulated. 23. E. obtusata. Glands sessile; warts on the capsules depressed; seeds smooth. 24. E. platyphylla. Seeds strongly and prominently reticulated. Glands nearly sessile; capsules warty. 25. E. dictypsperma. Glands stalked; capsules smooth. 26. E. Helioscopia. Leaves entire; glands of the involucres crescent-shaped or reniform. Plants perennial; seeds smooth. Glands crescent-shaped, horned. Stem-leaves 2" -6" broad; capsules smooth. Leaves subtending the umbel lanceolate or oblanceolate. 29. E. Esula. Leaves subtending the umbel ovate, oval or obovate. 30. E. Nicaeensis. Stem-leaves X"-iM" broad; capsules granular on the lobes. 31. E. Cyparissias. Glands reniform, not horned. 22. E. Darlingtonii. Plants annual or biennial; seeds pitted or rugose-pitted. Leaves thin, petioled. Capsules with 2-crested lobes. 27. E. Peplus. Capsules with rounded lobes. 28. E. commutata. Leaves thick, sessile. 32. E. robusta. VOI,. II.] SPURGE FAMILY. i. Euphorbia polygonifolia L/. Seaside or Knotweed Spurge. Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Sp. PI. 455- 1753- Annual, pale green, glabrous, stem branched from the base, the branches radiately spreading, prostrate, forked, wiry, s'-S' long. Leaves op- posite, oblong, linear-oblong or linear-lanceo- late, 3//-io//long, fleshy, obtuse, often mucronu- late, entire, obtuse or subcordate and somewhat oblique at the base, short-petioled; stipules an inconspicuous fringe of short bristles; invo- lucres usually solitary in the axils, turbinate- campanulate, less than i" long, with 4 colum- nar nearly naked glands shorter than the lobes; peduncles twice as long as the involucres; cap- sule globose-ovoid, i^//-2// long, nodding, minutely wrinkled; seeds ovoid, i%" long, somewhat flattened, ash-colored, very minutely pitted and spotted. In sand along the Atlantic coast, Rhode Island to Florida, and on the shores of the Great Lakes. July-Sept. 371 (Fig. 2307.) 2. Euphorbia petaloidea Engelm. White- flowered Spurge. (Fig. 2308.) Euphorbia petaloidea Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 185. 1859. Annual, pale green, glabrous. Stem usually rather stout, erect, branched above, 6'-2° high; leaves opposite, linear, oblong or linear-lanceo- late, 5//-i/ long, obtuse, usually flat, straight, entire, slender-petioled; stipules a fringe of setae; involucres solitary in the axils, oblong- campanulate, \f long, bearing 4 wineglass- shaped glands about as long as the lobes, each subtended by a white ovate or orbicular entire or undulate appendage; peduncles as long as the involucres; capsule globose-reniform, l" long, seeds oblong-ovoid, nearly i" long, ash-colored, minutely pitted, nearly terete. Iowa to Wyoming and Texas. July-Sept. 3. Euphorbia Nuttallii (Engelm.) Small. Prairie Spurge. (Fig. 2309.) Euphorbia petaloidea var. Nuttallii Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 185. 1859. E. zygophylloides Boiss. Cent. Euph. 10. 1860. Euphorbia arenaria Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 260. 1847. Not Nutt. 1837. Annual, bright green, glabrous. Stem slender, erect or ascending, branched, 4/-2° high, the branches wiry, leaves mostly linear and mu- cronulate or truncate at the apex, often involute, obtuse or narrowed at the base, petioled, usually curved, the midvein prominent; stipules lanceo- late or subulate-lanceolate; involucres solitary in the axils, campanulate, less than i" long, long- peduncled, bearing 4 saucer-shaped glands sub- tended by white entire oblong or ovate append- ages; seeds ovoid, |^// long, gray, 4-angled. Prairies, Kansas to Texas and Mexico. June-Sept. 372 EUPHORBIACEAE. [VOL. II. 4. Euphorbia Geyeri Engelm. & Gray. Geyer's Spurge. (Fig. 2310.) Euphorbia Geyeri Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 260. 1847. Annual, olive-green, glabrous. Stem branched from the base, the prostrate branches radiately spreading, wiry, 2/-i5/ long; leaves oblong or ovate, 2//-6// long, obtuse, usually mucronulate, entire or nearly so, oblique, obtuse or subcordate at the base, short -petioled; stipules a fringe of short setae; in- volucres usually solitary in the axils, campanulate, about Yt" high, with 4 wineglass-shaped glands shorter than the lobes, each subtended by an in- conspicuous white or red entire or lobed appendage; peduncles as long as the involucres, or longer; cap- sule globose-renifonn, about ^'long, nodding; seeds narrowly ovoid, 3^ " long, ash -colored, nearly terete. In sandy soil, Minnesota to Illinois and Kansas. July-Sept. 5. Euphorbia serpens H.B.K. Round- leaved Spreading Spurge. (Fig. 2311.) I'.uphorbia serpens H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 52. 1817. Annual, pale green, glabrous, sometimes glau- cescent. Stem branched from the base, the slender or filiform branches prostrate, a'-iz' long; leaves orbicular, orbicular-ovate or oval, \"-$" long, obtuse or eniarginate, entire, often slightly revolute-margined, short-petioled, the base ob- lique, rounded or subcordate; stipules triangular, somewhat incised at the apex; peduncles slightly longer than the petioles; involucres solitary in the axils, nearly W high, bearing 4 sessile saucer- shaped glands shorter than the lobes, each sub- tended by a minute irregular crenulate append- age; capsule nodding, depressed-globose, i" in diameter; seeds oblong-ovoid, W long, smooth, obtusely 4-angled, light gray. Illinois to Iowa and Kansas, south to Mexico. March-Oct. 6. Euphorbia serpyllifdlia Pers. Thyme-leaved Spurge. (Fig. 2312.) Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. Syn. 2: 14. 1807. Annual, dark green, or becoming reddish, gla- brous. Stem branched from the base, the slender branches prostrate or ascending, 4/-i2/ long; leaves oblong to spatulate, i%"-6" long, obtuse or retuse, nearly entire, or serrulate to below the middle, short-petioled, the base oblique, mostly truncate or obtuse; stipules at length a fringe of weak setae; involucres solitary in the axils, some- times clustered toward the ends of the branchlets, less than i" long, bearing 4 disk-like glands each subtended by a narrow lobed appendage; capsule i" broad, slightly nodding; seeds ovoid, hardly W long, 4-angled, the faces transversely wrink- led and pitted. In dry soil, Wisconsin to California, south to Mexico. May-Sept. Voi,. II.] SPURGE FAMILY. 373 (Fig. 2313.) 7. Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Ridge-seeded Spurge. Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 187. 1859. Annual, pale, green, glabrous. Stem branched toward the base, the branches ascending, spread- ing or prostrate, 2/-i5/ long; leaves oblong, linear-oblong or rarely ovate, i//-6// long, more or less falcate, obtuse at the apex, inequilateral, serrulate, very oblique and obtuse or subcordate at the base, short-petioled; stipules becoming a fringe of setae; involucres solitary in the axils, often clustered, campanulate, %" long, with 4 dark ribs and 4 saucer-shaped glands, their ap- pendages narrow, crenulate, or slightly lobed; capsule depressed-globose, less than \" in diame- ter, nodding; seeds oblong, %" long, ash-colored, strongly transversely wrinkled, not pitted. In sandy soil, Ontario to British Columbia, south to Connecticut, Texas and Mexico. June-Oct. 8. Euphorbia maculatal,. Milk Purslane. Spotted or Blotched Spurge. (Fig. 2314. ) Euphorbia macula/a L. Sp. PI. 455. 1753- Annual, dark green, puberulent or pilose. Stem branched from the base, the branches slen- der, radiately spreading, prostrate, 2/-i5/ long, often dark red ; leaves usually blotched, oblong or ovate-oblong, 2//-8// long, obtuse, more or less serrate, short-petioled, the base oblique, subcor- date; stipules a fringe of setae; involucres solitary in the axils, entire, l/i." long, with 4 cup shaped glands, the appendages narrow, white or red, cren- ulate; peduncles shorter than the involucres; cap- sule ovoid-globose, about i" in diameter, pubes- cent; seeds ovoid-oblong, obtusely angled, ash-col- ored, minutely pitted and transversely wrinkled. Throughout North America, except the extreme north. Apparently introduced west of the Rocky Mountains. June-Nov. 9. Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. Hairy Spreading Spurge. (Fig. 2315.) Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 386. 1856. Annual, light green, puberulent or sparingly pilose. Stem branched from the base, the slen- der branches radiately spreading, prostrate or ascending, 4/-i2/ long; leaves ovate-oblong or obovate-oblong, or sometimes narrower, 2//-7// long, serrulate, at least above the middle, oblique, obtuse or subcordate at the base, short- petioled; stipules at length fringed; involucres in lateral clusters, split on one side, y2" long, faintly nerved, with 4 disk-like glands, each subtended by a narrow irregular red or white appendage; capsule depressed-globose, less than i" in diameter, its 3 lobes keeled; seeds oblong, Yz" long, papillose, ash-colored, obscurely trans- versely wrinkled. Quebec to New York, Kansas and Mississippi. Aug. -Oct. 374 EUPHORBIACEAE. [Voi,. II. 10. Euphorbia stictospora Engelm. Narrow-seeded Spurge. (Fig. 2316.) Euphorbia stictospora Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 187. 1859. Annual, yellowish green, pilose throughout. Stem branched from the base, the branches as- cending, or radiating, 2/-i2/ long; leaves oblong to suborbicular, 2//~3// long, obtuse, dentate-ser- rate at the apex, short-petioled, the bases truncate or subcordate; stipules fringed; involucres clus- tered, campanulate, >£" high, with 4 cup-shaped glands subtended by inconspicuous crenate ap- pendages; peduncles at length longer than the involucres; capsule ovoid, #"-l" in diameter; seeds narrowly ovoid, %" long, pointed, pitted, gray or ash-colored, sharply 4-angled. Kansas and Colorado to Mexico. June-Oct. ii. Euphorbia Fendleri T. & G. Euphorbia Fendleri T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep. 3: 175- 1855. Annual (or perennial by a woody root), pale green, glabrous. Stem diffusely branched from the base, the spreading wiry branches 4/-8/ long, brittle; leaves suborbicular, oval or elliptic, 1%"-$" long, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, the base oblique, obtuse or subcordate; stipules usually a fringe 'of short setae; involucres solitary in the axils, sometimes clustered toward the ends of the branches, cam- panulate, i"-2#" high, with 4 or 5 saucer-shaped oval glands subtended by irregular entire or slightly lobed append- ages; peduncles about as long as the in- volucres, capsule deflexed, i#" in diame- ter, sharply 3-lobed; seeds ovoid, %" long, transversely wrinkled. Nebraska and Colorado to Texas, Mexico and Arizona. April-Oct. Fendler's Spurge. (Fig. 2317.) 12. Euphorbia lata Engelm. Hoary Spurge. (Fig. 2318.) Euphorbia lata Engelm. Bot. Mex Bound. Surv. 1 88. 1859. Perennial, pale green, canescent all over. Stem branched from the somewhat woody base, the branches spreading or ascending, 2/-4/ long; leaves ovate to lanceolate, 2^//-5// long, revo- lute-margined, abruptly narrowed, truncate or cordate at the base, short-petioled; stipules ob- solete, or of a few short setae; involucres solitary in the axils, l/i" long, short-peduncled, bearing 5 disk-like glands subtended by narrow undulate appendages; capsule subglobose, i" in diameter; seeds oblong, %ff long, acutish at both ends, 4-angled, the faces inconspicuously transversely wrinkled. Kansas to Texas and New Mexico. VOL. II.] SPURGE FAMILY. 13. Euphorbia nutans Lag. Large or Upright Spotted Spurge. Euphorbia nutans Lag. Gen. & St. 17. 1816. Euphorbia Preslii Guss. Fl. Sic. Prodr. i: 539. 1827. Euphorbia hypericifolia A. Gray, Man. 407. 1848. Not L. 1753- Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stem branched, at least above, ascending or erect, 7/-2° high, the branches mostly spreading, often recurved at the ends; leaves opposite, oblong, or linear-ob- long, varying to ovate or obovate, often falcate, ob- lique, 3-nerved, unequally serrate, often with a red blotch and red margins, short -petioled; stipules tri- angular, slightly lacerate; involucres narrowly obo- void, Yt" long, one-half or one-third as long as the peduncles, bearing 4 glands subtended by orbicular or reniform entire white or red appendages; capsule glabrous, i" in diameter; seeds oblong-ovoid, ^ff long, 4-angled, with broken transverse ridges. In fields and thickets, throughout eastern North America, except the extreme north, extending west to the Rocky Mountains. May-Oct. 375 (Fig. 2319.) 14. Euphorbia hexagdna Nutt. Angled Spurge. (Fig. 2320.) Euphorbia hexagona Nutt.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 791. 1826. Annual, yellowish green, glabrous or spar- ingly pubescent. Stem slender, erect, or assur- gent, 4/-2o/ tall, branched, the branches as- cending, often almost filiform; leaves opposite, linear, oblong or lanceolate, very short-petioled, obtuse or acute, equilateral; stipules obsolete or very narrow; involucres solitary in the axils, of- ten clustered, i//-i^// long, ciliate, pubescent, short-peduncled, with 5 glands subtended by triangular-ovate whitish or green appendages; capsule glabrous, 2" in diameter, seeds ovoid or oblong-ovoid, \Yzff long, terete, papillose. Iowa to Montana, Texas and Colorado. Stem striate-angled. June-Oct. 15. Euphorbia corollata L. Bloom- ing or Flowering Spurge. (Fig. 2321 . ) Euphorbia corolla la L. Sp. PI. 459. 1753. Perennial by a long stout rootstock, bright green, glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Stem erect, io'-3° tall, often spotted, usually simple; umbellately branched above; leaves linear, oblong or oblong-spatulate, io//-2o// long, entire, short-petioled or sessile, the lower scattered, those subtending the umbel verticillate, rays of the umbel forked; bracts ovate to linear, green; involucres mostly terminal, less than \" long, bearing 4 or 5 yellowish green oblong glands subtended by white petal-like cuneate or orbicular- cuneate appendages; capsule erect, subglo- bose, i//-2// in diameter; seeds ovoid, smooth, sparingly pitted. In dry soil, Ontario to Minnesota and Kan- sas, south to Florida and Texas. April-Oct. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. 376 EUPHORBIACEAE. [Vot. II. 16. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. White-margined Spurge. (Fig. 2322.) Euphorbia marginata Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. 607. 1814. Annual, bright green, glabrous or pubescent. Stem rather stout, erect, ic/-$° tall, somewhat channelled, usually pilose, topped by a mostly 3-rayed umbel; leaves except the whorl subtend- ing the umbel, scattered, ovate to obovate, fo"- $%' long, entire, sessile, rays of the umbel forked; bracts large, white-margined; involu- cres campanulate, often clustered, 2" long, usually pubescent, bearing 3 glands subtended by white renifonn appendages; capsule de- pressed-globose, 3" in diameter, usually pubes- cent, the lobes rounded; seeds ovoid-globose, terete, about 2" long, dark ash-colored, reticu- late-tuberculate. In dry soil, Minnesota to Colorado, south to Texas. Introduced into waste places in the Central and Atlantic States. May-Oct. 17. Euphorbia cuphosperma (Kngelm.) Boiss. Warty Spurge. (Fig. 2323.) Euphorbia dentata var. cuphosperma Kngelm. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 190. 1859. Euphorbia cuphosperma Boiss. in DC. Prodr. 15: Part a, 73. 1862. Annual, usually sparingly pubescent. Stem erect, slender, simple, or sparingly branched, 8'-i$' high. Leaves opposite or alternate, linear, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, io"-3' long, entire, undulate, or denticulate, narrowed into a slender petiole; in- volucres crowded at the ends of the branches, nearly sessile, glabrous, or nearly so, nearly 2" long, bear- ing about 4 long-stalked unappendaged glands; capsule glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 2%" in diameter, seeds narrowly ovoid, about I >£" long, ir- regularly 4-angled, ridged and slightly tuberculate. South Dakota to Colorado and Mexico. Aug. -Sept. 18. Euphorbia dentata Michx. Toothed Spurge. (Fig. 2324.) Euphorbia dentata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 211. 1803. Annual, dull green, pubescent. Stem erect or ascending, 8'-i5' high, somewhat woody below, branched, the branches mostly ascending; leaves opposite, or the lowest alternate, varying from ovate to nearly linear or orbicular-oblong, *>"-$%' long, coarsely dentate, narrowed into slender petioles, the nerves prominent beneath ; involucres clustered at the ends of the branches, oblong-campanulate, about \}/2" long, 3-5-lobed, bearing 1-4 yellowish short-stalked glands with- out appendages; capsule glabrous, 2//-2^// in diameter; seeds ovoid or ovoid-globose, ash- colored, irregularly tuberculate, inconspicuously 4-angled. In dry or moist soil, Pennsylvania to South Dakota, Louisiana and Mexico. July-Oct. Voi,. II.] SPURGE FAMILY. 377 19. Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L,. Wild Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge. (Fig. 2325.) Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L,. Sp. PI. 455. 1753. Perennial by a deep perpendicular root, glabrous or pubescent. Stems several or many, slender, spreading, ascending or nearly erect, 4/-io/ long, branched; leaves green or red, wonderfully variable in outline from linear to orbicular, 5//~3/ long, mostly opposite, entire, the upper sometimes whorled, the lower often alternate, short-petioled ; involucres axillary, mostly hemispheric, nearly i// long, slender- peduncled; bearing 5 transversely elliptic or oblong green sessile unappendaged glands; capsule ~iy2" in diameter, nodding; seeds light gray, oblong-ovoid or ovoid, i%" long, pitted, obscurely 4-sided. In dry sandy soil, Connecticut to Florida, mostly near the coast. Also in southern Indiana. An emetic. May-Oct. 21. Euphorbia Lathyris L. Caper or Myrtle Spurge. (Fig. 2327.) Euphorbia Lathyris L. Sp. PI. 457. 1753. Annual or biennnial, glabrous, stout, glau- cous. Stem usually erect, stout, S'-3° tall, mostly simple below, umbellately branched above; leaves numerous, the lower scattered, those subtending the umbel verticillate, the lower linear, reflexed, the upper lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, ij^'-s' long, entire, sessile, subcordate at the base; bracts opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, truncate or subcordate; involucres 2^" long, bearing 4 crescent- shaped unappendaged glands prolonged into short horns; capsule subglobose, 5//-6// in diameter, its lobes rounded; seeds oblong- ovoid, 2^//-3// long, terete, usually wrinkled. In waste places, New Jersey to North Carolina. Also in California. Native of Europe. Called also Wild Caper, Caper-bush, Mole-tree or Mole- plant and Spring-wort, its seeds a cathartic. May-Aug. 20. Euphorbia heterophylla I,. Various-leaved Spurge. (Fig. 2326.) Euphorbia heterophylla L. Sp. PI. 453. 1753. Annual or biennial, bright green, pubes- cent or nearly glabrous. Stem mostly erect, i°-3° tall, woody below, with the branches ascending, or the lower spreading, leafy at the ends; leaves alternate, very variable, linear toorbicular, entire, undulate, sinuate or dentate, the uppermost often fiddle-shaped and blotched with red; all slender-petioled; involucres clustered at the ends of branches, \W long, about equalling the peduncles; cleft into 5 ovate or oblong laciniate lobes, the sinuses bearing i or several sessile glands without appendages; capsule glabrous or minutely pubescent, 3" in diameter; seeds oblong-ovoid, 1%" long, transversely wrin- kled and tuberculate. Illinois to Montana, Florida and Central Amer- ica. Widely distributed in tropical America. April-Nov. EUPHORBIACEAE. [VOL. II. 22. Euphorbia Darlingtonii A. Gray. Darlington's Spurge. (Fig. 2328.) Euphorbia Darlingtonii A.. Gray, Man. 404. 1848. Perennial, dark green, often minutely pubes- cent. Stem rather stout, erect, iK°-5° tall, fleshy, topped by a 5-8-rayed umbel, branched above, the branches simple or forked; the leaves oblong or oblanceolate, ift'-tf long, mostly obtuse at the apex, sessile, often undu- late, more or less pubescent beneath, those of the stem scattered, those subtending the umbels verticillate; bracts opposite, ovate or nearly reni- form; involucres campanulate, nearly 2" long, bearing 5 reniform crenulate unappendaged glands; capsule depressed-globose, minutely warty; seeds ovoid-globose. New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey to North Carolina. May-Sept. 23. Euphorbia obtusata Pursh. , Blunt-leaved Spurge. (Fig. 2329.) Euphorbia obtusata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 606. 1814. Annual, yellowish green, glabrous. Stem slender, erect or assurgent, i°-2° high, strict, branched above, topped by a 3-rayed umbel; branches simple or forked; leaves, except the whorl subtending the umbel, scattered, spatulate -oblong, obtuse, serrulate to below the middle, sessile, the base slightly auricled; involucres short-peduncled, W long, bear- ing 4 stalked unappendaged glands; capsule subglobose, nearly 2" in diameter, with elongated warts, the lobes rounded; seeds lenticular, oblong, or orbicular-oblong, dark brown, faintly reticulated. in dry soil, Virginia to Iowa, South Carolina and Texas. March -July. 24. Euphorbia platyphylla I,. Broad- leaved Spurge. (Fig. 2330.) Euphorbia platyphylla L. Sp. PI. 460. 1753. Annual, glabrous or nearly so. Stems mostly erect, slender, 4/-2o/ high, terete, often reddish, topped by a usually 5 -rayed umbel; the branches forked or umbellately branched; leaves, except the whorl at base of the umbel, scattered, oblong or spatulate-oblong, io//-i5// long, acute, serrulate, sessile, the base slightly auricled; bracts triangu- lar-ovate or reniform, mucronate, often entire; in- volucres very thin, campanulate, nearly i" long, sessile, bearing 4 sessile glands without append- ages; capsule subglobose, about 2" in diameter, with depressed warts, the lobes rounded; seeds lenticular, oblong or nearly orbicular, smooth, brown. Along the shores of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. VOIv. II.] SPURGE FAMILY 25. Euphorbia dictyosperma F. &M. Reticulate-seeded Spurge. (Fig. 2331.) Euphorbia dictyosperma F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 2: 37. 1835. Annual, olive green, glabrous. Stein erect, rather slender, 4/-i5/ high, topped by a com- pound 3-rayed umbel; branches forked; leaves, except those subtending the umbel, scattered, spatulate or oblong, 5//-i>^/ long; obtuse, ser- rate to below the middle, sessile, the upper slightly auricled at the base; bracts oblong or ovate, inequilateral, small, serrate, cordate; in- volucres solitary in the axils, less than i" long, with 4 oblong naked nearly sessile glands; cap- sule depressed-globose, i%f/ in diameter, with elongated warts; seeds ovoid, lenticular, reddish brown, finely but distinctly reticulated. Maryland to Minnesota and California, south to Alabama and Mexico. May-Aug. 26. Euphorbia Helioscopia I,. Sun Spurge. Wartweed. (Fig. 2332.) Euphorbia Helioscopia L. Sp. PI. 459. 1753. Annual, glabrous or nearly so. Stem stout, erect or assurgent, 8/-i2/ tall, often branched from the base, topped like the branches by a more or less compound 3~5-rayed umbel ; leaves, except the whorl at the base of the umbel, scat- tered, spatulate, obovate, oblong, or sometimes nearly orbicular, %'-$%' long, obtuse or retuse, serrulate, narrowed to a short petiole; bracts ob- long or ovate, serrulate, inequilateral, sessile; in- volucres oblong-campanulate, I J^" long, nearly sessile, usually with 4 oblong stalked un- appendaged glands; capsule globose-ovoid, or somewhat depressed, i" in diameter, smooth, the lobes rounded; seeds ovoid, nearly \%ff long, reddish brown, strongly reticulate. In waste places in the Valley of the St. Lawrence and along the Great Lakes, extending south in New York and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. Among many other English names are Sunweed, Turnsole, Little Good, Cat's Milk, Wolf's Milk, Churnstaff, Wart-grass, Mouse-milk. June-Oct. 27. Euphorbia Peplus L,. Petty Spurge. (Fig. 2333.) Euphorbia Peplus L- Sp. PI. 456. 1753. Annual, glabrous. Stem rather slender, erect or nearly so, 4/-i2/ high, simple or branched, topped by a 3~5-rayed umbel; stem-leaves scattered, oblong or obovate, yt'-\]^f long, obtuse or retuse, entire, crisped, narrowed into a slender petiole; those at the base of the umbel whorled; bracts opposite, ovate or triangular-ovate, apiculate, sessile; involucres cam- pan ulate, almost sessile, less than \" long, bearing 4 crescent-shaped unappendaged glands prolonged into slender horns; capsule globose-ovoid, \"-\l/z" in diameter, slightly nodding, smooth, the lobes 2- keeled; seeds oblong or oblong-ovoid, whitish, nearly terete, marked with 1-4 series of pits. In waste places, western New York to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Adventive from Europe. June-Sept. EUPHORBIACEAE. [Vox,. II. 28. Euphorbia commutata Engelm. Tinted Spurge. (Fig. 2334.) Euphorbia commutata Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 389- 1856. Euphorbia Ohiolica Steud. & Hochst.; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. 15: Part 2, 142. 1862. Biennial, yellowish green, often tinged with red, glabrous. Stem slender, usually decumbent at the base, 4/-I5' long, branched, topped by a 3-rayed umbel; branches forked or umbellately branched; leaves, except the whorl at the base of the umbel, scattered, spatulate to ovate, J^'-i^' long, obtuse or mucronulate, entire, flat, narrowed into a slender petiole; bracts opposite, ovate- reniform; involucres catnpanulate, \\£" long, sessile, bearing 3 or 4 crescent-shaped unappendaged glands prolonged into slender horns; capsule globose-ovoid, i1/*" in diameter, glabrous, the lobes rounded; seeds oblong, terete, irregularly pitted. On hillsides, chiefly along streams, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. March-July. 29. Euphorbia Esula L. L,eafy Spurge. Faitour's Grass. (Fig. 2335.) Euphorbia Esula L,. Sp. PI. 461. 1753. Perennial by a horizontal rootstock, glabrous. Stems often clustered, slender, mostly erect, 8'-2° tall, scaly below, branched above, topped by a many-rayed umbel; leaves few, all scattered, except the whorl at the base of the umbel, linear or oblong, 7"-2o" long, 2"-6" broad, entire, sessile; those subtending the umbel lanceolate or oblanceolate ; bracts subreniform, mucron- ate; involucres catnpanulate, \}£"-\W long, nearly sessile, bearing 4 unappendaged crescent- shaped glands; capsule nodding, smooth; seeds oblong, terete, smooth. In waste places, Massachusetts to New York and Michigan. Also called Tithymal. Naturali/.ed from Europe. Summer. Euphorbia Nicaeensis All. Nicaean Spurge. (Fig. 2336.) Euphorbia \icaeensis All. Fl. Fed. i: 285. pi. 69. f. i. 1785. Perennial by a horizontal rootstock, bright green, glabrous. Stem rather stout, usually clustered, erect or assurgent, S'-2O/ high, usually very leafy, simple or branched, topped by a 4-/-rayed umbel; branches sim- ple or forked; leaves, except the whorl at the base of .the umbel, alternate, linear or linear- oblong, %'-!%' long, 2//-6// broad, entire, mostly apiculate, sessile, revolute-margined, those subtending the umbel ovate, oval or obovate; bracts opposite, reniform, obtuse or apiculate; involucres campanulate, i1/*" long, sessile, bearing 4 yellowish oblong crescent-shaped, 2-horned, unappendaged glands; capsule globose-ovoid, 2" in diame- ter, nodding, smooth, finely wrinkled; seeds oblong, iX//~I/^// l°ng> nearly terete, whit- ish, smooth. In fields along the Susquehanna River, south- ern New York and northern Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. VOL. II.] SPURGE FAMILY. 381 31. Euphorbia Cyparissias I,. Cypress Spurge. (Fig. 2337.) Euphorbia Cyparissias I/. Sp. PI. 461. 1753. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, bright green, glabrous. Stems mostly clustered, often growing in large patches, scaly below, leafy above, erect, i° high, or less, branched, the branches topped by many-rayed umbels; leaves linear, or almost filiform, those subtending the umbels whorled, the others alternate, sessile, 6//-i/ long, X//~I^// broad; in- volucres turbinate-campanulate, iff long, short-pe- duncled, with 4 unappendaged crescent-shaped glands; capsule subglobose, i%" in diameter, spreading, granular on the rounded lobes; seeds ob- long, i" long, smooth. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste places in the Atlantic States. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Quack Salver's Spurge. Poisonous when eaten in quantities. Bracts yellowish at flowering time. Ix>wer leaves often mere scales. May-Sept. 32. Euphorbia robusta (Engelm.) Small. Rocky Mountain Spurge. (Fig. 2338.) Euphorbia montana ft robusta Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 192. 1859. Perennial by a perpendicular rootstock, glabrous, glaucous. Stems slender, clustered, erect or assur- gent, 4/-i4/ tall, slightly angled, scaly below, branched, topped by a 3~5-rayed umbel; leaves, except the whorl subtending the umbel, scattered, ovate or oblong-ovate, 5//-8// long, thick, obtuse or apiculate, entire, sessile; bracts opposite, triangu- lar-ovate or subreniform, involucres campanulate, \l/z" long, sessile, bearing 4 somewhat crescent- shaped unappendaged buff crenulate glands; capsule globose-ovoid, 2/7 long, horizontal, its lobes rounded; seeds oblong or obovoid-oblong, terete, \}£" long, gray, minutely pitted. Montana and Wyoming to Nebraska and Arkansas. May-Oct. I836.= Family 58. CALLITRICHACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 191. WATER STARWORT FAMILY. Herbaceous aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants, with slender or capillary stems, opposite exstipulate entire spatulate or linear leaves, and minute perfect or monoecious axillary flowers. Perianth none. Bracts 2, sac-like or none. Stamen i; filament elongated, filiform; anthers cordate, 2 -celled, opening by lateral slits. Pistil i; ovary 4-celled; ovules i in each cavity; styles 2, filiform, papillose nearly the whole length. Fruit compressed, lobed, the lobes more or less winged or keeled on the margins, separating at maturity into 4 flattish i -seeded carpels. Seed anatropous, pendulous; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight or slightly curved, nearly as long as the endosperm. Consists of the following genus : i. CALLITRICHE L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753. Characters of the family. The affinities are variously regarded by botanical authors, some placing it in HALORAGEAE, some in ONAGRACEAE, others near EUPHORBIACEAE, the position here maintained. [Greek, beautiful hair, from the hair-like stems.] About 20 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 7 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Known as Water Starwort or Star-grass. Fruit short-peduncled; bracts wanting; terrestrial, i. C. Austini. Fruit sessile; aquatic, or some forms growing in mud. Bracts present. Fruit oval, flat on the face, longer than the styles. 2. C. paluslris. Fruit obovate, plano-convex, shorter than the styles. 3. C. heterophylla. Bracts none; leaves all linear, submersed. 4. C. bifida, * Text contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 382 CALLITRICHACEAE. [VOL. II. I. Callitriche Austin! Engelm. 4 Terrestrial Water-Starwort. (Fig. 2339.) Callitriche terrestre Raf. Med. Rep. (II. ) 5: 358. 1808 ? Callitt ichedeflexa var. Austint Hegeltn. Ver. Bot. Ver. Brand. p: 15- 1867. C. Austint Engelm. in A. Gray. Man. Ed. 5, 428. 1867. Tufted, the branches spreading on the ground or ascend- ing, l/tf-"i' long. Leaves spatulate or obovate, 3-nerved, i^//-2// long, about i" wide, obtuse, tapering at the base into a short margined petiole, destitute of stellate scales; fruit about \£" long and nearly %" broad, deeply notched at both ends, its lobes with a narrow marginal wing or raised border, with a deep groove between them ; peduncle shorter than or slightly exceeding the fruit; styles per- sistent, not longer than the fruit, spreading or reflexed. In damp, shaded places, southern New York and northern New Jersey to Ohio and Missouri, south to Tennessee, Louis- iana, Texas, and Mexico. July-Sept. The dried plant ex- hales a pleasant odor like Melilot. 2. Callitriche palustris L,. Vernal Water-Starwort. Water Fennel. (Fig. 2340. ) Callitriche palustris L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753. Callitriche verna L. Fl. Suec. Ed. 2, 4. 1755. Callitriche vemalis Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Ed. 2, 245. 1837. Aquatic or growing in the mud, stems 2/-io/ long. Sub- merged leaves linear, i -nerved, retuse or bifid at the apex, 5"-lo" long; emersed or floating leaves obovate, obtuse, truncate or retuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into a margined petiole, dotted with stellate scales; aquatic forms occur with the leaves all linear; fruit 2-bracted, oval, ^"-i" long, about one-half as broad, nearly flat on the face, slightly notched at the apex, winged only to- ward the apex, or all around, separated by a deep groove. Mostly in cold or running water, apparently occurring nearly throughout the United States and Canada. Also in South America, Europe and Asia. July-Sept 3. Callitriche heteroph^lla Pursh. Larger Water-Starwort. (Fig. 2341.) Callilriclie heterophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 3. 1814. Similar to the preceding species, either aquatic or growing in the mud. Fruit smaller, mostly obovate, usually slightly less than ]/*" long, and about the same breadth, broadly notched at the apex, thick, plano-con- vex, almost ventricose at the base; lobes obtusely angled with a small intervening groove, wingless, or with a narrow wing or raised border on the margins; styles usually longer than the fruit, erect. In ponds and slow streams, New England to Florida, west to the Northwest Territory, Missouri and Louisiana; of more southerly distribution than the last. Also in Colorado. July-Sept. 4. Callitriche bifida (L/.) Morong. Autumnal or Northern Water-Starwort. (Fig. 2342.) Callitriche palustris var. bifida L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753. Callitriche autumnalis L. Fl. Suec. Ed. 2, 4. 1755. Callitriche bifida Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 215. 1894. Entirely submerged. Leaves crowded, linear or linear- lanceolate, clasping at the base, retuse or bifid at the apex, i-nerved, s'MJ" long, without stellate scales; fruit sessile, or rarely minutely pedunculate, orbicular or slightly narrower than long, W~\" in diameter, its lobes separated by a deep groove and broadly winged on the margins; styles as long as the fruit, or shorter, soon deciduous; bracts none. In flowing water, Quebec and Lake Champlain to Michi- gan, Manitoba and Oregon, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. Voi,. II.] CROWBERRY FAMILY. 333 Family 59. EMPETRACEAE Dumort. Fl. Belg. 106. 1827. CROWBERRY FAMILY. Low evergreen shrubs, with small narrow nearly sessile exstipulate leaves jointed to short pulvini, channeled on the lower side by the revolute margins, and small dioecious or rarely polygamous flowers, axillary or in terminal heads. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 2 or 3 petals, or none. Staminate flowers with 2-4 (mostly 3) stamens, the filaments filiform, the anthers 2 -celled, longitudi- nally dehiscent, sometimes with a rudimentary pistil. Pistillate flowers with a 2-several-celled sessile ovary, the single style cleft into as many stigma-bearing segments as there are ovary-cavities; ovules i in each cavity, amphitropous. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 2-several i -seeded nutlets. Embryo straight, terete, in copious endosperm. Three known genera, the following, and the monotypic Corrigiola of the southeastern United States. Flowers axillary; petals 3. I. Empetrum. Flowers in terminal heads; petals none. 2. Corema. i. EMPETRUM L. Sp. PI. 1022. 1753. Depressed or spreading herbaceous shrubs, freely branching, dioecious or monoecious, the branches usually densely leafy, the leaves linear -oblong. Flowers inconspicuous, soli- tary in the upper axils. Sepals and petals mostly 3. Staminate flowers with 3 stamens, the anthers introrse. Pistillate flowers with a globose 6-9-celled ovary, and a short thick style with 6-9-toothed segments. Drupe black, or red, containing 6-9 nutlets. [Greek, on rocks, referring to the growth of these plants in rocky places.] Two known species, the following, and C. rubrum of southern South America. i. Empetrum nigrum I,. Black Crowberry. Heathberry. (Fig. 2343.) Empetrum nigrum L. Sp. PI. 1022. 1753. Glabrous, or the young shoots pubes- cent, usually much branched, the branches diffusely spreading, 2/-io/ long. Leaves crowded, dark green, linear-oblong, thick, obtuse, 2//~3^// long, about ^" wide, the strongly revo- lute margins roughish; flowers very small, purplish: stamens exserted ; drupe black (red in an arctic form), 2//-3// in diameter. In rocky places, Greenland to Alaska, south to the coast of Maine, the higher mountains of New England and northern New York, Michigan and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Called also Crake- berry, Blackberried Heath, Wire Ling, Crow- pea and Monox Heather. Grows in dense beds; the fruit much eaten by arctic birds. Summer. 2. COREMA Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 15: 63. 1826-27. [OAKESIA Tuckerm. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. i: 445. 1842.] Low, much branched shrubs, with narrowly linear leaves crowded on the branches, and small dioecious or polygamous flowers in terminal heads. Corolla none. Staminate flowers with 3 or sometimes 4 long-exserted stamens, occasionally with a rudimentary or perfect pistil. Pistillate flowers with a 2-5-celled (mostly 3-celled) ovary and a slender 2-5 -cleft style, the stigmatic branches very slender, sometimes toothed. Drupe globose, usually with 3 nutlets. [Greek, a broom, in allusion to the bushy habit.] Two species, the following of the eastern United States, the other of southwestern Europe, the Azores and Canaries. EMPETRACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Corema Conradii Torr. Conrad's Broom Crowberry. (Fig. 2344.) Km pet rum Conradii Ton. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4: 83. 1837. Corema Conradii Torr.; Loudon, Encycl. Trees, 1092. 1842. Much branched, 6/-2° high, the young twigs puberulent and densely leafy, the branches minutely scarred by the persistent pulvini. Leaves 2"-$" long, rather less than %" wide, obtuse, glabrous when mature, bright green; flowers numerous in the terminal sessile heads, the pistillate ones almost concealed by the upper leaves, the staminate conspicuous by the exserted purple stamens; drupes nearly dry, less than i" in diameter. In rocky or sandy soil, Newfoundland to New Jersey, mostly near the coast, but occurring in one station on the Shawangunk Mountains in Ulster Co., N. Y. Local. Usually growing in large patches. April-May. 1822. Family 60. BUXACEAE Duniort. Coinni. Hot. 54. B<«\ FVMII.Y. Monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with alternate or opposite simple mostly evergreen leaves, the sap not milky. Flowers clustered or solitary, regular, bracted, with or without a perianth (calyx). Petals none. Staminate flowers with 4-7 distinct stamens, the anthers 2-celled; sometimes with a rudimentary pistil. Pistillate flowers with a 2-4-celled (mostly 3-celled) ovary, with 2 or i anatropous ovules in each cavity; styles as many as the ovary-cavities, simple. Fruit a capsule or drupe, its carpels i-2-seeded. Km- bryo straight; endosperm fleshy, or almost wanting. About 6 genera and 30 species, only the following and the California!! Simmondsia in North America. i. PACHYSANDRA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 177. 1803. Monoecious perennial herbs, with matted rootstocks, the stems procumbent or ascending, leafy above, scaly or naked below. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, petioled, persistent, broad, 3-nerved, coarsely toothed, or entire. Flowers spicate, the pistillate and staminate in the same spike. Staminate flowers with 4 sepals; stamens 4, opposite the sepals; filaments thick, long-exserted; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with 4 sepals or more; ovary 3-celled, the cavities with a partition at the base; styles 3, spreading; ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule of 3 2-seeded carpels. [Greek, thick stamen.] Two species, the following of southeastern North America, the other Japanese. i. Pachysandra procumbens Michx. Alleghany Mountain Spurge. (Fig. 2345.) Pachysandra procumbens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 177. pi. 45 1803. Somewhat pubescent; stems stout, simple, i° long or less. Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, 2'-4' long, obtuse or acutish at the apex, coarsely den- tate or some of them entire, cuneate or abruptly narrowed at the base into a petiole shorter than or equalling the blade; spikes i or several in the axils of the lower scales, densely many-flowered, 2/~3/ long, the staminate flowers forming most of the spike, the pistillate few toward its base; sepals green or purplish; filaments white, 4//-5// long. In woods. West Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Flowers fragrant. April-May. Vox,. II.] FALSE MERMAID FAMILY. 385 I836. Family 61. LIMNANTHACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst Ed. 2, 142. FALSE MERMAID FAMILY. Annual herbs, with alternate petioled exstipulate pinnately divided leaves. Flowers perfect, regular, white pink or red, axillary, long-peduncled. Sepals 2-5, valvate, persistent. Petals the same number as the sepals, alternating with as many small glands, the nearly perigynous stamens twice as many, distinct. Filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels as many as the sepals and opposite them, i-ovuled, nearly distinct, the single slender style arising from the centre as in Geraniaceae, cleft above into as many stigmas as there are carpels; ovule ascending. Fruit very deeply 2-5-lobed, the carpels indehiscent, rough or tubercled. Embryo straight; endosperm none; cotyledons thick. Two North American genera, the following, and Limnanthes, of the Pacific States, with 5 or 6 species. i. FLOERKEA Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. 3: 448. 1801. An annual diffuse glabrous herb, with small white solitary flowers. Sepals 2-3, valvate. Glands 2-3. Petals 2-3, oblong, entire. Stamens 4-6. Ovary 2-3-lobed nearly to the base, 2-3-celled; stigmas 2-3. Ma- ture carpels 1-3, rugose, indehiscent, fleshy. Seed erect. [In honor of H. G. Floerke, 1790-1835, a German botanist] A monotypic genus of northern North America. i. Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. False Mermaid. (Fig. 2346.) Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. 3: 448. 1801. Slender, weak, 4/-i5/ long, branching. Leaves thin, slen- der-petioled, ^/~3/ long, the segments 5 or 3, distant, lanceo- late, oblong or linear-oblong, acute or obtusish, entire or cleft; peduncles slender, elongating in fruit; flowers white, about \y>" broad; sepals ovate, acute, at length much exceed- ing the fruit; stamens about equalling the petals; ripe carpels nearly globular, about \W i° diameter, tuberculate above. In marshes and along rivers, Quebec to Ontario and Oregon, south to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Utah, and California. April-June. Family 62. ANACARDIACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. 1830. SUMAC FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with acrid resinous or milky sap, alternate or rarely oppo- site leaves, and polygamo-dioecious or perfect, mainly regular flowers. Calyx 3-7-cleft. Petals of the same number, imbricated in the bud, or rarely none. Disk generally annular. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, rarely fewer, or more, inserted at the base of the disk; filaments separate; anthers commonly versatile. Ovary in the stauiinate flowers i-celled. Ovary in the pistillate flowers i- or sometimes 4-5-celled; styles 1-3; ovules i in each cavity. Fruit generally a small drupe. Seed-coat bony or crustaceous; endo- sperm little or none; cotyledons fleshy. About 50 genera and 400 species, most abundant in warm or tropical regions, a few ex- tending into the temperate zones. Styles terminal ; leaves compound in our species; fruit nearly symmetrical. i. Rhus. Styles lateral; leaves simple; fruit gibbous. 2. Cotinus. i. RHUS L. Sp. PI. 265. 1753. [TOXICODENDRON Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 7. 1759.] Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple 3-foliolate or odd-pinnate leaves, no stipules, and small polygamous flowers in axillary or terminal panicles. Calyx 4-6-cleft or parted (com- monly 5 cleft), persistent. Petals equal, imbricated, spreading. Disk annular. Stamens (in our species) 5. Pistil i, sessile; ovary i-ovuled; styles 3, terminal. Drupe small, i-seeded, mostly subglobose, pubescent or glabrous. Seed inverted on a stalk that rises from the base of the ovary; cotyledons nearly flat. [Ancient Greek and Latin name; Celtic, red.] 25 386 ANACARDIACEAE. [VOL. II. About 120 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, most abundant in South Africa. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the southern and western parts of the United States. Fruit pubescent; stone smooth. Leaflets 9^-31. Rachis of the leaf wing-margined. i. R. copallina. Rachis of the leaf nearly terete. Foliage and twigs velvety-pubescent. 2. R. hirta. Foliage and twigs glabrous, glaucous. 3. R. glabra, Leaflets 3; flowers appearing before the leaves. Leaflets i'-3* long, pubescent, crenate-dentate. 4. R. aromatica. Leaflets H'-i' long, glabrate, with few rounded teeth. 5. R. trilobata. Fruit glabrous; stone striate. Leaflets 7-13, glabrous. . 6. R. Verniv. Leaflets 3, slightly pubescent beneath. 7. R. radicans. i. Rhus copallina L/. Dwarf, Black or Mountain Sumac. Upland Sumac. (Fig. 2347.) Rhus copallina L. Sp. PI. 266. 1753. A shrub, or sometimes a small tree, with maximum height of about 30° and trunk diam- eter of iox. Leaves pinnate, 6/-i2/ long, the petiole and rachis more or less pubescent; leaflets 9-21, ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lan- ceolate, inequilateral, acute or obtusish at each end, entire, or few-toothed toward the apex, dark green and glabrous above, paler and often pubescent beneath; rachis wing- margined between the leaflets; flowers polyg- amous, green, i#" broad, in dense terminal panicles; pedicels and calyx finely pubescent; drupe compressed, 2" in diameter, crimson, covered with short fine acid hairs ; stone smooth. In dry soil, Maine and southern Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas. Not poisonous. Leaves and bark contain much tannin and are collected in large quantities in the southern States, and ground for tanning leather. Wood soft, light brown; weight per cubic foot 33 Ibs. Ascends to 2600 ft. in North Carolina. June- Aug. Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. Staghorn Sumac. (Fig. 2348.) Datisca hirta L. Sp. PI. 1037. 1753. Rhus lyphina L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 311. 1760. Rhus hirta Sudw. Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 82. 1892. A small tree, with maximum height of 40° and trunk diameter of 9', or often shrubby. Leaves pinnate, S'-is' long; petioles, rachis and twigs more or less densely velvety-pu- bescent; leaflets 11-31, lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, 3' -5' long, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, sharply serrate, dark green and nearly glabrous above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath; pani- cles terminal, dense; flowers green, polyga- mous, i W broad; drupe globose, i^//-2// in diameter, very densely covered with bright crimson hairs; stone smooth. In dry or rocky soil, Nova Scotia to Georgia, especially along the mountains, west to south- ern Ontario, Minnesota, Missouri and Missis- sippi. Wood soft, greenish-yellow; weight per cubic foot 27 Ibs. Bark rich in tannin. A form with laciniate leaflets has been found in New Hampshire. June. This and the next some- times called Vinegar Tree. VOL. II.] 3. Rhus glabra L/. Sumac. SUMAC FAMILY. Smooth Upland or Scarlet (Fig. 2349.) Rhus glabra L. Sp. PI. 265. 1753. A shrub or rarely a small tree, 2°-2o° high, similar to the preceding species, but glabrous and somewhat glau- cous. Leaflets 11-31, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2/-4/ long, acuminate at the apex, rounded and often oblique at the base, dark green above, whitish beneath, sharply serrate, rachis not winged; pedicels sometimes slightly pubescent; inflorescence and fruit similar to those of the two preceding species; drupe covered with short reddish acid hairs; stone smooth. In dry soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Mississippi and Arizona. Foliage sometimes used for tanning. This species and the two preceding sometimes have the whole or a part of the flower-clusters changed into small leaves. A form with laciniate leaflets occurs in south- ern Pennsylvania and Delaware. June-Aug. 4. Rhus aromatica Ait. Fragrant or Sweet-scented Sumac. (Fig. 2350.) Toxicodendron crenatum Mill. Card. Diet Ed. 8, no. 5. 1768? Rhus aromatica Ait. Hort. Kew. 1:367. 1789. Rhus Canadcnsis Marsh. Arb. Am. 129. 1785. Not Mill. 1768. A shrub, 3°-8° high, ascending or diffuse. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, 2/-4/ long, aro- matic ; leaflets ovate or rhomboid, i'-2' long, 9//-i8// wide, the lateral ones sessile, the terminal short-stalked, acute or obtusish at the apex, the lateral rounded or truncate, the terminal cuneate at the base, all crenate or crenate-dentate with numerous large teeth, and pubescent, especially when young; flowers yellowish green, about \" broad, in clustered spikes appearing before the leaves; drupe globose, red, pubescent; stone smooth. In rocky woods, Ontario and Vermont to Florida, especially along the mountains, west to Minnesota, Arkansas and Louisiana. The catkin-like spikes are developed on the branches in late autumn. March-April. 5. Rhus trilobata Nutt. Ill-scented Sumac. Skunk-bush. (Fig. 2351.) Rhus trilobata Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 219. 1838. Rhus aromatica var. trilobata A. Gray; S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 53. 1871. A glabrous or nearly glabrous shrub, 2°-6° high. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, unpleasantly odorous, i/-2/ long; leaflets sessile, or very nearly so, y2'-\' long, pu- berulent when young, glabrous when mature, ovate or oval, obtuse, the terminal one commonly considerably larger than the lateral and cuneate at the base, all cre- nately few-lobed or toothed or sometimes entire; flowers as in the preceding species, and fruit similar. Illinois to Nebraska, south to Texas, west to California. March. 388 ANACARDIACEAE. [VOL. II. 6. Rhus Vernix L. Poison Sumac. Poison Elder. (Fig. 2352.) Rhus Vernix I,. Sp. PI. 265. 1753. Toxicodendron pinnatum Mill. Card. Diet Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768. Rhus renenata DC. Prodr. a: 68. 1825. A shrub or small tree, with maximum height of 25° and trunk diameter of 6'. Leaves petioled, pinnate, 6'-i5' long, gla- brous or somewhat puberulent; leaflets 7- 13, thin, obovate, oval, or the lowest ovate, 2'-4' long, \'-i%' wide, green both sides, entire, short-acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, short-stalked; rachis terete; flowers green, about i" broad, in loose axillary panicles 3/-8/ long; drupe globose-oblong, 2" in diameter, gray, glabrous; stone striate. In swamps, southern Ontario and near the coast in the Eastern and Middle States, south to Florida, west to Minnesota, Missouri and Louisiana. Very poisonous. Wood soft, yel- lowish lirown; weight per cubic foot 27 Ibs. June. Called also Poison Ash, Swamp or Poison Dogwood. 7. Rhus radicans L. Poison, Climbing or Three-leaved Ivy. Climath. (Fig. 2353.) Poison Oak. Rhus radicans L. Sp. PI. 266. 1753. Rhus Toxicodendron of American authors, in part, not L. Toxicodendron vulgare Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. i. 1768. A woody vine, climbing by numerous aerial rootlets, or erect and bushy, the stem sometimes 3/-4/ in diameter. 'Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, more or less pubescent, especially beneath; leaflets ovate or rhombic, i'-4' long, entire or •sparingly dentate or sinuate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, the lateral sessile or short-stalked, inequilateral, the terminal one stalked, rounded or nar- Towed at the base; flowers green, \l/i" 'broad, in loose axillary panicles, if-$' long; fruit similar to that of the preceding. Thickets and along fences, etc., often as- pending high trees, Nova Scotia to Brit- ish Columbia, south to Florida, Arkansas and Utah. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Very poisonous. May-June. Rhus Toxicodendron L., is a shrub of the Southern States, with crenately-lobed very pubescent leaflets. 2. COTINUS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 345. 1763. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate petioled ovate oval or obovate entire leaves, and small polygamous slender-pedicelled flowers in large terminal panicles. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated, obtuse. Petals longer than the calyx, imbricated. Stamens 5. Ovary obovoid; styles 3, lateral; stigmas very small. Drupe obliquely oblong or oval, compressed, gibbous, i-seeded. Seed nearly as in Rhus. [Greek name of the oleaster, or wild olive.] Two known species, the following of southeastern North America, the other of Europe and Asia. Voi,. II.] SUMAC FAMILY. 389 i. Co'tinus cotinoides (Nutt.) Britton. Wild or American Smoke-tree. Chittam-wood. (Fig. 2354.) Rhus cotinoides Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 217. As synonym, 1838. Cotinus A mericanus Nutt. Sylva, 3: pi. 81. 1849. Cotinus colinoides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 216. 1894. A small widely branched tree, with maxi- mum height of about 40° and trunk diameter of 15'. Leaves oval or slightly obovate, thin, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, 3X- 6' long, i ^'-2' wide, obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed and commonly acute or acutish at the base, the blade slightly decurrent on the petiole; flowers i//-i^// broad, green, borne in loose large terminal panicles ; pedicels elongating to I'-i^' and becoming very plu- mose in fruit; drupe reticulate-veined, 2" long. Missouri and the Indian Territory, east to Ten- nessee and Alabama. Wood soft, orange-yellow, yielding a rich dye; weight per cubic foot 40 Ibs. Very nearly related to the European C. Cotinus, which differs in its smaller coriaceous leaves, more pubescent, mostly rounded and obtuse at base. April-May. Family 63. CYRILLACEAE Lindl. Veg. King. 445. 1847. CYRILLA FAMILY. Glabrous shrubs, or small trees, with simple entire thick alternate exstipu- late leaves, long-persistent or evergreen, and small regular perfect bracted race- mose flowers. Sepals 4-8 (mostly 5), persistent. Petals the same number as the sepals, hypogynous, distinct, or slightly united by their bases, deciduous. Stamens 4-10, in i or 2 series, distinct, hypogynous; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules 1-4 in each cavity, anatropous, pendulous; style short or none; stigma very small, or 2-3-lobed. Fruit dry, small, i-5-seeded. Seeds oblong or spindle-shaped; endosperm fleshy; embryo central, cylindric. Three genera and 6 known species, natives of America. i. CYRILLA Garden; L. Mant. i: 5. 1767. Racemes clustered at the ends of twigs of the preceding season. Sepals 5, firm, acute, shorter than the petals. Petals 5, white, acute, spreading. Stamens 5, opposite the sepal?, the filaments subulate, the anthers oval. Ovary ovoid, sessile, mostly 2-celled, sometimes 3-celled; ovules 2-4 in each cavity; style short, thick, 2-3-lobed. Fruit ovoid, 2-3-seeded, the pericarp spongy. [In honor of Domenico Cyrillo, professor of medicine at Naples.] Two species, natives of southeastern North America. i. Cyrilla racemiflora Walt. Southern Leatherwood or Ironwood. (Fig. 2355.) Cyrilla racemiflora Walt. Fl. Car. 103. 1788. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 35° high and the trunk 15' in diameter, the bark at the base spongy. Leaves oblanceolate, obovate or oval, short-petioled, reticulate-veined and the midvein rather prominent beneath, obtuse or acute at the apex, cuneate-narrowed at the base, 2/~4/ long, 3//-i/ wide; racemes narrow, 2/-6/ long, bearing the very numerous small white flowers nearly to the base; pedicels i//-2// long, somewhat longer than the bracts, or shorter; fruit about i" long. Along streams and swamps, southern Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Also in the West Indies and South America. May-July. 39° ILICACEAE. [VOL. II. Family 64. ILICACEAE Lowe, Fl. Mad. 2: n. 1868. HOLLY FAMILY. Shrubs or trees, with watery sap, and alternate petioled simple often coriaceous leaves. Flowers axillary, small, clustered or solitary, white, mainly polygamo- dioecious, regular. Stipules minute and deciduous, or none. Calyx 3-6-parted, generally persistent. Petals 4-6 (rarely more), separate, or slightly united at the base, hypogynous, deciduous, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, as many as the petals, or sometimes more; anthers oblong, cordate. Disk none. Ovary i, superior, 3-several-celled; stigma discoid or capitate; style short or none; ovules i or 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, enclos- ing several nutlets. Seed pendulous; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight. Five genera and about 170 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Petals oblong or obovate, slightly united. i. Ilex. Petals linear, distinct. 2. Ilicioides. i. ILEX L. Sp. PI. 125. 1753. Shrubs or trees, with entire dentate or spiny-toothed, minutely stipulate leaves, and axillary cymose or solitary, perfect or polygamous flowers. Calyx small, 4~5-cleft or toothed. Petals 4-9, somewhat united at the base, oblong, obtuse. Stamens of the same number, ad- nate to the base of the corolla. Berry-like drupe globose, with 4-8 bony or crustaceous nutlets. [Ancient name of the Holly Oak.] About 160 species, mostly natives of America, some in Asia, Africa and Australia. In addition to the following, some 5 others occur in the southeastern United States. leaves, thick evergreen, persistent. Nutlets ribbed. Leaves spiny-toothed. Leaves dentate or entire, not spiny. Leaves entire or few-toothed; calyx-lobes acute. Leaves coarsely crenate; calyx-lobes obtuse. Nutlets not ribbed; leaves dotted beneath. Leaves thin, deciduous. Nutlets ribbed; peduncles i-flowered. Leaves small, obovate or spatulate, crenate. Leaves large, ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate. Nutlets not ribbed. Flowers all short-pedicelled. Staminate Sowers on long and slender pedicels. 1. /. opaca. 2. /. Cassinf. 3. I. vomiloria. 4. I.glabra. 5. /. decidua. 6. /. monticola. 7. /. verticillata. 8. /. lanrigata. i. Ilex opaca Ait. American Holly. (Fig. 2356.) Ilex opaca Ait. Hort. Kew. x: 169. 1789. A tree of slow growth, sometimes 50° high, and with a trunk diameter of 3#°- Young twigs sparingly pubes- cent; leaves elliptical or obovate, 2'-4x long, I'-iJ^' wide, evergreen, glabrous on both sides, obtuse or acutish at the apex, spiny-tipped, spinose-dentate, at least toward the apex, rarely nearly or quite entire; petioles 2//-4// long.some- times puberulent; peduncles 2-bracted; staminate cymes 3-io-flowered, j£'- i' long; fertile flowers mostly scat- tered and solitary; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate; stigma sessile; drupe globose or globose-oblong, red, rarely yellow, 4//-5// in diameter; nutlets ribbed. In moist woods.southern Maine to Flor- ida, west to Pennsylvania, Missouri and Texas. Most abundant near the coast. Wood hard, nearly white; weight per cubic foot 36 Ibs. Ascends to 3000 ft. in North Carolina. April-June. Voi,. II.] HOLLY FAMILY. 391 2. Ilex Cassine L,. Dahoon Holly. (Fig. 2357.) Ilex Cassine L. Sp. PI. 125. 1753. Hex Dahoon Walt, Fl. Car. 241. 1788. A shrub, or small tree, with maximum height o about 25° and trunk diameter of 1 8'. Twigs pubescent; leaves coriaceous, evergreen, oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, 2/-4/ long, Yzf-\' wide, acutish or obtuse at the apex, acute at the base, entire, or with a few sharp teeth, glabrous and dark green above, pale and usually pubescent beneath, es- pecially on the strong midrib; petioles 3//-4// long; staminate cymes several- or many-flow- ered; peduncles and pedicels pubescent; fer- tile cymes commonly 3-flowered; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate; drupes red, globose, 2//~3// in diameter, on pedicels of about the same length. In low woods, southern Virginia to Florida, near the coast, west to Louisiana. Wood soft, light brown; weight per cubic foot 30 Ibs. May. 3. Ilex vomitoria Ait. Cassena. Yau- pon. (Fig. 2358.) Ilex Cassine Walt. Fl. Car. 241. 1788. Not L. 1753. Ilex vomitoria Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 170. 1789. A shrub, or small tree, with maximum height of about 25° and trunk diameter of 4/-6/. Petioles and young twigs puberulent; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic, %'-i%' long, 4//~9// wide, obtuse at both ends, crenate, glabrous, evergreen, pale be- neath, dark green above; petioles i//-2// long; staminate cymes several-flowered, short-peduncled; fertile cymes sessile, i-3-flowered; pedicels longer than the petioles; calyx-lobes obtuse; drupe glo- bose, red, 2//-3// in diameter; nutlets ribbed. In low woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. Also in Bermuda. Wood hard, nearly white; weight per cubit foot 45 Ibs. Called also Ap- palachian, Carolina, or South Sea Tea. May. 4. Ilex glabra (L,.) A. Gray. Inkberry. Evergreen Winterberry. (Fig. 2359.) Prinos glaber L. Sp. PI. 330. 1753. Ilex glabra A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 264. 1856. A shrub, 2°-6° high. Young twigs and petioles finely puberulent; leaves coriaceous, evergreen, dark green and shining above, paler and dotted beneath, oblanceolate or elliptic, i/-2/ long, 5"- 9" wide, generally cuneate at the base, obtusish and few-toothed at the apex, or sometimes entire; pe- tioles 2//-4// long; sterile cymes several-flowered, slender-peduncled; fertile flowers generally soli- tary, sometimes 2 or 3 together; calyx-segments acutish or obtuse; drupe black, 2//-^// in diameter; nutlets not ribbed. In sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Florida, west to Louisiana, mainly near the coast. Reported from Nova Scotia. June-July. 392 ILICACEAE. [VOL. II. 5. Ilex decidua Walt. Swamp or Meadow Holly. (Fig. 2360.) Hex decidua Walt. Fl. Car. 241. 1788. A shrub, or small tree, with a maximum height of 30° and truuk diameter of S' or 10'. Twigs light gray, glabrous; leaves obovate or spatulatc-oblong, 1%'-$' long, 4//-8// wide, crenate, deciduous, dark green, glabrous and with impressed veins on the upper sur- face, paler and pubescent beneath, especially on the midrib, acute or cuneate at the base, blunt at the apex or sometimes emarginate; pedicels slender, i-flow- ered, several often appearing from near the same point, bractless; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; drupe red, depressed-globose, 2//-3// in diameter; nutlets ribbed. In swamps and low grounds, southern Virginia to Florida, west to Kansas, Missouri and Texas. Wood hard, white; weight per cubic foot 46 Ibs. Flowers unfolding with the leaves in May. 6. Ilex monticola A. Gray. Large- leaved Holly. (Fig. 2361.) /. monlana T. & G.; A. Gray, Man. 276. 1848. Not Griseb. Ilex monticola A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 264. 1856. Hex Amelanchiervzr. monticola Wood. Bot. & Flor. 208. 1873. A shrub, or occasionally forming a slen- der erect tree, with a maximum height of about 40°. Leaves rather thin, decidu- ous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2'-6' long, #'-2#' wide, sharply serrate or ser- rulate, acuminate or acute, glabrous on both sides or somewhat pubescent be- neath, especially along the veins; petioles 4"-8" long; pedicels i-flowcred, bractless, the sterile clustered, the fertile mostly solitary; calyx- lobes acute or acutish, ciliate, not hairy; drupes red, globose- ovoid, 1"-$" in diameter; nutlets ribbed. Mountain woods, New York and Pennsylvania, south to North Carolina and Alabama. May. Hex monticola mollis (A. Gray) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 217. 1894. Hex mollis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 306. 1867. I£0. Leaves petioled, pinnately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oval, pubescent when young, nearly gla- brous when old, a'-s' long, 1'-$' wide, dentate, slightly lobed or sometimes entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded, or the terminal one somewhat cuneate at the base; flowers dioecious, drooping, very small, appearing a little before the leaves; samaras glabrous, slightly in- curved, \'-\]/zf long, the broad wing finely veined. Along streams, Vermont and Ontario to Manitoba, south to Florida, Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. Rare near the At- lantic Coast. Wood soft, weak, creamy white; weight per cubic foot 27 Ibs. Used for wopdenware and paper pulp. Locally called Sugar Maple. April. Acer Pseudo-Platanus L., the Sycamore Maple, with terminal drooping racemes of yellowish flowers with very woolly ovaries, and deeply 3~5-lobed leaves, and Acer platanoides L., the Norway Maple, with terminal rorymbs of greenish yellow flowers appearing with or before tin- sharply 5-7-lobed leaves, are commonly planted, and occasionally escaped from cultivation in the east. Family 68. HIPPOCASTANACEAE T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 250. 1838. BUCKKYB FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with opposite petioled digitately 3-9-foliolate leaves, and conspicuous polygamous irregular flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-lobed or 5-cleft in the following genus, the lobes unequal. Petals 4-5, unequal, clawed. Disk entire, often i-sided. Stamens 5-8; filaments elon- gated. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style slender. Capsule leathery, globose or slightly 3-lobed, smooth or spiny, 3-celled or by abortion i- 2-celled, and often only i-seeded. Seeds large, shining; cotyledons very thick. The family consists of the following genus, containing about 15 species, natives of America and Asia, ;md ' Hillia, of Mexico, which differs from AEscitltts in having distinct sepals. i. AESCULUS I,. Sp. PI. 344. 1753. Characters of the family. [Ancient name.] Capsule spiny, at least when young: stamens exsertcd. Flowers white, mottled with yellow and p-urple; leaves abruptly acuminate. i. AE. Hippocastanum. I'lowers yellow. A tree: leaflets 5-7, pubescent 2. AE. glabra. A shrub; leaflets 7-9, glabrate. 3. AE. argula. Capsule glabrous; stamens not exceeding the petals. Corolla yellow, or purplish; calyx oblong; a tree. 4. AE. octandra. Corolla red; calyx tubular; a shrub. 5. AE. Pavia. i. AEsculus Hippocastanum L/. Horse-chestnut. (Fig. 2381.) AEsculus Hippocastanum L. Sp. PI. 344. 1753- A large tree, reaching a maximum height of about 100° and a trunk diameter of 6°, the buds very resinous. Leaves long-petioled, pubescent when young, glabrate when mature, or with per- sistent tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins on the lower surface; leaflets 5-7 (occasionally only 3 on some leaves) obovate, 4/-8/ long, abruptly acuminate at the apex, cuneate-narrowed to the base, irregularly crenulate-dentate; flowers white, blotched with red and yellow, inflorescence rather dense, often i° long, the pedicels and calyx can- escent; stamens exserted; fruit globose, prickly. Escaped from cultivation, southeastern New York and New Jersey. Native of Asia. Called also Bon- gay, and the fruit, in children's games, Conquerors. June-July. Voi,. II.] BUCKEYE FAMILY. 401 2. AEsculus glabra Willd. AEsculus glabra Willd. Enum. 405. 1809. A tree, with maximum height of about 50° and trunk diameter of 20', the bark rough and fetid. Leaves long-petioled; leaflets 5, rarely 7, 3/-6/ long, oval, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, glabrous or slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, finely and sharply serrate, short- stalked or at first sessile; inflorescence loose, pubes- cent, 4/-6/ long; flowers pale yellow; calyx cam- panulate; petals 4, 5//-7// long, slightly unequal, their claws about equalling the calyx-lobes; stamens curved, exserted; fruit I'-iJ^' in diameter, very prickly when young, becoming smoothish at ma- turity. Woods, Alleghanies of Pennsylvania to Alabama, west to Michigan and the Indian Territory. Wood soft, white, the sap-wood slightly darker; weight per cubic foot 28 Ibs. Timber used for artificial limbs and a variety of woodenware articles. April-May. Fetid Buckeye. Ohio Buckeye. (Fig. 2382.) 3. AEsculus arguta Buckl. Shrubby or Western Buckeye. (Fig. 2383.) AE. arguta Buckl. Proc. Phil. Acad. i860: 443. 1860. A shrub, 3°-io° high, with smooth bark. Twigs, young petioles, leaves and inflorescence somewhat pubescent, becoming glabrate; leaflets 7-9, narrow, 3/-4/long, about i' wide, long-acuminate, unequally serrate ; inflorescence dense, 4/-6/ long ; flowers yellow, "the centre reddish; " calyx broadly cam- panulate, its lobes very obtuse; stamens exserted, curved; petals 5//-6// long; fruit very spiny when young. Kansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. Similar to the preceding species, but apparently distinct. March-April. 4. AEsculus octandra Marsh. Yellow, Sweet or Big Buckeye. (Fig. 2384.) AEsculus octandra Marsh. Arb. Am. 4. 1785. AEsculus lutea Wang. Schrift. Nat. Fr. Berl. 8: 133. PL 6. 1788. A Esculus flava Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 494. 1789. A large tree, with maximum height of S5°-9O° and trunk diameter of 2^°-3°, rarely reduced to a shrub; bark dark brown, scaly. Leaves petioled, the peti- ole commonly slightly pubescent; leaflets 5, rarely 7, 4/~7/ long, 2'-$' wide, oval, glabrous or pubescent on the veins above, more or less pubescent beneath, acuminate at the apex, the lower ones oblique, the others cuneate at the base, all finely serrate; inflor- escence rather loose, puberulent; flowers yellow; petals 4, long-clawed, connivent, the 2 upper nar- rower and longer than the lower; stamens included; fruit smooth even when young. Woods, Alleghany Co., Pa., south along the mountains to Georgia, west to Iowa and Texas. Wood soft, creamy white; weight per cubic foot 27 Ibs. April-May. AEsculus octandra hybrida (DC.) Sarg. Silva, 2: 60. AEsculus hybrida DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 75. 1813 . AEsculus jiava var. purpurascens A. Gray, Man. Ed. 3, 118. 1867. Flowers purplish or pink; leaflets pubescent beneath; bark light brown. West Virginia to •Georgia and Texas. Perhaps a distinct species. 26 1891. PURPLISH BUCKEYE. 4O2 HIPPOCASTANACEAE. 5 [VOL. II. AEsculus Pavia L,. Red Buckeye. (Fig. 2385.) AEsculus Pavia L,. Sp. PI. 344. 1753. A shrub, 4°-i2° high. Leaflets 5-7, stalked, ob- long, lanceolate, or obovate, $'-5' long, i '-!>£' wide, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, all narrowed at the base, finely serrate, nearly glabrous on both sides when mature, shining; inflorescence loose; peduncles i-3-flowered; flowers bright red-purple, I'-i^' long; calyx tubular, its lobes short; upper petals longer than the lower; stamens about equal- ling the longer petals; fruit smooth. In rich soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Kentucky, Mi— ouri and Arkansas. April-May. Family 69. SAPINDACEAE R. Br. Exp. Congo, App. 1818. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with watery sap, rarely herbaceous vines. Leaves alternate (opposite in one exotic genus), mostly pinnate or palmate, without stipules. Flowers polygarno-dioecious, regular or slightly irregular. Sepals or calyx - lobes 4-5, mostly imbricated. Petals 3-5. Disk fleshy. Stamens 5-10 (rarely fewer or more), generally inserted on the disk. Ovary i, 2-4-lobed or entire, 2-4-celled; ovules i or more in each cavity. Fruit various. Seeds globose or compressed; embryo mainly convolute; cotyledons often unequal; endosperm none. About 1 20 genera, including over 1000 species, widely distributed in tropical and warm regions. Trees or shrubs; fruit a berry. i. Sapindus. Herbaceous vines; fruit an inflated pod. a. Cardiospermmn. i. SAPINDUS L. Sp. PI. 367. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with alternate mostly odd-pinnate leaves, and regular polygamo-dioe- cious flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals of the same number, each with a scale at its base. Disk annular, hypogynous. Sta- mens 8-10, inserted on the disk; anthers versatile. Ovary 2-4-lobed (commonly 3-lobed), with the same number of cavities; ovules I in each cavity, ascending; style slender; stigma 2-4-lobed. Fruit a globose or lobcd berry with 1-3 seeds. [Name, Safo Indicus, Indian soap, from the soapy quality of the berries. ] About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical Asia and America. 5. Saf>onaria, the only other North American species, occurs on the Florida keys. i. Sapindus marginatus Willd. Soapberry. Wild China-tree. (Fig. 2386.) Sapindus marginatus Willd. Knum. 432. 1809. Sapindus acuminatus Raf. New Flora N. A. 3: 22. 1836. A tree, with maximum height of about 60° and trunk diameter of 18', the bark stnoothish. Leaves pinnate, glabrous on both sides, or sparingly pubescent beneath, S'-iS' long; leaflets 7-19, inequilateral, obliquely lan- ceolate, often falcate, entire, i Y^'-if long, acuminate at the apex and commonly acute at the base; rachis not winged ; panicles terminal, 5 '-7' long, dense; flowers white, about 2" broad; berry globose, or oval, 4//-6// in diameter, very saponaceous, usually i-sceded and with 2 abortive ovules at its base. Kansas to Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico, east to Florida. Wood hard, light yellowish brown; weight per cubic foot 59 Ibs. Used in Texas for cotton baskets. Berries used as a substitute for soap. May-June. VOL. II. ] SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 403 2. CARDIOSPERMUM L. Sp. PI. 366. 1753. Climbing and extensively branching herbaceous vines, with alternate bipinnate or decom- pound leaves, and small axillary tendril-bearing corymbs of slightly irregular polygamo- dioecious flowers. Tendrils 2 to each corymb, opposite. Pedicels jointed. Sepals 4, the 2 exterior smaller. Petals 4, 2 larger and 2 smaller. Disk i-sided, undulate. Stamens 8; filaments unequal. Ovary 3-celled; style short, 3-cleft; ovules i in each cavity. Capsule inflated, 3-lobed. Seeds arilled at the base; cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, heart-seed.] About 15 species, of warm and temperate regions. i. Cardiospermum Halicacabum I,. Bal- loon Vine. Heart-seed. (Fig. 2387.) Cardiospermum Halicacabum L,. Sp. PI. 366. 1753. Slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, climbing, 2°-6° long. Leaves petioled, biternate or bipinnate, 2/-4/ long; segments stalked, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate ; peduncles commonly longer than the leaves, bearing a few-flowered corymb at the summit and 2 coiled tendrils just beneath; flow- ers white, 3//-4// broad; capsule much inflated, about i/ long, globose-pyriform ; seeds globose, nearly black. In waste places, New Brunswick, N. J., and in ballast about the sea-ports; common in cultivation, and occasion- ally escaping from gardens. Native of tropical America, and widely diffused as a weed in the warmer parts of the Old World. Called also Heart-pea. Summer. Family 70. BALSAMINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 138. 1836. JEWEI«-WEED FAMILY. Succulent herbs, with alternate thin simple dentate petioled leaves, and showy very irregular axillary somewhat clustered flowers. Sepals 3, the 2 lat- eral ones small, green, nerved, the posterior one large, petaloid, saccate, spurred. Petals 5, or 3 with 2 of them 2-cleft into dissimilar lobes. Stamens 5, short; fila- ments appendaged by scales on their inner side and more or less united; anthers coherent or connivent. Ovary oblong, 5-celled ; style very short, or none ; stigma 5-toothed or 5-lobed; ovules several in each cell. Fruit in the following genus an oblong or linear capsule, elastically dehiscent into 5 spirally coiled valves, expelling the oblong ridged seeds. Endosperm none; embryo nearly straight; cotyledons flat. Later flowers small, cleistogamous, apetalous. • About 220 species, mostly natives of tropical Asia. The family consists of the following genus and the monotypic Asiatic Hydrocera, differing from Impatiens in its indehiscent 4-5-seeded berry. i. IMPATIENS L. Sp. PI. 937. 1753. Characters of family, as given above. [Name in allusion to the elastically bursting pods.] Flowers orange -yellow, mottled; spur incurved. i. /. biflora. Flowers pale yellow; spur short, spreading. 2. /. aurea. i. Impatiens bifldra Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Silver-leaf. (Fig. 2388.) Impaliens biflora Walt. Fl. Car. 219. 1788. Impatien s fulva Nutt. Gen. i: 146. 1818. Annual, glabrous, 2°-5° high, branched, pur- plish. Leaves thin, ovate or elliptic, pale and glaucous beneath, lyz'-sW long, generally ob- tuse, coarsely toothed, the teeth commonly mu- cronate; petioles slender, ^/-4/ long; peduncles axillary, %'-!%' long. 2-4-flowered ; pedicels pendent, slender, bracted above the middle; bracts linear; flowers horizontal, orange-yellow, mottled with reddish-brown (rarely nearly white and not mottled), 9//-i2// long; saccate sepal conic, longer than broad, contracted into a slender incurved spur of one- half its length, which is 2-toothed at the apex. In moist grounds, Nova Scotia to Oregon and Al- aska, south to Florida and Missouri. Spurs are oc- casionally developed on the 2 small exterior sepals, and spurless flowers have been observed. This and the next called Balsam, Jewel-weed. July-Oct. 404 BALSAMINACEAE. [Voi« II. 2. Impatiens aurea Muhl. Pale Touch-me-not. (Fig. 2389.) Impatiens aurea Muhl. Cat. 26. 1813. Impatiens pallida Nutt. Gen. x: 146. 1818. Similar to the preceding species, but larger and stouter. Flowers pale yellow, sparingly dotted with reddish-brown, or sometimes dot- less, I2//-I5// long ; saccate sepal dilated- conic, about as broad as long, abruptly con- tracted into a short scarcely incurved notched spur, less than one-third its length; bracts of the pedicels lanceolate to ovate, acute. In similar situations, most abundant north- ward. Quebec to Oregon, south to Georgia and Kansas. July-Sept. This and the preceding also called Snapweed. Family 71. RHAMNACEAE Dumort. Fl. Belg. 102. 1827. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Erect or climbing shrubs, or small trees, often thorny. Leaves simple, stip- ulate, mainly alternate, often 3~5-nerved. Stipules small, deciduous. Inflor- escence commonly of axillary or terminal cymes or panicles. Flowers small, regular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx-tube obconic or cylindric, the limb 4-5- toothed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx, or none. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals and opposite them; anthers short, versatile. Disk fleshy. Ovary sessile, free from or immersed in the disk, 2-5- (often 3-) celled; ovules i in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a drupe or capsule, often 3-celled. Seeds solitary in the cavities, erect; endosperm fleshy, rarely none ; embryo large; cotyledons flat. About 45 genera and 575 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Ovary free from the disk; fruit a drupe. Petals sessile, entire; stone of the drupe 2-celled. i. Berchemia. Petals short-clawed or none; stones of the drupe 7-4. 2. Rhamnus. Ovary adnate to the disk at its base; fruit dry. 3. Ceanothus. i. BERCHEMIA Neck. Elem. 2: 122. 1790. Climbing or erect shrubs, with alternate petioled ovate or oblong coriaceous pinnately- vcined leaves, and small greenish-white flowers in axillary or terminal clusters, or rarely solitary. Calyx-tube hemispheric, the limb 5-toothed. Petals 5, sessile, concave or cucul- late. Stamens 5; filaments filiform. Disk filling the calyx-tube, covering but not united with the ovary. Drupe oval, obtuse, compressed, its flesh thin and coriaceous, its stone 2 celled. Seeds linear-oblong; cotyledons thin. [Name unexplained.] About 10 species, the following in southeastern North America, the others in Asia and tropical Africa. i. Berchemia scandens (Hill.) Trel. Supple-Jack. (Fig. 2390.) ft. scandens Hill, Hort. Kew. 453. pi. 20. 1768. Berchemia volubilis DC. Prodr. a: 22. 1825. Berchemia scandens Trel. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 364. 1889. A glabrous high-climbing shrub, with slen- der tough terete branches. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, i/-2/ long, %'-i' wide, acute, acuminate, or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse or somewhat truncate at the base, dark green above, paler beneath, their margins un- dulate and sometimes slightly revolute; veins 8-12 pairs; petioles slender, 2//~5// long; flow- ers about i l/tff broad, mainly in small terminal panicles; petals acute; style short; drupe 3"- 4" long, equalling or shorter than its slender pedicel, its stone crustaceous. In low woods, Virginia to Florida, Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. March-June. VOI,. II.] BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 405 2. RHAMNUS L. Sp. PI. 193. 1753. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate pinnately veined and (in our species) deciduous leaves, and small axillary cymose racemose or paniculate, perfect or polygamous flowers. Calyx-tube urceolate, its limb 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, short-clawed, mainly emarginate and hooded, or none. Disk free from the 3-4-celled ovary. Style 3-4-cleft. Drupe berry-like, oblong or globose, containing 2-4 separate nutlet-like stones. Seeds mainly obovoid; endo- sperm fleshy; cotyledons flat or revolute. [The ancient Greek name.] About 75 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western United States and British America. Flowers dioecious or polygamous; nutlets grooved. Petals present; flowers mainly 4-merous. Leaves broadly ovate; branches thorny; drupe with 3-4 nutlets. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; drupe with 2 nutlets. Petals none; flowers 5-merous; drupe with 3 nutlets. Flowers perfect; nutlets smooth. Umbels peduncled; leaves acute; calyx catnpanulate. Umbels sessile; leaves obtuse; calyx hemispheric. 1. R. cathartica. 2. R. lanceolata. 3. R. alnifolia. R. Caroliniana. R. Frangula. i. Rhamnus cathartica L/. Buck- thorn. (Fig. 2391.) Rhamnus cathartica L- Sp. PI, 193. 1753. A shrub, 6°-2o° high, the twigs often end- ing in stout thorns. Leaves glabrous, peti- oled, broadly ovate or elliptic, i^/-2j^/ long, about \f wide, regularly crenate or crenulate, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, ob- tuse or acutish at the base, with 3-4 pairs of veins, the upper running nearly to the apex; flowers dioecious, greenish, about i" wide, clustered in the axils, unfolding a little later than the leaves; petals, stamens and calyx- teeth 4; petals very narrow; drupe globose, black, about 4" in diameter; nutlets 3-4, grooved. In dry soil, escaped from hedges, New Eng- land, the Middle States and Ontario. Intro- duced from Europe and native also of northern Asia. May-June. Called also Hart's-thorn, Rhineberry, and Waythorn. The berries yield a dye, and have powerful medicinal properties. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. L/ance-leaved Buckthorn. (Fig. 2392.) Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 166. 1814. A tall erect shrub, with smooth gray- ish bark, and unarmed mostly puberulent branches. Leaves short-petioled, if~2>l/2f long, }^f-\f wide, ovate-lanceolate, ob- tusish or acuminate at the apex, acute or obtuse at the base, glabrous or nearly so above, more or less pubescent, especially on the veins beneath, finely serrulate; veins 6-7 pairs; flowers axillary, 2-3 to- gether, greenish, about \l/t" broad, mostly dioecious, appearing with the leaves; pedicels i//-2// long; petals, stamens and calyx-teeth 4; drupe black, about 3" in diameter, obovoid -globose; stigmas 2; drupe containing 2 grooved nutlets. In moist soil, Pennsylvania to Iowa and Nebraska, south to Alabama and Texas. May. RHAMNACEAE. [VOL. II. 3. Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. Alder- leaved Buckthorn. Dwarf Alder. (Fig. 2393.) Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. Sert. Angl. 5. 1788. A small shrub, with puberulent thornless branches. Leaves oval to elliptic, 2/-4/ long, i/-2/ wide, obtuse to acuminate at the apex, mainly acute at the base, irregularly crenate- serrate; veins 6-7 pairs; petioles 3//-6// long; flowers 5-merous, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils, green, about i%" broad, mainly dioecious, appearing with the leaves; petals none; fruiting pedicels $"-\" long; drupe globose, or some- what obovoid, about 3" in diameter; nutlets 3, grooved. In swamps, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Illinois, Nebraska, Montana and California. May-June. 4. Rhamnus Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn. Rhamnus Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 101. 1788. Frangula Caroliniana A. Gray, Gen. a: 178. 1849. A tall thornless shrub, or small tree, with puberulent twigs. Leaves elliptic, or broadly oblong, glabrous, or somewhat hairy on the veins beneath, a'-6' long, 1'-*%' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or acute at the base, obscurely serrulate or even entire; veins 6-10 pairs; petioles 6"-9" long; flowers 5-mer- ous, perfect, greenish, about i" broad, in axil- lary peduncled umbels, or some of them soli- tary, unfolding after the leaves; calyx finely puberulent, or glabrous, campanulate, its lobes lanceolate, acuminate; petals present; drupe globose, sweet, about 4" in diameter; nutlets 3, not grooved. In swamps and low grounds, Virginia and Ken- tucky, west to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. May-June. (Fig. 2394.) 5. Rhamnus Frangula L,. Alder Buck- thorn. (Fig. 2395.) Rhamnus Frangula L. Sp. PI. 193. 1753. A shrub, reaching a maximum height of about 8°, the young twigs finely and sparsely puberu- lent Leaves thin, elliptic or obovate, entire or very obscurely crenulate, glabrous on both sur- faces, obtuse or cuspidate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, lyi'-zW long, I'-i^' wide; petioles 2//-4// long; umbels 1-6- flowered, strictly sessile in the axils; flowers 5-merous, per- fect; calyx nearly hemispheric, its lobes ovate, acute; fruiting pedicels 2//~5// long; fruit 3//-4// in diameter, the 3 nutlets compressed, not grooved. In bogs, Long Island and northern New Jersey. Naturalized from Europe. May-June. Called also Black-alder, Berry-alder and Arrow-wood. Vox,. II.] BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 407 3. CEANOTHUS L. Sp. PL 195. 1753. Shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, and terminal or axillary cymose panicles of white blue or yellowish perfect flowers. Calyx-tube hemispheric, or top- shaped, the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, hooded, clawed, longer than the calyx-lobes, inserted under the disk. Stamens 5; filaments filiform, elongated. Ovary immersed in the disk and adnate to it at the base, 3-lobed. Disk adnate to the calyx. Style short, 3-cleft. Fruit dry, 3-lobed, separating longitudinally at maturity into 3 nutlets. Seed-coat smooth; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons oval or obovate. [Name used by Theophrastus for some different plant.] About 35 species, natives of North America and northern Mexico. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pubescent. i. C. Americanus. Leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate, glabrate. 2. C. ovatus. i. Ceanothus Americanus L,. New Jersey Tea. Red-root. (Fig. 2396.) Ceanothus Americanus L- Sp. PL 195. 1753- Stems erect or ascending, branching, sev- eral commonly together from a deep reddish root, puberulent, especially above. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 1'-$' long, yi'-i' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, finely pubescent, es- pecially beneath, serrate all around, strongly 3-nerved; petioles 2//-5// long; peduncles terminal and axillary, elongated, often leafy bearing dense oblong cymose panicles of small white flowers; pedicels 3//-6// long, white; claws of the petals very narrow; fruit depressed, about 2" high, nearly black. In dry open woods, Ontario to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. May-July. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. An infusion of the leaves was used as tea by the American troops during the Revolution. Also called Wild Snowball. 2. Ceanothus ovatus Desf. Smaller Red-root. (Fig. 2397.) Ceanothus ovalus Desf. Hist. Arb. 2: 381. 1809. Ceanothus ovalis Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2: 92. 1824. Similar to the preceding species, but gener- ally a smaller shrub and nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves oblong, or oval-lanceo- late, i/-2/ long, 3//~9// wide, mainly obtuse at eachjend, but sometimes acute at the apex, gla- brous, or with a few hairs on the principal veins, serrate with prominently gland-tipped teeth; peduncles short, nearly always terminal, bearing dense short cymose panicles of white flowers; pedicels slender, 4//-7// long; fruit nearly as in C. Americanus. In rocky places and on prairies, Ontario to Min- nesota and the Black Hills, south to Massachusetts, Illinois and Texas. Rare or absent along the Atlantic coast. May-June. Ceanothus ovatus pubescens T. & G.; S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 166. 1878. Leaves, petioles and peduncles densely pubescent. Iowa to Arkansas and Texas. Family 72. VITACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 30. 1836. GRAPE FAMILY. Climbing or erect shrubs, with copious watery sap, nodose joints, alternate petioled leaves, and small regular greenish perfect or polygamo-dioecious flow- ers, in panicles, racemes or cymes. Calyx entire or 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, 408 VITACEAE. [VOL. II. separate or coherent, valvate, caducous. Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals; fila- ments subulate, inserted at the base of the disk or between its lobes; disk some- times obsolete or wanting; anthers 2-celled. Ovary i, generally immersed in the disk, 2-6-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cavity, ascending, anatropous. Fruit a i-6-celled berry (commonly 2-celled). Seeds erect; testa bony; raphe gener- ally distinct; endosperm cartilaginous; embryo short. About 10 genera and 450 species, widely distributed. Hypogynous disk present, annular or cup-shaped, lobed or glandular; leaves not digitately com- pound in our species. Petals united into a cap, falling away without separating. i. Vitis. Petals separate, spreading. 2. Ampelopsis. Hypogynous disk obsolete or wanting; leaves digitately compound in our species, the leaflets 5-7. 3. Parthenocissus. i. VITIS L. Sp. PI. 202. 1753. Climbing or trailing woody vines, rarely shrubby, mostly with tendrils. Leaves simple, usually palmately lobed or dentate. Stipules mainly small, caducous. Flowers mostly dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious, rarely perfect. Petals hypogynous or perigynous, coher- ent in a cap and deciduous without expanding. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3~4-celled; style very short, conic; ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry globose or ovoid, few-seeded, pulpy, edible in most species. [The ancient Latin name.] About 40 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. In addition to the following, some 10 or 15 others occur in the southern and western United States. leaves woolly beneath. Pubescence rusty-brown; berries large, musky. Pubescence at length whitish; berries small, black, not musky. Berries with bloom: branches terete. Berries without bloom; branches angular. Leaves glabratc, sometimes slightly pubescent when young. Leaves bluish -white glaucous beneath. Leaves not glaucous beneath. Leaves 3-7-lobed; lobes acute or acuminate. Lobes and sinuses acute; berries with bloom. Lobes long-acuminate; sinuses rounded; berries without bloom. Leaves sharply dentate, scarcely lobed. Bark loose; pith interrupted by the solid nodes. Hi^h-climbing; leaves large; berries sour. Leaves somewhat shining above, the apex long-acuminate; inflorescence loose. 7. y. cordifolta. Leaves dull, the apex short-acuminate or blunt; inflorescence compact. 8. /•'. naileyana. Low ; leaves small ; berries sweet. 9. / ". rupestris. Bark close; pith continuous through the nodes. 10. V, rotundi/olia. i. /". Labrtisca. V. aestiralis. I '. itntrea. .}. /'. bicolor. I '. -'ulpina. V. pa I mala. i. Vitis Labrusca I,. Northern Fox- or Plum-grape. Wild Vine. (Fig. 2398.) Vitis Labrusca L. Sp. PI. 203. 1753. Climbing or trailing, often ascending high trees, sometimes forming a stem a foot in diameter or more, the young twigs, forked tendrils, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves densely rusty-pubescent, especially when young. Bark loose and separating in strips; nodes solid, interrupting the pith; leaves large, each opposite a tendril or a flower cluster, varying from merely dentate to deeply lobed with rounded sinuses; fertile flowers in compact panicles, the sterile looser; berries few, brownish-purple, about 9" in diameter, strongly musky; seeds 3-6, about 4X/ long; raphe narrow. Thickets, New England to Minnesota, Georgia and Tennessee. The cultivated Isabella, Con- cord and Catawba grapes have been derived from this species. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. May-June. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. VOL. II.] GRAPE FAMILY. 409 2. Vitis aestivalis Michx. Summer Grape. Small Grape. (Fig. 2399.) Vitis aestivalis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 230. 1803. High climbing, branches terete, the twigs and petioles glabrous or pubescent; bark loose and shreddy; pith interrupted at the nodes. Leaves as large as those of V. Labrusca, dentate, or 3~5-lobed, floccose- woolly with whitish or rusty pubescence, especially when young, sometimes becom- ing nearly glabrous when mature; tendrils and flower-clusters intermittent (wanting opposite each third leaf) ; inflorescence gen- erally long and loose; berries numerous, about 5" in diameter, black, with a bloom, acid, but edible; seeds 2-3, about 3" long; raphe narrow. In thickets, southern New England to Flor- ida, west to southern Ontario, Wisconsin and Louisiana. Ascends to 3500 ft. in North Caro- lina. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. Vitis cinerea Engelm. Downy Grape. (Fig. 2400.) I 'itis aestivalis var. canescens Engelm. Am. Nat. 2: 321, name only. 1868. Vitis aestivalis var. cinerea Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 679. 1867. V. cinerea Engelm. Bushb.Cat.Ed. 3, 17. 1883. Climbing, branches angled, young shoots and petioles mostly floccose-pubes- cent; bark loose; pith interrupted; tendrils intermittent. Leaves dentate, or some- what 3-lobed, often longer than wide, rather densely floccose-pubescent with whitish, persistent hairs on the lower sur- face, especially along the veins, sparingly so on the upper; inflorescence loose; ber- ries black, without bloom, 3//-4// in dia- meter, pleasantly acid, 1-2- seeded; seeds about 2" long, the raphe narrow. Illinois to Nebraska, Kansas and Texas, east to Florida (according to T. V. Munson.) 4. Vitis bicolor L,eConte. Blue or Winter Grape. (Fig. 2401.) I'itis bicolor LeConte, Proc. Phil. Acad. 6: 272. 1852. Vitis aestivalis var. bicolor LeConte; Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 113. 1890. High-climbing or long-trailing, the tendrils in- termittent, the branches terete. Twigs and leaves glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, bluish-glaucous, especially the lower surfaces of the leaves, the bloom sometimes disappearing by the time the fruit ripens; interned es long, the pith interrupted at the nodes; leaves usually 3-lobed, cordate at the base, sometimes 12' long, the sinuses rounded, the lobes acute or acuminate; inflorescence compact; berries bluish-black with a bloom, sour, about 4" in diameter; seeds about 2" long, raphe narrow. Northern New York to Michigan and North Carolina. 410 VITACEAE. [VOL. II. Vitis vulpina L,. Riverside or Sweet Scented Grape. (Fig. 2402.) Vitis vnlpina L. Sp. PI. 203. 1753. I'itis riparia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 231. 1803. Vitis cordifolia var. riparia A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 113. 1867. Climbing or trailing, glabrous throughout, or more or less pubescent on the veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves; branches rounded or slightly angled, greenish; pith interrupted, the diaphragm thin; tendrils intermittent. Leaves shining, almost all sharply 3~7-lobed, the sinuses angular, the lobes acute or acum- inate, the terminal one commonly long; stip- ules 2//~3// long, often persistent until the fruit is formed; inflorescence com pact or becom- ing loose; berries bluish-black, with a bloom, 4//-5// in diameter, rather sweet; seeds 2-4, 2" long, the raphe narrow and inconspicuous. Along rocky river-banks, Nova Scotia to Mani- toba, south to Maryland and Arkansas. May- June. Fruit beginning to ripen in July, some- times continuing until October. Leaves light green, thin. 6. Vitis palmata Vahl. Missouri Grape. (Fig. 2403.) I'itis palmata Vahl, Symbol. BoL 3: 42. 1794. High-climbing, glabrous or nearly so through- out, or with slight pubescence on the veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves; twigs bright red; bark separating in large flakes; pith inter- rupted, the diaphragms thick; tendrils inter- mittent, forked. Leaves dull, darker green than in I', vulpina, deeply 3-5-lobed, the sinuses rounded, the lobes long-acuminate; stipules ij£"-2" long; inflorescence loose; berries black, 4"-5'/ in diameter, without bloom; seeds 1-2, about 3" long; raphe indistinct. River-banks, Illinois and Missouri. Blooming later and ripening its berries after /'. rnlpina. June-July. 7. Vitis cordifolia Michx. Frost Grape. Chicken Grape. (Fig. 2404.) I'itis cordifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 231. 1803. High-climbing, the twigs glabrous or slightly pubescent, terete or indistinctly angled; pith in- terrupted by thick diaphragms; internodes long; bark loose; tendrils intermittent; stem some- times 1° in diameter or more. Leaves 3/-4/ wide, shining above, glabrous or sparingly pubes- cent beneath, thin, sharply and coarsely dentate with very acute teeth, sometimesslightly3-lobed, mostly long-acuminate at the apex; tendrils forked, intermittent; stipules about 2" long; in- florescence loose; berries black, shining, about 3" in diameter, ripening after frost; seeds i or 2, about 2" long; raphe narrow or inconspicuous. Moist thickets and along streams, New England to Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. Called also Possum Grape and Winter Grape. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct.-Nov. VOL. II.] GRAPE FAMILY 8. Vitis Baileyana Munsoti. Bailey's Grape. (Fig. 2405.) Vitis Virginiana Munson, Gard. & For. 3: 474. 1890. Not Lam. 1808. Vitis Baileyana Munson. Vit. Bail. 1893. Climbing, but often low, the branches dis- tinctly angled, the young twigs tomentose, the tendrils intermittent; pith interrupted at the nodes; internodes short. Leaves cre- nate-dentate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed, as a rule smaller than those of V. cordifolia, somewhat pubescent on the veins beneath even when old; the apex short-acuminate, acute, or blunt, the teeth mucronate; inflorescence com- pact; berries black, 4//-5// in diameter, sweet; seeds about 2" long, the raphe broad. In valleys, southwestern Virginia, West Vir- ginia and North Carolina. 9. Vitis rupestris Scheele. Sand Grape. Sugar Grape. (Fig. 2406.) V. rupestris Scheele, Linnaea, 21: 591. 1848. Low, bushy or sometimes climbing to a height of several feet, glabrous or some- what floccose-pubescent on the younger parts; pith interrupted; bark loose; ten- drils forked, intermittent or often want- ing. Leaves smaller than in any of the preceding species, pale green, shining, sharply dentate with coarse teeth, ab- ruptly pointed, rarely slightly 3-lobed, the sides often folded together ; stip- ules -2"-$" long; inflorescence compact; berries black, with a bloom, 3"-4" in diameter, sweet, 2-4-seeded; seeds about 2" long; raphe very slender. In various situations, southern Pennsylva- nia to Missouri, Tennessee and Texas. April-June. Fruit ripe in August. 10. Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Southern Fox-grape. Bullace Grape. (Fig. 2407.) Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 231. 1803. Vitis vulpina T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 245. 1838. Not L. 1753- Trailing or high-climbing, glabrous or nearly so throughout; tendrils simple, intermittent, sometimes few; bark close, not shreddy; pith contin- uous through the nodes. Leaves nearly orbicular, 2/-3/ wide, dark green, shining, dentate with large triangular teeth; inflorescence dense; berries few, purple, 5//-9// in diameter, without bloom, tough, musky; seeds several, flat, wrinkled, notched at the apex; raphe indistinct. In moist, often sandy soil, Maryland to Kansas, south to Florida, Texas and Mex- ico. Muscadine Grape. The original of the Scuppernong. The berries fall away singly. May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 4I2 VITACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. AMPELOPSIS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 159. 1803. [Cissus Pers. Syn. i: 143. 1805. Not L. 1753 ] Climbing woody vines, or some species bushy, the coiling tendrils not tipped by adher- ing expansions. Leaves simple, dentate or lobed, or pinnately or palmately compound. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, or polygamo-monoecious. Petals 5, separate, spreading. Disk cup-shaped, 5-lobed or annular, adnate to the base of the ovary; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style subulate. Berry 2-4-seedcd, the flesh usually thin and inedible. [Greek, Vine-like.] About 15 species, natives of temperate and warm regions, only the following known to occur in North America. Leaves coarsely serrate, or slightly 3-lobed. Leaves 2-3-pinnately compound. 1. A. cordala. 2. A. arborea. I. Ampelopsis cor data Michx. Simple-leaved Ampelopsis. (Fig. 2408.) cordata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 159. ' 1803. Cissus Ampelopsis Pers. Syn. i: 142. 1805. / 'His indivisa Willd. Berl. Baumz. Ed. 2, 538. 1811. Glabrous or the young twigs sparingly pubescent, climbing, the branches nearly terete; tendrils few or none. Leaves broadly ovate, z'-tf long, coarsely serrate, rarely slightly 3-lobed, glabrous on both sides, or pubescent along the veins, trun- cate or cordate at the base, acuminate at the apex; panicles small, loose, with 2-3 main branches; corolla expanding its petals; disk cup-shaped; berries 2//~3//in diameter, bluish, i-2-seeded, the flesh very thin and inedible; seeds about 2" long; raphc narrow. Swamps and river-banks, southern Virgi- nia to Florida; west to Illinois, Kansas anil Texas. May-June. 2. Ampelopsis arbdrea (L.) Rusby. Pepper-vine. Pinnate- leaved Ampelopsis. (Fig. 2409.) J 'His arborea L. Sp. PI. 203. 1753. Cissus stans Pers. Syn. i: 143. 1805. / 'if is bipinnata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 243. 1838. Ampelopsis arborea Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 221. 1894. Glabrous or nearly so, erect or ascend- ing, bushy, scarcely climbing; tendrils often wanting. Leaves bipinnate, or the lowest tripinnate and sometimes 8' in length or more; leaflets ovate or rhombic- ovate, j&'-i%' long, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or slightly cordate or the terminal one cune- ate at the base, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent on the veins beneath; panicles short-cyniose; corolla expanding; berries black, depressed-globose, about 3" in diameter, sometimes pubescent, the flesh thin, inedible; seeds 1-3. In rich moist soil, Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Mexico. Also in Cuba. June- July. Ampelopsis heterophylla (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc., a climbing eastern Asiatic vine, with deeply palmately 3-5 lobed leaves and short-peduncled compound cymes, was found as a waif from culti- vation at Lancaster, Pa., in 1890. VOL. II.] GRAPE FAMILY. 413 3. PARTHENOCISSUS Planch, in DC. Mon. Phan. 5: Part 2, 447. 1887. [QUINARIA Raf. Am. Man. Grape-vines, 6. 1830. Not Lour. 1790.] Climbing or trailing woody vines, the tendrils often tipped with adhering expansions (disks), or sometimes merely coiling, our species with digitately compound leaves, the leaf- lets 5-7. Flowers perfect, or polygamo-monoecious, in compound cymes or panicles. Petals 5, spreading. Hypogynous disk obsolete or wanting in our species. Stamens 5. Ovary 2- celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short, thick. Berry i-4-seeded, the flesh thin, not edible. About 10 species, natives of eastern North America and Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in Texas. i. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L,.) Planch. Virginia Creeper. False Grape. American Ivy. (Fig. 2410. ) Hedera quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 202. 1753. I'itis quinquefolia Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 2: 135. 1793. Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 1 60. 1803. Parlhenocissus quinquefolia Planch, in DC. Mon. Phan. 5: Part 2, 448. 1887. High-climbing or trailing. Tendrils usually numerous, and provided with terminal adhering expansions, the vine sometimes supported also by aerial roots; leaves petioled, digitately 5-folio- late (rarely 7-foliolate); leaflets stalked, oval, el- liptic, or oblong-lanceolate; 2/-6/ long, acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, coarsely toothed, at least above the middle, pale beneath, dark green above, glabrous or somewhat pubes- cent; panicles ample, erect or spreading in fruit; berries blue, about 6" in diameter, usually 2-3- seeded; peduncles and pedicels red. In woods and thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, Flor- ida, Texas and Mexico. Also in Cuba. July. Fruit ripe in October. The foliage turns deep red in autumn. Erroneously called Woodbine. Parthenocissus quinquefolia laciniata Planch, in DC. Mon. Phan. 5: Part 2, 449. 1887. Ampelopsis quinquefolia var. viiacea Knerr, Bot. Gaz. 18: 71. 1893. Parthenocissus vitacea A. S. Hitchcock, Spring PL Manhattan, 26. 1894. Tendrils mostly without terminal adhering disks, the vine not high-climbing; leaves more deeply and sharply toothed; fruiting panicles described as drooping. Ohio to Iowa, Kansas and Colorado. Perhaps specifically distinct. Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc. ) Planch., the Ampelopsis Veitchii of the gardeners, a Japanese vine, clinging to walls by its very numerous disk-tipped tendrils, has the leaves sharply 3-lobed or sometimes 3-divided; it is freely planted for ornament. Family 73. TILIACEAE Juss. Gen. 289. 1789. LINDEN FAMILY. Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs, with alternate (rarely opposite) simple leaves, mostly small and deciduous stipules, and axillary or terminal generally cymose or paniculate flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 3-4, valvate, deciduous. Petals of the same number, or fewer, or none, alternate with the sepals, mostly imbricated in the bud. Stamens oo, mostly 5-io-adelphous; anthers 2-celled. Ovary i, ses- sile, 2-io-celled; style entire or lobed; ovules anatropous. Fruit i-io-celled, drupaceous or baccate. Embryo straight, rarely curved; cotyledons ovate or orbicular; endosperm fleshy, rarely wanting. About 35 genera and 245 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. r i. TILIA L. Sp. PI. 514. 1753. Trees, with serrate cordate mainly inequilateral leaves, and axillary or terminal, cymose white or yellowish perfect flowers, the peduncles subtended by and partly adnate to broad membranous bracts. Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate, often with small scales at the base. Stamens co; filaments cohering with the petal-scales or with each other in 5 sets. Ovary 5-celled; cells 2-ovuled; style simple; stigma 5-toothed. Fruit dry, drupaceous, globose or ovoid, indehiscent, i-2-seeded. Seeds ascending; endosperm hard; cotyledons broad, 5-lobed, corrugated. [The ancient Latin name.] 414 TILIACEAE. [VOL. II. About 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone, i in the mountains of Mexico. Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces. i. T. Americana. Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath. 2. T. pubescens. Leaves gTabrous above, silvery- white beneath. 3. T. heterophylla. i. Tilia Americana L,. Bass-wood. Am- erican Linden. White-wood. (Fig. 2411.) Tilia Americana L. Sp. PI. 514. 1753. T. glabra Vent. Mem. Acad. Paris, 4: 9. pi. 2. 1802. Tilia Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 306. 1803. A large forest tree, 6o°-i25° high, with spread- ing branches; trunk 2°-5° in diameter. Leaves obliquely ovate, cordate or sometimes truncate at the base, 2/-5/ wide, coriaceous, glabrous on both sides, or with some pubescence on the veins of the lower surface, sharply serrate with glandu- lar teeth, abruptly acuminate or acute; petioles I'-a' long; floral bract 2/-4/ long, often narrowed at the base, strongly veined; cymes drooping, 6- zo-flowered; flowers 5//-7// broad, fragrant; petals yellowish-white, crenate, slightly longer than the pubescent sepals; scales similar to the petals, but smaller; fruit globose-ovoid, 4"-5" in diameter. In rich woods and along river-bottoms, New Bruns- wick to Georgia, especially along the mountains, wot to Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. Wood soft, wr;ik , light brown or reddish; weight per cubic foot 28 Ibs. Used for cabinet work and for paper pulp. Called also Whistle-wood. May-June. 2. Tilia pubescens Ait. wood or White-wood. Southern Bass- (Fig. 2412.) Tilia pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 229. 1789. Tilia Americana var. pubescens Loud. Arb. Brit, x: 374. 1838. Tilia Americana var. /fa/ten' Wood, Bot. & Flor. 64. 1870. A small tree, 4o°-5o° high, with a trunk i° in diam- eter. Leaves generally smaller than those of T. Amer- icana, glabrous above, pubescent, or sometimes densely woolly beneath; floral bracts commonly broader and shorter, narrowed or rounded at the base; fruit glo- bose, 2}4//-3// in diameter. In moist woods, Long Island to Florida, west to Texas, mostly along the coast. Wood as in T. Americana, but lighter in weight, about 24 Ibs. to the cubic foot. May-June. 3. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White Bass- wood. Bee-tree. (Fig. 2413.) Tilia heterophylla Vent. Mem. Acad. Paris, 4: 16. pi. 5. 1802. Tilia alba Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 3: 315. pi. 2. 1813. Not Waldst. & Kitt. Tilia heterophylla var. alba Wood. Bot. & Flor. 64. 1870. A forest tree, 45°-7O° high, with a trunk iX°-3X° in diameter. Leaves larger than in either of the pre- ceding species (often 6/-8/ long), inequilateral, cor- date or truncate, glabrous and dark green above, white beneath with a fine downy pubescence, acute or acu- minate; floral bracts 3/-5/ long, narrowed at the base; flowers slightly larger and often fewer than those of T. Americana; fruit globose, about 5" in diameter. In woods, mountains of southern Pennsylvania, south along the Alleghanies and Blue Ridge to Florida and Ala- bama, west to central Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee. Also called Wahoo. Wood weak, light brown; weight per cubic foot 26 Ibs. June-July. The European Linden, or Lime Tree, Tilia Europaea L., is planted as an ornamental tree in parks and on lawns. It may be distinguished from any of our species by the absence of scales at the base of the petals. Its name, Lin, was the origin of the family name of Linnaeus. Voi,. II.] MALLOW FAMILY. 415 Family 74. MALVACEAE Neck. Act. Acad. Theod. 2: 488. 1770. MALLOW FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs (sometimes trees in tropical regions), with alternate mostly palmately-veined leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers regular, perfect, often large, rarely dioecious or polygamous. Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less united, usually valvate; calyx often bracted at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute, often contorted. Stamens oo, hypogynous, monadelphous, forming a central column around the pistil, united with the bases of the petals; anthers i -celled. Ovary several-celled, entire or lobed; styles united below, distinct above, and generally projecting beyond the stamen-column, mostly as many as the cells of the ovary; ovules i or several in each cavity. Fruit capsular (rarely a berry), several-celled, the carpels falling away entire or else loculicidally de- hiscent. Seeds reniform, globose or obovoid; embryo curved; cotyledons large, plicate or conduplicate; endosperm little, or copious. About 40 genera and 800 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit. Carpels i-seeded. Flowers perfect. Involucels of 6-9 bractlets. I. Althaea. Involucels of 1-3 bractlets, or none. Stigmas linear, on the inner side of the style-branches. Carpels beakless; petals obcordate. 2. Malva. Carpels beaked ; petals truncate. 3. Callirrhoe. Stigmas capitate, terminal. Seed ascending. 5. Malvastrum. Seed pendulous. 6. Sida. Flowers dioecious. 4. Napaea. Carpels 2-several-seeded. Involucel none. 7. Abutilon. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Carpels continuous. 8. Sphaeralcea. Carpels septate between the seeds. 9. Modiola. Stamen-column anther-bearing below the entire or 5-toothed summit. Carpels i-seeded. Carpels several-seeded. 10. Kosteletzkya. 11. Hibiscus. i. ALTHAEA L. Sp. PI. 686. 1753. Tomentose or pilose herbs, with lobed or divided leaves, and axillary or terminal, solitary or racemose, perfect flowers. Involucels of 6-9 bractlets united at the base. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit. Cavities of the ovary numerous, i-ovuled; style-branches the same number as the ovary-cavities, stigmatic along the inner side; carpels numerous, indehiscent, i-seeded, arranged in a circle around the axis. Seed ascending. [Ancient Greek, signifying to cure.] About 15 species, natives of the temperate and warm parts of the Old World. i. Althaea officinalis L/. Marsh-Mal- low. Wymote. (Fig. 2414.) Althaea officinalis L. Sp. PI. 686. 1753. Perennial, herbaceous, erect, 2°-4° high, branching, densely velvety pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, dentate and gen- erally 3-lobed, the lower ones often cordate; veins elevated on the lower surfaces; petioles yi'-i' long; flowers in terminal and axillary narrow racemes, pink, about I'-i^' broad; bractlets of the involucels 6-9, linear, shorter than the 5 ovate-lanceolate acute calyx-seg- ments; carpels 15-20, tomentose. In salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts and New York. Reported from New Jersey. Natural- ized from Europe. Roots thick, very mucilaginous, used in confectionery, and in medicine as a demul- cent. Summer. 416 MALVACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. MALVA L. Sp. PI. 687. 1753. Pubescent or glabrate herbs, with dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and axillary or ter- minal solitary or clustered perfect flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of the involucels 3 (rarely none). Petals 5. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit Cavities of the ovary several or numerous, i-ovuled; style-branches of the same number, linear, stigmatic along the inner side. Carpels arranged in a circle, i-seeded, beakless, indehiscent. Seed ascending. [Greek, referring to the emollient leaves.] About 30 species, natives of the Old World. In addition to the following, another is natural- ized in California. Leaves with 5-3 shallow angular lobes. Petals 2-4 times the length of the calyx. Petals 1-2 times the length of the calyx. Procumbent, low. Erect, tall. Leaves deeply s-y-lobed. Stem-leaves i-3-pinnatifid; carpels downy. Stem-leaves deeply lobed; carpels glabrous. i. Malva sylvestris L,. High Mallow. (Fig. 2415.) Malva syli'tstris L. Sp. PI. 689. 1753. Biennial, erect or ascending, branched, pubescent with loose spreading hairs, or glabrate. Leaves orbicular, or reniform, i^'-4' wide, with 5-9 shallow angular or rounded lobes, crenate-dentate, truncate or cordate at the base; petioles 2'-6' long; flowers reddish- purple, i'-i%' broad, in axillary clusters; pedicels slender; petals 2-4 times as long as the calyx; carpels about 10, flat on the back, rugose-reticulate. In waste places and along roadsides, sparingly adventive from Europe in the I'nited States, Canada and Mexico. Native also of Siberia. Summer. English names, Com- mon Mallow, Cheese-flower, Cheese-cake, Pick-cheese, Round Dock, Maul. 1. M. sylvestris. 2. .!/. rotundifolia. 3. M. verticillata. 4. M. moschata. 5. M. Alcea. 2. Malva rotundifdlia L/. Low, Dwarf or Running Mal- low. Cheeses. (Fig. 2416.) M. rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 688. 1753. Annual or biennial, procumbent and spreading from a deep root, branched at the base, stems 4'-! 2' long. Leaves orbicular-reniform, i '-3' wide, cordate, with 5-9 broad shallow dcntate-crenate lobes; peti- oles slender, 3/-6/ long; flowers clustered in the axils, pale blue, 4"- 7" broad; pedicels 6//-i5// long; petals about twice the length of the ovate acute calyx-lobes; carpels about 15, rounded on the back, pubescent. In waste places, common throughout our territory, and widely distributed as a weed in other temperate regions. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of western Asia. English names, Dutch-cheese, Doll or Fairy Cheeses, Pellas. May-Nov. Voi,. II.] MALLOW FAMILY. 3. Malva verticillata L,. Whorled Mallow. (Fig. 2417.) Malva verticillata ~L,. Sp. PI. 689. 1753. Annual, erect, glabrous or nearly so, 4°-6° high. Leaves nearly orbicular with 5-11 shallow, angular den- tate lobes, petioles elongated; flowers white or whitish, sessile, clustered in the axils, about the size of those of M. rotundifolia; petals about twice the length of the calyx- lobes; carpels rugose-reticulated. In waste places, Vermont. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. Malva verticillata crispa I,. Sp. PI. 689. 1753. Malva crispa I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 970. 1763. Margins of the leaves wrinkled and crisped. In waste places, sparingly escaped from gardens. Nova Scotia to Minnesota and New Jersey. Introduced from southern Europe or west- ern Asia. This is the form shown in our figure. Known as Curled Mallow. Summer. 417 4. Malva moschata L. Musk Mallow. (Fig. 2418.) Malva moschata I,. Sp. PI. 690. 1753. Perennial, erect, i°-2° high, branching, pubescent with long hairs, or glabrate. Basal leaves orbicular, 3'-4' wide, with 5-9 short broad rounded dentate lobes; stem-leaves deeply divided into linear or cune- ate, pinnatifid or cleft segments; flowers i^/-2/ broad, pink or white, racemosely clustered at the summits of the stem and branches; petals obcordate or emargin- ate, 5-8 times as long as the triangular-ovate acute calyx-lobes; carpels 15-20, densely hairy, rounded on the back. In waste places and along roadsides, occasional in the Middle, Southern and Eastern States and in Canada. Ad- ventive from Europe. Plant with a faint odor of musk. Summer. 5. Malva Alcea L/. European Mallow. (Fig. 2419.) Malva Alcea L. Sp. PI. 689. 1753. Similar to the preceding species, but the stem-leaves are only once 5-y-parted or cleft, the lobes dentate or in- cised; pubescence shorter and denser; flowers pink, pur- plish or white; petals obcordate; carpels glabrous, very finely rugose-reticulated. In waste places, occasionally escaped from gardens, duced from Europe. Summer. 27 Intro- 41 8 MALVACEAE. [VOL. II. 3. CALLIRRHOE Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 2: 181. 1821. [NuTTALUA Barton, Fl. N. A. 2: 74. pi. 62. 1822.] Herbs, with lobed or divided leaves, and showy axillary or terminal perfect flowers. Bractlets of the involucel 1-3, separate, or none. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Petals cuneate, truncate, often toothed or fimbriate. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit. Cavities of the ovary oo, i-ovuled; style-branches of the same number as the cells of the ovary, stig- matic along the inner side. Carpels oo (10-20), arranged in a circle, i-seeded, indehiscent or 2-valved, beaked at the apex, the beak separated from the cavity by a septum. Seed as- cending. [A Greek mythological name.] A genus of about 7 species, natives of the central and southern United States and northern Mexico. Bractlets of the involucels none. Flowers i' broad; carpels very pubescent. Flowers i&'-a' broad; carpels scarcely pubescent. Bractlets of the involucels 3. Leaves triangular, crenate ; carpels not rugose. Leaves orbicular, palmatifid; carpels rugose. 1. C. alceoides. 2. C. digitata. 3. C. triangulate. 4. C. involucrata. i. Callirrhoe alceoides (Michx.) A. Gray. (Fig. 2420.) Sida alceoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 44. 1803. Callirrhoe alceoides A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II.) 4: 18. 1848. Perennial, erect, S'-ac/ high, slender, strigose- pubescent, branched at the base from a thick woody root. Basal leaves triangular, palmately lobed or incised, 2/-3#' long, slender-petioled; stem-leaves palmatifid, the divisions linear or cuneate, acute or obtuse; flowers corymbose or racemose at the sum- mit, pink or white, about i' broad; pedicels i/-2/ long, slender; involucel none; calyx-lobes triangu- lar, acuminate; petals dentate and somewhat fim- briate; carpels strigosc-pubescent and conspicuously rugose-reticulate on the back. In dry soil, Kentucky to Nebraska, Kansas and Texas. May-Aug. Light Poppy-Mallow. 2. Callirrhoe digitata Nutt. Fringed Poppy- Mallow. (Fig. 2421.) Callirrhoe digilata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 181. 1821. Nultallia digilata Bart. Flora N. A. 2: 74. pi. 62. 1822. Similar to the preceding species. Divi- sions of the stem-leaves longer, narrowly linear, sometimes quite entire and 4/-5/ long, sometimes deeply incised; basal leaves sometimes cordate-triangular, cre- nate, lobed or divided; involucre none; flowers long-peduncled, i ^'-2' broad, red- dish-purple or lighter; petals beautifully fimbriate; calyx-lobes triangular to lan- ceolate, acuminate; carpels strongly ru- gose-reticulate, scarcely pubescent. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas. April-July. Voi,. II.] MALLOW FAMILY. 419 3. Callirrhoe triangulata (L/eav- enw. ) A. Gray. Clustered Poppy- Mallow. (Fig. 2422.) Malva triangulata Leavenw. Am. Journ. Sci. 7: 62. 1824. Callirrhoe triangulata A. Gray, Mem. Am. Mem. Acad. (II.) 4: 16 1848. Perennial, erect or ascending from a deep root, iX°-2X° high, branched above, pubescent with short hairs. Leaves tri- angular-hastate, the lower long-petioled, crenate or slightly lobed, acute or obtus- ish, 2/-3/ long, the upper short-petioled or nearly sessile, smaller, 3-5-cleft or di- vided, the lobes narrow, dentate or cre- nate; flowers in terminal panicled clusters, i/-2/ broad, short-pedicelled, deep purple; involucel of 3 linear or spatulate bractlets, nearly as long as the 5-lobed calyx; car- pels numerous, hairy, not rugose, short- beaked. Prairies, Illinois to Minnesota, south to Texas. June-Aug. 4. Callirrhoe involucrata (T. &G.) A. Gray. Purple Poppy-Mallow. (Fig. 2423.) Nuttallia involucrala Nutt. ; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 172. Name only. 1828. Malva involucrata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 226. 1838. Callirrhoe involucrata A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II.) 4:16. 1848. Perennial, branched from a deep root, pro- cumbent or ascending, i°-2° long, pubescent with long hispid hairs. Leaves cordate-orbicu- lar, palmately lobed or palmatifid, the lobes ob- tuse or acute, dentate or incised, those of the upper leaves commonly narrower than those of the lower; stipules ovate, conspicuous; pedun- cles terminal and axillary, slender, i -flowered; bractlets of the involucel 3, linear, half the length of the lanceolate acute 3~5-nerved calyx- lobes; flowers red-purple, i/-2^/ broad; carpels rugose-reticulate. In dry soil, Minnesota to Texas, Utah and New Mexico and northern Mexico. April-Aug. 4. NAPAEA L. Sp. PI. 686. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, with palmately-lobed leaves, and small white dioecious flowers in ample terminal corymbose panicles. Involucels none. Calyx 5-toothed. Staminate flowers with 15-20 anthers borne at the summit of the stamen-column. Pistillate flowers with 8-10 styles, stigmatic along their inner surface, the stamen-column present but destitute of anthers. Cavities of the ovary as many as the styles, i-ovuled. Carpels 8-10, separating at maturity from the axis, beakless, but minutely tipped, imperfectly 2-valved. Seed ascend- ing. [Greek, a dell.] A monotypic genus of the east-central United States. 420 MALVACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Napaea dioica L. Glade Mallow. (Fig. 2424.) Napaea dioica L. Sp. PI. 686. 1753. Simple, or branching above, 4°-9° high, pu- bescent, or glabrate. Basal and lower leaves 6/-i2/ broad, long-petioled, orbicular in out- line, 7-n-parted nearly to the base, the divi- sions acute, dentate and lobed; upper leaves smaller, short-petioled, s-g-lobed, the lobes incisely cut, acute or acuminate; staminate flowers 6//~9// broad, the pistillate somewhat smaller; petals obovate, 2-3 times the length of the calyx ; carpels strongly i -nerved, slightly rugose-reticulate. In moist grounds, southern Pennsylvania to Virginia, west to Minnesota and Iowa. July. 5. MALVASTRUM A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II.) 4: 21. 1848. [MALVBOPSIS Presl, Bern. Bot. 19. 1847.?] Herbs, with entire cordate or divided leaves, and axillary or terminal, solitary or race- mose, short-pedicelled perfect flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of the involuccls small, 1-3 or none. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the apex. Cavities of the ovary 5-00 , i-ovulcd. Style-branches of the same number, stigtnatic at the summit only, forming capitate stigmas; carpels indehiscent or imperfectly 2-valved, falling away from the axis at maturity, their apices pointed or beaked. Seed ascending. [Greek, star-mallow.] 75 species, natives of America and South Africa, 2 of them widely distributed as weeds regions. In addition to the following, about 12 other species inhabit the southern and nited States. in tr< wrstt Leaves lanceolate-oblong, dentate. I Sp. PI. 683. 1753. Herbs, with serrate crenate or lobed leaves, and solitary or clustered, axillary or terminal, perfect flow- ers. Bractlets of the involucels none. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Stamen- column anther-bearing at the summit. Cells of the ovary 5- cc, i-ovuled; style-branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit only. Carpels indehiscent, or at length 2-valved at the apex. Seed pendulous. [Greek, used by Theophrastus.] About 75 species, natives of the warmer parts of America, Asia, Africa and Australasia. Be- sides the following, some 17 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Leaves linear, ovate or oblong, serrate. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate; flowers z"-4" broad. i. 5. spinosa. Leaves linear or linear-oblong; flowers 6"-i 2" broad. 2. S. Elliottii. Leaves palmately 3-7-lobed. 3. S. hermaphrodita. i. Sida spinosa L/. Prickly Sida. (Fig. 2427.) Sida spinosa L. Sp. PI. 683. 1753. Annual, erect, branching, finely and softly pubescent, i°-2° high. Leaves ovate to oblong- lanceolate, i/-2/ long, 5//-io// wide, petioled, obtuse or acute, truncate or cordate at the base, crenate-dentate; flowers axillary, short-pedun- cled, yellow, 2//-4// broad; peduncles shorter than the petioles; calyx-teeth triangular, acute; carpels 5, dehiscent at the apex into 2 beaks; stipules linear; petioles of the larger leaves with a small spine-like tubercle at the base. In waste places, southern New York and New Jer- sey to Iowa and Michigan, south to Florida and Texas, and widely distributed in tropical America. Supposed by some to be naturalized at the north, but it occurs in New Jersey as if native. Summer. 2. Sida Elliottii T. & G. Elliott's Sida. (Fig. 2428.) Sida Elliottii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 231. 1838. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, branching, i°-4° high. Leaves short-petioled, linear or linear-oblong, i/-2/ long, 2"-2^// wide, mostly obtuse at each end, serrate-dentate; peduncles often longer than the petioles; flowers axillary, yellow, 6//-i2// broad, calyx-teeth broadly ovate, acute; car- pels 8-10, dehiscent at the apex, slightly and abruptly pointed. In dry soil, southern Virginia to Florida, west to Chihuahua. Summer. 422 MALVACEAE. [VOL. II. 3. Sida hermaphrodita (L/.) Rusby. Vir- ginia Mallow. (Fig. 2429.) Napaea hermaphrodita L. Sp. PI. 686. 1753. Sida Napaea Cav. Diss. 5: 277. pi. ijz. f. i. 1788. Sida hermaphrodita Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 223. 1894. Perennial, nearly glabrous, branching, 4°-io° high. Leaves petioled, 3'-6' wide, ovate-orbicular, deeply 3-7-lobed or cleft, the lobes lanceolate or ovate, the middle one commonly longest, all incised dentate, acute or acuminate; flowers white, 9//-i2// broad, numerous in terminal corymbose panicles; pedicels, calyx and petioles of the upper leaves finely pubes- cent; calyx-lobes short and broad, acute; carpels about 10, acute, dehiscent at the top. Along rivers, in rocky places, southern Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Virginia. Summer. 7. ABUTILON Gaertn. Fruct. et Sem. 2: 251. pi. 135. 1791. Herbs or shrul», sometimes trees in tropical countries, mostly soft-pubescent, with cor- date angular or lobcd leaves and axillary flowers. Involucels none. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamen- column anther-bearing at the apex. Cavities of the ovary 5-00 , 3~9-ovuled. Style-branches the same number as the ovary-cavities, stigmatic at the apex; carpels 2-valved, often rostrate, falling away from the axis at maturity. Seeds more or less reniform, the upper ascending, the lower pendulous or horizontal. [Name given by the celebrated Arabian physician Avi- cenna (Ibn Sina), died 1037.] About 90 species, natives of warm and trop- ical regions of both hemispheres. In addition to the following, some 15 others inhabit the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. i. Abutilon Abutilon (L.) Rusby. Velvet I,eaf. Indian Mallow. (Fig. 2430.) Sida Abutilon L. Sp. PI. 685. 1753. Abutilon Avicennae Gaertn. Fruct. et Sem. 3: 251. pi. 135. 1791. A. Abutilon Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 222. 1894. Annual, stout, 3°-6° high, branched, densely and finely velvety-pubescent. Leaves long- petioled, cordate, ovate-orbicular, 4/-i2/ wide, dentate, or nearly entire, acuminate, the point blunt; flowers yellow, 6" '-9" broad, axillary, solitary; peduncles stout, shorter than the peti- oles; head of fruit i' in diameter or more; car- pels 12-15, pubescent, dehiscent at the apex, each valve beaked by a slender awn. In waste places, frequent or common through- out our area, except the extreme north. Natural- zed or adventive from southern Asia, and widely distributed as a weed in warm countries. Called also American Jute. Aug. -Oct. 8. SPHAERALCEA St. Hil. Plant. Us. Bras. pi. 52. 1825. Herbs or shrubs with the habit of Malvastrum. Bractlets of the involucels 3, distinct, or united at the base. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit. Cavities of the ovary 5-00, 2-3-ovuled. Style-branches the same number as the ovary-cavities, stigmatic at the apex; carpels 2-valved, not septate between the seeds, separating from the axis at maturity. Seeds reniform. [Greek, globe-mallow.] About 30 species, natives of America and South Africa. In>ddition to the following, about 14 others occur in the southwestern United States. Voi,. II.] MALLOW FAMILY. 423 i. Sphaeralcea acerifolia Nutt. Maple-leaved Globe-Mallow. (Fig. 2431.) Sphaeralcea acerifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 228. 1838. Sphaeralcea rivularis Torr. ; A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (1104:23. 1848. Perennial, erect, branched, 2°-6° high, finely stellate-pubescent and scabrous. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, palmately 5-7- lobed or cleft, cordate, the lobes ovate or lance- olate, dentate, acute, the middle one generally longest; flowers pink or white, I'-i^' broad, short-pedicelled, clustered in the upper axils or in terminal spike-like racemes; bractlets of the involucels linear, shorter than the calyx; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; carpels stellate- pubescent and hairy, not beaked. Kankakee Co., 111.; Dakota, west to Nevada and British Columbia. Summer. 9. MODIOLA Moench, Meth. 619. 1794. Prostrate or ascending herbs, often rooting from the nodes, with palmately cleft or di- vided leaves, and small axillary peduncled red flowers. Bracts of the involucre 3, distinct. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the apex. Cavities of the ovary oo, 2-3- ovuled. Style-branches stigmatic at the summit; carpels 15-20, septate between the seeds, dehiscent into 2 valves with awn-pointed tips, and aristate on the back. [Latin, from the likeness of the fruit to the small Roman measure, modiolus. ] A monotypic genus of warm and temperate America and South Africa. i. Modiola Caroliniana (I,.) Don. Bristly-fruited Mallow. (Fig. 2432.) Malva Caroliniana L. Sp. PI. 688. 1753. Modiola multiftda Moench, Meth. 620. 1791. Modiola Caroliniana Don, Gen. Hist. PI. 1:466. 1831. Decumbent, annual or biennial, more or less pubescent, freely branching; stems 6/-i8/ long. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, ^/-2^/ wide, petioled, pedately 3-5-cleft, the lobes dentate or in- cised; leaves sometimes simply dentate; flowers axillary, solitary, 3//-5// broad, red; peduncles at length elongated, slender; fruit depressed-orbicular, the carpels hispid-aristate along the back. In low grounds, Virginia to Florida, west to Texas, and in Central and South America. The same species apparently occurs in South Africa. Summer. 10. KOSTELETZKYA Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 130. pi. 70. 1836. Perennial, scabrous or pubescent herbs or shrubs, with hastate or angular leaves, and showy, axillary or paniculate flowers. Bractlets of the involucels several, linear. Calyx 5- toothed or 5-cleft. Stamen-column entire, or 5-toothed at the summit, anther-bearing be- low for nearly its entire length. Ovary 5-celled, the cells i-ovuled; style-branches of the same number, stigmatic at the capitate summits. Capsule depressed, 5-angled. Seeds reni- form, ascending. [Named in honor of V. F. Kosteletzky, a botanist of Bohemia.] About 6 species, natives of warm and temperate America. In addition to the following, 2 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. 424 MALVACEAE. [Voi,. II. i. Kosteletzkya Virginica (L,.) A. Gray. Virginia Kosteletzkya. (Fig. 2433.) Hibiscus Virginicus L. Sp. PI. 697. 1753. Kosieletzkya Virginica A. Gray, Gen. 2: 80. /. 132. 1849. Perennial, erect, branching, 2°-4° high, some- what stellate-pubescent and scabrous. Leaves ovate, or hastate, truncate or cordate at the base, 2/~5/ long, unequally dentate and often 3-lobed below, sometimes with an additional lobe or two at the middle, acute, not velvety-pubes- cent; flowers pink, i^'-z^' broad, in loose terminal leafy panicles; bractlets of the invo- lucels 8-9, linear, shorter than the lanceolate acute calyx-segments; carpels 5, hispid- pubescent. In salt or brackish marshes, southeastern New York to Florida and Louisiana. A form approach- ing K. althaeifolia of the Southern States occurs in eastern Maryland. Aug. ii. HIBISCUS L. Sp. PI. 693. 1753. Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions even small trees, with dentate or lobcd leaves, and showy, axillary or paniculate, mostly campanulate flowers. Bractlets of the involucels nu- merous, narrow. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Column of stamens truncate or 5-toothed at the apex, anther-bearing below along much of its length. Ovary 5-celled, the cells 3-several- ovuled; style branches 5, stigmatic at the capitate summit. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds reni- form. [An ancient name, used by Dioscoridcs for the Marsh Mallow.] About 180 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate countries. In addition to the following, about 14 others occur in the southern and western United States. Tall perennial herbs. Leaves white-pubescent beneath; seeds glabrous, or nearly so. Leaves glabrate, or stellate-hairy above; bractlets not ciliate. i. H. Moscheutos. Leaves soft-hairy above; bractlets ciliate. 2. H. lasiocarpus. Leaves glabrous on both sides; seeds hairy. 3. H. mililarts. Low hairy annual of waste places. 4. H. Trionum. Tall woody shrub, escaped from gardens. 5. H. Syriacus. i. Hibiscus Moscheutos L. Swamp Rose-Mallow. (Fig. 2434.) Hibiscus Moscheutos L. Sp. PI. 693. 1753. Erect, 4°-7° high, forming numerous cane-like stems from a perennial root. Leaves ovate or ovate- lanceolate, 3/~7/ long, cordate or obtuse at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, the lower or some- times all lobed at the middle, palmatcly veined, dentate or crenate, densely white stellate-pubescent beneath, green and glabrous or slightly stellate above; petioles i'-5' long; flowers 4/-7/ broad, pink, or white, often with a crimson centre, clustered on stout pedicels at the summits of the stems; peduncles often adnate to the petioles; bractlets linear, not cili- ate, shorter than the calyx; capsule ovoid, i' long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; seeds glabrous. In brackish marshes, eastern Massachusetts to Flor- ida and Louisiana, and on lake shores and in saline sit- uations locally in the interior to western Ontario. Dr. Gray concluded that the Hibiscus roseus of southern Europe is identical with our plant. Aug.-Sept. Mallow Rose. Sweating-weed. Vol.. II.] MALLOW FAMILY. 425 2. Hibiscus lasiocarpus Cav. Hairy- fruited Rose- Mallow. (Fig. 2435.) Hibiscus lasiocarpus Cav. Diss. 3: 159. pi. 70. f. i. 1787. Resembles the preceding species. Leaves broadly ovate, dentate or 3-y-lobed, mostly cor- date or truncate at the base; pubescence of the lower surface white and densely stellate, that of the upper surface darker, with longer soft nearly simple hairs; bractlets of the involucels linear, equalling the calyx or shorter, ciliate; capsule ovoid, densely and finely hairy; seeds nearly glabrous. In swamps, southern Indiana to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Aug. 3. Hibiscus militaris Cav. Halberd-leaved Rose-Mallow. (Fig. 2436.) Hibiscus militaris Cav. Diss. 3: 352. pi. 198. f. 2. 1787. Hibiscus Virginicus Walt. Fl. Car. 177. 1788. Not L. 1753- Erect, 3°-5° high, nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves 4/-5/ long, ovate in outline, acute, or acum- inate, cordate or truncate at the base, the lower, or sometimes all, hastately lobed, the margins dentate- crenate; petioles i'-6' long ; flowers pink with a darker eye, 2/~3/ long, axillary or clustered at the ends of the stem or branches; peduncles shorter than the petioles and jointed above the middle; bractlets of the involucels linear, slightly shorter than the calyx, glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs; fruiting calyx inflated; capsule ovoid, en- closed by the calyx, glabrous, or in some southern forms finely stellate-pubescent; seeds silky. Along rivers, southern Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Minnesota and Louisiana. Aug.-Sept. 4. Hibiscus Trionum L. Bladder Ketmia. Flower-of-an-Hour. Venice Mallow. (Fig. 2437. ) Hibiscus Trionum L. Sp. PI. 697. 1753. Annual, depressed and branching from the base, pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves petioled, ovate or orbicular in outline, pedately 3~7-lobed or divided, the lobes obtuse, dentate-crenate or cleft, the middle one longer; flowers pale yellow with a purple eye, I'-aJ^' broad, axillary to the upper leaves, each one remaining open but a few hours; petals tinged with purple on the outer edge; bracts linear, ciliate, much shorter than the membranous beautifully nerved hispid-pubescent 5-angled in- flated calyx; capsule globose- ovoid, hairy; seeds roughened with short processes. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Florida, and locally in the interior. Adventive from southern Europe. Aug.-Sept. Called also Black-eyed Susan. 426 MALVACEAE. [VOL. II. 5. Hibiscus Syriacus L,. Shrubby Althaea. Rose-of -Sharon. (Fig. 2438.) Hibiscus Syriacus L. Sp. PI. 695. 1753. A branching nearly glabrous shrub, io°-2o° high. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, a'-s' long, obtuse or cuneate at the base, acute but blunt at the apex, 3-5-lobed or the upper merely dentate, sometimes with a few scattered stellate hairs on the upper surface; flowers axillary, short- peduncled, pink or white with a crimson centre, 2'-4' broad; bractlets linear, shorter than the calyx, or slightly exceeding it ; peduncles, bractlets and calyx stellate- pubescent; capsule ovoid, nearly i' long. Sparingly escaped from cultivation in southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Introduced from western Asia. Aug.-Sept 1824. Family 75. THEACEAE DC. Prodr. i: 529. TEA FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite pinnately-veined mainly exstipulate leaves, and large axillary or terminal flowers. Flowers regular, mostly perfect. Sepals 5 (rarely 4-7), imbricated, the inner ones generally larger than the outer. Calyx often 2-bracted at the base. Petals 5 (rarely 4-9), hypogynous, imbricated, crenulate. Stamens oo , numerous, hypogynous, more or less united at their bases. Ovary sessile, 2-several-celled; styles i or several; ovules 2 or more in each cavity. Fruit a 3~5-celled generally woody capsule with loculicidal or septicidal dehiscence; endosperm little or none; embryo large, with conduplicate cotyledons. About 16 genera and 160 species, natives of tropical and warm regions. Stamens monadelphous. i. Stuart ia. Stamens 5-adelphous. 2. Gordon i a. i. STUARTIA L. Sp. PI. 698. 1753.* Shrubs, with deciduous membranous serrulate leaves, and large showy axillary soli- tary flowers on short peduncles. Sepals 5, rarely 6, slightly unequal, ovate or lanceolate. Petals of the same number, obovate. Stamens monadelphous below; anthers versatile. Ovary 5-celled; styles I or 5; ovules 2 in each cell, anatropous; capsule ovoid, woody, 5- celled, loculicidally dehiscent. Embryo straight. Cotyledons oval, longer than the inferior radicle. [Named in honor of John Stuart, Marquis of Bute.] Six species, natives of North America and Japan. Style i, compound; stigma 5-lobed; seeds marginless; capsule subglobose. I. S. Malachodendron. Styles 5, distinct; seeds wing-margined ; capsule ovoid, 5-angled. a. S. pentagyna. i. Stuartia Malachodendron I,. Round-fruited Stuartia. (Fig. 2439.) Steu'artia Malachodendron L. Sp. PI. 698. 1753. Slewartia Virginica Cav. Diss. 5: pi. 158. f. 2. 1787. A shrub, 6°-i2° high, the branches pubescent when young. Leaves oval, acute or acuminate at each end, 2'-$' long, iX/-2/ wide, serrulate with mucronate-tipped teeth, pubes- cent below, glabrous above; petioles 2//-4// long; flowers axillary, 3/-4/ broad, solitary or occasionally in pairs, very short-peduncled; sepals ovate or orbicular, obtuse, silky- pubescent, united at the base; petals white, sparingly pubes- cent on the under side, minutely crenulate; filaments purple; anthers blue; style i, compound; stigma 5-lobed; capsule subglobose, 6//-8// long, pubescent; seeds marginless. In woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana. April-May. * Original spelling Steivartia. Vol.. II.] TEA FAMILY. 427 2. Stuartia pentagyna I,' Her. Angled-fruited or Mountain Stuartia. (Fig. 2440.) Stuarlia pentagyna 1,'Her. Stirp. Nov. 155. pi. 74. 1784. Malachodendron ovatum Cav. Diss. 5: pi. 158. f. 2. 1787. A shrub resembling the preceding species. Leaves oval, or ovate, larger, 4/-6/ long, 2/-3/ wide, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or some- times acute at the base, pubescent beneath, mu- cronate-serrulate or rarely entire; flowers axil- lary, solitary, 2/~3/ broad; peduncles $ff-y long; sepals lanceolate, acutish, hairy; petals cream-color, crenulate; styles 5, distinct; cap- sule 5-angled, ovoid, acute, 9" long, densely pubescent; seeds wing-margined. In woods, mountains of Kentucky and North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. June. 2. GORDONIA Ellis, Phil. Trans. 60: 518. pi. n. 1770. Trees or shrubs, with coriaceous evergreen leaves, and large white solitary axillary flow- ers, often clustered at the ends of branches. Sepals 5, imbricated, rounded, concave. Petals 5, imbricated, obovate. Stamens GO, 5-adelphous, each cluster cohering with the base of a petal. Ovary i, 3-5-celled; style i; stigma 5-rayed. Capsule woody, ovoid, 5-valved, the axis persistent. Seeds compressed, with a short terminal or lateral wing; embryo straight or oblique; cotyledons ovate, longitudinally plaited; radicle short, superior. [Named for James Gordon, a London nurseryman.] About 16 species, natives of eastern North Amer- ica, Mexico and eastern Asia. i. Gordonia Lasianthus L. Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay. (Fig. 2441.) ffypericum Lasianthus L. Sp. PI. 783. 1753. Gordonia Lasianthus I,. Matit. 2: 570. 1771. A tree 45°-75° high. Leaves lanceolate, or ob- long, acute, attenuate and involute at the base, very nearly sessile, coriaceous, persistent, 3/~5/ long, i/-2/ wide, serrulate, glabrous, shining; peduncles 1'-$' long, ascending, i-flowered; flowers \yi'--2.f broad; sepals orbicular, silky, cil- iate; petals slightly pubescent without; capsule ovoid-conic, pointed, 6//-8// long, sometimes 6-valved. In low woods, Virginia to Florida. Wood soft, light red; weight per cubic foot 29 Ibs. May-July. ^/t-tU/ " u>^^\r Family 76. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 77. 1836. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs, sometimes small trees in tropical regions, with opposite or rarely verticillate simple entire or rarely glandular-ciliate or dentate leaves, no stipules, and terminal, or axillary solitary or cymose-paniculate flowers. Foliage pellucid-punctate or black-dotted. Flowers regular and perfect. Sepals 5 or 4, imbricated. Petals of the same number, hypogynous, generally oblique or con torted. Stamens oo, hypogynous, often in sets of 3 or 5; anthers versatile or 428 HYPERICACEAE. [VOL. II. innate, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i-y-celled, composed of 1-7 carpels; styles as many as the carpels; ovules oo, in 2 rows in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit mainly capsular with septicidal dehiscence; seeds mainly straight; endosperm none. About 10 genera and 280 species, natives of temperate and warm regions, a few extending into sub-arctic or alpine districts. Sepals 4, in unequal pairs; petals 4. I. Ascyrutn. Sepals and petals 5. Petals yellow. Leaves normal, not reduced to scales. 2. Hyperituin. Leaves reduced to minute appressed scales. 3. Sarothm. Flowers pink or greenish purple. 4. Triadenmu. i. ASCYRUM L. Sp. PI. 787. 1753. Leafy glabrous low shrubs, with the aspect of Hypcricum. Flowers bright yellow. Sepals 4, in 2 pairs, the exterior ones broad and round, the interior smaller and narrower. Petals 4, oblique or slightly contorted, deciduous. Stamens oo, distinct, or united in clus- ters. Ovary i-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae; styles 2-4. Capsule i-celled, 2-4-valved, dehiscent at the placentae. [Greek, not rough.] About 5 species, natives of eastern and southeastern North America, the West Indies and Central America. Erect, i°-a° high; leaves clasping; styles 3-4. I. A. stans. Diffusely branched, s'-io' high; leaves sessile ; styles 2. 2. A. hypcricoides. i. Ascyrum st&ns Michx. St. Peter's- vvort. (Fig. 2442.) •i in slan.\ Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 77. 1803. Erect, simple or with a few upright branches, i°-2° high. Stems and branches 2-edged or slightly winged; leaves clasping, erect or as- cending, oval, or broadly oblong, 9//-i8// long, 5 "-7" wide, obtuse, thick; cyme terminal, few- flowered; pedicels 4//-6// long, 2-bracted below the middle; flowers W-\i" broad; outer sepals nearly orbicular, 4//-6// long, cordate, the inner lanceolate, 3//-6// long; petals obovate, longer than the sepals; styles 3 or 4, short; cap- sule ovoid, about 3" long. In dry sandy soil, especially in pine barrens, Long Island, southern New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Texas. July-Aug. 2. Ascyrum hypericoides L,. St. An- drew's Cross. (Fig. 2443.) Ascyrum tiypericoides L. Sp. PI. 788. 1753. Ascyrutn Crux-Andreae L. Sp. PI. Ed. 3, 1107. 1763. Low, much branched from the base, diffuse or ascending, 5'-io' high. Stems and branches flattened and 2-edged; leaves oblong or obovate, sessile, narrowed and 2-glandular at the base, >£'-:>£' long, 2"-4" wide, thin, obtuse; flowers terminal or also axillary; pedicels i"-$/f long; 2-bracted near the summit; flowers 6"- 9" broad; outer sepals oval or ovate, sometimes cordate, 4//-6// long, 2//-4// wide, obtuse, the inner narrower and mainly shorter; petals ob- long-linear, about equalling the outer sepals; styles 2; capsule ovoid, about i" long. In dry sandy soil, Nantucket, Mass., to Florida, Illinois, the Indian Territory and Texas. Ascends to 2800 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug. VOI,. II.] ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. 429 2. HYPERICUM I,. Sp. PI. 783. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite punctate or black-dotted leaves, and mostly cymose yellow flowers. Sepals 5, equal or nearly so. Petals 5, mainly oblique or contorted, con- volute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens oo , distinct, or more or less united in clusters, sometimes with interposed hypogynous glands. Ovary i-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentae which sometimes project far into the cavity, or 3-5-celled (rarely 6-celled); ovules oo , gen- erally numerous; styles 3-6. Capsule i-5-celled (rarely 6-celled). [The Greek name.] About 210 species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, 12 others occur in the southern and western United States and British America. -X- Styles 5; large perennials; pods s-celled. Flowers i'-z' broad; capsules g"-io" long. Flowers 6"-i2" broad; capsules 3" -6" long. •* •* Styles 3 (rarely 4). t Tall leafy shrubs; pods 3-celled. Flowers 6"-8" broad; pods 4" -6" long. Flowers 4" -6" broad; pods 2"-$" long. t t Herbaceous, sometimes woody at the base. J Stamens numerous (15-40); flowers 3" -12" broad. Capsules i -celled or incompletely 3-4-celled. Capsules incompletely 3-4-celled by the projecting placentae. Leaves linear, i"-a" wide. Leaves oblong, 3" -5" wide. Capsules strictly i-celled; placentae parietal. Styles united into a beak, separate above; stigmas minute. Leaves linear or linear-oblong; seeds transversely rugose. Nearly simple, erect; pod globose. Branched, decumbent; pod 3-sided. Leaves elliptic; seeds minutely pitted and striate. Styles separate; stigmas capitate; cyme naked. Capsules completely 3-celled; styles separate. Leaves linear or oblong; sepals lanceolate. Leaves broadly oblong, oval or ovate-lanceolate. Sepals ovate; petals 2" -3" long. Sepals lanceolate; petals 5" -7 long. J t Stamens few (5-12); flowers #"-3" broad. Leaves spreading or ascending, 3~7-nerved. Cyme leafy-bracted. Cymes subulate-bracted. Leaves ovate, oval, oblong or lanceolate, 5-7-nerved. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong; capsule I -21A" long. Leaves obtuse; sepals linear-oblong, acutish or obtuse. Leaves acute, or only the lower obtuse; sepals long-acuminate. 16. H. gymnanthum. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; capsule 4" -5" long. 17. H. majus. Leaves linear, obtuse, 3-nerved. 18. H. Canadense. Leaves linear, erect, i-nerved. 19. H. Drummondii. i. Hypericum Ascyron L. Great or Giant St. John's- wort. (Fig. 2444.) Hvpericum Ascyron L. Sp. PI. 783. 1753. Hypericum pyramidatum Ait. Hort. "Kew. 3: 103. 1789. Perennial, herbaceous, erect, 2°-6° high, branching, the branches often nearly erect, angled. Leaves sessile, clasping, ovate-oblong or ovate- lanceolate, 2/-5/ long, l/z'-\l/if wide, obtuse or acute; cymes terminal, few-flowered; flowers bright yellow, i/-2/ broad; pedicels stout, ^4/-2/ long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4//-6// long, acute; petals obovate or ob- lanceolate, tardily deciduous; styles usually 5, united below; stamens nu- merous, united in 5 sets; capsule ovoid, 9//-io// long, 5-celled. Banks of streams,western Quebec and Vermont to Manitoba, south to Connec- ticut, northern New Jersey, Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota. Also in northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. j. H. Ascyron. 2. H. Kalmianum. 3. H. prolificum. 4. H. densfflorum. 5. H. galioides. 6. H. adpressum. 7. H. sphaerocarpum. 8. H. dolabriforme. 9. H. ellipticum. to. H. virgatum. 11. H. perforatum. 12. H. maculatum. 13. H. graveolens. 14. H. boreale. 15. H. mutilum. 430 HYPERICACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. Hypericum Kalmianum L/. Kalm's St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2445.) Hypericum Kalmianum L. Sp. PI. 783. 1753. Shrubby, freely branching, i°-2° high, leafy; branches 4-angled, twigs flattened and 2-edged. Leaves oblong-linear or oblanceo- late, sessile, or narrowed into a short petiole, obtuse, i '-2)4' long, 2//-4// wide, more or less glaucous beneath, generally with smaller ones clustered in the axils; cymes terminal, few-flowered; pedicels stout, 2//-io// long; flowers 6//-i2// broad; sepals foliaceous, oblong, acute, 3//-4// long, usually about half the length of the petals; stamens very nu- merous, distinct; styles 5 (4-6), united below into a beak; capsule ovoid, 3" long, com- pletely 5- (4-6-) celled. Niagara Palls to Sault Ste. Marie along Lakes Brie and Huron; also at Muskoka, Out., and in "the oak-barrens of Tullahoma, Tenn." (Gat- tinger. ) Aug. 3. Hypericum prolificum L,. Shrubby St. John's-wort. Hypericum prolificum L. Mant. i: 106. 1767. Shrubby, diffusely branched from near or at the base, i°-3° high; stems some- times i ' in diameter; branches ascending or erect, leafy; branchlets 2-edged. Leaves linear-oblong or oblanceolatc, narrowed at the base, or tapering into a short peti- ole, obtuse, often mucronulate, pale be- neath, i '-3' long, 3//~9// wide, with tufts of smaller ones in the axils; cymes sev- eral-many-flowered, terminal and some- times also axillary; pedicels 6" long or less; flowers 5"-8" broad; sepals slightly unequal, shorter than the petals; stamens numerous, distinct; styles 3; capsules 3- celled, 4"-6" long. Sandy or rocky soil, New Jersey to Georgia. Ascends to 3400 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. (Fig. 2446.) 4. Hypericum densifldrum Pursh. Bushy or Dense- flowered St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2447.) Hypericum densiflorum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 376. 1814. Hypericum prolificum var. densiflorum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 3, 84. 1867. Erect, 4°-6° high, shrubby, freely branching, densely leafy; branches some- what angled and branchlets 2-edged. Leaves crowded, i/-2/long, i^//-3//wide, acutish or obtuse, with smaller ones clus- tered in the axils; cymes densely many- flowered, mainly terminal; pedicels i//-4// . _- , ^v long; flowers 4' /-6// broad; sepals narrow, not foliaceous, shorter than the petals; stamens numerous, distinct; styles 3; capsule completely 3-celled, 2//-3// long. Pine-barrens of New Jersey to Florida, west to Tennessee, Arkansas and Texas. July-Sept. VOL. II.] ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY 5. Hypericum galioides L/am. Bed- straw St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2448.) Hypericum galioides Lam. Fncycl. 4: 161. 1797. Perennial, somewhat woody, branching, i°-2X° high, the stems and branches nearly terete. Leaves linear, linear-oblong or ob- lanceolate, with smaller ones clustered in their axils, obtusish, thick, spreading, nar- rowed below, Yz'-^Yz' long, i//-2// wide, involute in drying; flowers short-pedicelled, 3//~5// broad; sepals narrowly linear, folia- ceous, resembling the uppermost leaves, shorter than the pointed oblique petals; stamens numerous, distinct; styles 3; cap- sule 2//-3// long, incompletely 3-celled by the projecting placentae. In low grounds, Delaware to Florida, west to eastern Tennessee and Louisiana. July-Sept. 6. Hypericum adpressum Bart. Creeping St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2449.) H. adpressum Bart. Cornp. Fl. Phil. 2: 15. 1818. Stem nearly simple, erect or ascending from a perennial creeping or decumbent base, i°-2° high, angled below, 2-edged above. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, i/-2/ long, 3//- 5" wide, obtuse, ascending, often with smaller ones fascicled in the axils; cyme terminal, several-flowered, leafy only at the base; pedi- cels about i" long; flowers 6"-<)" broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, about half the length of the petals; stamens numerous, distinct; styles 3 or 4; capsule about 2" long, incom- pletely 3~4-celled by the projecting placentae. In low grounds, Nantucket, Mass., to New Jer- sey and Pennsylvania, south to Georgia, Louisi- ana, Missouri and Arkansas. July-Aug. 7. Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. Round- podded St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2450.) H. sphaerocarpum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 78. 1803. Simple or branching, erect or ascending from a somewhat woody perennial base, i°-2X° high; stems 4-angled. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, i^'-s' long, $"-6" wide, often with smaller ones in the axils; cymes terminal, sev- eral or many- flowered, naked or bracted; flowers sessile or nearly so, 5//-8// broad; sepals linear, lanceolate or ovate, much shorter than or equal- ling the petals; stamens numerous, distinct; styles 3, united below; capsule strictly i-celled, globose or ovoid-conic, 2//-2^// long; seeds larger than in related species, rough-pitted. On rocky banks, southwestern Ohio to Iowa, south to Alabama and Arkansas. July-Sept. 432 HYPERICACEAE. [VOL. II. 8. Hypericum dolabriforme Vent. Straggling St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2451.) Hypericum dolabriforme Vent. Hort. Cels. pi. 45. 1800. Straggling and branching, decumbent, 6/-2o/ high; branch- lets slightly angled. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 8"- 20" long, i//-2// wide, acute or obtusish, spreading or as- cending, with smaller ones clustered in the axils; cymes terminal, leafy, few-sevcral-flowered; pedicels about %" long; flowers nearly i' broad; sepals foliaceous, lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate, nearly or quite as long as the oblique pointed petals; stamens numerous, distinct; styles 3, united below; capsule ovoid-conical, coriaceous, $"-$" long, i-celled; seeds rugose. On dry hills, barrens of Kentucky and Tennessee. July-Aug. 9. Hypericum ellipticum Hook. Elliptic-leaved or Pale St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2452.) //. ellipticum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: no. 1830. Herbaceous, perennial; stem somewhat 4- angled, simple or with few branches, erect, 8'- 20' high. Leaves thin, spreading, elliptic or oval, obtuse, sessile, narrowed at the base or partly clasping, 8"-i5" long, 3 "-5" wide; cymes terminal, few-flowered, leafless but bracted; flowers pale yellow, nearly sessile, 5//~7// broad; sepals spreading, oblong or oblanceolate, slightly shorter than the petals; styles 3, united below; stamens numerous; capsule ovoid-globose, i-celled, about 2" long; seeds striate; sepals and petals sometimes 4. In swamps and along streams, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Connecticut, northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Minnesota. July-Aug. 10. Hypericum virgatum Ivam. Vir- gate or Copper-colored 'St. John's- wort. (Fig. 2453.) Jlypericum virgatum Lam. Encycl. 4: 158. H. angulosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.2: 78. 1797. 1803. Slender, herbaceous, erect or ascending, simple, or branched above, i°-2>£0 high, the stem and branches 4-angled. Lower leaves ascending or erect, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtusish, 8//-i5// long, 2"-4" wide, sessile; cyme terminal, ample, compound, bracted, pedicels y£f/-2ff long; flowers numerous, cop- per-yellow, alternate, 4"-6" broad; sepals foliaceous, ovate or lanceolate, keeled, more or less shorter than the petals; styles 3, dis- tinct; stigmas capitate; capsule i-celled, ovoid, 2" long, enclosed by the sepals. In low grounds, Delaware to Illinois, south to Florida. July-Sept. Hypericum virgatum ovalifolium Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 10. 1889. Leaves oval or broadly elliptic, 2"-io" long, ilA"~7" wide, erect, appressed, very obtuse. Pine- barrens of New Jersey. Vol.. II.] ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. 433 ii. Hypericum perforatum I,. Com- mon St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2454.) Hypericum perforatum L. Sp. PI. 785. 1753. Perennial, herbaceous from a woody base, i°-2° high, much branched. Stems erect, with numerous barren shoots at base; leaves sessile, oblong or linear, 5//-io// Ipng, i//-4// wide, ob- tuse, more or less black-dotted; cymes termin- al, several-many-flowered; flowers bright yel- low, 8//-l2// broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, shorter than the copiously black-dotted petals; stamens numerous, united at their bases into 3 sets; styles 3; capsule ovoid, 2//-3// long, com- pletely 3-celled, glandular. In fields and waste places, common through- out our area except the extreme north, and in the Southern States. Naturalized from Europe. Often a troublesome weed. Native also of northern Asia. June-Sept. English names, Amber, Penny-John, Rosin Rose, Herb-John. Crushed herbage odorous. 13. Hypericum graveolens Buckley. Mountain St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2456.) Hypericum graveolens Buckley, Am. Journ. vSci. 45: 174. 1843. Herbaceous, perennial, similar to the pre- ceding species. Stem erect, l°-3° high, branched above; leaves oval, ovate or ellip- tic-oblong, sessile or clasping, obtuse, I'-tf long, %f-\f wide, sparingly black-dotted; cymes terminal, few-several-flowered; pedi- cels i//-4// long; flowers usually crowded, i' in breadth or more; sepals lanceolate, acute, much shorter than the sparingly dotted or dotless petals; stamens united in sets; styles 3; capsule ovoid, somewhat 3-lobed, 3-celled, 4"-6" long. Mountains of southwestern Virginia and North Carolina. June-Sept. 12. Hypericum maculatum Walt. Spotted or Corymbed St. John's- wort. (Fig. 2455.) H. maculatum Walt. Fl. Car. 189. 1788. Hypericum corymbosum Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1457- 1803. Herbaceous, perennial from a woody base, erect, i>2°-3° high. Leaves sessile, short-petioled, or partly clasping, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, i/~3/ long, 4//-8" wide, copiously black-dotted; cymes termi- nal, many-flowered; pedicels about i" long; flowers much crowded, 4//~7// broad; sepals ovate, acute, generally much shorter than the conspicuously black-dotted petals; sta- mens numerous, united in 3 or 5 sets; styles 3, variable in length; capsule ovoid, 2//~3// long, completely 3-celled. In moist soil, Maine and Ontario to' Minne- sota, south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept. 434 HYPERICACEAE. [VOL. II. 14. Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Northern St. John's- wort. (Fig. 2457.) Hypericum Canadense var. boreale Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 365. 1891. H. boreale Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 213. 1894. Annual, stem terete or slightly 4-angled, up- right from a usually assurgent base, simple or branched, I'-iS' high. Leaves elliptic, oval, oblong, or linear-oblong, 3//-i6// long, \"-t(" wide, sessile or slightly clasping, obtuse, mostly 3-nerved, those of the lower part of the stem commonly much smaller than the upper and closer together; cymes few-several-flowered, leafy-bracted; flowers about 2^" broad; sepals narrow, obtuse; capsules oblong, obtuse or ob- tusish, apiculate, 2//-2#// long, purple, cross- wrinkled, longer than the sepals; seeds 3-5 times as long as wide, pale, longitudinally fur- rowed and finely cross-lined. In wet soil, Newfoundland to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. July-Sept. 15. Hypericum mutilum L,. Dwarf or Small-flowered St. John's- wort. (Fig. 2458.) Hypericum mutilum L. Sp, PI. 787. 1753. Ascyrum Crux-Andreael*. Sp. PI. 787. 1753. Annual, slender, erect or ascending, gener- ally tufted, abundantly branched, 6'-2}4° high. Brauchlets 4-angled; leaves oblong or ovate, sessile, clasping, obtuse, 4//-i4// long, 2"-7" wide, s-nervcd at the base; cymes many-flow- ered, terminal, subulate-bracted; pedicels slen- der, i "-6" long; flowers #"-2" broad, light orange yellow; sepals foliaceous, linear, lanceo- late or oblanceolate, much shorter than or slightly longer than the petals; stamens 5-12; styles 3; capsule ovoid, pointed, i-celled, i"- 2" long, somewhat longer than the sepals. In low grounds.Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Ascends 3000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. 16. Hypericum gymnanthum Engelm. & Gray. Clasping-leaved St. John's- wort. (Fig. 2459.) Hypericum gymnanthum Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 212. 1847. Hypericum mutilum \z.\ . gymnanthum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5. 86. 1867. Annual, erect, simple or sparingly branched, io'-3° high. Leaves ovate, or the lower oval, cordate-clasping, often distant, 4//-io// long, 2//-4// wide, acute, or the lower obtuse, 3-7- nervedat the base; cymes terminal, loose, subu- late-bracted; flowers numerous, \"-i" broad; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or shorter than the petals and generally somewhat shorter than the i-celled ovoid capsule; styles 3; stamens 10-12; capsule about 2" long. In low grounds, southwestern New Jersey and Delaware to Minnesota, south to Louisiana and Texas. July-Sept. Voi,. II.] ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. 435 17. Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Brit- ton. Larger Canadian St. John's- wort. (Fig. 2460.) Hyperictim Canadense var. majus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 86. 1867. Hypericum majus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 225. 1894- Annual, stouter than H. Canadense, stem erect, i°-3° high, usually branched above, the branches nearly erect. Leaves lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, sessile or somewhat clasping, \o"-zy2f long, 3//-6// wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, 5-y-nerved; cymes several-many-flow- ered; bracts subulate; flowers tf'-S" broad; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the petals or shorter; styles 3; capsule narrowly conic, acute, 4//-5// long, longer than the sepals; seeds minute, cross-lined and faintly longitudinally striate. In moist soil, Maine to Michigan, New Jersey and Nebraska. June-Sept. 18. Hypericum Canadense I,. Canadian St. John's- wort. (Fig. 2461.) Hypericum Canadense L. Sp. PI. 785. 1753. Annual, erect, 6/-2o/ high, freely branching. Branches angular, erect or ascending; leaves linear, 6//-2/ long, \ff- 2" wide, obtuse, tapering to the base, 3-nerved; cymes terminal, several-many- flowered, subulate-bracted; flowers 2//-3// broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, equalling or shorter than the petals; stamens 5-10; styles 3; capsule i-celled, narrowly conic, acute, 2//-4// long, longer than the sepals; seeds striate. In wet sandy soil, Newfoundland to Mani- toba, Georgia, Kentucky and Wisconsin. As- cends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept. 19. Hypericum Drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G. Drummond's St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2462.) Sarothra Drummondii Grev. & Hook. Bot. Misc. 3: 236. 1833. Hypericum Drummondii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 165. 1838. Annual, bushy-branched, io'-$o' high, rigid. Leaves linear-subulate, 4//-i2// long, erect or narrowly ascending, yz" wide, i-nerved; flow- ers scattered along the upper part of leafy branches, numerous, peduncled.2" broad; sepals lance-linear, longer than the petals ; stamens 10-20; styles 3; capsule i-celled, ovoid, z" long, equalling or shorter than the sepals; seeds large, rugose. In dry soil, Illinois to Georgia, west to Iowa and Texas. July-Sept. 436 HYPERICACEAE. 3. SAROTHRA L. Sp. PI. 272. 1753. [Voi,. II. A low annual much-branched herb, the opposite leaves reduced to subulate scales, the mostly opposite branches erect-ascending, the very small yellow flowers alternate, very short-pedicelled or sessile along them in the axils of still smaller scales. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5. Stamens 5-10. Styles 3, separate. Capsule elongated-conic, i -celled, much longer than the sepals; seeds minutely striate and pitted. [Greek, a broom.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Sarothra gentianoides L. Orange-grass. Pine-weed. (Fig. 2463.) Sarolhra gentianoides L. Sp. PI. 272. 1753. Hypericum nudicaule Walt. Fl. Car. 190. 1788. Hypericum Sarothra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 3: 79. 1803. Annual, erect, fastigiately branched, 4/-2O/ high. Branches mainly opposite, filiform, erect, wiry; leaves minute, subulate, about i" long, appressed; flowers nearly sessile, i"-iX" long, open in sunlight; sepals linear, about equalling the petals and much shorter than the conic-cylindric acute purple pod; seeds very small. In sandy soil, Maine to Florida, west to Minnesota, Missouri and Texas. June-Oct. Called also Ground Pine and Nit-weed. I ' 4. TRIADENUM Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808. [ELODEA Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 360. 1814. Not Michx. 1803, nor Elodes Adans. 1763.] Perennial marsh herbs, with opposite entire oblong oval or ovate leaves, and pink or greenish purple flowers in terminal cymes, or also axillary. Calyx of 5 equal persistent sepals. Petals 5, not contorted. Stamens 9, or sometimes more, in 3 sets, the sets alternat- ing with 3 large hypogynous glands. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3. Capsule oblong-conic, much longer than the sepals. [Greek, three glands.] Two species, natives of eastern North America. Leaves sessile ; flower-clusters peduncled. Leaves short-petioled; Sower-clusters nearly sessile. 1. T. Virginicum. 2. T. petiolatum. i. Triadenum Virginicum (L,.) Raf. Marsh St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2464.) Hypericum Virginicum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1104. 1763. Jlypericum campanulalum Walt. Fl. Car. 191. 1788. Elodea campanula/a Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 379. 1814. Elodea Virginica Nutt. Gen. 3: 17. 1818. Triadenum Virginicum Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 79. 1836. Perennial, erect or ascending, nearly simple, i°- i#° high. Leaves sessile or cordate-clasping, ovate or oblong, i/-2>^/ long, y-iz" wide, very obtuse, sometimes emarginate, glaucous beneath, black- dotted; flowers 6//-8// broad, in axillary and ter- minal peduncled leafy clusters; sepals ovate or lan- ceolate, acute, shorter than the straight petals; sta- mens 9 or more, united in 3 sets; styles 3, distinct; capsule oblong, 4/-5// long, acute, red-purple. In swamps, Labrador and Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Manitoba, Nebraska and Louisiana. Also in north- eastern Asia. Ascends to 2600 ft. in the Catskills. July-Sept. 437 VOL. II.] ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY 2. Triadenum petiolatum (Walt.) Britton. Larger Marsh St. John's- wort. (Fig. 2465.) Hypericum petiolatum Walt. Fl. Car. 191. 1788. Elodea petiolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 379. 1814. Similar to the preceding species, but often more branched and taller; leaves generally longer (2/~5/), petioled, or the upper sessile, not clasping, pale beneath; flower-clusters axillary and terminal, sessile or very short- peduncled. In swamps, New Jersey and Maryland to Flor- ida, west to Arkansas and Louisiana. July-Aug. Family 77. ELATINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 88. 1836. WATER-WORT FAMILY. Low herbs, sometimes woody in tropical regions, with opposite or verticillate stipulate entire or serrate leaves, and small axillary solitary or fascicled flowers. Flowers regular, perfect. Sepals 2-5, imbricated. Petals the same number, hypogynous. Stamens the same number or twice as many. Ovary 2~5-celled; styles 2-5, stigmatic at the apex; ovules oo( anatropous. Capsule with septi- cidal dehiscence. Placentae central. Seed-coat crustaceous, rugose or ribbed. About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution. Flowers 2-4-merous; glabrous aquatic or creeping herbs. i. Elatine. Flowers mainly 5-merous; pubescent ascending or diffuse herbs. 2. Bergia. i. ELATINE L. Sp. PI. 367. 1753. Small glabrous or glabrate aquatic or creeping herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and minute axillary mainly solitary flowers. Sepals 2-4, persistent, membranous, not ribbed. Petals of the same number, hypogynous. Stamens of the same number or twice as many. Styles or stigmas 2-4. Pod membranous, globose, 2-4-valved. Seeds eo , straight, or slightly curved, striate longitudinally and transversely. [Greek, fir-like, with reference to the leaves.] About 9 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. In addition to the following, another occurs in California. Petals and stamens 2; seeds distinctly sculptured. Leaves obovate ; seeds with 9-10 longitudinal and 20-30 transverse striae, i. E. Americana. Leaves oblong or oval; seeds with 6-7 longitudinal and 10-12 transverse striae. 2. E. brachysperma. Petals and stamens mostly 3; seeds little sculptured. 3. E. triandra. i. Elatine Americana (Pursh) Am. Water-wort. Mud-purslane. (Fig. 2466.) Peplis Americana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 238. 1814. Elatine Americana Arn. Edinb. Journ. Sci. i: 430. 1830. Erect or spreading, tufted, aquatic or terrestrial, %'-i%' long, often submerged. Leaves obovate, obtuse, i//-^// long, i" wide or less; flowers sessile, axillary, minute, rarely opening in the submerged forms; sepals, petals, stamens and stigmas 2 (rarely 3 in the terrestrial forms); capsule globose, nearly y^" in diameter; seeds %" to nearly l/*ff long, slightly curved, marked by 9-10 longitudinal striae and 20- 30 cross-bars. Margins of ponds and slow streams, Ontario and New Hampshire to Illinois, south to Virginia and Texas. Also in Colorado and Oregon. Summer. 438 ELATINACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. Elatine brachysperma A. Gray. Short-seeded Water- wort. (Fig. 2467.) Elating brachysperma A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 13: 361. 1878. Terrestrial or sometimes submerged, spreading, tufted, i/-2/ long. Leaves oblong, oval or lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 2//-3// long, about \" wide, obtuse; flowers sessile, axillary, minute; sepals, pet- als, stamens and stigmas mainly 2; capsule nearly as in the preceding species; seeds short-oblong, nearly straight, about %" long, marked by 6-7 longitudinal striae and 10-12 cross-bars. Margins of ponds, Illinois and California, doubtless occurring between these limits. Summer. 3. Elatine triandra Schk. Long- stemmed Water- wort. (Fig. 2468.) Elatine triandra Schk. Bot. Hand, x: 345. 1791. Flaccid, tufted, immersed or creeping, stems 2'-4x long, much branched. Leaves oblong or ob- lanceolate, very thin, obtuse, 2"-4// long, i" •wide, narrowed at the base; flowers minute, axil- lary, sessile; sepals commonly 2; petals, stamens and stigmas 3; seeds slightly curved, about the size of those of E. Americana, slightly marked longitudinally and transversely. Ponds, Illinois and Nebraska. Summer. Also in Europe. 2. BERGIA L. Mant. i: 152. 1771. Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, branching, erect, ascending or prostrate, more or less pubescent, with opposite serrate or entire leaves, and small axillary solitary or clustered flowers. Parts of the flower in 5's (very rarely in 4's or 3*3). Sepals acute. Pod crustaceous, ovoid, 5-valved. Seeds numerous, striate longitudinally and transversely. [In honor of Dr. P. J. Bergius, 1723-1790, professor of Natural History in Stockholm.] About 15 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. i. Bergia Texana (Hook.) Seub. Texas Bergia. (Fig. 2469.) Aferimea Texana Hook. Icon. PI. pi. 278. 1840. Bergia Texana Seub.; Walp. Rep. x: 285. 1842. Prostrate or ascending, diffusely branched, pubescent, stems 6/-io/ long. Leaves spatulate or obovate, i'-ij£' long, 6"- 8" wide, acutish or obtuse, serrate, narrowed into a short petiole; stipules scarious, about i" long, ciliate-serrulate; flowers short-peduncled, about i Y^" broad, solitary or 2-3 to- gether in the axils; sepals ovate, acuminate, denticulate, slightly longer than the oblong obtuse petals; capsule glo- bose, i" in diameter, its dehiscence septifragal; seeds oblong, striate longitudinally and cross-barred. Southern Illinois to Texas, west to Nevada and California. Summer. VOL. II.] ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. 439 Family 78. CISTACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 91. 1836. ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. Shrubs or low woody herbs, with alternate or opposite simple leaves, and solitary racemose clustered or paniculate flowers. Flowers regular, generally perfect. Sepals 3-5, persistent, when 5 the 2 exterior ones smaller and bract- like, the 3 inner convolute. Petals 5 or 3, or sometimes wanting, fugacious. Stamens oo, hypogynous. Ovary i, sessile, i -several-celled; ovules orthotro- pous, stalked; style simple; stigma entire or 3-lobed. Capsule dehiscent by valves. Seeds several or numerous; embryo slender, straight or curved; endo- sperm starchy or fleshy. Four genera and about 160 species, all but i or 2 natives of the northern hemisphere. Petals 5, yellow, fugacious, or wanting. Leaves broad, lanceolate or oblong. I. Helianthemum. Leaves subulate or scale-like, imbricated; style long. 2. Hudsonia. Petals 3, not yellow, persistent; flowers minute; style none. 3. Lechea. i. HELIANTHEMUM Pers. Syn. 2: 75. 1807. Woody herbs or low shrubs, more or less branching, mostly with showy yellow flowers, and sometimes (in the following species) with other smaller apetalous ones. Petals in the larger flowers large, fugacious. Stamens numerous. Placentae or false septa 3. Ovules few or oo ; style short, or filiform, or club-shaped, jointed with the ovary; stigma capitate or 3-lobed. Embryo curved. [Greek, sun-flower.] About 125 species, natives of North and Central America, the Mediterranean region, India, and a few in South America. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the Southern States and on the Pacific Coast. Some of the species are known as Rock-rose or Sun-rose. Petaliferous flowers solitary, few or several; apetalous flowers in axillary sessile clusters. Petaliferous flowers 5-12, in a short terminal cymose raceme, their capsules i ^"-2" long, little, if at all, overtopped by the short later axillary branches; capsules of the apetalous flowers about i" in diameter. I. ff. majus. Petaliferous flowers solitary, rarely 2, their capsules 3"~4" long, much overtopped by the later elongated axillary branches; capsules of the apetalous flowers nearly 2" in diameter. 2. H. Canadense. Flowers all cymose at the summit of the stem, the petaliferous ones slender-pedicelled. 3. H. corymbosum. i. Helianthemum majus (L.) B.S.P. Hoary Frost weed. (Fig. 2470.) Lechea major L. Sp. PI. 90. 1753. Helianlhemum majus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 6. 1888. Hoary-canescent, stem erect, i°-2° high, at first simple, later with numerous short ascending branch- es. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, S^-iS" long, stellate-canescent beneath, darker above, short-petioled; petaliferous flowers 5-12 in a terminal cymose raceme, their corollas 7//-i2// broad, light yellow, their sepals densely canescent, the outer nearly as long as the inner, their capsules ovoid, i^"-2" long, little if at all overtopped by the later axillary branches; apetalous flowers appearing later, minute, clustered in the axils, nearly sessile, their capsules about i" in di- ameter; seeds evenly reticulated. In dry soil, Maine to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to North Carolina and Texas. Petaliferous flowers June-July. 440 CISTACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. Helianthemum Canadense (L,.) Michx. Long-branched Frostweed. Frost-wort. (Fig. 2471.) Cistus Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 526. 1753. Helianthemum Canadense Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. x: 308. 1803. Puberulent-canescent, erect, ascending, or sometimes diffuse, 3/-2° high, stem at first simple, later with slender elongated branches. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, nearly sessile, 6/'-i5// long, 2//-4// wide, rough and dark green above, paler and canescent beneath, the margins commonly revolute in drying; petaliferous flowers solitary, or rarely 2, bright yellow, 9"-i5" broad, their sepals pilose, the outer shorter than the inner, their capsules ovoid or obovoid, rounded above, $"-$" long, much overtopped by the later elongating axillary branches; apetalous flowers appearing later, axillary, nearly sessile, their capsules about 2" in diameter; seeds papillose. In dry rocky or sandy soil, Maine to Indiana and Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and Kentucky. Petaliferous flowers May-July. "3" In late autumn crystals of ice sometimes shoot from the base of the stem in this and the preceding species, whence the popular name Frost- weed. Called also Canadian Rock Rose. 3. Helianthemum corymbdsum Michx. Pine-barren Frostweed. (Fig. 2472.) Helianthemum corymbosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:307. 1803. Erect, branching from the base, 6'-i2' high, finely and densely canesccut. Leaves oblong, or the lowest obovate, ic^'-io" long, obtuse or acutish, 3"-5" wide, entire, slightly revolute in drying, pale beneath, dark green above, short- pctioled; flowers in nearly naked, fastigiate cymes at the sum- mits of the stem and branches; the petalifer- ous 6"-io// broad, on slender pedicels 6//- 8" long; apetalous flowers clustered, nearly sessile; calyx of both kinds woolly-pubescent; outer sepals about equalling the inner; cap- sules of the larger flowers 2//-3// broad, many-seeded; those of the apetalous ones smaller and few-seeded. In sandy soil, Virginia (?), North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Reported from New Jersey, but specimens so-called prove to be H. Canadense. 2. HUDSONIA L. Mant. u. 1767. Low tufted diffusely branched shrubs, with small subulate or scale-like, imbricated leaves, and numerous yellow flowers terminating short branches. Petals 5, obovate-oblong. Stamens co. Style filiform, continuous with the ovary; placentae 3; stigma minute. Cap- sule 3-valved, included in the calyx. Seeds few; embryo slender, spirally curved. [Named forWm. Hudson, 1730-1793, an English botanist.] A genus of 3 species, natives of eastern North America, one inhabiting mountain tops in North Carolina. Plants of heath-like aspect, very showy when in bloom. Flowers slender-pedicelled ; leaves subulate. i. H. ericoides. Flowers nearly sessile; leaves scale-like. 2. H. tomentosa. Vox,. II.] ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. 441 i. Hudsonia ericoides I,. Heath-like Hudsonia. (Fig. 2473.) Hudsonia ericoides L. Mant. x: 74. 1767. Bushy-branched from the base, greenish, softly-pubescent throughout, 4/-7/ high, the principal branches slender, ascending. Leaves subulate, 3//-4// long, somewhat spreading, densely imbricated on the younger branches, more scattered on the older ones; pedicels very slender, $"-"&" long; flowers numerous, about 4/x broad; sepals 2//-3// long, acutish; stamens 12-18; capsule oblong, slightly pubescent; seeds about 3. In dry sandy soil, especially in pine-barrens, mainly near the coast, Nova Scotia to Virginia. Also at North Conway, N. H. (Miss Minns). May- June. 2. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Woolly Hudsonia. False Heather. Beach Heather. (Fig. 2474.) Hudsonia tomenlosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 5. 1818. Densely tufted and intricately branched, mat- ted, hoary-pubescent, pale, 4/-8/ high; branches stout, ascending. Leaves \" long, oval or ob- long, densely imbricated and appressed; flowers sessile, or on pedicels less than i// long, numer- ous, slightly smaller than those of the preceding species; sepals obtuse; stamens 9-18; capsules ovoid, glabrous, usually i-seeded. In sands of the seashore and in pine-barrens, Maryland to New Brunswick, and on lake and river shores west to Slave Lake and the Lake of the Woods. May-July. Called also Poverty Grass. 3. LECHEA L. Sp. PI. 90. 1753. Perennial branching herbs, often woody at the base, with small entire leaves and minute panicled greenish or purplish flowers. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller and narrower. Petals 3, ovate to linear, inconspicuous, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, laciniate, prominent when the plant is in flower. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, or by oblitera- tion of the dissepiments i -celled, about 6-seeded. Embryo curved or spiral. [Named for Johan Leche, a Swedish botanist, died 1764.] A genus about of 14 species, n of them natives of eastern North America, I Texan, i Cuban and i Mexican. Species indiscriminately known as Pin-weeds. The characteristic basal shoots appear late in the season. Leaves of the basal shoots oblong or ovate, not more than 3 times as long as broad. Outer sepals longer than the inner; panicle very leafy. i. Z,. minor. Outer sepals equalling or shorter than the inner. Pod oblong; pedicels slender, i"-2" long. 2. Z,. racemulosa. Pod globose; pedicels about 'A" long. Erect, yillous-pubescent. 3. Z.. villosa. Ascending, bushy-branched, tomentose-canescent. 4. Z.. maritima. Leaves of the basal shoots lanceolate or linear, usually more than 3 times as long as broad. Stem-leaves narrowly linear; inner sepals i -nerved. 5. Z,. tenuifolia. Stem-leaves oblong-linear; inner sepals 3-nerved. Plants green, more or less pubescent. Pod obovoid, 1A" in diameter; panicle-branches ascending or spreading. 6. Z,. Leggettii. Pod globose, about i" in diameter; panicle-branches nearly erect, loosely flowered; flowers slender-pedicelled. 7. Z,. intermedia. Pod oval, about I/4" in diameter; panicle-branches erect-ascending, densely flowered; flowers short-pedicelled. 8. L. juniperina. Plant pale, canescent; pod globose, %" in diameter. 9. L, stricla. 442 CISTACEAE. [Vot. II. i. Lechea minor L. Thyme-leaved Pin-weed. (Fig. 2475.) Lechea minor L. Sp. PI. 90. 1753. Lechea thymifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 77. 1803. Lechea Novae-Caesareae Aust.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 81. 1867. Erect, 6'-2° high, freely branching above, more or less pilose-pubescent with appressed hairs throughout. Branches slender, erect or ascending; stem-leaves oval or oblong, 4,"-l" long, 2//-3// wide, acutish or obtuse, ciliate, the upper smaller than the lower; petioles \" long; leaves of the basal shoots oval or oblong, ob- tuse, 3//~5// long, 2#//-3// wide; panicle very leafy; flowers close together, somewhat secund; outer sepals longer than the inner and longer than the obovoid or globose pod. In dry open grounds, eastern Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Florida and Louisiana. Petals red-purple. Aug.-Sept. 2. Lechea racemuldsa Michx. Ob- long-fruited Pin-weed. (Fig. 2476.) Lechea racemulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 77. 1803. Erect, 6'-l8' high, freely branching above, slightly pilose-pubescent throughout with ap- pressed hairs. Branches slender, divergent or ascending; leaves of the stem oblong or linear- oblong, obtuse or acutish, narrowed at the base, 4"-o/' long, 1%"-*" wide; leaves of the basal shoots oval or oblong, 2"-4" long, i#"- 3" wide, obtuse; petioles about i" long; pani- cle sparsely leafy, its branches spreading or ascending; flowers on slender divergent pedicels !//_2// long; outer sepals equalling or shorter than the inner; pod oblong or ellipsoid. In dry sandy and rocky soil, Martha's Vineyard to Indiana, Florida and Tennessee. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. July-Aug. 3. Lechea villdsa Ell. Large or Hairy Pin-weed. (Fig. 2477.) Lechea major Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 76. 1803. Not L. 1753- Lechea vi/losa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 184. 1817. Erect, villous-pubescent with spreading hairs, jo_2^o high, branching above, leafy. Branches rather stout, ascending; leaves of the stem ob- long-elliptic, obtuse, but pointed, 8//-i2// long, 3//-5" wide; petioles #" long; leaves of the basal shoots oval or oblong, obtuse, 3"-4" long, 2//-3// wide; branches of the panicle as- cending, the ultimate branchlets often recurved; pedicels %" long; flowers more or less secund- scorpioid, close together; outer sepals about equalling the inner; pod depressed -globose, ]/*" in diameter. In dry soil, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. Petals greenish purple. July-Aug. VOL. II.] ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. Beach 443 4. Lechea maritima Leggett. Pin-weed. (Fig. 2478.) Lechea thymifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 91. 1814. Not Michx. 1803. L. maritima Leggett in Britt. Prel.Cat. N.Y.i^. 1881. L. minorvar. maritima A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 77. 1890. Densely tufted, branching from the base, stout, rigid, 6/-io/ high, tomentose-canescent with whitish hairs. Primary branches spreading or ascending, numerous; flowering branches slen- der, stiff, divergent, elongated; leaves of the stem linear or linear-oblong, blunt or acute, 4/'-io// long, i//-2// wide; leaves of the basal shoots oblong or ovate-oblong, mainly acute, 3//-4// long, i W~2" wide, densely canesceut; pedicels Yzfr long; flowers numerous, clustered; petals reddish; outer sepals shorter than the inner; pod globose, y2ff in diameter. Sands of the seashore and in sandy pine-barrens, Massachusetts to Virginia, and Georgia (according to S. Watson). Also at the Crawford Notch, White Mts., N. H. 6. Lechea Leggettii Britt. & Holl. Leggett' s Pin- weed. (Fig. 2480.) Lechea minor Lam. Tabl. Encycl. pi. 52, f. i. 1791 ? Not L. 1753. Lechea Leggettii Britt. & Holl. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 6. 1888. Erect, rather slender, freely branching, more or less strigose-pubescent, io'-2° high. Branches slender, spreading or ascending; leaves of the stem linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, 5//-i2// long, l/i/f-\f' wide, sessile or nearly so; leaves of the basal shoots oblong-linear, 2"-$" long, %" wide, acute; panicle open, its branches slender and diver- gent; inflorescence somewhat secund; pedi- cels yt"-\" long; outer sepals nearly equal- ling the inner; capsule obovoid, y£" in diameter. In dry open places, Long Island, N. Y., to In- diana, south to North Carolina. Leaves of the basal shoots full-grown in November. Petals brownish purple. July-Aug. 5. Lechea tenuifolia Michx. Nar- row-leaved Pin-weed. (Fig. 2479.) Lechea tenuifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 77. 1803. Densely tufted, stems erect, slender, 4'- 10' high, divaricately branched above, mi- nutely strigose-pubescent. Branches slen- der, elongated; leaves of the stem narrowly linear, or sometimes nearly filiform, 2//-7// long, l/2ff wide or less, acute, sessile, or very nearly so; leaves of the basal shoots linear, sessile, 3//-4// long, about y2" wide; pedicels i" long; flowers more or less secund, con- spicuously bracted by the upper leaves; outer sepals equalling or exceeding the inner; pod globose-oval, W in diameter, or slightly more. In dry open places, eastern Massachusetts to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. Petals red-purple. July-Aug. 444 CISTACEAE. [VOL. II. 8. Lechea juniperina Bicknell. Lechea juniperina Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 88. 1897. Tufted, 4'-2o' high, finely hoary to canes- cent. Branches short, ascending or erect, leafy, forming a dense narrow panicle; stem- leaves numerous, ascending or appressed, glabrous, except the midrib and margins, linear-oblong to oblanceolatc, $"-\c/f long, I "-a" wide; flowers numerous, crowded; pedi- cels W~\%" long; fruiting calyx ovoid- ellipsoid, %" long; inner sepals elliptic, nerveless or faintly 3-nerved, often deep pur- ple, the outer shorter, bright green; leaves of basal shoots oblong or elliptic, 2"-3" long, #'-i" wide. Coast of Maine. Aug. Petals brownish red. The basal shoots do not appear until September. 7. Lechea intermedia Leggett. Large-podded Pin- weed. (Fig. 2481.) Lechea intermedia Leggett; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 252. 1894. Erect, 8/-24/ high, branching above, spar- ingly strigose-pubescent. Branches erect or nearly so, short, slender; leaves of the stem oblong-linear, 6"-i4" long, i"-2j4" wide, acute, nearly sessile, leaves of the basal shoots oblong-linear, shorter than those of the stem, 4//-5// long, y^tf wide, somewhat larger than those of L. Leggettii; pedicels i//-2// long, slender; outer sepals about equalling the inner; capsule subglobose or depressed-globose, about i" in diameter. In dry open places, especially in hilly or moun- tainous regions, Pennsylvania and New Jersey to New Brunswick, northern New York and Onta- rio. Root-leaves full-grown in October or No- vember. Petals brownish purple. July-Aug. Maine Pin-weed. (Fig. 2482.) 9. Lechea stricta Leggett. Bushy or Prairie Pin-weed. (Fig. 2483.) Lechea stricta Leggett; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 251. 1894. Erect, i2/-i6/ high, densely and fastigiately branched, densely strigose-canescent, pale, very bushy. Branches slender, ascending or nearly erect; leaves of the stem linear-oblong, 6//-i2// long, yS'-i" wide, acute or bluntish; leaves of the basal shoots linear- oblong, much smaller than those of the stem, 2//-3// long, fa" wide or less, acute; pedicels slender, \"-\W long; outer sepals shorter than or equalling the inner; capsule subglobose to oval, fa" in diameter. In open dry places, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa. July-Aug. Voi,. II.] VIOLET FAMILY. 445 Family 79. VIOLACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 4: 801. 1805. VIOLET FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate or basal (rarely opposite) simple entire lobed or laciniate stipulate leaves, and solitary or clustered flowers. Sepals 5, equal or unequal. Flowers perfect, mostly irregular. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbri- cated in the bud, the lower one generally larger or spurred. Perfect stamens 5, hypogynous; anthers erect, connivent in a ring, or syngenesious, sessile or on short filaments. Ovary i, i -celled; placentae 3, parietal; style simple; stigma generally oblique. Capsule dehiscent by valves (except in some tropical genera with berry-like fruit). Seeds anatropous, with a crustaceous testa; embryo mainly straight, in copious endosperm. About 15 genera and 300 species, of wide distribution. Sepals more or less prolonged posteriorly. i. Viola. Sepals not prolonged posteriori y. Petals nearly equal ; stamens syngenesious. 2. Cubelium. Petals very unequal ; anthers only connivent. 3. Calceolaria. i. VIOLA L. Sp. PI. 933. 1753. Herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and axillary or scapose solitary (rarely 2) flowers. Flowers mainly of 2 kinds, the early ones petaliferous, showy and often sterile, long-scaped, or peduncled, the later ones produced on runners, stolons, or shorter peduncles, apetalous or cleistogamous and abundantly fertile. Sepals of the petaliferous flowers nearly equal, more or less prolonged posteriorly; petals spreading, the lower one larger, spurred or sac- cate; stamens 5, the two inferior ones spurred. Capsule elastically dehiscent into 3 valves. Seeds ovoid-globose. [The Latin name.] About 150 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. All are normally spring-flowering, but many bloom a second time in autumn, and the cleistogamous flowers are sometimes imperfectly petaliferous. rr Acaulescent, the leaves and scapes arising from rootstocks; sometimes stoloniferous late in the season. t Rootstocks thick, short, scaly, erect'oblique or horizontal. Petals blue, purple or violet, varying to white. Petals, at least the lateral ones, bearded toward the base. Leaves, at least the later ones, lobed or parted. Leaves, at least the later ones, variously lobed, the middle lobe and also the lateral ones usually broad. i. V. palmata. Leaves thin, subpedately parted into linear or oblanceolate acute lobes; eastern. 2. V. Atlantica. Leaves thick, all pedately parted into linear obtuse lobes; western. 3. V. ped.atifi.da. Leaves merely crenate or dentate, none lobed, the base sometimes incised. Leaves reniform, orbicular or broadly ovate; pods of cleistogamous flowers on horizon- tal peduncles. Glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. 4. V. obliqua. Villous or pubescent. Leaves usually appressed to the ground; hairs appressed. 5. V. villosa. Leaves usually ascending; pubescence villous. 6. V. sororia. Leaves, at least the later ones, lanceolate, oval or ovate ; pods of cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. Leaf-blades lanceolate, usually much longer than the petioles, the base mostly incised. 7. V. sagittata. Leaf- blades ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, usually not longer than the petioles; plant mostly villous. 8. V. ovala. Petals all beardless. Leaves pedately parted; plant not stoloniferous; native. 9. V. pedata. Leaves crenate; plant with long stolons; introduced. 10. V. odorata. Petals pale yellow; leaves thin, cordate, crenate. u. V. rotundifolia. f f Rootstocks very slender or filiform, horizontal or creeping; none of the leaves lobed. Petals violet, or blue, sometimes pale; northern species. Leaves crenulate: spur about i " long. 12. V. palustris. Leaves crenate; spur 2 !4 "-4" long. 13. V.Selkirkii. Petals white, often purplish or brownish veined. Leaves broadly ovate, orbicular, or reniform, the blade not decurrent into the petiole. Glabrous, or nearly so; leaves ovate, orbicular, or some of them reniform. 14. V. blanda. Pubescent all over, at least when young; leaves nearly all reniform. 15. V. renifolia. Leaves linear, lanceolate, oval or ovate, the blade decurrent into the petiole. Leaves ovate, or oval, often pubescent. 16. V. primulaefolia. Leaves lanceolate, or linear, glabrous. 17. V. lanceolata. •X- * Caulescent, leafy-stemmed, the flowers axillary. Petals bright yellow. Leaf-blades lanceolate, tapering into the petiole. 18. V. Nuttallii. Leaves hastate, orbicular, or reniform; stem often leafless below. Leaves hastate-lanceolate or hastate-ovate. 19. V. hastata. Leaves orbicular, broadly ovate, or reniform. Villous, or pubescent; basal leaves usually wanting at flowering time. 20. V.pubescens. Sparingly pubescent, or glabrate; basal leaves usually present at flowering time. 21. V. scabriuscula. 446 VIOLACEAE. Petals blue, purple, cream-color or white. Stipules entire; plant tall. Stipules incised, fimbriate or pinnatifid. Perennial by rootstocks; stipules much smaller than the blades. Spur of corolla shorter than the petals. Glabrous, or nearly so; upper leaves mostly pointed. Petals cream-color, the lower one purplish-veined. Petals blue, rarely white. Finely puberulent; leaves mostly all rounded or obtuse. Stems spreading or ascending; leaves, or some of them, Stems prostrate ; leaves orbicular; southern. Spur of corolla longer than the petals. Annual; stipules large, foliaceous. Stem stout; flowers 8" -12" broad ; plant escaped from gardens. 28. Stem slender; flowers 5" -8" broad; plant of dry fields. 29. [Vol.. II. 22. V. Canadensis. 23. V. striata. 24. V. Labradorica. ovate; northern. 25. V. arenaria. 26. V. mnlticaulis. 27. V. rostra/a. V. tricolor, I', tenella. i. Viola palmata L. Early Blue Violet. (Fig. 2484.) Viola palmata L. Sp. PI. 933. 1753. / 'tola ciicnllala var. palmata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 78. 1867. Pubescent, villous or glabrous, acau- lescent; rootstock thick, usually ob- lique, sometimes branched. Flower- ing scapes erect or ascending, com- monly shorter than the leaves, some- times longer; petioles mostly becoming much longer than the blades; blades variously 3-i3-lobed, i^'-S' long when mature and about equally wide or wider, or some of the outer ones merely crenate-dentate; lobes lanceo- late, ovate or oblong, crenate-dentate, the middle one usually much the broadest, the lateral ones often very oblique; sepals lanceolate or linear-ob- long, acute, acuminate or obtusish; petals bright blue, rarely paler or white, 5"-i2" long; lateral petals bearded; style beardless; capsules 4"- 6" long, those from the numerous later cleistogamous flowers on horizon- tal or deflcxed peduncles. In dry soil, mostly in woods, rarely in meadows, Maine to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. A form with tin- lateral leaf-lobes linear, occurring in Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin is, perhaps, distinct. April-May. 2. Viola Atlantica Britton. Coast Violet. (Fig. 2485.) I'iola Atlantica Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 92. 1897. Glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs, acaulescent; rootstock thick, erect Flower- ing scapes very slender, 4'-8' high, mostly longer than the leaves; petioles much longer than the blades; blades ovate to reniform in outline, i'-$f wide when mature, deeply sub- pedately parted into linear or oblanceolate acute or acutish lobes; lobes with a few low distant teeth, or entire, the middle one some- what the widest; sepals linear- lanceolate, long-acuminate, 4//-5// long; petals blue, 6"-io" long, at least the lateral ones bearded; capsules oval- oblong, nearly 6" long, glabrous. Eastern Massachusetts to southern New Jer- sey, in sandy soil near the coast. Simulates V. pedatifida. May-June. Voi,. II.] VIOLET FAMILY 3. Viola pedatifida Don. Prairie Violet. (Fig. 2486.) Viola pedatifida Don, Card. Diet, i : 320. 1831 . Viola delphinifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 136. 1838. Minutely pubescent or almost glabrous, acaulescent. Leaves and scapes $'-8' high, arising from a thick short erect or ascending rootstock; petioles mostly longer than the blades; blades i'-3' wide, pedately 5-9- parted into linear obtuse segments, the seg- ments entire or lobed, ciliate along the mid- vein and margins; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; flowers bright blue, nearly i' broad; sepals linear or lanceolate, acute or obtuse; lateral petals bearded; capsules 5//-6// long, glabrous, those from cleisto- gamous flowers short-peduncled. On prairies, Illinois to Saskatchewan, Colo- rado and Arizona. March-May. 4. Viola obliqua Hill. Meadow or Hooded Blue Violet. (Fig. 2487.) V. obliqua Hill, Hprt. Kew. 316. pi. 12. 1769. Viola, cucullata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 228. 1789. Glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs when young, bright green, acaulescent. Rootstock short, thick, mostly erect; flower- ing scapes shorter than the leaves or much exceeding them; petioles slender, becoming very much longer than the blades; blades thin, ovate, orbicular or reniform, rarely ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acutish, 2/-4/ long, or those of the outer leaves obtuse, and rounded, all crenate or crenate-dentate, cordate at the base; sepals lanceolate, acuminate or acute; petals 6//-io// long, blue, rarely white, sometimes striped, the lower and lateral ones bearded; capsules 4"_6// long, those from cleistogamous flowers on horizontal or deflexed peduncles. In woods, meadows and marshes, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia and Kansas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Bog-meadow forms have flowering scapes much longer than the leaves; some swampy woodland forms have almost lanceolate blades, twice as long as wide. April-June. 5. Viola villosa Walt. Southern Wood Violet. Viola villosa Walt. Fl. Car. 219. 1788. Dark green, finely pubescent with appressed hairs, but not villous; rootstock short, thick, mostly oblique. Flowering scapes commonly longer than the leaves; leaves usually ap- pressed to the ground and purple beneath, of- ten mottled; petioles equalling the blades or longer; blades broadly ovate, suborbicular, or reniform, obtuse or some of them acute at the apex, crenate-dentate, none lobed, deeply cor- date at the base, i^/-2^/ wide when mature; sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse orobtusish; petals blue, mostly bearded, 5//~7// long; spur about 2" long, very blunt; capsules 3//-4// long, those of the cleistogamous flowers on spreading or deflexed peduncles. In dry soil, on hillsides and in woods, Pennsyl- vania and New Jersey to Georgia and Louisiana. April-May. (Fig. 2488.) VIOLACEAE. [VOL. II. 6. Viola sororia Willd. Woolly Blue Violet. (Fig. 2489.) Viola sororia Willd. Enum. 263. 1809. Acaulescent, rootstock thick, mainly oblique. Leaves villous, at least when young, sometimes becoming glabrate when old, as long as the scapes or shorter; petioles usually becoming longer than the blades; blades ovate, suborbicular or some of them hastate-reniform, obtuse or acutish at the apex, crenate, cordate or some of them nearly truncate at the base, mostly abruptly nar- rowed into the petiole, none lobed; sepals oblong- lanceolate, obtuse or acute; petals blue, more or less bearded; capsules 4 "-5" long, those of the cleistogamous flowers on spreading or declined peduncles; spur short, rounded. In dry soil, preferring shade, southern New York to Michigan, Nebraska, Virginia and Missouri. Blades of old leaves sometimes 5' broad. April-July. 7. Viola sagittata Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. Viola sagittata AiL Hort. Kew. 3: 287. 1789. Acaulescent, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; rootstock stout, short, erect or ascending. Flowering scapes as long as the leaves, or longer, 2/-o/ high; petioles, or most of them, becoming much longer than the blades; blades oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, obtusish or acute, crenate-dentate, or nearly entire above the middle, cordate or truncate at the base, which is usually laciniately toothed or incised; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate; petals dark blue, rarely paler, or white, all but the lower one bearded; stigma short-beaked, not bearded; capsules 4"-7// long, glabrous, those from the abun- dant late cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. In meadows or marshes, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Texas. April-May. (Fig. 2490.) 8. Viola ovata Nutt. Ovate-leaved Violet. (Fig. 2491.) Viola ovata Nutt. Gen. x: 148. 1818. Viola sagiltala var. ovata T. & G. Fl. N. A. x: 133. 1838. Pubescent or often villous, rarely glabrate, stemless; rootstock short, thick, from horizontal to erect. Flow- ering scapes i/-6/ high, usually longer than the leaves; petioles not much longer than the blades, often shorter; blades ovate, lanceolate, or some of the lower ones sub- orbicular, acute or obtuse at the apex, crenate, some- times with a few large teeth at the cordate truncate or abruptly narrowed base; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; corolla and capsules nearly as in V. sagittata, the cap- sules from cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. In dry soil, preferring woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, Missouri and Louisiana. Mature blades sometimes 3^' long by 2' wide. April-May. Blooms ear- lier than V. sagittata, where the two grow in proximity. Vol.. II.] VIOLET FAMILY. g. Viola pedata I,. Bird's-foot Violet. (Fig. 2492.) 449 Viola pedata L. Sp. PI. 933. 1753. bicolor Pursh; Raf. Viola pedata var. DC. Prodr. i: 291. 1824. Glabrous or nearly so, usually tufted, the rootstock short, thick, erect. Flow- ering scapes s'-io' high, about equalling the leaves, or longer ; petioles mostly longer than the blades; blades reniform or suborbicular in outline, g//-2/ wide, pedately parted into 5-11 narrow entire or toothed lobes, outer leaves commonly shorter- petioled, the lobes broader; petals J^'-i' long, beardless, lilact or blue, or one or the two upper dark purple [var. bi- color], all rarely white; stigma beardless, not beaked; capsules 5" -7" long. In dry fields and on hillsides, Maine and southern Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. Plant not stoloniferous, and not producing cleistogamous flowers, but fre- quently blooming a second time in autumn. The bicolor form is the type of the species. April-June. 10. Viola odorata I,. English, March, or Sweet Violet. (Fig. 2493.) Viola odorata L. Sp. PL 934. 1753. Pubescent, downy, or glabrous, stoloniferous, the stolons leafy, rooting at the nodes, and bear- ing numerous cleistogamous flowers late in the season, the rootstock thick. Petioles 2/-5/ long; blades broadly ovate or orbicular, rounded or obtuse at the apex, cordate, crenate, i/-2/ wide; flowering scapes about as long as the leaves, or shorter; flowers fragrant, 6//-io// broad, blue, or in cultivated forms white; sepals oblong, mostly obtuse; petals beardless; pods from cleistoga- mous flowers on short decumbent peduncles. Escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to southern New York and New Jersey, and on the Pacific coast. Native of Europe. March-May. ii. Viola rotundifolia Michx. Round-leaved Violet. (Fig. 2494.) V. rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 150. 1803. Somewhat pubescent, acaulescent; rootstock thick, sending out stolons late in the season, which bear cleistogamous flowers. Flowering scapes 2/-4/ high, longer than or equalling the leaves; blades of the leaves orbicular or ovate, YZ'-I' wide at flowering time, s'-s' broad and appressed to the ground in summer, cordate, crenate, glabrous or nearly so above, pale be- neath; petioles not margined, becoming 2/-6/ long; sepals linear-oblong, obtuse; petals pale yellow, i>"-5'f long, the lateral ones bearded and with brown veins; spur very short; pods oval, about 3" long, those from the cleisto- gamous flowers on deflexed peduncles. In woods and on rocky hillsides, Labrador to Minnesota, south in the mountains to North Carolina, of the leaves short. April -May. 29 Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. Basal sinus 450 VIOLACEAE. [You II. 12. Viola palustris L. Marsh Violet. (Fig. 2495.) Viola palustris L,. Sp. PI. 934. 1753. Glabrous, acaulescent. Petioles and scapes aris- ing from a very slender creeping or horizontal root- stock, the flowering scapes mostly exceeding the leaves; blades thin, cordate, broadly ovate, orbi- cular or reniform, I'-z^' wide, crenulate; stipules ovate, acuminate; sepals ovate, obtuse or obtusish; petals pale lilac streaked with darker veins, or nearly white, 4//-6// long, slightly bearded; spur about \" long, obtuse; stigma not bearded, some- what beaked; capsule 3//-4// long. In wet or moist soil, Labrador to Alaska, south to the mountains of New England, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and to Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July. 13. Viola Selkirkii Pursh. Selkirk's Violet. (Fig. 2496.) Viola Se Ikirkii Pursh; Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 324. 1822. Glabrous or nearly so, dark green, the leaves and scapes erect or ascending from a slenderer almost filiform creeping or horizontal rootstock. Flowering scapes i#'-4' high; petioles longer than the blades; blades thin, %'-*' wide, broad- ly ovate to nearly orbicular, deeply cordate, cre- nate, the apex short-acute or obtuse, the basal auricles rounded, often overlapping, the upper surface sparingly beset with short hairs near the margin; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish; spur 2^//-4/' long, obtuse; petals pale violet, beardless; capsules 2//~3// long, those from the late cleistogamous flowers on apparently ascending peduncles. In woods, preferring moist soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Also in northern Europe and Asia. April-May. 14. Viola blanda Willd. Sweet White Violet. (Fig. 2497.) / 'tola blanda Willd. Hort. Berol. pi. 24. 1806. Acaulescent, glabrous or slightly pubes- cent. Rootstock very slender. Flower- ing scapes i '-6' high, often longer than the leaves; petioles slender, mostly longer than the blades; blades broadly ovate, orbicular, or some of them reniform, thin, ^'-2^' wide, crenate, cordate, the apex obtuse or rounded; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers fragrant, white, 3//-6// broad; sepals lanceolate; lower and lateral petals purple-veined, beardless or nearly so; capsules oval. In swamps and wet meadows, rarely in dry situations, Newfoundland to British Colum- bia, North Carolina and California. Stolons slender, usually sparingly developed, the apetalous flowers usually few. April-May. Viola blanda amoina (LeConte) B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 6. 1888. Viola amoena LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 144. 1825. Viola blanda var. palustriformis A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. ii : 255. 1886. Leaves larger, usually with scattered hairs on the upper surface, at least when young, ovate; petioles flecked with red, usually longer. In wet woods, in hilly or mountainous districts. VOL. II.] VIOLET FAMILY. 451 15. Viola renifolia A. Gray. Viola renifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 288. 1870. Viola blanda var. renifolia A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. ii : 255. 1886. Pubescent or villous all over, at least when young; rootstock slender, usually horizontal, sometimes 4' long. Flowering scapes I'-Af high, about as long as the leaves; petioles slender; blades shorter than the petioles, reniform, wider than long, i '-3' wide when mature, or some of them orbicular or even broadly ovate, dis- tantly crenate with low teeth, rounded at the apex, deeply cordate at the base; sepals linear-oblong, acutish, about "2" long; petals white, mostly brownish veined, 3"- 4" long, usually beardless; capsules oval- oblong, about 4" long, those of the later cleistogamous flowers on apparently de- flexed peduncles. In woods, fields and thickets, Nova Scotia to New York and Minnesota. April-June. Kidney-leaved Violet. (Fig. 2498.) 16. Viola primulaefolia L,. Primrose- leaved Violet. (Fig. 2499.) Viola primulaefolia L. Sp. PI. 934. 1753. Somewhat pubescent or sometimes glabrous, rootstock very slender. Flowering scapes 2/-io/ high, often longer than the leaves; blades of the leaves ovate or oval, i/-4/ long, 9//-2/ wide, usually decnrrent into the long petioles, or truncate, or even subcordate at the base, crenate or nearly entire, mostly pubescent on the veins beneath ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; flowers similar to those of V. lanceolata, the white petals purple-veined, the lateral ones slightly bearded, or beardless; capsules oval, 3//~5// long, those from the numerous late cleis- togamous flowers short -peduncled, nodding. In open moist soil, New Brunswick to central New York, Florida and Louisiana. Produces long stolons late in the season. April-June. 17. Viola lanceolata L,. Lance-leaved Violet. (Fig. 2500.) Viola lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 934. 1753. Glabrous, usually profusely stoloniferous late in the season, the stolons rooting at the nodes and bearing apetalous flowers; rootstock slender. Flow- ering scapes 2'-6' high, about equalling the longer leaves; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the blade i>^/-5/ long, 2//~9// wide, gradually tapering into the long petiole, obscurely crenate, acute, acutish or obtuse; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 2//_3// long; petals white, $"-$" long, beardless, the lower and lateral ones striped with purplish veins; capsules oval, $"-5" long, those of the cleis- togamous flowers nodding on short erect or ascend- ing peduncles; flowers slightly fragrant. In moist meadows and along streams, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. April-June. 452 VIOLACEAE. [VOL. II. 19. Viola hastata Michx. Halberd- leaved Yellow Violet. (Fig. 2502. ) Viola hastata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 149. 1803. Glabrous or nearly so, 5/-i2/ high; stem simple, erect; rootstock long, creeping. Stem-leaves mainly near the summit, del- toid-lanceolate, hastate or rhombic-ovate, sometimes truncate at the base, 1'-$%' long, ^'-2' wide; basal leaves (when pres- ent) more cordate or dilated at the base, larger, all irregularly dentate or repand; stipules small, ovate, acute, sparingly toothed; petals 3//-6// long, yellow, the lateral ones slightly bearded; sepals acute, linear-lanceolate, acute; spur very short; capsule glabrous, 4//-5// long. In woods, in mountainous or hilly districts, Pennsylvania to Ohio, south to Florida and Alabama. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. April-May. 18. Viola Nuttallii Pursh. Nuttall's Violet. (Fig. 2501.) V, Nuttallii Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. 174. 1814. Somewhat pubescent, or nearly gla- brous; at first nearly acaulescent, later becoming tufted and with stems erect or ascending, 2' -5' high; rootstocks thick. Blades of the leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, thickish, I'-tf long, y-t'-i' wide, irregularly crenate- dentate, or entire, tapering into mar- gined petioles 2'-6/ long; peduncles about equalling the leaves, or shorter; sepals lanceolate or linear, attenuate, 3"-6" long; petals yellow, 4"-8" long, slightly bearded, or beardless; stigma bearded, not beaked; capsule subglobose or oval, about 3" long. On prairies, Manitoba to Montana, Kansas and Arizona. May. 20. Viola pubescens Ait. Hairy Yellow Violet. (Fig. 2503.) Viola pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 290. 1789. Villous or pubescent, stems usually solitary, simple, erect, mostly stout, naked below, 5'- 20' high. Basal leaves long-petioled, usually wanting at flowering time; uppermost peti- oles shorter than the blades; blades broadly ovate, or orbicular, or reniform, i ^'-5^' wide when mature, sometimes attenuate into the petiole, generally pointed, crenate-dentate; stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, or slightly toothed; sepals oblong-lanceolate; petals bright yellow, 4//-6// long, purple- veined; spur short; capsule white-tomentose or glabrous, oblong or oval, s"-8" long. In dry woods, Quebec to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to Georgia and Iowa. April- May. VOL. II.] VIOLET FAMILY. 453 Smoothish Yellow Violet. 21. Viola scabriuscula (T. & G.) Schwein. (Fig. 2504.) Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 142. 1838. Viola scabriuscula Schwein.; T. & G. loc. cit. as synonym. 1838. Sparingly pubescent above, especially when young, or glabrate; stems usually several together, decumbent, ascending or erect, mostly slender, 4/-i5/ high. Basal leaves long-petioled, usually present at flowering time, the uppermost short- petioled; blades broadly ovate, orbicular, or reni- form, crenate-dentate, cordate or truncate at the base, mostly pointed at the apex, i/-2>^/ broad when mature; stipules ovate to lanceolate, acutish, few-toothed or entire; sepals linear-lanceolate; pet- als lemon-yellow, 4//~7// long; spur very short; cap- sule white-tomentose or glabrous, oval, $"-*>" long. In woods and thickets, preferring moist situations, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Nebraska, south to Geor- gia and Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. April- May, blooming somewhat earlier than V. pubescens. 22. Viola Canadensis L,. Canada Violet. (Fig. 2505.) Viola Canadensis L,. Sp. PI. 936. 1753. Glabrous or nearly so, stems 3/-i4/ high, tufted, leafy throughout. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate, acuminate or acute, i/-2jj^/ long, serrate, the veins of the lower sur- face often pubescent; stipules ovate to lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, entire; peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves; flowers pale violet or nearly white, often purple-tinged on the outside, and purple-veined, 5//~9// broad, rarely white throughout; lateral petals bearded; sepals subu- late pointed; capsule oval, glabrous, j/'-A," long. In woods, mainly in mountainous or hilly dis- tricts, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay to Saskatch- ewan, south to North Carolina, Tennessee, Ne- braska, and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and New Mexico. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-July. I 23- Viola striata Ait. Pale or Striped Violet. (Fig. 2506.) Viola striata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 290. 1789. Glabrous, or slightly pubescent; stems angular, tufted, s'-iS' high, leafy. Petioles slender, the lower longer than the blades; blades orbicular or ovate, i/-2^/ wide, thin, often slightly pubescent above, those of the upper leaves acute or acumin- ate; stipules large, dentate or laciniate, the teeth ciliate; flowers long-peduncled; sepals linear-lance- olate, acuminate; petals cream-colored, light blue or white, veined, 5//-8// long, the lateral ones bearded; spur about 2" long; stigma beardless, short-beaked; capsule ovoid-oval, glabrous. In moist woods and meadows, western New England and southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Kentucky and Missouri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. April-May. 454 VIOIvACEAE. [VOL. II. Viola Labradorica Schrank. 25- American Dog Violet. (Fig. 2507.) Viola Labradorica Schrank, Denksch. Bot. Gesell. Regensb. 2: 12. 1818. Viola Muhlenbergii lore. Fl. U. S. i: 256. 1824. Viola canina var. Muhlenbergii Traut. Act. Hort. Petr. 5: 28. 1877. Glabrous, stems tufted, slender, decumbent or erect, 2/-6/ long, leafy. Blades of the leaves ovate, orbicular or reniform, cordate, %'-ift' wide, the lower rounded at the apex, the upper sometimes acuminate; petioles slender, the lower usually longer than the blades; stipules ovate- lanceolate, acute, serrate-ciliate, or the upper nearly entire; sepals linear-lanceolate, acumi- nate; flowers long-peduncled; petals light pur- ple, rarely white, 5"-7" long, the lateral ones slightly bearded; spur about one-half as long as the petals; style short- beaked, beardless; cap- sules 2"-3" long, glabrous. In moist or wet soil, preferring shade, Labrador to Minnesota, North Carolina and Kentucky. Pro- duces cleistogamous flowers late in the season on short peduncles. March-May. Viola arenaria DC. Sand Violet. (Fig. 2508.) Viola arenaria DC. Fl. Franc. 4: 806. 1805. Viola canina var. fntberula S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 81. 1890. V. subvestita Greene, Erythea, 5: 39. 1897. Finely puberulent, stems tufted, slender, spreading or ascending, a'-6' long. Petioles longer than the blades, or the upper shorter; stipules incised; blades ovate, orbicular, or some of the lower ones reniform, #'-i' long, crenulate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, thickish; peduncles slender, often longer than the leaves; sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate; petals violet, 4//-6// long; spur obtuse, about 3" long; capsule 3//-4// long. On chores and in sandy soil, Maine to Michi- gan, South Dakota and Saskatchewan. Also in Kurope. The American plant has more ovate leaves than the European. May-June. 26. Viola multicaulis (T. & G.) Brit- ton. Prostrate Blue Violet. (Fig. 2509.) Viola Muhlenbergii var. multicaulis T. & G. Fl. i: 140. 1838. Viola multicaulis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 227. 1894. Very finely puberulent, stems slender, usually several together, tufted, prostrate, leafy, 2'-8' long. Petioles slender, the lower as long as the blades, or longer; blades mostly orbicular, rounded or obtuse at the apex, crenulate, firm, deeply cordate, not over i^' wide when ma- ture; stipules deeply laciniate, 6//-io// long; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves, the bracts often borne much above the middle; se- pals lanceolate, acuminate; petals violet, 4//-5// long, bearded; style not bearded; capsule 3"- 4" long, glabrous. In woods, Kentucky to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Feb.-July, bearing cleistogamous flowers later. Leaves sometimes mottled. Vol.. II.] VIOLET FAMILY 27. Viola rostrata Pursh. Long- spurred Violet. (Fig. 2510.) Viola rostrata Pursh, PI. Am. Sept. 174. 1814. Glabrous, 2/-7/ high, branching from the base, the stems ascending. Leaves cordate or the lower reniform, X/~IX/ l°ng> serrate, the upper often acuminate; stipules lanceolate, ciliate-laciniate; flowers pale violet, veined with blue, 8//-io// broad; sepals narrowly linear-lan- ceolate, acuminate; petals beardless; spur slen- der, about 6" long, as long as the petals or longer; capsule about 4'' long, glabrous. In moist rocky places, Quebec to Michigan, south in the mountains to Georgia. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. June-July. 455 i 28. Viola tricolor Iv. Pansy. Lady's- delight. Heartsease. (Fig. 2511.) Viola tricolor L. Sp. PI. 935. 1753. Glabrous or pubescent, 4/-i2/ high; stem angled and often branched; upper leaves oval or lanceolate, yz'-\' long, the lower ovate, often cordate, all crenate-dentate; stipules foliaceous, laciniate or lyrate-pinna- tifid; flowers 8"-i' broad, variously colored with yellow, purple or white, and veined. In waste places, sparingly escaped from gar- dens. May-July. Introduced from Europe. English names from 40 to 50, among which are Johnny Jump-up or Johnny Jumper, Monkey's Face, Love in Idleness, Fancy, Biddy's Eyes, Herb Trinity, Cats' Faces, Flamy, Garden Gate. 29. Viola tenella Muhl. Field Pansy. (Fig. 2512.) Viola tenella Muhl. Cat. 26. 1813. Viola tricolor var. arvensis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:81. 1830. Slender, nearly glabrous, mostly simple, s'-g' high. Leaves and stipules similar to those of the last species but smaller; sparingly toothed or en- tire; flowers 5//-7// broad; petals yellowish, blue or purple- spotted, often but little longer than the sepals; pods glabrous, 3" long, or less. In woods and fields, New York to Georgia, west to Michigan and Texas. Apparently native and different from the European V. arvensis Murr. May. 456 VIOLACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. CUBELIUM Raf. Cat. Bot. Card. Trans. 13, name only. 1824. Jack- son, Index Kew. i: 663. 1893. [SoLEA Spreng. PI. Min. Cog. Pug. i: 22. 1813. Not Spreng. 1800.] Erect perennial leafy herbs, with entire sparingly toothed or undulate leaves, and small greenish white axillary flowers. Sepals 5, linear, equal, not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal, erect, imbricate, the lower one obcordate, broader than the others, which are nearly alike in shape. Stamens 5, syngenesious, the sheath with a 2-lobed gland at the base; anthers almost sessile. Ovules 3 or 4 on each placenta; style hooked at the apex. Capsules slightly lobed, 3-valved, the valves infolded after dehiscence. Seeds obovoid- globose; embryo nearly the length of the endosperm. [Greek, from Cybele.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf. Green Violet. (Fig. 2513.) Viola concolor Forst. Trans. Linn. Soc. 6:309. 1802. Solea concolor Ging. in DC. Prodr. x: 306. 1824. Cubelium concolor Raf.; Jackson, Index Kew. i: 663. 1893- Simple, i°-2° high, more or less pubescent. Leaves alternate, ascending, oblong-lanceolate, 3'-4#' long, \'-\l/tf wide, acuminate, attenuate at the base into a short petiole, entire, or with a few lateral teeth near the apex; stipules linear, acute, 3'Mi" long; flowers axillary, 1-3 together, about 4" long, on recurved pedicels ; sepals linear, about equalling the corolla; lower petal twice as broad as the others, gibbous at the base; capsule oblong, 8"-i2" long, dehiscent by 3 valves; seeds large. In moist woods and copses, northern New York and southern Ontario to Michigan, south to North Carolina and Kansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vir- ginia. May-June. 3. CALCEOLARIA Loefl. Iter. 183. 1758. [SoLEA Spreng. in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 4: 192. 1800.] [IONIDIUM Vent. Hort. Malm. pi. 27. 1803.] Herbs, rarely shrubs, with mostly opposite leaves, and axillary or racemose flowers. Sepals somewhat unequal, not prolonged posteriorly. Petals unequal, the lower one longest, gibbous or saccate at the base, the two upper shorter than the lateral ones. Filaments dis- tinct, the lower spurred or glandular; anthers connivent, not united. Capsule elastically 3-valved. Seeds ovoid-globose, with hard seed-coats. [Latin, slipper-like.] A genus of about 45 species, mainly natives of tropical Amer- ica, a few in Asia and Australia. i. Calceolaria verticillata (Ort.) Kuntze. Nodding Violet. (Fig. 2514.) Viola verticillata Ort. Dec. PI. 4: 50. 1797. lonidium polygalaefolium Vent. Jard. Malm. pi. 27. 1803. lonidium lineare Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. a: 168. 1827. Calceolaria verticillata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 41. 1891. Somewhat pubescent or nearly glabrous, tufted from a woody base; stems erect or ascending, 4/-i5/high, simple or branched. Leaves alternate, or the lower sometimes oppo- site, linear, oblong or oblanceolate, entire, obtuse, 9//-2O// long, \"-$" wide, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and thus appearing vcrticillate; stipules subulate or foliaceous; flowers white, axillary, solitary, nodding, 2//-3// long; pedicels slender or filiform, 3//-7// long; capsule ob- ovoid, 2" long; seeds nearly i" long. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Mexico, Colorado and New Mex- ico. April-July. Voi,. II.] PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. 457 Family 80. PASSIFLORACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 37. 1829. PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. Woody vines, climbing by tendrils, or erect herbs, with alternate petioled usually palmately-lobed leaves, and solitary or clustered perfect regular flowers. Calyx-tube short or elongated, persistent. Petals usually 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, distinct, or in some species united. Stamens '5. Throat of the calyx crowned with a double or triple fringe. Filaments subulate or filiform, monadelphous, or separate. Ovary free from the calyx, i-celled; placentae 3-5, parietal; styles 1-5. Fruit a berry or capsule, usually many-seeded. About 18 genera and 325 species, of warm and tropical regions, most abundant in South America. i. PASSIFLORA L. Sp. PL 955. 1753. Climbing tendril-bearing herbaceous or woody vines, with lobed parted or entire alter- nate or rarely opposite leaves, and large showy axillary flowers, on jointed, often bracted peduncles. Calyx-tube cup-shaped or campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes narrow, imbricated in the bud, its throat crowned with a double or triple fringe called the corona. Petals 4 or 5 (rarely none), inserted on the throat of the calyx. Ovary oblong, stalked. Filaments monadelphous in a tube around the stalk of the ovary, separate above; anthers narrow, versa- tile. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds pulpy-arilled, flat, ovate; endosperm fleshy. [Flower of the Cross, or Passion, as emblematic of the crucifixion.] About 250 species, mostly natives of tropical America, a few in Asia and Australia. Besides the following, about 7 others occur in the southern and southwestern States. Leaves deeply 3~5-lobed; the lobes serrate; petals whitish; corona purple. Leaves obtusely 3-lobed above the middle, the lobes entire; flower yellowish. I. Passiflora incarnata L,. Passion-flower. Passion-vine. Passiflora incarnata L. Sp. PI. 959. 1753. Stem glabrous, or slightly pubescent above, striate when dry, climbing to a height of io°-3o°. Petioles >^/-2/ long, with 2 glands near the summit; leaves nearly orbicular in outline, glabrous, or often somewhat pubes- cent, 3/~5/ broad, somewhat cordate at the base, deeply 3-lobed, (rarely 5-lobed), the lobes ovate or oval, acute or acutish, finely serrate; flowers solitary, axillary .white with a purple or pink corona, i^/-2/ broad; pedun- cles longer than the petioles, usually 3-bracted just below the flowers; calyx-lobes linear, cuspidate on the back; berry ovoid, nearly 2' long, glabrous, yellow. In dry soil, Virginia to Missouri, south to Florida and the Indian Territory. Fruit edible, called Maypops. May-July. 1. P. incarnata. 2. P. lutea. (Fig. 2515.) 2. Passiflora lutea L,. Yellow Pas- sion-flower. (Fig. 2516.) Passiflora lutea L. Sp. PI. 958. 1753. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, climbing or trailing, 3°-io° long. Petioles y^'-\yt' long; leaves much broader than long, more or less cordate at base, with 3 wide obtuse rounded lobes, the lobes en- tire, often mucronulate; stipules i//-i^// long; peduncles slender, exceeding the peti- oles, usually in pairs from the upper axils; flowers greenish yellow, 6//-io// broad; calyx-lobes linear; berry globose-ovoid, 5"- 6// in diameter, glabrous, deep purple. In thickets, Pennsylvania to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-July. LOASACEAE. [VOL. II. Family 81. LOASACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 160. 1828. LOASA FAMILY. • Erect or climbing branching herbs, often armed with hooked stinging or viscid hairs, with alternate or opposite exstipulate leaves, and solitary racemose or cymose, regular and perfect, white yellow or reddish flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-5, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens oo, inserted with the petals; filaments filiform, commonly arranged in clusters opposite the petals; anthers introrse, longitud- inally dehiscent. Ovary i-celled (rarely 2-3-celled), with 2-3 parietal placentae; 'style filiform, entire or 2-3-lobed; ovules anatropous. Capsule usually i-celled, crowned with the calyx-limb. Seeds mostly numerous; endosperm scanty. About 13 genera and 200 species, all but i natives of America. i. MENTZELIA L. Sp. PI. 516. 1753. Erect herbs, sometimes woody, with alternate entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and ter- minal solitary or cymose usually showy flowers. Calyx-tube cylindric, obconic or club- shaped, its limb generally 5-lobed. Petals 5 or 10, spreading, convolute in the bud, decidu- ous. Stamens 20-300. Ovary i-celled; styles 3, more or less united; stigmas small, obtuse. Capsule dehiscent at the summit, few-many-seeded. Seeds flat and sometimes winged, roughened or smooth. [Named in honor of C. Mentzcl, a German botanist, died 1701.] About 50 species, natives of western America. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the western parts of North America. Flowers 5"-io" broad, yellow. Leaves, at least the lower, petioled; stem very rough; calyx-lobes 3" long. Leaves sessile; stem little rough; calyx-lobes 2" long. Flowers iH'-4' broad. Flowers yellowish-white, opening in the evening. Flowers i^'-a' broad; calyx-tube usually bractless. Flowers 3' -4' broad; calyx-tube usually bracted. Flowers bright yellow, opening in sunshine. i. M. oligpsprrnta. 3. M. albicaulis. 2. M. nuda. 4. M. decapetala. 5. M. laevicaulis. i. Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. Few-seeded Mentzelia. (Fig. 2517.) Mrntzelia oligosf>erma Nutt. in Hot. Mag. pi. 1760. 1815. Mentzelia aurea Nutt. Gen. x: 300. 1818. Rough and viscid-pubescent, i°-3° high. Leaves ovate or oval, coarsely dentate or sinu- ate, acute or obtusish at the apex, \'-jf long, the upper rounded or truncate at the base and sessile, the lower narrowed at the base and usually petioled; flowers yellow, 5"-io" broad, axillary or somewhat cymose, opening in sun- shine; petals 5, oblong-cuneate, acute, about twice as long as the linear-lanceolate calyx- lobes; filaments 20-30, all filiform; capsule linear, 6"-8" long, few-seeded; calyx-lobes about 3" long; seeds oblong, wingless. Prairies, Illinois to Kansas and Colorado, south to Louisiana, Texas and Mexico. May-July. 2. Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) T. & G. Bract- less Mentzelia. (Fig. 2518.) Bartonia nuda Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 328. 1814. Mentzelia nuda T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 535. 1840. Rough with minute pubescence, slender, i°-5° high, the stems light-colored. Leaves all sessile, lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, acute at the apex, usually sharply and deeply dentate, or the upper pinnatifid, 1'-$' long; flow- ers terminal and axillary, yellowish white, i%'-2' broad, opening in the evening; petals 10, about twice as long as the lanceolate calyx-lobes; calyx-tube usually not bract- eolate; stamens 100 or more, the outer ones somewhat petaloid; capsule oblong, 9//-i2// long, about 3" thick; seeds numerous, wing-margined. Plains, Dakota to Kansas, Colorado and Texas. July- Aug. VOL. II.] LOASA FAMILY. 459 3. Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl. White-stemmed Mentzelia. Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 222. As synonym. 1833. Bartonia albicaulis Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:222. 1833. Stem nearly white, erect or ascending, slen- der, branched, shining, nearly smooth, or roughish above, 6x-2° high. Leaves sessile, mostly lanceolate in outline, sinuate-pinnatifid, sinuate-lobed, or the upper and lower some- times entire, rough with short stiff hairs, if-$r long; flowers yellow, few together at the ends of the branches, or also axillary, 6//-io// broad, short-pedicelled or sessile; calyx-lobes linear- lanceolate, about 2/x long; capsule linear, i' long or less, many-seeded; seeds angled, tuberculate, wingless. Western Nebraska to British Columbia, Califor- nia and New Mexico, the more eastern plant with less pinnatifid leaves than the western, and perhaps different specifically. May-July. (Fig. 2519.) 4. Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh) Urban & Gilg. Showy Mentzelia. (Fig. 2520.) Bartonia decapetala Pursh, in Bot. Mag. pi. 1487. 1812. Bartonia ornata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 327. 1814. Mentzelia ornata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 534. 1840. Mentzelia decapetala Urban & Gilg, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 6a, in. 1894. Roughish-pubcscent, stout, seldom over 2° high. Leaves oval, lanceolate or oblong, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, sinuate-pinnatifid, 2/-6/ long, the upper sessile, the lower petioled ; flowers mostly solitary and terminal, yellowish white, 3'-$' broad, opening in the evening; petals 10, about twice as long as the lanceolate calyx-lobes; calyx-tube usu- ally bracted; filaments all filiform, very numerous (200-300); capsule oblong, i>^/-2/ long, 5//-6// thick; seeds numerous, margined, not winged. Plains, Dakota and Montana to Nebraska and Texas. June-Sept. 5. Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl.) T. & G. Smooth-stemmed Mentzelia. (Fig. 2521.) Bartonia laevicaulis Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 221. 1833. Mentzelia laevicaulis^. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 535. 1840. Stout, 2°-4° high, minutely pubescent, or the stems at length glabrate and whitish. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sinuate- pinnatifid, acute or acuminate at the apex, I'—jf long; flowers mostly solitary and terminal, bright yellow, $'-4,' broad, opening in sunshine; calyx-tube bractless; petals 5, or with 5 addi- tional narrower inner ones, 2-3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; stamens very numerous; capsule oblong, about \' long, 4" in diameter; seeds numerous, winged, minutely tuberculate. Plains and dry soil, Nebraska, Montana and Wyoming to Oregon, south to Utah and California. June-July. 460 CACTACEAE. [Voi,. II. Family 82. CACTACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 53. 1836. CACTUS FAMILY. Fleshy plants, with flattened terete ridged or tubercled, continuous or jointed stems, leafless, or with small leaves, generally abundantly spiny, the spines de- veloped from cushions of minute bristles (areolae). Flowers mostly solitary, sessile, terminal or lateral, perfect, regular, showy. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb many-lobed or with distinct sepals. Petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, mostly distinct. Stamens numerous, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Filaments filiform; anthers small. Ovary i -celled; ovules numer- ous, anatropous, borne on several parietal placentae. Style terminal, elon- gated; stigmas numerous. Fruit a berry, mostly fleshy, sometimes nearly dry. Seeds smooth, or tubercled, the testa usually crustaceous or bony; endosperm little, or copious. About 20 genera and 1000 species, nearly all natives of America. Stems subglobose, oval, ovoid or cylindric, tnbercled, ribbed or angled; no proper leaves. Flowers borne on the tubercles or ribs, at or near the areolae. Flowers borne close to fully developed clusters of spines. i. Echinocereus. Flowers borne close to areolae, from which the spines subsequently develop. a. Echinocactus. Flowers borne between the tubercles, distant from the areolae. 3. Cactus. Plants jointed, the joints flattened, or cylindric; leaves present, mostly subulate and deciduous. 4. Opttntia. i. ECHINOCEREUS Engelm. Wisliz. Tour North. Mex. 91. 1848. Stems ovoid, cylindric or oval, ribbed, or tubercled; the ribs or rows of tubercles usually straight, vertical. Proper leaves none. Spine-bearing areolae on the ribs or tubercles. Flowers borne on the ribs or tubercles, at or near the areolae, close to fully developed clus- ters of spines. Calyx-tube with spine-bearing areolae, or scaly, prolonged beyond the ovary. [Greek hedgehog-C>»ri«.] About 45 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southwestern United States. 1. E. viridiflorus. 2. E. caespilosus. Flowers greenish, about i' broad; fruit 5" -6" long. Flowers rose-purple, a' -3' broad; fruit 9-10" long. i. Echinocereus viridifldrus Engelm. Green-flowered Cereus. (Fig. 2522.) Echinocereus viridiflorus Engelm. Wisliz. Tour North. Mex. 91. 1848. Cereus viridiflorus Engelm. Mem. Am. Acad. (II.) 4: 50. 1849. Stem subglobose to oval-cylindric, i'-8' high, simple, or sparingly branched, i'-2' in diameter. Ribs about 13; longer radial spines 12-18, with 2-6 setaceous upper ones, the lateral ones reddish brown, the others white or rarely purple; central spine stout, straight or curved, or wanting, purple and white; flowersabout i 'broad, greenish brown without, yellowish green within; petals ob- tuse or acute; fruit ellipsoid, greenish, 5"- 6" long; seeds tubercled. Western Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth), Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico. Our fig- ure is copied from plate 36, Cactaceae of the Mexican Boundary Survey, representing the Cereus viridiflorus tubulosus Coult. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 383. 1896. Voi,. II.] CACTUS FAMILY. 461 2. Echinocereus caespitosus Engelm. & Gray. Tufted Cereus. (Fig. 2523.) Cereus caespitosus Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 247. 1845. Echinocereus caespitosus Engelm. Wisliz. Tour North. Mexico, no. 1848. Stems ovoid-globose to ovoid-cylindric, usually tufted, sometimes as many as 12 together, some- times single, if-6f high, \f-4f in diameter; ribs 12 or 13; radial spines 20-30, pectinate, white, the lat- eral ones the longer, 2//-4// long; central spines wanting, or sometimes i or 2 short ones; flowers rose-purple, 2/~3/ broad, fruit ovoid, green, 9//-io// long; seeds tubercled, black, about yz" long. Western Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth), Indian Territory to Texas and Mexico. 2. ECHINOCACTUS Link & Otto, Ver- hand. Preiss. Gartenb. Ver. 3: 420. 1827. Stems globose, oblong or cylindric, leafless, tu- bercled, the tubercles arranged in straight or spiral rows, bearing clusters of spines arising from areolae. Flowers borne on the tubercles, at or near areolae from which spines are subsequently developed. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, usually covered with scales, its lobes numerous, the outer scale-like, the inner elongated. Petals numerous, similar to the inner sepals. Stamens numerous, borne on the tube of the calyx. Ovary exserted; style columnar. Berry usu- ally covered with scales and often with tufts of minute bristles. [Greek, hedgehog-cactus.] About 200 described species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in the western and southwestern States. i. Echinocactus Simpsoni Engelm. Simpson's Cactus. Hedgehog- thistle. (Fig. 2524.) Echinocactus Simpsoni Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 197. 1863. Stems single, globose or with a narrowed base, 3'-6' high, $'-$' in diameter. Tubercles ovoid, somewhat 4-sided at base, 6//-8// long, arranged in spirals; central spines yellowish below, nearly black above, 5//-7// long, the exterior ones slightly shorter, whitish; flowers greenish pink, 8//-io// long and about as broad, borne to one side at the ends of the tubercles; petals ob- long, crenulate and cuspidate at the apex; berry dry, 3//-3^// in diameter, bearing near its summit 2-3 scales which sometimes have short spines in their axils. Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth) to Colorado, Utah and Nevada. April-May. 3. CACTUS L. Sp. PI. 466. 1753. [MAMIU,ARIA Haw. Syn. Plant. Succ. 177. 1812. Not Stackh. 1809.] Stems solitary or clustered, globose or ovoid, tubercled. Tubercles conic or cylindric, woolly and with clusters of spines at the apex. Leaves none. Flowers borne from areolae at the bases of the tubercles. Calyx-tube campanulate or funnel-form, produced beyond the ovary, which is often hidden between the tubercles. Petals in several rows. Ovary smooth , ovoid; style filiform. Berry ovoid or club-shaped, emersed, crowned by the withering corolla. [Greek name of some prickly plant.] About 300 described species, natives of warm and tropical America. Besides the following, some 35 or more occur in the southwestern States. 462 CACTACEAE. Flowers yellow or reddish; central spine i. Flowers purple ; central spines several. [Vol.. II. 1. C. Missouriensts. 2. C. viviparus. i. Cactus Missouriensis (Sweet.) Kuntze. Missouri or Nipple Cactus. (Fig. 2525.) Cactus mamillaris Nutt. Gen. i: 295. 1818. Not L- 1.753- Mann //aria Missouriensis Sweet, Hort. Brit. 171. 1827. M. Nullallii Engelm. Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 49. 1849. Cactus Missouriensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 259. 1891. Stems mostly single, globose, I'-z' high. Tubercles 6//-8// long, arranged in about 8 spiral rows, slightly grooved; spines gray, 10- 20 together, the stouter central one 5//-6// long, or wanting; flowers yellow, or reddish, about i' long and about the same breadth when ex- panded; petals 2//-3// wide, acute, abruptly mucronate; stigmas 2-5, very short, erect; berry globose, scarlet, $"-4" in diameter, ripening the following spring; seeds black, globose, pitted, about W in diameter. Prairies and dry soil, South Dakota to Kansas and Texas, west to Colorado. May. Cactus Missouriensis similis (Kngelm.) Coult. Contr. Nat. Hrrb. 3: in. 1894. Mamillaria similis Engelm. Host. Journ. Nat Hist. 5: 246. 1845. Stems tufted; flowers I'-a' long; seeds about i" long. Kansas and Colorado to Texas. 2. Cactus viviparus Nutt. Purple Cactus. (Fig. 2526.) Cactus viviparus Nutt. Fraser's Cat. 1813. Mamillaria vivipara Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. Suppl. 72. 1819. Stems single or tufted, i'-5' high, \]A'-i' in diam- eter. Tubercles terete or nearly so, slightly grooved, bearing 3-8 slender reddish-brown spines, 6//-io" long, surrounded by 12-25 somewhat shorter, whitish or greenish ones in a single row; flowers purple, nearly 2' long; petals lanceolate, narrow; sepals fringed; berry ovoid, 6//~9// long, green; seeds light brown, obovoid, curved, pitted, about %" long. Prairies, Manitoba to Alberta, Kansas, and Colorado. 4. OPUNTIA Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 7. 1759. Succulent plants, with jointed branching stems, the joints flat, or cylindric, and small mostly subulate deciduous spirally arranged leaves, the areolae axillary, often spine-bear- ing. Flowers usually lateral. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, its lobes nu- merous, spreading. Petals numerous, slightly united at the base. Stamens very numerous, arranged in several rows; filaments distinct or slightly united. Ovary cylindric, exserted; style cylindric, longer than the stamens; stigma 2-7-rayed. Berry pear-shaped, often spiny. [Named from a town in Greece where some species grew.] About 150 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 50 others occur in the western and southwestern States. Joints flattened, oval, oblong, obovate or orbicular; stems prostrate or ascending. Fruit fleshy, juicy, spineless or sparingly spiny. Joints spineless, or with solitary stout spines. i. O. Opuntia. Joints spiny (no. 2 sometimes unarmed), the spines 1-15 at each areola. Spines white, gray or yellowish. Joints 3' -5 long: longer spines 1A'-11A' long. 2. O. humifusa. Joints 6' -8' long; longer spines I'-z'A' long. 3. O. tortispina. Spines reddish brown to black; joints 6' -8' long. 4. O. Camanchica. Fruit dry, with spine-bearing areolae. Joints orbicular or broadly obovate, flat. 5. O. polyacantha. Joints little flattened, ovoid, or subglobose. 6. O. fragilis. Joints cylindric, or nearly so; stem erect. 7. O. arborescens. Voi,. II.] CACTUS FAMILY i. Opuntia Opuntia (I,.) Coult. Eastern Prickly Pear. Indian Fig. (Fig. 2527.) Cactus Opuntia L. Sp. PI. 468. 1753. Opuntia vulgaris Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. i. 1768. Opuntia Opuntia Coult. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:432. 1896. Prostrate, or ascending, joints obovate, oblong, oval or orbicular, 2/-5/ long. Leaves subulate, appressed or somewhat spreading, 2//-4// long, usually early de- ciduous; bristles greenish or yellowish brown; spines, when present, solitary, grayish or variegated, stout, not deflexed, 3f'-i%' long, often wanting; flowers yel- low, sometimes with a reddish center, 2'-3' broad; fruit obovoid, fleshy, edible, I'-iJ^' long, red. In dry sandy soil, or on rocks, eastern Massachusetts to eastern Pennsylvania and Florida. June-Aug. 3. Opuntia tortispina Engelm. Twisted-spined Cactus. (Fig. 2529.) Opuntia tortispina Engelm. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 21. 1856. Stems prostrate, the orbicular-obo- vate flattened joints 6/-8/ long. Spines 3-5, white, angled and channeled, sometimes twisted, the longer ones IK/-2>£/ long, with 2-4 more slender and shorter ones; flowers sulphur-yel- low, 2^/~3/ broad; fruit ovoid, fleshy, unarmed, about 2' long and i' in diam- eter; seeds orbicular, slightly notched at the hilum, 2//-3// wide. Plains of Nebraska to Texas. 2. Opuntia humifusa Raf. Western Prickly Pear. (Fig. 2528.) Cactus humifusus Raf. Ann. Nat. 15. 1820. Opuntia humifusa Raf. Med. Bot. 2: 247. 1830. O. mesacantha Raf. ; Ser. Bull. Bot. Gen. 216 1830. O. J?q/inesgutil$nge}m. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 41. 1856. Prostrate, similar to the preceding species; joints obovate to suborbicular, or oval, usually deep green, 3/-5/ long; leaves subulate, spread- ing. 3//-5// long; bristles reddish brown; spines few, mostly near the margins of the joints, i- 4 together, whitish, or reddish at base and apex, deflexed, or the longer one spreading and Yz'-V long; flowers yellow, often with a reddish centre, 2%'~3%f broad; fruit club- shaped, not spiny, fleshy, edible, i^/-2/ long. In dry sandy or rocky soil, Minnesota to Ken- tucky, Missouri and Texas. Summer. A variable species, of which several varieties are described. CACTACEAE. [Vol.. II. 4. Opuntia Camanchica Engelm. Comanche Cactus. (Fig. 2530.) Opuntia Camanchica Engelm. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 40. 1856. Prostrate, with obovate-orbicular flat- tened joints 6'-8' long, s'-S' wide. Spines 1-3, flattened, reddish brown to blackish, 1%'-$' long, or with 3-6 ad- ditional shorter ones, the upper one sub- erect, the others deflexed or spreading; fruit oval, deep red, juicy, i>£'-2' long; seeds angular, margined, deeply notched at the hilum, 2"-3" broad. Western Kansas (according: to Hitch- cock), Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 5. Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Many-spined Opuntia. (Fig. 2531.) Cactus ferox Nutt. Gen. i: 296. 1818. Not Will.l. i- Opunlia polyacantha Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. Suppl. 82. 1819. Opuntia Missouriensis DC. Prodr. 3: 472. 1828. Prostrate, joints broadly obovate to or- bicular, tubercled, 2/-6/ long, about ft" thick, the tubercles "2" high, densely spiny and with cushions of fine bristles; spines 5-12, slender, 6'/-2/ long, whitish; leaves minute; flowers light yellow, 2'- 3' broad; -fruit dry, very prickly, i'-l>' long. Prairies and dry soil. South Dakota to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Mi- souri, Utah and New Mexico. Variable. May-June. 6. Opuntia fragilis ( Nutt.) Haw. Brittle Opuntia. (Fig. 2532.) Cactus fragilis Nutt. Gen. i: 296. 1818. Opnntia fragilis Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. Suppl. 82. 1819. Decumbent or prostrate; joints ovate, i '-2' long, somewhat flattened or nearly terete. Leaves very small, reddish; cushions composed of few bristles; central spines 1-4, >£'-i#' long, gray, darker at the apex, surrounded by 4-6 smaller ones; flowers yellow, smaller than those of the preceding spe- cies; fruit nearly i'' long, becoming dry at maturity, provided with cushions of bristles usually bearing a few short spines. Prairies and dry soil, Wisconsin and Minnesota to Wyoming and Utah, south to Kansas and New Mexico. VOL. II.] CACTUS FAMILY. 465 7. Opuntia arborescens Engelm. North- ern Tree-like Cactus. (Fig. 2533.) Opuntia arborescens Engelm. Wisliz. Rep. 6. 1848. Erect, tree-like, 4°-25° high, 4'-%' in diameter at the base, verticillately branched, the spiny branches spreading or drooping. Joints verticillate, mostly in 3's or 4's, cylindric, 2/-6/ long, less than i' in di- ameter, the prominent tubercles 7//-io// long; leaves terete, spreading, 6//-io// long; spines 8-30, terete, in yellowish sheaths, diverging, the interior ones the longer, often i' long or more; flowers purple, 2^'- 3' broad; fruit subglobose, crested-tuberculate, dry, or nearly so, yellow, unarmed, about i' in diameter; seeds smooth, i^//-2// wide. Western Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth), Colo- rado to Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Family 83. THYMELEACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 82. 1828. MEZEREON FAMILY. Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with tough fibrous or reticulated inner bark, and simple entire exstipulate leaves. Flowers fascicled, capitate, racemose, or rarely solitary, regular, mostly perfect. Calyx inferior, its tube cylindric or urn-shaped, 4-5-lobed or entire. Petals none in our genera, present in many exotic ones. Stamens borne on the calyx, twice as many as its lobes, or rarely fewer, often in two series; filaments long or short; anthers erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i-celled, i-ovuled (2-celled and 2-ovuled in some Asiatic and Australasian genera) ; ovule anatropous, pendulous; style short or elongated; stigma terminal, mostly capitate. Fruit a berry-like drupe in our plants. Seed-coat mostly crustaceous; embryo straight; cotyledons fleshy; endosperm little or none, or copious in some exotic genera. About 37 genera and 425 species, widely distributed, most abundant in Australia and South Africa. Calyx-lobes 4, large; stamens included; style very short. I. Daphne. Calyx-limb almost wanting; stamens and style long, exserted. 2. Dirca. i. DAPHNE L. Sp. PI. 356. 1753. Erect or spreading shrubs, with alternate deciduous or evergreen leaves, and small pur- ple pink or white flowers in fascicles, heads or racemes, borne in the following species at the leafless nodes of twigs of the preceding season. Perianth tubular, its 4 lobes spreading. Stamens 8, in 2 series on the perianth-tube, included, or the upper 4 slightly exserted; fila- ments very short. Disk none. Ovary sessile or nearly so, i -celled; style very short; stigma large, capitate. Drupe ovoid, or oblong, the calyx deciduous or persistent. About 40 species, natives of Europe and Asia. i. Daphne Mezereum L. Spurge Laurel. Lady Laurel. Mezereon. (Fig. 2534.) Daphne Mezereum I,. Sp. PI. 356. 1753. A shrub i°-4° high, the young twigs somewhat pubescent. Leaves thin, deciduous, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, $'-$' long, 4//-io// wide, narrowed into short petioles; flowers in sessile fascicles of 2-5 at the nodes of twigs of the preceding season, very fragrant; perianth-tube appressed-pubescent, rose-purple or white, 6" long or less, the ovate acute lobes nearly as long; drupe red, oval-ovoid, $"-4" long. Escaped from cultivation, Quebec to Massachusetts and New York. Native of Europe and Asia. Called also Spurge Olive, Dwarf Bay, Paradise Plant. April-May. 30 466 THYMELEACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. DIRCA L. Sp. PI. 358. 1753. Branching shrubs, with tough fibrous bark, alternate thin short-petioled deciduous leaves, and yellowish flowers in peduncled fascicles of 2-4 from scaly buds at the nodes of twigs of the preceding season, branches subsequently developing from the same nodes. Perianth campanulate or funnelform, its limb undulately obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, borne on the perianth, exserted, the alternate ones longer; filaments very slender. Disk obsolete. Ovary nearly sessile, i-celled; style filiform, exserted; stigma small, capitate. Drupe red, oval-oblong. [Named from a fountain in Thebes.] Two known species, the following and D. occidentalis A. Gray, of California. i. Dirca palustris L. Leather- wood. Moose-wood. (Fig. 2535.) Dirca palustris 1,. Sp. PI. 358. 1753. A shrub, 2°-6° high, the twigs yellow- ish green, glabrous. Leaves oval, or ob- ovate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, pubescent when young, glabrous, or very nearly so, and 2/~3/ long when mature; bud -scales 3 or 4, oval, or oblong, very pubescent with brown hairs, deciduous; peduncle about 2#"long; flowers nearly sessile; perianth 2//-3// long; style longer than the sta- mens; drupe about 6" long. In woods and thickets, mostly in wet soil, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Virginia and Missouri, and Florida (according to Chap- man). Also called Swamp-wood. The bark produces violent vomiting; applied exter- nally, it is an irritant to the skin. April-May Family 84. ELAEAGNACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2. 194. 1836. OLKASTER FAMILY. Shrubs or trees, mostly silvery-scaly, or stellate-pubescent, with entire alternate or opposite leaves, and perfect polygamous or dioecious flowers clus- tered in the axils or at the nodes of twigs of the preceding season, rarely soli- tary. Lower part of the perianth of perfect or pistillate flowers tubular or urn- shaped, enclosing the ovary and persistent, the upper part 4-lobed or 4-cleft, deciduous (obscurely 2-lobed in the Old World Jlippophac')\ perianth of stam- inate flowers 4-parted (2-parted in Hippophai}. Corolla none. Stamens 4 or 8, those of perfect flowers borne on the throat of the perianth; filaments mostly short; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or lobed. Ovary sessile, i -celled; ovule i, erect, anatropous; style slender. Fruit drupe-like, the perianth-base becoming thickened and enclosing the achene or nut. Seed erect; embryo straight; endosperm little or wanting. Three known genera and about 20 species, widely distributed. Stamens as many as the perianth-parts; flowers perfect or polygamous; leaves alternate. i. Elaeagnus. Stamens twice as many as the perianth -parts; flowers dioecious; leaves opposite. 2. Lepargyraea. i. ELAEAGNUS L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753. Silver-scaly shrubs, some exotic species trees, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers solitary or 2-4 together in the axils, pedicelled, not bracted, perfect or polygamous. Perianth tubular below, constricted over the top of the ovary, the upper part campanulate or urn- shaped, 4-lobed, deciduous, the lobes valvate. Stamens 4, borne on the throat of the peri- anth. Style linear, long. Fruit drupe-like, the ripened perianth-base fleshy or mealy, en- closing the striate or grooved nut. [Greek, sacred olive.] About 20 species, natives of Europe, Asia, Australia and North America. Only the following is known in North America. VOL. II.] OLEASTER FAMILY. 467 i. Elaeagnus argentea Pursh. Silver-berry. (Fig. 2536.) Elaeagnus argentea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 114. 1814. Stoloniferous, much branched, some- times 12° high, the young twigs covered •with brown scurf, becoming silvery. Leaves oblong, ovate or oval-lanceolate, densely silvery-scurfy on both sides, acute or obtuse, short-petioled, I'^'long; flow- ers usually numerous, i to 3 in the axils, fragrant, silvery, 6//-8// long; perianth silvery without, yellowish within, its lobes ovate, about i" long; fruit oval, sil- very, 4//-6// long, the stone 8-striate. James Bay to the Northwest Territory, south to Quebec, Minnesota, South Dakota and Utah. May-July. Fruit edible, ripe July-Aug. 2. LEPARGYRAEA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 176. 1817. [SHEPHERDIA Nutt. Gen. 2: 240. 1818.] Shrubs, brown- or silvery-scurfy or stellate-pubescent, with opposite petioled leaves. Flowers small, dioecious, or sometimes polygamous, subspicate or fascicled at the nodes of the preceding season, or axillary, the pistillate few or sometimes solitary. Pistillate flowers with an urn-shaped or ovoid 4-lobed perianth, bearing an 8-lobed disk at its mouth which nearly closes it; style somewhat exserted. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted perianth and 8 stamens alternating with as many lobes of the disk; filaments short. Fruit drupe-like, the fleshy perianth-base enclosing a nut, or achene. [Greek, silvery-scaly.] Three known species, the following and L. rolundifolia of Utah. Leaves ovate or oval, green above, silvery beneath; shrub thornless. i. L. Canadensis. Leaves oblong, silvery on both sides; shrub mostly thorny. 2. L. argentea. i. Lepargyraea Canadensis (L,.) Greene. Canadian Buffalo-berry. (Fig.2537.) Elaeagnus Canadensis'L,. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753. Shepherdia Canadensis Nutt. Gen. 2: 240. 1818. Lepargyraea Canadensis Greene, Pittonia, 2: 122. 1890. A thornless shrub, 4°-8° high, the young shoots brown-scurfy. Leaves ovate or oval, obtuse at the apex, rounded, or some of them narrowed at the base, i/-i^/ long, green and sparingly stellate-scurfy above, densely silvery stellate-scurfy be- neath, some of the scurf usually brown ; petioles 2//~3// long; flowers in short spikes at the nodes of the twigs, yellow- ish; buds globose, less than \" in diame- ter, forming in summer, expanding with or before the leaves early in the following spring; perianth about 2//r broad when expanded; fruit oval, red or yellowish, 2//_y/ long, the flesh insipid, the nut smooth. On banks, especially along streams, New- foundland to Saskatchewan and British Co- lumbia, south to Vermont, New York, Mich- igan and Utah. April-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 468 ELAEAGNACEAE. 2. Lepargyraea argentea (Nutt.) Greene. Buffalo-berry. (Fig. 2538.) [VOL. II. Rabbit-berry. Elaeagnus argentea Nutt. Fraser's Cat. 1813. Shepherdia argentea Nutt. Gen. 2: 241. 1818. Lepargyraea argentea Greene, Pittonia, a: 122. 1890. A shrub, 6°-i8° high, the twigs often terminating in thorns. Leaves oblong, or sometimes oblong- lanceolate, i'-2' long, rarely more than ft' wide, obtuse at the apex, usually cuneate-narrowed at the base, densely silvery-scurfy on both sides; petioles 2//-6// long; flowers fas- cicled at the nodes, the globose buds very silvery; fruit oval, or ovoid, scarlet, sour, a//-3// long, edible. Manitoba and Minnesota to Saskatche- wan, Kansas and Nevada. April-May. Called also Beef-suet Tree, Silver Leaf. Fruit ripe July-Aug. Family 85. LYTHRACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 100. 1836. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, or often trees in tropical regions, mostly with opposite leaves and solitary or clustered perfect flowers. Stipules usually none. Calyx per- sistent, free from the ovary, but generally enclosing it, the limb toothed and often with accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals as many as the primary calyx-teeth or none, inserted on the calyx. Disk, annular or none. Stamens various, inserted on the calyx. Anthers versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile or stipitate, 2-6-celled or sometimes i-celled; style i; stigma capitate or 2-lobed; ovules oo, rarely few, anatropous. Capsule i -sev- eral-celled, variously dehiscent or sometimes indehiscent. Seeds without endo- sperm; cotyledons flat, often auricled at the base. About 21 genera and 350 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in tropical America. Calyx-tube campanulate or hemispheric; flowers regular. Flowers small, axillary, solitary or few; low herbs. Petals 4 in our species; capsule bursting irregularly. i. Ammannia. Petals none; capsule indehiscent. 2. Didiplis. Petals 4; capsule septicidally dehiscent. 3. Rolala. Flowers large, in axillary cymes; large aquatic shrub. 4. Decodon. Calyx-tube cylindric; flowers regular. 5. Lythrunt. Calyx-tube tubular, oblique; flowers irregular. 6. Parsonsia. i. AMMANNIA L,. Sp. PI. 119. 1753. Annual glabrous or glabrate herbs, mostly with 4-angled stems, opposite sessile narrow leaves, and small axillary solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanulate, globose or ovoid, 4-angled, 4-toothed, often with small accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals 4 in our species, deciduous. Stamens 4-8, inserted on the calyx-tube; filaments slender or short. Ovary enclosed in the calyx-tube, nearly globular, 2-4-celled, bursting irregularly. [Named for Johann Ammann, 1699-1741, a German botanist] About 20 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in warm regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States. Flowers sessile, solitary, or 2-3 together. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; style elongated. i. A.coccinea. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse ; style very short. . 2. A.Koehnei, Flowers pedicelled, in axillary cymes. 3. A. auriculata. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY VOL. II.] i. Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Long- leaved Ammannia. (Fig. 2539.) Ammannia coccinea Rottb. PI. Hort. Havn. Descr. 7. 1773. Ammannia latifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 480. 1840. Not L. 1753. Erect, glabrous, branching below, 6/-2l. 7. 1806. Ammannia Wrightii A. Gray, PI. Wright. 2:55. l$53- Erect, a'-io' high, at length widely branching. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate or oblong, acute oracutish at the apex, auriculate at the base, %'- 1%' long, about 2" wide; flowers in axillary pe- duncled cymes; pedicels ^"-i^" long; petals purple; style slender; stamens exserted; capsule partly enclosed by the calyx. Nebraska and Kansas to Texas, Ecuador and Bra- zil. Also in Asia and Africa. May-June. 470 LYTHRACEAE. [Vox,. II. 2. DIDIPLIS Raf. Atl. Journ. 177. 1833. Aquatic or marsh plants, rooting in the mud, with 4-angled stems, opposite linear entire leaves, and very small axillary solitary green flowers. Calyx hemispheric or campanulate, 4-lobed, with no accessory teeth. Petals none. Stamens 2-4, usually 4, inserted on the calyx-tube; filaments very short. Ovary globose, enclosed by the calyx, 2-celled; style scarcely any; stigma obscurely 2-lobed; ovules oo. Capsule globose, indehiscent, 2-celled. [Greek, twice double.] A monotypic genus of east-central North America, closely related to the Old World genus Pefilis I<. i. Didiplis diandra (Nutt.) Wood. Water Purslane. (Fig. 2542.) CallitricheautumnalisCi) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:2. 1803. Not L. 1753- Peplis (?) diandra Nutt. ; DC. Prodr. 3: 77. 1828. I>icii/>lis lintaris Raf. Atl. Journ. 177. 1833. Didiplis diandra Wood. Bot. & Fl. 124. 18/0. Submersed or rooting in the mud on shores, gla- brous, 3 '-i 2' long. Submersed leaves thin, elongated- linear or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, broader at the base, 6//-io// long; emersed leaves linear-oblong, narrowed at the base; flowers incon- spicuous, about W long; capsule about W in diam- eter. Minnesota and Wisconsin to Texas and Mexico, east to North Carolina and Florida. Resembling Callitriche in habit. June-Aug. 3. ROTALA L. Mant. 2: 175. 1771. Low annual mainly glabrous herbs, usually with opposite sessile or sometimes petioled leaves, 4-angled stems, and axillary mainly solitary small flowers. Calyx campanulate or globose, 4-lobed. Petals 4 in our species. Stamens 4, short. Ovary free from the calyx, globose, 4-celled. Capsule globose, enclosed by the membranous calyx, 4-celled, septicidally dehiscent, the valves very minutely and densely striate transversely. [Latin, wheel, from the whorled leaves of some species.] About 30 species, of wide geographic distribution in warm and tropical regions. In addition to the following, another may occur in the southwestern States. i. Rotala ramdsior (L.) Koehne. (Fig. 2543.) Rotala. Ammannia ramosiorl,. Sp. PI. 120. 1753. Ammannia humilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 99. 1803. Boykinia humilis Raf. Aut. Bot. 9. 1840. Rotala ramosior Koehne, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 13: Part 2, 194. 1875- Glabrous, branched from the base or simple, ascending or erect, 2/-6/ high. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 6//-i5// long, \"-T)f wide, blunt at the apex, narrowed and sessile at the base or tapering into a short petiole, not auricled; flowers solitary or rarely 3 in the axils, very small; petals minute; style almost none. In swamps, Massachusetts to Florida, west to northern Illinois, Nebraska, Texas and Mexico. Also in California, Oregon, South America and the West Indies. July- Sept. 4. DECODON J. F. Gmel. Syst. Veg. 2: 677. 1791. Herbaceous shrubs, with verticillate or opposite, short-petioled entire leaves, and showy purple pedicelled trimorphous flowers, in nearly sessile axillary cymes. Calyx broadly campanulate, or hemispheric, nerved, s-y-toothed, with as many slender elongated acces- sory teeth in the sinuses. Stamens ro, rarely 8, alternately longer and shorter, inserted on VOL. II.] LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 47i the calyx-tube, the longer exserted. Style filiform; stigma small. Capsule globose, 3-5- celled, included in the calyx, loculicidally dehiscent. [Greek, ten-toothed, referring to the calyx.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Decodon verticillatus (L. ) Ell. Swamp Loosestrife or Willow-herb. (Fig. 2544.) Lvthrutn verticillatum L. Sp. PI. 446. 1753. Decodon aquaticus]. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: 677. 1791. Decodon verticillatus EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 544. 1821 . Nesaea verticillata H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 6: 191. 1823. Aquatic, perennial, somewhat woody, with an- gular recurved glabrous or slightly pubescent stems 3°-io° long, which root from the tip when they reach the water or mud. Leaves lanceolate, 2/-5/ long, 4"-i2" wide, glabrous above, somewhat pubescent beneath, acute at both ends; petioles 2//~4// long; cymes several-flowered; flowers nearly i/ broad; petals cuneate at the base, pink-purple; filaments of the longer stamens very slender; capsule about 2%" in diameter. In swamps, Rhode Island and Massachusetts to Flor- ida, west to southern Ontario, Minnesota, Kentucky and Louisiana. Stems clothed with aerenchyma at the base. Flowers rarely double. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. July-Sept. 5. LYTHRUM L. Sp. PI. 446. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with 4-angled stems, opposite alternate or rarely verticillate entire leaves, and solitary cyniose-paniculate or spicate and terminal often dimorphous or trimor- phous flowers. Calyx-tube cylindric, 8-i2-ribbed, straight, not gibbous at the base, with 4-6 primary teeth and an equal number of accessory ones in the sinuses. Petals 4-6, usually obovate, rarely wanting. Stamens 8-12, inserted on the calyx-tube, included or exserted. Ovary oblong, sessile, 2-celled; style filiform; stigma mostly capitate; ovules numerous. Capsules enclosed by the calyx, membranous, 2-celled, 2-valved, or bursting irregularly. Seeds flat or angular. [Greek, gore, from the purple color of the flowers.] About 23 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 4 others occur in the southern and western United States. Flowers axillary, solitary; stamens not more numerous than petals. Leaves mostly alternate. Leaves obtuse; stamens all included; annual. Leaves acute; stamens of short-styled flowers exserted; perennial. Leaves mostly opposite. Leaves narrowly linear, narrowed at the base. Leaves ovate or oval, rounded or cordate at the base. Flowers in spicate panicles, terminal; stamens twice as many as petals. 1. L. Hyssopifolia, 2. L. alatum. 3. L, lineare. 4. L. Vulneraria. 5. L. Salicaria. i. Lythrum Hyssopifolia L. Hyssop Loosestrife. Grass Poly. (Fig. 2545.) Lythrum Hyssopifolia L. Sp. PI. 447. 1753. Annual, glabrous, pale green, erect or assurgent, at length widely branched, 6/-24/ high. Leaves sessile, mainly alternate, the lowest sometimes opposite, ob- long or linear-oblong, obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base, 4//-io// long, i//-4// wide, those of the main stem larger than those of the branches; flowers solitary and sessile in the axils, not dimorphous, pink-purple, about Y-L" broad; petals nearly erect; stamens all in- cluded; calyx 2^//-3// long in fruit. Borders of salt marshes, Maine to New Jersey. Also in California and along the coast of South America. Natu- ralized from Europe. Widely distributed in the Old World. June-Sept. 472 LYTHRACEAE. [VOL. IL 2. Lythrum alatum Pursh. Wing- angled Loosestrife. (Fig. 2546.) Lythrum alatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 334. 1814. Perennial, erect, glabrous, usually much branched, dark green, i°-4° high, the stem angled and often slightly winged. Leaves ses- sile, alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceolate or oblong, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 6"-i5" long, 2"-5" wide; flowers solitary in the upper axils, short-pedi- celled, deep purple, $"-$" broad, dimorphous; petals erect-spreading; stamens of the short- styled flowers exserted; hypogynous ring fleshy; ovary nearly sessile; calyx *%"-$" long in fruit. In low grounds, southern Ontario to Massachu- setts, Kentucky (and Georgia?), west to Minnesota and Arkansas. The closely related L. lanceolatum Ell. of the southern states has the leaves narrowed or cuneate at the base. June-Aug. 3. Lythrum lineare L,. Linear- leaved Loosestrife. (Fig. 2547.) Lythrum lineare I,. Sp. PI. 447. 1753. Perennial, slender, glabrous, rather pale green, much branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 6" '-12" long, i "-a" wide, nearly all opposite, acutish at the apex or the lowest obtuse, narrowed at the base; flowers solitary in the upper axils, light purple or nearly white, dimorphous, about i%" broad; stamens of the short-styled flowers ex- serted; hypogynous ring none; ovary short-stalked; fruiting calyx i%"-t" long. Borders of salt marshes, New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas. July-Sept. 4. Lythrum Vulneraria Ait. Kennedy's Loosestrife. (Fig. 2548.) Lylhrum Vulneraria Ait.; Schrank. Hort. Monac. pi. 27. 1819. Lythrum Kennedyanum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 6: 194. 1823. Spreading or ascending, perennial, glabrous, i°-4° long, much branched. Leaves nearly all opposite, short-pe- tioled, or sessile, 4//-9// long, 2//-4// wide, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oval, rounded or cordate at the base, mostly obtuse at the apex; flowers solitary in the axils, usually short-peduncled, purple, about 4" broad; stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted ; hypo- gynous disk fleshy; fruiting calyx 4"- 5" long. St. I^ouis, Mo. (according to Koehne), Florida to Mexico. May-Aug. VOI,. II.] LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 473 5. Lythrum Salicaria L. Spiked or Purple Loosestrife. (Fig. 2549.) Lythrum Salicaria L. Sp. PI. 446. 1753. Perennial, erect, 2°-3° high, glabrous or pubescent, at length much branched. Leaves opposite or some- times verticillate in 3*3, sessile, lanceolate, cordate or clasping at the base, 2/~3/ long, $"-$" wide; flowers purple, trimorphous, 6//-8// broad, in dense com- pound terminal interrupted bracted spikes; stamens 8-10, alternately longer and shorter, even the longer ones little exserted ; ovary short-stalked; fruiting calyx about 3" long. In swamps and wet meadows, Cape Breton Island to Ontario, south to southern New York and Delaware. Said to be naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. Widely distributed in the Old World. English names, Spiked Willow-herb, Long Purples, Soldiers. 1756. 6. PARSONSIA P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 199. [CUPHEA P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 216. 1756.] Herbs (or shrubs in tropical regions), with opposite or verticillate leaves. Flowers showy, solitary or racemose, axillary, irregular and unsymmetrical. Calyx-tube elongated, tubular, 12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base, oblique at the mouth, with 6 primary teeth and usually as many accessory ones. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens n (sometimes 12 in our species), inserted on the throat of the calyx, unequal; filaments short. Ovary sessile or obliquely stipitate, with a curved gland at its base, unequally 2-celled; ovules several or numerous; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule included in the calyx, oblong, i-celled, laterally dehiscent. Seeds flattened. [In honor of James Parsons, M. D., a Scotch botanist.] About 180 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern States. i. Parsonsia petiolata (L,.) Rusby. Blue Wax-weed. Clammy Cuphea. Tar-weed. (Fig. 2550.) Lythrum fetiolatum L. Sp. PI. 446. 1753. Cuphea mscosissima Jacq. Hort. Vind. 2: 83. pi. 777. 1772. Cuphea petiolata Koehne, Engler's Bot. Jahrb. 2: 173. 1882. Parsonsia petiolata Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 231. 1894. Annual, erect, very viscid-pubescent, branched, 6/-2o/ high. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate- lanceolate, sca- brous, mostly rounded at the base and blunt-pointed at the apex, I'-iJ^'long; flowers axillary, short-peduncled, purple, 3//-4// broad; petals ovate, clawed; stamens sometimes 12; fruiting calyx swollen, about 4" long; capsule dehiscent before the seeds are ripe, the placenta projecting through the lateral orifice. In dry soil, Rhode Island to northern Illinois and Kansas, south to Georgia and Louisiana. Introduced into southern Ontario. Ascends to 3300 ft. in West Virginia. July-Oct. ~Y Family 86. MELASTOMACEAE R. Br. Exp. Congo, App. 5. 1818. MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY. Herbs (shrubs or trees in tropical regions) , with opposite 3~9-nerved simple leaves, and regular perfect often showy but rarely odorous, generally clustered flowers. Stipules none. Calyx-tube adnate to or free from the ovary, usually 4-5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, and inserted on its throat, more or less oblique, imbricated. Stamens twice as many, or equal in number to the petals, often inclined or declined, the alternate ones 474 MELASTOMACEAE. [VOL. II. sometimes shorter; anthers opening by a pore in our species. Ovary 2-several- celled (often 4-celled); style terminal, simple; stigma simple or lobed; ovules oo , anatropous. Capsule included in the calyx-tube, irregularly or loculicidally de- hiscent. Seeds mainly small, with no endosperm. About 150 genera and 2500 species, widely distributed in tropical regions, most abundant in South Amenca; represented in North America, only by the following genus. i. RHEXIA L. Sp. PI. 346. 1753. Perennial herbs, often somewhat woody at the base, sometimes tuber-bearing, with mostly sessile opposite 3~5-nerved leaves, and terminal showy cymose or rarely solitary flowers. Calyx-tube urn-shaped or campanulate, constricted at the neck, its limb 4-lobed, the lobes triangular or subulate, shorter than the tube. Petals 4, obovate, oblique, rounded retuse, or aristate at the apex. Stamens 8, equal; anthers linear or oblong, incurved or in- verted in the bud. Ovary free from the calyx, glabrous, 4-celled; style slender; stigma truncate. Capsule 4-cclled, 4-valved. Placentae 4, central. Seeds numerous, coiled or bent, rough. [Greek, breaking, applied originally to a different plant.] Ten known species, natives of eastern North America. Stem cylindric, very pubescent. I. R. Mariana. Stem square or angled, pubescent or glabrous. Stem more or less pubescent; leaves ovate. 2. R. Virginica. Stem glabrous. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong; calyx with a few hairs above. 3. R. aristosa. Leaves ovate, bristly-ciliate; calyx glabrous. 4. R. ciltosa. i. Rhexia Mariana L,. Maryland Mea- dow-Beauty. (Fig. 2551.) Rhexia Mariana L. Sp. PI. 346. 1753. Stem rather slender, cylindric, simple.or branched above, very hirsute-pubescent, i°-2° high. Leaves spreading, short-petioled, oblong, or linear-oblong, mostly acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, i'-i#' long, a"-5" wide, pubescent with scattered bristly hairs on both surfaces, 3-nerved, the margins ciliate-serrulate; flowers loosely cymose, pedicelled, pale purple, about i' broad; pedicels and calyx- tube glandular-pubescent; petals rounded; anthers linear, curved, minutely spurred on the back. In swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey to Florida, west to Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. June-Sept. 2. Rhexia Virginica L. Meadow-Beauty. Deer-Grass. (Fig. 2552.) Rhexia Virginica L. Sp. PI. 346. 1753. Stem rather stout, simple or branched above, square, the angles often slightly winged, more or less pubescent, i°-i}40 high. Leaves ascending, sessile, ovate or ovate-oval, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded or rarely narrowed at the base, i/-2/ long, 6//-i2'/ wide, usually with a few scattered hairs on both surfaces, mostly 5-nerved, the mar- gins ciliate-serrulate; flowers bright purple, cymose, short-pedicelled, i/-i>£/ broad; calyx-tube and pedicels glandular-pubescent; petals rounded or slightly retuse; anthers linear, curved, minutely spurred on the back. In sandy swamps, Maine to Florida, west to northern New York, Illinois, Missouri and Louisiana. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. July-Sept. VOL. II.] MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY. 475 3. Rhexia aristosa Britton. Awn-petaled Meadow-Beauty. (Fig. 2553.) Rhexia aristosa Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 17: 14. pi. 99. 1890. Stem square, slender, glabrous, branched or simple i^°-2° high. Leaves sessile, erect, oblong or linear-oblong, obtusish at each end, 9//-i5// long, i>£//-3// wide, 3- iierved, serrate toward the apex with ap- pressed subulate teeth, glabrous or very nearly so beneath, but with a few scattered hairs above; flowers 1-4 together, short- pedicelled, magenta-red, I'-iJ^' broad; sum- mit of the calyx- tube and its linear lobes with scattered subulate hairs; petals rounded, but obtusely pointed and aristate at the apex; anthers linear, minutely spurred on the back. In sandy swamps, pine-barrens of New Jer- sey, Delaware and South Carolina. Base of the stem with a coating of spongy tissue when growing in water. July-Aug. 4. Rhexia ciliosa Michx. Ciliate Meadow- Beauty. (Fig. 2554.) Rhexia petiolata Walt. Fl. Car. 130. 1788. (?) Rhexia ciliosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 221. 1803. Stem square, glabrous, simple or nearly so, i°-2° high. Leaves ascending, ovate, very short-petioled, or sessile, acutish at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, 6//-io// long, 4//-6// wide, 3-nerved, glabrous or nearly so be- neath, pubescent with a few scattered hairs above, the margins bristly-ciliate; cyme few- flowered; flowers very short- pedicelled, violet-purple, i/-i>^/ broad; calyx gla- brous, or with a few hairs on its lobes; petals rounded, sometimes apiculate; anthers oblong, straight, not spurred on the back. "In swamps, Maryland to Florida, west to Louisiana. June- Aug. Family 87. ONAGRACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 36. EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, no stipules or mere glands in their places, and axillary spicate or racemose gen- erally perfect regular or sometimes irregular flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, often prolonged beyond it, the limb 2-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Petals 2-9 (usually 4), convolute in the bud, rarely none. Stamens usually as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted with them on the summit of the calyx-tube, or on the epigynous or perigynous disk. Ovary i-6-celled (usually 4-celled); styles united; stigma capitate, discoid or 4-lobed; ovules oo in each cavity, generally anatropous. Fruit a capsule or small nut. Seeds mostly small; endosperm very little or none; embryo straight. Forty genera and about 350 species of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in America. Floral whorls of 4 parts or more. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, opening by valves or by a pore. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. Seeds naked. Stamens 4, in i row. Leaves opposite ; stems creeping or floating. Flowers sessile; petals none, or very small; leaves petioled; capsules ses- sile, short, the top flat. i. Isnardia. Flowers long-stalked; petals conspicuous; leaves sessile; capsules elon- gated, curved, with a prominent 4-lobed stylopodium. 2. Ludwigiantha. Leaves alternate; stems erect or ascending. 3. Ludwigia. 4; Jussiaea. 1829. : Stamens 8-1 2. in 2 rows. Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 5. Chamaenerion. * Text revised by Dr. JOHN K. SMALL. ONAGRACEAE. [VOL. II. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary. Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 6. Epilobium. Seeds naked or sometimes tuberculate. Stamens equal in length. Stigma deeply 4-cleft, its segments linear. Ovules and seeds horizontal, inserted in 2 or rarely more rows, prismatic- angled. 7. Onagra. Ovules and seeds ascending, not angled. Buds erect; petals yellow; ovules and seeds in 2 rows. 8. OEnothera. Buds drooping; petals white or pink; ovules and seeds in i row. 9. Anogra, Stigmas entire or slightly 4-toothed. Calyx-tube longer than the ovary; stigma disk-like, entire. 16. Galpinsia. Calyx-tube shorter than the ovary; stigma disk-like, slightly 4-toothed. 17. Meriolix. Stamens unequal in length, the alternate longer. Ovules and seeds many, clustered, on slender funiculi; capsules club-shaped. Flowers yellow. 10. Kneiffia. Flowers white, pink or reddish. n. Hartmannia. Ovules or seeds few, sessile, in i or 2 rows. Plants normally acaulescent. Capsules obtusely or retusely 4-angled ; seeds furrowed along the raphe. 12. Pachy 'tophus. Capsules sharply 4-angled or winged; seeds with a tubercle at one end. 13. Lavauxia. Plants caulescent. Stems wiry, diffuse: capsules sharply 4-angled. 14. Gaurella. Stems stout, not diffuse; capsules 4- winged. 15. Megapterium. Fruit indehiscent, nut-like. Calyx-tube obconic; filaments with scales at the base; ovary 4-celled. 18. Gaura. Calyx-tube filiform; filaments unappendaged; ovary i-celled. 19. Stenosiphon. Floral whorls of 2 parts. 20. Circaea. i. ISNARDIA L. Sp. PI. 120. 1753. Annual or perennial succulent herbs. Stems prostrate or decumbent, creeping or float- ing; leaves opposite, fleshy, narrowed into petioles which are slightly shorter than the blades. Flowers perfect, axillary, sessile, commonly apetalous. Calyx turbinate, its seg- ments 4, shorter than the tube or slightly longer, persistent. Petals none, or 4, incon- spicuous. Stamens 4; filaments very short; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary 4-celled, very short; styles often almost wanting; stigma 4-lobed; ovules numerous, in several rows. Cap- sule 4-angled, obovoid or turbinate, straight, flat at the apex, septicidal. Seeds numerous, often tranversely wrinkled. [In honor of Antoine Dante Isnard, a French botanist, and a member of the Academy of Sciences, died 1724.] About 4 species in North America and Mexico. x. Isnardia palustris L. Marsh Purslane. (Fig. 2555.) Isnardia palustris L. Sp. PI. 120. 1753. Ludwigia palustris Ell. Bot. S. C. x: 211. 1817. Procumbent or floating, glabrous, root- ing at the nodes, succulent. Stems branching, 4'-i5' long; leaves opposite, oval, ovate or spatulate, acute or obtuse at the apex, 6"- 12" long, narrowed into a slender petiole; flowers axillary, soli- tary, sessile, about i" broad; bractlets at base of the calyx usually none; calyx lobes triangular, acute; petals small, red- dish or often wanting; capsule 4-sided, slightly longer than wide, about l%" high, slightly exceeding the calyx lobes. In muddy ditches and swamps, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Oregon, Florida, Louisiana, California and Mexico. Widely distributed in the Old World. Also called False Loose- strife, Water Purslane. June-Nov. 2. LUDWIGIANTHA Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 178. 1897. Annual or perennial fleshy herbs. Stems prostrate, creeping, usually little branched; leaves opposite, sessile, leathery, numerous. Flowers perfect, yellow, on slender bracted peduncles which are 2-3 times longer than the leaves. Calyx narrowly obconic, its 4 seg- ments narrow, longer than the tube. Petals conspicuous, surpassing the calyx-segments. Stamens 4; filaments elongated, very slender; anthers ovoid. Ovary 4-celled; united styles filiform, elongated; stigma 4-lobed; ovules numerous. Capsules club-shaped, curved Voi,. II. ] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 477 at the base at a right angle to the peduncle, about as long as the persistent calyx-segments, crowned by a prominent 4-lobed stylopodium. [Derivation as in the following genus.] A monotypic genus of the southeastern United States. i. Ludwigiantha arcuata (Walt.) Small. Curved-podded Ludwigiantha. (Fig. 2556.) Ludwigia arcuata Walt. Fl. Car. 89. 1788. Ludwigiantha arcuata Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 178. 1897. Creeping or floating, rooting at the nodes, gla- brous or nearly so, little branched, •tf-i.'i' long. Leaves opposite, oblanceolate, sessile, leathery, smooth, obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 6//-i2// long; flowers axillary, solitary, bright yellow, 4//-6// broad on filiform, 2-bracted pedun- cles much longer than the leaves ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the obovate petals; capsule club-shaped, somewhat curved, glabrous, about 4//-5// long, equalling or slightly longer than the calyx-lobes. In swamps, Virginia to Florida. May-July. 3. LUDWIGIA L. Sp. PI. 118. 1753. Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate usually entire leaves, and axillary or terminal, yellow or greenish flowers. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes angled, or winged. Calyx- tube cylindric, obpyramidal or top-shaped, not prolonged beyond the ovary, 3-5-lobed (usually 4-lobed), the lobes generally persistent. Petals usually 4 sometimes none, inserted under the margin of the disk. Stamens usually 4, inserted with the petals; filaments short. Ovary 4~5-celled; stigma capitate or 4-lobed. Capsule terete, ribbed or winged, crowned with the calyx-lobes, many-seeded, septicidally or irregularly dehiscent, or opening by an apical pore. [Named in honor of C. G. Ludwig, 1709-1773, Professor of Botany at Leipsic.] About 25 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, most abundant in North America. Besides the following about 10 others occur in the southern and southwestern States. Flowers inconspicuous; petals none, or small, yellowish or greenish; valves of the capsule separat- ing from the terminal disk. Capsules subglobose or top-shaped. Bractlets at the base of the calyx minute, or none; capsule subglobose, finely pubescent. i. L. sphaerocarpa. Bractlets at the base of the calyx linear, about equalling the capsule glabrous. Capsules cylindric or obpyramidal. Capsules cylindric. Capsules obpyramidal. Capsules as long as broad, or broader, the angles winged. Capsules several times longer than broad, the angles obtuse. Flowers showy, peduncled; petals large, bright yellow; capsules opening by atT apical pore. Plants hirsute ; capsules bristly pubescent. 6. L. hirtella. Plants glabrous; capsules glabrous. 7. L. alternifolia. i. Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Ell. Globe- fruited Ludwigia. (Fig. 2557.) capsule top-shaped, 2. L. polycarpa. 3. L. glandulosa. 4. L. alata. 5. L. linearis. Ludwigia rudis Walt. Fl. Car. 89. 1788. ? Ludivigia sphaerocarpa Ell. Bot. S. C. i: 213. 1817. Erect, branching, generally finely pubescent, stoloniferous, 2°-3° high, the lower part of the stem clothed with aerenchyma when growing in water. Leaves alternate, sessile, those of the stem and branches lanceolate, acute at both ends, 2/-4/ long, scabrous and minutely denticulate, those of the stolons obovate; flowers solitary, sessile, greenish, about i%" broad; bractletsat base of calyx minute or none; calyx-lobes triangular- ovate, acute; petals commonly none; capsule subglobose, about 2" high, scarcely longer than the calyx- lobes, finely pubescent. In swamps, eastern Massachusetts and southern New York to Florida, west to Louisiana. July-Sept. ONAGRACEAE. [VOL- II. a. Ludwigia polycarpa Short & Peter. Many-fruited Ludwigia. (Fig. 2558.) Ludicigia polycarpa Short. & Peter, Translv. Journ. Med. 8: 581. 1835. Erect, glabrous, branching, i°-3° high, pro- ducing stolons from the base. Leaves alternate, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, 2'-4' long, rough- margined, those of the stolons broader and spatulate; bractlets at base of the calyx linear, \W-i" long, usually persistent; flowers sessile, about l%" broad, greenish; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute, some- times finely serrulate; petals minute, greenish; capsule glabrous, somewhat top-shaped but slightly 4-sided, about 2#" high, often twice the length of the calyx-lobes, glabrous, at length dehiscent In swamps, Ontario to Massachusetts and Min- nesota, south to Kentucky and Nebraska. July - Oct. 3. Ludwigia glanduldsa Walt. Cylindric-fruited Ludwigia. (Fig. 2559.) Ludit-igia glandnlosa Walt. Fl. Car. 88. 1788- fttssiaea brachycarpa Lam. Encycl. 3: 331- 1789. Ludiuigia cylindrica Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 213. 1817. Erect, glabrous, much branched, i°-3° high. Leaves alternate, sessile or narrowed into a short petiole, oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, 2/-4/ long; flowers axillary, solitary, or rarely 2 together, greenish, about i" broad; bractlets at base of calyx minute or none; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; petals none: capsule cylindric, 4-grooved, 3"-4" long, glabrous, 4-5 times as long as the calyx-lobes, at length dehiscent. In swamps, southern Illinois and Missouri to Texas, east to Florida and South Carolina. July-Sept. 4. Ludwigia alata Ell. Wing-stemmed Ludwigia. (Fig. 2560.) Ludu'igia alata EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 212. 1817. Perennial, slender, glabrous. Stems erect, i°-3° tall, simple or branched, winged, often stolonifer- ous; leaves linear-oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, or sometimes nearly linear, i'-4' long, acute or acutish, sessile or short-petioled, those of the sto- lons suborbicular or spatulate; flowers inconspicu- ous, about 2" broad, white or greenish; spikes 2'- I2/ long; calyx glabrous, its tube turbinate, its seg- ments triangular- ovate, acute or acuminate; petals none; capsules broadly obpyramidal, i #"-2" high, sessile, the angles winged; seeds oval in outline, about %" long, faintly pitted. In marshes, North Carolina to Missouri, south_to Florida and Louisiana. June-Sept. VOI,. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 479 5. Ludwigia linearis Walt. L,inear-leaved I/udwigia. (Fig. 2561.) Ludwigia linearis Walt. Fl. Car. 89. 1788. Erect, branching, glabrous, i°-2>20 high, often stoloniferous at the base and the lower part of the stem clothed with aerenchyma. Leaves alternate, those of the stem and branches narrowly linear, sessile, acute at each end, I'-a' long, about i" wide, the margins roughish, those of the stolons obovate; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, about i" broad; bractlets at the base of the calyx minute or none; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, slightly shorter than the yellowish petals; capsule narrowly obpyramidal, 4- sided, narrowed at the base, 3//r-4x/ long, glabrous, 3-5 times as long as the calyx- lobes, several times longer than broad, at length dehiscent. In swamps, pine-barrens of New York to Florida, west to Louisiana. July-Sept. 6. Ludwigia hirtella Raf. Hairy L/udwigia. (Fig. 2562.) Ludwigia hirtella Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 358. 1808. Erect, branching, hirsute-pubescent, i°-2° high. Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late, sessile, obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base, i/-i^/ long; pedicels 2-bracteolate; flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled, 6"- 10" broad; calyx-lobes ovate- lanceolate, acute, somewhat shorter than the yellow petals; capsules cubic with a rounded base, hirsute, about 2^// high, shorter than the calyx-lobes, open- ing by an apical pore. In swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas. June-Sept. 7. Ludwigia alternifolia L. Seed- box. Rattle-box. (Fig. 2563.) Ludwigia alternifolia L. Sp. PI. 118. 1753. Erect, branching, glabrous or finely pubes- cent, 2°-3^° high. Leaves alternate, short- petioled, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2/-4j^/ long; flow- ers axillary, short peduncled, solitary, 6//-8// broad; peduncles 2-bracted above the middle; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, about equalling the yellow petals which fall away when the plant is shocked; capsules glabrous, cubic with a rounded base, slightly wing-angled, about 2^" high, opening by a pore at the base of the style and finally loculicidally dehiscent. In swamps, Massachusetts to northern New York, Ontario (?) and Michigan, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Roots often tuberous. June-Sept. Ludwigia alternifolia linearifolia Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 17: 315. 1890. Leaves linear, elongated; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate; petals more persistent. West Virginia. 480 ONAGRACEAE. [Vol.. II. 4. JUSSIAEA L. Sp. PI. 388. 1753. Perennial herbs, with alternate, usually entire leaves, and white or yellow, axillary, soli- tary flowers. Peduncles mostly 2-bracted at the summit Calyx-tube elongated, cylindric or prismatic, adnate to the ovary but not prolonged beyond it, the limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes acute, persistent. Petals 4-6 (rarely more), inserted under the margin of the disk. Stamens 8-12, in 2 rows, inserted with the petals; filaments short. Ovary 4-6-celled; stigma 4-6- lobed; ovules co . Capsule linear, oblong or club-shaped, angular or ribbed, septicidally de- hiscent, crowned with the calyx lobes. Seeds numerous. [In honor of Bernard de Jussieu, 1699-1777, founder of the Natural System of Botany.] About 35 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, most abundant in America. Besides the following about 7 others occur in the southern States. Creeping or floating; petals 5; pod cylindric. i. /. diffusa. Erect; petals 4; pod club-shaped, 4-sided. a. /. decurrens. i. Jussiaea diffusa Forskl. Floating or Creeping Jussiaea or Primrose- Willow. (Fig. 2564.) J. diffusa Forskl. Fl. AEgypt. Arab. 210. 1775. Jussiaea rcpcns Sw. Obs. 172. 1791. Not I,. Stem creeping or floating, freely rooting from the nodes, glabrous, i°-3° long. Leaves oval, oval-lanceolate or obovate, slcnder-petiolcd, glabrous, veiny, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire, i'-4' long; pedun- cles slender; flowers yellow, 6//-i2// broad; calyx-lobes 5, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the 5 obovate usually emarginate petals; sta- mens 10; capsule cylindric, tapering at the base, ridged, glabrous, i'-i}4' long, i^"-2" thick; seeds in i row in each cell. In ponds, Kentucky and Illinois to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America and Asia. June-Aug. 2. Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) DC. Upright Primrose- Willow. (Fig. 2565.) Ludtyigia decurrens Walt. Fl. Car. 89. 1788. Jussiaea decurrens DC. Prodr. 3: 56. 1828. Erect, stem angled, branching, glabrous, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base and decurrent on the stem, entire, i'-4' long, flowers very short-peduncled, yellow, 4//-6// broad; calyx lobes 4, ovate-lanceolate, acute, about equalling the 4 obovate petals; stamens 8; capsule club-shaped, 2-3 times as long as the peduncle, 4-sided, the angles somewhat winged; seeds in several rows in each cell. In swamps, Maryland to Georgia and Florida, west to Illinois, Arkansas and Texas. July-Sept. 5. CHAMAENERION Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 85. 1763. Showy perennial herbs, with tufted stems which are often woody at the base. Leaves alternate, leathery, entire; flowers perfect, irregular, showy, white or purple, in terminal racemes; calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, narrow, the 4 calyx-segments decidu- ous; petals 4, entire, broadest above the middle, spreading; stamens 8, declined; filaments dilated at the base; anthers oblong; ovary 4-celled; united styles filiform; stigmas 4-cleft; ovules numerous, in 2 rows, ascending. Capsule 4-celled, obtusely 4-angled, elongated, opening loculicidally. Seeds numerous, with a tuft of hairs (coma) at the end. [Greek, ground rose-bay.] About 4 species, chiefly in the north temperate zone. Bracts small; lateral nerves of the leaves confluent in marginal loops; style pubescent at the base. i. C. angustifolium. Bracts leaf -like; lateral nerves of the leaves obsolete; style glabrous. 2. C. latifolium. VOL. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 481 i. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L,.) Scop. Great or Spiked Willow-herb. Fire-weed. (Fig. 2566.) Epilobium angustifolium L. Sp. PI. 347- I753- C. angustifolium Scop. Fl.Carn. ££.2,1:271. 1772. Epilobium spicatum Lam. Fl. Fr. 3: 482. 1778. Erect, rather stout, simple or branched, gla- brous or often finely pubescent above, 2°-8° high. Leaves alternate, very short-petioled, lanceolate, entire or denticulate, 2/-6/ long, 4//-i2// wide, pale beneath, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, thin, the lateral veins confluent in marginal loops; flowers W-\$f/ broad, purple, or sometimes white, in elon- gated terminal spike-like racemes; bracts mostly shorter than the pedicels; petals entire; style pubescent at the base; stigma 4-lobed; cap- sules 2/-3/ long, about \l/z" thick, finely canes- cent, at least when young; seeds about %" long, smooth, or nearly so, the coma long, whitish. In dry soil, Labrador to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Kansas, in the Rocky Mountains to Ari- zona, and on the Pacific Coast to California. Also in Europe and Asia. Often appears in abundance after forest fires. June-Sept. 2. Chamaenerion latifolium (L.) Sweet. Broad-leaved Willow- herb. (Fig. 2567.) Epilobium latifolium L. Sp. PI. 347. 1753. Chamaenerion latifolium Sweet, Hort. Brit. Ed. 2, 198. 1830. Erect, usually branching, glabrate below, often quite canescent above, 6'-i8' high. Leaves mostly sessile, I'-a' long, 2//-6// wide, denticulate or entire, lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, acutish at both ends, thick, those of the branches opposite, the veins inconspicuous; flowers purple, i/-2/ broad, in mainly short leaf y-bracted racemes; petals entire; styles gla- brous; stigma 4-lobed; capsules tf'-i^' long, about \W thick, canescent; seeds about i" long, smooth or nearly so; coma elongated, whitish. Moist ground, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Quebec, Colorado and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia. June- Aug. 6. EPILOBIUM L. Sp. PI. 347. 1753. Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants, with alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary or "terminal, solitary, spicate or racemose flowers. Calyx-tube linear, produced beyond the ovary, the limb 4-parted, deciduous. Petals 4, mostly obovate or obcordate. Stamens 8; anthers oblong or linear, short. Ovary 4-celled ; united styles slender or filiform; stigma club-shaped or 4-lobed; ovules numerous. Capsule narrow, elongated, 4-sided, 4-celled, loculicidally dehiscent by 4 valves. Seeds small, numerous, with a tuft of hairs (coma) at the summit. [Greek, upon a pod, flower and pod appearing together.] About 65 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. Besides the following, about 30 others occur in the western and northwestern parts of North America. Stigma deeply 4-lobed; flowers large. i. E. hirsutum. Stigma entire, or merely notched. Seeds smooth or nearly so; arctic or alpine species. Flowers white; leaves usually denticulate. 2. E. alpinum. Flowers violet; leaves mostly entire. 3. E. anagallidifolium. Seeds papillose. Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or nearly so. Plants crisp-pubescent or canescent. Leaves sessile, mostly obtuse. 4. E. paluslre. Leaves petioled, very narrow, acute. 5. E. lineare. 31 482 ONAGRACEAE. Plants glandular-pubescent throughout, or only above. Densely glandular throughout; leaves sessile. Glandular-pubescent above; leaves petioled. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, serrate. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Seeds obconic, beakless; coma reddish. Seeds ellipsoid, short-beaked; coma white. Leaves ovate, thin, obtuse. [Vol.. II. 6. E. slrictum. 7. E. paniculatum. 8. E coloratum. 9. E. adenocaulon. 10. E. Hornemanni. i. Epilobium hirsutum L,. Great Hairy Willow-herb. (Fig. 2568.) Epilobium hirsutum 1,. Sp. PI. 347. 1753. Stout, branched, 2°-4° high, softly hirsute-pubes- cent, spreading by subterranean shoots. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, usually opposite, sessile and often clasping at the base, acute at the apex, sharply serrulate, I'-tf long, 4//-6// wiilr, thin, pubescent on both sides; flowers axillary, erect, rose-purple, about i' broad; petals notclu-il, pubescent at the base within; stigma deeply 4-lobed; capsules stalked, 2/-3/ long, about i" thick, pubes- cent; seeds about W long, smooth; coma whitish. In waste places, eastern New England, central New York, Ontario, and in ballast about the sea-ports. Ad- vi-mivf from Europe. English names, Codlins-and- cream, Fiddle-grass. June-Sept. 2. Epilobium alpinum L,. Alpine Willow- herb. (Fig. 2569.) Epilobium alpinum L. Sp. PI. 348. 1753. E. lactiflorum Haussk. OEst. Bot. Zeit. 29: 89. 1879. Slender, weak, glabrous or nearly so, 3/-i2/ high. Leaves thin, pale, petioled, opposite, or the upper al- ternate, denticulate or entire, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 6//-io// long, 2' ''-4" wide; flowers few, axillary, nearly erect, white, 2"- 3" broad, petals notched; stigma nearly entire; cap- sules slender-stalked, i/-2/ long, about %" thick, glabrous; seeds smooth, narrowed into a beak; coma •whitish. Labrador to British Columbia, south to the White Mountains of New Hampshire, Utah and Oregon. Also in Europe. Summer. 3. Epilobium anagallidifolium L/am. Pim- pernel Willow-herb. (Fig. 2570.) Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. Encycl. 2: 376. 1786. Low, usually tufted, 2/-6/ high, resembling the pre- ceding species but generally smaller. Stems commonly pubescent in lines and nodding at the apex; leaves oblong or narrowly ovate, entire or nearly so, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, 5"-io" long, i>^//-2^// wide; flowers few, axillary, clustered at the apex, violet-purple, nodding, about 2/4" broad; stigma entire; capsules slender-peduncled, glabrous, about i' long, l/tff wide; seeds smooth, short-beaked, about Yz" long; coma dingy-white. Labrador and through arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Nevada. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. VOL.. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 4. Epilobium palustre I,. Marsh or Swamp Willow-herb. (Fig. 2571.) Epilobium palustre L. Sp. PI. 348. 1753. Epilobium oliganthum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 223. 1803. Erect, slender, usually simple, V-\W high, peren- nial by subterranean shoots, canescent above with in- curved hairs. Leaves mostly opposite, sessile, oblong, or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or subtruncate at the apex, i/-2/ long, i//-2^// wide, erect or ascending, distinctly veined; flowers few in the upper axils, pink or whitish, usually nodding at first, 2//~3// broad; stigma entire or nearly so; fruiting peduncles slender; capsules i/-2/ long, slightly more than yz" thick, canescent; seeds about Yz" long, a little papillose, translucent, the apex scarcely narrowed; coma pale. In bogs, New Brunswick to Alaska, south to the White Mountains, Ontario, Colorado and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. Epilobium lineare Muhl. Linear-leaved Willow-herb. (Fig. 2572.) Epilobium lineare Muhl. Cat. 39. 1813. Epilobium palustre var. lineare A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 130. 1856. Slender, erect, canescent throughout with in- curved hairs, i°-2° high, at length much branched, perennial by subterranean shoots. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly short-petioled, oppo- site or alternate, erect or ascending, acute at both ends, entire or very nearly so, i/-2/ long, j£//-2// wide, the veins obscure; flowers few or numerous in the upper axils, erect, pink or whitish, 2"- 4" broad; stigma entire or slightly notched; pedi- cels mostly slender; capsules about 2' long, finely canescent; seeds less than \" long, slightly papil- lose, the coma dingy. In swamps, New Brunswick to Delaware, west to British Columbia, the Indian Territory and Wyoming. July-Sept. Sometimes produces bulblets near the base of the stem. 6. Epilobium strictum Muhl. Downy or Soft Willow-herb. (Fig. 2573.) Epilobium strictum Muhl. Cat. 39. 1813. Epilobium molle Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 393. 1824. Not Lam. 1805. Erect, usually much branched, i°-3° high, densely pubescent with whitish somewhat spreading hairs, perennial by subterranean shoots. Leaves sessile, ascending, broader than those of the preceding species, short- lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish, 9//-2o// long, 2//-4// wide, alternate or opposite, mostly en- tire, evidently veined; flowers in the upper axils, pink or whitish, about 2" broad; stigma entire or nearly so; capsules 2//-3// long, nearly i// thick, short-peduncled, canescent; seeds obconic, papillose; coma dingy. Bogs, Maine to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to Virginia and Illinois. July-Sept. ONAGRACEAE. [Vol.. II. 7. Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. Pan- icled Willow-herb. (Fig. 2574.) Epilobium paniculatum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 490. 1840. Annual, slender, i°-2° tall, loosely branched, glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above. Leaves alternate, varying from linear to linear-lanceolate, I '-3' long, acute, denticulate or nearly entire, at- tenuate into slender winged petioles, often invo- lutely folded; pedicels subtended by narrow bracts or bearing these some distance from their bases; calyx often purple, its tube funnelform, \"-\W long, shorter than the lanceolate segments; petals cuneate, notched, ^"-d," long, violet; capsules as- cending, linear-fusiform, io"-i5" long, curved; seeds obovoid, i" long, black, slightly papillose. Lake Huron to British Columbia, Colorado, Arizona and California. Summer. \\ 8. Epilobium coloratum Muhl. Purple-leaved Willow-herb. (Fig. 2575.) Epilobium coloratum Muhl.; Willd. Knum. i: 411. 1809. Erect, much branched, bushy, l°-3° high, more or less canescent alx>ve, with incurved hairs often arranged in lines, glabrate below. Stem and leaves often purplish; leaves gener- ally slender-petioled but sometimes sessile, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate or den- ticulate, 2/-6/ long, 3"-S" wide; flowers nu- merous in the axils, pink or white, 2"-3" broad, generally nodding; stigma entire or merely notched; capsules short- peduncled, finely pu- bescent, i '-2' long, about i" thick; seeds obconic-fusiform, beakless, papillose, less than i" long; coma reddish-brown. In low grounds, Maine to Ontario, Wisconsin, Nebraska, South Carolina, and Missouri. As- cends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. 9. Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. Northern Willow-herb. (Fig. 2576.) Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 206. 1833? Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. OEst. Bot. Zeit. 39:119. 1879. Closely resembling the preceding species, but the inflorescence and capsules glandular- pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, obtusish or sometimes acute, sparingly serrulate or denticulate, seldom over 1%,' long; flowers usually nodding at first; seeds ob- ovoid, abruptly short-beaked, about l/2" long, papillose; coma white. In moist grounds, New Brunswick to Oregon, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Iowa, Utah and California. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. July-Sept. Voi,. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 485 10. Epilobium Hornemanni Reichenb. Hornemann's Willow-herb. i£- 2577.) Epilobium Hornemanni Reichenb. Icon. Crit. 2: 73. 1824. Epilobium alpinum var. ma/us A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 177. 1867. Erect, 6'-i2' high, simple or nearly so, slightly pubescent above, otherwise glabrous. Leaves short- petioled, ovate or elliptic, mostly broadly obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, entire or rather remotely denticulate, thin, W-i*," long, 4//-io// wide; flowers few in the upper axils, purple or violet, 3//~3J^// broad; stigma entire; capsules I'-z^' long, nearly glabrous, slender-pedicelled; seeds about l/z" long, papillose, nearly beakless; coma dingy-white. Moist places, White Mountains to Labrador, west to Wisconsin and British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and to California. Also in Europe. Summer. 7. ONAGRA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 85. 1763. Annual or biennial caulescent herbs, with mostly erect stems. Leaves alternate, undulate or toothed, sessile or short-petioled ; buds erect. Flowers yellow, nocturnal, in terminal spikes. Calyx- tube elongated, terete, gradually enlarged at the throat; calyx-segments nar- row, the tips free in the bud. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, equal in length; filaments fili- form; anthers linear. Ovary 4-celled; united styles filiform; stigma 4-cleft; ovules numer- ous, in 2 or more rows, horizontal. Capsule 4-celled, 4-angled, more or less tapering, opening loculicidally. Seeds prismatic-angled, in 2 or more rows, horizontal. [Greek, the wild ass, said to refer to the similarity of its leaves to the ears of that animal.] About 12 species, chiefly North American. Flowers small ; petals i"-2" broad. Flowers large ; petals M'-z' broad. Capsules Y4 -i' long, abruptly narrowed at the apex. • Capsules i#'-i 1A' long, gradually narrowed from near the base. 1. O. cruciata. 2. O. biennis. 3. O. Oakesiana. i. Onagra cruciata (Nutt.) Small. Small-flowered Evening- Primrose. (Fig. 2578.) OEnothera cruciala Nutt. ; Ser. in DC. Prodr. 3: 47, as synonym. 1828. OEnothera biennis var. cruciala T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 492. 1840. Onagra biennis cruciata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 233. 1894- Onagra cruciata Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 169. 1896. Annual, glabrous or sparingly villous. Stem erect, 2c-4° tall, usually simple, purple; leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate (the upper ones often lanceolate), i^/-4/ long, acute, serrate-denticulate, the lower ones slender-pe- tioled, the uppermost nearly sessile; flowers small, yellow, nocturnal; spikes 4/-i2/ long, leafy-bracted; calyx-tube slender, %'-i' long, sparingly villous; calyx-segments linear- lanceolate, shorter than the tube; petals linear, %' long, i//-2// broad, acutish; capsules V- itf' long, gradually narrowed from the base, villous; seeds prismatic-angled, i// long. Vermont to New York and Massachusetts. As- cends to 2000 feet in the Adirondacks. Aug.-Oct. 486 ONAGRACEAE. [Vol.. II. 2. Onagra biennis (L,.) Scop. Common Evening-Primrose. Night Willow-herb. (Fig. 2579.) OEnothera biennis L. Sp. PI. 346. 1753. OE. muricata L. Syst. Ed. 12, 263. 1767. Erect, generally stout, annual or bien- nial, simple and wand-like or branched, i°-9° high, more or less hirsute-pubes- cent, rarely glabrate. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed and sessile at the base or the lowest petioled, repand- denticulate, i'-6' long; flowers spicate, terminal, leafy-bracted, bright yellow, opening in the evening, i/-2/ broad; calyx-tube slender, much longer than the ovary, the lobes linear, contiguous at the base, reflexed ; capsules oblong, narrowed above, erect, pubescent, fr /-i/ long, 2#"- 3" thick, nearly terete; seeds angled. Usually in dry soil, Labrador to Florida, west to the Rocky Mountains. Naturalized in the Old World. June-Oct. Onagra biennis grandiflora ( Ait. ) I.indl. ; Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 171. 1896. OEnothera grandiflora Ait. I loft. Kew, a: 2. 1789. Stouter. Leaves larger, thicker and broader; flowers 2' -4' broad. Range nearly that of the species, more common southward. 3. Onagra Oakesiana (A. Gray) Britton. Oakes' Evening-Primrose. (Fig. 2580.) OEnothera biennis var. Oakesiana A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 178. 1867. Onagra Oakesiana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 233- 1894- Resembling the preceding species, usually annual, dull green, pnbescent with appressed velvety hairs. Stem i°-4° tall, mostly simple; leaves narrow, the basal narrowly oblanceolate, S'-lc/ long, the cauline lanceolate or linear-lan- ceolate, all acute, distantly dentate, sessile or short-petioled; flowers yellow, nocturnal, I'-iJ^' broad; spikes 4/-2o/ long; calyx villous, its tube about T/ long, its segments linear-lanceolate, one-half as long as the tube; petals obovate, %'-%' long; capsule linear-pyramidal, grad- ually narrowed to the summit, i*£f-iftf long, 4- sided, curved; seeds prismatic, about \" long, the faces reticulated. Shores of the St. Lawrence and along the Great Lakes, south to southern New York and Nebraska. Summer. 8. OENOTHERA L> Sp. PI. 346. 1753. Usually low annual biennial or perennial caulescent herbs, with prostrate or erect stems. Leaves alternate, sinuate or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, yellow, axillary, or sometimes in terminal spikes, nocturnal; buds erect. Calyx-tube elongated, sometimes filiform, terete; calyx-segments 4, finally reflexed, deciduous. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, equal in length; filaments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary 4-celled, elongated; united styles filiform; stigma deeply 4-cleft; ovules numerous, in 2 rows, ascending. Capsules usually narrowly cylindric, sometimes slightly tapering, spreading or ascending, obtusely 4-angled, loculici- dal. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows, terete, crowned by a tubercle. [Greek, wine-scenting, the roots being once used for that purpose.] About 20 species, in North America and western South America. Vor,. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 487 1. O. humifusa. 2. O. laciniata. 3. O. rhombipetala. Flowers axillary. Silvery-pubescent with appressed or ascending hairs; seeds striate. Glabrous or sparingly hirsute-pubescent; seeds pitted. Flowers in terminal bracted spikes. i. OEnothera humifusa Nutt. Seaside Evening- Primrose. (Fig. 2581.) OEnothera humifusa Nutt. Gen. i: 245. 1818. OEnothera sinuata var. humifusa T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 494. 1840. Spreading and decumbent or ascending, branched from the base and usually also above, silvery-pubescent with white appressed or ascending hairs; stems 8/-i8/ long. Leaves sessile or narrowed into a petiole, acut- ish or sometimes obtuse at the apex, j£'-2' long, repand- denticulate, the lower pinnatifid; flowers axillary, yel- low, nocturnal, 6//-io// broad ; calyx-lobes linear, obtusish, shorter than the tube, somewhat spreading; capsule linear, 6//-i2// long, about i^" thick, very pubescent; seeds striate longitudinally. On sea-beaches, New Jersey to Florida. June-Sept. 2. OEnothera laciniata Hill. Sinuate- leaved Evening-Primrose. (Fig. 2582. ) OEnothera laciniata Hill. Veg. Syst. 12: 64. 1767. OEnothera sinuata L. Mant. 2: 228. 1771. OEnothera minima Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 262. pi. 15. 1814. Decumbent or ascending, simple or sometimes branched, 4/-i8/ high, glabrous or sparingly hirsute- pubescent. Leaves sessile or the lower petioled, oval-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, sinuate-dentate or often pinnatifid, I'-a' long; flowers axillary (or on small plants some- times solitary and terminal), 6//-i8// broad; calyx- lobes linear-lanceolate, reflexed, much shorter than the slender tube; capsule linear, I'-i j^' long, about \'f thick, more or less pubescent, straight or curved upward ; seeds strongly pitted. In sandy dry soil, southern New Jersey to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico, extending into South America. May -June. Naturalized in Vermont. OEnothera laciniata grandis Britton. OE. sinuata\zx.grandiflora S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 581. 1873. Not OE.grandifiora Ait. 1789. OEnothera sinuata grandis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5; 358. 1894. Similar to the species, but the leaves more prominently toothed and the flowers 2'-2j4' broad. Missouri and Kansas, south to Texas. 3. OEnothera rhombipetala Nutt. Rhombic Evening-Primrose. (Fig. 2583.) OEnothera rhombipetala Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:493. 1840. Erect, simple or rarely branched, finely and densely appressed pubescent, 2°-4° high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile and rounded at the base or the lower narrowed into petioles, acuminate at the apex, remotely denticulate, 2'- 4' long; flowers spicate, terminal, leafy -bracted, yellow, nocturnal, i/-2/ broad; calyx-lobes lin- ear, reflexed, canescent, shorter than the very slender tube; petals rhombic-obovate; capsule columnar, curved upward, pubescent, 6//-8// long, about \" thick; seeds obovoid, tuberculate at the top. On prairies, Minnesota to Indiana, Nebraska and the Indian Territory. June-July. 488 ONAGRACEAE. [VOL. II. 9. ANOGRA Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) 4: 164. 1835. Low annual or perennial caulescent herbs. Stems often clothed with a papery bark. Leaves alternate, entire or usually pinnatifid. Buds drooping; flowers perfect, white or pink, usually axillary, diurnal. Calyx-tube elongated, gradually enlarged upward; calyx-segments narrow, finally reflexed, the tips free or united in the bud. Stamens 8, equal in length; filaments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary elongated, 4-celled; united styles filiform; stigma deeply 4-cleft; ovules numerous, in i row, ascending. Capsules elongated, spreading or ascending, 4-angled, loculicidal. Seeds ascending, in i row, terete. [Anagram of Onagra.] About 10 species, chiefly in southern North America. Tips of the calyx-segments not free in the bud. i. A. albicaulis. Tips of the calyx-segments free in the bud. Throat of the calyx-tube villous within. 2. A. coronopifolia. Throat of the calyx-tube glabrous within. 3. A. pallida. i. Anogra albicaulis (Pursh) Britton. Prairie Evening-Primrose. 2584.) (Fig- OEnothera albicaulis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 733. 1814. Not Nutt. 1818. OEnothera pinnatifida Nutt. Gen. i: 245. 1818. Anogra albicaulis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 234. 1894. Diffusely branched at the base; branches decumbent or ascending, more or less hir- sutely pubescent or puberulent, whitish and often shreddy, 4'-! 2' long. Basal and lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile, oblanceolate or lanceolate in outline, deeply pinnatifid or the lowest repand- dentate (rarely entire), i'-4' long; flowers axillary, diurnal, i#'-3' broad, white, becoming rose-color; petals obcordate or emarginate; calyx-segments lanceolate, not free in the bud, acuminate, hirsute, finally reflexed, the throat naked; capsule linear, i'-l#' long, about i" thick, hir- sute or puberulent; seeds finely pitted. Prairies, Nebraska and Dakota to New Mexico and Sonora. April-June. a. Anogra coronopifdlia (T. & G.) Brit- ton. Cut-leaved Evening- Primrose. (Fig. 2585.) OEnolhera coronopifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 495. 1840. Anogra coronopifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 234. 1894. Erect, branched, 6/-2° high, more or less hispid, pubescent or canescent. Leaves lanceolate or ob- lanceolate in outline, sessile or the lowest petioled, 6//-2/ long, usually finely and deeply pinnatifid into linear-oblong lobes; flowers axillary, white, turning pink, 9//-i5// broad; calyx-segments linear, the tips free in the bud, reflexed, the throat villous within; petals broadly obovate; capsule oblong, abruptly constricted at the top, straight, pubes- cent and sometimes tuberculate, 4//-io// long, about 2" thick; seeds tuberculate. Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Utah, south to Kansas and New Mexico. June-Sept. Voi,. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 489 White-stemmed Evening- Primrose. 3. Anogra pallida (L,indl.) Britton. (Fig. 2586.) OE. aldtcaults'Nutt.FTSLS.Ca.t. Name only. 1813. OE. pallida Lindl. Bot. Reg. 14: pi. 1142. 1828. Anogra pallida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 234. 1894. Erect, simple or branched, 6'-4° high, stems white or pale, glabrous or puberulent, rarely with a few scattered long hairs, the bark often shreddy. Leaves linear or ob- long linear, sessile or the lowest petioled, finely appressed-pubescent or glabrate, en- tire, repand or somewhat pinnatifid, I'-sK' long; flowers axillary, white, turning pink, I'-i)^' broad; segments of the calyx linear, the tips free in the bud, its throat glabrous within; petals nearly orbicular, entire or emarginate; capsule linear, curved, i/-2/ long, about ij^" thick; seeds smooth. Prairies, Minnesota to British Columbia, Ne- braska, Mexico and California. May-Aug. 10. KNEIFFIA Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 373. 1835. Usually slender annual or perennial caulescent shrubby herbs. Leaves thinnish, mostly narrow, entire or shallowly toothed; buds erect. Flowers perfect, yellow, diurnal, in ter- minal spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube slender, dilated at the throat; calyx-segments finally reflexed, the tips united in the bud or nearly so. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, the alter- nate ones longer; filaments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary usually club-shaped, 4-angled; united styles filiform; stigma 4-cleft; ovules numerous, on slender stalks, in many rows. Capsules more or less club-shaped, nearly sessile or long-stalked, 4-winged or rarely sharply 4-angled. Seeds numerous, not angled, without a tubercle. [In honor of Prof. C. Kneiff, of Strassburg, who wrote on cryptogamic botany.] About 10 species, mostly in temperate North America. Stem-leaves filiform-linear; capsules 4-angled or very slightly 4-winged. I. K. linifolia. Stem-leaves never approaching filiform; capsules prominently winged. Capsules club-shaped. Pedicels and capsules pubescent. Stems decumbent, spreading; body of the capsule becoming subglobose. 2. K. Alleni. Stems erect or nearly so; body of the capsule more or less elongated. Pedicel longer than the body of the capsule, the wings thick and pubescent. 3. K. longipedicellata. Pedicel shorter than the body of the capsule, the wings thin and glabrous. 4. K. linearis. Pedicels and capsules glabrous or glabrate. 5. K. pumila. Capsules oblong or nearly so. Plants not glaucous, usually pubescent; capsules less than 4" long. 6. K. fruticosa. Plants somewhat glaucous, glabrous; capsules more than 5" long. 7. K. glauca. i. Kneiffia linifdlia (Nutt.) Spach. Thread-leaved Sundrops. (Fig. 2587.) OEnothera linifolia Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: i2p. 1821. Kneiffia linifolia Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Par. 4: 368. 1835. Erect, very slender, simple or branched, 6'-i8' high, glabrous or nearly so below, finely pubescent above. Stem-leaves filiform- linear, entire, crowded, 6//-i5// long; basal leaves tufted, oblanceolate or spatulate, peti- oled, about i' long; flowers in loose spike-like racemes, yellow, diurnal, 3//-4// broad; calyx- lobes short, reflexed, the tube rather shorter than the ovary ; stigma-lobes very short; capsule obovoid, sessile or very nearly so, puberulent, sharply 4-sided but not winged, 2//_3// long. In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas, south to Geor- gia, Louisiana and Texas. May-July. 490 ONAGRACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. Kneiffia Alleni (Britton) Small. Allen's Sundrops. (Fig. 2588.) OEnothera fruticosa var. humifusa Allen, Bull. Torr. Club, 1:3. 1870. Not OE. humifusa Nutt. 1818. Kneiffia linearis Alleni Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 235. 1894. Knnffia Alleni Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 177. 1896. Low, perennial, finely appressed-pubescent; stems decumbent, at length diffusely branched, 3/-2° long, wiry and zigzag. Leaves oblanceolate to lan- ceolate, %'-iX' long, usually obtuse, undulate, ses- sile or short-petioled; flowers yellow, about ^'-l' broad; racemes i/-2/ long, usually interrupted: calyx villous, its tube 2//-3// long, striate, its seg- ments linear-oblong, as long as the tube; petals orbicular-obovoid, notched at the apex; capsules club-shaped, $"-4" long, the body subglobose, winged, shorter than the pedicels; seeds obovoid, to oblong, %" long, minutely pitted in rows. In sand, eastern Long Island. June-Aug. 3. Kneiffia longipedicellata Small. Long-stemmed Sundrops. (Fig. 2589.) Kneiffia longiptdicellata Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 178. 1896. Annual, slender, more or less puberulent; stems erect or assurgent, i°-2#° tall, red, sim- ple or sparingly branched above. Basal leaves spatulate or obovate-spatulate, i>i/-3/ long; stem-leaves few, linear-lanceolate, i'-2#' long, obtuse or ncutish, entire, sometimes undulate, short-petioled; flowers yellow, i'-2' broad; ra- cemes i '-4' long; calyx hirsute, its tube slender, 5//-7// long, its segments nearly linear, longer than the tube, the tips free in the bud; petals ob- ovate, emarginate; capsules narrowly obovoid, the bodies about 5" long, their angles with stout pubescent wings, their faces strongly ridged, the pubescent pedicel longer than the body; seeds irregular, less than %" long, minutely papillose. New York to West Virginia and Florida. May-Aug. 4. Kneiffia linearis (Michx.) Spach. Narrow-leaved Sundrops. ( Fig. 2590. ) nothera linearis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:225. 1803. Kneiffia linearis Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 376. 1835. Biennial or perennial, slender, pilose or nearly glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, 6/-2o/ tall, simple or much-branched above, finally angled; basal leaves spatulate or broadly oblanceolate, 2'- 3' long, entire or nearly so; cauline leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, 1'-$' long, slightly toothed, acute or obtuse, short-petioled ; flowers yellow, ^'-i^' broad; racemes i'-4' long; calyx slightly pubescent, its tube 4"-6// long, its segments linear-lanceolate, longer than the tube; petals obovate, shallowly notched at the apex and eroded; capsule oblong-club-shaped, 4//_7// long, the angles with papery glabrous wings, its faces ridged, narrowed into pedicels which are much shorter than the bodies; seeds irregular, %" long, angled. Connecticut to Tennessee and Georgia. June-Sept VOL. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 491 Kneiffia pumila (L,.) Spach. Small Sun- drops. (Fig. 2591.) OEnothera pumila L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 493. 1762. OEnothera chrysantha Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 225. Kneiffia pumila Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 377. 1835. 1803. Erect, branched or simple, finely puberulent, 8'-2° high. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse or obtus- ish at the apex, narrowed at the base and often petioled, entire or very nearly so, i/-2/ long, 2//~4// wide, usually glabrous; the basal ones broader and shorter; flowers in terminal, leafy-bracted spikes, yellow, diurnal, 4"- I2// broad; calyx-tube shorter than the ovary, the lobes linear-lanceolate, reflexed; petals obcordate; capsule sessile or short-stalked, glabrous, club-shaped, •$"-(>" long, the body obovoid, somewhat wing-angled. In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to New Jersey, Georgia and Kansas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. 6. Kneiffia fruticosa (L/. ) Raimann. Common Sundrops. (Fig. 2592.) OEnothera fruticosa L. Sp. PI. 346. 1753. Kneiffia fruticosa Raimann, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 7, 214. 1893. Erect, usually branched, i°-3° high, pubescent with short hairs, rarely glabrous. Leaves lanceo- late, ovate-lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed and sessile at the base or the lowest petioled, repand-denticu- late, or rarely nearly entire, \'-A,' long; flowers yellow, diurnal, i/-2/ broad, in terminal, leafy- bracted spikes; calyx-segments lanceolate, spreading, the tube mostly longer than the ovary; petals obcordate; capsule sessile or short- stalked, oblong, prominently winged, glabrous or pubescent, 3"-4" long. In dry soil, Nova Scotia, New England to Geor- gia, west to Minnesota and Louisiana. June-Aug. 1894. Kneiffia fruticosa pilosella (Raf.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 234. OEnothera pilosella Raf. Ann. Nat. 15. 1820. Pubescent with long spreading hairs throughout. New York to Illinois, south to Georgia, cends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. 7. Kneiffia glauca (Michx.) Spach. Glau- cous Sundrops. (Fig. 2593.) OEnothera glauca Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 224. 1803. Kneiffia glauca Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 374. 1835. Erect, glabrous and glaucous, i^°-3° high. Leaves sessile or the lower petioled, ovate or oval, repand- denticulate, 2/-5/ long, 5"-i5" wide, acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base; flowers bright yellow, diurnal, i>^/-3/ broad, very showy in short, leafy corymbs; petals broadly obovate, emargin- ate; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spread- ing, its tube very slender and 5-8 times as long as the ovary; capsule oblong, broadly 4-winged, glabrous, 5//-6// long, borne on a short stalk. In dry woods, mountains of Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Also, according to B. B. Smyth, in Kansas. May-Sept. As- 492 ONAGRACEAE. [Vol.. II. ii. HARTMANNIA Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 370. 1835. Annual or perennial caulescent herbs with branched stems. Leaves alternate, commonly pinnatifid or lyrate; buds drooping. Flowers perfect, white, red or purple, diurnal, in ter- minal spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube funnelform; calyx-segments narrow, deciduous, their tips mostly free in the bud. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, the alternate ones longer; fila- ments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary elongated, 4-celled; stigma 4-cleft; ovules numerous on slender stalks, in many rows. Capsules club-shaped, 4-winged, sessile or stalked. Seeds numerous, not tuberculate. [In honor of Emanuel Hartmann, a resident of Louisiana.] About 10 species, in North and South America. i. Hartmannia specidsa (Nutt.) Small. Showy Primrose. (Fig. 2594.) OE, speciosa Nutt Journ. Acad. Phil. 2: 119. 1821. Hartmannia speciosa Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 181. 1896. Erect, ascending or decumbent, more or less branched, 6'-3° high, puberulent or finely pu- bescent. Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, sessile, or short-petioled, acutish, sinuate or pinnatifid, 2/-3/ long; basal leaves slender- petioled, oval or oval -lanceolate, repand or pin- natifid at the base; flowers white or pink, \%f- 3%' broad, generally few, loosely spicate; petals broadly obovate, emarginate; calyx-lobes ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, the tube rather longer than the ovary; capsule club-shaped, strongly 4-ribbed, 4-winged, pubescent, 6//~9" long, on a short stout pedicel. Prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Louisiana, Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico. May-July. Exten- sively naturalized in South Carolina and Georgia. 12. PACHYLOPHUS Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 365. 1835. Perennial acaulescent or nearly acaulescent herbs. Leaves basal, leathery, pinnatifid or pinnately-toothed, petioled. Flowers basal, more or less tufted. Calyx pubescent, its tube linear-funnelform, its segments narrow, 2-3 times shorter than the tube. Petals white or pink, spreading. Stamens 8; filaments filiform, the alternate ones longer; anthers linear. United styles filiform; stigma 4-cleft. Capsules basal, woody, pyramidal, its angles retuse or obtuse, transversely wrinkled. Seeds sessile, in I or 2 rows, deeply furrowed along the raphe. [Greek, referring to the tuberculate edges of the valves of the capsule.] A monotypic genus of western North America. i. Pachylophus caespitdsa (Nutt.) Raimann. (Fig. 2595.) OEnothera caespilosa Nutt. Fras. Cat 1813. OEnothera scapigera Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 263. 1814. Pachylophus caespitosa Raimann in Engl. & Prantl, Nat Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 7, 215. 1893. Acaulescent or nearly so, perennial or biennial from a thick woody root. Leaves clustered at the base, narrowed into a slender petiole, lanceo- late, oblanceolate or oval, acutish at the apex, densely pubescent, sinuate-dentate, often densely ciliate with white hairs, repand or pinnatifid, 3'- 8' long, usually less than i' wide; flowers few, white or rose, 1%'-$' broad; petals obcordate; lobes of the calyx pubescent, narrowly lanceolate, reflexed -spreading, its tube 2/-7/ long, dilated at the mouth, many times longer than the ovary; capsule sessile, ovoid, strongly tuberculate on each side, the angles ribbed; seeds densely and minutely tuberculate. Nebraska and Montana to the Northwest Territory, south to Nevada, New Mexico and Sonora. June-July. Scapose Primrose. VOL. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 493 13. LAVAUXIA Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 366. 1835. Low perennial usually acaulescent herbs, rarely producing short stems. Leaves mostly basal, pinnatifid, numerous. Flowers perfect, white, pink or pale yellow. Calyx-tube slender, dilated at the throat; calyx-segments finally reflexed, the tips free in the bud or united. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, the alternate ones longer; filaments filiform; an- thers linear. Ovary short, 4-angled; stigma 4-cleft; ovules few. Capsules stout, their angles sometimes winged above. Seeds few. [In honor of Francois Delavaux, founder of the botan- ical garden at Nismes.] About 6 species, chiefly in southern North America. Leaves membranous; capsules beaked, glabrate. i. L. triloba. Leaves leathery; capsules hardly beaked, pubescent. 2. L. brachycarpa. i. Lavauxia triloba (Nutt.) Spaeh. Three-lobed Primrose. (Fig. 2596.) OEnothera triloba Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 2: 1 18. 1821. Lavauxia triloba Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 367. 1835. Nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves pet- ioled, runcinate-pinnatifid, or sinuate, some- times ciliate, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 3'- i2/ long, sometimes 2' wide, the apex acute or acutish; flowers white or pink, i'-2%' broad; calyx lobes lanceolate, spreading, the tube slender, somewhat dilated at the summit, many times longer than the ovary, 2/~4/ long; petals often 3-lobed; capsule ovoid, 4:wing- angled, reticulate veined, 6//-i2// long; seeds finely and densely tuberculate. In dry soil, Kentucky and Tennessee to Arkan- sas, Utah and California, south to Mississippi, Texas and northern Mexico. May-July. Lavauxia triloba Watsonii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 235. 1894. OEnolhera triloba var. parvifiora S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 251. 1876. Annual; flowers smaller; fruit densely crowded. Perhaps a distinct species. Kansas (and Nebraska?). 2. Lavauxia brachycarpa (A. Gray) Brit- ton. Short-podded Primrose. (Fig. 2597.) OEnothera brachycarpa A. Gray. PI. Wright, i: 70. 1852. Lavauxia brachycarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 235. 1894. Low, perennial by a stout root, acaulescent or nearly so, softly canescent. Leaves basal, leathery, ovate to narrowly oblong, $'-<)' long, acute or ob- tuse, lyrate-pinnatifid or sometimes nearly entire; petioles sometimes as long as the blade; flowers yel- low, basal ; calyx canescent, its tube 2'-^' long, grad- ually dilated upward, its segments linear-lanceo- late, about one-half as long as the tube, the tips free in the bud; petals i'-i%' long, undulate; cap- sules elliptic, 8"-9" long, leathery or corky, the angles very thin, the faces somewhat wrinkled. Montana to Kansas, Texas and New Mexico. April- July. 14. GAURELLA Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 183. 1896. Low perennial canescent or strigillose herbs with wiry diffusely branched stems. Leaves small, narrow, nearly entire or distantly toothed, narrowed into very short petioles. Flowers axillary, sessile. Calyx purplish, its tube cylindric, slightly dilated at the throat, its seg- ments narrow, slightly longer than the tube, their tips united in the bud. Petals obovate, white or pink, spotted or striped with red. Stamens 8, the alternate ones longer; filaments filiform-subulate; anthers linear. Ovary 4-angled, short; united styles stout, enlarged 494 ONAGRACEAE. [Voi,. II. above; stigmas filiform. Capsules ovoid-pyramidal, sessile, attenuate into a curved beak, sharply 4-angled, the faces swollen. Seeds obovoid, angled, delicately striate. [Diminutive of Gaura.] A monotypic genus of the west-central United States. i. Gaurella guttulata (Geyer) Small. Spotted Primrose. (Fig. 2598.) OEnothera canescensTorr. Frem. Rep. 315. 1845. Not OE. biennisv&r. canescens T. & G. 1840. OEnothera guttulata Geyer; Hook. L,ond. Journ. Bot. 6: 222. 1847. Gaurella gutlulata Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 183. 1896. Diffusely branched from near or at the base, 4/-S/ high, canescent with appressed hairs, the branches decumbent or ascending. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile and narrowed at the base, obtusish at the apex, 4"-8" long, i>^//-2// wide, repand- denticulate or entire; flowers axillary, white or pink, <)tf-\ifr wide; calyx-lobes lanceolate, canescent, the tube longer than the ovary; petals obovate, entire; capsule ovate, canes- cent, 4//~5// long, angled, not winged, ses- sile; seeds angled, slipper-shaped. Prairies, Nebraska to New Mexico. June-Sept. 15. MEGAPTERIUM Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 363. 1835. Low perennial herbs with stout sparingly branched stems. Leaves numerous, alternate, narrow, entire or slightly toothed. Flowers perfect, few, but large and showy, axillary, yellow. Calyx-tube much elongated, dilated toward the throat; calyx-segments narrow, the tips free in the bud. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, the alternate ones longer; filaments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary 4-celled, 4-angled or 4- winged; united styles filiform; stigma 4-cleft; ovules few, sessile in rows. Capsules broadly 4- winged. Seeds few, crested. [Greek, broad-winged.] About 3 species, in North America and Mexico. 1. M. Missouriense. 2. M. Frcmontii. Flowers 3' -6' broad; capsules suborbicular, 2' -a'4' long. Flowers I'-a* broad; capsules oblong, ^"-14" long. i. Megapterium Missouriense (Sims) Spach. Missouri Prim- rose. (Fig. 2599.) OEnothera Missouriensis Sims. Bot Mag. pi. 1592. 1814. OEnothera macrocarfra Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 734. 1814. Megapterium Missouriense Spach, Hist. Veg. 4:364. 1835. Tufted, stems decumbent or ascending, finely and densely canescent, 6/-i2/ long. Leaves thick, linear-lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base into a slender petiole, or the uppermost nearly sessile, entire or re- motely denticulate, 2/-6/long, 2//-8//wide; flowers axillary, yellow, 3 '-6' broad; calyx- lobes broadly lanceolate, spreading, the tube 2/-6/ long, 6-12 times the length of the ovary; capsule short-stalked, nearly orbicu- lar, very broadly winged, finely canescent, or glabrate when mature, i'-37 long; seeds with an incised crest. In dry soil, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas. May-July. Vox,. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 495 2. Megapterium Fremontii (S. Wats.) Britton. (Fig. 2600.) Fremont's Primrose. OEnothera Fremontii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 587. 1873. Megapterium Fremontii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 236. 1894. Tufted, stems mostly simple, ascending, 2/-6/ high, densely appressed-pubescent or canescent. Leaves lanceolate to somewhat oblanceolate, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base into a slender petiole, en- tire or very nearly so, silvery canescent, !%'-$' long, 2//-4// wide; flowers yellow, axillary, i/-2/ broad; calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, the tube canescent, very slender, 4-5 times the length of the ovary; capsule ovate, canescent, broadly winged, rounded at the summit, about 8" long and 6" wide, short-stalked; seeds not tuberculate. Kansas to Texas. Summer. 16. GALPINSIA Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 236. 1894. [SALPINGTA Raimann, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 7, 217. 1893. Not Salpinga DC.] Perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants with much branched or tufted stems. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Flowers perfect, yellow, axillary. Calyx-tube slender, narrowly funnelform, longer than the ovary; calyx-segments narrow, the tips free in the bud. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, equal in length; filaments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary 4-celled, elongated; united styles filiform; stigma disk-like, entire. Capsules elon- gated, narrowed at the base, more or less curved. Seeds sometimes tuberculate. [Anagram of Salpingia.~\ About 4 species, in the southern United States and Mexico. i. Galpinsia Hartwegi (Benth.) Britton. Hart- vveg's Primrose. (Fig. 2601.) OEnothera Hartwegi Benth. PI. Hartw. 5. 1839. OEnothera lavendulaefolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 501. 1840. Galpinsia Harlwegi. Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 236. 1894. Somewhat woody, canescent or pubescent, much branched, the branches decumbent or ascending, 6'- 15' long. Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, and sessile, 6"-2' long, i>^//-3// wide, entire or slightly repand-denticulate; flowers axillary, yellow, 9//-2/ broad; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate, reflexed-spreading, the tube dilated above, many times longer than the ovary; petals rhombic-obovate, acutish; stigma dis- coid; capsule nearly sessile, narrowly cylindric, canescent, 6"-i2" long, i//-2// thick; seeds obscurely tuberculate. Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and northern Mex- ico. May-Sept. 17. MERIOLIX Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 4: 192. 1818. Biennial or perennial herbs with branched stems which sometimes become shrubby. Leaves alternate, narrow, entire or sharply serrate. Flowers perfect, regular, axillary, yellow. Calyx-tube funnelform, shorter than the ovary; calyx-segments narrow, keeled on the back, the tips free in the bud. Petals 4, often blotched at the base. Stamens 8, equal in length; filaments filiform; anthers narrow. Ovary 4-celled, 4-angled; stigma disk-like, 4-toothed; ovules numerous. Capsules linear, 4-angled, 4-celled, sessile. Seeds longitudinally grooved. A monotypic genus of temperate North America. 496 ONAGRACEAE. [Voi,. II. i. Meriolix serrulata Tooth-leaved Primrose. (Nutt.) Walp. (Fig. 2602.) OEnothera serrulata Nutt. Gen. i: 246. 1818. Meriolix serrulata Walp. Repert. 3: 79. 1843. Erect, simple or branched, canescent or glabrate, 4/-i8/ high. Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base and usually sessile, sharply dentate or denticulate, i '-3' long, 2//-3// wide; flowers yellow, axillary, ()"-<)" broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, some- what reflexed, the tube funnelform, silvery canes- cent, shorter than or equalling the ovary; petals ob- ovate, crenulate; stigma discoid; capsule sessile, linear-cylindric, silvery canescent, 8//-i5// long, about i" thick, slightly grooved longitudinally. In dry soil, Manitoba and Minnesota to Texas and New Mexico. May-July. Meriolix serrulata spinulosa (T. &G.) Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 187. 1896. OEnothera serrulata var. spinulosa T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 502. 1840. More robust than the species. Leaves usually more spiny-toothed; flowers i'-a' broad; petals with a dark blotch at the base. Saskatchewan, south to Missouri and Texas. 18. GAURA L. Sp. PI. 347. 1753. Annual biennial or perennial herbs, somewhat woody at the base, with alternate nar- row sessile leaves, and white pink or red flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx us- ually pubescent, its tube narrow, prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous, 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed), the lobes reflexed. Petals 4 (rarely 3), clawed, unequal. Stamens usually 8, de- clined; filaments filiform, each with a small scale at the base. Ovary i-celled; united styles filiform, declined; stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a cup-like border; ovules usually 4, pendulous. Fruit nut-like, ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, 1-4 seeded. Seeds unappendaged. [Greek, proud, some species being showy.-] About 18 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Fruit sessile or very nearly soj flowers spicate. Flowers i &"-2 broad; stigma little exserted beyond its cup. i. G. parviflora. Flowers 4" -5" broad; stigma exserted beyond its cup. Flowers red. turning scarlet; fruit canescent. 2. G. coccinea. Flowers white, turning pink; fruit villous. 3. G. biennis. Fruit pedicelled; flowers racemose. Fruit about 3" long, the body nearly as thick as long. 4. G. Michauxii. Fruit 5" -7" long, the body much longer than thick. Leaves mostly glabrous; fruit 7" long, glabrous, its stout pedicel club-shaped. 5. G. sinuata. Leaves densely villous; fruit 5" long, pubescent, its slender pedicel nearly filiform. 6. G. villosa. i. Gaura parvifldra Dougl. Small- flowered Gaura. (Fig. 2603.) Gaura parviflora Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:208. 1832. Erect, branched, villous-pubescent with whitish hairs, 2°-s° high. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, repand-denticulate, narrowed at the base, softly pubescent, i>£/-4/ long, 4//-i8// wide; spikes elongated, usually densely flowered; flowers sessile, pink, \W~i" broad, the ovary and calyx-tube slender; fruit sessile, narrowed at the base, 4-nerved, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous or nearly so, 3//-4// long. In dry soil, Nebraska and Missouri to Louisi- ana, Texas and Mexico, west to Oregon, Utah and New Mexico. May-Aug. VOL. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 2. Gaura coccinea Pursh. Scarlet Gaura. (Fig. 2604.) Gaura coccinea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 733. 1814. Erect or ascending, much branched, canescent, pubescent or glabrate, 6/-2° high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear-oblong, denticulate, repand or entire, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, 6//-i8// long, 2//-4// wide; flowers 'sessile, red, turning scarlet, 4"-s" broad; fruit sessile, terete be- low, 4-sided and narrowed above, canescent, 3//~4// long. Prairies and dry soil, Manitoba and Minnesota to Ne- braska and Texas, west to Montana, Utah, Arizona, and in Mexico. May-Aug. 497 3. Gaura biennis L. Biennial Gaura. (Fig. 2605.) Gaura biennis L. Sp. PI. 347. 1753. Erect, much branched, villous or downy-pu- bescent, 2°-5° high. Leaves lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, pubescent or finally glabrate above, remotely denticulate, 2/-4/ long, 2//-5// wide; spikes slender; flowers sessile, white, turning pink, 4//-5// broad; fruit sessile, narrowed at each end, 4-ribbed, villous pubescent, 3//-4// long. In dry soil, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Nebraska and Arkansas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Jxily-Sept. 4. Gaura Michauxii Spach. Michaux' Gaura. (Fig. 2606.) Gaura Michauxii Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Par. 4: 379. 1835. Gaura filipes Spach, loc. cit. 379. 1835. Erect, glabrous or nearly so, panicu- lately branched above, 2°-6° high. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or acutish at both ends, or obtuse at the apex, sinu- ate or denticulate, i/~3/ long, i>^//-4// wide; racemes usually short and loosely flowered, long-peduncled; flowers pedi- celled, white, turning reddish, 3//-4// broad; fruit ovoid, 4-angled above, 2/'-3// long, borne on a pedicel of nearly or quite its own length. In dry fields, Virginia to Illinois and Kan- sas, south to Florida and Louisiana. July- Aug. 32 498 ONAGRACEAE. [VOL. II. 5. Gaura sinuata Nutt. Wavy -leaved Gaura. (Fig. 2607.) Gaura sinuata Nutt.; Ser. in DC. Prodr. 3: 44. 1828. Perennial, erect or decumbent, glabrous, or rarely sparingly villous. Stem branched at the base or throughout, I "-3° tall, usu- ally naked above ; leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, or nearly linear, sinuate- toothed, i '-3' long, acute, on winged petioles or nearly sessile; calyx slightly pubescent, its tube above the ovary fun- nelform, i"-2" long, several times shorter than the linear segments; petals oblong- obovate, 4//-5// long; stamens shorter than the petals; fruit about 7" long, glabrous, 4-ridged and 4-grooved above the stout club-shaped pedicel. In dry soil, Kansas to Arkansas and Texas. May-July. 6. Gaura villdsa Torr. Woolly Gaura. (Fig. 2608.) Gaura villosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. a: 200. 1827. Perennial, erect or nearly so, canescent or villous. Stems i°-3° tall, simple or much branched, often naked above; leaves varying from lanceolate to oblan- ceolate or sometimes nearly linear, i'~3' long, sinuate-toothed or pinnatiful, acute or acuminate, sessile; calyx canescent, its tube above the ovary funnelform, i"_2" long, several times shorter than the linear acute segments; petals oblong- obovate, 5//-7// long; stamens shorter than the petals; fruit about 5" long, sparingly pubescent, the body sharply 4-angled, abruptly narrowed into a slen- der filiform pedicel. In dry soil, Kansas to Arkansas and Texas. June-Sept. 19. STENOSIPHON Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Par. 4: 326. 1835. Erect perennial herbs, with slender upright branches, alternate sessile narrow leaves, and white sessile flowers in narrow terminal spikes. Calyx-tube filiform, much prolonged beyond the ovary, 4-lobed. Petals 4, clawed, unequal. Stamens 8, declined, not appendaged by scales at the base; filaments filiform. Ovary i-celled; united styles slender; stigma 4-lobed, subtended by a cup-like border as in Gaura; ovules commonly 4. Fruit 8-ribbed, indehiscent, i-celled, i-seeded. Seed pendulous. [Greek, referring to the slender calyx- tube.] A monotypic genus of the south-central United States. VOL. II.] i. Stenosiphon linifolium (Nutt.) Britton. Flax-leaved Stenosiphon. (Fig. 2609.) Gaura linifolia Nutt. in Long's Exp. 2: loo. 1823. Stenosiphon virgatus Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Par. 4: 326. 1835. Stenosiphon linifolium Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 236. 1894. Erect, slender, glabrous, 2°-5° high. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, linear-lan- ceolate or linear, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, entire, i/-2/ long, the upper ones much smaller; spikes dense, narrow, sometimes i° long in fruit; flowers white, 4//-6// broad; calyx-tube very slender, 4//~5// long; fruit ovoid, pu- bescent, i"-i%" long, very much shorter than the linear-subulate bracts. Prairies, Kansas and Colorado to the Indian Territory and Texas. June-July. EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 499 20. CIRCAEA L> Sp. PI. 9. 1753. Low slender perennial herbs, with opposite petioled dentate leaves, and small white per- fect flowers in terminal and lateral racemes. Calyx-tube hairy, slightly prolonged beyond the ovary, its limb 2-parted. Petals 2, obcordate, inserted on the perigynous disk. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals; filaments filiform. Ovary i-2-celled; united styles filiform; stigma capitate; ovules usually i in each cavity. Fruit obovoid, small, indehiscent, densely bristly with hooked hairs, i-2-celled. [Named for Circe, the enchantress.] About 5 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs on the Pacific Coast. Plant i°-2° high; leaves ovate; hairs of the fruit stiff. Plant 3' -8' high; leaves cordate; hairs of the fruit weak. 1. C. Lutetiana. 2. C alpina. i. Circaea Lutetiana L,. Enchanter's Nightshade. (Fig. 2610.) Circaea Luletiana L. Sp. PI. 9. 1753. Erect, branching, finely pubes- cent, at least above; stem swollen at the nodes, i°-2° high. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or rarely slightly cordate at the base, re- motely denticulate, 2/-4/ long; pedi- cels 2//-4// long, slender, spread- ing in flower, reflexed in fruit; bracts deciduous ; flowers about i ]/z ff broad; fruit broadly obovoid, nearly 2//r long, densely covered with stiff hooked hairs. In woods, Nova Scotia to western Ontario, south to Georgia, Nebraska and Missouri. Also in Europe and Asia. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. Called also Bindweed Nightshade. June-Aug. 500 ONAGRACEAE. [Vol.. II. 2. Circaea alpina L/. Smaller Enchanter's Nightshade. (Fig. 2611.) Circaea alpina L. Sp. PI. 9. 1753. Smaller, 3'-8' high, simple or branched, weak, glabrate, or pubescent above. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, more or less cordate at the base, coarsely dentate, i'-2r long; flowers about i" broad; pedicels \l/i"-i" long, reflexed in fruit; fruit narrowly obovoid, about \" long, covered with weak soft hooked hairs. In cold moist woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to Georgia, Indiana, Michigan and Minnesota. Also in Europe and Asia. Leaves thin, somewhat shining. Ascends to 6300 ft in North Carolina. July-Sept. 1827. Family 88. TRAPACEAE Dumort, Fl. Belg. 90. \V.\TKR-NI-T FAMILY. Aquatic herbs, with opposite pinnatifid submerged leaves, and clustered rhombic-ovate dentate floating ones with inflated petioles. Flowers perfect, axillary, solitary, short-peduncled. Calyx-tube short, the limb 4-parted, the lobes persistent. Petals 4, sessile, inserted on the perigynous disk. Stamens 4, inserted with the petals; filaments subulate-filiform. Ovary 2-celled, conic above; style subulate; ovule i in each cavity. Fruit coriaceous or bony, large, 2-4-spinose or swollen at the middle, i-celled, i-seeded, indehiscent. Seed in- verted. A single genus of 3 species, natives of Europe, tropical Asia and Africa. i. TRAPA L. Sp. PI. 120. 1753. Characters of the family. [Latin, from Calcitrapa, the Caltrop.] i. Trapa natans L. Swimming Water-nut. Water-Chestnut. Water-Caltrop. (Fig. 2612.) Trapa natans L. Sp. PI. 120. 1753. Rooting in the mud at the bottom of lakes or slow streams; stem often several feet long. Submerged leaves approximate, pectinately dissected, i'-4' long; floating leaves in a rosette sometimes i° broad, their blades rhombic-ovate, sharply dentate above, broad- ly cuneate and entire below, about i' wide, glabrous and shining above, the conspicuous veins of the lower surface beset with short stiff hairs; petioles of the floating leaves 2'- 6' long, inflated and spongy; flowers white, about 3" broad; fruit i'-2' long, armed with 4 somewhat recurved spines. Naturalized in ponds, eastern Massachusetts, and near Schenectady, N. Y. Native of Europe. Called also Sanghara-nut. Seed mealy, edible. June-July. Family 89. HALORAGIDACEAE Kl. & Garcke, Bot. Erg. Wald. 151. 1852. WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY. Perennial or rarely annual herbs, mainly aquatic, with alternate or verticil- late leaves, the submerged ones often pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, or monoecious, or dioecious, axillary, in interrupted spikes, solitary or clustered. Vol.. II. ] WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY. 501 Calyx-tube adnate to the ovar}', its limb entire or 2-4-lobed. Petals small, 2-4, or none. Stamens 1-8. Ovary ovoid-oblong, or short-cylindric, 2-8-ribbed or winged, i-4-celled; styles 1-4; stigmas papillose or plumose. Fruit a nutlet, or drupe, compressed, angular, ribbed or winged, indehiscent, of 2-4 i-seeded carpels. Endosperm fleshy; cotyledons minute. Eight genera and about 100 species, of wide geographic distribution. Stamen i; ovary i -celled. i. Hippuris. Stamens 2-8; ovary 3~4-celled. Fruit 3-angled or 4-angled. 2. Proserpinaca. Fruit of 4 carpels. 3. Myriophyllum. i. HIPPURIS L. Sp. PI. 4. 1753. Aquatic herbs, with simple erect stems, and verticillate simple entire leaves. Flowers small, axillary, perfect, or sometimes neutral or pistillate only. Limb of the calyx minute, entire. Petals none. Stamen i, inserted on the margin of the calyx. Style filiform, stig- matic its whole length, lying in a groove of the anther. Fruit a small i-celled i-seeded drupe. [Greek, mare's-tail.] Three known species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zone and of southern South America. Besides the 2 following, the third occurs in northwestern arctic America. Leaves linear or lanceolate, in verticils of 5-12. Leaves obovate, oblong, or oblanceolate, in verticils of 4-6. 1. H. vulgaris. 2. H. tetraphylla. i. Hippuris vulgaris L,. Bottle Brush. Mare's-tail. Joint-weed. (Fig. 2613.) Hippuris vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 4. 1753. Stem slender, glabrous, 8/-2O/ high. Leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, sessile, J£"-I2" long, i//-2// wide, in crowded verticils of 6-12, more or less sphacelate at the apex; stamen with a short thick filament, and com- paratively large 2-celled anther, dehiscent by lateral slits; seeds ovoid, hollow in the interior; stigma persistent. Swamps and bogs, Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south to Maine, the shores of Lake Superior, and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and on the Pacific Coast to Cali- fornia. Also in Patagonia, and in Europe and Asia. Summer. English names, Cat's-tail, Paddock-pipes, Knotgrass. 2. Hippuris tetraphylla L,.f. Four-leaved Mare's- tail. (Fig. 2614.) Hippuris tetraphylla L. f. Suppl. 81. 1781. Hippuris maritime, Hell. Dissert. Hippur. pi. i. 1786. Smaller than the preceding species. Stem 4/-i5/ high; leaves obovate or oblanceolate, entire, in verticils of 4-6, not sphacelate at the apex or but slightly so, 4//~7// long. Labrador and Quebec to Hudson Bay and Alaska. Also in north- ern Europe and Asia. Summer. 2. PROSERPINACA L. Sp. PI. 88. 1753. Aquatic herbs, with simple stems decumbent at the base. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, dentate or pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect. Tube of the calyx adnate to the trique- trous ovary, the limb 3~4-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3-4. Styles 3-4, cylindric or conic-subulate, stigmatic above the middle. Fruit bony, 3-4-angled, 3-4-celled, with i seed in each cavity. [Middle Latin, for ward -creeping.] Two known species, natives of eastern North America, extending to the West Indies. 502 HALORAGIDACEAE. [VOL. II. Etnersed leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, serrate; fruit sharply angled. Leaves all pectinate-pinnatifid; fruit obtusely angled. 1. P. palustris. 2. P. pectinata. i. Proserpinaca palustris L,. Mermaid-weed. (Fig. 2615.) Proserpinaca palustris L. Sp. PI. 88. 1753. Glabrous, simple or sometimes branched, 8/-2O/ high. Emersed leaves oblong or linear- lanceolate, io//-2/ long, i//-6// wide, sharply serrate, the submerged ones pectinate or pec- tinate-pinnatifid into stiff linear acute seg- ments which are often serrulate, bearing a minute black spine in their axils; flowers solitary or several together, sessile in the axils of the emersed leaves; fruit about 2" long and 2" thick, sharply 3-angled, the faces concave, smooth or rugose. In swamps, New Brunswick to Lake Huron, south to Florida. Iowa and Central America. Also in Cuba. July. 2. Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. Cut-leaved Mermaid- weed. (Fig. 2616.) Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. Tabl. Rncycl. pl.$o. f.i. i: 214. '79i- Proserpinaca pectinacea T. & G. Fl. N. A. I: 528. 1840. Resembling the preceding species, but usually smaller. Leaves all pectinate or pinnatifid, the segments shorter and rarely serrulate, more subulate, or capillary; calyx- lobes broader; fruit smaller, about \W long by i" thick, the faces flat or slightly convex, often wrinkled or some- what tuberculate, the angles obtuse. In sandy swamps near the coast, eastern Massachusetts to Florida, west to Louisiana. Summer. 3. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 992. 1753. Aquatic herbs, with verticillate or alternate leaves, the emersed ones entire, dentate or pectinate, the submerged ones pinnatifid into capillary segments, and axillary commonly monoecious 2-bracted flowers, often interruptedly spicatc. Upper flowers generally staminate with a very short calyx-tube, its limb 2-4-lobed, or none; petals 2-4; stamens 4-8. Intermedi- ate flowers often perfect. Lower flowers pistillate, the calyx more or less deeply 4-grooved and with 4 minute lobes, or none; ovary 2-4-celled; ovule i in each cavity, pendulous; styles 4, short, often plumose. Fruit splitting at maturity into 4 bony i -seeded indehiscent carpels which are smooth, angled or tuberculate on the back. [Greek, myriad-leaved.] About 20 species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, another occurs in the western United States. The plants flower in summer. Carpels smooth. Flowers in emersed spikes. Floral leaves shorter than the flowers. Flowers in whorls. Flowers alternate, or the lower sub-verticillate. Floral leaves longer than the flowers, pinnatifid. Floral leaves reduced to minute bracts. Flowers on both emersed and submersed stems. Flowers only on submersed stems. Carpels rough or tuberculate. Flowers on emersed spikes. Floral leaves ovate or lanceolate, serrate. Floral leaves linear, pectinate. Flowers on submersed stems. i. M. spicatum. 3. M. alterniflorum. •2. M. vertictllalum. 4. M. tenellum. 5. M. humile. 9. M. proserpinacoid.es. 6. M. heterophyllum. •j. M. pinnatum. 8. M. Faru'ellii. VOL. II. ] WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY. 503 i. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Spiked Water-Milfoil. (Fig. 2617.) Myriophyllum spicatum L. Sp. PI. 992. 1753. Submerged leaves in whorls of 4's and 5's, dissected into capillary divisions. Floral leaves ovate, entire or serrate, usually shorter than the flowers, or sometimes none; spike if-$' long; petals 4, deciduous; stamens 8; fruit about i" long and il/2" thick; carpels rounded on the back, with a deep wide groove between them, smooth, or very rarely slightly rugose. In deep water, Newfoundland to Manitoba and the North- west Territory, south to Florida, Iowa, Utah and California. Also in Europe and Asia. _L 2. Myriophyllum verticillatum L/. Whorled Water- Milfoil. (Fig. 2618.) Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Sp. PI. 992. 1753. Submerged leaves in crowded whorls of 3's and 4's, the capillary divisions very slender, sometimes finer than those of M. spicatum , about 10 pairs, if-i%f long, often mi- nutely scabrate. Floral leaves pectinate or pectinate- pinuatifid, much longer than the flowers; spike 2/-6/ long; petals of the staminate flowers 4, purplish; stamens 8; fruit \"-\W long, and about i" thick, somewhat gibbous at the base. In both deep and shallow water, Quebec and Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota and California. Also in Europe and Asia. 3. Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Loose- flowered Water- Milfoil. (Fig. 2619.) Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Fl. France, Suppl. 529. 1815. Submerged leaves usually in whorls of 3-5, occasionally scattered, the pinnate divisions capillary, 3//-5// long. Spikes short, I'-a' long, numerous or several on the branching stems; uppermost floral leaves ovate or linear, entire or minutely toothed, smaller than the flowers, early deciduous; petals of the staminate flowers 4, longer than the stamens, pale rose-color, deciduous; stamens 8; fruit nearly \" long, slightly less than \" thick; carpels rounded on the back, with a deep groove between them. In deep water, Lake Memphremagog, Quebec, near the United States boundary; Lake Temiscouata, Quebec; north to Newfoundland and Greenland. Common in Europe. 4. Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. Slender Water-Milfoil. (Fig. 2620.) Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 346. 1824. Stems slender, scape-like, nearly leafless, simple, erect, i%'-6f or rarely 12' high. Rhizome creeping, sending up many sterile stems; flowers alternate, solitary; upper- most bracts obovate, often longer than the flowers, the lower oblong, often shorter, the lowest minute or none; petals 4, purplish, longer than the stamens; stamens 4; fruit %" long and about as thick at the top, sometimes enlarged at the base; carpels rounded or obtusely angled on the back, separated by a shallow groove. Sandy bottoms of ponds and streams, Newfoundland to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to Michigan. 504 HALORAGIDACEAE. [VOL. II. Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong. Low Water-Milfoil. (Fig. 2621.) Burshia humilis Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) $: 361. 1808. Myriophyllum ambiguum Nutt. Gen. 2: 212. 1818. Myriophyllum humile Morong:, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 242. 1891. Typical form terrestrial, I'-iJ^' high, rooting in mud on shores. Leaves linear, entire or pectinate. Floating forms with stems often 12' long, branched, with all or most of the leaves pectinate into capillary segments; these produce the typical form if they take root; petals 4, purplish; stamens 4; fruit usually less than \" long and about as thick at base, its carpels smooth, or rarely slightly roughened, separated by a shallow groove. In ponds, Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Maryland and Illinois. Variable in appearance, but the variations are manifestly only conditions of the plant dependent upon its environment. 6. Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Vari- ous-leaved Water-Milfoil. (Fig. 2622.) Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 191. 1803. Floral leaves in whorls of 3*8 to 5's, linear, ovate or lanceolate, serrate or rarely entire, much longer than the flowers. Submerged leaves subverticillate or scattered, crowded, pectinate-pinnatifid, about 10" long, the divisions 6-ro pairs, capillary; flowering spike elongated (sometimes 18' long); petals 4; stamens 4, rarely 6; fruit i" long, and slightly longer than thick; carpels a-keeled on the back, usually slightly scabrous. In ponds, Ontario and New York to Florida, west to Minnesota, Texas and Mexico. 7. Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walt.) B.S.P. Pinnate Water-Milfoil. (Fig. 2623.) Potamogeton pinnatum Walt. Fl. Car. 90. 1788. Mvriophyllum scabratum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 190. 1803. .l/i ; -iitphyllum pinnatum H.S.P. 1'rel. Cat. N. Y. 16. 1888. Leaves in whorls of 3's-5's, or sometimes scattered, the floral ones linear, serrate or pectinate, 2#//-6/' long, gradually passing into the submerged ones which are crowded, pinnately dissected, the divisions few and capillary; spikes 4/-8' long; petals purplish; stamens 4, very rarely 6; carpels strongly 2- keeled and sca- brous on the back, separated by deep grooves; mature fruit about i" long and somewhat more than ft" thick. In ponds, Rhode Island to Florida, west to Missouri, Louisiana, Texas, and south to Panama. 8. Myriophyllum Farwellii Morong. Far- well's Water-Milfoil. (Fig. 2624.) M. Farwellii Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 146. 1891. Dioecious (?) Specimens with submerged leaves only, in whorls of 3's-6's, or scattered, narrow, pin- nately parted, the divisions finely capillary in 5-7 op- posite or subopposite pairs, with minute black spines iu the axils; petals 4, purplish, oblong; pistillate flow- ers only seen; styles 4, short; stamens 4, minute, abortive; fruit about \" long and ft" thick; carpels crossed longitudinally by 3-4 rough tuberculate or slightly toothed ridges, 2 on the back and commonly i on each margin ; groove between the carpels shallow. In still water, Maine to Michigan. VOIv. II.] WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY. 505 9. Myriophyllum proserpinacoides Gill. (Fig. 2625.) Myriophyllum proserpinacoides Gill.; Hook. Bot. Misc. 3: 3i3- 1833. Dioecious. Leaves all alike and submerged, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, pectinate-pinnatifid in crowded whorls of 4's and 5*8, 7//-io// long; segments capillary or sometimes linear-spatulate, 20-25 *n number, about 2j£/x long, minutely cuspidate; pistillate flowers axil- lary, about %" high, without petals; stigmas 4, white, plumose; young carpels glabrous; small white hair-like bracts are borne at the bases of the leaves and among the flowers. In Hopkins' Pond, near Haddonfield, N. ]. (S. N. Rhoads, 1890). Apparently established. Introduced first into the tanks for aquatic plants at Mr. E. D. Sturtevant's nursery, at Bordentown, N. J. Native of Chili. Staminate flowers not seen, and the plant referred to this species with some hesitation. Chilian Water-Milfoil. A Family 90. ARALIACEAE Vent. Tabl. 3 : 2. GINSENG FAMILY. 1799. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate or verticillate (rarely opposite) leaves, and perfect or polygamous flowers in umbels, heads, racemes or panicles. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb truncate or toothed. Petals usually 5, valvate or slightly imbricate, sometimes cohering together, inserted on the mar- gin of the calyx. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them (rarely more), inserted on the epigynous disk; filaments filiform or short; anthers ovoid or oblong, introrse. Ovary inferior, i-several-celled; styles as many as the cavities of the ovary; ovules i in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a berry or drupe. Seeds flattened, or somewhat 3-angled, the testa thin; endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo small, near the hilum; cotyledons ovate or oblong. About 52 genera and 450 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, decompound; styles 5. Herbs; leaves verticillate, digi lately compound; styles 2-3. 1. Ara.Ua. 2. Panax. i. ARALIA t. Sp. PI. 273. 1753. Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate pinnately or ternately decompound leaves, and small mostly perfect flowers, in racemose corymbose or paniculate umbels. Flowers white or greenish. Petioles sheathing at the base. Stipules none or inconspicuous. Pedicels jointed below the flowers. Calyx truncate or 5-toothed. Petals 5, spreading, obtuse, or with short inflexed points, valvate or slightly imbricate. Stamens 5. Disk de- pressed. Ovary 5-celled; styles 5. Fruit a small berry enclosing about 5 seeds. About 27 species, natives of North America and Asia, the western and southwestern United States. Besides the following, 2 others occur in Umbels numerous, panicled or racemose. Spiny shrub or tree; leaflets thick, ovate. Branching unarmed herb; leaflets thin, large, cordate. Umbels 2-7, terminal or corymbose. Plant glabrate; leaf and peduncle arising from the rootstock. Plant bristly or hispid; stem leafy, erect. 1. A. spinosa. 2. A. racemosa. 3. A. nudicaulis. 4. A. hispida. ARAUACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Aralia spinosa L,. Hercules' Club. Angelica or Spikenard Tree. ( Fig. 2626. ) Aralia spinosa L. Sp. PI. 273. 1753. A shrub or tree, reaching a maximum height of about 40° and trunk diameter of 12', but usu- ally much smaller. Stem, branches and petioles spiny; leaves long-petioled, bipinnate, usually with a leaflet at the base of each pinna; leaflets ovate, thick, acute or acuminate, stalked, serrate, dark green above, glaucous and sometimes slightly pubescent beneath, i'-4x long; umbels very numerous, in terminal compound panicles; involucels of several short bractlets; peduncles and pedicels pubescent; flowers white, 2" broad ; pedicels 3"-4" long in fruit; fruit ovoid, black, 5-lobed, about 3" long; styles distinct. In low grounds and along streams, southern New York to Florida, west to Indiana, Missouri and Texas. Freely planted for ornament, and sometimes escaping from cultivation further north. June-Aug. Also called Wild Orange, and Toothache-tree. a. Aralia racemosa L. American Spikenard. Indian-root. (Fig. 2627.) Aralia racemosa L. Sp. PI. 773. 1753. Herbaceous, divergently much branched, un- armed, 3°-6° high, glabrous or slightly pubes- cent. Roots large and thick, aromatic; leaves ternately or rarely quinately compound, the di- visions pinnate; leaflets broadly ovate or orbicu- lar, thin, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, 2/-6/ long, sharply and doubly serrate, sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath; um- bels numerous, racemose-paniculate; peduncles and pedicels puberulent; involucels of a few sub- ulate bractlets; flowers greenish, about i" broad; fruit nearly globular, dark purple or reddish- brown, about 3" in diameter; styles united below. In rich woods, New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri. Called also Spignet. July-Aug. , 3. Aralia nudicaulis L,. Wild or Vir- ginian Sarsaparilla. (Fig. 2628.) Aralia nudicaulis L. Sp. PI. 274. 1753. Acaulesccnt or nearly so. Rootstock long; leaf usually solitary, arising with the peduncle from the very short stem, both sheathed at the base by dry thin ovate or orbicular scales; petioles erect, 6/-i2/ long; primary divisions of the leaf ternate, slender-stalked, pinnately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets sessile or short-stalked, oval or ovate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, finely serrate, 2'-5' long, often pubescent on the veins beneath; peduncle usually shorter than the petiole; umbels commonly 3, simple; involucre none; pedicels slender, glabrous; flowers greenish, ilA" broad; fruit globose, pur- plish-black, about 3" long; 5-lobed when dry. In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, North Carolina and Missouri. Called also Small Spike- nard, Rabbit-root. May-June. Aralia nudicaulis proltfera A. C. Apgar, Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 166. 1887. Leaves more divided and umbels compound. Perhaps a mere form. Western New Jersey. VOL. II.] GINSENG FAMILY. 507 Aralia nudicaulis elongata Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 374- 1893. Leaflets longer and narrower, coarsely serrate, paler beneath. Catskill Mountains. 4. Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsa- parilla. Wild Elder. (Fig. 2629.) Aralia hispida Vent. Hort. Cels, pi. 41. 1800. Erect, leafy, i°-3° high, the stem and petioles more or less hispid with slender bristles. Leaves petioled, or the upper nearly sessile, bipinnate; leaflets ovate or oval, acute at the apex, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, glabrous or pu- bescent on the veins beneath, sharply and ir- regularly serrate, i/-2/ long; umbels several, slender-peduncled, simple, corymbo-racemose at the summit of the stem; pedicels glabrous; flowers white, \" broad; fruit dark purple, 3"- 4" in diameter, strongly 5-lobed when dry. In rocky or sandy woods, and clearings, New- foundland and Labrador to North Carolina, west to Ontario, Minnesota and Indiana. June-July. 2. PANAX L. Sp. PI. 1058. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, from globose or elongated aromatic roots, with a verticil of digi- tately compound leaves at the summit of the stem. Umbel solitary, terminal, simple. Flowers greenish or white, polygamous. Calyx-limb obscurely 5-toothed. Petals 5, spread- ing. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Styles 2-3. Fruit a small drupe-like some- what flattened berry, enclosing 2-3 seeds. [Greek, all-healing.] About 7 species, natives of eastern North America and central and eastern Asia. Leaflets 5, ovate or obovate, stalked, acuminate. i. P. quinquefolium. Leaflets 3-5, oval, to oblanceolate, sessile, obtuse. 2. P. trifolium. i. Panax quinquefolium L,. Ginseng. (Fig. 2630.) Panax quinquefolium L. Sp. PI. 1058. 1753. Ginseng quinquefolium Wood, Bot. & Flor. 142. 1873. Glabrous, 8'-i5' high. Root fusiform, deep, simple or branched. Petioles \}^'-\f long; leaflets 5 (rarely 6-7), stalked, thin, ovate or obovate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 2'-$' long, !/_2/ wide, irregularly dentate; peduncle slender, i'-2' long; umbel 6-20 -flowered; pedicels 3//-6// long in fruit; flowers green- ish yellow, about \" broad; styles usually 2; fruit flattened, somewhat didymous, bright crimson, 5" broad. In rich woods, Quebec to Alabama, Minne- sota, Nebraska and Missouri. July-Aug. 2. Panax trifolium L,. Dwarf Ginseng or Ground-nut. (Fig. 2631.) Panax trifolium L. Sp. PI. 1059. 1753. Ginseng trifolium Wood, Bot. & Flor. 142. I873- Glabrous, 3/-8/ high. Root globose, deep, about ]/*' in diameter, pungent to the taste; petioles j^/-2/ long; leaflets 3-5, oval to oblanceolate, sessile, obtuse, usually narrowed at the base, i'-i y^ long, 3"-8" wide, dentate or serrate; pedun- cles i/-2^/ long; pedicels \"-\W long in fruit; flowers •white, often monoecious, about i" broad; styles, usually 3; fruit mostly 3-angled (or when with 2 styles, didymous), yel- low, about 2" broad. In moist woods and thickets. Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Ontario, Minnesota, Iowa and Illinois. April-June. 508 UMBELLIFERAE. [VOL. II. Family 91. UMBELLIFERAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759.* CARROT FAMILY. Herbs, with alternate decompound compound or sometimes simple leaves, the petioles often dilated at the base, the stems often hollow. Stipules none, or rarely present and minute. Flowers small, white, yellow, greenish, blue or purple, generally in compound or simple umbels, rarely in heads or capitate clusters, often polygamous. Umbels and umbellets commonly involucrate or involucellate. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, its margin truncate or 5-toothed, the teeth seldom conspicuous. Petals 5, inserted on the margin of the calyx, usually with an inflexed tip, often emarginate or 2-lobed, those of the outer flowers sometimes larger than those of the inner. Stamens 5, inserted on the epigynous disk; filaments filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; styles 2, filiform, distinct, straight, or recurved after flowering, persist- ent, often borne on a conic or depressed stylopodium; ovules i in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit dry, composed of 2 carpels (mericarps), which generally separate from each other at maturity along the plane of their contigu- ous faces (the commissure). Fruit either flattened laterally (at right angles to the commissure), or dorsally (parallel to the commissure), or nearly terete (not flattened). Carpels after parting from each other supported on the summit of a slender axis (the carpophore), each with 5 primary ribs in their pericarps (rarely ribless), and in some genera with 4 additional secondary ones, the ribs or some of them often winged. Pericarp membranous or corky-thickened, usually con- taining oil-tubes between the ribs, or under the ribs and on the commissural sides, sometimes irregularly scattered, sometimes none. Seeds i in each carpel, usually adnate to the pericarp, their inner faces flat or concave; seed-coat thin; endosperm cartilaginous; embryo small, placed near the hilum; cotyledons ovate, oblong or linear. About 170 genera and 1600 species, of wide geographic distribution, not abundant in tropical re- gions. The mature fruit is necessary for the certain determination of most of the genera and many «>f of the species, the flowers being very much alike in all, and the leaves exhibiting great diversity in the same genus. The family is also known as AMMIACEAB. The following key is wholly artificial. •X- Leaves simple, undivided, »ometimem slightly lobed. Leaves narrow, mostly spiny-toothed; flowers in dense heads. 18. Eryngium. Leaves ovate and perfoliate in our species; flowers yellow. 27. Bupleiiruiii. Leaves orbicular or ovate, slender-petioled, often peltate. Ribs of the fruit simple; leaves i at a node. 42. Hydrocotyle. Ribs anastomosing; leaves tufted at the nodes. 43. Cfnlella. Leaves reduced to hollow jointed petioles or phyllodia. rmbels simple, few- flowered; plant low. 16. Liliaeopsis. Umbels compound; plant tall. 5. Oxypolis. •X- #• Leaves, or some of them, pinnate, ternate, digitate, decompound or deeply lobed. Flowers in sessile or short-stalked capitate clusters opposite the leaves. 2. Caucalis. Flowers in simple umbels; leaves pedately lobed. 42. Hydrocotyle. Flowers in dense peduncled heads; leaves sometimes bristly. 18. Eryngium. Flowers in more or less compound umbels. Flowers white, greenish or pink. Fruit, or its beak, bristly, papillose or tuberculate. Leaves digitately j-y-parted or lobed. 19. Sanicula. Leaves pinnately or ternate ly decompound or dissected. Frutt linear, ribbed, long-attenuate at the base. 29. Washinglonia. Fruit linear, with a beak much longer than the body. 30. Standix. Fruit ovoid, small, tuberculate or bristly. Carpels flattened dorsally. Seed-face concave. 23. Apiaslrnm. Seed- face flat. 20. Ammoselinum. Carpels terete, or slightly flattened laterally. 38. Spermolepis. Fruit with 4 strong bristly wings. Fruit dorsally flattened ; calyx-teeth obsolete. I. Daucus. Fruit laterally flattened; calyx-teeth prominent. 2. Caucalis. Fruit smooth, ribbed or winged, rarely pubescent. Fruit winged, at least on the lateral ribs, dorsally flattened. Plants acaulescent, or nearly so; leaves bipinnate or dissected. 10. Peuccdanum. Plants tall, leafy-stemmed. Leaves simply ternate or pinnate. Leaf-segments ovate-lanceolate to oblong. 5. Oxypolis. Leaf-segments very broad. 8. Imperaloria. Leaves temately or pinnately compound; segments broad. Segments ovate or oval, not cordate. 3. Angelica. Segments large, cordate, pubescent. 6. Heracleum. Leaves 2-3-pinnately decompound; segments narrow. 4. Conioselintim. * Text prepared with the assistance of Dr. J. N. ROSE. Voi,. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 509 Fruit winged or wingless, not flattened either dorsally or laterally. All its ribs winged n. Cymopterus. Ribs distinct, but not winged. Leaves finely dissected; segments narrow. 14. AEthusa. Leaf -segments broad. Fruit with numerous oil-tubes between the ribs. 13. Ligusticum. Fruit with solitary oil-tubes between the ribs. 15. Coelopleurum. Leaves entire, or with a few narrow segments. 17. Cynosciadium. Fruit laterally flattened. Fruit linear or linear-oblong. Leaves 3-foliolate, 37. Deringa. Leaves decompound or finely dissected. Fruit long-beaked, smooth, ribless. 26. Anthriscus. Fruit short-beaked or beakless, ribbed. 28. Chaerophyllum . Fruit ovoid or oval. Umbels opposite the leaves. 33. Apium. Umbels terminal or axillary. Leaves finely dissected into filiform segments. Ribs of the fruit equal, prominent. 39. Ptilimnium. Lateral ribs much thickened. 33. Apium, Ribs filiform, inconspicuous. 35. Carum, Leaves pinnate or decompound; segments linear to ovate-oblong. Plants acaulescent, or nearly so. Calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit nearly orbicular. 44. Erigenia. Calyx-teeth prominent; fruit oblong. 24. Musineon. Plants leafy-stemmed. Oil-tubes of the fruit none. Leaves biternate with broad segments. 41. AEgopodium. Leaves decompound into small pinnatifid segments. 31. Conium. Oil-tubes solitary between the ribs; leaves pinnate. 36. Cicuta. Oil-tubes numerous. Leaves pinnately compound; segments linear. 25. Eulophus. Leaves pinnate; the segments sometimes pinnatifid. Tall native marsh perennials. Oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals between the prominent ribs. 32. Stum. Oil-tubes numerous and close together along inner side of the pericarp; ribs filiform. 40. Berula. Introduced plant of dry ground. 22. Pimpinella. Flowers yellow or purple. Fruit dorsally flattened. Plants acaulescent; leaves finely dissected. 10. Peucedanum. Plants leafy-stemmed. Leaves pinnate; segments ovate; fruit with thin lateral wings. 7. Paslinaca. Leaves pinnately compound; fruit-wings thick and corky. 9. Polytaenia. Fruit not flattened; ribs or some of them winged. 12. Thaspium. Fruit laterally flattened; leaves decompound (except in Zizia}. Leaf-segments oval or ovate, entire. 22. Pimpinella. Leaf-segments crenate, lobed or incised. Leaf-segments broad, crenate or dentate. 34. Zizia. Leaf-segments deeply incised. Plant native, western; ribs of the fruit filiform. 24. Musineon. Plant sparingly escaped from cultivation; ribs prominent. 33. Apium. Leaf-segments filiform; fruit prominently ribbed. 21. Foeniculum. i. DAUCUS L. Sp. PL 242. 1753. Biennial or annual, mostly hispid-pubescent herbs, with pinnately decompound finely divided leaves, and compound umbels of white or reddish flowers. Involucre of several foliaceous pinnately parted bracts in our species. Involucels of numerous entire or toothed bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate, the apex in flexed, those of the outer flowers often dilated and 2-lobed. Stylopodium depressed or none. Umbels very concave in fruit. Fruit oblong, somewhat flattened dorsally. Primary ribs 5, slender. Secondary ribs 4, winged, each bearing a row of barbed prickles. Oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, and 2 on the commissural side of each carpel. [The ancient Greek name.] About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States. 510 UMBELLIFERAE. i. Daucus Carota L. Wild Carrot. (Fig. 2632.) [Voi.. II. Daucus Carota L. Sp. PI. 242. 1 753. Hispid, usually biennial, erect, i°-3° high, the root fleshy, deep, conic. Lower and basal leaves 2-3-pinnate, the segments linear or lanceolate, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid; upper leaves smaller, less divided; bracts of the invo- lucre parted into linear or filiform lobes; umbels 2'-^' broad; rays numerous, crowded, ^'-2' long, the inner ones shorter than the outer; pedicels very slender, ix/- 2" long in fruit; flowers white, the central one of each umbel often purple, that of each umbel- let occasionally so, all rarely pinkish; fruit i%"-2" long, bristly on the winged ribs. In fields and waste places, very common throughout our area, often a pernicious weed. Natu- ralized from Europe, and native also of Asia. The original of the cultivated Carrot Called also Bird's- or Crow's-nest and Queen Anne's Lace. June- Sept. 2. CAUCALIS L. Sp. PI. 240. 1753. Annual, hispid or pubescent herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and compound umbels of white or reddish flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent, acute. Bracts of the involucre few and small or none. Involucels of several or numerous narrow bracts. Petals cuneate or obovate with an indexed point, mostly 2-lobed. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit ovoid or oblong, laterally flattened. Primary ribs 5, filiform. Secondary ribs 4, winged, each bearing a row of barbed or hooked bristles or tubercles. Oil-tubes solitary under the secon- dary ribs, 2 on the commissural side. [The Greek name.] About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following introduced ones, a native species occurs in western North America. Umbels sessile or short-stalked, capitate, opposite the leaves. Umbels compound, peduncled; rays slender. i. Caucalis noddsa (L,.) Huds. Knotted Hedge-Parsley. (Fig. 2633.) 1. C. nodosa. 2. C. Anthriscus. Tordylium nodosum L. Sp. PI. 240. 1753. Caucalis nodosa Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 114. 1778. Torilis nodosa Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. i: 82. tol. 20. f. 6. 1788. Decumbent and spreading, branched at the base, the branches 6/-i2/ long. Leaves bipinnate, the segments linear-oblong, acute, entire or dentate; umbels sessile, or short-stalked, forming small capi- tate clusters opposite the leaves at the nodes; rays 1-3, very short; fruit sessile, ovoid, about i^" long, the outer with barbed prickles on the secondary ribs, the inner with tubercles. In waste places and on ballast, Philadelphia, Mary- land and Iowa. Also in the southern States, California, the West Indies, and South America. Adventive from Europe. May-Aug. Vol.. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 5" 2. Caucalis Anthriscus (L.) Huds. Erect Hedge-Parsley. (Fig. 2634.) Tordylium A nthriscus 1,. Sp. PI. 240. 1 753. Caucalis Anthriscus Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 114. 1778. Torilis Anthriscus Gmel. Fl. Bad. i: 615. 1806. Erect, rather slender, 2°-3° high. Leaves bipinnate, or the uppermost sim- ply pinnate, the segments lanceolate, ob- tuse, dentate or pinnatifid; umbels slcn- der-peduncled, i/-2/ long; pedicels \"- 2" long in fruit; rays 3-8, slender, about Yz' long; fruit ovoid-oblong densely bristly on the secondary ribs, \y-t"-i" long. In waste places, New Jersey to the District of Columbia, western New York and Ohio. Adventive from Europe. Called also Rough- er Hemlock-Chervil, Scabby Head, Rough- Cicely. July-Sept. 3. ANGELICA L. Sp. PI. 250. 1753. [ARCHANGELICA Hoffm. Gen. Umb. 166. 1814.] Tall erect perennial branching herbs, with compound leaves and large umbels of white flowers (in our species). Involucre none, or of a few small bracts. Involucels of several small bracts, or sometimes wanting. Calyx-teeth obsolete or small. Petals with an in- flexed tip. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit ovate or oval, dorsally compressed, pubescent or glabrous. Dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent, approximate, the lateral ones broadly winged. Oil-tubes solitary or several in the intervals, 2-10 on the commissural side. Seed- face flat or somewhat concave. [Named for its supposed healing virtues.] About 30 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and New Zealand. Besides the follow- ing, some 13 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Umbels glabrous, or nearly so; leaf-segments acute or acutish. Oil-tubes i (rarely 2-3) in the intervals; wings broader than the carpels, i. A. Curtisii. ' Oil-tubes numerous and contiguous; wings narrower than the carpels. 2. A. atropurpurea. Umbels densely tomentose ; leaf -segments obtuse. 3. A . villosa. i. Angelica Curtisii Buckl. Curtis' Angelica. (Fig. 2635.) Angelica Curtisii Buckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 173. 1843. Glabrous, or the umbels and upper part of the stem slightly pubescent, 2°-3/^° high. Leaves biternate, the divisions pinnate, the lower long-stalked, the upper mostly re- duced to inflated petioles; segments rather thin, sometimes slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, ovate, acute or acuminate, sharply and irregularly dentate or incised, 2/-4/ long; umbels 3/-6/ broad, 9-25-rayed; rays rather stout, i>£'-3' long; pedicels slender, 4//-6// long; fruit oval, glabrous, 2//-3// long, emarginate at the base, the lat- eral wings broader than the carpel; oil- tubes commonly solitary in the intervals. In woods, central Pennsylvania, south along the Alleghanies to North Carolina, where it as- cends to 6400 ft. Aug.-Sept. 512 UMBELLIFERAE. [VOL. II. 2. Angelica atropurpurea L. Great or Purple-stemmed Angelica. ( Fig. 2636. ) Angelica atropurpurea L. Sp. PI. 251. 1753. Angelica triquinala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 167. 180^. Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffra. Umbel. 161. 1814. Stout, 4°-6° high, glabrous throughout, or the umbel slightly rough-hairy. Lower leaves often 2° wide, biternate and the divisions pinnate, the upper ones smaller, all with very broad dilated petioles; segments oval or ovate, acute or acutish, rather thin, sharply serrate and often incised, i^'-2' long; umbels some- times ic/ broad, 9-25-rayed, the rays 2x-4' long; pedicels very slender, 4"-8" long; fruit broadly oval, 3"-4" long, slightly emarginate at the base, the lat- eral wings narrower than the carpels; oil-tubes numer- ous and contiguous. In swamps and moist ground, Labrador to Minnesota, south to Delaware and Illinois. June-July. 3. Angelica villdsa (Walt.) B.S.P. Pu- bescent Angelica. (Fig. 2637.) Ferula z'iliosa Walt. Fl. Car. 115. 1788. Angelica hirsufa Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 30. 1818. Angelica villosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 22. 1888. Rather slender, 2° -6° high, the umbels and up- per part of the stem densely tomentosc-canescent. Lower leaves ternate or biternate, often i° long, the divisions pinnate, the segments thick, oval, equally and rather finely dentate, obtuse or ob- tusish, i '-2' long, upper leaves mostly reduced to sheathing petioles; umbels 2'-4' broad, 7-30- rayed; rays slender, I'-iJ^' long; pedicels about 2" long; fruit broadly oval, emarginate at the base, 3" long, finely pubescent; lateral wings about as broad as the carpels; oil-tubes generally 3-6 in the intervals. In dry soil, Connecticut to Florida, Minnesota and Tennessee. Ascends to 3200 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug. 4. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. Umb. Add. 28. 1814. Erect perennial glabrous branching herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and com- pound umbels of white flowers. Involucre none, or of a few short bracts. Involucels of several narrowly linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals with an infolded tip. Stylo- podium depressed-conic. Fruit oval or oblong, dorsally flattened. Carpels with prominent approximate dorsal and intermediate ribs, the lateral ones broadly winged and conspicuous. Oil-tubes mostly 2-3 in the intervals, and 4-8 on the commissural side. Seed-face slightly concave, its back strongly convex. [Greek, hemlock-parsley.] Besides the following:, some 3 others occur in western North America. i. Conioselinum Chinense (L.) B.S.P. Hemlock-Parsley. (Fig. 2638.) Athamanla Chinensis L. Sp. PI. 245. 1753. Selinum Canadense Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 165. 1803. Conioselinum (?) Canadense T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 619. 1840. Conioselinum CAinenseE.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 22. 1888. Stem terete, striate, 2°-5° high. Lower leaves long-petioled, the upper nearly sessile, all decom- pound into linear-oblong acutish segments; petioles sheathing; umbels terminal and axillary, 2/-3/ broad, 9~i6-rayed; rays rather slender, i%'-2)4' long; pedicels very slender, 2//-3// long; fruit prominently ribbed, broadly oval, about 2" long. In cold swamps, Labrador to southern New York, south in the mountains to North Carolina, west to On- tario, Minnesota and Indiana. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. Aug.-Sept. VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 513 1. O. filif prints. 2. O. rigida. 5. OXYPOLIS Raf. Neogen. 2. 1825. [TIEDEMANNIA DC. Mem. Omb. 51. 1829.] [ARCHEMORA DC. Mem. Omb. 52. 1829.] Erect perennial glabrous marsh herbs, from clustered tuberous roots, with pinnate or ternate leaves, or in one species the leaves reduced to hollow jointed phyllodia, and com- pound umbels of white flowers. Involucre none, or of a few linear bracts. Involucels of several small bracts, or none. Calyx- teeth acute. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit gla- brous, dorsally compressed, oval or obovate; dorsal and intermediate ribs slender, the lateral ones winged, strongly nerved along the inner margin of the wing, the carpels appearing as if equally 5-ribbed. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissural side. Seed- face nearly flat. Four known species, natives of North America. Leaves all reduced to hollow usually jointed phyllodia. Leaves pinnate; leaflets linear or lanceolate. i. Oxypolis filiformis (Walt.) Britton. Oxypolis. (Fig. 2639.) O Enanthe filiformis Walt. Fl. Car. 113. 1788. OEnanthe teretifolia Muhl. Cat. 31. 1813. Tiedemannia terelifolia DC. Mem. Omb. 51. pi. 12. 1829. Oxy polls filiformis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 239. 1894. Stem hollow, 2°-6° high. Leaves reduced to linear hollow usually jointed acute phyllodia I'-iS' long; in- volucre of several linear-subulate bracts; umbels 2/-4/ broad, 6-i5-rayed; rays slender, ^'-2' long; pedicels 2//-4" long ; fruit oval, or slightly obovate, 2//-3// long; oil-tubes large, i in each interval, 2-4 on the commissural side. In ponds and swamps, southern Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana. Aug.-Sept. Plants collected in Dela- ware, referred to this species, differ in having broadly oval corky-winged fruit, an inconspicuous disk, slender conic stylopodium and smaller oil-tubes. They may represent a different genus. 2. Oxypolis rigidus (L.) Britton. Cow- bane. Hemlock, or Water Drop- wort. (Fig. 2640.) Stum rigidum L. Sp. PI. 251. 1753. Archemora rigida DC. Mem. Omb. 52. 1829. T. rigida Coult. & Rose, Bot. Gaz. 12:74. 1887. O. rigidus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 239. 1894. Rather slender, 2°-6° high. Leaves petioled, simply pinnate, the lower often i° long or more, the uppermost much reduced ; leaflets thick, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, en- tire, or remotely dentate, i #'-3' long, 3//-i2// wide; involucre of 1-4 bracts, or none; umbels 2x-4' broad, 7-25-rayed; rays slender, i/-4/long; pedicels 2//~9// long; fruit oval, 2j£//~3// long, \Yz"-i" broad; oil-tubes small, i in each in- terval, 4-6 on the commissural side. In swamps, New York to Florida, west to Wis- consin, Minnesota, Missouri and Louisiana. Very variable in leaf- form and size of fruit. Aug. -Sept. Oxypolis rigidus longifolius (Pursh) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 239. 1894. Stum longifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 194. 1814. OEnanthe ambigua Nutt. Gen. i: 189. 1818. Leaflets elongated-linear, entire, i"-ilA" wide; fruit smaller. New Jersey to South Carolina and Tennessee. ^ 6. HERACLEUM L,. Sp. PI. 249. 1753. Erect, usually pubescent perennial herbs, with ternately compound leaves, and com- pound umbels of white flowers. Bracts of the involucre few and deciduous, or none. In- volucels of numerous linear bracts Calyx-teeth obsolete or small. Petals cuneate, or clawed, those of the outer flowers dilated and obcordate or 2-lobed. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit much flattened dorsally, broadly oval, obovate, or orbicular; dorsal and inter- mediate ribs filiform, the lateral ones broadly winged and the wings nerved near the outer margin; oil-tubes extending only to about the middle of the carpels, conspicuous, I in each interval, 2-4 on the commissural side. [Greek, to Hercules.] About 60 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, only the following in North America. 33 UMBELLIFEREAE. [You II. i. Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow- Parsnip. (Fig. 2641.) Heracleum lanatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 166. 1803. Very stout, tomentose-pubescent, 4°-8° high, the stem ridged, often 2' thick at the base. Leaves petioled, ternately divided, very pubescent beneath, the segments broadly ovate, or orbicular, cordate, stalked, lobed and sharply serrate, rather thin, 3/-6/ broad; petioles much inflated; umbels 6'- 12' broad, 8-3<>rayed, the rays stout, a'-4' long; pedicels 3"-9" long in fruit; fruit broadly oval, or obovate, 4//-6// long, 3"- 4#" broad, finely pubescent, emarginate at the summit. In moist ground, I^abrador and Newfound land to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Mis- souri, Utah and California. Called also Master-wort June-July. 7. PASTINACA L. Sp. PI. 262. 1753. Tall erect mostly biennial branching herbs, with thick roots, pinnate leaves, and com- pound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels commonly none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit oval, glabrous, much flattened dorsally; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform, the lateral winged, those of the two carpels contiguous and forming a broad margin to the fruit; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2-4 on the coin- missural side. Seed very flat [ Latin Justus, food.] About 7 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Madnep. Tank. (Fig. 2642.) i. Pastinaca sativa L. Wild Parsnip. Pastinaca sativa L. Sp. PI. a6«. 1753. f*enctdanum satirum S. Wats. Bat King's Kxp. 128. 1871. Biennial or rarely annual, glabrous, or somewhat downy-pubescent, 2°-5° high, the root long, conic, fleshy. Lower and basal leaves petioled, pin- nate, often i%° long, the segments rather thin, ovate or oval, obtuse, sessile, lobed or incised and sharply dentate, i'-3' long; upper leaves generally much reduced; umbels several or numerous, 2'-6' broad, y-15-raycd, the rays slen- der, %'-*' long; pedicels very slender, 3//-6// long in fruit; fruit broadly oval, 2#"-3#" long, 2//-3// broad, the dor- sal and intermediate ribs not prominent but the oil-tubes conspicuous. Roadsides and waste places, a very com- mon weed in nearly all parts of our area. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. 8. IMPERATORIA L. Sp. PI. 259. 1753. Tall perennial herbs, with large ternately divided or 2-pinnate leaves, sheathing petioles, and compound umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ovate, mostly emar- ginate. Fruit much flattened dorsally, broadly oval, to nearly orbicular, the lateral ribs broadly winged all around, the intermediate and dorsal ribs slender, wingless; oil-tubes soli- tary in the intervals and 2 on the commissural side. Styles and Stylopodium short. Seed- face flat. [Named for its supposed forceful medicinal properties.] About 10 species, natives of the Old World. VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 515 i. Imperatoria Ostruthium I,. Mas- terwort. Felon-grass. Pellitory of Spain. (Fig. 2643.) Imperatoria Ostruthium I,. Sp. PI. 259. 1/53. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; stem stout, hollow, erect, 2°-5° tall. Leaves ternately di- vided into very broad stalked segments which are often 3-parted nearly or quite to the base, sharply and unequally serrate and often incised, the segments of the long-petioled lower leaves often 5' broad; rays of the umbels and pedicels very numerous, slender; involucre none, or of i or 2 lanceolate bracts; involucel-bracts few, nar- row, deciduous; fruit broadly oval, about i" long. In fields, Pocono plateau of Pennsylvania and Michigan. Reported from Newfoundland. Natu- ralized or adventive from Europe. Called also Broad-leaved Hog's Fennel. May-July. 9. POLYTAENIA DC. Mem. Omb. 53. pi. 13. 1829. Perennial, nearly glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre none, or rarely of 1-2 linear bracts. Involucels of a few subulate deciduous bracts. Calyx-teeth prominent, triangular. Petals obovate-cuneate, with a long incurved tip. Stylopodium none. Fruit oval or obovate, much flattened dor- sally, thick and corky; dorsal and intermediate ribs obscure, the lateral ones with thick wings which form a broad margin to the fruit, and are nerved toward the outer margin; oil- tubes 12-18, contiguous, with numerous smaller ones irregularly disposed in the thick peri- carp. Seed flat. [Greek, many-fillets, or oil-tubes.] __. A monotypic genus of central North America. -r-u A™ Polytaenia Nuttallii DC. Polytaenia. (Fig. 2644.) Polytaenia Nuttallii DC. Mem. Omb. 53. pi. ij. 1829. Stem slightly scabrous, leafy, i°-3° high; roots fusiform. Leaves petioled, or the uppermost smaller and sessile, pinnate, the segments deeply pinnatifid or parted, i/-3/ long, the lobes ovate, ob- long or obovate, dentate or entire; umbels 6-12- rayed, i/-2^/ broad; rays scabrous, ^'-2^' long; pedicels finely pubescent, i//-2// long; fruit gla- brous, 3"-s" long, 2#"-3^" broad, ft" thick, the margins obtuse, the central part of both car- pels depressed when dry. Dry soil, Michigan and Wisconsin to Tennessee, Texas and Louisiana. April-May. 10. PEUCEDANUM I,. Sp. PI. 245. 1753. Perennial herbs, acaulescent or nearly so, from thick fusiform or tuberous roots, with ternate, pinnate, or in our species bipinnate or finely dissected leaves, and compound umbels of white or yellow flowers. Involucre none. Involucels of several or numerous bracts. Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Stylopodium depressed or none. Fruit oval, oblong or or- bicular, glabrous or pubescent, dorsally compressed. Carpels with filiform dorsal and inter- mediate ribs, the lateral ones broadly winged; oil-tubes 1-4 (rarely more) in the intervals, 2-10 on the commissural side. Seed-face flat or slightly concave. [Name Greek.] About i2£ species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, about 47 others occur in western North America. Flowers white or pinkish. Flowers yellow. Fruit glabrous; involucel-bracts united. Plant pubescent. Plant glabrous. Fruit finely pubescent; involucel-bracts linear, distinct. i. P. nudicaulc. 2. P. foeniculaceum. 3. P. Kingii. 4. P. villosum. UMBELLIFEREAE. [VOL. II. I. Peucedanum nudicaule (Pursh) Nutt. White- flowered Parsley. (Fig. 2645.) Smyrnium nudicaule Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 196. 18(4. Peucedanum nudicaule Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. 1:627. 1840. Finely pubescent, or nearly glabrous, the leaves and peduncles 3/-8/ high. Root elongated, often swollen in places. Leaves bipinnate, the segments oblong or ovate, generally pinnatind into linear or linear- oblong obtusish lobes; bracts of the involu- cels lanceolate, scarious-margined; umbel 4-8-rayed, the rays unequal, %'-\W long in fruit; pedicels i//-3//long; flowers white or pinkish; fruit broadly oval or orbicular, glabrous, 2"-3" long, the lateral wings narrower than the carpel, the dorsal and in- termediate ones inconspicuous; oil-tubes generally solitary in the intervals. In dry soil. Manitoba to Minnesota and Kan- sas, west to the Northwest Territory and New Mexico. March-May. 2. Peucedanum foeniculaceum Nutt. Fennel-leaved Parsley. Ferula foeniculacea Nutt. Gen. i: 183. 1818. Peucedanum foeniculaceum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:627. 1840. Tomentose-pubesccnt, or nearly gla- brous; peduncles 4/-io/ high, usually ex- ceeding the leaves. Roots stout and deep; leaves very finely dissected into short, linear or filiform acute lobes and segments, the primary divisions ternate or pinnate; petioles strongly sheathing at the base; umbels unequally 3~i2-rayed, the rays %'-i%' long; bractlets of the in volucels tomentose, united for more than half their length, withering; flowers yel- low; pedicels 2//-4// long in fruit; fruit broadly oval, glabrous, about 3" long, the lateral wings narrower than the car- pel, dorsal and intermediate ones rather prominent; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals. " Prairies, Northwest Territory to Kansas, Missouri and Texas. March -April. (Fig. 2646.) 3. Peucedanum Kingii S. Wats. King's Parsley. (Fig. 2647.) Peucedanum graveolens S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 128. 1871. Not Anethrum graveolens L,. Peucedanum Kingii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 474. 1887. Glabrous, acaulcscent, scape striate, 6'-2o' high, as long as the leaves or somewhat longer. Leaves all basal, long-petioled. pinnately or 2- pinnately divided into narrowly linear segments YI" wide or less; umbel unequally 4-2o-rayed; rays ^/-i^/ long; involucels of several lanceo- late partly united bracts; flowers yellow; calyx- teeth short; fruit oblong, glabrous, 4//-6// long, nearly 2" wide, the carpels with narrow lateral wings, the dorsal and intermediate ribs also somewhat winged; oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals, and 6-10 on the commissural side. Western Nebraska to Utah. June-Aug. Perhaps not properly referred to this genus. VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY. Hairy 517 4. Peucedanum villosum Nutt. Parsley. (Fig. 2648.) Peucedanum villosum Nutt; S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 131. 1871. Tomentose-pubescent; peduncles 3'-8' long, ex- ceeding the leaves. Roots long and deep; leaves very finely dissected into narrowly oblong obtuse lobes and segments, the primary divisions mostly ternate; umbel 4-io-rayed, the rays 4//-io// long in fruit; bracts of the involucels lanceolate, tomentose, or finely pubescent, separate or nearly so ; flowers yellow; fruit oval, finely pubescent, 3//-3>£// long, about 2%" broad, the lateral wings narrower than the carpel, the dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent; oil-tubes 3-4 in the intervals. Prairies and dry soil, Nebraska to the Northwest Ter- ritory, west to New Mexico and California. April-May. ii. CYMOPTERUS Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 100. 1819. Perennial subscapose glabrous herbs, from thick roots, with pinnately decompound leaves, and white flowers (in our species) in peduncled umbels. Involucre of several bracts or none. Involucels of i to numerous bracts. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Petals inflexed at the apex. Stylopodium depressed or wanting. Fruit globose, ovoid or ellipsoid, flattened laterally or not at all. Carpels dorsally flattened, with 3-5 flat equal wings; oil-tubes several or solitary in the intervals. [Greek, wave-winged, referring to the fruit.] About 13 species, natives of western and central North America. Involucre none. I. C. acaulis. Involucre prominent. 2. C. montanus. i. Cymopterus acaulis (Pursh) Rydberg. Plains Cymopterus. (Fig. 2649.) Selinum acaule Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 732. 1814. Cvmoplerus glomeratus Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: loo. i8iq. Cymopterus acaulis Rydberg, Bot. Surv. Neb. 3: 38. 1894. Low, the stem seldom over i/ high. Leaves erect or ascending, bright green, 3'-8' long, slender- pctioled, pinnate or bipinnate into linear-oblong obtuse entire or lobed segments; umbels sleuder- peduncled, capitate, i' or less broad, several rayed; rays i//-2^// long; pedicels very short; involucre none; involucel of a single palmately-lobed bractlet; fruit broadly oval, about 3" in diameter when mature; oil tubes 4-5 in the intervals; seed face nearly flat. In dry soil, Minnesota and Wisconsin to Arkansas, west to the Northwest Territory, British Columbia and Colorado. April-May. 2. Cymopterus montanus T. & G. Moun- tain Cymopterus. (Fig. 2650.) Cymopterus montanus T. & G. Fl. N. A. x: 624. 1840. Similar to the preceding species but somewhat glaucous, or very slightly pubescent. Leaves i'-6' high, stout-petioled, pinnate, or bipinnate, the seg- ments oblong, obtuse, entire, toothed, or lobed; pe- duncles stout, i'-6' high; involucre and involucels of broad membraneous somewhat united veined bracts; umbels i/-2/ broad in fruit; rays several, 3"-9" long; pedicels i"-2" long; fruit ellipsoid, 3//-6// long, the carpels broadly 3-5 winged; oil- tubes 1-3 in the intervals. Dry soil, western Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas. March-April. UMBELLIFEREAE. [VOL. II. 12. THASPIUM Nutt. Gen. I: 196. 1818. Perennial herbs, with ternate or ternately compound leaves, or the basal ones some- times undivided, and compound umbels of yellow or purple flowers. Involucre none, or of 1-3 bracts. Involucels of several small bracts. Calyx-teeth prominent, acute. Stylopo- dium none. Style slender. Fruit ovoid or oblong, glabrous or nearly so, scarcely flattened. Carpels somewhat dorsally flattened, the ribs or at least some of them strongly winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed- face flat. [Name from the island Thapsus.] About 3 species, natives of eastern North America. Leaves mostly ternate; segments crenate, thickish. i. T. Irifoliatum. Leaves mostly biternate; segments incised or lobed, rather thin. Segments ovate, incised. 2. T. barbinode. Segments pinnatifid into oblong: lobes. 3. T. pinnatifidum. i. Thaspium trifoliatum (L,.) Britton. Pur- ple Meadow- Parsnip. (Fig. 2651.) Thapsia trifoliala L. Sp. PI. 262. 1753. Smymium atropiirpureum Desr. in Lam. Kncycl. 3:667. 1789. Thaspium atropurpureum Nutt. Gen. i: 196. 1818. T. trtfolialum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 240. 1894. Glabrous throughout ; stems erect, more or less branched, i°-2° high. Upper stem-leaves short-peti- oled, ternate, or rarely biternate, the segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate, i'-2' long, crenate-dentate all around; basal leaves long-petioled, sometimes undi- vided; umbels i'-a' broad; petals dark purple; fruit nearly 2" long, all the ribs usually winged. In woods, Rhode Island to New Jersey, Tennessee and Illinois. Purple Alexanders. June-July. Thaapium trifoliiturn aiireum ( Nutt. ) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 240. 1804. Thaspium aureum Nutt. Gen. i: 196. 1818. Flowers yellow. Range of the type. Golden Alexanders. 2. Thaspium barbindde (Michx.) Xutt. Hairy-jointed Meadow-Parsnip. (Fig. 2652.) \/ Smyrnium barbinode Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 167. 1803. Thaspium barbinode Nutt Gen. i: 196. 1818. Erect, divergently branched, 2°-4° high, pubescent at the joints and sometimes also on the young shoots and rays of the umbels. Leaves more or less petioled, mostly bipin- nate (the upper often simply pinnate and the basal 3-pinnate); segments ovate, acute at both ends, or rounded at the base, rather thin, incised-serrate or cleft, i'-2' long; umbels i/-2/ broad; flowers light yellow; fruit nearly 3" long, usually glabrous, 7 of the ribs commonly broadly winged. Along streams, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Kentucky and Arkansas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. May-June. J ! T. barbindde angustifolium Coult. & Rose, Hot. Gaz. 12: 137. 1887. Leaf-segments more sharply cleft into narrower lobes; fruit puberulent. Pennsylvania to West Virginia and Illinois. 3. Thaspium pinnatifidum (Buckl.) A. Gray. Cut-leaved Meadow- Parsnip. (Fig. 2653.) Zizia pinnatifida Buckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 175. 1843. Thaspium H'alleri Shuttlw ; A. Gray, PI. Wright, x: 75 1850. Thaspium pinnatifidum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 155. 1856. Divergently branched, 2°-4° high, more pubescent than the preceding species. Leaves distant, ternately pinnatifid into numerous oblong or linear-oblong lobes, the basal ones long-petioled and very large ; flowers light yellow ; fruit iX//-2X// long, puberulent, all the ribs winged, but 7 of the wings broader than the other 3. In woods and copses, Kentucky to North Carolina and Ten- nessee. June. VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 519 13. LIGUSTICUM L. Sp. PI. 250. 1753. Perennial glabrous usually branching herbs, with aromatic roots, ternately compound leaves, and large compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre of several narrow mostly deciduous bracts. Involucels of numerous linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopo- dium conic. Fruit oblong or ovoid, scarcely flattened. Carpels dorsally compressed, the ribs prominent, acute, separated by broad intervals; oil-tubes 2-6 in the intervals. Seed- face flat or slightly concave. [Named from Liguria, where Lovage abounds.] About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in western North America. Leaves thin; fruit ovoid; southern species. i. L. Canadense. Leaves fleshy; fruit oblong; northern sea-coast species. 2. L. Scoticum. i. Ligusticum Canadense (L.) Britton. Nondo. Angelico. (Fig. 2654.) Ferula Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 247. 1753. Ligusticum aclaeifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 166. 1803. Ligusticum Canadense Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 240. 1894. Stout, erect, much branched above, 2°-6° high. Leaves thin, those of the stem ses- sile or nearly so, the lower and basal petioled, often i° wide, their primary divisions ternate, the secondary ternate or pinnate; segments ovate, or oval, iX~5/ l°Dgi acute at the apex, rounded at the base, coarsely and sharply serrate, or those of the uppermost leaves linear-lanceolate and entire; umbels mostly twice compound, sometimes 10' broad; bracts of the involucre 2-6, linear; bracts of the involucels several; pedicels i//-2// long in fruit; fruit ovoid, 2//-3// long with promi- nent slightly winged ribs; oil-tubes 3-4 in the intervals; seed angled on the back. In rich woods, southern Pennsylvania to Georgia, Missouri and Kentucky. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. 2. Ligusticum Scoticum L. Scotch Lovage. Sea Parsley. (Fig. 2655.) Ligusticum Scoticum L. Sp. PI. 250. 1753. Stem simple.or rarely slightly branched, Ky-30 high. Leaves mostly biternate, the segments thick and fleshy, broadly obovate or oval, i'-4' long, shining, ob- tuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or the terminal one rounded at the base, dentate with blunt or sharp teeth; um- bels 2/-4/ broad in fruit, the rays i'-3' long; pedicels 2//-5// long; fruit oblong, 3/'-5// long, the ribs prominent and some- what winged; seed rounded on the back. Along salt marshes, Connecticut to Labra- dor and the lower St. Lawrence river. Also on the Pacific coast and the shores of north- ern Europe and Asia. The plant of the New England coast has more acute leaf-segments than the typical form. July-Aug. 14. AETHUSA L. Sp. PI. 256. 1753. Annual glabrous herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves, and compound umbels, both terminal and opposite the leaves. Involucre none, or of a single bract. Bracts of the involu- cels 1-5, setaceous, turned to one side. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals inflexed at the apex. Stylopodium broad, thick. Fruit globose-ovoid, glabrous. Carpels dorsally compressed, the ribs prominent, corky, acute, nearly equal; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat. [Greek, burning, from the sharp taste.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. 520 UMBELLIFEREAE. i. AEthusa Cynapium L. Parsley. (Fig. 2656.) [VOL. II. Fool's AEthusa Cynapium L. Sp. PI. 256. 1753. Erect, leafy, dichotomously branched, rather slender, i°-2#° high. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, the lower slender-petioled, the upper nearly sessile; petiole-bases dilated; ultimate segments linear, acutish; umbels long-peduncled, 2/~3/ broad in fruit, S-i2-rayed; rays #'-!#' long; pedicels i//-4// long; bractlets of the involucels 2-4, linear, turned downward; fruit about ll£" long, somewhat longer than broad. In waste places, Nova Scotia to New Jersey, west to Minnesota. Poisonous. Adventive from Europe. Called also False or DOR'S Parsley, Dog-poison, and Fool's Cicely. June-Sept. 15. COELOPLEURUM Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 2: 361. 1844. Stout and tall maritime perennials, with large 2-3-ternate leaves, inflated petioles, and compound umbels of greenish white flowers. Involucre of a few linear deciduous bracts, or none. Involucels of numerous linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals with an in- flexed apex. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit oblong, scarcely flattened; dorsal and inter- mediate ribs prominent, corky-thickened, the lateral ones slightly broader, acute but not winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 1-2 under each rib and 2-4 on the coinmissurul side. Seed loose in the pericarp, its face flat or slightly concave. [Greek, hollow-ribbed.] Two species, one widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, the other on our northwestern coast. i. Cocloplcurum Gmelini (DC.) Ledeb. Sea-coast Angelica. (Fig. 2657.) Angelica Archangelita Schrank, Denks. Regens. Bot. Gesell. i: Abth. 3, 13. 1818. Not I,. 1753. Archangelica Gmelini DC. Prodr. 4: 170. 1830. Archangelica pertgrina Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:622. 1840. Coelopleurum Gmelini Ledeb. Fl. Roes. 2:361. 1844. Stout, branching, 2°-3° high, glabrous below, the umbels and upper part of the stem puberu- leut. Lower leaves large, 2-3-ternate, the seg- ments thin, ovate, acute or acuminate, sharply and irregularly dentate and incised, i%'-2%' long; umbels 3/-5/ broad, io-25-rayed; rays l/-2/ long; pedicels slender, 3"-6" long; fruit oblong or nearly globose, 2#//-3#" long, the lateral ribs scarcely stronger than the others. Sea-coast, Greenland to Massachusetts, on the lower St. Lawrence river and the Pacific coast. Also on the coasts of eastern Asia. Summer. 16. LILAEOPSIS Greene, Pittonia, 2: 192. 1891. [CRANT/.IA Nutt. Gen. i : 177. 1818. Not Scop. 1777.] Small creeping glabrous perennial marsh herbs, the leaves reduced to linear terete sep- tate hollow petioles, with simple umbels of white flowers. Bracts of the involucre several, small. Calyx-teeth acute. Petals concave, acute, incurved at the apex. Stylopodium conic. Fruit glabrous, globular, somewhat flattened laterally. Carpels nearly terete, the dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform, the lateral ones much larger and corky-thickened, the commissural faces each with a corky longitudinal projection; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed terete. [Greek, resembling the genus Lilaea.'] A genus of wide geographic distribution, usually regarded as monotypic, but probably consist- ing of several species. VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 521 i. Lilaeopsis lineata (Michx.) Greene. Lilaeopsis. (Fig. 2658.) Hydrocotyle Chinensis L. Sp. PI. 339. 1753? Hydrocotyle lineata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 162. 1803. Crantzia lineata Nutt. Gen. i: 178. 1818. Lilaeopsis lineata Greene, Pittonia, 2: 192. 1891. Creeping, rooting in the mud, 2/-5/ long. Petioles linear- spatulate, very obtuse, generally if-$f long but sometimes much longer, about i%" thick, hollow, distinctly jointed by transverse partitions; peduncles somewhat exceeding the leaves; umbels 5-iorayed, the rays \}^"-^" long; fruit about \" long. In salt and brackish marshes, and on muddy river- shores, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Mississippi. June-Aug. 17. CYNOSCIADIUM DC. Mem. Omb. 44. pi. //. 1829. Glabrous slender branching annuals, the lower and basal leaves mostly linear and entire, those of the stem mainly divided into few linear segments. Involucres and involucels of several subulate or narrowly linear bracts, sometimes deciduous. Flowers small, white, in terminal and lateral compound umbels. Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Fruit ovoid, or ob- long, nearly terete, glabrous, strongly ribbed, the lateral ribs the larger; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 on the commissural side of each carpel. Seed-face flat. Stylopodium conic. [Greek, dog-celery.] Two known species, natives of the southern United States. i. Cynosciadium pinnatum DC. Pinnate Cynosciadium. (Fig. 2659.) Cynosciadium pinnatum DC. Mem. Omb. 45. pi. //. /. B. 1829. Stem erect, or assurgent, i°-2° high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, the blade elongated-linear, entire, acuminate or acute at each end, i'-3' long, 1/4'~3/ wide; stem-leaves pinnately divided nearly to the midvein into 3-9 narrowly linear entire seg- ments, the terminal segment much larger than the lateral ones, or some of them entire; bracts of the involucres 2"-$" long; umbels 4-io-rayed; rays very slender, %'-\%' long; fruit about i" long, less than \" wide, tipped by the conic stylopodium and crowned by the ovate calyx-teeth. In wet soil, Missouri to the Indian Territory and Texas. May-Aug. 18. ERYNGIUM L,. Sp. PI. 232. 1753. Herbs, with spiny-toothed lobed dentate or sometimes dissected, rarely entire leaves, and dense bracted heads or spikes of small white or blue sessile flowers, subtended by bract- lets. Calyx-teeth rigid, pungent, or acute. Petals erect, the apex emarginate with a long inflexed point. Disk expanded. Styles slender. Fruit obovoid or ovoid, scaly or tubercu- late, somewhat flattened laterally. Carpels nearly terete, their ribs obsolete or none, the oil-tubes usually 5. [Greek, a kind of thistle.] About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, about 18 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Plants erect, tall; stem-leaves spiny or bristly-margined. Leaves elongated-linear, parallel-veined. I. E. aquaticum. Leaves elongated-linear, reticulate- veined. 2. E. Virginianum. Stem-leaves palmately incised-pinnatifid. 3. E. Leavenworthii. Plants prostrate, slender; leaves unarmed. 4. E. prostratum. 522 UMBELUFEREAE. [VOL. II. i. Eryngium aquaticum L,. Rattlesnake- master. Button Snakeroot. (Fig. 2660.) Eryngium aquaticum L. Sp. PI. 232. 1753. Eryngium yuccaefolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 164. 1803. Stout, 2°-6° high, glabrous; stem striate, simple, or branched above. Leaves elongated-linear, acum- inate at the apex, mostly clasping at the base, finely parallel-veined, the lower sometimes 3° long and i %' wide, the upper smaller, all with bristly margins; heads stout-peduncled, globose-ovoid, 6//-io// long, longer than the ovate or lanceolate cuspidate bracts; bractlets similar to the bracts but smaller; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; fruit scaly, about \" long. In wet soil or upland, pine-barrens of New Jersey to Illinois and Minnesota, south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. June-Sept. 2. Eryngium Virginianum Lam. Virginian Eryngo. (Fig. 2661.) E. Virginianum Lam. Encycl. 4: 759. 1797. Stem slender, erect, glabrous, branched above, striate, i°-3° high. Upper stem- leaves linear, acuminate, sessile and clasp- ing at the base, a'-S' long, spiny-toothed or rarely laciniate, reticulate-veined; basal and lower leaves long-petioled, the blade linear-oblong, often obtuse, entire, or re- motely denticulate; heads subglobose, 4"- 7" long, equalling or shorter than the lan- ceolate spiny-toothed or entire reflexed bracts; bractlets usually j-cuspidate with the middle cusp longest; calyx-lobes lan- ceolate, cuspidate; fruit scaly. In marshes near the coast, New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas. July-Sept. 3. Eryngium Leavenworthii T. & G. Lea vemvorth's Eryngo. (Fig. 2662.) Eryngium Leavenworthii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:604. !-(•'• Stout, glabrous, i°-3° high, branched above. Stem-leaves sessile, or somewhat clasping at the base, palmately pinnatifid into narrow spiny- toothed segments; basal and lowest leaves ob- lanceolate, mostly obtuse, spinose-denticulate; heads peduncled, ovoid-oblong, z'-z' long, nearly i' thick, equalling or longer than the spinose bracts; bractlets 3~7-cuspidate, those of the upper part of the heads large and resem- bling the bracts; calyx-lobes pinnatifid, longer than the fruit. In dry soil, Kansas, to Texas. July-Oct. VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 523 4. Eryngium prostratum Nutt. Pros- trate Eryngo. (Fig. 2663.) Eryngium integrifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 112. 1788? Eryngium prostratum Nutt.; DC. Prodr. 4: 92. 1830. Prostrate, diffusely branched, rooting from the nodes, the branches very slender, sometimes 18' long. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, oval or oblong, mostly obtuse, entire, or crenate- dentate; stem-leaves smaller, often clustered at the nodes, ovate, few-toothed, or entire or some of them 3-parted; heads ovoid-oblong, dense, about 3" long, mostly shorter than the lanceo- late reflexed bracts; bractlets very small; fruit about y2" long, tuberculate. In low grounds, Kentucky to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Summer. 19. SANICULA L. Sp. PI. 235. 70. 1753. Perennial or biennial mostly glabrous herbs, with alternate palmately 3~7-foliolate or pin- natifid leaves and small yellowish white or purplish flowers in compound generally few- rayed umbels. Umbellets globose. Involucre foliaceous; involucels small. Calyx-lobes membranous, mostly persistent. Petals obovate, or narrower, incurved at the apex, emar- ginate. Disk flat. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally, subglobose, covered with hooked bristles in our species. Carpels not ribbed; oil-tubes usually 5. [From the Latin, to heal.] About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, South America and South Africa. Be- sides the following, about to others occur in the southern and western parts of the United States. •3f Perennial ; some staminate flowers in separate heads ; styles longer than the bristles. Petals and anthers greenish white; calyx-segments lanceolate, cuspidate; fruit 3" long. i. 5. Marylandica. Petals and anthers yellow; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; fruit iH" long, or less. 2. S1. gregaria. •3f -54- Biennial; staminate flowers never in separate heads; styles shorter than the bristles. Leaves 3-5-divided; pedicels of staminate flowers i" long; fruit less than 2" long. 3. S. Canadensis. Leaves 3-foliolate; pedicels of staminate flowers 2" long; fruit 3" long, or more. 4. S. trifoliata. i. Sanicula Marylandica L,. Sanicle. Black Snake-root. (Fig. 2664.) Sanicula Marylandica L. Sp. PL 235. 1753. Rather stout, i}4°-4° high, usually simple, topped by a 2-4-rayed umbel. Leaves firm, bluish green, the basal long-petioled, the up- per sessile, 5~7-parted; segments i%'-6f long, obovate to oblanceolate, irregularly serrate or dentate, often incised; involucral leaves much smaller, 3-cleft; involucel-bracts small, rarely i" long; pedicels of staminate flowers 2" long; calyx i" long, parted into subulate seg- ments; petals greenish white, little exceeding the calyx; anther greenish white; fruit ses- sile, ovoid, 3" long, the slender recurved styles longer than the stout bristles; oil-tubes 5, large; seed furrowed dorsally. In rich woods, Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains, south to Georgia. May-July. 524 UMBELLIFEREAE. [VOL. II. 2. Sanicula gregaria Bicknell. Clustered Snake-root. (Fig. 2665.) Sanicula gregaria Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 35*- i895- Stems erect, weak, usually clustered, i°-3° high, umbellate-branched, the branches slen- der. Leaves thin, bright green, 5-divided; seg- ments stalked, obovate-cuneate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, doubly serrate with bristle- tipped teeth, sharply incised, mostly less than 3' long; basal leaves numerous, those of the stem only 1-2, petioled; involucral leaves large, 3- parted, those of the involucre foliaceous; pedi- cels of staminate flowers i//-i>^//long, 3 or 4 times the length of the minute campauulate calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals yellow- ish, much surpassing the calyx; anthers bright yellow; fruit stipitate, broadly obovoid, i }£" long, the slender styles recurved; bristles weak, very small; oil-tubes 5, small; seed not furrowed. In moist woods and thickets, southern New York to Virginia, Kansas and Nebraska. May- June. 3. Sanicula Canadensis L. Short-styled Snake-root. (Fig. 2666.) Sanicula Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 235. 1753. Sanicula Marylandica var. Canadensis Torr. Fl. U. S. 302. 1824. Rather dull green; i°-4° high, widely branched, the branches forked, the umbellate fruit-bearing rays only 1"-$" long. Stem leafy; leaves petioled, 3~5-divided; segments cuneate-obovate to narrowly oblong, acute, mucronate-serrate, or incised, often small, but sometimes 3'^' long; involucral leaves small; those of the involucel bract-like; staminate flowers few, on pedicels i" long or less; calyx W long, parted into linear-lanceolate acute lobes which exceed the minute white petals; fruit short -stipitate, subglobose, i"-i#" long; the bristles slender; styles short, included; oil-tubes 5; seed dorsally furrowed. In dry woodlands, Massachusetts to Florida, Ne- braska and Texas. June-Aug. 4. Sanicula trifoliata Bicknell. Large- fruited Snake-root. (Fig. 2667.) 5. trifoliata Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 359. 1895. Stem slender, i°-2%° high, the branches alternate, the lower often nearly erect, simple, or forked into numerous branchlets; umbels of 3-5 often irregular rays 4"- 12" long, leaves rather bright green, thin, slender-petioled, 3- divided, the lateral segments often cleft; seg- ments stalked, broadly ovate, or obovate, or the lateral ones rhomboid, acute, coarsely doubly serrate, or incised, the teeth spinulose-cuspidate; staminate flowers few, on slender pedicels about 2" long; calyx l/z" long, its linear rigid lobes incurved, subulate; petals white, about half as long as the calyx; styles short, included; fruit 3" long, or more; larger oil-tubes 2, with numer- ous minute ones; seed not sulcate. In hilly woods, Connecticut to Ontario, south- eastern New York and Indiana. June-July. Voi,. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 525 20. AMMOSELINUM T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep. 2: 165. 1855. Low branching annuals, with ternately divided finely dissected leaves, the ultimate leaf- segments linear, spatulate, or oblong, and small white flowers in terminal sessile or pedun- cled slender-rayed umbels. Involucels of a few linear or dissected bracts. Calyx-teeth obso- lete. Fruit ovate to oval, laterally flattened, strongly ribbed, the ribs tuberculate or spinu- lose-tuberculate; pericarp very thick and dense; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, and 2 on the commissural side. Styles and conic stylopodium short. [Greek, sand-parsley.] Two known species, natives of the southwestern United States and Mexico. i. Ammoselinum Popei T. & G. Pope's Sand-parsley. (Fig. 2668.) Ammoselinum Popei T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep. 2: 165. 1855. Aprum Popei A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 343. 1868. A diffusely branched herb, 6/-i5/ high, the angled branches, rays of the umbels and pedi- cels rough. Lower leaves slender-petioled, the upper sessile, or nearly so, all dissected into linear obtuse or acutish segments about Yzff wide; involucre usually of i dissected leaf or more; involucel-bracts few, entire, or dis- sected; longer rays of the umbels i' long in fruit, or less, the shorter ones often i-flowered; fruit ovate, 2//-2-^// long, narrowed above, i" wide, or a little more, the ribs rather strongly tubercled, or even spinulose. In sandy soil, western Kansas to Texas, Mex- ico and Arizona. April-May. 21. FOENICULUM Adans. Fain. PI. 2: 101. 1763. Erect biennial or perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, the seg- ments linear or capillary, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and involu- cels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obtuse or slightly retuse at the apex. Stylopodium large, conic. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, terete or nearly so. Carpels half-terete, dor- sally flattened, prominently ribbed; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat, or slightly concave. [Latin, diminutive of foenum, hay, from its odor.] About 4 species, natives of the Old World. i. Foeniculum Foeniculum (L,.) Karst. Fennel. (Fig. 2669.) Anelhrum Foeniculum L,. Sp. PI. 263- 1753- Foeniculum vulgare Gaertn. Fruct. & Seni. i : 105. 1788. Foeniculum Foeniculum Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 837. 1880-83. Perennial, branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves very finely dis- sected into capillary segments; petioles broad, clasping; umbels large, 9-25-rayed, the rays rather stout, somewhat glau- cous, i '-3' long in fruit; pedi- cels i//-4// long, slender; fruit about 3/x long. In waste places, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Virginia and Louisiana, escaped from gardens. Adventive from Europe. Called also Dill, Finkel, Spingel. July- Sept. 526 UMBELLIFEREAE. 22. PIMPINELLA L. Sp. PI. 263. [VOL. II. 1753. Glabrous, perennial herbs, with compound leaves and compound umbels of yellow or white flowers. Involucre and involucels none in our species. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals inflexed at the apex. Stylopodium thick, broadly conic. Fruit ovate, or oblong, sometimes broader than long, more or less compressed. Carpels obscurely 5-angled with slender equal distant ribs; oil-tubes numerous, 2-6 in the intervals. Seed-face flat or slightly convex, [Latin; perhaps from bipinnula, /. c., bipinnate. ] About 75 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and South Africa. Besides the following, another is said to occur in the western United States. Leaves ternately compound, the segments entire; flowers yellow. Leaves pinnate, the segments incised; flowers white. i. P. integer> itna. a. P. Saxifraga. x. Pimpinella integerrima (L.) A. Gray. Yellow Pimpernel. (Fig. 2670.) Smyrnium integerrimum L. Sp. PI. 263. Zizia integerrima DC. Rap. PI. Jard vi-, 3: 7. 1830. Pimpinella integerrima A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 345. 1868. Erect, branched, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, i°-3° high, slender. Leaves 2-3-ternate, the upper with short dilated petioles, the lower long-petioled; seg- ments ovate, oval, or lanceolate, obtuse, or acutish and often mucronulate at the apex, entire, 6'/-i2// long; umbels slen- der-peduncled; rays 10-20, 2'-4x long in fruit; flowers yellow; pedicels slender; fruit oval, glabrous, about 2" long. In rocky or sandy soil, Quebec to North Carolina, west to Ontario. Minnesota and Mississippi. Ascends 4000 ft North Caro- lina. May-June. 2. Pimpinella Saxifraga L/. Bennet. Pimpernel. Burnet Saxifrage. (Fig. 2671.) Pimfnnella Saxifraga L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753. Erect, glabrous, i°-2° high, somewhat branched. Leaves pinnate; segments of the lower 9-19, sharply serrate, or incised, ovate, or nearly orbicular, 8"-i2" long; upper leaves shorter- petioled and of fewer segments cut into narrower lobes; flow- ers white; umbels slender-peduncled, 7- 2orayed; rays slender, i'-i#' long in fruit; fruit oval. In waste places, eastern Pennsylvania and northwestern New Jersey at several locali- ties in the valley of the Delaware, and in Ohio. Adventive from Europe. June-Oct. 23. APIASTRUM Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 643. 1840. Annual glabrous slender much branched herbs, with petioled finely dissected leaves, the leaf-segments linear or filiform. Flowers very small, white, in terminal or axillary compound unequal-rayed umbels. Involucre none; involucels of a few small bracts, or none. Calyx- teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, or suborbicular, laterally flattened, tubercled, not ribbed; peri- carp thin; oil-tubes few, not clustered, 2 on the commissural side. Seed-face concave. Stylopodium very small. [Greek, false celery.] Two known species, the following, and one in California. 52? VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY. i. Apiastrum patens (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose. Spreading Apiastrum. (Fig. 2672.) Leptocaulis patens Nutt. ; DC. Prodr. 4: 107. 1830. Apium patens S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 413. 1878. Apiastrum patens Coult. & Rose, Rev. no. 1888. Erect, slender, i°-2° high, divergently branched above. Stem-leaves short-petioled, biternately dissected into narrowly linear or filiform segments; umbels terminal, or axillary, J^'-i,^' broad; rays3//-6// long; pedicels i^"- i" long in fruit; fruit ovate, slightly more than Ji'Mong, more or less tuberculate, usually densely so. Nebraska and Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. June. 24. MUSINEON Raf. Journ. Phys. 91: 71. 1820. [ADORIUM Raf. Neog. 3. 1825.] [MUSENIUM Nutt; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 642. 1840.] Low perennial resiniferous herbs, branching or acaulescent, with pinnately decompound leaves, and compound umbels of yellow or white flowers. Involucre none. Bracts of the involucels few, narrow. Calyx-teeth ovate. Petals clawed, the apex long and infolded. Stylopodium small, depressed. Fruit ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly compressed laterally, smooth or nearly so in our species (roughened in M. trachyspermum.) Carpels somewhat 5-angled, the ribs filiform, equal; oil-tubes usually 3 in the intervals, the middle one usually largest. Seed-face concave. [A name of fennel.] Three known species, natives of northwestern and central North America. Stem leafy, branching; fruit about 2" long. i. A. divaricatum. Plant acaulescent, tufted; fruit about i" long. 2. A, tenuifolium. i. Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) Nutt. Leafy Musineon. (Fig. 2673.) Seseli divaricatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 732. 1814. Musenium divaricatum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 642. 1840. Adorium divaricatum Rydberg, Bot. Surv. Neb. 3: 37- 1894. Decumbent or ascending, branched, glabrous, 6'- 12' high. Leaves bipinnatifid, petioled, 2/-6/ long, the rachis narrowly winged, the segments oblong or ovate, acutish, 3-5-dentate; umbels mostly long- peduncled, I'-a^' broad, 8-25-rayed; rays rather stout, 3//-ia// long; pedicels about i^" long in fruit; flowers yellow; fruit smooth, or very nearly so, about 2" long. Prairies, Manitoba and the Upper Missouri region to the Northwest Territory and Oregon. May-June. 2 Scapose 2. Musineon tenuifolium Nutt. Musineon. (Fig. 2674.) Musenium tenuifolium Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 642. 1840. Adorium tenuifolium Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 264. 1891. Acaulescent from a woody root, tufted, glabrous, 2/-6/ high, pale and somewhat glaucous. Leaves petioled, de- compound into linear acute incised segments; esc apequla- ling or slightly exceeding the leaves; umbel l/z'-\' broad, 5-i8-rayed; rays 2//-5// long; flowers greenish white (?); pedicels ^//-2// long in fruit; fruit oblong, nearly smooth, about i" long and yz" thick, its ribs rather prominent when dry. In dry rocky places, Nebraska, and in the Rocky Mountains. June-July. 528 UMBELLIFEREAE. [VOL. II. 25. EULOPHUS Nutt.; DC. Mon. Omb. 69. //. 2. 1829. Perennial slender glabrous branching herbs, from deep tuberous roots, with ternately compound leaves, and long-peduncled compound umbels of white or pink flowers. Invo- lucre generally of i bract, sometimes none. Involucels of several bracts. Calyx-teeth usually prominent. Petals obovate, the tip in flexed. Stylopodium conic. Styles recurved. Fruit glabrous, linear to oblong in our species; ribs filiform, with 1-5 oil-tubes in the inter- vals. Seed-face concave. [Greek, well-plumed; application not apparent.] About 5 species, natives of North America. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the western United States. i. Eulophus Americanus Xutt. East- ern Eulophus. (Fig. 2675.) Eulophus Americanus Nutt. ; DC. Mem. Omb. 69. pi. 2. 1829. Erect, 3°-5° high. Basal and lower leaves large, long-petioled, ternately compound into linear acute or obtusish segments; upper leaves similar, smaller and shorter-petioled; petioles sheathing at the base; umbels terminal, $'-$' broad, the rays 6-12, very slender, 2/-4/ long; involucre of 1-2 bracts, or none; involuccls of several narrowly lanceolate acuminate bracts; pedicels almost filiform, 4//-8// long in fruit; flowers whitish (?); fruit oblong, 2//-3// long. In dry soil, Ohio and Illinois to Missouri, Tennes- see and Arkansas. July. 26. ANTHRiSGUS Hoffm. Gen. Umb. 38. 1814. Annual or biennial herbs, with tcruately or pinnatcly decompound leaves, and compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre commonly none; involucels of numerous bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete or minute. Apex of the petals indexed. Stylopodium conic or de- pressed. Fruit linear in our species, beaked, laterally compressed, smooth in our species. Carpels nearly terete, ribless except at the beak; oil-tubes none. Seed-face channeled, [(ireek name of this or some allied plant] About 10 species, natives of warm and temperate regions of the Old World. i. Anthriscus Cerefdlium (I,-) Hoffm. Garden Chervil or Beaked-Parsley. (Fig. 2676.) Scandix Cerefolium L. Sp. PI. 368. 1753. Chaerobhyllum sativum Lam. Kncycl. i: 684. 1783. Anthriscus Cerefolium Hoffm. Gen. Umb. 41. 1814. Annual, glabrous, or finely pubescent above, much branched, i)40-20 high. Basal and lower leaves slender- pctioled, the upper smaller, nearly sessile, all ternately decompound into small segments; umbels numerous, rather short-peduucled, 3-6-rayed, the rays divergent, y2'-il/z' long in fruit; pedicels stout, 2//-3// long; bractlets of the involuccls linear- lanceolate, acuminate, about \" long; fruit linear, 3" long, glabrous and ribless, tipped with a ribbed beak of one-third its own length. Roadsides and woodlands in eastern and southern Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. May-June. Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., Wild Beaked-Parsley, or Wild Chervil, a tall annual with decompound leaves, and glabrous beakless fruit, has been found as a waif on Staten Island, and in ballast about the seaports. Anthriscus Anthriscus ( L. ) Karst. ( A. vulgaris Pers. ) Bur-Chervil, readily recognized by its short- beaked muricate fruit, has been found as a waif in Nova Scotia, according to Macoun. VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 529 27. BUPLEURUM L. Sp. PI. 236. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with simple entire clasping or perfoliate leaves, and compound umbels of yellow or greenish-yellow flowers. Involucre none in our species. Involucels of 5 ovate mucronate bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals broad, the apex inflexed or infolded. Stylopodium conic. Styles short. Fruit oblong or oval, somewhat compressed laterally. Carpels angled, with slender equal ribs; oil-tubes none in our species. Seed-face concave. [Greek, ox-ribbed, referring to the leaves.] About 65 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following another occurs in the Rocky Mountains and northwestern America. i. Bupleurum rotundifolium L/. Hare's Ear. Thorough-wax or -wort. Modesty. (Fig. 2677.) Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Sp. PI. 236. 1753- Annual, erect, rather stiff, branching, glabrous, pale, i°-2°high. Leaves broadly ovate, or oval, mostly obtuse, mucronate, i/-i^/ long, perfoliate, or the lowest nar- rowed into a petiole; umbels terminal, 3-6- rayed, the rays seldom over 4" long; bracts of the involucels about as long as the rays, yellowish; fruit glabrous, about ij^// long. In cultivated fields, New York to North Carolina, west to South Dakota, Missouri and Arkansas. Also in the southwest. Nat- uralized from Europe. July-Aug. 28. CHAEROPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 258. 1753. Herbs, our species annuals, with ternately or pinnately decompound leaves and small compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre none or rarely of 1-2 bracts. Involucels of numerous small bractlets. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals inflexed at the apex. Stylopo- dium small, conic. Fruit oblong or linear-oblong, glabrous or pubescent, flattened laterally. Carpels 5-angled, slightly flattened dorsally, the ribs slender, equal, obtuse; oil-tubes soli- tary in the intervals. Seed-face channeled. [Greek, pleasant leaf, from the fragrance.] About 30 species, natives of the warmer parts of the north temperate zone and northern Africa. The following are the only known North American species. Fruit not beaked, its ribs slender, narrower than the intervals between them. i. C. procumbens. Fruit beaked, its prominent ribs mostly as broad as the intervals. 2. C. Teinturieri. i. Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz. Spreading Chervil. (Fig. 2678.) Scandix procumbens L. Sp. PI. 257. 1753. C. procumbens Crantz, Class. Umb. 77. 1767. Much branched, more or less pubescent, slender, spreading, ascending or erect, 6'-2o/ high. Lower leaves slender-petioled, ternately decompound, the divisions ovate, pinnatifid, the ultimate segments obtuse; upper leaves smaller, nearly sessile; umbels 2-6-rayed; rays i/-2/ long in fruit; flowers few in the umbellets; bracts of the involucels ovate; fruit glabrous, linear- oblong, 2//-2^// long, narrowed but not beaked at the summit, the ribs narrower than the intervals between them. In moist ground, New York and southern Ontario to Michigan, south to North Carolina and Kansas. April-June. Chaerophyllum procumbens Shortii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:637. 1840. Fruit broader, ovate-oblong, pubescent, blunt, or scarcely narrowed at the summit. Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Louisiana and Arkansas. 34 530 UMBELLIFERAE. [Voi,. II. 2. Chaerophyllum Teinturieri Hook. Teinturier's Chervil. (Fig. 2679.) Chaerophyllum Teinturieri Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 47- 1835- Chaerophyllum procumbensvzr. Teinturieri C. & R. Bot. Gaz. la: 160. 1887. Similar to the preceding species, more or less pu- bescent, much branched, often taller. Ultimate leaf- segments acute or obtuse; rays of the umbels I '-3' long; fruit 3//-4// long, less than i" wide, glabrous, or pubescent, narrowed above into a distinct beak, its prominent ribs as broad as the intervals between them, or broader. In dry soil, southern Virginia to Tennessee and Mis- souri, south to Florida and Texas. Perhaps intergrades with the preceding species. March-May. 29. WASHINGTONIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 176. 1818. [OSMORRHIZA Raf. loc. cit. iSlS.] Perennial herbs from fleshy clustered thickish roots, with decompound leaves, and loose few-rayed umbels of white flowers. Involucre and involuccls of few narrow bracts, or none. Calyx-teeth ob- solete. Petals incurved at the apex. Stylopodium small, conic. Fruit narrow, linear or oblong-linear, short-beaked, compressed, more or less bristly along the ribs, attenuated at the base. Carpels 5-angular, slightly flattened dorsally, the ribs acute and nearly equal; oil-tubes obsolete or none. [In honor of George Washington.] About 15 species, natives of North America, eastern Asia and western South America. Besides the following about 8 others occur on the west coast and in the Rocky Mountains. Pubescent; style and Stylopodium ]?" long or less. Style with stylopodmm K" long; involucel-bracts mostly present i. W. Claytoni. Stylopodium X" long; involucel-bracts few or none. 3. W.divaricaia. Glabrate; style and Stylopodium i" long. 2. W. longistylis. i. Washingtonia Clayton! (Michx.) Britton. (Fig. 2680.) Myrrhis Claytoni Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 170. 1803. Osmorrhiza brevistylis DC. Prodr. 4: 232. 1830. O. Claytoni Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 690. 1879. Erect, rather stout, at length widely branched above, iX°-3° high, villous- pubescent throughout, especially when young. Lower leaves long-petioled, large, sometimes i° wide, ternately decompound, the segments ovate or oval, incised-dentate; upper leaves nearly sessile, less compound; umbels long-peduncled, 2-6-rayed; rays divaricate, i'-2' long in fruit; involu- cels of several subulate bracts; pedicels 3"-8" long; fruit about 6" long, about i" wide; style and stylo- podium %" long, the Stylopodium slender-conic. In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, North Carolina, Illi- nois and Nebraska. Ascends 4000 ft. in Virginia, May-June. Woolly Sweet-Cicely. 2. Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton. Smoother Sweet-Cicely. (Fig. 2681.) Myrrhis longistylis Torr. Fl. U. S. 310. 1824. Osmorrhiza longistylis DC. Prodr. 4: 232. 1830. Similar to the preceding species but only slightly pubescent, the stems and petioles at length quite glabrous; styles in fruit about i" long; bracts of the involucels lanceolate, $"-4," long, persistent. In woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, the Northwest Territory and Dakota, south to Alabama, Tennessee and Kansas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Roots with a more spicy taste and stronger odor of anise than those of }v. Claytoni. May-June. VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY 3. Washingtonia divaricata Brit- ton. Western Sweet Cicely. (Fig. 2682.) Osmorrhiza divaricata Nutt; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 639. Name only. 1840. Foliage pubescent; stem slender, 2°-3°high> widely branched above; leaf-segments thin, ovate, acute, or acuminate, coarsely toothed and usually incised, %'-21/^' long; umbels long-peduncled, 3-6-rayed, the very slender divaricate rays 2/-4/ long in fruit; involucels of 1-3 subulate bracts, or commonly none; pedicels very slender, a"-!' long; fruit about 6" long, i/x wide or rather more, beaked; style and stylopodium only X" long, t^6 stylopodium slender-conic. Manitoba to South Dakota, British Columbia and California. May-June. 30. SCANDIX L. Sp. PI. 256. 1753. Annual herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves, the lobes very narrow. Flowers white, in compound several-rayed (rarely i-rayed) umbels. Involucre none, or rarely of i bract. In- volucels of several entire lobed or dissected bracts. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Petals mostly unequal, the outer larger. Fruit linear, or linear-oblong, flattened laterally, pro- longed into a beak mostly much longer than the body; primary ribs prominent; secondary ribs none; oil-tubes solitary, or wanting. Seed-face sulcate. Stylopodium short. [Greek name of the plant.] About 10 species, natives of the Old World. i. Scandix Pecten-V6neris I,. Venus' -or Lady's-comb. Shep- herd's-needle. (Fig. 2683.) Scandix Pecten- Veneris 1,. Sp. PI. 256. 1753. Pubescent, stem 6/-i8/ high, branched, the branches ascending. Leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected, the lobes acute, less than y2" wide; lower leaves long-petioled; involucre none; in. volucels of several lanceolate bracts sometimes 2-3-lobed at the apex; flowers very nearly ses- sile; fruiting carpels 4//-6// long, strongly ribbed, terminated by a straight flat beak \}/2'- 2^' long, about \" wide, its edges with stiff ascending hairs. In waste places, northern New Jersey and in ballast about the sea- ports. Fugitive from Eu- rope or Asia. May-July. Old English names, Pink or Adam's Needles, Beggar's-, Crake- or Crow-needles, Devil's Darning Needle?, Hedge- hog, Needle-Chervil, Poukenel. 31. CONIUM L. Sp. PI. 243. 1753. Tall biennial glabrous herbs, with spotted stems, pinnately decompound leaves, and small white flowers in compound many-rayed umbels. Involucre and involucels of ovate acuminate bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete; petals obcordate, or entire with a short inflexed point; fruit broadly ovate, glabrous, somewhat flattened laterally. Carpels strongly wavy- ribbed; large oil-tubes none, but a layer of oil-secreting tissue next the deeply concave seed. [Greek, hemlock.] Two species, one of them native of Europe and Asia, the other of Africa. 532 UMBELLIFERAE. [VOL. II. i. Conium maculatum L,. Poison Hemlock. (Fig. 2684.) Conium maculatum L. Sp. PI. 243. 1753. Erect, much-branched, 2°-5° high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so, all pinnately dissected, the leaflets ovate in outline, thin, the ultimate segments dentate, or incised; petioles dilated and sheath- ing at the base; umbels i'~3' broad, the rays slender, I'-i^' long; pedicels filiform, 2"-3" long in fruit; flowers about i" broad; fruit \W long, about i" wide, its ribs very prominent when dry. In waste places, Quebec and Ontario to Dela- ware, Indiana and Michigan. Also in California and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. St. Bentu t ~ Herb, Cashes, Wode-whistle. June-July. 32. SIUM L. Sp. PI. 251. 1753. Perennial marsh herbs, with simply pinnate stem-leaves, the lower and basal ones often pinnatisected, and compound large umbels of white flowers. Involucre and involucels of numerous narrow bracts. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals inflexcd at the apex Stylopodium conic or depressed. Styles short. Fruit ovate or oval, somewhat compressed. Carpels with prominent ribs; oil-tubes. 1-3 in the intervals. Seed-face flat. [Greek name of a marsh plant.] About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone and South Africa. The following are the only ones known to occur in the United States. Plant stout, a° -6° high; leaf-segments 7-17. I. 5. eicuiaefolium. Plant weak, i°-3° high; leaf-segments 3-7. a. S. Carsoni. i. Sium cicutaefdlium Gmel. Hemlock Water-Parsnip. (Fig. 2685.) Sium eicuiaefolium Gmel. Syst. 2:182. 1791. 5. lineare Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 167. 1803. Sium la li folium of American authors, not of I,inn. Erect, stout, branched, a°-6° high. Lower leaves long-pet ioled, the upper- most nearly sessile; petioles sheathing at the base; leaf-segments 7-17, linear, or lanceolate, i#'-5' long, i#"-i2" wide, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, or the lowermost pectinately dissected; um- bels 2'-3' broad, 8-ao-rayed; rays %'-i#' long; fruit ovate, compressed, about !#" long, the ribs prominent; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals. In swamps, Nova Scotia to British Colum- bia, south to Florida, Louisiana and Califor- nia. Very variable in leaf -form. July-Oct 2. Sium Carsoni Durand. Carson's Water- Parsnip. (Fig. 2686.) Sium Carsoni Durand; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 196. 1867. Stem slender, weak, i°-2° long. Leaf seg- ments 3-7, those of the upper leaves linear, or lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, i'-2' long, i #"-3" wide, sharply serrate; lower leaves often floating and very thin, the segments broader and laciniate, or dissected; umbels i/-2/ broad, 7-i5-rayed; rays 6//-l2// long in fruit; fruit somewhat smaller than that ol the preceding species. In streams, Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Pennsylvania. July-Aug. VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 533 33. APIUM L. Sp. PI. 264. 1753. Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnately compound leaves, and white or greenish-yellow flowers in compound umbels. Involucre and involucels present in some species, wanting in others. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ovate, mostly inflexed at the apex. Stylopodium depressed, or short-conic. Fruit ovate, or broader than long, smooth, or tuberculate. Carpels mostly with prominent ribs, somewhat 5-angled; oil-tubes mostly solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed terete, or nearly so. [Latin name of these or some similar plants. ] About 15 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southern and western United States. Leaf-segments broad. Flowers yellow. Flowers white. Leaf-segments very narrow. 1. A. Petroselinum. 2. A. graveolens. 3. A. leptophyllum. i. Apium Petroselinum L,. Common or Garden Parsley. (Fig. 2687.) Apium Petroselinum L. Sp. PI. 264. 1753- Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Gen. Umb. 177. 1814. Erect, usually biennial, i°-3° high, much branched, glabrous. Leaves bi- pinnate, triangular in outline, the seg- ments ovate, dentate, or incised, or those of the upper leaves linear-oblong and entire; umbels peduncled, i/-2^/ broad, axillary and terminal, 15-20- rayed; rays 5//-i2// long; pedicels about \l/t/f long; involucre of 2-4 linear bracts; bractlets of the involu- cels subulate; flowers greenish yellow; fruit ovate, glabrous, about 2" long, the ribs rather prominent when dry. Maryland to Ontario, escaped from cul- tivation. Introduced from Europe. Na- tive of the Mediterranean region. .Leaves of some cultivated forms crisped. Summer. Ache. 2. Apium graveolens L,. Celery. Smallage. (Fig. 2688.) Apium graveolens L. Sp. PI. 264. 1753. Glabrous, stem erect, i°-3° high, several- leaved. Leaves pinnate, the basal and lower ones long-petioled, the upper short- petioled, or nearly sessile; leaf- segments 3 or 5, stalked, or sessile, thin, broadly ovate to oval, coarsely toothed and often incised; ft'-iW long; umbels opposite the leaves, and terminal, 3~7-rayed; involucre and in- volucels small, or none; flowers very small, white, very short-pedicelled; fruit oval, scarcely l/tff long, the ribs somewhat winged; oil-tubes mostly solitary in the intervals and 2 on the commissural side. In waste places, escaped from cultivation in southeastern Virginia, and naturalized in salt marshes on the coast of California. Also in ballast about the seaports. Native of Eu- rope. Old English names Ache, Marsh Par- sley, Mile. May-July. 534 UMBELLIFERAE. [VOL II. 3. Apium leptophyllum (DC.) F. Muell. Fine-leaved Marsh Parsley. (Fig. 2689.) St'son Ammi L. Sp. PI. 252. 1753? Heliosciadium leptophyllum DC. Prodr. 4: 105. 1830. Apium leptophyllum F. Muell. Benth. Fl. Austral.' 3: 372. 1866. A. Ammi Urban in Mart. Fl. Bras, n: Part i, 341. 1879. Erect or diffuse, slender, much branched, 3/-24/ high. Leaves ternately pinnatisect, the lower slender-petioled, the uppermost nearly sessile, the ultimate segments narrow, often incised; umbels #'-i%' broad, sessile, or pcduncled, opposite the leaves; flowers white; fruit ovate, glabrous, about \" long, the ribs equal and prominent. In moist grounds, New Jersey; "St. Louis, Mo." (Nuttall). Common in the southern States. Widely distributed in tropical America and the Old World. June-Aug. 34. ZIZIA Koch. Nov. Act. Caes. Leop. Acad. 12: 129. 1825. Perennial mostly glabrous herbs, with ternate or ternately compound leaves, or the basal ones undivided as in Thaspium, and compound umbels of yellow flowers, the central fruit of each umbellet sessile. Involucre none; involuccls of several small bracts. Calyx-teeth prominent. Stylopodium none. Styles elongated. Fruit ovoid, or oblong, glabrous, or nearly so, somewhat compressed, the ribs filiform, not winged ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, with a small one under each rib. Seed-face flat. [In honor of I. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.] Three species, mainly distinguished from the Thaspia by their wingless fruit. Basal leaves 2-3-ternately compound. Rays of the umbel numerous, stout; fruit 2" long. i. 7. aurea. Rays of the umbel 2-12, slender: fruit about i" long. 2. Z. Bebbii. Basal leaves cordate, undivided; fruit about i \t" long. 3. '/.. cordata. i. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. Early or Golden Meadow- Parsnip. (Fig. 2690.) Smyrnium aurcum L. Sp. PI. 262. 1753. X. aurea Koch, Nov. Act. Caes. Leop. xa: 129. 1825. Thaspium aureum var. apterum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 156. 1856. Erect, glabrous, branched, i°-2#° high. Basal and lower leaves long-petioled, 2-3-ter- nately compound, the segments ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, or obtusish at the apex, i'-2' long, sharply serrate; upper leaves shorter- petioled, ternate; rays of the umbels 9-25, stout, ascending, i/-2/ long; fruit oblong, nearly 2" long, about \W wide. In fields, meadows, and swamps, New Bruns- wick to Ontario, South Dakota, Florida and Texas. April-June. 2. Zizia Bebbii (Coult. & Rose) Brit- ton. Bebb's Zizia. (Fig. 2691.) Zizia aurea var. Bebbii Coult. & Rose, Bot. Gaz. 12: 138. 1887. Zizia Bebbii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 2: 35. 1890. Slender, ascending, simple or branched, i°- 2° high. Basal and lower leaves slender-pet- ioled, 2-3-ternate, the segments ovate, oblong, or oval, mostly obtuse, %f-\' long, sharply serrate; stem-leaves ternate, or biternate, short- petioled, or sessile, their segments lanceolate, generally narrower than those of the preced- ing species; rays of the umbel 2-12, slender, divergent, I'-jf long; fruit oval, or broader than long, about \" long, often \%" wide. In mountain woods, Virginia and West Vir- ginia to North Carolina and Georgia. May. Voi,. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 535 3. Zizia cordata (Walt.) DC. Heart-leaved Alexanders. (Fig. 2692.) Smyrnium cordatum Walt. Fl. Car. 114. 1788. Zizia cordata DC. Prodr. 4: 100. 1830. Thaspium. trifoliatum var. apterum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 156. 1856. Stout, erect, branched, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, 2°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, or orbicular, undivided, deeply cor- date at the base, sometimes 6/ long, cre- nate all around; stem-leaves shorter-pet- ioled, ternate, or rarely quinate, the seg- ments ovate, or oval, crenate, or lobed; rays of the umbel 7-16, ascending, i'-2' long; fruit ovate, or oval, about i}4" long, and i" wide. In woods, Connecticut to Minnesota and the Northwest Territory, south to Georgia, Missouri, Wyoming and Oregon. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-June. 35. CARUM L. Sp. PI. 263. 1753. Glabrous herbs, with pinnate or ternately pinnatifid leaves, and small white or yellowish flowers in terminal compound umbels. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals inflexed at the apex. Stylopodium conic; fruit ovate.or oblong, somewhat compressed, glabrous. Carpels somewhat 5-angled, the ribs filiform, or inconspicuous; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 on the commissural side. Seed dorsally flattened, its face flat or slightly concave. [Greek, caraway.] About 50 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, about 4 others occur in western North America. i. Carum Carui 1,. Caraway. Carvies. (Fig. 2693.) Carum Carui L. Sp. PI. 263. 1753. Biennial or sometimes perennial, erect, branching, i°-2° high. Lower and basal leaves long-petioled, the uppermost nearly sessile, all pinnatisected into linear or filiform segments; bases of the petioles widely dilated; involucre of 1-3 linear bracts, or none; involucels commonly none; umbels i'-2%' broad, 7-io-rayed; rays ^/-2/ long in fruit; fruit oblong, usually slightly curved, about 2" long, the ribs conspicuous when mature. Occasional in waste places, Newfoundland to South Dakota, Pennsylvania and Colorado. Adventive from Europe. May-July. 36. CICUTA L. Sp. PI. 255. 1753. Erect tall perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnately compound leaves, and compound terminal umbels of white flowers. Involucre of few bracts, or none ; involucels many-bracted. Calyx-teeth acute. Petals broad, the apex inflexed. Stylopodium short- conic; fruit ovate, or oblong, glabrous, slightly flattened laterally. Ribs corky, the lateral ones strongest; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed nearly terete. [The ancient Latin name.] About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone and Mexico. Besides the following about 4 others occur in western North America. Leaf-segments lanceolate. i. C. ntaculata. Leaf-segments narrowly linear. 2. C. bulbifera. 536 UMBELLIFERAE. [VOL. II. i. Cicuta maculata L,. Water Hemlock. Musquash Root. (Fig. 2694.) Cicuta maculata L. Sp. PI. 256. 1753. Cicuta virosa var. maculata Coult. & Rose, Rev. Umb. 130. 1888. Stout, erect, branching, 3°-6° high, the stem marked with purple lines. Roots several, fleshy, tuberiform, ovoid, or oblong; leaves petioled, bipinnate, or tripinnate, the lower often i° long, and on long petioles, the upper smaller; leaf-segments lanceolate, or lance-oblong, coarsely and sharply serrate, I '-5' long, their veins apparently ending in the notches; umbellets many- flowered; pedi- cels unequal, i"-\" long in fruit; fruit ovate, or oval, \"-\yt" long. In swamps and low grounds, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida and New Mexico. Poisonous. Called also Spotted Cowbane, ami Beaver- poison. June-Aug. / 2. Cicuta bulbifera L,. Bulb-bearing Water Hemlock. ( Fig. . 2695. ) Cicula bulbifera L. Sp. PI. 255. 1753. Erect, slender, much branched, i°-$%° high. Roots few, fleshy, tuberiform. Leaves petioled, 2-3 pinnate, the upper ones less divided, smaller, and bearing numerous clustered bulblets in their axils; leaf-seg- ments linear, sparingly serrate with distant teeth, ft'-ift' long; fruit broadly ovate, slightly more than i" long, seldom formed along the southern range of the species. In swamps, Nova Scotia to Delaware, west to Manitoba, Indiana and Iowa. Ascends to 2600 ft. in the Catskills. July-Sept. 37. DERINGA Adans. Fam. PI. a: 498. 1763. [CRYPTOTAENIA DC. Mem. Omb. 42. 1829.] Perennial glabrous herbs, with 3-divided leaves, and compound irregular umbels of white flowers. Involucre and involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals inflexed at the apex. Stylopodium conic; fruit oblong, laterally compressed, glabrous. Carpels nearly terete, the ribs equal, obtuse; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and also beneath each rib. Seed- face flat or nearly so. [Said to be named for Deering or Dering.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America and Japan. i. Deringa Canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Honewort. (Fig. 2696.) Sison Canadense L,. Sp. PI. 252. 1753. C. Canadensis DC. Mem. Omb. 42. 1829. D. CanadfnstsKuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 266. 1891. Erect, rather slender, freely branching, i°-3° high. Lower and basal leaves long- petioled,3-divided,thc segments thin, ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply and irregularly serrate, incised, or some- times lobed, i '-4' long, the lateral ones nearly sessile and oblique at the base, the terminal one abruptly narrowed into a margined incised stalk; upper leaves nearly sessile; umbels 4-10- rayed; fruit narrowed at both ends, 2//-3// long, often curved. In woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. June-July. VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 537 38. SPERMOLEPIS Raf. Neog. 2. 1825. [LEPTOCAUUS Nutt. ; DC. Mem. Omb. 39. 1829.] Glabrous slender erect branching annuals, the branches often nearly filiform, with finely dissected petioled leaves the leaf-segments very narrowly linear. Flowers very small, white, in compound unequal-rayed umbels. Involucre none; involucels of a few small narrow bracts, or none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, laterally flattened, tuberculate or bristly; ribs prominent, or obsolete; pericarp thick; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals or also under the ribs, 2 on the cominissural side. Stylopodium short, conic. Two species, natives of the southern United States. Fruit tubercled. i. 5. divaricatus. Fruit covered with hooked bristles. 2. 5. echinatus. i. Spermolepis divaricatus (Walt.) Britton. (Fig. 2697.) Daucus divaricatus Walt. Fl. Car. 114. 1788. Leptocaulis divaricatus DC. Mem. Omb. 39. pi. 10. 1829. Apium divaricatum Wood, Bot.& Fl. 140. 1870. Spermolepis divaricatus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 244. 1894. Similar to Apiastrum patens (fig. 2672) but more slender and still more widely branch- ing. Rays of the umbels almost filiform, ty-iyi' long, divaricate; flowers about fe" broad; pedicels filiform, 3//-6// long; fruit ovate, densely tuberculate, l/z'f long; the ribs rather prominent. Kansas to Texas, North Carolina and Florida. Also in ballast at Philadelphia. April-May. Rough-fruited Spermolepis. 2. Spermolepis echinatus (Nutt. ) Britton. Bristly-fruited Spermolepis. (Fig. 2698.) Leptocaulis echinatus Nutt.; DC. Prodr. 4: 107. 1830. Apium echinatum S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 412. 1878. Resembling the preceding species, but lower, seldom over i° high, the branches ascending or sometimes spreading. Rays of the umbel very slender, il/zf long, or less; fruit about %" long, covered with spreading hooked bristles, the ribs obso- lete, the commissure narrow. Alabama to Missouri, Texas and Califor- nia. April-May. 39. PTILIMNIUM Raf. Neog. 2. 1825. [DISCOPLEURA DC. Mem. Omb. 38. 1829.] Annual erect glabrous branching herbs, with pinnately or ternately dissected leaves, and compound umbels of white flowers. Bracts of the involucre several, filiform or dissected in our species. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate, the apex inflexed. Stylopodium conic; fruit ovate, slightly compressed, glabrous. Carpels dorsally compressed, the dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent, slender, the lateral ones very thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat. [Greek, referring to the finely divided leaves.] About 4 species. Besides the following, another occurs in Texas and one in the East Indies. Involucral bracts mostly pinnate; fruit i"-ilA" long. i. P. capillaceum. Involucral bracts short, entire; fruit H"-K" long. 2. P. Nuttallii. 538 UMBELLIFERAE. [VOL. II. Mock Bishop- weed. i. Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Hollick. (Fig. 2699.) AmmimajusWa.lt. Fl. Car. 113. 1788. NotL. A. capillaceum Michx. Fl. Bor.Am. i: 164. 1803. D. capillacea DC. Mem. Omb. 38. 1829. Ptilimnium capillaceum Hollick, Trans. N. V. Acad. 13: 20. 1893. Slender, i°-2° high, the branches ascend- ing or sometimes divaricate. Leaves finely dissected into filiform segments, the upper sessile, the lower more or less petioled; in- volucral bracts or some of them pinnately parted; involucels of several linear bracts; umbels 2'-4' broad, 5-2O-rayed, the rays i'- 2' long; pedicels 2/'-8// long; fruit ovate, acute, i"-i#"long. In wet soil, especially brackish meadows, alonff the coast, Massachusetts to Florida, ex- tending: west to Texas. June-Oct. Called also Herb William, Wood-nep, Bole- or Bull-wort. 2. Ptilimnium Nuttallii (DC.) Britton. Nuttall ' s Mock Bishop- weed. ( Fig. 2 700. ) Peucedanum verticillatum Raf. Fl. Ludov. 81. 1817 ? Discopleura Xuttallii DC. Mem. Omb. 38. 1829. Discopleura capillacea var. Nultallii Coult & Rose, Bot. Gaz. 12: 392. 1887. Ptilimnium Nullallii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 244. 1894. Similar to the preceding species, but generally stouter, 2°-3° high, the branches nearly erect. "Umbels 7-25-rayed; bracts of the involucre lin- ear, entire, short, those of the involucels minute; fruit nearly orbicular, obtusish, about #" long. In swamps, Illinois to Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. May-Sept 40. BERULA Hoffm.; Bess. Enum. PI. Volh. 44. 1821. A glabrous aquatic or marsh perennial, with pinnate leaves, serrate or sometimes incised leaf-segments, and terminal compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre and involucels of several narrow bracts. Calyx-teeth very small. Stylopodium conic; styles short Fruit subglobose, slightly flattened laterally, glabrous, the ribs very slender, the pericarp thick and corky; oil-tubes numerous and close together along the inner side of the pericarp. Seed- face flat. [Latin name of the water cress.] A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. i. Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville. Cut- leaved Water Parsnip. (Fig. 2701.) Stum erectum Huds. Fl. Angl. 103. 1762. Sium angustifolium L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1872. 1763. Berula angustifolia Mert. & Koch, Deutsch. Flora, a: 433. 1826. B. erecta Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 115. 1893. Erect, rather stout, much branched, 6/~3° high. Leaflets 7-19, ovate, oval, or linear-oblong, deeply serrate, laciniate, or lobed, &'-&" long, 2//-5// wide, those of the upper leaves com- monly more laciniate than those of the lower; umbels numerous, short-peduncled, 10-20 rayed; rays^'^X' long in fruit; pedicels iX"-3" long; fruit less than \" long, nearly orbicular, some- what cordate at the base, the ribs inconspicuous. In swamps and streams, southern Ontario to British Columbia, south to Massachusetts (?) Illi- nois, Nebraska; in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and to California. Also in Europe and Asia. Called also Lesser or Narrow-leaved Water- Parsnip. July-Sept. VOL. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 539 41. AEGOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 265. 1753. Perennial herbs, with i-2-ternate leaves, and compound umbels of white flowers. Bracts of the involucre and involucels none, or rarely few and early deciduous. Calyx-teeth obso- lete. Petals inflexed at the apex. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit ovate-oblong, glabrous, somewhat compressed. Carpels obscurely 5-angled, the ribs slender, equal, distant; oil-tubes none. [Greek, goat-foot.] One or perhaps two species, natives of temperate Europe and Asia. i. AEgopodium Podagraria L. Goutweed. Goutwort. Herb-Gerard. (Fig. 2702.) AEgopodium Podagraria L. Sp. PI. 265- 1753- Erect, branched, glabrous, l}4°-2}4° high. Basal and lower leaves long- petioled, biternate, the primary divi- sionsstalked, the segments ovate, acute, or acuminate at the apex, rounded, or cordate and often oblique at the base, sharply serrulate, 1%'-$' long; upper leaves similar but smaller and usually simply ternate; umbels long-pedun- cled, ij^/-2j£/ broad, g-25-rayed; rays i' long in fruit or more; pedicels 2"- 4" long; fruit about 2" long, scarcely i" wide, the styles deflected. In waste places, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware. Ad- ventive from Europe. Wild or English Masterwort, Ax-Ash- or Aise -weed, Dwarf or Bishop's Elder, Bishop's weed. June- Aug. ; 42. HYDROCOTYLE L. Sp. PI. 234. 1753. Perennial herbs, prostrate and commonly rooting at the joints, with palmately lobed or veined, often peltate leaves, the bases of the petioles with 2 scale-like stipules, and small white flowers in peduncled or sessile simple or proliferous umbels opposite the leaves. Bracts of the involucre few and small, or none. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals entire. Disk flat. Fruit laterally compressed, orbicular or broader than high. Carpels with 5 primary ribs, the lateral ones usually curved; no large oil-tubes, but an oil-bearing layer of tissue beneath the epidermis. [Greek, water-cup.] About 75 species of wide distribution. Besides the following another occurs in the Southwest and on the Pacific Coast. The species are known as Marsh-, or Water- Pennywort, or Water-cup. Leaves nearly orbicular, peltate. Umbels simple, rarely slightly proliferous; pedicels slender. i. H. umbellata. Umbels, at least some of them, proliferous; pedicels, or some of them, short. Fruit notched at each end. 2. H. Canbyi. Fruit not notched at either end. 3. H. verticillata. Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate, or reniform, not peltate. Leaves 5-9-! obed ; umbels nearly sessile. 4. H.Americana. Leaves 3~7-cleft; umbels long-peduncled. 5. H. ranunculoides. i. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Umbellate or Many-flowered Marsh-Pennywort. (Fig. 2703.) Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Sp. PI. 234. 1753. Glabrous, stem creeping, several inches long, the subterranean branches tuberiferous. Petioles slender, erect, or ascending, i '-6' long; leaves peltate, orbicular, or broader than long, sometimes cordate at the base, Y^'-i' wide, crenately 7-u-lobed, the lobes broad, not deep, mostly crenulate; peduncles elongated; umbels simple or rarely with a proliferous extension; pedicels slender, 2//-6// long; mature fruit notched at both ends, i//-i^// broad, not quite as long; interme- diate ribs corky-thickened; dorsal rib obtuse. In swamps and low grounds, eastern Massachusetts to Florida and the West Indies, Minnesota, Texas and Mexico. Also in South America and South Africa. June-Sept. 540 DMBELLIFBRAE. [VOL. II. 2. Hydrocotyle Canbyi C. & R. Can- by's Marsh-Pennywort. (Fig. 2704.) Hydrocotyle umbellata var. antbigua A. Gray. Mm. "Ed. 5, 190. 1867. Not H. ambigna Pursh, 1814. Hydrocotyle Canbyi Coult. & Rose, But. i 103. 1887. Stems creeping, sometimes 12' long, the sub- terranean branches tuberiferous. Petioles short, or elongated; leaves peltate, orbicular or nearly so, y*'-\W wide, with 7-11 shallow broad mostly crenulate lobes; peduncles elongated; inflorescence mostly proliferous, rarely simply umbellate; verticils 3-10 flowered; pedicels i"- 2" long, or some of them rarely 4" long; fruit about i" long and 2" broad, slightly notched at both ends when mature, much flattened, the intermediate ribs corky-thickened, the dorsal one very obtuse. In moist ground. New Jersey to Florida. Ap- pearing in some respects intermediate between the preceding species and the next. June-Sept. 3. Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. Whorled Marsh-Pennywort. (Fig. 2705.) Hydrocotyle rerticillata Thunb. Diss. a: 415. pi. '798. Hydrocotyle inlerrufita Muhl. Cat 30. 1813. Similar to the two preceding species. In- florescence always proliferous, i'-2' long; verticils 2-6- flowered; pedicels very short, usually less than W long; fruit about i" long, i>£"-2" broad, rounded or truncate at each end, not notched; intermediate ribs of the carpels filiform, not corky-thickened, the dorsal one acute. In moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida, mainly near the coast, west to Texas and southern California, and in Central and South America. June-Sept. 4. Hydrocotyle Americana L. American Marsh-Pennywort. (Fig. 2706.) Hydrocotyle Americana L. Sp. PI. 234. 1753. Stems filiform, creeping, often bearing small tubers; petioles rather short, seldom over 2' long; leaves membranous, reniform, not peltate, deeply cordate, i'-2' wide, with 9-13 shallow crenulate lobes; umbels ses- sile or very nearly so at the nodes, 1-5- flowered; pedicels less than i" long; fruit slightly more than W broad and nearly as high, the ribs all filiform. In wet places, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to southern New York, Penn- sylvania, and in the mountains to North Caro- lina. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. CARROT FAMILY VOL. II.] 5. Hydrocotyle ranunculoides I,, f. Floating Marsh-Pennywort. (Fig. 2707.) Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. Suppl. 177. 1781. Hydrocotyle natans T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 599. 1840. Stem usually floating, sometimes creeping on shores, rather stout, abundantly rooting from the nodes, branched, 6/-24/ long. Petioles elongated, weak; leaves reniform, i/-2/ wide, not peltate, 3-7- cleft, deeply cordate at the base, the lobes crenate; peduncles \f-$' long, much shorter than the petioles, recurved in mature fruit; umbels simple, 5-io-flowered; fruit nearly orbicular, about i%f/ broad, the ribs obscure and filiform. In ponds and swamps, eastern Pennsylvania to Florida, near the coast, west to Texas and on the Pacific Coast from Oregon to Lower California. Also in Central and South America, Abyssinia and Italy. June-Sept. 43. CENTELLA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1393. 1763. Perennial herbs (some African species shrubby), ours with prostrate stems rooting and sending up tufts of long-petioled leaves at the nodes, together with 1-3 long-rayed umbellets of small white flowers, the true umbel sessile. Petiole-bases sheathing. Bracts of the invo- lucels 2-4, mostly prominent. Calyx-teeth none. Disk flat, or slightly concave. Styles filiform. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally, orbicular, reniform, or obcordate, rather promi- nently ribbed, the ribs mostly anastomosing; oil-tubes none- [Latin, diminutive of centrum, a prickle. ] About 20 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in South Africa. The following: is the only one occurring in North America. i. Centella Asiatica (L,.) Urban. Ovate- leaved Marsh-Pennywort. (Fig. 2708.) Hydrocotyle Asiatica L. Sp. PI. 234. 1753. Hydrocotyle repanda Pers. Syn. i: 302. 1805. Centella Asiatica Urban in Mart. Fl. Bras, n: Part, i, 287. 1879. Stem creeping, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, i'-6' long. Petioles 3/-i2/ long, sometimes pubes- cent; blades ovate, rather thick, very obtuse and rounded at the apex, broadly cordate at the base, not peltate, i/-i^/ long, *)"-\$'f wide, repand-den- tate; pedicels much shorter than the leaves, X'~2/ long; umbels capitate, 2-4-flowered, subtended by 2 ovate bracts; flowers nearly sessile; fruit 2//-2^// broad, about \I/L" high, prominently ribbed and reticulated when mature. In wet grounds, Maryland to Florida, west to Texas. Also in tropical America, Asia, Africa and Australia. June-Sept. 44. ERIGENIA Nutt. Gen. i: 187. 1818. Low glabrous nearly acaulescent perennial herbs, arising from a deep tuber, with ter- nately decompound leaves, usually a single-leaved involucre, and small umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals flat, obovate or spatulate, entire. Fruit nearly or- bicular, notched at both ends, glabrous. Carpels incurved at top and bottom, with 5 slender ribs and 1-3 small oil-tubes in the intervals. [Greek, spring-born.] A monotypic genus of central North America. 542 CORNACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Harbinger of Spring. (Fig. 2709.) Sison bulbosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 169. 1803. Erigenia bulbosa Nutt. Gen. i: 188. 1818. Stem scapose, 3'-$' high, bearing a leaf in- volucrate to the umbel. Basal leaves 2-4, petioled, ternately divided into thin oblong obtuse segments, the involucral one similar, smaller, short-petioled; petioles much dilated and sheathing at the base; umbels mostly com- pound, of 1-4 slender rays; involucels spatu- late or sometimes foliaceous; pedicels very short in flower, i"-2#" long in fruit; fruit about i" long and i#" broad. Ontario to western Pennsylvania, the District of Columbia and Alabama, west to Minnesota, Kan sas and Missouri. Feb. -April. Family 92. CORNACEAE Link. Handb. 2: 2. 1831. Doc- WOOD FAMILY. Shrubs or trees, with simple opposite, verticillate or alternate, usually entire leaves, and regular perfect polygamous or dioecious flowers in cymes, heads or rarely solitary. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4~5-dentate, or none. Petals generally 4 or 5, sometimes wanting, valvate or imbricate, spreading, in- serted at the base of the epigynous disc. Stamens as many as the petals or more numerous, inserted with them; filaments subulate or flat. Ovary inferior, i-2-celled in our species; style r, short or elongated; ovules i in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a drupe, the stone i-2-celled, i-2-seeded. Seeds oblong; embryo nearly as long as the endosperm; cotyledons foliaceous. About 16 genera and 85 species, most abundant in the northern hemisphere. Flowers perfect, 4-parted; ovary 2-celled. i. Cornus. Flowers polygamous or dioecious; petals minute or none; ovary i -celled. a. Nyssa. i. CORNUS L. Sp. PI. 117. 1753. Shrubs or trees, with simple mostly entire opposite verticillate or rarely alternate leaves, and small white greenish or purple flowers, in cymes, or heads, the latter involucrate with large white bracts in our species. Calyx-tube top-shaped or campanulate, its limb minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled; stigma truncate or capitate; ovules i in each cavity. Drupe ovoid or globular, the stone 2-celled and 2-sceded. [Greek, horn, from the toughness of the wood.] About 25 species, natives of the north temperate zone, Mexico and Peru. Besides the follow- ing, 7 others occur in western North America. •X- Flowers capitate, with an involucre of 4-6 large white bracts. Low herbaceous shrubs; rootstocks slender. Upper leaves verticillate; Sowers greenish. Leaves all opposite; flowers purple. Tree or large shrub; flowers greenish. Leaves opposite. ** M™*™ cymo.e, not involucrate. 1. C. Canadensis. 2. C. Suecica. 3. C. florida. Leaves downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young; (sometimes glabrate in No. 5). Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular; fruit blue. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Fruit blue; stone pointed at the base. Fruit white; stone globose, more or less broader than high. Fruit white; stone compressed, much broader than high. Leaves glabrate, or minutely pubescent beneath. Leaves ovate, short-pointed; twigs purple. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Fruit white ; twigs grey. Fruit pale blue; twigs reddish. Leaves alternate, clustered at the ends of the flowering branches. 4. C. circinata. 5. C. Antonum. 6. C. asperifolia. 7. C. Baileyi. 8. C, stolonifera. 9. C, candidissima. 10. C. slricla. 11. C. alternifolia. VOL. II.] DOGWOOD FAMILY. 543 i. Cornus Canadensis I,. L,ow or Dwarf Cornel. (Fig. 2710.) Cornus Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 117. 1753. Herbaceous, woody only at the base, flower- ing stems erect, scaly, 3/~9/ high. Rootstock nearly horizontal; leaves verticillate at the sum- mit of the stem, or sometimes i or 2 pairs of opposite ones below, sessile, oval, ovate, or obo- vate, pinnately veined, glabrous or minutely appressed-pubescent, acute at each end, entire, ix-3' long; peduncle slender, %'-il/z' long; in- volucral bracts 4-6, white, petaloid, ovate, 4"- 9" long; flowers greenish, capitate; petals ovate, one of them with a subulate appendage; fruit globose, bright red, about 3" in diameter; stone smooth, globose, slightly longer than broad. In low woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Minnesota, Colorado and California. Rarely the upper leaves are opposite. Ascends to 5100 ft. in the Adirondacks. May-July. Bunch-berry. 2. Cornus Suecica L. Northern Dwarf Cornel. (Fig. 2711.) Cornus Suecica L. Sp. PI. 118. 1753. Flowering stems 2/-io/ high, sometimes branched above. Rootstock horizontal. Leaves 3-6 pairs, all opposite, sessile, ovate, or oval, acute or obtusish at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, entire, minutely appressed-pubescent above, the upper y^'-\]^f long, the lower smaller, the veins all arising from near the base; involucral bracts usually 4, ovate, 3//-6// long, obtusish; flowers dark purple, capitate; fruit globose, red, 3//-4// in diameter; stone flattened, slightly channeled on each side, about as broad as long. In cold, wet woods, Labrador, Newfoundland and Quebec through Arctic America to Alaska. Also in northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 3. Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood. (Fig. 2712.) Cornus florida L. Sp. PI. 117. 1753. A small tree, or large shrub, with very rough bark and spreading branches, reaching a maximum height of about 40° and trunk diameter of i ^ ° . Leaves petioled, ovate, or oval, rarely obovate, entire, pale and slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, dark green and gla- brous, or minutely pubescent above, 3'- 6' long, acute at the apex, usually nar- rowed at the base; petioles 3//-io// long; bracts of the involucre white or pink- ish (rarely rose-red), very conspicuous, obovate, obcordate, or emarginate, strongly parallel-veined, i'-2j£' long; flowers greenish-yellow, capitate; fruit ovoid, scarlet, 5//-6// long, crowned with the persis- tent calyx; stone smooth, channeled, ovoid, 3//-4// long. In woods, Maine and Ontario to Florida, Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. Ascends 104400 ft. in Virginia. Wood hard, brown; weight per cubic foot 50 Ibs. Leaves bright red in autumn. Fruit often persistent over winter. Called also Arrow-wood, Box-wood, Cornelian Tree. April- June. 544 CORNACEAE. 4. Cornus circinata I,' Her. Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood. Cornus rugosa Lam. Encycl. 2: 115. 1786? C. circinata L,' Her. Cornus, 7. pi. j. 1788. A shrub, 3°-io° high, the twigs warty, green and glabrous. Leaves petioled, entire, broadly ovate, orbicular, or even wider than long, acute, or short-acuminate at the apex, mostly rounded or truncate at the base, pale and densely soft-pubes- cent beneath, slightly pubescent above, *'-(/ long; petioles 3//~9// long; flowers white in rather dense cymes i#'-2%' broad, the pedicels usually somewhat pubescent; petals ovate; fruit globose, light blue, about 2 ' •" in diameter; stone subglobose, somewhat ridged, sometimes broader than high. In shady, often rocky situations, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Illi- nois and Iowa, and Missouri (according to Tracy). May-June. [VOL. II. (Fig. 2713.) 6. Cornus asperifolia Michx. Rough-leaved Cornel or Dogwood. (Fig. 2715.) C. asperifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 93. 1803. Cornus Drummondii C. A. Meyer, Mem. Acad. Petersb. (VI). 5: 210. 1845. A shrub, 3°-i5° high, the twigs reddish brown, the youngest very rough-pubescent. Leaves very slender-petioled, ovate-oval, or elliptic, acuminate at the apex, mostly ob- tuse at the base, pale and woolly-pubescent beneath, densely rough-pubescent above, I #'-5' long; petioles and rays of the cyme rough-pubescent; cymes rather loosely-flow- ered, 2'-3' broad; petals white, oblong- lanceolate; fruit globose, white, about 3" in diameter; stone slightly furrowed, little com- pressed, often oblique, more or less broader than high. In wet ground, or near streams, southern Ontario to Florida, west to Iowa, Kansas and Texas. The southeastern plant ( C. asperifolia ) maybe distinct from the western (C. mondii. ) May-June. 5. Cornus Amdnum Mill. Silky Cornel. Kinnikimiik. (Fig. 2714.) C.Amonum Mill. C.ar.l Diet. Kd. 8, No. 5. 1768. > stricea L. Mant. a: 199. 1771. A shrub, 3°-io° high, with purplish twigs, the youngest commonly pubescent. Leaves petioled, ovate, oval, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, usually finely pubescent with brownish hairs beneath, glabrous or min- utely appressed -pubescent above, i'-5' long; flowers white, in rather compact flat cymes l#'-2#' broad; petals narrowly oblong; fruit globose, light blue, 3"-3#" >n diameter, stone oblique, ridged, narrowed or pointed at base, sometimes slightly broader than long. In low woods and along streams, New Bruns- wick to Ontario and Dakota, Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Swamp Dogwood. May -July. 2 Vol.. II.] DOGWOOD FAMILY. 545 7. Cornus Baileyi Coult. & Evans. Bailey's Cornel or Dogwood. (Fig. 2716.) Cornus Baileyi Coult. & Evans, Bot. Gaz. 15: 37. 1890. A shrub with reddish twigs, much resembling the preceding species. Leaves slender- petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, gla- brate, or with finely appressed soft pubescence above, rather densely woolly-pubescent beneath, i '-5' long; petals white, ovate-oblong; cymes compact, i/-2/ broad, the rays pubescent; fruit white, about 3" in diameter; stone flattened, slightly oblique, channeled on the edge, much broader than high. Lake shores and in moist ground, Presque Isle, Pennsylvania to Minnesota and the Northwest Ter- ritory, Wyoming (and Nebraska?). May-June. 8. Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Cornel or Dogwood. (Fig. 2717.) C. alba Lam. Encycl. a: 115. 1786. Not L. 1767. C. slolonifera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 92. 1803. A shrub, 3°-i5° high, usually stolonifer- ous, the twigs glabrous and bright reddish purple, or the youngest finely appressed-pu- bescent. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acute or short- acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, finely appressed-pubescent above, white or whitish and sparingly pubes- cent beneath, or sometimes glabrous on both sides, i '-5' long; cymes i'-2' broad, flat- topped, usually minutely appressed-pubes- cent; petals white, ovate-oblong; fruit white or whitish, globose, 3//-4// in diameter, the stone very variable in shape, either higher than broad or broader than high. In moist soil, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Virginia, Ken- tucky, Nebraska, Arizona and California. As- cends to 2400 ft. in the Adirondacks. June-July. 9. Cornus candidissima Marsh. Pan- icled Cornel or Dogwood. (Fig. 2718.) Cornus candidissima Marsh, Arb. Am. 35. 1785. Cornus panicHlata'Ll''Ker. Cornus, 9. />/.'/j. 1788. A shrub, 6°-i5° high, with gray smooth twigs, even the youngest glabrous or nearly so. Leaves petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuuiinate at the apex, acute at the base, minutely appressed-pubescent on both sides, pale beneath, i^/-4/ long; cymes loosely flowered, somewhat paniculate, the rays mostly glabrous; petals white, lanceolate; fruit glo- bose, or slightly depressed, white, about 3" in diameter; stone subglobose, slightly furrowed, or somewhat broader than high. In rich soil, Maine (and Ontario?) to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Nebraska. May- June. 35 CORNACEAE. II. io. Cornus stricta L,am. Stiff Cor- nel or Dogwood. (Fig. 2719.) Cornus stricta Lam. Encycl. a: 116. 1786. Cornus fastigiata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 92. 1803. A shrub, 8°-i5° high, resembling the pre- ceding species, the twigs purplish or reddish brown. Leaves petioled, ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed or sometimes rounded at the base, sparingly and finely appressed-pubescent on both sides, 1%'-$' long, the margins often minutely denticulate, green above and be- neath; cymes rather loosely flowered, i#'- 2%' broad, their rays nearly or quite gla- brous; petals white, ovate-lanceolate, or ob- long; fruit pale blue, about 3" in diameter; stone globose, nearly smooth. In swamps, Virginia to Georgia and Florida. April-May. ii. Cornus alternifolia L,.f. Alternate-leaved Cornel or Dogwood. (Fig. 2720.) Cornus allemifolia L. f. Suppl. 125. 1781. A shrub, or small tree, with smooth greenish bark, reaching a maximum height of about 30° and trunk diameter of 8'. Leaves slender- petioled, alternate, often clustered near the ends of the branches, oval or ovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, a'-4' long, pale and appressed-pubes- cent beneath, glabrate above, the margins mi- nutely denticulate; petioles #'-l %' long; cymes 2'-4/ broad, pubescent; petals white, or cream- color, lanceolate; fruit globular, or slightly de- pressed, blue, about 4" in diameter; stone some- what obovoid, channeled, scarcely flattened. In woods. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Ontario, Minnesota and Alabama. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Wood hard, reddish brown; weight per cubic foot 42 IDS. May-July. 2. NYSSA L,. Sp. PI. 1058. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled entire or dentate leaves. Flowers small, green- ish, polygamo-dioecious, in capitate clusters, short racemes, or the fertile ones sometimes solitary, borne at the summit of slender axillary peduncles, appearing with the leaves. Staminate flowers numerous, the calyx small, 5-parted, the petals minute and fleshy, or none; stamens 5-15; filaments slender; disk entire or lobed; pistil none or rudimentary. Pistillate flowers 2-14, or solitary, bracted; calyx-limb 5-toothed, or truncate; petals minute and fleshy, or none; stamens several, or commonly abortive; ovary i-celled, with i pendu- lous ovule; style slender, recurved, stigmatic along one side near the apex. Drupe ovoid or oval, the stone bony, compressed, ridged or terete, l-seeded. [Name of a water nymph.] About 7 species, natives of eastern North America, eastern and central Asia. Besides the fol- lowing, another occurs in the southern States. Leaves usually entire; pistillate flowers 2-14; fruit z"~7" long. Leaves mostly acute or acuminate; stone little flattened. i. N. sylvalica. Leaves mostly obtuse; stone much flattened. 2. N. biflora. Leaves usually dentate ; pistillate flower solitary; fruit 8"-i5" long. 3. N. aquatica. Vol.. II.] DOGWOOD FAMILY. 547 i. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Pepperidge. Sour Gum. Tupelo. (Fig. 2721.) Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Arb. Am. 97. 1785. Nyssa multiflora Wang. Holz. 46. pi. 16. 1787. A large tree, with rough bark, reaching a maximum height of 110° and trunk diameter of 5°; branches horizontal, especially when the tree is young. Leaves obovate or oval, acute, acuminate, or obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, entire, glabrous and shining above, more or less pubescent beneath, 2'-4' long; petioles 4//-7// long; staminate flowers in compound capitate clus- ters; pistillate flowers larger, 2-14 together; fruit ovoid, nearly black, 4/'-7// long, acid; stone ovoid, more or less flattened and ridged. In rich soil, most abundant in swamps, Maine and Ontario to Florida, Michigan and Texas. Leaves crimson in autumn, rarely angulate- tpothed on young trees. Wood soft, tough, light yellow; weight per cubic foot 40 ibs. Called also Black Gum. April-June. 2. Nyssa bifldra Walt. Southern Tupelo. Water Tupelo. (Fig. 2722.) Nyssa biflora Walt. Fl. Car. 253. 1788. Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora Sargent, Sylva, 5: 76. pi. 218. 1893. Similar to the preceding species, the base swollen. Leaves mostly smaller and narrower, oval, oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse, or some- times acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, i'-5' long, rarely more than i^' wide, glabrous when mature, sometimes loosely pubescent when young; staminate flowers in compound or simple cymes; pistillate flowers only 1-3 together; fruit oval, or subglobose, 3//-6// long, acid; stone oval or oblong, dis- tinctly flattened and furrowed. In swamps and along ponds, New Jersey (ac- cording to Coulter and Evans) ; Virginia to Florida and Alabama. April-May. Perhaps intergrades with the preceding species. Opinions differ as to whether the name aquatica belongs more properly to this species or the following, both having been included in one species by Linnaeus. 3. Nyssa aquatica L,. Large Tupelo. Cotton or Tupelo Gum. (Fig. 2723.) Nyssa aquatica L. Sp. PI. 1058. 1753. Nyssa uniflora Wang. Am. 83. pi. 27. f. 57. 1787. A large tree, reaching a maximum height of about 100° and trunk diameter of 4°. Leaves slen- der-petioled, ovate or oval, angular-dentate, or en- tire, acute, or acuminate at the apex, rounded, often cordate, sometimes narrowed at the base, downy-pubescent beneath, especially when young, becoming glabrate on both sides, s'-io' long; stam- inate flowers in compound capitate clusters; pis- tillate flower larger, solitary ; fruit oval, dark blue when ripe, 8//-is// long; stone narrowly obovate, flattened, spongy, with several sharp longitudinal ridges. In swamps, southern Virginia to Florida, west to Illi- nois, Missouri and Texas. Wood soft, tough, light brown, or nearly white; weight per cubic foot 29 Ibs. April. 548 CLETHRACEAE. [Voi,. II. Series 2. Gamopetalae. Petals partly or wholly united, rarely separate or wanting. This series is also known as Sympetalae and has been called Monopetalae. The coherence of the petals is sometimes very slight or they are quite separate, as in Clethraceae, Pyrolaceae, some Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Sfyracaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Oleaceae, Curcurbitaceae and Gala.i in Diapensiaceae. From this condition the coherence varies through all stages to the tubular or fun- nelform corollas of some Convolvulaceae, Capri foliaceae and Compositae. In American species of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and in Glaux (Primulaceae), there is no corolla. Family i. CLETHRACEAE Klotsch, Linnaea, 24: 12. 1851. \VHITE-ALDER FAMILY. Shrubs or trees, more or less stellate-canescent, with alternate deciduous serrate or serrulate petioled leaves, in our species, and rather small white frag- rant flowers in terminal solitary or clustered narrow usually elongated racemes. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, persistent, the segments imbricated. Petals 5, slightly united at the base, obovate, oblong, or obcordate, imbricated, deciduous. Sta- mens 10; filaments slender; anthers sagittate, inverted in anthesis, the sacs opening by large apical pores; pollen-grains simple. Disk obsolete. Ovary 3-angled or 3-lobed, 3-celled, pubescent; ovules numerous; style slender; stig- mas 3 in our species. Capsule subglobose, or 3-lobed, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, the valves at length 2-cleft. The family consists only of the following genus, comprising about 30 species, natives of eastern North America, Japan, Mexico and South America. i. CLETHRA L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753. Characters of the family. [Greek, alder, from the resemblance of the foliage.] The following are the only species known in North America. Leaves obovate, acute or obtuse; filaments glabrous. Leaves oval or ovate, acuminate; filaments hirsute. 1. C. alnifolia. 2. C, acuminala. i. Clethra alnifdlia I,. Sweet Pepperbush. White Alder. (Fig. 2724.) Clethra alnifolia L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753. A shrub, 3°-io° high, the twigs mi- mutely canesccnt. Leaves obovate, ob- tuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or cuneatc at the base, sharply serrate, at least beyond the middle, glabrous or very nearly so and green on both sides, i/~3/ long; petioles i"-6" long; bracts short, deciduous; pedicels, calyx and capsule cancscent; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, nerved; flowers about 4" broad, of spicy fragrance; filaments glabrous; style longer than the stamens; capsule subglobose, about i^// in diameter about the length of the calyx. In swamps and wet woods, or sometimes in dry soil, Maine to northern New Jersey and Florida, mostly near the coast. July Aug. WHITE-ALDER FAMILY. 549 VOL. II.] 2. Clethra acuminata Michx. Mountain Sweet Pepperbush. (Fig. 2725.) Clethra acuminata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 260. 1803. A tall shrub or small tree, similar to the pre- ceding species. Leaves oval, oblong, or ovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, green above, pale and sometimes pu- bescent beneath, closely serrulate with very sharp-pointed teeth, 2'-7x long, sometimes 3^' wide; petioles 4//-i2// long; racemes spreading or recurved, solitary, or 2-3 together, 2/-S/ long, the rachis, pedicels and calyx densely pubescent or canescent; bracts longer than the flowers, caducous; filaments and bases of the petals hirsute. In mountain woods, Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Caro- lina. July-Aug. Family 2. PYROLACEAE Agardh, Cl. PI. 18. 1825. WlNTERGREEN FAMILY. Low mostly evergreen perennials, with branched rootstocks. Leaves petioled. Flowers perfect, nearly regular, racemose, solitary or corymbose, white or pink. Calyx 4~5-lobed. Corolla very deeply 4~5-parted, or of 5 petals. Stamens twice as many as the divisions of the corolla, the anthers introrse in the bud, inverted at anthesis, opening by pores or short slits; pollen-grains in 4*5. Ovary super- ior, 4-5-celled; style short or slender, often declined; stigma 5-lobed, or 5-crenate; ovules very numerous, anatropous. Fruit a loculicidally dehiscent capsule. Seeds very numerous, minute, the loose cellular coat -much larger than the almost undifferentiated embryo. Three genera and about 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Flowers racemose ; leaves basal. I. Pyrola. Flowers solitary or corymbose; leaves opposite or whorled. . Stem leafy at base ; flower solitary; style long. 2. Moneses. Stem horizontal; branches erect, leafy; style very short. 3. Chimaphila. i. PYROLA L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753. Low glabrous herbs, acaulescent or nearly so, stoloniferous, perennial. Leaves basal, persistent (one northwestern species leafless). Flowers nodding, or in one species ascend- ing, white, yellowish, pink, or purple, racemose, on erect bracted scapes. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, sessile, deciduous. Stamens 10, declined, or straight and connivent; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers erect in the bud, emarginate or 2-beaked at the base, mostly reversed at flowering, each sac opening by a basal but apparently apical pore. Ovary 5-celled; style straight or declined, filiform, or thickened at the summit; stigma 5-lobed. Disk usually obsolete, rarely present and lo-lobed. Capsule subglobose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved from the base, the valves cobwebby on the margins when open- ing, the apex and base intruded. [Latin, diminutive of Pyrits, pear, from the similar leaves.] About 15 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 3 others occur in western North America. Style and stamens declined (slightly so in no. 6). Petals very obtuse ; leaves rounded at the apex. Leaves rounded, truncate or narrowed at the base. Flowers white or greenish white; plants of dry woods. Calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate; leaves shining. Calyx-lobes ovate or triangular, short; leaves dull. Blades orbicular, coriaceous, mostly shorter than petioles. Blades oval, membranous, longer than their petioles. Flowers pink or purple ; bog plant. Leaves reniform, cordate; flowers pink. Petals and leaves acute, the latter small. Style straight; stamens connivent. Style short; disk none; raceme regular. 7. P. minor. Style elongated; disk lo-lobed; flowers in a i-sided raceme. 8. P. secunda. 1. P. rotundifolia. 2. P. chlorantha. 3. P. elliptica. 4. P. uliginosa. 5. P. asarifolia. 6. P. oxypetala. 550 PYROLACEAE. [Vot. II. i. Pyrola rotundifdlia L,. Round-leaved Wintergreen. (Fig. 2726.) Pyrola rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753. Scape 6/-2o/ high, 6-2o-flowered. Leaf-blades orbicular or oval, spreading, obtuse, coriaceous, shining above, crenulate, narrowed, rounded, truncate or rarely subcordate at the base, *%'-$' long, usually slightly longer than wide, often shorter than their narrowly margined petioles; flowers white, nodding, very fragrant, 7//_g// broad; pedicels 2"-3// long, mostly longer than their bracts; calyx-lobes oblong or lanceo- late, about one-third the length of the obtuse petals; stamens and style declined-ascending; style exserted; capsule 2//-3// in diameter. In dry woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Ohio. Ascends to 3000 feet in North Carolina. Also in Europe. Called also False, Larger, or Pear-leaved Wintergreen, and Indian or Canker Lettuce. June-July. Pyrola rotundifolia pumila Hornem. Plantel, Ed. 3. i: 463. 1821. Scape 3' -6' high; leaves seldom i' long; calyx-lobes oblong, mostly obtuse. Greenland and Labrador to the Northwest Territory. Perhaps a distinct species. 2. Pyrola chlorantha Svv. Greenish- flowered Wintergreen. (Fig. 2727.) P. chlorantha Sw. Act. Holm. 1810: 190. pi. 5. 1810. Scape 4'- 1 2' high, 3-io-flowered. Blades or- bicular, or broadly oval, mostly obtuse at both ends, but sometimes narrowed at the base, coria- ceous, dull, obscurely crenulate, or entire, #'-x' long, shorter than or equalling their petioles; flowers nodding, slightly odorous, greenish white, 5 "-7" broad; pedicels 2//-3//long, mostly longer than their bracts; calyx-lobes ovate, or triangular-ovate, acute or obtuse, about one- fourth the length of the obtuse petals; stamens and style declined-ascending; anther-sacs short- beaked; style exserted; capsule about 3" in diameter. In dry woods, Labrador to British Columbia, south to the District of Columbia, Illinois, Nebraska and Colorado. Also in Europe. June-July. 3. Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shin-leaf. (Fig. 2728.) Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Gen. x: 273. 1818. Scape 5'-io' high, 7-is-flowered. Blades broadly oval, or elliptic, thin or membranous, dark green, obtuse, but usually mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, plicate-crenulate with very low teeth, 1%'-$' long, almost always longer'than their petioles; flowers greenish white, nodding, 6"-8" broad, very fragrant; pedicels longer than or equalling their bracts; calyx-lobes ovate-triangular, acute or acuminate, about one-fourth as long as the obtuse petals; stamens and style declined- ascending; anther-sacs scarcely beaked; style somewhat exserted; capsule about 3" in di- ameter. In rich, mostly dry woods, Nova Scotia to Brit- ish Columbia, south to the District of Columbia, Illinois, Michigan and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. June-Aug. Voi,. II.] WINTERGREEN FAMILY. 551 4. Pyrola uliginosa Torr. Bog Wintergreen. (Fig. 2729.) Pyrola uliginosa Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1 : 453. pi. 60. 1843. Pyrola rotundifolia var. uliginosa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 259. f856. Scape 6/-i5/ high, 7-is-flowered. Blades broadly oval, or orbicular, dull, rather thick, obscurely crenulate, obtuse at both ends, some- times truncate at the base, equalling or shorter than their petioles; bracts shorter than or equalling the pedicels; flowers purple, 5//-8// broad; calyx-lobes oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, one-fourth to one-third the length of the obtuse petals; stamens and style declined-ascending; anther-sacs beaked; style slightly exserted; capsule about i}^" in diame- ter. In swamps and bogs, Nova Scotia to British Co- lumbia, south to New England, central New York, Michigan and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Apparently also in Japan. June. Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liver-leaf Wintergreen. (Fig. 2730.) Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Fl. Bor.Am. 1:251. 1803. Pyrola rotundifolia var. asarifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 3: 46. 1834. Similar to the preceding species. Blades reniform, usually wider than long, coriaceous, shining above, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, crenulate, I'-iJ^' long, usually shorter than their narrowly margined peti- oles; flowers racemose, nodding, purple, or rose, 6//-8// broad; calyx-lobes triangular- lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acum- inate, about one-third the length of the ob- tuse petals; stamens and style decurved-as- cending; anther-sacs slightly beaked; style exserted; capsule about 3" in diameter. In wet woods and swamps, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory, south to Massachusetts, northern New York, Minnesota, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. June-July. 6. Pyrola oxypetala Austin. Sharp-petaled Wintergreen. (Fig. 2731.) Pyrola oxypetala Austin; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 302. 1867. Scape slender, 7/-g/ high, about g-flowered. Blades ovate, coriaceous, dull, acute or acutish at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, obscurely crenulate, 7//-io" long, shorter than their petioles; flowers racemose, ascending, greenish, 4//~5// broad; bracts shorter than their pedi- cels; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, about one-third the length of the elliptic-lanceolate acuminate connivent petals; stamens and styles slightly declined; anther-sacs slightly horned. Hills, Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. (C. F. Austin, 1860). The only station known. June. 552 PYROLACEAE. [VOL. II. 7. Pyrola minor L. Lesser Wintergreen. (Fig. 2732.) Pyrola minor L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753. Leaf-blades rather thin, broadly oval, or nearly orbicular, dark green, crenulate, obtuse but some- times mucronate at the apex, rounded, slightly narrowed, or subcordate at the base, g^-iS" long; flowers racemose, nodding, white or pinkish, 3"- 4" broad ; pedicels i"-2 j£" long, equalling or longer than the bracts; calyx-lobes mostly trian- gular-ovate and acute; style straight, included; stamens not declined, connivent around the pistil; petals oval or orbicular, obtuse; capsule about 2j£" in diameter. In woods, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to northern New England, western Ontario and Oregon, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Also in Kurope and Asia. Called also Wood Lily. June- Aug. Serrated or One- 27330 8. Pyrola secunda Iy. sided Wintergreen. Pyrola secunda L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753. Scapes usually several together from the much- branched rootstock, slender, 4/-io/ high. Blades ovate, or often oval, mostly thin, acute, or rarely obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, crenulate-sermlate, 9"-2' long, longer than their petioles; flowers many, in a dense one-sided raceme, at first erect, soon drooping, greenish white, $"-4" broad; pedicels short; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, or obtusish, very short; petals oval, obtuse, with a pair of tubercles at the base, cam- panulate-connivcnt; style straight, exserted; sta- mens not declined, connivent around the pistil; capsule about 2" in diameter. In woods and thickets, Labrador to Alaska, south to the District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, Mich- igan, along the Rocky Mountains to Mexico and to California. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adiron- dack*. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. Pyrola secunda pumila Paine, Cat. Plants Oneida Co., N. Y. 135, is a low northern form, the scape a'~4 high, 3-8-flowered, the leaves orbicular or broadly oval, 'A -i' long. 2. MONESES Salisb.; S. F. Gray, Arr. Brit. Plants, 2: 403. 1821. A low perennial glabrous herb, with a decumbent leafy base, petioled evergreen crenu- late leaves, opposite, or verticillate in 3's, and a solitary drooping white or pink flower at the summit of a slender scape. Calyx 4-5-parted, persistent. Petals 4-5, spreading, broadly ovate or orbicular, sessile. Stamens 8 or 10, similar to those of Pyrola. Disk obsolete. Ovary globose, 4-5-celled; style straight, club-shaped at the summit; stigma 4~5-lobed; ovules very numerous in each cavity. Capsule subglobose, 4~5-lobed, 4-5-celled, loculicidally 4~5-valved from the summit, the valves glabrous on the margins. Seeds numerous, minute, the testa reticulated, produced at each end. [Greek, single-delight, from the single flower.] A monotypic genus of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere. VOL. II. ] WINTERGREEN FAMILY. 553 i. Moneses uniflora (L/.) A. Gray. One-flowered Wintergreen. (Fig. 2734.) Pyrola uniflora L. Sp. PI. 397. 1753. Moneses grandiflora S. F. Gray, Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 403. 1821. Moneses uniflora A. Gray, Man. 273. 1848. Stem bearing 1-3 pairs or whorls of leaves at the base, continued above into a bracted or naked scape 2/-6/ high. Blades orbicular or ovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded or sometimes subcordate at the base, rather thin, 4//-i2// long, longer than or equalling their petioles; flowers 6//-io// broad; calyx- lobes ovate, obtuse, about one-fifth the length of the petals; capsule erect, 3//-4// in diame- ter, about as long as the persistent style and conspicuously lobed stigma. In woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to Con- necticut, Pennsylvania, Michigan, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and to Oregon. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 3. CHIMAPHILA Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 279. 1814. Perennial herbs, with decumbent stems, ascending leafy branches, the leaves opposite, or verticillate, coriaceous, evergreen, short-pctiolcd and serrate, and spreading or nodding white or purplish flowers in terminal corymbs. Pedicels mostly bracteolate. Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, nearly orbicular, sessile, spreading or recurved. Stamens 10, similar to those of Pyrola, the filaments usually somewhat pubescent. Ovary globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled; ovules numerous in the cavities; style very short, obconic; stigma large, orbicular, 5-crenate. Capsule erect, globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved from the top, the valves not woolly on the margins. Seeds numerous, minute, the testa reticulated, produced at each end. [Greek, winter-loving, from its evergreen leaves.] About 6 species, natives of North America, Mexico and northeastern Asia. Besides the follow- ing another occurs on our Pacific Coast. Leaves lanceolate, mottled with white. i. C. maculata. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, bright green. 2. C. umbellala. i. Chimaphila maculata (I,.) Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen. (Fig. 2735.) Pyrola maculata L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753. Chimaphila maculata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 300. 1814. Stem extensively trailing, creeping or hori- zontally subterranean, sending up both sterile and flowering branches 3/-io/ high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate lanceolate, or the lower much shorter and ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply serrate with rather distant teeth, dark green and mottled with white along the veins, 1'-$' long, 3//-i2// wide below the middle; flowers few, corymbose or umbellate, white or pinkish, 6'/-io// broad; peduncle and pedicels puberu- lent; filaments villous at the middle; capsules erect, depressed-globose, about 4//r in diameter. In dry woods, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Mississippi. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. 554 PYROLACEAE. [Voi,. II. 2. Chimaphila umbellata (L,.) Nutt. Pip- sissewa. Prince's Pine. (Fig. 2736.) Pyrola umbellata L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753. Chimaphila corymbosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 300. 1814. Chimaphila umbellata Nutt Gen. i: 274. 1818. Similar to the preceding species, the branches com- monly stouter, sometimes i° high and usually more leafly. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, ob- tuse or acutish at the apex, sharply serrate, bright green and shining, not mottled, i/-2^/ long, 3//-i2// wide above the middle; flowers several, umbellate or subcorytnbose, white or pinkish, commonly smaller than those of the preceding species, usually marked by a deep pink ring; filaments ciliate; capsule 3//-4// in diameter. In dry woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Mexico and California. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. Family 3. MONOTROPACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 219. 1836. INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY. Humus-plants or saprophytes, with mostly simple, leafless bracted scapes, and solitary or clustered perfect regular flowers. Calyx 2-6-parted, free from the ovary; sepals erect, connate at the base, imbricated, deciduous. Corolla gamopetalous or polypetalous (wanting in the California Allotropa)\ lobes or petals 3-6. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous; filaments distinct, or united at base; anthers 2-celled or confluently i -celled, attached to the filaments by their backs or bases; pollen-grains simple. Disk obsolete or 8-i2-lobed. Ovary superior, 4-6-lobed, i-6-celled; style short or elongated; stigma capitate or peltate; ovules numerous, anatropous. Capsule 4-6-lobed, or terete, i-6-celled, loculi- cidally 4-6-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, the testa reticulated. About 9 genera and 12 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in North America. Corolla gamopetalous, persistent. Corolla globose-ovoid; anthers 3-awned. i. Pterospora. Corolla campanulate; anthers awnless. a. Monotropsis. Corolla polypetalous, deciduous. Flower solitary. 3. Monotropa. Flowers racemose. 4. Hypopitys. i. PTEROSPORA Nutt. Gen. i: 269. 1818. Scape slender, glandular-pubescent, from a thick base of matted fibrous roots. Flowers and capsules racemose, pendulous. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla gamopetalous, globose- ovoid, with 5 reflexcd lobes. Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers introrse, horizontal in the bud, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, each with a dcflexed awn at the base. Disk none. Ovary subglobose, 5-lobed, 5-celled; style short, columnar; stigma capitate, 5-lobed. Capsule depressed globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the apex and base intruded. Seeds horizontal, globose-ovoid, with a terminal reticulated wing. [Greek, wing-seeded.] A monotypic genus of temperate North America. i. Pterospora Andromedea Nutt. Giant Bird's-nest. Pine Drops. (Fig. 2737.) Plerospora Andromedea Nutt. Gen. i: 269. 1818. Monotropa procera Torr. ; Eaton, Man. Ed. 2, 324. 1818. Roots very astringent, forming a rounded mass some- times 2' in diameter. Scape purplish or brown, f>'-4%° high, bracted, grooved, densely covered with viscid hairs. Bracts lanceolate, or linear, very numerous and crowded at the base; flowers numerous, racemose, white, 2"-4" broad; pedicels at first spreading, soon recurved, 3//-io// long, viscid; sepals oblong, about one-half the length of the corolla; capsule 4//-6// in diameter. In rich woods, Quebec and New Hampshire to Pennsylva- nia, west to British Columbia and California, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Called also Albany Beech- drops. June-Aug. VOI,. II.] INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY. 555 2. MONOTROPSIS Schwein.; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 478. 1817. [SCHWEINITZIA Nutt. Gen. 2: Add. 3. 1818.] Scape slender, bracted; plant glabrous throughout. Sepals 5, oblong to linear. Corolla gamopetalous, oblong-campanulate, persistent, 5-saccate at the base, 5-lobed, the lobes not reflexed. Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers horizontal in the bud, introrse, the sacs confluent, opening by large terminal pores, awnless. Disk lo-crenate. Ovary globose, 5-celled; style short, thick; stigma discoid, 5-angled. Capsule ovoid, 5- celled. Seeds very numerous. [Greek, resembling Monotropa.] Two species, natives of southeastern North America. i. Monotropsis odorata Ell. Sweet Pine-sap. Carolina Beech-drops. (Fig. 2738.) Monotropsis odorata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 479. 1817. Schweinitzia Caroliniana Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 867. 1834. Schweinitzia odorata DC. Prodr. 7: 780. 1839. Plant light purplish brown; scapes usually several in a cluster, 2/-4/ high. Bracts numer- ous, ovate-oblong, obtuse, appressed, 2//~4// long; flowers few (usually 6-8), pink, densely spicate, fragrant, 2-bracteolate at the base, spreading or erect, the spike at first recurved, becoming erect, I'-a' long; sepals mostly ob- long-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the corolla and the bractlets. In woods, Maryland to North Carolina. Very rare. Feb.-May. 3. MONOTROPA L. Sp. PI. 387. 1753. Scapose succulent white yellowish or red bracted herbs, with a solitary nodding flower, the'capsule becoming erect Sepals 2-4, deciduous. Petals 5 or 6, oblong, somewhat dilated at apex, erect, not saccate at the base, tardily deciduous. Stamens 10-12; filaments subu- late-filiform; anthers short, peltate, horizontal, opening at first by 2 transverse chinks, be- coming transversely 2-valved. Disk io-12-toothed, confluent with the base of the ovary. Ovary 5-celled; style short, thick; stigma funnelfortn, its margin obscurely crenate, not ciliate. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many- seeded. Seeds minute, the testa produced at each end. [Greek, once-turned.] Two species, natives of North America, Mexico, Colombia, Japan and the Himalayas. The following is the only one known in North America. Monotropa uniflora L,. Pipe. (Fig. 2739.) Indian Monotropa uniflora L. Sp. PI. 387. 1753. Scapes white, glabrous, usually clustered, 4'- io/ high from a mass of matted brittle roots, turning dark in drying. Flower terminal, in- odorous, nodding, oblong-campanulate, %'-if long, the fruit becoming erect ; petals 4-5 (rarely 6), puberulent within, white, rather longer than the usually 10 stamens; filaments pubescent; ovary ovoid, acute, narrowed into the short style; capsule erect, obtusely angled, 5"-8" high, 4"-5// in diameter. In moist rich woods, Anticosti to Florida, west to Washington and California, almost throughout temperate and warm North America. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Also in Japan and the Himalayas. Whole plant occasionally pink or red. Called also American Ice-plant, Ghost-flower, Corpse-plant. June-Aug. 556 MONOTROPACEAE. [VOL. II. 4. HYPOPITYS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 443. 1763. Scapes slender, pubescent at least above, bearing numerous white yellowish or red flowers in a nodding one-sided raceme which soon becomes erect. Roots a dense mass of fleshy fibres. Terminal flower usually 5-parted, the lateral ones 3~4-parted. Sepals com- monly as many as the petals. Petals saccate at the base. Stamens 6-10; filaments subu- late-filiform; anthers horizontal, the 2 sacs becoming confluent, opening by 2 unequal valves, the larger one spreading or reflexed, the smaller erect. Disk confluent with the base of the ovary, 8-io-toothed. Ovary 3~5-celled; style slen- der; stigma funnel form, its margin glandular-ciliate. Capsule 3-5-celled, 3~5-valved, erect. [Greek, referring to its growth under firs.] A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. i. Hypopitys Hypopitys (L.) Small. Pine- sap. False Beech-drops. (Fig. 2740.) Monotropa Hypopitys I,. Sp. PI. 387. 1753. Hypopitys Monotropa Crantz, Inst. a: 467. 1766. Hypopitys Hypopitys Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 137. 1894. Plants usually slightly fragrant; scapes mostly clus- tered, 4/-i2/ high. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, densely imbricated at the base, scattered above; raceme 3-15- flowered, i'-s' long; pedicels bracteolate or naked, 3"- 10" long; flowers oblong-campanulate, 4//-7// long, white, yellowish to piok, more or less bracteolate at the base, the bractlets closely resembling the sepals; fila- ments pubescent; capsule globose-oblong, 2//~3// high. In dry woods, Anticosti to Florida, British Columbia and Arizona. Also in Europe and Asia. Called also BirdVnr-t. June-Oct. Family 4. ERICACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 3: 675. 1805. Hi: ATM FAMILY. Shrubs, perennial herbs, or trees, with simple exstipulate leaves, and mostly perfect, gamopetalous or polypetalous flowers. Calyx inferior, free from the ovary, 4~5-parted or 4-5-cleft, mostly persistent. Corolla regular, or rarely somewhat 2-lipped and irregular, usually 4-5-toothed, -lobed or -parted. Sta- mens hypogynous, usually as many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes, teeth or petals; filaments mostly separate; antherso -celled, attached to the filaments by the back or base, the sacs often prolonged upwardly into tubes, dehiscent by terminal pores or chinks, or longitudinally, often awned. Disk crenate, lobed, or none. Ovary 2-5 -celled; style elongated or short; stigma peltate or capitate; ovules usually numerous, anatropous. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. Seeds usually numerous and minute, or sometimes only i in each cavity; endosperm fleshy; embryo central; cotyledons short; radicle terete. About 55 genera and 1050 species, of very wide geographic distribution. #• Fruit a septicidal capsule; corolla deciduous; anthers unappendaged. Corolla of separate petals. Corolla gamopetalous (polypetalous in no. 6). Corolla somewhat irregular (except in no. 5); seeds flat, winged. Corolla funnelform to campanulate; stamens exserted. Corolla funnelform, slightly 2-lipped; leaves deciduous. Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip divided to the base; leaves deciduous. Corolla campanulate: leaves evergreen. Corolla urn-shaped; stamens not exserted. Corolla regular; seeds angled, or rounded. Corolla polypetalous. Corolla gamopetalous. Stamens 5; capsule 2-3-celled. Stamens 10; capsule 5-celled. Corolla saucer-shaped, jo-saccate. Corolla ovoid. i. Ledum. 2. Azalea. 3. Rhodora. 4. Rhododendron. 5. Menziesia. 6. Dendrium. j. Chamaecistiis. 8. A'almta. 9. Phyllodoce. •£ •& Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry or drupe; corolla deciduous; anthers often awned. t Fruit a dry capsule; calyx not accrescent, mostly small. Low heath-like shrubs; leaves subulate, very small. 10. Cassiope. Shrubs, or trees; leaves linear to broadly oval. Anther-sacs opening by a terminal pore or chink. Sepals or calyx-lobes imbricated, at least in the bud. Capsule dehiscent into a single layer of 5 valves. n. Leucothoe. Capsule dehiscent into 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the inner lo-valved. ir Chamaedaphne. Vot. II.] HEATH FAMILY. 557 Sepals or calyx-lobes valvate, or separate, in the bud. Anthers 2-awned on the 'back. Corolla urn-shaped or cylindric; leaves not glaucous. 13. Pieris. Corolla globose; leaves narrow, glaucous beneath. 14. Andromeda. Anthers awnless. 15. Xolisma. Anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Corolla ovoid-cylindric, 5-toothed; tall shrub or tree. 16. Oxydendron. Corolla salverform, 5-lobed; trailing shrub. 17. Epigaea. f f Fruit a drupe, or a capsule enclosed by the fleshy accrescent calyx. Fruit consisting of the fleshy calyx surrounding the capsule. 18. Gaultheria. Fruit a drupe with 4 or 5 nutlets. Nutlets coalescent; leaves persistent. 19. Arctoslaphylos. Nutlets separate ; leaves deciduous. 20. Mairania. -/••/• -/r Fruit a septicidal capsule; corolla withering-persistent; anthers appendaged. •v 21. Calluna. i. LEDUM L. Sp. PI. 391. 1753. Erect branching evergreen resinous shrubs, with scaly buds, the foliage fragrant when crushed. Leaves alternate, thick, short-petioled, oblong or linear, revolute-margined. Flowers white, numerous in terminal umbels or corymbs. Pedicels bracted at the base, the bracts scarious, deciduous. Calyx small or minute, 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 5, obovate or oval, obtuse, spreading, imbricated. Stamens 5 or 10 (rarely 5 to 7), exserted; filaments filiform; anthers small, attached by their backs to the filaments, globose-didymous, awnless, the sacs opening by terminal pores. Disk annular, S-io-lobed. Ovary ovoid, scaly, 5- celled; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule oblong, 5-celled, septici- dally 5-valved from the base. [Greek, ledon, the plant now called Cistus Ledon.~\ Three species, natives of the north temperate and sub-arctic zones. Besides the following, an- other occurs on the Pacific coast. Leaves linear, i"-2" wide; stamens 10. I. L. paluslre. Leaves oblong, 3"-8" wide; stamens 5-7. 2. L. Groenlandicum. i. Ledum palustre L. Narrow-leaved Labrador Tea. (Fig. 2741.) Ledum palustre L. Sp. PI. 391. 1753. A shrub, 6/-2° high, the twigs rusty-tomentose. Leaves linear, obtuse, dark green and somewhat rugose above, densely tomentose with brown wool beneath, strongly revolute-margined, >£/-i^/ long, i//-2// wide; flowers 3//~5// broad; pedicels very pu- bescent, 6//-i2// long in fruit; stamens 10; capsule oblong or oval, scurfy, about 2" high and i" in diameter, nodding; calyx-teeth less than j£" long, ovate, obtusish. In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Called also Marsh Tea, Wild Rose- mary. Yields the Ledum oil. Summer. 2. Ledum Groenlandicum OEder. Labrador Tea. (Fig. 2742.) Ledum Groenlandicum OEder, Fl. Dan. pi. 567. 1771. Ledum latifolium Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 65. 1789. A shrub, i°-4° high, similar to the pre- ceding species, the twigs densely tomentose. Leaves oblong, obtuse, i/-2/ long, 3//-8// wide, green and slightly rugose above, densely brown-torn entose beneath, strongly revolute-margined; flowers 4//-5// broad, umbellate or short-corymbose; pedicels brown -can esc ent or tomentose, io//-i2// long and recurved in fruit; stamens 5-7; capsule oblong, canescent, nodding, 3"- 2>W long, i"-iX" in diameter. In bogs and swamps, Greenland to British Columbia, south to Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. May-June. 558 ERICACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. AZALEA L. Sp. PI. 150. 1753. Erect mostly tall branching shrubs, with alternate thin deciduous leaves. Flowers large, white, purple, yellow, pink, or orange, in terminal umbels developed from cone-like scaly buds. Calyx small or minute, 5-parted. Corolla fuunclform, the tube mostly nar- row, the limb nearly regularly 5-lobed or somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 5 (rarely 10), ex- serted, usually declined; anthers awnless, attached to the filaments by their backs, the cells opening by terminal pores; style slender, declined, exserted. Ovary 5-celled ; ovules numer- ous in the cavities. Capsule oblong or linear-oblong, 5-celled, septicidally 5-valved from the summit, many-seeded. [Greek, dry, from its habitat] About 40 species, natives of North America and Asia. Besides the following, 2 others occur on the Pacific coast. Flowers expanding before or with the leaves. Flowers pink or white. Leaves strigose on the midrib beneath; corolla-tube hirsute. i. A. nudiflora. Leaves canescent beneath; corolla-tube glandular. a. A. canescens. Flowers orange, yellow or red; leaves canescent beneath. 3. A. lulea. Flowers expanding later than the leaves. Leaves shining, glabrous beneath. 4. A. arborescens. Leaves strigose on the midrib beneath. 5. A. inscosa. i. Azalea nudifldra L. Wild Honeysuckle. Pinkster-flower. Purple or Pink Azalea. (Fig. 2743.) Azalea nudiflora L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 214. 1762. Rhododendron nudiflorum Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S. 424. 1824. A shrub, 2°-6° high, branched above, often simple below, the twigs glabrous, or with stiff hairs. Leaves oblong or obovate, acute at both ends, short-petioled, hairy on the midrib and sometimes on the lateral veins beneath, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs above when old, sometimes canescent on the lower surface when unfolding, 2'-4' long, the margins ciliolate; pedicels strigose, 4x/-7" long; flowers pink to nearly white, expanding before or with the leaves, faintly odorous, the limb somewhat 2- lipped, i #'-2' broad, shorter than the narrow tube, which is pilose-pubescent and little or not at all glandular; stamens much exserted; cap- sule linear-oblong, strigose, S"-$" long, erect. In dry sandy or rocky woods and thickets, Maine to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 7000 ft. in Virginia. Reported from Canada. Its fungus is called Honeysuckle- or Swamp-Apple. Apnl-May. 2. Azalea canescens Michx. Moun- tain Azalea. (Fig. 2744.) Azalea canescens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 150. 1803. Rhododendron canescens Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 16: 220. 1889. A branching shrub, 4°-i5° high, the twigs glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Leaves oval, elliptic or sometimes obovate, wider and shorter than those of the preceding species, permanently more or less soft-cancscent and pale beneath and stiff-hairy or pubescent on the veins, varying to nearly glabrous, the margins ciliolate-serrulate; pedicels glandular; flowers rose-color to white, very fragrant, ex- panding with or before the leaves; corolla limb often 2' broad, about equalling the rather stout, densely glandular but scarcely viscid tube; stamens slightly exserted; capsule linear- oblong, narrowed above, glandular, 6"-8" long. In woods, Massachusetts to the Catskill and Shawungunk Mountains, New York, Pocono plateau of Pennsylvania, south, especially along the Alleghanies,to Florida and Louisiana. April-May. VOL. II.] HEATH FAMILY. 559 3. Azalea lutea L. Flame Azalea. (Fig. 2745.) Azalea lutea L. Sp. PI. 150. 1753. A. calendulacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 151. 1803. Rhododendron calendulaceum Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S. 425. 1824. A shrub, 4°-i5° high, similar to the preceding species, the twigs mostly glabrous. Leaves obo- vate or oval, permanently more or less canescent or tomentose beneath, glabrous, or with some scattered hairs above, the margins ciliolate-ser- rulate; pedicels short, pilose or glandular; flowers orange-yellow or red, very showy, slightly fra- grant, expandingbeforeorwiththeleaves; corolla- tube about the length of the nearly regular limb, glandular-pilose, the limb often -2' broad; stamens long-exserted; capsule linear-oblong, about 8" high, erect, more or less pubescent. In dry woods, southern New York, and the mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia, nearer the coast in North Carolina. Fine in cultivation. May- June. 4. Azalea arborescens Pursh. Smooth or Tree Azalea. (Fig. 2746.) Azalea arborescens Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 152. 1814. Rhododendron arborescens Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S. 425- 1824. A shrub, 8°-2O° high, glabrous or nearly so throughout. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate or oval, acute at both ends or sometimes abruptly acuminate at the apex, manifestly petioled, firm, bright green and shining above, light green beneath, 2/-4/ long, fragrant in drying, the margins ciliate; flowers white, or tinged with pink, very fragrant, the limb nearly regular, 1%'-*' broad, about as long as the slender glandular tube; pedicels short, glandular; stamens and style red, long-exserted; capsule ob- long, densely glandular, 6//-8// long. In woods, southern Pennsylvania to North Carolina. Ascends to 2500 ft. in North Carolina. June-July. 5. Azalea viscosa L. Swamp Pink or Honeysuckle. White Azalea. (Fig. 2747.) Azalea viscosa L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753. Rhododendron viscosum Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S. 424. 1824. A shrub, 4°-8° high, usually much branched, the twigs hairy. Leaves obovate-oblong to oblanceolate, 2/~4/ long, very short-petioled, obtuse and mucronulate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs above, more or less bristly hairy on the veins beneath, ciliolate, green on both sides; flowers white, fragrant, later than the leaves; pedicels glandular; corolla \l/tf- 2' long, the limb i/-2/ broad, more or less 2-lipped, much shorter than the slender, very viscid, densely glandular tube; capsule s"-?" high, glandular-bristly. In swamps, Maine to Ohio, south to Florida and Texas. Clammy Azalea. June-July. Azalea viscosa hispida (Pursh) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 248. 1894. Azalea hispida Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 154. 1814. Pedicels bristly-hispid; flowers at least the limb, pink; leaves glaucescent beneath; shrub 6°- 15° high. Borders of ponds, Shawangunk Mountains to Pennsylvania and Montauk Point, N. Y 560 ERICACEAE. [VOL. II. Azalea viscosa glauca Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 151. 1803. Leaves white -glaucous beneath, i'-a' long, shrub i°-6° high. Massachusetts to Virginia. Azalea viscosa nitida (Pursh) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 248. 1894. Azalea nitida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 153. 1814. Leaves about i' long, bright green on both sides; low shrub. Massachusetts to Virginia. 3. RHODORA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 561. 1762. A branching shrub, with deciduous oval or oblong short-petioled alternate leaves. Flow- ers, umbellate or short-corymbose, short-pedicelled, rose-colored, purple, or nearly white, from terminal scaly buds. Calyx minute. Corolla 2-lippcd, the upper lip unequally 2-3-lobed, the lower divided to the base, the segments recurved. Stamens 10, about equalling the corolla; anthers awnless, attached by their backs to the filaments. Ovary 5-celled; ovules numer- ous in the cavities; style slender, slightly exserted; stigma capitate. Capsule linear-oblong, 5-celled, septicidally 5-valved from the summit, many-seeded. [From the Greek, rhodon, a rose.] A monotypic genus of northeastern North America. i. Rhodora Canadensis L. Rhodora. (Fig. 2748.) Rhodora Canadensis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 561. 1762. Rhododendron Rhodora Don, Gen. Syst. 3:848. 1834. Rhododendron Canadense B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 33. 1888. A shrub, i°-3° high, the branches slender, as- cending or erect, the twigs sparingly strigose. Leaves oval, obtuse and imicronulate at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire, dark green and gla- brous, or nearly so, above, light green or pale and glaucous and slightly pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, j'-a' long, 3"-7" wide; flowers ex- panding with or before the leaves; pedicels very short, stiff, hairy; corolla \'-i%' broad; lower lip divided into two linear-oblong obtuse segments; capsule oblong, puberulent, glaucous, 5"-7" high. In bogs and on wet hillsides, Newfoundland to New Jersey, west to Quebec, central New York and Penn- sylvania. May. 4. RHODODENDRON L. Sp. PI. 392. 1753. Branching shrubs, with alternate persistent coriaceous leaves. Flowers large, or middle- si/.ed, purple, rose-colored or white, corymbose or umbellate, from scaly cone-like buds. Calyx small, or minute, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 5-10 (usually 10), little exserted, declined or equally spreading. Anthers awnless, attached by their backs to the filaments, the sacs opening by terminal pores. Style slender; stigma capitate or 5-2o-lobed; ovules numerous. Capsule short or elongated, mostly woody, septicidally dehiscent, 5-20 valved from the summit. Seeds numerous. [Greek, rose-tree.] About loo species, natives of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in Asia. Besides the following some 5 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Arctic-alpine shrub, 4'-i2' high; leaves small, lepidote. i. R. Lapponicum. Tall shrubs or low trees; leaves large, glabrous. Leaves usually acute at both ends; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse. 2. R. maximum. Leaves mostly obtuse at both ends; calyx-lobes short, acute. 3. R. Cataivbiense. i. Rhododendron Lapponicum (L/.) Wahl. Lapland Rose Bay. (Fig. 2749.) Azalea Lapponica L. Sp. PI. 151. *753- Rhododendron Lapponicinn Wahl. !•"!. Suec. 249. 1824. Low, depressed or prostrate, branched, 2/-i2/ high. Leaves oval, elliptic or oblong, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 4//~9// long, 2//-4// wide, densely covered with brownish scales on both sides, short-petioled; flowers few in the umbels, on short pedicels with scurfy scales; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, pubescent; corolla purple, 5-lobed, 7//-o/' broad, the lobes oblong, obtuse; capsule ovoid-oblong, 2//-3// high. Summits of the higher mountains of New England and the Adirondacks of New York; Quebec and Labrador to Green- land, west through arctic America to Alaska. Also in north- ern Europe and Asia. Summer. Voi,. II.] HEATH FAMILY. 561 2. Rhododendron maximum It. Great Laurel. Rose Bay. (Fig. 2750.) Rhododendron maximum I/. Sp. PI. 392. 1753. A tall shrub, or sometimes a tree, with maximum height of about 40° and trunk diameter of i°. Leaves oblong, lanceolate- oblong or broadly oblanceolate, dark green on both sides, acute or abruptly short-acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed to a mostly acute base, 4/-7/ long, i/-2>^/ wide, glabrous, drooping in winter; petioles stout, >£'-!' long; pedicels glandular, viscid-pubescent, i/-2/ long; corolla i}4/-2/ broad, about i' long, rather deeply 5-cleft into oval obtuse lobes, rose-color, varying to white, sprinkled with yellowish or orange spots within; calyx- lobes oblong, obtuse; capsule oblong, puberu- lent, 5"-7" high. In low woods and along streams, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Ohio to Georgia, chiefly along the mountains, often forming almost impenetrable thickets. Wood hard, strong, light brown; weight per cubic foot 39 Ibs. June-July. 3. Rhododendron Catawbiense Michx. Mountain Rose Bay. Catawba or Carolina Rhododendron. (Fig. 2751.) Rhododendron Calazvbtense'M.iclix. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 258. 1803. A shrub, 3°-2O° high. Leaves oval or broadly oblong, mostly rounded or obtuse at both ends, sometimes narrowed at the base, mu- cronate, 3'-$' long, i^/-2/ wide, dark green above, pale or glaucous beneath; petioles stout, Yz'-iYz' long, pubescent when young; pedicels rather stout, pubescent, becoming glabrous; corolla lilac-purple, i%'-2' long, 2/-2>z/ broad, 5-lobed, the lobes broad and rounded; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate, short; capsule linear-oblong, puberulent, 8//-io// high. Mountain summits, Virginia and West Vir- ginia to Georgia. May-June. 5. MENZIESIA J. E. Smith, Icon. Ined. 3. pi. 56. 1791 Erect branching shrubs, with alternate membranous entire deciduous leaves, and small nodding greenish purple slender-pedicelled flowers, in terminal corymbs or umbels, devel- oped from scaly buds. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-parted, persistent. Corolla urceolate-cylindric, or nearly globose, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; filaments subulate, flattish, slightly dilated below; anthers linear-oblong, awnless, attached by their backs to the fila- ments, the sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks. Disk obscurely 8-crenate. Ovary mostly 4-celled; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma 4-lobed or 4-toothed. Capsule sub- globose or ovoid, 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds slender, the testa membranous, prolonged at both ends. Parts of the flower rarely in 5's. [Named in honor of Archibald Menzies, surgeon and naturalist, died 1842.] About 7 species, natives of North America and Japan. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the northwestern parts of North America. Filaments glabrous; seeds pointed at each end. Filaments pubescent below; seeds long-appendaged at each end. 36 1. M. pilosa. 2. M. glabella. 562 ERICACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Menziesia pildsa (Michx.) Pers. Alleghany Menziesia. (Fig. 2752.) Azalea pilosa Michx. in Lam. Joura. Nat. Hist, i: 410. 1792. Menziesia pilosa Pers. Syn. x: 420. 1805. Menziesia globularis Salisb. Farad. Lond. 44. 1806. M. ferruginea var. globularis Sims, Hot. Mag. pi. 1571. 1813. A shrub, 2°-6° high, the twigs more or less chaffy and with stiff hairs. Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, thin, obtuse or acutish and glandular-mucronulate at the apex, narrowed at the base, rough-hairy above, pale, glaucescent and some- times chaffy on the veins beneath, i/-2/ long, the margins ciliate; petioles 2//-5// long, pubescent; flowers few in the umbels, drooping; pedicels filiform, glandular, #'-i' long; calyx-lobes short and broad, hirsute-ciliate; corolla urn- shaped or globose-ovoid, *"-$" long; filaments glabrous; capsule ovoid, about 2" high, erect, glandular-bristly; seeds pointed at each end. In mountain woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia. May-June. a. Menziesia glabella A. Gray. Smooth Menziesia. (Fig. 2753.) .Ifniziesia glabella A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. a: Part i, 39. 1878. Similar to the preceding specie*. Leaves obovate, obtuse and glandular-mucronulate at the apex, pale, glaucous and glabrous or very nearly so beneath, sparingly pubescent above, 9//-i8// long, the margins ciliolate; flowers 1-5 in the um- bels, spreading, becoming erect; pedicels #'-i' long, glan- dular; calyx-lobes short and broad, ciliate and pubescent; corolla urn-shaped, about 2" long; filaments pubescent be- low; capsule oblong or obovoid, erect, about 2" high, gla- brous; seeds long-appendaged at each end. * Minnesota Point, Lake Superior, west to Oregon and British Columbia. May-June. 6. DENDRIUM Desv. Journ. Bot. (II.) x: 36. 1813. [LEIOPHYLI.UM Perm. Syn. i: 477. 1805. Not Ehrh. 1780.] A glabrous evergreen shrub, with coriaceous entire small mostly opposite leaves, and numerous small white or pinkish flowers, in terminal corymbs. Ilracts coriaceous, persist- ent Calyx 5-parted, the segments rigid, oblong-lanceolate, acute, persistent. Petals 5, ses- sile, ovate to obovate, spreading. Stamens 10, exserted; filaments filiform, glabrous; anthers small, globose didymous, attached by their backs to the filaments, awnless, the sacs opening longitudinally. Disk lolobed. Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules numerous; style slender, straight; stigma simple, truncate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally 2-5-valved from the top. [Greek, a tree.] A small genus of eastern North America. i. Dendrium buxifdlium (Berg.) Desv. Sand Myrtle. (Fig. 2754.) I.fdutn buxifolium Berg. Act Upsal. 1777: pi. J,f. i. 1777. Dendrium buxifolium Desv. Journ. Bot. (II) i: 36. 1813. Leiophyllum buxifolium Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 483. 1819-20. A low shrub with box-like foliage, widely branching, 4/-i8/ high. Leaves crowded, oblong or oval, thick, obtuse, dark green and shining above, lighter and black- dotted beneath, short-petioled, somewhat revolute-mar- gined, $"-7" long, the midrib prominent, the lateral veins obscure; flowers several or numerous in short corymbs, about "2" broad; anthers purple; pedicels filiform, 3//-5// long in fruit; capsule acute, slightly over i" high, gla- brous, puberulent, or roughened with short processes. In dry, sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey to Florida. The same or a related species on the higher mountains of North Carolina. April-June. VOL. II.] HEATH FAMILY. 563 7. CHAMAECISTUS OEder, Fl. Dan. pi. 9. 1761. [LoiSELEURiA Desv. Journ. Bot. (II) i: 35. 1813.] A low glabrous depressed straggling branched shrub, with small linear-oblong petioled obtuse entire coriaceous and evergreen leaves, and small solitary or few flowers on terminal erect pedicels. Calyx 5-parted, the segments ovate-lanceolate, persistent. Corolla broadly campanulate, with 5 obtuse imbricated lobes. Stamens 5, included; filaments slender, adnate to the corolla; anthers globose-didymous, dorsally attached to the filaments, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk obscurely 5-lobed. Ovary globose, 2-3 -celled; style short, straight; stigma capitate; ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose, 2-3 -celled, septicidally 2-3-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds ovoid, the testa granular. [Greek, ground cistus-] A monotypic genus of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere. i. Chamaecistus procumbens (I,.) Kuntze. Alpine or Trailing Azalea. (Fig. 2755.) Azalea procumbens L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753- Loiseleuria procumbens Desv. Journ. Bot. (II) i: 35. 1813. C. serpyllifolia S. F. Gray, Bot. Arr. Brit. PI. a: 401. 1821. Chamaecistus procumbens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 388. 1891. Tufted, much branched, diffuse, branches 2/-4/ long. Leaves mostly opposite, rather crowded, dark green above, paler beneath, 2//-4// long, the midrib very promi- nent on the lower side, the margins strongly revolute; petioles W long or less; flowers 1-5 from terminal coria- ceous buds; pedicels 3//-4// long; corolla pink or white, about 2" high, longer than the purplish sepals; capsule about i" in diameter. Summits of the White Mountains, N. H.; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Labrador to arctic America and Alaska. Also in northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 8. KALMIA L. Sp. PI. 391. 1753. Erect branching shrubs, with entire evergreen coriaceous leaves, alternate, opposite, or verticillate in 3's. Flowers in umbels or corymbs, or solitary, or 2-3 together in the axils. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, the segments imbricated in the bud. Corolla saucer-shaped, the limb strongly ic-keeled in the bud, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches below the limb, the keels extending from the pouches to the lobes and sinuses. Stamens 10, shorter than the corolla; anthers oblong, awnless, the sacs opening by large terminal pores; filaments erect in the bud, soon curving outward, placing the anthers in the pouches of the corolla, straightening elastically when the flower is fully expanded. Disk io-crenate. Ovary 5-celled; ovules numerous; style slender; stigma depressed-capitellate. Capsule subglobose, obscurely 5- lobed, 5-celled, septicidally 5-valved from the summit. Seeds small, subglobose. [Dedi- cated by Linnaeus to his pupil, Peter Kalm, 1715-1779, who travelled in America.] Six known species, 5 of eastern North America, the other Cuban. Flowers in mostly compound umbels or corymbs; twigs terete. Leaves oblong, mostly obtuse ; flowers 3" -5" broad. i. K. angustifolia. Leaves elliptic or oval, acute at both ends; flowers 8"-i2" broad. 2. K. latifolia. Flowers in simple terminal umbels; twigs 2-edged. 3. K. glauca. Flowers mostly solitary in the axils; leaves and twigs hirsute. 4. K. hirsuta. i. Kalmia angustifolia L. Sheep-laurel. LambkiH. Wicky. (Fig. 2756. ) Kalmia angustifolia L. Sp. PI. 391. 1753. A shrub, 6/-3° high, with few nearly erect branch- es, and terete twigs. Leaves oblong or oblong-lan- ceolate, mostly opposite, or verticillate in 3*3, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled, glabrous, dark green above, light green beneath, i/-2^/ long, 3//-io// wide; young twigs and petioles often slightly glandular; flowers 3//-5// broad, purple or crimson, numerous in lateral compound or simple corymbs; pedicels filiform, slightly glandular-canescent, 6//-i2// long, recurved in fruit; sepals ovate, acute, canescent, persistent; capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, canescent, i>i//-2// in diameter, the apex impressed; filiform style long-persistent. In moist soil, in swamps or on hillsides, Newfound- land to Hudson Bay, south to Georgia. Called also Calf-kill and Sheep-poison. June-July. 564 ERICACEAE. [Vol.. II. 2. Kalmia latifolia L. American or Moun- tain Laurel. Calico-busb (Fig. 2757.) Kalmia latifolia L. Sp. PI. 391. 1753. A shrub with very stiff branches and terete twigs, often forming dense thickets, io°-2o° high, rarely becoming a tree with a maximum height of about 40° and trunk diameter of 18'. Leaves alternate, or some of them opposite, or rarely verticillate in 3's, petioled, glabrous, oval or elliptic, acute at both ends, flat, green on both sides, persistent, 2'-5' long, >^/-i>4/ wide; flowers 9"-i2" broad, pink to white, numerous and showy in compound terminal corymbs; pedicels bracted and 2-bracteo- late at the base, slender, #'-!#' long, densely glandular, erect, even in fruit; sepals and corolla glandular; capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, glandular, 2"-3" in diameter; calyx and filiform style long-persistent, the latter falling when the capsule begins to open. In woods, preferring: sandy or rocky soil. New Bruns- wick, Ontario, Ohio, to Florida and Louisiana. Wood very hard, brown; weight per cubic foot 44 l')s C.ilh d also Clamoun. Spoonwooa, Broad-leaved Kalmia, Ivy- bush. May-June. Kalmia latifolia myrtifolia Rand, Rhodod. 125- 1876. Low, compactly much branched, seldom over 3° high; leaves not over \\V long and 3 -4 wide. Massachusetts. 3. Kalmia glatica Ait. Pale or Swamp Laurel. (Fig. 2758.) Kalmia glauca Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 64. pi. S, 1811. A glabrous shrub, 6/-2° high, with erect or as- cending branches, the twigs 2-edged. Leaves op- posite or sometimes in 3's, very nearly sessile, ob- long or linear-oblong; mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, green above, white-glaucous beneath, #'-2' long, a"-6" wide, the margins revolute, often strongly so; flowers in simple um- bels terminating the branches, few (1-13), purple, 5"-9" broad; pedicels filiform, #'-!#' long, erect, even in fruit; sepals ovate, scarious-margined, acutish or obtuse, persistent; capsule depressed-glo- bose, glabrous, about *W in diameter. In bogs, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south to northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michi- gan, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Summer. 4. Kalmia hirsuta Walt. Hairy Laurel. (Fig. 2759.) Kalmia hirsuta Walt. Fl. Car. 138. 1788. A branching shrub, i°-2° high, the branches as- cending, hirsute. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, very nearly sessile, flat, or the margins slightly revo- lute, villous-hirsute, acute or obtusish, becoming glabrate in age, dark green above, lighter beneath, 3"-6" long; flowers solitary, or rarely 2-3 together in the axils, rose-purple, 5"-9" broad; pedicels very slender, nearly or quite glabrous; sepals ovate-lan- ceolate, acute, or lanceolate, hirsute or ciliate, longer than the capsule, at length deciduous; capsule de- pressed, about i#" in diameter, glabrous. In moist pine-barrens, eastern Virginia to Florida. May-Aug. ' Voi,. II.] HEATH FAMILY. 565 g. PHYLLODOCE Salisb. Farad. Lond. pi. 36. 1806. Low branching more or less glandular shrubs, with small crowded linear obtuse coria- ceous evergreen leaves. Flowers long-pedicelled, nodding, mostly pink, blue or purple, in ter- minal umbels. Pedicels bracted at the base. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla ovoid, con- tracted at the throat, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included; filaments filiform; anthers attached to the filaments by their backs, oblong, obtuse, awnless, the sacs dehiscent by terminal oblique chinks. Disk obscurely lobed. Ovary 5 -celled; ovules numerous; style filiform, included; stigma obscurely 5-lobed, or capitate. Capsule subglobose or globose-oblong, septicidally 5- valved to about the middle. Seeds minute, the testa coriaceous. [Greek, a sea nymph.] Three species, natives of arctic and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, two others occur in northwest America. i. Phyllodoce coerulea (L/.) Gren.&Godr. Mountain Heath. (Fig. 2760.) Andromeda coerulea L. Sp. PI. 393. 1753. A. taxifolia Pall. Fl. Ross, i: 54. pi. 72. f. 2. 1784. Phyllodoce coerulea Gren. & Godr. Fl. France 2: 434. 1850. ^fenziesia taxifolia Wood, First lessons, 185. 1856. Bryanthus taxifolius A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 368. 1868. A shrub 4/-6/ high, the branches ascending. Leaves yew-like, 3"-5" long, less than \" wide, articulated with the branches, crowded above; the margins acutish, scabrous or serrulate-ciliolate ; pedicels erect, very glandular, 5//-8// long in flower, elongating in fruit, solitary or 2-6 at the ends of the branches; corolla 4//~5// long, about 2" in diameter, pink or purple, heath-like; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, glandular; capsule erect, about 2" high. Summits of the higher mountains of Maine and New Hampshire; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Labrador and through arctic America to Alaska. Also in northern and al- pine Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 10. CASSIOPE D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 157. 1834. Low tufted branching heath-like evergreen shrubs, with small sessile densely imbricated or crowded, entire apparently veinless leaves, and terminal or axillary solitary peduncled white or pink nodding flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated at least in the bud, not bracted at the base, persistent, or at length deciduous. Corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed or 4-5- parted, the lobes spreading or recurved. Stamens 8-10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous, an- thers attached to the filaments near the apex, the sacs opening by large terminal pores and tipped with a recurved awn. Disk lo-crenate. Ovary 4~5-celled; ovules numerous; stigma simple. Capsule globose or ovoid, 4-5-valved, each valve 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds minute, numerous. [Name from Cassiope, mother of Andromeda.] About 10 species, natives of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the northwestern parts of North America. Peduncle terminal; corollas-cleft; leaves subulate, crowded. i. C. hypnoides. Peduncles lateral ; corolla 5-lobed ; leaves thick, 4- ranked. 2. C. tetragona. i. Cassiope hypnoides (L/.) D. Don. Moss-plant. Cassiope. (Fig. 2761.) Andromeda hypnoides L. Sp. PI. 393. 1753. Cassiope hynoides D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 157. 1834. Densely tufted, glabrous, usually much branched, I'-tf high. Leaves linear-sub- ulate, densely crowded and imbricated, somewhat spreading or appressed, acute, flat above, convex beneath, i//-2// long; flowers solitary, terminating the branches, 3"-4" broad; peduncles very slender; erect, 4//-i2//long; corolla deeply 5-cleft, nearly white; style conic; capsule globose, about \yz" in diameter, 2-3 times as long as the ovate calyx-lobes. Summits of the higher mountains of New England and the Adirondacks of New York; Quebec and Labrador to arctic America. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Plant with the aspect of a moss. Summer. 566 ERICACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. Cassiope tetragona (L,.) D. Don. Four-angled Cassiope. (Fig. 2762.) Andromeda tetragona L- Sp. PI. 393. 1/53- Cassiope tetragona D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. rj: 158. 1834- Tufted, much-branched, 4'-! 2' high, the branches ascending or erect. Leaves imbricated in 4 rows, making the branches appear 4-sided, thick, ovate or ovate-obloag, closely appressed, channeled on the back, concave or nearly flat on the inner (upper) surface, acute or the lower obtuse, usually puberulent when young, i"-i#" long; peduncles several or numerous, lateral, ascending or erect, slender, 5"-l2"long; flowers 3"-4" broad; corolla 5-lobed; style slender, slightly thickened below; capsule nearly globular, i"-l%" in diameter. Labrador, Greenland and Hudson Bay to Alaska and Oregon. Also in arctic Asia. Summer. ii. LEUCOTHOE D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 159. 1834. Shrubs, mostly tall, with alternate petioled entire or serrulate deciduous or persistent leaves, and small usually white bracted flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, jointed with their pedicels, or the pedicels jointed with the rachis. Sepals 5, distinct, imbricated,- at least in the bud. Corolla cylindric or ovoid -urceolate, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate; anthers attached to the filaments near their bases, oblong, the sacs open- ing by terminal pores, obtuse, a-mucronate or i-2-awned at the apex. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 5-celled; style slender; stigma capitate or 5-lobed; ovules numerous. Capsule depressed- globose, often 5 lobed, loculicidally 5-valved, the valves membranous, entire. Seeds numer- ous, minute, pendulous or spreading. [Name mythological.] About 35 species, natives of North and South America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in the southeastern States and one in California. Racemes in the axils of persistent leaves of the previous season. Shoots puberulent; petioles a"-!" long; sepals imbricated in flower. i. L. axillaris. Shoots glabrous; petioles 4" -8" long; sepals not imbricated in flower. 2. L. Catesbaei. Racemes terminating the branches; flowers appearing with or before the leaves. Racemes mostly recurved : capsule 5-lobed. 3. L. recurva. Racemes erect or spreading; capsule not lobed. 4. L. racemosa. i. Leucothoe axillaris (Lam.) D. Don. Downy Leucothoe. (Fig. 2763.) Andromeda axillaris Lam. Encycl. i: 157. 1783. Leucothoe axillaris D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 159. 1834. A shrub, 2°-5° high, the twigs puberulent, at least when young. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, oval to oblong-lanceolate, glabrous and dark green above, paler and sparsely be- set with minute hairs beneath, acute or acu- minate at the apex, narrowed or rarely rounded at the base, serrulate, at least near the apex, 2/-6/ long, #'-!#' wide; petioles usually pubescent; 2//-4// long; racemes many-flowered, dense, catkin-like when ex- panding, sessile in the axils of the persistent leaves; bracts ovate, concave, borne near the base of the short pedicels; sepals imbricated even when expanded; anthers awnless; corolla nearly cylindric, about 2" long; stigma de- pressed, 5 -rayed. In moist woods, Virginia to Florida and Ala- bama, near the coast. April. VOL. II. ] HEATH FAMILY. 567 2764.) 2. Leucothoe Catesbaei (Walt.) A. Gray. Catesby's Leucothoe. (Fig. Andromeda Catesbaei Walt. Fl. Car. 137. 1788. Andromeda spinulosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 293. 1814. L. spinulosa G. Don, Card. Diet. 3: 832. 1834. Leucothoe Catesbaei A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 252. 1856. A shrub, 3°-6° high, similar to the preceding species, the twigs glabrous. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous and evergreen, acuminate at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, sharply serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth nearly all around, $'-6' long, 9"-iS" wide; petioles 4//-S// long; racemes dense, axillary, many-flowered, catkin-like when ex- panding; bracts borne at the bases of the short peti- oles; sepals not at all or scarcely imbricated when the flower is expanded; corolla narrowly cylindric, about zYz" long; capsule depressed, strongly 5 -lobed, about 2" in diameter. r Along streams, Virginia to East Tennessee and Georgia. April. 3. Leucothoe recurva (Buckl.) A. Gray. Mountain Leucothoe. (Fig. 2765.) Andromeda recurva Buckl. Amer. Journ. Sci. 45: 172. 1843. Leucothoe recurva A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 252. 1856. A widely branched shrub, 2°-io° high, similar to the following species. Leaves thin, deciduous, ovate or oval, often acuminate, pubescent on the veins be- neath, 2/-4/ long; racemes terminating the branches, unfolding before the leaves, recurved, solitary or clustered; calyx 2-bracteolate, the bracts persistent; corolla about 3" long; anther- sacs i-awned; capsule much depressed, strongly 5-lobed, about 2" in diam- eter and i" high; seeds broadly winged. In dry woods, mountains of Virginia to Alabama. April-May. 4. Leucothoe racemdsa (L. ) A. Gray. Andromeda racemosa L. Sp. PI. 394. 1753. Leucothoe spicata G. Don, Card. Diet. 3: 832. 1834. Leucothoe racemosa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 252. 1856. A shrub, 5°-i2° high, with erect or divergent branches, terminal racemes, and glabrous or puberulent twigs. Leaves oblong to ovate, mostly acute at each end, thin, deciduous, short- petioled, glabrous, or with some short hairs above, pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, serrulate, I'-y long, Ytf-\f wide; racemes soli- tary or clustered; flowers appearing with or be- fore the leaves; calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, the bractlets firm, persistent; sepals much im- bricated; pedicels about \" long, jointed with therachis; corolla nearly cylindric, 3//-4// long; anther-sacs 2-awned; style slender; stigma capitate; capsule depressed-globose, slightly grooved, 1%" in diameter; seeds smooth, wing- less. In swamps and moist thickets, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coaet. April-June. Swamp Leucothoe. (Fig. 2766.) 2 12. ANDROMEDA L. Sp. PI. 393. 1753. A glabrous branching or rarely simple shrub. Leaves coriaceous, linear or oblong, en- tire, revolute-margined, evergreen, short-petioled, white-glaucous beneath. Flowers small, 568 ERICACEAE. [VOL. II. white, drooping, in terminal umbels. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent, the lobes not im- bricated. Corolla globose-urceolate, 5-toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included; filaments bearded; anthers attached to the filaments at about the middle, ovate, obtuse, the sacs opening by large terminal pores, each with a reflexed awn. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 5- celled; style columnar; stigma simple; ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose, 5- angled, loculicidally 5-valved, many-seeded, the top intruded. Seeds oval, spreading in all direc- tions, the testa smooth, coriaceous, shining. [Named for Andromeda of mythology.] A monotypic genus of the north temperate and subarctic zone. i. Andromeda Polifdlia L,. Wild Rosemary. Marsh Holy Rose. Moorwort. (Fig. 2767.) Andromeda Polifolia L- Sp. PI. 393. 1753. A shrub, i°-3° high, usually little branched, the foliage acid. Leaves linear, linear-oblong or lanceo- late-oblong, sometimes slightly spatulate, acute or ob- tusish, mucronulate, narrowed at the base, dark green above, prominently white-glaucous beneath, if-z%' long, 1"-$" wide, the margins strongly revolute; petioles about \" long; umbels few-flowered, terminal; bracts small, ovate, persistent; pedicels 4//-6'/ long; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla 2//-3" in diameter; capsule about 2" in diameter, about as long as the persistent style. In bogs, Labrador and Newfoundland through arctic America to Alaska, south to northern New Jersey, Pi- mi- sylvania, Michigan and British Columbia. Also in north- ern Europe and Asia. May-June. 13. PIERIS D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 159. 1834. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, persistent or tardily deciduous, petioled, entire or serrulate. Flowers mostly white, in terminal or axillary bracted racemes or umbels, the ped- icels commonly i-3-bracteolate. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes ovate, acute, valvate in the bud, soon spreading, persistent. Corolla urceolate-cylindric, 5-toothed, the teeth re- curved. Stamens 10, included; filaments narrow, often pubescent or ciliate, 2-toothed or 2- spurred at or below the apex, or unappendaged; anthers oblong or ovoid, the sacs opening by large terminal oval pores, each with a slender awn on its back at the junction with the filament, or awnless. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 5-celled; ovules numerous; style columnar; stigma truncate. Capsule globose or ovoid, 5-angled, s-celled. Seeds numerous, linear-ob- long, not winged, clavate or falcate, the testa smooth, membranous. [Name from one of the Muses.] About 12 species, natives of eastern North America, Cuba, eastern Asia and the Himalayas. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, serrulate; flowers racemose. i. P. floribunda. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire; flowers in axillary umbels. 2. P. nitida. Leaves membranous, deciduous, entire; flowers in lateral umbels. 3. /'. Mariana. i. Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. & Hook. Mountain Fetter-bush. (Fig. 2768.) Andromeda floribunda Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 293. 1814. Portuna floribunda Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, (II) 8: 268. 1843. Pieris floribunda Benth. & Hook.Gen. PI. 2: 588. 1876. A shrub, 2°-6° high, with nearly erect bristly or strigose-pubescent very leafy branches. Leaves oblong to ovate lanceolate, coriaceous, persistent, evergreen, serrulate and bristly-ciliate, glabrous above, black-dotted beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, usually rounded or obtuse at the base, I/^/~3/ long. #'-!' wide; petioles 2//-4// long, very bristly, at least when young; flowers white, in terminal clustered slender dense racemes, drooping, about 3K" long; calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, valvate in the 5-angled bud; corolla slightly 5-angled, 5-saccate at the base; filaments unappen- daged; capsule globose-ovoid, about 2" high, longer than the slender style; seeds linear-oblong, the testa loose and cellular. Mountains of Virginia to Georgia. May. VOL. II.] HEATH FAMILY. 569 Fetter-bush. (Fig. 2769.) 2. Pieris nitida (Bartr.) Benth. & Hook. Andromeda nitida Bartr. ; Marsh. Arb. Amer. 8. 1788. Pieris nitida Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2: 588. 1876. A glabrous shrub, 2°-6° high, the branches slender, ascending or erect, leafy, acutely angled, sparingly black-dotted. Leaves short-petioled, coriaceous, ever- green, oblong, oval, oblong- lanceolate, or obovate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, somewhat black- dotted beneath, the margins entire, revo- lute, bordered by an intra-marginal nerve; flowers in axillary umbels, nodding or spreading; pedicels 2//-4// long; calyx- segments ovate-lanceolate, rigid, purplish, valvate in the bud, soon spreading; corolla white or red, ovoid-cylindric, narrowed at the throat, 3//-4// long; filaments 2-spurred; style thickened above the middle; capsule globose, about as long as the calyx-seg- ments; seeds club-shaped. In wet woods, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba. April- May. 3. Pieris Mariana (L/.) Benth. & Hook. Stagger-bush. (Fig. 2770.) Andromeda Mariana L. Sp. PI. 393. 1753. Pieris Mariana Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. a: 588. 1876. A shrub, i°-4° high, the branches nearly erect, slender, glabrous or nearly so, black- dotted. Leaves membranous, tardily decidu- ous, oval or oblong, glabrous above, sparingly pubescent on the veins and black-dotted beneath, acute or obtuse, narrowed or some- times obtuse at the base, entire, 2/~3/ long, the margins slightly revolute; flowers nod- ding in lateral umbels on the nearly leafless branches of the preceding season, forming an elongated compound inflorescence; calyx- segments lanceolate, acuminate, almost folia- ceous, deciduous; corolla ovoid-cylindric, white, or faintly pink, 5//r-6/x long; filaments pubescent on the outer side, usually with 2 setose appendages below the summit; capsule ovoid-pyramidal, i^//-2// high, truncate, about as long as the sepals; seeds club-shaped. In sandy soil, Rhode Island to Florida, mostly near the coast. Also in Tennessee and Arkansas (according to Gray). May-July. 14. XOLISMA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 4: 193. 1819. [LYONIA Nutt. Gen. i: 266. 1818. Not Raf., 1808, nor Ell., 1817.] Tall shrubs, or small trees, with terete twigs, alternate short-petioled leaves, and small mostly white flowers in terminal or axillary, usually panicled racemes or clusters. Calyx 4- 5-lobed or 4-5-cleft, the lobes not imbricated, valvate. Corolla globose, or urceolate, pu- bescent, 4-5-toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 8-10, included; filaments flat, incurved, pubescent; anthers attached to the filaments near their bases, truncate, not awned, the sacs opening by large terminal pores. Disk 8-io-lobed. Ovary 4-5-celled; style columnar; stigma truncate; ovules numerous, pendulous, attached to the upper part of the placentae. Capsule globose or ovoid, 4-5 -angled, loculicidally 4~5-valved, its apex intruded. Seeds numerous, elongated, the testa membranous, loose, reticulated. [Name unexplained.] About 10 species, natives of eastern North America, the West Indies and Mexico. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. 570 ERICACEAE. [Vol.. II. i. Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britton. Privet Andromeda. (Fig. 2771.) Vaccinium ligustrinum L,. Sp. PI. 351. 1753. Andromeda ligustrina Muhl. Cat. 43. 1813. Lyonia ligustrina DC. Prodr. 7: 599. 1839. Xolisma ligustrina Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 135. 1894. A much branched shrub, 3°-i2° high, the twigs pu- berulent or glabrous. Leaves obovate, oblong, oval or ovate, deciduous, minutely serrulate or entire, acute at each end or abruptly acuminate at the apex, usually quite glabrous above, more or less pubescent, at least on the veins, or glabrous beneath, I'-a^' long; racemes numerous, mostly leafless, in terminal pani- cles or clusters, many-flowered; bracts small, caducous, pedicels single or clustered, \"-^ff long, pubescent; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla nearly glob- ular, \W in diameter; capsule depressed-globose, obtusely 5-angled, about i>»// in diameter. In swamps and wet soil, Canada (according to Pursh), New England and New York to Florida, west to Tennessee and Arkansas. A southeastern form has almost coriaceous leaves. May-July. 15. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. Meth. 457. 1794. [CASSANDRA D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 158. 1834.] An erect shrub, with stiff slender terete branches, alternate coriaceous evergreen short - petioled narrow leaves, and white short-pedicelled secund flowers, solitary in the axils of the small upper leaves, forming terminal leafy racemes. Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated per- sistent sepals, bracted at the base. Corolla oblong-cylindric, narrowed at the throat, 5- toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous; anther- sacs tapering upward into tubular beaks, not awned, opening by terminal pores. Disk 10- toothed. Ovary 5-celled, 5-grooved; stigma simple. Capsule depressed-globose, the epicarp 5-valved, separating at length from the lo-valved endocarp. [Greek, ground or low Daphne.] A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. i. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Leather-leaf. Dwarf Cassandra. (Fig. 2772.) Andromeda calyculata L. Sp. PI. 394. 1753. Chamatdaphnt calyculata Moench, Meth. 457. 1794. Cassandra calyculata D. Don, Bdinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 158. 1834. A branching shrub, 2°-4° high. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, thick, coriaceous, obtuse or acute, narrowed at the base, densely covered on both sides with minute round scurfy scales, at least when young, #/-i#/ long, the margins obscurely denti- culate; upper leaves gradually smaller, the upper- most reduced to floral bracts; pedicels i" long or less; corolla about 3" long; capsule depressed- globose, a" in diameter, about twice as long as the ovate sepals. In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to southern New jersey, Georgia, Illinois, Michi- gan and British Columbia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. April-June. 16. OXYDENDRUM DC. Prodr. 7: 601. 1839. A tree, with alternate petioled deciduous sour leaves, and very numerous white flowers, in terminal panicled racemes. Pedicels 2-bracteolate at or above the middle. Sepals 5, slightly imbricated in the bud, early expanded, persistent. Corolla ovoid-cylindric, mi- nutely canescent, narrowed at the throat, tardily expanding, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, about as long as the corolla; filaments wider than the linear anthers; anther-sacs opening by long chinks. Ovary ovoid, 5-celled; ovules numerous, near the base of the cavities; style colum- nar; stigma simple. Disk lo-toothed. Capsule ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-valved. Seeds ascending or erect, elongated, the testa reticulated, loose and extended at each end beyond the linear nucleus. [Greek, sour-tree.] A monotypic genus of southeastern North America. VOL. II.] HEATH FAMILY. I. Oxydendrum arboreum (I,.) DC. Sour-wood. Sorrel-tree. (Fig. 2773.) Andromeda arborea L. Sp. PI. 394. 1753- Oxydendrum arboreum DC. Prodr. 7: 601. 18.39- A smooth-barked tree, reaching a maximum height of about 60° and a trunk diameter of 15'. Leaves oblong, oval or oval-lanceolate, sharply serrulate, or entire, green and glabrous on both sides, finely reticulate-veined, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 4/-6/ long, i '-3' wide; racemes numerous, long and slender, erect or curving, panicled at the ends of the branches, the rachis and short pedicels canes- cent; flowers 3 ^"-3" long; capsule 2"-$" long, canescent, tipped by the persistent style, the pedicels curving. In woods, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Alabama and Florida, both in the mountains and towards the coast. Wood hard, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 46 Ibs. Elk-tree. June-July. 17. EPIGAEA L. Sp. PI. 395. 1753. Prostrate slightly woody more or less hirsute branching shrubs, with alternate petioled coriaceous evergreen entire leaves. Flowers rather large, perfect, heteromorphous or dioe- cious, bracted, sessile, white or pink, fragrant, clustered at the ends of the branches. Sepals 5, oblong, persistent, dry, much imbricated. Corolla salverform, the limb 5-lobed (rarely 4 or 6-lobed). Stamens 10, about as long as the corolla-tube and attached to its base; filaments filiform; anthers linear-oblong, attached to the filaments below the middle. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary ovoid, hirsute, 5-lobed, 5-celled; ovules numerous; style columnar; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globose, hirsute, slightly 5-lobed, at length loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds oval, the testa close and reticulated. [Greek, on the earth.] Two species, the following of eastern North America, the other of Japan. i. Epigaea repens L,. Trailing Arbutus. Mayflower. Ground Laurel. (Fig. 2774.) Epigaea repens L. Sp. PI. 395. 1753. Spreading on the ground, twigs hirsute, branches 6'-i5' long. Leaves oval or nearly orbicular, thick, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, mostly gla- brous above, more or less hirsute beneath, green both sides, i'-tf long, ^/-i^/ wide; petioles hir- sute, ]£'-i' long; flowers few or several in the clusters, s'^-S" long, and nearly as broad when ex- panded; corolla-tube somewhat longer than the sepals. In sandy or rocky woods, especially under ever- green trees, Newfoundland to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Florida, Kentucky and Michigan. Often forms large patches. March-May. 18. GAULTHERIA L. Sp. PI. 395. 1753. Low or tall shrubs, with alternate coriaceous persistent evergreen leaves, and small axillary, solitary or racemose, white red or pink flowers. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, per- sistent. Corolla urn-shaped or campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-lobed, the lobes recurved or spreading. Stamens 10, included, inserted at the base of the corolla; filaments dilated above the base; anther-sacs opening by a terminal pore, commonly awned. Stigma obtuse, entire. Disk lo-toothed. Ovary s-celled, 5-lobed. Calyx becoming fleshy and at length surround- ing the capsule, forming a berry-like fruit. [Named after Dr. Gaultier, of Quebec.] About 100 species, mostly of the Andes of South America, a few North American and Asiatic. Besides the following 3 others occur on the Pacific Coast. 572 ERICACEAE. i. Gaultheria procumbens L/. A Spring or Creeping Wintergreen. berry. (Fig. 2775.) Gaultheria procumbens L. Sp. PI. 395. [Vol.. II. Checker- J753- Nearly glabrous throughout, aromatic; stems slender, creeping or subterranean; branches erect, 2'-6' high. Leaves mostly clustered at the ends of the branches, oval, oblong or obovate, obtuse or acute, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, the margins slightly revolute and serrate with low bristle-tipped teeth, dark green and shining above, pale beneath, i'-2' long; flowers usually solitary in the axils, on recurved peduncles 2//-4// long, 2- bracteolate under the calyx; corolla ovoid-urceolate, white, 5-toothed, 2//~3// long; fruit depressed-glo- bose, slightly s-lobed, bright red, 4//-6// in diame- ter, mealy, very spicy in flavor. In woods, especially under evergreen trees, New- foundland to Manitoba, south to southern New Jersey, Georgia and Michigan. June-Sept. Fruit ripe late in the autumn, remaining on the olant until spring. Other names are Box-, Ground-, Tea-, or Partridge-ben^ Deer-, Hill-, Spice-berry, Ivory Plum, Mountain Tea. ' 19. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 165. 1763. Erect or spreading, low or tall shrubs (some western species small trees). Leaves alter- nate, petioled, firm or coriaceous, persistent, evergreen. Flowers small, nodding, pedicelled, white or pink, in terminal racemes, panicles or clusters. Calyx 4-5-parted, persistent. Corolla globose, ovoid, urceolate or oblong-cam pan ulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes recurved, im- bricated in the bud. Stamens 10, rarely 8, included; filaments short, subulate; anthers short, erect, introrse, with 2 recurved awns on the back, the sacs opening by a terminal pore. Disk 8-io-lobed. Ovary 4- lo-celled; ovules solitary in the cavities; style slender. Fruit a drupe, with 4-10 seed-like nutlets coherent into a solid stone. [Greek, bear-berry.] About 20 species, the following of the northern hemisphere, the others of western North America. * i. Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi (L.) Spreng. Red Bearberry. Kinnikinic. (Fig. 2776.) Arbutus Uva-Ursi L. Sp. PI. 395. 1753. Arctoslafihylos Uva-Ursi Spreng. Syst. a: 287. 1825. Trailing or spreading on the ground, branched; branches 6/-24/ long, the twigs puberulent. Leaves spatulate, coriaceous, obtuse, entire, evergreen, gla- brous or minutely puberulent toward the base, #'-i' long, 2//-5// wide, finely reticulate- veined; petioles about i" long, puberulent; flowers few in short ra- cemes; pedicels i//-2// long; corolla ovoid, constricted at the throat, white, about 2" long; drupe globose, red, glabrous, insipid, rather dry, $"-5" in diameter, usually containing 5 coalescent nutlets, each i-nerved on the back. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Labrador and arctic America to Alaska, south to southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, Nebraska, Colorado and California. Also in Northern Europe and Asia. May-June. Called also Fox- or Meal-berry, Bear's Grape, Barren Myrtle or Bilberry. 20. MAI RAN I A Neck. Elem. i: 219. 1790. [ARCTOUS Niedenzu, Engl. Bot. Jahrb. n: 141. 1890.] A low shrub, with shreddy bark, alternate thin deciduous leaves clustered toward the ends of the branches, and small white clustered pedicelled flowers. Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla 4-5-toothed, the short teeth spreading or recurved. Stamens 8 or 10, included; an- ther-sacs with 2 recurved dorsal awns. Ovary 4~5-celled ; ovules i in each cavity. Drupe globose, with 4 or 5 separate i -seeded nutlets. A monotypic genus of the arctic zone and high mountain summits. VOL. II.] HEATH FAMILY. 573 i. Mairania alpina (L.) Desv. Alpine or Black Bearberry. (Fig. 2777.) Arbutus alpina L. Sp. PI. 395. 1753. Mairania alpina Desv. Journ. Bot. (II) i: 37. 1813. Arctostaphylps alpina Sprang. Syst. 2: 287. 1825. A rclous alpina Niedenzu, Engl. Bot. Jahrb. ii: 141. 1890. Tufted or depressed-prostrate; branches 2/-5/ high, the twigs glabrous or very nearly so. Leaves obovate, crenu- late, conspicuously reticulate- veined, ciliate at least when young, %'-i' long, $"-*]" wide; flowers few, appearing from scaly buds before or with the leaves; corolla white, ovoid, constricted at the throat; drupe black (or bright red, according to Macoun), juicy, "*,"-§" in diameter. Summits of the higher mountains of New England; Que- bec to Newfoundland, Alaska and British Columbia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 21. CALLUNA Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 6: 317. 1802. A low much branched evergreen shrub, with minute linear opposite crowded and imbricated leaves, and small white or pink flowers, in terminal one-sided dense spike- like racemes. Sepals 4, scarious, concave, obtuse, longer than and concealing the corolla. Corolla campanulate when expanded, 4-parted, slightly twisted, persistent, becoming scarious. Stamens 8, distinct; filaments short; anthers oblong, attached to the filaments by their backs, opening by a longi- tudinal slit, each sac with a dorsal reflexed appendage. Disk 8 lobed. Ovary depressed- globose, 8-angled; style slender; stigma capitel- late. Capsule somewhat 4-sided, 4-celled, sep- ticidally 4-valved, few-seeded. Seeds ovoid, pendulous, not winged. [Greek.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. i. Calluna vulgaris (L.) Salisb. Ling. Heather. Moor. Besom. (Fig. 2778.) Erica vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 352. 1753. C. vulgaris Salisb. Trans. L,inn Soc. 6:317. 1802. A straggling shrub, the branches ascending, 3'-i5' high, the twigs puberulent or glabrous. Leaves sessile, about %" long, very numerous, imbricated in 4 rows, usually 2-auricled at the base, 3-angled, grooved on the back, glabrous, ciliate or canescent; calyx with 4 small bracts at the base; corolla about i^" long, nearly con- cealed by the 4 scarious pink or white sepals. Sandy or rocky soil, Newfoundland to New Jersey. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. July-Sept. Erica cin^rea L., the Scotch Heath, found at one spot on Nantucket Island, has an ovoid 4-toothed corolla, much longer than the calyx (about 3" long) and linear leaves, mostly verticillate in 3's. Erica Tetralix L., the Cross-leaved Heath, also on Nantucket, has a similar corolla and linear leaves verticillate in 4's. Both are waifs from Europe. Family 5. VACCINIACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 757. 1847. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY. Erect or prostrate shrubs, or small trees, with alternate simple leaves, and small clustered or solitary perfect flowers, the pedicels commonly bracted. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5 -lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla gamo- petalous, 4-5-lobed, or rarely divided into separate petals, deciduous, globose, campanulate, urceolate, or tubular. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, epigynous, or inserted at the base of the corolla; filaments usually flattened, mostly short; anthers dorsally attached, 2 -celled, the connective entire or 2-awned. Ovary inferior, 2-io-celled, crowned by the epigynous disk; style filiform; stigma simple, or minutely 4~5-lobed or 4~5-dentate; ovules solitary, or several in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a berry or drupe in our genera, glo- bose; cells i -several-seeded, or the drupe containing several nutlets. Seeds com- pressed; testa bony; endosperm fleshy; embryo central; radicle near the hilum. 574 VACCINIACEAE. [VOL. II. About ao genera and 300 species of wide distribution, many South American species epiphytic. Ovary lo-celled; fruit a berry-like drupe with 10 nutlets. I. Gaylussacia. Ovary 4-5-celled ; fruit a many-seeded berry. Corolla campanulate, cylindric, subglobose or urceolate. Erect shrubs; ovary entirely inferior; berries normally not white. a. Vaccinium. Low trailing shrub; ovary half inferior; berry snow-white. 3. Chiogenes. Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-divided, the lobes reflexed. 4. Oxycoccus. i. GAYLUSSACIA H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 275. pi. 257. 1818. [ADNARIA Raf. Fl. Ludov. 56. 1817 ?] Branching shrubs, with alternate entire or serrate leaves, and small white or pink flow- ers in lateral bracted racemes. Pedicels mostly 2-bracteolate. Calyx-tube short, obconic, or turbinate, the limb 5-lobed or 5-toothed, persistent Corolla urn-shaped, or tubular-campanu- late, the tube terete or s-angled, the limb s-lobed, the lobes erect or recurved. Stamens 10, equal, usually included; filaments short and distinct; anther-sacs tapering upward into tubes, awn less, opening by terminal pores or chinks. Fruit a berry-like drupe with 10 seed-like nutlets, each containing a single seed. [Named for the celebrated chemist, Gay-Lussac.] About 40 American species. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern Alleghanies. Leaves pale and glaucous beneath, resinous; fruit blue with a bloom. i. G.frondosa. Leaves green both sides, resinous; fruit black. Bracts small, deciduous, mostly shorter than the pedicels. a. G. rtsinosa. Bracts oval, large, persistent, longer than the pedicels. 3. G. dumosa. Leaves thick, evergreen, serrate, not resinous; bracts scale-like. 4. G. brachycera. i. Gaylussacia fronddsa (L,.) T. & G. Blue Tangle. Tangleberry. Dangle- berry. (Fig. 2779.) : nium /rondosum L. Sp. PI. 351. 1753. G. froitdosa T. & G. ; Ton i : » 19. 1843. An erect shrub, a°-4° high, with numerous spread- ing or ascending slender gray branches. Leaves oval to obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, iji'-a^' long when mature, entire, usually thin, the lower surface glabrous or pubescent, pale or glaucous, and sprinkled with resinous globules, the upper surface green, usually glabrous; petioles about i" long; flowers few, greenish pink in loose racemes; bracts linear-oblong, shorter than the filiform mostly 2- bracteolate pedicels, deciduous; corolla globose- catnpanulate, i#" long; filaments glabrous, shorter than the anthers; fruit globose, dark blue with a glaucous bloom, about 4" in diameter, sweet In moist woods, New Hampshire to Florida, Ohio, and Louisiana. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. a. Gaylussacia resindsa (Ait. ) T. & G. Black or High-bush Huckleberry. (Fig. 2780.) Vaccinium rest nos urn Ait Hort. Kew. 3: la. 1789. G. rcsinosa T. & G.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. x: 449. 1843. A shrub, i°-3° high, with ascending or erect stiff grayish branches, the young shoots commonly pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, rarely ob- ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire, very resinous when young, mucronulate, glabrous or very nearly so and green on both sides, firm, i'-2' long; petioles about i" long; flowers few, pink or red, in short one-sided racemes; bracts small, decidu- ous, shorter than or equalling the usually 2-bracte- olate pedicels; corolla ovoid-conic, 5-angled, be- coming campanulate-cylindric, 2"-2)4" long; fila- ments ciliate; fruit black without bloom (rarely white), about 3" in diameter, sweet but seedy. In woods and thickets, preferrine sandy soil, New- foundland to Georgia, Manitoba, Wisconsin and Ken- tucky. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. Vol.. II.] HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY. 575 3. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. &G. Dwarf or Bush Huckleberry. (Fig. 2781.) Vaccinium dumosum Andr. Bot. Rep. 2: 112. 1799. G. dumosa T. & G.; A. Gray, Man. 259. 1848. A branching shrub, i°-2°high, from a horizontal or ascending base, the branches nearly erect, usually leafless below, the young twigs pubescent or hirsute, glandular. Leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, entire, firm or coriaceous, green both sides, shining when old, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, resinous, \f-il/zf long, sessile or nearly so; flowers white, pink or red, in rather loose racemes; bracts oval, foliaceous, per- sistent, pubescent, equalling or longer than the slender pubescent 2-bracteolate pedicels ; corolla campanulate, 2//-2j£// long; filaments pubescent; calyx puberulent; fruit black, without bloom, 2>"~\" in diameter, watery and rather insipid. In sandy swamps, Newfoundland to Florida, North Carolina and Louisiana. May-June. Fruit July-Aug. Gaylussacia dumosa hirtella (Ait.) A. Gray, Man. 259. 1848. I'accinium hirtellum Ait. f. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 2: 357. 1811. Pedicels and calyx hirsute. Virginia to Florida and Lou- isiana. 4. Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx.) A. Gray. Box-Huckleberry. (Fig. 2782.) I'accinium brachycerum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. z: 234. 1803. Vaccinium buxifolium Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 4. 1806. Gaylussacia brachycera A. Gray, Man. 259. 1848. A low branching shrub, 6/-i5/ high, from a horizontal or ascending base, the branches erect, angular, the twigs glabrous or very nearly so. Leaves thick, very coriace- ous, glabrous, not resinous, persistent, evergreen, oval or oblong, obtuse or acutish, %'-\' long, serrate with low teeth, the margins somewhat revolute; petioles i" long or jess; flowers few, white or pink in short racemes; bracts and bractlets scale-like, caducous; pedicels very short; corolla cylindric-ovoid, about 2" long; filaments ciliate; fruit (according to A. Wood) light blue. In dry woods, Delaware and Pennsylvania to Virginia, May. 2. VACCINIUM L. Sp. PI. 349. 1753. Branching shrubs (some species small trees) with alternate often coriaceous leaves, and small white pink or red flowers, in terminal or lateral racemes or clusters, or rarely solitary in the axils. Calyx-tube globose, hemispheric or turbinate, not angled, adnate to the ovary, the limb 4~5-toothed or 4-5-lobed, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped, campanulate or cylindric, rarely subglobose, its limb 4~5-toothed or 4-5-lobed. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, distinct, the filaments short or elongated; anthers awned or awnless, upwardly prolonged into tubes, opening by terminal pores or chinks. Ovary 4-5-celled, or 8-10 celled by false partitions; ovules several or numerous in each cavity; style straight; stigma small. Fruit a many-seeded berry. [Latin, blueberry.] About 125 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following some n others occur in southern and western North America. -'/.- Corolla ovoid, globose, urn-shaped or cylindric, 4-s-toothed. Flowers solitary.'or 2-4 together, on drooping pedicels; low shrubs. Most or all the flowers 4-parted and stamens 8. i. V. uliginosum. Flowers all or nearly all 5-parted, and stamens 10. Shrub 3' -6' high; leaves obovate or cuneate. 2. V. caespiiosum. Shrubs i°-i2° high; leaves oval or oblong; northern species. Leaves serrulate, green both sides; berry purple -black. Leaves entire or nearly so, pale beneath ; berry blue with bloom. V. membranaceum. V. ovalifolium. Flowers fascicled or racemose, short-pedicelled; leaves deciduous. Corolla cylindric or nearly so, 2-3 times as long as thick. Flowers appearing before the leaves; berry black. Flowers appearing with the leaves; berry blue with a bloom. Corolla urn-shaped, oblong or oblong-cylindric, 1-2 times as long as thick. Leaves not glaucous; glabrous or pubescent beneath. Leaves mostly entire, pubescent beneath. Shrub 3°-i5° high; leaves oval, large; fruit black. 7. V. alrococcum. 5. y. virgatum. 6. V. corymbosum. 576 VACCINIACEAE. [VOL. II. V. Canadense. V. Pennsylvanicum. Shrub ,6' -2° high; leaves oblong, small; fruit blue. 8. Leaves serrulate, nearly or quite glabrous; low shrub; fruit blue. 9. Leaves pale and glaucous beneath, mostly glabrous both sides. Fruit black; shrub 6'-i8' high; leaves oblong or oblanceolate. 10. V. nigritm. Fruit blue; shrubs i°-6° high; leaves oblong, oval, obovate. Leaves firm, mostly entire, berry about 3" in diameter. Leaves thin, sharply serrulate; berry 4" -6" in diameter. •3f •£ Corolla open-campanulate, 4-s-lobed. Flowers 4- parted; leaves small, coriaceous, persistent; low shrub. Flowers 5-parted ; leaves large, thin, deciduous; tall shrubs. Flower not jointed with its pedicel; anthers exserted. Flower jointed with its pedicel; anthers included; berry black. ii. u. V. vacillans. V. pallidnm. 13. V. Vitis-Idaea. 14. 15- V. stamineum. V. arboreuin. i. Vaccinium uliginosum L. Great Bilberry. Bog Whortleberry. Bleaberry. (Fig. 2783.) Vaccinium uliginosum L. Sp. PI. 350. 1753. A stiff much-branched shrub, 6/-24/ high. Leaves thick when mature, glabrous or nearly so on both sides, dull, pale or glaucous beneath, obovate, oblong, or oval, obtuse, or retusc, narrowed at the base, entire, nearly sessile, finely reticulate-veined, 5"-i2" long; flowers 2-4 together, or sometimes solitary near the ends of the branches, mostly shorter than the drooping pedicels; calyx 4-lobed (sometimes 5-lobed); corolla pink, ovoid or urn-shaped, 4-5-toothed; stamens S-io; berry blue with a bloom, about 3" in diameter, sweet. Summits of the mountains of New England and the Adiron- dacks, mainly above timber-line; Labrador, Quebec and shores of Lake Superior, to Alaska. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June-July. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 2. Vaccinium caespitdsum Michx. Dwarf Bilberry. (Fig. 2784.) Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 234. 1803. A shrub, 3/-7/ high, much branched, nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves obovate or oblong-cuneate, obtuse or acute, 6"- 12" long, green and shining both sides, nearly sessile, serrulate with close bluntish teeth; flow- ers mostly solitary in the axils and longer than, their drooping pedicels; calyx slightly 5-toothcd (rarely 4- toothcd); corolla obovoid or obovoid-oblong, pink or white, 5-toothed or rarely 4-toothcd; stamens 10, rarely 8; berry blue with a bloom, sweet, about 3" in diameter. Upper Stillwater, Maine, at 100 feet altitude; summits of the White Mountains; New Brunswick to Labrador, west through subarctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. June-July. Fruit ripe Aug. 3. Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. Thin-leaved Bilberry. (Fig. 2785.) Vaccinium mvtilloides Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:32. 183^. Not Michx. 1803. Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 32. As synonym. 1834. A branching shrub, i°-5° high, nearly gla- brous throughout, the twigs slightly angled. Leaves oval, oblong or ovate, thin or mem- branous, green both sides, not shining, acutish to acuminate, short-petioled, sharply and finely serrulate, i/-2/ long; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, their recurved pedicels becoming erect in fruit; calyx-limb entire or slightly toothed; corolla depressed-globose or globose-urceolate, greenish or purplish, mostly 5-toothed; stamens mostly 10; berry dark purple, rather acid. In moist woods, northern Michigan; Oregon and British Columbia. June-July. Fruit ripe July-Aug. VOL. II.] HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY. 577 4. Vaccinium ovalifdlium J. E. Smith. Tall or Oval-leaved Bilberry. (Fig. 2786. ) Vaccinium ovalifolium J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop. No. 2. 1817. A straggling branched shrub, 3°-i2° high, the branches slender; twigs glabrous, jointed, sharply angled. Leaves oval, short-petioled, glabrous on both sides, green above, pale and glaucous beneath, rounded at both ends, or somewhat narrowed at the base, thin, some- times mucronulate, entire or very nearly so, \f- 2X long; flowers commonly solitary in the axils, on rather short recurved pedicels; calyx-limb slightly toothed; corolla globose-ovoid; stamens 10; berry blue with a bloom, 4"-5" in diameter. Woods, Quebec to Michigan, Oregon and Alaska. Also in Japan. June-July. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 5. Vaccinium virgatum Ait. Southern Black Huckleberry. (Fig. 2787.) Vaccinium virgatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 12. 1789. A shrub, 3°-i2° high, the branches slender, green, the young twigs puberulent. Leaves narrowly oval-oblong, broadest at the middle, mucronate, short-petioled, entire, green and gla- brous above, pale or glaucous beneath, veins pubescent, thick when old, i/-2^/ long, %'-*' wide, the ends narrowed; flowers in short ra- cemes or clusters, appearing before the leaves, equalling or longer than their pedicels; bracts and bractlets small, deciduous; calyx 5-lobed; corolla nearly cylindric, 5"-^' long, \"-i%ff thick, white or light pink; stamens 10; berry black, with or without bloom, 2//-3// in diameter. In swamps, southern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. April-May. Fruit ripe in July. Vaccinium virgatum tenellum (Ait.) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 22. 1878. Vaccinium tenellum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 12. 1789. Low, mostly less than 2° high; leaves smaller, narrower, M'-i^' long; flowers white, or nearly so, a"-3" long. Probably a distinct species. Southern Virginia to Arkansas, Florida and Alabama. 6. Vaccinium corymbosum L. High-bush or Tall Blueberry. (Fig. 2788.) Vaccinium corymbosum L. Sp. PI. 350. 1753. V. amoenum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 12. 1789. A shrub, 6°-i5° high; branches stiff; twigs terete, minutely warty, greenish-brown, pu- berulent, or glabrous. Leaves oval or oblong, mostlyacuteat each end, usually entire, some- times ciliate, green and glabrous above, paler and often pubescent at least on the veins be- neath, short-petioled, i/-3/ long, X/~I/^/ wide; flowers in short racemes, appearing with the leaves, equalling or longer than their pedicels; bracts oblong or oval, deciduous; calyx s-lobed; corolla cylindric, or slightly constricted at the throat, white or faintly pink, 3//-6// long, \W-$" thick, 5-toothed (rarely 5-lobed) ; stamens 10; berry blue with a bloom, 3//-4// in diameter, pleasantly acid. In swamps, thickets and woods, Newfoundland to Virginia, west to Minnesota and Louisiana. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. Called also Swamp Blueberry. The late market blueberry. 37 578 VACCINIACEAE. [VOL. II. 7. Vaccinium atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller. Black Blueberry. (Fig. 2789.) Vaccinium disomorphum Brgel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 151. 1824. Not Michx. 1803. Vaccinium corymbosum var. atrococcum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 292. 1867. V.atrococcum Heller,Bull.Torr.Club,ai:24. 1894. A branching shrub with shreddy bark, 3°-io° high, similar to the two preceding species, the branches green, minutely warty, the young twigs pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, dark green above, light green and densely pubescent beneath even when old, entire, usually acute at both ends, mucron- ate, thick, 1%'-$' long, yi'-i%' wide; flow- ers in short racemes, appearing with the leaves, about the length of their slender pedi- cels; bracts and bractlcts caducous; calyx 5- lobed; corolla short-cylindric or ovoid, pink or red, *"-$" long, about i#" thick, 5- toothed, constricted at throat; berry black, without bloom, sweet, 3"-$" in diameter. In swamps and wet woods, New Brunswick and Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 8. Vaccinium Canadense Richards. Canada Blueberry. (Fig. 2790.) V. Canadense Richards. App. Frank. Journ. a, 12. 1823. A low pubescent branching shrub, 6/-2° high. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly ellip- tic, pubescent, at least beneath, entire, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, I'-iJ^'long, 4"-6" wide; flowers few in the clusters, which an some- times numerous on naked branches, appearing with the leaves; pedicels usually shorter than the flow- ers; corolla oblong-campanulate, greenish white, about 2" long and \%" thick; berry blue with a bloom (rarely white), sweet, 2ji"-3" in diameter. In moist places, Labrador to the Northwest Territory, south in the mountains to Virginia, and to Illinois and Michigan. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 9. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum Lam. Dwarf, Sugar or Low-bush Blue- berry. (Fig. 2791.) V. Pennsylvanicum I^am. Encycl. i: 74. 1783. A low branching shrub, 6'-2° high, similar to the preceding species, but with green warty branches and nearly or quite glabrous through- out. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, sharply serrulate, acute at both ends, 9//-i8// long, 3//-6// wide; flowers few in the clusters, longer than the very short pedicels; corolla oblong-campanulate, slightly constricted at the throat, 2"-2^" long, about i}4" thick, white or pinkish; berry blue with'a bloom, very sweet, 3//-5// in diameter. In dry, rocky or sandy soil, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, south to southern New Jersey, Illinois and Michigan. May-June. Fruit ripe June-July. The early market blueberry. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum angustifolium (Ait.) A. Gray, Man. 261. 1848. Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: n. 1789. Leaves narrower, i"-iK" wide. Summits of the White Mountains, and the Adirondacks; Quebec to the north shore of Lake Superior and arctic America. Vot. II.] HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY. 579 10. Vaccinium nigrum (Wood) Britton. Low Black Blueberry. (Fig. 2792. ) Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum var. nigrum Wood, Bot. & Flor. 199. 1873. V. nigrum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 252. 1894. Similar to V. Pennsylvanicum and often grow- ing with it, 6/-i2/ high, the twigs glabrous. Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, finely serrulate, very nearly sessile, X/-I/ l°ng> 3//-6// wide, glabrous on both sides, green above, pale and glaucous beneath; flowers few in the clusters, longer than their pedicels; corolla glo- bose-ovoid, very little constricted at the throat, white or cream color, about 2/x long, \y2/f thick; berry black, without bloom, about 3" in diameter. In dry rocky soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Blooms earlier than V. Pennsylvanicum. May. Fruit ripe in July. ii. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. Low Blueberry. (Fig. 2793.) Blue Huckleberry. 12. Vaccinium pallidum Ait. Pale V. pallidum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 10. 1789. Vaccinium corymbosum var. pallidum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 292. 1867. A branching shrub, 2°-8° high, with gla- brous green warty twigs. Leaves oval, ovate or oblong, rather thin when mature, acute or acuminate, narrowed or rounded at the base, short-petioled, glabrous and light green above, pale and slightly glaucous or some- times pubescent on the veins beneath, serru- late, i '-3' long; flowers several or numerous in the clusters, about equalling their slender pedicels; corolla oblong-cylindric to urceo- late, slightly constricted at the throat, green- ish-pink, 2//-aX// long, i #"-2" thick; berry blue, 4//-6" in diameter, delicious. In woods, mountains of Virginia to South Carolina. Fruit superior to all other blue- berries. May-June. Berries ripe July-Aug. V. vacillans Kalm; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i: 444. 1843. A stiff branching shrub, 6'-4° high, with glabrous yellowish-green warty branches and twigs. Leaves obovate, oval, or broadly oblong, acute or obtuse and usually mucron- ulate, narrowed or rounded at the base, firm, glabrous on both sides, entire, or sparingly serrulate, pale, glaucous and finely reticu- late-veined beneath, i'-2>£' long, %'-!%' wide; flowers several or few in the clusters which are sometimes racemose on naked branches, longer than or equalling their pedicels; corolla oblong-cylindric, somewhat constricted at the throat, pink, 2//~3// long, I #"-2" thick; berry blue with a bloom, sweet, 2"-3^// in diameter. In dry soil, Maine (?) and New Hampshire to Ontario and Michigan, south to North Carolina and Missouri. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. or Mountain Blueberry. (Fig. 2794.) 580 VACCINIACEAE. [VOL. II. Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea L. Mountain Cranberry. Wind- or Cow-berry. (Fig. 2795.) Vaccinium I'ilis-Idaea L. Sp. PI. 351. 1753. A low evergreen shrub, with creeping stems, the branches erect, terete, 3'-8' high, puberulent or glabrous. Leaves thick, coriaceous, persistent, crowded, green and somewhat shining above, paler and black -dotted beneath, quite glabrous, or min- utely ciliate toward the base, obovate or oval, short-petioled, entire or sparingly serrulate, 3"-8" long, the margins revolute; flowers in short termi- nal sec'und racemes or clusters, nodding, longer than their pedicels; bracts reddish, short-oblong, tardily deciduous; bractlets2; calyx-limb 4-toothed; corolla white or pink, open-campanulate, 4-lobed; stamens 8; berriesdark red, acid, 4//-5// in diameter. In rocky places, Essex Co., Mass., coast of Maine, higher mountains of New England to Labrador and arctic America, west to Lake Superior, British Colum- bia and Alaska. Ascends to 5300 ft. in the Adirondacks. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Fruit used as a sub- stitute for cranberries. June-July. Other English names are Flowering Box, Ling- or Wine-berry, Red Whortleberry. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. 14. Vaccinium stamineum L. Deer- berry. Buckberry. (Fig. 2796.) Vaccinium stamineum L. Sp. PI. 350. 1753. A divergently branched shrub, 2°-5° high, with pubescent or glabrous twigs. Leaves oval, oblong or rarely obovate, acute or sometimes acuminate at the apex, pctioled, entire, firm, green above, pale and glaucous or slightly pubescent beneath, i'-4' long, %'-i#' wide; flowers very numerous in graceful leafy-bracted racemes, jointed with their spreading or pendulous filiform pedicels; corolla open-campanulate, purplish or yellowish green, deeply 5-cleft, 2//-3// long, 3"-5" broad; anthers and style exserted; bracts usually persistent; berry globose or pear-shaped, green or yellow, 4//-5// in diameter, inedible. In dry woods and thickets, Maine to southern On- tario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kentucky and Louisiana. Squaw Huckleberry. April-June. ^ w 15. Vaccinium arbdreum Marsh. Farkle- berry. (Fig. 2797.) Vaccinium abortum Marsh. Arb. Amer. 157. 1785. A divergently branched shrub or small tree, reaching a maximum height of about 30°, and trunk diameter of 9', the twigs glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves obovate or oval, obtuse or acute and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, shining and bright green above, duller, and sometimes sparingly pubescent beneath, entire or glandular-denticulate, coriaceous, i/-2/ long, X'-i' wide; flowers pendulous in leafy- bracted racemes, slender-pedicelled; corolla white; campanulate, 5-lobed; anthers included; style ex- serted; bracts persistent; berry globose, black, about 3" in diameter, inedible. In dry sandy soil, North Carolina to Kentucky, southern Illinois and Indian Territory, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, reddish brown, weight per cubic foot 47 Ibs. Called also Sparkleberry. May-June. Vox,. II. ] HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY. 581 3. CHIOGENES Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 2: 94. 1815. Creeping prostrate evergreen branching shrubs, with alternate 2-ranked oval or ovate small leaves, and solitary axillary small white flowers, on short recurved peduncles. Calyx- tube adnate to the lower half of the ovary, 2-bracted at the base, its limb 4-cleft. Corolla short-campanulate, 4-cleft, its lobes rounded. Stamens 8, included; filaments short, nearly orbicular, roughish; anthers not awned nor prolouged into tubes, each sac 2-cuspidate at the apex and opening by a slit down to the middle. Ovary 4-celled, surmounted by the 8- lobed disk; style short. Berry globose to oval, snow-white, many-seeded, rather mealy. [Greek, snow-born, in allusion to the berries.] A monotypic genus of North America and Japan. i. Chiogenes hispidula (L,.) T. & G. Creeping Snowberry. (Fig. 2798.) Vaccinium hispidulum L. Sp. PI. 352. 1753. C. serpyllifolia Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 2: 94. 1815. Chiogenes hispidula T. & G. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i: 450. 1843. Chiogenes Japonica A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 26. 1878. Branches strigose-pubescent, very slender, 3/-i2/ long. Leaves coriaceous, persistent, oval, ovate, or slightly ob- on Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 13. pi. 7. 1789. Oxycoccus macrocarpus Pers. Syn. x: 419. 1805. Similar to the preceding species, but stouter and larger, the branches often 8' long. Leaves oval, ob- long, or sometimes slightly obovate, obtuse at both ends, entire, 3"-7" long, i"-3" wide, white or pale beneath, the margins revolute; flowers several in terminal somewhat racemose clusters, noddiug ou erect usually 2-bracteolate pedicels; corolla light pink, 4//-5// broad, divided very nearly to the base; filaments puberulent, about one-third the length of the anthers; berry ovoid, oblong or nearly globose, acid, 4"-9// long. In bogs, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina, West Virginia, Michigan and Minnesota. June-Aug. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 3. Oxycoccus erythrocarpus (Michx.) Pers. Southern Mountain Cranberry. (Fig. 2801.) Vac. erythrocarpon Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 227. 1803. Oxycocctis erytArocarpus'Pera. Syn. i: 419. 1805. A divergently branched shrub, i°-6° high, the twigs pubescent or glabrous. Leaves thin, green both sides, paler beneath than above, reticulate-veined, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, acuminate at the apex, rounded, subcordate or the terminal ones narrowed at the base, finely serrulate with bristle- pointed teeth, flat, i'-3' long, #'-i' wide; flowers solitary in the axils; peduncles pendulous, filiform, usually minutely 2-bracteolate at the base and less than one-half as long as the leaves; corolla deeply 4-parted, red, about 5" broad; filaments villous, about one-fourth the length of the anthers; berry globose, dark red when ripe, acid, a "-3" in diameter. In woods, mountains of Virginia to Georgia. June- July. Fruit ripe July-Sept. 1829. Family 6. DIAPENSIACEAE Link. Handb. i: 595. DIAPKNSIA FAMILY. Low tufted shrubs, or perennial scapose herbs, with alternate or basal sim- ple exstipulate leaves, and small white pink or purple gamopetalous or polypet- alotis perfect and regular flowers, solitary in the axils, or racemose at the summit of scapes. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; sepals imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-lobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, or connate, sometimes with as many alternating staminodia; anther-sacs longitudinally or transversely dehis- cent; pollen-grains simple. Disk none. Ovary free from the calyx, superior, 3-celled; style mostly stout, persistent; stigma 3-lobed; ovules few or numerous in the cavities, anatropous or amphitropous. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3- valved. Seeds minute, the testa loose or close; endosperm fleshy; embryo terete; cotyledons short; radicle elongated. Six genera and about 8 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Low tufted evergreen shrubs; corolla gamopetalous. Tufted arctic-alpine shrub; flowers terminal, peduncled. I. Diapensia. Trailing shrub; flowers solitary, sessile. 2. Pyxtdanthera. Tall scapose perennial herb; flowers spicate-racemose; petals separate. 3. Gala.v. i. DIAPENSIA L. Sp. PI. 141. 1753. Densely tufted glabrous low evergreen shrubs, with thick rather fleshy imbricated nar- row leaves, and solitary terminal erect peduncled white or pink flowers. Calyx 2-4-bracted at the base, the sepals oval, obtuse, somewhat rigid. Corolla campanulate, tardily decidu- ous, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted at the sinuses of the corolla; filaments Vor,. II.] DIAPENSIA FAMILY. 583 short and broad; anther-cells pointed, divergent, obliquely 2-valved; staminodia none. Style slender; ovules numerous in the cells, anatropous. Seeds oblong-cubic, the testa close, reticulated. [Greek, by fives, alluding to the stamens and corolla-lobes.] Two species, i of wide distribution in the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, the other Himalayan. i. Diapensia Lapponica L. Diapensia. (Fig. 2802.) Diapensia Lapponica L. Sp. PI. 141. 1753. Glabrous, forming dense cushion-like tufts; stems simple or branched, erect or ascending, i'-j/ high. Leaves crowded below, thick, spatulate, sessile, obtuse or acutish, often curved, entire, 3//-6// long, about i" wide, the margins usually revolute; peduncles rather stout, becoming i/-2/ long in fruit; sepals and bracts oval; corolla usually white, $"-0," long, its tube about the length of the sepals and of its oval or oblong obtuse lobes; capsule ovoid, 2//~3// high. Summits of the Adirondack Mountains, and of the mountains of New England; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Labra- dor and arctic America. Also in northern and alpine Eu- rope and Asia. June-July. 2. PYXIDANTHERA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 152. //. 17. 1803. A creeping tufted much branched evergreen shrub, with small narrow alternate imbri- cated leaves, and numerous white or pinkish sessile flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches. Calyx bracted at the base, the sepals oblong, ciliate. Corolla short-campanulate, 5-lobed, tardily deciduous. Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla; filaments broad and thick; anthers 2 celled, the sacs globose, transversely 2-valved, the lower valve cuspi- date; staminodia none. Style columnar. Seeds globose-oblong, amphitropous, the testa black, cancellate. [Greek, box -anther.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Pyxidanthera barbulata Michx. Pyxie. Flowering Moss. (Fig. 2803.) Pyxidanthera barbulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 152- pi. 17. 1803. Diapensia barbulata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 229. 1817. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, very leafy, growing in mats or large patches on the ground, the main branches sometimes i° long. Leaves ses- sile, linear, lanceolate or linear-oblong, acuminate or subulate-tipped, entire, pubescent at the base when young, 2//-4// long, about \" wide, densely imbricated toward the ends of the branches, more _ ^_^^ s -. scattered below; flowers usually very numerous, C AWti <-> / 2//-3// broad, mostly white; corolla-lobes cuneate- obovate, obtuse, retuse or eroded; capsule about i" high, globose, sessile, surrounded by the upper leaves. In dry sandy pine-barrens, southern New Jersey and in North Carolina. Called also Pine-barren Beauty. Flowers sometimes pinkish. March-May. 3. GALAX L. Sp. PI. 200. 1753. An acaulescent perennial herb, with orbicular cordate crenate-dentate long-petioled basal leaves, and numerous small white flowers, spicate -racemose at the ends of tall mostly naked slender scapes. Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate at the base, 5-parted, the sepals nerveless. Corolla 5-divided, the petals oblong, entire, adnate to the bases of the monadelphous sta- mens. Stamen-tube lo-lobed at the summit, the lobes which are opposite the petals petaloid (staminodia), those alternate with the petals antheriferous; anthers nearly sessile, granular on the back, i-celled, transversely 2-valved. Style very short. Seeds ovoid, the testa loose. [Greek, milk; name not characteristic of this genus.] A monotypic genus of southeastern North America. PRIMULACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Galax aphylla L. Galax. Galaxy. Beetle-weed. (Fig. 2804.) Galax aphylla L Sp. PI. 200. 1753. Scape i#° high, terete, with red scaly bracts at the base and many red fibrous roots. Leaves orbicular, or broadly ovate, deeply cordate at the base with a rather narrow sinus, persistent, creiiate-dentate or doubly den- ticulate with mucronulate or rounded teeth, shining, commonly shorter than their slender petioles, I'-tf in diameter; spike-like raceme dense, narrow, 2'-$' long; flowers i^//-2// broad, spreading; bractlets deciduous; capsule ovoid, acute, erect, very short-pedicelled, i" long, slightly exceeding the lanceolate acutish sepals. In dry woods, especially in the mountains, Virginia to Georgia. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. Leaves bright green, shining. May-July. \ ~' Family 7. PRIMULACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 285. 1799. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Herbs, with alternate opposite verticillate or basal leaves, and perfect regular flowers, in terminal or axillary racemes, spikes, umbels or corymbs, or solitary in the axils or at the summit of a scape. Calyx free from the ovary (adnate to its lower part in Samolns), 4~9-parted or cleft (usually 5-parted), persistent or rarely deciduous. Corolla gamopetalous in our species (wanting in r/'/Wv), 4~9-lobed or cleft ("usually 5-cleft), rotate, funnelform, salverform or campanu- late, deciduous. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them, hypogynous or rarely perigynous, inserted on the tube or base .of the corolla ; filaments distinct, or connate at the base; anthers introrse, attached by their backs to the filaments, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk obso- lete, or none. Ovary superior (partly inferior in Santo/US'), i-celled; placenta central, free ; ovules anatropous, or mostly amphitropous ; style i ; stigma simple, capitate, entire. Capsule i-celled, 2-6-valved ; rarely circumscissile or indehiscent, the valves erect or recurved, entire or 2-cleft. Seeds few or several, the testa adherent to the fleshy or horny copious endosperm; embryo small, straight; cotyledons obtuse. About 28 genera and 350 species of wide distribution in the northern hemisphere, a few in southern south America and South Africa. •X- Lobes or segments of the corolla erect or spreading, not reflexed. Lobes of the corolla imbricated, at least in the bud. Ovary wholly superior. Terrestrial scapose plants; leaves not pinnatiful. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx ; style slender. i. Primula. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx; style short. i. Androsace. Aquatic leafy-stemmed plant; leaves finely pinnatind. 3. Holtonia. Ovary adnate to the calyx. 4. Samoltts. Lobes of the corolla convolute or valvate, at least in the bud; (corolla wanting in no. 9). Capsule longitudinally dehiscent. Corolla rotate, or rarely short-funnelform, Stem leafy throughout; flowers yellow. Staminodia none; corolla-lobes convolute; flowers axillary or racemed. 5. Lysimachia. Staminodia 5; each corolla-lobe curved around its stamen. 6. Steironema. Staminodia 5, tooth-like; flowers in axillary spike-like racemes or heads. 7. Naiimburgia. Leaves whorled at the top of the stem; flowers white. 8. Trientalis. Corolla none; flowers minute, solitary in the axils. 9. Glaux. Capsule circumscissile; flowers axillary. Corolla longer than the calyx; stamens borne on its base. 10. Anagallis. Corolla shorter than the calyx; stamens borne on its tube. 11. Cenlunctilus. •Jt * Segments of the corolla reflexed; plants scapose. 12. Dodecatheon. i. PRIMULA L. Sp. PI. 142. 1753. Perennial scapose herbs, with basal leaves, and small or large white red purple or yellow dimorphous flowers, umbellate, or in involucrate or bracted racemose whorls at the sum- mit of a scape. Calyx tubular, funnelform or campanulate, persistent, often angled, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated, erect or spreading. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube longer than the calyx in our species, the limb 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated * entire, VOL. II.] PRIMROSE FAMILY. 585 emarginate or 2-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or at the throat of the corolla, in- cluded; filaments very short; anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary superior, globose or ovoid; ovules numerous, amphitropous; style filiform; stigma capitate. Capsule oblong, ovoid or globose, 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded. Seeds peltate, the testa punctate. [Diminu- tive of the Latin primus, first, from the early blossoms.] About 150 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere, a few in Java and at the Straits of Ma- gellan. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in western and northwestern North America. Leaves almost always white-mealy beneath; scape 4/-i8' high. i. P.farinosa. Leaves green both sides; scape i'-6' high. Leaves spatulate or obovate, denticulate. 2. P. Mistissinica. Leaves oval or lance-ovate, entire. 3. P. Egaliksensis. i. Primula farinosa L/. Bird's-eye or Mealy Primrose. (Fig. 2805.) Primula farinosa L. Sp. PI. 143. 1753. Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base, taper- ing into petioles, or sessile, usually white-mealy beneath at least when young, green above, i'-4/ long, 2//-6// wide, the margins crenulate-dentic- ulate; scape 4/-I8' high, 3-ao-flowered ; flowers umbellate; bracts of the involucre acute or acum- inate; pedicels 2//-i2// long; calyx-lobes acute, often mealy; corolla pink or lilac, usually with a yellowish eye, the tube slightly longer than the calyx, the lobes cuneate, retuse or obcordate, 2"- 3/x long; capsule narrowly oblong, erect, about 5" long, longer than the calyx. In moist places, Maine and Quebec to Greenland, west to the north shore of Lake Superior, the North- west Territory and Alaska. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 2. Primula Mistassinica Michx. Mistassini or Dwarf Canadian Primrose. (Fig. 2806.) Primula Mistassinica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 124. 1803. Similar to the preceding species, but smaller; scape very slender, i'-6' high. Leaves spatulate or obovate, green on both sides (rarely slightly mealy beneath), denticulate or repand, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, petioled or sessile, ^'-i^'long, J.j4"-5" wide; flowers 2-8, umbellate; bracts of the in- volucre acute or acuminate; pedicels 2//-i2// long; corolla pink, or pale purple, with or without a yellow eye, the tube longer than the calyx; corolla-lobes obcor- date, iW-2%" long; capsule narrowly oblong, erect, 2^"-4// high- 4- i ' /y ^r^Vivl//^^^^ On wet banks, Maine to Greenland, west to central New York, Michigan and the Northwest Territory. Intergrades with the preceding species. Occurs also in northern Europe. Summer. 3. Primula Egaliksensis Hornem. Greenland Primrose. (Fig. 2807.) Primula Egaliksensis Hornem. Fl. Dan. pi. 1511. 1814. Leaves green both sides, oval or lance-ovate, entire, or slightly undulate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, y2'-\r long, narrowed into petioles of about their own length; scape very slender, 2/-6/ high; umbels 2-6-flowered; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate; pedicels short, elongating in fruit; calyx-teeth short, acute; corolla- lobes i//-2// long, much shorter than the tube, obovate, sometimes cleft to the middle; capsule erect, about 3" high, longer than the calyx. Northern Labrador (Turner, according to A. Gray) and Greenland. Summer. 586 PRIMULACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. ANDROSACE L. Sp. PI. 141. 1753. Low annual or perennial herbs, our species scapose, with tufted small basal leaves, and terminal umbellate involucrate small white or pink flowers. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed, -cleft or -parted, the lobes erect in flower, sometimes spreading in fruit. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube short, not longer than the calyx, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments very short; anthers short, oblong, obtuse. Ovary superior, turbinate or globose; ovules few, or numerous, amphitrop- ous; style short; stigma capitellate. Capsule turbinate, ovoid or globose, 5-valved from the apex, few-many-seeded. [Greek, man's shield, from the shape of the leaf in some species.] About 50 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 4 others occur in western and northwestern North America. i. Androsace occidentalis Pursh. Androsace. (Fig. 2808.) Androsace occidentalis Pursh, PI. Am. Sept. 137. 1814. Annual, minutely pubescent, or glabrate; scapes filiform, solitary or numerous from fibrous roots, erect or ascending, or diffuse, i'-3' long. Leaves oblong or spatulate, obtuse, entire, sessile, 3"-8" long; bracts of the involucre similar to the leaves but much smaller, i "-3" long; pedicels several or numerous, filiform, 2//-6// long in flower, often becoming i' long in fruit; calyx-tube obpyramiddl in fruit, the lobes ovate or tri- angular-lanceolate, acute, as long as or longer than the tube, green, becoming foliaccous; corolla very small, white, shorter than the calyx; calyx longer than the several-seeded capsule. In dry soil, Minnesota and Illinois to Kansas and Arkansas, west to the Northwest Territory, Utah and N< \v Mexico. April-June. 3. HOTTONIA L. Sp. PI. 145. 1753. Aquatic glabrous herbs, rooting in the mud, or floating, with large pinnatifid submersed crowded leaves, and small white or purplish flowers, raccmose-vcrticillatc on bracted hollow erect emersed peduncles. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes linear, imbricated, persistent. Corolla salver-form, the tube short, the limb 5-parted, the lobes spreading, imbricated at least in the bud. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments short; anthers oblong. Ovary ovoid; style filiform; stigma minute, capitate; ovules numerous, anatropous. Capsule subglobose, 5-valved. Seeds ellipsoid, numerous. [Dedicated to Peter Hotton, 1648-1709, professor at Leyden.] Two species, the following of eastern North America, the other of Europe and eastern Asia. i. Hottonia inflata Ell. American Featherfoil. (Fig. 2809.) Hottonia inflata Ell. Hot. S. C. & Ga. x: 231. 1817. Stem entirely submerged, spongy, densely leafy, branched, sometimes 2° long. Leaves sessile, or nearly so, ovate or oblong in out- line, divided very nearly to the rachis into narrowly linear entire segments W-i' long, X"-!" wide; peduncles several in a cluster at the ends of the stem and branches, partly emersed, hollow, jointed, constricted at the joints. 3'-8' high, the lower joint z'-4' long, sometimes i' thick, the others successively smaller; pedicels 2//-i2// long; flowers 2//-3// long in verticils of 2-10 at the joints, sub- tended by linear bracts; corolla white, shorter than the calyx; capsule globose, about i#" in diameter. In shallow stagnant ponds, Massachusetts to central New York, south to Florida and Louis- iana. June-Aug. Called also Water-feather, Water- Violet, Water- Yarrow. Vox,. II.] PRIMROSE FAMILY. 537 4. SAMOLUS L. Sp. PI. 171. 1753. Perennial glabrous herbs, with alternate entire leaves, or the basal ones rosulate. Flow- ers small, white, in terminal racemes or panicles in our species. Calyx persistent, its tube adnate to the ovary below, its limb 5-cleft. Corolla perigynous, subcampanulate, 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes obtuse, imbricated, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, opposite its lobes, alternating with as many staminodia (these wanting in S. ebracteatus) , filaments ^hort; anthers cordate. Ovary partly inferior; ovules]numerous, amphi- tropous. Capsule globose or ovoid, 5-valved from the summit. Seeds minute. [Name Celtic.] About 10 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in South Africa and Australasia. Besides the following another occurs in the southern United States. i. Samolus floribundus H.B.K. Water Pimpernel. Brookweed. (Fig. 2810.) Samolus floribundus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 224. 1817. 3". Valerandi var. Americanus A.Gray.Man. Ed. 2, 274. 1856. Erect or ascending, branched, at least at the base, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves membranous, I'-tf long, J^'-i' wide, obovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into petioles, the basal often in a rosulate tuft, the upper- most smaller and sometimes sessile; flowers commonly numerous, less than \" broad, in loose elongated pani- cled racemes; pedicels filiform, spreading, 4//-i2// long, bracteolate near the middle; calyx-lobes acute, shorter than the corolla; capsule i"-!^" in diameter, the 5 apical valves spreading at maturity. In swamps and brooks, often in brackish soil, New Bruns- wick to Florida, west to British Columbia, Texas and Cali- fornia. Also in Mexico and South America. May-Sept. Samolus Valerandi L., of Europe and Asia, a smaller plant with mostly simple racemes and larger flowers and capsules, has been found in ballast about Philadelphia. 5. LYSIMACHIA L. Sp. PI. 146. 1753. Herbs, mostly perennial, with leafy stems. Leaves entire, often glandular-punctate; flowers in our species yellow, solitary in the axils, or racemose, corymbose or paniculate. Calyx 5~7-parted or s-y-divided, persistent, free from the ovary. Corolla rotate or campanu- late, 5-7-parted, the tube very short, the lobes convolute at least in the bud. Stamens 5-7, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments separate, or connate at the base; anthers oblong or oval; staminodia none. Ovary globose or ovoid; ovules few or several; style filiform; stigma obtuse. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-5-valved, few or several-seeded. [Greek, loose-strife.] 'About 70 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere, a few in Africa and Australia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern United States. Leaves verticillate in 3's-7's, or some of them rarely opposite. Corolla rotate-campanulate, pure yellow, 6"-i2" broad. Flowers in terminal panicles; corolla-lobes glabrous. i. L. vulgaris. Flowers axillary; corolla-lobes glandular-ciliolate. 2. L. punctata. Corolla rotate, 4"-8 broad, its lobes dark-streaked. 3. L. quadrifolia. Leaves opposite, or some of them rarely alternate. Flowers in a terminal virgate raceme; stem erect. 4. L. terrestris. Flowers axillary, solitary; stem creeping. 5. L. Nummularia. i. Lysimachia vulgaris L. Golden or Yel- low Loosestrife. ( Fig. 2811.) Lysimachia vulgaris L- Sp. PI. 146. 1753. Densely downy-pubescent; stem erect, branched, 2°- 3^° high. Leaves verticillate in 3's or 4*3, or some of them opposite, short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly nar- rowed at the base, 2'-4' long, ^/-i^/ wide; flowers 6//-io// broad, in terminal leafy panicles or compound corymbs; pedicels 2//-6// long; sepals lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla yel- low, rotate-campanulate, deeply parted, the segments glabrous; filaments monadelphous to about the mid- dle, glandular; capsule about ij£x/in diameter, shorter than the sepals. In fields and along roadsides, Maine to southern New York and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Na- tive also of Asia. Called also Willow-wort. June-Aug. PRIMULACEAE. [Vol.. II. 2. Lysimachia punctata L. Spotted Loosestrife. (Fig. 2812.) Lysimachia punctata L. Sp. PI. 147. 1753. Resembles the preceding species, usually densely pubescent, sometimes glabrate; stem simple or branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves verticillate in 3*3 or 4's or some of them op- posite, oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute or ob- tuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, short-petioled, i'-$f long, %'-i}6' wide, usually proportionately shorter and broader than those of L. vulgaris; flowers crowded in the upper axils or racemose- verticillate, yellow, 8//-io// broad; pedicels 3//-io// long; sepals lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acute or obtusish; corolla-seg- ments glandular-ciliolate; filaments moua- delphous at the base. In waste places, Nova Scotia to southern New- Jersey. Adventive from Europe. June-July. 3- Lysimachia quadrifdlia L. Cross- wort. Whorled Loosestrife. (Fig. 2813. ) Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Sp. PI. 147. 1753. Pubescent, or glabrate, stem simple or rarely branched, slender, erect, i°-3° high. Leaves verticillate in 3*8-7*8 (commonly in 4's or 5*8), or some, or very rarely all of them opposite, short-petioled or sessile, lanceolate, oblong or ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, i'-4' long, $"-i}4' wide, usually black-punctate, the uppermost sometimes very small; flowers axil- lary, 3//-6// broad, borne on filiform spreading peduncles %'-i#' long; sepals narrowly lan- ceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla glabrous, dark-streaked or spotted; filaments monadcl- phous below; capsule nearly as long as the sepals. In thickets. New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Wisconsin. June-Aug. 4. Lysimachia terrestris (L.) B.S.P. Bulb-bearing Loosestrife. ( Fig. 2814.) Viscum I er rest re L. Sp. PI. 1023. 1753. Lysimachia stricta Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 199. 1789. ichia stricta var. producta A. Gray, Syn. PI. 3: Part i, 63. 1878. L. terrestris B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 34. 1888. Glabrous; stem erect, simple or branched, 8/-2° high, often bearing after flowering long bulblets (suppressed branches) in the axils. Leaves opposite or some of them rarely alter- nate, lanceolate or oblong -lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, short-petioled, or sessile, usually black-punctate, \'-$f long, 2//-8// wide; flowers 3//-5// broad, in terminal bractcd mostly elongated racemes; or some of them solitary or 2-3 together in the upper axils; pedicels slender or filiform, $"-<)" long; sepals ovate or lanceolate, acute; corolla rotate, deeply parted, yellow with purple streaks or dots; fila- ments monadclphous below, glandular; capsule about i%" in diameter, nearly as long as sepals. In swamps and moist thickets, Newfoundland and Manitoba, south to Georgia and Arkansas. The plant sometimes produces no flowers, but bears the peculiar bulblets freely in the axils in the autumn, and in this condition was mistaken by Linnaeus for a terrestrial mistletoe. July-Sept. VOL. II.] PRIMROSE FAMILY. 589 5. Lysimachia Nummularia L. Moneywort. Creeping Loosestrife. (Fig.. 2815.) Lysimachia Nummularia L- Sp. PI. 148. 1753. Glabrous; stems creeping, sometimes 2° long, often rooting at the nodes. Leaves opposite, orbicular or broadly oval, obtuse at both ends or truncate or cordate at the base, manifestly petioled, J^'-i'long, sparingly black-punctate; flowers solitary in the axils, 8//-i2// broad; sepals cordate-ovate to lanceolate, acute, half as long as the rotate deeply 5-lobed yellow and dark-dotted corolla; filaments glandular, mon- adelphous at the base; capsule shorter than the sepals. In moist places, Newfoundland to New Jer- sey, Pennsylvania and Indiana. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. Lower leaves sometimes narrowed at the base. Also called Creeping- Jenny, and Herb-twopence. 6. STEIRONEMA Raf. Ann. Gen. Phys. 7: 192. 1820. Perennial leafy herbs, with opposite or verticillate simple entire leaves, and axillary slender-peduncled nodding or spreading yellow flowers. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, the segments valvate in the bud. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted, with no proper tube, the lobes cuspidate or erose-denticulate, each separately involute or convolute around its stamen. Stamens 5; filaments distinct, or united into a ring at the very base, granulose-glandular; anthers linear, becoming curved; staminodia 5, subulate, alternate with the stamens. Ovary globose; ovules few or numerous. Capsule 5-valved, several-many-seeded. Seeds margined or angled. [Greek, sterile threads, from the abortive stamens.] About five species, natives of North America. Leaves membranous, pinnately veined. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Stem erect; flowers 6"-i2" broad. Petioles strongly ciliate ; capsule longer than the calyx. i. S. ciliatum. Petioles not ciliate, or slightly so at base; capsule not longer than the calyx. 2. 5. tonsum. Stem reclined; flowers $"-4" broad; leaves not ciliate; petioles naked. 3. 5". radicans. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or linear; stem erect. 4. S. lanceolatum. Leaves firm, linear, i -nerved, the lateral veins obscure. 5. S. quadriflorum. • i. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife. • (Fig. 2816.) Lysimachia ciliata L. Sp. PI. 147. 1753. Sleironema ciliatum Raf. Ann. Gen. Phys. 7: 192. 1820. Stems erect, simple or branched, slender, mostly glabrous, i°-4° high. Leaves membra- nous, ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, pinnately veined, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, 2' '-6' long, ^'-3' wide, the margins ciliolate; petioles ciliate, ^'-^2' long; peduncles filiform, YZ'-I' long; calyx-segments lanceolate, acumi- nate, shorter than the erose-denticulate com- monly mucronate corolla-segments; flowers 6//-i2// broad; capsule longer than the calyx. In moist thickets, Nova Scotia to British Colum- bia, south to Georgia, Alabama, Nebraska, New Mexico and Arizona. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North Carolina. Naturalized in Europe. June-Aug. 590 PRIMULACEAE. [VOL. II. 2. Steironema tonsum (Wood)Bick- nell. Southern Loosestrife. (Fig. 28 17.) L. ciliata var. lonsa Wood, Class-book, 505. 1863. Steironema intermedium Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, ai: 263. 1894. Stem erect, i°-2° high, slender, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous below, minutely glandu- lar-puberulent above. Leaves a'-^' long, \off-iK/f wide, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, minutely ciliolate, otherwise glabrous, the upper much smaller; petioles slender, glabrous, or ciliate only at the base; panicle open, leafy; pedicels slender, 2-6 times as long as the flowers; calyx-segments lanceo- late, very acute; corolla <$"-\Qff broad, its seg- ments cuspidate; capsule shorter than calyx. On dry rocks, Virginia to Tennessee and Ala- bama. June-July. 3. Steironema radicans (Hook.) A. Gray. Trailing Loosestrife. (Fig. 2818.) L. radicans Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 177. 1836. 5". radicans A. Gray, Proc. Am. A cad. ia: 63. 1876. Stem weak, at first erect, soon decumbent or reclined and often rooting at the joints, very slender, glabrous, much branched, i°-3° long. Leaves membranous, pinnately veined, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, rounded or narrowed, but not cordate at the base, x'-4' long, X'-i' wide; margins not ciliolate; petioles naked or very sparingly ciliolate, X'-itf' long; peduncles filiform, #'-2' long; calyx-segments ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the erose-denticulate corolla-segments; flowers 3//-4// broad; capsule about one-half as long as the calyx. In swamps, Virginia and West Virginia to Ar- kansas and Louisiana. June-Aug. 4. Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) A. Gray. Lance-leaved Loose- strife. (Fig. 2819.) Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 92. 1788. L. hybrida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. x: 126. 1803. Steironema lanceolatum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ia: 63. 1876. Stem erect, slender, glabrous, simple or branched, 6'-$° high. Leaves lanceolate, lin- ear or oblong-lanceolate, petioled or nearly sessile, membranous, pinnately veined, acute or acuminate at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, i'-5' long, 2//-io" wide, the mar- gins naked or ciliate; lower leaves shorter, of- ten oblong or nearly orbicular; petioles 2//-8// long, naked or ciliate; peduncles slender or filiform, #/-i/4/ long; calyx segments lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, nearly as long as or exceeding the erose and cuspidate -pointed corolla-segments; flowers 5"-9" broad; cap- sule nearly as long as the calyx-segments. In moist soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisiana and Arizona. June-Aug. PRIMROSE FAMILY. 591 Prairie Moneywort. Linear- VOL. II.] 5. Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc. leaved Loosestrife. (Fig. 2820.) L. quadri flora Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 660. 1803. L. longifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 135. 1814. Steironema longifolium A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 63. 1876. Steironema quadriflorum Hitchc. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 506. 1891. Stem erect, strict, glabrous, simple or little branched, 4-sided, io/-24/ high. Stem-leaves all but the lowest sessile or very nearly so, firm, narrowly linear, i-nerved, the lateral veins obscure, acute or acuminate at both ends, i '-4' long, i^-a^^wide, usually with smaller ones fascicled in the axils, glabrous, the margins slightly revolute; basal leaves oblong or linear-oblong, shorter, slender- petioled, acute or obtuse; peduncles filiform, l/t'-\yzf long; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, shorter than the cuspidate and slightly erose corolla-segments; flowers 8"- 12" broad, often somewhat clustered in 4's at the ends of the branches. Along streams and lakes, West Virginia to western New York, Ontario, Kentucky, Iowa and Manitoba. June-July. 7. NAUMBURGIA Moench, Meth. Suppl. 23. 1802. An erect perennial leafy herb, with slender rootstocks, opposite sessile lanceolate en- tire leaves, the lower much smaller or reduced to scales, and small yellow flowers in axil- lary peduncled spike-like racemes or heads. Calyx 5~7-divided, the sepals linear, slightly imbricated. Corolla deeply 5~7-parted, the tube exceedingly short, the segments narrow. Stamens 5-7, exserted; filaments slender, glabrous, slightly united at the base, alternating with as many small tooth -like staminodia at each sinus of the corolla. Ovary globose-ovoid; ovules few or several; style slender, equalling or exceeding the stamens; stigma capitate. Capsule 5-7-valved, few-seeded. Seeds not margined, somewhat angled. A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. I. Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby. Tufted Loosestrife. (Fig. 2821.) Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Sp. PI. 147. 1753. Naumburgia guttata Moench, Meth. Suppl. 23. 1802. .\anmburgia thyrsiflora Duby, in DC. Prodr. 8: 60. 1844. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent; stems simple, erect, often tufted, i°-2)£0 high. Leaves 2/-4/ long, 4/'-io// wide, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the lower smaller, the lowest reduced to ovate scales or these deciduous; peduncles solitary in the axils, rather stout, yt'-\l/zf long; racemes dense, oblong or ovoid, ]^'~\' long, spike-like; pedicels very short; flowers 2//~3// broad; sepals usually spotted; corolla-segments yellow with black spots; style very slender; anthers oblong; capsule globose, black-spotted, when mature slightly longer than the sepals, shorter than the style. In swamps, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to southern New York, Pennsylvania. Missouri and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July. 2 8. TRIENTALIS L. Sp. PI. 344. 1753. Glabrous low perennial herbs, with simple slender erect stems, and lanceolate ovate or oblong leaves mostly clustered in a verticil at the summit. Flowers few or solitary, terminal, slender-peduncled, small, white or pink, deeply 5-9- (mostly 7-) parted. Sepals narrow, per- sistent, spreading. Corolla rotate, its tube almost none, its segments convolute in the bud, acute or acuminate, entire; filaments united into a narrow ring at the base; anthers linear, recurved after anthesis, Staminodia none. Ovary globose; ovules numerous; style filiform. Capsule globose, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds trigonous or spherical. [Latin, one-third of a foot, referring to the height of the plant.] Two species, of the northern hemisphere. The other occurs in northwestern America. 592 PRIMULACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Trientalis Americana Pursh. Star- flower. Chick weed Wintergreen. (Fig. 2822.) Trientalis Americana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 256. 1814. Rootstock horizontal or creeping, sending up simple stem-like branches s'-o/ high, which are naked or scaly below, the leaves all in a verticil of 5-10 at the summit. Leaves mem- branous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acu- minate at both ends, sessile or short-petioled, minutely crenulate, \%f-^ long, 4//-i5// wide; pedicels filiform, erect, i/-2/ long; sepals nar- rowly lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate, about one-half as long as the oblong or somewhat obovate corolla-segments; flowers 4//-6'/ broad; capsule shorter than the sepals. tt In damp woods and thickets, Labrador to the F^*P'*\*m Northwest Territory, south to southern New Jersey, Virginia, Illinois and Michigan. May-June. 9. GLAUX L, Sp. PI. 207. 1753. A small succulent perennial leafy herb, with opposite entire obtuse small fleshy leaves, and minute dimorphous nearly sessile axillary pink or white flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes petaloid, imbricated in the bud, about equalling the campanulate tube. Corolla none. Sta- mens 5, inserted at the base of the calyx and alternate with its lobes; filaments subulate-fili- form; anthers cordate, attached by their backs to the filaments. Ovary superior, ovoid, glan- dular; ovules few; style filiform; stigma capitellate. Capsule globose- ovoid, beaked, 5-valved at the top, few-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid. [Greek, sea-green.] A monotypic genus of salt marshes, sea-beaches and other saline situations in tin- nortluTii hemisphere. i. Glaux maritima !„. Sea Milkwort. Black Saltwort. (Fig. 2823.) Glaux maritima L. Sp. PI. 207. 1753. Perennial by slender rootstocks, glabrous, pale or glaucous, simple or branched, erect or diffuse, a'-S' high. Leaves oval, oblong or linear-oblong, rarely somewhat spatulate, sessile, 2"-6" long, \"-2%" wide, the lower usually smaller than the upper; flowers about i#" broad, solitary and very nearly sessile in the axils, usually numerous; calyx- lobes oval, pink, purplish or white; stamens either shorter than the style or exceeding it; capsule nearly enclosed by the calyx, but free from and about equalling it. In salt marshes and on sea-beaches, New Jersey to Newfoundland: in saline or subsaline soil from Minm-- sota and Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, south to Nebraska and Nevada; on the Pacific Coast from Cali- fornia to Alaska. Also in Europe and Asia. Called also Sea Trifoly. June-Aug. 10. ANAGALLIS L. Sp. PI. 148. 1753. Annual or perennial, diffuse or erect, branching mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite or verticillate (rarely alternate) sessile or short-petioled leaves, entire or nearly so, and small axillary peduncled red blue white or pink flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes lanceolate or subulate, spreading, persistent Corolla deeply 5-parted, rotate, the segments entire or erose, convolute in the bud, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla, filaments subulate, or filiform, puberulent, or pubescent, distinct, or united into a narrow ring at the base; anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary globose, ovules numerous; stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, circumscissile, many-seeded. Seeds minute, flat on the back. [Greek, delightful.] About 15 species, mostly of the Old World, i native in southern South America. The following European and Asiatic species is widely distributed as a weed. VOL. II.] PRIMROSE FAMILY. 593 i . Anagallis arvensis L/. Red or Scarlet Pimpernel. Poor Man's or Shep- herd's Weather-glass. (Fig. 2824.) Anagallis arvensis 1,. Sp. PI. 148. 1753. Annual, diffuse, usually much branched; branches 4/-i2/ long, 4-sided. Leaves ovate or oval, membranous, opposite or rarely in 3*8, sessile or somewhat clasping, obtuse or acutish, 3"-io// long, black-dotted beneath; peduncles filiform, >£/-i^/ long, recurved in fruit; calyx- lobes keeled, rather rigid, slightly shorter than the crenate glandular-ciliate corolla-segments; flowers scarlet, sometimes white, usually with a darker center, 2//-3// broad, opening only in bright weather; capsule glabrous, about 2" in diameter. In waste places, Newfoundland to Florida, west to Minnesota, Texas and Mexico, and on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Red Chickweed, Burnet Rose, and Shepherd's Clock. May-Aug. Anagallis arvensis coerulea (Lam.) Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 3: 30. 1846. Anagallis coerulea Lam. Fl. Fr. 2: 285. 1778. i Flowers blue; corolla-segments glabrous. Reported as sparingly occurring in waste places. Probably a distinct species. ii. CENTUNCULUS L. Sp. PI. 116. 1753. Low annual glabrous erect simple or branched herbs, with alternate small entire sessile or short -petioled leaves, or the lower opposite, and minute solitary axillary flowers. Calyx 4-5-parted, persistent, the lobes longer than the corolla. Corolla 4-5-cleft, marcescent, the tube subglobose, the lobes entire, acute, spreading. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short, distinct; anthers ovate or cordate, obtuse; stigma capitate. Ovules numerous, amphitropous. Capsule globose, circum- j\. scissile, many-seeded. Seeds minute, flat on the back. [Latin, diminutive of cento, a patch.] Three species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, another occurs in Florida. i. Centunculus minimus L,. Chaffweed. False Pimpernel. (Fig. 2825.) Centunculus minimus L. Sp. PI. 116. 1753. Simple or branched, very slender, i/-6/ high. Leaves spatulate, obovate or oblong, short-petioled, obtuse or acut- ish, 2//-4// long, i//-2// wide; flowers sessile or very nearly so in the axils, shorter than the leaves, mostly 4-parted, i//-2// broad; calyx-lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, acumi- nate; corolla pink; capsule shorter than the calyx. In moist soil, Illinois and Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in Europe and South America. April-Sept. 12. DODECATHEON L. Sp. PL 144. 1753. Glabrous scapose perennial herbs, with entire or repand basal leaves. Flowers large or middle-sized in involucrate umbels terminating scapes. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, persistent, the lobes at first reflexed. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes reflexed, slightly unequal, imbricated, the tube very short, thickened at the throat. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short, flat, monadelphous, connivent into a cone, exserted; anthers linear or lanceolate, connivent, attached by their bases to the filaments. Ovary ovoid or subglo- bose, superior; ovules numerous, amphitropous; style filiform, exserted; stigma simple. Capsule oblong or cylindric, erect, 5-6-valved at the apex or splitting to the base. Seeds numerous, minute; the testa punctate. [Greek, twelve gods; name used by Theophrastus for some different plant.] About 10 species, natives of North America and northeastern Asia. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in western and northwestern North America. 38 594 PRIMULACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Dodecatheon Meadia L. Shooting Star. American Cowslip. Pride-of-Ohio. (Fig. 2826.) Dodecatheon Meadia L,. Sp. PI. 144. 1753. Perennial by a stout rootstock; roots fibrous; scape erect, 8/-2° high. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, ob- tuse or obtusish at the apex, narrowed into margined petioles, entire or toothed, 3'-i2' long, ]&'-&,' wide; flowers few, seveial or numerous in the umbels, 9"- 15" long; bracts of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute; pedicels recurved in flower, erect in fruit, un- equal, the outer ones sometimes 4' long; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute; corolla purple, pink or white; anthers 3"-4" long; capsule narrowly ovoid, erect, s-valved above, 6//-8// high. On moist cliffs and prairies, Pennsylvania to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Texas. April-May. Dodecatheon Meadia Frenchii Vasey; Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 735 b. 1891. Leaves ovate or elliptic, base abruptly contracted or cordate. Illinois to Arkansas; southern Pennsylvania? Family 8. PLUMBAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 269. 1836. PLUMBAGO FAMILY. Perennial mostly acaulescent erect herbs, with basal tufted leaves (stem climbing and leafy in I'lumbago), and small perfect and regular clustered flow- ers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, tubular or funnelform, 5-toothed, plaited at the sinuses, the tube 5~i5-ribbed. Corolla of 5 hypogynous clawed segments, connate at the base or united into a tube, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-segments, hypogynous; filaments separate, or united at the base; anthers 2 -celled, attached by their backs to the filaments, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk none. Ovary superior, i -celled; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous, the funiculus arising from the base of the cav- ity; styles 5, separate or united. Fruit a utricle or achene, enclosed by the calyx, rarely a dehiscent capsule. Seed solitary; testa membranous; endosperm mealy, or none; embryo straight; cotyledons entire. About 10 genera and 350 species, of wide geographic distribution, mostly in saline situations. Inflorescence cymoae-pamculate ; flowers in one-sided spikes. i. Litnoninm. Flowers in a dense terminal head. 2. Statice. 1763. i. LIMONIUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 283. [STATICE Willd. Sp. PI. i: 1552. 1798.] Herbs, mostly with flat basal leaves, and numerous very small flowers cymosc-paniculatc on the branches of bracted scapes, in i-3-flowcred bracteolate clusters, forming one-sided spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, the limb scarious, 5-toothed, the tube usually 10- ribbed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens adnate to the bases of the petals. Styles 5, separate in our species, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit a utricle. [Ancient name of the wild beet.] About 120 species. Besides the following, i occurs on the South Atlantic and i on the Pacific Coast. i. Limonium Carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. Sea Lavender. Marsh Rosemary. Canker-root. (Fig. 2827.) Statice Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 118. 1788. Statice Limonium var. Carolinianum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 270. 1856. L. Carolinianum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 255. 1894. Glabrous, fleshy, rootstock thick, fusiform or branched, scape terete, striate, slender, paniculately branched above, i°-2° high. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed into margined peti- oles, entire, or slightly undulate, 3/-io/ long, y^'-i1/*' wide, shorter than the scapes, the midvein prominent, the lateral veins very obscure; flowers erect, usually soli- tary in the sessile secund bracteolate clusters, about 2" high; calyx 5-toothed, sometimes with as many minute intermediate teeth in the sinuses; corolla pale purple; petals spatulate; ovary oblong or ovoid; styles filiform. On salt meadows, Labrador to Florida and Texas. Called also Lavender-thrift, and Ink-root. July-Oct. Voi,. II.] PLUMBAGO FAMILY. 595 2. STATICE I,. Sp. PI. 274. 1753. [ARMERIA Willd. Enum. 333. 1809.] Tufted acaulescent fleshy herbs, with slender mostly naked scapes, basal persistent rosu- late narrow leaves with no differentiation into blade and petiole, and rather small short-pedi- celled or sessile flowers, in dense terminal glomerate heads, subtended by scarious bracts and bractlets, the lower bracts forming a kind of involucre to the head, the two lowest reflexed and more or less united into a sheath. Calyx funnelform, lo-ribbed, 5-toothed, ob- lique at the base or decurrent on the pedicel, scarious. Petals 5, distinct, or more or less coherent. Filaments adnate to the bases of the petals. Styles united at the base, pubescent below the middle, longitudinally stigmatic above. Utricle 5-pointed at the summit, rarely dehiscent. [Greek, standing.] About 20 species, natives of Europe, north Africa, western Asia, northern North America and southern South America. The following is the only one known in North America. i. Statice Armeria L. Ladies' Cushion. Thrift. Sea Pink. (Fig. 2828.) Statice Armeria L. Sp. PI. 274. 1753. Armeria vulgarts Willd. Enum. 333. 1809. Scape glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 4/-i8/ high. Leaves narrowly linear, acute or obtuse, flattish, ob- scurely i-nerved, entire, numerous in a radial tuft, I'-tf long, l/tf'-^/i" wide; bracts scarious and obtuse, the 2 lower ones forming a sheath 3//-io// long; head of flowers Yz'-i' in diameter; calyx-base decurrent on the very short pedicel, pubescent at least on the stronger nerves; corolla pink, purple or white, 2"-$" broad; petals obtuse or cuspidate. Along the sea-coast and on mountains, Labrador to Alaska, south on the Pacific Coast to California. Also in Europe, northern Asia, and apparently the same species at the Strait of Magellan. Summer. Called also Sea-thrift, Sea-gilli- flower, Sea-grass, Red-root. 1828. Family 9. SAPOTACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 135. SAPODILLA FAMILY. Shrubs or trees, mostly with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, pinnately-veined, mostly coriaceous and exstipulate. Flowers small, regular and perfect, in axillary clusters. Calyx inferior, polysepalous, the sepals usu- ally 4-7, much imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, the tube campanulate or urceolate, 4-7-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, sometimes with as many or twice as many lobe-like appendages borne on the throat. Stamens as many as the proper lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube; staminodia usually present, alternate with the corolla-lobes; filaments mostly short, subulate; anthers attached by their bases to the filaments, or versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-5-celled, or rarely many-celled; ovules solitary in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; style conic or subu- late; stigma simple. Fruit a fleshy berry, commonly i -celled and i -seeded, sometimes several-seeded. Seed large, the testa bony or crustaceous; embryo straight; endosperm fleshy, or none. About 35 genera and 400 species, mostly of tropical regions in both the Old World and the New. Besides the following, 4 other genera occur in south Florida. i. BUMELIA Sw. Prodr. 49. 1788. Shrubs or trees, often spiny, with very hard wood, alternate coriaceous or membranous leaves, sometimes clustered at the nodes, and small pedicelled white flowers, fascicled in the axils. Calyx very deeply 5-parted, the segments much imbricated, unequal. Corolla 5-lobed, with a pair of lobe-like appendages at each sinus, its tube short. Stamens 5, in- serted near the base of the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers sagittate. Staminodia 5, petaloid, alternate with the stamens. Ovary 5-celled; style filiform. Berry globose or ellipsoid, small, the pericarp fleshy; enclosing a single erect seed. Seed shining, the hiluin at the base. [Greek, ox [large] ash.] About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous or very nearly so. Foliage, pedicels and calyx tomentose-pubescent. 1. B. lycioides. 2. B. lanuginosa. SAPOTACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. Southern Buckthorn. (Fig. 2829.) Sideroxylon lycioides L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 279. 1762. Bumelia lycioides Pers. Syn. x: 237. 1805. A shrub or small tree with maximum height of about 40° and trunk diameter of about 6', the bark gray, the twigs commonly spiny. Leaves rather firm, tardily deciduous, glabrous on both sides; finely reticulate-veined, oblong, elliptic, or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, rarely obtuse at the apex, 2/-5'long, J^'-i^'wide; petioles 2//-6// long; flowers about i#" broad, numerous in the dense axillary clusters; pedicels about the length of the petioles, glabrous; calyx- segments obtuse, glabrous; staminodia ovate, boat- shaped, entire; berry subglobose, black, 4" -5" long. In moist thickets, Virginia to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, yellowish- brown; weight about 46 Ibs. per cubic foot. June-Aug. 2. 1779. Bumelia lanugindsa (Michx.) Pers. Woolly Buckthorn. (Fig. 2830.) Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. x: 122. 1803. Bumelia lanuginosa Pers. Syn. X: 237. 1805. A shrub or tree, sometimes reaching a height of 60° and a trunk diameter of 3°, the twigs usually spiny. Leaves persistent, rather coriaceous, glab- rous above, densely tomentose-pubescent be- neath, oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, usually obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, I #'-3' long, Jf'-i' wide; petioles 2"-6" long; flowers 3-18 in the fascicles, about \W broad; pedicels tomentose, longer than the petioles; calyx-segments ovate, tomentose, ob- tusish; staminodia ovate, obscurely toothed; berry oval, black, 4//-5// long. In woods and thickets, Illinois to Texas.Georgia and Florida. Wood soft, weak, yellowish-brown; weight per cubic foot 41 Ibs. Shittim-wood. June-July. Family 10. EBENACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 443. IVHONV FAMILY. Trees or shrubs with very hard wood, alternate entire exstipulate leaves, and dioecious polygamous or rarely perfect regular flowers, solitary or cymose in the axils. Calyx inferior, 3-7-lobed, commonly accrescent and persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous, 3-7-lobed, the lobes usually convolute in the bud. Stamens 2-3 times as many as the lobes of the corolla in the sterile flowers, and inserted on its tube, usually some imperfect ones in the pistillate flowers; fila- ments short; anthers introrse, narrow, erect. Disk none. Ovary superior, several- celled, in the staminate flowers rudimentary or none; ovules 1-3 in each cavity, suspended; styles 2-8, distinct, or united below; stigmas terminal, some- times 2-parted. Fruit a berry, containing several seeds, or but one. Seeds ob- long, compressed or globose, the testa bony, endosperm copious, cartilaginous; embryo small, usually straight; cotyledons large, foliaceous. About 6 genera and 275 species, mostly of tropical distribution. i. DIOSPYROS I,. Sp. PI. 1057. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with broad leaves and lateral cymose racemose or solitary flowers, the pistillate commonly solitary, the staminate usually clustered. Calyx 4-6-cleft, enlarging in fruit Corolla urceolate in our species, 4-6-lobed. Stamens 8-20 in the sterile flowers, few or none in the pistillate ones. Styles 2-6 in the pistillate flowers; ovary globose or ovoid, its cavities twice as many as the styles. Ovary rudimentary in the sterile flowers. Berry large, pulpy, containing 4-12 flat oblong hard seeds. [Greek, Zeus' wheat] About 160 species, abundant in Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwest. VOL. ii.] EBONY FAMILY. 597 i. Diospyros Virginiana L,. Persimmon. Date-Plum. (Fig. 2831.) Diospyros Virginiana L- Sp. PI. 1057. 1753. A tree with maximum height of about 100° and trunk diameter of 2°, usually much smaller; bark hard, dark, furrowed. Leaves ovate or oval, deciduous, pubescent when young, becom- ing glabrous, acute or acuminate, narrowed, rounded or subcordate at the base, dark green above, pale beneath, *'-$' long; petioles 3//-io// long, loosely jointed with the twigs, the leaves falling away in drying; flowers mostly 4-parted; corolla greenish yellow; stamens of the sterile flowers about 16, those of the pistillate 8 or fewer; fruit globose, about i' long, reddish yel- low and sweet when ripe, astringent when green, ripening after frost in the northern states. In fields and woods, Rhode Island and southern New York to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, strong, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 49 Ibs. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.-Nov. Family u. SYMPLOCACEAE Miers; Lindl. Veg. Kingd. Ed. 3, 593. 1853. SWEET-LEAF FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with entire or dentate broad leaves, and small or middle- sized regular mostly yellow and perfect flowers, in lateral or axillary clusters. Calyx-tube completely or partly adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-parted, sometimes very nearly to the base, the segments imbricated. Disk none. Stamens numerous in several series, in- serted on the base or tube of the corolla; filaments filiform, usually slightly united in clusters at the base of each corolla-segment; anthers innate, laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-5-celled, inferior or partly superior; ovules commonly 2 in each cavity, pendulous; style and stigma one. Fruit a small mostly nearly dry drupe, usually with i oblong seed; embryo straight; endosperm fleshy. Only the following genus, comprising about 175 species, natives of America, Asia and Austral- asia, most abundant in South America. The following is the only known North American species. i. SYMPLOCOS L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 747. 1763. Characters of the family. [Greek, connected, referring to the stamens.] i. Symplocos tinctoria (L,.) I/Her. Sweet-leaf. Horse-sugar. (Fig. 2832.) Hofiea tinctoria L. Mant. 105. 1767. 5". tincloria L'Her. Trans. Linn. Soc. i: 176. 1791. A shrub or small tree, sometimes attaining a height of 35° and a trunk diameter of 9'. Leaves rather coriaceous, oblong or slightly obovate, acute or acuminate at both ends, crenate-serrate with low teeth or repand, short-petioled, puberulent or pubescent on both sides when young, glabrous or nearly so above and dark green when old, pale and persistently pubescent beneath, 3/-6/ long, i '-3' wide, deciduous at the northern range of the species, persistent at the south, turning yellowish-green in drying; flowers bright yel- low, fragrant, 4//-6// broad, in sessile scaly- bracted clusters, appearing at the North be- fore the leaves; corolla almost polypetalous, its segments oblong, obtuse, each bearing a cluster of stamens; drupe dry, nut-like, ob- long, 3//-6// long, pubescent, crowned with the small calyx lobes. Woods and thickets, Delaware to Florida and Louisiana. Wood soft, weak, pale red or white; weight per cubic foot 33 Ibs. March-April. 598 STYRACACEAE. [VOL. II. 1844. Family 12. STYRACACEAE A. DC. Prodr. 8: 244. STORAX FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with alternate exstipulate leaves. Flowers regular, per- fect, or rarely polygamo-dioecious, clustered, sometimes appearing before the leaves. Pubescence mostly stellate. Calyx more or less adnate to the ovary, 4-8-toothed, or entire. Corolla gamopetalous or polypetalous, the lobes or petals 4-8. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla or petals, or more, inserted on its tube or base, arranged in i series, the filaments monadel- phous or 4-5-adelphous; anthers mostly introrse. Disk none. Ovary partly superior, 2-5-celled; ovules solitary or few in each cavity, anatropous; style slender; stigma simple or 2-5-lobed. Fruit a berry or drupe, or often nearly dry, winged in some genera, i -seeded, or 2-5-celled with a seed in each cavity. Endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo usually straight; cotyledons flat. About 7 genera and 75 species, mostly tropical, most abundant in South America. Calyx superior, its tube obconic; fruit 2-4- winged. i. Mohrodendron. Calyx nearly inferior, its tube campanulate; fruit globose or oblong. 2. Styrax. i. MOHRODENDRON Britton, Card. & For. 6: 463. 1893. [HAI.ESIA Ellis; L. Syst. Ed. 10. a: 1044. 1759. Not P. Br. 1756.] Small trees or shrubs, more or less stellate-pubescent, with membranous deciduous denticulate or dentate petioled leaves, and large white slender-pedicelled drooping bell- shaped flowers, in lateral fascicles or short racemes, appearing with or before the leaves. Calyx-tube obconic or obpyramidal, 4-5-ribbed, adnate to the ovary, the limb short, 4-toothed, Corolla campanulate, 4-5-cleft or 4~5-parted nearly to the base. Stamens 8-16; filaments flat, more or less monadelphous, slightly adnate to the corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-4- celled; ovules about 4 in each cavity, the lower ascending, the upper pendulous. Fruit dry, oblong, 2-4- winged longitudinally, i-4-celled, tipped with the style and the minute calyx- teeth. [In honor of Chas. Mohr, botanist of the Geological Survey of Alabama.] About 3 species, natives of southeastern North America. i. Mohrodendron Carolinum(L.) Britton. Silver-bell or Snow-drop Tree. ( Fig. 2833. ) ffalesia telraf>tera L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 636. 1762. Halesia Carolina L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1044. 1759. Mohrodfndron Carolinum Britton, Card. & For. 6: 463- 1893- A small tree with maximum height of about 45° and trunk diameter of about 2O7. Leaves oval, ovate or ovate-oblong, denticulate, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, dark green and glabrous above when old, pale green and stel- late-pubescent beneath, 2/-6/ long, l'-$' wide; flowers in lateral fascicles of 1-5 appearing with the leaves; pedicels filiform, %'-\W long; calyx at flowering time about 2" long; corolla 6"-<)" long; ovary 4-celled; fruit oblong- ellipsoid, 4- winged, i'-i#' long, usually longer than its pedi- cel, several times longer than the persistent style. In woods and along streams, Virginia to Illinois, south to Florida and Alabama. Wood soft, light brown ; weight per cubic foot 35 Ibs. Calico-wood. March-April. 2. STYRAX L. Sp. PI. 444. 1753. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate leaves, deciduous in our species, and rather large mostly white drooping flowers, in lateral or terminal fascicles or leafy racemes, appearing before or with the leaves. Calyx persistent, nearly inferior, its tube campanulate, adnate to the lower part of the ovary, its limb minutely 5-toothed. Corolla 5-parted or 5-divided, the segments or petals imbricate, convolute or valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many as the corolla lobes or petals (rarely fewer); filaments flat, monadelphous below or rarely separate, inserted on the base of the corolla; anthers linear. Ovary nearly superior, mostly 3-celled at the base; ovules several in each cavity, ascending; stigma 3-toothed, 3-lobed or capitate. Fruit globose or oblong, nearly dry, coriaceous or crustaceous, commonly only i-seeded, 3-valved at the summit. [Greek name of Storax.] About 70 species, natives of America, Asia and southern Europe. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern and western United States. Voi,. II.] STORAX FAMILY. Foliage and inflorescence glabrous; calyx glandular-scurfy. Lower surfaces of the leaves and inflorescence canescent or tomentose. Leaves oblong or oval, z'-aH' long. Leaves obovate or oval, 2' -6' long. 599 1. 5. Americana. 2. S. pulverulenta. 3. 5. grandifolia. i. Styrax Americana L,am. Sty rax A mericana Lam. Encycl. i : 82. 1783. A shrub, 4°-io° high, the foliage gla- brous or very nearly so throughout. Leaves green on both sides, oblong, oval or obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire, or toothed, i '-3' long, ^'-ij^' wide; petioles 2//-4// long, often scurfy when young; flowers few in the mostly short racemes or sometimes solitary, 4//-7// long, about the length of their pedicels; calyx and pedi- cels glandular-dotted; petals oblong-lan- ceolate, acute, puberulent on the outer surface or glabrous, valvate or but slightly overlapping in the bud; fruit subglo- bose, puberulent, about 3" in diameter. In moist thickets and along streams, Vir- ginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Louisiana. March-April. Smooth Storax. (Fig. 2834.) 2. Styrax pulverulenta Michx. Downy Storax. (Fig. 2835.) Styrax pulverulenta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:41. 1803. Similar to the preceding species, but the lower surfaces of the leaves, the calyx and pedicels are densely stellate-pubes- cent or scurfy. Leaves oval or oblong, usually acute at each end and denticulate, short-petioled, I'-a^'long, pale beneath; flowers in short terminal racemes and of- ten in pairs in the axils, 4/'-7// long, usu- ally longer than their pedicels; petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, puberulent on both sides or only on the exterior, convo- lute or imbricated in the bud; fruit glo- bose, puberulent, about 3" in diameter. In moist pine-barrens, Virginia to Florida and Texas. March-April. 3. Styrax grandifolia Ait. Large- leaved Storax. (Fig. 2836.) Styrax grandifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 75. 1789. A shrub, 5°-i2° high. Leaves obovate or oval, dentate, denticulate or entire, short- petioled, tomentose or canescent and pale be- neath, green and glabrous above, 2/-6/ long, or on young shoots much larger; flowers 5//-8// long, longer than their pedicels, mostly several in loose sometimes elongated racemes; rachis, pedicels and calyx stellate-tomentose; petals oblong, acutish, imbricated or convolute in the bud, puberulent without and often also within; fruit obovoid, puberulent, about 4" long. In woods, Virginia to Florida and Georgia. March-May. 6oo OLEACEAE. [Vol.. II. Family 13. OLEACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. 1830. OUVE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs (a few genera almost herbaceous) with opposite or rarely al- ternate simple or pinnate exstipulate entire or dentate leaves and regular per- fect polygamous or dioecious, 2-4-parted flowers in terminal or axillary panicles, cymes or fascicles. Calyx inferior, free from the ovary, usually small, some- times none. Corolla gamopetalous, polypetalous, or none. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the corolla; filaments usually short, separate; anthers mostly large, ovate, oblong or linear, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled; ovules few in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; style usually short or none, rarely elongated. Fruit a capsule, samara, berry or drupe. Seeds erect or pendulous; endosperm fleshy, horny or wanting; embryo straight, rather large; cotyledons flat, or plano-convex; radicle usually short. About 21 genera and 500 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Fruit a loculicidal capsule; leaves simple; flowers complete. i. Syringa. Fruit a samara; leaves pinnate; flowers dioecious. 2. fraxinus. Fruit a drupe or berry; leaves simple. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, from catkin-like scaly buds. 3. Adelia."^" Flowers complete, polypetalous, paniculate; petals linear. 4. Chionantlms. Flowers complete, gamopetalous, paniculate. 5. Ligustruni. i. SYRINGA L. Sp. PI. 9. 1753. Shrubs with opposite entire (rarely pinnatifid) leaves, and complete gamopetalous flow- ers, in dense terminal panicles or thyrses. Calyx campanulate, mostly 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, the limb 4-lobcd, the lobes induplicate-valvate. Sta- mens 2, inserted near the summit of the corolla-tube; filaments short or slender; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous; style elongated; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule narrowly oblong, somewhat com- pressed, coriaceous, loculicidally 2-valved from above, the valves concave. Seeds pendulous, compressed, obliquely winged. [Greek, a pipe, or tube.] About 12 species, natives of Asia and eastern Europe. i. Syringa vulgaris L,. Lilac. (Fig. 2837.) Syringa I'ulgaris L. Sp. PI. 9. 1753. A glabrous shrub, 10° -25° high with terete branches. Leaves ovate, entire, deciduous, green on both sides, acuminate at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the base, 2/-5/ Idng, \'-$' wide; petioles #'-i' long; flowers lilac or white, very numerous, 5 "-7" long, 4//-5// broad, in large terminal thyrses; calyx about i//long; corolla-tube about i" in diameter; ultimate pedicels short; capsule 8"-i2" long, 2" thick. Escaped from gardens to roadsides in New Jersey, south- eastern New York, and Pennsylvania. Native of eastern Europe. Old names. Pipe-tree, Pipe-privets, Blue-pipe, Blue-ash, Roman Willow. Flowers fragrant. April-May. 2. FRAXINUS L. Sp. PI. 1057. 1753. Trees, with opposite and in all our species odd-pinnate leaves, and small dioecious or polygamous (rarely perfect) greenish fasciculate or racemose-fasciculate flowers, appearing before or with the leaves from the axils of those of the previous season. Calyx small, 4-cleft, irregularly toothed, entire or none. Petals none or 2-4, separate, or united in pairs at the base, induplicate-valvate. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), inserted on the base of the petals or hypogynous; filaments short or elongated; anthers ovate, oblong or linear. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, pendulous; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a flat samara, winged at the apex only or all around, usually i-seeded. Seed oblong, pendulous. [The ancient Latin name.] About 40 species. Besides the following. 6 others occur in the southern and western states. Lateral leaflets stalked; calyx present in the fertile flowers. Body of the samara terete or nearly .so, the wing chiefly terminal. Wing almost entirely terminal; leaves pale beneath. Wing manifestly extending down on the sides of the body. Foliage, twigs and pedicels glabrous or very nearly so. Foliage, young twigs and pedicels velvety-pubescent. Body of the samara flat, the wing extending all around it. Twigs terete; leaflets 5-7; samara elliptic or spatulate. Twigs 4-sided; leaflets 7-11; samara oblong or cuneate. Lateral leaflets sessile; calyx none; samara winged all around. 1. F. Americana. 2. F. lanceolata. 3. F. Pennsylvanica. 4. F. Caroliniana. 5. F. quadrangulala. 6. F. nigra. Vol.. II.] OLIVE FAMILY. White i. Fraxinus Americana L. Ash. (Fig. 2838.) Fra.vinus Americana L. Sp. PI. 1057. 1753- A large forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 130° and a trunk diameter of 6° . Twigs, petioles and rachis of the leaves glabrous; leaf- lets 5-9 (commonly 7), ovate, ovate-lanceolate, oblong or rarely slightly obovate, stalked, entire or denticulate, dark green above, pale or light green and often pubescent beneath, 3/-5/ long, I/_2/ wide, acuminate or acute at the apex, mostly rounded at the base; flowers dioecious (rarely monoecious), the calyx of the pistillate present and persistent; anthers linear-oblong; samara i/-2/ long, its body terete, not margined, winged only from near the summit, one-fourth to one-half the length of the linear-oblong or lanceolate wing. In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brown; weight per cubic foot 41 Ibs. April-June. Fraxinus Americana profiinda Bush, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot Card. 5: 147. 1894. Leaflets densely pubescent beneath; samara 2'-2lA' long, the wing more decurrent. southern Missouri. Probably a distinct species. 2. Swamps, Green Fraxinus lanceolata Borck. Ash. (Fig. 2839.) Fraxinus lanceolata Borck. Handb. Forst. Bot. i: 826. 1800. Fraxinus viridis Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 3: 115. pi. w. 1813. A tree with maximum height of about 65° and trunk diameter of 3°, glabrous or very nearly so throughout. Leaflets 5-9, stalked, entire or denticulate, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, green on both sides, 2/-6/ long, I'-a' wide; flowers dioecious, the calyx of the pistil- late persistent; anthers linear-oblong; samara i/-2/ long, very similar to that of the preceding species, the usually spatulate and proportion- ately slightly longer wing sometimes decurrent on the sides of the body to below the middle. Moist soil, Vermont to the Northwest Territory, Florida, Utah and Arizona. Wood bard, strong, brown; weight per cubic foot 44 Ibs. April-May. 3. Fraxinus Pennsylvania Marsh. Red Ash. (Fig. 2840.) Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marsh. Arb. Am. 51. 1785. Fraxinus pubescens Lam. Encycl. 2: 548. 1786. A tree with maximum height of about 80° and truuk diameter of 4°. Twigs, petioles, rachis petiolules and lower surfaces of the leaves vel- vety-pubescent; leaflets 5-9, stalked, ovate, ovate- lanceolate or oblong, acuminate or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, usually denticu- late, $'-6' long, i/-2/ wide; flowers dioecious, the calyx of the pistillate ones present and persistent; anthers linear-oblong; samara i/-2X/ long, its body linear, margined above by the decurrent linear or spatulate wing, and about equalling it. In moist soil, New Brunswick to South Dakota, Flor- ida, Alabama, and Missouri. Wood heavj7, strong, brown; weight per cubic foot 39 Ibs. April-May. 602 OLEACEAE. [VOL. II. 5. Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Blue Ash. (Fig. 2842.) Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 255. 1803. A large forest tree, sometimes becoming 110° high, the trunk reaching 3° in diameter, the twigs 4-sided, the foliage glabrous, or sparingly pubescent when young. Leaflets 7-11, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, short-stalked (2"-$"), green on both sides, sharply serrate or serrulate, 3 '-5' long, i'-2' wide; flowers dioecious, the calyx of the pis- tillate ones deciduous or sometimes obsolete; anthers linear-oblong; samara linear-oblong or cuneatc, i/-2/ long, $"-1" wide, winged all around, parallel-nerved, the body extend- ing more than half-way to the apex. In woods, Ontario, Minnesota and Michigan to Alabama, west to Iowa and Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, yellowish brown; weight per cubic ft. 47 Ibs. March-April. 4. Fraxinus Caroliniana Mill. Water Ash. (Fig. 2841.) F. Caroliniana Mill. Diet, Ed. 8, no. 6. 1768. F. platycarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 256. 1803. A small tree, rarely over 40° high, the trunk reaching about i° in diameter, with terete twigs and glabrous or slightly pubescent foliage. Leaflets 5-7 (rarely 9), ovate, ovate- lanceolate or oblong, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed, or the lower ones rounded at the base, long-stalked (4//-8//), sharply ser- rate, serrulate or sometimes entire, a'-s'long, tft'-iy-t' wide; flowers dioecious, the calyx of the pistillate persistent; anthers linear-oblong; samara i/-2/ long, 4//~9// wide, elliptic or spatulate, the body linear, flat, broadly winged all around, extending more than half way to the apex of the fruit, the wing pinnately veined; samaras sometimes 3-angled. In swamps and wet soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. Also in Cuba. Wood light, soft, weak, yellowish white; weight per cubic foot 22 Ibs. March-April. 6. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Hoop Ash. (Fig. 2843.) Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Arb. Am. 51. 1785. Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam. Encycl. 2: 549. 1786. A swamp tree, reaching a maximum height of about 100° and trunk diameter of 3°, the twigs terete, the foliage glabrous, except the midrib of the lower surfaces of the leaflets. Leaflets 7-11, sessile, green on both sides, ob- long-lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply ser- rate or serrulate, 3/-6/ long, 9//-i8//wide; flow- ers dioecious; calyx none; anthers short- oblong; samara oblong or linear-oblong, parallel-nerved, I'-i^' long, 3//-4// wide, the body flat, winged all around, extending to or beyond the middle. In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Virginia and Arkansas. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, dark brown ; weight per cubic foot 39 Ibs. Lateral leaflets sessile. April-May. Called also Water-ash. Voi,. II.] OLIVE FAMILY. 603 3. ADELIA P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 361. 1756. [FORESTIERA Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2: 664. 1811.] Shrubs with opposite simple serrulate or entire deciduous or persistent leaves (punctate in some southern species), and small yellow or greenish dioecious or polygamous flowers, fascicled, short-racemose or paniculate from scaly buds produced at the axils of the preced- ing season, appearing before or with the leaves. Calyx wanting, obsolete, or minute and 4- toothed or 4-parted. Corolla wanting, or of i or 2 small deciduous petals. Stamens 2-4; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit an oblong or subglobose drupe with i or rarely 2 seeds. [Greek, inconspicuous, perhaps referring to the flowers.] About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, about 7 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. i. Adelia acuminata Michx. Adelia. (Fig. 2844.) Adelia acuminata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 225. pi. 48. 1803. Forestiera acuminata Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2:664. 1811. A shrub or small tree, sometimes reaching a height of 30° and a trunk diameter of 8', the branches somewhat spiny, the foliage glabrous. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate or acute at both ends, finely denticulate, l'-4' long, X'~2/ wide; petioles slender, 4//-i2//long; staminate flowers fascicled; pistillate flowers short-paniculate; calyx obsolete; drupe nar- rowly oblong when mature, about */?.' long, when young fusiform and often curved. River-banks, Illinois to Georgia, west to Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, yellowish brown; weight per cubic foot 40 Ibs. March-April. 4. CHIONANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 8. 1753. Shrubs or small trees, with opposite simple entire leaves, and complete conspicuous white flowers, in large loose panicles from the axils of the upper leaves of the preceding season. Calyx small, 4-cleft or 4-parted, inferior, persistent. Corolla of 4 linear petals, slightly united at the very base, their margins slightly induplicate in the bud. Stamens 2 (rarely 3), inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments very short. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, pendulous; style short; stigma thick, emarginate or slightly 2-lobed. Fruit an oblong or ovoid usually i-seeded drupe. [Greek, snow-blossom.] About 3 species, the following of southeastern North America, the others Chinese. i. Chionanthus Virginica L. Fringe-tree. (Fig. 2845.) Chionanthus Virginica L. Sp. PI. 8. 1753. A shrub, or small tree, reaching a maximum height of about 35° and trunk diameter of about 8', the young twigs, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves pubescent, or sometimes glabrate. Leaves oval, oblong or some of them obovate, rather thick, acute, short-acuminate to obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3/-6/ long, i '-3' wide; the blade more or less decurrent on the petiole; panicles drooping, sometimes 10' long, usually with some sessile oblong leaflike bracts, its branches and the pedicels very slen- der; petals \' long or more, i" wide or less; drupe oblong or globose-oblong, nearly black, 5 "-8" long, the pulp thin. In moist thickets, Delaware and southern Penn- sylvania to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in North Carolina. Wood heavy, hard, light brown; weight per cubic foot 40 Ibs. Called also Old-man's Beard. May-June. 604 OLEACEAE. [VOL. II. 5. LIGUSTRUM L. Sp. PI. 7. 1753. Shrubs or small trees, with opposite entire simple leaves, and small white complete flowers in terminal thyrses or panicles. Calyx small, truncate or 4-toothed, inferior. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, its tube mostly short, the limb 4-lobed, the lobes indu- plicate-valvate in the bud. Stamens 2, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments short. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous; style short or slender; stigma thickened. Fruit a i-3-seeded mostly globose berry. [The classical Latin name.] About 35 species, natives of the Old World. i. Ligustrum vulgare L. Privet. Prim. (Fig. 2846.) Ligustrum rulgare L. Sp. PI. 7. 1753. A shrub, 6°-io° high, the branches long and slender. Leaves firm, tardily deciduous, glabrous, lanceolate or oblong, acute or ob- tuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, short- petioled, 9//-2/ long, 3//-7// wide, obscurely veined; panicles dense, short, minutely pubes- cent; flowers white, about 3" broad; pedicels very short; stamens included; berries globose, black, 2"-3" in diameter. In thickets and along roadsides, escaped from cultivation, Ontario and western New York to Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Native of Mu tope and Asia. Used for hedges. June-July. Old English names, Primwort, Print, Skedge, Skedgwith. 1829. Family 14. LOGANIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 21. LOGANIA FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, vines or some tropical genera trees, with opposite or verticil- late simple stipulate leaves, or the leaf-bases connected by a stipular line or membrane, and regular perfect 4~5-parted mostly cymose or spicate flowers. Calyx inferior, the tube campanulate, sometimes short or none, the segments imbricated, at least in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform. campanu- late, or rarely rotate. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudin- ally dehiscent; pollen-grains simple. Disk usually none. Ovary superior, 2- celled (rarely 3~5-celled); style simple, 2-5-cleft or 2-divided, rarely 4-cleft; ovules numerous or few in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 2-valved capsule in our species. Seeds winged or wingless; embryo small, usually straight; endosperm copious; cotyledons narrow or foliaceous; radicle terete or conic. About 30 genera and 400 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. Style 4-cleft; woody vine: flowers large, yellow. i. Gelsemiinn, Style simple, 2-lobed or 2-divided with a common stigma; herbs. Corolla-lobes valvate; capsule didymous or 2-lobed; leaves broad. Style simple, jointed; spike simple. 2. Spigelia. Style a-divided below; spikes cymose. 3. Cynoclotunn. Corolla-lobes imbricate; capsule subglobose; leaves linear. 4. Polypremum. i. GELSEMIUM Juss. Gen. 150. 1789. Glabrous twining woody vines; leaves opposite, or rarely ternatc, their bases connected by a stipular line; flowers large, yellow, in axillary and terminal nearly sessile cymes, the pedicels scaly-bracteolate. Calyx deeply 5 parted, the segments dry, imbricated. Corolla funnelform, with 5 broad lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary oblong, 2-celled; style slender or filiform, 4-cleft, the lobes stiguiatic along the inner side; ovules numerous in each cavity, on linear placentae. Capsule elliptic, flattened contrary to the partition, septicidally dehiscent, the valves boat- shaped, 2-cleft at the summit; seeds several in each cell, flattened, winged. [From the Italian Gelsomino, the Jessamine.] Two known species, the following of the southeastern United States, the other of eastern Asia. Vol.. II.] LOGANIA FAMILY. 605 i. Gelsemium sempervirens (I,.) Ait.f. Yellow Jessamine. Carolina Jasmine. (Fig. 2847.) Bignonia sempervirens L. Sp. PI. 623. 1753. G. nitidum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 120. 1803. G. sempervirens Ait. f. Hort. Kew. 2: 64. 1811. Stem slender, climbing or trailing, sometimes 20° long. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, per- sistent, evergreen, i}4'-3' long, 5//-i2// wide; cymes i-6-flowered; pedicels short; bractlets several, dry, oblong or lanceolate, i//-2// long; flowers dimorphous; sepals oblong, obtuse; corolla bright yellow, i/-i)^/ long; stigmas in one form short and anthers exserted, in the other form longer and anthers included; capsule flat, channeled on both sides, 4//-7// long, cuspidate; seeds very flat, broadly winged at the summit. In woods and thickets, eastern Virginia to Flor- ida, Texas, Mexico and Guatemala, mostly near the coast. March-Oct. Called also Carolina Wild Woodbine, and Evening Trumpet-flower. 2. SPIGELIA L. Sp. PI. 149. 1753. Herbs, with opposite membranous entire pinnately veined leaves, small stipules, or the leaf-bases connected by a stipular line, and red yellow or purple flowers in scorpioid cymes or unilateral spikes, or terminal and in the forks of the branches. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes valvate, the tube finely is-nerved. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; anthers 2-lobed at the base. Ovules numerous, on peltate placentae; style filiform, jointed near the middle, papillose above; stigma obtuse. Capsule didymous, 2- celled, somewhat flattened contrary to the dissepiment, circumscissile above the persistent base, the 2 carpels becoming 2-valved. Seeds peltate, not winged. [Named for Adrian von der Spigel, 1558-1625, physician.] About 35 species, all American. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern States. i. Spigelia Marylandica L,. Indian or Carolina Pink. (Fig. 2848.) Lonicera Marylandica L. Sp. PI. 175. 1753. Spigelia Marylandica L,. Syst. Ed. 12, 734. 1767. Perennial, stem 4-angled, glabrous or very nearly so, simple, or branched at the base, erect, i°-2° high. Leaves sessile, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or nar- rowed at the base, 2/-4/ long, ^'-2' wide, sparingly pubescent on the veins beneath; flowers in a soli- tary (rarely 2-3) terminal i-sided peduncled spike; corolla scarlet outside, yellow within, i/-2/ long, narrowed below, its lobes lanceolate, about 3// long; calyx-segments subulate, as long as the co- rolla-lobes or shorter; style jointed below the middle, exserted or included. In woods, New Jersey (according to A. Gray) to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. May-July. Called also Pink-root and Worm-grass. 3. CYNOCTONUM J. G. Gmel. Syst. 2: 443. 1791. [MITREOLA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 450. 1810.] Herbs, our species annual, with opposite entire membranous leaves, and minute stipules, or the leaf-bases connected by a stipular line. Flowers small, whitish, in one-sided spikes forming terminal or axillary cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included; filaments short; anthers cordate. Ovules numerous, on peltate placentae; style short, 2-divided below, united above by the common stigma, the divisions becoming separate. Capsule 2-lobed at the summit; carpels divaricate, dehiscent along the inner side. Seeds numerous, small, tuberculate. [Greek, dog-killing.] About 5 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. 6o6 LOGANIACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Cynoctonum Mitreola (L,.) Britton. Mitrewort. (Fig. 2849.) Ophiorhiza Mitreola L. Sp. PI. 150. 1753. Anonymos petiolata Walt. Fl. Car. 108. 1788. Cynoctonum petiolatum Gmel. Syst. a: 443. 1791. Mitreola petiolata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 3: 45. 1841. Cynoctonum Mitreola Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 258. 1894. Stem simple, or branched near the base, or sometimes also above, glabrous, slender, erect, terete, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, petioled, i'-3' long, 3"-i' wide, acute at both ends, glabrous; cymes terminal and often also in the upper axils, slender-peduncled, the divisions slender, simple or forked; flowers about i" broad, numerous, sessile or very nearly so; capsule deeply 2-lobed, compressed, the lobes at length widely diverging, acute, dehiscent by a slit in the ventral suture near the summit. In wet or moist soil, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. June-Sept. 4. POLYPREMUM L. Sp. PI. in. 1753. A glabrous diffusely branched annual herb, with opposite linear- subulate leaves, their bases connected by a stipular membrane, and small white flowers in terminal bractcd cymes. Calyx deeply 4-parted (rarely 5-parted), the segments subulate, scarious-margined. Corolla campanulate, bearded in the throat, shorter than the calyx, 4-lobcd (rarely 5 -lobed), the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 (rarely 5), inserted on the corolla, included; filaments short; anthers ovoid-globose. Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary, on oblong placentae; style short; stigma capitate or obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule globose-ovoid, slightly compressed, didymous, loculicidally a-valved, the carpels at length septicidal. Seeds minute, smooth. [Greek, many-stemmed.] A monotype, abundant in the warmer parts of America. i. Polypremum procumbens L,. Poly- premum. (Fig. 2850.) Polypremum procumbens I,. Sp. PI. in. 1753. Stems tufted, somewhat rigid, 4-angled, spreading on the ground, ascending or erect, usually much branched, 2/-i2/ long. Leaves narrowly linear, #'- i^'long, #"-i" wide, acute, sessile, minutely rough- toothed on the margins, often with smaller ones fas- cicled in their axils; flowers solitary, sessile in the forks of the cymes and along their branches, leafy- bracted, the bracts similar to the upper leaves; corolla \" or less long; capsule crustaceous, didymous, about i" in diameter, slightly 2-lobed, the lobes obtuse. In dry sandy soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Flor- ida, Kentucky, the Indian Territory, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. Occurs in cultivated fields as a weed. Probably adventive in the North. May-Sept. Family 15. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20. 1829. GKXTIAN FAMILY. Bitter mostly quite glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate) ex- stipulate entire leaves, reduced to scales in Bartonia, and regular perfect flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-1 2-lobed, -toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in Ob- olarid}, the lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, campanulate, club-shaped or rotate, often marcescent, 4-1 2-lobed or -parted, the lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; an- thers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Disk none, or inconspicuous. Ovary superior in our genera, i -celled or partly 2-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous or amphitropous; style simple, or none; VOL. IL] GENTIAN FAMILY. 607 stigma entire, or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent by 2 valves. Seeds globose, angular or compressed; endosperm fleshy, copious; embryo small, terete or conic. About 65 genera and 600 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions. Leaves normal; corolla-lobes convolute in the bud. Style filiform; anthers usually twisting or recurving when old. Corolla salver-form. Corolla rotate. Corolla campanulate-funnelform. St3rle short, stout or none; anthers remaining straight. Corolla without nectariferous pits, glands or scales. Corolla funnelform, campanulate or clavate. Corolla rotate. 1-2 nectariferous pits, glands or scales at the base of each corolla-lobe. Corolla rotate, a fringed gland at each lobe. Corolla campanulate, spurred at the base. Leaves, at least those of the stem, reduced to scales; corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx of 4 lanceolate sepals; leaves all reduced to scales. 8. Bartonia. Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals ; upper leaves normal. 9. Obolaria. 1. Erythraea. 2. Sdbbatia. 3. Eusloma. 4. Gentiana. 5. Pleurogyne. 6. Frasera. 7. Tetragonanthus. i. ERYTHRAEA Neck. Elem. 2: 10. 1790. Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and small or mid- dle sized commonly numerous pink white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-4-lobed or -divided, the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform, 5-4-lobed, the tube long or short, the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 or 4, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments short-filiform; anthers linear or ob- long, becoming spirally twisted. Ovary i-celled, the placentae sometimes intruded; style filiform; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong-ovoid or fusiform, 2-valved. Seed-coat reticulated. [Greek, red, the color of the flowers.] About 25 species, natives of the Old World and western North and South America. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of the United States. Flowers spicate-racemose. I. E. spicata. Flowers cymose or cymose-paniculate. Basal leaves tufted. 2. E. Centaurium. No tuft of basal leaves. Flowers cymose-paniculate, numerous. 3. E. pulchella. Flowers few, cymose; western. 4. E. exaltata. i. Erythraea spicata (L.) Pers. Spiked Centaury. (Fig. 2851.) Gentiana spicata L. Sp. PI. 230. 1753. Erythraea spicata Pers. Syn. i: 283. 1805. Annual, glabrous, erect, strict, usually branched, 6'- 18' high. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sessile, obtusish at the apex, clasping at the base, J^'-iX' l°ng» 2//-7// wide; flowers pink, sessile, distant and spicate- racemose on the mostly simple and leafless branches, about 8" long; tube of the corolla somewhat longer than the subulate calyx-segments, 2-3 times as long as the linear-oblong lobes; capsule \"-*>" long. Coast of Nantucket, and at Portsmouth, Va. Naturalized from Europe. May-Sept. 2. Erythraea Centaurium (I,.) Pers. L,esser Centaury. Bitter-herb. Bloodwort. (Fig. 2852.) Gentiana Centaurium. L. Sp. PI. 229. 1753. Erythraea Centaurium Pers. Syn. i: 283. 1805. Annual, glabrous, erect, usually branched, 6/-i5/ high. Leaves oblong, apex obtuse, the base narrowed; the lower forming a basal tuft, \'-2.%f long, 3//-6// wide; stem leaves smaller, distant, rounded at the sessile or slightly clasping base; flowers numerous, 6//-8// long, nearly ses- sile, in compound terminal mostly dense bracteolate cymes; corolla-lobes obtuse, 2X//~3// long, about as long as the calyx-segments and one-third to one-half as long as the corolla-tube; stigmas oval. In waste places, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Illinois. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Earth-gall. June-Sept. 6o8 GENTIANACEAE. [VOL. II. 1783. 17-7 « :--*''' 3. Erythraea pulchella (Sw.) Fries. Branching Centaury. (Fig. 2853.) Gcntiana pulchella Sw. Act. Holm 1783: 84. / S, 9. Gentiana ramossissima Vill. Hist. PL Dauph. 2:530. Erythraea ramossissima Pers. Syn. x: 28}. 1805. Erythraea pulchella Fries, Novit. 74. 1828. Annual, glabrous, much branched, 3/-8/ high. Leaves oval, ovate or lanceolate, the lower mostly ob- tuse, 3//-8// long, the upper usually acutish or acute and smaller; no basal tuft of leaves; flowers pink, cymose-paniculate, all or nearly all of them pedicelled, 5"-6" long; tube of the corolla i J^-2 times longer than the calyx-segments, its lobes oblong, obtuse, I #"-2" long; stigma oval. In fields and waste places, southern New York to Penn- sylvania and Maryland; also in the West Indies. Natural ized from Europe. June-Si ]>t. 4. Erythraea exaltata (Griseb.) Coville. Tall or Western Centaury. (Fig. 2854.) Cicendia e.valtata Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 69. f>l. 157. 1834. Erytkrata Douglasii A. Gray, Bot. Cal. x: 480. 1876. Erythraea evaltata Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 150. 1893. Annual, erect, glabrous, branched, 6'-i8' high, the branches few, erect, slender. Leaves oblong or linear- oblong, sessile, mostly acute at both ends, s'/'-ic/'long, distant, the basal not tufted; flowers few, terminal and axillary, all slendcr-pedicclled, 6//-8// long; tube of the corolla about one-third longer than the calyx-segments, the lobes oblong, obtuse, i)4"-2" long. In sandy soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming:, Washing- ton, Arizona and California. May-Sept. Erythraea calycdsa Huckl., a Texan species differing from this in its broader larger obtuse corolla lobes, has been found as a waif in Missouri. a. SABBATIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 503. 1763. Annual or biennial erect usually branched glabrous herbs, with opposite or sometimes verticillate sessile or rarely petioled or clasping leaves, and rather large terminal and solitary or cymose pink rose or white flowers. Calyx 4-12-parted or -divided, the tube campanulate, sometimes very short, the lobes or segments usually narrow. Corolla rotate, deeply 4-12- parted. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the short tube of the corolla; filaments filiform, short; anthers linear or oblong, curved, revolute or coiled in anthesis. Ovary i-celled, the pla- centae intruded; style 2-cleft or 2-parted, its lobes filiform, stigmatic along their inner sides. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, reticulated. [In honor of L. Sabbati, an Italian botanist.] About 14 species, natives of eastern North America and Mexico. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern United States. Flowers normally 4-5-parted, sometimes 6-7-parted. Branches opposite. Style 2-parted to below the middle or nearly to the base; flowers white. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute; flowers 8"-i2" broad. i. 5". lanceolata. Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse; flowers 6" '-9" broad. 2. S. paniculata, Style 2-cleft to about the middle; flowers normally pink. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; stem slightly 4-angled. Leaves ovate, cordate-clasping; stem strongly 4-angled. Branches alternate, the lower sometimes opposite in nos. 5 and 6. Calyx-segments fpliaceous, longer than the corolla. Calyx-segments linear or lanceolate, not longer than the corolla. Calyx-tube conspicuously 5-ribbed; flowers i'-2' broad. Calyx-tube scarcely ribbed; flowers I'-i Ja' broad. Calyx shorter than the corolla; style 2-parted. Flower pink with a yellow eye (rarely white); corolla-segments obovate. 7. 5. stellaris. Flowers white, very numerous; corolla-segments spatulate or oblanceolate. 8. S. Elliollii. Calyx-segments filiform, as long as the corolla; style 2-cleft. 9. S. campanulata. Flowers normally 8-i 2 parted, iM'-2j^' broad. 10. 5. dodecandra. 3. S1. anguslifolia. 4. S. angularis. 5. 5. calycina. 6. 5". campestris. Voi,. II.] GENTIAN FAMILY i. Sabbatia lanceolata (Walt.) T.&G. L,ance-leaved Sabbatia. (Fig. 2855.) Chironia lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 95. 1788. 5. lanceolata T. & G.; A. Gray, Man. 356. 1848. Stem branched above, or simple, slender, somewhat 4-angled, or terete below, i°-3° high, the branches all opposite. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute, or the lower sometimes obtuse, 3-5-nerved, i'-2' long, or the lowest shorter, the uppermost reduced to narrow bracts; flow- ers white, fading yellowish, 8//-i2// broad, usually numerous in bracteolate corymbed cymes; pedicels slender, 2//-7// long; calyx- lobes filiform-linear, much shorter than the corolla; corolla-segments oblong or slightly ob- ovate; anthers recurved; styles-parted; capsule ovoid, about 3" high. In pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Florida. May-Sept. 3. Sabbatia angustifdlia (Michx.) Britton. Narrow-leaved Sabbatia. (Fig. 2857.) Chironia angularis var. angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 146. 1803. S. brachiata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 284. 1817. Stem slender, branched above, slightly 4- angled, i°-2° high, the branches all opposite. Leaves linear, linear-oblong, or linear-lanceo- late, obtuse, or the upper acute, sessile, i'-2' long, the uppermost small and bract-like; flowers pink with a yellowish or greenish eye, few in the racemed or short-corymbed cymes, or solitary at the ends of the branches, about i' broad; calyx-lobes linear, usually more than one-half the length of the corolla; corolla-segments obovate-oblong; style 2-cleft to about the middle; capsule oblong, 3//-4// high. In dry or moist soil, Indiana to Louisiana, east to North Carolina and Florida. May-Sept. 2. Sabbatia paniculata (Michx.) Pursh. Branching Sabbatia. (Fig. 2856.) C. paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 146. 1803. S. paniculata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814. Stem usually freely branching, 4-angled, i°-2^° high, the branches all opposite. Leaves linear, linear-oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse, %'-i%' long, the lower commonly shorter and broader, the uppermost small and bract-like; flowers white, 6"-q" broad, usually very numerous in corymbed cymes; pedicels mostly short, the central flowers of the cymes often nearly sessile; calyx-lobes linear, not more than one-half the length of the corolla; corolla-segments spatulate-ob- long; anthers recurved or coiled; style 2- parted; capsule oblong, about 3" high. In dry or moist soil, Virginia to Florida. May- Sept 39 6io GENTIANACEAE. [VOL. II. 4. Sabbatia angularis (L/.) Pursh. Bitter-bloom. Rose-Pink. Square- stemmed Sabbatia. (Fig. 2858.) Chironia angularis L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753. 5. angularis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 137. 1814. Stem usually rather stout and much branched, sharply 4-angled, 2°-3° high, the branches all opposite or the lowest rarely alter- nate. Leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cor- date-clasping at the base, <)"-i%" long, or the lower oblong and obtuse, those of the branches smaller; flowers rose-pink, with a central greenish star, occasionally white, I'-i1/*' broad, usually solitary at the ends of the branches; calyx-lobes linear, one-half the length of the corolla, or less; corolla-segments obovate; stjle 2-cleft; capsule oblong, about 3" high. In rich soil, often in thickets, New York and Pennsylvania to western Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida, the Indian Territory and I,i>ui-i ana. July-Aug. Flowers fragrant. 5. Sabbatia calycina (Lam.) Heller. Coast Sabbatia. (Fig. 2859.) Gentiana calycina Lam. Encyl. a: 638. 1786. C. calycosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 146. 1803. Sabbatia calycosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814. 5. calycina Heller, Bull. Torr. Club, ax. 24. 1894. Stem somewhat 4-angled, freely branched, 6/-i2/ high, the branches alternate, or the lowest sometimes opposite. Leaves oblong or some of them slightly obovate, obtuse or acute, 3-nerved, i'-2' long, narrowed to the sessile base or the lower into petioles; flow- ers usually few, solitary at the ends of the branches or peduncles, I'-i^' broad; calyx- lobes linear or spatulate, leaf-like, longer than the spatulate segments of the pink rose-purple or whitish corolla; style 2-parted, capsule ovoid-oblong, 3"-4" high. In moist soil, Virginia to Florida, near the coast. Also in Cuba. June-Aug. 6. Sabbatia campestris Xutt. Prairie Sabbatia. (Fig. 2860. ) Sabbatia campestris Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 197. 1833-37. Stem 4-angled, branched, 6'-i5/ high, the branches alternate or dichotomous, or the lowest opposite. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the apex, sessile or slightly clasping and subcordate at the base, y*'-\' long; flowers solitary at the ends of the branches and peduncles, i/-2/ broad; peduncles r'-a' long; calyx 5-ribbed or almost 5-winged, its lobes lanceolate, acute, 6//-i2/' long, about as long as the obovate lilac corolla- segments, becoming rather rigid in fruit; style 2-cleft; capsule oblong, 3//-4// high. On prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. VOL. II.] GENTIAN FAMILY. 7. Sabbatia stellaris Pursh. Sea or Marsh Pink. Sabbatia stellaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i: 137. 1814. Chironia stellata Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 23. 1818. Stem nearly terete, or slightly 4-angled, usually much branched, 6/-2° high, the branches alternate. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to linear, sessile, X/-2/ l°ng> 2//~5x/ wide, or the lowest smaller, somewhat obovate and obtuse, the uppermost narrowly linear and bract-like; flowers 9//-l8// broad, usually numerous, soli- tary at the ends of the branches or slender peduncles; calyx not ribbed, its lobes narrowly linear, shorter than or nearly equalling the ob- long or obovate corolla-segments; corolla pink to white with a yellowish starry eye bordered with red; style 2-cleft to below the middle; capsule about 2^" high. In salt-meadows, coast of Maine to Florida. Called also Rose-of-Plymouth. July-Sept. (Fig. 2861.) 8. Sabbatia Elliottii Steud. Elliott's Sabbatia. (Fig. 2862.) Swertia difformis L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753 ? Sabbatia paniculata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 282. 1817. Not Pursh, 1814. 5. Elliottii Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 2: 489. 1841. Stem paniculately branched, terete or slightly ridged, i°-2° high, the branches alternate. Lower leaves obovate or lanceo- late-oblong, obtuse, 6//~9// long, the upper and those of the branches narrowly linear or subulate; flowers very numerous, white, solitary at the ends of the branches and short peduncles, \f broad or less; calyx not ribbed, its lobes subulate-linear, one-half as long as the spatulate or oblanceolate seg- ments of the corolla, or less; style 2-parted; capsule about 2^x/ high. In pine-barrens, North Carolina to Florida. Doubtfully reported from Virginia, but probably occurs there. July- Sept. 9. Sabbatia campanulata (L/. ) Torr. Slender Marsh Pink. (Fig. 2863.) Chironia campanulata L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753. Chironia gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 146. 1803. Sabbatia gracilis Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. ?2. 1806. Sabbatia campanulata Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 217. 1824. Similar to the preceding species. Stem usually very slender and much branched, i°-2° high, the branches alternate. Leaves linear, or linear- lanceolate, I'-r^' long, sessile, acute, or the lowest much shorter, obtuse, oblong or oblan- ceolate, sometimes narrowed into short petioles, the uppermost almost filiform; flowers pink with a yellow eye, about i' broad, solitary at the ends of the branches and peduncles, mostly 5-parted; calyx-lobes filiform-linear, equalling the oblong-obovate corolla-segments, or some- what shorter; style 2-cleft to about the middle; capsule obovoid, about 2)4" high. In salt marshes and along brackish rivers, rarely in fresh-water swamps, Nantucket to Florida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba. May-Aug. 6l2 GENTIANACEAE. 10. [VOL. II. Sabbatia dodecandra (L.) B.S.P. Large Marsh Pink. (Fig. 2864.) Chironia dodecandra L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753. Chironia chloroidcs Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. x: 147. 1803. Sabbatia chloroides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814. Sabbatia dodecandra B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888. Stem i°-2° high, little branched or simple, terete or nearly so, the branches alternate. Basal leaves spatulatc, obtuse, i#'-3' long; stem leaves lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, acute, the uppermost usually narrowly linear; flowers few, pink, some- times white, solitary at the ends of the branches or peduncles, i>£ '-2 Abroad; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, about one-half as long as the 9-12 spatulate- obovate corolla-segments; anthers coiled; style deeply 2-cleft, its divisions clavate; capsule globose- oval, 3" high. In sandy borders of ponds and along: salt marshes, Massachusetts to Florida and Alabama, near the coast. July-Sept. 3. EUSTOMA Salisb. Parad. I^ond. pi. j/. 1806. Erect usually branched glaucous annual herbs, with opposite sessile or clasping entire leaves. Flowers large, blue, purple or white, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal, solitary or paniculate. Calyx deeply 5-6-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 5-6-lobed, the lobes oblong or obovate, usually erose-denticu- late, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5-6, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, versatile, at length recurved, or remaining nearly straight. Ovary i -celled; style filiform; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule oblong or ovoid, 2-valved. Seeds small, numerous, fovcolatc. [Greek, open-mouth, referring to the corolla.] Two species, natives of the southern United States, Mexico and the West Indies. i. Eustoma Russellianum (L,.) Griseb. Russell's Eustoma. (Fig. 2865.) Lisianthus Russellianus Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. j6a6. 1839. Lisianthus glaucifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ( II. ) 5: 107. 1833-37. Not Jacq. 1786. E. Russellianum Gnseb. in DC. Prodr. 9: 51. 1845. Stem terete, rather stout, i°-2#° high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 3~5-nerved, the upper usually acute at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, T-W-s' long, the lower usually obtuse at the apex and narrowed to a sessile or slightly auricled base; peduncles i'-4' long, stout, bracted at the base, the bracts lanceolate-subulate, small; flowers 2x-3' broad; calyx-lobes long-acuminate, shorter than the purple corolla; corolla-lobes obovate, about 4 times as long as the tube; style slender; anthers remaining nearly straight; capsule oblong, pointed. On prairies, Nebraska to Louisiana, Texas and Mexico. May-Aug. 4. GENTIANA L. Sp. PI. 227. 1753. Erect mostly perennial and glabrous herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate, entire sessile or short-petioled leaves. Flowers blue, purple, yellow or white, solitary or clustered, terminal or axillary. Calyx tubular, 4-7- (usually 5-) cleft. Corolla tubular, clavate, cam- panulate, salverform or funnelform (rotate in some exotic species), 4~7-lobed, often with membranous plaits in the sinuses, the lobes entire or fimbriate. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube, included; anthers connate into a tube, or separate, not recurved or coiled. Ovary i-celled; ovules very numerous; style short or none; stigma cleft into 2 lamellae. Capsule sessile or stipitate, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, sometimes covering the whole inner wall of the capsule, wingless or winged. [Named for King Gentius of Illyria.] About 300 'species, mostly natives of the north temperate and arctic zones and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in the western parts of North America. i VOL. II.] GENTIAN FAMILY. 6l3 1. G. ventricosa. 2. G. crinila. 3. G. delonsa. 4. G. acuta. 5. G. propinqua. 6. G. quinquefolia. •?f Corolla without plaits or teeth in the sinuses. Corolla-lobes fringed or serrate; flowers i'~3' long. Corolla enclosed in the swollen wing-angled calyx. Corolla conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx. Corolla-lobes fringed all around their summits; leaves lanceolate. Corolla-lobes fringed mainly on the margins; leaves linear. Corolla-lobes with entire or rarely denticulate margins; flowers 6"-i2" long. Corolla-lobes fimbriate-crested at the base, acute. Corolla:lobes naked, subulate-acuminate. Calyx-lobes unequal; flowers mostly 4-parted. Calyx-lobes equal; flowers 5-parted. ^. Jf Corolla with membranous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses. Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes scabrous or ciliate; seeds winged. Anthers separate, or merely connivent. Stems usually clustered ; calyx-lobes unequal; corolla narrowly funnelform. 7. G. affinis. Stems mostly solitary; calyx-lobes equal; corolla campanulate-funnelform. 8. G.puberula. Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube. Corolla-lobes distinct, longer than or equalling the plaits. Flowers 1-4; corolla campanulate-funnelform, its lobes 2-3 times as long as the plaits. 9. G. Elliotlii. Flowers several or numerous; corolla club-shaped, its lobes not much longer than the plaits. 10. G. Saponaria. Corolla-lobes none or minute, the plaits very broad. n. G. Andrewsii. Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes smooth or nearly so. Flowers clustered, sessile, 2-bracteolate under the calyx. Corolla-lobes ovate, twice as long as the plaits; leaves broad, acuminate; seeds winged. 12. G. flavida. Corolla-lobes rounded, little longer than the plaits; leaves narrow; seeds winged. 13. G. linearis. Corolla-lobes ovate, acute, much longer than the broad plaits; leaves broad; seeds winged. 14. G. rubricaulis. Corolla-lobes triangular-lanceolate; leaves obovate; seeds wingless. 15. G. villosa. Flowers solitary, peduncled, not bracteolate; leaves linear. 16. G. Porphyrio. *^ i. Gentiana ventricosa Griseb. Swollen Gentian. (Fig. 2866.) Gentiana ventricosa Griseb. in Hook. Fl. For. Am. 2: 65. pi. 152. 1834. Annual; stem strict, terete, branched above, about i° high. Basal leaves obovate, small, those of the stem ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, \f long, 4//-6// wide; flowers few, solitary at the ends of stout peduncles, 4-parted; calyx inflated, ovoid, about 9" high, 4"-5'/ thick, wing-angled, enclosing the corolla; corolla-lobes ob- long, obtuse, lacerate-serrate; ovary elliptic-oblong. Grand Rapids of Saskatchewan, between Cumberland House and Hudson Bay (Drummond). Not recently collected. 2. Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed Gentian. (Fig. 2867.) Genliana crinita Froel. Gen. 112. 1796. Annual; stem leafy, usually branched, i°-3° high, the branches erect, somewhat 4-angled. Basal and lower leaves obovate, obtuse, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, \'-2f long, acute or acuminate at the apex, sessile by a rounded or subcordate base; flowers mostly 4-parted, several or numerous, about 2' high, solitary at the ends of the usu- ally elongated peduncles; calyx-lobes lan- ceolate, acuminate, their midribs decurrent on the angles of the tube; corolla bright blue, rarely white, narrowly campanulate, its lobes obovate, rounded, conspicuously fringed all around their summits, scarcely fringed on the sides, spreading when mature; capsule spindle-shaped, stipitate; seeds scaly-hispid. In moist woods and meadows, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Iowa. Sept. -Oct. 614 GENTIANACEAE. [VOL. II. Gentiana detonsa Rottb. Smaller Fringed Gentian. (Fig. 2868.) Genliana detonsa Rottb. Act. Hafn. 10: 254. pi. i. 1770. Gentiana serrata Gunner. PI. Norv. X 101. 1772. Annual; similar to the' preceding species but smaller; stem simple, or" little branched, 3'-i8' high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper linear or linear-lanceolate, i'-2^' long, 2"-4// wide; flowers 1-6, solitary at the ends of elongated erect peduncles, mostly 4- parted, about i%' high; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, their midribs decurrent on the tube; corolla narrowly campanulate, its lobes spatu- late-oblong, strongly fringed on both sides, en- tire or somewhat fimbriate or toothed around the apex; capsule short-stipitate; seeds scaly- hispid. In wet places, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Anticosti, western New York, Minnesota, in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada. Also in northern Europe and A-ia. July-Sept. 4. Gentiana actita Michx. Northern Gentian. (Fig. 2869.) Gentiana acuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 177. 1803. Gentiana Amarella var. acuta Herder, Act. Hort. Petrop. i: 428. 1872. Annual; stem leafy, slightly wing-angled, simple or branched, 6/-2o/ high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oborate, obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or subcor- date at the base, sessile, or somewhat clasping, #'-2' long; flowers numerous, racemose -spicate, $"-8" high, the pedicels 2"-6" long, leafy-bracted at the base; calyx deeply 5-parted (rarely 4-parted), its lobes lanceolate; corolla tubular-campanulate, 5- lobed (rarely 4-lobed), blue, its lobes lanceolate, acute, each with a fimbriate crown at the base; cap- sule sessile. In moist or wet places, Labrador to Alaska, Quebec, Minnesota, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and Mexico, and in the Sierra Nevada. Also in Europe and Asia. Perhaps not specifically distinct from the Old World G. Amarella. Felwort. Summer. 5. Gentiana propinqua Richards. Four- parted Gentian. (Fig. 2870. ) Gentiana propinqua Richards. Frank. Journ. 734. 1823. Stems slender, usually branched from the base and sometimes also above, slightly wing-angled, 2/-7/ high. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper distant, oblong or lanceolate, J^'-i^' long, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the slightly clasping base, obscurely 3-nerved; flowers few or several, solitary on slender peduncles, mostly 4-parted, 8//-io// high; calyx 4- cleft, 2 of the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceo- late; corolla blue or bluish, glandular within at the base, its lobes ovate-lanceolate, entire or denticu- late ; capsule linear, at length a little longer than the corolla. Labrador to Alaska and British Columbia. Summer. VOL. II.] GENTIAN FAMILY. 615 6. Gentiana quinquefolia L. Stiff Gentian. Gentiana quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 230. 1753. Gentiana quinqueflora Lam. Encycl. 2: 643. 1786. Annual; stem ridged, usually branched, 2/-2° high, quadrangular. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, those of the stem ovate, acute at the apex, clasping and subcordate or rounded at the base, 3~7-nerved, YZ'-I' long; flowers in clusters of 1-7 at the ends of the branches, or also axillary; pedicels slender, 2//_7// long; calyx one-fourth to one-third the length of the corolla, its lobes narrow, or sometimes foliaceous, acute; corolla tubular-funnelform, blue, its lobes triangular, very acute, entire, not crested at the base; capsule stipitate; seeds globose, wingless. In dry or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Michigan, south to Florida and Missouri. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North Carolina. Aug. -Oct. Gentiana quinquefolia occidentalis (A. Gray) A. S. Hitch- cock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 508. 1891. Gentiana quinqueflora var. occidentalis A. Gray, Man. 359. 1848. Usually taller and paniculately branched; corolla more broadly funnelform; calyx-lobes foliaceous, reach- ing to the middle of the corolla. Ohio to Minnesota, south to Tennessee and Louisiana. Ague-weed. (Fig. 2871.) 7. Gentiana affinis Griseb. Oblong-leaved Gentian. (Fig. 2872.) Gentiana affinis Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 56. 1834. Perennial; stems clustered from deep roots, min- utely puberulent, simple, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves linear- oblong to lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or acutish, rounded or narrowed at the base, firm, roughish-mar- gined, indistinctly nerved, %'-i%' long, the floral smaller; flowers few, numerous, or rarely single, 5- parted, sessile and solitary or clustered in the axils of the upper leaves, about i' high, not bracted under the calyx; calyx-lobes linear or subulate, unequal, the longer about equalling the tube, the smaller some- times minute; corolla narrowly funnelform, blue, its lobes ovate, acute or mucronate, entire, spreading, with laciniate appendages in the sinuses ; anthers separate; seeds broadly winged. In moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and in the Sierra Nevada. Aug.-Oct 8. Gentiana puberula Michx. Downy Gentian. (Fig. 2873.) Gentiana puberula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 176. 1803. Perennial; stems usually solitary, leafy, S'-iS' high, minutely puberulent, or glabrous, nearly terete. Leaves firm, lanceolate, or the lower ob- long, roughish-margined, indistinctly nerved, pale beneath, narrowed or rounded at the base, 1'-$' long; flowers sessile or nearly so in the upper axils, rarely solitary and terminal, 2-bracteolate under the calyx, i%'-2' high; calyx-lobes linear- lanceolate, equal, about as long as the tube, rough; corolla campanulate-funnelform, 2-3-times as long as the calyx, its lobes ovate, entire, spreading, much longer than the cleft or laciniate appendages; anthers at first connivent, soon separate; seeds ob- long, broadly winged. On prairies, Ohio to the Northwest Territory, Geor- gia and Kansas. Aug.-Oct. 2 6i6 GENTIANACEAE. [Vol.. II. 9. Gentiana Ellidttii Chapm. Elliott's Gentian. (Fig. 2874.) Gentiana Calesbaei Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: -no 1817. Not Walt. 1788. Gentiana Elliottii Chapm. Fl. S. States, 356. 1860. Gentiana scaberrima Kusnezow, Act. Hort. Petrop. 13: 59- 1893. Perennial; roots a cluster of thick fibres; stems slender, leafy, terete, minutely rough- puberulent, simple, S'-2° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded at the base, thin, roughish-inargined, i'-2' long, 3-nerved, or the lower much smaller and obtuse; flowers 1-4, terminal, or rarely i or 2 in the upper axils, about 2' long, sessile, 2- bracteolate under the calyx; calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate, foliaceous, longer than the tube; corolla campanulate-funnelform, blue, its lobes ovate, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, entire, 3"-4" long, about twice as long as the fimbriate or toothed appendages; anthers cohering in a tube; seeds oblong, broadly winged. In moist soil, Virginia to Florida. Sept.-Oct. io. Gentiana Saponaria L. Soap- wort Gentian. (Fig. 2875.) Gentiana Saponaria L. Sp. PI. 228. 1753. Gentiana Calesbaei Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788. Perennial; stem erect or ascending, terete, slender, simple or with short erect axillary branches, glabrous, or minutely rough-puber- ulent above, l°-2>40 high, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, usually acute at both ends, 3-5-nerved, roughish-margined, 2/-4/ long, the lowest obovate and smaller; flowers i'-2' high, in sessile terminal and usually also axillary clusters of 1-5, 2-bracteolatc under the calyx; calyx-lobes oblong or spatulate, ciliolate; corolla blue, club-shaped, its lobes erect, ob- tuse, equalling or longer than the cleft or lacerate appendages; anthers cohering in a tube; capsule stipitate; seeds broadly winged. In wet soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Aug. -Oct. ii. Gentiana Andre wsii Griseb. Closed .or Blind Gentian. (Fig. 2876.) Gentiana alba Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 29. 1818? Gentiana Andreivsii Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 55- 1834- Perennial; similar to the preceding species, stout, glabrous, i°-2° high, simple, leafy. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 3-7-nerved, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, 2/-4/ long, rough-margined, the lowest ob- long or obovate, smaller; flowers I'-iJ^' high in a terminal sessile cluster and commonly i or 2 in the upper axils, 2-bracteolatc under the calyx; calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate, ciliolate, usually spreading; corolla oblong, club-shaped, blue, or oc- casionally white, nearly or quite closed, its lobes obsolete, the intervening appendages very broad, light colored, opposite the stamens; anthers coher- inginatube;capsulestipitate;seedsoblong, winged. In moist soil. Quebec to the Northwest Territory, Georgia and Missouri. Aug.-Oct. Vol.. II.] GENTIAN FAMILY. 12. Gentiana flavida A. Gray. Yel- lowish Gentian. (Fig. 2877.) Gentiana flavida A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 1:80. 1846. G. alba A. Gray, Man. 360. 1848. Not Muhl. 1818. Perennial; stem stout, terete, glabrous, sim- ple, erect or ascending, i°-3° high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, smooth- margined, acuminate at the apex, subcordate, clasping or rounded at the base, 2/-5/ long, i/-2/ wide; flowers several or numerous in a sessile terminal cluster and sometimes i or 2 in the upper axils, i%'-2' high, 2-bracteo- late under the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, smooth or minutely rough-margined, shorter than the tube; corolla campanulate-funnel- form, open, greenish or yellowish white, its lobes ovate, acute or obtuse, twice as long as the erose-denticulate appendages; anthers coher- ing in a tube; capsule stipitate; seeds winged. In moist soil, Ontario to Virginia, Minnesota and Kentucky. Aug. -Oct. 13. Gentiana linearis Froel. Narrow- leaved Gentian. (Fig. 2878.) Gentiana linearis Froel. Gent. 37. 1796. Gentiana Saponaria var. linearis Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 55. 1834. Perennial; glabrous throughout; stem slender, terete, simple, 6/-2° high, leafy. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth-margined, acute at both ends, 3-nerved, 1%'-$' long, 2//~5// wide; flowers i'-i%' high in a terminal cluster of 1-5 and sometimes also in the upper axils; calyx- lobes linear or lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla erect, blue, oblong-funnelform, open, its lobes erect, rounded, i//-2// long, slightly longer than the entire or i-2-toothed appen- dages; anthers coherent in a tube, or at length distinct; capsule stipitate; seeds winged. In bogs and on mountains, New Brunswick and Ontario to Maryland. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Aug.-Sept. 14. Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein. Red-stemmed Gentian. (Fig. 2879.) Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein. in Keating's Narr. Long's Exp. 2: 384. 1824. Gentiana linearis var. lanceolata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 123. 1878. Gentiana linearis var. latifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 309. 1887. Perennial; glabrous; stem terete, i°-2° high. Leaves rather distant, lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, smooth- margined, 2/~3/ long, the lower narrower and obtuse; flowers about i^' high in a sessile terminal cluster, 2-bracteolate under the calyx; calyx-lobes unequal, the larger about as long as the tube; corolla greenish blue or bright blue, club-shaped, its lobes ovate, acute or acutish, much longer than the broad i-2-toothed appen- dages; anthers coherent, or at length distinct; seeds oblong, winged. In wet soil, New Brunswick to central New York, western Ontario and Minnesota. Aug.-Sept. 6i8 GENTIANACEAE. [VOL. II. 15. Gentiana villosa L. Striped Gentian. (Fig. 2880.) Gentiana villosa L- Sp. PI. 228. 1753. Gentiana ochroleuca Froel. Gent. 35. 1796. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stem simple, slen- der, terete, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves obovate, obtuse or the upper acute, narrowed at the base, faintly 5- nerved, i'-3' long, the lower much smaller; flowers several in a terminal sessile cluster and sometimes also in the upper axils, nearly 2' long, 2-bracteolate under the calyx; calyx-lobes unequal, linear, longer than the tube; corolla greenish white, striped within, ob- ong-funnelform, open, its lobes triangular-ovate or ovate- lanceolate, erect, much longer than the oblique entire or i-2-toothed appendages; seeds oval, wingless. In shaded places, southern New Jersey and Pennsylva- nia to Florida and Louisiana. Sept.-Nov. 16. Gentiana Porphyrio J. F. Gmel. flowered Gentian. (Fig. 2881.) Not One- (ienliana pnrpurea Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788. Gentiana Porphyrio]. F. Gmel. Syst. a: 462. 1791 Gentiana anguslifolia Micbx. F!. Bor. Am. x: 177. L. 1753. 1803. Perennial, glabrous; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear, firm, acute or blunt at the apex, i'-2' long, i"-2" wide, or the upper and lower shorter; flowers solitary at the ends of the stem or branches, short -peduncled, about 2' high; calyx- lobes linear, longer than the tube; corolla funnel form, bright blue, sometimes brown-dotted within, its lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, 5"-?" long, three times as long as the conspicuously laciniate appendages, or more; seeds oblong, wingless. In moist pine barrens, southern New Jersey to Florida. Aug.-Oct 5. PLEUROGYNE Eschol. Linnaea, i: 187. 1825. Slender usually branched annual glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and rather large flowers in terminal narrow racemes or panicles, or solitary at the ends of the slender pedun- cles. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted; segments narrow, often unequal. Corolla rotate, 4~5-parted; lobes ovate or lanceolate, convolute, acute, with a pair of narrow appendages at the base. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments slender or filiform; anthers ovate, sagittate, straight. Ovary i-celled; ovules numerous; style none; stigma decurrent along the sutures of the ovary. Capsule 2- valved. Seeds small and numerous. [Greek, referring to the lateral stigmatic surfaces.] About 7 species, of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, the following in North America. Leaves linear or lanceolate; sepals linear, i. P. rotata. Leaves spatulate or lanceolate; sepals ovate to lanceolate. 2. P. Carinthiaca. i. Pleurogyne rotata (L.) Griseb. Pleurogyne. (Fig. 2882.) Swerlia rotata L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753. Pleurogyne rotata Griseb. Gent. 309. 1839. Stem erect, usually 6'-i5/ high, sometimes lower, sim- ple, or with nearly erect branches. Leaves linear to lan- ceolate, Yz'-i' long, i "-a" wide, or the basal spatulate or oblong, shorter and sometimes broader; sepals nar- rowly linear, or linear-lanceolate, about the length of the lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate corolla- segments which are 4//-6" long; capsule narrowly oblong. Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. Vol.. II.] GENTIAN FAMILY, 619 2. Pleurogyne Carinthiaca (Wulf.) Griseb. Smaller Pleurogyne. (Fig. 2883.) Swertia Carinthiaca Wulf.; Jacq. Misc. 2: 53. 1781. Pleurogyne Carinthiaca Griseb. Gent. 310. 1839. Similar to the preceding species, 'but mostly smaller and more slender, rarely over 6' high, the stems or branches i -few flowered; leaves spatulate, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, 3//-6// long; sepals ovate to lanceolate, shorter than the corolla-segments or at length equal- ling them, these 3//-6// long, ovate, and acute; capsule ovoid-oblong. Eastern Quebec. The American plant was separated from the European by Dr. Gray as var. pusilla. 6. FRASERA Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788. Perennial or biennial erect glabrous mostly tall herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and rather large white yellowish or bluish flowers, in terminal cymose panicles or thyrses. Calyx 4-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, the lobes convolute in the bud, each bearing i or 2 fimbriate or fringed glands within. Stamens 4, inserted on the base of the short corolla-tube; filaments subulate or filiform, sometimes united at the base; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary ovoid, i-celled; style slender or short, but distinct; stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Capsule ovoid, coriaceous, somewhat compressed, 2-valved, few- seeded. Seeds flattened, smooth, margined or narrowly winged. [In honor of John Fraser, a botanical collector.] Eight species, natives of North America, all but the following far western. i. Frasera Carolinensis Walt. Ameri- can Columbo. (Fig. 2884.) Frasera Carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788. Stem 3°-4° high, stout. Leaves mostly ver- ticillate in 4's, those of the stem lanceolate or oblong, acute or acutish, 3'-6' long, the basal ones spatulate or oblanceolate, usually much larger, the uppermost small and bract-like; in- florescence thyrsoid-paniculate, large, often 2° long; flowers slender- pedicelled, about Abroad; corolla yellowish white with brown-purple dots, its lobes broadly oblong, bearing a large circu- lar long-fringed gland at or below the middle; style 2//-3// long; stigma 2-lobed; capsule much compressed, 6//-8// high, longer than the calyx. In dry soil, western New York and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Kentucky. June- Aug. 7. TETRAGONANTHUS S. G. Gmel. Fl. Sib. 4: 114. 1769. [HALENIA Borck. in Roem. Archiv, i: 25. 1796.] Annual or perennial usually tufted glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and middle- sized white yellowish purple or blue flowers in terminal and axillary often panicled cymes. Calyx deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted, the segments lanceolate or oblong. Corolla campanulate, 4-5-cleft, the lobes convolute in the bud, each with a hollow spur or projection below, which is glandular at the bottom within. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted near the base of the corolla; fila- ments filiform or subulate; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled, the placentae more or less intruded; ovules numerous; style very short, sometimes none; stigma 2-lobed. Cap- sule ovoid or oblong, 2-valved. Seeds globose-ovoid, smooth. [Greek, alluding to the four-parted flowers.] About 30 species, natives of mountainous regions of North America, South America and Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States. 620 GENTIANACEAE. [VOL. II. i. Tetragonanthus deflexus (J. E. Smith) Kuntze. Spurred Gentian. (Fig. 2885.) Swertia deflexa ]. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop, no. 8. 1816. Halenia deflexa Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 67. PL 155. 1834. Tetragonanthus deflexus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. p,i. 1891. Annual; stem simple or branched, slender, erect, 6'-2o/ high. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, ob- tuse, narrowed into petioles; stem-leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3-5-nerved, i'-2' long, the uppermost much smaller; calyx-segments lan- ceolate or spatulate, acute or acuminate; corolla purplish or white, about 4" high, its lobes ovate, acute, the spurs deflexed or descending, one-fourth to one-half the length of the corolla; capsule nar- rowly oblong, 6"-7" long, about twice as long as the calyx. In moist woods and thickets, Labrador to Massachu- setts and southern New York, west to Michigan and the Indian Territory. July-Aug. Tetragonanthus deflexua Brentoniinus (Griseb.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 261. 1894. Halenia Brentoniana Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 68. 1834. Low, 3' -8' high; spurs shorter and thicker. Newfoundland to Anticosti. 8. OBOLARIA L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753. A low glabrous perennial herb, the stem simple or branched, the lower leaves reduced to opposite scales, the upper foliaccous, subtending the racemose-spicate or thyrsoid white or purplish flowers. Calyx of 2 spatulate sepals. Corolla oblong-campanulatc, 4-cleft, the lobes imbricated, at least in the bad. Stamens 4, inserted in the sinuses of the corolla; fila- ments slightly longer than the ovate sagittate anthers. Ovary i-cellcd, with 4 internal placental projections; ovules numerous; style distinct; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid, 2-valved or irregularly bursting. Seeds minute, covering the whole interior of the capsule. [Greek, obolus, a coin, alluding to the thick round leaves.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Obolaria Virginica L. Pennywort. (Fig. 2886.) Obolaria Virginica L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753. Stems 3'-6' high from a perennial root of thick fleshy fibres, bearing 2-6 pairs of thick small obtuse scales in place of leaves. Floral leaves broadly obovate-cuneate, obtuse, purplish, 4"-6" long; flowers sessile or nearly so in the axils, in clusters of 1-4 (usually 3), and terminal; corolla about 5" long, cleft to about the middle, the lobes oblong, obtuse, entire, or denticulate; stamens in- cluded; capsule 2%" long. In rich woods and thickets, New Jersey to Georgia, west to Illinois and Texas. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. April-May. 9. BARTON I A Muhl.; Willd. NeueSchrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 3: 444. 1801. Slender or filiform erect glabrous annual or biennial herbs, the leaves reduced to min- ute opposite subulate scales, or some of them alternate, and small white or yellowish race- mose or paniculate flowers, or these rarely solitary and terminal. Calyx deeply 4-parted, the segments lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla canipanulate, deeply 4-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted at the sinuses of corolla; filaments slender, much longer than the ovate sagittate anthers. Ovary i-celled, the placentae intruded; ovules numerous; style very short or none; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid-oblong, acute, 2-valved. Seeds minute, covering the whole inner surface of the capsule. [In honor of Professor Benjamin Smith Barton, 1766-1815, of Philadelphia.] Two species, natives of eastern North America. Corolla yellowish, iM "-2" long, its lobes oblong. I. B. Virginica. Corolla white, 3" -4" long, its lobes spatulate. 2. B. verna. VOL. II.] GENTIAN FAMILY. 621 i. Bartonia Virginica (L,.) B.S. P. Yellow Bar tonia. (Fig. 2887.) Sagina Virginica L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753. B. tenella Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 3: 445. 1801. Barlonia Virginica B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888. Stem rather stiff, almost filiform, 4/-i5/ high, simple, or with few erect branches above, 5-angled, yellowish green, sometimes twisted. Subulate scales i//-2// long, appressed, the basal pairs close together, the upper distant; flowers mostly opposite, peduncled; pedicels ascending or erect, 2//r- 6X/ long; corolla greenish yellow, \%"-2/f long, its lobes ob- long, acutish or obtuse, somewhat exceeding the calyx; stamens included; ovary 4-sided; capsule about \yz" long. In moist soil, Newfoundland to Florida, west to Michigan and Louisiana. July-Sept. Bartonia Moseri (Steud. & Hochst. ) Rob. & Schrenk, a plant very similar to this species, but with alternate leaf-scales and corolla twice as long as the calyx, reported to range from Louis- iana to Newfoundland, may perhaps be distinct, but it is little known. Plants of B. Virginica with alternate leaf-scales are sometimes collected with the typical opposite-scaled form. 2. Bartonia verna (Michx.) Muhl. Bartonia. (Fig. 2888.) White Centaurella verna Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 97. pi. 12. f. i. 1803. Bartonia verna Muhl. Cat. 16. 1813. Stem thicker and less rigid than that of the preceding species, usually simple, 2/-i5/ high, racemosely or corym- bosely i-several-flowered. Bracts distant, appressed, some of them commonly alternate; flowers solitary at the ends of the elongated erect peduncles, 3//-4// long; peduncles some- times -2' long; corolla white, its lobes spatulatc or obovate, obtuse, about 3 times the length of the calyx; ovary com- pressed; capsule about 2*/i" high. In swamps, southern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. March-May. Family 16. MENYANTHACEAE G. Don, Card. Diet. 4: 167. BUCKBEAN FAMII/V. 1837- Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with basal or alternate entire crenate or 3-foliolate leaves, and clustered regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, deeply 5 -parted, persistent. Corolla funnelform to rotate, 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate-valvate, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla, and alternate with its lobes; filaments mostly short; anther- sacs longitudinally de- hiscent; pollen-grains 3-angled. Ovary i-celled, the 2 placentae sometimes intruded; style long, short or none. Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent. Five genera and about 35 species, widely distributed. Leaves 3-foliolate; swamp plant. i. Menyanthes. Leaves simple, entire, cordate, floating. 2. Limnanthemum . i. MENYANTHES I,. Sp. PI. 145. 1753. A perennial glabrous marsh herb, with creeping rootstocks, alternate long-petioled 3-foliolate basal leaves, and white or purplish flowers, racemose or panicled on long lateral scapes or peduncles. Calyx 5-parted, the segments oblong or lanceolate. Corolla short- funnelform, 5-cleft, its lobes induplicate-valvate, fimbriate or bearded within, spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers sagittate. Disk of 5 hypogynous glands. Ovary i-celled; style subulate; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule oval, indehiscent or finally rupturing. Seeds few, compressed-globose, shining. [Greek, perhaps month-flower; a name used by Theophrastus. ] A monotypic genus of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere. 622 MENYANTHACEAE. [Vol.. II. i. Menyanthes trifolislta L. Buckbean. Marsh or Bean Trefoil. Bog-bean. (Fig. 2889.) Menyanthes trifoliata I,. Sp. PI. 145. 1753. Rootstock thick, scaly, sometimes i° long, marked by the scars of bases of former petioles. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles sheathing at the base, 2/-io/ long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, pinnately veined, i^'-S' long; raceme borne on a long scape-like naked peduncle, arising from the rootstock, io-2o-flowered; pedicels stout, 3//-i2// long, bracteolate at the base; flowers $"-6" long; calyx shorter than the white or purplish corolla, which is bearded with white hairs within; stamens shorter than the corolla and style exserted, or longer and style nearly included; capsule ovoid, obtuse, about 4" long. In bogs, Greenland to Alaska, south to Island, Pennsylvania, Minnesota and California. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July. 2. LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmelin, Nov. Act. Acad. Petrop. 14: 527. //. 77. /. 2. 1769. Aquatic perennial herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves floating, petioled, ovate or or- bicular, deeply cordate, entire or repand, or the primary ones different; flowers yellow, or white, umbellate at the summit of filiform stems at the bases of the petioles, or axillary, often accompanied by a cluster of thick elongated root-like tubers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud, sometimes finilni :iU- on the margins. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments short; anthers sagittate, versatile. Ovary i -celled; style short or none; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid or oblong, indchiscent or irregularly bursting. Seeds numerous or few, smooth or rough. [Greek, pool-blossom.] About 20 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. The following are the only ones known to occur in North America. Flowers accompanied by tufts of root-like tubers; native species. Floating leaves i' -2 long; flowers 3" -6" broad, yellow; seeds smooth. i. L. lacunosum. Floating leaves 2' -6' long; flowers 6"-io" broad, white; seeds rough. 2. L. aquaticum. Flowers not accompanied by tufts of tubers; flowers bright yellow, i broad, or more; introduced species. 3. /,. nymphaeoides. i. Limnanthemum lacundsum (Vent.) Griseb. Floating Heart. (Fig. 2890.) Villarsia lacunosa Vent. Choix des Plantes, 9. 1803. Limnanthemum lacunosum Griseb. Gent. 347. 1839. Rootstock buried in the mud, the roots long and fibrous. Primary leaves membranous, submerged, short-petioled; stems (stolons) filiform, greatly elon- gated, sometimes 10° long, bearing a short-petioled floating leaf, an umbel of flowers and a cluster of nar- row tubers at its summit, or some of the floating leaves on petioles as long as the stems; floating leaves ovate-orbicular, purplish beneath, i/-2/ long, the basal sinus narrow or broad; pedicels slender; tubers linear- conic, %'-\' long; flowers yellow, $"-&' broad; style none; capsule ovoid, covered by the connivent calyx- segments; seeds numerous, smooth. In ponds, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Min- nesota and Louisiana. July-Aug. • Voi,. II.] BUCKBEAN FAMILY. 623 2. Limnanthemum aquaticum (Walt.) Britton. Larger Floating Heart. (Fig. 2891.) A nonymos aqua f tea Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788. Villarsia aquatica Gmel. Syst i: 447. 1791. Menyanthes trachysperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 126. 1803. Limnanthemum trachyspermum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 390. 1867. Limnanthemum aquaticum Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 12. 1889. Similar to the preceding species but stouter and larger. Floating leaves cordate-orbicular, thick, entire or repand, 2/-6/ long, spongy, and with the petioles and stolons densely covered with minute pits; primary leaves spatulate; pedicels slender, i'-3' long; tubers linear-oblong, thicker; corolla white, 6//-io// broad; style none; seeds rough; capsule longer than the calyx. In ponds, southern New Jersey and Delaware to Florida and Texas. Tubers apparently less abundant than in L. lacunosum. May- Aug. 3. Limnanthemum nymphaeoides (L.) Hoffm. & Link. Water Lily Floating Heart. (Fig. 2892.) Menyanthes nymphaeoides L. Sp. PI. 145. 1753- Limnanthemum nymphaeoides Hoffm. &. Link, Fl. Port, i: 344. 1809. Stems long, creeping or buried in the mud, ascending to the surface of the water, branched, the upper nodes bearing a petioled leaf and a cluster of flowers, or the upper internodes very short and their leaves apparently opposite. Petioles stout, mostly longer than the ovate-orbicular firm blades, which are 2/-4/ broad; pedi- cels stout, becoming ^/-6/ long, not ac- companied by tufts of tubers; flowers bright yellow, i' in diameter, or more; corolla segments short-fringed. Naturalized in ponds, District of Columbia. Native of Europe and Asia. May-July. INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Classes and Families in SMALL CAPITALS; genera in heavy face ; synonyms in italics.] Abutilon 422 AEsculus Ammania Anemonella Abutilon 422 lutea 401 11 'rightii 469 thalictroides 66 Avicennae 422 octandra 401 AMMIACEAE 508 Aneth > inn Acacia 254 Pavia 402 Ammi Foeniculum 525 brachyloba 255 AEthusa filicina 254 Cynapium filiculoides 254 Agnmonia 519 520 225 capillaceum majus Ammodema 538 538 35 Angelica 511 Archangelica 520 atropurpurea 512 ACERACEAE 396 Hrittoniana 227 Acer 397 Eupatoria 226-7 barbatum 398 hirsuta 226 peploides Ammoselinum 36 525 Curtisii 511 hirsuta 512 triquinata 512 dasycarpum 397 microcarpa Drummoadii 398 mollis 22, Amorpha 286 villosa 512 Annona eriocarpum 397 parvi flora 2- glabrum 399 pumila montanum 399 rostellata Negundo 400 striata ^ '„ canescens 22! fruticosa t3fr microphylla 226 ,nana , 287 •86 286 286 triloba 49 Anogra jss ( OEnothera in part) albicaulis 488 nigrum 398 Pennsylvanicum 399 platanoides 400 Pseudo-Platanus 400 rubrum 397 Agroatemma Coronaria (iithago Ailanthua rimadtilOM 16 355 rtmpi'iiipsi.s arborea cordata heterophylla quinquefolia 412 412 412 412 coronopifolia 488 pallida 489 AM.VU i \i 49 Anonymos aquatica 621 saccharin um 397-8 Alchemilla ££ •• ritacea 4 '3 bract fata 313 saccharum 398 alpina 225 Veitchii 4'3 petiolata 603, 606 apicatutn 399 arvenais 325 A mph ica rpa rotundifolia 268 striatum 399 vulgaris 225 MMOMfl 334 Anthriscua tripartitum 399 Alliaha Pitcheri 334 Anthriscus 528 Achryanthes Alliaria 115 Amygdalua 253 Cerefolium 528 dichotoma 39 Alaine 20 Peraica 254 sylvestris 528 Aconitum 60 aquatica 20 ANACARDIA 385 vulgaris 528 Noveboracense 61 borealis 24 Anagallia 592 Anychia 38, 40 paniculatum 61 ' ' alpestris 24 arvenais 593 argyrocoma 38 reclinatum 61 crassifolia 24 ,, coerulea 593 Canadensis 40 uncinatum 61 fontinalis 24 coerulea 593 capillacea 40 Actaea 55 graminea 23 Andromeda 567 dichotoma 40 alba 56 Holortea 22 arborea 571 Aphanes arguta 55 humifusa 21 calyculata 570 arvensis 225 racemosa 56 longi folia 22 coerulea 565 Aphora rubra 55 " dissecta 55 longipea " Edwardsii 23 ftoribunda 23 hypnoides 568 humilis 365 565 mercurialina 364 spicata vars. 55-6 " peduncularis 23 ttguslrina 570 Apiastrum 526 Acuan 255 media 21 Mariana 569 patens 527 Illinoensis 255 Michauxii 33 Poli folia 568 Apios 334 leptolobus 255 pubera 22 ta \ifolia 565 Apios AW Adelia 603 uliginosa 21 tetragona 566 tuberosa 335 acuminata 603 Althaea 4'5 see Leucothoe 566-7 Apium w.s. .sri Adlumia 105 otlicinalis see Pieris 568-9 Ammi 534 cirrhosa 105 Alyssum 138. 152 Androsace divaricatum 5^7 fungosa 105 alyssoides 153 occidentalis 586 echinatum 537 Adnaria 574 arcticum '38 Anemone 62 graveolens 533 Adonis 89 calycinum 153 Canadensis 64 leptophyllum 534 annua 89 incanum 154 Caroliniana 62 patens 527 autumnalis 89 maritimum cylindrica 63 Petroselinum 533 Adorium Amelanchier 237 dichoioma 64 Popei 525 divaricatum 527 alni folia ffepatica 65 Aquilegia 57 lenuifolium 527 Botryapium 238 Hudsoniana 63 brevistyla 58 AEgopodium 539 Canadensis 237 lancifolia 65 Canadensis 58 Podagraria 539 " oblongifolia 238 multinda 63 flaviflora 58 AEschynomene 3 1 1 oligocarpa 239 nemorosa 4 vulgaris 58 hispida 312 rotundifolia 238 nudicaulis 74 Arabia 116, 146 Virginica 312 spicata 238 Nultalliana 67 alpina 148 AEsculus 400 Ammannia 468 parvi flora 62 brachycarpa 150 arguta 401 auriculata 469 Pennsylvanica 64 bulbosa 131 flava 401 coccinea 460 quinquefolia 64 Canadensis 149 ' ' pu rpu rascens 401 humilis 469-76 Richardsonii 64 confinis 150 glabra 401 Koehnei 469 lhalictroides 66 dentata 148 Hippocastanum 400 latifolia 469 trifolia 65 Douglassii 130 hyorida 401 ramosior 470 Virginiana 63 glabra 150 Voi,. II.] INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 625 Arabis Asimina 49 Bartonia BUXACEAE 384 hirsuta 149 triloba 49 Moseri 621 Cabomba 41 Holboellii 150 Astilbe 169 tenella 621 Caroliniana 41 humifusa 147 biternata 170 verna 621 CACTACEAE 460 laevigata 149 decandra 170 Virginica 621 Cactus 461 " laciniata 149 Astragalus 263, 296 Bartonia Pursh. ferox 464 " Burkei 149 (inc. Phaca in part) see Mentzelia 458 fragilis 464 Ludoviciana 147 aboriginorum 303 Batrachium 83 humifusus 463 lyrata 147 adsurgens 299 divaricatum 84 mamillaris 462 patens 148 alpinus 304 hederaceum 84 Missouriensis 462 perfoliata 150 bisulcatus 300 trichophyllum 84 " similis 462 petraea 116 caespilosus 306 "caespilosus 84 Opuntia 463 retrofracta 150 campestris 308 Behen 9 viviparus 462 rhomboideapurp. 130 Canadensis 298 vulgaris 9 CAESALPINACEAE 256 Thaliana 146 carnosus 263, 297 Benzoin 98 Caesalpinia Virginica 147 Carolinianus 298 Benzoin 98 Falcaria 259 ARALIACEAE 505 caryocarpus 297 melissaefoliuni 98 Jamesii 259 Aralia 505 Cooperi 305 BERBERIDACEAE 89 Cakile 117 hispida 507 crassicarpus 297 Berberis 89 Americana 117 nudicaulis 506 distortus 303 Aquifolium 90 edentula 117 " prolifera 506 Drummondii 299 Canadensis 90 Calceolaria 456 quinquefolia 507 elatiocarpus 301 repens 90 verticillata 456 racemosa 506 elegans 303 Sinensis 90 Callirrhoe 418 spinosa 506 elongatus 302 vulgaris 00 alceoides 418 trifolia 507 flexuosus 302 Berchemia 404 digitata 418 Arbutus frigidus var. Ameri- scandens 404 involucrata 419 alpina 573 canus 304 volubilis 404 triangulata 419 Uva- Ursi 572 gracilis 302 Bergia 438 CALLITRICHACEAE 381 Ar chang elica hyalinus 306 Texana 438 Callitriche 381, 470 atropurpurea 512 Hypoglottis 299 Berteroa 153 Austini 382 Gmelini 520 Kentrophyta 306 incana 154 autumnalis 382, 470 A rchemora lotiflorus 301 Berula 538 bifida 382 rigida 513 melanocarpus 301 angustifolia 538 heterophylla 382 Arctostaphylos 572 Mexicanus 297 erecta 538 palustris 382 alpina 573 microlobus 363 Bicuculla 103 terreslre 382 Uva-Ursi 5/2 Missouriensis 301 Canadensis 104 verna 382 Arenaria 3° mollissimus 298 Cucullaria 104 vemalis 382 bi flora 32 multiflorns 305 eximia 104 Calluna 573 Canadensis 37 pectinatus 300 Bignonia vulgaris 573 Caroliniana 33 pictus var. filifol. 305 sempervirens 605 Caltha 51 ciliata Plattensis 297 Boyktnia flabellifolia 51 Fendleri 32 racemosus 300 aconitifolia 177 natans 52 Groenlandica 34 Robbinsii 304 humilis 470 palustris 51 hirta 33 " Jesupi 304 Brachylobus CALYCANTHACEAE 04 Hookeri 32 sericoleucus 307 ! hispidus 125 Calycanthus 95 humifusa Shortianus 301 Bradburya 332 fertilis 95 laieriflora 35 tenellus 305 Virginiana 333 fioridus 95 macrophylla 35 Tennesseensis 298 Brasenia 42 glaucus 95 Michauxii 33 trichocalyx 297 peltala 42 laevigatus 95 patula 34 triphyllus 306 purpurea 42 Calycocarpum 93 peploides 36 Athanianta Brassica 117-8 Lyoni 93 Pitcheri 34 Chinensis 512 alba 117 Camelina 139 rubra 37 Atragene 71 arvensis 119 sativa 139 " marina 37 Americana 71 campestris "9 Capnoides 105^7 Sajanensis -32 Azalea 557 juncea 118 aureum 106 serpyllifolia 31 {Rhododendron in Napus 119 " occidenlalis 107 squarrosa 33 part) nigra 118 crystallinum 107 stricta 33 arborescens 559 Sinapistrum 119 curvisiliquum 107 Texana 34 calendulacea 559 Braya flavulum 106 thymifolia 21 canescens 558 humilis 116 micranthum 106 verna 33 hispida 559 Bryanthus montanum 107 A rctous Lapponica 560 taxifolius 565 sempervirens 105 alpina 573 lutea 559 Buda Capsella Argemone 101 nitida 560 borealis 37 Bursa-pastoris 139 alba 101 nudiflora 558 marina 37 elliptica 138 albiflora IOI pilosa 562 minor 37 Cardamine 1 27 intermedia IOI procumbens 563 rubra 37 arenicola 129 Mexicana IOI viscosa 559 Bulliarda bellidifolia 130 A rgyrotha m n ia " glauca 560 aquatica 164 bulbosa 131 hnmilis 365 BALSAMINACEAE 403 Bumelia 595 Clematitis 130 mercurialina 364 Baptisia 264, 265 densiflora 596 Douglassii 130 Aronia 236 alba 267 lanuginosa 596 flexuosa 129 alnifolia 239 australis 265 lycioides 596 hirsuta 128 arbutifolia 236 bracteata 266 Bunias " sylvatica 129 nigra 237 leucantha 267 edenlula 117 Ludoviciana 147 Armeria leucophaea 265-6 Bupleurum 529 parvi flora 129 vulgaris 595 molhs 264 rotundifolium purpurea 130 Aruncus Aruncus 197 197 tinctoria 266 villosa 266 Bursa Bursa-pastoris 139 Pennsylvanica 128 " Britloniana 128 syl-jester Barbarea 121 pastoris 139 pratensis 128 Ascyrum 428 Barbarea 122 Burshia rhomboidea 131 Crux- A ndreae praecox 122 humilis 504 rotundifolia 131 428, 434 stricta 122 Butneria 95 spathulata 147 hypericoides 428 vulgaris 122 fertilis 95 uniftora 135 stans 428 " arcuata 122 florida 95 Virginica 129, 147 40 626 INDHX OF LATIN NAMI-S. [VOL. II. Cardamine Chaerophyllum 528 Cleome Crataegus see Dentaria 132-3 procumbens 529 dodecandra 157 coccinea 242 Cardiospennum 4<>3 " Short ii integrifolia 155 " flabellata 242 Halicacabum 403 satii'ttHt 528 lutea 156 " oligandra Car urn 535 Teinturieri 53° pinnata 109 cordata 241 Carui 535 Chamaecistus 563 pungens 155 Crus-Galli 240 Cassandra procumbens 563 seirulata 155 flava 244 calyculata 570 serpyllifolia 563 spinosa 155 " Pubescens 244 Cassia Chamaecrista 3 Chamaedaphne calyculata 570 570 Cleomella angusti folia 156 flexispimi 157 glanaulosa 244 243 " robusta 258 Chamaenerium 480 CLETHRACEAE 548 macracantha 243 fasciculata Marylandica 258 258 angustifolium latifolium 481 481 Clethra acuminata 548 mollis 549 Oxyacantha 243 241 nictituns 257 Chelidonium 102-3 alnifolia 548 pari-ifolia 244 obtusifolia 258 diphyllum 102 Clitoria 333 populifolia 241 occidentalis 259 Glaucimn 103 Mariana 333 punctata 241 Tora 258 majus 103 Virginiana 333 " canescens Cassiope hypnoides 565 565 Chimaphila corymbosa 553 554 Clypeola alyssoides ;.; Pyracantha 153 racemosa 237 tetragona 566 maculata 553 marilima 153 rotundifolia 243 Castaha 44 umbellata 554 Cocculus pathul.it. i 240 Leibergii 45 Chimonanthus 95 Carolinns 94 spicata 238 odorata 44 Chiogenes 581 Conioselinum 512 subi'illosa " rosea 44 hispidula Canadfnse 512 tomentosa 244 pudica 44 Japonic a 581 Chinense 512 uniflora Pygmaea 45 serpyllifolia 581 Coptis si Vailiae *J*J i tetragona 45 Chionanthus 603 tri folia 54 vindis 242 tuberosa 44 Virginica 603 Cochleaha 113, 114 " nitida 242 Caucalis Chironia A rmoracia 127 Cristaria Anthriscus nodosa 5" seeSabbatia Chrysoaplenium 609-12 181 Coronopus oblongifolia 1 1 1 coccinea ,15 Cristatella 421 156 Caulophyllum 91 afterni folium 181 ofFicinalis 115 Jamesii thalictroides 9' Americanuni 181 Coelopleurum 520 Crotalana 267 Ceanothus 407 opposilifolium 181 Gmelini 520 alba 267 Americanus 407 Cicendia Comaium 217 ovalis 268 ovalis 407 exaltata 608 fragarioides 218 rotundifolia 268 ovatus 407 Cicuta 535 palustre 217 sagitlalis 268 " pubescens Cebatha 4<>7 93 bulbifera maculata Mfi Conium maculatum 531 " ovalis 532 Croton 268 362 Carolina 94 a z-ar. mac. .«6 Corema '$3 capitatus 363 -TRACEAE 393 Cimicifuga 56 Conradii 384 glanduloMis 362 Celastrus 395 Americana 57 C " k N \ 542 miinanthonyn us 363 scandens 396 cordifolia 57 Cornus 542 Texensis 363 Centaurella palmata 72 alba 545 Crotonopsia 364 verna 621 racemosa 56 alternifolia 546 linearis 364 Centella 54> " dissecta 56 Amonum 544 Ci< 108 Asiatica 541 Circaea 499 asperifolia 544 Cryptotaenia Centrosema alpina 50° Baileyi 545 Canadensis 536 Virginiannm 333 Lutetiana 499 Canadensis 543 Cubelium 456 Centunculus 593 Cissus candidissima 545 concolor 456 minimus Cerastium 593 25 Ampelopsis starts 412 412 circinata fasligiata 544 Cucubalus 546 liehen 9 alpinum 27 C is r \CEAK 439 Drummondii 544 niveus 9 aqualicum 20 Cistus florida 543 slellatus 9 arvense 37 Canadensis ; '•• ' paniculata 545 Cuphea brachypodum 26 Cladrastis 264 rugosa 544 petiolata 473 " compactum 27 fragrans 264 sericea 544 viscosi \\ima 473 cerastioides 28 hltca 264 stolonifera 545 Cymopterus 5'7 Fischeria n n m 27 tinctoria 264 stricta 546 acaulis 517 glomeratum 25 Claytonia 2 Suecica 543 glomeralus 517 quaternellu m 29 Caroliniana 3 Coronopus 113 montanus 517 longipedunculat'm 26 Chamissoi 3 Coronopus j i ^ Cynoctonum 605 unions 26 lanceolata 3 didynuis u\ Mitreola lull < oblongifolium semidecandrum 27 25 perfoliata Virginica 4 3 Coroni'lla varia 310 pfltiiliitum 310 Cynosciadium 606 521 trigyn it m 28 Clematis 67 Corydalis pinnatum 521 triviale 26 Addisonii 69 Canadensis 104 CYRILLAU \i. 389 veluttnum 27 Catesbyana glauca 105 Cyrilla 389 viscosum 25, 26 crispa 68 . see Capnoides 105-7 racemitlora .}*< 1 vulgatum 25, 26 cordata 68 Cotinus 388 tyrtornyncna 85 Cerasus cylindrica 68 Americanus 389 Cymoalaria 86 demissa 253 Fremontii 7° cotinoides 389 ranunculina 85 Mahal tb 252 hirsutissima Cotoneaster 245 Cytisus 265, 271 Pennsylvanica 252 ligusticifolia 68 Pyracantha 245 rhombtfolius 265 pumila 250 ochroleuca 69 Cracca 292 scoparius 271 seroiina 253 ovata hispidula 293 Dalea 287 " mo n tana 253 Pitcheri ' 68 spicata 293 alopecuroides 288 Virginiana Cercis 252 256 Scottii sericea 70 Virginiana " holosericea 292 lanuginosa 293 laxiftora 288 287 Canadensis 257 Simsii 68 Cranlzia parviflora 302 Cercocarpus 223 verlicillaris 7* lineata 521 violacea _29» parvifloms Cereus 223 Virginiana Viorna k 69 CRASSULACEAE Crataegus X63 see Parosela 287-8 239 , see Kuhnistera caespitosus 461 viornioides 69 apii folia 242 209-91 viridiflorus 460 Cleome 155 arborescens 242 Dalibarda 205 VOL. ii.] INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 627 Dalibarda Dodecatheon 593 Epilobium Euphorbia fragarioides 218 Meadia oliganthum 483 Nicaeensis 380 repens 205 " Frenchii 594 palustre 483 nutans 375 violaeoides 205 Dolichos paniculatum 484 Nuttallii Daphne 465 Caijang 340 spicatum 481 humistrata 373 Mezereum 465 polystachyus 338 strictuni 483 obtusata 378 Darlingtonia 255 regular is 335 Eranthis 53 Ohio/tea 380 Datisca Sinensis 340 hyemalis 53 Peplus 379 hirta 386 Draba 140 ERICACEAE 556 petaloidea Daucus 509 alpina 144 Erica 573 platyphylla 378 Carota androsacea 141 cinerea 573 polygonifolia 371 divaricatus 537 arabisans 142 Tetralix 573 Preslii 375 Decodon 470 aurea 143 vulgaris 573 robusta aquaticus 471 brachycarpa 143 Erigenia serpens 372 verticillatus 471 Caroliniana 141 bulbosa 542 serpyllifolia 372 Decumaria 185 confusa 142 Erodium 344 strictospora 374 barbata 185 cuneifolia 141 cicutarium 344 zygophylloides 371 Delphinium 59 Fladnizensis 141 moschatum 344 Eustoma 612 Ajacis 59 hispidula 141 Erophila Russellianum 612 azureum 60 incana 142 vulgaris 140 Falcata 333 Carolinianum 60 micrantha 141 Ervum 328 comosa 334 Consolida 59 nemorosa 143 hirsntutn 328 Pitcheri 334 exaltatum 59 nivalis 142 Lens 329 Ferula tricorne 60 ramosissima 142 multifiorum 305 Canadensis 519 urceolatum 59 verna 140 tetrasperm u m 32S foeniculacea Dendrium 562 DROSERACEAE 160 Eryngium 521 inllosa 512 buxiflorum 562 Drosera 161 aquaticum 522 Ficaria 85 Dentaria I31 Americana 161 integrifolium 523 Ficaria 85, i°3 diphylla 132-3 A nglica 162 Leavenworthii 522 ra mine u loides 85 heterophylla filiformis 162 prostratum 523 Floerkea 385 laciniata 132-3 intermedia 161 Virginianum 522 proserpinacoides 385 maxima 132 linearis 162 yuccaefolium 522 Foeniculum 525 Deringa 536 longifolia 161, 162 Erysimum 115, Foeniculum 525 Canadensis 536 rotundifolia 161, 162 Alharia "5 vulgare 525 Descurainia tenuifolia 162 Arkansanum 152 Forestiera Ha rtwegiana H5 DRUPACEAE 246 asperum 152 acuminata 603 incisa 145 Dryas 222 Bar bar ea 122 Fothergilla 192 pinna t a H5 chamaedrifolia 222 cheiranthoides 151 alni/'olia 192 Sophia 144 Drummondii 223 inconspicuum 15' Carolina 192 Desmanthus integri folia 222 lanceolatnm 152 Gardeni 192 brachylobus 255 octopetala 222, 223 officinale lit. Fragaria 206 leptolobus 355 lenella 222 parviflorum I51 Americana 207 Desmodium Duchesnea 207 pinnatum '45 Canadensis 206 see Meibomia 313-20 Indica 208 praeco.v 122 Indica 208 acumtnatum 3U EHKX. VCKAE 596 syrticolum IS2 rubens 209 Canadense hirsut.'y.'] Echinocactus 46l Erythraea 607 vesca 207 " longifolia 317 Simpsoni 46l calycosa 608 Virginiana 206 ciliare 321 Echinoccreus 460 Centaurium 607 " Illinoensis 206 cuspidainm 317 caespitosus 46l Douglasii 608 Frangula linealum 3*5 viridiflorus 460 i xaltata 608 Caroliniana 406 Dianthus 18 ELATINACEAE 437 pulchella 608 Frasera 619 Armeria JQ Elatine 437 ramosissima 608 Carolinensis 619 barbatus 20 Americana 437 spicata 607 Fraxinus ^ -y 600 deltoides 19 brachysperma 438 Eulophus 528 Americana 601 prolifer 19 triandra 438 Americanus 528 Caroliniana 602 Saxifraga I- ELEAGNACEAE 466 Euonymus 393 lanceolata 601 DlAPENSIACEAE 582 Eleagnus 466 Americanus 394 nigra 601 Diapensia 582 argentea 467-8 atropurpureus 394 Pennsylvanica 601 barbulala 583 Canadensis 467 Europaeus 395 platycarpa 602 Lapponica 583 Elodea obovatus 394 pubescens 601 Dicentra campanulata 436 EUPHORBIACEAE 361 quadrangulata 602 see Bicuculla 104 petiolata 437 Euphorbia 369 sambucifolia 602 Diclytra Virginica 436 arenaria viridis 601 see Bicuculla 104 EMPETRACEAE 383 commutata 380 Fumaria 104, 108 Didiplis 470 Empetrum 383 corollata 375 Cucullaria 104 diandra 470 Conradii 384 cuphosperma 376 eximia TO-i linearis 470 nigruni 383 Cyparissias fungosa IO5 Dielytra Enemion Darlingtonii 378 officinalis 108 Cucullaria 104 biternatum 54 dentata x- 376 parvi flora 108 Diospyros 596 •Epigaea dictyosperma 379 sempertnrens 105 Virginiana 597 repens 571 Esula 380 Galactia 335 Diphylleia Epilobium 481-5 Fendleri 374 glabella 335 cymosa 91 adenocaulon 484 Geyeri 372 mollis 336 Diplotaxis 119 alpinum 482 glyptosperma 373 pilosa 336 mural is 120 " majus 485 Helioscopia 379 regularis tenuifolia 120 anagallidifolium 482 heterophylla 377 volubilis 3^6 Dirca 466 angustifolium 481 hexagona 375 Galax 583 occidentalis 466 coloratura 484 humistrata 373 aphylla 584. palustris Discopleura 466 537 glandulosum hirsutum 484 482 hypericifolia Ipecacuanhae 375 377 Galega 292 see Cracca 292-3 capillacea Nuttallii Di taxis 53| Hornemanni lactiflorum latifolium 485 482 481 Lathyris lata maculata 377 374 373 Galpinsia Hartwegi GAMOPETALAE 495 495 548 humilis 365 lineare 483 marginata 376 Gaultheria mercurialina 364 molle 483 montana robusta 38i procumbens 572 628 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Voi, II. Gaura 496 Geum Heracleum Hypericum biennis 497 vernum 220 lanatum 514 boreale 434 coccinea 497 Virginian urn 220 Hesperis 1 23, 154 ca mpa n u la 1 u m 436 filipes 497 Gillenia 197 pinnatifida 123 Canadense linifolia 499 slipulacea 198 matronalis 154 corymbosHin 433 Michauxii 497 trifoliata 198 Heuchera 178 densiflorum 43° parviflora 496 Ginseng Americana 179 dolabriforme 432 sinuata 498 quinquefolium 5<>7 hispida Drummondii 435 villosa 498 trifolium " hirsuticaulis 180 ellipticum 432 Gaurella 493 Glaucium lOfl pubescens 179 galioides 43i guttulata 494 Glaucium 103 Richardsonii 1 80 graveolens 433 Gaylussacia 574 lutfum 103 Rugelii 178 frymnanthum 434 brachycera 575 GLaux 592 villosa 179 Kalmiamtm 430 dumosa 575 m. ultima 592 Hexaphoma Lasiantlius 427 " hirtella 575 Gleditsia 260 Petiolaris 176 maculatum 433 frondosa 574 aquatica 260 Hibiscus 424 maj us 435 resinosa 574 inonospenmt 260 lasiocarpus 425 mutilum 434 Gelsemium 604 triacanthos 200 militaris 425 nudicaule 436 nitidum 605 Glycine Moscheutos 424 perforatum 433 sempervirens 605 Apios 335 roseus 424 pettolatum 437 Genista 270 comosa Syriacus 426 prolificum tinctoria 271 frutescens 294 Trionum 425 pyraniidatum 429 GENTIANACEAK 606 monoica \\\ t'lfff till CHS 424-5 Sarot/ira 436 Gentiana 612 tomentosa ! IlPPOCASTAN.U i sphaerocarpum 431 acuta 614 umbtllata 339 400 viryatutn IU' affinis 615 Glycyrrhiza 3>o Hippuris 501 " ovali folium 432 alba 616-7' lepidota 3io maritima J01 1 'in; hticnin 436 Amarella var. 614 Gordonia 427 tetraphylla SOI Hypopitys 556 Andrewsii 616 Lasiantlius 427 vulgaris SGI Hypopitys 556 angustifolia 618 ( ', K( iSSULARIACEAE 187 Hoffmanseggia 259 Monotropa 556 Catesbaei 616 Guilandina Palcaria 259 Uex 390 Ctntaurium 607 dioica 261 Jamesii 259 A me/a ncli ier va r. 392 crinita 612 Gymnocladua 200 stricta 259 Cassine 391 detonsa 614 Canadtnsis 261 Holosteum 28 Dahoon 39' ElUottii 616 dioica 261 umbellatum 28 decidua 392 flavida 617 GypaophiU 16 Homalobus 305 glabra 391 Qnji 617 j muralis 16 caespit.. 306 laevigata linearis 617 paniculata I? montatui-- 306 mollis 399 " lanceolata 617 Halenia multiflorus monlana 392 " latifolia 617 Brentoniana 620 tenellus 305 monticola 392 ochroleuca 6i& deflexa ...... Honkenya opaca 390 Porphyrio 615 Halesia peploides 36 verticillat.i 392 propinqua 614 Carolina Hopea " padifolia 393 puberula 615 tetraptera 598 tincloria 597 " tenuifolia 393 pulchella 608 \\.\\ 3 multiflora 547 erythrocarpus 582 Mentzelia 458 ambiguum 504 sylvatica 547 macrocarpus 582 (Bar Ionia Pursh) Fanvellii 504 uni flora 547 Oxycoccus 581 albicaulis 459 heterophyllum Oakesia 383 f>a lust ris a urea 458 humile Obolaria 620 Oxydendron decapetala 459 nn it it m 5<>3 Virginica 620 arboreum 571 laevicaulis 459 pinnatum Oenanthe Oxygraphis >-> nuda 458 prose rpinacoides 5«5 ambigua 5'3 Cytnbalaria 86 oligosperma 458 scabratum filiformis 5'3 ,, alpina 86 ornata : -•> spicatum 503 teretifolia Oxypohs Ml (n \N 1 HACEAB 021 tenellum 503 OEnothera 48 5~9o filiformis Menyanthes 42, 621 verticillatum 503 brachycarpa 493 rigidus n \mphaeoides 42,623 Myrrhis caespitosa 492 u longifolius 513 f>fltata 42 Claytoni 530 canescens 494 Oxytropis trachvsperma 623 longistylis 53<> chrysantha 491 podocarpa 307 trifoliata 622 N.qui-.i 419 Fremont ii 495 sericea Menziesia 561 dioica 420 grandiflora \ see Spiesia 307-9 ferruginea rar. 562 glabi-ll.i 562 glob u la ris 562 hermaph rodita Nasturtium amphibium 422 127 guttulata Hat: huniifusa 494 495 487 Pachylophus 492 caespitosa 492 Pachypodiii in pilosa 562 Armoracia 121 laciniata 487 integrifulium no taxifolia 565 cun-isiliqua 126 " grandis 487 Pachysandra 384 Merimea hispidum '25 lavendulu 495 procumbens 384 Tex ana 438 lacustre '27 macrocarpa KM Pachystima 395 Meriolix 495 na ta ns var. A met: 1 27 minima m Canbyi 395 serrulata var. 496 i>btu\itm 124 Missouriensis r * i Mvrsiniles 395 Mespilui, ojficinale 126 mnt icata P', Panax 507 Azarolus 240 paluslre 125 Nuttallii |8Q quinquefolium 507 corni folia 241 ,. hispidum '25 fiinnatifida (80 trifoluim 507 hyemalis 244 sessiliflmum 126 rhombipetala 487 I'AI'AVI K \L 1 \l. 98 see Amelanchier 237-9 sinuatum 124 serrulata 496 Papaver 99 Aroma 236-7 sphaeroca rpu m '25 " spinulosa alpinum 100 Crataegua 241-3 sylvestre 124 sinuata 487 Argemone 100 MlMosui 254 tire "grandis 487 dubium 100 Mimosa Naumbergia 591 scapigera 492 niidicaule 100 filiculoides 254 guttata 59' speciosa 492 Rhoeas 99 Illinoensis 255 thyrsiflora 59« triloba 493 somniferum 99 Intsia 250 Neckeria " P'1 193 I'AI'II.IONACI-.AK 262 Mitella 180 Negundo see Anogra Parnassia 182 diphylla 180 aceroides ; • • " Kneiffia 4$ 0-91 asarifolia 184 nuda 181 Negundo 400 " Onagra 85-6 Caroliniana 182 Mitreola 605 Neillia OLEAI 600 grandifolia 182 petiolala 606 opuli/olia '95 OXAC.kAi. i 475 Kotzebuei 183 Modiola 423 Nelumbium QMMEH 485 palustris 183 Caroliniana 423 lutfum 45 ( OEnothera in part ) parvi flora 183 mnltifida 423 speciosum 46 biennis P-, Paronychia 38 Moehringia 35 Nelumbo 45 " grandiflora 486 argyrocoma 38 late ri flora 35 lutea 45 cruciata 485 dichotoma 39 macrophylla 35 Nelumbo 46 Oakesiana Jamesii and var. 39 Moenchia 28-29 nucifera 46 Ononis 2/4 sessiliflora 39 erecta 29 Nemopanlhes 393 repens 274 Parosela 287 Mohrodendron 598 Canadensis 393 Ophiorhiza aurea 288 Carolinuni 598 fasicularis 393 Milreola 606 Dalea 288 Moneses 552 Neobeckia Opuntia 462 enneandra 287 grandiflora 553 aquatica 127 arborescens 465 lanata 288 uni flora 553 Nesaea Camanchica 464 Parsonsia 473 MOXOPKTAI.AE 548 verticillata 471 fragilis 464 petiolata 473 MOXTKOPACKAK 554 Neslia humifusa 463 Parthenocissus 413 Monotropa 555 paniculata 140 mesacantha 463 quinquefolia 413 Hypopitys 556 Notaphoebe Missouriensis 464 ,. laciniata 413 Procera 554 Borbonia 96 Opuntia 463 tricuspidata 413 uni flora 555 Nuphar polyacantha 464 vitacea 413 Monotropsis 555 see Nymphaea 42-3 Rafinesquii 463 PASSIFLOKACKAE 457 odorata 555 Nuttallia tortispina 463 Passiflora 457 Montia 2-4 digitata 418 vulgar is 463 incarnata 457 Chamissonis 3 , involucrala 419 Opulaster '95 lutea 457 VOI,. II.] INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 631 Pastinaca 514 Polygala 355 Potentilla Pyrola sativa 514 acutiflora 356 rubens 209 chlorantha 550 Penthorum 168 alba 360 Salisbrugensis 209 elliptica 550 sedoides 169 ambigua 358 simplex 216 maculata 553 Peplis brevifolia 357 supina 213 minor 552 Americana 437 corymbosa 356 i tridentata 215 oxypetala 551 diandra 470 cruciata 357 Poterium rotundifolia 550 Persea 96 Curtissii 359 Canadense 228 " pumila 550 Borbonia 96 cymosa 356 Sanguisorba 228 secunda 552 Carolinensis 96 fastigiata 359 PRIMULACEAE 584 " pumila 552 " palustris vars. 96 incarnata 358 Primula 584 uhginosa 551 pubescens 96 lutea 356 Egaliksensis 584 umbellata 554 Petaloslemon Mariana 359 farinosa 585 uniflora 553 macrostachyus 289 Nuttallii 359 Mistassinica 585 Pyrus 233-8 violaceus 290 paucifolia 361 Prinos, see Dex 391-3 arbutifolia 236 see Kuhnistera 289-91 polygama 360 Proserpinaca 501 Botryapiu m 238 Peucedanum 515 ratnosa 356 palustris 502 communis 234 foeniculaceum 516 sanguined 358-9 pectinacea 502 nigra 237 graveolens 516 Senega and var. 360 pectinata 502 see Sorbus 233 Kingii 516 tenuTfolia 360 Prunus 246 Malus 234-6 nudicaule 516 uniflora 361 Alleghaniensis 248 Pyxidanthera 583 sativum 514 verticillata 357 Americana 247 barbulata 583 verticillatum 538 viridescens 358 angustifolia 248 Queria villosum 517 Polypremum 604 Aviuni 251 Canadensis 40 Phaca 298-304 procumbens 604 Besseyi 251 capillacea 40 Americana 304 Polytaenia 515 cerasifera 249 Quinaria 413 argophylla 306 Nuttallii 515 Cerasus 251 RANTTXCULACKAE 50 astragalina 304 PoMACEAE 232 Chicasa 248 Ranunculus 72 bisulcata 300 Pomaria cuneata 250 abortivus 77, 78 elongata 302 glandulosa 259 demissa 253 acris 79, 80 frigida var. Am. 304 Porteranthus 197 gracilis 249 affinis 77 longifolia 305 stipulatus 198 Gravesii 249 alismaefolius 76 neglecta 305 trifoliatus 198 hortulana 247 Alleghaniensis 78 parviflora 302 PORTULACACKA K i '• Mineri 247 am big ens 76 villosa 298 Portulaca 4 insititia 250 aquatilis vars. 84 see Astragalus 300-4 grandi flora 6 Mahaleb 252 arvensis 83 Orophaca 306-7 oleracea 5 maritima 249 bulbosus 80 Phaseolus 33^-9 pilosa 5 mollis 247 cardiophyllus 77 angulosus 338 retusa 5 montana 253 circinatus 84 diversifolius 338 Porluna nigra 247 Cymbalaria 86 leiospermus 339 floribunda 568 Pennsylvanica 252 delphinifolius 73 Perennis 338 Potamogeton pumila 2,v> " terrestris 73 polystacliyus 338 pinnatum 504 serotina 253 divaricatus 84 see Strophostyles 338-9 Potentilla 208 " Smallii 253 fascicularis 82 Philadelphia 185 agrimonioides 209 sphaerocarpa 249 Ficaria , 85 coronarius 186 Anserina 216 spinosa 250 filiformis 75 grandiflorus 186 argentea 209 Virginiana 252 Flammula var. inodorus 186 arguta 209 Watsoni 248 reptans 75 Phyllanthus 361 bipinnatifida 214 Pseudacacia " intermedius 76 Carolinensis 362 Canadensis 216 odorata 294 Harveyi 77 obovatus 362 " pumila 216 Psoralea 280 hederaceus 84 Phyllodoce 565 collina 209 argophylla 283 hispidus 80, 81 coerulea 565 effusa 214 aurea 288 hyperboreus 74 Physaria 135 Egedii 216 collina 283 lacustris 73 didyrnocarpa .1.35 emarginata 211 cryptocarpa 284 Lapponicus 74 Physocarpa 195 frigida 21 1 cuspidata 284 limosus 73 Pieris 568 fruticosa 2ts Dalea 288 Macounii 80 floribunda 568 intermedia 2(o digitata 283 micranthus 78 Mariana 569 Hippiana 213, 214 esculenta 284 Missouriensis 74 nitida 569 hirsula 212 floribunda 282 multijidus 73 Pimpinella 526 intermedia 2to hypogaea 284 " repens 73 integerrima 526 leucocarpa 212 incana 283 muricatus 83 Saxifraga 526 leucophylla 213 lanceolata 281 nivalis 76 Pisum littoralis 214 linearifolia 282 Nuttallii 85 mariiimum 330 maculata 209 longifolia 305 oblongifolius 75 PLATANACEAE 194 millegrana 212 macrorhiza 284 obtusiusculus 76 Platanus 194 minima 211 melilotoides 285 oval is 77 occidentalis 194 Monspeliensis 210,212 micrantha 281 parviflorus 82 Pleurogyne 618 multifida 215 obtusiloba 282 parvulus 82 Carinthiaca 619 nana 2ii Onobrychis 285 pedatifidus 77 rotata 618 nemoralis 216 pedunculata 285 Pennsylvanicus 80 PLUMBAGINACEAK 594 Nicolletii 213 stipulata 285 Philonotis 82 Podalyria nivea 210 tenuiflora 281 Purshii 73 bracteata 266 Norvegica 212 Ptelea 354 pusillus 75 mollis 264 palustris 217 trifoliata 354 pygmaeus 76 Podophyllum 92 paradoxa 213 Pterospora 554 ranunculinus 85 diphyllum 92 Pennsylvanica 214 Andromedea 554 recurvatus 79 peltatum 92 " strigosa 214 Ptilimnium 537 repens 80, 8 1 PODOSTEMACEAE 163 pentandra 212 capillaceum 538 reptans 75 Podostemon 163 pilosa 210 Nuttallii 538 " intermedius 76 Ceratophyllum 163 procumbens 217 Pulsatilla 66 rhomboideus 77 Polanisia 157 recta 210 hirsutissima 67 sceleratus 79 graveolens 157 reptans 216 PYROLACEAE 549 septentrionalis 81 trachysperma 758 rivalis 213 Pyrola 549 trichophyllus 84 POLYGALACEAE 355 Robbinsiana 211 asari folia 551 Raphanus 120, 140 632 INI'ICX OF LATIN NAM US. . II. Raphair:s Robinia Sabbatia Sclni'tinitzta Kaphanistrum 121 hispida 295 stellaris 611 Caroliniana 555 sativus i-'i Pseudacacia 294 Sagina 39 I'itura/a 555 Rapistrum 140 viscosa 295 apetala 29, 30 Scleranthus 40 rugosum 140 Ronpa 123 decumbens 30 animus RESKDACEAE 158 Americana 127 " Stnithii 30 Sedum 164 Reseda 158 Armoracia 127 erecta 29 acre ,(,,, alba 159 curvisiliqua 126 fontinalis 24 Nevii 1 68 lutea 159 hispida Linnaei 30 pulchellum 167 Luteola 158 Nasturtium 1 26 nodosa 30 reflexum .' 167 odorata 159 obtusa 1 24 procumbens 29 Rhodiola ,' 165 RHAMNACEAE 405 palustris 125 saginoides 30 rose inn 165 Rhamnus 405 sessiliflora 126 subulata 30 sparsiflonnn 1 66 alnifolia 406 sinuata 124 I'irginica 621 stenopetalum 166 Caroliniana 406 sphaerocarpa 125 S*lpingi* 495 telephioides 165 cathartica 405 sylvestris 1 24 Samolus 587 Telepliiuin 165 Frangula 4116 ROSACEAE 194 floribundus 587 teniatum 167 lanceolata 405 Rosa 228 Valerandi var. Torreyi 166 Rhexia 474 acicularis 2.V Americana 587 Selenia 1.54 aristosa 475 Arkansana 230 Sanguinaria 101 aurea '.U ciliosa 475 blanda 229 Canadensis 102 Selin H >n Mariana 474 canina 232 Sanguisorba 228 acaulf 517 petiolata 475 Carolina 231 Canadensis Canad, nsf 512 Virtfinica 474 cinnamomea 232 Sanguisorba 228 Sempervivum 168 Rhodiola eglanleria 232 Sanicula 523 tectorum 168 rosea 165 .-.flmanni 230 Canadensis Senebn-t <; Rhododendron 559-61 Canadensis 560 I'fndleri humilis 230 gregaria 524 231 Marylandica 523 Coronopns did\ma "3 113 CatawbieiiM-^ 561 " villosa 231 tnfoliata 524 S«sban ?>i^ Lapponicum 560 lucida 231 S.\I'IM>\CEAE 402 macrocarpa 296 maximum 561 micrantha 232 Sapindus 402 Stsbania 295 Rhodora 559 see Azalea 558-00 Rhodoia 559 Canadensis 559 nitida pannflora rubigmosa Sayi 231 acuminatus 402 23! marginatus 402 232 Sofia natia 402 230 S AIM u \CEAB 595 Sfsrli diraricatutn Sheperdia at gen tea 527 46! Rhua 3»5 setigera 929 Saponaria 17 Canadensis aromatica 387 Woodsii officinalis 18 Sibbaldia 217 Canadensis 198 Vaccaria 18 procumbens 217 copallina Alleghaniensis 202 Sarothamnus Sida 418, 421 cotinoides 389 Americanus : scofiarius 271 Abu ti Ion 422 glabra 387 arcticus 200 Sarothra 435-6 alceoides 418 hirta 380 !'..,::< v.jini- 204 /i'-niHMondii 435 BUiottii 421 radicans Canadensis 2115 gentianoides ;/ liiTinaphroilit;i 422 Toxicodendron 388 " mribaccus 205 SAKK \ /; / •if>ida 420 trilobata 387 Chamacmorus Sarracenia 159 <\apaea 422 typhina 386 cuneifolius 2-s flava 160 spinosa 421 venenata 388 Dalibarda 205 heterof>hylla 160 Sideroxylon Vernix 388 f randoms purpurea var. 160 lanuginosum 5'/' Rhynchosia 336 /mtieostts 202 Saaaarraa 97 lyciodes ,./> erecta hispidus ojficinale 07 Silene ni lati folia 337 " suberecla 204 97 acaulis 8 reniformis 337 Idaeus vars. 200-1 S \ \ 1 1 RAGACEAE 169 alba 9 Mtnplicifolia tomentosa 336 laciniatus .-; - 202 Saxifraga 170 aconitifolia 177 Anglica antirrhina 12 II " monophylla 337 Millspaughii •03 aizoides 171 " divaricata It " rolubilts 336 montan »on 173 Armeria II Ribes neglectus 201 caespitosa 173 Caroliniana II aureum 192 .\ulkanus 199 Caroliniana 175 Cucubalus 9 " chrysococcum 192 obovalis »3 cernua 172 dichotoma 12 albinervium 191 occidentals 201 comosa 175 Drummondi 15 cereum L.I odoratus 199 trosa 174 Gallica 12 Cynosbati 188 parviflonis »99 foliolosa 175 inflata 9 floridum 191 parvifolius 203 Forbcsii 173 Menziesii 13 gracile 188 saxa'tilis vars. 2OI Geum 176 nirea 9 Grossularia 189 setosus 204 Grayana 175 nocti flora 12 hirtetlum 189 strigosus 200 Hirculus 171 nocturna 12 Hudsonianum 190 triflorus 201 leucanthemifolia 176 ! nutans lacustre 190 trivialis 204 Michauxii 176 ovata § nigrum 190 rillosus vars. 202-205 micranthidifolia 174 Pen nsylva n tea ii oxyacanthoides RI'TACEAE 352 j nivalis 174 racemosa 12 189, 190 Sabbat ia 608 oppositifolia 171 regia IO Pennsylvanicum 191 (inc. Chironia) Pennsylvanica 173 rotundifolia IO prostratum 190 angularis 610 rivularis 172 stellata 8 rotundifolium 189 angustifolia 609 stellaris and var. 175 Virginica IO rubrum 191 brachiala 60^ Sullivanlii 177 vulgaris 9 " subglandulos. 191 calycina 610 tricuspidata 172 SlMARUBACEAE 354 setosum 188 calycosa 610 Virginiensis 174 Smapis 117 Uva-crispa 189 campanulata 6n Scandix 528, 531 alba 117 Ricinus 368 campestris 610 Cere/olinm 528 '• arvensis 119 communis 368 chloroides 612 Pecten-Veneris 531 juncea 118 Rotala 470 dodecandra 612 Schollera nigra 118 ramosior 470 Elliottii 611 see Oxycoccus 581-2 Sison 534-6 Robertsonia gracilis 6n Schrankia Ammi 534 micranthidifolia 174 lanceolata 609 angnstata 256 Canadense w » 536 Robinia 294 paniculata 609-11 uncinata 256 Sisymbrium 115, 124, 144 VOI..II.] INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 633 Sisymbrium Spiraea SYMPETALAE 548 Tordylium Alliaria 115 stipulata 198 SYMPLOCACEAE 597 A nthriscus 5" altissimum 116 trifoliata 198 Symplocos 597 nodosum brachycarpon 145 Virginiana 197 tinctoria 597 Tor His canescens 145 see Ulmaria 224 Syndesmon 66 Anthriscus 5" dentatum 148 Stanleya 109 thalictroides 66 nodosa humifusum 147 pinnata 109 Syringa 600 Tormentilla humile 116 pinnatifida 109 vulgaris 600 rep tans 216 murale 120 STAPHY LE ACE AE 396 Talinum i Toxicodendro n officinale 116 Staphylea 396 calycjnum 2 crenatum 387 Pannonicum 116 tri folia 396 parviflorum 2 pinnatum 388 Sinapistrum 116 Statice 595 teretifolium i vulgare 388 tenuifolium 120 Armeria 595 Tephrosia Tragia 366 Thalianum 146 Caroliniana 594 holosericea 293 cordala 368 see Roripa 124-6 Limonitim var. 594 see Cracca 292-3 innocua 367 ' Sophia 144 vulgaris 595 Tetragonanthus 619 macrocarpa 368 Sium 513, 532-8 Steironema 589 deflexus and var. 620 nepetaefolia 367 angustifolium 538 ciliatum 589 Tetranthera ramosa 367 Carsoni 532 intermedium 59° geniculata 97 sty la ris 367 cicutaefolium 532 lanceolatum 59° Thalictrum 66, 86 urens 367 e rectum 538 longifolium alpinum 86 TRAPACEAE 500 latifolium 532 quadrifloruni 591 anemonoides 66 Trapa 500 lineare 532 radicans 590 campestre 88 natans 500 longifolium 513 tonsum 590 clavatum 87 Trautvetteria 72 rigidum 513 Stellaria coriaceum 87 Carolinensis 72 •Sforyrnz'um alpeslris 24 Cornuti 88 pa I mat a 72 atropurpureum 518 aquatica 20 dioicum 87 Triadenum 436 aureum 534 biflora 32 polygamum petiolatum 437 barbinode 518 borealis 34 purpurascens Virginicum 436 cordatinn 535 cerastioides 28 " ceriferum 88 Tribulus 352 integerrimum 526 crassifolia 24 venulosum 88 maximus 352 nudicaule 516 Edwardsii 23 Thapsia terrestris 352 5o/«z fontinalis 24 Irifoliala 518 Trientalis 591 concolor 456 Friesiana 22 Thaspium 518, 534 Americana 592 Sophia 144 graminea 22 , 23 atropurpureum 518 Trifolium 274 Hartwegiana 145 Groenlandica 34 aureum 518 j agrarium 275 incisa 145 Holostea 22 " apterum 534 arvense 276 pinnata 145 humifusa 21 barbinode 518 , Beckwithii 277 Sophia 144 longifolia 22 " angustifolium 518 biflorum 312 Sophora 263 longipes 23 pinnatifulum 518 Carolinianum 279 an straits 265 media 21 trifoliatum 518 dubium 275 sericea 263 tinctoria 266 peduncularis pubera 23 22 " apterum 535 erectum Walteri 518 hybridum 337 278 villosa 266 uliginosa 21 THKAU M 426 incarnatum 276 Sorbus 233 Stenophragma 146 Thelypodium no medium 277 Americana 233 ThalJana I46 integrifolium no minus 275 Aucuparia 233 Stenosiphon 498 pinnatifidum 123 pratense 276 microcarpa 233 linifolium 499 Thermia procumbens 275 sambuci folia 233 virgatus 499 rhombifolia 265 reflexum 278 Spartium Stillingia 369 Thermopsis 264 repens 279 scoparium 271 sylvatica mollis 264 simplieifolium 337 Spefgula 30, 36 Strophostyles 338 rhombifolia 265 stoloniferum 278 arvensis 36 angulosa 338 Therofon 176 Virginicum 277 decumbens 30 helvola 338 aconitifolium 177 Trigonella nodosa 30 " Missouriensis 339 napelloides 177 Americana 280 saginoides 30 pauci flora 339 Thlaspi 113 Trollius 52 SptrgHlaria peduncularis 339 arvense 114 Americanus 52 media 37 umbellata 339 Bursa-pastoris 139 laxus 52 rubra 37 Stuartia 426 campestre in " albiflorus 52 salina 37 Malachodendron 426 perfoliatum 114 Tunica 17 Spermolepis 537 pentagyna 427 THYMELEACEAE 465 Saxifraga 17 divaricatus 537 Virginica 426 Tiarella 170, 177 Turritis echinatus 537 Stylipus biternala 170 see Arabis 149-50 Sphaeralcea 422 vernus 220 cordifolia 178 Ulex 270 acerifolia 423 Stylophorum 102 Tiedemannia Europaeus 270 rivularis 423 diphyllum 102 rigida 513 Uhnaria 223 Spiesia 307 Stylosanthes 312 teretifolia 513 palustris 224 arctica 308 biflora 312 TILIACEAE 413 rubra 224 Belli 309 elatior 312 Tilia 413 Ulmaria 224 campestris 308 racemosa 285 alba 414 UMBELLIFERAE 508 inflata 307 STYRACEAE 598 Americana 414 Vaccaria 18 Lamberti 309 Styrax 598 " Walteri 414 Vaccaria 18 " sericea 309 Americana 599 Canadensis 414 vulgaris 18 multiceps 308 grandifolia 599 Europaea 414 VACCINIACEAE 573 splendens 309 pulverulenta 599 glabra 414 Vaccinium 575 Spigelia 605 Subularia IIO heterophylla 414 amoenum 577 Marylandica 605 aquatica no pubescens 414 arboreum 589 Spiraea 170, 195 Sullivantia 177 Tillaea 164 atrococcum 578 Aruncus 170, 197 Ohionis 177 aquatica 164 buxifolium 575 betulifolia var. 196 Sullivantii i"7 simplex 164 caespitosum 576 corymbosa 196 Swertia Tissa 36-7 Canadense 578 opulifolia 195 Carinthiaca 619 Canadensis 37 corymbosum 577 salicifolia 196, 224 difformis 6iT marina 37 disomorphum 578 sorbifolia 197 deflexa 620 rubra 37 hirtellum 575 tomentosa 196 rotata 618 salina 37 , hispidulum 581 634 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [VOL. II. Vaccinium Vicia Viola Vitis ligustrinum 570 < sativa 328 " bicolor 449 riparia 410 membranaceum 576 Sepium 329 primulaefolia 451 rotundi folia 411 mucronatum 393 tetrasperma 328 pubescens 452 rupestris 411 myrtilloides 576 truncata 326 renifolia 45' Virginiana 411 mgrum 579 Vigna ovali folium 577 Catjang 339 340 rostrata rotundi folia 455 449 vulpina 410, Waldsteinia 218 pallidum 579 Sinensis 340 sagittata 448 fragarioides 218 Pennsylvanicum 578 VIOLACEAE 445 scabriuscula 453 Washingtonia 530-1 " angustifolium 578 Villarsia Selkirkii 450 (Osmorrhi:a) stamineum aqnatica 623 sororia IP Clay ton i 53° tend turn 577 lacunosa 622 strut, i 453 divaricata SU uliginosum 576 Viola 446-56 tenella longistylis • j*»* 53° vacillans 579 amoena 45° tricolor and var. 45 s 11 'is/aria virgatum 577 arenaria 454 verlicillata 456 ( iristeiia) Vitis-Idaea 580 see Gaylussacia Oxycoccus 581-2 Vesicaria argentea 137 arc t tea i3S didymocarpa 135 globosa 136 gracilis 137 Short ii 136 Vicia 325 arz'ensts 455 Atlantica 446 blanda 450 " palustriformis 450 Canadensis 453 canina var. t J i concolor 456 ctiiullata 447 hastata 452 delphinifolia 447 Labradorica 454 villosa Virgilia In lea Viscaha alpin.i I'iscum let restre VlTAC 1 Vitis aestivalis 447 264 7 7 588 407 408 409 frutescens speciosa Xanthorrhiza apiifolia stmplicissitna Xanthoxylum Americanum Carol inianum Clava-Hen-ulis Zizia 294 54 55 353 353 (Lalhyrus in part) Americana 326 angusti folia 329 Caroliniana 327 lanceolata Muhlenbergii mnlticaulis Nuttallii 45' 154 454 452 " canescens arborea Baileyana bicolor 409 412 411 409 aurea Bebbii cordata integerrima 535 ,.», Cracca 326 obliqua 447 bipinnata 412 pinnalifida 5'8 hirsuta 328 linearis 326 odorata ovata 8 cinerea cordifolia 409 410 Xolisma ligustrina 569 Ludoviciana 327 JM'.I:: t!.i ::• indii'isa 412 Zoraia 3' 2 micrantha 327 j. itaabii 450 I^abrusca 408-9 bracteata Mitchelli 328 pedatifida 447 palmata tftraphylla parviflora 327 pedata 449 quinquefolta 413 ZYGOPHYLLA*. i 35i INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. Aaron's Rod 165 Apple Bay Blackberry 202-5 Acacia 254 Honeysuckle 558 Red 96 Bailey's 204 Bastard 294 May 92 Rose 560-1 Bristly 204 False 294 Prairie 284 Swamp 96 High Bush 202 Prairie 254 Swamp 558 Sweet 48 Hispid 203 Rose 295 Arbutus, Trailing 571 Tan 427 Knee-high 203 Three-thorned 260 Argentill 225 White 4* Low Bush 204 Aconite 61 Arrow-beam 395 Beach Pea 330 Low-running 205 Winter 53 Arrow-wood 406, 543 Bean, Black-eyed 340 i Millspaugh's 203 Aconite Saxifrage 177 Ash, Black 602 China 340 Mountain 202 Ache 533 Blue 599, 602 Water 45 Running Swamp 203 Adam's Needle 531 Green 601 Bean-trefoil 622 Sand 203 Adder's Flower 14 Hoop 602 Bean, Wild 338 Black-cap 201 Adder's Meat 22 Mountain 233 Kidney 338 Black-eyed Susan 42.5 Adelia 603 Ox 596 Pink 339 Black Grass 272 Agrimony 226-7 Poison 388 Small 339 j Black-Gum 547 Ague-tree 97 Prickly 353 Trailing 338 Black-seed 272 Ague-weed 615 Red 601 Bean Vine 338 Black Snakeroot 524 AILANTHUS FAMILY Sea 353 Bear- berry 572-3 Bladder-Campion 9 354 Southern Prickly 353 Bear's Bilberry 572 Bladder Ketmia 425 Ailan thus 355 Wafer 354 Bear's Grape 572 BLADDERNUT Aise-weed 539 Water 602 Beaver-poison 536 FAMILY 306 Alder, Berry 406 White 601 Beaver-tree 48 i Bladder-nut 396 Black 406 Ash-weed 539 Beech-drops, Albany 554 Bladder-pod, Arctic 138 Dwarf 406 Astilbe 170 Carolina 555 Double 135 Alexanders 518 Avens 219-23 False 556 Low 136 Heart-leaved 535 Cream- colored 221 Beef-suet Tree 468 Oval-leaved 137 Alfalfa 272 Large-leaved 221 Beetle-weed 584 Silvery 137 Alfilaria 344 Long-plumed Purple Bee -tree 414 Short's 136 All-bone 22 219 Beggar's-needle 531 Slender 137 Alleghany Vine 105 Mountain 219, 222-3 Behen 9 Bleaberry 576 Alligator-tree 193 Purple 219 Benjamin-bush 98 Bleeding-heart, Wild Alleluia _ 271, 345 Rough 220 Bennet-Pimpernel 527 104 Allspice, Carolina 95 Spring 220 Benzoin-gum 98 Blinks 4 Wild 98 Water 219 Bergia, Texas 438 Blister-flowers 80 Alsike 278 White 220 Berry-alder 406 Blood-root 102 Althaea, Shrubby 426 Yellow 221 Besom 271, 573 Bloodwort 228, 606 Alum-root 179, 341 Yellow Mountain 219 Biddy's Eyes 455 Bloomfell 280 Alyssum 152 Awlwort, Water no Bilberry, Bear's 572 Blueberry 577~9 Hoary 154 Axeseed 310 Dwarf 576 Black 578 Sweet 153 Axewort 310 Great 576 Canada 578 Yellow 153 Ax weed 539 Oval-leaved 577 Dwarf 578 Amber 433 Azalea 558-63 Tall 577 High-bush 577 Ammannia 469 Alpine 563 Thin-leaved 576 Low 577 Ampelopsis 412 Clammy 559 Bilsted 193 Low Black 579 Andromeda 568-71 Flame 559 Bird's-bread 166 Low-bush 578 Privet 570 Mountain 558 •Bird's- foot Trefoil 2So Mountain 579 Androsace 576 Pink 558 Bird's-nest 510, 556 Pale 579 Anemone, Canada 64 Purple 558 Giant 554 Sugar 578 Carolina 62 Smooth 559 Bishop's Cap 180-1 Swamp 577 Cut-leaved 63 Trailing 563 Bishop's Elder 539 Tall 577 False Rue 54 Tree 559 Bishop-weed 539 Blue-pipe 600 Long-fruited 63 White 559 Mock 538 ! Blue-tangle 574 Mountain 65 Bachelor's Button 356 Bitter-bloom 610 Bog-bean 622 Northern 62 Bald money 513 Bitter-cress 128-130 Bogberry 581 Richardson's 64 Balloon Vine 403 Hairy 128 ; Bogwort 581 Rue 66 Balsam 403 Meadow 128 Bokhara-clover 273 Tall 63 Balsam-flower 274 Mountain 130 Bole-wort 538 Angelica 511-2 Baneberry 55-6 Pennsylvania 128 Bongay 400 Sea- coast 520 Bannal 271 Sand 1 29 Bottle Brush 501 Angelica-tree 506 BARBERRY FAMILY 89 Small-flowered 129 Bouncing-Bet 18 Angelico 519 Barberry 90 Wood 129 ' Bowman's-root 198 Angleberries 332 Bartonia 621 , itter-herb 607 Box FAMILY 384 Apiastrum 527 Bass-wood 414 X'tter-sweet, Shrubby Box, Flowering 580 APPLE FAMILY 232-45 Bay 48, 96, 427 or Climbing 396 Box-berry 572 Apple 236 Dwarf 465 . ?alse 396 Box Elder 400 Hog 92 Loblolly 427 Black alder 392 ' Box-wood 543 636 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMI-S. [VOL. II. Bramble 200 ' Cabomba 41 Cherry Cinquefoil Bread-root 284 CACTUS FAMILY 460 Bessey's 251 Three-toothed 215 Breakstone 225 Cactus, Comanche 464 Cabinet 253 Wood 216 Bridewort 224 Missouri 462 Choke 252 Woolly 213 Brier, Sweet, Wild 232 Nipple 462 Crab 251 Clammy-weed 1 57 -S Brook-weed 587 Purple 462 Dwarf 250 Clamour 564 Broom, Base 271 Simpson's 461 Egriot 251 Claytonia 3-4 Dyer's 271 Twisted-spined 463 Gean 251 Clematis 67-70 Green 271 Calfkill 563 Mahaleb 252 Addison Brown's 69 Indigo 266 Calico-bush 564 Mazard 251 Fremont's 70 Scotch 271 Calico-wood 598 Perfumed 252 Marsh 68 Sweet 311 CALTROP FAMILY 351 Pigeon or Pin 252 Mountain 70 Thorn, or Prickly 270 Caltrop, Greater 352 Rum 253 Scott's Yellow 266 Land 352 Sand 250 Silky 69 Broom Crowberry 384 Water 501 Sour 251 Sim's 68 Bruise-wort 18 Campion, Bladder 9 Sweet 251 Cleome 155-6 BUCK-BEAN FAMILY 621 Meadow 14 Western Sand 251 Cleomella Buck-bean 622 MOM 8 Western Wild 253 Climath Buckberry 580 Red 14 Wild 251 Climbing Bittersweet HICKKYE FAMILY 400 Red Alpine Wild Black 253 ' 396 Buckeye 401 -2 Rose 1 6 Wild Red 252 Climbing Fumitory 105 Buck's-horn 113 Starry 8 Chervil, Bur 528 Cloud-berry 200 • ill V Western White 9 Garden 528 Clover 404 White 13 Hemlock 511 Alsatian 278 Buckthorn 250, 405 Canby's Mountain Needle Alsike 278 Alder 406 Lover 395 Rough 511 Beckwith's 277 Alder-leaved 406 Cancer-root 594 Spreading 529 Bokhara 273 Carolina 406 Canker-blooms 232 Teinturier's 530 Brazilian 272 Lance-leaved 405 Canker Lettuce 550 Wild 528 Buffalo 278 Southern toe Canker-root 54 Chestnut, Water 500 Bur 273 Woolly 596 Canker- Rose 99, 232 Chickweed, Allbone 22 Burgundy 272 Buffalo-berry 467-8 Bugbane C \ri K !•' \Mii.y ' 154 Caper, Wild Alpine 27 Bush 321-5 Blinking 4 Carnation 276 American 57 Caper-bush Common 21 Cabul 273 l ;.i!~. 72 d:.i\v.iy 535 1 !-M 27 Carolina .-7'. Bullace 250 CARROT FAMILY 508 Forked 40 Cat's HO Bull-wort 538 Carrot, Wild 510 Great 22 Chilian 272 Bunchberry ; | Carries 535 Jagged 28 dim-on 276 Bunch Pink 20 Case -weed l..'\\ 21 Dutch 279 Burnet 228 Cwhti 532 Marsh 21 Hare's-foot 276 Burnet Rose 593 Cassandra, Dwarf 570 Mouse-ear 25-8 Hart's 274 Burning Bush 394 Cassena 591 Nodding 26 Heart 273 Burnut, Ground Cassiope 565-6 Red 593 Honeysuckle 276, 279 Burren Myrtle 572 Castor-bean 368 Sea 36 Hop 272, 275 Bush-Clover 322 Castor-oil Plant 368 Short-stalked Italian 276 Creeping 321 Hairy 324 Catch -fly, Dover 9 English 12 Silver Japan 325 Slender-forked 40 King's 274 Japan 325 Forked 1 2 Starwort 2.S Least Hop 275 Narrow-leaved 324 Lobel's u Water 4 Low Hop 275 Nuttall's 322 Night-flowering 12 Water Mouse-ear 20 Meadow 276 Prairie 325 Nodding 9 China-tree, Wild 402 Old- field 276 Round-headed 324 Nottingham 9 Chinese Sumac Pin 344 Slender 32;, Round-leaved 10 Chittam-wood K Prostrate Mountain Stuve's 323 Royal 10 Choke-berry . ;' ; 277 Trailing 522 Sleepy 1 1 Choke-Cherry 252 Prairie 289-91 Wand-like 323 Small- flowered 12 Choke-Pear 234 Purple 276 Buttercup 73-85 Sweet William 1 1 Chowley 340 Pussy 276 See Crowfoot Cat's Faces 455 Churnstaff 379 Rabbit-foot 276 Arctic 74 Cat-gut 292 Cicely, Fool's 510 Red 276 Bristly 80 Cat-peas 326 Rough 511 Running Buffalo 278 Bulbous 80 Cat's-clover Sweet 530-31 Smaller Hop 275 Creeping 81 Cat's-milk 379 Cinquefoil 209-17 Snail 272 Early 82 Cat's-tail 502 Arctic 211 Spotted 272 Figwort 85 Cat-tree 395 Branched 214 Stone 276 Hairy 82 Cat-whin 232 Bushy 213 Swedish 278 Harvey's 77 Celandine, Greater 103 COM* 214 Sweet 273-4 Hispid 81 Lesser 85 Cut-leaved 215 Tree 273 Lapland 74 Celandine Poppy 102 Diffuse 212 White 279 Macoun's 80 Celery, Wild 533 Downy 210 Yellow 275 Marsh 81 Meadow 79 Centaury 607-8 Cercocarpus 223 Five-stamened 212 Glandular 209 /ig-zaj? 277 Codlings-and-Cream 482 Missouri 74 Cereus 460-1 Hoary 209 Cohosh 55 Northern 77 Chaerophyllum 529 Low 21 1 Black 56 Nuttall's 85 Chadlock 119 Nicollet's 213 Blue 91 Pigmy 76 Chaff-weed 593 Northern 209 Coffee Pursh's 73 Charlock 119, 121 Marsh 217 Magdad 259 Snow 76 Checkerberry 572 Prairie 214 Negro 259 Swamp 81 Cheeses, Cheese Flower Purple 217 Coffee-nut 261 Tall 79 416 Robbin's 211 Coffee Senna 259 Tufted 82 Dutch, Doll, Fairy Rough 212 Coffee-tree Butter-flowers 80 416 Rough-fruited 210 Kentucky 261 Butterfly-Pea 333 Button-ball 194 Cheeae-bowl 9y Cheese-cake 4' 6 Shrubby 215 Silvery 209 Columbine 58 Columbo, American 619 Button Snakeroot 522 Cherry Snowy 210 Conquerors 400 Button-wood 194 Appalachian 250 Tall 209 Cool wort 178 VOL. II.] INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. 637 Copal-balsam 193 Cress, Swine's 113 Dog- Rose 232 Copalm 193 Thale 146 DOGWOOD FAMILY 542 Corn- Campion 7 Town 1 1 2 Dogwood -Cockle 7 Wall 146 (see Cornel) 543-6 -Kale 119 Wart in, 113 False 399 -Poppy 99 Water 124-131 Flowering 543 -Rose 7, 99 Winter 122 Poison 388 -Spurry 36 Yellow 122-24 Striped 399 Cornelian Tree 543 Crinkle-root 132 i Swamp 354, 388, 544 Cornel 542 Cristatella, James' 156 ' Dove's-foot 344 Alternate-leaved 546 Cross-of-Jerusalem 14 Draba (see Whitlow- Bailey's 545 Crosswort 588 grass) i4°-4 Dwarf 543 Croton 362-3 Dragon's Blood 341 Low 543 Crotonopsis 364 Dropwort, Water 513 Northern Dwarf 543 CROWBERRY FAMILY Dryas 219-23 Panicled 545 383 Duck's-foot 225 Red-osier 545 Crowberry 383-4 Dutchman's Breeches Rough-leaved 544 Crow-flower 14 1 104 Round-leaved 544 CROWFOOT FAMILY 50 Dyer's Broom 271 Silky 544 Crowfoot 77-§2 Dyer's Rocket 158 Stiff 546 Celery-leaved 79 -Broom 271 Coronilla 310 Corn 83 -Green-weed 271 Corpse-Plant 555 Ditch 79 -Mignonette 158 Corydalis 105-7 Hooked -Weed 158 Cotton-Gum 547 Ivy-leaved >4 -Whin 271 Cowbane 513 Kidney-leaved 78 Dye-weed 271 Spotted 536 Mountain 78 Earth-gall 607 Cowbell 9 Prairie 77 EBONY FAMILY 596 Cowberry 217, 580 Rock 78 Eglantine 232 Cow-cress in Seaside 86 Egriot 251 Cow-grass 277 Small-flowered Elder, Cow-herb 18 Spiny-fruited ^3 Bishop's 539 Cow-lily 42 Water 73, 84 Box 400 Cow Parsnip 514 Crown-of-the-field 7 Dwarf 539 Cowslip 51 Crow-needles 531 Poison iflS American 594 Crow's-nest 510 Wild 508 Crab Apple 234-5 Crow-pea 383 Elk-tree 571 Crab Tree 235 Crow-peas 329 Elk- wood 48 Crake-berry 383 Crowtoes 280 Enchanter's Night- Crake-needles 531 Cuckoo-flower 14, 128 shade 499-500 Crambling Rocket 159 Cuckoo's-meat 345 Cranberry 580-2 Cucumber-tree 47-8 Erysimum 151-2 Eryngo 522-3 Crane's-bill 34i~4 Culver-foot 344 Eulophus 5.?S Bicknell's 343 Cuphea, Clammy 473 Eustoma 612 Carolina 342 Cupseed 93 Evening-Lychnis 13 Culver-foot 344 Currant, Black 190 HVKNING-PRIMKOSI: Cut-leaved 343 Buffalo 192 FAMILY 475 Dove's-foot 344 Fetid 190 Evening- Primrose Long-stalked 342 Golden 192 Common 486 Pigeon 's-foot 344 Missouri 192 Cut-leaved 488 Round-leaved 342 Northern Black 190 Oakes' 486 Siberian 341 Red 191 Prairie 488 Small-flowered 343 Squaw 191 Rhombic 487 Spotted 341 White-flowered 191 Seaside 487 Starlights "344 Wild Black 191 Sinuate-leaved 487 Wild 341 Cushion Pink 8 Small-flowered 485 Crazy-weed, CUSTARD-APPLE White-stemmed 489 Colorado 309 FAMILY 49 Evening Trumpet- Stemless 309 Cymopterus 517 flower 605 Woolly 298 Cynosciadium 521 Everlasting Pea 230 Creeping Jack 166 CYRILLA FAMILY 389 Faitour's Grass 380 Creeping-jenny 589 Dalibarda 205 False Beech-drops 555 Creeping Snowberry Damask Violet 154 -Bitter-sweet 396 581 Dame's Gilliflower 154 -Bugbane 72 Cress ( see Peppergrass) Dame's Rocket 154 -Flax 139 110-12 Dame's Violet 154 -Goat's beard 170 Alpine 130 Dangleberry 574 False Indigo 286 Bastard 114 Daphne 465 Blue 265 Belle-Isle 122 Date Plum 597 Fragrant 286 Bitter 122, 128-30 Decumaria 185 False Loosestrife 476 Bulbous 131 Deerberry 572, 580 False Mallow 420-1 Cow in Deer-grass 474~5 FALSE MERMAID Curved-fruited 126 Devil's Darning- FAMILY 385 Early Winter 122 Needles 531 False Mermaid 385 Field in Dewberry 204-5 False Mitre wort 178 Garden 112 Dew-cup 225 Fame-flower i Golden 112 Dew-plant 161-2 Fancy 455 Hoary in DIAPENSIA FAMILY 582 Farkleberry 580 Mouse-ear 146 Diapensia 583 Featherfoil 586 Penny 114 j Dill 526 Fellon-wort, -grass 515 Purple 130 ! Ditaxis 364-5 Felwort 614 Rock 147-50 Dogberry 188, 233 Fenberry 581 Rocket 122 Tree 236 Fennel 525 Round-fruited 125 Dog- Parsley 519 Hog's 515 Sessile-flowered 126 Dog-poison 520 Water 382 Fetter-bush 568-9 Fever-bush 98, 392 Fever-twig 396 Fiddle-grass 482 Figwort Buttercup 85 Finkel 525 Fire-grass 225 Fire Pink 10 Fire-weed 481 Five-Finger 216 Flamy 455 FLAX FAMILY 348 Flax 348-55 Cathartic 351 Dwarf 351 Fairy 351 False 139 Florida Yellow 350 Grooved Yellow 350 Large-flowered 351 Lewis' Wild 349 Mountain 351, 360 Purging 351 Ridged Yellow 355 Stiff Yellow 349 Yellow 349-51 Flixweed 144 Floating Heart 622-3 Flower-of-an-Hour 425 Flowering Box 580 Flowering Dogwood 543 Flowering Moss 583 Flowering Wintergreen 361 Fool's Parsley 520 Fothergilla 192 Fox-berry 572 Fox-grape 408, 41 1 Fringe, Mountain 105 Fringe-tree 602 Frostweed 439-40 Frostwort 440 Fuller's-herb 18 Fumitory, Climbing 105 Hedge 108 Furze 270 Galax, Galaxy 584 Garden Gate 455 Garlic, Hedge 115 Garlic Mustard 115 Gaura 496-8 Gay-wings 361 GENTIAN FAMILY 605 Gentian 612-617 Blind 615 Closed 615 Downy 614 Elliott's 615 Four-parted 613 Fringed 61 2 Narrow-leaved 616 Northern 613 Oblong-leaved 614 One-flowered 617 Red-stemmed 616 Smaller Fringed 613 Soapwort 615 Spurred 619 Stiff 614 Striped 617 Swollen 612 Yellowish 616 GERANIUM FAMILY 340 Geranium 34i~4 Ghost-flower 555 Gillyflower, Dame's 154 Night-scented 184 Queen's 154 Rogue's 154 Sea 594 Winter 154 GINSENG FAMILY 505 Ginseng 507 Globe-flower 52 Goat's Beard 197 638 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. [Vol.. II. Goat's Beard, Gum, Tupelo 547 Honeysuckle Johnny Juniper 455 False 170 Gypsophyll 16-17 276, 279, 280 Judas-tree, Amer. 257 Goat- foot 539 Hagweed 271 Dwarf 542 June-berry 237-9 Goat's-rue ^9^~3 Harbinger of Spring 542 Ground 280 Jussiaea 480 Gold Chain 166 Hare's-ear 529 Swamp 559 Jute, American 422 Goldcups 80 Hardback 196, 215 Wild Kale, Corn or Field 119 Golden Alexanders 518 Hart's-thorn 205 Honeysuckle Apple 558 Kulmia 564 -Currant 192 Haw (see Thorn) 240-6 Honey-sweet 224 Ketmia, Bladder 425 -Meadow-Parsnip 534 Parsley 242 Hoopkoop-plant 325 Kidiu-y-bean Tree 294 -Moss 166 Pear 244 Hop-Clover 275-6 King Cups 80 -Saxifrage 181 Red 242 Hop-tree, Three-leaved Kings's-clover 274 -Seal 50 Scarlet 242 354 King's Crown 274 Gold-of- Pleasure 139 Small-fruited 240 Hop-trefoil 275 Kinnikinnik 541, 572 Gold- thread 54 Summer 244 HoKNWoki FAMILY 46 Knap 276 GOOSEBERRY FAMILY Vail's 245 Horn wort 46 Knawel 41 187 Yellow 244 Horse-blob 51 Knight's-spur 59 Gooseberry, Bristly 188 Hawthorne 241 Horse-Chestnut 400 Knot-berry r. . i Eastern Wild 189 Hathorne 241 Horsefly-weed 266 Knot-grass 5.11 Garden 189 Headache 99 Horseradish 127 German \ \ Hawthorne 189 Heart-Clover 273 Horse-sugar 597 Koniga, Seaside 153 Missouri 188 Heart leaf 273 House-leek 168 Kostcletzkya 424 Northern 189 Heart-Pea 403 Dwarf 167 KKAMICRIA KAMI Swamp 190 Heart-seed 403 Little 166 Krameria 261 Wild 188 Heart-Trefoil 273 HlCKI 1 UKRRY Labrador Tea 557 Goose-grass 216 Heart's-ease 455 N"'v 573 Ladies' Smock 128 Goose-tansy 216 Heartwort 274 Huckleberry, Black 574 Ladies' Sorrel 346 Gorse 270 HEATH FAMILY 55^. Blue 579 Lady's Comb Goutweed.Goutwort 539 Heath, Blackberried 383 B°* 575 -Cushion GRAPE FAMILY 407 Cross-leaved 573 Bush 575 -Delight 455 Grape, Bailey's 411 Mountain 565 Dwarf -Laurel 465 Bear's 572 Scotch 573 High-bush ' 574 M.mtli- 225 Blue 409 Heathberry 383 Southern Black 577 Lamb-kill 563 Bullace 411 Heather Squaw JBO Lamb-sucklings 279 Cri*wta pi Beach 441 Hudsonia 441 Lark-heal 59 Chicken 410 I'.lNr HI Hunger-flower 142 Larkspur -, -«> Concord 408 Monox 383 Hunger-weed 83 I.AVKI i 1; \MII.Y 95 Downy 409 Hedge-garlic 115 Huntsman's Cup 160 Laurel, American 564 MM 413 H«- Pinweed 442-4 Prick -wood 395 Rattlesnake Herb 55 Wild 269 Pipe-privets 600 Pride-of-Ohio 594 Rattlesnake-master 522 Wild, Sweet 292 Pipe -tree 600 Prim Red Bay 96 Pea- nut 313 Pipsissewa 554 PRIMROSE FAMILY 584 -Bud 257 Hog, or Wild 334 PlTCHER-Pl Primrose 492, 585 -Gum Pitcher's 334 FAMILY 159 (see Even'g-Primrose) -Indian Paint 102 Peach 254 Pitcher-plant 160 Bird's-eye 585 -Puccoon 102 Pear, Choke 234 Pleurogyne 618, 619 Dwarf Canadian 585 -Robin 341 Swamp Sugar 238 1M AM' I kl 1. 1' \M1I.Y Fremont's 495 -Root 594, 407 Pearlwort 29-30 194 Greenland 585 -Shanks u' Pea-vine 326 Plane-tree 194 Hartweg's )•!-, -Weed 99 Pebble-vetch 328 F \Mii.y 240 Mealy $5 Rheumatism Root 92 Peg- wood Plum, Beach 249 Missouri 585 Rhine-berry 405 Pellas Bullace 250 Mistassini 585 Rhododendron 561 Pellitory of Spain 515 Canada : Scapose 492 Rhodora 560 Pencil-flower 312 Chickasaw 248 Short-podded 493 Rhynchosia 336-7 Penny-cress 114 Date 597 Showy 492 RIVKR-WEED FAMILY Pennyjohn 433 Grave's Beach 249 Spotted 494 163 Pennywort 620 Ground 297 Three-lobed 493 River-weed i'>; Marsh 539~4i Hog 248 Tooth-leaved 496 Rock-cress 147-150 Pepperbush Horse 247 Primrose-Willow 480 Low or Northern u<> Sweet 548-9 Ivory 572 Prim wort 604 ROCK ROSE FAMILY Pepper-grass 110-12 Larger Ground 297 Prince's Pine ,s.s> 439 Apetalous 1 1 2 Low 249 Print 604 Rock Rose 439-40 Garden 112 Porter's 248 Privet 604 Rocket, C rambling 159 Golden 1 1 2 Sand 248 Psoralea 281-5 Dame's 154 Narrow-leaved 1 1 1 Watson's 248 Black-dotted 282 l-alsc 123 Roadside 1 1 1 Wild Goose 247 Digitate 283 Purple 123 Town 1 1 2 Wild Red or Yellow Few-flowered 281 Sand 120 Wild 112 247 Lance-leaved 281 Sea 117 Pepperidge 547 Plum-Grape i •- Large-bracted 284 Wall 120 Pepperidge-bush 90 Pi.rMHAc.o FAMILY 594 Large-stipuled 285 Yellow 122 Pepper-root 131-33 Pepper- vine 412 Poison Ash 388 -Dogwood 388 Many-flowered 282 Narrow-leaved 282 Rocket Cress 122 Rogue's Gilliflower 154 Pepper-wood 353 -Elder 388 Nebraska 283 Roman Willow 600 Pepperwort 1 10 -Hemlock 532 Sainfoin 285 Rosa-solis 161 (See Peppergrass) -Ivy 388 Silver-leaf 283 ROSE FAMILY 194 Persimmon 597 -Oak 388 Small-flowered 281 Rose 229-232 Peucedanum 515 -Sumac 388 Puccoon, Red 102 Arkansas 230 Pheasant's-eye 89 Polyprenum 606 PURSLAXE FAMILY i Burnet 593 Phlox, Yellow 152 Polytaenia 515 Purslane, Pussley 5 Canker 232, 99 Phyllanthus 362 Pomme Blanche 284 Marsh 476 Corn 7, 99 Pick-cheese 416 Pond Lily 42-4 Milk 373 Climbing 229 Pigeon-foot 344 Arrow-leaved 43 Mud 427 Cinnamon 232 Pigmy- weed 164 Red-disked 43 Notched 5 Dog 232 Pilewort 85 White 44 Sea 36 Low 231 Pimpernel, Bennet, 526 Yellow 42-3 Water 470, 476 Marsh Holy 568 False 593 Pond Spice 97 Pyracanth 245 Meadow 229 Red, or Scarlet 593 Poor- Man's Pepper in Pyramid 619 Michigan 229 Water 587 -Weather-glass 593 Pyxie 583 North-eastern 231 VOL. II.] INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 641 Rose Sandwort, Hooker's 32 Se?ban 296 SPURGE FAMILY 361-81 Pasture 231 Large-leaved 35 Shad-bush 238 Spurge 37i-8i Prairie 229 Mountain 34 Shamrock Alleghany Mt. 384 Prickly 230 Pine-barren 33 272, 275, 279, 345 Angled 375 Rosin 433 Pitcher's 34 Sheep-foot 280 Blooming 375 Smooth 229 Purple 37 Sheep's Gowan 279 Blotched 373 Snowdon 165 Rock 33 Sheep-Laurel 563 Blunt-leaved 378 Sun 439 Sea beach 36 Sheep-poison 563 Broad-leaved 378 Swamp 231 Seaside 37 Sheepweed 18 Caper 377 Wind loo Texas 34 Shepherd's Clock 593 Cypress 381 Woods' 230 Thyme-leaved 31 Shepherd's Needle 531 Darlington's 378 Rock 439-4° Vernal 33 Shepherd's Purse 139 Fendler's 374 Rose Bay 561 Sanghara-nut 500 Shepherd's Weather Flowering 375 Ground 480 Sanicle 523 Glass 593 Hairy Spreading 373 Lapland 560 American 179 Shin-leaf 550 Hoary 374 Mountain 561 SAPODILLA FAMILY 595 Shittim-wood 596 Geyer's 372 Rose Campion 16 Sarsaparilla 506-7 Shoe-strings 287 Ipecac 377 Rose Mallow 424-5 Sassafras, Swamp 48 Shooting Star 595 Knotweed 371 Rosemary, Marsh 594 Sassafras-tree 97 Shrub Yellow-root 55 Large Spotted 375 Wild 557, 568 Satin-flower 133 Shrubby Althaea 426 Leafy 380 Rose-of-Plymouth 611 Satin-pod 133 Shrubby-trefoil 354 Myrtle 377 Rose-of-Sharon 426 Sauce-alone 115 Sibbaldia 217 Narrow-seeded 374 Rose Pink 610 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 169 Sickle-pod 149 Nicaean 380 Rosewort, Roseroot 165 Saxifrage I7i~77 Sida 421 Petty 379 Rosin Rose 433 Aconite 177 Side-saddle Flower 160 Prairie 371 Rotala 470 Alpine-brook 172 Silver-bell Tree 598 Quack Salver's 381 Round Dock 416 Bulbous 172 Silver-berry 467 Reticulate-seeded 379 Rowan Tree 233 Burnet 526 Silver-chain 294 Ridge-seeded 373 Rue Anemone, False 54 Clustered Alpine 174 Silver-chickweed 38 Round-leaved RTF, FAMILY 352 Drooping 172 Silverhead 38 Spreading 372 Sabbatia 609-611 Early 174 Silver-leaf 369, 403, 468 Rocky Mountain 381 Branching 609 Foliose 175 Silver-weed 216 Seaside 371 Coast 610 Golden 181 Sisymbrium, Tall 116 Spotted 373 Elliott's 611 Gray's 175 Skedge, Skedgwith 604 Sun 379 Lance-leaved 609 Kidney-leaved 176 Skiver-wood 395 Thyme-leaved 372 Narrow-leaved 609 Lettuce 174 Skunk-bush 3-7 Tinted 380 Prairie 610 Livelong 173 Sloe 250 Toothed 376 Square-stemmed 610 Michaux's 176 Smallage 533 Upright Spotted 375 Sainfoin Psoralea 285 Mountain 171 Smoke-tree, Wild 389 Various-leaved 377 St. Andrew's Cross 428 Nodding 172 Snakeroot 523-4 White-flowered 371 St. Bennett's Herb 532 Pennsylvania 173 Black 56, 523 White-margined 376 St. James'-weed 139 Purple 171 Button 522 Warty 376 ST. JOHN'S WORT Sengreen 171 Heart-leaved 57 Spurge Laurel 465 FAMILY 427 Starry 175 Samson's 285 Spurge Nettle 369 St. John's Wort 429 Swamp 173 Seneca 360 Spurge Olive 465 Bed-straw 431 Three-toothed 172 Snapweed 403-4 Spurry 36-7 Bushy 430 Tufted 173 Snow-ball, Wild 407 Squirrel Corn 104 Canadian 435 Yellow-Marsh 171 Snowberry, Creeping STAFF-TREE FAMII.V Clasping-leaved 434 Yellow Mountain 171 58i 393 Common 433 Scabby-head 511 Snow-blossom 603 Staff-tree 396 .Copper-colored 432 Scarlet Lightning 14 Snowden Rose 165 Staff-vine 396 Corymbed 433 Scotch-cap 201 Snowdrop Tree 598 Stagger-bush 569 Creeping 431 Scurfy-pea 280 SOAPBF.RRY FAMILY 402 Stanleya 109 Dense-flowered 430 Scurvy-grass 115, 122 Soapberry 402 Star-flower 592 Drummond's 435 Sea-Chickweed 36 Soapwort 18 Star-grass 381 Dwarf 434 -Gillyflower 595 Soldiers 473 Star-leafed Gum 193 Elliptic-leaved 432 -Lavender 594 Soldier's Cap 104 Starlights 344 Giant 429 -Mi Ik wort 592 Sophora, Silky 263 Star-Quince 245 Great 429 -Parsley 519 Sorrel, Ladies' 346 Starry Campion Kalm's 430 -Pea 330 Sorrel-tree 571 Starwort, Bog 21 Larger Canadian 435 -Pink 595 Sour Gum 547 Greater 22 Larger Marsh 437 -Purslane 36 Sour-trefoil 345 Lesser 23 Marsh 436 -Rocket 117 Sour- wood 571 Mountain 34 Mountain 433 -Thrifty 595 Spanish Lettuce 4 Water 382 Northern 434 -Trifoly 592 Sparkleberry 5*. • Steeple-bush 196 Pale 432 Sea-grass 595 Spatter-dock 42 Stenosiphon 499 Round-podded 431 Seed-box 479 j Spattling Poppy 9 Stitchwort, Bog 21 Shrubby 430 Selenia 134 Spearwort 75-6 Fleshy 24 Spotted 433 Seneca Snakeroot 360 Spennolepis 537 Greater 22 Small-flowered 434 Sengreen 168 Spice-berry 572 Lesser 23 Straggling 432 -Saxifrage 171 Spice-bush 98 Long-leaved 22 Virgate 432 SK.N.VA FAMILY 256 Spider-flower 155 Long-stalked 23 St. Peter's Wort 428 Senna, American 258 Spignet 506 Marsh 21 Salmon-berry 199 Coffee 259 Spikenard, American Northern 24 Salt-of-Lemons 345 Low 258 506 Water 24 Saltwort, Black 592 Wild 258 Small 506 Stonecrop, Biting 166 Sand Myrtle 562 Sensitive-brier 256 Spikenard-tree 506 Crooked Yellow 167 Sand-Parsley 525 .Sensitive Pea 257-8 Spindle-tree 395 Ditch 169 Sand-spurry 37 Sensitive Plant, Wild Spingel 525 Mossy 1 66 Sandweed 36 257 Spiraea 196-7 Narrow-petaled 166 Sandwort 31-7 Bastard 312 Spoonwood 564 Nevius' 168 Arctic 32 Sensitive Joint- Vetch Spotted Cowbane 536 Reflexed 167 Blunt-leaved 35 312 Spring Beauty 3 Torrey's 166 Fendler's 32 Service-berry 237-9 Spring Mouse-ear 25 Virginia 169 Fringed 31 Service Tree, Amer. 233 Spring-wort 377 Wild 167 41 642 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMRS. [VOL. II. STORAX FAMILY 598 Tangleberry 574 Tick-trefoil Violet Storax 599 Tar-fitch, Yellow 332 Stiff 316 Bird's-foot 449 Stork's-bill 344 Tar-weed 473 Trailing • 316 Blue 446-8 Strangle -tare 328 Tare, Common Velvet-leaved 319 Canada 453 Strawberry 206-7 Hairy Tine-grass 326 Coast 446 American Wood 207 Lentil 328 Tine-tare Dame's isi Barren 218 Smooth 328 Tithymall 380 Dog, American 454 Dry 218 Strangle 328 Tom Thumb 332 Early Blue 446 European Wood 207 Tine 328 Toothache -tree 353, 506 English 449 Indian 208 Wild 329 Toothroot i ^ i r.reen 456 Northern Wild 206 Tank 54 Toothwort 132-^ Hairy Yellow 452 Scarlet 206 Tansy, Goose 216 Toper's Plant 228 Halberd-leaved, Virginia 206 Wild Tormentil, Trailing 216 Yellow (s.1 Wild 216 Tansy-Mustard 145 Touch-me-not 403-4 Hooded Blue ; 17 Yellow 208 TEA FAMILY 426 Tow-cok 340 Kidney-leaved 451 .Strawberry Bush Tea, Appalachian 391 Tower Mustard 150 Lance-leaved 451 Si K \\VUKKKY Sllkri! Carolina Tragia 367-8 Long-spurred FAMILY 94 I,abrador Trailing Arbutus 571 Maicli ji'i Strawberry shrub 95 Marsh 557 -Mahonia 90 Marsh 451 < Stuartia 426-7 Mountain -Tormentil 216 Meadow Blue 417 Stub wort 345 Newjei- 407 Treacle Mustard isi Nuttall's Su -kles 276 South Sea 391 Tread softly 369 Ovate-leaved 4 js Su.-kling, Yellow 275 Teaberry 189,572 Tree-of-Heaven 355 Pale 453 Lamb 279 Tetter-wort foil Prairie Stuar Maple 398 Thalc 146 (See Clover, 272) I'rimiose leaved 451 Sugar- pear, Swamp .';s Thaspium 517 Bean 622 Prostrate Blur Sugar-tree Thelypodium 110 Bird's foot 280 Round-leaved Sullivantia Thermo], 264-5 Black 272 Sand Si MAC FAMILY ^s Thimble-berry 201 ('.• 272 Selkirk's Sumac, Black Thimble-weed Heart 273 Sinoothish Yd! Chin Thistle, Hedgehog Hop 275 SouthernWood 417 \arf 386 Thorn Marsh 622 Striped Fragrant 387 (See Haw, . Melilot 272 Sweet ||'i 111 scented .387 lli :. Shrubby Sweet White Mountain 386 Buck 250 Sour Water 586 Poison Cockspur inish 272 Whorl-leaved, Nod i let #7 2|,s Wild 275 ding Staghorn 386 Fire Tiifoly, Sea 592 Woolly blue 4|- Sweet-scented Dwarf rrunipet (lower, Virginia Creeper 1 1 3 Ipland Glandular Evening 605 Yiiginia Willow 1^7 SlMU.U F \MII.Y l6O Haw 240 Trumpet leaf 160 Virgin's Bowel, Sundew Hay 160 Purple 71 Sundiops, Allen's 490 Hedge Tulip Tree 49 Virginia Common Large-fruited 241 Tunica 17 Westell! Glaucous 491 Long spincd Tupelo 517 Wafer ash Long stemmed 490 M '.v 241 Water 547 Wahoo 394, 41 | Narrow-leaved 490 Newcastle 240 Turmeric-root Wall i 146 Small |'d Parsley-leaved Turnip 119 (see Rock-cress) Thread leaved 244 Prairie 2X4 Wall-flower, Western Sunplant 6 Red-fruited 243 Turnsole 379 152 Sun rose Scarlet 242 Twin leaf 92 Wall-pepper 166 Sun weed Southern 242 Umbrella-leaf 91 Wall Rocket 120 Supple-Jack 404 Washington 241 rmbrella-tree 47-8 Wankapin 45 Swallow wort 103 White 2»i Velvet-leaf Wart-cress m->3 Swamp-Apple Thread-foot 163 Venus' Comb Wart-grass 379 Swamp Bay 96 Three-leaved Ivy Vetch, American Wart-weed 379 Swamp-Dogweed Three-seeded Mercury Blue 326 Water Awlwort no Honeysuckle 559 365-6 Bush 329 -Bean 45 -Laurel 48 Thrift 595 Carolina 327 -Blinks 4 -Loosestrife 471 Thorowax, or -wort 529 Common 328 -Blob 51 -Pink 559 Thunder-plant 168 Cow 326 -Cabbage 44 -Sassafras 48 Tick-seed 313 1 1 airy 328 -Caltrop 500 -Sugar-pear 238 Tick trefoil 313-21 Milk 297-307 -Carpet 181 Willow-herb 471 Canadian 320 Narrow-leaved, Am. -Chestnut 500 Swamp-wood 466 Cream-flowered 315 326 -Chickweed 4 Sweating- weed 425 Dillen's 319 Louisiana 327 -Chinkapin Sweet Bay 48 Few-flowered 314 Pebble 328 Water-cress 1 26 Sweet Birch 581 Hairy Small-leavea Sensitive Joint 312 American 131 Sweet Brier 232 321 Slender 328 Creeping Yellow 124 Sweet-broom ,;i i Hoary 317 Smaller Common 329 Lake 127 Sweet Cicely 530-31 Illinois 319 Small-flowered 327 Marsh 1 25 Sweet Clover 273-4 Large-bracted 3 1 7 Tufted 326 Round-leaved 131 Sweet Gum 193 Long-leaved 317 Vetchling, Cream- Yellow 125 S\VEKT-LEAK FAMILY ' Naked-flowered 314 colored 332 Water-Crowfoot, 597 Panicled . 318 Marsh 330 White 84 Sweet-leaf 597 Pointed-leaved 314 Prairie 331 Yellow 73 Sweet-Pea, Wild 292 Prostrate 315 Showy 33! Water-cup 539 Sweet Pepper-bush Rhomb-leaved 318 Yellowl 332 -Dragon 51 -,:- 9 Rigid 320 Vine, Wild 408 -Dropwort 513 Sweet-scented Shrub 95 Sand 315 Pepper 412 -Feather 586 Sweet William 20 Sessile-leaved 316 Vinegar Tree 386-7 -Fennel 382 Swine Cress 113 Showy VIOLET FAMILY 445-.S6 -Hemlock 536 Sycamore 194 Smooth 318 Violet 446-56 WATER-LILY FAMILY Syringa 185-6 Smooth small-leaved American Dog 454 41 Talinum 2 320 Arrow-leaved 448 Water-Lily, Great 45 Voi,. II.] INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 643 Water- Lily WHITE-ALDER FAMILY Willow Herb Sweet-scented 44 548 Great 481 Tuberous 44 White-Alder 548 Great Hairy 482 White 44-5 White Bay 48 Hornemann's 485 WATER- MILFOIL White Thorn 241 Linear-leaved 483 FAMILY 500 White-wood 49, 409, 414 Marsh 483 Water-Milfoil 503-5 Whitlow-grass 140-4 Night 486 WATER-NUT FAMILY Alpine 144 Northern 484 coo Arctic 141-2 Panicled 484 Water-nut, Swimming Branching * Carolina 142 Purple-leaved 484 141 Pimpernel 482 5°° Water-Nymph 44 Water-Parsley 533-4 Water-Parsnip 532 Carson's 532 Cut-leaved 538 Hemlock 532 Golden Hoary Short-fruited Twisted Vernal Wedge-leaved 143 Soft 483 142 Spiked 473, 481 143 Swamp 471, 483 142 Virginia 187 140 Willowrwort 587 [ 141 Wind-flower 64 143 Red 63 i -i j Whitlow-wort 38 -<> Wind-rose 100 • Na ec\ 53« Whortleberry, Bo S 576 Wine-berry 580 ennywort Red 580 Wing-seed 354 539-41 wicky Pimpernel 587 Widow's Cross "e^S,lane 470,476 wild Bean 563 Winterberry 391-3 167 Evergreen 391 338-9 Smooth 393 -Shield 41-2 WATER-STARWORT Wild Allspice -Bleeding-heart 98 Virginia 392 104 Winter-cress 122 FAMILY 381 -Brier 232 WlNTERGRKKX Water-Starwort 382 -Indigo FAMILY 549 -Target 42 -Lemon 92 Wintergreen 550-3 -Tupelo 547 -Liquorice 310 Bog 551 -Violet 586 -Lupin 269 Chickweed 592 WATERWORT FAMILY -Navew 119 Creeping 572 437 -Orange 506 False 550 Waterwort 427-8 -Pea 269 Flowering 361 Water- Yarrow 586 -Pink 1 1 Greenish -flower 'd 550 Wax-weed, Blue 473 -Radish 121 Larger 550 Wax-work 396 -Tansy 216 Lesser 552 Waythorne 405 Willow, Primrose 480 Liver-leaf 551 Weather-glass 593 Roman 600 One-flowered 553 Weld 158 Virginia 187 One-sided 552 Whin 270 Willow Herb Pear-leaved 550 Cat 232 Alpine 482 Round-leaved 551 • Dyer's 271 Broad-leaved 481 Serrated 552 \Vliistle-wood 414 Downy 483 Sharp-petaled 551 Wintergreen Spotted 553 Spring 572 Wire-ling- 383 Wistaria, American 294 WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY 192 Witch-Hazel 193 Witch-wood 395 Woad-waxen 271 Wode-whistle 532 Wolf's-bane, Trailing 61 Wolf's-milk 379 Woodbine 413 Carolina Wild 605 Wood-Lily 552 Wood-nep 538 WOOD-SORREL FAMILY 344 Wood-sorrel 345~7 Wood-sower or -sour 345 Worm-grass 605 Worm-seed 151 Wymote 415 Yarrow, Water 586 Yaupon 391 Yellow Cress 124-5 -Indian Paint 51 -Jessamine 605 -Phlox 152 -Pond-Lily 42-3 -Poplar 49 -Puccoon 51 -Rocket 122 Yellow-Root 51 Shrub 55 Yellow-Seed in -Weed 158 -Wood 264 Youth -wort 161 Zizia, Bebb's 534 Zornia 313 3IN0IN* LIST JUL 1 1947 LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY TY OF FORESTRY HF T tHHM Ufa m