AN
Illustrated Flora
OF THE
NORTHERN UNITED STATES, CANADA
AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS
FROM NEWFOUNDLAND TO THE PARALLEL OF THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF
VIRGINIA, AND FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN WESTWARD
TO THE 102d MERIDIAN
BY
NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D.
DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN; PROFESSOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
AND
HON. ADDISON BROWN, A.B., LL.D.
PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
CHIEFLY PREPARED BY PROFESSOR BRITTON, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN
SEVERAL GROUPS; THE FIGURES ALSO DRAWN UNDER HIS SUPERVISION
SECOND EDITION— REVISED AND ENLARGED
IN THREE VOLUMES
Vol. III.
GENTIANACEAE TO COMPOSITAE
GENTIAN TO THISTLE
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1913
Copyright, 1913
By Nathaniel L. Britton and Helen C. Brown,
Executrix of the Estate of
Addison Brown, deceased.
PRESS OF
The new Era printing company
lancaster. pa
l
Contents of Volume III.
Gamopetalae (continued)
1-560
15. Gentianaceae
16. Menyanthaceae
17. Apocynaceae
18. Asclepiadaceae
19. Dichondraceae
20. Convolvulaceae
21. cuscutaceae
22. polemoniaceae
23. Hydrophyllaceae
24. boraginaceae
25. Verbenaceae
I
26.
Labiatae
99
37.
Caprifoliaceae
267
17
27-
Solanaceae
IS4
38.
Adoxaceae
283
19
28.
SCROPH ULARIACEAE
174
39-
Valerianaceae
284
23
29.
Lentibulariaceae
224
40.
Dipsaceae
288
39
30.
Orobanchaceae
233
41.
CUCURBITACEAE
290
40
31.
Bignoniaceae
236
42.
Campanulaceae
293
48
32.
Martyniaceae
239
43-
LOBELIACEAE
299
52
33-
ACANTHACEAE
239
44-
ClCHORIACEAE
304
6S
34-
Phrymaceae
241
45-
Ambrosiaceae
338
72
35-
Plantacinaceae
245
46.
COMPOSITAE
347'
94
36.
Rubiaceae
250
ENGLISH FAMILY NAMES
Petals wholly or partly united, rarely separate or wanting (continued)
1-560
IS-
Gentian Family
1
26.
Mint Family
99
36
16.
Buckbean Family
17
27-
Potato Family
154
37
17-
Dogbane Family
19
28.
Fig wort Family
174
18.
Milkweed Family
23
29.
Bladderwort Family 224
38
19-
Dichondra Family
39
30.
Broom-Rape Family
233
39
20.
Morning-Glory
3i-
Trumpet-Creeper
40
Family
40
Family
236
41
21.
Dodder Family
48
32.
Unicorn Plant
42.
22.
Phlox Family
52
Family
239
43
23.
Water-Leaf Family
65
33-
Acanthus Family
239
44
24-
Borage Family
72
34-
Lopseed Family
241
45
25-
Vervain Family
95
35-
Plantain Family
245
46
Madder Family 256
Honeysuckle
Family 267
Moschatel Family 283
Valerian Family 284
Teasel Family 288
Gourd Family 290
Bell-flower Family 293
Lobelia Family 299
44. Chicory Family 304
Ragweed Family 338
Thistle Family 347
Summary 560 General Index of Latin Genera and Species
English Index and Popular Plant Names 601
56i
SYMBOLS USED
0 is used after figures to indicate feet,
'is used after figures to indicate inches.
" is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch.
' over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel,
over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of
the vowel.
In the Metric System.
The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches.
The decimetre = 3.94 inches.
The centimetre = § of an inch, or 4J lines.
The millimetre = ts of an inch, or * a line.
2i millimeters = 1 line.
very nearly
ILLUSTRATED FLORA.
VOL. III.
Family 15. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20. 1829.
Gentian Family
Bitter mostly quite glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate ) exstipu-
late entire leaves, reduced to scales in Bartonia, and regular perfect flowers in
terminal or axillary clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches.
Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-12-lobed, -toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in Obo-
laria), the lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous,
funnelform, campanulate, club-shaped or rotate, often marcescent, 4-12-lobed or
-parted, the lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the
lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent ; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Disk
none, or inconspicuous. Ovary superior in our genera, i-celled or partly 2-celled ;
ovules numerous, anatropous or amphitropous ; style simple, or none ; stigma entire,
or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent by 2 valves. Seeds globose,
angular or compressed ; endosperm fleshy, copious ; embryo small, terete or conic.
About 70 genera and 700 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions.
Leaves normal ; corolla-lobes convolute in the bud.
Style filiform ; anthers usually twisting or recurving when old.
Corolla salverform. 1. Centaurium.
Corolla rotate. 2. Sabbatia.
Corolla campanulate-funnelform. 3. Eustoma.
Style short, stout or none ; anthers remaining straight.
Corolla without nectariferous pits, glands or scales.
Corolla funnelform. campanulate or clavate.
Corolla without plaits in the sinuses ; calyx without an interior membrane.
4. Gentiana.
Corolla with plaits in the sinuses ; calyx with an interior membrane. 5. Dasystcphana
Corolla rotate. 6. Pleurogyna.
1-2 nectariferous pits, glands or scales at the base of each corolla-lobe.
Corolla rotate, a fringed gland at each lobe. 7. Frasera.
Corolla campanulate, spurred at the base. 8. Halenia.
Leaves, at least those of the stem, reduced to scales : corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud.
Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals ; upper leaves normal. o. Obolaria.
Calyx of 4 lanceolate sepals; leaves all reduced to scales. 10. Bartonia.
i. CENTAURIUM Hill. Brit. Herb. 62. 1756.
[Erythraea Neck. Elem. 2: 10. 1790.]
Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and small or middle
sized, commonly numerous, pink, white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular,
5-4-lobed or -divided, the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform, 5-4-lobed,
the tube long or short, the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 or 4.
inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments short-filiform; anthers linear or oblong, becoming
spirally twisted. Ovary I-celled, the placentae sometimes intruded; style filiform; stigma
2-lobed. Capsule oblong-ovoid or fusiform, 2-valved. Seed-coat reticulated. [Latin, 100
gold pieces, with reference to its supposed medicinal value. 1 ,
About 25 species, natives of the Old World, western North and South America, and in the West
Indies. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of the
United States. Type species : Gentiana Centaurium L.
Flowers spicate-racemose. i. C. spicatum.
Flowers cymose or cymose-paniculate.
Basal leaves tufted. 2. C. Centaurium.
No tuft of basal leaves.
Corolla-lobes 1 yi "-2 l/i " long.
I
GENTIAXACKAK
Vol. III.
Flowers short-pedicelled ; naturalized species.
Flowers slender-pedicelled ; native western species.
Leaves oblong to linear-oblong.
Upper leaves mere subulate bracts.
Corolla lobes 3 ! "-5" long.
3. C. pulchellum.
4. C. e.valtatitm.
5. C. texense.
(1. ( '. calycosum.
i. Centaurium spicatum (I..) Fernald. Spiked
Centaury. Fig. 3330.
Gentiana spicala L. Sp. PI. 230. 175.5.
Erythraea spicata Pers. Syn. 1 : 283. 1805.
Centaurium spicatum Fernald, Rhodora 10: 54. 1908.
Annual, glabrous, erect, strict, usually branched, 6'-l8'
high. Leaves oblong or lar.ceolate-oblong, sessile, obtu.-ish
at the apex, clasping at the base, i'— ii' long, 2"-y" wide;
flowers pink, sessile, distant and spicate-racemose on the
mostly simple and leafless branches, about 8" long; tube of
the corolla somewhat longer than the subulate calyx-seg-
ments 2-3 times as long as the linear-oblong lobes; capsule
4"-5" long.
Coast of Nantucket, and at Portsmouth, Va. Naturalized
from Europe. May-Sept.
2. Centaurium Centaurium (L.) W. F. Wight.
Lesser or European Centaury. Bitter-herb.
Blood wort. Fig. 3331.
Gentiana Centaurium L. Sp. PI. 229. 1753.
Erythraea Centaurium Pers. Syn. 1: 283. 1805.
C. Centaurium W. F. Wight. Contr. Nat. Herb. 11 : 449. 1906.
Annual, glabrous, erect, usually branched, 6'-lS' high.
Leaves oblong, apex obtuse, the base narrowed ; the lower
forming a basal tuft, i'-2$' long, 3"-6" wide: stem leaves
smaller, distant, rounded at the sessile or slightly clasping
base; flowers numerous, 6"-8" long, nearly sessile, in com-
pound terminal mostly dense bracteolate cymes ; corolla-
lobes obtuse, 2j"-3" long, about as long as the calyx-seg-
ments and one-third to one-half as long as the corolla-
tube; stigmas oval.
In waste places. Nova Scotia and Quebec to Massachusetts.
Illinois and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Earth-gall.
Sanctuary. June-Sept.
3. Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce. Branching Centaury. Fig. 3332.
Gentiana pulchella Sw. Act. Holm. 1783: 84. /. 8. 9. 1783.
Gentiana ramosissima Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 2: 530. 1787.
Erythraea ramosissima Pers. Syn. I: 283. 1805.
Erythraea pulchella Fries, Novit. 74. 1828.
C. pulchellum Druee, Fl. Oxf. 342. 1897.
Annual, glabrous, much branched, 3'-8' high. Leaves
oval, ovate or lanceolate, the lower mostly obtuse, 3"-8"
long, the upper usually acutish or acute and smaller;
no basal tuft of leaves; flowers pink, cymose-paniculate,
all or nearly all of them short-pedicelled, 5 "-6" long;
tube of the corolla l§-2 times longer than the calyx-
segments, its lobes oblong, obtuse, li"-2" long; stigma
oval : anthers oblong.
In fields and waste places, southern New York to Penn-
sylvania, Illinois and Maryland ; also in the West Indies.
Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept.
Genus i.
GENTIAN FAMILY.
4. Centaurium exaltatum (Griseb.) W. F. Wight,
Tall or Western Centaury. Fig. 3333.
Cicendia exaltata Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 69. pi, 157
1834.
Erythraea Douglasii A. Gray, Bot. Cal. I : 480. 1876.
Erythraea exaltata Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 150. 1893.
C. exaltatum W. F. Wight, Contr. Nat. Herb. 11: 449. 1906
Annual, erect, glabrous, branched, 6-18' high, the
branches few, erect, slender. Leaves oblong or linear-
oblong, sessile, mostly acute at both ends, s"-io" long,
distant, the basal not tufted ; flowers few, terminal and
axillary, all slender-pedicelled, 6"-8" long; tube of the
corolla about one-third longer than the calyx-segments,
the lobes oblong, obtuse, iJ"-2" long.
In sandy soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming, Washington,
Arizona and California. May-Sept.
5. Centaurium texense (Griseb.) Fernald.
Texan Centaury. Fig. 3334.
Erythraea texensis Griseb; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 58.
1838.
C. texense Fernald, Rhodora 10: 54. 1908.
• Annual, corymbosely branched above, slender, 2'-8'
high. Stem-leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 8"
long or less, acute, sessile, the upper ones reduced
to subulate bracts; pedicels slender, as long as the
calyx or longer; calyx 4 "-5" long, its lobes subulate;
corolla light rose color, its tube longer than the
calyx, its acute oblong to oblong-lanceolate lobes
about half as long as the tube ; capsule longer than
the calyx.
In rocky soil, Missouri to Texas. May-Sept.
6. Centaurium calycosum 1 Buckley ) Fernald. Buck-
ley's Centaury. Fig. 3335.
Erythraea calycosa Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1862: 7. 1863.
Centaurium calycosum Fernald, Rhodora 10: 54. 1908.
Annual, corymbosely branched or sometimes simple, 2° high
or less, the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves oblong
to spatulate or linear, i'-li' long, acute, sessile; pedicels as
long as the calyx or longer; calyx 4"-S" long, its lobes nar-
rowly linear; corolla pink, its tube a little longer than the
calyx, its oval or oblong obtuse lobes nearly as long as the
tube.
In wet or moist soil, Missouri to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico.
April-June.
2. SABBATIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 503. 1763.
Annual or biennial erect usually branched glabrous herbs, with opposite or sometimes
verticillate sessile or rarely petioled or clasping leaves, and rather large terminal and solitary
or cymose pink rose or white flowers. Calyx 4-12-parted or -divided, the tube campanulate,
sometimes very short, the lobes or segments usually narrow. Corolla rotate, deeply 4-12-
parted. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the short tube .of the corolla; filaments filiform, short;
GENTIANAC! \r
Vol. III.
.S". lanceolata.
S.paniculata.
S. bracliiala.
S. angularis.
5. 51. calycina.
6. S. campeslris.
anthers linear or oblong, curved, rcvolule or coiled in anthesis. Ovary i-celled, the placentae
intruded; style 2-cleft or 2-parted, it-- lobes filiform, stigmatic along their inner sides. Cap-
sule ovoid or globose, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, reticulated. [In honor of L.
and C. Sabbati, Italian botanists, according to Salisbury, Parad. Lond. pi. 32, therefore
Sabbatia, though Adanson's spelling was Sabatia.]
About 18 species, natives of eastern North America, the West Indies and Mexico. Besides the
following, some 6 others occur in the southern United States. Type species: Chironia dodecandra L.
Flowers normally 4-5-parted, sometimes 6-7-parted.
Branches opposite.
Style 2-parted to below the middle or nearly to the base ; flowers white.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute; flowers 8"— 12" broad.
Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse ; flowers 6"— 9" broad.
Style 2-cleft to about the middle ; flowers normally pink.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; stem slightly 4-angled.
Leaves ovate, cordate-clasping ; stem strongly 4-angled.
Branches alternate, the lower sometimes opposite in nos. 5 and 6.
Calyx-segments foliaceous, longer than the corolla.
Calyx-segments linear or lanceolate, not longer than the corolla.
Calyx-tube 5-ribbed ; flowers 1'— 2' broad; leaves ovate to oblong.
Calyx-tube scarcely ribbed; flowers i'-i'/2' broad; leaves linear to lanceolate.
Calyx shorter than the corolla ; style 2-parted.
Flower pink with a yellow eye (rarely white) ; corolla-segments obovate.
7. S. stellaris.
Flowers white, very numerous; corolla-segments spatulate or oblanceolate.
8. S.Elliottii.
Calyx-segments filiform, as long as the corolla ; style 2-cleft. 9. 5". campanulata.
Flowers normally 8-12-parted, lYz'-zVi' broad. 10. S. dodecandra.
i. Sabbatia lanceolata (Walt. ) T. & G.
Lance-leaved Sabbatia. Fig. 3336.
Chironia lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 95. 1788.
5". lanceolata T. & G. ; A. Gray, Man. 356. 1848.
Stem branched above, or simple, slender, some-
what 4-angled, or terete below, I "-3° high, the
branches all opposite. Leaves lanceolate to ovate,
acute, or the lower sometimes obtuse, 3-5-nerved,
1 '-2' long, or the lowest shorter, the uppermost
reduced to narrow bracts; flowers white, fading
yellowish, 8"-i2" broad, usually numerous in
bracteolate corymbed cymes; pedicels slender,
2"-y" long; calyx-lobes lili form-linear, much
shorter than the corolla; corolla-segments oblong
or slightly obovate ; anthers recurved ; style
2-parted ; capsule ovoid, about 3" high.
In pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Florida.
May-Sept.
2. Sabbatia paniculata (Michx.) Pursh.
Branching Sabbatia. Fig. 3337.
C. paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 146. 1803.
51. paniculata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814.
Stem usually freely branching, 4-angled,
l°-2i° high, the branches all opposite. Leaves
linear, linear-oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse,
¥-l¥ long, the lower commonly shorter and
broader, the uppermost small and bract-like;
flowers white, 6 "-9" broad, usually very nu-
merous in corymbed cymes ; pedicels mostly
short, the central flowers of the cymes often
nearly sessile ; calyx-lobes linear, not more
than one-half the length of the corolla; co-
rolla-segments spatulate-oblong; anthers re-
curved or coiled ; style 2-parfed ; capsule ob-
long, about 3" high.
In dry or moist soil, Virginia to Florida. May-
Sept.
Genus 2.
GENTIAN FAMILY
6
3. Sabbatia brachiata Ell. Narrow-
leaved Sabbatia. Fig. 3338.
Chironia angularis var. angustifolia Michx. Fl.
Bor. Am. 1 : 146. 1803.
51. brachiata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 2S4. 1817.
S. angustifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 259.
1S94.
Stem slender, branched above, slightly 4-
angled, i°-2° high, the branches all opposite.
Leaves linear, linear-oblong, or linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse, or the upper acute, sessile, 1-2
long, the uppermost small and bract-like;
flowers pink with a yellowish or greenish eye,
few in the racemed or short-corymbed cymes,
or solitary at the ends of the branches, about
1' broad; calyx-lobes linear, usually more than
one-half the length of the corolla; corolla-
segments obovate-oblong: style 2-c!eft to about
the middle; capsule oblong, 3"-4" high.
In dry or moist soil, Indiana to Louisiana, east
to North Carolina and Florida. May-Sept.
4. Sabbatia angularis (L.) Pursh. Bitter-bloom. Rose-Pink. Square-stemmed
Sabbatia. Fig. 3339.
Chironia angularis L. Sp. PI. 190. 1 753-
5. angularis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 137. 1814.
Stem usually rather stout and much branched,
sharply 4-angled, 2°-3° high, the branches all
opposite or the lowest rarely alternate. Leaves
ovate, acute at the apex, cordate-clasping at the
base, 9/-18'' long, or the lower oblong and ob-
tuse, those of the branches si©aller; flowers rose-
pink, with a central greenish star, occasionally
white, i'-ii' broad, usually solitary at the ends
of the branches; calyx-lobes linear, one-half the
length of the corolla, or less; corolla-segments
obovate; style 2-cleft; capsule oblong, about 3"
high.
In rich soil, often in thickets. New York and
Pennsylvania to western Ontario, Michigan, Flor-
ida, Arkansas, Oklahoma and1 Louisiana. Bitter
clover. Pink-bloom. American centaury. July-Aug.
Flowers fragrant.
5. Sabbatia calycina ( Lam. ) Heller.
Coast Sabbatia. Fig. 3340.
Gentiana calycina Lam. Encycl. 2: 638. 1786.
C. calycosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 146. 1803.
Sabbatia calycosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1S14.
51. calycina Heller, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 24. 1894.
Stem somewhat 4-angled, freely branched,
6'-i2' high, the branches alternate, or the
lowest sometimes opposite. Leaves oblong or
some of them slightly obovate, obtuse or acute,
3-nerved, l'-2' long, narrowed to the sessile
base or the lower into petioles; flowers usu-
ally few, solitary at the ends of the branches
or peduncles, i'-ii' broad ; calyx-lobes linear
or spatulate, leaf-like, longer than the spatu-
late segments of the pink rose-purple or whit-
ish corolla; style 2-parted, capsule ovoid-
oblong. 3"-4" high.
In moist soil, Virginia to Florida, near the
coast. Cuba ; Santo Dominco. June-Aue.
GENTIANACEAE.
Vol. III.
6. Sabbatia campestris Nutt. Prairie
Sabbat ia. big. 3341.
Sabbatia campestris Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
(U-) 5: »97, 1833-37.
Stem 4-angled, branched, 6'— 15' high, the
branches alternate or dichotomous, or the lowest
opposite. Leaves ovaU, oblong or lanceolate,
mostly obtuse at the apex, sessile or slightly
clasping and subcordate at the base, i'-l' long;
flowers solitary at the ends of the branches and
peduncles, 1-2' broad; peduncles, 1-2' long;
calyx S-ribbed or almost 5-winged, its lobes lan-
ceolate, acute, 6"-i2" long, about as long as the
obovate lilac corolla-segments, becoming rather
rigid in fruit; style 2-cleft ; capsule oblong, 3"-4"
high.
On prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Texas.
7. Sabbatia stellaris Pursh. Sea or Marsh
Pink. Fig. 3342.
Sabbatia stellaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1 : 137. 1814.
Chironia stellata Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 23. 1S18.
Stem nearly terete, or slightly 4-angled, usually
much branched, 6-2° high, the branches alternate.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong to linear, sessile, i'-2'
long, 2"-s" wide, or the lowest smaller, some-
what obovate and obtuse, the uppermost narrowly
linear and bract-lik#; flowers 0,"-i8" broad, usu-
ally numerous, solitary at the ends of the branches
or slender peduncles : calyx not ribbed, its lobes
narrowly linear, shorter than or nearly equalling
the oblong or obovate corolla-segments; corolla
pink to white with a yellowish starry eye bor-
dered with red; style 2-cleft to below the middle;
capsule about 2J" high.
In salt-meadows, coast of Massachusetts to Flor-
ida. Recorded from Maine. Called also Rose-of-
Plymouth. July-Sept.
8. Sabbatia Elliottii Steud. Elliott's
Sabbatia. Fig. 3343.
S-a'ertia difformis L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753?
Sabbatia paniculata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 282.
1S17. Not Pursh, 1814.
.9. Elliottii Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 2: 489. 1841.
_ Stem paniculately branched, terete or slightly
ridged, r°-2° high, the branches alternate.
Lower leaves obovate or lanceolate-oblong,
obtuse, 6"-o/' long, the upper and those of the
branches narrowly linear or subulate ; flowers
very numerous, white, solitary at the ends of
the branches and short peduncles, 1' broad or
less ; calyx not ribbed, its lobes subulate-linear,
one-half as long as the spatulate or oblanceo-
late segments of the corolla, or less; style
2-parted; capsule about 2J" high.
In pine-barrens. Virginia and North Carolina to
Florida. Quinine-flower. July-Sept.
Genus 2.
GENTIAN FAMILY.
9. Sabbatia campanulata (L.) Torr. Slender Marsh Pink. Fig. 3344.
Chironia campanulata L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753.
Chironia gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 146. 1803.
Sabbalia gracilis Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 3-'. 1806.
Sabbatia campanulata Torr. Fl. U. S. 1 : 217. 1824.
Similar to the preceding species. Stem usually
Very slender and much branched, l°-2° high, the
branches alternate. Le; -es linear, or linear-lan-
ceolate, i'-iJ' long, sessile, acute, or the lowest
much shorter, obtuse, oblong or oblanceolate,
sometimes narrowed into short petioles, the up-
permost almost filiform; flowers pink with a
yellow eye, about 1' broad, solitary at the ends
of the branches and peduncles, mostly 5-parted ;
calyx-lobes filiform-linear, equalling the oblong-
obovate corolla-segments, or somewhat shorter ;
style 2-cleft to about the middle; capsule obovoid,
about 22" high.
In salt marshes and along brackish rivers, rarely
in fresh-water swamps, Nantucket to Florida and
Louisiana. Also on the summits of the southern
AUeghanies. Bahamas; Cuba. May-Aug.
10. Sabbatia dodecandra (L.) B.S.P. Large Marsh Pink. Fig. 3345.
Chironia dodecandra L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753.
Chironia chloroidcs Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 147. 1803.
Sabbalia chloroidcs Pursh, Fl. Am: Sept. 13S. 1S14.
Sabbatia dodecandra B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888.
Stem l°-2° high, little branched or simple, terete
or nearly so, the branches alternate. Basal leaves
spatulate, obtuse, li'— 3' long; stem leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, acute, the uppermost usually
narrowly linear; flowers few, pink, sometimes white,
solitary at the ends of the branches or peduncles,
li'-2i' broad; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, about
one-half as long as the 8-12 spatulate-obovate co-
rolla-segments; anthers coiled; style deeply 2-cleft,
its divisions clavate; capsule globose-oval, 3" high.
In sandy borders of ponds and along salt marshes,
Massachusetts to North Carolina, near the coast. July-
Sept. Plants of the Gulf States, previously referred to
this species, prove to be distinct.
3. EUSTOMA Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. J/.' 1806.
Erect usually branched glaucous annual herbs, with opposite sessile or clasping entire
leaves. Flowers large, blue, purple or white, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal, solitary
or paniculate. Calyx deeply 5-6-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla broadly
campanulate, deeply 5-6-lobed, the lobes oblong or obovate, usually erose-denticulate, convo-
lute in the bud. Stamens 5-6, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments filiform;
anthers oblong, versatile, at length recurved, or remaining nearly straight. Ovary l-celled;
style filiform ; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule oblong or ovoid, 2-valved. Seeds small, numer-
ous, foveolate. [Greek, open-mouth, referring to the corolla.]
Four species, natives of the southern United States, New Mexico and the West Indies. Type
species : Eustoma silenifolium Salisb.
GENTIANACEAE.
Vol. III.
i. Eustoma Russellianum (Hook.) Griseb.
Russell's Eustoma. lii,r. 334').
Lisianthus I\itsst'lli/. 17. f. 2. 1760.]
Aquatic perennial herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves floating, petiolcd, ovate or
orbicular, deeply cordate, entire or repand, or the primary ones different; flowers yellow or
white, polygamous, umbellate at the summit of filiform stems at the bases of the petioles, or
axillary, often accompanied by a cluster of thick elongated root-like tubers. Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla nearly rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud, sometimes
fimbriate on the margins, glandular at the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the
corolla; filaments short; anthers sagittate, versatile. Ovary i-celled; style short or none;
stigma 2-Iamellate. Capsule ovoid or oblong, indehiscent or irregularly bursting. Seeds
numerous or few, smooth or rough. [Greek, like Nymphaea.]
About 20 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. The following are the
only ones known to occur in North America. Type species : Nymphoides flava Hill.
Flowers white, accompanied by tufts of root-like tubers ; native species.
Floating leaves \'-z' long; flowers z"—6" broad; seeds smooth. 1. N.Iacunosum,
Floating leaves z'-6' long; flowers 6"-io" broad: seeds rough. 2. N. aquaticum.
Flowers not accompanied by tufts of tubers; corolla bright yellow, 1' broad or more; introduced
species. 3. N. nymphaeoides.
i. Nymphoides lacunosum (Vent.) Kuntze.
Floating Heart. Fig. 3371.
Villarsia lacunosa Vent. Choix des Plantes, 9. 1803.
Limnanthemum lacunosum Griseb. Gent. 347. 1839.
Nymphoides lacunosum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 429. 1891.
Rootstock buried in the mud, the roots long and
fibrous. Primary leaves membranous, submerged, short-
petioled; stems (stolons) filiform, greatly elongated,
sometimes 10° long, bearing a short-petioled floating
leaf, an umbel of flowers and a cluster of narrow tubers
at its summit, or some of the floating leaves on petioles
as long as the stems; floating leaves ovate-orbicular,
purplish beneath, l'-2' long, the basal sinus narrow or
broad; pedicels slender: tubers linear-conic, i'-l' long;
flowers nearly white, 3"-6" broad: style none; capsule
ovoid, covered by the connivent calyx-segments ; seeds
numerous, smooth.
In ponds. Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Min-
nesota and Louisiana. July-Aug.
Genus 2.
BUCKBEAN FAMILY.
2. Nymphoides aquaticum (Walt.)
Kuntze. Larger Floating Heart.
Fig. 3372.
Anonymos aquatica Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 17S8.
Villarsia aquatica Gmel. Syst. 1: 447. 1791.
Menyanth.es trachyspcrma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 :
126. 1803.
Limnanthemum trachyspermum A. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 390. 1867.
Limnanthemum aquaticum Britton, Trans. N. V.
Acad. Sci. 9 : 12. 1889.
Nymphoides aquaticum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI.
429. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species but stouter
and larger. Floating leaves cordate-orbicular,
thick, entire or repand, 2'-6' long, spongy, and
with the petioles and stolons densely covered
with minute pits ; primary leaves spatulate ;
pedicels slender, 1-3' long; tubers linear-
oblong, thicker ; corolla white, 6"-io" broad ;
style none ; seeds rough ; capsule longer than
the calyx.
In ponds, southern New Jersey and Delaware
to Florida and Texas. May-Aug.
3. Nymphoides nymphaeoides (L.)
Britton. Water Lily. Floating
Heart. Fig. "3373.
Menyanthes nymphaeoides L. Sp. PI. 145. 1753.
Limnanthemum nymphaeoides Hoffm. & Link,
Fl. Port. 1 : 344. 1809.
Stems long, stout, creeping or buried in
the mud, ascending to the surface of the
water, branched, the upper nodes bearing
a petioled leaf and a cluster of flowers, or
the upper internodes very short and their
leaves apparently opposite. Petioles stout,
mostly longer than the ovate-orbicular firm
blades, which are 2'-4' broad ; pedicels
stout, becoming 3'-6' long, not accompanied
by tufts of tubers ; flowers bright yellow,
I in diameter, or more ; corolla segments
short-fringed ; seeds with fimbriate margins.
Naturalized in ponds, District of Columbia.
Native of Europe and Asia. May-July.
Family 17. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 299. 1836.
Dogbane Family.
Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly with an
acrid milky juice, with simple' opposite alternate or verticillate exstipulate leaves,
and perfect regular 5-parted cymose solitary or paniculate flowers. Calyx infe-
rior, persistent, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, its lobes
convolute in the bud and often twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers linear-oblong,
or sagittate, 2-celled; pollen-grains simple, often glutinous. Ovary superior, or
its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct carpels, or 1 -celled, with 2 parietal
placentae, or 2-celled ; ovules few or numerous, anatropous or amphitropous ; style
simple, or 2-divided ; stigma simple. Fruit usually of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds
often appendaged by a coma : endosperm fleshy, not copious ; embryo straight ;
cotyledons flat or concave ; radicle terete, usually shorter than the cotyledons.
About 130 genera and n 00 species, very widely distributed, mostly in tropical regions.
Leaves alternate ; erect herbs. 1. Amsonia.
Leaves opposite ; vines or herbs.
Flowers large, axillary, solitary. 2. I'inca.
AI'OCYXACEAE.
Vol. III.
Flowers small, cymose.
Erect or diffuse herbs ; corolla campanulate.
High-climbing vines; corolla funnelform.
3. Apocynutn.
4. Trachelospermum.
I. AMSONIA Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788.
Perennial herbs, with alternate membranous leaves, and rather large blue or bluish flowers,
in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acuminate.
Corolla mostly salverform, the tube cylindric, but somewhat dilated at the summit, villous
within. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla, included; anthers ovate or oblong.
Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels, connected at the top by the filiform style; ovules in 2 rows
in each cavity, numerous ; stigma appendaged by a reflexed membrane. Fruit of 2 cylindric
several-seeded follicles. Seeds cylindric or oblong, obliquely truncate at each end, not
appendaged. [Named for Charles Amson of South Carolina.]
About 8 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, 5 others
occur in the southern and southwestern United States, Type species: Amsonia Tabcrnaemonlana
Walt.
a sCYl W/^/i. !• Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britton. Am-
sonia. Fig. 3374.
Tabcmaemontana Amsonia L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 308.
1762.
Amsonia Tabemaemontana Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788.
A. salicifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 184. 1814.
A, Amsonia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 2f>2. 1894.
Glabrous or nearly so, simple, or branched
above, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate, entire, acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, sometimes pubescent beneath,
2'-4' long, i— 2' wide; petioles 2 '-4" long; flowers
numerous ; pedicels bracteolate at the base ; calyx
about 1" long, its segments subulate ; corolla
6"-g" long, beaked by the convolute limb in the
bud, its lobes linear and about as long as the
tube ; follicles 2'-4' long, about 2" thick, attenuate
at the apex, glabrous, divergent or ascending;
seeds papillose.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Illinois. Kentucky.
Missouri. Florida and Texas. Consists of several
races, differing in leaf-form. April-July.
2. Vl'NCA L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753.
Erect or trailing herbs, some species slightly woody, with opposite leaves, and large soli-
• tary blue pink or white axillary flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acuminate.
Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, or expanded above, pubescent within, the lobes convo-
lute, at least in the bud, oblique. Stamens included. Disk of 2 glands, alternate with the
2 carpels. Ovules several in each carpel; style filiform; stigma annular, its apex penicillate.
Follicles 2, erect or spreading, cylindric, several-seeded. Seeds oblong-cylindric, truncate at
each end, not appendaged. [The Latin name.]
About T2 species, natives of the Old World. Type
species : Vinca major L.
i. Vinca minor L. Periwinkle. Myrtle.
Fig- 3375-
Vinca minor L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753.
Perennial, trailing, glabrous ; stems 6'-2° long.
Leaves oblong to ovate, entire, firm, green both
sides, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at
the base, short-petioled, 1-2J' long, i'-i' wide;
flowers not numerous, solitary in some of the
axils, blue, o"-i5" broad; peduncles slender, i'-ii'
long; calyx very deeply parted, the segments subu-
late-lanceolate, glabrous, about i*' long; corolla-
tube expanded above, as long as or slightly longer
than the obovate, nearly truncate lobes ; anther-
sacs with a broad connective; follicles few-seeded.
Escaped from gardens to roadsides and woods. On-
tario to Connecticut, southern New York and Geor-
gia. Native of Europe. Leaves shining. Also called
running myrtle or small periwinkle. Feb.-May.
Genus 3.
DOGBANE FAMILY.
21
3. APOCYNUM L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753.
Perennial branching herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and small white or pink flowers
in terminal and sometimes axillary corymbed cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments acute.
Corolla urceolate to campanulate, the tube bearing within 5 small appendages alternate with
the stamens, the limb 5-Iobed. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; anthers sagit-
tate, connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary of 2
carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; stigma ovoid, obtuse, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles
slender, elongated, terete. Seeds numerous, small, tipped with a long coma. [Greek, dogbane.]
About 1 1 species, of the north temperate zone, most abundant in North America. Type species :
Apocynum androsaemifolium L.
Corolla campanulate, not angled, 4"— 4 ^ " long, pink, its lobes widely spreading or recurved.
1. A. androsaemifolium.
Corolla urceolate to short-tubular, or narrowly campanulate, angled, ij4"~3j^" long, greenish,,
white, or faintly pink, its lobes a little spreading, or erect.
Corolla narrowly campanulate, 2^/2"— 3^"long, lobes nearly equal the tube. 2. A, medium.
Corolla urceolate to short-tubular, il/2 "-3" long, lobes much shorter than the tube.
Calyx-lobes ovate, much shorter than the corolla tube. 3. A. Milleri.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, about as long as the corolla-tube.
Leaves and cymes glabrous, or sparingly pubescent.
Leaves all narrowed at the base and distinctly petioled ; flowers greenish ; plant rather
bright green. 4. A.cannabinum.
At least the lower leaves sessile, and mostly rounded or subcordate at the base ; plant
pale glaucous green; flowers white. 5. A.sibiricum.
Leaves, cymes, and often the whole plant densely pubescent. 6. A.pubescens.
i. Apocynum androsaemifolium L.
Spreading Dogbane. Fig. 3376.
Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753.
Syst. Ed. 10, 946. 1759.
.1. divergens Greene, Leaflets 1 : 56. 1904.
Rootstock horizontal; stem 1 "-4° high ; branches
broadly spreading, mostly glabrous. Leaves ovate
or oval, acute or obtuse and mucronate at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, glabrous
above, pale and usually more or less pubescent
beneath, 2-4' long, i'-zY wide; petioles 2 "-4"
long; cymes loose; pedicels 2"~3" long, subulate-
bractedat the base; flowers about 4" broad; calyx-
segments shorter than the tube of the pinkish
corolla; corolla-lobes revolute; follicles about 4'
long, narrowed at the apex.
In fields and thickets. Anticosti to British Colum-
bia, south to Georgia, Missouri, Nebraska and Ari-
zona. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Honey-bloom.
Bitter-root or -dogbane. Rheumatism-wood. Wild
ipecac. Wandering milk-weed. Western wall-flower.
Fly-trap. June-July. Linnaeus inadvertently failed
to affix a binominal specific name in the first edition
of his "Species Plantarum," but corrected this six
years later.
2. Apocynum medium Greene. Intermediate Dogbane.
F>g- 3377-
Apocynum medium Greene, Pittonia 3: 29. 1897.
Biol. Soc. Wash. 13 : 83.
Apocynum spcciosnm G. S. Miller, Proc.
1899.
Rootstock horizontal ; stem stout, 4° high or less, the branches
ascending, glabrous. Leaves oblong to oval or elliptic, mucronulate,
ascending, 2I-4' long, somewhat pubescent beneath ; petioles
2"-4" long; cymes terminal, compact; pedicels il"-2l" long;
flowers erect ; calyx-segments ovate, about half as long as the
S-angled corolla-tube; corolla white or pinkish, 2V-ZI" long,
urceolate-campanulate, its lobes acutish, somewhat spreading,
nearly as long as the tube ; follicles 3-4' long.
Fields and hillsides, Quebec to the District of Columbia, west to
Iowa. June-Aug.
AI'OI yxackal
Vol. 111.
3. Apocynum Milleri Britton. Miller's
Dogbane. Fig. 3378.
Apocynum Milleri Britton, Manual 739. 1901.
Stem slender, 3° high or less, the brandies
spreading. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate,
2i'-3i' long, pubescent beneath, the pubescent
petioles li"~3 ' long; cymes small, terminal or
also in the upper axils, the pedicels l"-l4"
long; flowers nearly erect; corolla pinkish,
24"- 3" long, its rounded segments spreading,
much shorter than the tube, which is longer
than the ovate calyx-segments; follicles about
4' long.
Dry soil. New York to Maryland and the Dis-
trict of Columbia. June-July.
4. Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp.
Amy-root. Fig. 3379.
Apocynum cannabinum L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753.
A, cannabinum glaberrimum DC. Prodr. 8: 439. 1844.
A. nemorale G. S. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13 : 87.
1899.
Apocynum urceolifer G. S. Miller, loc. cit.
Root deep, vertical, soon branching. Stem exten-
sively branched, Ihe branches erect or ascending,
glabrous or nearly so, more or less glaucous. Leaves
oblong, lanceolate-oblong or ovate-oblong, acute or
obtuse and mucronate at the apex, narrowed or
rounded at the base, glabrous above, sometimes pu-
bescent beneath, 2'-6' long, 4'-3' wide; petioles i"-6"
long, or sometimes none; cymes dense; pedicels
short, bracteolate at the base; calyx-segments about
as long as the tube of the greenish-white corolla;
corolla-lobes nearly erect ; follicles similar to those
of the preceding species.
In fields and thickets, Connecticut to Wisconsin, Ala-
bama, Tennessee, Missouri and Kansas, perhaps extend-
ing farther north. Rheumatism-root. Wiid cotton.
5. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. Clasping-
leaved Dogbane. Fig. 3380.
A. sibiricum Jacq. Hort. Vind. 3: 37. pi. 66. 1776.
A. hypericifolium Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 : 304. 1789.
A. cannabinum var. hybericifolium A. Gray, Man.
365. 1848.
Apocynum album Greene, Pittonia 3: 230. 1897.
Glabrous, pale green, often glaucous ; stem
I°-2° high, the branches ascending. Leaves ob-
long, oblong-lanceolate to oval. 1'— 3' long, 4'-il'-
wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cordate-
clasping, rounded, truncate, or most of the upper
narrowed at the base, short-petioled, or sessile,
the primary venation forming broad angles with
the midvein ; cymes many-flowered, dense to
loose ; pedicels mostly not longer than the flow-
ers, bracteolate: calyx-segments about as long as
the corolla-tube, lanceolate, acute ; corolla-lobes
nearly erect; follicles 2'-34' long.
Mostly along streams. Quebec to British Columbia,
Long Island, Ohio, Kansas and New Mexico. St.
John's-dogbane. June-Aug.
Genus 3.
DOGBANE FAMILY
6. Apocynum pubescens R. Br. Velvet Dog-
bane. Fig. 3381.
A. pubescens R. Br. Mem. Wern. Soc. 1 : 68. 1811.
Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens A. DC. Prodr. 8:
440. 1844.
Whole plant, including the pedicels and calyx,
densely velvety-pubescent, or the stem sometimes
glabrate. Branches ascending; leaves oval to elliptic,
obtuse or acute at the apex, strongly mucronate,
obtuse or obtusish at the base, the veins impressed
in the pubescence of the lower surface ; petioles l"-2"
long ; cymes dense ; calyx-segments about as long as
the tube of the corolla, lanceolate, acute; corolla-
lobes erect; follicles about 4' long.
In dry sandy soil, Ontario to Rhode Island. Maryland,
Alabama, Iowa and Kansas. April-Aug. Perhaps a pu-
bescent race of A. cannabinum L.
4. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire,
Jard. Fleur. 1: pi. 61. 1851.
Twining woody vines (some exotic species nearly erect shrubs), with opposite entire
deciduous leaves, and small yellow greenish or white flowers in terminal and axillary com-
pound cymes. Calyx small, deeply 5-parted, glandular within, the segments narrow. Corolla
funnelform or salverform, the tube nearly cylindric, expanded above, the lobes convolute,
more or less twisted. Stamens included, or short exserted ; anthers sagittate, acuminate,
connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk of 5 glandular lobes. Ovary
of 2 carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; style slender, its apex thickened below the
narrow ring of the ovoid stigma. Follicles much elongated, slender. Seeds linear or oblong,
not beaked, long-comose at the apex. [Greek, neck-seed, but the seed is not beaked. 1
About 6 species, natives of eastern Asia and North
America. Type species: Trachelospermum jasminoides
Lemaire, of eastern Asia. The following is the only
known North American species.
I. Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) A.
Gray. Trachelospermum. Fig. 3382.
Echilcs difformis Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788.
Forsleronia difformis A. DC. Prodr. 8: 437. 1844.
T. difforme A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part 1, 85. 1878.
A high-climbing vine, the stems ¥ in diameter or
more, the twigs pubescent or glabrous. Leaves thin,
ovate, oval or lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the
apex, narrowed or rarely rounded at the base, li'-3'
long, \'-2.' wide; petioles 2"-^" long; peduncles slen-
der, shorter than the leaves; pedicels and branches
of the cyme bracteolate at the base ; flowers yellow
or cream-color, 4"-5" long ; lobes of the corolla
ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube; follicles very
slender, 5'-o/ long, scarcely 2" thick ; many-seeded.
In moist woods and along streams, Delaware to Flor-
ida, Texas and Mexico, mostly near the coast, north to
Arkansas and1 Missouri. June-Aug.
Family 18. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 302. 1836.*
Milkweed Family.
Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky juice, with opposite alter-
nate or verticillate exstipulate leaves, and mostly umbellate perfect regular flowers.
Calyx inferior, its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate
in the bud. Corolla campanulate, urceolate, rotate or funnelform, 5-lobed or
5-cleft, the segments commonly reflexed, mostly valvate in the bud. A 5-lobed
or 5-parted crown (corona) between the corolla and the stamens and adnate to
one or the other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, usually near its base ; fila-
ments short, stout, mostly monadelphous, or distinct ; anthers attached by their
* Text revised for our first edition by Miss Anna Murray Vail, here somewhat modified.
-t
ASCLKIMADACEAE.
Vol. J 11.
bases to the filaments, introrsely 2-celled, connivent around the stigma, or more
or less united with each other ; anther-sacs tipped with an inflexed or erect scarious
membrane, or unappendaged at the to;), sometimes appendaged at the base; pollen
coherent into waxy or granular masses, one or rarely two such masses in each sac,
connected with the stigma in pairs or fours, by 5 glandular corpuscles alternate with
the anthers. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels; styles 2, short, connected at the
summit by the peltate discoid stigma ; ovules numerous in each carpel, mostly
anatropous, pendulous. Fruit of 2 several-many-seeded follicles. Seeds com-
pressed, usually appendaged by a long coma ; endosperm cartilaginous, mostly
thin; embryo nearly as long as the seed; cotyledons flat.
About 220 genera and 2000 species, of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant in
tropical or warm-temperate regions.
Erect or decumbent herbs.
Corona-hoods each with an incurved horn within ; eaves mostly opposite.
Corona-hoods prominently crested within ; leaves alternate.
Corona-hoods unappendaged or with a thickened crest-like keel.
Twining vines.
Corolla-lobes erect ; corona-lobes 1-2-awned.
Corolla rotate.
Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane ; pollen-masses pendulous.
A —it 1.. i.* J . 11 1 _• ._1
Anthers merely tipped; pollen-masses horizontal.
1. Asclepias.
2. Asclepiodora.
3. Accrates.
4. Gonolobus.
5. Cynanchum.
6. Vincetoxicum.
i. ASCLEPIAS L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753.
Perennial erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite verticillate or rarely alternate entire
leaves, and middle-sized or small flowers in terminal or axillary umbels. Calyx 5-parted or
5-divided, usually small, the segments or sepals acute, often glandular within. Corolla deeply
5-parted, the segments mostly valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present.
Corona of 5 concave erect or spreading hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate
incurved horn, either included or exserted. Filaments connate into a tube ; anthers tipped
with an inflexed membrane, winged, the wings broadened below the middle ; pollen-masses
solitary in each sac, pendulous on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5-angled or 5-lobed.
Follicles acuminate. Seeeds comose in all but one species. [Dedicated to Aesculapius.]
About 95 species, mostly natives of the New World ; besides the following, some 25 others occur
in southern and western North America. Known as Milkweed, Silkweed, or Swallow-wort. Type
species : Asclepias syrlaca L.
* Corolla and corona orange; leaves alternate or opposite.
Stem erect or ascending; leaves nearly all alternate. 1. A. tuberose
Stems reclining; leaves, at least the upper, opposite, oblong or oval. 2. A. decumbens.
**Coiolla bright red or purple (sometimes greenish in A. rubra) leaves opposite.
Flowers 4"-6" broad ; corona-hoods 2"— 3" high.
Leaves lanceolate or linear ; hoods oblong, obtuse.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; hoods lanceolate.
Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-oblong ; hoods oblong, acutish.
Flowers 2" -3" broad ; corona-hoods i"-i}4" high.
Plant nearly or quite glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
Plant pubescent ; leaves oblong.
*** Corolla greenish, purplish, yellowish or white; leaves opposite or verticillate.
Leaves ovate, oblong, ovate-lanceolate, obovate or orbicular.
Plants glabrous throughout, or minutely pubescent above.
Leaves sessile, clasping or very short-petioled.
Peduncles of the solitary or several umbels short.
Leaves ovate-oblong ; hoods 2-auriculate at the base.
Leaves nearly orbicular ; hoods truncate.
Peduncle of the usually solitary umbel elongated.
Leaves wavy-margined.
Leaves cordate-clasping.
Leaves rounded at the base, short-petioled.
Leaves sessile, flat ; horn not exceeding the hood.
Leaves manifestly petioled.
Corolla greenish ; umbels loose, the pedicels drooping.
Corolla white ; umbels dense.
Corolla pink ; some of the leaves verticillate in 4's.
Plants, at least the lower surfaces of the leaves, canescent or tomentose.
Follicles tomentose, covered with soft spinose processes.
Corona-hoods obtuse, short.
Corona-hoods elongated, lanceolate.
Follicles with no spinose processes, glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves wavy-margined ; corolla-segments a,"-$" long.
Leaves flat ; corolla-segments 2"—$" long.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear.
Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
Leaves thick, short-petioled; inflorescence woolly.
Leaves thin, slender-petioled ; inflorescence downy.
3. A. lanceolata.
4. A. rubra.
5. A. purpurascens.
6. A. xncarnata.
7. A. pulchra.
A. Sullivantii.
A. latifolia.
A. amplexicautis.
A. intermedia.
A. Meadii.
A. cxaltata.
A.variegata.
A. quadrifolia.
16. A. syriaca.
17. A.speciosa.
19.
A.arenaria.
A. ovalifolia.
20. A.brachystephana,
2\. A. perennis.
Genus i.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
25
Leaves mostly verticillate in 3's-6's. narrowly linear.
Hoods entire.
Hoods dorsally hastate-sagittate.
Leaves scattered, densely crowded, filiform-linear.
i. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed
or -flower. Pleurisy-root. Fig. 3383.
Asclepias luberosa L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753.
Hirsute-pubescent ; stems stout, simple, or
branched near the summit, ascending or erect,
very leafy, I°-2° high, the milky sap scanty.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate or oblong, acute or
sometimes obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded
or cordate at the base, sessile or short-petioled,
2'-6' long, 2"-i2" wide ; umbels cymose, terminal,
many-flowered; peduncles shorter than the leaves ;
pedicels i'-l' long; corolla-segments about 3"
long, greenish orange ; corona-column about i'
long; hoods erect, oblong, bright orange, or yel-
low, 2-3 times as long as the stamens, longer than
the filiform horns; fruiting pedicels decurved;
follicles nearly erect, finely pubescent, 4-5' long.
In dry fields, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota,
Florida, Texas, Chihuahua and Arizona. Consists of
numerous races, differing in shape and size of the
leaves and color of the flowers. June-Sept. Wind-
or orange-root. Canada-, flux-, tuber- or white-root.
Orange swallow-wort. Yellow milkweed. Indian-posy.
22. A. verticillata.
23. A. galioides.
24. A. pumila.
2. Asclepias decumbens L. Decumbent
Butterfly-weed. Fig. 3384.
Asclepias decumbens L. Sp. PI. 216. 1753.
Hirsute-pubescent; stems decumbent, 2°-3°
long, the ends ascending or erect. Leaves sessile
or short-petioled, oblong or elliptic, obtuse at the
apex, narrowed and often inequilateral at the
base, 1-3' long, i'-2i' wide, the upper opposite,
the lower commonly alternate, the uppermost
very small; umbels several or numerous, many-
flowered, racemose along the branches, one
usually in each of the upper axils; peduncles
stout, short; pedicels slender, pubescent, about
J' long ; corolla-segments oblong, acutish, dark
orange, about 3" long; column about i" high,
the hoods erect, oblong, orange, longer than the
subulate horn ; follicles slender.
In dry fields, Illinois and Ohio to North Carolina
and Florida. Creeping milkweed. June-Aug.
3. Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Few-flowered
Milkweed. Fig. 3385.
Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 105. 1788.
A. panpercula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 11S. 1803.
Glabrous ; stem slender, usually simple, naked
above, 2°-4° high. Leaves opposite, distant, linear
or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, acuminate, nar-
rowed at the base, short-petioled, 4'-io' long. 2"-j"
wide, roughish on the margins, the primary nerves
widely spreading; umbels few-flowered, solitary or
2-4 at the summit ; peduncles about equalling the
slender puberulent pedicels ; corolla-segments oblong,
4"-S" long, deep red: column thick, about 1" high;
hoods obovate or oblong, obtuse, orange, 2-toothed
near the base, nearly twice the length of the anthers
and longer than the subulate incurved horn ; fruit-
ing pedicels decurved ; follicles erect, minutely
puberulent, fusiform, about 4' long.
In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and
Texas, mostly near the coast. June-Aug.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
Vol. III.
4. Asclepias rubra L. Red Milkweed.
Fig- 3386.
Asclepias rubra L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753.
Nearly glabrous throughout; stem usually sim-
ple, i°-4° high. Leaves opposite; rather distant,
short-petioled, ovate, lanceolate or the lower some-
times oblong, rounded or subcordate at the base,
gradually acuminate, rather firm, 3'-8' long, i'-2i'
wide, the primary nerves wide-spreading ; umbels
1-4, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than or
equalling the upper leaves; pedicels slender, downy,
l'-i' long; corolla-segments and hoods lanceolate-
oblong, purplish red, or the hoods orange-red,
3"-4" long, or flowers sometimes greenish; horns
of the hoods very slender, nearly straight; fruiting
pedicels deflexed, the follicles erect, spindle-shaped,
glabrous, about 4' long.
In moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Flor-
ida, Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. June-July.
Fig- 338/.
5. Asclepias purpurascens L. Purple Milkweed.
Asclepias purpurascens L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753. , s'.' '■'.•' ;■
^Asclepias amoena L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753. '..- ,' *u
Stem stout, puberulent or glabrous, usually sim- (\ ^^ k
pie, 20-4° high, leafy to the top. Leaves ovate,
elliptic or oblong, short-petioled, acute or obtuse
and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or round-
ed at the base, nearly glabrous above, finely
tomentose beneath, 3 '-8' long, li-3' wide, the
primary nerves very wide-spreading; umbels
many-flowered, borne in several of the upper
axils, or sometimes solitary; peduncles stout;
pedicels slender, puberulent, i'-ii' long; corolla
deep purple, its segments oblong to oblong-lan-
ceolate, about 3" long ; column very short and
thick ; hoods oblong or ovate, nearly twice as
long as the anthers, pale red or purple, the horns
broad at the insertion, short-subulate and incurved
at the apex ; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the
downy follicles nearly erect, 4'-$' long.
In dry fields and thickets, New Hampshire to
North Carolina, west to southern Ontario, Minne-
sota and Arkansas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Cats-
kills. June-Aug.
6. Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milk-
weed. Fig. 3388.
Asclepias incarnata L. Sp. PI. 215. 1753.
Stem slender, glabrous, or puberulent in 2 lines
above, branched or rarely simple, 2°-4° high,
leafy to the top. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, ob-
tuse or sometimes subcordate at the base, 3 '-6'
long, Y-il' wide, the primary nerves not wide-
spreading; petioles 3"-6" long; umbels usually
numerous, corymbed, many-flowered ; pedicels
pubescent, 5"-io" long; corolla red or rose-
purple, rarely white, its lobes oblong, about 2"
long; column more than one-half as long as the
obtuse pink or purplish hoods; horns slender, in-
curved, longer than the hoods; anther-wings en-
tire, or obscurely notched at the base ; fruiting
pedicels erect or incurved; follicles erect, 2'— 3V
long, sparingly puberulent.
In swamps. New Brunswick to Ontario. Saskatch-
ewan, Tennessee, Louisiana and Colorado. Ascends
to 3000 ft. in West Virginia. Rose- or swamp-silk-
weed. Water nerve-root. White Indian-hemp. July- Sept.
Genus i.
MILKWEED EAMILV.
7. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. Hairy
weed. Fig. 3389.
Milk-
Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. ; Willd. Sp. PI.
A. incamata var. pulchra Pers. Syn. I :
[ : 1267. 1798.
'76. 1805.
Similar to the preceding species and perhaps hy-
bridizing with it where the two grow together ;
stem stout, tomentose-pubescent, usually branched,
2°-32° high, leafy to the top. Leaves broadly lan-
ceolate, acute, acuminate or some of them obtusish
at the apex, subcordate, rounded, or the upper nar-
rowed at the base, puberulent or glabrous above,
pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 3'-S' long,
¥-2' wide ; petioles usually stout and short ; flowers
similar to those of A. incarnate, but the corolla
commonly lighter red or pink, rarely white; pedun-
cles and pedicels tomentose; fruiting pedicels erect
or incurved ; follicles erect, densely pubescent, 2'-3'
long.
In moist fields and swamps, Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota, south to Georgia. White Indian-hemp. July-Sept.
8. Asclepias Sullivantii Engelm. Sulli-
vant's Milkweed. Fig. 3390.
A. Sullivantii Engelm. ; A. Gray, Man. 366. 184S.
Glabrous throughout ; stem stout, simple or
sometimes branched above, 2°-4° high, leafy to
the top. Leaves thick, sessile, or on petioles less
than 1" long, oblong or ovate-oblong, usually
obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, subcordate,
rounded or slightly clasping at the base, 4'-6'
long, 1V—3' wide, the primary nerves very wide-
spreading; umbels terminal and sometimes also
in the upper axils, many-flowered; peduncles
shorter than the leaves ; corolla-segments oval-
oblong, S"-6" long, purplish ; column very short
and thick; hoods oval, obtuse or truncate, gib-
bous at each side near the base, longer than the
anthers and the subulate incurved horn; follicles
erect, glabrous, 3-4' long, usually with blunt
processes near the apex.
In moist soil, southern Ontario to Ohio, Minne-
sota, Nebraska, Missouri and Kansas. July-Sept.
9. Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf. Broad-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3391.
Asclepias obtusifolia var. latifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
2 : 117. 1S26.
Asclepias latifolia Raf. Atl. Tourn. 146. 1S32-33.
A. Jamesii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 162. 1859.
Minutely puberulent wnen young, glabrous when
old; stem stout, usually simple, i°-2i° high, very
leafy. Leaves very thick, oval to orbicular, sessile
or nearly so, commonly broadly emarginate and
mucronulate at the apex and cordate or subcordate
at the base, 4'-6' long and nearly as wide, primary
nerves very wide-spreading; umbels 2-4, many-
flowered, short-peduncled in the upper axils or rarely
terminal; pedicels slender, canescent, nearly 1' long;
corolla-segments ovate, acute, 4"-6" long, greenish ;
column short and thick ; hoods truncate, about equal-
ling the anthers, the horn projecting from a short
crest over the edge of the stigma; follicles erect on
deflexed pedicels, ovoid, acutish, 2'-3' long, about 1'
thick.
On dry plains, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Ari-
zona. July-Sept.
2S
ASCLKlMADACI'.Ai:.
Vol. III.
10. Asclepias amplexicaiilis J. E. Smith. Blunt-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3392.
A. amplexicaiilis J. E. Smith, Georgia Insects 1 : 13.
pi. 7. 1797-
A. oblusifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 115. 1803.
Nearly glabrous, pale green, somewhat glau-
cous ; stem stout, erect or ascending, 2°-3° high.
Leaves sessile, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse
and mucronulate at the apex, cordate-clasping at
the base, 3'-S' long, I'-li' wide, margins wavy-
crisped ; umbels many-flowered, usually solitary
on the long terminal peduncle, rarely with a
second shorter-peduncled one at its base; pedi-
cels slender, downy, about 1' long; corolla-seg-
ments oblong, greenish-purple, about 4" long;
column thick; hoods pink, nearly truncate and
toothed at the summit, shorter than the subulate
incurved horn, longer than the anthers; follicles
erect on the stout decurved fruiting pedicels,
downy, 4'-6' long.
In dry fields, mostly ill sandy soil, New Hamp-
shire to Florida, northern New York, Minnesota,
Nebraska and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Vir-
ginia. May-Aug.
4s8, is ap-
J. E.
A. Bicknellii Vail, Bull. Torr. Club 31
parently a hybrid between A. amplexicaiilis
Smith and A. exaltata (L.) Muhl.
11. Asclepias intermedia Yail. Intermediate
Milkweed. Fig. 3393.
A, intermedia Vail, Bull. Torr. Club 31 : 459. 1904.
Stem erect, glabrous, purplish, not glaucous, about
ic high. Leaves oblong-elliptic, glabrous above, mi-
nutely pubescent beneath, 6' long or less, obtuse at
both ends or the upper subcordate at the base, the
petioles very short; umbels 2 or more, terminal, pe-
duncled. the peduncles and slender pedicels pubes-
cent ; corolla green-purple, its oblong-lanceolate seg-
ments 3 "-4" long, the erect hoods ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse, about 3" long, pink-purple, with a darker
stripe on the back, the margins with an erect tooth
above the middle, the horn slender.
Lawrence. Long Island. Possibly a hybrid between
A. syriaca and A. amplexicaiilis.
12. Asclepias Meadii Torr. Mead's Milkweed.
Fig. 3394-
A. Meadii Torr. ; A. Grav. Man. Ed. 2, Add. 704. 1856.
Nearly glabrous throughout, pale green or glaucous ;
stern simple, or rarely branched above, l°-2° high.
Leaves opposite, sessile, flat, mostly distant, ovate,
ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute
or sometimes obtuse at the apex, the margins scabrous;
umbel solitary, terminal, several-flowered, borne on a
peduncle 3'-6' long; corolla-segments greenish, ovate,
acute, 3"-4" long; column very short, thicker than
high; hoods ovate, purplish, nearly twice as long as
the anthers, rounded and truncate at the summit,
longer than the subulate inflexed horn, with a small
tooth at each side on the inner infolded margin: folli-
cles erect on decurved pedicels, minutely puberulent,
narrow, 4'-5' long.
In dry soil, Illinois to Iowa and Wisconsin. June-Aug.
Genus i.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
29
13. Asclepias exaltata (L. ) Muhl. Poke or
Tall Milkweed. Fig. 3395.
A. Syriaca var. exaltata L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 313. 1762.
Asclepias exaltata Muhl. Cat. 28. 1813.
A. phytolaccoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 180. 181 4.
Nearly glabrous throughout, with two opposite
lines of pubescence on the usually simple stem, 3°-6°
high. Leaves opposite, thin or membranous, oval,
ovate or oblong, acuminate at both ends, 4'-o/ long,
1 4 -4' wide, the lower sometimes obovate, obtuse,
shorter; petioles l'-i' long; peduncles 1-3' long;
umbels usually several ; pedicels slender, drooping
or spreading, 1/-2' long, puberulent ; corolla green-
purple, the segments ovate or oblong, obtusish,
3"- 4" long; column short; hoods white or pink,
slightly shorter than the anthers, much shorter than
the subulate horn, at the summit truncate and entire
or erose, with I or 2 slender teeth on each of the
inner margins; follicles erect on the deflexed pedi-
cels, downy, long-acuminate, 4'-6' long.
In thickets and woods, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia,
Missouri and Arkansas. Ascends to 5500 ft. in North
Carolina. June-Aug.
14. Asclepias variegata L. White Milk-weed. Fig. 3396.
Asclepias variegata L. Sp. PI. 217. 1733.
Stem glabrous below, pubescent above when
young, simple. i°-3° high. Leaves opposite, thick,
oval, ovate, oblong or the lower somewhat obo-
vate, obtuse and cuspidate or acutish at the apex,
narrowed or rounded at the base, dark green
above, pale beneath, 3' -6' long, 1/-3' wide, the
middle ones sometimes verticillate in 4's ; petioles
3"-l2" long; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely I or
2 in the upper axils, densely many-flowered ; pe-
duncles 1/-2' long; pedicels J'-li' long, erect or
ascending, usually densely puberulent ; corolla-
segments ovate or oval, about 3" long, white, or
purple near the base; column very short and
thick, purplish ; hoods globose-obovoid, obtuse,
spreading, longer .than the anthers, about equal-
ling the semi-lunate horizontally pointed horn;
follicles downy, erect on the deflexed fruiting
pedicels, 4'-5' long.
In dry woods or thickets, Connecticut (?), south-
ern New York to Illinois, Arkansas, Florida and
Texas. June-July.
15. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Four-
leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3397.
A. quadrifolia Jacq. Obs. Part 2. 8. pi. 33. 1767.
Stem slender, simple, i°-2° high, usually leaf-
less below. Leaves thin, sparingly pubescent on
the veins beneath, ovate to lanceolate, 2 '-6' long,
i'-2i' wide, acute or acuminate, narrowed or
rounded at the base, or the lowest pair much
smaller, obovate and obtuse, the upper and lower
opposite, the middle ones usually verticillate in
4's ; umbels 1-4,- terminal, or rarely in the upper
axils; peduncles slender, Y-2Y long; pedicels
about 1' long; corolla pink or nearly white, its
lobes lanceolate-oblong, 2"— 3" long; column short ;
hoods white, obtuse at the apex, broadly 2-toothed
above the base, twice as long as the anthers and
the short incurved horn ; follicles erect on the
erect fruiting pedicels, 3'-S' long, glabrous.
Woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Minne- ft
sota, Alabama and Arkansas. May-July.
3°
Am U I'lADACEAE.
Vol. III.
1 6. Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milk-
weed. Silkweed. Fig. 3398.
. f.i< lepias 1 in (Oi a I . Sp, PI. .■ 14. 175.;.
Asclepias Cornuti Dec. in DC. 1'rodr. 8: 564. 1844.
Stem stout, usually simple, 3°-S° high, finely
pubescent at lea-: above. Leaves oblong, oval or
ovate, finely and densely pubescent beneath, soon
glabrous above, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at
the apex, obtuse, narrowed .or subcordate at
the base, 4.'-g' long, 2'-4i' wide, the primary nerve-
wide-spreading; petioles stout, 3"-8" long; umbels
several or numerous ; peduncles pubescent or tomen-
tose, 1*'— 3*' long; pedicels i'-2' long; corolla green-
purple or greenish-white, its segments oblong-lan-
ceolate, 3"-4" long; column short and thick, the
hoods ovate-lanceolate with a tooth on each side,
longer than the anthers and the incurved horn ; fol-
licles 3'-s' long, erect on recurved pedicels, tomen-
tose and covered with short soft processes.
In fields and waste" places, New Brunswick to Sas-
katchewan, North Carolina and Kansas. Leaves rarely
lanceolate. Silky swallow-wort. Virginia silk. Wild
cotton. June-Aug.
Asclepias kansana Vail, of Kansas, differs by erect-spreading hoods of the corolla and more
densely tomentose follicles.
17. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milk-
weed. Fig. 3399.
Asclepias speciosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 218. 1826.
A. Douglasii Hook. Fl. Eor. Am. 2: 53. pi. 152. 1834.
YVhite-tomentose or canescent all over, or gla-
brate below, pale; stem simple, stout, i°-2§° high.
Leaves thick, broadly ovate or oval, obtuse and cus-
pidate or acute at the apex, subcordate, rounded or
narrow-ed at the base, petioled, 3'-8' long, 2'-^ wide ;
peduncles 1'— 3' long; umbels several or rarely soli-
tary, many-flowered; pedicels stout, 0/-18" long;
corolla purple-green, its segments oblong or ovate-
oblong, 4-'-6" long, tomentose on the outer face ;
column very short or none ; hoods lanceolate, 5"-""
long, obtusish, expanded and with 2 blunt teeth be-
low, the apex ligulate, 5-7 times as long as the
anthers ; horn short, inrlexed ; follicles erect or
spreading on the recurved fruiting pedicels, 3'-4#
long, densely woolly and covered with soft spinose
processes.
In moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south
to Kansas. Utah and California. May-July.
18. Asclepias arenaria Torr. Sand Milk-
weed. Fig. 3400.
A. arenaria Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 16
1859.
stems
high,
thick,
Densely tomentose-canescent all over,
simple, ascending or erect, stout, i°-2°
Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-margined,
obtuse or retuse and cuspidate at the apex, trun-
cate, subcordate, obtuse, or rarely some of them
narrowed at the base, 2'~4' long, 1J-3' wide, the
angle of the primary nervation broad ; umbels
densely many-flowered, short-peduncled or ses-
sile ; corolla greenish-white, its segments oval-
oblong, 4"-5" long; column l"-2" high; hoods
oblong, truncate at each end, oblique at the apex,
longer than the anthers, with a broad tooth on
each side within ; horn semi-lunate with an ab-
ruptly incurved subulate apex; follicles puberu-
lent. 4'-5' long, erect on the decurved fruiting
pedicels.
On sand-bars and hills along rivers, Nebraska and
Colorado to Mexico and New Mexico. June-Sept.
Genus i.
MILKWEED FAMILY
19. Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. Oval-leaved
or Dwarf Milkweed. Fig. 3401.
Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8 : 567. 1844.
Finely tomentose all over ; stem simple, usually
slender, erect, io'-2° high. Leaves oval, ovate,
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse and
mucronulate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at
the base, 2-3' long, i'-ii' wide, short-petioled,
the upper surfaces becoming glabrate at maturity;
umbels solitary or few, several-many-flowered ;
peduncles short : corolla greenish-white or pur-
plish, its segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2"-3"
long; column very short; hoods oval-oblong, yel-
lowish, nearly twice as long as the anthers, bear-
ing a large acute tooth on each of the inner mar-
gins ; horn subulate, incurved over the stigma ;
follicles ascending on the reflexed fruiting pedi-
cels, pubescent.
In woods and on prairies, Illinois to North Dakota,
Wisconsin, Manitoba and Athabasca. June-July.
20. Asclepias brachystephana Engelin.
Short-crowned Milkweed. Fig. 3402.
Asclepias brachystephana Engelm. ; Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. Surv. 163. 1859.
Puberulent when young, soon glabrate ; stems
clustered, often branched, spreading or ascend-
ing, 6'-l2' long. Leaves mostly opposite, lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, thick, long-acuminate at
the apex, rounded, subcordate or narrowed at the
base, 2'-s' long, 2"-6" wide, or the lowest shorter ;
petioles l"-4" long; umbels several, terminal and
axillary, few-flowered; peduncles short; pedicels
densely woolly, equalling or longer than the pe-
duncles ; corolla greenish-purple, its segments
about 2" long; column very short or none; hoods
ovate, obtuse, shorter than the anthers, the short
erect-incurved horn slightly exserted; follicles
erect on the spreading or decurved fruiting pedi-
cels, downy or hoary, acuminate, 2-3^' long.
In dry soil, Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth).
Wyoming to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. June-Aug.
21. Asclepias perennis Walt. Thin-leaved
Milkweed. Fig. 3403.
Asclepias perennis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788.
Puberulent above, glabrous below ; stem slen-
der, simple or branched, erect, l°-3° high. Leaves
thin, opposite, lanceolate, oblong or ovate-lanceo-
late, slender-petioled, acuminate or acute at both
ends, 2'-6' long, i'-i' wide, nearly glabrous; um-
bels solitary or several and corymbose ; peduncles
l'-2' long; pedicels slender, i'-i' long; flowers
small, white; corolla-segments oblong, i"-2"
long; column about 4" h'gh ; hoods oval, erect,
entire, about as long as the anthers, shorter than
the subulate-filiform incurved horn; follicles gla-
brous, erect on the nearly erect fruiting pedicels ;
seeds s"-6" long, 3i"-4i ' wide, thin, usually with-
out coma.
On river-shores and in wet places, North Carolina
to Indiana, Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida
and Texas. May-Aug.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
Vol. III.
22. Asclepias verticillata L. Whorled Milk-
weed. Fig. 3404.
Asclepias verticillata L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753.
Roots slender, fascicled ; stem slender, simple or
jranched, pubescent in lines above, leafy, l°-2j°
high. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, vcrticillate in
3's-/'s or some of them alternate, glabrous or very
nearly so, their margins narrowly revolute ; umbels
numerous, many-flowered; peduncles slender, i'-li'
long; pedicels almost filiform, shorter than the pe-
duncles; corolla greenish white, its segments oblong,
ii"-2" long; column about i" high; hoods white,
oval, entire, about equalling the anthers, much
shorter than the subulate incurved horn ; follicles
erect on the erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle-
shaped, glabrous, 2'-^ long.
In dry fields and on hills. Maine and southern On-
tario to Saskatchewan, south to Florida, Mexico and
New Mexico. July-Sept.
23. Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Bedstraw Milk-
weed. Fig. 3405.
Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 188. 1818.
Glabrous, except the minutely pubescent stems and pedi-
cels. Stems erect, i° high or more, from a horizontal root-
stock ; leaves erect or spreading, in whorls of 2-6, narrowly-
linear, 2'-3' long, the margins revolute; peduncles longer
than the pedicels and shorter than the leaves; umbels
9"-i3" in diameter; flowers greenish-white; corolla-seg-
ments 2" long; hoods as high as the anthers, broadly
rounded at the summit, dorsally hastate-sagittate, the ven-
tral margins slightly involute, entire; horn arising from
the base of the hood, long-exserted over the anthers;
anther-wings minutely notched at the base; follicles erect
on erect fruiting pedicels, attenuated, 2'-2l' long, glabrous
or minutely puberulent.
Kansas to Colorado, Arizona and Mexico. May-July.
24. Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail.
Low Milkweed. Fig. 3406.
Asclepias pumila Vail ; Britton & Brown, III. Fl. 3 :
12. 1S98.
Asclepias verticillata var. pumila A. Gray, Proc
Am. Acad. 12: 71. 1876.
Stems 4'-io' high, tufted from a woody root.
Leaves very numerous, crowded, sometimes ob-
scurely whorled, filiform-linear, 1/-2' long,
smooth or minutely" roughened, the margins rev-
olute ; umbels 2-several, short-peduncled, few-
flowered ; pedicels filiform, puberulent, 3"--t"
long; corolla greenish white, its segments ob-
long, i4"-2" long; column short; hoods white,
erect, oblong, entire, equalling the anthers,
shorter than the slender incurved horn; follicles
erect on erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle-
shaped, 1Y-3' long, finely puberulent.
Dry plains. Iowa to South Dakota. Arkansas,
Texas, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico.
Genus 2.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
33
2. ASCLEPIODORA A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 66. 1876.
Erect or decumbent perennial herbs, similar to Asclepias, with alternate or opposite
entire leaves, and rather large flowers in terminal solitary or corymbed umbels. Sepals lan-
ceolate. Corolla rotate, its segments spreading. Hoods oblong, inserted over the whole of
tile very short corona-column, curved upward, obtuse, crested within, at least in the upper
part, slightly longer than the anther ; at the sinuses between the hoods a small lobe or
appendage, alternate with the anther-wings, simulating an inner crown. Anthers tipped with
a scarious membrane, their wings horny, narrowed below, sometimes angled above the middle.
Pollen-masses pendulous, pyriform, longer than their caudicles. Follicles ovoid or oblong,
acuminate, with or without soft spinose processes, erect or ascending on the decurved or
twice bent fruiting pedicels. Seeds comose. [Greek, gift of Aesculapius.]
Five or six species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico. Type species : Asclepio-
dora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray.
Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate ; umbels corymbose. 1 1. A. viridis.
Stem rough-puberulent ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acuminate ; umbels solitary. 2. A. decumbens.
i. Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray.
Oblong-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3407.
Asclepias viridis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788.
Asclepiodora viridis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 :
66. 1876.
Stem erect, puberulent above, simple, le-2°
high. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rather
thin, obtuse and mucronulate or acute at the
apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short-
petioled, 2j'-s' long, A'-iJ' wide; umbels 2-4,
or sometimes solitary; peduncles li'-2' long;
pedicels slender, about i' long; corolla green-
ish, its segments, when expanded, oblong, ob-
tuse or acute, 4"-6" long, 2-3 times as long as
the purplish or violet entire-margined hoods;
anther-wings narrow, scarcely angled above ;
fruiting pedicels twice bent; follicles ascend-
ing, puberulent, 2'-$ long, sometimes with soft
spinose projections.
In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas, Texas, South
Carolina and Florida. May-July.
2. Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.)
A. Gray. Decumbent Milkweed.
Fig. 3408.
Ananthrix decumbens Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. (II.) 5: 202. 1833-37.
Asclepiodora decumbens A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 12 : 66. 1876.
Stems decumbent or ascending, rough-
puberulent, io'-2° long. Leaves firm, linear
to lanceolate, glabrous above, puberulent \CEAE.
Vol. III.
3. Vincetoxicum hirsutum ( Michx.) Britton.
Hairy \ incclo.xii.-uin. Fig. 3418.
Gonolobus hirsutus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 119. 1803.
V. hirsutum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 266. 1894.
Stem downy, slender. Leaves ovate, acuminate at
the apex, deeply cordate at the base, downy, 2'-4'
long, i'-2*' wide, the sinus narrow, or the lobes
sometimes overlapping; petioles slender, pubescent,
\'-i' long; peduncles usually about equalling the
petioles, sometimes longer ; umbels few-several-
flowxred ; corolla brown-purple to greenish yellow,
ovoid in the bud, its segments oblong, very obtuse,
3i"-4" long, minutely puberulent without, about 4
times as long as the densely pubescent calyx ; crown
cup-shaped, fleshy, about as high as the anthers, the
margin 10-crenate ; follicles lanceolate, 3'-s' long,
muricate, puberulent ; seeds entire.
In thickets. Maryland to Florida, west to Tennessee.
Running milkweed. Negro-vine. July-Aug.
4. Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. Large-flowered Vincetoxicum.
Fig- 34I9-
Cynanchum hirtum L. Sp. PI. 212. 1753?
Cynanchum obliquum Jacq. Coll. 1: 148. 1786.
G. obliquus R. Br. ; R. & S. Syst. 6: 64. 1820.
V. obliquum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 266. 1894.
Stem puberulent or hirsute, slender. Leaves
pubescent, broadly ovate, short-acuminate at the
apex, deeply cordate at the base with an open or
closed sinus, 2'-%' long, li'-6' wide; petioles
rather stout, pubescent, I '-4' long; umbels slen-
der-peduncled, few-several-flowered ; pedicels very
slender, 1-2' long; corolla narrowdy conic in the
bud, red-purple within, greenish and minutely
pubescent without, its segments elongated-linear,
obtuse, 6-7 times as long as the hirsute calyx ;
crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers, fleshy,
its margin 10-crenulate, the intermediate crenu-
■lations sometimes 2-dentate ; follicles ovoid-lan-
ceolate, z'~i long, muricate.
In thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio, Missouri, Vir-
ginia and Kentucky. July-Aug.
5. Vincetoxicum carolinense (Jacq.) Britton.
Carolina Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3420.
Cynanchum carolinense Jacq. Coll. 2: 228. 1788.
G. carolinensis R. Br.; R. & S. Syst. 6: 62. 1820.
V, carolinense Britton. Mem. Torr. Club 5: 265. 1894.
Stem hirsute. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or
short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the
base with a narrow or closed sinus, 3'-/' long, 2.'-^V
wide, pubescent, at least beneath ; petioles hirsute,
ii— 4' long; peduncles 2'-4' long; pedicels very slen-
der, 1' long or more ; corolla brown-purple, oblong-
conic in the bud, puberulent without, its segments
linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, obtusish, 5"-6"
long, 5-6 times longer than the hirsute calyx; crown
cup-shaped, scarcely fleshy, 5-lobed, with a subulate
longer 2-cleft erect tooth in each sinus; follicles
muricate.
In thickets, Virginia to Missouri, south to South Caro-
lina and Louisiana. May-July.
Genus 6.
MILKWEED FAMILY.
39
6. Vinceoxicum Snortii (A. Gray) Britton. Short's Yincetoxicum. Fig. 3421.
Gonolohus obliquus var. Shortii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 :
Part 1, 104. 1878.
G. Shortii A. Gray, loc. cit. Ed. 2, 404. 1886.
V, Shortii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 266. 1894.
Stem pubescent, or hirsute with spreading
hairs. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, acute or
short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at
the base and when old with a narrow or closed
sinus, 4'-/' long, li'-si' wide; petioles stout,
pubescent, I J'— 3' long; peduncles usually longer
than the petioles ; umbels several-flowered ; pedi-
cels 1' long or more; corolla oblong-conic in
the bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes linear,
S"-7" long, 5-7 times as long as the hirsute
calyx ; crown cup-shaped, fleshy, as high as the
anthers, its margin about 10-toothed, the alter-
nate teeth thinner and longer, emarginate or
2-parted, the others broader, thicker, with an
obscure internal crest or ridge below the sum-
mit; follicles warty.
In thickets, Pennsylvania to eastern Kentucky
and Georgia. Flowers with the odor of the straw-
berry-shrub. June-Aug.
7. Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum (Sweet) Britton. Baldwin's Yincetoxicum.
Fig. 3422.
Gonolobus Baldwinianus Sweet; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:
Part 1, 104. 1876.
Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 265. 1894.
Stem pubescent and hirsute. Leaves downy, broadly
ovate, acute, or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply
cordate at the base, 3 '-6' long, or more; petioles hir-
sute, 1/-2' long; peduncles 6"-l2" long, usually longer
than the pedicels; umbels several-many-flowered ;
corolla white or cream-color, the lobes thin, oblong,
or becoming spatulate, 4"-s" long ; crown thin, the 5
broader lobes quadrate, emarginate, or obscurely
toothed ; in their sinuses a pair of very slender
linear-subulate teeth of more than double their
length, much surpassing the stigma.
Missouri and Arkansas to Georgia. May-June,
Periploca graeca L., silk-vine, a handsome woody
climber, with glabrous ovate-oblong leaves and brown-
ish flowers in umbels, the obtuse corolla-segments vil-
lous on the inner side has been collected as an escape
from cultivation.
Family 19. DICHONDRACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20, 25. 1829.
Dichoxdra Family.
Consists only of the following genus :
1. DICHONDRA Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 39. pi. 40. 1776.
Prostrate or creeping slender annual (sometimes perennial?) silky-pubescent or glabrous
herbs, with nearly orbicular cordate or reniform petioled entire leaves, and very small soli-
tary axillary peduncled flowers. Sepals nearly equal, oblong or spatulate. Corolla open-
campanulate, deeply 5-parted, the lobes induplicate in the bud. Stamens shorter than the
corolla; filaments filiform. Ovary villous, deeply 2-parted. each lobe 2-celled ; styles 2, simple,
arising from the bases of the ovary-lobes; stigmas capitate. Fruit of 2 pubescent 2-valved
or indehiscent 1-2-seeded capsules. [Greek, two-grained, referring to the capsules.]
About 5 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs
in the southwest. Type species : Dichondra rcfens Forst.
4°
DIl HONDRAI E \l .
Vol. III.
3 M
5 L
i. Dichondra carolinensis Michx.
Fig. 2423.
Dichondra.
Dichondra carolinensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 136. 1803.
Somewhat pubescent, or glabrous; stems almost fili-
form, creeping, rooting at the nodes, 6'-2° long. Leaves
orbicular to reniform, deeply cordate, l'-li' in diameter,
palmately veined ; petiole often much longer than the
blade; flowers i"-2" broad; peduncles filiform; sepals
obtuse, spatulate or obovate ; corolla yellow to white,
shorter than the sepals, its lobes ovate to oblong; cap-
sule 1" high or less.
In moist or wet places, Virginia to Texas and Mexico,
near the coast. Widely distributed in Central and South
America. Has been regarded as referable to the Old
World D. repens Forst. ; the specific name evolvulacca was
used for it in our first edition, in error.
Family 20. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 394. 1799.
Morning-glory Family.
Herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, the stems twining, ascending,
trailing or erect, with alternate exstipulate entire dentate lobed or dissected leaves,
and regular perfect axillary cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx inferior, 5-parted
or 5-divided, usually persistent, the segments or sepals imbricated. Coralla gamo-
petalous, funnelform, salverform, campanulate, tubular or rarely subrotate. the
limb 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of
the corolla and alternate with its lobes, all anther-bearing, the filaments filiform,
or dilated at the base, equal or unequal ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. Disk annular or none. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2
ovules in each cavity, or falsely 4-6-celled with a single ovule in each cavity,
entire or 2-4-divided ; styles 1-3, terminal, or arising from between the ovary-
divisions ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of 2-4 distinct car-
pels, in our species. Seeds erect, the testa villous, pubescent or glabrous ; embryo
plaited or crumpled ; cotyledons foliaceous ; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous,
usually scanty.
About 45 genera and probably iooo species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant
in the tropics.
Style 2-cIeft or 2-divided.
Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. i. Stylisma.
Style 2-divided to the ovary, each division 2-cleft. 2. Evolvulus.
Style entire up to the stigma.
Stigma or stigmas capitate or globose.
Corolla salverform ; stamens and style exserted. 3. Quamoclit.
Corolla funnelform or campanulate ; stamens and style included. 4. Ipomoea.
Stigmas 2, filiform to oblong. 5. Convolvulus.
i. STYLISMA Raf. Neog. 2. 1825.
Herbs, mostly perennial and procumbent, with entire short-petioled or sessile leaves, and
1-5-flowered axillary peduncles ; flowers white, purple, pink, or yellow. Sepals acute or
obtuse. Corolla campanulate or funnelform-campanulate ; limb plaited, 5-angled or slightly
5-lobed. Stamens included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 2-celled; style
2-cleft or 2-parted ; stigmas capitate. Capsule globose to ovoid, 2-celled, 2-4-valved. Style
rarely 3-parted and ovary 3-celled. Seeds 1-4, glabrous or pubescent. [Greek, referring to
the 2-parted style.]
Seven known species, of the southeastern United States and Mexico. In our first edition this
genus was referred to the Australian Bre-veria R. Br. Type species : Convolvulus aquaticus Walt.
Sepals acute or acuminate ; leaves oblong, elliptic or linear.
Corolla white: filaments pubescent: plant pubescent or puberulent. i. S.humistrata.
Corolla purple ; filaments glabrous ; plants silky-tomentose. 2. 6*. aqnatica.
Sepals obtuse ; leaves narrowly linear. 3. 5. Pickcringii.
Genus i.
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.
41
i. Stylisma humistrata (Walt.) Chapm.
Southern Breweria. Fig. 3424.
Convolvulus humistratus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788.
Stylisma humistrata Chapm. Fl. S. States, 346. i860.
Bonamia humistrata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867.
Breweria humistrata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 217. 1878.
Pubescent or puberulent; stems slender, i°-2° long,
simple, or with a few long branches. Leaves elliptic,
oblong-elliptic, or ovate-oblong, obtuse and mucronulate
or some of them emarginate at the apex, subcordate,
rounded or narrowed at the base, l'-i' wide, 1-2' long;
petioles 1"— 3" long; peduncles slender, longer than the
leaves, i-~-flowered, minutely bracted at the summit ;
sepals glabrous or puberulent, oblong, acuminate, 2"— 3"
long; corolla white, 6"-8" long; filaments pubescent;
2 style 2-cleft; capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous, about as
3 long as the calyx.
In dry pine barrens, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana.
May-Aug.
2. Stylisma aquatica (Walt.) Chapm. Water
Breweria. Fig. 3425.
Convolvulus aquaticus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788.
Stylisma aquatica Chapm. Fl. S. States, 346. i860.
Bonamia aquatica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867.
Breweria aquatica A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part I, 217. 1878.
Finely and densely silky-tomentose, branched, the branches
long and slender. Leaves oblong, elliptic or oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse at both ends, mucronate or emarginate at the
apex, sometimes subcordate at the base, i'-li long, 2"-%"
wide; peduncles 1-3-flowered, longer than the leaves, mi-
nutely bracted at the summit; sepals densely silky-tomen-
tose, oblong, acute or acuminate, about 2" long; corolla
purple or pink, S"~7" long; filaments glabrous; style
2-parted nearly to the base.
In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Missouri to Texas,
east to North Carolina and Florida. May-Aug.
3. Stylisma Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray.
Fig. 3426.
Convolvulus Pickerlngi,
Hist. 1 : 129. 1837.
Pickering's Breweria.
M. A. Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Stylisma Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 335. 1856.
Bonamia Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867.
Breweria Pickeringii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part 1,217. 1878.
Etem pubescent or puberulent, very slender, simple
or branched, i°-2° long. Leaves puberulent or glabrous,
narrowly linear, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed
at the base, l'-2l' long, §"-2" wide, the lowest sometimes
narrowly spatulate; petioles very short; peduncles slen-
der, about as long as the leaves, with 1 or 2 linear bracts
at the summit which are usually longer than the pedicels
and calyx ; sepals pubescent or hirsute, ovate to oval,
obtuse, about 2" long; corolla white, about 1' long; fila-
ments nearly glabrous ; style 2-cleft, above, exserted ;
capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent, longer than the calyx.
In dry pine barrens. New Jersey to North Carolina ;
Illinois to Iowa, Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug.
2. EVOLVULUS L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 391. 1762.
Erect or diffuse branching, mostly silky-pubescent or pilose, annual or perennial herbs,
with small usually entire leaves, and axillary solitary, racemose or paniculate, small blue
pink or white flowers. Sepals nearly equal, acute or obtuse. Corolla funnelform, campanu-
late or rotate, the limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens included or exserted'; filaments
42
COXVOLVULACEAE.
Vol. III.
filiform; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary entire, 2-celled; style 2-divided to the base, or
near it, each division deeply 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Capsule 2-celled, globose to
ovoid, 2-4-valved, 1-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, unrolling.].
About 85 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 7 others
occur in the southern United States. Type species: Evoivulus nummular ius L.
i. Evoivulus pilosus Nutt. Evoivulus.
Fig. 342/.
Evoivulus argcntens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1S7. 1814.
Not R. Br. 1810.
Evoivulus pilosus Nutt. Gen. 1: 174. 1818.
Perennial, densely silky-pubescent or villous ;
stems ascending or erect, 3'-c/ high, very leafy.
Leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate or spatulate, 3"-q"
long, I "-3" wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base ; flowers solitary and nearly ses-
sile in the axils ; peduncles 2-bracted at the base,
recurved in fruit. l"-2" long; sepals lanceolate,
acute or acuminate; corolla funnelform-campanu-
late, purple or blue, 3"-6" broad; capsule li"-2" in
diameter, about as long as the sepals.
On dry plains. North Dakota to Missouri, Nebraska,
Mexico and Arizona. May-July.
3. QUAMOCLIT [Tourn.] Moench, Meth. 453. 1794.
Twining herbaceous vines, with petioled entire lobed or pinnately parted leaves, and
cymose racemose or solitary peduncled axillary flowers. Sepals 5, herbaceous, equal, acumi-
nate, mucronate or appendaged. Corolla salverform (usually scarlet in the following species),
the tube narrow, somewhat dilated above, mostly longer than the spreading 5-lobed limb.
Stamens and simple style more or less exserted ; stigma capitate ; ovary 2-celled or falsely
4-ceIIed, 4-ovuled. Fruit usually 4-celled and 4-seeded. [Greek, dwarf kidney-bean.]
About 10 species, of warm and tropical regions, only the following in North America. Type
species : Ipomoea coccinea L.
Leaves pinnately parted into very narrow segments. 1. Q. Quamoclit.
Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angulate-lobed. 2. Q. coccinea.
i. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton. Cypress Vine. Indian Pink
Ipomoca Quamoclit L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753.
Q. vulgaris Choisv in DC. Prodr. 9: 336. 1845.
Q. Quamoclit Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
22. 1898.
Annual, glabrous : stem slender, twining to a
height of io0-2o°. Leaves ovate in outline, pe-
tioled or nearly sessile, 2-7' long, pinnately parted
nearly to the midvein into narrowdy linear entire
segments less than 1" wide: peduncles slender,
commonly much longer than the leaves, r-6-flow-
ered ; pedicels 1' long or more, thickening in
fruit : sepals oblong, obtuse, usually mucronulate,
2"-3" long; corolla scarlet, rarely white, salver-
form, i'-ii' long, the tube expanded above, the
limb nearly flat, the lobes ovate, acutish : stamens
and style exserted; ovary 4-celled : ovule 1 in each
cell : capsule ovoid, 4-valved, about 5" high, twice
as long as the sepals.
^ In waste and cultivated ground, Virginia to Florida,
Kansas and Texas. Sparingly escaped from gardens'
farther north. Naturalized from tropical America.
July-Oct. American red bell-flower. Sweet-william-
of-the-Barbadoes. Cupid's-flower. Red jasmine.
Genus 3.
MORXIXG-GLORY FAMILY.
43
2. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. Small Red Morning-glory. Fig. 3429.
Ipomoea coccinea L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753.
/. hederaefolia L. Syst. Ed. 10, 925. 1759.
Quamoclit coccinea Moench, Meth. 453. 1794.
Annual, glabrous or puberulcnt, stem twining
to a height of several feet or trailing. Leaves
ovate to orbicular, deeply cordate, long-acumi-
nate, 2'-6' long, entire or angulate-lobed, slender-
petioled ; peduncles few-several-flowered, usu-
ally not longer than the leaves; sepals oblong,
obtuse, about 2" long, subulate-appendaged ; co-
rolla scarlet, salverform, io"-2o" long, the limb
obscurely 5-lobed ; stamens and style slightly
exserted; ovary 4-celled with 1 ovule in each
cell ; capsule globose, 4-valved, 3"-4" in diameter.
Along river-banks and in waste places. Rhode
Island to Pennsylvania. Florida, Ohio, Missouri.
Texas and Arizona. Naturalized from tropical
America, or native in the Southwest. A hybrid of
this species with the preceding is sometimes culti-
vated. American jasmine. July-Oct.
4. IPOMOEA L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753.
Twining trailing ascending or rarely erect herbs, annual or perennial, with large showy
axillary solitary or cymose flowers. Sepals equal or unequal. Corolla funnel form or cam-
panulate, the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the tube more or less plaited. ' Stamens equal
or unequal, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base; anthers ovate, oblong, or
linear. Ovary entire, globose or ovoid, 2-4-celIed, 4-6-ovuled ; style filiform, included ; stigmas
1 or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule globose or ovoid, usually septifragally 2-4-valved, 2-4-
seeded. [Greek, worm-like.]
About 400 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 30 others
occur in southern and western North America. Known as Morning-Glory or False Bindweed.
Type species : Ipomoea pes-tigrinis L.
Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled) : stigma entire or 2-lobed.
Leaves cordate ; stems trailing or twining.
Perennial from an enormous root; corolla i'—z' long. 1, I. pandurala.
Annual; roots fibrous; corolla 4"-6" long, white. 2. I.lacitnosa.
Annual ; corolla i'-ilA' long, pink or purple. 3. /. trichocarpa.
Leaves linear; stems ascending or erect. 4. /. leptophytla.
Ovary 3-ceIled ; stigmas 3 ; leaves cordate. (Genus Pharbitis.)
Leaves entire; corolla 2.'-2Y2' long. 5. I. purpurea.
Leaves deeply 3-lobed, corolla 1'— 1}4' long. 6. / hederacea.
i. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meye^. Wild Potato Vine. Fig. 3430.
Convolvulus panduratus L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
/. pandurata Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 100. 181 8.
Perennial from an enormous fleshy root, glabrous
or puberulent ; stems trailing or feebly climbing,
2°-i2° long. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, acumi-
nate at the apex, 2'-6' long, slender-petioled, entire,
sometimes contracted in the middle, or some of the
later ones rarely angulate-dentate or 3-lobed ; pe-
duncles 1-5-flowered, much elongated in fruit :
sepals oblong, obtuse or acutish, 6"-8" long, gla-
brous; corolla funnelform, white, or with pinkish
purple stripes in the throat, 2'-3' long, the limb
5-lobed : ovary 2-celled ; capsule ovoid. 2-valved,
2-4-seeded, the seeds densely woolly on the margins
and pubescent on the sides.
In dry soil, in fields or on hills, Ontario to Con-
necticut. Florida, Michigan. Kansas and Texas. Oc-
curs rarely with double flowers. Man-of-the-Earth.
Mecha-meck (Indian"). Wild sweet potato. Man-root.
Wild jalap. Scammony. May-Sept.
44
COXYOLYl'LAO
Vol. [II.
2. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Small-flowered
White Morning-glory. Fig. 3431.
Ipomoea lacunosa L. Sp. PI. 161. 1-53.
Annual, pubescent or hirsute, rarely glabrous;
stem twining, 2c-io° long. Leaves slender-petioled,
broadly ovate, cordate, acute or acuminate at the
apex, entire, angled or 3-lobed, 2'-^' long, the
lobes acute; peduncles 1-3-flowered, shorter than
the leaves; pedicels slender: sepals oblong or lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate, pubescent or ciliatc,
about 5" long; corolla funnelform, 6"-io" long,
white, or the limb purple; ovary 2-celled ; stigma
capitate; capsule globose, 2-valved, shorter than
nr about equalling the sepals.
In moist soil, Pennsylvania to South Carolina, Illi-
nois, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. In ballast at
Atlantic seaports. White star. Morning-glory. July-
Sept.
3. Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell. Small-flowered
Pink Morning-glory. Fig. 3432.
Convolvulus carolinus L. Sp. PI. 154. 1753.
Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 258. 1817.
Ipomoea commutala R. & S. Syst. 4: 228. 1819.
Ipomoea Carolina Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 145. 1814. Not L.
1753.
Similar in habit to the preceding species, but the
leaves usually more lobed ; peduncles often longer
than the leaves, 1-3-flowered; sepals lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or ciliate;
corolla l'-li' long, pink or purple; capsule glabrous
or pubescent.
Kansas to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida.
4. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. Bush Morning-
glory. Fig. 3433.
Ipomoea leptopliylla Torr. in Frem. Rep. 95. 1843.
Perennial from an enormous root, which some-
times weighs 25 lbs., glabrous throughout; stems
erect, ascending or reclining, rather stout, 2°-4°
long, much branched. Leaves narrowly linear, en-
tire, acute. 2'-s' long. 1"- 3" wide; petioles very
short : peduncles stout, nearly erect, usually shorter
than the leaves, 1-4-flowered ; pedicels shorter than
the peduncles ; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 3"~4"
long, or the outer shorter; corolla funnelform, pur-
ple or pink, about 3' long, the limb scarcely lobed;
capsule ovoid, acute, 8"-i2" long, 2-celled, much
longer than the sepals ; seeds pubescent.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Wyoming,
Texas and New Mexicp. Man-root. May-July.
Genus 4.
MORXIN'G-GLORY FAMILY.
45
5. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Lam. Morning-
glory. Fig. 3434.
Convolvulus purpureas L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 219. 1762.
Ipomoea purpurea Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 466. 1791.
Pharbitis purpurea Yoigt. Hort. Sub. Calcutta 354.
iS45-
Annual, pubescent; stem retrorsely hairy, twin-
ing or trailing, 4°-io° long. Leaves broadly ovate,
deeply cordate, acute or acuminate, 2'-4' wide,
slender-petioled ; peduncles slender, 1-5-flowered,
often longer than the petioles ; sepals lanceolate
or oblong, acute, pubescent or hirsute near the
base, 6"-8" long; corolla funnelform, blue, pur-
ple, pink, variegated or white, 2'-2A' long; ovary
3-celled (rarely 2-celled) ; stigmas 3 (rarely 2);
capsule depressed-globose, about 5" in diameter,
shorter than the sepals.
In waste places, commonly escaped from gardens,
Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Nebraska
and Texas. There is a double-flowered form in cul-
tivation. Adventive or naturalized from tropical
America. Ropewind. July-Oct.
6. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved
Morning-glory. Fig. 3435.
Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Icon. Rar. pi. 36. 1781.
Pharbitis hederacea Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 6 : 440.
1833-
Annual, pubescent ; stem twining or climbing to
a height of 2°-5°, slender, retrorsely hairy. Leaves
ovate-orbicular in outline, long-petioled, deeply
3-lobed, cordate at the base, 2'-s' long, the lobes
ovate, acuminate, entire, or the lateral ones some-
times repand or dentate; peduncles 1-3-flowered,
much shorter than the petioles ; flowers opening in
early morning, soon closing; sepals lanceolate with
long linear often recurved tips, densely hirsute be-
low, sparingly so above, 8"-l2" long; corolla funnel-
form, the tube usually nearly white, the limb light
blue or purple, l'-ii' long; ovary 3-celled; stigmas
3 : capsule depressed-globose, 3-valved, about as
long as the lanceolate portion of the sepals.
In fields and waste places, Maine to Florida, Penn-
sylvania, Nebraska and Mexico. Naturalized or adven-
tive from tropical America. July-Oct.
6. CONVOLVULUS L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
Herbs (the following species perennials with slender roots or rootstocks) with trailing,
twining or erect stems. Leaves entire dentate or lobed, mostly cordate or sagittate and
petioled. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, large, pink, purple or white. Sepals nearly
equal or the outer larger, the calyx bractless or with a pair of bracts at its base. Corolla
funnelform or campanulate, the limb plaited, 5-angled, 5-lobed, or entire. Stamens inserted
on the tube of the corolla, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 1-2-
celled, 4-ovuled; style filiform; stigmas 2, filiform, oblong, or ovoid. Capsule globose or
nearly so, 1-4-celled, 2-4-valved. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, to roll together, or entwine.]
About 200 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the follow-
ing, some 30 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species : Convolvulus
sepium L.
Calyx with two large bracts at the base, which enclose it.
Stems trailing or climbing.
Peduncles long, much longer than the petioles.
Stems 3°-io° long; leaves hastate, the auricles often dentate.
Stems i°-3° long; leaves sagittate, the auricles rounded, entire.
Peduncles short, mostly not longer than the petioles.
Stem erect or ascending; flowers white; bracts not cordate.
Calyx not bracted : peduncle bracted at the summit.
Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves entire, auriculate.
Canescent ; leaves with 2-4 basal lobes.
C. sepium.
C. repens.
C. fratertiiflorus.
C. spithamaeus.
C. arvensis.
C incanus.
coxvoLVi'i.Ai i \k.
Vol. III.
i. Convolvulus sepium L. Hedge or
Great Bindweed. Lily-bind. Fig. 3436.
Convdlvulus sepium L, Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
Convolvulus sepium var. americanus Sims, Bot.
M . pi. 73-'- 1804.
Calyslcgia sepium R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1 :
483. 1810.
Glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; stems ex-
tensively trailing or high-twining, 3°-io° long.
Leaves slender-petioled; triangular in outline.
hastate, 2-5' long, acute or acuminate at the
apex, the basal lobes divergent, usually acute,
angulate-dentate or entire; petioles ¥-2' long;
peduncles i-flowered, longer than the petioles,
often 2-3 times as long; flowers pink with
white stripes or white throughout, about 2'
long; bracts at the base of the corolla, large,
ovate, acute or obtuse, cordate ; stigmas oblong.
In fields and thickets, usually in moist soil,
Newfoundland to North Carolina, British Colum-
bia, Illinois, Nebraska and New Mexico. Also in
Europe and Asia. June-Aug. Bell-bind. Wood-
bind. Pear- or Devil's-vine. Lady's-nightcap.
Hedge- or harvest-lily. Rutland beauty. Wood-
bine. German scammony. Creepers. Bracted-
bindweed.
Convolvulus japonicus Thunb. Fl. Jap. 8=;. 1784, a species with narrow hastate leaves and
smaller pink flowers, cultivated in a double-flowered form, has in this form escaped from cultiva-
tion from southeastern New York to the District of Columbia and Missouri.
2. Convolvulus repens L. Trailing or
Hedge Bindweed. Fig. 3437.
Convolvulus repens L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
Convolvulus sepium var. repens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:
Part 1, 215. 1878.
More or less pubescent or tomentose ; stem
trailing or twining, i°-3° long, simple, or spar-
ingly branched. Leaves ovate or oblong, petioled,
i'-2' long, obtuse, acute or abruptly acuminate at
the apex, sagittate or cordate at the base, entire,
the basal lobes rounded, scarcely or not at all
divergent; petioles J— 1' long; peduncles i-flow-
ered, equalling or longer than the leaves; flowers
white (sometimes pink?) about 2' long; calyx en-
closed by 2 ovate acute or obtusish slightly cor-
date bracts ; stigmas oblong.
In moist and dry soil, Quebec to Florida and
Louisiana. Recorded from the Great Lake region.
May- Aug.
C. interior House, of the western plains, with
broader leaves and smaller corollas, is found in Kan-
sas and Nebraska.
3. Convolvulus fraterniflorus MacKenzie & Bush.
Short-stalked Bindweed. Fig. 3438.
C. Sepium fraterniflorus Mack. & Bush, Fl. Jackson Co. 153.
1902.
C. fraterniflorus Mack. & Bush, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16: 104.
1905-
Sparingly pubescent ; stems trailing or twining, much
branched, 3°-6° long. Leaves hastate or hastate-sagittate,
short-pubescent on both sides, 4' long or less, acute at the
apex, the basal lobes entire or dentate, spreading; pedun-
cles often 2 in each axil, wing-angled, mostly not longer
than the petioles ; bracts large, cordate, pubescent, con-
cealing the sepals at flowering time; sepals glabrous, ob-
tusish, 5"-8" long; corolla white, about 2' long.
Dry banks and prairies, western Missouri ; recorded eastward
to the District of Columbia. July-Sept.
Genus 6.
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.
47
4. Convolvulus spithamaeus L. Upright
or Low Bindweed. Fig. 3439.
Ivulus spithamaeus L. Sp. PI. 158. 1753.
Calystegia spithamaea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 143.
1814.
Volvulus spithamaeus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 447.
1891.
Convolvulus camporum Greene, Pittonia 3 : 328.
1898.
Pubescent, or glabrate; stem erect or ascend-
ing, straight, or the summit sometimes feebly
twining, 6'-l2' high. Leaves oval, short-petioled
or the uppermost sessile, usually obtuse at both
ends, sometimes acutish at the apex, and subcor-
date at the base, 1-2' long, i'-li' wide; pedun-
cles i-flowered, longer than the leaves: flowers
white, nearly 2' long; calyx enclosed by 2 large
oval acutish bracts which are narrowed at both
ends and not cordate at the base; stigmas ob-
long, thick.
In dry sandy or rocky fields or on banks, Nova
Scotia to Ontario, Manitoba, Florida and Ken-
tucky. Dwarf morning-glory. Low or bracted-
bindweed. May-Aug.
5. Convolvulus arvensis L. Small Bindweed.
Fig. 3440.
Convolvulus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753.
Glabrous, or nearly so; stems trailing or decum-
bent, very slender, i°-2l° long, simple or branched.
Leaves slender-petioled, ovate or oblong, entire, ob-
tusish and mucronulate or acutish at the apex, sagit-
tate or somewhat hastate at the base, i'-2' long, the
basal lobes spreading, acute or obtuse ; peduncles
1-4-flowered (commonly 2-flowered), shorter than
the leaves, 1-3-bracted at the summit, usually with
another bract on one of the pedicels; sepals oblong,
obtuse, ij" long; corolla pink or nearly white, 8"-l2"
broad ; calyx not bracted at the base ; stigmas linear.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario.
Montana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kansas, New
Mexico and California. Naturalized from Europe. Na-
tive also of Asia. May-Sept. Hedge-bells. Bearbind.
Corn-lily. YVithwind. Bellbine. Corn-bind. Lap-love.
Sheep-bine.
6. Convolvulus incanusYahl. Hoary Bind-
weed. Fig. 3441.
Convolvulus incanus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 23. 1794.
Finely and densely canescent, pale, or some-
times greener; stems procumbent or trailing,
usually branched, i°-3° long. Leaves rather short-
petioled, lanceolate, ovate to linear in outline,
usually with 2-4 divergent lobes at the base, or
the lower pair of lobes reflexed. otherwise entire
or irregularly dentate, obtuse and mucronulate at
the apex, 1-2' long; peduncles 1-2-flowered, as
long as or longer than the leaves, minutely
bracted at the summit; pedicels 3"-6" long;
sepals oblong, obtuse or mucronulate, about 3"
long; corolla white to rose-color; stigmas nar-
rowly linear; capsule globose, about as long as
the sepals.
In waste places, near Lincoln. Neb. (according to
Webber I. In dry soil, Kansas and Arkansas to
Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Also in southern South
America. April-Aug.
48
CUSCUTACEAE.
Vol. III.
Family 21. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort, Anal. Fam. 20. 1829.
I (odder Family.
White or yellow slender parasites, dextrorsely twining, the leaves reduced to
minute alternate scales, the small white, yellowish or pinkish flowers cymosely
clustered. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed or 5-parted (rarely 4-lobed or 4-parted), or
of 5 distinct sepals. Corolla campanulate, ovoid, urceolate or cylindric, 5-lobed
(rarely 4-lobed), the lobes imbricated in the bud, the tube bearing as many
fimbriate or crenulate scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these
sometimes obsolete. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with
them, inserted in the throat or sinuses above the scales, short-exserted or included;
filaments short or slender; anthers short, ovate or oval, obtuse, 2-celled, the sacs
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary globose to oblong. 2-celled; ovules 2 in each
cavity ; styles 2, terminal, separate, or rarely united below ; stigmas linear or capi-
tate.' Capsule globose or ovoid, circumscissile, irregularly bursting or indehiscent.
1-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous, globose or angular; embryo linear, terete, curved
or spiral, its apex bearing 1-4 minute scales, endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons none.
1. CUSCUTA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 124. 1753.
Characters of the family. The filiform twining stems are parasitic on herbs and shrubs
by numerous minute suckers. The seeds germinate in the soil and the plantlet attaches itself
to its host, its root and lower portion soon perishing. The subsequent nutrition of the
parasite is apparently wholly through its suckers. [Name from the Arabic]
About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Known as Dodder, or Strangle-weed.
Type species: Cuscuta europaca L.
* Corolla-scales crenulate; stigmas slender; capsule circumscissile; introduced species.
Scales crenulate above, not incurved. 1. C. Epilinum.
Scales crenulate all around, strongly incurved. 2. C.Epithymum.
** Corolla-scales fringed; stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent; native species.
Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx.
Flowers very nearly sessile ; corolla persistent at the base of the capsule.
Corolla-scales ovate, fringed all around ; calyx-lobes obtuse. 3. C. arvensis.
Corolla-scales abortive, or of a few processes; calyx-lobes acutish. 4. C.Polygonorum.
Flowers distinctly pedicelled ; corolla enclosing or capping the capsule, or at length deciduous.
Tips of the corolla-lobes incurved or reflexed.
Scales ovate, fringed all around ; capsule enclosed by the corolla. 5. C. indecora.
Scales abortive, or of a few slender processes ; corolla capping the capsule. 6. C. Coryli.
Corolla-lobes spreading or recurved.
Scales small, irregularly fringed ; capsule depressed-globose.
Scales long, fringed mainly above; capsule pointed.'
Corolla iVi" long; capsule globose, short-pointed. 8.
Flowers a"— 3" long : capsule oval, long-pointed. 9-
Sepals separate, subtended by similar bracts.
Flowers cymose, pedicelled ; scales short ; bracts entire.
Flowers closely sessile in dense clusters ; bracts serrulate.
Bracts few, broad, appressed ; styles as long as the ovary.
C. Cephalanlhi.
C. Gronovii.
C. ro strata.
10. C. atspidata.
11. C. compacta.
Bracts numerous"'narrow, their tips recurved; styles longer than the ovary. 12. C.parado.xa.
i. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe. Flax Dodder.
Fig. 344-2.
Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe, Archiv. Apoth. 8: 54. 1824.
Cuscuta densiflora Soyer-Willem. Act. Soc. Linn. Pans
4: 281. 1826.
Stems very slender, yellow or red; flowers^sessile
in dense clusters, yellowish white, about ii" long.
Calyx hemispheric, 5-lobed, the lobes acute, nearly
as long as the corolla-tube; corolla yellowish-white,
short, cylindric, becoming urceolate, 5-lobed, the
lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, its scales short, erect,
less than one-half the length of the tube, 2-cleft or
emarginate, crenulate above, the crenulations not ex-
tending to the base; stigmas linear-filiform; capsule
circumscissile. the withering-persistent corolla borne
on its summit.
On flax, Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Introduced from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-
Aug.
Genus i.
DODDER FAMILY.
49
2. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. Thyme Dod-
der. Lesser Lucerne or Clover Dodder.
Fig. 3443-
Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. in L. Syst. Ed. 13, 140. 1774.
Cuscuta Trifolii Bab. Phytol. 1: 467. 1843.
Stems filiform, red; flowers sessile in small dense
clusters, pinkish, about 1" long. Calyx variable,
4-5-lobed, more than one-half the length of the cylin-
dric corolla-tube, the lobes acute ; corolla 4-5-lobed,
the lobes erect, about one-half as long as the tube,
acute, its scales strongly incurved, crenulate nearly
or quite to the base; stigmas filiform; capsule cir-
cumscissile, capped by the withering corolla.
Usually on clover, Maine and Ontario to South Da-
kota and Pennsylvania. Introduced from Europe, where
it occurs on thyme, clover and other low plants. Hail-
weed. Hairweed. July-Sept.
Cuscuta europaea L., another Old World species,
with obtuse calyx-lobes and shorter styles, is recorded
from Maine.
3. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Field
Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3444.
Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
77. As synonym. 1834.
Plant pale yellow ; stems filiform, the flowers
nearly sessile in small clusters. Calyx broad,
S-lobed, the lobes broad, obtuse; corolla nearly
campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acumi-
nate, as long as the tube, their tips reflexed,
its scales large, ovate, as long as or longer
than the tube, densely fringed all around with
short irregular processes; stamens not ex-
serted ; style shorter than the ovary ; stigmas
capitate ; capsule depressed-globose, indehis-
cent, the withering corolla and usually the
stamens persistent at its base.
On various herbs and low shrubs, Massachusetts
to Manitoba, Florida, Texas, Mexico and Cali-
fornia. Also in the West Indies and South Amer-
ica. July- Aug.
4. Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Smart-
weed Dodder. Fig. 3445.
Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43 :
342. pi. 6. f. 26-29. 1842.
C. chlorocarpa Engelm.; A. Gray. Man. 350. 1848.
Plant orange-yellow ; stems slender but rather
coarse; flowers sessile or nearly so in dense clus-
ters. Calyx short, 4-5-lobed, the lobes ovate-
oblong, acute or acutish ; lobes of the corolla 4
or 5, triangular-ovate, acute, mostly as long as
the tube, the scales usually obsolete, wanting, or
consisting of only 2 or 3 slender processes on
each side of the attached lower portion of the
filament; filaments mostly slender; styles shorter
than the ovary ; stigmas capitate ; capsule globose,
the withering corolla persistent at its base.
On Polygonum and other herbs, Pennsylvania and
Delaware to Minnesota, Wisconsin and Arkansas.
July-Sept. Has been referred to the South Amer-
ican C. obtusiflora H.B.K.
CUSCUTACEAE.
Vol. III.
5. Cuscuta indecora Choisy. Pretty
Dodder. Fig. 3446.
Cuscuta indecora Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 278.
pl.3-f.5- 1841.
C. pulcherrima Scheele, Linnaea 21 : 750. 1848.
Cuscuta decora Choisy ; Engelm. Trans. St. Louis
Acad. 1 : 501. 1859.
Stems rather stout; flowers ii" long, pedi-
celled in loose cymes, more or less papillose.
Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate to lanceolate,
acute, mostly shorter than the corolla-tube;
corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes trian-
gular, minutely crenulate, spreading, nearly as
long as the tube, their tips indexed; scales
ovate, erect, irregularly fringed with short
processes all around; stamens slightly exserted
or included ; stigmas capitate ; capsule oblong,
acute, enveloped by the withering corolla.
On various herbs and low shrubs, Illinois to
Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico,
in several races. Also in the West Indies and
South America. Corolla white ; stigmas often
yellow or purple. June-Aug.
6. Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Hazel Dod-
der. Fig. 3447.
Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 337.
/. 7-1 1. 1842.
Cuscuta inflcxa Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 1 :
502. 1859.
Stems coarse; flowers about 1" long, pedi-
celled in loose or rather dense cymes. Calyx
4-5-lobed, the lobes triangular or triangular-
lanceolate, acutish, about as long as the corolla-
tube; corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes
minutely crenulate, nearly erect, triangular,
acute, about as long as the tube, their tips
inflexed ; scales small, oval, obtuse, often with
only a few processes on each side; stamens
scarcely exserted ; styles shorter than the
ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule oblong, point-
ed, enveloped or at length capped by the with-
ering corolla.
On the hazels and other shrubs or tall herbs,
Connecticut to Virginia, South Dakota and Arkan-
sas. July-Aug.
7. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Button-
bush Dodder. Fig. 3448.
Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 336.
pi. 6. f. 1-6. 1842.
Cuscuta tciuiiflora Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 350. 1848.
Plant yellow, stems rather coarse ; flowers about
1" long, short-pedicelled, clustered; calyx 5-lobed,
the lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube;
corolla cylindric-campanulate, its lobes ovate, obtuse
and rounded, spreading, one-half the length of the
tube or less ; scales about as long as the lobes,
fringed mainly toward the apex with irregular pro-
cesses; stamens included; styles slender, about as
long as the ovary, shorter than the ripe capsule ;
stigmas capitate: capsule depressed-globose, ii" in
diameter, surrounded or capped by the withering, at
length deciduous corolla.
On shrubs and tall herbs. Pennsylvania to Minnesota,
Texas and Arizona. July-Aug.
Genus i.
DODDER FAMILY.
51
8. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Gronovius'
Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3449.
C. Gronovii Willd.; R. & S. Syst. 6: 205. 1820.
Cuscuta vulgivaga Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43 :
338. pi. 6. f. 12-16. 1842.
Stems yellow to orange, slender, high-climb-
ing; flowers usually short-pedicelled, numerous
in dense cymes. Calyx not bracted, its lobes
ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube ;
corolla campanulate, about ii" long, the lobes
ovate, obtuse, rounded, spreading, nearly as
long as the tube, the scales narrow, equalling
or longer than the tube, thickly fringed about
the summit and sparingly along the sides with
long slender processes ; styles slender, not as
long as the. ovary ; stigmas capitate ; capsule
globose, short-pointed or pointless, l4" in diam-
eter, enveloped or capped by the withering
deciduous corolla.
On herbs and low shrubs, Nova Scotia to Mani-
toba, Montana, Florida and Texas. Scald-weed.
Devil's-gut July-Aug.
9. Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. Beaked
Dodder. Fig. 3450.
Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. ; Engelm. Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 5 : 225. 1845.
Stems coarse, yellowish white ; flowers larger
than in any of our other species, loosely cy-
mose, pedicelled. Calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed,
the lobes ovate-triangular, shorter than the
corolla-tube ; corolla campanulate, 2"— 2" long,
white, its lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about as
long as the calyx-lobes ; scales narrow, some-
times spatulate, shorter than the tube, heavily
fringed at the summit and sparingly along the
sides with long slender processes ; stamens in-
cluded ; styles slender, about as long as the
flask-shaped ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule
oval, long-beaked.
On herbs and shrubs, Maryland to South Caro-
lina and Georgia. July-Sept.
10. Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Cuspidate
Dodder. Fig. 3451.
Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 :
224. 1845.
Plant yellowish ; stems slender ; flowers about
li" long in loose panicled cymes. Calyx of 5
distinct entire sepals, shorter than the corolla-
tube, with 2-4 similar bracts at its base and often
others on the pedicels; sepals orbicular to lanceo-
late, cuspidate, mucronate or acuminate; corolla
nearly salverform, its lobes triangular-lanceolate
or oblong, acute or cuspidate, spreading, about
one-half the length of the tube; scales narrow,
usually less than one-half as long as the tube,
fringed all around with short irregular processes ;
stamens not exserted ; styles very selnder, longer
than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule bearing
the withered corolla on its summit.
On coarse herbs, Nebraska to Missouri and Texas.
July-Sept.
CUSCUTACEAE.
Vol. III.
ii. Cuscuta compacta Juss. Compact
Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3452.
Cuscuta compacta Juss. ; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9 :
281. (. 4. f. 2. 1841.
Plant yellowish white, stems rather stout ; flow-
ers about 2" long, closely sessile in dense clusters.
Calyx of S (rarely 4) distinct oval crenulate ob-
tuse sepals, subtended by 3-5 similar rhombic-
orbicular appressed serrulate bracts; corolla sal-
verform, persistent, the tube cylindric, its 5
(rarely 4) lobes oblong or ovate, obtuse, spread-
ing, much shorter than the tube, the scales nar-
row, one-half the length of the tube, fringed with
numerous long processes ; stamens included ;
styles slender ; capsule oblong, enveloped or
capped by the withering corolla.
On shrubs, Ontario to Massachusetts, New York
and Alabama, west to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept.
12. Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Glomerate
or American Dodder. Fig. 3453.
Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Cuscuta glomerata Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 184.
pi. 4. f. 1. 1841.
Plant yellowish white, stems slender ;_ flowers
sessile, ii" long, exceedingly numerous in dense
confluent clusters covering portions of the stem
of the host-plant. Calyx of 5 distinct concave
oblong obtuse serrulate sepals, subtended by
8-15 narrower serrulate much imbricated bracts
with recurved tips ; corolla tube oblong-cylin-
dric, its lobes oblong-lanceolate or triangular-
lanceolate, obtuse, spreading or recurved, per-
sistent ; scales copiously fringed at the summit
and sparingly along the sides witli numerous
long processes : styles 2-4 times as long as the
ovary; capsule capped by the withering corolla.
On tall herbs, mainly Compositae, Ohio to South
Dakota, Nebraska and Texas. July-Sept.
Family 22. POLEMONIACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 3: 645. 1805.
Phlox Family.
Herbs, some species slightly woody, with alternate or opposite entire lobed or
dissected leaves. Flowers perfect, corymbose-capitate, cymose or paniculate, reg-
ular, or nearly regular. Calyx inferior, persistent, tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft,
the lobes or teeth slightly imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, funnel form, saucer-
shaped, campanulate or rotate, the limb 5-parted, convolute in the bud. Stamens
5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; filaments slender
or filiform; anthers ovate, oblong or linear, versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudi-
nally dehiscent. Ovary superior, mostly 3-celled : ovules 2-x in each cavity,
amphitropous ; style simple filiform; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly loculi-
cidally 3-valved. Seeds various, sometimes winged, sometimes enveloped in muci-
lage and emitting spiral tubes when wetted; endosperm abundant ; embryo straight ;
cotyledons flat ; radicle inferior.
About 20 genera and over 200 species, most abundant in western America.
Calyx distended and at length ruptured by the ripening capsule.
Calyx scarious between the lobes.
Corolla salverform ; leaves opposite, entire.
Seeds not mucilaginous when wetted ; mostly perennials with large flowers ; leaves
opposite. i- Phlox.
Seeds mucilaginous when wetted ; annuals ; floral leaves alternate ; flowers small.
2. Microstcris.
Corolla funnelform. tubular, salverform or campanulate ; leaves alternate or opposite.
3. Cilia.
Calvx not scarious between the lobes ; leaves alternate, deeply cleft. 4. Leptodactylon.
Genus i.
PHLOX FAMILY.
53
Calyx not distended nor ruptured by the capsule ; leaves alternate.
Calyx-teeth herbaceous, not spinulose-tipped.
Stamens declined; leaves pinnate.
Stamens straight and leaves entire in our species.
Calyx-teeth spinulose-tipped ; leaves pinnatifid.
Polcmonium.
Collomia.
Naverretia.
i. PHLOX L. Sp. PL 151. 1753.
Perennial or rarely annual, erect or diffuse herbs, with opposite entire leaves, or some of
the upper ones alternate, and large blue purple red or white flowers, in terminal cymes or
cymose panicles. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-ribbed, 5-cleft, the lobes acute or
acuminate, mostly scarious-margined and the sinuses commonly scarious. Corolla salver-
form, the tube narrow, the limb 5-lobed ; lobes obovate, orbicular or obcordate, spreading.
Stamens straight, short, unequally inserted on the corolla-tube, included. Ovary oblong or
ovoid, 3-celled ; style usually slender ; ovules 1-4 in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, 3-valved, at
length distending and rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds usually only 1 in each cavity of the
capsule, ovoid, wingless or narrowly winged, not emitting spiral threads when wetted.
[Greek, flame.]
About 40 species, natives of North America and Russian Asia, many of them widely cultivated.
Besides the following, some 24 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Type species : Phlox glaberrima L.
Leaves flat, ovate, oblong, lanceolate or linear.
Cymes panicled ; flowers short-pedicelled or sessile.
Calyx-teeth subulate.
Stem glabrous or puberulent ; leaves lanceolate to oblong.
Stem villous, glandular above ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate.
Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute ; leaves lanceolate or ovate, acuminate.
Cymes corymbose, simple, or flowers scattered.
Flowering stems erect or ascending, simple.
Plants glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves ovate or oblong ; calyx-teeth acute.
Leaves lanceolate or linear ; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate.
Plants pubescent, hirsute or villous.
Stems erect or ascending; no prostrate sterile shoots.
Leaves linear or lanceolate, acuminate, spreading.
Leaves linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, nearly erect.
Stems ascending or reclining ; sterile shoots prostrate.
Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate.
Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots obovate.
Stems diffusely branched, usually creeping; leaves narrow.
Corolla-lobes cleft to or about the middle.
Corolla-lobes cleft only at the apex.
Corolla-lobes rounded ; western.
Leaves subulate, fascicled or crowded ; plants low.
Stems creeping or ascending ; flowers cymose ; eastern.
Corolla-lobes shallowly emarginate ; plant not glandular.
Corolla-lobes deeply emarginate ; upper part of plant glandular.
Densely tufted ; flowers mostly solitary ; western.
Leaves densely white-woolly, 1" long ; plant moss-like.
Leaves less woolly or merely ciliate, 2"-6" long.
Corolla-tube shorter than or equalling the calyx.
Corolla-tube longer than the calyx.
i. Phlox paniculata L. Garden Phlox.
Fig. 3454-
Phlox paniculata L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753.
Stem erect, stout or slender, simple or branched
above, glabrous or puberulent, 2°-6° high. Leaves
thin, sessile or short-petioled, oblong to oblong-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, or the uppermost subcordate, 2'-6' long, 4'-lJ'
wide ; flowers short-pedicelled in compact paniculate
cymules, the inflorescence often 12' long; calyx-teeth
subulate, glabrous, puberulent or glandular, more than
one-half as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple or
white, its lobes broadly obovate, rounded, entire, shorter
than its tube; capsule oval, obtuse, slightly longer than
the ruptured calyx-tube.
^ In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Florida, Illinois,
Kansas and Louisiana. Freely escaped from gardens in
the north and east. Consists of many races, differing in
leaf-form, size and color of flowers, and in pubescence.
July-Sept.
I.
2.
3-
P. paniculata.
P. amplifolia.
P. maculata.
4-
5-
P. oval a.
P. glaberrima.
6.
P. pilosa.
7-
P. amoena.
8.
9-
P. divaricata.
P. stolonifera.
10.
1 1.
12.
P. bifida.
P. Stcllaria.
P.Kelseyi.
13-
14.
P. subulata.
P. Brittonii.
15-
P.bryo ides.
16.
17.
P. Hoodii.
P. Douglasii.
POLE MOM \< I \l
Vol. III.
2. Phlox amplifolia Britton. Large-leaved
Phlox. Fig. 3455.
Phlox amplifolia Britton, Man. 757. 1901.
Stem villous or glandular-villous, at least above,
2°-3i° high. Leaves large and broad, 2Y-6' long,
ii'-2h' wide, roughish above, the upper se ile, the
lower otu-s, or some of them, narrowed, usually
abruptly, into winged petioles which are sometimes
one-third as long as the blade: flowers similar to
those of P. paniculata, the inflorescence often 1°
long; calyx glandular-villous; corolla-tube glabrous,
the lobes obovate, rounded or retuse ; capsules 4"~5"
long.
Woods and thickets, Indiana to Missouri, Kentucky
and Tennessee. June-Aug.
Phlox maculata L. Wild Sweet-
William. Fig. 3456.
Phlox maculata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Phlox suaveolens Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 : 206.
1789.
Stem slender, erect, simple or branched above,
glabrous or puberulent, usually flecked with pur-
ple, ii°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or the upper
ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, rather firm, long-
acuminate, sessile, rounded or subcordate at the
base, z'-s' long, widest just above the base, the
lowest sometimes linear-lanceolate; flowers
short-pedicelled, the compact cymules forming
an elongated narrow thyrsoid panicle ; calyx-
teeth triangular-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate,
about one-fourth the length of the tube ; corolla
pink or purple, rarely white, its lobes rounded,
shorter than the tube; capsule similar to that of
the two preceding species.
In moist woods and along streams, Connecticut
to Florida, Ohio, Minnesota and Mississippi. Oc-
casionally escaped from gardens further north.
P. maculata var. Candida Michx. (P. suaveolens
Ait.) is a race with white flowers and unspotted
stem, occurring with the type. June-Aug.
4. Phlox ovata L. Mountain Phlox.
Fig. 3457-
Phlox ovata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Phlox Carolina L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 216. 1762.
Glabrous or nearly so throughout ; stems sim-
ple, slender, ascending from a decumbent base,
l°-2° hieh. Leaves rather firm, the upper ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a rounded or sub-
cordate base, acute at the apex, l'-2' long, the
lower and basal ones longer, oblong or ovate-
oblong, acute at both ends, narrowed into slender
often margined petioles ; flowers short-pedicelled
in corymbed or sometimes simple cymes ; calyx-
teeth lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, or
acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of
the tube ; corolla pink or red, its lobes obovate,
rounded, entire.
In woods. Pennsylvania to North Carolina, Geor-
gia and Alabama, mostly in the mountains. May-Aug.
Genus
PHLOX FAMILY.
5. Phlox glaberrima L. Smooth Phlox.
Fig. 3458.
Phlox glaberrima L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Glabrous or nearly so throughout ; stem simple,
slender, erect or ascending, l°-3° high. Leaves lan-
ceolate or linear, rather firm, mostly I -nerved,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, i*'-4'
long, 2"-6" wide, sessile, or the lowest linear or ob-
long, obtusish, shorter, and short-petioled ; flowers
short-pedicelled, the cymules corymbed ; calyx-teeth
subulate-lanceolate, one-third to one-half the length
of the tube ; corolla commonly pink, its lobes obo-
vate, rounded or obcordate, longer than the tube.
In open woods and on prairies. Virginia to Illinois,
Wisconsin, Florida. Mississippi, Missouri and Arkansas.
Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. May-July.
6. Phlox pilosa L. Downy or Prairie
Phlox. Fig. 3459.
Phlox pilosa L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753.
Soft downy or hairy, often glandular ; stem
erect or ascending, simple or branched, slen-
der, l°-2° high. Leaves linear or lanceolate,
spreading or divaricate, long-acuminate, 1-4'
long, ii"-4" wide, sessile, the base narrowed
or rounded ; cymules corymbed ; flowers short-
pedicelled ; calyx glandular, viscid, its teeth
setaceous-subulate, longer than the tube ; co-
rolla pink, purple or white, its lobes obovate,
entire, the tube usually pubescent; capsule
shorter than the calyx.
In dry soil. Ontario to Manitoba, Connecticut,
New Jersey, Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Hairy
phlox. Sweet-william. April-June.
Phlox argillacea Clute & Ferriss is a recently
described relative or race of this species, grow-
ing on prairies in Indiana and Illinois.
7. Phlox amoena Sims. Hairy Phlox.
Fig. 3460.
Phlox amoena Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 13c
1810.
Usually quite hairy; stems simple, slender, ascend-
ing, 6'-l8' high. Leaves linear-oblong to ovate-
oblong, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, mostly
narrowed at the base, nearly erect, i'-2' long, ii"-2i"
wide, the lowest much shorter; flowers very nearly
sessile in a dense terminal simple or somewhat com-
pound cyme, which is subtended by the uppermost
pair of leaves ; calyx hirsute, its teeth subulate, as
long as or shorter than the tube ; corolla pink or
white, its lobes obovate, entire or rarely emarginate,
shorter than the glabrous tube.
In dry soil, Virginia to Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida
and Alabama. April-June.
POLEMONIACEAE.
Vol. III.
8. Phlox divaricata L. Wild Blue
Phlox. Fig. 3461.
Phlox divaricata L. Sp. PL 152. '753.
Finely viscid-pubescent; stems ascending or
diffuse, slender, producing creeping or ascend-
ing leafy shoots from the base. Leaves of the
sterile shoots oblong or ovate, obtuse, i'--''
lung, those of the flowering stems lanceolate,
ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, mostly acute or
acutish; flowers pedicelled in open corymbed
cymules, faintly fragrant ; calyx-teeth subu-
late, longer than the tube; corolla bluish, its
lobes obcordate, emarginate or entire, not
much longer than the tube, sometimes shorter ;
capsule oblong-globose, about 2" high.
Tn moist woods, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota,
Pennsylvania, Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas.
Ascends to 3700 ft. in Virginia. Sometimes called
wild sweet william. April-June.
9. Phlox stolonifera Sims. Crawling
Phlox. Fig. 3462.
Phlox stolonifera Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 563- 1802.
Phlox reptans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 145. 1803.
Hirsute or pubescent ; stems slender, diffuse,
producing sterile creeping leafy shoots from the
base. Leaves of the sterile shoots obovate, obtuse
at the apex, 1-3' long, narrowed at the base into
petioles; flowering stems 4-10' high, their leaves
oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, smaller;
flowers in a simple or barely compound cyme,
slender-pedicelled ; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, as
long as the tube or longer; corolla pmk, purple
or violet, its lobes rounded, mostly entire, about
one-half the length of the tube; capsule subglo-
bose, ii" high.
In woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Kentucky,
mainly in the mountains. Ascends to 4500 ft. in
Virginia. April-June.
10. Phlox bifida Beck. Cleft Phlox.
Fig. 3463-
P. bifida Beck. Am. Journ. Sci. II : 170. 1826.
Puberulent or pubescent : stems diffuse,
somewhat woody, much branched, slender,
often i° long, the branches erect or ascend-
ing, 4'-8' high. Leaves of sterile shoots
linear, sessile, 1-2' long. l"-2" wide, acute,
those of flowering branches linear-oblong or
lanceolate, much shorter; flowers in simple
cvmes or solitary in the axils, slender-pedi-
celled; pedicels 3"-l2" long; calyx-teeth lan-
ceolate-subulate, somewhat longer than the
tube; corolla pale purple, it's lobes as long as
the tube or somewhat shorter, cuneate. cleft
to about the middle into linear or oblong
obtuse diverging segments; capsule oblong-
globose, l"-li" high.
In dry places, Indiana to Tennessee, Michigan
and Missouri. April-June.
Genus i.
PHLOX FAMILY
ii. Phlox Stellaria A. Gray. Chick-
weed Phlox. Fig. 3464.
Phlox Stellaria A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 252.
1870.
Glabrous or puberulent; sterns diffuse, some-
what woody, much branched, the branches
nearly erect, 3'-8' high. Leaves all linear, or
linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute, 1-2' long,
l"-ii" wide; flowers in simple cymes or soli-
tary in the axils, slender-pedicelled ; calyx-
teeth subulate-lanceolate, shorter than the
tube; corolla pale blue or nearly white, its
lobes cuneate, 2-lobed at the apex, nearly as
long as the tube.
On cliffs, southern Illinois and Kentucky and
in Tennessee. April-May.
12. Phlox Kelseyi Britton. Kelsey's
Phlox. Fig. 3465.
P. Kelseyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 19 : 225. 1892.
Many-stemmed from a woody root, the
stems spreading, creeping, or ascending, some-
times 8' long, glabrous, or slightly pubescent
above, very leafy. Leaves oblong, or linear-
oblong, sessile, glabrous, or nearly so z"-l2."
long, l"-2" wide, or the upper longer and
narrower, thick, rigid, the apex spinose-
mucronate, the revolute margins ciliate ; flow-
ers sessile or short-peduncled: peduncles and
calyx somewhat glandular-pubescent or gla-
brous ; calyx-teeth subulate, as long as the
tube or longer; corolla-tube somewhat exceed-
ing the calyx, the limb about 8" broad, blue
or lilac, the obovate-cuneate lobes rounded or
truncate.
North Dakota to Nebraska, Montana and Wyo-
ming. May-June.
13. Phlox subulata L. Ground or Moss
Pink. Fig. 3466.
Phlox subulata L. Sp. PI. 15-;. i/53-
Pubescent or becoming glabrate. Stems tufted,
forming mats, diffuse, much branched, the
branches 2 '-6' long. Leaves persistent, subulate-
linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or
acuminate, 4"-io" long, l"-l" wide, spreading,
ciliate, ngid, commonly fascicled at the nodes ;
flowers in simple cymes, slender-pedicelled;
calyx-teeth subulate from a broader base, about
as long as the tube ; corolla pink, purple or white,
with a darker eye, its lobes emarginate or entire,
shorter than the tube; capsule oblong, nearly 2"
high.
In dry sandy or rocky soil. New York to Florida,
west to Michigan and Kentucky. Ascends to 3500
ft. in West Virginia. Wild or mountain-pink. Flower-
ing moss. April-June.
5S
POLE.MOXIACEAE.
Vol. III.
14. Phlox Brittonii Small. Britton's Phlox.
Fig- 3467-
Phlox Brittonii Small, Bull. Torr. Club 27: 279. 1900.
Glandular-pilose, deep green ; stems copiously
branched, forming wide mats. Leaves numerous,
with small ones often clustered in the axils of the
larger, subulate or narrowly linear-subulate, 2i"-5"
long, ciliate, especially near the base ; calyx glandu-
lar-pubescent like the branches, the lobes subulate,
about as long as the tube ; corolla mainly white, the
limb 12-13 mm. broad, its lobes cuneate, much shorter
than the tube, with 2 pale magenta spots at the base,
cleft by a V-shaped sinus, a minute tooth in each
sinus ; capsule oblong, 2" high.
On dry mountain slopes, Virginia, West Virginia and
North Carolina. May.
15. Phlox bryoides Nutt. Moss Phlox.
Fig. 3468.
Phlox bryoides Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) 1: 153.
1848.
Depressed, shrubby, moss-like, densely branched
from a deep woody root, forming compact tufts 2'-$'
high. Leaves minute (about 1" long), closely im-
bricated in 4 ranks, copiously white-woolly, triangu-
lar-lanceolate, pale, acute, the margins infolded;
flowers solitary and sessile at the ends of the
branches, about 2V long; tube of the corolla longer
than the calyx, its lobes broadly cuneate, entire.
On dry hills, western Nebraska. Colorado and Wyo-
ming. May-July.
16. Phlox Hoodii Richards.
Fig- 3469-
Hood's Phlox.
Phlox Hoodii Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 733. pi. 28.
1823.
Densely tufted and branched from a woody root,
2'-4' high. Leaves imbricated, erect, rigid, subulate,
mucronate, somewhat woolly or ciliate. becoming
glabrafe, 2"-6" long: flowers solitary and sessile at
the ends of the branches, about 5" long; calyx-teeth
lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, longer than the tube ;
tube of the corolla shorter than or equalling the
calvx, its lobes obovate, entire.
In dry sandy or rocky soil, North Dakota to Mani-
toba, Alberta, western Nebraska and Wyoming. May-
July.
Genus i.
PHLOX FAMILY
17. Phlox Douglasii Hook. Douglas'
Phlox. Fig. 3470.
P. Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 73. pi. 1 jS. 1834.
PI1I0.Y Douglasii andicola Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
5 : 269. 1894.
Phlox Douglasii longifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
8: 254. 1870. Not P. longifolia Nutt.
Similar to the preceding species; leaves pubes-
cent or glabrous, less imbricated, sometimes
spreading, rigid, usually fascicled at the nodes,
4"-l2" long. Flowers solitary and sessile or
short-pedicelled at the ends of the branches,
5"-8" long ; calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, about equalling the tube; tube of the
purple or white corolla longer than the calyx, its
lobes obovate, entire.
Dry soil, Nebraska and Montana to Utah, Cali-
fornia and British Columbia. May-July.
2. MICROSTERIS Greene, Pittonia 3: 300. 1898.
Much-branched annual herbs, with entire leaves, all but the floral ones opposite, the small
flowers solitary or in pairs in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campanulate, 5-cleft, scarious
between the lobes. Corolla salverform, with a slender tube and a 5-lobed limb. Stamens
short. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule at length distending and rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds
few and large, mucilaginous when wetted, but not emitting spiral tubes. [Greek, small Steris.]
About 6 species, of western North America. Type species : Microsteris gracilis (Dougl.) Greene.
i. Microsteris micrantha (Kellogg) Greene.
Small-flowered Microsteris. Fig. 3471.
Collomia micrantha Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. 3: iS.
186.;.
M. micrantha Greene, Pittonia 3: 303. 1898.
Annual, pubescent, at length corymbosely much
branched, 2'-6' high, the branches ascending. Lower
and basal leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse, com-'
monly opposite and nearly sessile, the upper linear
or lanceolate, sessile, i'-l' long, i"-2" wide, opposite
or alternate, entire; cymes 1-5-flowered ; calyx-lobes
linear-subulate, usually longer than the tube ; corolla
about 4" long, the tube yellowish, narrow, equalling
or slightly longer than the calyx, the lobes purple or
violet, short ; ovules 2 or 3 in each cavity ; capsule
oblong, obtuse, as long as or longer than the calyx-
tube.
In dry or moist soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming,
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and California. In our
first edition referred to the northwestern M. gracilis
(Dougl.) Greene. April-Aug.
3. GILIA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per. 47. 1798.
Herbs with opposite or alternate, entire pinnatifid palmatifid or dissected leaves. Flowers
small or large, solitary, cymose, capitate, thyrsoid, or paniculate. Calyx campanulate or
tubular, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the sinuses scarious. Corolla funnelform, tubular, campanulate,
rotate or salverform, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, oblong, or obovate. Stamens equally or
unequally inserted on the corolla, included or exserted. Ovary oblong or ovoid, 3-celled ;
ovules solitary or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 3-celled, at length dis-
tending and rupturing the calyx. Seed-coat commonly mucilaginous when wetted, in some
species emitting thread-like tubes. [Named for Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.]
About 100 species, natives of America. Besides the following, many others occur in the south-
ern and western parts of North America. Type species : Cilia laciniata R. & P.
Corolla funnel-form to salverform ; leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided, the segments linear, not
rigid.
Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate or corymbose-paniculate.
Corolla i'— 2' long; plants i°-4° tall.
Flowers paniculate, white. I. G. longiftora.
Flowers narrowly thyrsoid. red. 2. G. aggregata.
Corolla 3"-5" long, violet or blue. 3- G. pinnatifida.
Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate. 4. G. spicata.
6o
1'OLEMOXIACKAK.
Vol. 111.
Flowers in dense or capitate cymes, or heads; flower-clusters leafy-bracted.
Perennial; corolla-tube not longer than the calyx. 5. G.ibcriilifolia.
Annual ; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx. 6. C.pumila.
Corolla rotate ; leaf-segments acicular. 7. G. acerosa.
i. Gilia longiflora (Torr.) Don. White-flowered Gilia. Fig. 3472.
Cantua longiflora Torr. Ann. Lye. 2: 221. 1827.
Gilia longiflora Don. Card. Diet. 4: 245. 1838.
Collomia longifl. A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 261. 1870.
Animal, glabrous, paniculately branched, l°-2°
high. Leaves all alternate, sessile, l'-2j' long, pin-
nately divided into linear-filiform segments or the
uppermost entire; flowers numerous, white, panicu-
late, about 2' long; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate,
acuminate, shorter than the tube; corolla salverform,
its tube narrow, 4 or 5 times as long as the orbicular
or ovate, rounded or pointed, spreading lobes ; sta-
mens unequally inserted; ovules 8-12 in each cell;
capsule narrowly oblong, exceeding or equalling the
calyx ; seed-coat mucilaginous and emitting spiral
threads when wetted.
In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Ari-
zona. May-Sept.
Gilia rubra (L.) Heller (Gilia coronopifolia Pers. 1, a
related species with less spreading corolla-lobes, is com-
monly cultivated, and rarely escapes from gardens to
roadsides and waste grounds.
2. Gilia aggregata ( Pursh ) Spreng. Scar-
let Gilia. Fig. 3473.
Cantua aggregata Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 147. 1814.
Gilia aggregata Spreng, Syst. 1 : 626. 1825.
Biennial, pubescent or puberulent ; stem simple
or sparingly branched, 2°-4° high, leafy at least
below. Leaves alternate, the basal often tufted,
mostly petioled, I '-3' long, pinnately parted into
narrowly linear segments ; inflorescence narrowly
thyrsoid-paniculate, often 12' long; flowers ses-
sile or very nearly so in small peduncled clusters,
scarlet or red; corolla tubular-funnelform, the
tube l'-li' long, slightly thicker upward, the limb
cleft into ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate
spreading or recurved lobes; stamens unequally
or about equally inserted in the throat ; ovules
numerous ; seeds mucilaginous and emitting spiral
threads when wetted.
In dry soil, western Nebraska (according to
Coulter) to Texas and Mexico, west to British
Columbia and California. June-Aug.
3. Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. Small-flowered
Gilia. Fig. 3474.
Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. ; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 :
276. 1870.
Biennial or perennial from a deep root, much
branched, viscid-glandular, 6'-2° high. Leaves
thick, pinnatifid, the basal tufted, i's' long, the
segments linear-oblong, sometimes toothed, ob-
tuse or acutish, 2"-6" long, those of the stem
alternate, smaller, the uppermost minute and en-
tire ; flowers very numerous, small, paniculate,
some sessile, some petioled ; calyx 5-lobed, the
lobes lanceolate to ovate ; corolla salverform,
3"-S" long, the limb violet or blue, its white tube
longer than the calyx and its obovate lobes ; sta-
mens exserted ; seeds not mucilaginous nor emit-
ting spiral threads when wetted.
In sandy soil, western Nebraska and Wyoming to
New Mexico. Has been mistaken for G. inconspicua,
June-Aug.
Genus 3.
PHLOX FAMILY.
61
4. Gilia spicata Nutt. Spicate Gilia. Fig. 3475.
Gilia spicata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) 1 :
156. 1848.
Perennial, woolly-tomentose ; stems erect, rather stout,
simple, solitary, or 2-4 from the woody root, 6'-i8' high.
Leaves alternate, narrowly linear, pinnately parted into
3-5 linear segments, or some or many of them entire,
i'-2' long ; flowers in an elongated narrow spicate
thyrsus, sessile in small clusters, purplish, 4 "-6" long;
tube of the corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx, con-
siderably longer than the ovate-oblong lobes ; calyx-
lobes acuminate; anthers equally inserted in the throat.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming and Utah,
May-Aug.
5. Gilia iberidifolia Benth. Round-headed
Gilia. Fig. 3476.
Gilia iberidifolia Benth. in Hook. Kew. Journ. Bot.
3 : 290. 1851.
Perennial by a deep root, woolly-tomentose. at
least when young, branched from the base or also
above, 3'-i8' high. Leaves mostly petioled, ¥-2'
long, pinnately divided into 3-9 narrowly linear
sharp-pointed segments, or the uppermost entire;
flowers white, densely capitate-clustered, 2"— 3"
long, the clusters bracted by the upper leaves.
l'-l' broad, sometimes corymbed ; calyx-lobes
awn-like ; corolla-tube about the length of the
calyx, slightly longer than the oval lobes ; fila-
ments equally inserted in or below the sinuses of
the corolla; ovules 1-4 in each cavity.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado.
California, Montana and Idaho. In our first edition
included in the similar G. congesta Hook. May-Aug.
6. Gilia pumila Nutt. Low Gilia. Fig. 3477.
Gilia pumila Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.)
1 : 156. 1848.
Annual, branched from the base and sometimes
also above, woolly at least when young. 3'-8' high.
Leaves alternate, thick, i'-i' long, pinnately di-
vided into linear mucronulate sometimes lobed
segments, or the uppermost entire : flowers in
dense or at length looser simple or compound
cymes, sessile ; corolla 3"-4" long, its tube about
3 times the length of the lobes and twice as long
as the calyx; calyx-lobes awn-like; stamens in-
serted in or below the sinuses of the corolla,
somewhat exserted ; ovules 5 or 6 in each cavity.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to Texas, Idaho,
Nevada and New Mexico. April-June.
Gilia tricolor Benth., of California, admitted into
our first edition as recorded escaped frem gardens to
roadsides at Lincoln, Nebraska, is not known to have
become established within our area.
62
'( )l.l MONIACEAE.
Vol. 111.
7. Gilia acerosa (A. Gray) Britton. Needle-leaved
Gilia. Fig. 3478.
G. rigidula var. acerosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 280. 1870.
Cilia acerosa Britton, Man. 761. 1901.
Perennial, from a woody base, 4'-/' high, glandular-pubes-
cent, bushy-branched, the slender branches erect-ascending.
Leaves 1' long or less, pinnately parted into 3-7 acicular en-
tire segments; flowers scattered, on slender pedicels 1' long
or less; corolla rotate, about 10" wide, its lobes rounded at
the apex, abruptly contracted at the base ; filaments filiform ;
anthers oblong; capsule about as long as the calyx-tube.
Rocky and gravelly soil, Kansas to Texas, Mexico and New
Mexico. April-Aug.
4. LEPTODACTYLON H. & A. P.ot. Beech. Voy. 369. 1841.
Low perennial herbs, somewhat woody, with alternate deeply pinnatifid or palmatifid
leaves, their segments subulate and spinescent, the rather large flowers terminal, clustered or
solitary. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes spinescent, the sinuses not scarious but membranous.
Corolla funnelform, 4-5-lobed, the lobes somewhat spreading. Stamens short. Capsule at
length distending the calyx-tube, many-seeded. [Greek, referring to the deeply divided
leaves.]
Three or four species, natives of western North. America. Type species : Leptodactylon cali-
fornicum H. & A.
i. Leptodactylon caespitosum Nutt. Tufted Sharp-leaved Gilia. Fig. 3479.
L. caespitosum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. II. 1 : 157. 1847.
Gilia pungens caespitosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 :
268. 1870.
Gilia caespitosa A. Nelson,
1S98. Not A. Gray.
Bull. Torr. Club 25: 546
Much branched and tufted from a thick buried
woody base, 3'-s' high. Leaves densely fascicled
and imbricated, 3-5-parted, 4" long or less, the seg-
ments subulate, spinulose-tipped, glabrous, or the
margins ciliate ; bases of the old leaves persistent;
calyx about half as long as the corolla-tube, 4-lobed,
the lobes subulate ; corolla white or yellowish, sal-
verform, the tube about 6" long, the limb 4-lobed ;
stamens 4.
Dry bluffs, western Nebraska and Wyoming. Tune-
Sept.
Leptodactylon pungens Nutt. [Gilia pungens (Torr.) Benth.l, of western North America, illus-
trated in our first edition, where the above species was regarded as a variety of it, is not known
to occur within our area.
Genus
PHLOX FAMILY.
63
5. POLEMONIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 162. 1753.
Perennial or rarely annual herbs, with alternate pinnate membranous leaves, and mostly
large cymose-paniculate or thyrsoid flowers. Calyx herbaceous, not angled nor ribbed, cam-
panulate, 5-cleft to about the middle, accrescent in fruit, the segments lanceolate or ovate,
entire, erect or connivent over the capsule. Corolla tubular-campanulate or funnelform,
rarely rotate, blue, white or yellow, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens about equally inserted near
the base of the corolla, declined, the filaments slender, often pilose at the base. Ovary ovoid;
ovules few or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, 3-valved. Seeds wingless, or
narrowly winged, mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Name not
explained.]
About 15 species, natives of the cooler parts of the north temperate zone. Besides the follow-
ing, some 10 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Polemonium
coeruleum L.
Anthers exserted ; flowers 8"-io" broad ; stem erect. 1. P. Van Bruntiae.
Anthers included ; flowers 5"— 6" broad ; stem reclining. 2. P. reptans.
I. Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton.
American Jacob's Ladder. Fig. 3480.
Polemonium coeruleum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 4, App. 1863.
Not L. 1753.
Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 19:
224. pi. 131, 1892.
Rootstock stout, horizontal, clothed with fibrous
roots. Stems erect, glabrous below, somewhat
glandular-pubescent above, ii°-2i° high, leafy to
the top ; leaflets of the lower leaves short-stalked
or sessile, ovate or lanceolate, acute, *'-ii' long,
those of the upper fewer, the uppermost leaves
3-5-foliolate or simple ; cymose clusters panicled or
solitary, rather loosely 3-5-flowered ; pedicels 2"-4"
long; flowers bluish-purple, 8"-io" broad; corolla-
lobes rounded; calyx 5-lobed to about the middle,
much enlarged in fruit, the lobes acute ; stamens
exserted ; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity ; capsule sev-
eral-seeded.
In swamps and along streams, Vermont and northern
New York to Maryland. Differs from the Old World
P. coeruleum L. in its stout rootstocks, more leafy stem,
exserted stamens, and rounded corolla-lobes. May-
July.
2. Polemonium reptans L. Greek Valerian.
Blue-bell. Fig. 3481.
Polemonium reptans L. Syst. Ed. 10, no. I. i 759.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, usually
not more than 1° high; stems weak, slender, at
length reclining or diffuse, the rootstock short.
Leaflets oblong, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate-oblong,
i'—iY long, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foliolate or
simple; flowers blue, s"-8" broad; calyx 5-lobed, its
lobes obtuse or acute; stamens not exserted; ovules
3 or 4 in each cavity ; seeds about 3 in each capsule.
In woods. New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia
and Kansas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. April-
May. American abscess-root. Sweat-root. American-
or creeping great-valerian.
6. COLLOMIA Nutt. Gen. i: 126. 1818.
Annual or rarely perennial herbs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and purple white
or reddish capitate or cymose flowers. Calyx obpyramidal or cup-shaped, 5-cleft, scarious in
the sinuses, accrescent in fruit, not distended by nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, its
64
l'OLRMOXIACEAE.
Vol. III.
lobes lanceolate or triangular, entire, erect, the sinuses often at length enlarged into a revo
lute lobe. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, the limb 5-lobed, spreading, the lobes
obtuse. Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, mostly straight, the filaments
unequal. Ovules I or few in each cavity. Capsule oval to obovoid. Seeds of most species
mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, gluten, referring to the
glutinous seeds when wetted.]
About 15 species, natives of western America. Besides the following typical one, some 10
others occur in the western United States and British Columbia.
i. Collomia linearis Nutt. Xarrow-leaved
Collomia. Fig. 3482.
Collomia linearis Nutt. Gen. 1: 126. 1818.
Cilia linearis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17 : 223. 1882.
Annual, viscid-puberulent ; stem erect, leafy, sim-
ple or branched, slender, 3-18' high. Leaves linear-
oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or
the lower short-petioled, I-2J' long, l4"-6" wide;
flowers S"-7" long, numerous in terminal capitate
leafy-bracted clusters; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceo-
late, acute; corolla light purple or nearly white, the
tube very slender, longer than the calyx, the lobes
\"-i" long; capsule at maturity about as long as
the calyx.
In dry soil, Manitoba to Minnesota and Nebraska,
west to British Columbia, Arizona and California. Also
in Quebec and New Brunswick. May-Aug.
7. NAVARRETIA R. & P. Fl. Per. 2 : 8. 1799.
Annual glabrous or viscid-pubescent herbs, with alternate spinose-pinnatifid leaves, or
the lowest entire, and numerous small flowers in dense terminal bracted clusters. Calyx
prismatic or obpyramidal, the tube 5-angled, 5-cleft, not accrescent in fruit, not distended by
nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, the sinuses scarious, the lobes mostly unequal, erect or
spreading, spiny-tipped, entire, or often toothed. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform,
S-lobed, the lobes oval or oblong. Stamens straight or declined, equally inserted in or below
the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules solitary, few or several in each cavity.
Capsule 1-3-celled, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds mostly mucilaginous and emitting spiral
threads when wetted. [In honor of Navarrete, a Spanish physician.]
About 24 species, natives of western America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in
the western United States. Type species: Navarretia involucrata R. & P.
i. Navarretia minima Nutt. Small Navar-
retia. Fig. 3483.
Navarretia minima Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
(II.) 1 : 160. 1848.
Gilia minima A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 269. 1S70.
Depressed, tufted, somewhat pubescent; stem usu-
ally branched, I '-3' high. Leaves sessile, J'-i' long,
l-2-pinnatifid into almost filiform rigid acicular seg-
ments; flowers about 2" long, white, densely capi-
tate; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, mostly toothed, about
as long as the tube and equalling the corolla, the
sinuses more or less white-pubescent: calyx-tube
about equalling the indehiscent 1-6-seeded capsule.
Iu dry soil, Nebraska and South Dakota to Washing-
ton and Arizona. Summer.
Genus i.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
65
Family 23. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 271. 1836.
Water-leaf Family.
Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal, rarely
opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid cymes, spikes
or racemes, or rarely solitary. Calyx inferior, deeply cleft or divided, the sinuses
sometimes appendaged. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, salverform, campan-
ulate, or rotate. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or base of the corolla, and
alternate with its lobes ; filaments filiform ; anthers ovate, oblong, or linear, mostly
versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or none. Ovary
superior, 2-celled, or i-celled with 2 placentae; styles 2, separate, or partly united;
stigmas small, terminal ; ovules few or numerous, anatropous or amphitropous.
Capsule 1-2-celled, mostly loculicidally 2-valved, rarely septicidally or irregularly
dehiscent. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular, usually pitted, rugose or reticu-
lated; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous; embryo small; cotyledons half-terete
or plano-convex.
1. Hydrophyllum.
2. Nemophila.
3. Nyctelea.
4. Phacelia.
5. Nam a.
About 17 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of western North America.
Styles united below ; ovary i-celled ; leaves mostly lobed or dentate.
Corolla-lobes convolute (rarely imbricated) in the bud ; placentae dilated.
Stamens exserted.
Stamens not exserted.
Sinuses of the calyx appendaged.
Calyx much enlarged in fruit, its sinuses not appendaged.
Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud ; placentae narrow.
Styles distinct to the base ; ovary 2-celled ; leaves entire.
1. HYDROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 146. 1753.
Perennial or biennial herbs, with large lobed pinnatilid or pmnately divided leaves, and
rather large, white blue or purple flowers, in terminal or lateral peduncled more or less
scorpioid cymes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments lanceolate or subulate, the sinuses
naked or appendaged. Corolla tubular-campanulate or campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes con-
volute in the bud, each with a linear appendage within, which extends to the base of the
corolla and is incurved into a groove. Stamens 5, exserted ; filaments pilose below or at the
base; anthers linear or oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled, hispid-pubescent; placentae fleshy,
dilated so as to nearly fill the cavity, free from the ovary-wall except at the top and bottom,
each enclosing 2 ovules; styles united nearly to the summit. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4.
globose-obovoid. [Greek, water-leaf, referring to the supposed cavity for water in each leaf.]
About 12 species, natives of North America. Type species: Hydrophyllum virginianum L.
Leaves, at least the lower, pinnatifid or pinnately divided.
Calyx not appendaged in the sinuses or scarcely so.
Plant sparingly pubescent; leaf-segments acute. i. H. virginianum.
Plant villous-hirsute ; leaf-segments blunt. 2. H. macrophyllum.
Calyx with a reflexed appendage in each sinus. 3. H.appendiculatum.
Leaves palmately 5-9-lobed. 4. H. canadcnsc.
I. Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Vir-
ginia Water-leaf. Fig. 3484.
H. virginianum L. Sp. PI. 146. 1753.
Perennial by scaly rootstocks; stems slender,
glabrous or nearly so, simple or sparingly
branched, ascending or erect, rather weak,
l°-3° long. Lower and basal leaves long-
petioled, 6'-io' long, pinnately divided into 5-7
oblong ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acutish, sharply toothed or incised segments
1 '-2' long, glabrous or with few scattered hairs ;
upper leaves similar, short-petioled, smaller,
with fewer segments ; cymes slender-pedun-
cled, simple or forked, dense or at length
open ; flowers white or violet, purple, darkest
at _ high altitudes, short-pedicelled ; pedicels
strigose-pubescent ; calyx-segments narrowly
linear, hispid, spreading, the sinuses not ap-
pendaged ; corolla about 4" long, its segments
erect; capsule globose, nearly 2" in diameter.
In woods, Quebec to Ontario, South Dakota,
South Carolina and Kansas. Ascends to 5000 ft.
in North Carolina. Brook-flower. May-Aug.
06
IIVDROIMIYLLACEAK.
Vol.111.
H. patens Britton, of Minnesota, differs in having the calyx-segments appressed to the corolla,
the corolla-segments with spreading tips.
2. Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt.
Large-leaved Water-leaf. Fig. 3485.
//. macrophyllum Nutt. Journ. Phila, Acad. 7: m.
1834.
Perennial by scaly rootstocks, villous-hirsute
all over ; stem rather stout, 2°-3° high. Lower
leaves long-petioled. 8'-i2' long, deeply pinnatifid
or pinnately divided into 7-13 oval or ovate obtuse
coarsely dentate segments 1-3' long; upper leaves
similar, smaller, shorter-petioled and with fewer
segments ; cymes long-pedunclcd, simple or fork-
ed, very dense; peduncles stout: pedicels short;
flowers nearly white; calyx cleft to below the
middle, its lobes lanceolate, erect, white-hispid,
the sinuses not appendaged ; corolla 5"-6" long;
anthers oblong; capsule globose, densely white-
hispid, I J" in diameter, enclosed by the calyx.
In rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Illinois, Alabama
and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia.
3. Hydrcphyllum appendiculatum Michx.
Appendaged Water-leaf. Fig. 3486.
H. appendiculatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I: 134. 1803.
Biennial, rough-hairy all over ; stem slender, simple
or usually branched, weak, l°-2° long, somewhat
viscid above. Lower and basal leaves long-petioled,
pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 5-7 ovate or oval,
acute or obtusish, irregularly dentate or incised, mem-
branous segments ; upper leaves smaller and shorter-
petioled, ovate to orbicular, variously lobed, the lobes
acute and dentate : cymes loose, branched, the slender
pedicels 4"-io" long; calyx parted to near the base,
enlarging in fruit, the segments triangular-lanceolate,
acuminate, spreading, with a short reflexed appendage
in each sinus; corolla violet or purple, 6" -7" long;
stamens little exserted; capsule about ij" in diameter.
In woods, Ontario to New York, North Carolina, west to
Minnesota and Kansas. May-June.
Ontario, Illinois and Kentucky.
4. Hydrophyllum canadense L. Broad-
leaved Water-leaf. Fig. 3487.
H. canadense L. Syst. Ed. 10, 919. 1759.
Perennial by scaly rootstocks ; stems rather
slender, commonly simple, glabrous or nearly so,
Ic-2i° high. Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate,
sparingly pubescent, at least above, palmately
5-9-lobed, the lower long-petioled, often 12'
broad, occasionally with 1 or 2 pairs of small
segments on the petiole ; upper leaves smaller,
but usually 4'-"' broad ; lobes ovate, acuminate,
dentate; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; cymes
dense or becoming loose, simple or forked; pedi-
cels short, nearly glabrous ; calyx cleft nearly to
the base, its segments linear-lanceolate, acute,
nearly or quite glabrous, sometimes with a minute
tooth in each sinus: corolla campanulate-rotate.
white to purplish anthers linear-oblong; capsule
2" in diameter.
In woods, Vermont to New York, North Carolina,
Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug.
Genus 2.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
67
2. NEMOPHILA Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 2: 179. 1822.
Annual diffuse pubescent slender and fragile herbs, with alternate or opposite mostly
pinnatitid or lobed leaves. Flowers white, blue or variegated, solitary, peduncled, lateral or
terminal. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, with a reflexed or spreading appendage in each
sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate-campanulate, mostly longer than the calyx, usually
with 10 small appendages within at the base, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens included ;
anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary i-celled with placentae similar to those of Hydrophyllum;
styles partly united; ovules 2-12 on each placenta. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4. [Creek,
grove-loving.]
About 10 species, natives of North America, mostly Californian. Type species: Nemophila
phacclioides Nutt.
i. Nemophila microcalyx (Nutt.) F. & M.
Small-flowered Nemophila. Fig. 3488.
Ellisia microcalyx Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:
191- 1833-37.
Nemophila microcalyx F. & M. Sert. Petrop. pi. 6. 1846.
Stems very slender, diffuse, branched, 2'-i5' long.
Leaves membranous, petioled, l'-2l' long, pinnatitid
or pinnately divided into 3-5 obovate cuneate or
oblique, obtuse 2-3-dentate or -lobed, approximate or
confluent segments, the upper all alternate, the lowest
opposite ; peduncles slender, 4"-i2" long, opposite
the leaves, shorter than or equalling the petioles;
flowers white or blue, li"-2" long; appendages in
the sinuses of the calyx minute ; calyx scarcely en-
larged in fruit ; ovules 2 on each placenta : corolla-
appendages obsolete or none; anthers oval; capsule
about 1*" in diameter, much longer than the calyx,
1-2-seeded.
In woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and
Texas. April-June.
3. NYCTELEA Scop. Introd. 183. 1777.
[Macrocalyx Trew, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 2: 330-332. pi. 7. /. /. Hyponym. 1761.]
[Ellisia L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. Not Syst. Ed. 10, II2I. 1759.]
Annual hirsute or pubescent branching slender herbs, with opposite or alternate, pin-
nately divided or 1-3-pinnatifld leaves, and solitary or racemose small white or bluish flowers.
Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, spreading, much enlarged in fruit, destitute of appendages in the
sinuses. Corolla campanulate or nearly cylindric. shorter than or slightly exceeding the calyx,
usually with 5 minute appendages on the tube within, its lobes convolute or imbricated in the
bud. Stamens included; anthers oval or oblong. Ovary i-celled; styles united below; ovules
2-4 on each of the placentae, which are similar to those of the two preceding genera. [Name
unexplained. 1
About .3 species, natives of North America, the fol-
lowing typical.
i. Nyctelea Nyctelea (L.) Britton.
Nyctelea. Fig. 3489.
Ipomoea Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753.
Polemonium ( ?) Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 231. 1762.
Ellisia Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2. 1662. 1763.
Macrocalyx Nyctelea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 434.
1 891.
Sparingly hirsute-pubescent ; stem several times
forked, 4--i2' high. Leaves pinnately divided,
petioled, 2'-4' long, ovate-oblong in outline, the
upper alternate, the lower opposite, the segments
oblong or lanceolate, dentate, entire or lobed ;
peduncles slender, i-flowered, opposite the leaves;
calyx in flower about 2" long, about equalling
the corolla, enlarging, widely spreading and be-
coming 8"-i4" broad in fruit, its lobes lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; fruit at length
pendulous ; capsule globose, 2"-$" in diameter.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Minnesota, Saskatche-
wan, Virginia, Nebraska and Kansas. April-July.
68
H\ DROI'HYLLACEAE.
V'UL. III.
4. PHACELIA Juss. ; J. F. Gmel. Syst. 330. 1791.
Annual, biennial or perennial, mostly hirsute hispid or scabrous herbs, with alternate entire
dentate lobed pinnatifid or dissected leaves, the lowest rarely opposite, and blue purple violet
Or white flowers in terminal SCOrpioid cymes or racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, somewhat enlarging
in fruit; sinuses not appendaged. Corolla campanulate, nearly rotate, tubular or funnelform,
the tube sometimes appendaged within, opposite the lobes, the lobes imbricated in the hud.
Stamens exserted or included, attached near the base of the corolla; anthers mostly ovate.
Ovary l-celled, the 2 placentae narrow, affixed to the walls; styles united below; ovules 2 or
several on each placenta. Capsule i-celled, or falsely nearly 2-celled by the intrusion of the
placentae, 2-valved. Seeds usually reticulated. [Greek, a cluster, referring to the clustered
flowers of some species.]
About 90 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, some 60 others occur in
the western parts of North America. Type species: Phacclia secunda J. F. Gmel.
Corolla-lobes entire.
Corolla manifestly appendaged within, between the stamens.
Leaves entire.
Leaves crenate-dentate.
Leaves pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the segments incised.
Racemes loose ; pedicels slender ; ovules 2 on each placenta.
Racemes dense ; pedicels short ; ovules numerous.
Appendages of the corolla inconspicuous or none.
Filaments pubescent ; calyx-lobes oblong.
Puberulent ; flowers 4"-$" broad. 5,
Hirsute ; flowers 6"-7" broad. 6.
Filaments glabrous ; calyx-lobes linear. 7,
Corolla nearly rotate, its lobes fimbriate.
Lobes of the leaves and calyx acute. 8,
Lobes of the leaves and calyx obtuse. 9.
1. P. leucophylla.
2. P. integrifolia.
3. P. bipinnaiifida.
4. P. Franklinii.
P. dubia.
P. hirsuta.
P. Covillei.
P. Purshii.
P. fimbriate
i. Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Silky Phacelia. Fig. 3490.
Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Frem. Rep. 93. 1845.
Perennial by a stout rootstock, pale, densely silky-
pubescent, the hairs appressed or ascending. Stem
simple or branched, l°-li° high; leaves lanceolate to
oblong, entire, pinnately veined, 2-4' long, 4"-l2"
wide, the lower long-petioled, the upper sessile or
nearly so; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes
very dense, nearly straight and 1-3' long when ex-
panded; flowers sessile, very numerous, about 4" high;
calyx-lobes hispid, oblong-lanceolate or linear, some-
what shorter than the white or bluish, 5-lobed corolla ;
corolla-appendages conspicuous, in pairs between the
filaments; filaments exserted, glabrous; ovules 2 on
each placenta; capsule ovoid.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Idaho, British Columbia,
Nebraska and Colorado. May-Aug. The species has
been taken for P. hetcrophylla Pursh, of the far west,
which has spreading brown hairs, some of the leaves usu-
ally pinnatifid, and pilose filaments.
2. Phacelia integrifolia
leaved Phacelia.
Torr. Crenate-
Fig. 349 1-
P. integrifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 222. pi. 3. 1827.
Annual or biennial; stem erect or ascending, rather
stout, very leafy, commonly branched above, viscid-
hirsute, 6-2° high. Leaves finely strjgose-pubescent,
ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, irregularly cre-
nate-dentate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate
at the base, 1-2J' long, petioled or the uppermost
sessile; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes
dense, 2'-4' long when expanded ; flowers sessile,
about 4" long; calyx-segments oblong, acute; corolla
tubular-campanulate, white or blue, its tube longer
than the calyx ; filaments glabrous, exserted ; ovules
2 on each placenta ; capsule ovoid, obtuse.
In saline soil, western Kansas (according to B. B.
Smyth) : Oklahoma to Colorado, Mexico, Utah and Ari-
zona. April-Sept.
Genus 4.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
69
3. Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Loose-
flowered Phacelia. Fig. 3492.
Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 134. pi. 16.
1803.
Biennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem erect, usually
much branched, glandular-viscid above, l°-2° high.
Leaves slender-petioled. 2-5' long, pinnately divided
or deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 ovate or oblong acute
or acutish, dentate or incised segments, or these
again pinnatifid ; flowers blue or violet, 6"-8" broad,
numerous, slender-pedicelled in loose racemes, the
inflorescence only slightly scorpioid; pedicels 4"-io"
long, recurved in fruit; calyx-segments linear; ap-
pendages of the rotate-campanulate corolla in pairs
between the stamens, conspicuous, villous on the
margins, corolla-lobes entire; filaments pilose, ex-
serted; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule globose.
In moist thickets and along streams, Ohio to Illinois,
Missouri, Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. Ascends
to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. April-June.
4. Phacelia Franklinii (R. Br.) A. Gray.
Franklin's Phacelia. Fig. 3493.
Eutoca Franklinii R. Br. App. Frank. Journ. 51. pi. 27.
1823.
Pliacclia Franklinii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 329. 1856.
Annual, villous-pubescent ; stem erect, 6'-i8'
high, simple, or corymbosely branched at the sum-
mit. Leaves li-3' long, pinnately parted into
7—15 linear or linear-oblong acute entire dentate
or incised segments ; flowers blue or nearly white,
short-pedicelled in dense scorpioid racemes ; calyx-
segments linear-lanceolate, acute ; longer than the
tube of the rotate-campanulate corolla ; append-
ages of the corolla free at the apex; anthers
scarcely exserted ; filaments glabrous, or nearly
so; styles united nearly to the summit; ovules
numerous on each placenta; capsule ovoid, acute.
Western Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota to Brit-
ish Columbia, Wyoming and Idaho. Summer.
5. Phacelia dubia ( L.) Small. Small-flowered Phacelia. Fig. 3404.
Polemonium dubium L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753.
Phacelia parvifiora Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 140. 1814.
Phacelia dubia Small, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 303. 1894.
Annual, puberulsnt or glabrate, branched from the
base, the branches very slender, erect or ascending,
5'-i2' high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, 1-2'
long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 oblong
obtuse entire or dentate segments, or rarely merely
dentate, or even entire ; upper leaves much smaller,
sessile, less divided ; flowers light blue or white,
racemose, 4"-s" broad; racemes 5-15-flowered, elon-
gated in fruit; pedicels 3"-/" long; calyx-lobes
oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; corolla rotate-campanu-
late, the appendages obsolete; filaments pubescent;
anthers slightly exserted ; ovules 4-8 on each pla-
centa; capsule globose, ii" in diameter, 6-12-seeded;
fruiting pedicels ascending.
In moist soil, New York and Pennsylvania to Georgia,
Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in
Virginia. April-June.
7o
HYDROIMIYLL.U'KAK.
Vol III.
6. Phacelia hirsuta Xutt. Hairy Phacelia.
Fig- 3495-
Phacelia hirsuta Xutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 191. 1834-37.
Phacelia parviflora var. hirsuta A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 10 : 321. 1S75.
Similar to the preceding species but usually
stouter and larger, hirsute-pubescent. Leaves
petioled, pinnatifid or deeply pinnately divided
into 5-9 oblong obtuse usually entire segments,
or the upper 3-5-lobed or entire, sessile ; racemes
rather dense, scorpioid when unfolding; flowers
blue, 6"-y" broad ; calyx-segments oblong-Iancco-
late, hirsute; corolla rotate-campanulate, its ap-
pendages short ; ovules 3-4 on each placenta ;
stamens scarcely exserted; capsule globose, 4-8-
seeded.
In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia, west to Missouri,
Kansas and Texas. April-June.
7. Phacelia Covillei S. Wats. Coville's
Phacelia. Fig. 3496.
Phacelia Covillei S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed.
6, 360. 1890.
Annual, similar to the two preceding species,
branched from the base, pubescent; branches
very slender, weak, 6-12' long. Leaves deeply
pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-7 oblong
or obovate, obtuse segments ; racemes only
1-5-flowered: pedicels filiform, 6"-8" long;
calyx-segments linear, elongating in fruit;
corolla tubular-campanulate, about 3" long and
broad when expanded ; filaments glabrous ;
anthers not exserted; appendages of the co-
rolla obsolete ; capsule globose, 1 -J "-2" in diam-
eter; fruiting pedicels recurved.
Along the Potomac River above Washington,
D. C., and in Illinois. April-May.
Phacelia Purshii Buckl. Pursh's Phacelia. Fig. 349"
Phacelia Purshii Buckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 171.
1843.
Annual, pubescent ; stem erect, usually much
branched, 6-18' high. Lower and basal leaves
petioled, 1J-3' long, pinnately parted or pin-
natifid into 9-15 oblong or lanceolate, acute or
obtusish, entire or sometimes incised segments ;
upper leaves sessile, with fewer segments ; ra-
cemes strongly i-sided, 10-20-flowered, much
elongated in fruit; pedicels 3"-l2" long; calyx-
segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; corolla
5"-6" broad, blue or white, nearly rotate, not
appendaged within, its lobes fimbriate ; filaments
slightly exceeding the corolla ; ovules 2 on each
placenta; capsule globose-ovoid.
In moist woods or thickets. Pennsylvania to Min-
nesota, south to North Carolina. Alabama and Mis-
souri. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April-June.
Genus 4.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.
71
g. Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fringed or
Mountain Phacelia. Fig. 3498.
Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 134. 1803.
Annual, sparingly pubescent; stems simple or
branched, ascending or diffuse, 6-20' long. Basal
and lower leaves slender-petioled, 2-4 long, pin-
nately divided into 5-9 orbicular obovate or oblong
obtuse dentate or entire segments ; upper leaves
sessile, their segments oblong or lanceolate, acute ;
clusters loose, 3-12-flowered ; pedicels 4"-Is" long;
flowers 4"-S" broad, white; calyx-segments linear to
spatulate, obtuse ; corolla rotate-campanulate, not
appendaged within, its lobes strongly fimbriate; fila-
ments pilose, about equalling the corolla ; ovules 2
on each placenta ; capsule depressed-globose, 2" in
diameter.
In woods, mountains of Virginia to Alabama. May-
June.
5. NAMA L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753.
[Hydrolea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 328. 1762.]
Perennial herbs, some tropical species shrubby, with alternate entire leaves, sometimes
with spines in their axils, and blue cymose-clustered or racemose flowers. Calyx-segments
distinct to the base, ovate or lanceolate. Corolla rotate-campanulate, not appendaged within,
S-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; fila-
ments filiform, dilated below; anthers sagittate. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ; ovules
numerous in each cavity, on fleshy adherent placentae ; styles 2, rarely 3, slender or filiform,
distinct to the base; stigma capitellate. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally or irregularly
dehiscent.
About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regoins of both the Old World and the New.
Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. Type species : Kama
zeylanica L.
Leaves lanceolate ; flowers mostly in axillary clusters.
Glabrous, or very nearly so, throughout ; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 1. N. affinis.
Villous, at least above, and on the calyx ; sepals lanceolate. 2. N. quadrivalvis.
Leaves ovate ; flowers mostly in terminal clusters ; sepals villous. 3. N. ovala.
i. Nama affinis (A. Gray) Kuntze.
Smooth Nama. Fig. 3499.
Hydrolea affinis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 370. 1867.
Nama affinis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 435. 1891.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout,
with or W'ithout slender spines in the axils ;
stems ascending, I°-2i° high. Leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, petioled, acute or acumi-
nate at both ends, 2-5' long, 4"-8" wide ;
flowers 6"-~" broad, short-pedicelled, in
rather dense peduncled leafy-bracted axil-
lary clusters ; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, about equalling the
corolla ; capsule 2" in diameter when ma-
ture, somewhat longer than the styles,
shorter than the sepals.
In wet places, southern Illinois to Missouri,
Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug.
72
[IVDRt Hli\ LLA( 1 \l
Vol III.
2. Nama quadrivalvis (Walt.) Kuntze.
I [airy Nama. Fig. 3500.
Hydrolea quadrivalvis Walt. FI. Car. no. 1788.
H. caroliniana Michx. FI. Bor. Am. 1 : 177. 1803.
N. quadrivalvis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 435. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species, but pubes-
cent, at least above, and on the calyx, with
spreading hairs, usually bearing slender spines
in the axils; stem ascending, i°-2° high. I
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, or
sparingly pubescent, petioled, 2'-5 long, 3"-8"
wide; lower petioles i' long, or more; 11
in axillary clusters ; sepals lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the
corolla ; capsule 2"-3" in diameter, longer than
the styles, about the length of the si
In wet soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida
and Louisiana. June-Aug.
3. Nama ovata (Nutt.) Britton. Ovate-
leaved Nama. Fig. 3501.
Hydrolea ovata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 196. 1833-37.
N. ovata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 272. 1894.
Stem erect or nearly so, i°-3° high, usually
branched near the summit, puberulent, or
somewhat hirsute, at least above, usually spine-
bearing in most of the axils. Leaves ovate,
rarely ovate-lanceolate, puberulent or glabrous,
short-petioled, or the upper almost sessile,
l'-2j' long, ¥-lk' wide, acute at the apex, nar-
rowed or rounded at the base ; flowers often
1' broad or more, in terminal clusters;
sepals lanceolate, acuminate, very villous,
shorter than the corolla, longer than the cap-
sule ; styles longer than the sepals.
In wet soil. Georgia to Missouri, Louisiana and
Texas. May-Sept.
Family 24. BORAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 274. 1836.
Borage Family.
Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees.
Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite or verticillate, exstipulate, mostly entire
and hispid, pubescent, scabrous or setose. Flowers perfect, usually regular, mostly
blue, in one-sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes, or sometimes scattered. Calyx
inferior, mostly 5-lobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted, usually persistent, its lobes valvate.
Corolla gamopetalous, mostly regular and 5-lobed, sometimes crested or append-
aged in the throat, rarely irregular, its lobes imbricated, convolute, plicate or
induplicate in the bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with
them, inserted on the tube or throat ; filaments slender or short ; anthers 2-celled,
the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, entire, or 5-lobed, or none, com-
monly inconspicuous. Ovary superior, of 2 2-ovuled carpels, entire, or the carpels
commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear as of 4 i-ovuled carpels; style simple,
entire or 2-cleft in our genera; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit mostly
of 4 i-seeded nutlets, or of 2 2-seeded carpels. Endosperm none ; embryo straight
or curved ; cotyledons mostly flat or plano-convex ; radicle short.
About 85 genera and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution.
Genus i.
BORAGE FAMILY.
73
* Ovary entire or 2-4-grooved; style terminal. 1. Heliotropium.
** Ovary 4-divided or deeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the center.
Flowers regular.
Nutlets armed with barbed prickles.
Nutlets spreading or divergent, covered by the prickles. 2. Cynoglossum.
Nutlets erect or incurved, the prickles on their backs or margins. 3. Lappula.
Nutlets unarmed.
Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacle, sometimes just above their bases.
Fruiting calyx not greatly enlarged nor membranous.
Corolla small, usually white ; receptacle conic or elongated.
Annuals ; calyx nearly closed in fruit ; inflorescence naked or bracteolate.
Lowest leaves mostly opposite ; calyx persistent. 4. Allocarya.
Leaves all alternate ; calyx at length deciduous. 5. Cryptantha.
Perennials or biennials ; calyx-segments more or less spreading in fruit ; inflo-
rescence leafy. 6. Oreocarya.
Corolla tubular-funnelform ; receptacle flat or convex.
Corolla blue, rarely white ; nutlets attached just above their bases.
Maritime; nutlets fleshy, smooth and shining. 7. Pneumaria.
Not maritime ; nutlets wrinkled when mature and dry. 8. Mertensia.
Corolla yellow ; nutlets laterally attached. 9. Amsinckia.
Fruiting calyx much enlarged, membranous, veiny. 10. Asperugo.
Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their very bases.
Scar of attachment small, flat.
Corolla salverform or funnelform, its lobes rounded, spreading.
Racemes not bracted ; corolla-tube short.
Racemes bracted ; corolla-tube cylindric, usually slender.
Corolla tubular, its lobes erect, acute.
Scar of attachment large, concave.
Corolla tubular, 5-toothed.
Corolla rotate ; anthers erect in a cone.
Flowers irregular.
Stamens included ; throat of the corolla closed by scales.
Stamens exserted; throat of the corolla dilated, open.
i. HELIOTROPIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753.
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly entire and petioled leaves, and small blue or white
flowers, in scorpioid spikes, or scattered. Calyx-lobes or -segments lanceolate or linear.
Corolla salverform or funnelform, naked in the throat, its tube cylindric, its lobes imbricated,
plicate or induplicate in the bud, spreading in flower. Stamens included; filaments short, or
none. Style terminal, short or slender ; stigma conic or annular. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating
into 4 i-seeded nutlets, or into 2 2-seeded carpels. Ovary entire, or 2-4-grooved. [Greek,
sun-turning, i. e., turning to or with the sun.]
About 125 species, widely distributed in warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the fol-
lowing, some 10 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The species are
called Turnsole. Type species: Heliotropium europaeum L.
Fruit 4-lobed, each lobe becoming a i-seeded nutlet.
Flowers in scorpioid spikes.
1 1. Myosotis.
12. Lithospcrmum.
13. Onosmodium.
14. Symphytum.
15. Borago.
16. Lycopsis.
17. Eehium.
Plant rough-puberulent ; leaves oval.
Glabrous, fleshy ; leaves linear to spatulate.
Leaves linear to oblanceolate ; corolla 2" broad.
Leaves broadly spatulate ; corolla 3"— 4" broad.
Flowers solitary, terminating short branches.
Fruit 2-lobed, or of 2 carpels.
Style elongated ; flowers large, scattered, white.
Style very short ; flowers blue, in scorpioid spikes.
1. H. europaeum.
H. curassavicum,
H. spathulatum.
H. tenellum.
Cryptantha.
II. indicum.
1. Heliotropium europaeum L. European
Heliotrope. Fig. 3502.
Heliotropium europaeum L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753.
Annual, much branched, rough-puberulent, 6'-l8' high.
Leaves oval, 1-2' long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at
the base, slender-petioled, pinnately veined; flowers
white, l"-2" broad, in dense 1-sided scorpioid, bractless
spikes ; terminal spikes in pairs, the lateral ones com-
monly solitary, becoming 1-3' long in fruit; calyx-
segments lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, shorter than
the corolla-tube; anthers distinct, obtuse; stigma-tip
long-conic; fruit depressed-globose, pubescent, 4-lobed,
at length separating into 4 nutlets.
In waste places, Massachusetts to New York, Pennsyl-
vania and Florida. Adventive or naturalized from Europe.
June-Oct.
74
BOR \(.IX VCEA1
Vol. III.
2. Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sea-
side Heliotrope. Fig. 3503.
Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753.
Animal, fleshy, glabrous throughout, more or
less glaucous, branched, diffuse, the bram hes
6'-i8' long. Leaves linear, or linear-oblong,
entire, very inconspicuously veined, \'-2 long,
I i"— 3" wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into
petioles, or the upper sessile, sometimes with
smaller ones fascicled in the axils; scorpioid
spikes densely flowered, bractless, mostly in pans;
flowers about 2" broad ; calyx-segments lanceo-
late, acute; corolla white with a yellow eye or
changing to blue ; stigma umbrella-shaped ; anthers
acuminate ; fruit globose, at length separating
into 4 nutlets.
On sandy seashores, Delaware to Texas and Mex-
ico. Widely distributed in saline and maritime soil
in the West Indies, South America and the Old
World. In ballast about the northern seaports.
May-Sept.
3. Heliotropium spathulatum Rydb. Spatulate-
leaved Heliotrope. Fig. 3504.
H. spathulatum Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 30: 262. 1903.
Perennial, glabrous, fleshy, glaucous, branched, l°-li°
high, the branches ascending. Leaves spatulate, indis-
tinctly veined, 2' long or less, obtuse at the apex;
scorpioid spikes 2-5; flowers 3 "-4" broad, white, or
bluish; calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; fruit
rather larger than that of H. curassavicum.
Prairies, plains and meadows, Iowa to North Dakota,
Assiniboia, Chihuahua and California. June-Sept.
4. Heliotropium tenellum (Nutt.j Torr.
Slender Heliotrope. Fig. 3505.
Lithospermum tenellum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 188. 1833-37-
H. tenellum Torr. in Marcy s Rep. 304. pi. 14. 1853.
Annual, strigose-canescent ; stem erect, slender,
paniculately branched, commonly leafless below,
6'-l8' high. Leaves linear, entire, i'-li' long, i"-2"
wide, narrowed at both ends, sessile, or the lower
petioled ; flowers white, about 2I" long, sessile at the
ends of short lateral branches, bracted by 1 or 2
leaves; calyx-segments unequal, the 2 or 3 larger
ones about as long as the corolla ; corolla-tube canes-
cent, slightly longer than the limb, its lobes entire;
anthers obtuse ; stigma subulate-tipped ; fruit de-
pressed, 4-lobed, strigose-pubescent, separating into
4 i-seeded nutlets.
In dry soil, Kentucky to Kansas, south to Alabama,
Texas and New Mexico. April-Aug.
Genus i.
BORAGE FAMILY.
75
5. Heliotropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) A. Gray.
Fig- 35o6.
Euploca convolvulacea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 189. 1S33-37.
H. convolvulaceum A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 6: 403.
1857-
Annual, strigose-canescent, usually much branched,
6'-is' high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong,
ovate, or lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, obtuse or
acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, J'-ii' long;
flowers numerous, fragrant, very short-peduncled,
terminal and lateral, mostly solitary and opposite the
leaves ; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, equal ;
corolla white, strigose, 8"-io" long, about 6" broad,
its tube narrowed at the throat, longer than the calyx
and the angulate-lobed limb ; anthers inserted on the
tube of the corolla, slightly cohering by their tips;
style filiform; stigma with a tuft of bristly hairs;
fruit 2-lobed, pubescent, each lobe splitting into 2
i-seeded nutlets.
Bindweed Heliotrope.
In dry sandy soil,
Mexico. July-Sept.
Nebraska to Texas, Utah and
6. Heliotropium indicum L. Indian Helio-
trope. Fig. 3507.
Heliotropium indicum L. Sp. PI. 134. 1753.
Annual, more or less hirsute or hispid ; stem com-
monly branched, i°-3° high. Leaves ovate or oval,
obtuse or acute at the apex, obtuse rounded or sub-
cordate at the base, a'-6' long, 1-3J' wide, repand or
undulate, borne on margined petioles V-2I' long;
flowers blue, 2"-3" broad, sessile in terminal dense
bractless usually solitary scorpioid spikes which be-
come 3'-6' long in fruit ; calyx-segments lanceolate,
acute, shorter than the strigose corolla-tube ; style
very short, deciduous ; fruit deeply 2-lobed, glabrous,
the lobes divergent, each finally splitting into 2
nutlets, each of which is ribbed on the back.
In waste places, North Carolina to Kentucky, Illinois.
Missouri. Florida and Texas. Naturalized from India.
Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Widely
distributed in warm regions as a weed. Turnsole.
May-Nov.
2. CYNOGLOSSUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 134. 1753-
Hirsute or hispid (rarely glabrous) mostly tall herbs, with alternate entire leaves, the
basal long-petioled, and purple blue or white flowers in panicled, more or less scorpioid
racemes. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, enlarged and spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla
funnelform or salverform, the tube short, the throat closed by 5 scales opposite the imbri-
cated rounded lobes. Stamens included ; filaments short ; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary
deeply 4-lobed, separating into 4 diverging nutlets in fruit ; style mostly slender. Nutlets
oblique, flat or convex above, attached laterally to the convex or conic receptacle, covered
with short barbed prickles. [Greek, dog's tongue.)
About 75 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 3 others occur
in western North America. Type species: Cynoglossum officinale L.
Stem leafy to the top; flowers reddish, purple or white; nutlets flat. 1. C. officinale.
Stem leafless above ; flowers blue ; nutlets convex.
Flowers about 5" broad; nutlets about 4" long. 2. C.virginianum.
Flowers about zYz" broad; nutlets about 2 y2" long. 3. C.boreale.
76
BORAGINACEAE.
Vol. J 1 1.
i. Cynoglossum officinale T.
noble. Canadian or dog-bur. Sheep-lice.
Hound's-tongue. Gipsy Flower. Fig. 3508.
Cynoglossum officinale L. Sp. PI. 134. 1753.
Biennial, pubescent; stem erect, leafy to
the top, stout, usually branched, iJ°-3°
high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, slender-pctioled, some-
times obtuse, 6-12' long, 1-3' wide; upper
leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, ses-
sile, or the uppermost clasping; racemes
several or numerous, bractless or sparingly
bracted, simple or branched, much elon-
gated in fruit; pedicels 3"-6" long; calyx-
segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla
reddish-purple or rarely white, about 4"
broad ; fruit pyramidal, about 5" broad,
each of the 4 nutlets forming a side of the
pyramid, flat on their upper faces, mar-
gined, splitting away at maturity, but hang-
ing attached to portions of the subulate
style.
In fields and waste places, Quebec and On-
tario to Manitoba, South Carolina, Alabama,
Kansas and Montana. Often a troublesome
weed. Naturalized from Europe. Native
also of Asia. Called also dog's-tongue, rose
Tory-weed. Wood-mat. May-Sept.
2. Cynoglossum virginianum L. Wild Comfrey. Fig. 3509.
Cynoglossum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 134.
1753-
Perennial, hirsute; stem usually sim-
ple, leafless above, stout, ii°-2i° high.
Basal and lower leaves oval or oblong,
-i'-ij' long, obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed into petioles; upper leaves ob-
long, or ovate-lanceolate, sessile and
clasping by a cordate base, acute, nearly
as large, or the one or two uppermost
quite small ; racemes 2-6, corymbose,
bractless, long-peduncled ; flowers blue,
about 5" broad ; corolla-lobes obtuse ;
calyx-segments oblong-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, about 2" long at flowering time ;
fruit depressed, 4" broad, the nutlets
convex on the upper face, not margined,
separating and falling away at matur-
ity, about 4" long.
In woods, New Jersey to Kentucky. Mis-
souri. Florida, Louisiana and Kansas.
Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Dog-bur.
April-May.
3^
5
If. ■ Vd:\ -3
■I'
Genus 2.
BORAGE FAMILY
3. Cynoglossum boreale Fernald. North-
ern Wild Comfrey. Fig. 3510.
Cynoglossum boreale Fernald, Rhodora 7 : 250. 1906.
Similar to the preceding species, the stem
more slender, villous below, appressed-pubescent
above. Upper leaves clasping the stem ; lower and
basal leaves oblong, acute or acutish, long-peti-
oled; racemes few, the flowers distant; calyx-
segments only about 1" long at flowering time;
corolla 3"-4" broad; nutlets 2"-2l" long.
Woods and banks, Quebec to Ontario, Connecticut,
New York and Minnesota. In our first edition in-
cluded in the preceding species, of which it may be
a northern race. May-June.
3. LAPPULA [Rivin.] Moench, IVleth. 416. 1794.
[Echinospermum Sw. ; Lehm. Asperif. 113. 1818.]
Annual or perennial rough-pubescent or canescent erect branching herbs, with alternate
narrow entire leaves, and small or minute blue or white flowers, in terminal bracted or
bractless racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or S-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla salver-
form or funnelform, the tube very short, the throat closed by 5 scales, the lobes obtuse,
spreading, imbricated in the bud. Stamens included; filaments very short. Ovary 4-lobed ;
style short. Nutlets 4, erect or incurved, laterally attached to the receptacle, at length
separating, the margins or backs armed with stout often flattened barbed prickles, the sides
usually papillose or tuberculate. [Diminutive of the Latin lappa, a bur.]
About 40 species, mostly natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, several
others occur in western North America. Type species : Lappula Myosotis Moench.
Racemes bracted ; fruiting pedicels not deflexed.
Prickles in 2 rows on the margins of the nutlets, distinct. 1. L. Lappula.
Prickles in 1 row on the margins, more or less confluent. 2. L. te.vana.
Racemes bracted only at the base ; fruiting pedicels deflexed.
Stem-leaves ovate-oblong, the basal cordate ; fruit globose. 3. L. virginiana.
Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or linear; fruit pyramidal.
Flowers 3"-5" broad ; fruit about 3" broad. 4. L. floribunda.
Flowers i"-2" broad; fruit about 2" broad. 5. L. deftexa.
Lappula Lappula (L.) Karst. European Stickseed. Burseed. Fig. 351 1.
Myosotis Lappula L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753.
Lappula echinaia Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. 1: 25. 1781.
Lap tula Myosotis Moench, Meth. 417. 1794.
Echinospermum Lappula Lehm. Asperif. 121. 1818.
Lappula Lappula Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 979. 1880-83.
Annual, pale, leafy, hispid or appressed-pubes-
cent, branched, l°-2° high, the branches erect.
Leaves linear, linear-oblong or the lowest spatu-
late, sessile or the lower narrowed into petioles,
ascending or erect, obtuse or obtusish at the apex,
i'-ii' long; racemes leafy-bracted, more or less
i-sided ; pedicels very short, stout, not deflexed
in fruit ; calyx-segments lanceolate, becoming
unequal and spreading; corolla blue, about 1"
broad: fruit globose-oval, ii" in diameter; the
nutlets papillose or also prickly on the back, the
margins armed with 2 rows of slender distinct
prickles.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia,
south to New Jersey and Kansas. Naturalized from
Europe. Native also of Asia. Stick-tight. Small
sheep-bur. May-Sept.
7s
BORAGINACI \l
Vol. III.
2. Lappula texana (Scheele) Britton. Hairy
Stickseed. Fig. 3512.
Cynoglossum pilosum Nutt. Gen. i: 114. j8iS. Not
R. & P. 1 794.
Echinospermum texanum Scheele, Linnaea25 : 260. 1852.
Echinospermum Redowskii var. cupulatum A. Gray "in
Brewer & Wats. Hot. Gal. I: 530. 1876.
Lappula texana Britton, Mem. Torr, Clubs: 273. 1894.
I, Redowskii occidentalis Rydb. Contr. Nat Herb v
170. i S95.
Annual, similar to the preceding species, 6-2°
high, paniculately branched, the branches ascending
or erect. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, mostly
obtuse, the lower narrowed into petioles ; racemes
leafy-bracted ; pedicels short, not deflexed in fruit;
flowers about 1" broad; nutlets papillose-tuberculate
on the back, the margins armed with a single row of
flat, usually more or less confluent bristles, or these
united into a cup.
In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, British Columbia,
south to Nebraska, Texas and Arizona. Found also m
ballast at Atlantic seaports. Nutlets with nearly dis-
tinct bristles and others with bristles united into a cup
sometimes occur on the same fruit. April-Aug.
3. Lappula virginiana ( L. ) Greene. Virginia Stickseed.
Myosotis virginiana L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753.
Cynoglossum Morisoni DC. Prodr. 10: 155. 1S46.
E. virginicum Lehm. Asperif. 120. 1818.
Lappula virginiana Greene, Pittonia 2: 1S2. 1891.
oBiennial, pubescent; stem paniculately branched,
2°-4° high, the branches slender, spreading. Basal
leaves (seldom present at flowering time) ovate or
nearly orbicular, cordate, Iong-petioled, mostly
obtuse ; stem leaves ovate-oblong or oval, acute or
acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, peti-
oled, 3-8' long, 1-4' wide, the uppermost smaller,
sessile; racemes very slender, divergent, bracted at
the base, the bracts similar to the upper leaves ;
pedicels slender, short, recurved in fruit; corolla
nearly white, about i" broad; fruit globose, nearly
2" in diameter ; nutlets covered on' the margins and
usually also on the back by the slender distinct flat-
tened barbed prickles, the backs commonly also
more or less papillose.
In dry woods and thickets, New Brunswick to On-
tario, Minnesota, Georgia, Louisiana, Nebraska and
Kansas. Called beggar's-ticks or -lice. Virginia mouse-
ear. Soldiers. Stick-tight. Dysentery-root or -weed.
Tune-Sept.
4. Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene.
Large-flowered Stickseed. Fig. 3514.
Echinospermum floribundum Lehm. in Hook. Fl.
Bor. Am. 2: 84. pi. 164. 1834.
Lappula floribunda Greene, Pittonia 2: 182. 1891.
Biennial or perennial, rough-pubescent; stem
stout, paniculately branched, 2°-5° high, the
branches nearly erect. Leaves oblong, oblong-
lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 2'-4- long, 2"-io"
wide, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, or the
lower narrowed into petioles ; racemes numerous,
erect or nearly so, very densely flowered, bracted
at the base, many of them in pairs; pedicels 2"-4"
long,^ reflexed in fruit ; flowers blue or white,
3"-S" broad ; fruit pyramidal, about 3" broad ;
nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate on the back,
the margins^ armed with a single row of flat
prickles, which are sometimes confluent at the
base.
Western Ontario and Minnesota to Saskatchewan,
British Columbia, south to New Mexico and Califor-
nia. June-Aug.
Genus 3.
BORAGE FAMILY.
79
5. Lappula deflexa (Wahl.) Garcke. Nod-
ding Stickseed. Fig. 3515.
Echinospertnum deflexion var. americanum A. Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 224. 1882.
Lappula deflexa Garcke, Fl. Deutsch. Ed. 6, 273. 1863.
LapPula americana Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 24 : 294.
1897.
Annual, rough-puberulent ; stem slender, erect,
paniculately branched, l°-3° high, the branches
spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, mostly narrowed at both ends, 2-4' long,
2i"-6" wide, the lower petioled, the upper sessile;
racemes slender, many-flowered ; pedicels slender,
2"-4" long, deflexed in fruit ; corolla white or
bluish, about 1" broad; fruit pyramidal, about 2"
broad ; nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate on the
back, rarely with a few prickles on the keel, the
margins armed with a single row of flat prickles,
these sometimes few.
In thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, British Columbia,
Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Also in Europe and
Asia. May-Aug.
4. ALLOCARYA Greene, Pittonia, 1 : 12. 1887.
Mostly annual low herbs, with linear entire leaves, the lowest often opposite, and small
flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Pedicels thickened at the summit, persistent. Calyx
5-divided. persistent, the segments narrow. Corolla salverform, white, yellow in the throat.
Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided ; style short. Nutlets crustaceous, smooth, or rough,
attached at their base or below the middle to the receptacle, the scar of attachment concave
or raised. fGreek, different nuts.]
About 25 species, natives of western North Amer-
ica. Type species: Allocarya lithocarya (A. Gray)
Greene.
r. Allocarya scopulorum Greene. Moun-
tain Allocarya. Fig. 3516.
Eritrichium californicum var. subglochidiatum A.
Gray, Bot. Cal. 1 : 526. In part. 1876.
Allocarya scopulorum Greene, Pittonia 1: 16. 1887.
Somewhat succulent, pubescent with scattered
stiff appressed hairs, branched, the slender
spreading branches l'-8' long. Leaves 6"-i8"
long, i"-ii" wide, sessile or very short-petioled :
flowers about 1" broad, distant, borne in most of
the axils, very short-pedicelled ; floral bracts
similar to the leaves, but shorter; calyx segments
linear-lanceolate ; nutlets reticulate on the back,
lightly grooved on the ventral side.
Western Nebraska to Montana, Wyoming and
Colorado. June-Sept.
5. CRYPTANTHA Lehm. Sem. Hort. Hamburg. 1832. F. & M. Ind. Sem.
Hort. Petrop. 2: 35. 1836.
[Krvnitzkia F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 7: 52. 1841.]
Low annual setose or hispid branched herbs, with narrow alternate entire leaves, and
small mostly white flowers, in scorpioid bractless or bracteolate spikes. Calyx 5-parted or
S-cleft, at length deciduous from the spike, the lobes or segments erect, mostly connivent in
fruit. Corolla small, funnel form, usually with 5 scales closing the throat, the lobes imbri-
cated in the bud. Stamens included ; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided ; style short ; stigma
capitellate. Nutlets erect, rounded on the back, not keeled, the margins obtuse, acute or
wing-margined, attached laterally to the conic or elongated receptacle, the scar of attach-
ment mostly longer than broad. [Greek, hidden-flowered.]
About 50 species, natives of North and South America, mostly of the western United States.
Type species: Cryptanrha glomerata Lehm.
Nutlets, at least some of them, with short processes. 1. C. crassisepala.
All four nutlets smooth and shining. 2. C. Fendleri.
So
];<>kAGINACEAE.
Vol. III.
i. Cryptantha crassisepala (T. & G.) Greene. Thick-sepaled Cryptanthe.
Fig- y^7-
Eritrichium crassisepalum I. & G. l'ac. R. R.
Ri p. 2 . 171. 1854.
Krynitzkia crassisepala A. Gray, Proc. Am.
\,.,/. J/. 1764.
A perennial fleshy glabrous glaucous diffusely branched herb, with alternate entire
leaves, and small blue pinkish or white flowers in loose terminal leafy-bracted racemes.
Calyx-lobes triangular-ovate or lanceolate, somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla tubular-
campanulate. crested in the throat, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, slightly spread-
ing. Filaments slender, scarcely exserted. Ovary 4-divided ; style slender. Nutlets erect,
fleshy, attached just above their bases to the somewhat elevated receptacle, smooth, shining,
acutish-margined, becoming utricle-like when mature.
A monotypic genus of sea-beaches of the north
temperate zone.
i. Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill. Sea
Lungwort. Sea Bugloss. Oyster Plant.
F'g- 3523-
Puhnonaria maritima L. Sp. PI. 136. 1753.
P. maritima Hill, Veg. Syst. 40. pi. 57. /. 3. 1764.
Mertcnsia maritima S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI.
354- 1821.
Pale green, the branches spreading or ascend-
ing, 3'-I5' long. Leaves thick, ovate, obovate, or
oblong, l'-4' long, acute or obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, the lower and basal ones
contracted into margined petioles, the uppermost
smaller; flowers blue or nearly white, about 3"
long, all pedicelled ; pedicels very slender, s"-i8"
long; calyx shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla
with a crest in the throat opposite each lobe ;
nutlets about as long as the calyx-lobes when
mature.
On sea-beaches, Long Island (?), Massachusetts to
Newfoundland and Greenland, Oregon to Alaska.
Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. May-Sept.
8. MERTENSIA Roth, Catal. Bot. i : 34. 1797.
Perennial glabrous or pubescent herbs, with alternate sometimes punctate leaves, and
rather large blue purple or white flowers, in panicles, cymes, or racemes. Calyx-lobes lan-
ceolate or linear, little enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped,
crested or unappendaged in the throat, its lobes obtuse, imbricated, little spreading. Stamens
inserted on the tube of the corolla, included, or scarcely exserted; filaments flattened, or
filiform; anthers oblong or linear, obtuse. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets erect,
coriaceous, wrinkled when mature, attached above their bases to the convex or nearly flat
receptacle, fin honor of Prof. C. F. Mertens. a German botanist.]
About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, many occur
in the western part of^ North America. The species are called Smooth Lungwort. Type species i
Mertensia pulmonarioides Roth.
Corolla trumpet-shaped, not crested in the throat, the limb barely 5-lobed. i. M.virginiea.
Corolla funnelform-campanulate, crested in the throat, the limb manifestly 5-lobed.
Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 2. M. paniculata.
Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute. 3. M. lanceolate.
Genus 8.
BORAGE FAMILY.
S3
I. Mertensia virginica (L.) DC. Virginia
Cowslip. Tree Lungwort. Roanoke-
bells. Fig. 3524.
Pulmonaria virginica I.. Sp. PL 135. 1753-
Mertensia virginica DC. Prodr. 10: 88. 1846.
Glabrous; stem erect, or ascending, simple or
sometimes branched, i°-2° high, rather stout.
Leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, pinnately
veined, obtuse at the apex, 2-5' long, the upper-
most sessile, the lower narrowed into margined
petioles; racemes short, corymb-like; pedicels
2"-6" long ; flowers blue-purple, very showy,
about 1' long; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate,
obtusish, 1" long or less; corolla trumpet-shaped
or nearly salverform, its tube cylindric, a little
expanded above, longer than the 5-lobed plaited
limb, pubescent at the base within, not crested in
the throat ; disk with two opposite linear lobes ;
filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers;
nutlets not shining, rounded.
In low meadows and along streams, southern On-
tario to New Jersey and South Carolina, Minnesota,
Nebraska and Kansas. Blue bells. March-May.
2. Mertensia paniculata ( Ait. ) G. Don.
Tall Lungwort. Fig. 3525.
P. paniculata Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 : 181. 1789.
.1/. paniculata G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 318. 1838.
Roughish-pubescent, dark green ; stem erect,
branched above, ii°-3° high, the branches slen-
der. Leaves thin, pinnately veined, those of the
stem ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, 2'-$' long, the lower
narrowed into slender petioles; basal leaves ovate,
rounded or cordate at the base ; racemes several-
flowered, panicled ; pedicels filiform,4"-io" long;
flowers purple-blue, 6" -7" long; calyx-lobes lan-
ceolate, acute ; corolla tubular-campanulate, crested
in the throat, the tube about twice as long as the
calyx and exceeding the 5-lobed limb; filaments
flattened, slightly longer than the anthers; style
filiform, usually somewhat exserted; nutlets
rounded.
In woods or thickets, Hudson Bay to Alaska, south
to Michigan, Nebraska, Idaho and Washington.
July- Aug
3. Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC.
Lance-leaved Lungwort. Fig. 3526.
P. lanceolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 729. 1814.
Mertensia lanceolata DC. Prodr. 10: 88. 1846.
M. linearis Greene, Pittonia 3 : 197- 1897.
Glabrous or somewhat hirsute; stem simple or
branched, slender, 6-18' high. Leaves papillose,
indistinctly veined, light green, the upper lanceo-
late, acute, sessile or slightly clasping at the base,
the lower oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-4
long, narrowed into margined petioles; racemes
few-flowered, usually panicled; flowers blue, 5"-
6" long; pedjcels 3"~7" long; calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, obtuse, or acutish; corolla tubular-campanu-
late, the tube longer than the calyx and longer
than the 5-lobed limb, hairy at the base within,
the throat crested; filaments a little longer than
the anthers; style filiform, scarcely exserted.
In thickets, western Nebraska to Manitoba,
Wyoming, Idaho and New Mexico. Races differ
in amount or absence of pubescence and in width
of leaves. June-Aug.
s4
l:i >K \(,l.\ \( K\K.
Vol.111.
9. AMSINCKIA I. elim. Del. Sent. I lori. I lamb. 7. 1831.
Annual hispid or setose herbs, with narrow leaves, tin- yellow flowers in scorpioid spikes.
Calyx 5-parted, the segments linear. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube- slender,
naked or minutely crested in the throat, the 5 lobes spreading. Stamens 5. home on the
corolla-tube, included. Ovary dccpK | lobed. Nutlets ovoid, rough, laterally attached to
the receptacle below the middle. I In honor of William Amsinck, a burgomaster of Hamburg
and friend of the Hamburg botanical garden.]
About 15 species, natives of western North America and Chile, the following typical.
I. Amsinckia lycopsioides Lelmi. Amsinckia.
Fig. 352/-
Lithospcrmum lycopsioides Lc-hm. Pug. 2 : 28. 1830.
Amsinckia lycopsioides Lehm. ; DC. Prodr. 10 : n~. 1846.
Diffusely branched, loosely hispid with long, bristly
hairs, the branches often 1° long, decumbent or ascend-
ing. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, repand-dentate or entire, 3' long or less,
sessile; scorpioid spikes short in flower, elongating in
fruit, the lower flowers bracteolate, the upper ones com-
monly bractless ; corolla about 4" long, its tube some-
what longer than the calyx; nutlets rugose-reticulate.
Waste grounds, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Ad-
ventive from California. May-July.
Amsinckia intermedia F. & M„ an erect Californian
species, with orange-yellow flowers and linear leaves, has
been found in eastern Long Island and Nantucket.
10. ASPERUGO [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 138- i/53-
An annual rough-hispid procumbent herb, with alternate entire leaves, or the uppermost
sometimes opposite, and small blue or nearly white flowers, short-pedicelled and 1-3 together
in the upper axils. Calyx campanulate, unequally 5-deft, much enlarged and folded together
in fruit, the lobes incised-dentate. Corolla tubular-campanulate, s-lobed, the lobes imbricated.
Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments very short. Ovary 4-diyided ;
style short; stigma capitate. Nutlets 4. ovoid, erect, granular-tuberculate, keeled laterally
attached above the middle to the elongated-conic receptacle. [Latin, rough, referring to
the leaves.]
A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia.
i. Asperugo procumbens L. German Mad-
wort. Catchweed. Fig. 3528.
Asperugo procumbens L. Sp. PI. 138. i/53-
Stems slender, branched, diffusely procumbent,
6-18' long, very rough with stiff bristly hairs. Leaves
oblong, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate. obtuse or
acutish at the apex, i'-li' long, the lower narrowed
into margined petioles; flowers very short-pedicelled,
about 1" broad, blue, the pedicels recurved in fruit ;
fruiting calyx dry and membranous, strongly veined,
4"_6" broad; nutlets obliquely ovoid.
In waste places and ballast, Massachusetts to south-
ern New York, New Jersey, District of Columbia and
Minnesota. Adventive from Europe. Called also small
wild bugloss and great goose-grass. May-Aug.
Genus ii.
BORAGE FAMILY.
85
11. MYOSOTIS [Dill] L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753.
Low annual biennial or perennial, more or less pubescent, branching, diffuse or erect
herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small blue pink or white flowers in many-flowered
elongated bractless more or less i-sided racemes, or these sometimes leafy at the base.
Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes narrow, spreading or erect in fruit. Corolla salverform, the limb
5-lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud, rounded, the throat crested. Stamens 5, included,
inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers obtuse. Ovary 4-divided, style fili-
form. Nutlets erect, glabrous or pilose, attached by their bases to the receptacle, the scar of
attachment small, flat. [Greek, mouse-ear.]
About 35 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, i or 2 others occur irt
the southern and western parts of North America. Called forget-me-not and scorpion-grass.
Type species: Myosotis scorpioides L.
Hairs of the calyx all straight ; perennial swamp or brook plants.
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube ; corolla 3"-4" broad.
Calyx-lobes as long as the tube ; corolla 2"— 3" broad.
Hairs of the calyx, or some of them, with hooked tips ; annuals or biennials.
Fruiting pedicels longer than the calyx.
Fruiting pedicels not longer than the calyx.
Calyx-lobes equal ; corolla blue or yellowish, changing to violet and blue.
Corolla yellowish, changing to violet and blue ; style longer than the nutlets.
4.
Corolla blue; style not longer than the nutlets. 5
Calyx-lobes unequal ; corolla white. 6
1. M. scorpioides.
2. M. laxa.
3. M. arvensis.
M. versicolor.
M. micrantha.
M. virginica.
i. Myosotis scorpioides L. Forget-me-not.
Mouse-ear Scorpion-grass. Fig. 3529.
Myosotis scorpioides var. palustris L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753.
Myosotis palustris Lam. Fl. Fr. 2 : 2S3. 1 778.
Appressed-pubescent, perennial, with slender root-
stocks or stolons; stems slender, decumbent or as-
cending, rooting at the lower nodes, 6'-i8' long.
Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, narrowed at the base, 1'— 3' long, 2"-6" wide,
those of the stem sessile or very nearly so, or the
lower petioled ; racemes loosely many-flowered ; pedi-
cels longer than the calyx ; calyx with straight ap-
pressed hairs, its lobes equal, triangular-ovate, acute,
shorter than the tube, spreading in fruit; corolla
blue with a yellow eye, the limb flat, 3"-4" broad ;
nutlets angled and keeled on the inner side.
In brooks and marshes, Newfoundland to New York,
Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Escaped from cultiva-
tion. Native of Europe and Asia. Called also marsh
scorpion-grass, snake-grass and love-me. May-July.
2. Myosotis laxa Lehm.
me-not. Figf.
Smaller Forget-
3530.
Myosotis laxa Lehm. Asperif. 83. 1818.
Myosotis palustris var. laxa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,
365- 1S67.
Perennial, appressed-pubescent, similar to the
preceding species; stems decumbent, spreading,
rooting at the nodes, 6'-2o' long. Leaves oblong,
oblong-lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse; racemes
very loosely many-f.owered ; pedicels spreading,
much longer than the fruiting calyx ; hairs of the
calyx straight, appressed, its lobes equal, ovate-
lanceolate, acutish, spreading in fruit, quite as
long as the tube; corolla blue with a yellow eye,
its limb concave, about 2" broad; nutlets convex
on both the inner and outer sides.
In wet muddy places, Newfoundland to Ontario,
south to Virginia and Tennessee. Also in Europe.
Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-July.
Bl IRAGINACEAE.
Vol. IN.
3. Myosotis arvensis (I..) TTill. Field Scor-
pion-grass or Mouse-ear. Fig. 3531.
Myosotis scorpioides var. arvensis L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753.
Myosotis arvensis 1 1 1 1 1 . Veg. Syst. 7: 55. 1764.
Annual or biennial, hirsute-pubescent : stem erect,
branched, 6'- [8' high. Masai and lower leaves ob-
lanccolatc, obtuse, petioled or sessile; stem leaves
in >*.tly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish
at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, ' 1 '.' long,
2"~4" wide; racemes loosely flowered; fruiting pedi-
cels longer than the calyx; hairs of the calyx, or
some of them, with minutely hooked tips, the lobes
equal, erect, or connivent in fruit, triangular-lanceo-
late, acute, about as long as the tube: corolla blue
or white, the limb concave, 1 "— 1 2 " broad; nutlets
convex on the outer side, somewhat keeled on the
inner.
In fields, Newfoundland to western Ontario and
Minnesota, south to West Virginia. Perhaps not
indigenous. Also in Europe. June- Aug.
4. Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) J. E. Smith.
Fig- 3532.
Syn.
Yellow and Blue Scorpion-grass.
156.
M. arvensis var. (?) versicolor Pers
1S05.
Myosotis versicolor J. E. Smith, Engl, Bot. pi. 480.
1813.
Annual, hirsute-pubescent, with mostly straight
hairs, often much branched above; stems slender,
erect or ascending, 4'-l2' high. Leaves oblong,
obtuse or obtusish, sessile, or nearly so, or the
lower spatulate and narrowed into margined peti-
oles; racemes slender, mostly naked below; pedi-
cels shorter than the fruiting calyx, appressed-
pubescent, erect ; calyx equally 5-cleft, the lobes
linear-lanceolate, erect or connivent in fruit,
longer than or equalling the tube, the hairs, or
some of them, with minutely hooked tips ; corolla
pale yellow changing to violet and blue, its limb
about 1" broad ; nutlets convex on the outer,
slightly keeled on the inner side, shorter than
the style.
In fields and along roadsides, southern New York
and Delaware. Naturalized from Europe. May-
July.
5. Myosotis micrantha Pall,
grass. Fi
Blue Scorpion-
3533-
Myosotis micrantha Pall.; Lehm. Neue Schr. Naturf. Ges.
Halle 3": 24. 1S17.
Annual or biennial, 8' high or less, branched from
near the base, the pubescence of both straight and
hooked hairs. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, mostly ses-
sile, obtuse or obtusish; racemes slender, distantly flow-
ered to the base; pedicels much shorter than the calyx,
pubescent, and usually with some hooked hairs; calyx
equally 5-cleft, about as long as the corolla-tube; style
not longer than the nutlets.
Fields and roadsides, Ontario to Massachusetts and Ohio.
May-July. Naturalized from Europe. Has been mistaken in
America for M. collina Hoffm.
Genus ii.
BORAGE FAMILY
6. Myosotis virgitvca (L.) B.S.P. Spring
or Early Scorpion-grass. Fig. 3534-
Lycopsis virginica L. Sp. PI. 139. 1753.
Myosotis verna Nutt. Gen. 2: Add. 1S18.
Myosotis virginica B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 37- 188S.
Annual or biennial, hirsute-pubescent or hispid,
erect, branched, 3'— 15' high, the branches erect. Leaves
oblong or linear-oblong, sessile, 3"-l2" long, obtuse,
or the lower spatulate and narrowed into short peti-
oles; racemes usually bracted at the base, strict;
pedicels ascending or erect, or slightly spreading at
the apex, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx some-
what 2-lipped, unequally S-cleft, the lobes lanceolate,
acute, longer than the tube, connivent in fruit, very
hispid, the hairs, or most of them, with minutely
hooked tips; corolla white, the limb ii" broad or
less; nutlets convex on the back, slightly keeled and
margined on the inner side.
On dry hills and banks, Maine and Ontario to Minne-
sota, Florida and Texas. Forget-me-not. April-June.
Myosotis macrosperma Engelm., of the Southern
States, with larger flowers and fruit, the_ ripe calyx
nodding or spreading, ranging north to Virginia and
Kentucky, appears to be a race of this species.
12. LITHOSPERMUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753.
Annual or perennial, erect branching or rarely simple, pubescent hirsute or hispid herbs,
with alternate entire leaves, and small or large, white yellow or blue flowers in leafy-bracted
spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted or S-cleft, the segments or lobes narrow. Corolla funnel-
form or salverform, 5-Iobed, naked, pubescent or crested in the throat, the lobes entire or
erose-denticulate, the tube sometimes pubescent at the base within. Stamens 5, included,
inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided ; style slender, or
filiform; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Nutlets 4. or fewer, erect, white, smooth and shining,
or brown and wrinkled, attached by their bases to the nearly flat receptacle, the scar of
attachment not concave. [Greek, stone-seed, from the hard nutlets.]
About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, a few in South America and Africa.
Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United
States. Type species: Lithospermum officinale L.
Corolla white or yellowish, its tube shorter than or equalling the calyx; flowers distant.
Nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted ; annual or biennial. 1. L. arvense.
Nutlets white, smooth and shining; perennials.
Leaves lanceolate, acute ; nutlets ovoid. _ 2. L. officinale.
Leaves ovate, acuminate; nutlets globose-ovoid. 3. L.latifolinm.
Corolla dull yellow, its tube longer than the calyx ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers dense. 4. L. pilosum.
Corolla bright yellow, its tube much longer than the calyx; flowers dense; red-rooted perennials.
Corolla-lobes entire; flowers all complete.
Hispid-pubescent ; corolla-tube bearded at the base within. 5. L. carolincnse.
Hirsute, somewhat canescent ; corolla-tube not bearded at the base. 6. L. canescens.
Corolla-lobes erose-denticulate; later flowers cleistogamous. 7. L. linearifolium.
i. Lithospermum arvense L. Bastard
Alkanet. Corn Gromwell. Fig. 3535.
Lithospermum arvense L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753.
Annual or biennial, appressed-pubescent ; stem
erect, usually branched, 6-20' high. Leaves bright
green, lanceolate, linear or linear-oblong, sessile
or the lowest short-petioled, mostly appressed,
obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the
base, indistinctly veined, ¥-i¥ long, ¥'-3" wide,
the uppermost smaller; flowers sessile or very
nearly so in the spikes, becoming distant, white,
about 3" long; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate,
longer than or equalling the corolla-tube; corolla
funnelform, puberulent in the throat but not
crested; nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted, gla-
brous, about 1" high, convex on the back, keeled
on the inner side, one-third to one-half the length
of the calyx-segments.
Tn waste places and fields, Quebec to Ontario and
Michigan, south to Georgia and Kansas. Natural-
ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Pearl-plant.
Salfern-stoneseed. May-Aug.
ss
BORAGINACEAE.
Vol. III.
2. Lithospermum officinale L. Cromwell.
Fig- 353.
Perennial by filiform stolons; stem glabrous
or sparingly pubescent, erect, slender, simple
or sometimes branched, 0' 2° high. Leaves
thin, glabrous, or sometimes decidedly pubes-
cent, the lower slender-petioled, nearly orbicu-
lar, crenate, often subcordate at the base, the
middle ones larger, ovate, l'-2' long, sessile or
nearly so, obtuse or acute, coarsely dentate or
crenate, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, commonly entire ; flowers solitary
in the axils; fruiting calyx about 2" long;
corolla blue, 4"-S" long, puberulent, the lower
lip longer than the concave upper one ; nutlets
membranous-winged, borne on a slender gyno-
base.
In moist woods and thickets, southern Ontario,
New York and New Jersey to Illinois and Mis-
souri, North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends
to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-Aug.
6. MARRUBIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753.
Perennial branching mostly woolly herbs, with petioled dentate rugose leaves, and small
white or purplish flowers in dense axillary clusters, the juice bitter. Calyx tubular, 5-10-
nerved, regularly 5-10-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, or the alternate ones shorter, acute or
aristate, spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire or
emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its broader middle lobe commonly emarginate.
Stamens 4, didynamous, included, the posterior pair the shorter ; anthers 2-celled. Style
2-cleft at the summit, the lobes short. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name
Middle Latin, perhaps from the Hebrew, referring to its bitter qualities.]
About 40 species, natives of the Old World, the
following typical.
i. Marrubium vulgare L. White or
Common Hoarhound. Fig. 3588.
Marrubium vulgare L. Sp. PI. 583. 1753.
Stem erect, stout, woolly, especially below,
1 "-3° high, the branches ascending. Leaves
oval, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, rugose-
veined, obtuse at the apex, crenate-dentate,
rounded, narrowed or subcordate at the base,
1 '-2' long, rough, whitish above, woolly be-
neath; petioles J'-i' long, usually exceeding
the flowers ; clusters all axillary, densely many-
flowered ; flowers whitish; calyx-teeth usually
10, subulate, more or less recurved, glabrous
above, woolly below.
In waste places, Maine and Ontario to Minne-
sota and British Columbia, North Carolina, Ala-
bama, Texas, Mexico and California. Also in South
America. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia. Old names, houndbene, marrube, marvel.
7. SIDERITIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 574. 1753.
Annual or perennial, usually pubescent herbs or shrubs, with opposite, entire or toothed
leaves, and small white, pink, or yellowish flowers in axillary clusters which are separated
or contiguous. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, the teeth spine-tipped, the
upper middle one broader than the others. Corolla-limb exceeding the calyx, 2-lipped; upper
lip entire or lobed ; lower lip longer than the upper, with a broad middle lobe. Stamens 4,
Genus 7.
MINT FAMILY.
didynamous, included, the anterior pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, or those of the anterior
pair more or less imperfect, the sacs divaricate. Style 2-cleft at the summit, lobes obtuse.
Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets obovoid, smooth. [Greek, iron, referring to its nedicinal use.
About 45 species, native of the Old World, most numerous
in the Orient. Type species: Sideritis hirsuta L.
i. Sideritis romana L. Simple-beaked Iron-wort.
Fig- 3589-
Sideritis romana L. Sp. PI. 575. 1753.
Annual, softly pubescent with spreading hairs, the stem
erect, 4'-i° tall, usually branched. Leaves obovate to
oblong, J'-li' long, crenate, sessile cr nearly so, ultimately
somewhat veiny ; clusters few-flowered ; flowers white or
pinkish; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube, the middle one
of the upper lip ovate, all subulate-tipped ; corolla slightly
exceeding the calyx, the middle lobe of the lower lip
reniform.
In fields, southeastern Pennsylvania. Naturalized from the
Mediterranean region. Also in Bermuda. June-Aug.
8. AGASTACHE Clayt. ; Gron. Fl. Virg. 88. 1762.
[Vleckia Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 308. 1808.]
[Lophanthus Benth. Bot. Reg. 15: under pi. 1282. 1829. Not Adans. 1763.]
Tall erect perennial herbs, with serrate, mainly ovate, petioled leaves, and yellowish
purplish or blue flowers, verticillate-clustered in thick dense or interrupted bracted terminal
spikes. Calyx narrowly campanulate, somewhat oblique, slightly 2-lipped, 5-toothed, the
teeth of the upper lip somewhat larger than those of the lower, or all about equal. Corolla
strongly 2-lipped, the tube as long as the calyx; upper lip erect, 2-lobed; lower lip spreading,
3-lobed, its middle lobe broader than the lateral ones and crenulate. Stamens 4, all anther-
bearing, didynamous, the upper pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, their sacs nearly parallel.
Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, many spikes.]
^About 8 species, natives of North America. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the
western United States. Type species : Hyssopus nepetoides L.
Glabrous or very nearly so, stout ; corolla greenish-yellow. 1. A. nepetoides.
Pubescent, stout; corolla purplish; leaves green both sides. 2. A. scrophulariaefolia.
Glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender ; corolla blue; leaves paU' beneath. 3. A. anethiodora.
i. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze.
Catnep Giant-Hyssop. Fig. 3590.
Hyssopus nepetoides L. Sp. PI. 569. 1753.
Lophanthus nepetoides Benth. Bot. Reg. under
pi. 1182. 1829.
Vleckia nepetoides Raf. Fl. Tell. 3 : 89. 1836.
•A. nepetoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 511. 1891.
Glabrous, or slightly puberulent ; stem
stout, 2°-5° high, branched, at least above,
sharply 4-angled. Leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong, acuminate or acute at the apex,
rounded, cordate or the upper narrowed at
the base, mostly thin, coarsely dentate, 2'-6'
long; spikes 3'-i8' long, usually very dense;
petioles of the lowest leaves often 2' long;
bracts ovate, acute or acuminate; calyx-
teeth oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or sub-
acute, sometimes purplish ; corolla greenish
yellow, about 4" long, scarcely exceeding
the calyx.
In woods and thickets, Quebec and Vermont
to South Dakota, south to Georgia, Tennessee,
Kansas and Arkansas. July-Sept.
LAB I AT AE.
Vol. III.
2. Agastache scrophulariaefolia
(Willd.) Kuntze. Figwort
Giant-I lyssop. Fig. 3591.
Hyssopus scrophulariaef alius Willd. Sp. PI. 3:
48. 1801.
Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius Benth. Bot.
R( ::. under pi. 1282. 18 9.
Vleckia scrophulariaefolia Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 89.
IS.;!,.
Agastache scrophulariaefolia Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. PI. 511. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species, but com-
monly taller, strong-scented, the obtusely
4-angled stem, the petioles and lower sur-
faces of the leaves more or less pubescent,
sometimes villous. Leaves nearly identical
with those of V. nepctoides in size and
outline; spike sometimes interrupted, 3'-l8'
long; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acumi-
nate ; calyx-teeth lanceolate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, very acute or sometimes acuminate,
whitish or purplish ; corolla purplish, 5"-6"
long, considerably exceeding the calyx.
In woods and thickets. New Hampshire to
Ontario, Wisconsin, North Carolina, Ken-
tucky and Missouri. July-Oct.
3. Agastache anethioddra (Xutt.)
Britton. Fragrant Giant-Hyssop.
Fig. 3592.
Hyssopus anethiodorus Nutt. Fras. Cat. 181 3.
Hyssopus anisatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 27. 1818.
Lopanthus anisatus Benth. Bot. Reg. under pi.
1282. 1829.
Vleckia anisata Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 89. 1836.
Vleckia anethiodora Greene, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 282. 1894.
A. anethiodora Britton in Britt. & Brown, 111.
Fl. 3:85. 1898.
Glabrous, or minutely puberulent; stem
rather slender, leafy, usually branched, 2°-
4° high. Leaves ovate or triangular-ovate,
firm, mostly short-petioled, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, truncate, obtuse or some-
times subcordate at the base, sharply ser-
rate, green above, pale and minutely canes-
cent beneath, 2 '-3' long, anise-scented ;
spikes dense or interrupted, seldom 6' long;
bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate ;
calyx-teeth ovate to lanceolate, acute, pur-
ple; corolla blue, 4"-S" long, somewhat
exceeding the calyx.
On prairies and plains, Minnesota to Mani-
toba, Alberta, Illinois, Nebraska and Colorado.
July-Sept. Anise-hyssop.
9. MEEHANIA Britton, Bull.Torr. Club 21: 32. 1894.
A low pubescent spreading or decumbent herb, with long-petioled cordate leaves, trailing
leafy stolons, and large blue flowers in terminal secund bracted spikes. Calyx campanulate,
15-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth all lanceolate, acute, the 3 upper longer than the 2 lower.
Corolla much exserted, puberulent without, pubescent within, the tube narrow at the base,
gradually widely ampliate into the throat, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-lobed, arched, the
lobes ovate, obtuse; lower lip about equalling the upper, spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe
emarginate, broader than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, didynamous. all anther-bearing,
included, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair longer than the lower; anthers
2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style equally 2-cleft at the summit.
Nutlets oblong, smooth. [Named for Thomas Meehan, of Philadelphia, 1826-1901, botanist
and horticulturist.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
Genus 9.
MINT FAMILY.
1. Meehania cordata (Nutt.) Britton.
Meehania. Fig. 3593.
Dracoceplialuin cordatiim Nutt. Gen. 2: 35. 1818.
Cedronella cordata Benth. Lab. 502. 1834.
Meehania cordata Britton, Bull. Torn Club 21 : a.
pi. 173. 1894.
Flowering stems ascending, 3'S' high; stolons
very slender, leafy throughout, sometimes 2°
long. Leaves all broadly ovate or ovate-orbicu-
lar, thin, obtuse or subacute at the apex, crenate
all around, cordate at the base, sparingly pubes-
cent with scattered hairs on both surfaces, or
nearly glabrous beneath, green on both sides,
1-2' long, the basal sinus broad; spikes 1-4'
long ; bracts ovate or oblong, acute, membranous,
the lower sometimes crenulate and surpassing
the calyx ; bractlets small, lanceolate ; calyx about
5" long, puberulent, its longer teeth about one-
half the length of the tube; corolla l'-li' long,
showy.
In rich moist woods and thickets, southwestern
Pennsylvania to Illinois, Tennessee and North
Carolina. May-July.
10. NEPETA [Rivin.] L. Sp. PI. 570. 1753.
Herbs, with dentate or incised leaves, and mostly white or blue rather small flowers in
verticillate clusters, usually crowded in terminal spikes, or axillary and cymose. Calyx tubu-
lar, somewhat oblique at the mouth, 15-nerved, usually incurved, 5-toothed, scarcely 2-lipped,
but the upper teeth usually longer than the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, the limb
strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed ; lower lip spreading. 3-lobed, the
middle lobe larger than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, all anther bearing, didynamous, ascend-
ing under the upper lip, the lower pair the shorter; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate.
Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, compressed, smooth.
[Ancient Latin name of catnep.]
'About 150 species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following typical.
i. Nepeta Cataria L. Catmint. Catnep.
Nep. Fig. 3594.
Nepeta Cataria L. Sp. PI. 570. 1 753.
Perennial, densely canescent, pale green ; stem
rather stout, erect, branched, 2°-3° high, the
branches straight, ascending. Leaves ovate to
oblong, petioled, acute at the apex, coarsely cre-
nate-dentate. mostly cordate at the base, I -3
long, greener above than beneath; flower-clusters
spiked at the ends of the stem and branches, the
spikes 1-5' long ; bracts small, foliaceous ; bract-
lets subulate; calyx puberulent. its teeth subu-
late, the upper about one-half the length of the
tube ; corolla nearly white, or pale purple, dark-
dotted, puberulent without, s"-6" long, its lobe a
little longer than the calyx, the broad middle lobe
of its lower lip crenulate.
In waste places, New Brunswick and Quebec to
South Dakota, Orepron, South Carolina, Kansas and
Utah ; also in Cuba. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of Asia. July-Nov.
11. GLECOMA L. Sp. PI. 578. 1753.
Low diffuse creeping herbs, with long-petioled nearly orbicular or reniform crenate
leaves, and rather large blue or violet flowers in small axillary verticillate clusters. Calyx
oblong-tubular, 15-nerved, oblique at the throat, not 2-lipped, unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-
tube exserted, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate; the
lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, emarginate, the side lobes small. Stamens
4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, not exserted,
the upper pair the longer ; anther-sacs divergent. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid,
smooth. [Greek name for thyme or pennyroyal.]
About 6 species of Europe and Asia, the following typical.
ii4
LAB I AT AE.
Vol. III.
i. Glecoma hederacea L. Ground
Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground.
Field Balm. Fig. 35(15.
Glecoma hederacea L. Sp. PI. 578. 1753.
N. Glechoma Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 485.
1834-
N. hederacea B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 43.
1888.
Perennial, pubescent, the creeping stems
leafy, sometimes 18' long, the branches
ascending. Lower petioles commonly
longer than the leaves ; leaves green
both sides, i'-li' in diameter; clusters
few-flowered, the flowers y"-\o" long,
short-pedicelled ; bractlets subulate,
shorter than the calyx ; calyx puberulent,
its teeth acute or lanceolate-acuminate,
about one-third as long as the tube ;
corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the
calyx; upper pair of stamens much
longer than the lower.
In waste places, woods and thickets, New-
foundland to Ontario. Minnesota, Oregon,
Georgia, Tennessee, Kansas and Colorado.
Old names, alehoof, cat's-foot, gill, gill-ale,
gill-go-by-the-ground, hayhofe, haymaids,
hove, tunhoof, creeping charlie, robin-run-
away, gill-run-over, crow-vituals, wild
snake-root, hedge-maids. March-May.
12. MOLDAVICA [Tourn.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 190. 1763.
Herbs, with dentate entire or incised leaves, and blue or purple flowers in axillary and
terminal bracted clusters, the bracts pectinate in our species. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved,
straight or incurved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth much larger than the others, or 2-lipped with
the 3 upper teeth more or less united. Corolla expanded above, its limb 2-lipped ; upper lip
erect, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger than the lateral ones,
sometimes 2-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair
longer than the lower; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate; style 2-cleft at the summit; ovary
deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [From Moldavia.]
About 35 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known in North
America. Type species: Dracocephalum Moldavica L.
Corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; clusters mostly axillary. I. M.parviflora.
Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx ; clusters mostly terminal, dense. Moldavica.
i. Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Brit-
ton. American Dragon-head.
Fig. 3596.
Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. Gen. 2: 35.
1S18.
Annual or biennial, somewhat pubescent,
or glabrous; stem rather stout, usually
branched, 6'-2j° high. Leaves lanceolate,
ovate, or oblong, slender-petioled, serrate,
or the lower incised, acute or obtuse at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
thin, i'— 3' long; clusters dense, many-flow-
ered, crowded in dense terminal spikes,
and sometimes also in the upper axils ;
bracts ovate to oblong, pectinate with awn-
pointed teeth, shorter than or equalling the
calyx; pedicels l"-2" long; upper tooth of
the calyx ovate-oblong, longer than the
narrower lower and lateral ones, all acumi-
nate ; corolla light blue, scarcely longer
than the calyx.
In dry gravelly or rocky soil, Quebec and
Ontario to Alaska, New York, Iowa, Missouri
and Arizona. May-Aug.
Genus 12.
MINT FAMILY
2. Moldavica Moldavica (L.)
Britton. Moldavian Dragon-
head or Balm. Fig. 3597.
Dracocephalnm Moldavica L. Sp. PI. 595.
1/53-
Annual, puberulent ; stem erect, usu-
ally widely branched, i°-2j° high. Leaves
oblong or linear-oblong, dentate or some-
what incised, obtuse at the apex, usually
narrowed at the base, i'-2' long, 2"-6"
wide; clusters loose, few-flowered, com-
monly numerous, mostly axillary ; bracts
narrowly oblong, usually shorter than
the calyx, deeply pectinate with aristate
teeth ; pedicels 2"-4" long ; calyx slightly
curved, the 2 lower teeth somewhat
shorter than the 3 broader equal upper
ones; corolla 2-3 times as long as the
calyx.
In a canon near Spring View, Nebr.
Also in northern Mexico. Introduced
from central Europe. June-Aug.
13. PRUNELLA L. Sp. PL 600. 1753.
Perennial simple or sometimes branched herbs, with petioled leaves, and rather small
clustered purple or white flowers, in terminal and sometimes also axillary, dense bracted
spikes or heads. Calyx oblong, reticulate-veined, about 10-nerved, deeply 2-lipped, closed in
fruit ; upper lip nearly truncate, or with 3 short teeth ; lower lip 2-clef t, its teeth lanceolate.
Corolla-tube inflated, slightly narrowed at the mouth, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip
entire, arched ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the
upper lip of the corolla, the lower pair the longer; filaments of the longer stamens 2-toothed
at the summit, one of the teeth bearing the anther, the other sterile; anthers 2-celled, the
sacs divergent or divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Origin of
name doubtful; often spelled Brwtella, the pre-Linnaean form.]
About 5 species, of wide geographic distribution. Only the following typical one occurs in
North America.
i. Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal. Heal-all. Dragon-head. Fig. 3598.
Prunella vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 600. 1753-
Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stem slen-
der, procumbent or ascending or erect,
usually simple, but sometimes considerably
branched, 2'-2° high. Leaves ovate, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at
the apex, usually narrowed at the base,
entire, crenate, dentate, or incised, l'-4'
long, the lowest commonly shorter and
sometimes subcordate ; spikes terminal, ses-
sile or short-peduncled, very dense, i'-l'
long in flower, becoming 2'-4' long in
fruit; bracts broadly ovate-orbicular, cus-
pidate, more or less ciliate ; corolla violet,
purple, or sometimes white, 4," -6" long,
about twice as long as the purplish or green
calyx; calyx-teeth often ciliate.
In fields, woods and waste places throughout
nearly the whole of North America. Native
and naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia. Thimble-flower. All-heal. Brown-wort.
Carpenter's-herb or -weed. Hook-heal or
-weed. Heart-of-the-earth. Sicklewort. Blue-
curls. May-Oct.
Prunella laciniata L., differing by pin-
natifid or deeply incised leaves, found near
Washington, D. C, and illustrated in our first
edition, is a race of this species.
n6 LABIATAE. Vol. III.
14. DRACOCEPHALUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 594- 1753.
[Physostecia Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 504. 1834.]
Erect perennial glabrous or puberulent herbs, with serrate, dentate or entire leaves, and
large or middle-sized, bracted purple violet, pink or white flowers in terminal spikes, or
spike-like racemes. Calyx campanulate or oblong, membranous, swollen and remaining open
in fruit, faintly reticulate-veined and 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla much longer than
the calyx, its tube gradually much enlarged upward, its limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip
concave, rounded, nearly or quite entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe com-
monly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the
lower pair the longer; filaments pubescent; anthers all alike, 2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel,
the margins of their valves commonly spinulose or denticulate. Ovary 4-parted. Nutlets
ovoid-triquetrous, smooth. [Greek, dragon-head.]
About 7 species, natives of North America, known as False Dragon-head or Lion's-heart. Type
species: Dracocephalum virginianum L.
Flowers 9" long, or more; leaves firm.
Spike dense, many-flowered.
Spike loose, few-flowered ; leaf-serrations mostly blunt.
Flowers 5"- 7" long ; leaves thin.
Spike loose; 4'-8' long; leaves few and distant.
Spike dense, :'— 4' long ; stem leafy.
1. D. virginianum.
2. D. denticulalum.
3. D. intermedium.
4. D. Nuttallii.
Dracocephalum virginianum L. Dragon-head.
Heart. Fig. 3599.
Obedient riant. Lion's
Dracocephalum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 594. 1753.
Dracocephalum speciosum Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard.
pi. 93. 1825.
Physostegia virginiana Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp.
504. 1834.
Stem erect or ascending, rather stout, sim-
ple or branched above, i°-4° tall. Leaves
firm, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply
serrate or serrulate, narrowed at the base,
the upper all sessile, 2' -3 long, 2"-j" wide,
the lowest petioled ; bracts lanceolate, shorter
than the calyx ; spikes dense, becoming 4'-8'
long in fruit, many-flowered ; flowering calyx
campanulate or somewhat turbinate, its teeth
ovate, acute, about one-half as long as the
tube; fruiting calyx oblong, 4"~S" long. tne
teeth much shorter than the tube; corolla
pale purple or rose, about 1' long, often var-
iegated with white, temporarily remaining in
whatever position it is placed.
In moist soil, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Arkansas, Florida. Louisiana and Texas; escaped
from gardens eastward. Races differ in width and serration of leaves and in size of flowers.
July-Sept.
Physostegia Digitalis Small, with broadly oblong to elliptic repand or undulate leaves, of the
Southern States, perhaps extends northward into Missouri.
i
Genus 14.
MINT FAMILY
2. Dracocephalum denticulatum Ait. Few-
flowered Lion's Heart. Fig. 3600.
Prasium purpureum Walt. Fl. Car. 166. 178S?
Drac. denticulatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 317. 1789-
P. virginiana var. denticulata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 21 : 383.
1878.
P. denticulata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 2S4. 1S94.
Stem slender, ascending or erect, simple, or little
branched, l°-2° high. Leaves firm or rather thin,
oblong, linear-oblong, or oblanceolate, obtuse or
acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenulate,
obtusely dentate, or entire, I -3' long, 2"-6" wide,
the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled; spike
loosely few-several-flowered ; bracts lanceolate, little
longer than the fruiting pedicels; flowering calyx
oval-campanulate, its teeth acute, about one-third
as long as the tube; fruiting calyx oblong, 3"-4"
long; corolla rose-pink, nearly or quite 1' long.
In moist soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Florida and
Texas. June-Aug
3. Dracocephalum intermedium Xutt.
Slender Lion's Heart. Fig. 3601.
Dracocephalum intermedium Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. (II.) 5: 187. 1833-37.
Physostegia intermedia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 :
37i. 1872-
Stem very slender, usually quite simple, i°-3°
high. Leaves usually few pairs, remote, thin,
mostly shorter than the internodes, narrowly
lanceolate or linear, acute or acuminate at the
apex, repand-denticulate, little narrowed at the
base, all sessile, or the lowest petioled, 27-3' long,
2"~4" wide ; spikes very slender, remotely many-
flowered, 4'-8' long in fruit; lower bracts often
nearly "as long as the campanulate calyx ; calyx-
teeth acute, shorter than the tube ; fruiting calyx
broadly oval, 2"-2j" long; corolla much dilated
above, 5"- 7" long.
On prairies, western Kentucky to Missouri, Louis-
iana, Arkansas and Texas. May-July.
4. Dracocephalum Nuttallii Britton. Pur-
ple or Western Lion's Heart.
Fig. 3602.
Physostegia parviflora Nutt. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr.
12: 434. As synonym. 1848. A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 8: 371. Not Dracocephalum parviflorum
Nutt.
Stem rather stout, usually simple, l°-3° high.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-
lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or the lower obtuse
at the apex, sharply serrate or dentate, somewhat
narrowed at the base, all sessile or the lowest
petioled, thin, 3'-4' long, 3"-io" wide; spikes
densely several-many-flowered, 1-4' long; bracts
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the
calyx ; flowering calyx campanulate, its teeth
ovate, obtuse or subacute, about one-third as long
as the tube ; fruiting calyx globose-oblong, 2"-3 '
long ; corolla purple, S"~/ ' long-
In moist soil, Wisconsin and Minnesota to Ne-
braska. North Dakota, Saskatchewan, British Colum-
bia and Oregon. June- Aug.
nS
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
15. SYNANDRA Nutt. Gen. 2: 29. 1818.
An annual or biennial, somewhat hirsute, simple or little branched herb, with long-
petioled ovate cordate crenate leaves, and large whitish flowers in a terminal leafy-bracted
spike. Calyx campanulate-oblong, membranous, deeply 4-cleft, inflated in fruit, faintly and
irregularly veined, the lobes narrowly lanceolate, the two upper shorter than the lower.
Corolla much longer than the calyx, its tube narrow below, much expanded above, 2-lipped;
upper lip concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending
under the upper lip of the corolla; filaments villous; anthers glabrous, 2-celled, the sacs
divaricate, the contiguous ones of the upper pair of stamens sterile and connate. Ovary
deeply 4-lobed ; style unequally 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, sharply angled.
[Greek, stamens-together.]
A monotypic genus of southeastern North America.
i. Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Britton.
Synandra. Fig. 3603.
Lamium hispidulum Michx. FI. Bor. Am. 2: 4. 1803.
Synandra grandiftora Nutt. Gen. 2: 29. 1818.
Torrcya grandiftora Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 3: 356. 1818.
6'. hispidula Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 285. 1894.
Stem rather slender, erect or ascending, weak,
l°-2i° long, striate. Leaves thin, the lower and
basal ones broadly ovate, or nearly orbicular, pal-
mately veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, deeply
cordate at the base, the blade 2-4' long, and com-
monly shorter than the petiole ; floral leaves sessile,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the
flowers solitary in their axils, the uppermost leaves
very small ; calyx hirsute, its lobes about as long as
the tube; corolla l'-lj' long, showy, the lower lip
with purple lines.
Along streams and in wet woods, Ohio to Illinois,
Virginia and Tennessee. Ascends to 3,500 ft. in Vir-
ginia. May-June.
16. PHLOMIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753.
Tall perennial herbs, or shrubs. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-10-nerved, the
limb mostly equally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube usually with a woolly ring within, shorter than
or exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly '2-lipped ; upper lip erect, concave, arched or some-
times keeled, entire or emarginate ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous,
ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer and their filaments
with hooked appendages at the base; anther-sacs divergent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style
subulate, 2-cleft at the summit, one of the lobes smaller than the other. Nutlets ovoid,
glabrous, or pubescent above. [Greek, mullen, in allusion to the thick woolly leaves of some
species.]
About 50 species, natives of the Old World. Type '
species : Phlomis fruticosa L.
Phlomis tuberosa L.
Sage-leaf Mullen.
Pi.
Jerusalem Sage.
Fig. 3604.
Phlomis tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 586. 1753.
Herbaceous from a thickened root ; stem stout,
purplish, glabrous or loosely pubescent above,
usually much branched, 3°-6° tall, the branches
nearly erect. Lower leaves triangular-ovate, long-
petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, coarsely
dentate or incised-dentate, rather thick, deeply
cordate at the base, strongly veined. 5'-io' long,
3' -6' wide; upper leaves lanceolate, short-petioled
or sessile, truncate or sometimes narrowed at the
base, the uppermost (floral) very small; clusters
densely many-flowered ; bractlets subulate, ciliate-
hirsute or nearly glabrous; calyx s"-6" long, its
teeth setaceous with a broader base, spreading;
corolla io"-I2" long, pale purple or white, twice
as long as the calyx, densely pubescent, and the
margins of^its upper lip fringed with long hairs.
In waste places, south shore of Lake Ontario. Naturalized from southern Europe. June-Sept.
Genus 17.
MINT FAMILY.
17. GALEOPSIS L. Sp. PL 579. 1753.
Erect annual branching herbs, with broad or narrow leaves, and rather small yellow red
purple or mottled verticillate-clustered flowers in the upper axils, or forming terminal dense
or interrupted spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed,
the teeth nearly equal, spinulose. Corolla-tube narrow, the throat expanded, the limb strongly
2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe obcor-
date or emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla,
the anterior pair the longer ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely 2-valved, the inner valve
ciliate, the outer smooth, larger. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nut-
lets ovoid, slightly flattened, smooth. [Greek, weasel-like.]
About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species: Galeopsis Tetrahit L.
Plant puberulent ; leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate. 1. G. Ladanum.
Plant hispid; leaves ovate. 2. G. Tetrahit.
i. Galeopsis Ladanum L. Red Hemp-
Nettle. Ironwort. Fig. 3605.
Galeopsis Ladanum L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753.
Puberulent, sometimes glandular above ; stem
slender, erect, much branched, 6'-l8' high, the
branches ascending. Leaves linear, ovate-ob-
long, or ovate-lanceolate, mostly short-peti-
oled, acute at both ends, dentate, or nearly
entire, l'-2' long, 2"-8" wide; flower-clusters
mainly axillary, distant; calyx-teeth subulate-
lanceolate, shorter than or equalling the tube ;
corolla 6"-8" long, red or purple to white and
variegated, twice the length of the calyx.
In waste places and on ballast, New Brunswick
to Michigan, New Jersey and Indiana. Adventive
or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Dog-nettle. July-Oct.
2. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Hemp-Nettle. Hemp
Dead Nettle. Ironwort. Fig. 3606.
Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753.
A coarse and rough-hairy herb, the stem rather
stout, branched, l°-3° high, swollen under the joints.
Leaves ovate, membranous, slender-petioled, acumi-
nate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
coarsely dentate, 2'-$' long, Y-2.V wide; flower-clus-
ters axillary, dense, or in a short leafy-bracted spike ;
calyx-teeth needle-pointed, bristly, as long as or
longer than the tube ; corolla 8"-l2" long, pink or
pale purple variegated with white, about twice the
length of the calyx.
In waste places, Newfoundland to British Columbia
and Alaska, south to North Carolina, West Virginia and
Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia. Bee-, dog- or blind-nettle. Stinging or flowering
nettle. Nettle-, wild- or bastard-hemp. Simon's-weed.
June-Sept.
18. LEONURUS L. Sp. PL 584. 1753.
Tall erect herbs, with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves, and small white or pink
flowers verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-nerved, nearly
(regular and equally 5-toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate or aristate. Tube of the corolla
included or slightly exserted, its limb 2-lipped; tipper lip erect, concave or nearly flat, entire;
lower lip spreading or deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate.
Stamens 4, didynamous, the anterior pair the longer, ascending under the upper lip of the
corolla; anthers 2-celled, the sacs mostly parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at
the summit. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. [Greek, lion's-tail.]
About 10 species, natives of Europe and 'Asia. Type species: Leonurus Cardiaca L.
Lower leaves palmately 2-5-cleft, the upper 3-cleft. 1. L. Cardiaca.
Leaves deeply 3-parted, the segments cleft and incised. 2. L. sibiricus.
Leaves coarsely dentate or incised-dentate. 3. L. Marrubiastrum.
120
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
i. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort.
Fig. 3607.
Leonurus Cardiaca L. Sp. PI. 5S4. 1753.
Perennial, puberulent ; stem rather stout, strict,
commonly branched, 2°-5° tall, the branches
straight and ascending. Leaves membranous,
slender-petioled, the lower nearly orbicular, pal-
mately 3-5-cleft, 2-4' broad, the lobes acumi-
nate, incised or dentate; upper (floral) leaves
narrower, oblong-lanceolate or rhombic, 3-cleft,
or the uppermo:t merely 3-toothed ; flower-clus-
ters numerous, exceeded by the petioles; calyx-
teeth lanceolate, subulate, somewhat spreading,
nearly as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple
or white, 3-5". long, its tube with an oblique
ring of hairs within, us upper lip slightly con-
cave, densely white-woolly without, the lower lip
mottled; anther-sacs parallel.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to North Carolina,
South Dakota, Montana, Kansas and Utah. Na-
turalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Also
called cowthwort. Lion's-ear. June-Sept.
2. Leonurus sibiricus L. Siberian Mother-
wort or Lion's-tail. Fig. 3608.
Leonurus sibiricus L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753.
Biennial, puberulent or glabrate; stem stout,
branched, 2°-6° high, the branches slender. Leaves
long-petioled, deeply 3-parted into ovate or lan-
ceolate, more or less cuneate, acute or acuminate
deeply cleft and incised segments, the lobes lan-
ceolate or linear, acute; lower leaves sometimes
6' wide, the uppermost linear or lanceolate, slightly
toothed or entire; clusters numerous, dense, usu-
ally all axillary; calyx campanulate, 3" long,
glabrous or minutely puberulent. its bristle-shaped
teeth slightly spreading, shorter than the tube;
corolla purple or red, densely puberulent without,
4"-6" long, its tube naked within, the upper lip
arched; anther-sacs divergent.
In waste and cultivated soil, southern Pennsylva-
nia and Delaware. Bermuda. Naturalized from
eastern Asia. Widely distributed in tropical Amer-
ica as a weed. May-Sept.
3. Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Hoar-
hound Motherwort or Lion's-tail.
Fig. 3609.
Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753.
Biennial, puberulent or pubescent ; stem stout,
branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves petioled. ovate
or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, coarsely crenate or in-
cised-dentate, l'-3' long, *'— ii' wide, the upper
narrower; flower-clusters dense, numerous,
axillary ; calyx finely puberulent or glabrate,
its bristle-shaped somewhat spreading teeth
mostly shorter than the tube ; corolla nearly
white, glabrate, about 4" long, its tube scarcely
exceeding the calyx, naked within, its lower
lip ascending.
In waste places, southern Pennsylvania and
Delaware. Recorded from New Jersey. Natural-
ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-
Sept.
Genus 19.
MINT FAMILY.
121
19. LAMIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753.
Annual or perennial mostly diffuse herbs, with crenate dentate or incised, usually cordate
leaves, and rather small flowers, verticillate in axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx tubular-
campanulate, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth sharp, equal or the upper ones longer.
Tube of the corolla mostly longer than the calyx, dilated above, its limb 2-lipped ; upper lip
concave, erect, usually entire, narrowed at the base; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle
lobe emarginate, contracted at the base, the lateral ones sometimes each with a tooth-like
appendage. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior
pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, often hirsute on the back. Ovary deeply
4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth or tuberculate. [Greek, throat, from
the ringent corolla.]
About 40 species, natives of the Old World, known as Dead-Nettie or Hedge Dead-Nettie.
Type species: Lamium purpureum L.
Upper leaves sessile or clasping. 1. L. ample xicaule.
Leaves all petioled.
Flowers red or purple.
Corolla 6"-q" long ; leaves not blotched. 2. L. purpureum.
Corolla io"-i2" long; leaves commonly blotched. 3. L. maculatum.
Flowers white. 4. L. album.
i. Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit.
Greater Henbit. Henbit Dead
Nettle. Fig. 3610.
Lamium amplexicaule L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753.
Biennial or annual, sparingly pubescent ;
stems branched from the base or also from
the lower axils, slender, ascending or decum-
bent, 6'-l8' long. Leaves orbicular or nearly
so, coarsely crenate, i'-li' wide, rounded at
the apex, the lower slender-petioled, mostly
cordate, the upper sessile and more or less
clasping; flowers rather few in axillary and
terminal clusters ; calyx pubescent, its teeth
erect, nearly as long as the tube ; corolla pur-
plish or red, 6"-8" long, its tube very slender,
the lateral lobes of its lower lip very small,
the middle one spotted ; upper lip somewhat
pubescent ; flowers sometimes cleistogamous.
In waste and cultivated ground, New Bruns-
wick to Ontario, Minnesota, British Columbia,
Florida, Arkansas and California and in Ber-
muda and Jamaica. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of Asia. Feb -Oct.
2. Lamium purpureum L. Red
Dead Nettle. Fig. 361 1.
Lamium purpureum L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753.
Annual, slightly pubescent, branched from
the base and sometimes also above ; stems
stout or slender, decumbent. 6'-i8' long. Leaves
crenate or crenulate, the lower orbicular or
broadly ovate, slender-petioled, rounded at the
apex, cordate at the base, the upper ovate,
short-petioled, sometimes acute at the apex,
i'-ll' long ; flowers in axillary and terminal
clusters; calyx teeth narrowly lanceolate, acu-
minate, slightly longer than the tube, spread-
ing, at least in fruit; corolla purple-red, rarely
exceeding i' long, its tube rather stout, the
lateral lobes of its lower lip reduced to I or 2
short teeth, its middle lobe spotted ; upper lip
very pubescent.
In waste and cultivated soil, Newfoundland to
Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Missouri. Also
in ballast about the northern seaports. Natural-
ized or adventive from Europe. Native also of
Asia. Old names, red or sweet archangel ; day-,
dog-, french- or deaf-nettle. Rabbit-meat. April-
Oct.
122
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
Lamium hybridum Vill., occasionally found in waste and cultivated grounds,
Europe, differs by its more deeply and incisely toothed leaves.
introduced from
3. Lamium maculatum L.
Spotted Dead Nettle.
Fig. 3612.
Variegated Dead Nettle.
L. maculatum I.. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 809. 1763.
Perennial, somewhat pubescent ; stems
mostly slender, commonly branched, de-
cumbent or ascending, 8-1 3° long. Leaves
crenate or incised-crenate, all petioled, usu-
ally longitudinally blotched along the mid-
rib, broadly ovate or triangular-ovate,
acute or obtuse, truncate or cordate at the
base, 1-2' long, or some of the lower ones
much smaller and nearly orbicular ; clusters
few-flowered, mainly axillary ; calyx-teeth
lanceolate-subulate, as long as or longer
than the tube, spreading; corolla io"-i2"
long, purple-red, its tube short, contracted
near the base, with a transverse ring of
hairs within, the lateral lobes of its lower
lip very small.
Along roadsides, escaped from gardens,
Maine and Vermont to Virginia. Native of
Europe and Asia. May-Oct.
4. Lamium album L. White Dead
Nettle. Fig. 3613.
Lamium album L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent; stems decumbent or
ascending, rather stout, simple or branched,
i°-li° long. Leaves ovate, crenate, dentate
or incised, all petioled, acute or acuminate at
the apex, cordate or truncate at the base,
1 '-3' long, or the lower shorter and obtuse;
clusters mostly axillary ; calyx-teeth very
slender, subulate, spreading, usually longer
than the tube; corolla white, about 1' long,
its tube short, stout, contracted near the base,
with an oblique ring of hairs within, the lat-
eral lobes of its lower lip each with a slender
tooth.
In waste places, Ontario to Massachusetts and
Virginia. Also in ballast about the northern sea-
ports. Naturalized or adventive from Europe.
Old names, white archangel; day-, blind-, dumb-
or bee-nettle ; snake-flower, suck-bottle. April-
Oct.
20. BALLOTA L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753.
Perennial pubescent or tomentose herbs, some species shrubby, with dentate or crenate
leaves, and small bracted flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-funnelform, 10-nerved,
5-10-toothed, the teeth dilated at the base, or sometimes connate into a spreading limb.
Corolla-tube about as long as the calyx, provided with a ring of hairs within, the limb
strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, concave, emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe emarginate or obcordate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper
lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent at maturity. Ovary
deeply 4-lobed ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [The .Greek name.]
About 30 species, natives of the Old World, most numerous in the Mediterranean region, the
following typical.
Genus 20.
MINT FAMILY.
123
1. Ballota nigra L. Black or Fetid Hoarhound.
Fig. 3614.
Ballota nigra L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753.
Herbaceous, puberulent or pubescent, ill-scented;
stem usually branched, erect, li°-3° high, its hairs
mostly reflexed. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, or the
lower nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse at the apex,
coarsely dentate, thin, narrowed, truncate or subcor-
date at the base, 1-2' long; clusters numerous, several-
flowered, dense ; bractlets subulate, somewhat shorter
than the calyx ; calyx about 4" long, its teeth lanceo-
late, sharp, bristle-pointed, spreading in fruit; corolla
6"-o" long, reddish-purple to whitish, its upper lip
pubescent on both sides; nutlets shining.
In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to Pennsylva-
nia. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. Black arch-
angel. Hairhound. Henbit. Bastard-hoarhound.
21. STACHYS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 580. 1753.
Annual or perennial glabrous pubescent or hirsute herbs, with small or rather large
purple yellow red or white flowers, loosely verticillate-clustered in terminal dense or inter-
rupted spikes, or also in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campanulate, 5-10-nerved, S-toothed,
the teeth nearly equal in our species. Corolla purple in our species, its tube narrow, not
exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire or emarginate ;
lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe broader than the lateral ones, sometimes 2-lobed.
Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the
longer, sometimes deflexed or twisted after anthesis ; anthers contiguous in pairs, 2-celled,
the sacs mostly divergent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style 2-cleft at the summit into subulate
lobes. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. [Greek, a spike, from the spicate inflorescence.]
About 160 species, of wide geographic distribution in the north temperate zone, a few in South
America and South Africa. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and
southwestern United States. Type species : Stachys germanica L.
rA. Perennials.
Leaves, or some of them narrowed or acute at the base, linear to oblong or lanceolate.
Stem glabrous or nearly so, sometimes sparingly hirsute on the angles ; leaves nearly or quite
entire.
Leaves i"-25^" long, linear. 1. S. hyssopifolia.
Leaves 2"-$" wide, oblong to linear-oblong. 2. S. atlantica.
Stem retrorsely hirsute ; leaves serrate.
Stem hirsute only on the angles; leaves slightly pubescent. 3. S. ambigua.
Stem densely hirsute all over; leaves densely pubescent. 4. S. arenicola.
2. Leaves rounded, cordate or truncate at the base, oblong, ovate or lanceolate.
Leaves all subsessile or short-petioled.
Glabrous or very nearly so, the stem-angles sparsely bristly.
Stem retrorsely hirsute ; leaves pubescent.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate.
Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate.
Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled.
Stem glabrous, or nearly so.
Stem retrorsely hirsute or villous.
Petioles less than one-fourth as long as the blades.
Pubescence hirsute.
Pubescence short, dense.
Petioles, at least those of lower leaves, about one-half as long as
blades.
B. Annuals.
Plant low, hirsute.
Plant tall, densely villous.
5. 5. latidens.
6. S. palustris.
7. S.Nuttallii.
8. 5". tenuifolia.
o. 5. aspera.
10. S. salvioides.
the deeply cordate
11. cT. cordata.
12. 5". arvensis.
13. S. germanica.
124
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
i. Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. Hyssop
I [edge Nettle. Fig. 3615.
S1. palustris Walt. Fl. Car. 1 62. 1788. Not L. 1753.
S. hyssopifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 4. 1803.
Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through-
out, sometimes slightly hirsute at the nodes;
stem slender, usually branched, erect or nearly
so, I°-li° long. Leaves thin, linear, acute at
both ends, or the uppermost rounded at the
base, short-petioled or sessile, entire, or spar-
ingly denticulate with low teeth, I '-a* long,
i"-2i" wide, the uppermost reduced to short
floral bracts ; clusters few-several-flowered,
forming an interrupted spike; calyx glabrous
or slightly hirsute, 2"-3" long, its teeth lan-
ceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the tube;
corolla about 7" long, light purple, glabrous.
In fields and thickets, Massachusetts to Florida,
Indiana, Michigan and Virginia. July-Sept.
2. Stachys atlantica Britton. Coast Hedge Nettle.
Fig. 3616.
Stachys atlantica Britton. Man.
1901.
Perennial, glabrous or with a few hairs at the nodes of
the stem, weak, diffuse, 8'-i6' long. Leaves thin, oblong
or linear-oblong, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, narrowed,
or the upper sometimes rounded at the base, remotely den-
ticulate or entire, spreading, 2 long or less, 2"-$" wide;
fruiting calyx glabrous, broadly campanulate, about 24"
long, its teeth triangular-ovate, acuminate, more than half
as long as the tube; corolla purplish.
In wet meadows and marshes, Long Island to eastern Penn-
sylvania. Perhaps a wet-ground race of the preceding species.
Aug.-Sept.
3. Stachys ambigua (A. Gray) Britton.
Dense-flowered Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3617.
Stachys hyssopifolia var. ambigua A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
2 : Part 1, 387. 1S78.
5\ ambigua Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 285. 1894.
Perennial; stem slender, erect, retrorsely his-
pid, at least below, simple or sparingly branched,
1 °-2° high. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate,
or linear, pubescent or glabrate, acuminate or
acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2"-io"
wide, 1'— 3' long, serrulate; clusters in a terminal
rather dense spike, and usually also in the upper
axils; calyx more or less hirsute, 2§" long, its
lanceolate-subulate teeth more than one-half as
long as the tube ; corolla nearly as in 6". hyssopi-
folia.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania,
Georgia, Wisconsin and Kentucky. July-Aug.
Genus 21.
MINT FAMILY.
4. Stachys arenicola Britton. Sand Hedge
Nettle. Fig. 3618.
Stachys arenicola Britton, Man. 792. 1901
Perennial, very densely pubescent, ii°-3° high.
Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sessile,
finely crenate-dentate, acuminate, 2*'-4' long, the
upper much smaller ; upper bracts little longer than
the flowers; calyx-teeth subulate-acicular, about as
long as the tube; corollr about 5" long.
In sandy soil, southern New York to Illinois and
Michigan. July-Sept.
5. Stachys latidens Small. Broad-toothed
Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3619.
Stachys latidens Small; Britton, Man. 793. 1901.
Perennial ; stem glabrous almost to the inflorescence,
erect, l°-2*° tall, mostly simple, slightly rough on the
angles. Leaves thin, various, the lower oval or ovate
to oblong, ii'-4' long, the upper longer, narrower,
oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, all
crenate-serrate with rather small teeth, rather abruptly
narrowed or subcordate at the base, short-petioled ; in-
florescence closely pubescent, the clusters few ; calyx
minutely pubescent, often sessile, 2V-3" long, the tube
campanulate, the teeth triangular, very short ; corolla
about 5" long, purplish.
On mountain slopes and summits, Virginia to North
Carolina and Tennessee. June-Aug.
6. Stachys palustris L. Hedge Nettle.
Marsh or Clown's Woundwort. Fig. 3620.
Stachys palustris L. Sp. PI. 580. 1753.
Perennial, hirsute or pubescent all over; stem
erect, strict, simple or somewhat branched, com-
monly slender, and retrorse-hispid on the angles,
i°-4° high. Leaves firm, lanceolate, oblong, or
oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or very short-petioled,
acuminate or acute at the apex, truncate, cordate
or subcordate at the base, 2#-s' long, i'-i' wide,
crenulate or dentate; flower-clusters forming an
elongated interrupted spike, sometimes also in
the upper axils ; flowers 6-10 in a whorl ; calyx
pubescent, its subulate teeth more than one-half
as long as the tube; corolla purplish to pale red,
purple spotted, 6"-8" long, its upper lip pubescent.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to Oregon, south to
southern New York, Illinois, Michigan, and in the
Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Also in Europe
and Asia. June-Sept. Old names, clown's-heal or
all-heal. Cock-head. Dead nettle. Rough weed.
June-Sept.
126
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
7. Stachys Nuttallii Shuttlw. Nuttall's Hedge
Nettle. Fig. 3(121.
Stachys Nuttallii Shuttlw.; DC. Prodr. 12: 469. 1848.
Perennial, conspicuously hirsute, bright green; stem
stiff, erect, li°-3i° tall, simple. Leaves thinnish, ob-
long, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate-dentate, rounded or truncate at the base, short-
petioled, 2'-4' long; spike interrupted; bracts surpass-
ing the calyx, the upper ones with 3 tooth-like lobes;
calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, about *
as long as the tube ; corolla purple, about 5" long, pu-
bescent; nutlets about 1" long.
In woods and on mountain slopes, Maryland and Vir-
ginia to Tennessee. June-Aug.
8. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Smooth
Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3622.
Stacltvs tenuifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : ioo. 1801.
S. glabra Ridd. Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 16. 1836.
.S. cincinnatensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 531.
1891.
Perennial ; stem quite smooth, or slightly
scabrous on the angles, slender, erect or
ascending, usually branched, l°-2j° high.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate-lanceo-
late, slender-petioled, thin, acuminate at the
apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base,
sharply dentate or denticulate, dark green,
2'-5' long, i'-2' wide; clusters several or
numerous in terminal spikes, or also in the
upper axils; calyx glabrous, or sparingly
hirsute, 2" long, its teeth lanceolate, acute,
one-half as long as the tube or more ; co-
rolla about 6"-8" long, pale red and purple.
In moist fields and thickets, New York to Illinois, Kansas, North Carolina and Louisiana.
Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.
Stachys aspera Michx.
Nettle or Woundwort.
Rough Hedge
Fig. 3623.
Stachys aspera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 5. 1803.
Stachys hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 407. 1814.
S. palustris var. aspera A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 317. 1856.
Perennial, rough hairy; stem erect or ascending,
simple or branched, 2°-4° high, commonly retrorse-
hispid on the angles. Leaves firm, oblong, oblong-
lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, crenate-dentate, acute or
acuminate at the apex, truncate, rounded or cordate
at the base, 2'-6' long, Y-2I' wide, the lower slender-
petioled. the upper short-petioled ; spike terminal,
mostly interrupted ; clusters sometimes also in the
upper axils; calyx about 3" long, hirsute or glabrate,
its teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, about one-
half as long as the tube; corolla red-purple, about ¥
long, its upper lip pubescent.
In moist soil, Ontario to Massachusetts, Florida, Min-
nesota and Louisiana. Ascends to 5300 ft. in Virginia.
June-Sept. Base hoarhound.
Genus _>i.
MINT FAMILY.
127
10. Stachys salvioides Small. Sage-like
Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3624.
Stachys salvioides Small; Fl. SE. U. S. 1032. 1903.
Perennial, rather finely and often closely puberu-
lent or puberulent-pubescent ; stem erect, l°-3° tall,
commonly branched, rough along the angles. Leaves
firm, oblong to oblong-ovate or rarely ovate, 22-5'
long, or shorter on the lower part of the stem,
pubescent on both sides, acute or acutish, crenate,
truncate or cordate at the base, slender-petioled;
clusters several ; calyx sessile or nearly so, becom-
ing 2i" long, finely pubescent, the tube campanulate-
turbinate, the teeth triangular at mutarity; corolla
nearly 5" long, pale purple.
In stony soil, Virginia and West Virginia to Tennes-
see. June-Aug.
11. Stachys cordata Riddell. Light-green
Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3625.
Stachys cordata Riddell, Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 15. 1836.
Stachys palv.stris var. cordata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 317.
1856.
Perennial, hirsute, pale green ; stem slender, weak,
mostly simple, ascending or reclining, 2°-3° long.
Leaves membranous, flaccid, ovate, oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, acute or the lowest obtuse
at the apex, nearly all of them cordate at the base,
dentate or crenate all around, long-petioled, 3' -6'
long, i'-3' wide, the lowest petioles nearly as long
as the blades ; spike interrupted ; calyx-teeth subu-
late-lanceolate, about half the length of the tube;
corolla purplish, pubescent or puberulent, about 5"
long.
In woods and thickets, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to
North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 2100 ft. in
Virginia. July-Aug.
12. Stachys arvensis L. Corn or Field Woundwort. Fig. 3626
Stachys arvensis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 814. 1763.
Annual, hirsute ; stem very slender, diffusely branch-
ed, decumbent or ascending, 3-2° long. Leaves
ovate or ovate-oblong, thin, long-petioled, obtuse at
the apex, crenate all around, cordate or the upper
rounded at the base, about 1' long; lower petioles
commonly as long as the blades; clusters 4-6-flow-
ered, borne in the upper axils and in short terminal
spikes; calyx about 3" long, its teeth lanceolate,
acuminate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla pur-
plish, 3"-S" long.
In waste places, Maine and Massachusetts to Ne-
braska, in ballast about the eastern seaports, and in the
\\ est Indies, Mexico and South America. Naturalized
from Europe. July-Oct.
Stachys annua L., another European annual species,
the stems erect, glabrous or nearly so, the yellow corolla
much longer than the calyx, has been found in ballast
and waste grounds about the seaports.
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
13. Stachys germanica L. Downy Wound-
wort. Mouse-ear. Fig. 3(127.
Stachys germanica L. Sp. PI. 581. 1753.
Annual ; stem erect, simple, or somewhat branched,
l°-3° high, densely villous. Leaves oval, ovate or
lanceolate, crenate-dentate, villous, the lower round-
ed or subcordate at the base, long-petioled, mostly
obtuse at the apex, the upper short-petioled or ses-
sile, narrowed at both ends; clusters of flowers
dense, borne in most of the axils ; bracts lanceolate,
half as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth ovate, acumi-
nate, awned; corolla purple, its tube about as long
as the calyx.
Roadsides near Guelph, Ontario. Adventive from
Europe. July-Sept.
22. BETONICA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 573.
i"53-
Annual or perennial herbs, similar to Stachys. Lower leaves very long-petioled. Ver-
ticils many-flowered, in terminal spikes. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, 5-10-nerved. Corolla
purple, the tube exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip concave; lower
3-cleft, spreading. Stamens and pistil as in Stachys, but the anther-sacs parallel in some
species. Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. [The classical
Latin name of wood betony.]
Ten species, or more, natives of Europe and Asia, the
following typical.
i. Betonica officinalis L. Betony. Wood Betony.
Bishop's-wort. Fig. 3628.
Betonica officinalis L. Sp. PI. 573. 1753.
Stachys Betonica Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 532. 1834.
Perennial, pilose or glabrate, deep green ; stem slen-
der, erect, usually simple, i°-3° tall. Leaves oblong or
ovate, obtuse at the apex, crenate all around, firm, cor-
date or truncate at the base, the basal and lower ones
very long-petioled, the blades 3'-6' long, the upper dis-
tant, short-petioled or nearly sessile ; lower petioles
l j— 4 times as long as the blades; spike short, dense;
bracts ovate, mucronate, about as long as the calyx;
calyx-teeth acicular, half as long as the tube or more;
corolla-tube exserted.
In a thicket at Newton, Mass. Fugitive from Europe.
Herb Christopher. Wild hop. July-Sept.
23. SALVIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753.
Herbs, or some species shrubs, with clustered usually showy flowers, the clusters mostly
spiked, racemed, or panicled. Calyx ovoid, tubular or campanulate, mostly naked in the
throat, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed ; lower lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Corolla
strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip usually concave, sometimes arched, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed ;
lower lip spreading or drooping, 3-cleft or 3-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2 (the posterior
pair wanting or rudimentary) ; filaments usually short; connective of the anthers transverse,
linear or filiform, bearing a perfect anther-sac on its upper end, its lower end dilated, capi-
tate or sometimes bearing a small or rudimentary one. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft
at the summit. Nutlets smooth, usually developing mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted.
[Latin, salvus, safe from its healing virtues.]
About 500 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the follow-
ing, some 25 others occur in southern and western North 'America. Type species : Salvia officinalis L.
Leaves mostly basal, only 1-3 pairs on the stem.
Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or repand ; upper corolla-lip short. 1.
Leaves crenulate ; upper lip arched, longer than the lower.
Stem leafy, bearing several pairs of leaves.
Leaves narrowly oblong, or lanceolate.
Corolla 10"— is" long, its tube exserted. 3.
Corolla 4"-6" long, its tube not exserted. 4.
Leaves ovate, or broadly oval.
Upper corolla-lip short, not exceeding the lower.
5. lyrata.
S. fratensis.
S. Pitcheri.
S. lanceifolia.
Genus 23.
MINT FAMILY.
129
5. .9. uri',cifolia.
6. S\ Verbenaca.
7. 5. Sclarea.
Leaves merely crenate or crenulate ; fruiting calyx spreading.
Leaves pinnatifid, sinuate or incised ; fruiting calyx deflexed.
Upper lip of corolla arched, longer than the lower.
i. Salvia lyrata L. Lyre-leaved Sage.
Wild Sage. Cancer-weed. Fig. 3629.
Salvia lyrata L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753.
Perennial or biennial, hirsute or pubescent;
stem slender, simple, or sparingly branched, erect,
l0-3° high, bearing 1 or 2 distant pairs of small
leaves (rarely leafless), and several rather distant
whorls of large violet flowers. Basal leaves tufted,
long-petioled, obovate or broadly oblong, lyrate-
pinnatifid or repand-dentate, thin, 3'-8' long ; stem-
leaves similar, or narrower and entire, sessile, or
short-petioled ; clusters distant, about 6-flowered ;
calyx campanulate, the teeth of its upper lip subu-
late, those of the lower longer, aristulate ; corolla
about 1' long, the tube very narrow below, the
upper lip much smaller than the lower; fila-
ments slender; anther-sacs borne on both the
upper and lower ends of the connective, the lower
one often smaller.
In dry, mostly sandy woods and thickets, Con-
necticut to Florida, west to Illinois, Arkansas and
Texas. Corolla rarely undeveloped. May-July.
2. Salvia pratensis L. Meadow Sage.
Fig. 3630.
Salvia pratensis L. Sp. PI. 25. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent or puberulent ; stem erect,
rather stout, simple or little branched, sparingly
leafy. Basal leaves long-petioled, ovate, oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, irregularly crenulate, obtuse at
the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, thick,
rugose, 2'-7' long; stem-leaves much smaller, nar-
rower, commonly acute, sessile or nearly so;
clusters spicate, the spike elongated, interrupted ;
calyx campanulate, glandular-pubescent, the teeth
of the upper lip minute, those of the lower long,
subulate; corolla purple, minutely glandular, its
upper lip strongly arched, mostly longer than the
lower ; lower end of the connective with a small
or imperfect anther-sac.
Atlantic Co., N. J. Fugitive or adventive from
Europe. May-July.
3. Salvia Pitcheri Torr. Pitcher's Sage.
Tall Sage. Fig. 3631.
Salvia Pitcheri Torr.; Benth. Lab. 251. 1833.
Salvia azurea var. grandiflora Benth. in DC.
Prodr. 12: 302. 1848.
Perennial, downy; stem stout, branched or
simple, erect, 2°-5° high ; branches nearly erect.
Leaves linear or linear-oblong, dentate to en-
tire, sessile, or narrowed at the base into short
petioles, firm, 2's' long, 2"-8" wide, the up-
permost reduced to small bracts ; clusters in
long dense terminal spikes, or the lower ones
distant ; calyx oblong-campanulate, densely and
finely woolly, about 3" long, its upper lip en-
tire, obtuse, the lower with 2 ovate acute teeth ;
corolla blue or white, finely pubescent without,
l' long, its lower lip broad, sinuately 3-lobed,
longer than the concave upper one ; lower ends
of the connective dilated, often adherent to
each other, destitute of anther-sacs.
On dry plains, Illinois and Minnesota to Mis-
souri, Kansas, Colorado and Texas. July-Sept.
i.$o
LABIA! \l
Vol. III.
Salvia lanceifolia Poir
Lance-leaved Sage. Fig. 31V32.
S. lanceolata Brouss. App. Elench. PI. Ilort. Monsp. 15.
1X0=;. Not Lam.
'iS. reflex a Horm-ni. Kmim. PI. Ilort. Ilafn. 34. 1807.
S. lanceifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 5: 49. 1817.
Annual, puberulent or glabrous; stem leafy, usually
much branched, erect or diffuse, 6-18' high. Leaves
oblong, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, petioled,
mostly obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base,
crenulate-dentatc or entire, 1-2' long, 2"-$" wide, the
upper reduced to lanceolate-subulate, rather persistent
bracts; (lowers mostly opposite, but sometimes 3-4
together in the terminal spike-like racemes ; pedicels
shorter than the campanulate calyx ; calyx 2"-$" long,
its upper lip ovate, entire, the lower 2-cleft, the teeth
ovate, mucronate ; corolla blue, about 4" long, its lower
lip narrow, twice as long as the upper; lower ends of
the connectives dilated; style nearly or quite glabrous.
On plains, Indiana to Nebraska, Montana, Colorado,
Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Recorded as introduced in
Ohio. May-Sept.
5. Salvia urticifolia L. Nettle-leaved or
Wild Sage. Fig. 3633.
Salvia urticifolia L. Sp. PI. 24. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent, or nearly glabrous; stem
glandular above, rather slender, ascending or
erect, l°-2° high. Leaves thin, ovate, 2-4' long,
irregularly dentate or crenate-dentate, usually
acute at the apex, abruptly contracted below into
margined petioles; clusters several-flowered, in
terminal interrupted spikes; bracts early decidu-
ous; pedicels about as long as the calyx; calyx
oblong-campanulate, about 3" long, the upper lip
minutely 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, its teeth
triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading in
fruit; corolla puberulent without. 6"-8" long,
blue and white, the lower lip broad, 3-lobed,
twice as long: as the upper; lower ends of the
connectives dilated; style bearded.
In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Kentucky,
south to Georgia and Louisiana. April-June.
6. Salvia Verbenaca L. Wild Sage.
Wild Clary. Fig. 3634.
Salvia Verbenaca L. Sp. PL 25. 1753.
Perennial ; stem glandular-pubescent, erect.
simple or sparingly branched, l°-2° high. Leaves
ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, coarsely and
irregularly incised-dentate or pinnatifid, peti-
oled, or the uppermost sessile, the lower 3'-3
long, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base,
nearly glabrous, the upper acute, much smaller ;
floral bracts broadly ovate, short ; clusters sev-
eral-flowered in elongated terminal interrupted '
spikes ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; calyx
deflexed in fruit, 3"-4" long, its upper lip re-
curved-spreading, with 3 minute connivent
teeth, the lower one with 2 lanceolate acumi-
nate mucronate teeth ; corolla blue, about 4"
long, its upper lip nearly straight, scarcely
longer than the lower : lower ends of the con-
nectives dilated and adnate to each other.
In waste places, Ohio to South Carolina and
Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also
of Asia. Eye-seed. Vervain. June-Aug.
Salvia verticillata L., a European species,
with rough lyrate leaves, has been found wild in
Pennsylvania.
Genus 23.
MINT FAMILY
7. Salvia Sclarea L. Clary. Clear-eye.
See-bright. Fig. 3635.
Salvia Sclarea L. Sp. PI. 27. 1753.
Biennial or annual, glandular-pubescent ; stem
stout, erect, 2°-3i° high. Leaves broadly ovate,
rugose, acute or obtuse at the apex, cordate at the
base, irregularly denticulate, the lower long-peti-
oled, 6'-8' long, the upper small, short-petioled
or sessile; clusters several-flowered, numerous in
terminal spikes ; bracts broad, ovate, acuminate,
commonly longer than the calyx, pink or white;
calyx campanulate, deflexed-spreading in fruit,
4"-5" long, its lips about equal, the teeth all subu-
late-acicular ; corolla blue and . white, about 1'
long; upper lip arched, laterally compressed,
longer than the lower one.
In fields. Pennsylvania to South Carolina, escaped
from gardens. Naturalized from Europe. The
mucilage of the seeds used to clear specks from the
eye. June— Aug.
24. MONARDA L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753.
Perennial or annual erect aromatic herbs, with dentate or serrate leaves, and rather
large white red purple yellowish or mottled flowers, in dense capitate clusters, mostly bracteate
and bracteolate, terminal and sometimes also axillary, the bracts sometimes brightly colored.
Calyx tubular, narrow, 15-nerved, nearly or quite equally 5-toothed, mostly villous in the
throat. Corolla glabrous within, usually puberulent or glandular without, the tube slightly
dilated above, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip erect or arched, emarginate or entire; lower lip
spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger or longer than the others. Anther-bearing stamens
2, ascending, usually exserted, the posterior pair (staminodia) rudimentary or wanting;
anthers linear, versatile, 2-celIed, the sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base.
Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the apex; nutlets ovoid, smooth. [In honor of Nicolas
Monardes, a Spanish physician and botanist of the sixteenth century.]
About 12 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Type species: Monarda fistulosa L.
Flower-clusters solitary, terminal (rarely also in the uppermost axils) ; stamens exserted.
Leaves manifestly petioled, the petioles commonly slender.
Corolla scarlet, i}4'-2' long; bracts red.
Corolla white, pink, or purple, i'-i}4' long.
Leaves membranous; corolla slightly pubescent, 10'
Leaves thin or firm; corolla pubescent, i'-iJ4' long.
Pubescence spreading; leaves thin.
Corolla cream-color, pink, or purplish.
Corolla or bracts deep purple or purple-red.
Pubescence short, canescent ; leaves firm, pale.
Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled.
Flower-clusters both axillary and terminal ; stamens not exserted.
Calyx-teeth triangular; corolla yellowish, mottled.
Calyx-teeth subulate-aristate ; corolla white or purple, not mottled.
Bracts lanceolate, gradually acuminate.
Bracts oblong to oval, not acuminate.
-12" long.
M. didyma.
M. clinopodia.
M. fistulosa.
M. media.
M. mollis.
M. Bradburiana.
7. M. punctata.
8. M. pectinata.
9. M. dispersa.
i. Monarda didyma L. Oswego Tea.
American Bee Balm. Fig. 3636.
Monarda didyma L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753.
Perennial ; stem stout, villous-pubescent, or
glabrate, 2°-3° high. Leaves thin, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, petioled, dark green, usually pubescent
beneath, hairy above, acuminate at apex, rounded
or narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, 3'-6'
long, 1 '-3' wide; lower petioles often 1' long;
flower-clusters almost always solitary, terminal ;
bracts commonly red ; calyx glabrous without,
glabrous or slightly hirsute in the throat, its teeth
subulate, nearly erect, about as long as the diam-
eter of the tube; corolla scarlet, 1Y-2' long,
puberulent; stamens exserted.
In moist soil, especially along streams, Quebec to
Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia and Ten-
nessee. Ascends to 5200 ft. in North Carolina. Red.
low or fragrant balm. Horse- or mountain-mint. In-
dian's-plume. July-Sept.
'3*
LABIATAE.
Vol. 111.
2. Monarda clinopodia L. liasal Balm.
Fig- 3<>37-
Monarda clinopodia L. Sp. PI. -'-'. 1753.
Pycnanthemum Monardella Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 8.
pi. 34. 1S03.
Perennial; stem slender, simple, or with few long
ascending branches, glabrous or somewhat villous,
i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, membranous, bright green, mostly slender-
petioled, more or less villous on the veins beneath
and puberulent above, acuminate at the apex, round-
ed, narrowed or rarely subcordate at the base.sharply
serrate, 2'-4' long, ¥-2' wide; clusters solitary, ter-
minal; bracts pale or white; calyx curved, nearly
glabrous without, somewhat hirsute in the throat,
its teeth subulate, slightly spreading, about as long
as the diameter of the tube; corolla whitish or yel-
lowish-pink, slightly pubescent, io"-I2" long ; stamens
exserted.
In woods and thickets. New York to Illinois, Georgia
and Kentucky. Recorded from Ontario. Ascends to
5000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.
Wild Bergamot.
3. Monarda fistulosa L
Fig. 3638.
Monarda fistulosa L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753.
Perennial, villous-pubescent or glabrate ; stem
slender, usually branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves
thin but not membranous, green, usually slender-
petioled, lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate at the apex, serrate, rounded, narrowed
or sometimes cordate at the base, I2-4' long.
Y-zk' wide; clusters solitary and terminal, or
rarely also in the uppermost axils; bracts whitish
or purplish; calyx puberulent or glabrous, densely
villous in the throat, its subulate teeth rarely
longer than the diameter of the tube ; corolla
pubescent, especially on the upper lip, yellowish-
pink, lilac or purplish, l'-li' long; stamens ex-
serted.
On dry hills and in thickets, Maine and Ontario
to Minnesota, Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. As-
cends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Oswego-tea. June-
Sept.
4. Monarda media Willd. Purple Ber-
gamot. Fig. 3639.
Monarda media Willd. Enum. 32. 1809.
Monarda fistulosa var. rubra A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:
Part 1, 374- 1878.
M. fistulosa var. media A. Gray, loc. cit. 1S78.
Perennial, sparingly hairy or glabrate; stem
stout, commonly branched, 2°-3i° high. Leaves
thin, but not membranous, dark green, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, or the uppermost lanceo-
late, slender-petioled, acuminate at the apex,
sharply toothed, usually rounded at the base,
3'-5' long, 1-3' wide; flower-clusters terminal,
solitary, large; bracts deep purple, very con-
spicuous ; calyx curved, glabrous, or very
nearly so, slightly villous in the throat, teeth
slightly spreading; corolla purple or purple-
red, about i¥ long, its upper lip pubescent;
stamens exserted.
In moist thickets, Maine and Ontario to Penn-
sylvania and Virginia. June-Aug.
Genus 24.
MINT FAMILY.
5. Monarda mollis L. Pale Wild Berga-
mot. Fig. 3640.
Monarda mollis L. Amoen. 'Acad. 3: 399. 1787.
Monarda scabra Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10 : 260. 1826.
Perennial; stem slender, puberulent at least
above, usually branched, I "-32° high. Leaves
thick or firm, pale, usually short-petioled, acumi-
nate or acute at the apex, rounded, narrowed or
cordate at the base, sharply or sparingly serrate,
canescent or puberulent, rarely nearly glabrous,
sometimes with a few scattered spreading hairs
on the veins or petiole, i'-zY long, i'-l' wide;
flower-clusters terminal, solitary; bracts green or
slightly pink, calyx puberulent, often hairy at the
summit, densely villous in the throat, its short
pointed teeth nearly erect; corolla yellowish,
lilac or pink, about i\' long, pubescent, some-
times glandular; stamens exserted.
On prairies and plains, mostly in dry soil, Maine to
Ontario, British Columbia, Alabama, Nebraska, Mis-
souri, Texas and Colorado. June-Aug.
6. Monarda Bradburiana Beck. Brad-
bury Monarda. Fig. 3641.
Monarda Bradburiana Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10 :
_'6o. 1826.
Perennial, sparingly villous or glabrate;
stem slender, often simple, l°-2°high. Leaves
rather thin, bright green, ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, sessile, or very nearly so, or partly
clasping by the cordate or subcordate base,
acuminate at the apex, serrate, 2-3V long;
flower-clusters solitary and terminal ; bracts
green or purplish ; calyx glabrous outside, hir-
sute within and narrowed at the throat, its
teeth long, bristle-pointed, divergent, longer
than the diameter of the tube; corolla pink or
nearly white, about i' long, its upper lip pu-
bescent or puberulent, the lower commonly
purple-spotted ; stamens exserted.
On dry hills or in thickets, Indiana to Alabama,
west to Kansas and Arkansas. May-July.
Monarda punctata L.
Fig. 3642.
Horse-mint.
Monarda punctata L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753.
Perennial, usually rather densely pubescent or
downy ; stem usually much branched, 2°-3° high.
Leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or narrowly
oblong, serrate with low teeth, or nearly entire,
usually acute at both ends, green, manifestly peti-
oled, l'-3' long, 2"-y" wide, often with smaller
ones fascicled in their axils; flower-clusters axil-
lary and terminal, numerous; bracts white or
purplish, conspicuous, acute ; calyx puberulent,
villous in the throat, its teeth short, triangular-
lanceolate, acute, not longer than the diameter
of the tube; corolla yellowish, purple-spotted,
about 1' long, the stamens equalling or slightly
surpassing its pubescent upper lip.
In dry fields, southern New York to Florida, wesl
to Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. Rignum. July-Oct.
»34
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
8. Monarda pectinata Xutt. Plains Lemon Monarda. Fig. 3643.
hi. pectinata Nutt. Proc. Acad. Phila. (II.) 1: 182.
[848.
Annual, puberulent ; stem stout, simple or branch-
ed, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lan-
ceolate, mostly sharply serrate or serrulate, acute
at the apex, narrowed at the base, 1' -3' long,
2" -d" wide; flower-clusters axillary and terminal,
several or numerous; bracts pale, usually grayish
or brownish, gradually awned at the tip; calyx-
tube nearly glabrous, the throat densely villous,
the teeth bristle-pointed, barbed, lax, nearly half
as long as the tube; corolla pink or nearly white,
not spotted, nearly or quite glabrous, 8"-io"
long ; stamens not exserted.
On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas
and Arizona. Prairie-bergamot. June-Sept.
Monarda citriodora Cerv., of Mexico, to which
this was referred in our first edition, differs by long
narrow reflexed bracts and shorter calyx-teeth.
Monarda tenuiaristata (A. Gray) Small [M. aris-
tata Nutt., not Hook.] of the south-central States,
with narrower bracts and longer plumose calyx-teeth,
ranges northward into Kansas.
9. Monarda dispersa Small. Purple
Lemon Monarda. Fig. 3644.
M. dispersa Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1038. 1903.
Annual, puberulent ; stem stout, usually
branched. l°-2i° high. Leaves oblong-spatu-
late, oblanceolate or oblong, or narrowly ob-
long to linear on the upper part of the stem.
l'-4i' long, shallowly serrate; flower clusters
axillary and terminal, often numerous and
usually conspicuous by the broad abruptly
bristle-tipped purple bracts; calyx-tube longer
than in .1/. pectinata, the teeth usually longer
and more slender, fully half as long as the
tube ; corolla pale, usually pink, puberulent.
1 1 "— 13 ' long; stamens mostly not exceeding
the upper lip.
On plains and prairies and in cultivated grounds,
Missouri and Kansas to Georgia, Florida, Texas,
New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. May-Aug.
25. BLEPHILIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 98. 1819.
Perennial hirsute or pubescent erect herbs, with axillary and terminal dense glomerules
of rather small purplish or bluish flowers, or the glomerules in terminal more or less inter-
rupted spikes. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, not villous in the throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip
3-toothed, the lower 2-toothed, the teeth all aristate or those of the lower lip subulate.
Corolla glabrous within, the tube expanded above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire;
lower lip 3-lobed, the notched middle lobe narrower than the lateral ones. Anther-bearing
Canterior) stamens 2, ascending, exserted or included; posterior stamens reduced to filiform
staminodia, or none ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, somewhat confluent at the base.
Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, eyelash,
from the fringed calyx-teeth.]
Two species, natives of eastern North America. Type species: Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf.
Upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile or short-petioled. slightly serrate.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, sharply serrate.
1. B. ciliata.
2. B. hirsnta.
Genus 25.
MINT FAMILY.
'35
1. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Downy Ble-
philia. Fig. 3645.
Monarda ciliata L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753.
Blephilia ciliata Raf. Journ. Phys. 8g : 9S. 1819.
Stem puberuient, or short-villous above, commonly
simple, 1 °-2° high. Lower leaves and those of sterile
shoots ovate or oval, slender-petioled, crenate-den-
ticulate, I '-2' long, the upper lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, mostly acute,
longer and narrower, nearly entire ; flower-clusters
in a terminal spike and in the uppermost axils;
outer bracts ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, usually
purplish, pinnately veined, ciliate; calyx hirsute, the
teeth of the upper lip about one-third longer than
those of the lower ; corolla purple, villous-pubescent,
5'-6" long; stamens exserted or included.
In dry woods and thickets, Vermont to Minnesota,
south to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. June-Aug.
Ohio horse-mint.
2. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. Hairy Blephilia. Fig. 3646.
Monarda hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 19. 1814.
Blephilia nepetoides Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 98. 1819.
Blephilia hirsuta Torr. Fl. U. S. 27. 1824.
Stem villous-pubescent, or glabrous, usually branch-
ed. ii°-3° high. Leaves membranous, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded, cordate
or narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, slender-
petioled, 2'~4' long, or the lower shorter and broader;
flower-clusters axillary, or in a short terminal spike;
outer bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, hirsute; calyx-tube nearly glabrous, its
teeth very villous, those of the upper lip much ex-
ceeding the lower; corolla pubescent, pale purple,
rather conspicuously darker-spotted, 4"-S" long.
In woods and thickets. Quebec and Vermont to Min-
nesota, Kansas, Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft.
in North Carolina. June-Sept.
26. HEDEOMA Pers. Syn. 2: 131. 1807.
Annual or perennial, strongly aromatic and pungent herbs, with small entire or crenulate
leaves, and small blue or purple flowers in axillary clusters, these crowded into terminal,
leafy-bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, villous in the throat, the mouth
mostly contracted in fruit, gibbous on the lower side at the base, or nearly terete, 2-lipped,
or nearly equally 5-toothed, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla-limb 2-lipped,
the upper lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower spreading. 3-cleft. Perfect stamens
2, ascending under the upper lip, their anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate.
Sterile stamens (staminodia) 2, minute, or none, very rarely anther-bearing. Ovary deeply
4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit, glabrous. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, sweet smell.]
About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in the south-
ern and southwestern States. Sometimes called Mock Pennyroyal. Type species here taken as
Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.
Teeth of the upper lip of the calyx triangular; leaves serrate; annual. 1. H. pulegioides.
Teeth of both lips of the calyx subulate ; leaves entire.
Galyx-teeth all nearly equal : annual. 2. H. hispida.
Teeth of the lower lip nearly twice as long as the upper ; perennial. 3. H. longiflora.
136
LAB1ATAE.
Vol. 111.
1. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Ters. American Pennyroyal. Fig. 3647.
Melissa pulegioides L. Sp. PI. 593. 1753.
Cunila pulegioides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 30. 1762.
Hedeoma pulegioides Purs. Syn. 2: 131. 1S07.
Annual ; stem very slender, erect, much branched,
finely soft-pubescent, 6-18' high, the branches ascend-
ing. Leaves ovate to obovate-oblong, petioled, sparingly
serrate, mostly obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the
base, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, thin, i'-ii' long,
2"_8" wide, the upper smaller; clusters few-flowered,
axillary, rather loose ; pedicels pubescent, shorter than
or equalling the calyx; calyx pubescent, gibbous, oblong-
ovoid in fruit, its 3 upper teeth triangular, acute, not
exceeding the 2 subulate hispid lower ones; corolla
bluish-purple, about 3" long; rudimentary stamens
manifest, capitate at the summit, or rarely anther-
bearing.
In dry fields, Cape Breton Island to Ontario and Minne-
„ sota, Florida, Alabama. Arkansas and Nebraska. Also
jf&r*: called tick-weed and squaw-mint. July-Sept.
2. Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Rough Pennyroyal.
Hedeoma hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 414. 1814.
Hedeoma hirta Nutt. Gen. 1: 16. 1818.
Annual; stem erect, branched, slender, 3-8' high,
pubescent, the branches erect-ascending, very leafy
and copiously flowered. Leaves linear, entire, firm,
sessile, or the lower short-petioled, blunt or subacute
at the apex, narrowed at the base, more or less
hispid-ciliate but otherwise mostly glabrous, l'-l'
long, about 1" wide, the lower much shorter and
smaller ; clusters axillary, numerous, crowded, sev-
eral-flowered; pedicels pubescent, shorter than the
calyx; bracts subulate, very hispid, about equalling
the calyx; calyx oblong, gibbous, hispid, its teeth
all subulate, nearly equal in length, upwardly curved
in fruit, about one-half as long as the tube, the 2
lower ones somewhat narrower and more hispid
than the upper; corolla about 3" long, bluish-purple;
sterile stamens rudimentary or none.
On dry plains, Ontario and New York to Saskatche-
wan, Illinois, Louisiana, Arkansas and Colorado. May-'Aug.
3648.
3. Hedeoma longiflora Rydb. Long-flowered
Pennyroyal. Fig. 3649.
Hedeoma longiflora Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 36: 6S5. 1909.
Perennial from a woody base, with an ashy down
nearly all over; stems much branched, slender, erect,
6-18' high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong or
linear-oblong, entire, short-petioled or sessile, obtuse at
the apex, narrowed at the base, spreading, 5 -10 long,
l"-2i" wide the lowest shorter; clusters axillary,
loose'ly few-flowered; pedicels puberulent, about one-
half as long as the calyx and equalling or longer than
the subulate bracts; calyx oblong, hirsute, slightly
gibbous, its teeth all subulate, upwardly curved and
connivent in fruit, the 2 lower nearly twice as long
as the 3 upper; corolla purple, 4 -6 long, sterile
stamens rudimentary or none.
Tn Hrv soil South Dakota to Nebraska. Kansas and
Texas included in our first edition, in H. Brummondn
Benth. of the Southwest. April-Aug.
Genus 27.
MINT FAMILY.
■37
27. MELISSA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 592. 1753.
Leafy branching herbs, with broad dentate leaves, and rather small white or yellowish
axillary clustered somewhat secund flowers. Calyx oblong-campanulate, deflexed in fruit,
13-nerved, nearly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-parted.
Corolla exserted, its tube curved-ascending, enlarged above, naked within, the limb 2-lipped ;
upper lip erect, emarginate ; lower lip 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, connivent
and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, their sacs divaricate.
Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit, the lobes subulate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.
[Greek, bee.]
About 4 species, natives of Europe and western
Asia, the following typical.
Melissa officinalis L.
Balm. Bee-balm.
Garden or Lemon
Fig. 3650.
Melissa officinalis L. Sp. PI. 592. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent; stem rather stout, erect
or ascending, i°-22° high. Leaves ovate, petioled,
mostly obtuse at both ends, sometimes cordate,
pinnately veined, coarsely dentate or crenate-
dentate, r'-aj' long; flowers several in the axil-
lary clusters; pedicels shorter than the calyx;
calyx about 3" long, the teeth of its lower lip
slightly exceeding those of the upper; corolla
white, 5 "-7" long.
In waste places, thickets and woods, Maine to
Georgia, West Virginia, Missouri and Arkansas,
also in Oregon and California. Naturalized from
Europe. Plant lemon-scented. Balm-leaf or -mint.
Honey-plant. Pimentary. Goose-tongue. Dropsy-
plant. Lemon-lobelia. Sweet-mary. June-Aug.
28. SATUREIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 567. 1753.
Herbs or shrubs, with small entire leaves, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled in their
axils, and bracted purple flowers in dense terminal or axillary clusters. Calyx campanulate,
mostly 10-nerved, 5-toothed, naked or rarely villous in the throat. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the
upper lip erect, flat, entire or emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, connivent
under the upper lip of the corolla ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divaricate. Ovary
deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets oblong or oval. [The classical Latin
name of the plant.]
About 18 species, the following typical one intro-
duced as a garden herb from Europe, one of doubt-
ful affinity in Florida, the others of the Mediterra-
nean region.
i. Satureia hortensis L. Savory. Sum-
mer Savory. Fig. 3651.
Satureia hortensis L. Sp. PI. 568. 1753.
Annual, puberulent ; stems erect, slender, much
branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear or linear-
oblong, short-petioled, entire, acute at both ends,
i'-iA' long, i"-2" wide; clusters 3"-S" in diam-
eter, terminal and in many of the upper axils;
bracts linear, small, minute, or wanting; calyx
about equalling the corolla-tube, somewhat pu-
bescent, its teeth subulate, about as long as the
tube, ciliate ; corolla little longer than the calyx ;
stamens scarcely exserted.
In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to
Kentucky, west to Nevada. Naturalized or ad-
ventive from Europe. July-Sept.
■33
LABIA T \T
Vol. III.
29. CLINOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 587. 1753.
[Calamintha Mocnch, Meth. 408. 1794.]
Herbs, or low shrubs, with entire or sparingly dentate leaves, and rather large flowers
variously clustered. Calyx tubular or oblong, mostly gibbous at the base, about 13-nerved,
2-lipped, naked or villous in the throat, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
usually expanded at the throat, the tube straight, mostly longer than the calyx, the limb
2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, all
anther-bearing, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, somewhat con-
nivent in pairs, the longer mostly exserted ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate.
Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style glabrous, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek,
bed-foot, the flowers likened to a bed-castor.]
About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 4 others occur
in the southeastern United States and in California. The genus has been included in Satureia by
authors. Type species: Clinopodium vulgare L.
* Flower-clusters dense, axillary and terminal, setaceous-bracted. 1. C. vulgare.
** Flower-clusters loose, axillary, or forming terminal thyrses; bracts small.
Plants pubescent; introduced species.
Clusters peduncled; calyx not gibbous ; upper leaves very small ; perennial.
Clusters sessile; calyx very gibbous; plant leafy, annual.
Plants glabrous ; native species.
Leaves linear or the lower spatulate, entire; corolla 4" long. 4- C. glabrum.
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate; corolla 6"-j" long. 5- C.ylabellum.
2. C. Nepeta.
3. C. Acinos.
i. Clinopodium vulgare L. Field or Wild Basil. Basil-weed. Fig. 3652.
Clinopodium vulgare L. Sp. PI. 587. 1753.
Melissa Clinopodium Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 393- i834-
Calamintha Clinop. Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: ^33. 1848.
Perennial by short creeping stolons, hirsute; stem
slender, erect from an ascending base, usually branch-
ed, sometimes simple, I°-2° high. Leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, petioled, obtuse or acutish, entire,
undulate or crenate-dentate, rounded, truncate or
sometimes narrowed at the base, thin. i'-2*' long;
flowers in dense axillary and terminal capitate clus-
ters about 1' in diameter; bracts setaceous, hirsute-
cilia.te, usually as long as the calyx-tube; calyx pu-
bescent, somewhat gibbous, the setaceous teeth of
its lower lip rather longer than the broader ones of
the upper; corolla purple, pink, or white, little ex-
ceeding the calyx-teeth.
In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to North Caro-
lina, Tennessee, Minnesota and Manitoba, in the Rocky
Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona. Ascends to
4000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia. Stone-
basil. Bed's-foot. Field- or horse-thyme. Dog-mint.
June-Oct.
2. Clinopodium Nepeta (L.) Kuntze. Field Balm.
Basil-thyme. Fig. 3653.
Melissa Nepeta L. Sp. PI. 593- 1753-
Cal. Nepeta Link & Hoffmansg. Fl. Port. 1 : 14. 1809.
Clinopodium Nepeta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891.
Satureia Nepeta Scheele, Flora 26: 577. 1843.
Perennial by a woody root and short rootstocks,
villous or pubescent; stem rather stout, at length
much branched, the branches nearly straight, ascend-
ing. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, obtuse or acute,
crenulate with few low teeth, rounded or narrowed
at the base, the lower i'-i' long, the upper much
smaller and bract-like; flowers few in the numerous
loose peduncled axillary cymes, forming an almost
naked elongated thyrsus ; bracts very small, linear ;
calyx not gibbous, villous in the throat, about ii"
long, the teeth of its lower lip twice as long as those
of the upper; corolla light purple 01 almost white,
about 4" long.
In fields and waste places, Maryland to South Caro-
lina, Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky and Arkansas. Ber-
muda. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
June-Sept.
Field or Lesser Calamint.
Genus 29.
MINT FAMILY.
'39
Clinopodium Calamintha (L.) Kuntze, the cala-
raint of the Old World, with larger leaves and flow-
ers, admitted into our first edition, is not known in
the wild state within our area.
r
3. Clinopodium Acinos (L.) Kuntze.
Basil-thyme. Basil Balm. Fig. 3654.
Thymus Acinos L. Sp. PI. 591. 1753.
Melissa Acinos Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 3S9. 1834.
Cal. Acinos Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 230. 184S.
Clin. Acinos Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 513. 1891.
Annual, pubescent ; stems branched from the
base, very slender, 6'-8' high. Leaves oblong
or ovate-oblong, petioled, acutish at both ends
or the lower obtuse, crenulate or entire, 4"-8"
long; flowers about 6 in the axils, the clusters
sessile; bracts shorter than the pedicels; calyx
gibbous on the lower side, rough-hairy, longer
than its pedicel, contracted at the throat, its subu-
late teeth somewhat unequal in length; corolla
purplish, ti-2 times as long as the calyx.
In waste places, Ontario to Massachusetts and
New Jersey. Adventive or naturalized from Europe.
Mother-of-thyme. Polly mountain. May-Aug.
4. Clinopodium glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze.
Low Calamint or Bed's-foot. Fig. 3655.
Hcdeoma glabra Nutt. Gen. 1 : 16. 1818.
Cal. Nuttallii Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 230. 1848.
Calamintha glabella var. Nuttallii A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 2, 307. 1856.
Clin, glabrum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891.
Perennial, glabrous, stoloniferous ; stem very
slender, at length much branched, erect or as-
cending, 4'-l2' high. Leaves of the flowering
branches linear, entire, very short-petioled or
sessile, mostly obtuse at the apex, obscurely
veined, 4"-9" long, i"-l" wide, the margins
slightly revolute; lower leaves and those of the
stolons shorter and broader, distinctly petioled;
flowers 1-4 in the axils; bracts minute; pedicels
filiform, mostly longer than the calyx; calyx not
gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring within,
its lower teeth somewhat longer than the upper;
corolla purple, about 4" long.
On rocks and banks, Ontario to western New
York. Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas and
Texas. May-Aug.
5. Clinopodium glabellum (Michx.)
Kuntze. Slender Calamint or Bed's-
foot. Fig. 3656.
Cunila glabella Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 13. 1803.
Calamintha glabella Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12 : 230.
1848.
Clin, glabellum Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891.
Perennial, stoloniferous, glabrous; stems
weak, spreading or decumbent, at length freely
branched, elongated, slender, 8'-2° long. Leaves
membranous, oblong, short-petioled, obtuse or
the uppermost subacute at the apex, narrowed
to a cuneate base, distinctly serrate with low
teeth, 1 '-2' long, 2"-8" wide, the lowest and
those of the stolons sometimes proportionately
broader and shorter ; axils 2-5-flowered ; pedi-
cels filiform, commonly twice as long as the
calyx; bracts minute; calyx not gibbous, its
throat pubescent in a ring within, its teeth
nearly equal; corolla purplish, 6"-y" long.
On river banks, Indiana to Kentucky, Tennes-
see and Arkansas. May-July.
140
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
30. HYSSOPUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 569. 1753.
A perennial erect herb, the stem somewhat woody at the base, with narrow, entire leaves,
and small bracted purple or blue flowers, in dense clusters in the upper axils, and forming
elongated terminal more or less interrupted spikes. Calyx tubular. 15-nervcd, about equally
5-toothed, not hairy in the throat. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate,
the lower spreading, 3-c!eft, the middle lobe 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, the 2 longer
ones exserted, divergent ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style
2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, somewhat 3-sided, nearly smooth, [Creek, an aromatic
herb/
A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia.
i. Hyssopus officinalis L. Hyssop.
F'g- 3657-
Hyssopus officinalis L. Sp. PI. 569. 1753.
Stems usually several together from the woody
base, slender, strict, puberulent, simple or branch-
ed, i°-3° high, the branches upright or ascend-
ing. Leaves linear to oblong, sessile or very
nearly so, firm, acute at both ends or the lower
obtuse at the apex, puberulent or glabrate, faintly
veined, li'-2' long, C-3" wide, sometimes with
smaller ones or short leafy branches in their
axils ; spike sometimes i-sided, dense, i'—l' broad;
pedicels short, puberulent; outer bracts as long
as the calyx; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, one-
fourth to one-third as long as the tube; corolla
4"-S" long, its tube exceeding the calyx.
Along roadsides and in waste places, Ontario and
Maine to North Carolina, and on the Pacific Coast.
Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept.
31. ORIGANUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 588. 1753.
Perennial branching herbs, some species shrubby, with rather small crenate-dentate or
entire leaves, and small bracted pink or purple flowers, in dense terminal glomerules. Calyx
ovoid or campanulate, villous in the throat, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed or more or less
2-lipped. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower longer,
spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent.
Style 2-cleft at the summit; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth.
[Greek, mountain-joy.]
About 30 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical.
i. Origanum vulgare L. Wild Marjoram.
Winter Sweet. Organy. Fig. 3658.
Origanum vulgare L. Sp. PI. 590. 1753.
Perennial from nearly horizontal rootstocks, villous
or hirsute; stem erect, slender, l°-2i° high. Leaves
ovate, petioled, obtuse or subacute at the apex, rounded
or subcordate at the base, crenate or entire, l'-li' long,
often with smaller ones, or short leafy branches, in
their axils; flower-clusters often 2' broad; bracts pur-
plish, ovate or oval, about equalling the nearly regularly
5-toothed calyx ; corolla pink, purple or nearly white,
longer than the calyx, the upper lobe broad ; all four
stamens, or the two longer, exserted.
In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia. Called also organs, pot-marjoram. July-Sept.
Jsmi
Genus 32.
MINT FAMILY.
141
32. THYMUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 590. 1753.
Perennial herbs, or low shrubby creeping plants, with small mostly entire leaves, and
small purple flowers clustered in terminal glomerules, or in the axils of the leaves. Calyx
ovoid, villous in the throat, 10-13-nerved, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect-spreading, 3-toothed,
the lower 2-toothed, its teeth long and slender. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper hp erect,
emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, more or less didynamous, mostly ex-
serted ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divergent. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft
at the summit. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth. [Greek, incense.]
About 50 species, natives of the Old World, mostly European. Type species : Thymus vulgaris L.
i. Thymus Serpyllum L. Wild or Creeping
Thyme. Mother of Thyme. Fig. 3659.
Thymus Serpyllum L. Sp. PI. 59°- i/53-
Stems more or less pubescent in lines, very slender,
procumbent, tough, much branched, 4-12' long, com-
monly forming dense mats. Leaves oblong or ovate-
oblong, petioled, obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed
at the base, entire, glabrous, or sometimes ciliate, 2"-s"
long; bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller; flowers
numerous in verticillate clusters crowded in dense short
terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils; calyx dis-
tinctly 2-lipped, the tube usually pubescent and the teeth
ciliate; corolla longer than the calyx.
In thickets, woods, and along roadsides. Nova Scotia to
southern New York and North Carolina. Naturalized from
Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. Old English
names, brotherwort, hillwort, penny-mountain, shepherd's-
thyme.
33. KOELLIA Moench, Meth. 407. 1794.
[Brachystemon and Pycnanthemum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 5, 7. 1803.]
Perennial erect, mostly branched, glabrous cinereous canescent or pubescent herbs, with
small white or purple-dotted flowers, in terminal or sometimes also axillary capitate glom-
erules or cymose clusters. Calyx ovoid, oblong or tubular, 10-13-nerved, equally or more
or less unequally 5-toothed, not villous in the throat, the 2 upper teeth sometimes united
below. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate or entire, the lower 3-cleft, its lobes
obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, nearly equal, or the lower pair a little longer; anther-sacs
parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style slender. Nutlets smooth, pubescent, or roughened.
[Named for J. L. C. Koelle, a German botanist of the eighteenth century.]
About 17 species, natives of North 'America. Besides the following, 1 occurs in California and
several in the Southern States. Type species : Kocllia capitata Moench. Mostly very fragrant.
Sometimes called Basil, the proper name of Calamint or Ocymum.
* Leaves prevailingly linear, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
Calyx-teeth ovate-triangular, acute, one-fourth as long as the tube. 1. A'. Virginians.
Calyx-teeth subulate, lance-subulate or bristle-tipped.
Leaves linear or ianceolate ; calyx-teeth subulate or lanceolate.
Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire. 2. K. ftexuosa.
Leaves lanceolate, entire, or usually serrate.
Bracts appressed, erect ; clusters dense.
Hirsute or pilose ; leaves mainly entire. 3. K. pilosa.
Puberulent, short-pubescent, or glabrate ; leaves mostly denticulate.
4. K. verticillata.
Bracts spreading; clusters loose. 5- K. clinopodioides.
Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute ; calyx-teeth awn-like. 6. K. hyssopifolia.
** Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate.
Calyx-teeth bristle-tipped or subulate.
Bracts appressed ; clusters dense ; calyx-teeth bristle-pointed.
Bracts spreading; clusters loose; calyx-teeth subulate.
Calyx-teeth about one-half as long as the tube.
Calyx-teeth as long as the tube.
Calyx-teeth triangular, triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate.
Bracts spreading ; clusters loose ; calyx-teeth short.
Bracts appressed ; clusters dense.
Bracts canescent ; leaves firm, acute.
Bracts ciliate or villous ; leaves membranous, acuminate.
7. A", aristata.
K. incana.
K. pycnanthemoides.
10. K. albescens.
U.K. ntutica.
12. K. montana.
142
LAB] VI \i
Vol. III.
1. Koellia virginiana (L.) MacM. Virginia Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3660.
Satureja virginiana L. Sp. PI. 567. i
P. lanceolatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 409. 1S14.
Koellia virginiana MacM. Met. Minn. 452. 1892.
0 Stem strict, rather stout, glabrous or pubescent,
I -3° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late fragrant, very short-petioled or sessile, firm,
entire, acuminate at the apex, glabrous or some-
what puberulent beneath, or the uppermost densely
canescent, i'-a' long, 2"-$" wide, often with short
'^fy branches in their axils; glomerules dense,
4 -6" in diameter, terminal, corymbed, canescent;
bracts appressed, rigid, acute, acuminate or subu-
late-tipped, not exceeding the clusters; calyx
cylindraceous, or expanded above, canescent, its
teeth triangular-ovate, equal or nearly so, acute,
little longer than wide, about one-fourth as long
as the tube; corolla pubescent without, purple-
spotted, its tube longer than the calyx.
In dry fields and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to
Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Kansas.
Virginia or mountain thyme. Prairie-hyssop. Penny-
royal. Basil. July-Sept.
2. Koellia flexuosa ( Walt. ) MacM:. Narrow-leaved Mountain-Mint. F
Satureja Thymus virginicus L. Mant. 2: 409. 1771. Xot &&&3j§S£T Afcu
ig. 3661.
409.
1788.
-.1 .
Satureja Thymus virginicus L. Mant. 2
S. virginica L. 1753.
Origanum flexuosum Walt. Fl. Car. 165
Koellia capitata Moench, Meth. 408. 1794.
Pycnanthemum linifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 409. 1814
P. flexuosum B.S.P. Prel. Cat. U. S. 42. 188S.
Koellia flexuosa MacM. Met. Minn. 452. 1892.
Stem slender, stiff, nearly glabrous throughout, l*°-2*°
high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous
or the uppermost puberulent, sessile, or the lower very
short-petioled, 1-2' long, i"-i*" wide, rather firm, often
with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules dense,
terminal, corymbed, 3"-S" broad, canescent; bracts ap-
pressed, acuminate, or subulate-tipped, not longer than
the clusters ; calyx cylindraceous, canescent, its teeth subu-
late and rigid, equal or nearly so, 3-4 times longer than
broad, about one-third as long as the tube; corolla-tube
longer than the calyx.
In fields and thickets. Maine to Florida, New York, Minne-
sota, Kansas and Texas. Little fragrant. July-Sept.
3. Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton. Hairy
Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3662.
Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. Gen. 2: 33. 1818.
Pycnanthemum muticum var. pilosum A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
2 : Part 1, 355. 1878.
Koellia pilosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 279. 1894.
Pubescent, at least above, i°-2^0 high. Leaves
lanceolate, very short-petioled or sessile, entire or
very sparingly denticulate, l'-2' long, 3"-6" wide,
firm, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the
base, commonly with smaller ones, or short leafy
shoots in their axils; glomerules dense, numerous,
terminal, villous or hirsute-canescent, about 4" in
diameter; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or
exceeding the clusters ; calyx cylindraceous, narrow,
canescent. its teeth lanceolate-subulate, equal, often
ciliate, about 3 times as long as wide and one-fourth
the length of the tube ; corolla pubescent, its tube
little longer than the calyx; stamens exserted.
On prairies and in dry woods, Ontario to Pennsyl-
vania, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas and Arkansas. July-Sept.
Koellia leptodon (A. Gray) Small, of the North Carolina mountains, with bristly-ciliate calvx-
teeth, is recorded as extending to Ohio and Missouri.
Genus 33.
MINT FAMILY.
'43
4. Koellia verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze. Torrey's Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3663.
Brachystemon verticillatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
6. pi. 31. 1S03.
P. Torreyi Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 329. 1S34.
Koellia verticillata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Puberulent, glabrate or pubescent ; stem slender,
l°-2i° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate (rarely ovate-lanceolate),
short-petioled or sessile, serrulate or entire, acute
or acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed
at the base, 1-3' long, 3"-io" wide, the upper-
most sometimes canescent; flower-clusters dense,
canescent, S"-6" broad, terminal, corymbose and
commonly also in some of the upper axils ; bracts
appressed, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, equalling
or longer than the clusters ; calyx canescent, its
teeth subulate or lance-subulate, ciliate, 2-3 times
as long as wide, one-fourth to one-third as long
as the tube ; corolla pubescent, its tube rather ex-
ceeding the calyx.
In dry fields and thickets, Vermont to Virginia,
west to Missouri. July-Sept.
Pycnanthemum clinopodioides T. & G. ;
Journ. Sci. 42: 45. 1N4J.
Koellia clinopodioides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520.
5. Koellia clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze.
Basil Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3664.
A. Gray, Am.
1891.
Pubescent or puberulent ; stem slender, l°-2J° high.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather thin,
short-petioled, sharply serrate, or the upper entire,
li'-3' long, s"-I2" wide, none of them canescent;
flower-clusters loose, terminal and axillary, about 1'
broad ; bracts linear-acuminate or subulate-tipped,
not exceeding the clusters, some or all of them
spreading; calyx finely canescent or glabrate, its
teeth subulate, sometimes with a few long hairs,
slightly unequal, about one-third the length of the
tube ; corolla-tube longer than the calyx.
In dry soiL Connecticut to Pennsylvania, Virginia and
Tennessee. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Sept.
6. Koellia hyssopifolia (Benth.) Britton. Hyssop Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3665
P. hyssopifolium Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 329. 1834.
Pycnanthemum aristatum var. hyssopifolium A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 354. 1878.
K. hyssopifolia Britton, Mem. 'iorr. Club 5 : 279. 1894.
Puberulent or glabrate ; stem slender, sti ff , 1 °-3°
high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or lanceolate-
oblong, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, obtuse
or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base,
entire or denticulate, i'-li' long, 2"-6" wide,
glabrous or minutely canescent; flower-clusters
dense, minutely canescent, not at all villous, ter-
minal, and usually also in the upper axils, often
l' broad; bracts linear-oblong, narrowed at each
end, terminated by an awn almost as long as the
body; calyx cylindraceous, glabrous or very nearly
so, prominently nerved, its teeth bristle-pointed,
slightly widened below, nearly as long as the
tube; corolla-tube not longer than calyx.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida. June-Aug.
LABI \TAE.
Vol. 111.
7. Koellia aristata (Michx.) Kuntze. Awned
Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3666.
I'yc. aristatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 8. />/. 33. 1803.
Koellia aristata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species; stem slender,
stiff, minutely canescent, 1 2°-2l ° high. Leaves ovate,
or some of them ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled,
sharply serrate, serrulate, or the upper entire, acute
at the apex, rounded at the base, i'-2' long, 4"-i2"
wide, the uppermost usually minutely canescent;
inflorescence as in the preceding species ; bracts long-
awned, appressed, the awn about one-third the length
of the body ; calyx canescent, its teeth equal, bristle-
pointed, widened below, one-third to one-half as
long as the tube; corolla-tube about equalling the
calyx.
In dry pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisi-
ana, mostly near the coast. Wild basil. July-Sept.
8. Koellia incana ( L. ) Kuntze. Hoary Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3667.
Cliriopodium incanum L. Sp. PI. 588. 1753.
Pycnanthcmum incanum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 7. 1803.
Koellia incana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Stem pubescent, or glabrous below, stout, li°-3°
high. Leaves thin, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, peti-
oled, acute at the apex, sharply serrate or serrulate,
white-canescent beneath, puberulent or glabrous
above, ii'— 3' long, I'-ij' wide, or the uppermost
smaller and sometimes canescent on both sides ;
clusters loose, terminal and in the upper axils, l'-ll'
broad, canescent. the flowers sometimes secund on
their branches ; bracts linear, or the outer broader,
canescent or slightly villous, spreading, mostly
shorter than the clusters ; calyx canescent, slightly
2-lipped, its teeth subulate, somewhat unequal, the
longer one-fourth to one-half as long as the tube,
rarely villous ; corolla-tube equalling or longer than
the calyx.
Dry thickets and hillsides, Maine to Ontario, Florida,
Alabama and Missouri. Calamint. Wild basil. Aug.-Oct.
9. Koellia pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Kuntze.
Fig. 3668.
Southern Mountain-Mint.
Tullia pycnanthemoides Leavenw. Am. Journ. Sci. 20 :
343. pi. 5. 1830.
P. Tullia Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 328. 1834.
K. pycnanthemoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1S01.
P. pycnanthemoides Fernald, Rhodora 10: 86. 1908.
Stem rather stout, pubescent nearly to the base,
2c-3° high. Leaves membranous, petioled, mostly
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, pubescent
beneath, puberulent or glabrate and dark green
above, li'si' long, i'-ll' wide, the lower green, the
upper smaller and white-canescent on both sides ;
clusters loose, villous and canescent, terminal and
axillary, i'-2' broad, the flowers often secund ;
bracts linear-oblong, acuminate or subulate-tipped,
villous, spreading; calyx-teeth very unequal, subu-
late, villous, the longer about equalling the tube;
corolla-tube not exceeding the calyx.
In dry woods and on hills, Virginia to Georgia, Ken-
tucky and Tennessee. Calamint. July-Sept.
Genus 33.
MINT FAMILY.
'45
10. Koellia albescens (T. & G.) Kuntze.
White-leaved Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3669.
P. albescens T. & G. ; A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42:
45. 1S42.
Koellia albescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Stem slender, soft-pubescent nearly to the base.
l0-2° high. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, peti-
oled, acute or subacuminate at the apex, narrowed
or sometimes rounded at the base, sharply serrate
or nearly entire, l'-2i' long, i'-li' wide, white-
canescent beneath, green above, or the upper canes-
cent on both sides ; clusters loose, terminal and
axillary, densely canescent, not at all villous, at
length about 1' broad; bracts linear, or the outer
broader, spreading, sometimes exceeding the clus-
ters ; calyx densely canescent, its teeth triangular,
obtuse or acute, slightly unequal, one-fifth to one-
fourth as long as the tube; corolla-tube longer
than the calyx.
In dry woods and thickets, southern Virginia to
Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida and Texas.
July-Sept.
11. Koellia mutica (Michx.) Britton. Short-
toothed Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3670.
Brachystetnon muticum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 6. pi. 32.
1803.
Koellia mutica Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 145. 1894.
Stem stiff, puberulent, or glabrous below, i°-2i°
high. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, strongly veined,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, acute at the apex,
rounded or sometimes subcordate at the base, sharply
serrate or serrulate, 1J-3' long, I'-i Y wide, the lower
mostly glabrous, the uppermost white-canescent on both
sides, much smaller'; flower-clusters capitate, dense, ter-
minal, corymbose, often also in the upper axils, pubes-
cent or canescent, 4"-6" broad ; bracts appressed, lan-
ceolate-subulate or the outer broader ; calyx pubescent,
its teeth nearly equal, triangular-ovate or triangular-
lanceolate, not much longer than wide, about one-fifth
as long as the tube; corolla-tube exceeding the calyx.
In sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and Florida, west to
Pennsylvania and Missouri. Calamint. July-Sept.
12. Koellia montana (Michx.) Kuntze. Thin-
leaved Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3671.
Pycnanthemum montanum Michx. FI. Bor. Am. 2: 8. 1803.
Monardella montana Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 331. 1834.
Koellia montana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Stem slender, glabrous or nearly so throughout, 2°-3°
high. Leaves distinctly petioled, membranous, glabrous,
ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, long-acuminate
at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, sharply serrate,
2'_5' long, ¥-2 wide, none of them canescent; flower-
clusters rather dense, terminal and in the upper axils, l'-l'
broad ; bracts appressed, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, not exceeding the fully developed clusters,
bearded more or less with long hairs ; calyx tubular,
glabrous or puberulent, or villous above, its teeth triangular-
subulate, equal, one-fifth to one- fourth as long as the
tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx.
In woods, mountains of southern Virginia to Georgia, Ten-
nessee and Alabama. July-Sept.
34. CUNILA L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1359. 1759.
Perennial branching herbs, or low shrubs, with dentate or entire leaves, and rather
small, clustered, purple or white flowers. Calyx tubular-ovoid, 10-13-nerved, villous in the
throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, longer than the calyx, the upper lip erect, emar-
ginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-bearing stamens 2, long-exserted, straight, the
10
146
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
posterior pair rudimentary, or wanting; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style
slender, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth; scar of attachment hasal and small. [Latin
name of some plant.]
About 15 species, natives of America. The following typical species is the only one known
in the United States.
i. Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton. StoneMint.
Sweet Horse-Mint. American Dittany.
Wild Basil. Fig. 3672.
Satureia origanoides L. Sp. PI. 568. 1753.
Cunila Mariana L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1359. 1759.
Hedyosmos origanoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891.
Cunila origanoides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 278. 1894.
Plant very aromatic; stem slender, stiff, branched,
glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes, erect, 8-20' high,
the branches ascending. Leaves ovate, sessile or very
short-petioled, acute at the apex, sharply serrate, round-
ed, truncate or subcordate at the base, i'-li' long,
densely punctate ; flowers nearly i' long, numerous in
terminal loose cymose clusters; corolla purple-pink, one-
half as long as the stamens; posterior pair of stamens
usually rudimentary.
In dry woods and thickets, southern New York to Florida,
west to Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
35. LYCOPUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 21. 1753.
Herbs, perennial by slender stolons or suckers, with erect or diffuse stems, petioled or
sessile leaves, and small white or purple flowers, bracted and verticillate in dense axillary
clusters. Calyx campanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-5-toothed, not bearded in the throat,
the teeth obtuse or acute. Corolla funnelform-campanulate to cylindric. equalling or longer
than the calyx, the limb nearly equally 4-cleft, or one of the lobes broader and emarginate.
Perfect stamens 2, anterior, the posterior pair rudimentary, or altogether wanting; anther-
sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style slender, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets truncate
at the summit, narrowed below, trigonous, smooth, their margins thickened. [Greek, wolf- foot.]
About 15 species of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, two or three others occur
in western North America. Type species: Lycopus europaeus L.
Calyx-teeth 4 or 5, ovate, shorter than the nutlets.
Base of the stem not tuberous; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 1.
Base of the stem tuberous-thickened; leaves oblong to lanceolate. 2.
Calyx-teeth mostly 5, lanceolate or subulate, longer than the nutlets.
Bracts minute ; corolla twice as long as the calyx.
Leaves sessile. 3.
Leaves narrowed into a manifest petiole. 4.
Bracts lanceolate or subulate ; corolla not twice as long as the calyx.
Leaves pinnatifid or deeply incised. 5.
Leaves merely coarsely dentate or serrate (lower rarely incised).
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate. 6. L. asper.
Leaves ovate, coarsely dentate. 7. L. europaeus.
virginicus.
uniflorus.
sessilifolius.
rubellus.
L. americanus.
1. Lycopus virginicus L. Bugle-weed. Bugle-
wort. Fig. 3673.
Lycopus virginicus L. Sp. PI. 21. 1753.
Perennial by long filiform leafy stolons, glabrous or
puberulent ; stem slender, erect or ascending, simple or
branched, 6-2° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate at the apex, sharply dentate, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, petioled, or the upper sessile, dark
green or purple, l4'-3' long, i'-ii' wide; bracts short,
oblong; calyx-teeth 4, or sometimes 5, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse or subacute; corolla about 1" broad,
narrow, nearly twice as long as the calyx, or longer ;
rudimentary posterior stamens minute; nutlets longer
than or about equalling the calyx.
In wet soil. New Hampshire to Florida. Alabama, Mis-
souri and Nebraska. Northern Asia. Sometimes called
wood betony. July-Sept.
Genus 35.
MINT FAMILY
2. Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Northern
Bugle-weed. Fig. 3674.
Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 14. 1803.
Lycopus communis Bicknell. Britton Man. 803. 1901.
Green or sometimes purplish, mostly less pu-
berulent than L. znrginicus; stems rather slender,
simple or sparingly branched, 4'-2§° tall, rather
acutely angled, tuberous at the base, the stolons
rarely tuber-bearing. Leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, ser-
rate, 3'— 33' long, sessile or nearly so ; calyx-teeth
4 or 5, triangular, ovate or ovate-oblong, rather
obtuse; corolla about I A" long, less than twice as
long as the calyx ; rudimentary posterior stamens
obsolete or minute; nutlets about as long as the
calyx, oblique at the apex.
In low grounds, Newfoundland to British Colum-
bia, North Carolina, Nebraska and Oregon. Sum-
mer and fall.
Lycopus membranaceus Bicknell, with thinner,
often coarsely-toothed, longer-petioled and larger
leaves, appears to be a race of this species.
3. Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray. Sessile-
leaved Water Hoarhound. Fig. 3675.
Lycopus europaeus var. sessilifolius A. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 345. 1867.
Lvcopus sessilifolius A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 285.
1870.
Glabrous, or puberulent above, tuberiferous, per-
ennial by stolons and suckers; stem simple, or at
length branched, erect, l°-2° high. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, closely sessile, acute
or acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, some-
what narrowed at the base, i'-2' long; bracts very
small, acute; calyx-teeth usually 5, subulate, rigid,
nearly as long as the tube; corolla twice as long as
the calyx ; rudimentary posterior stamens oval ; nut-
lets shorter than the calyx.
In wet soil, eastern Massachusetts to Florida and
Mississippi, near the coast. Aug.-Oct.
4. Lycopus rubellus Moench. Stalked-
Water Hoarhound. Fig. 3676.
Lycopus rubellus Moench, Meth. Suppl. 146. 1802.
Lycopus europaeus var. integrifolius A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 346. 1867.
Glabrous or minutely puberulent, perennial by
leafy stolons; stem erect or ascending, simple or
at length freely branched, l°-3° high. Leaves
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or narrower, acumi-
nate at the apex, usually dentate, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, 2'-$' long, i'-ii' wide, usually
tapering into a conspicuous petiole ; bracts mi-
nute, acute or acuminate; calyx-teeth triangular-
subulate, herbaceous, one-half as long as the
tube or more ; corolla longer than the calyx ;
rudimentary posterior stamens oval or oblong;
nutlets much shorter than the calyx.
In wet soil, southern Vermont to Florida, Minne-
sota, Arkansas and Louisiana. Gipsywort. July-
Oct.
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
5. Lycopus americanus Muhl. Cut-leaved
Water Hoarhound. Fig. ,V}77-
L. americanus Muhl.; Bart. Fl. Phil. Prodr. 15. 1815.
Lycopus sinuatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 26. 1817.
Lycopaeus europaeus var. sinuatus A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5. 34&- 1867.
Puberulent or glabrous, perennial by suckers ;
stem stiff, erect, simple or branched, l°-2° high.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline,
petioled, acuminate at the apex, incised, pinna-
tifid or the uppermost merely serrate, 2-4' long ;
bracts subulate, the outer ones sometimes exceed-
ing the calyx ; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate,
cuspidate, rigid ; corolla little exceeding the ca-
lyx ; rudimentary posterior stamens thickened at
their tips; nutlets much shorter than the calyx.
In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia,
south to Florida, Texas, Utah and California. Gipsy-
wort. Bitter bugle. Paul's-betony. June-Oct.
5. Lycopus asper Greene. Western Water Hoarhound. Fig. 3678.
Lycopus asper Greene, Pittonia 3 : 339. 1898.
Lycopus lucidus var. americanus A. Gray. Proc. Am.
Acad. 8: 286. 1870.
Pubescent or glabrate. perennial by stolons ; stem
usually stout, erect, strict, leafy, simple, or some-
times branched, i°-3° high. Leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at^ the
base, sessile, or very short-petioled, 2'-6' long, k'-ll'
wide, sharply serrate with acute ascending teeth ;
bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate-subulate, the
outer ones often as long as the flowers ; calyx-teeth
3, subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube ;
corolla little longer than the calyx; rudimentary
stamens slender, thickened at the tips; nutlets much
shorter than the calyx.
In wet soil, Michigan to Kansas, west to Manitoba,
British Columbia, California and Arizona. Regarded in
the first edition of this work as the same as L. lucidus
Turcz. of NW. America and NE. Asia. July-Sept.
7. Lycopus europaeus L. Water or Marsh
Hoarhound. Gipsy-wort. Gipsy-herb.
Fig. 3679-
Lycopus europaeus L. Sp. PI. 21. 1 753.
Puberulent or pubescent, perennial by suckers;
stems stout, at length widely branched, i°-2-'°
high. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong-
lanceolate, short-petioled, or the upper sometimes
sessile, coarsely dentate, or the lower incised at
the base, I '-3' long, i'-l' wide; bracts subulate-
lanceolate, the outer shorter than or equalling
the flowers ; calyx-teeth subulate-spinulose ; co-
rolla scarcely longer than the calyx ; rudimentary
posterior stamens obsolete ; nutlets shorter than
the calyx.
In waste places, Massachusetts to Virginia. Natu-
ralized from Europe. Green archangel. Bitter bugle-
weed. July-Sept.
36. MENTHA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753-
Erect or diffuse odorous herbs, with simple sessile or petioled mostly punctate leaves,
and small whorled purple pink or white flowers, the whorls axillary or in terminal dense or
interrupted spikes. Calyx campanulate to tubular. 10-nerved. regular, or slightly 2-lipped,
Genus 36.
MINT FAMILY.
149
5-toothed. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, the limb 4-cleft, somewhat irregular, the
posterior lobe usually somewhat broader than the others, entire or emarginate. Stamens 4,
equal, erect, included or exserted, sometimes imperfect; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-celled,
the sacs parallel. Ovary 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.
[Name used by Theophrastus ; from the nymph Minthe.]
About 30 species, natives of the north temperate zone. The more or less characteristic odors
of the species change during the progress of the life of the plant. Type species : Mentha spicata L.
* Whorls of flowers in terminal spikes, or some in the upper axils.
Plants glabrous or very nearly so.
Spikes slim, narrow, mostly interrupted ; leaves sessile, or nearly so.
Spikes thick, mostly dense, at first short ; leaves petioled.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute.
Leaves ovate, obtuse, or the upper acute, subcordate.
Plants villous, hirsute or canescent, at least at the nodes.
Spikes slim or narrow, often interrupted.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse, reticulated beneath.
Spikes thick (6"), dense, elongated or short.
Leaves sessile ; spikes 1'— 3' long ; plant canescent.
Leaves distinctly petioled, or the uppermost sessile ; spikes short.
Leaves simply serrate.
Leaves mostly incised, the margins crisped and wavy.
** Whorls of flowers all axillary.
LTpper leaves much smaller than the lower.
Upper leaves not conspicuously reduced.
Stem pubescent.
Leaves rounded or obtuse at the base.
Leaves narrowed, mostly cuneate at the base.
Stem glabrous or nearly so.
i. Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. Lamb or
Common Mint. Our Lady's Mint. Fig. 3680.
Mentha spicata L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753.
Mentha spicata var. viridis L. loc. cit. 1753.
Mentha viridis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 804. 1763.
Glabrous, perennial by leafy stolons ; stem erect,
branched, i°-ij° high. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or
short-petioled, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate
at the apex, narrowed at the base, the largest about
2'' long; whorls of flowers in terminal narrow acute
usually interrupted spikes, which become 2-4' long
in fruit, the one terminating the stem surpassing the
lateral ones; bracts subulate-lanceolate, ciliate, some
of them usually longer than the flowers ; calyx cam-
panulate, its teeth hirsute or glabrate, subulate, nearly
as long as the tube ; corolla glabrous.
In moist fields or waste places, Nova Scotia to On-
tario, Minnesota, Washington, Florida, Texas and Cali-
fornia. Naturalized from Europe. Also in Bermuda.
Native also of Asia. Garden-, brown- or mackerel-mint.
Sage-of-bethlehem. July-Sept.
1. M. spicata.
2. M. piperita.
3. M. citrata.
M. longifolia.
M. rotundifolia:
4.
5.
6. M. alopecuroides.
7. M. aquatica.
8. M. cripsa.
9. M. Cardiaca,.
M. arvensisr.
M. canadensis.
M. gentilis.
2. Mentha piperita L
Mentha piperita L. Sp. PI.
Peppermint.
576- 1753-
Perennial by subterranean suckers ; stems glabrous,
mostly erect, branched, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceo-
late, petioled, dark green, acute at the apex, rounded
or narrowed at the base, rather firm, sharply serrate,
glabrous on both sides, or pubescent on the veins
beneath, the larger li'-3' long, i'-li' wide; whorls
of flowers in terminal dense or interrupted spikes,
which are thick and obtuse, and become i'— 3' long
in fruit, the middle one at length overtopped by the
lateral ones ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, not longer
than the flowers, or the lower occasionally folia-
ceous ; calyx tubular-campanulate. glabrous below,
its teeth subulate, ciliate, one-half as long as the
tube or more ; corolla glabrous ; style occasionally
3-cleft.
In wet soil. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota,
south to Florida, Tennessee and Arkansas. Also in
California, Bermuda and Jamaica. Naturalized from
Europe. Lamb- or brandy-mint. July-Sept.
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
3. Mentha citrata Ehrh. Bergamot Mint.
Fig. 3682.
Mentha citrata Ehrh. Biitr. 7 : 150. 1792.
Perennial by leafy stolons, glabrous throughout;
stem weak, branched, decumbent or ascending, I °-2°
long. Leaves petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-orbicular,
obtuse or the upper acute at the apex, rounded or
subcordate at the base, sharply ^ serrate with low
teeth, the larger about 2 long, l'-li' wide; whorls
of flowers in terminal dense thick obtuse spikes, and
commonly also in the uppermost axils ; spikes scarcely
more than 1' long in fruit : calyx glabrous, its teeth
subulate, one-half as long as the tube, or longer;
corolla glabrous.
In wet soil, Connecticut to New York, Ohio, Michigan
and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Also in Ber-
muda and Porto Rico. July-Sept.
4. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse
Mint. Fig. 3683.
Mentha spicata vax. longifolia L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753-
Mentha longifolia Huds. Fl. Angl. 221. 1762.
Mentha sylvestris L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 804. 1763.
Perennial by suckers, canescent or puberulent
nearly all over; stems mostly erect, branched, or
simple, I°-2i° high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-
lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or very
short-petioled, acute at the apex, usually rounded
at the base, sharply serrate. 1-3' long, J'-i 1' wide,
sometimes glabrous above; whorls of flowers in
terminal narrow dense or interrupted acute spikes,
which become 2-5' long in fruit; bracts lanceo-
late-subulate, the lower equalling or longer than
the flowers ; calyx tomentose or canescent, its
teeth subulate, one-half as long as the' campanu-
late tube; corolla puberulent.
In waste places, Connecticut to Delaware, New Jer-
sey and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. Brook- or
fish-mint. Water or European horse-mint. July-Oct.
5. Mentha rotundifdlia ( L.) Huds.
Round-leaved Mint. Fig. 3684.
Mentha spicata var. rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 576.
1/53-
Mentha rotundifolia Huds. Fl. Angl. 221. 1762.
Perennial by leafy stolons, canescent or
tomentose-puberulent, somewhat viscid ; stems
ascending or erect, simple or branched, usu-
ally slender, li°-2i° high. Leaves elliptic, or
ovate-oblong, short-petioled, or sessile and
somewhat clasping by the subcordate or
rounded base, obtuse at the apex, crenate-
serrate with low teeth, i'-sz' long, 0/-15
wide, more or less rugose-reticulated be-
neath ; whorls of flowers in terminal dense
or interrupted spikes which elongate to 2-4'
in fruit; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, com-
monly shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth
setaceous, usually about one-half as long as
the tube ; corolla puberulent.
In waste places, Maine to Florida, Ohio, Ar-
kansas, Texas and Mexico. Bermuda. Pata-
gonia- or apple-mint. Horse-mint. Wild mint.
Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept.
Genus 36.
MINT FAMILY
6. Mentha alopecuroides Hull Woolly Mint.
Fig- 3685-
Mentha alopecuroides Hull. Brit. Fl. 221. 1799.
Perennial by suckers, white-woolly; stem stout,
leafy, erect or ascending, simple or branched, li°-3°
high. Leaves broadly oval, sessile, or partly clasping
by a subcordate or rarely rounded base, obtuse at the
apex, sharply and rather coarsely serrate, pinnately-
veined, the lower 2-3' long, 1 2-2' wide ; spikes rather
thick, dense, stout, obtuse, 2-3' long in fruit; bracts
lanceolate, shorter than the flowers ; calyx-teeth seta-
ceous, one-half as long as the campanulate tube, or
more; corolla pubescent.
Along roadsides, Connecticut to New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Wisconsin and Missouri. Naturalized from
Europe. July-Oct. ,
7. Mentha aquatica L. Water Mint. Fish
Mint. Fig. 3686.
Mentha aquatica L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753-
Perennial by suckers, hirsute or pubescent, rarely
glabrate ; stem stout, erect, leafy, usually branched,
ii°-2i° high, its hairs reflexed. Leaves broadly
ovate, petioled, acute, subacute or the lower obtuse
at the apex, rounded, subcordate or rarely narrowed
at the base, sharply serrate, the larger 1Y-3 long
and nearly as wide; whorls of flowers in terminal
dense short thick rounded spikes, and usually also
in the upper axils; spikes seldom more than 1' long
in fruit; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the flowers;
calyx hirsute, its teeth lanceolate-subulate or tri-
angular-lanceolate, one-third to one-half as long as
the nearly cylindric tube ; corolla sparingly pubescent.
In wet places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and
Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Oct.
8. Mentha crispa L. Crisped-leaved,
Curled or Cross Mint. Fig. 3687.
Mentha crispa L. Sp. PI. 5"6- 1753-
Mentha aquatica var. crispa Benth. Lab. Gen. &
Sp. 177- 1833.
Sparingly pilose-pubescent at least at the
nodes, petioles and veins of the lower surfaces
of the leaves; stem rather weak, usually much
branched, li°-3° long. Leaves distinctly peti-
oled, or the uppermost sessile, ovate in out-
line, mostly acute at the apex, rounded, trun-
cate or subcordate at the base, their margins
crisped, wavy and incised, or the uppermost
merely sharply serrate; whorls of flowers in
dense thick rounded terminal spikes, which
become l'-li' long in fruit: calyx sparingly
pubescent or glabrous, its teeth subulate, more
than one-half as long as the campanulate tube;
corolla glabrous.
In swamps and roadside ditches, Connecticut
to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Balm-mint.
Aug.-Oct.
LABIATAE.
Vol. III.
g. Mentha Cardiaca Gerarde. Small-leaved
Mint Fig. 3688.
Men Ilia Cardiaca Gerarde ; Baker, Journ. Bot. 2 : 245. 1865.
Pubescent or glabrate, often much branched, l}°-2i°
high, the upper branches ascending. Leaves lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or
acute at the apex, the lower 2'-3' long, the upper much
smaller, all sharply serrate ; flowers whorled in the
upper axils; calyx-teeth subulate, about one-half as long
as the tube.
Wet grounds, mostly along rivers and streams, Nova
Scotia to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and District of Colum-
bia. July-Sept.
10. Mentha arvensis L. Corn Mint. Field
Mint. Fig. 3689.
Mentha arvensis L. Sp. PI. 577. 1753.
Perennial by suckers, pubescent or glabrate ; stems
erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6'-2° high, slen-
der. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, oval or ovate, petioled,
acute at the apex or the lower obtuse, crenate-serrate
with bluntish teeth, rounded at the base, l'-2*' long,
i'-l' wide, the upper not much smaller than the lower;
whorls of flowers all axillary, usually about equalling
the petioles ; calyx pubescent, campanulate, its teeth
triangular, about as long as the width of their base,
acute or sometimes obtuse, one-third as long as the tube.
In dry waste places. New Brunswick to northern New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Florida. Also in
California and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Lamb's-
tongue. Wild pennyroyal. July-Sept.
11. Mentha canadensis L. American Wild Mint. Fig. 3690.
Mentha canadensis L. Sp. PI. 577. 1753.
Mentha borealis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 2. 1803.
Mentha canadensis var. glabrata Benth. in DC.
Prodr. 12 : 173. 1848.
Perennial by suckers ; stem more or less pubes-
cent with spreading or scarcely reflexed hairs, or
glabrate, erect, simple, or branched, usually slen-
der, 6'-2i° high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong,
or oblong-lanceolate, slender-petioled, acute at the
apex, or the lower obtuse, sharply serrate, nar-
rowed to a somewhat cuneate acute or obtuse
base, glabrous or very sparingly pubescent, the
larger 2's' long, i'-l' wide; whorls of flowers
all axillary, often shorter than the petioles ; calyx
oblong-campanulate, densely or sparingly pubes-
cent all over, its teeth one-fourth to one-third as
long as the tube.
In moist soil. New Brunswick to Manitoba, Brit-
ish Columbia, Virginia, Nebraska, New Mexico and
Nevada. Consists of several races, differing in
pubescence, leaf-form and size. Odor like Penny-
royal. July-Oct.
Genus 36.
MINT FAMILY
12. Mentha gentilis L. Creeping or Downy
WhorledMint. Spearmint. Fig. 3691.
Mentha gentilis L. Sp. PI. 577
Mentha sativa L. Sp. PI. Ed.
1/53.
80s.
i/°3-
Perennial by suckers ; stem rather stout, ascend-
ing or erect, branched, glabrous or puberulent
with short reflexed hairs, I°-2° high. Leaves
ovate or oval, short-petioled, sparingly pubescent
with scattered hairs on both surfaces, often blotch-
ed, pinnately veined, acute at both ends, sharply
serrate, the larger li'-2' long, the upper some-
times much smaller than the lower; whorls of
flowers all axillary; pedicels glabrous ; calyx cam-
panulate, glabrous below, its teeth subulate, ciliate,
one-half as long as the tube; corolla glabrous.
In waste places and along streams, Nova Scotia to
northern New York, Iowa, North Carolina and Ten-
nessee. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Oct.
37. COLLINSONIA L. Sp. PI. 28.
1/53-
Tall perennial aromatic herbs, with large membranous petioled leaves, and terminal
loosely panicled racemes of small, yellowish, mostly opposite flowers. Calyx campanulate,
short, lo-nerved,2-lipped, declined in fruit, usually pubescent in the throat ; upper lip 3-toothed;
lower 2-cleft. Corolla much longer than the calyx, obliquely campanulate, 5-lobed, 4 of the
lobes nearly equal, the 5th pendent or declined, fimbriate or lacerate, much larger, appearing
like a lower lip. Anther-bearing stamens 2. not declined, much exserted, coiled before
antithesis; bases of the filaments connected by a woolly ring; anthers 2-celled, or the sacs
at length partially confluent. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets smooth, globose. [Named for
Peter Collinson, 1693-1768, an English botanist, and correspondent of Linnaeus.]
Three species, natives of eastern North America, the following typical.
i. Collinsonia canadensis L.
Horse- or Ox-balm.
Fig. 3692.
Citronella. Rich-weed.
Collinsonia canadensis L. Sp. PI. 28. 1753.
Stem stout, erect or ascending, branch-
ed, 2°-5° high, glabrous, or glandular-
pubescent above. Leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong, acuminate at the apex, narrowed,
obtuse or sometimes cordate at the base,
the lower slender-petioled, 6-10' long, the
upper nearly sessile, much smaller, all
coarsely dentate ; racemes numerous, in
terminal panicles sometimes 1° long; pedi-
cels ascending, 3"-6" long in fruit, subu-
late-bracteolate at the base ; flowers lemon-
scented ; calyx-teeth subulate, those of the
lower lip much longer than the upper;
corolla light yellow, 5"~7" long; anther-
bearing stamens 2, the upper pair^ rudi-
mentary; fruiting calyx ribbed, 3"-4" long.
Tn moist woods, Quebec and Ontario to
Wisconsin, south to Florida, Alabama and
Arkansas. Root large, thick, woody. Knob-
or horse-weed. Knob-grass or -root. Collin-
son's-flower. Rich leaf. Stone-root. July-Oct.
38. PERILLA Ard.; L. Gen. PI. Ed. 6, Add. 578. 1764.
Annual herbs, with petioled purple or discolored leaves, and small flowers in loose
bracted racemes. Calyx campanulate, 10-nerved, 5-cleft, nearly regular in flower, enlarging,
declined and becoming 2-lipped in fruit, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, the throat
not bearded. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, the throat obliquely campanulate, the
limb 5-cleft, the lower lobe slightly the larger. Stamens 4, nearly equal, or the posterior
'54
1. Mil VTAE.
Vol. III.
pair shorter, erect, divergent; anthers 2-celled. Style deeply .'-cleft; ovary 4-parted. Nutlets
ated. [The native name injndia.]
< Ine or 2 species, natives of Asia, the following
typical.
i. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton.
Perilla. Beef-steak Plant. Fig. 3693.
Ocimum frutescens L. Sp. PI. 597. 1753.
Perilla ocimoides L. Gen. Ed. 6. Add. 57S. 1764.
/'. frutescens Britton, Mem. Torr. CI. 5 : 277. 1894.
Purple or purple-green, sparingly pubes-
cent; stem stout, erect, much branched, I °-3°
high, leafy. Leaves long-petioled, broadly
ovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed^ at
the base, coarsely dentate or incised, 3 '-6'
long and nearly as wide; racemes terminal
and axillary, many-flowered, 3' -6' long; pedi-
cels spreading, li"— 3" long in fruit; calyx
minute in flower, much enlarged, gibbous at
the base and densely pilose-pubescent in
fruit; corolla purple or white, li" long, with
a woolly ring within.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Con-
necticut to Florida, Illinois, Missouri and Texas.
Native of India. July-Oct.
39. ELSHOLTZIA Willd. in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 11:3. 1790.
Herbs, with thin mostly petioled leaves, and small or minute clustered flowers, in ter-
minal bracted spikes. Calyx campanulate or ovoid, 10-nerved, scarcely oblique, enlarging
in fruit, not bearded in the throat, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal. Corolla-tube little
longer than the calyx, straight, or a little curved, the limb oblique, or slightly 2-lipped,
4-lobed ; upper lobe erect, concave, emarginate, the 3 others spreading. Stamens 4, divergent,
didynamous, ascending, exserted, the upper pair shorter ; anthers 2-celled, or the sacs more
or less confluent. Style 2-cIeft at the summit. Ovary 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid or oblong,
tuberculate, or nearly smooth. [Named in honor of
J. S. Elsholtz, a Prussian botanist.]
About 20 species, natives of Asia. Type species:
Elsholtzia cristata Willd.
i. Elsholtzia Patrinii (Lepech.) Garcke.
Elsholtzia. Fig. 3694.
Mentha Patrinii Lepech. Nov. Act. Petrop. 13 : 336. 1802.
E. cristata Willd. in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. II : 3. 17Q0.
Elsholtzia Patrinii Garcke, Garcke, Fl. Deutsch. Ed. 4,
257. 1858.
Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems weak, erect
or ascending, at length widely branched, i°-2° high.
Leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute or
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenate-
dentate, l'-3' long; spikes terminal, very dense, I '-3'
high, about ¥ thick ; flowers several in the axils of
each of the broadly ovate membranous green reticu-
lated mucronate bracts ; calyx hirsute, shorter than
the bract; corolla 1" long, pale purple.
Xotre Dame du Lac, Temiscouata Co., Quebec. Natu-
ralized from Asia. July-Aug.
SOLANACEAE Pers. Syn. i :
Potato Family.
Herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical species trees, with alternate or rarely
opposite, exstipttlate entire dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and perfect regular
or nearly regular cymose flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, mostly 5-lobed.
Corolla gamopetalous, rotate, campanulate, funnelform, salver form or tubular,
mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. Stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the tube,
all equal and perfect in the following genera, except in Petunia, where 5 are didy-
namous and the fifth smaller or obsolete; anthers 2-celled, apically or longitudinally
Family 27.
:i4. 1805.
Genus i.
POTATO FAMILY.
'55
dehiscent. Disk present, or none. Ovary entire, superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5-
celled) ; ovules numerous on the axile placentae, anatropous or amphitropous ;
style slender, simple ; stigma terminal ; fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds numerous,
the testa sometimes roughened ; embryo terete, spiral, curved, or nearly straight ;
endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons semiterete.
About 75 genera and 1750 species, widely distributed, most abundant in tropical regions.
* Fruit a pulpy berry; corolla plicate, its lobes generally induplicate.
Anthers unconnected, destitute of terminal pores, dehiscent.
Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated.
Fruiting calyx 5-angled and deeply 5-parted ; ovary 3-5-celled. 1. Physalodes.
Fruiting calyx 5-lobed, not parted, 10-ribbed, often 5-10-angled, reticulated, wholly enclosing
the berry ; ovary 2-celled.
Corolla open-campanulate, yellowish or whitish, often with a dark center ; seeds with a
thin margin, finely pitted. 2. Physalis.
Corolla flat-rotate, violet or purple ; seeds thick, rugose-tuberculate. 3. Quincula.
Fruiting calyx somewhat enlarged, but closely fitted to the fruit, thin, obscurely veiny, open at
the mouth.
Corolla rotate, whitish ; lobes of fruiting calyx much exceeding the berry. 4. Leucophysalis.
Corolla rotate, whitish, sometimes tinged with purple ; fruiting calyx not exceeding the
berry. 5. 'Chamaesaracha.
Anthers connivent or slightly connate ; fruiting calyx not enlarged.
Anthers short or oblong, opening by a terminal pore or short slit in our species. 6. Solatium.
Anthers long, tapering from base to summit, longitudinally dehiscent. 7. Lycopersicon.
** Fruit a nearly dry berry; corolla campanulate, little or not at all plicate, its lobes imbricated.
8. Lycium.
*** Fruit a capsule; corolla funnelform.
Capsule circumscissile toward the top, which separates as a lid ; corolla irregular. 9. Hyoscyamus.
Capsule opening by valves.
Capsule generally prickly. 10. Datura.
Capsule not prickly.
Flowers paniculate or racemose; stamens nearly uniform in length. n. Nicotiana.
Flowers solitary; stamens very unequal. 12. Petunia.
i. PHYSALODES Boehm. in Ludwig, Def. 41. 1760.
[Nicandra Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 219. 1763.]
An annual erect branching glabrous herb, with alternate petioled thin sinuate-dentate or
lobed leaves, and large light blue peduncled nodding flowers, solitary in the axils. Calyx
5-parted, 5-angled, much inflated in fruit, its segments ovate, connivent, cordate or sagittate
at the base, strongly reticulated. Corolla broadly campanulate, plicate in the bud, slightly
5-lobed. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla near its base; filaments filiform, dilated
and pilose below ; anthers oblong, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style
slender; stigma 3-5-lobed. Berry globose, nearly dry, enclosed in the calyx. [Greek, Physalis-
like.]
A monotypic Peruvian genus.
1. Physalodes physalodes (L.) Brirton.
Apple-of-Peru. Fig. 3695.
Atropa physalodes L. Sp. PI. 181. 1753.
Physalodes peruvianum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 452.
1891.
P. physalodes Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 287. 1894.
Stem angled, 2°-$° high. Leaves ovate or
oblong, acuminate but blunt-pointed, narrowed at
the base. 3'-8' long, 1/-4' wide; petioles longer
than the peduncles; flowers l'-li' long and
broad; corolla-limb almost entire; fruiting calyx
l'-li' long and thick, its segments acute at the
apex, their basal auricles acute or cuspidate; berry
about I' in diameter, loosely surrounded by the
calyx.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Nova Sco-
tia to Ontario, Florida, Tennessee and Missouri.
Adventive from Peru. Plant with the aspect of a
large Physalis. Leaves similar to those of Stramo-
nium. July-Sept.
2. PHYSALIS L. Sp. PI. 182. 1753.*
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes a little woody below, with entire or sinuately
toothed leaves. Peduncles slender, in ours solitary from the axils of the leaves. Calyx
campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, S-angled, or
prominently 10-ribbed and reticulate, wholly inclosing the pulpy berry, its teeth mostly
* Text contributed to our first edition by Dr. P. A. Rydberg, here somewhat revised.
1 56
SOLANACEAE.
Vol. III.
connivent. Corolla yellowish or whitish, often with a darker brownish or purplish center,
open-campanulate, or rarelj campanulate-rotate, plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of
the corolla; anthers nblong, opening by a longitudinal slit. Style slender, somewhat bent;
stigma minutely 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flattened, with a thin edge, finely
pitted. | Greek, bladder, referring to the inflated calyx.]
Probably 75 species, or more. Two are of European origin, and about half a dozen are natives
of India and Australia, the rest arc American; about 30 occur in the United States. Type
species: Physalis Alkekengi L.
* Annuals with branched fibrous roots.
t Plants more or less pubescent (except in races of P. barbadensis.)
Fruiting calyx sharply 5-angled, more or less acuminate at the summit and sunken at the base ;
calyx-lobes (at flowering time) lanceolate or acuminate, as long as the tube or longer.
Leaves ovate, oblique, acute or acuminate, subentire at the base ; upper part repand or suben-
tire ; fruiting calyx small and short ; stem slender, diffuse, sharply angled. 1. P. pubescens.
Leaver cordate, oblique, strongly sinuate to the base; stem stout, obtusely angled; fruiting
calyx rounded. 2. P. pruinosa.
Leaves cordate, scarcely oblique, more or less abruptly acuminate, acutely repand-dentate ; stem
tall, acutely angled ; fruiting calyx larger, long-acuminate. 3. P. barbadensis.
Fruiting calyx obtusely or indistinctly 5-10-angled; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) triangular,
generally shorter than the tube. 4. P. missouriensis.
tt Plants glabrous, or the upper part sparingly beset with short hairs, or a little pubertilent
when young; fruiting calyx obtusely 5-10-angled, not sunken at the base.
Corolla yellow, sometimes with the center a little darker but never brown or purple.
Peduncles generally much longer than the fruiting calyx; leaves sinuately toothed or subentire.
5. P. pendula.
Peduncles scarcely exceeding the fruiting calyx; leaves sharply dentate. 6. P. angulata.
Corolla yellow, with a brown or purple center. 7. P. ixocarpa.
** Perennial by thick roots and rootstocks.
t Pubescence not stellate (although in P. pumila of branched hairs).
Pubescence on the leaves none, on the upper part of the stem and the calyx sparse and short, if any.
Fruiting calyx ovoid, nearly filled by the berry, scarcely sunken at the base.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, usually thin. 8. P. subglabrata.
Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear. g. P.longifolia.
Fruiting calyx pyramidal, very much inflated and deeply sunken at the base ; leaves broadly
ovate, usually coarsely dentate. 10. P. macrophysa.
Pubescence sparse, consisting of flat, sometimes jointed, and in P. pumila branched hairs; in
P. virginiana sometimes a little viscid.
Fruiting calyx ovoid, scarcely angled and scarcely sunken at the base; leaves thick, obovate or
spatulate to rhomboid, subentire.
Leaves obovate or spatulate; hairs all simple. 11. P. lanceolata.
Leaves broader, often rhomboid ; hairs on the lower surface branched. 12. P. pumila.
Fruiting calyx pyramidal, more or less 5-angled and deeply sunken at the base; leaves ovate to
lanceolate, generally more or less dentate. 13. P. virginiana.
Pubescence dense, short, more or less viscid or glandular, often mixed with long flat jointed hairs.
Leaves large ; blade generally over 2' long and more or less cordate. 14. P. heterophylla.
Leaves less than 2' long, rounded ovate' or rhombic, scarcely at all cordate at the base ; calyx,
peduncles and ycunger branches with long white flat and jointed hairs. 15. P. comata.
Leaves small, 1— 1%' in diameter, nearly orbicular, sometimes a little cordate at the base, not
coarsely toothed; stem diffuse or prostrate. 16. P.rotundata.
tt Pubescence dense, cinereous, beautifully stellate. 17. P.viscosa.
i. Physalis pubescens L. Low Hairy
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3696.
Physalis pubescens L. Sp. PI. 1S3. 1753.
Annual ; stem generally diffuse or spreading,
much branched, angled, often a little swollen at
the nodes, villous-pubescent or sometimes nearly-
glabrous; leaves thin, I-2J' long, ovate, acute
or acuminate, at the base oblique, slightly cor-
date and generally entire, upward repand-den-
ticulate or entire, pubescent, sometimes becoming
nearly glabrous except along the veins ; peduncles
short, l"-2" long or in fruit about 5"; calyx-
lobes narrow but not with a subulate tip ; corolla
3"-S" in diameter, yellow with dark centre; an-
thers usually purplish ; fruiting calyx membra-
nous, io"-!S" long, pyramidal, ovoid-acuminate,
more or less retuse at the base.
In sandy soil, Pennsylvania to Florida. Arkansas
and California ; also in Mexico, the West Indies,
Central and South America and India. Called also
dwarf cape-gooseberry and strawberry-tomato. July-
Sept.
Genus 2.
POTATO FAMILY.
2. Physalis pruinosa L. Tall Hairy
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3697.
Physalis pruinosa L. Sp. PI. 184. 1753.
P. pubescens Dunal, in DC. Prodr. 13: part 1,
446. 1852.
Annual; siem stout, generally erect, and
more hairy than the preceding and the two
following species ; stem obtusely angled, finely
villous or somewhat viscid; leaves firm, li'-4-
long, finely pubescent, o\ate, cordate, generally
very oblique at the base, and deeply sinuately
toothed with broad and often obtuse teeth ;
peduncles i'W long, in fruit about 5"; calyx
villous or viscid; lobes as long as the tube,
narrow but not subulate-tipped ; corolla 2"-4"
in diameter ; anthers yellow, or tinged with
purple; fruiting calyx a little firmer and more
pubescent than in the preceding, reticulate,
io"-is" long, ovoid, sunken at the base; berry
yellow or green.
In cultivated soil. Massachusetts to Ontario,
Florida, Iowa, Missouri and Colorado. July-Sept.
3. Physalis barbadensis Jacq. Barbadoes
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3698.
Physalis barbadensis Jacq. Misc. 2: 359. 1781.
Physalis obscura Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I: 149. 1803.
Physalis barbadensis obscura Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club
4: 327. 1896.
Annual; stem tall and erect or widely spreading,
acutely 3-4-angled, pubescent, viscid, or nearly gla-
brous; leaves 1V-2V long, ovate or heart-shaped, acute,
or abruptly acuminate, sharply repand-dentate, pubes-
cent with short hairs; peduncles short, \i"-2" long, but
in fruit sometimes 10", calyx generally densely viscid-
hirsute, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, but not subulate-
tipped; corolla 2i"-s" in diameter; anthers generally
purplish; fruiting calyx longer than in the two pre-
ceding species, i'-li' long, acuminate and reticulate,
retuse at the base.
Sandy soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois. Missouri, Florida,
Mexico, the West Indies and South America. July-Sept.
4. Physalis missouriensis Mack. & Bush.
.Missouri Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3699.
Physalis missouriensis Mack. & Bush, Fl. Jackson
Co. 167. 1902.
Annual ; stem spreading, often zigzag, branched,
striate, or slightly angled, villous with short hairs.
Leaves i'— 3J' long, ovate, oblique and cuneate,
obtuse, or cordate at the base, acute but not acu-
minate, repand or sinuately dentate, hairy, at least
on the veins ; peduncles i"-2&" long, erect, in fruit
2i"-s"i reflexed, shorter than the fruiting calyx ;
calyx villous, lobes shorter than the tube, triangu-
lar; corolla li"-4" in diameter, yellow; fruiting
calyx y"-io" long, round-ovoid, nearly filled by
the berry, scarcely sunken or commonly rounded
at the base.
Missouri and Kansas to Arkansas and Oklahoma.
July-Sept. Referred in our first edition to the
tropical P. Lagascae R. & S.
SOLAN V E \l
Vol. III.
5. Physalis pendula Rydbcrg. Lance-leaved
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3700.
Physalis pendula Rydberg ; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 983. 1903.
Annual, stem erect, generally li° high, branched,
angled, glabrous; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, thin, usually coarsely toothed; calyx cylindric-
campanulate, its lobes broadly triangular, shorter
than the tube; peduncles filiform, about i' long, erect
with nodding flower, in fruit lf-2' long and re-
flexed ; corolla 3"-4" in diameter, campanulate, yel-
low, without a dark spot; anthers yellow, more or
less tinged with purple, fruiting calyx about 10" long,
rounded ovoid, indistinctly 10-angled and purple
veined, nearly filled by the berry.
Illinois to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. Referred in
the first edition to P. lanceifolia Nees.
6. Physalis angulata L. Cut-leaved Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3701.
Physalis angulata L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753.
Annual, erect, i*°-3° high, glabrous; stem
angular, usually much branched ; leaves ovate, with
more or less cuneate base, somewhat sinuately
toothed with long-acuminate teeth ; blades 2'-2S'
long, on slender petioles 1/-2' long, thin, the veins
not prominent; peduncles slender, io"-I5" long,
erect, in fruit often reflexed but seldom exceed-
ing the fruiting calyx in length ; calyx smooth,
lobes triangular to lanceolate, generally shorter
than the tube; corolla 2 ¥'-$" in diameter; anthers
more or less purplish tinged; fruiting calyx about
1 i' long, ovoid, 5-10-angled, sometimes purple-
veined, nearly filled by the yellow berry.
In rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Minnesota,
Missouri, Texas, Central America, Brazil and the
West Indies. Also in India. July-Sept.
7. Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Tomatillo.
Mexican Ground-Cherry. Strawberry
Tomato. Fig. 3702.
Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ; Horneman,
Suppl. 26. 1S19.
P. aequata Jaeq. f . ; Nees, Linnaea 6:
Hort. Hafn.
1831.
]:••
Annual, stem at first erect, later widely spread-
ing, much branched, angled, glabrous, or the
younger parts sparingly hairy; leaves from cor-
date to ovate, with a cuneate base which is some-
what oblique, sinuately dentate or entire, l'-2*'
long; peduncles short. i"-2'"long; calyx sparingly
hairy, its lobes short, broadly triangular, shorter
than the tube; corolla bright yellow with purple
throat, s"~7" (sometimes nearly 10") in diameter;
fruiting calyx round-ovoid, obscurely 10-angled,
often purple-veined, filled by the purple berry,
which sometimes bursts it.
Native of Mexico. It is often cultivated for its
fruit and frequently escapes from cultivation, New
York to Texas and California.
Genus 2.
POTATO FAMILY.
l5V
8. Physalis subglabrata Mackenzie and
Bush. Smooth Ground-Cherry.
Fig. 3/03-
fPhysalis Philadelphia! Lam. Encycl. 2: 101. 1786.
P. subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush, Trans. Acad. St.
Louis 12: 86. 1902.
Perennial from a deep rootstock, tall, erect, 2l°-5°
high ; stem angled, dichotomously branched, gla-
brous, or sometimes slightly pubescent with sparse
and short hairs on the upper parts ; blades ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, often very oblique at the base and
more or less acuminate, entire or repand-denticulate,
2i'-4' long, on petioles 1V-2I' long, often in pairs;
peduncles slender, s"-io" long, generally longer than
the flower; calyx glabrous, or minutely ciliolate,
lobes ovate-lanceolate or trangular, sometmes broadly
ovate and unequal, generally equalling the tube;
corolla yellow or greenish yellow with purplish
throat, i'-l' in diameter; anthers tinged with pur-
ple; fruiting calyx at first somewhat 10-angled and
sunken at the base, at last often filled with or burst
by the large red or purple berry.
Ontario and Rhode Island to Georgia, Minnesota, Kentucky and Colorado. July-Sept.
9. Physalis longifolia Nutt. Long-leaved Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3704.
Physalis longifolia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:
193- iS33-37-
Physalis lanceolata var. laevigata A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 10: 6S. 1874.
Perennial from a thick rootstock ; stem in the com-
mon form stout and tall, i*°-3° high, slightly angled,
branched above, the branches strict, glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear, tapering
into a short stout petiole 5"-io" long, subentire or
repand; peduncles 5"-io" long, in fruit often re-
curved ; calyx generally glabrous, its lobes triangular-
lanceolate, about the length of the tube; corolla 6 -
10" in diameter, yellow with a dark, commonly
brownish center ; anthers yellow, tinged with purple ;
fruiting calyx ovoid, about ii' long, not sunken at
the base; berry yellow, the lower portion and the
stipe glutinous.
In rich soil, Iowa to South Dakota, Montana, Arkan-
sas, Utah and Mexico. July-Sept.
10. Physalis macrophysa Rydb. Large-
hlackler Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3705.
P. macrophysa Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 22 : 308. 1895-
Perennial ; rootstock rather thick and fleshy ; stem
erect, i*°-3° high, comparatively slender, angled,
perfectly glabrous, or the upper parts sparingly pu-
bescent with very short hairs. Leaves large, thin,
1Y-3Y long, 1-2' wide, the lower obtuse; the upper
acute or acuminate; petioles slender, io"-2o" long;
peduncles 5"-8" long, erect, in fruit reflexed ; calyx
smooth, its lobes ovate-triangular or broadly lanceo-
late, generally a little shorter than the tube; corolla
yellow with a dark center, about 10" in diameter;
anthers generally yellow, sometimes tinged with pur-
ple; fruiting calyx large, li'-ii' long, I -I J' in diam-
eter, pyramidal to ovoid-conic, indistinctly 10-angled,
deeply sunken at the base ; berry small, in the center
of the calyx.
In rich soil, Kansas and Arkansas to Texas. May-
July. Rare.
i6o
SOLANACEAE.
Vol. III.
ii. Physalis lanceolata Michx. Prairie
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3706.
Physalis lanceolata Michx. FI. Bor. Am. 1 : 149. 1803.
Physalis pennsylvanica var. lanceolata A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 382. 1867.
Perennial; rootstock apparently slender and creep-
ing; stem about ii° high, first erect, later spreading
or diffuse, only slightly angled, sparingly hirsute with
flat hairs. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or spatu-
late, tapering into the petiole, acute or obtuse, nearly
always entire, rarely wavy, but never sinuately tooth-
ed, thickish, sparingly hairy with short hairs; pe-
duncles 5"-io" long, in fruit reflexed ; calyx strigose
or villous, rarely glabrous, its lobes triangular-lan-
ceolate ; corolla dullish yellow with a brownish cen-
ter, about 8" in diameter; fruiting calyx round-
ovoid, not sunken at the base, indistinctly 10-angled ;
berry yellow or greenish yellow.
On dry prairies, South Carolina to Illinois, South Da-
kota, Wyoming, Kansas and New Mexico. July-Sept.
12. Physalis pumila Xutt. Low Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3707.
Physalis pumila Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:
193. 1834.
Physalis lanceolata var. hirta A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
10 : 68. 1874.
Perennial from a slender rootstock, lh°-3° high;
stem hirsute, obscurely angled. Leaves thick, broadly
ovate to oblong, acute at both ends and somewhat
rhomboid, the lower often obtuse and obovate, gen-
erally much larger than in the preceding; blades
2'-4' long, entire or seldom sinuate, on petioles
io"-I5" long, strigose with many-branched hairs
especially on the lower surface; peduncles s"-io"
long, in fruit reflexed and 1V-2' long; calyx
densely hirsute, not stellate-pubescent, its lobes tri-
angular, generally a little shorter than the tube ;
corolla yellow with brown center, 8"-io" in diam-
eter ; fruiting calyx usually more elongated than in
the preceding, i4'-2' long, oblong-ovoid, a little
sunken at the base, indistinctly 10-angled.
Plains and prairies, Illinois to Colorado and Texas.
July-Sept.
Physalis virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3708.
Physalis virginiana Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768.
Physalis pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 382. 1867.
Not L. 1753.
Physalis virginiana intermedia Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club
4: 345- 1896.
Perennial; rootstock thick and somewhat fleshy;
stem li°-3° high, erect, dichotomously branched,
somewhat angular, more or less strigose-hairy with
flat hairs, sometimes a little glandular, or sometimes
nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to
both ends, li'-2i' long, generally more or less sin-
uately dentate, often yellowish green ; peduncles 5"-lo"
long, generally erect, in fruit curved but scarcely re-
flexed ; calyx strigose. hirsute, or at least puberulent,
its lobes triangular or broadly lanceolate, nearly equal-
ling the tube ; corolla sulphur-yellow with purplish
spots, §'— 1' in diameter: anthers yellow; fruiting calyx
pyramidal-ovoid, 5-angled, sunken at the base; berry
reddish.
Rich soil, especially in open places. Ontario to Manitoba.
Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Consists of
numerous races, differing in pubescence. July-Sept. Wild cherry.
Genus 2.
POTATO FAMILY.
161
Fig. 3709.
14. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Clammy Ground-Cherry
Physalis viscosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 157. 1814. Not
L. 1753-
Physalis heterophylla Nees, Linnaea 6: 463. 1831.
Physalis virginiana A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part I, 235.
1878. Not Mill. 1768.
Perennial from a slender creeping rootstock, i4°-3°
tall, at first erect, later generally decumbent and
spreading, viscid and glandular, and villous with
long spreading jointed flat hairs; leaves large, blade
generally over 2' long, usually broadly cordate, often
acute and very rarely with an elongated tip, thick,
more or less sinuately toothed, or sometimes suben-
tire; calyx long-villous, lobes triangular, generally
shorter than the tube ; corolla 8"-io" in diameter,
greenish yellow with a brownish or purplish center;
anthers mostly yellow; berry yellow.
In rich soil, especially where the surface has been
disturbed, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Florida,
Colorado and Texas. The most common of our species,
and includes several races.
Physalis peruviana L., a native of South America, is cultivated for its fruit and often escapes.
It resembles P. heterophylla, but differs in the leaves, which have a long tip, and in the pubes-
cence, which is shorter, denser, and not at all viscid. Cape-gooseberry. Strawberry-tomato.
Peruvian ground-cherry. Husk-tomato.
15. Physalis comata Rydberg. Hillside
Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3710.
P. comata Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 306. 1895.
Perennial, erect, about ii° high; pubescence fine
and short, that on the calyx, peduncles and upper
branches mixed with long white flat jointed hairs.
Like P. heterophylla Nees (P. virginiana Gray, not
Mill.), but leaves smaller, blade not over 2' long,
round-ovate, scarcely at all cordate at the base, about
2' long, thin, somewhat repand-dentate, or nearly
entire; petioles as long as the leave's; peduncles as
long as the fruiting calyx, or longer ; corolla green-
ish yellow, with brown center, 6"- 10" in diameter;
fruiting calyx of thin texture, round-ovoid, some-
what 10-angled, scarcely sunken at the base.
Hillsides of Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and Texas.
Rare.
16. Physalis rotundata Rydberg. Round-
leaved Ground-Cherry. Fig. 371 1.
Physalis hederaefolia Holzinger, Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb.
1: 212. i89i. Not Gray.
P. rotundata Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 352. 1896.
Diffuse and spreading, zigzag, generally dichoto-
mously much branched, from a perennial rootstock,
densely and finely viscid-pubescent, usually more
glandular than the preceding. Leaves nearly orbicu-
lar with more or less cordate base, I'-li' in diam-
eter, with small teeth; petioles short, more or less
winged ; peduncles short, in fruit scarcely more
than half the length of the calyx; corolla 8" in
diameter, greenish yellow with a brownish center;
fruiting calyx ovoid, slightly angled, scarcely sunken
at the base.
Dry plains, South Dakota to Texas and New Mexico.
July-Sept.
SOLANACEAE.
Vol. 111.
17. Physalis viscosa L. Stellate Ground-
Cherry. Yellow-henbane. Fig. 3712.
Physalis viscosa L. Sp. PI. 1S3. 1 753.
Physalis pennsylvanica I.. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1670. 1763.
Perennial from a slender creeping rootstock; stems
slender, creeping, with a dense ashy stellate pubes-
cence, or in age rarely glabrate. Leaves elliptic,
oval or ovate, obtuse, thinish, entire or undulate, in
the typical South American race often cordate at
the base, but rarely so in our plant ; peduncles i'-l'
long; calyx stellate-pubescent, its lobes triangular,
generally shorter than the tube; corolla greenish
yellow with a darker center, 8"-io" in diameter;
fruiting calyx lo"-i5" long, round-ovoid, scarcely
sunken at the base; berry orange or yellow.
On sea beaclies, or in sand near the coast, Virginia
and North Carolina to Florida. Eastern South America.
Physalis Alkekengi L., Strawberry tomato or Winter cherry, is a native of Europe and Asia,
often cultivated for its fruit and sometimes escapes from cultivation. The flowers are whitish,
the limb distinctly 5-lobed; leaves broadly deltoid, acute at both ends, repand or angulately
toothed.
3. QUINCULA Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832.
A low and diffuse somewhat scurfy herb, with a stout perennial root. Leaves from sinuate
to pinnatifid, somewhat fleshy. Peduncles most commonly in pairs from the axils_ of the
leaves, sometimes solitary, or in fascicles of 3"5- Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit
inflated, sharply 5-angular and reticulate, enclosing the fruit, the lobes conmvent. Corolla
flat-rotate, pentagonal in outline, veiny, violet or purplish. Anthers opening by a longi-
tudinal slit. Seeds comparatively few, kidney-shaped, somewhat flattened, with thick margins,
rugose-tuberculate. [Name unexplained.]
A monotypic genus of central North America.
i. Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. Purple-
flowered Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3713.
Physalis lobata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 226. 1827.
Quincula lobata Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832.
Perennial, low, spreading or prostrate, more or
less scurfy-puberulent ; stem obtusely angled and
striate, much branched. Leaves oblanceolate or
spatulate to oblong, sinuately toothed, or pinnatifid
with rounded lobes, or rarely subentire, cuneate at
the base, thickish and veiny, tapering into margined
petioles ; peduncles l'-2' long, in fruit reflexed ; calyx-
lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the tube ; corolla
purplish, Io"-l5" in diameter; anthers yellow, tinged
with purple ; fruiting calyx about as wide as long,
sharply 5-angled, sunken at the base.
On high plains, Kansas to California, Texas, New
Mexico and Mexico. May-Sept.
4. LEUCOPHYSALIS Rydberg. Mem. Torr. Club 4: 365. li
A tall erect viscid and villous annual, with entire leaves, the blade decurrent on the
petiole. Peduncles generally in fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, at
first a little inflated, but soon filled by and closely fitted to the berry, thin, neither angled
nor ribbed, faintly veiny, open at the mouth, the lobes exceeding the fruit. Corolla rotate,
white, sometimes tinged with purple and generally creamy or yellow in the center, the limb
plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments long and slender; anthers
oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit. Style and stigmas as in Physalis. Seeds kidney-
shaped, flattened, punctate. [Greek, white Physalis.]
A monotypic genus of northern North America.
Genus 4.
POTATO FAMILY.
163
1. Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.)
Rydberg. Large White Ground-
Cherry. Fig. 3714.
P. grandiflora Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 90. 1834.
Leucophysalis grandiflora Rydberg, Mem. Torr.
Club 4 : 366. 1896.
Erect, tall, ii°-3° high; stem somewhat
angled, striate, more or less villous. Leaves
large, 4'-8' long, ovate to lanceolate-ovate,
generally acute and entire, somewhat decur-
rent on the petiole, more or less villous and
viscid, especially on the veins of the lower
surface; peduncles several from each axil,
§'-!' long, villous; calyx villous, its lobes
lanceolate, equalling the tube; corolla large,
H'-ii' in diameter, rotate, white with a more
or less yellowish center; filaments slender;
anthers short, yellow, often tinged with pur-
ple ; fruiting calyx ovoid, early filled by the
berry.
Sandy soil, Quebec to Saskatchewan, Mich-
igan and Minnesota. May-July.
5. CHAMAESARACHA A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1 : 540. 1876.
Perennials, with entire to pinnatifid leaves, the blades decurrent on the petioles. Peduncles
solitary, or in fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, in fruit somewhat
enlarged, but not bladdery-inflated, close-fitting to the berry, thin, not angled nor ribbed, and
faintly if at all veiny, open at the mouth, not exceeding the berry. Corolla rotate, white or
cream-colored, often tinged with purple, the limb plicate. Stamens inserted near the base
of the corolla; filaments long and slender; anthers oblong, opening by longitudinal slits;
style and stigma as in Physalis. Seeds kidney-shaped, flattened, rugose-favose or punctate.
[Ground--Sara<-/ia, the latter a genus named in honor of Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Bene-
dictine botanist.]
An American genus, consisting of half a dozen species, natives of Mexico and the south-
western United States. Type species: Chamaesaracha Coronopus (Dunal) A. Gray.
Pubescence dense, puberulent and hirsute. 1. C. conioides.
Pubescence sparse, puberulent or stellate, hirsute (if at all) only on the calyx. 2. C. Coronopus.
i. Chamaesaracha conioides (Moricand) Brit-
ton. Hairy Chamaesaracha. Fig. 3715.
Solatium conioides Moric. ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: Part
1, 64. 1852.
Withania (?) sordida Dunal, loc. cit., 456. 1852.
Chamaesaracha sordida A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 540. 1876.
Chamaesaracha conioides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5:
287. 1895.
Much branched from a perennial base, at first up-
right, at length spreading, cinereous-puberulent with
short branched somewhat glutinous or viscid hairs,
generally also viscidly hirsute or villous with long and
branched hairs, especially on the calyx; leaves oblan-
ceolate to obovate-rhombic, usually acutish and taper-
ing into a short petiole, generally deeply lobed, but
varying from subentire to pinnatifid; calyx-lobes tri-
angular, generally acutish ; corolla about 4' in diam-
eter, white, cream-colored or sometimes violet-pur-
plish ; berry 2*"-4" in diameter.
In dry clayey soil, southern Kansas to California and
Mexico. May-Sept.
Si (LANACEAE.
V0L.I1
2. Chamaesaracha Coronopus ( Dunal)
A. Gray. Smoothish Chamaesaracha.
Fig. 37 1 1 1.
Solatium Coronopus Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 1,
64. 1852.
C. Coronopus A. Cray, Bot. Cal. 1: 540. [876.
Branched and diffuse from a perennial base;
stem obtusely angled; pubescence on the stem
and leaves more or less roughish pruinose or
stellate, often scarcely any; on the calyx stellate
or sometimes hirsute. Leaves linear or lanceo-
late, tapering at the base, more or less sinuately
lobed, occasionally subentire, sometimes pinna-
tifid ; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; corolla white
or ochroleucous, the appendages of the throat
often protuberant; berry 2i"-4" in diameter,
nearly white.
In clayey soil, Kansas to Utah, California and
Mexico. May-Sept.
6. SOLANUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 184.
i/53-
Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent, sometimes climbing. Flowers cymose, umbel-
liform, paniculate, or racemose, white, blue, purple, or yellow. Calyx campanulate or rotate,
mostly 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited, S-angled or 5-lobed, the tube
very short. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short; anthers linear or
oblong, acute or acuminate, connate or connivent into a cone, the cells dehiscent by a terminal
pore, or sometimes by a short introrse terminal slit, or sometimes also longitudinally. Ovary
usually 2-celled ; stigma small. Berry mostly globose, the calyx either persistent at its base
or enclosing it. [Name, according to Wettstein, from solamen, quieting.]
About 1000 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in tropical America.
Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type
species: Solatium nigrum L.
* Glabrous or pubescent herbs, not prickly.
Plants green ; pubescence simple, or some of it stellate ; flowers white.
Leaves repand or entire ; ripe berries black.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid ; ripe berries green.
Plant silvery stellate-canescent ; flowers violet.
** Stellate-pubescent and prickly herbs.
Berry not enclosed by the calyx ; perennials.
Hirsute; leaves ovate or oblong, sinuate or pinnatifid.
Densely silvery-canescent ; leaves linear or oblong, repand or entire.
Pubescent ; leaves ovate, 5-7-lobed.
Berry partly or wholly invested by the spiny calyx ; annuals.
Lowest anther larger than the other four.
Plant densely stellate-pubescent ; corolla yellow.
Plant glandular-pubescent, with few stellate hairs ; corolla violet.
Anthers all equal. °-
*** Climbing vine, not prickly; leaves hastate or 3-lobed. 9.
1. Solarium nigrum L. Clack, Deadly or
Garden Nightshade. Morel. Fig. 3717.
Solanum nigrum L. Sp. PI. 186. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent with
simple hairs, green; stem erect, branched, l°-2i
high. Leaves ovate, petioled, more or less inequi-
lateral, 1-3' long, entire, undulate, or dentate, thin,
acute, acuminate or acutish at the apex, narrowed
or rounded at the base ; peduncles lateral, umbel-
lately 3-10-flowered, A'-ii' long; pedicels 3"-7" long;
flowers white, 4"-S" broad; calyx-lobes oblong, ob-
tuse, spreading, much shorter than the corolla, per-
sistent at the base of the berry; filaments somewhat
pubescent ; anthers obtuse ; berries black when ripe,
smooth and glabrous, globose, 4"-S" in diameter, on
nodding peduncles.
In waste places, commonly in cultivated soil, Nova
Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and
Texas. Widely distributed in nearly all countries as a
weed, and includes numerous races, differing principally
in leaf-form and pubescence. Petty-morel. Duscle.
Hound's-berry. July-Oct.
S. nigrum.
S. tri flora 111.
S. elaeagni folium.
S. carolinense.
S. elaeagnifolium.
S. Torreyi.
S. rostratum.
S. citrullifoliiiin.
S. sisymbrifolinm.
S. Dulcamara.
Genus 6.
POTATO FAMILY.
i65
Solanum villosum (L.) Mill., with coarsely den-
tate leaves, the pubescence villous and somewhat
viscid, has been found in ballast about the seaports.
2. Solanum triflorum Nutt. Cut-leaved
Nightshade. Fig. 3718.
Solanum triflorum Nutt. Gen. 1: 128. 1818.
Annual, sparingly pubescent with simple hairs,
or glabrous; stem branched, i°-3° high. Leaves
pinnatifid or some of them pinnately lobed, acute
at the apex, petioled, 2'-4' long, the lobes trian-
gular-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, entire or dentate,
the sinuses rounded ; peduncles lateral, 1-3-flow-
ered, i'-l' long; pedicels 3"-/' IonS. reflexed in
fruit ; calyx-segments lanceolate, shorter than the
corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; co-
rolla white, 4"-S" broad ; anthers obtuse ; berries
green when mature, globose, smooth and glabrous,
about 5" in diameter.
On prairies and in waste places, Ontario to Mani-
toba, Kansas, New Mexico and Arizona. Introduced
m Missouri. May-Oct.
Solanum carolinense L.
Horse-Nettle. Sand-Brier. Fig. 3719.
Solanum carolinensis L. Sp. PI. 184. 1 753-
Perennial, green, finely stellate-pubescent
with 4-8-rayed hairs ; stem erect, branched,
l°-4° high, the branches, petioles, midveins
and sometimes the lateral veins of the leaves
armed with straight subulate yellow prickles.
Leaves oblong or ovate, repand, lobed, or pin-
natifid, 2'-6' long, the lobes obtuse or acutish;
petioles 3"-io" long ; flowers cymose-racemose,
appearing terminal, but really lateral, as is
manifest in fruit ; pedicels i"~7" long, re-
curved in fruit ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acumi-
nate, about one-half the length of the corolla,
persistent at the base of the berry; corolla-
lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute ; anthers elon-
gated ; berries orange-yellow, smooth and
glabrous, 8"-io" in diameter.
In dry fields and in waste places, southern On-
tario to Vermont. Massachusetts and Florida, west
to Illinois, Nebraska and Texas. Adventive in its
northeastern range. Apple-of-sodom. Radical-
weed. Bull-nettle. Tread-softly. May-Sept.
4. Solanum eiaeagnifolium Cav. Silver-
leaved Nightshade. Fig. 3720.
.S". eiaeagnifolium Cav. Icon. 3: 22. pi. 243. 1794-
Perennial, densely and finely stellate-pubescent,
silvery-canescent all over; stem branched, l°-3°
high, armed with very slender sharp prickles, or
these wanting. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or
linear, petioled, 1-4' long, 3,"-I2," wide, mostly
obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the
base, repand-dentate or entire; flowers cymose,
8"-i2" broad, violet or blue; peduncles short and
stout, appearing terminal, but soon evidently lat-
eral ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear-lnceolate,
acute ; anthers linear ; ovary white-tomentose ;
berries globose, yellow or darker, smooth and
glabrous, 4"-6" in diameter.
On dry plains and prairies, Missouri and Kansas
to Texas and Arizona. Trompillos. May-Sept.
SOLANA( EAE.
Vol. III.
m
5. Solanum Torreyi A. Gray. Torrey's
Nightshade. Fig. 3721.
.V. Torreyi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 44. 1862.
Perennial, hoary with a stellate pubescence of
8-12-rayed hairs, more or less armed with small
subulate prickles. Leaves ovate in outline, 3'-6'
long, sinuately 5-7-lobed, the lobes entire or undu-
late, obtuse; cymes appearing terminal, soon evi-
dently lateral, branched, loosely several-flowered ;
flowers showy, large ; calyx-lobes ovate, abruptly
long-acuminate, persistent at the base of the
berry; corolla violet, 1-1J' broad, its lobes ovate,
acute; berry globose, smooth and glabrous, 1' or
more in diameter, yellow when ripe.
On dry plains and prairies, Kansas to Texas,
ported from Missouri.
Re-
6. Solanum rostratum Dunal. Sand
Bur. Beaked or Prickly Nightshade.
Buffalo-bur. Fig. 3722.
Solanum rostratum Dunal. Sol. 234. pi. 24. 18:3.
5. heterandrum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 156. pi. 7.
1814.
Annual, densely stellate-pubescent with 5-8-
rayed hairs, usually copiously armed with
yellow subulate prickles ; stem erect, branched,
l°-2i° high. Leaves ovate or oval in outline,
irregularly pinnately 5-7-lobed or 1-2-pinna-
tifid, 2-5' long, petioled. the lobes mostly
oblong, obtuse ; flowers racemose, yellow, about
1' broad ; racemes lateral ; pedicels stout, 3"-6"
long, erect both in flower and fruit; calyx
densely prickly, surroundi-ng and wholly en-
closing the berry, the prickles becoming as
long as the fruit, or longer; calyx-lobes lan-
ceolate, acuminate; corolla about r' broad,
slightly irregular, its lobes ovate, acute; sta-
mens and style declined, the lowest stamen
longer with an incurved beak; fruit, .includ-
ing its prickles, 1' in diameter or more.
On prairies, South Dakota to Texas and Mexico. Occasional in waste
Hampshire, Tennessee and Florida, adventive from the west. Texas-nettle.
Sept. The original food of the Colorado beetle.
places, O
Prickly
ntano
potato
to New
May-
7. Solanum citrullifdlium Braun. Melon-
Fig- 3723-
leaved Nightshade.
Solanum citrullifolium Braun. Ind. Sem. Frib. 1849.
Annual, glandular-pubescent, or a few 4-5-rayed
hairs on the leaves, copiously armed with slender
yellow subulate prickles, diffusely branched, i°-3°
high. Leaves irregularly bipinnatifid, resembling
in outline those of the watermelon, 2'-6' long; ra-
cemes lateral, several-flowered ; flowers l'-ll' broad,
violet ; stamens and style declined : lowest anther
violet, larger than the four other yellow ones; co-
rolla somewhat irregular, its lobes ovate, acuminate;
fruit similar to that of the preceding species.
In dry soil, Iowa and Kansas to Texas, Mexico and
New Mexico. Referred in our first edition, to S\
heterodoxum Dunal. July-Sept.
Genus 6.
POTATO FAMILY.
167
8. Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. Viscid
Nightshade. Fig. 3724.
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. 111. 2:
1/93-
Annual, branched, 2°-4° high, villous-pubescent
with long viscid hairs and armed all over with bright
yellow prickles. Leaves thin, deeply pinnatifid into
oblong toothed or sinuate lobes; flowers li'-li'
broad, light blue or white; stamens and style nearly-
erect; anthers all equal, yellow; corolla slightly
irregular, its lobes deltoid or ovate-deltoid, acute or
obtusish; fruit included in the accrescent calyx
which has a prickly tube and thinnish lobes.
In waste places and on ballast, especially about sea-
ports, from Massachusetts to the Gulf States. Intro-
duced from tropical America. June-Sept.
9. Solanum Dulcamara L.
Fellenwort.
Climbing or Bitter Nightshade. Blue Bindweed.
Bittersweet. Dogwood. Fig. 3725.
Solanum Dulcamara L. Sp. PI. 185. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent with simple hairs or gla-
brate, stem climbing or straggling, somewhat
woody below, branched, 2°-8° long. Leaves peti-
oled, ovate or hastate in outline, 2'~4' long, l'-2i'
wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, usually
slightly cordate at the base, some of them entire,
some with a lobe on one side near the base, some
deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided, with the terminal
segment much the largest; cymes compound, lat-
eral; pedicels slender, articulated at the base,
spreading or drooping ; flowers blue, purple or
white, s"-y" broad ; calyx-lobes short, oblong,
obtuse, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla
deeply 5-cleft, its lobes triangular-lanceolate, acu-
minate; berry oval or globose, red.
Tn waste places or in moist thickets, sometimes
appearing as if indigenous, Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota, Washington, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and
Kansas. May-Sept. Woody nightshade. Poison-
flower. Poison- or snake-berry. Scarlet berry. Natu-
ralized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Solanum triquetrum Cav., a Texan and Mexican nearly glabrous herb, scarcely climbing, with
somewhat ridged stems, 3-lobed deltoid-cordate or hastate leaves, lateral few-flowered cymes and
globose red berries, is reported from Kansas.
Solanum Melongena L., the egg-plant, with blue or purplish flowers, and an ovoid or obovoid
berry up to 6' long, is occasionally found in waste grounds. It is native of Asia,
species: Lycium afrum L.
7. LYCOPERSICON Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.
Annual, or rarely perennial, coarse branching or feebly climbing herbs, with 1-2-pinnately
divided leaves, and lateral irregular raceme-like cymes of small yellowish flowers opposite
the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, or rarely 6-parted, the segments linear or lanceolate. Corolla
rotate, the tube very short, the limb 5-cleft or rarely 6-cleft, plicate. Stamens 5 (rarely 6),
inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments very short; anthers elongated, connate or
connivent, introrsely longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled ; style simple; stigma small,
capitate. Berry in the wild plants globose or pyriform, much modified in cultivation, the
calyx persistent at its base. [Greek, wolf-peach.]
About 4 species, natives of North America, the following typical.
SOLANACEAE.
Vol. III.
i. Lycopersicon Lycopersicon (L.)
k.n-t. Tomato. Love Apple.
Cherry Tomato. Fig. 372I i.
Solatium Lycopersicum L. Sp. PI. 185. 1753.
L. esculentum Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8. 1768.
Lycopersicum Lycopersicum ECarst. Deutsch. Fl.
966. 1SS0-83.
Viscid-pubescent, mucli branched, i°-3°
high, the branches spreading. Leaves peti-
oled, pinnately divided, 6-18' long, the seg-
ments stalked, the larger 7-9, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, mostly acute, dentate, lobed or
again divided, 2'-4' long, with several or
numerous smaller, sometimes very small ones
interspersed; clusters several-flowered; pe-
duncles 1 '-3' long; flowers s"-8" broad ; calyx-
segments about equalling the corolla; berry
the well-known tomato or love-apple.
Escaped from cultivation and occasionally
spontaneous from New York and Pennsylvania
southward. Jews' ear. June-Sept.
8. LYCIUM L. Sp. PI. 191. 1753.
Shrubs, or woody vines, often spiny, with small alternate entire leaves, commonly with
smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and white greenish or purple, axillary or terminal, soli-
tary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanulate, 3-5-lobed or -toothed, not enlarged in fruit,
persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnelform, salverform, or campanulate, the tube
short or slender, the limb 5-Iobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5 (rarely 4),
exserted, or included; filaments filiform, sometimes dilated at the base; anther-sacs longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Berry glo-
bose, ovoid, or oblong. [Named from the country Lycia.]
About 75 species, widely distributed in temperate and warm regions. Besides the following,
introduced from Europe, some 17 native species occur in the western parts of North America. Type
species: Lycium afreum L.
1. Lycium halimifolium Mill. Matrimony Vine. Box-thorn.
Lycium halimifolium Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 6. 1768.
Lycium Barbarum var. vulgare Ait. f. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2,
2:3. 181 1.
Lycium vulgare Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 1, 509. 1852.
Glabrous, spiny or unarmed ; stems slender, climb-
ing or trailing, branched, 6°-25° long, the branches
somewhat angled, the spines, when present, slender,
about i' long. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or spatu-
late, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed into short
petioles, firm, i'-iY long, 2"-4" wide; flowers 2-5
together in the axils, or solitary; peduncles filiform,
spreading. 6"-i2" long; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, or
obtuse, 1 J" long; corolla funnelform, purplish chang-
ing to greenish, 4"-6" broad, its lobes ovate-oblong;
stamens slightly exserted ; berry oval, orange-red.
In thickets and waste places, escaped from gardens,
Ontario to Virginia, Minnesota and Kansas. Introduced
from Europe. Bastard jessamine. Jasmine. Jackson-vine.
May-Aug.
9. HYOSCYAMUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753.
Erect coarse viscid-pubescent narcotic annual biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate
mostly lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and large nearly regular flowers, the lower solitary in the
axils, the upper in a more or less i-sided spike or raceme. Calyx urn-shaped or narrowly
campanulate. 5-cleft, striate,_ enlarged and enclosing the capsule in fruit. Corolla funnel-
form, the limb somewhat oblique. 5-cleft, the lobes more or less unequal, spreading. Stamens
declined, mostly exserted; filaments filiform; anthers oblong or ovate, their sacs longitudi-
Genus 9.
POTATO FAMILY.
169
nally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, circum-
scissile above the middle. [Greek, hog-bean.]
About 15 species, natives of the Mediterranean region, the following typical.
I. Hyoscyamus niger L. Black Hen-
bane. Hog's-bean. Fig. 3728.
Hyoscyamus niger L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753-
Annual or biennial, villous and viscid, of
an ill odor; stem stout, i°-2i° high. Leaves
ovate, lanceolate, or oblong in outline, 3 '-7'
long, acute or acuminate at the apex, sessile,
or the upper clasping the stem, irregularly
lobed, cleft or pinnatifid; flowers very short-
pedicelled, l'-2' broad ; calyx-lobes triangular-
ovate, acute ; corolla greenish-yellow, strongly
reticulated with purple veins, its lobes ovate,
obtusish; capsule globose-oblong, about 5"
high.
In waste places. Nova Scotia to Ontario, New
York and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe.
Fetid nightshade. Insane-root. Belene. Chenile.
Poison-tobacco. June-Sept.
10. DATURA L. Sp. PL 179. i/53-
Annual or perennial erect tall branching
narcotic herbs, some tropical species shrubs
or trees, with alternate petioled entire sinuate-
dentate or lobed leaves, and large solitary erect
short-peduncled white purple or violet flow-
ers. Calyx elongated-tubular or prismatic, its
apex S-cleft or spathe-like, in the following species circumscissile near the base which is per-
sistent and subtends the globose ovoid prickly capsule. Corolla funnelform, the limb plaited,
S-lobed, the lobes broad, acuminate. Stamens included or little exserted; filaments filiform,
very long, inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely
4-celled; style filiform; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved from the top, or bursting
irregularly. [The Hindoo name, dhatura.]
About 12 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Datura Stramonium L.
The following are introduced weeds.
Glabrous or very sparingly pubescent ; leaves lobed, calyx prismatic. 1. D. Stramonium.
Finely glandular-pubescent; leaves entire or undulate; calyx tubular. 2. D.Metel.
i. Datura Stramonium L. Stramonium.
Jamestown or Jimson-weed. Thorn-
Apple. Fig. 3729.
Datura Stramonium L. Sp. PI. 179- *753'
Datura Tatula L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 256. 1762.
Annual, glabrous or the young parts spar-
ingly pubescent; stem green to purple, stout,
l°-5° high. Leaves thin, ovate in outline, acute
or acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at
the base, 3'-8' long, irregularly sinuate-lobed,
the lobes acute; petioles 1-4' long; flowers
white or violet, about 4' high, the limb \Y-2
broad; calyx prismatic, less than one-half the
length of the corolla ; capsule ovoid, densely
prickly, about 2' high, the lower prickles shorter
than the upper or all about equal.
In fields and waste places. Nova Scotia to Flor-
ida, west to Minnesota and Texas. Naturalized
from tropical regions. June-Sept. Peru-, mad-
or devil's-apple. Devil's-trumpet. Jamestown-lily.
Fire-weed. Dewtry. Races differ in color of
flowers and in length of the prickles on the pods.
SOLANACEAE.
Vol. III.
2. Datura Metel L. Entire-leaved
Thorn-Apple. Fig. 3730.
Datura Metel L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753.
Annual, densely and finely glandular-pubes-
cent ; stem stout, much branched, 4°-8° high.
Leaves broadly ovate, acute at the apex, ine-
quilateral, rounded or subcordatc at the base,
4'-io' long, entire or merely undulate; petioles
l'-Z' long; flowers white, 6'-y' high, the limb
3 '-4' broad; calyx tubular, about one-half as
long as the corolla; capsule globose or ovoid-
globose, obtuse, prickly and pubescent, i'-ij'
in diameter.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Rhode
Island to Florida. Native of tropical America.
July-Sept.
11. NICOTIANA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 180. 1753.
Annual or perennial viscid-pubescent acrid narcotic herbs or shrubs, with large alternate
entire or slightly undulate leaves, and rather large white yellow greenish or purplish flowers,
in terminal, often bracted, racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate or ovoid, 5-cleft.
Corolla funnelform, salverform, or nearly tubular, the tube usually longer than the limb,
S-lobed, the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments
filiform; anthers ovate or oblong, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled (rarely
4-celled); style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, or sometimes 4-valved at the
summit. Seeds very numerous, small. [Named for John Nicot. French ambassodar to
Portugal, who sent some species to Catherine de Medici, about 1560.]
About 50 species, mostly natives of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in
the southern and western United States. Type species
Nicotiana Tabacum L.
Corolla 1' long, the tube cylindric ; calyx-lobes triangular.
Corolla 4-6' long, the tube very slender; calyx-lobes linear or narrowly
lanceolate.
i. Nicotiana rustica L. Wild To-
bacco. Fig. 3731.
Nicotiana rustica L. Sp. PI. 180. 1753.
Annual ; stem rather slender, 2°-4° high.
Leaves broadly ovate, thin, entire, slender-
petioled, 2'-8' long, i'-6' wide; petioles
''-55' long; flowers greenish-yellow, about
1' long, panicled ; pedicels 3"-6" long, rather
stout; calyx-lobes broadly triangular, acute,
shorter than the tube ; corolla-tube cylin-
dric. somewhat enlarged above, the lobes
short, obtuse, slightly spreading ; capsule
globose, glabrous, about 5" in diameter,
2-valved, longer than the calyx.
In fields and waste places, escaped from
gardens, Ontario to Minnesota, south to south-
ern New York and Florida. Cultivated by the
Indians, its origin unknown. Leaves greenish
when dry. Indian, Syrian or real-tobacco.
June-Sept.
1, N. rustica.
2. .V. longiflora.
Genus ii.
POTATO FAMILY.
171
2. Nicotiana longifldra Cav. Long-flowered
Tobacco. Fig. 3732.
Nicotiana longiflora Cav. Descr. PI. 106. 1802.
Annual, minutely rough-puberulent and viscid; stem
erect, slender, branched, l*°-3° high- Basal leaves
ovate-lanceolate or broadly oblanceolate, obtuse, 6'-io'
long, l'-3' wide, tapering into slender winged petioles;
stem-leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile, 2'-4' ( long ;
flowers in terminal racemes, short-pedicelled, 4'-6' long;
calyx oblong, pubescent, its narrow lobes nearly as long
as the tube; corolla white or purplish, viscid, the tube
slender, l"-l4" in diameter, expanding above, the lobes
ovate-lanceolate, acute; capsule oblong.
Near Harrisburg and Eastern, Pa. Escaped from gar-
dens. Native of South America. Aug.-Oct.
12
PETUNIA Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris 2: 215.
pi. 47. 1803.
Viscid-pubescent annual or perennial branching herbs,
with entire leaves, and axillary or terminal solitary white
violet or purple flowers (in cultivation sometimes variegated). Calyx deeply 5-cleft or
5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the limb plicate, spread-
ing, slightly irregular. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, 4 of them didy-
namous, perfect, the fifth smaller or obsolete; filaments slender; anthers ovoid, 2-lobed.
Disk fleshy. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; style filiform; stigma 2-lamel-
late. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves entire. Seeds small, the testa rugose. [Petun,
an Indian name of tobacco.]
About 12 species, natives of South America. Type species: Petunia parviflora Juss.
Corolla white, its tube cylindric. r- P- axillaris.
Corolla violet-purple, its tube campanulate. 2- r. violacea.
i. Petunia axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P. White
Petunia. Fig. 3733.
Nicotiana axillaris Lam. Encycl. 4: 480. 1797-
Petunia nyctaginiflora Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris, 2: 215.
pi. 47. f. 2. 1803.
Petunia axillaris B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 38. 1888.
Very viscid; stem stout, about 1° high. Leaves
ovate to obovate, obtuse or blunt-pointed at the
apex, sessile, or the lower narrowed into short mar-
gined petioles, 3-4' long, 1-2' wide; peduncles
slender, 2'-4' long, often longer than the leaves ;
calyx-segments linear-oblong, obtuse ; corolla white,
its tube cylindric, slightly enlarged above, l'-li'
long, 3-4 times as long as the calyx, its limb about
2' broad, the lobes rounded.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, southern New
York and Pennsylvania. Native of Brazil. July-Sept.
2. Petunia violacea Lindl. Violet Petunia
Fig- 3734-
Petunia violacea Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1626. 1833.
Similar to the preceding species, but usually
rather lower, and the stem slender. Leaves ovate
or obovate, all but the uppermost petioled, mostly
obtuse. i'-'V long; peduncles slender, I '-2' long;
calyx-segments linear, subacute, or obtuse^ co-
rolla violet-purple, its tube campanulate, o/'-i5"
long, the limb less abruptly spreading, i'-l$'
broad, the lobes subacute.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, southern
New York and Pennsylvania. Native of southern
Brazil and Paraguay. June-Sept.
Petunia parviflora Juss., a prostrate pubescent
annual, with small linear to spatulate leaves, and a
funnelform corolla 4"-5" long, has been found on
ballast about the eastern seaports, from South
America.
172 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Vol.III.
ilv _>8. SCROPHULARIACEAE I. in, 11. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 288. 1826.
Figwort Family.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite or alternate exstipulate leaves, and
perfect mostly complete and irregular flowers (corolla wanting in one species of
Synthyris). Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided, or some-
times split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or segments valvate,
imbricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 2-lipped, or
nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous, or nearly equal, inserted on the
ilia and alternate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs equal, or unequal,
or sometimes confluent into one. Disk present or obsolete. Pistil I, entire or
2-lobed ; ovary superior, 2-celled, or rarely i-celled ; ovules mostly numerous, rarely
few, anatropous or amphitropous, borne on axile placentae; style slender, simple;
stigma entire, 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit mostly capsular and septicidally or
loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous, the testa reticulated, pitted,
striate, ribbed, or nearly smooth ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo small, straight or
slightly curved ; cotyledons little broader than the radicle.
About 165 genera and 2700 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions.
1. Anther-bearing stamens 5; corolla rotate; leaves alternate. (Vereasceae.) i. Verbascum.
2. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4; leaves opposite, verticillate or alternate.
* Corolla spurred, saccate or gibbous on the lower side at the base. (Antirrhineae.)
Corolla spurred at the base.
Leaves palmately 3-5-veined. 2. Cymbalaria.
Leaves pinnately veined.
Flowers solitary in the axils.
Throat of the corolla closed by the palate ; leaves broad. 3. Kickxia.
Throat of the corolla not closed by the palate; leaves narrow. 4. Chaenorrhinum.
Flowers in terminal racemes. 5. Linaria.
Corolla saccate or gibous at the base. 6. Antirrhinum.
** Corolla neither spurred, saccate nor gibbous on the lower side,
t Anther-bearing stamens 4, the fifth sterile or rudimentary. (Cheloneae.)
Sterile stamen a scale adnate to the upper side of the corolla. 7. Scrophularia.
Sterile stamen elongated, longer or shorter than the others.
Corolla tubular, 2-lipped. the lobes of the lower lip flat.
Sterile stamens shorter than the others; seeds winged. 8. Chelone.
Sterile stamen about equalling the others; seeds wingless. 9. Pentstemon.
Corolla 2-cleft, declined ; middle lobe of the lower lip conduplicate. 10. Collinsia.
tf Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, or ? sterile, or 2 only.
a. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; large Asiatic tree. (Paulownieae.)
11. Paulownia.
b. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; herbs; corolla 2-lipped; stamens not enclosed
in upper lip of corolla. (Mimuleae.)
Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. 12. Mimulus.
Calyx 5-parted, not prismatic.
Calyx-segments equal; leaves pinnatifid in our species. 13. Conobea.
Calyx-segments unequal, the upper one the largest.
Corolla nearly regular, about equally 5-lobed. 14. Bramia.
Corolla manifestly 2-lipped.
Leaves palmately nerved ; flower with an hypogynous disk. 15. Hydrotrida.
Leaves pinnately veined; no hypogynous disk. 16. Mecardonia.
C. Stamens 4, 2 anther-bearing and 2 sterile, or 2 only; corolla obviously 2-lipped. (Gratioleae.)
Calyx 5-parted ; upper lip of corolla present.
Sterile filaments short or none.
Anther-sacs transverse, separated. 17- Gratiola.
Anther-sacs parallel, contiguous. iS. Sophrononthe.
Sterile filaments slender, 2-lobed. 19. llysanthes.
Calyx 4-toothed; upper lip of corolla obsolete; low mud plant. 20. Micranthemum.
d. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla nearly regular; flowers on scapes. (Limoselleae.)
21. Limosella.
e. Stamens 2 only (rarely 4 in Synthyris) ; corolla rotate, salverform, tubular, or
none. (Veroniceae.)
Leaves alternate ; flowers spicate ; corolla 2-3-lobed or none. 22. Synthyris.
Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or verticillate; corolla 4-lobed.
Corolla rotate or salverform ; capsule obcordate or emarginate, compressed. 23. Veronica.
Corolla tubular-funnelform ; capsule ovoid, not compressed. 24. Leptandra.
f. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla campanulate, salverform or funnelform, scarcely 2-lipped.
Leaves alternate ; flowers in i-sided racemes. (Digitaleae.) 25. Digitalis.
Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. (Buchkereae.)
Corolla salverform ; flowers in a long spike. 26. Buchnera.
Corolla campanulate or funnelform.
Stamens nearly equal ; calyx-lobes as long as the tube. 27. Afcelia.
Key to Genera.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
»73
Stamens strongly didynamous, unequal ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube.
Anthers awned at the base ; corolla yellow. 28. Dasystoma.
Anthers awnless ; corolla purple, pink or rarely white.
Anthers all alike; flowers pedicelled ; leaves not auricled. 29. Agalinis.
Anthers of the shorter stamens smaller; leaves auricled at base. 30. Otophylla.
g. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. (Euphrasieae.)
Ovules several or numerous ; capsule many-seeded.
Anther-sacs dissimilar, the inner one pendulous by its apex; leaves mostly alternate.
Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower. 31. Castilleja.
Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer than the lower. 32. Orthocarpus.
Anther-sacs similar and parallel ; leaves mostly opposite.
Calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, oblique, 5-toothed. ^^.
Calyx not bracteolate, 4-5-toothed, or cleft or split.
Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, its margins recurved ; calyx 4-cleft. 34.
Margins of the upper lip of the corolla not recurved.
Calyx scarcely or not at all inflated in fruit ; galea entire.
Calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft ; capsule straight.
Seeds spreading, numerous. 35. Bartsia.
Seeds pendulous, few. 36. Odontites.
Calyx split on the lower side or on both sides ; capsule oblique.
Galea short-beaked or beakless. 37. Pcdicularis.
Galea filiform-beaked. 38. Elephantella.
Calyx ovoid, much inflated and veiny in fruit. 39. Rhinanthus.
Ovules only 1 or 2 in each cell of the ovary ; capsule 1-4-seeded ; leaves opposite. 40. Melampyrum.
Schwalbea.
Euphrasia.
i. VERBASCUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 177. 1753.
Biennial or rarely perennial, mostly tall and erect herbs, with alternate dentate pinnatifid
or entire leaves, and rather large yellow purple red or white flowers, in terminal spikes,
racemes or panicles. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla flat-rotate or slightly con-
cave, S-lobed, the lobes a little unequal, the upper exterior, at least in the bud. Stamens 5,
inserted on the base of the corolla, unequal, all anther-bearing; filaments of the 3 upper
stamens, or of all 5, pilose; anther-sacs confluent into one. Ovules numerous; style dilated
and flattened at the summit. Capsule globose to oblong, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded,
the valves usually 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds rugose, not winged. [The Latin name of the
great mullen; used by Pliny.]
About 125 species, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, another is naturalized in
the western United States. Type species : Verbascum Thapsus L.
Plants densely woolly ; flowers in dense terminal spikes, or spike-like racemes.
Leaves strongly decurrent on the stem. i. V. Thapsus.
Leaves not decurrent, or but slightly so. 2.
Leaves white-tomentose beneath ; flowers in large terminal panicles. 3.
Plant glabrous or sparingly glandular; flowers racemose. 4.
I '. [>hlomoides.
V . Lychnitis.
V. Blattaria.
1. Verbascum Thapsus L. Great Mullen
Verbascum Thapsus L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753.
Erect, stout, simple or with some erect
branches, densely woolly all over with
branched hairs; stem 2°-y° high, wing-
angled by the bases of the decurrent leaves.
Leaves oblong, thick, acute, narrowed at
the base, dentate or denticulate, 4'-l2' long,
the basal ones borne on margined petioles;
flowers yellow, 8"-i2" broad, sessile, nu-
merous in dense elongated spikes rarely
branched above ; stamens unequal, the three
upper shorter with white hairy filaments
and short anthers, the two lower glabrous
or nearly so with larger anthers ; capsule
about 3" high, slightly longer than the
woolly calyx.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to
South Dakota, California, Florida and Kansas.
Often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from
Europe. Native also of Asia. Among some 40
English names are hedge-, hig- or high-taper.
Candlewick. Cow's or bullock's-lungwort.
Aaron's- or Adam's-rod or -flannel. Feltwort.
Hare's-beard. Jacob's-, Jupiter's- or Peter's-
staff. Ice-leaf. Torches. Flannel-leaf. Old
man's-flannel or blanket-leaf. Woolen, i. e.,
mullen. Shepherd's-club. Velvet-plant. June-
Sept.
Velvet or Mullen Dock. Fig. 3735.
S( R( (PHULARIAi
Vol. II]
2. Verbascum phlomoides L. Clasp-
ing-leaved Mullen. Fig. 3736.
Verbascum phlomoides L. Sp. PI. 1194. 1753.
Stem rather stout, usually simple, i°-4°
high. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate,
crenate, crenulate, or entire, woolly-tomen-
tose on both sides, sessile or somewhat
clasping, or slightly decurrent on the stem,
or the lower often petioled with truncate
or subcordate bases; flow^ers yellow, or
cream-color, 1' broad or more, usually in a
solitary elongated tomentose spike-like ra-
ceme; pedicels clustered, shorter than the
calyx; stamens as in V. Thapsus; capsule
4"— 5" l°ng> exceeding the tomentose calyx.
Eastern Massachusetts to Kentucky. Ad-
ventive or fugitive from Europe or eastern
Asia. June-Aug.
3. Verbascum Lychnitis L. 'White Mullen.
Fig. 3737-
Verbascum Lychnitis L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753.
Stem angled, rather stout, paniculately branched
above. 2°-42° high, densely covered, as well as
the lower surfaces of the leaves, with a white
canescent nearly stellate pubescence. Leaves ob-
long, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate,
2.'-y' long, the upper acute, sessile, but not decur-
rent on the stem, the lower obtuse or acute at the
apex and narrowed into margined petioles ; flow-
ers in a large terminal panicle, racemose on its
branches, white or cream-color, 5"-6" broad,
nearly sessile; pilose hairs of the 3 shorter fila-
ments white ; capsule about 2" high, equalling or
exceeding the calyx.
In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey
and Pennsylvania. Reported from Kansas. Natural-
ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept.
Its down once used for lighting, hence Lichnitis,
lamp.
4. Verbascum Blattaria L. Moth Mullen.
Verbascum Blatteria L. Sp. PI. 17S. 1753.
Stem erect, strict, slender, terete, glabrous or
sparingly glandular-pubescent, usually quite simple,
2°-6° high. Leaves oblong, ovate or lanceolate,
dentate, laciniate, or pinnatifid, acute or acuminate,
the upper Y-2I' long, truncate or cordate-clasping
at the base, the lower and basal ones sessile or
somewhat petioled, sometimes 1° long, seldom pres-
ent at flowering time; raceme i°-2° long, loose;
pedicels spreading, i'-l' long, bracted at the base;
corolla yellow or white, about 1' broad, with brown
marks on the back ; filaments all pilose with violet
hairs ; capsule depressed-globose, 3" in diameter,
longer than the calyx.
In fields and waste places. Quebec to Florida, west to
Oregon and California. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of Asia. June-Nov. Said to repel the
cockroach (Blatta), whence the name Blattaria; fre-
quented by moths, hence moth-mullen.
Verbascum virgatum Stokes, a similar Old World
species, found on Cape Breton Island and naturalized
in the Pacific States, has fruiting pedicels shorter than
the capsules.
GtNUS 2.
F1GWORT FAMILY.
'75
2. CYMBALARIA Medic. Phil. Bot. 2: 70. 1791.
Perennial creeping or spreading herbs, with long-petioled, mostly lobed, palmately veined
leaves, and solitary axillary white to violet flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular,
2-lipped, short-spurred ; upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed ; throat nearly or quite closed by
the palate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included, the filaments filiform. Style very
slender. Capsule dehiscent by 2 terminal 3-toothed pores. Seeds numerous, small. [From
the Greek for cymbal.]
About 9 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical.
i. Cymbalaria Cymbalaria (L.) Wettst. Kenil-
worth or Coliseum Ivy. Fig. 3739-
Antirrhinum Cymbalaria L. Sp. PI. 612. 1753.
Linaria Cymbalaria Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 17. 1768.
Cymbalaria Cymbalaria Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891.
Perennial, glabrous; stem trailing, branched, often
rooting at the nodes, 3-12' long. Leaves slender-petioled,
reniform-orbicular, palmately 3-5-veined, 3-5-lobed, i'-l'
in diameter, the lobes broad and obtuse; petioles usually
as long as the blade ; flowers axillary, solitary, blue or
lilac, 4"-S" long; peduncles slender, recurved, shorter
than the petioles; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute;
palate yellowish; capsule globose, several-seeded; seeds
rugose, wingless.
Waste places and roadsides, adventive from Europe, On-
tario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and in seaport
ballast. Other English names are ivy-leaved toadflax, ivy-
weed. Climbing or roving sailor. Aaron's-beard. Wander-
ing jew. Mother-of-thousands. Oxford-weed. Pennywort.
June-Aug.
3. KICKXIA Dumort. Fl. Belg. 35. 1827.
[Elatinoides Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891.]
Mostly annual spreading or creeping herbs, with pinnately veined, short-petioled entire
toothed or lobed leaves, and solitary axillary white yellow or variegated flowers. Calyx
5-parted. Corolla irregular, spurred, 2-lipped, the throat closed by the palate. Stamens 4,
didynamous, included; filaments filiform. Capsule subglobose, or ovoid, opening by I or 2
terminal slits, pores or valves. Seeds numerous, ovoid, mostly rough or tubercled. [In
honor of Jean Kickx, 1775-1831, professor in Brussels.]
About 25 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Antirrhinum Elatine L.
Leaves ovate-orbicular, cordate or rounded at the base. i. K. spuria.
Leaves hastate. 2. K. Elatine.
i. Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. Round-leaved Toad-Flax. Fig. 3740.
Antirrhinum spurium L. Sp. PI. 613. 1753.
Linaria spuria Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 15. 1768.
Kickxia spuria Dumont. Fl. Belg. 35. 1827.
Elatinoides spuria Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891.
Annual, pubescent all over ; stems prostrate, branched
or simple, 3'-2° long. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-
orbicular, entire, or sometimes dentate, mucronulate at
the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, i'-l' in diam-
eter; petioles I "-2" long; flowers solitary in the axils,
small; peduncles filiform, very pubescent, often much
longer than the leaves ; calyx-segments ovate, acute at
the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, one-half as
long as the corolla; corolla yellowish with a purple
upper lip, the spur curved, about as long as the tube ;
capsule subglobose, shorter than the calyx; seeds ru-
gose, not winged.
In waste places and ballast, New York to North Caro-
lina and Missouri. Adventive from Europe. This and the
next called also cancerwort and female-fluellin. June-
Sept.
Si IU IPIIULARIACEAE.
Vol. III.
2. Kickxia Elatine ( L. ) Duinort. Sharp-pointed
Fluellin or Toad-Flax. Fig. 3741.
Antirrhinum I fine 1 Sp. PI. 612. 1753-
Linaria Elatina Mill. Gard. Diet. lid. S, no. 16. 1768.
Kickxia Elatine Dumont. Fl. Belg. 35- 1827.
Elatinoides Elatine Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891.
Annual, pubescent ; stems prostrate, usually branched,
slender, 6-20 long. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, i'-i'
long, acute or acutish at the apex, triangular, hastate,
truncate, or subcordate at the base, the basal auricles
divergent, acute; petioles i"s" long; flowers solitary
in the axils, about 3" long; peduncles filiform, gla-
brous, or somewhat hairy, usually longer than the
leaves; calyx-segments narrowly lanceolate, acute; co-
rolla yellowish, purplish beneath, its spur slender,
straight, declined ; capsule subglobose, shorter than the
calyx ; seeds wingless.
In sandy waste places, Canada ( ?) ; Massachusetts to
Georgia and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Na-
tive also of Asia. Called also canker-root. June-Sept.
4. CHAENORRHINUM [DC] Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp. 2:
577. 1870.
Herbs with alternate, usually entire leaves, and violet, blue or white axillary flowers.
Calyx s-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla similar to that of Linaria, but with an open
throat and a straight upper lip. Stamens 4, didynamous ; filaments slender. Style filiform.
Capsule inequilateral, one carpel larger than the other. Seeds ovoid or cuneate, ribbed.
[Greek, open nose, referring to the open corolla-throat.]
About 20 species, chiefly in the Mediterranean region and Asia. Type species: Antirrhinum
minus L.
i. Chaenorrhinum minus ( L.) Lange. Small Snap-dragon. Fig. 3742
Antirrhinum minus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 852. 1763.
Linaria minor Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 46. 1800.
Chaenorrhinum minus Lange; Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp.
2; 579. 1870.
Annual, glandular-pubescent all over; stem 5'-J3' tall,
often branched. Leaves linear-spatulate to linear, mostly
obtuse, 5"-lS" long, narrowed at the base; flowers shorter
than the pedicels, blue or bluish, 2i"-4" long; calyx-seg-
ments linear to linear-spatulate, somewhat shorter than the
corolla ; spur short and stout, much shorter than the body
of the corolla; capsule globose-ovoid.
Waste grounds and ballast, New Brunswick to New York,
Pennsylvania and Michigan. Adventive from Europe.
5. LINARIA [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr.
Ed. 4- 1754-
Herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with alternate entire
dentate or lobed leaves, or the lower and those of sterile
shoots opposite or verticillate, and yellow white blue purple
or variegated flowers, in terminal bracted racemes or spikes.
Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregu-
lar, spurred at the base, or the spur rarely obsolete, 2-lipped,
the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, covering the lower in the bud,
the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate
often nearlv closing the throat. Stamens 4. didynamous,
ascending, included; filaments and style filiform. Capsule ovoid or globose, opening by 1
or more mostly 3-toothed pores or slits below the summit. Seeds numerous, wingless or
winged, angled or rugose. [Latin, linum, flax, which some species resemble.]
About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the Old World. Besides
the following, another species occurs in Florida. The corolla, especially the terminal one of the
raceme, occasionally has 5 spurs and is regularly 5-lobed, and is then said to be in the Pelona state.
Type species: Antirrhinum Linaria L.
Flowers yellow, 8"-is" long; leaves linear; flowers i2"-is" long.
Leaves alternate. 1. L.Linana.
Lower leaves whorled. 2- L- supma.
Flowers blue to white, 3" -6" long.
Spur of corolla filiform, curved ; native species. 3- L. canadensis.
Spur of the corolla short, conic ; European adventive species. 4- L. repens.
Genus 5.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
177
1. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. Ranstead. Butter-and-Eggs^ Fig. 3743.
Antirrhinum Linaria L. Sp. PI. 616. 1753.
Linaria vulgaris Hill, Brit. Herb. 108. 1756.
Linaria Linaria Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 947. 1S80-83.
Perennial by short rootstocks, pale green and slightly
glaucous; stems slender, erect, very leafy, glabrous, or
sparingly glandular-pubescent above, simple or with
few erect branches, i°-3° high. Leaves linear, sessile,
entire, acute at both ends, mostly alternate, i'-li' long,
l"-ij" wide; flowers densely racemose, light yellow,
i'-ii' long, the spur of the erect corolla somewhat
darker, the palate orange-colored; pedicels 2"-^' long,
nearly erect; calyx-segments oblong, acutish, about ii"
long; spur subulate, nearly as long as the body of the
corolla; middle lobe of the lower lip shorter than the
other two; capsule ovoid, the- seeds rugose, winged.
In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Oregon,
Virginia and New Mexico. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of Asia. June-Oct. Brideweed. Flaxweed.
Eggs and bacon. Yellow toad-flax. Impudent lawyer. Jacob's-Iadder.
Rancid. Wild flax or tobacco. Devil's flax. Snap-dragon. Devil's-
flower. Dead men's bones. Bread and butter. Continental weed.
Gallwort. Rabbit-flower. Widely distributed in temperate regions as
a weed.
Linaria genistaefolia (L.) Mill., found many years ago at the
northern part of New York Island, and admitted into the first edi-
tion of this work, has not recently been collected in America.
2. Linaria supina Desf. Supine Linaria. Fig. 3744.
Linaria supina Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2 : 44. 1800.
Perennial by short rootstocks, bright green; stems few or
numerous, decumbent, 4-9' long, glabrous or slightly glandular-
pubescent. Leaves linear-spatulate to narrowly linear, the lower
ones whorled, the upper alternate, mostly 5"— 15" long; flowers
few together in short racemes, nearly similar to those of L.
Linaria, but smaller ; capsule globose or ovoid-globose.
Waste places and ballast, northern Atlantic seaboard. Naturalized
from Europe.
3. Linaria canadensis ( L. ) Dumort. Blue or W
Antirrhinum canadense L. Sp. PI. 618. 1753.
Linaria canadensis Dumont, Bot. Cult. 2: 96. 1802.
Biennial or annual, glabrous, green, sometimes
fleshy ; flowering stems erect or ascending, very
slender, simple, or branched, 4'-2i° high, the sterile
shoots spreading or procumbent, very leafy. Leaves
linear or linear-oblong, 4"-is" long, i"-l" wide,
entire, sessile, those of the sterile shoots, or some
of them, usually opposite ; flowers 3"-4" long, in
slender long racemes ; pedicels z"~3" long, erect and
appressed in fruit, minutely bracted at the base;
calyx-segments lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about
as long as the capsule; spur of the corolla filiform,
curved, as long as the tube or longer ; palate a white
convex 2-ridged projection; capsule opening, by 2
apical valves, each valve becoming 3-toothed ; seeds
angled, wingless.
In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minne-
sota, Oregon, Texas and California. Also in Central
and South America. A dwarf form with no corolla is frequent. May-Sept
12
ig- 3745-
SCROlMUT.AklAt I \l
Vol. 111.
4. Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Pale-
blue Toad- Flax. Fig. 3746.
Antirrhinum repens L. Sp. PI. 614. 1753.
Linaria repens Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 6.
1768.
L. striata DC. Fl. France, 3: 586. 1805.
Glabrous, perennial by a horizontal or
creeping rootstock; stem erect, or the base
decumbent, 8'-3o' high, usually branched,
the branches slender. Leaves linear, en-
tire, short-petioled or sessile, J'-2' long,
i"-2" wide, narrowed to both ends, the
lower crowded, sometimes whorled, the
upper more scattered; flowers in slender
terminal elongating racemes; pedicels 2"-
5" long; bracts narrowly linear, acute;
corolla nearly white, but striped with blue
or purple, about 6" long; spur short, conic ;
capsule subglobose; seeds wrinkled, wing-
less.
Newfoundland, and in ballast about the
Atlantic seaports. Adventive from Europe.
Summer.
6. ANTIRRHINUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 612. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, or the lower and those of sterile shoots
opposite, and mostly large red purple yellow or white flowers, in terminal racemes, or soli-
tary in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, gibbous,
or saccate, but not spurred at the base, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed. the lower spread-
ing, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate nearly or quite closing the throat. Stamens 4,
didynamous, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the summit. Style filiform. Capsule
ovoid or globose, opening by chinks or pores below the summit. Seeds numerous, oblong,
truncate, rugose or smooth, not winged. [Greek, nose-like.]
About 40 species, natives of Europe, Asia and western North America. Besides the following
introduced species, some 18 others inhabit the western United States. Type species: Antirrhinum
ma jus L.
Flowers 1'— lj£' long; calyx-segments ovate, much shorter than the corolla.
Flowers s"-7" long ; calyx-segments linear, as long as the corolla.
i. Antirrhinum majus L. Great Snap-
dragon. Lion's-mouth. Fig. 3747.
Antirrhinum majus L. Sp. PI. 617. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous below, usually more or
less glandular-pubescent above; stem branched
or simple. i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, linear
or oblong-lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, acute
at both ends, rather firm, glabrous, l'-3' long,
1"— 5" wide; flowers racemose, purplish-red (of
a variety of colors in cultivated forms), l'-l*'
long; pedicels rather stout, 3" -6" long, erect in
fruit ; calyx-segments oval to ovate, obtuse. 2"-
3" long; capsule obliquely ovoid, 4"— 5" high,
opening by 2 pores just below the summit or
at length apically 2-valved, much longer than
the calyx.
In waste places, sparingly escaped from gardens
in the Atlantic States. Adventive from Europe.
Other English names are rabbit's mouth, bonny rab-
bits, calf-snout, dragon's-, tiger's-, dog's- or toad's-
mouth. Bulldogs. Lion's-snap. June-Sept.
1. A. majus.
2. A. Orontnim.
Genus 6.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
179
2. Antirrhinum Orontium L. Lesser
Snapdragon. Fig. 3748.
Antirrhinum Orontium L. Sp. PI. 617. 1753.
Annual, glabrous or pubescent ; stem erect,
simple, or branched, slender, about 1° high.
Leaves narrowly linear, or the lower linear-
spatulate, almost sessile, narrowed at both
ends, I '-2' long, l"-2" wide; flowers solitary
in the upper axils, purple, mostly distant,
S"-7" long; peduncles shorter than the flow-
ers; calyx-segments linear, somewhat unequal,
as long as the corolla, elongated in fruit so
as much to exceed the pubescent capsule.
Fields and waste places, Ontario, New Eng-
land, New York, Vancouver Island and Jamaica.
Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Corn-snapdragon. %June-Aug.
7. SCROPHULARIA [Tourn.] L.
Sp. PI. 619. 1753.
Perennial strong-smelling herbs, some ex-
otic species shrubby, with mostly opposite
large leaves, and small purple greenish or yel-
low proterogynous flowers, in terminal pani-
cled cymes or thyrses. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments or lobes mostly obtuse.
Corolla irregular, the tube .globose to oblong, not gibbous nor spurred at the base, the limb
5-lobed, the 2 upper lobes longer, erect, the lateral ones ascending, the lower spreading or
reflexed. Stamens 5, 4 of them anther-bearing and didynamous, declined, mostly included,
their anther-sacs confluent into one, the fifth sterile, reduced to a scale on the roof of the
corolla tube. Style filiform; stigma capitate or truncate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehis-
cent. Seeds rugose, not winged. [Named for its repute as a remedy for scrofula.]
About 120 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in southern Europe.
Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the western United States. Type species : Scrophularia
nodosa L.
Corolla dull outside; sterile stamen deep purple. 1. S. marylandica.
Corolla shining outside ; sterile stamen greenish yellow.
Upper lip of the corolla as long as the tube; panicle-branches sparingly glandular; leaf-blades
not hastate-incised at the base. 2. S. leporella.
Upper lip of the corolla much shorter than the tube ; panicle-branches densely glandular ; leaf-
blades, especially the lower ones, incised-hastate at the base. 3. S1. occidentalis.
In woods and thickets, Maine to South
i. Scrophularia marylandica L. Mary-
land Figwort, Heal-all or Pilewort.
Fig- 3749-
Scrophularia marylandica L. Sp. PI. 619. 1753.
Scrophularia nodosa var. marylandica A. Gray.
Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 258. 1878.
Glabrous below, somewhat glandular-pubes-
cent above ; stem slender, 4-angled with grooved
sides, usually widely branched, erect, 3°-I0°
high. Leaves membranous, slender-petioled,
usually puberulent beneath, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply ser-
rate, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the
base, 3'-l2' long; flowers greenish-purple,
3"-4" long, very numerous in the nearly leaf-
less thyrses; bractlets mostly opposite, pedi-
cels slender, ascending, 4"-l2" long; calyx-
lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about the length
of the tube; corolla green, dull without, brown-
ish purple and shining within, little contracted
at the throat, the two lateral lobes slightly
spreading, the upper lip erect, its lobes short,
rounded ; capsule subglobose. with a slender
tip ; sterile stamen deep purple.
Dakota, North Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee.
Scrofula-plant. Carpenter's-square. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept.
i So
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Vol. III.
Scrophularia neglccta Rydb. differs from S. marylandica in the pubescent leaves, the larger
corollas and larger capsules ; it occurs in the western part of our range.
2. Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. Hare
Figwort. Fig. 3750.
Scrophularia leporella Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 23:
317. 1896.
Stem puberulent below, viscid-glandular above,
sharply 4-angled with flat sides, 3°-8° tall, simple,
or somewhat branched. Leaves short-petioled,
ovate to lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, mostly
narrowed at the base, but sometimes subcordate,
glabrous on both sides when mature, usually in-
cised-dentate, 2'-io' long; flowers 4"-s" long, in
elongated narrow thyrses ; bractlets mostly alter-
nate ; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, or acute ; corolla
contracted at the throat, green to purple and
shining without, dull within, the two lateral lobes
erect; lobes of the upper lip often narrowly
oblong ; sterile stamen greenish yellow ; capsule
ovoid-conic.
In woods and along roadsides, Vermont to Minne-
sota, Virginia and Kansas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in
Virginia. May-July.
3. Scrophularia occidentalis (Rydb.) Bicknell. ^Vestern Figwort. Fig. 3751.
Scrophularia nodosa occidentalis Rydb. Contr. Nat. Herb.
3: 517. 1896.
Scrophularia occidentalis Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 23:
315. 1S96.
Similar to S. leporella in habit, but with densely
glandular panicle-branches. Stem more or less glandu-
lar ; leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
incised or incised-serrate, at least those of the lower
leaves hastately incised at the base; corolla 4"-s" long,
the upper lip much shorter than the tube; capsules
ovoid, 34"-4*' long.
In low grounds and thickets, South Dakota to Oklahoma.
Washington and California. June-Aug.
8. CHELONE [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 611. 1753.
Perennial, mostly glabrous branched or simple herbs,
with opposite serrate petioled leaves, and large white
red or purple flowers, in terminal and axillary dense
spikes. Calyx 5-parted, bracted at the base, the seg-
ments ovate or lanceolate. Corolla irregular, the tube
elongated, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip
concave, emarginate or entire, exterior in the bud ;
lower lip spreading, woolly within, 3-lobed, its lateral lobes sometimes longer than the middle
one. Stamens 5, included, 4 of them antheriferous, didynamous, the fifth sterile, smaller;
filaments slender, woolly; anthers woolly, cordate. Style filiform; stigma small, capitate.
Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, compressed, winged. [Greek, tor-
toise, the head of which the corolla resembles.]
Three species, natives of eastern North America. Type species : Chelone glabra L.
Corolla white to purplish ; bracts not ciliolate.
Corolla red or rose-purple; bracts ciliolate.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate.
Leaves ovate, acuminate ; mountain plant.
1. C. glabra.
2. C. obi i qua.
3. C. Lyoni.
Genus 8.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
1S1
i. Chelone glabra L.
Turtle-head. Fu
Snake-head.
■ 3752-
Chelone glabra L. Sp. PI. 61 1. 1753.
Stem slender, erect, obtusely 4-sided,
simple or sometimes branched, strict, l0-3°
high, the branches erect. Leaves linear-
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply ser-
rate with low appressed teeth, acuminate
at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-
petioled, 3'-6' long, J'-li' wide, the prin-
cipal veins about 10 on each side of the
midvein ; flowers white or faintly pink,
about 1' long; bracts glabrous, not ciliolate;
calyx-segments ovate-oblong, obtuse; cap-
sule ovoid, obtuse, about V high, twice as
long as the calyx.
In swamps and along streams, Newfound-
land to Florida, Manitoba, Alabama and Kan-
sas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks.
Shell-flower. Cod-head. Bitter-herb. Balmony.
Salt-rheum weed. Turtle-bloom. Fish-mouth.
Lower leaves sometimes broadly oval. July-
Sept.
2. Chelone obliqua L. Red Turtle-head.
Fig- 3753-
Chelone obliqua L. Syst. Ed. 11, no. 4. 1767.
Stem slender, ascending, i°-2° high, usually branch-
ed, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves ob-
long, or broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex,
mostly narrowed at the base, petioled, sharply ser-
rate with somewhat spreading teeth, or laciniate, 2'-6'
long, J '-2*' wide; petioles 2"-6" long; principal veins
about 10 on each side ; flowers red or rose-purple,
about 1' long; bracts and calyx-segments ciliolate
and usually puberulent; capsule similar to that of
the preceding species.
In wet thickets and along streams, Virginia to Illinois,
south to Florida. July-Sept.
3. Chelone Lyoni Pursh. Lyon's Turtle-head.
Fig. 3754-
Chelone Lyoni Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 737. 1S14.
Stem slender, erect or nearly so, simple or branched,
l°-3° high. Leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex,
rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base; 3'-?'
long, l'-4' wide, usually slender-petioled, sharply ser-
rate with divergent teeth, the principal veins 8-10 on
each side; flowers red or rose-purple, about i' long;
bracts and calyx-segments ciliolate and puberulent.
In swamps and wet thickets, mountains of Virginia,
North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia. July-Sept.
iSi
Si Ri IPHULARIACEAE.
Vol.111.
9. PENTSTEMON Mitchell; Soland. in Ait. Hurt. Kew. 3: 511. 1789.
nnial herbs, mostlj branched from the base only, with opposite or rarely verticillate
leaves, or the upper occasionally alternate, ami large, usually showy, bine purple red or white
flowers, in terminal thyrses, panicles, or racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated.
i >, ilia irre.mil.ir. the lube elongated, in. .re or less enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped ; upper
lip 2-lobed; lower lop 3-lobed. Stamens 5. included, 4 of them antheriferous and didy-
namous, the fifth sterile, as long as or shorter than the others; anther-sacs divergent or
connivent. Style filiform: stigma capitate. Capsule ovoid, oblong, or globose, septicidally
dehiscent. Seeds numerous, angled or even, wingless. [Greek, five stamens.]
About too species, natives of North America and Mexico. Type species: Pentstemon pubes-
cent Soland.
* More or less pubescent or glandular, at least the calyx and pedicels.
Corolla y2'-\ li' long ; leaves entire, serrate, or denticulate.
Stem pubescent or puberulent nearly or quite to the base.
Thyrsus open, panicle-like.
Corolla large, over 10" long; stem hirsute or canescent, often glandular.
Corolla densely bearded in the throat ; outer calyx-segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate.
1. P. hirsutus.
Corolla scarcely bearded in the throat; outer calyx-segments lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate. 2-
Corolla small, less than 10" long; stem puberulent. 3-
Thyrsus narrow, raceme-like or spike-like.
Corolla-tube abruptly enlarged ; sterile filament densely woolly. 4.
Corolla-tube gradually enlarged ; sterile filament slightly bearded. 5.
Only the inflorescence, or pedicels, or calyx pubescent.
Thyrsus open, panicle-like.
Stem leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate to oeate, much less than 5" long.
Corolla purplish ; tube not gibbous above the point of enlargement
6. P. Pentstemon.
Corolla white or pinkish; tube gibbous above the point of enlargement
7. P. Digitalis.
Calvx-lobes linear-subulate from a narrowly lanceolate base, becoming fully 5" long.
P. canescens.
P. pallidas.
P. erianthera.
I', albidus.
Stem leaves linear-lanceolate.
Thyrsus narrow, interrupted ; calyx viscid.
Corolla 2' long, the tube much enlarged above ; leaves dentate.
** Completely glabrous throughout, mostly glaucous.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong, ovate, obovate, or orbicular.
Stem leaves rounded, clasping ; flowers 2' long.^
' Stem leaves acute or acuminate ; flowers 9' -15 long.
Corolla g"-io" long; stem leaves lanceolate.
Corolla i'-i$S' long; stem leaves mostly oblong.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate ; flowers densely thyrsoid.
Bracts lanceolate, small ; flowers 6"-8" long.
Bracts ovate, acuminate, large : flowers 1 long or more.
calycosus.
gracilis,
tubiflorns.
Cobaca.
P. grandiflorus.
P. acitminatus.
P. glaber.
P. angustifolius.
P. Haydeni.
i. Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd.
Hairy Beard-tongue. Fig. 3755.
Chelone hirsuta'L. Sp. PI. 611. 1753-
P. pubescens Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 300. 1789-
Pentstemon hirsutus Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 227- lSo1-
Stem slender, erect, downy nearly or quite to
the base, l°-3° high. Leaves puberulent or gla-
brous, denticulate or the uppermost entire^ the
basal oblong or ovate, obtusish at the apex 2 -4*
long. ¥-2 wide, narrowed into petioles, the up-
per sessile, lanceolate, mostly acuminate, sessile
or slightly clasping ; inflorescence thyrsoid, rather
loose, glandular-pubescent; pedicels mostly short;
corolla purplish or violet, the tube gradually
dilated above, 2-grooved on the lower side, about
1' long, the throat nearly closed by the villous
palate at the base of the lower lip; sterile fila-
ment densely bearded for about one-half its
length.
In dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario,
Florida, Minnesota, Alabama and Missouri. Er-
roneously recorded from Texas. May-July.
Genus 9.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
i§3
2. Pentstemon canescens Britton. Gray
Beard-tongue. Fig. 3756. -
Pentstemon laevigatas var. canescens Britton, Mem.
Torr. Club 2: 30. 1890.
P. canescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 291. 1894.
Densely and finely canescent or puberulent, or
the leaves sometimes nearly glabrous ; stem rather
stout, l°-3° high. Leaves denticulate, the lower
and basal ones oval, obtuse, narrowed into long
margined petioles, the next 1 or 2 pairs con-
tracted below the middle and somewhat fiddle-
shaped, 3^6' long, the upper ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, clasping ; thyrsus elongated,
open, glandular-pubescent, leafy-bracted below;
pedicels very short ; calyx-segments lanceolate,
acuminate; corolla purple or nearly white, about
1' long, slightly or not at all bearded in the
throat; sterile "filament slightly bearded for about
one-third its length ; capsule ovoid, glabrous,
longer than the calyx.
In dry woods, Virginia. West Virginia and North
Carolina to western Kentucky. Recorded from Mis-
souri. May-June.
3. Pentstemon pallidus Small. Tale Beard-
tongue. Fig. 3757.
Pentstemon pallidus Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1060. 1903.
Puberulent, or sometimes canescent-puberulent ; stem
3°-q° tall. Basal and lower stem-leaves with oblong
elliptic or nearly spatulate blades; upper stem-leaves
few, the blades oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
rather remotely toothed, partly clasping; panicles nar-
row ; calyx-segments ovate, becoming triangular, acute,
closely puberulent or pubescent during anthesis; corolla
white or purplish, q"-io" long, the tube rather grad-
ually dilated, the throat sparingly bearded ; sterile fila-
ment bearded with very short hairs.
In sandy soil or swamps, Connecticut and New York to
Missouri, Florida and Oklahoma. June-July.
4. Pentstemon erianthera Pursh. Crested
Beard-tongue. Fig. 3758.
Pentstemon erianthera Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. 737. 18 14.
Pentstemon cristatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 52. 1818.
Puberulent below, glandular-villous and viscid
above ; stem rather stout, leafy, 6-18' high. Leaves
firm, entire or repand, the lower and basal ones
oblong or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 2-4' long,
narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile
or somewhat clasping, acute or acuminate ; thyrsus
dense, narrow, leafy-bracted ; flowers almost ses-
sile ; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
villous when young; corolla about 1' long, rather
abruptly dilated above, red or purple, its lower
hp villous within ; sterile filament densely long-
bearded.
On plains and bluffs, South Dakota to Manitoba,
Montana, Nebraska and Nevada. May-July.
SCRoi'liri.AklAi EAE.
Vol. III.
5. Pentstemon albidus Xutt. White-flowered
Beard-tongue. Fig. 3759.
Pentstemon albidus Nutt. Gen. 2: 53. 1818.
Stems puberulcnt below, densely glandular-pubes-
cent above, rather stout, 6'-lo' higb. Basal and lower
leaves spatulate or oblong, obtusisb. mostly entire,
the upper lanceolate or oblong, sessile, denticulate,
acute or acuminate, lh'-2i' long, 3"-6" wide; thyrsus
narrow, raceme-like, leafy-bracted, interrupted; ca-
lyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, viscid, one-half
as long as the corolla-tube; corolla white or nearly
so, 8"-io" long, funnelform, the tube gradually di-
lated upward, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed, the
lobes spreading; sterile filament slightly bearded with
short hairs.
On plains, Minnesota and South Dakota to Assini-
boia, Colorado, Nebraska and Texas. June-Aug.
6. Pentstemon Pentstemon (L.) Brit-
ton. Smooth Beard-tongue.
Fig. 3760.
Chelone Pentstemon L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 850. 1763.
Pentstemon laevigatas Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew.
2 : 300. 1789.
P. Pentstemon Britt. Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 291. 1894.
Glabrous, except the somewhat glandular-
pubescent inflorescence ; stem slender, 2°-3°
high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or oval,
obtuse, 3'-6' long, narrowed into margined
petioles, denticulate ; upper leaves sessile or
slightly clasping, acute, oblong, or lanceolate,
denticulate; thyrsus open, usually many-flow-
ered; flowers nearly sessile; calyx-segments
lanceolate, acute, short ; corolla purple or pur-
plish, 8"-io" long, the tube gradually enlarged
above, the throat wide open, scarcely or not at
all bearded, the lobes spreading; sterile fila-
ment thinly bearded for about one-half its
length, or more densely bearded above.
Woods and thickets. Pennsylvania to Florida
from cultivation further north and east. May-July
.Kentucky and Louisiana. Occasionally escaped
7. Pentstemon Digitalis ( Sweet ) Nutt.
Foxglove Beard-tongue. Fig. 3761.
Chelone Digitalis Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 : pi. 120.
1825-27.
Pentstemon Digitalis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 5: 181. 1833-37-
Pentstemon laevigatas var. Digitalis A. Gray, Syn.
Fl. 2: Part 1, 268. 1878.
Glabrous, except the glandular-pubescent in-
florescence ; stem rather stout, 2°-5° high.
Lower and basal leaves oblong or oval, obtuse
or acutish, entire or repand, 2,'-y' long, nar-
rowed into margined petioles; upper leaves
ovate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile
and more or less cordate-clasping at the base,
acuminate, sharply denticulate; thyrsus open,
many-flowered; pedicels I "-3" long; calyx-
segments lanceolate, corolla white, I -I J' long,
the tube abruptly dilated, the limb moderately
2-lipped, the throat open; sterile filament
bearded above.
In fields and thickets, Maine to New York, Illi-
nois, Kansas, Virginia and Arkansas. Doubtless
escaped from cultivation in its northeastern range.
May-July.
Genus 9.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
8. Pentstemon calycosus Small. Long-sepaled
Beard-tongue. Fig. 3762.
Pentstemon calycosus Small, Bull. Torr. Club 25 : 470.
1898.
Glabrous except a few scattered hairs in the in-
florescence and lines of puberulence on the inter-
nodes, deep green. Leaves various, the basal spatulate,
2'-6' long, entire or undulate, with winged petioles;
lower stem-leaves similar to the basal, the upper lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, finely
repand or distinctly serrate, rounded at the base and
clasping ; calyx-segments with a lanceolate base and
a slender tip, often becoming 5" long; corolla purple,
I2"-is" long; sterile filament sparingly bearded.
On bluffs, Kentucky to Missouri, Alabama and Arkan-
sas. May-June.
9. Pentstemon gracilis Nutt. Slender
Ileard-tongue. Fig. 3763.
Pentstemon gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 52. 1818.
Glabrous or very nearly so up to the glandular-
pubescent inflorescence ; stem slender, strict, 6-18'
high. Basal and lower leaves linear-oblong or
spatulate, mostly obtuse, denticulate, or entire,
l'-3' long, narrowed into margined petioles; upper
leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate or the uppermost
lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate; thyrsus open,
several-many-flowered ; pedicels 2" -4' long ; ca-
lyx-segments lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; co-
rolla purple, c/'-i2" long, its tube gradually en-
larged above, its throat wide open ; sterile filament
bearded for about one-half its length; capsule one-
third longer than the calyx.
On moist prairies, Manitoba to Minnesota, Mis-
souri, Athabasca, Oklahoma and Colorado. May-July.
10. Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Funnel-
Fig. 3764.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
form Beard-tongue.
Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt
(II.) 5: 181. 1833-37.
Glabrous, except the viscid-pubescent calyx and
pedicels; stem slender, strict, 2°-3h° high, leafless
above. Leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, I '-4'
long, obtusish or acute, the basal narrowed into
broad margined petioles, the upper sessile or clasp-
ing, entire or merely undulate ; thyrsus narrow,
interrupted, the clusters several-flowered ; pedicels
1"— 3" long, calyx-segments ovate, acuminate, short,
striate-nerved ; corolla nearly funnelform, white
or purplish, less than 1' long, nearly as broad
when expanded, its tube gradually enlarged, the
limb nearly equally five-lobed, the lobes spread-
ing; sterile filament short bearded above; capsule
ovoid, acute, about twice as long as the calyx.
In moist soil, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas.
May-July.
I Ri IPHULARIACEAE.
Vol in
ii. Pentstemon Cobaea Xutt. Cobaea
Beard-tongue. Fig. 3?<^.
Pentstemon Cobaea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II. i
5: 182. 1833-37.
Stem stout, densely and finely pubescent below,
glandular-pubescent above, i°-2° high. Leaves
oblong to ovate, firm, 3'— 5' long, dentate, the lower
mostly glabrous and narrowed into margined peti-
oles, the upper sessile or cordate-clasping, usually
pubescent ; thyrsus short, several-many-flowered,
"pen; flowers about 2' long; calyx-segments lan-
ceolate, acuminate, s"~7" long; corolla purple,
puberulent without, glabrous within, its tube nar-
row up to the top of the calyx, then abruptly
dilated and campanulate, the limb scarcely 2-lipped,
the lobes short, rounded, spreading; sterile fila-
ment sparingly bearded ; capsule ovoid, acute, pu-
bescent, reticulate-veined, as long as the calyx.
On dry prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Texas.
Recorded from Ohio. May-July.
12. Pentstemon grandiflorus Xutt.
Large-flowered Beard-tongue.
Fig. 3766.
P. grandiflorus Nutt. in Fras. Cat. 1813.
Glabrous and somewhat glaucous ; stem stout,
2°-4° high. Leaves all entire and obtuse, the
basal ones obovate, narrowed into broad peti-
oles, those of the lower part of the stem ses-
sile, oblong or oval, l'-2i' long, the upper
nearly orbicular, cordate-clasping, shorter;
thyrsus open, leafy-bracted, the bracts orbicu-
lar, cordate; pedicels 2"-6" long; flowers
nearly 2' long ; calyx-segments lanceolate,
acute, 3 "-4" long ; corolla lavender-blue, the
tube rather abruptly dilated above the calyx,
the limb somewhat 2-lipped; sterile filament
incurved, villous and capitate at the summit ;
capsule acute, 8"-I0" high, three times as long
as the calyx.
On prairies, Illinois to Minnesota. North Da-
kota, Kansas and Colorado. Locally introduced
eastward. June-Aug.
13. Pentstemon acuminatus Dougl. Sharp-
leaved Beard-tongue. Fig. 3767.
Pentstemon acuminatus Dougl.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi.
1385. 1829.
Glabrous and glaucous ; stem rather stout, strict,
6'-2° high, leafy. Leaves firm, entire, the lower
and basal ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse or
acute, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile or
clasping, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2'-3'
long ; thyrsus narrow, sometimes i-sided, usually
leafy-bracted below ; pedicels becoming 4"-8"
long in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute,
2"- 3" long; corolla blue, q"-io" long, its tube
rather gradually dilated, the limb 2-lipped; sterile
filament bearded along the dilated summit; cap-
sule acute, twice as long as the calyx.
In dry soil, Minnesota to Nebraska, Texas, Mani-
toba, Alberta, Oregon and New Mexico. St. Joseph's-
wand. May-Aug.
Genus 9.
FIGWORT FAMILY
14. Pentstemon glaber Pursh. Large
Smooth Beard-tongue. Fig. 3768.
Pentstemon glaber Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 738. 1814.
Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; stem ascending
or erect, rather stout, leafy, i°-2° high. Leaves
entire, firm, the basal and lower ones narrowed
into petioles, the middle ones oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, the upper lanceo-
late, acuminate, sessile, scarcely clasping ; thyrsus
narrow, elongated, densely many-flowered ; pedi-
cels 3"— 7" long in fruit ; calyx-segments ovate-
lanceolate, scarious-margined, abruptly acumi-
nate, 3"-4" long, their margins commonly eroded;
corolla blue or purple, l'-lj' long, rather abruptly
expanded above the calyx, the limb somewhat
2-lipped, the lobes rounded ; sterile filament
bearded at the slightly enlarged summit; capsule
narrowly ovoid, acute, about twice as long as
the calyx.
In moist soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Wyo-
ming and Arizona. Far western plants previously
referred to this species prove to be distinct. May— Aug
15. Pentstemon angustifolius Pursh.
Pale-blue Beard-tongue. Fig. 3769.
P. angustifolius Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 738. 1814.
Pentstemotitcoeruleus Nutt. Gen. 2: 52. 1818.
Glabrous and glaucous ; stem slender, erect,
leafy, 6'-is' high. Leaves all linear or linear-
lanceolate, entire, the lower narrowed into
petioles, obtusish at the apex, the upper ses-
sile, acute, li'-zi' long, \\"-2" wide; thyrsus
narrow, spike-like, mostly dense; bracts lan-
ceolate, acuminate; pedicels very short; ca-
lyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
2"— 3" long ; corolla blue, or nearly white,
8"-to" long, the tube gradually enlarged, the
limb somewhat 2-lipped; sterile filament
bearded at the summit.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to North Da-
kota and Montana. May-July.
16. Pentstemon Haydeni S. Wats. Hay-
den's Beard-tongue. Fig. 3770.
P. Haydeni S. Wats. Bot. Gar. 16: 311. 1891.
Glabrous, not at all glaucous or slightly so;
stem decumbent, simple or branched, leafy, i°-2°
high. Leaves linear or elongated-lanceolate, en-
tire, sessile and slightly clasping, acute, acumi-
nate, or the lowest obtusish at the apex, 2'— 5'
long, l"-s" wide; thyrsus narrow, dense; bracts
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large, cordate-clasp-
ing, acute, or acuminate ; fruiting pedicels 2"-3"
long ; calyx-segments lanceolate, striate-nerved,
acuminate, 3"-S" long; corolla blue, 1' long or
more, the tube broadly dilated above the calyx,
the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; capsule acute,
twice as long as the calyx.
In moist soil, Nebraska, Kansas and Wyoming.
iSS
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Vol.111.
io. COLLINSIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil, i : 190. pi. p. 1817.
Winter-annual or biennial herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and blue pink white
or variegated flowers, \ erticillate, or solitary in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla
irregular, the tube short, the limb -'-lipped; upper lip 2-clcft, the lobes erect or recurved;
lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or drooping, flat, the middle one condu-
plicate, keel-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and the filiform style. Stamens didy-
namous. Corolla with a gland on the upper side of the tube near the base. Filaments fili-
form; anther-sacs confluent at the apex. Stigma small, capitate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid
or globose, septieidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds few, large, peltate, concave on
the inner side. [Named for Zaccheus Collins, botanist, of Philadelphia, 1764-1831.]
About 20 species, natives of North America. Type species : Collinsia verna Nutt.
Corolla 5"— 8" long, the throat shorter than the limb.
Leaves, at least the lower, ovate or oblong; corolla-lobes notched. I. C. verna.
Leaves lanceolate ; corolla-lobes obcordate. 2. C. violacea.
Corolla 2"-3" long, the throat longer than the limb. 3. C. tenella.
i. Collinsia verna Nutt. Blue-eyed Mary. Innocence.
Fig. 377 1-
Broad-leaved Collinsia.
C. verna Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 1 : 190. pi. g. 1817.
Glabrous or puberulent ; stem slender, weak,
6'-2° long, simple or branched. Leaves thin, oppo-
site, the lower broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse
at the apex, rounded, narrowed or subcordate at
the base, crenate or entire, slender-petioled; mid-
dle leaves sessile or cordate-clasping, ovate or
oblong, obtuse, dentate, l'-2' long, floral leaves
ovate to spatulate, mostly acute, dentate or entire ;
upper whorls 4-6-flowered ; peduncles i'-l' long;
corolla 6"-8" long, its throat equalling or shorter
than the calyx, its lower lip blue, the upper purple
or nearly white, the lobes emarginate or truncate ;
capsule globose, 2$"-3" in diameter, shorter than
the linear calyx-lobes.
In moist woods and thickets, Ontario and western
New York to Wisconsin, south to Pennsylvania,
Kentucky and Kansas. April-June.
The California Collinsia bicolor P.enth., which
differs from this by short-peduncled flowers, is re-
corded as found introduced in Illinois.
2. Collinsia violacea Nutt.
row-leaved Collinsia.
Collinsia violacea Nutt. Trans.
5: i/9- 1833-37.
Violet or Nar-
Fig. 3772.
Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
Similar to the preceding species, stem slender,
erect, usually branched, 6'-is' high. Leaves lan-
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather thick, entire or
denticulate, obtuse or obtusish, the lower opposite,
petioled, the middle similar, sessile, l'-2' long, 3"-S"
wide, the floral linear or linear-lanceolate, opposite
or verticillate; upper whorls 2-5-flowered : corolla
5"-6" long, violet, its lobes obcordate or emargi-
nate; capsule globose, about 2" in diameter, shorter
than the lanceolate acute calyx-lobes.
Rich soil, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas to Texas.
April-May.
Genus io.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
3. Collinsia tenella (Pursh) Piper.
Small-flowered Collinsia. Fig. 3773.
Antirrhinum tenellum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
421. 1814.
Collinsia parviflora Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg.
pi. 1082. 1827.
C. tenella Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. II: 496.
1906.
Puberulent, at length diffusely branched;
stems very slender, 3-15' long. Leaves
oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the
apex and narrowed at the base, i'-l' long,
entire, or sparingly toothed, the lower op-
posite, sometimes broader, petioled, the
floral sessile, opposite or verticillate ; upper
whorls 2-6-flowered ; pedicels commonly
longer than the flowers; corolla z"-4," long,
about twice as long as the calyx, blue or
whitish, the throat longer than the limb ;
capsule globose, l"-li" in diameter, little
shorter than the lanceolate calyx-lobes.
In moist places, Ontario to British Colum-
bia, Michigan, Colorado, Arizona and Utah.
April-June.
11. PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zttcc. Fl. Jap. i : 25. pi. 10. 1835.
A large tree, with the aspect of Catalpa, with broad opposite entire or 3-lobed, petioled
pubescent leaves, and large violet flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx deeply S-cleft, the
lobes short. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, enlarged above, the 5 lobes spreading,
somewhat unequal. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anther-sacs divaricate. Style slender,
slightly thickened toward the summit, stigmatic on the inner side. Capsule coriaceous, ovoid,
acute, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, striate, winged. Flowers expanding before
the leaves appear. [Named for Anna Paulowna, daughter
of the Czar Paul I.]
A monotypic Japanese genus.
i. Pauiownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. Pau-
lownia. Fig. 3774.
Bignonia tomentosa Thunb. Fl. Jap. 252. 1784.
Pauiownia imperialis Sieb. & Zucc. Fl. Jap. 1 : 27. 1835.
Pauiownia tomentosa Baill. Hist. PI. 9: 434. 1888.
A tree with thin flaky bark, reaching a maximum
height of about 70° and a trunk diameter of 4°, the
branches stout, spreading. Leaves broadly ovate, 6'— 15'
long, 4'-8' wide, long-petioled, canescent on both sides
when young, glabrate above when old, the petioles
terete; flowers about 2.Y long, numerous in large erect
terminal panicles; pedicels stout, densely tomentose;
calyx 5-lobed, the lobes thick, tomentose ; corolla slightly
irregular, puberulent without; capsule 2' high, 1' in
diameter.
Escaped from cultivation, southern New York and New
Jersey to Georgia. May-July.
12. MIMULUS L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753.
Erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite mostly dentate leaves. Flowers axillary, soli-
tary, peduncled, pink, violet, or yellow, usually showy. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed,
the upper tooth usually the largest. Corolla irregular, its tube cylindric with a pair of ridges
on the lower side within, its limb 2-lipped ; upper lip erect or reflexed, 2-lobed ; lower lip
spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the corolla-tube;
anther-sacs divergent, or sometimes confluent at the summit. Style filiform; stigma 2-lamel-
late. Capsule oblong or linear, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, enclosed by the calyx.
[Diminutive of mimus, a mimic actor.]
About 40 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in the
western United States and British Columbia. Type species: Mimulus ringens L.
Corolla violet, or rarely white ; eastern species.
Leaves sessile, clasping ; peduncles longer than the calyx. 1. M. ringens.
Leaves petioled; peduncles shorter than the calyx. 2. M.alatus.
Corolla yellow ; western ; two species adventive in the East.
Plants glabrous or glabrate.
1 |0
S( ROPHULAR] \( I VE,
Vol. III.
■ I ; branches spreading ; lea\ es o> ate : flow ers i' long.
Diffuse; leaves nearly orbiculai ; flowers about 6" long.
I Mam villous and viscid, diffuse, musk-scented.
3. .1/. Lnigsdorffii.
4. M. Geyeri.
5. M. moschatus.
i. Mimulus ringens L. Square-stemmed
Monkey-flower. Fig. 3775.
Mimulus ringens L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753.
Glabrous, perennial by rootstocks ; stem erect. 4-sided
or somewhat 4-winged. usually much branched, l°-j°
high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate,
pinnately veined, acuminate or acute at apex, serrate,
auriculate-clasping at the base, or the lower merely
sessile, 2'-4 long, J'-l' wide; peduncles slender, i'-2'
long in fruit, 2-4 times as long as the calyx ; calyx-
teeth lanceolate-subulate ; corolla violet, rarely white,
about 1' long, the throat narrow, exceeding the calyx ;
base of lower lip puberulent within ; fruiting calyx
oblong, 6"-8" long; seeds oblong, minute, reticulated.
In swamps and along streams. Nova Scotia to Vir-
ginia, Tennessee, Manitoba. Nebraska and Texas. As-
cends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept.
2. Mimulus alatus Soland. Sharp-winged
Monkey-flower. Fig. 3776.
Mimulus alatus Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 361.
1789.
Similar to the preceding species, glabrous; stem
sharply 4-angled, the angles more or less winged.
Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, acute
or acuminate at the apex, dentate-serrate, nar-
rowed at the base, petioled, 2's' long, o"-i8"
wide; petioles J'-l' long, narrowly margined;
peduncles stout, shorter than the calyx; corolla
violet, 1' long; calyx-teeth short, broad, abruptly
mucronulate; seeds smooth.
In swamps. Ontario to Connecticut, Illinois, Kan-
sas, Georgia and Texas. June-Sept.
3. Mimulus Langsdorffii Donn.
Langsdorff's Yellow Monkey-
flower. Fig. 2,777-
Mimulus Langsdorffii Donn; Sims. Bot. Mag.
fl. 1501. 1S12.
Mimulus gutlalus DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 127.
1818.
Perennial by stolons, glabrous or puberu-
lent ; stem rather stout, simple or branched ;
branches spreading. Leaves ovate to obo-
vate, dentate or denticulate, obtuse at the
apex, rounded, narrowed or cordate at the
base, 1'— 3' long, the lower short-petioled,
the upper smaller, sessile or clasping; pe-
duncles shorter than or equalling the flow-
ers; calyx oblique; corolla yellow, i'-b'
long, the lower lip bearded at the base,
often blotched with red or purple; fruiting
calyx about i' long; seeds longitudinally
striate.
In wet meadows. Norfolk, Conn., and south-
ern New York. Introduced from California.
Summer.
Genus io.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
4. Mimulus Geyeri Torr. Geyer's Yellow
Monkey-flower. Fig. 3778.
M. GeyeriToTT. in Nicollet, Rep. Up. Miss. 157. 1843.
Mimulus Jamesii T. & G.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10:
371. 1846.
M. glabratus var. Jamesii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. Ed.
2, a1: 447. 1SS6.
Perennial by stolons, glabrous or nearly so;
stems slender, creeping, diffusely branched, root-
ing at the nodes, 6-18' long. Leaves broadly
ovate, orbicular or broader, very obtuse, denticu-
late or entire, membranous, truncate, subcordatc,
or rarely narrowed at the base, palmately veined,
short-petioled or the upper sessile, l'-l' in diam-
eter; peduncles slender, longer than the oblique
calyx in fruit, about as long as the leaves ; calyx
scarcely toothed, 3"-4" long at maturity; corolla
yellow, 4" -6" long, the lower lip bearded at the
base within, the throat broad ; seeds nearly smooth.
In brooks and swamps, Ontario to Illinois, Ne-
braska, Wyoming and Colorado. June-Sept.
5. Mimulus moschatus Dougl. Musk-flower.
Musk-plant. Fig. 3779.
M. moschatus Dougl.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1118. 1827.
Perennial, villous-pubescent, viscid, musk-scented;
stems creeping and ascending, branched, slender, &-12'
long. Leaves ovate or oblong, short-petioled, acute or
obtuse at the apex, denticulate, rounded or subcordate
at the base, i'-2' long, s"-i2" wide; peduncles slender,
longer than the calyx; flowers 1' long or less; calyx-
teeth lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal ; corolla yel-
low, 2-3 times as long as the calyx.
In wet places, Newfoundland to Pennsylvania, Ontario
and Michigan ; apparently introduced from western North
America, where it is widely distributed. June-Sept.
Mazus japonicus (Thunb.) Kuntze, a low herb with
mostly basal, slender-petioled obovate repand leaves and
racemose violet flowers, the campanulate calyx not angled,
has been found at Washington, D. C, and abundantly
about New Orleans, La. It is native of eastern Asia.
13. CONOBEA Aubl. PI. Guian. 2 : 639. pi. 258. 1775.
Herbs, with opposite pinnately parted pinnatifid incised or serrate leaves, and small blue
or white peduncled flowers, solitary or two together in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, the seg-
ments narrow, equal. Corolla irregular, the tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip emargi-
nate or 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4. didynamous, ascending, included; filaments
filiform; anther-sacs parallel, not confluent. Style incurved at the summit; stigma 2-lamel-
late. Capsule globose, oblong or linear, septicidally dehiscent, the valves entire or 2-cleft
Seeds numerous, oblong, striate. [Guiana name.]
About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the fol-
lowing, another occurs in the southwestern United
States. Type species : Conobea aquatica Aubl.
i. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth.
Conobea. Fig. 3780.
Capraria multifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 22. pi. 35.
1803.
Conobea multifida Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 391. 1846.
Annual, finely viscid-pubescent ; stem at length
diffusely branched, 4'-8' high, very leafy. Leaves
petioled, l'-l' long, pinnately parted into 3-7 linear
or linear-oblong obtuse entire or incised segments;
flowers greenish-white, 2"-2*" long, mostly solitary
in the opposite axils, about as long as their filiform
peduncles; calyx-segments linear-subulate, slightly
shorter than the corolla; capsule narrowly ovoid,
glabrous, about equalling the calyx.
Along streams and rivers, Ontario to Ohio, Iowa.
Kansas, Kentucky, Alabama and Texas. Introduced
along the Delaware below Philadelphia. June-Sept.
192
S( Ri IPHULARIA( EAE.
Vol.. III.
14. BRAMIA Lam. Encycl. 1 : 459. 1783.
[Monniera P. Br. ( iv. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 269. /■/. 28. f. 3. Hyponym. 1755. Not L. 1759.]
[Herpestis Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 3: 186. pi. ,?/./. 1805.]
Diffuse or prostrate herbs, with opposite mostly entire obtuse leaves, and small peduncled
flowers, mostly solitary in the axils. Calyx subtended by 2 bracts, 5-parted, the upper seg-
ment the broadest. Corolla blue or white, nearly regular, the tube cylindric, the limb nearly
equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-
lobed. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous. [From Brami,
a Malabar name.]
About 20 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Bramia indica Lam.
Leaves spatulate or cuneate; capsules acuminate at the apex. l b. Monniera
Leaves obovate or orbicular-obovate; capsules blunt at the apex. 2. B. rotundifolia.
i. Bramia Monniera (L.) Drake. Monnier's Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3781.
Gratiola Monniera L. Cent. PI. 2. 1756.
Herpestis Monniera H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 366. 1817.
M. Monniera Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 292. 1894.
Bacopa Monniera Wettst. in Engler & Prantl, Nat.
Pfl.43": 77. 1891.
Bramia Monniera Drake, FI. Polyn. Franc. 142. 1892.
Perennial, glabrous, fleshy ; stem creeping, root-
ing at the nodes, branched, 6'-l8' long. Leaves
spatulate or cuneate-obcordate, sessile, rounded
at the apex, entire, or sparingly denticulate, 3"-
10" long, l"-2i" wide; peduncles mainly in alter-
nate axils, slender, 2-bracteolate at the summit, in
fruit longer than the leaves; flowers pale blue, 5"
long; upper calyx-segment ovate, acute; corolla
obscurely 2-lipped; stamens nearly equal; stigma
slightly 2-lobed ; capsule ovoid, acute, shorter
than the calyx.
On shores, near the coast, Maryland to Florida,
Texas and Mexico. Widely distributed in tropical
regions of the Old World and the New. June-Oct.
Herb-grace. Water-hyssop.
2. Bramia rotundifolia (Michx.) Britton.
Fig. 3782.
M. rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 22. 1S03.
Herpestis rotundifolia Pursh, Fl. Am'. Sept. 418.
1814.
Bacopa rotundifolia Wettst. in Engler & Prantl,
Nut. Pfl. 43b: 76. 1 89 1.
Perennial by stolons, succulent ; stems creep-
ing and spreading, branched or simple, villous-
pubescent, I°-2° long. Leaves obovate or or-
bicular, palmately veined, entire, or slightly
undulate, narrowed to a sessile or clasping
base, i'-i' broad, glabrous, not punctate ; pe-
duncles stout, shorter than the leaves, solitary
or 2 together in the axils, longer than the
flowers ; flowers blue. 3"-4" long ; upper calyx-
segment oval ; corolla 2-lipped, longer than
the calyx; stamens approximate in pairs;
stigma 2-lobed ; disk obsolete ; capsule oblong,
obtuse, I J" high, at length 4-valved, shorter
than the calyx.
On muddy shores, Illinois to South Dakota,
Tennessee and Texas. June-Sept.
Round1leaved Hedge-Hyssop.
Genus 15.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
'93
15. HYDROTRIDA Willd.
Perennial aromatic succulent creeping herbs, usually pubescent. Stems terete. Leaves
opposite; blades broadest below the middle, palmately nerved, entire or shallowly toothed,
punctate, partly clasping. Flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles. Calyx subtended
by 2 small bractlets. Sepals nearly distinct, the outer ones cordate, the upper one broadest.
Corolla blue or white, manifestly 2-lipped, the upper lip merely notched. Hypogynous disk
present. Stamens 4, included ; filaments adnate to near the throat of the corolla-tube. Cap-
sule ovoid to conic, septicidally dehiscent, the valves cleft. Seeds numerous. [Name
unexplained.]
About S species, of the southeastern United States, the West Indies and South America. Type
species : Herpestis obovata Poepp. (See Linnaea 5 : 107 J
i. Hydrotrida caroliniana (Walt.) Small.
Blue Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3783.
Obolaria caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 166. i 7SS.
Monniera amplexicaulis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 22. 1803.
Herpestis amplexiculis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 418. 1814.
M. caroliniana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 463. 1891.
Septilia caroliniana Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1064. 1903.
Perennial by stolons, more or less pubescent, fleshy ;
stems creeping and ascending, rooting at the lower
nodes, 6'-2° long, simple, or sparingly branched,
leafy. Leaves ovate to oval, sessile and clasping by .
a subcordate base, obtuse at the apex, parallel-veined,
punctate, entire, the margins ciliolate or naked; pe-
duncles shorter than the leaves ; usually shorter
than the calyx; upper calyx-segment ovate, cordate;
flowers blue, 4"-S" long, ephemeral ; disk 10-12-
toothed; stamens approximate in pairs.
In wet pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and
Louisiana. June-Oct.
16. MECARDONIA R. & P. Syst. 164. 1798.
Perennial relatively rigid herbs, with 4-angled erect or diffuse, but rarely creeping stems.
Leaves opposite ; blades toothed, narrowed at the base, pinnately nerved. Flowers solitary
on slender axillary peduncles subtended by two small bractlets. Calyx not subtended by bract-
lets; sepals 5, unequal, the upper one broadest; corolla white, purple or yellow, 2-lipped, the
upper lip notched Stamens adnate to near the corolla-throat. Hypogynous disk wanting.
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule septicidal, the valves cleft. Seeds numerous. [Named in honor of
Anton Meca y Cardona, a founder of the botanical garden at Barcelona.]
About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical America. Besides the following, some 4 others
inhabit the southeastern United States. Type species : Mecardonia ovata R. & P.
i. Mecardonia acuminata ( Walt. ) Small
Purple Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3784.
Gratiola acuminata Walt. Fl. Car. 61. 1788.
Mat our ea niyrescens Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 173.
. 1835.
Herpestis mgrescens Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 56.
1836.
Monniera acuminata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 463. 1891.
Mecardonia acuminata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1065.
1903.
Perennial, glabrous ; stem erect, branched above,
i°-2° high, very leafy. Leaves oblong or oblong-
'anceolate, serrate, at least above the middle,
short-pctioled or sessile, obtuse or acute at the
apex, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base,
1-2' long, faintly veined; peduncles in alternate
and opposite axils, ascending, in fruit longer than
the leaves, not hracteolate at the summit ; flowers
5"-6" long, purple or purplish ; upper calyx-seg-
ment lanceolate, acute; corolla 2-lipped, the lower
lip longer than the upper; stamens approximate
in pairs ; capsule oblong, 4-valved, 3"-4" high,
about equalling the calyx.
In wet soil. Maryland to Florida. Missouri and
Texas, mostly near the coast. Plant blackening in
drying. June-Sept.
i94
' 'PHULAKIACEAE.
Vol. III.
17. GRATIOLA L. Sp. PI. 17. 1753.
Erect or diffuse glabrous or glandular-pubescent herbs, with opposite sessile, entire or
dentate leaves, and yellow or whitish peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Peduncles
2-bracteolate at the summit in the following species. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow,
slightly unequal. Corolla irregular, its tube cylindric, its limb more or less 2-lippcd ; upper
lip entire, emarginate, or 2-cleft; lower lip 3-lobed. Perfect stamens 2, the anterior pair
wanting, or represented by rudiments; filaments filiform; anther-sacs distinct, transverse and
separated by a broad connective. Style filiform; stigma dilated, slightly 2-lobed. Capsule
loculicidally and septicidally dehiscent, ovoid or globose, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, longi-
tudinally and transversely striate. [Latin, grace or favor, from its reputed'healing properties.]
About 30 species, of wide geographic distribution in temperate and warm regions. Besides the
following, some 9 others occur in southern and western North America. Type species: Gratiola
officinalis L.
Sterile filaments minute or none.
Glandular-puberulent ; flowers 4"-s" long; capsule ovoid. 1. G.virginiana.
Glabrous; flowers 7" long; capsule globose. 2. G. sphacrocarpa.
Sterile filaments 2, slender, capitate at the summit.
Leaves lanceolate, entire or remotely denticulate. 3. G. aurea.
Leaves ovate or oblong, sharply serrate. 4. G. viscosa.
i. Gratiola virginiana L. Clammy Hedge-
Hyssop. Fig. 3785.
Gratiola virginiana L. Sp. PI. 17. 1753.
Annual ; stem erect, at length widely branched,
glandular-puberulent, at least above, 3'-i2' high.
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, nar-
rowed to both ends, denticulate, 1/-2' long, 2"-$"
wide, glabrous or nearly so; peduncles slender,
glandular, shorter than or equalling the leaves ;
flowers 4"-s" long; bractlets as long as the calyx,
or longer; calyx about one-half as long as the yel-
lowish corolla-tube ; limb of the corolla short, white ;
sterile filaments minute or none; anther-sacs trans-
verse, separated by a broad connective ; capsule
broadly ovoid, 2" high, as long as the calyx.
In wet places. Quebec to British Columbia, south to
Florida, Texas and California. Ascends to 3000 ft. in
Virginia. Water jessamine. May-Oct.
2. Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. Round-
fruited Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3786.
Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 14.
1816.
Annual (or perennial?), glabrous; stem as-
cending or erect, rather stout, simple or branched,
6'-i2' high. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong,
sessile, dentate or denticulate, 3-5-nerved, acute
or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base,
1 "-2' long, 3 "-8" wide; peduncles stout, little cr
not at all longer than the calyx ; bractlets about
equalling the calyx ; calyx-lobes linear ; calyx
nearly one-half as long as the corolla; flowers
about 7" long; corolla-tube yellow, the limb
paler; anther-sacs broad, transverse; sterile fila-
ments wanting; capsule globose, 3" in diameter.
In wet places, southern New Jersey to Florida,
Illinois. Missouri, Texas and Mexico. June-Sept.
Genus 17.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
'95
3. Gratiola aurea Muhl. Goldenpert.
Golden Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3787.
Gratiola aurea Muhl. Cat.
1813.
Perennial, glandular-puberulent above, or gla-
brate; stems decumbent, creeping or ascending,
simple or branched, 4-12' long, somewhat 4-sided.
Leaves lanceolate to linear-oblong, i'-l' long,
1 "-3" wide, sparingly denticulate, scarcely nar-
rowed to the sessile and somewhat clasping
base; peduncles filiform, in fruit equalling or
longer than the calyx; corolla bright yellow,
6"-y" long, 3 times as long as the calyx; sterile
filaments 2, capitate at the summit ; anther-sacs
of the fertile stamens broad, transverse; capsule
globose-ovoid, shorter than or equalling the calyx.
In sandy wet places, Quebec and Ontario to New
Jersey and Virginia. Recorded from Florida. June-
Sept.
Gratiola viscosa Schwein. Viscid
Hedge-Hyssop. Fig. 3788.
Gratiola viscosa Schwein.
Y. 1 : 106. 1823.
LeConte, Ann. Lye. N.
Annual ; stem weak, finely viscid-pubescent,
slender, commonly simple, 6-18' long. Leaves
ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply
serrate, acute at the apex, sessile, cordate-clasp-
ing at the base, J'-i' long; peduncles slender,
shorter than or exceeding the leaves ; bractlets
and calyx-segments foliaceous, entire or dentate,
one-third to one-half as long as the yellow or
purplish corolla; flowers s"-6" long; sterile fila-
ments 2, capitate at the summit ; anther-sacs of
the fertile stamens transverse, separated by the
broad connective; capsule subglobose, shorter
than the calyx.
In brooks and swamps, Delaware to Kentucky,
Georgia and Tennessee. May-Sept.
18. SOPHRONANTHE Benth. ; Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 445 1836.
Annual or perennial rigid caulescent herbs, with rough-pubescent foliage. Leaves oppo-
site; blades entire or toothed, sessile. Flowers solitary in the axils, short-peduncled or nearly
sessile. Calyx sessile in 2 bractlets; sepals 5, nearly distinct. Corolla white or purplish,
2-lipped. Stamens 2, included. Staminodia filiform, capitate at the apex. Anther-sacs par-
allel, contiguous. Capsule somewhat elongated, acuminate. [Greek, referring to the included
anthers.]
Two known species of eastern North America. Type species: Sophronanthe hispida Benth.
SCROPHULARIACE \l .
Vol. 111.
i. Sophronanthe pilosa (Michx.) Small.
Hairy Hedge Hyssop. Fig. 3789.
Gratiola fiilosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i :
1803.
Sophronanthe pilosa Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1067. 19°i'
Perennial (?), hirsute; stems slender, erect,
strict, simple, or branched, 6'-2° high. Leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate or denticulate,
sessile, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded,
truncate or subeordate at the base, l'-l' long;
flowers nearly or quite sessile, commonly numer-
ous, about 4" long; corolla purpli>h or white,
slightly longer than the calyx and bractlets;
sterile filaments 2, capitate at the summit ; anther-
sacs of the fertile stamens parallel, contiguous;
capsule oblong-conic, acuminate, about the length
of the calyx, or shorter.
In diy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, Arkan-
sas and Texas. May-Aug.
19. ILYSANTHES Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Annual or biennial glabrous slender branching herbs, with opposite, mostly dentate and
sessile leaves, and small purplish peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Peduncles not
bracteolate. Calyx 5-parted, the segments linear. Corolla irregular, the tube somewhat
expanded above, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-clef t. erect ; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spread-
ing. Fertile stamens 2, included, their anther-sacs divergent ; sterile stamens 2, 2-lobed, one
of the lobes capitate, glandular, the other glabrous, shorter. Style slender; stigma slightly
2-lobed. Capsule oblong or ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, wrinkled. [Greek,
mud-flower.]
About 10 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur
in the southeastern United States. Type species: Ilysanthes riparia Raf.
Peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx-segments shorter than the capsule. 1. /. dubia.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves ; calyx-segments mostly as long as the capsule, or longer.
2. /. attenuata.
i. Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart. Long-stalked False Pimpernel. Fig. 3790.
Gratiola dubia L. Sp. PI. 17. 1753.
( 'apraria gratioloides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 876. 1763-
Ilysanthes riparia Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Ilysanthcs gratioloides Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10:
419. 1S46.
Ilysanthes dubia Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club 26:
'370. 1899.
Stem slender, mostly erect, at length dif-
fusely branched, 3-8' long. Leaves ovate,
ovate-oblong, or the lower obovate, sessile or
very nearly so, or slightly clasping at the base,
remotely denticulate or entire, obtuse or acutish
at the apex, thickish, 3-7-nerved, i'-l' long,
the upper ones commonly much smaller; pe-
duncles slender, considerably exceeding the
leaves; flowers 3"-$" long; calyx-segments
linear, about one-half the length of the corolla,
shorter than the capsule; capsule narrowly
ovoid-oblong, bluntish, 2"-3" high ; seeds 1"
long, reddish, the ends usually truncate.
In wet places, Massachusetts to Florida, west
to Ontario, Minnesota and Texas. Also on tht-
Pacific Coast, and in the West Indies and South
America. July-Sept.
Genus ig.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
2. Ilysanthes attenuata (Muhl.) Small.
Short-stalked False Pimpernel.
Fig. 3791.
Lindernia attenuata Muhl. Cat. 59. 1S13.
Ilysanthes gratioloides curtipedicellata Bush, Bull.
Torr. Club 21 : 494. 1894.
/. attenuata Small, Bull. Torr. Club 23: 297. 1896.
Stem erect or ascending, 3-16' long, the branches
spreading. Leaves oblong to ovate, or sometimes
obovate, i'-li' long, thinnish, obtuse, serrate with
a few low teeth, 3-5-nerved, narrowed into short
petioles, or sessile; peduncles shorter than the
leaves ; calyx-segments linear-subulate, as long as
the capsule, or longer; corolla 2"-6" long; cap-
sule narrowly ovoid, about 2" long, pointed ; seeds
slightly curved, li"-2" long, yellowish brown, the
ends usually rounded.
In wet places, New Brunswick and Ontario to Wis-
consin, south to Florida and Arkansas. Ascends to
2000 ft. in Virginia. Perhaps not specifically dis-
tinct from the preceding. May-Oct.
20. MICRANTHEMUM Michpc. Fl. Por. Am. i : 10. />/. is. 1803.
Creeping or ascending, branched small leafy annual glabrous herbs, with opposite obovate
oval or orbicular sessile entire leaves, and minute white or purplish short-peduncled flowers,
solitary in some of the axils. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5-parted. Corolla very irregular, the
tube short, the upper lip shorter than the lower, or wanting, the lower 3-lobed, spreading or
ascending, the middle lobe the largest. Stamens 2, anterior; filaments short, somewhat
dilated or appendaged at the base; anthers small, their sacs distinct, parallel, or slightly
divergent. Style short ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsules globose, 2-celled by a membranous parti-
tion or becoming i-celled. Seeds several or numerous, minute. [Greek, small flower.]
About 16 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern
United States. Type species : Micranthemum orbiculatum Michx.
i. Micranthemum micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst.
Fig. 3792.
Nuttall's Micranthemum.
Hemianthus micranthemoides Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil.
I : 119. pi. 6. 1817.
Micranthemum Nuttallii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 331. 1867.
Micranthemum micranthemoides Wettst. in Engl. &
Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b. 77. 1891.
Somewhat fleshy; stem filiform, creeping, the
branches ascending, J'-2+' high. Leaves obovate to
oval, obtuse, i"-2*" long ; flowers about i" long,
borne on peduncles of about the same length; calyx
campanulate in flower, obovoid in fruit, 4-lobed,
usually split along one side; peduncles recurved in
fruit ; upper lip of the corolla nearly obsolete ; mid-
dle lobe of the lower lip longer than the lateral ones;
appendages at the bases of the stamens nearly as
long as the filaments ; capsule obovoid-globose, I" in
diameter, as long as the calyx.
In tidal mud, New Jersey to Florida. Aug.-Oct.
This species is the type of the genus Hemianthus Nutt.,
which has been regarded as distinct from Micranthe-
mum by other authors, a view which may be maintained.
21. LIMOSELLA L. Sp. PI. 631. 1753.
Low glabrous succulent floating or creeping, tufted annual herbs (or perennial by stolons?),
with filiform stems rooting at their nodes, basal slender-petioled entire leaves, and filiform
i-flowered scape-like peduncles, the flowers small, white, pink, or purple. Calyx campanu-
late, 5-lobed. Corolla nearly regular, open-campanulate, the tube short, the limb 5-cleft.
Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, scarcely exserted ; filaments short ; anther-sacs con-
fluent. Style short; stigma capitate. Ovary 2-celled at the base, i-celled above. Capsule
globose or oblong, becoming i-celled, many-seeded. [Greek, mud seated. 1
About 6 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species : Limosella aquatica I..
i9S
Si IvOPHULARIACEAE.
Vol. II r.
i. Limosella aquatica L. Mudweed. Mudwort. Fig. 3793.
Limosella aquatica L. Sp. PI. 631. 1753.
Limosella tenuifolia Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 29.
1804.
Limosella australis R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl.
1 : 443. 1810.
Leaves i'-s' long, the blade oblong, linear-
oblong, narrowly linear or spatulate, ob-
tuse, one-fourth or one-third as long as
the filiform petiole. Peduncles shorter than
the leaves, arising with the petioles from
the base of the plant or from nodes of the
creeping or floating stem ; corolla pink or
white, about 1" broad, scarcely longer than
the calyx ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute or acut-
ish, about the length of the tube; stamens
inserted high up on the corolla-tube ; fila-
ments somewhat longer than the anthers;
capsule globose or oblong-globose, obtuse,
li" high, longer than the calyx.
On muddy shorts and in brooks, Labrador
and Hudson Bay to the Northwest Territory,
south to New Jersey, and in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada to
California. Also in Europe, Australia and
South America. June-Aug.
22. SYNTHYRIS P.enth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 454. 1846.
Perennial herbs, with thick rootstocks, simple erect stems, large petioled basal leaves,
those of the stem much smaller, alternate, sessile, or clasping, bract-like. Flowers small, pink
or purple, in terminal dense elongated spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-5-parted, the segments
oblong or linear. Corolla oblong or campanulate, 2-4-lobed, or parted, or wanting, the lateral
lobes, when present, exterior in the bud. Stamens 2 (occasionally 4), posterior, inserted on
the corolla, or on the outer side of the hypogynous disk, exserted ; filaments slender; anther-
sacs parallel or divergent, not confluent. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled ; style filiform;
stigma capitate. Capsule compressed, obtuse, or emarginate. many-seeded, loculicidally dehis-
cent. Seeds flat, oval, or orbicular. [Greek, closed doors, referring to the capsule-valves.]
Our species were referred, in the first edition of this work, to the Old World genus Wulfenia.
About 10 species, natives of North America and Europe. Type species: Synthyris reni-
J or mis Benth.
Corolla present, usually 2-lobed. 1. S. Bulla.
Corolla none. 2. 5. rubra.
i. Synthyris Bullii (Eaton) Heller. Bull's Synthyris. Fig. 3794.
Gymnandra Bullii Eaton; Eaton & Wright. 259. 1840.
Synthyris Houghtoniana Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 454.
1846.
Wulfenia Houghtoniana Greene. Erythea 2: S3. 1894.
Gymnandra Bullii Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club 26 : 378. 1899.
Synthyris Bullii Heller, Muhlenbergia 1 : 4. 1900.
Pubescent; stem stout, l°-2i° high. Basal leaves
ovate or orbicular, rounded at the apex, truncate, cor-
date or reniform at the base, crenulate all around, 2'-$'
long, 5-7-nerved, petioled, the petiole usually shorter
than the blade; stem-leaves small, I'— 1' long, sessile
or slightly clasping, crenulate, obtuse, or acute, passing
gradually into the bracts of the dense spike ; 'flowers
greenish yellow. 2"-3" long; corolla present, variously
2-4-Iobed (commonly 2-lobed), little, if any, longer than
the calyx, its lobes obtuse, the stamens inserted on its
base ; spike much elongated in fruit ; capsule emargi-
nate, slightly exceeding the calyx.
On dry prairies, Ohio to Minnesota, Michigan and Iowa.
May-July.
Genus _•_
FIGWORT FAMILY.
199
2. Synthyris rubra (Hook.) Benth. Western Synthyris. Fig. 3795
Gymnandra rubra Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 103. pi. 172.
1838.
Synthyris rubra Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 455. 1846.
Wulfenia rubra Greene, Erythea 2: 83. 1894.
Besseya rubra Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 280. 1903.
Similar to the preceding species but lower, pubescent
or tomentose, seldom over 1° high. Basal leaves ovate
or oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed, trun-
cate or cordate at the base, 1J-3' long, crenulate, peti-
oled, indistinctly nerved; stem-leaves ovate or lanceo-
late, acute, sessile, crenulate, or entire, l'-l' long; spike
very dense, 1/-2' long in flower, 2-5' long in fruit, its
bracts purplish; corolla none; stamens inserted on the
outer side of the hypogynous disk; capsule little com-
pressed, emarginate, slightly longer than the calyx.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, British Columbia and Utah. May-Jun
23. VERONICA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 9. 1753-
Annual or perennial herbs (some exotic species shrubs or trees), with opposite and alter-
nate, rarely verticillate leaves, and mostly small blue purple pink or white flowers, terminal
or axillary, racemose, spicate, or solitary. Calyx mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5-parted, the seg-
ments oblong or ovate. Corolla rotate, its tube very short, deeply and more or less unequally
4-lobed (rarely 5-lobed), the lower lobe commonly the narrowest. Stamens 2. divergent,
inserted on either side and at the base of the upper corolla-lobe; anthers obtuse, their sacs
confluent at the summit; filaments slender. Ovary 2-celled ; style slender; stigma capitate ;
ovules few or numerous in each cavity. Capsule more or less compressed, sometimes very
flat, emarginate, obcordate, or 2-lobed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds smooth or rough, flat,
plano-convex, or excavated on the inner side. [Named for St. Veronica.]
About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 3 others occur in
northwest America. Type species : Veronica officinalis L.
* Flowers racemose in the axils of the leaves, bracteolate.
Glabrous, or minutely glandular above (No. 3 rarely hairy) : brook or swamp plants.
Leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate ; capsule compressed.
Stem leaves sessile, partly clasping, serrulate or entire. 1. V. Anagallis-aquatica.
All the leaves petioled. serrate. 2. V. americana.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; capsule very flat. 3- ' ■ scutellata.
Pubescent, dry soil plants ; leaves crenate or dentate.
Leaves oval or obovate, petioled ; pedicels shorter than the calyx. 4. V. officinalis.
Leaves ovate, nearly or quite sessile ; pedicels longer than the calyx. 5. V. Chamaedrys.
** Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, or solitary in the axils.
Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.
Leaves all sessile ; capsule elliptic, emarginate.
Lower leaves petioled; capsule orbicular, obcordate.
Flowers solitary in most of the axils ; peduncles shorter than the leaves.
Erect ; glabrous or glandular ; capsule emarginate.
Diffuse ; pubescent ; capsule obcordate.
Flowers solitary in the axils; peduncles as long as the leaves, or longer.
Leaves ovate or oblong, crenate or dentate.
Corolla not longer than the calyx ; capsule narrowly emarginate.
Corolla longer than the calyx ; capsule broadly emarginate.
Leaves orbicular, or broader, 3-5-lobed or -crenate.
6. V. Wormskioldii.
7. V. serpyllifolia.
8. V. peregrina.
9. V. arvensis.
10. V. agrestis.
11. V.Tournefortii.
1 2. V. hederaefolia.
200
S( Ri iPHULARIACEAE.
Vol. 111.
Atlantic Coast app
introduced
i. Veronica Anagallis-aquatica L. Water
Speedwell or Pimpernel. Fig. 3796.
J eronica Anagallis-aquatica L. Sp. PI. t _-. 1753.
Perennial by stolons or leafy shoots developed in
autumn ; stem rather stout, glabrous, or glandular-
puberulent above, erect or decumbent, often rooting
at the lower nodes, usually branched, l°-3° high.
Leaves of sterile autumn shoots orbicular to obovate,
obtuse, serrulate, narrowed into margined petioles,
those of the flowering stems ovate, oblong, or lan-
ceolate, sessile and more or less clasping or the
lowest short-petioled, serrulate or entire, I £'-4' long,
Y-2' wide; racemes peduncled, borne in most of the
axils, 2'-$' long; bractlets shorter than or exceeding
the pedicels; flowers blue, or purplish striped, 2"
broad ; capsule compressed, not very flat, nearly or-
bicular, 2-lobed, emarginate, ij" high; seeds flat.
In brooks and swamps, Nova Scotia to British Co-
lumbia, south to North Carolina, Nebraska and New
Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. The plant of the
. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-Sept.
2. Veronica americana Schwein. American Brooklime. Fig. 3797.
V. americana Schwein. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 : 468. 1846.
Similar to the preceding species, perennial by stolons
or leafy shoots, glabrous throughout ; stem decumbent,
usually branched, rooting at the lower nodes, 6'-3° long.
Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, all distinctly
petioled, sharply serrate, truncate, rounded, or subcor-
date at the base, obtuse or acutish at the apex. 1'— 3'
long, l'-i' wide; racemes peduncled, borne in most of
the axils, loose, elongated, sometimes 6' long; bractlets
shorter than the pedicels; flower blue or nearly white,
usually striped with purple, 2" broad; capsule nearly
orbicular, compressed, but not very flat, emarginate, l\"
high ; seeds flat.
In brooks and swamps, Anticosti to Alaska, south to
Pennsylvania, Nebraska, New Mexico and California.
Ascends to 2600 ft. in the Catskills. Wallink. Blue-bells.
April-Sept.
Veronica Beccabunga L., a European brooklime, similar
to V. americana in habit, but with crenate or low-serrate
broad tipped leaves, is naturalized about Quebec and has been found on ballast about seaports in
New York and New Jersey.
3. Veronica scutellata L. Marsh or Skullcap
Speedwell. Fig. 3798.
I eronica scutellata L. Sp. PI. 12. 1753.
Glabrous, or very sparingly pubescent, rarely quite
hairy, perennial by leafy shoots or stolons; stems slen-
der, decumbent or ascending, leafy, simple or branched,
commonly rooting at the lower nodes, 6'-2° high. Leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile and slightly clasping,
remotely denticulate, acute, i'-3' long, l"-3" wide; ra-
cemes borne in nearly all the axils, or only in the alter-
nate ones, equalling or longer than the leaves ; bractlets
much shorter than the filiform spreading pedicels; flow-
ers blue, 2"— 3" broad ; capsule broader than high, very
flat, deeply emarginate at the summit, slightly so at the
base, 2"-2<5" broad; seeds flat.
In swamps, Labrador to British Columbia, south to south-
ern New York. Minnesota and California. Also m Europe
and Asia. May-Sept.
Genus 23.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
4. Veronica officinalis L. Common Speed-
well. Fluellin. Gipsy-weed. Fig. 3799.
Veronica officinalis L. Sp. PI. n. i/53-
Perennial by stolons, pubescent all over; stem as-
cending, 3'-io' high. Leaves oblong, oval, or obo-
vate. petioled, ¥-2' long, obtuse at the apex, serrate,
narrowed into the petioles; racemes spike-like, nar-
row, dense, elongated, often borne only in alternate
axils, much longer than the leaves ; subulate bract-
lets and the calyx longer than the pedicels; flowers
pale blue, 2"-3" broad ; capsule obovate-cuneate,
compressed, broadly emarginate, 2" high, 1*" broad;
seeds numerous, flat.
In dry fields and woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario,
South Dakota, North Carolina and Tennessee. As-
cends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia.
Appears, in most places, as if introduced. Paul's-betony.
Ground-hele. Upland speedwell. May-Aug.
Veronica longifolia L., an erect European species
with lanceolate petioled acuminate sharply serrate
leaves, has been found in waste grounds and fields
from Nova Scotia to New York.
5. Veronica Chamaedrys L. Germander
Speedwell. Fig. 3800.
Veronica Chamaedrys L. Sp. PI. 13. i"53-
Perennial ; stem ascending, simple or branched,
slender, pubescent in two lines, 4'-i2' high. Leaves
ovate, sessile, or very nearly so, pubescent, trun-
cate, rounded or cordate at the base, incised-
dentate, obtuse at the apex, i'-li' long; racemes
borne in opposite or alternate axils, peduncied,
more or less pubescent, loose, 2'-6' long ; pedicels
filiform, longer than the calyx and usually longer
than the bractlets; flowers light blue, 3"-4"
broad; capsule obcordate, narrowed at the base;
seeds numerous, flattish.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia and
Quebec to southern New York and Pennsylvania.
Naturalized from Europe. Other English names
are blue eye, eyebright, angel's-eye, god's-eye, bird's-
eye, cat's-eye, base vervain. Forget-me-not. May-
July.
Veronica Teucrium L., also European, similar to
V. Chamaedrys, but with oblong to lanceolate
crenate leaves, has been found in New England and
Ohio.
6. Veronica Wormskioldii R. & S. Worms-
kiold's Speedwell. Fig. 3801.
V. Wormskioldii R. & S. Syst. 1: 101. 1817.
Perennial, pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stems
ascending or erect, slender, usually simple, 2'-l2
high. Leaves oblong, ovate, or elliptic, sessile, mostly
rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire, l'-l' long;
flowers in a short narrow raceme at the end of the
stem, light blue, 2"-3" broad; pedicels shorter than
the calyx in flower, much shorter than the bractlets,
2"-3" long in fruit; capsule ellipsoid or slightly obo-
void, moderately compressed, emarginate, 2 '-3" high ;
seeds numerous, flattish.
Labrador; mountains of Quebec and New England
to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado
and in the Sierra Nevada to Nevada. Summer. Re-
ferred in our first edition to V. alpina L.
202
Si ROPHULARIACEAE.
Vol. III.
7. Veronica serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved
Speedwell. Fig. 3802.
Veronica serpyllifolia L. Sp. PI. 12. 1753.
Perennial, puberulent or glabrous ; stems slender,
decumbent, branched, the branches ascending or
erect, 2-10' high. Leaves all opposite and petioled,
or the uppermost sessile, oblong, oval, or ovate, Y-V
long, crenulate or entire; flowers in short narrow
racemes at the end of the stem and branches; pedi-
cels equalling or longer than the calyx, usually shorter
than the bractlets; corolla blue with darker stripes,
sometimes white, 2"-4" broad ; capsule broader than
high, broadly obcordate or emarginate at the summit,
about l" long, about equalling the calyx; seeds flat,
numerous.
In fields and thickets, Labrador to Alaska, south to
Georgia, New Mexico and California. Also in Europe,
Asia and South America. Ascends to 2600 ft. in the
Catskills. Paul's-betony. April-Aug.
Veronica humifusa Dickson, differing in larger flow-
ers and more pubescent inflorescence, is apparently a
northern race of this species, also occurring in Europe.
8. Veronica peregrina L. Purslane Speedwell.
Xeckweed. Fig. 3803.
Veronica peregrina L. Sp. PI. 14. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, or glandular-puberulent ; stem
erect or ascending, simple or branched. 3'-l2' high.
Leaves cblong, oval, linear or slightly spatulate, 3"— 10"
long, obtuse or acutish, the lowest opposite, short-
petioled, or sessile, broader than the upper and usually
denticulate, the upper alternate, sessile, mostly entire,
each with a, short-pedicelled flower in its axil; flowers
nearly white, about l" broad; pedicels much shorter
than the calyx; capsule nearly orbicular, obcordate,
usually a little shorter than the calyx, 1"— ij" high,
many-seeded, the seeds flat.
In moist places, and common as a weed in cultivated
soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida,
Mexico and California. Also in Central and South Amer-
ica, distributed as a weed in the Old World. May-Oct.
9. Veronica arvensis L. Corn or Wall
Speedwell. Fig. 3804.
Veronica arvensis L. Sp. PI. 13. 1753.
Annual, pubescent; stem slender, at first sim-
ple and erect, at length much branched and dif-
fuse, 3'-io' . long. Lower leaves ovate or oval,
opposite, obtuse at both ends, crenate or crenu-
late, 2"-6" long, the lowest petioled ; upper leaves
sessile, alternate, ovate or lanceolate, acute or
acutish, commonly entire, each with a short pedi-
celled minute flower in its axil; pedicels shorter
than the calyx; corolla blue, or nearly white. l"
broad or less; capsule broadly obovate, obcordate,
l" high.
In fields, woods and waste places and in culti-
vated soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota,
south to Florida. Kansas and Texas. Also in Ber-
muda. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia. March-Sept.
Genus 23.
F1GWORT FAMILY.
203
10. Veronica agrestis L. Procumbent, Field
or Garden Speedwell. Fig. 3805.
Veronica agrestis L. Sp. PI. 13. 1753-
Annual, pubescent ; stems creeping or procumbent,
very slender, branched, 3-8' long, the branches as-
cending or spreading. Leaves broadly ovate or oval,
obtuse at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate
at the base, crenate, all short-petioled, or the upper-
most sessile, the lowest opposite, the upper alternate
and each with a slender-peduncled small blue flower
in its axil; peduncles equalling or longer than the
leaves ; corolla not exceeding the calyx ; capsule
broader than high, compressed, but not very flat, nar-
rowly emarginate at the summit, 1" high, 2" broad;
seeds few, hollowed out on the inner side.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to New Jersey
and Louisiana. Naturalized from Europe. Native also
of Asia. Other English names are germander-chickweed
and winter-weed. May-Sept.
11. Veronica Tournefortii Gmelin.
well.
Tournefort's Speedwell. Byzantine Speed-
Fig. 3806.
Veronica Tournefortii Gmelin, Fl. Bad. I : 39. 1805.
Veronica agrestis var. bycantina Sibth. & Smith,
Fl. Graec. 1 : pi. S. 1S06.
V. Buxbaumii Tenore. Fl. Nap. 1 : 7. pt. I. 181 1.
V. byaantina B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 40. 1888.
Annual, pubescent; stems diffusely branched,
spreading or ascending, 6'-i5' long. Leaves
ovate or oval, short-petioled, obtuse or acutish.
sometimes narrowed at the base, crenate-dentate
or somewhat incised, 4"-i2" long, the lowest
opposite, the upper all alternate and each with
a slender-peduncled rather' large blue flower in
its axil; peduncles filiform, as long as the leaves
or longer ; corolla exceeding the calyx, 3"-4"
broad ; capsule twice as broad as high, 3" broad,
with a wide and shallow emargination at the
summit ; seeds few or several, hollowed out on
the inner side.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to southern New
York and Ohio ; Colorado to California. Adventive
or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Bird's-eye. Cat's-eye. May-Sept.
12. Veronica hederaefolia L. Ivy-leaved
Speedwell. Fig. 3807.
Veronica hederaefolia L. Sp. PI. 13. 1753.
Annual, pubescent ; stems slender, diffusely
branched, 3'-i8' long. Leaves orbicular or
broader, truncate or subcordate at the base,
3-5-lobed or 3-5-crenate, petioled, i'-l' in diam-
eter, the lower opposite, the upper all alternate
and with slender peduncled small blue flowers
in their axils; peduncles filiform, often longer
than the leaves ; corolla 2" broad, scarcely
longer than the calyx; capsule little compressed,
2-lobed, broader than high, shorter than the
densely ciliate sepals. 2-4-seeded ; seeds exca-
vated on the inner side.
In thickets, fields and waste places, southern
New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey to South
Carolina. Naturalized from Europe. Native also
of Asia. April-Oct. Ivy-chickweed. Mother-of-
wheat. Small henhit. Winter-weed. Morgeline.
204
S< R0PH1 L \K'i V I \l
Vol. III.
24. LEPTANDRA Nutt. Gen. 1: 7. 1818.
Tall stout erect perennial herbs, with verticillate or opposite leaves, and small minutely
bracted white e ; filaments filiform; anthers obtuse, short. Style about as long as the stamens,
stigma minute. Capsule narrowly ovoid, scarcely compressed, not emarginate nor obcordate,
4-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous, oval, minutely reticulated. [Greek, slender stamens,
referring to the filaments.]
Two species, the following typical one native of eastern North America, the other of north-
111 Asia.
i. Leptandra virginica ( L.) Xutt. BeaummitV,
Bowman's- or Culver's-root. Fig. 3808.
1 753-
Veronica virginica L. Sp. PI. g.
Leptandra virginica Xutt. Gen.
1S1S
Stem glabrous, or very nearly so, simple, strict, 2°-7°
high. Leaves verticillate in 3's-o.'s or some of the upper-
most opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, short-
petioled, long-acuminate at the apex, sharply serrulate,
narrowed at the base, pinnately veined, glabrous both
sides, or pubescent beneath, 3'-6' long, l'-l' wide; spike-
like racemes several or rarely solitary, 3 '-9' long, very
dense, the terminal one first developing; pedicels and
bractlets about as long as the calyx ; calyx-segments
ovate-lanceolate, acute ; corolla tubular, white or bluish,
2" long; capsule ovoid-oblong, l"-li" long. 2-3 times
as long as the calyx.
In meadows, moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Mani-
toba, Massachusetts, Alabama and Texas. Recorded from
Nova Scotia. Ascends to 2700 ft. in Virginia. Black-root.
Culver's-physic. Brinton's-root. Oxadaddy. Quitch. Tall
speedwell. June-Sept.
25. DIGITALIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 621. 1753.
Tall biennial or perennial herbs, the stems simple, or branched at the base, with alternate
dentate or entire leaves, and large showy purple yellowish or white flowers, in long terminal
commonly 1-sided racemes. Calyx 5-parted. the segments imbricated. Corolla declined,
somewhat irregular, the tube contracted above the ovary, then rather abruptly expanded,
longer than the 4-5-lobed slightly 2-lipped limb; upper lip broadly emarginate or 2-cleft;
lower lip 3-lobed. the middle lobe largest, the lateral ones exterior in the bud. Stamens 4,
didynamous, ascending, mostly included ; anthers approximate in pairs. Style slender ; stigma
2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, rugose. [Latin, digitate,
the finger of a glove, which the flowers resemble.]
About 20 species, native of Europe and Asia, the
following typical.
i. Digitalis purpurea L. Purple Fox-
glove. Thimbles. Fairy Cap. Fig. 3809.
Digitalis purpurea L. Sp. PI. 621. 1753.
Usually biennial, pubescent ; stem stout, erect,
2°-5° high. Basal and lower leaves ovate or
ovate-laneeolate, 6'-io' long, slender-petioled,
acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, dentate ;
upper leaves similar, smaller, sessile; racemes 1°
long or more, dense, i-sided; flowers purple to
white, 1V-2' long, drooping; upper calyx-segment
narrower than the four other foliaceous ones ;
corolla spotted within.
Cape Breton Island and New York, naturalized
from Europe, sparingly escaped from cultivation ;
also from Washington to California. June-Aug.
Among some 60 English names are folk's-glove Iby
corruption fox-glove], i. e., fairy 's-glove, fairy-
thimbles, -fingers, -weed, fairy-bells, pop-dock, or
-glove. Rabbit's-flower. Cottagers. Lion's-mouth.
Scotch mercury. Throatwort. Lady-fingers, -glove,
-thimble. Dog's-finger. Witches'-thimbles.
Genus 26.
FIGWORT FAMILY.
205
26. BUCHNERA L. Sp. PL 630. 1753.
Erect, perennial or biennial, simple or branched, strict hispid or scabrous herbs, black-
ening in drying, the lower leaves opposite, the upper sometimes alternate. Flowers rather
large, white, blue, or purple, in dense terminal bracted spikes, the lower commonly distant.
Calyx tubular, or oblong, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, its tube cylindric,
somewhat curved, its limb deeply and nearly equally 5-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes
exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anther-sacs confluent into I. Sfyle
slender, thickened or club-shaped above; stigma small, entire or emarginate. Capsule oblong
or ovoid, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, reticulated. [Named for J. G. Buchner.]
About 30 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, another
occurs in the southern United States. Type species: Buchnera americana L.
i. Buchnera americana L. Blue-hearts.
Fig. 3810.
Buchnera americana L. Sp. PL 630. 1753.
Hispid and rough; stem slender, stiff, l°-2i° high.
Leaves usually all opposite, prominently veined, the
lowest obovate or oblong, obtuse, narrowed into very
short petioles, the middle ones oblong or oblong-lan-
ceolate, dentate, obtuse, or acute at the apex, narrowed
at the base, sessile, the upper lanceolate or linear-lan-
ceolate, entire or nearly so ; spike peduncled, 6'-io' long
in fruit, the flowers mostly opposite, nearly 1' long;
bractlets shorter than the calyx ; calyx strigose ; corolla
purple, its lobes obovate, obtuse, 3"-4-' broad ; capsule
slightly oblique, 4" high, a little longer than the calyx.
In sandy or gravelly soil, New Jersey to western New
York, southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Virginia,
Louisiana, Kansas and Arkansas. June-Sept.
27. AFZELIA J. G. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 927. 1;
[Seymeria Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814.]
Erect stout branched annual or perennial herbs, mostly with opposite leaves, at least the
lower 1-2-pinnatcly parted or dissected, and yellow flowers solitary in the axils, or in ter-
minal bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla slightly
irregular, campanulate or rotate, the tube short, broad, the limb 5-lobed, the lower lobe
exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, slightly unequal, scarcely or not at all exserted ; filaments
short, villous, at least near the base ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel, distinct. Style short
or slender. Capsule globose or ovoid, acute and more or less compressed at the summit.
Seeds numerous, reticulated. [Named for Adam Afzelius, 1750-1812, professor at Upsala.]
About 10 species, natives of North America, Mexico and Madagascar. Besides the following,
4 others inhabit the southern United States. Type species: Anonymos cassioides Walt.
i. Afzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Kuntze.
Mullen Foxglove. Fig. 381 1.
Seymeria macrophylla Nutt. Gen. 2: 49. 1S18.
Gerardia macrophylla Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 : 205.
1S35.
A. macrophylla Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 457. 1S91.
Annual (?), puberulent or glabrate ; stem spar-
ingly branched, or simple, 4°-6° high. Lower
leaves long-petioled, pinnately parted, 6'-i5' long,
their segments lanceolate, coarsely dentate, irregu-
larly incised, or pinnatifid ; upper leaves short-
petioled or sessile, oblong or lanceolate, l'-3' long,
entire, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at
the base, each with a sessile flower in its axil ;
flowers S"-7" long; calyx-lobes lanceolate or
ovate, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla
2-3 times as long as the calyx, woolly in the
throat; style short, club-shaped; capsule globose-
ovoid, 3"-4" high, twice as long as the calyx.
In moist thickets and along streams. Ohio to
Iowa, Nebraska, Kentucky and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
28. DASYSTOMA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 99. 1819.
Large erect simple or branched, glandular-puberulent, pubescent or glabrous, annual or
perennial herbs, partly parasitic on the roots of other plants, with opposite, whorled or some
alternate leaves, and large showy yellow flowers, in terminal mostly leafy-bracted racemes
2o6
S< ROPHULARIACEAE.
Vol. III.
or panicles. Calyx campanulate or turbinate. 5-lobcd, the lobes longer than or equalling
the tube, sometimes foliaceous. Corolla slightly irregular, funnelform, or campanulate-
funnelform, the tube villous or pubescent within, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 4,
didynamous, included, villous or pubescent; filaments slender; anthers all alike, their sacs
distinct, parallel, awned at the base. Style filiform. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally
dehiscent, longer than the calyx. [Greek, thick or hairy mouth, referring to the corolla.]
. Six species, natives of eastern North America. Type species : Dasistoma aurea Raf.
Plant glandular-pubescent ; corolla pubescent without. 1. D pedicularia.
Puberulent, cinereous or glabrous ; corolla glabrous without.
Cinereous-puberulent.
I , a\ es enl ire, di mate, or some of the lower pinnatifid, firm.
Leaves entire, undulate or the lower pinnatifid, with entire lobes. 2. D. flava.
Upper leaves mostly serrate, lower pinnatifid with toothed lobes. 3. D. serrata.
Leaves, at least all but the uppermost, pinnatifid. 4. D. grandiflora.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughtout.
Leaves all pinnatifid, thin. 5. D. laevigata.
Leaves entire, or the lowest dentate or incised. 6. D. virginica.
Dasystoma pectinata (Nutt.) ■ Benth..
and Missouri, appears to be a very glandular race.
2. Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood. Downy-
False Foxglove. Fig. 3813.
Gerardia flava L. Sp. PI. 610. 1753.
D. aurea Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 99. i8»9.
D. pubescens Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 520. 1846.
Dasystoma flava Wood, Bot. & Flor. 230. 1873.
Perennial, downy, grayish ; stem strict, erect,
simple, or with a few nearly erect branches, 2°-4°
high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, usually opposite, rarely whorled in 3's, firm,
entire, or the lower sinuate-dentate or sometimes
pinnatifid, 3' -6' long, short-petioled, the lobes ob-
tuse; the upper much smaller and sessile, passing
into the bracts of the raceme; pedicels stout, usu-
ally shorter than the calyx even in fruit ; calyx-
lobes lonceolate. entire, about as long as the tube;
corolla li'-2' long, glabrous outside, its tube
much expanded above ; capsule 8"-io" long, pu-
bescent, twice as long as the calyx.
In dry woods and thickets. Maine to Ontario and
Wisconsin, south to southern New York. Georgia
and Mississippi. Yellow foxglove. July-Aug.
i. Dasystoma pedicularia (L.) Benth.
Fern-leaved or Lousewort False Fox-
glove. Fever-weed. Fig. 3812.
Gerardia pedicularia L. Sp. PI. 611. 1753.
Dasystoma pedicn 'aria Benth. in DC. Prodr.
10 : 521, 1N46.
Annual or biennial, more or less glandu-
lar-pubescent, viscid, and with some longer
hairs; stem rather slender, much branched,
leafy, I°-4° high. Leaves sessile, or the
lower petioled, 1-2-pinnatifid, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate in outline, usually broadest
at the base, i'— 3' long, the segments incised
or crenate-dentate ; pedicels slender, ascend-
ing, mostly longer than the calyx, i'-2' long
in fruit ; calyx-lobes oblong, foliaceous,
usually incised or pinnatifid, 3"~4" long-
corolla l'-li' long, pubescent without, limb 1
about 1' broad; capsule pubescent, s"-6"
long, beak flat.
In dry woods and thickets, Maine and On-
tario to Minnesota, Florida and Missouri.
Races differ in pubescence and in leaf-divi-
sion. Lousewort. Bushy gerardia. Aug.—
Sept.
ofthe Southern States, ranging north to Kentucky
Genus 28.
F1GW0RT FAMILY.
3. Dasystoma serrata (Benth.) Small.
Serrate False Foxglove. Fig. 3814.
D. Drummondii serrata Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10 :
521. 1846.
G. grandiflora integriuscula A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N.
Am. 21 : 291. 1871.
Gerardia grandiflora serrata Robinson, in A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 7, 730. 1908.
Dasystoma serrata Small, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 451.
1901.
Perennial, grayish puberulent or finely pubes-
cent; stems i°-3i° tall, often widely branched.
Leaf-blades of the lower part of the stem pin-
natifid and their segments entire, merely serrate
and much smaller above ; calyx-tube 2i"-3"
broad during anthesis ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceo-
late to lanceolate, entire: corolla 1 '— 1 § ' long;
capsules ovoid or globose-ovoid, S"-fi" long,
short-beaked.
In dry soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas.
July-Sept.
4. Dasystoma grandiflora (Benth.) Wood.
Western False Foxglove. Fig. 3815.
Gerardia grandiflora Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. I : 206.
1835.
D. Drummondii Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 520. 1846.
D. grandiflora Wood, Bot. & Flor. 231. 1873.
Perennial, cinereous-puberulent and roughish ;
stem much branched, very leafy to the top, 2°-3°
high, the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves
short-petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in
outline, all pinnatifid or deeply incised, 2'-4' long,
the lobes acute or obtuse, serrate, or nearly entire;
upper leaves smaller, sessile ; pedicels, even in fruit,
shorter than the calyx ; calyx-lobes oblong or ovate,
dentate or entire, about as long as the tube ; corolla
1Y-2' long, glabrous without, its tube much ex-
panded above.
In dry woods and thickets, Minnesota and Wisconsin
to Tennessee, Kansas and Texas. July-Aug.
5. Dasystoma laevigata Raf. Entire-
leaved False Foxglove. Fig. 3816.
Gerardia laevigata Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820.
Dasystoma quercijolia var. integrifolia Benth. in
DC. Prodr. 10: 520. 1846.
Dasystoma laevigata Raf. ; Chapm. Fl. S. States,
Ed. 2, 636. 1883.
Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so, not
glaucous; stem strict, simple, or sparingly
branched, l°-3° high, the branches ascending.
Leaves usually all petioled, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, li'— 4' long, entire, or the lowest
dentate or incised ; pedicels shorter than the
calyx, or in fruit longer ; calyx-lobes ovate-
lanceolate, equalling or shorter than the tube;
corolla glabrous without, l'-li' long, the limb
fully as broad, the tube much expanded above;
capsule glabrous, twice as long as the calyx.
In dry thickets, Pennsylvania to Michigan,
Georgia and Missouri. July-Aug.
20S
SCROPHULARIAI E \l
Vol. 1 1 r
6. Dasystoma virginica (L.) Britton. Smooth False Foxglove. Fig. 3817.
Rhinanthus virginicus L. Sp. PI. 603. 1753.
folia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 423. pi. 19.
[ 8 ] 1 .
D. 31 J- 1878.
Thalesia fasciculata Hritton, Mem. Torr. Club 5:
298. 1894.
Stem erect, 2'~4' high, densely glandular-
pubescent, bearing several scales and 3-15
naked i-flowered peduncles 1-4' long. ^ Calyx
glandular, broadly campanulate, 3"-s" high,
about one-third the length of the corolla, its
lobes triangular-lanceolate or triangular-ovate,
acute, equalling or shorter than the tube ; co-
rolla nearly 1' long, purplish to yellow, puberu-
lent without, the curved tube 3 times as long
as the limb, the lobes oblong, obtuse, the limb
more manifestly 2-lipped than in the preced-
ing species; capsule ovoid to globose.
In sandy soil, parasitic on the roots of various
plants, mostly composites, northern Indiana to
Minnesota, Yukon and British Columbia, Ne-
braska, Arizona and California. April-Aug.
Thalesia lutea (Parry) Rydb. [Thalesia fasciculata lutea (Parry) Britton] is a race with light
yellow flowers, growing on grasses in western Nebraska and Wyoming.
2. OROBANCHE [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753.
Glandular-pubescent, erect simple or branched, reddish yellowish violet or nearly white
herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered scales, and spicate or racemose,
complete and perfect, bracted and sometimes bracteolate flowers. Calyx split both above
and below, nearly or quite to the base, the divisions 2-cleft or rarely entire, or more or less
unequally 2-S-toothed. Corolla oblique, strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emarginate or
2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included; anther-sacs mostly mucronate at
the base. Placentae equidistant, or approximate in pairs. Style slender, commonly persistent
until after the dehiscence of the capsule; stigma peltate to funnelform, entire, or laterally
2-lamellatc. [Greek, Choke-vetch.]
About 90 species, natives of the Old World and western America. Besides the following some
6 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Orobanche major L.
Calyx 4-toothed ; stems mostly branched. '■ &■ ramosa.
Calyx split on both sides ; stem simple. 2- ^- P*J~„: .
Calyx 5 cleft ; stem simple.
i. Orobanche ramosa L. Hemp or Branched
Broom-rape. Fig. 3878.
Orobanche ramosa L. Sp. PI. 633. i/53-
Plant yellowish; stem rather slender, branched, or
rarelv simple, 3-15' high, the scales few and distant,
2"-s" long. Spike loosely many-flowered, denser
above than below, the lowest flowers short-pedi-
celled; bracts usually 3, the longest about equalling
the calyx; calyx 4-toothed; the teeth triangular-
ovate, acute, or acuminate, about as long as the tube ;
corolla 5"-o" long, the tube yellow, slightly con-
stricted above the ovary, the limb bluish.
Parasitic on the roots of tomato, hemp and tobacco,
New Jersey, Illinois, Kentucky. Adventive or natural-
ized from Europe. Summer. Strangle-tare.
Orobanche purpurea Tacq., another European species,
with violet flowers and a 5-toothed calyx, is recorded as
found on Achillea in lawns a'; Wingham, Ontario.
Genus
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY
2. Orobanche minor J. E. Smith. Lesser
or Clover Broom-rape. Herb-bane.
Fig. 3879.
O. minor J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 422. 1797.
Plant yellowish-brown ; stem rather stout, sim-
ple, 4'-2o' high ; lower scales numerous, ovate-
oblong, the upper lanceolate, acute, scattered,
3"-io" long. Spike dense, or the lower flowers
separated, 3'-8' long; bracts 1 or 2, lanceolate,
equalling or longer than the flowers ; flowers
5"-o" long; calyx split both above and below,
each of the lateral segments 2-cleft, the teeth lan-
ceolate-subulate ; corolla-tube yellowish, scarcely
constricted above the ovary, the limb bluish.
Parasitic on the roots of clover, New Jersey to
Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. Called also
devil's-root and hell-root. Strangle-tare. May-July.
3. Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana
Broom-rape. Fig. 3880.
Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. Gen. 2: 58. 1818.
Aphyllon ludovicianum A. Gray, Bot. Cal. I: 585. 1876.
Myzorrhiza ludoviciana Rydb. ; Small, Fl. SE. U. S.
1093. 1903.
Stems stout, simple, solitary or clustered, viscid-
puberulent, 4'-i2' high, scaly. Flowers 6"-8" long,
very numerous in dense terminal spikes, 1-2-bracteo-
late under the calyx ; calyx 5-c!eft, the lobes some-
what unequal, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, longer
than the corolla-tube, or shorter ; corolla 2-lipped.
purplish, its tube narrow, about twice as long as the
limb, the teeth of its lips acute ; anthers woolly ;
capsule ovoid-oblong, shorter than the calyx.
In sandy soil, Illinois to South Dakota, Saskatche-
wan, Nebraska, Texas, Arizona and California. Strangle tare. June— Aug.
3. CONOPHOLIS YYallr. Orobanch. 78. 1825.
An erect stout simple glabrous, densely scaly, light brown herb, parasitic on the roots of
trees, with yellowish flowers 2-bracteolate under the calyx, in a thick dense bracted spike,
the bracts similar to the scales of the stem. Calyx oblique, deeply split on the lower side,
3-4-toothed on the upper. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the tube slightly curved, the upper lip
concave, nearly erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens exserted ; anther-
sacs bristly pubescent. Placentae about equidistant ; stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lamellate.
Capsule ovoid-globose. [Greek, signifying a
scaly cone.]
Three known species, the following typical one
of eastern North America, the other southwestern
and Mexican.
i. Conopholis americana ( L. f. ) Wallr.
Squaw-root. Fig. 3881.
Orobanche americana L. f. Suppl. 88. 1767.
Conopholis americana Wallr. Orobanch. 78. 1825.
Plants 3'-io' high from a thickened base, light
brown, usually clustered, covered all over with
stiff imbricated scales. Upper scales lanceolate
or ovate, acute, 6"-io" long, the lowest much
shorter; flowers about *' long, exceedingly nu-
merous in the dense spike which is 6"-io" thick;
corolla pale yellow, somewhat exceeding the ca-
lyx; anthers sagittate; capsule ovoid-globose,
4"-5" high.
In rich woods at bases of trees, Maine to On-
tario, Michigan, Florida, Alabama and Tennessee.
Cancer-root. Earth-club. Clap-wort. April-Aug.
236
OROBANCHA< I \l
Vol. III.
4. LEPTAMNIUM Raf. Am. .Month. Mag. 2: 267. Feb. 1818.
[Epifagus Nutt. Gen. 2: 60. 181SJ
An erect slender glabrous, purplish or yellowish, rather stiff branching herb, parasitic on
the routs of the beech, with lew small scattered scales, and sessile dimorphous flowers, dis-
tantly spicate "ii the branches, the lower cleistogamous, abundantly fertile, the tipper com-
plete but mostly sterile. Calyx short, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla of the upper flowers
cylindric, slightly flattened laterally, the tube much longer than the 4-lobed limb, the upper
lobe concave, larger than the 3 lower ones; stamens not exserted ; anther-sacs mucronulate
at the base; style filiform, -'-lulled; ovary with an adnate gland on the upper side near the
base. Corolla of the lower flowers minute, not unfolding, borne like a hood on the summit
ot the ovoid ovary; style very short ; placentae contiguous in pairs; capsule at length 2-valved
at the summit. [Greek, referring to the small calyx.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
i. Leptamnium virginianum ( L. ) Raf.
Beech-drops. Fig. 3882.
Orobanche virginiana L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753.
Epifagus americana Nutt. Gen. 2: 60. 1818.
Epiphegus virginiana Bart. Conip. Fl. Phil. 2: 50.
1S1S.
Leptamnium virginianum Raf.; A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
2: Part 1, 314. 1878. As synonym.
Plant 6'-2° high from a thick scaly base, the
roots brittle, fibrous. Stem paniculately branch-
ed, the branches straight, ascending; scales
very few and small; corolla of the upper
flowers 4"— 5" long and 1" thick, striped with
purple and white, the limb not at all spread-
ing; stamens about as long as the corolla;
style slightly exserted; lower flowers I i" long,
the corolla resembling the calyptra of a moss;
capsule 3" high, somewhat oblique and com-
pressed, many-seeded.
In beech woods, Nova Scotia and New Bruns-
wick to Florida, west to Ontario, Michigan, Mis-
souri and Louisiana. Cancer-root or -drops.
Virginia brown-rape. Aug. -Oct.
Family 31. BIGNONIACEAE Pers. Syn. 2: 168. 1807.
Trumpet-creeper Family.
Trees, shrubs or woody vines, a few exotic species herbs, with opposite ( rarely
alternate) compound or simple leaves, and mostly large and showy, clustered
terminal or axillary, more or less irregular flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous.
Corolla gamopetalous, funnel form, campanulate, or tubular, 5-lobed, somewhat
2-lipped, at least in the bud. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube
of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. Disk annular or cup-like. Ovary sessile or stalked, mostly 2-celled;
placentae parietal, or on the partition-wall of the ovary ; ovules very numerous,
horizontal, anatropous ; style slender ; stigma terminal, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved,
loculictdally, septifragally or septicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, transverse, winged
in our genera ; endosperm none ; cotyledons broad and flat, emarginate or 2-Iobed ;
radicle short, straight.
About 60 genera and over 500 species of wide geographic distribution in tropical regions, a few
in the north and south temperate zones.
Leaves compound ; anther-bearing stamens 4 ; our species vines.
Calyx-limb undulate; capsule flattened parallel with its partition-wall. 1. Anisostichus.
Calyx 5-toothed; capsule compressed at right angles to its partition-wall. 2. Bignonia.
Leaves simple ; anther-bearing stamens mostly 2 ; trees. 3. Catalpa.
i. ANISOSTICHUS Bureau, Mon. Bignon. 43. 1864.
Woody vines, with opposite 2-foliolate leaves, the terminal leaflet reduced to a tendril,
and large flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx campanulate, the limb merely undulate, truncate
or slightly 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla much expanded above the calyx, the limb some-
what 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Anther-bearing stamens 4. didynamous, included,
Genus i.
TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY.
237
inserted near the base of the corolla; anther-sacs glabrous, divergent. Capsule linear, flat-
tened parallel with the thin partition, septifragally dehiscent, the margins of the valves more
or less thickened. Seeds in 2 unequal rows on both margins of the partition, winged, much
broader than high, the wing entire, or erose at the end. [Greek, unequal-ranked.]
An apparently monotypic genus. Type species: Bignonia capreolata 1..
i. Anisostichus capreolata (L.) Bureau.
Tendrilled Trumpet-flower. Cross-
vine. Fig. 3883.
? Bignonia crucigera L. Sp. PI. 624. 1753.
Bignonia capreolata L. loc. cit. 175.1.
Doxantha capreolata Miers. Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 3 :
190. 1S63.
Anisostichus capreolata Bureau, Mon. Bigon. Atlas 8,
pt. 6. 1864.
A glabrous woody vine, often climbing to the
height of 40°-6o°, the stems sometimes 4' in diameter,
exhibiting a conspicuous cross in the transverse sec-
tion. Leaves petioled, commonly with small, simple,
stipule-like ones in their axils, 2- foliolate, terminated
by a branched tendril ; leaflets stalked, oblong or
ovate, entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate
at the base, pinnately veined, s'-j' long ; cymes nu-
merous, short-peduncled, 2-5-flowered ; pedicels i'-2
long; calyx membranous; corolla 2' long, orange and
puberulent without, yellow within ; capsule $'-7' long,
8"-io" broad, very flat, each valve longitudinally
i-nerved; seeds broadly winged laterally, narrowly
winged above and below, l¥ broad.
In moist woods, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, Ohio
and southern Illinois. Quarter vine. April-June.
2. BIGNONIA L. Sp. PL 633. 1753.
Climbing woody vines with aerial rootlets, with opposite pinnately compound leaves, and
large showy red or orange flowers, in terminal corymbs. Calyx tubular-campanulate, some-
what unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube elongated, enlarged above the calyx, narrowly cam-
panulate, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Anther-bearing stamens 4,
didynamous, ascending under the upper lip ; anther-sacs divergent, glabrous or slightly pubes-
cent. Capsule elongated, slightly compressed at right angles to the partition, loculicidally and
septicidally dehiscent. Seeds in several rows on each side of the margins of the partition,
flat, winged, the wing translucent. [Named after the Abbe Bignon, 1662-1743, librarian to
to Louis XV.]
Two known species, the following typical one, the other Japanese. The name Tecoma, used
for this vine in our first edition, belongs properly to a genus of pinnate-leaved yellow-flowered
shrubs of tropical America, typified by Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.K.
1. Bignonia radicans L. Trumpet-flower.
Trumpet-creeper. Foxglove. Fig. 3884.
Bignonia radicans L. Sp. PI. 624. 1753.
Tecoma radicans DC. Prodr. 9: 223. 1845.
Campsis radicans Seem. Journ. Bot. 5: 362. 1867.
A woody vine, climbing to the height of 20°-40°
or prostrate if meeting no support. Leaves petioled,
odd-pinnate, not tendril-bearing, 8'-l5' long; leaflets
7-1 1, ovate to lanceolate, short-stalked, sharply ser-
rate, reticulate-veined, glabrous, or pubescent on the
veins beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, I J'— 3' long; flowers corymbose,
short-pedicelled ; corymbs 2-9-flowered ; calyx coria-
ceous, about 1' long; corolla scarlet, 2Y long, the
tube veined within, 3 times as long as the limb, an-
ther-sacs glabrous ; stigma spatulate ; capsule stalked,
4'-6' long, 10" in diameter, narrowed at both ends,
little flattened, ridged above and below by the mar-
gins of the valves ; seeds in several rows on each
surface of the broad partition, broadly winged lat-
erally, the wing eroded.
In moist woods and thickets, southern New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas, north to Illinois
and Iowa. Escaped from cultivation further north.
Trumpet-vine. Trumpet-ash. Cow-itch. Cross-vine. Aug.-Sept.
23S
lui.xoxi \i i \k.
Vol. 1 1 1
3. CATALPA Scop. Introd. 170. 1771.
Trees, or some exotic species shrubs, with opposite ur rarely vertieillate simple petioled
leaves, and large showy white or mottled flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs. Calyx
closed in the hud. splitting irregularly or into 2 lips in opening. Corolla-tube campanulate
or obconic, oblique, expanded above, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes all spreading, their margins
crisped. Anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anther-sacs
glabrous, linear or oblong, divergent; sterile stamens (staminodia) 3, short (or occasionally
4 perfect didynamous stamens and I staminodium). Disk obsolete. Ovary sessile, 2-celled ;
ovules in 2-several rows on the sides of the partition. Capsule elongated-linear, terete.
loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, the large lateral wings dissected into capillary processes.
[The American Indian name of the first species below.]
About 5 species, the following in eastern North America. 2 in eastern Asia. Type species :
Bignonia Catalpa L. West Indian trees referred to this genus prove to be distinct.
Corolla thickly spotted within, i'-i$£' long, the lobes crimped. I. C. Catalpa.
Corolla little spotted, but purple-lined, z' long, the lobes nearly flat. 2. C. speciosa.
with the soil. Weight per cubic foot 28
i. Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst. Catalpa.
Indian or Smoking Bean. Candle-tree.
Bean-tree. Fig. 3885.
Bignonia Catalpa L. Sp. PI. 622. 1753.
Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788.
Catalpa Catalpa Karst. Deutsch. Fl 927. 1880-83.
A tree, with thin flaky bark, reaching a maximum
height of about 60° and a trunk diameter of 40, the
branches spreading. Leaves strong-scented, broadly-
ovate, entire, or 3-lobed, acute or acuminate at the
apex, densely pubescent beneath, becoming glabrous
above, obtuse at the base, 6-12' long, the lobes, when
present, acuminate; petioles stout, nearly as long as
the blade ; flowers white, numerous, mottled with
yellow and purple within, I'-ii' long, in large ter-
minal erect panicles; capsules 6-18' long, 4"-""
thick, thin-walled, drooping, the partition narrow.
In woods in the Gulf States. Escaped from cultiva-
tion northward as far as Pennsylvania and southern
New York. Wood brown, soft, weak, durable in contact
lbs. June-July. Cigar-tree. Indian cigar-tree. Catawba.
2. Catalpa speciosa Warder. Catawba
Tree. Larger Indian Bean. Western
Catalpa. Fig. 3886.
Catalpa cordifolia Duham. Nouveau 2: pi. 5-
1802. Not Moench, 1794.
Catalpa speciosa Warder; Engelm. Coult. Bot.
Gaz. 5:1. 1880.
A tree, with thick rough bark, reaching a
maximum height of 120° and a diameter trunk
of 4*0, similar to the preceding species. Leaves
not unpleasantly scented, broadly ovate, com-
monly entire, long-acuminate at the apex;
panicles few-flowered; corolla faintly mottled
within ; capsule thick-walled, 8-20' long, nearly
10" in diameter.
In woods, southern Indiana to Tennessee, west
to Missouri and Arkansas. Wood brown, soft,
weak, durable. Weight per cubic foot 26 lbs.
May-June. Cigar-tree. Hardy catalpa. Shawnee-
wood.
Genus i.
UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY.
239
Family 32. MARTYNIACEAE Link, Handb. 1 : 504. 1829.
Unicorn-plant Family.
Herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper sometimes alternate, and perfect
irregular flowers, racemose in our species. Calyx inferior, 4-5-cleft or 4-5-parted
or sometimes split to the base on the lower side. Corolla gamopetalous, irregular,
the tube oblique, often decurved, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes
nearly equal, the 2 upper ones exterior in the bud. Anther-bearing stamens 4,
didynamous, or the posterior pair sterile ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae expanded into broad surfaces,
or 2-4-celled by the intrusion of the placentae or by false partitions ; ovules numer-
ous or few in each cavity of the ovary, anatropous ; style slender ; stigma 2-lobed
or 2-lamellate. Fruit various in the different genera. Seeds oblong or orbicular,
compressed, wingless or narrowly winged ; endosperm none ; embryo large ; cotyle-
dons fleshy, flat ; radicle short and straight.
Three genera and about 12 species, mainly tropical.
i. MARTYNIA L. Sp. PI. 618. 1753.
Coarse diffusely branched glandular-pubescent and viscid strong-scented herbs, with oppo-
site or alternate long-petioled leaves, and large violet purple whitish or mottled flowers in
short terminal racemes. Calyx 1-2-bracteolate at the base, campanulate, inflated, unequally
5-cleft, deciduous. Corolla funnelform-campanulate, oblique, decurved, the 5 lobes nearly
equal, spreading. Stamens 4 in our species; anthers gland-tipped, their sacs divergent. Ovary
i-celled, the 2 parietal placentae intruded and expanded in the center of the cavity into broad
surfaces bearing the ovules in 1 or 2 rows. Fruit an incurved beaked loculicidally 2-valved
capsule, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, the endocarp fibrous, woody, crested below or also
above, 4-celled by the extension of the placentae. Seeds numerous, tuberculate. [Named for
John Martyn. 1693-1768. professor of botany at Cambridge, England.]
About S species, natives of America. Besides the following. 2 others occur in the south-
western United States. Type species: Martynia annua L.
i. Martynia louisiana Mill. Unicorn-Plant.
Elephant's Trunk. Martinoe. Double-
claw. Fig. 3887.
M. louisiana Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 3. 1768.
Martynia proboscidea Glox. Obs. 14. 1785.
Annual, densely glandular-pubescent all over ;
stem stout, much branched, the branches pros-
trate or ascending, l°-3° long. Leaves broadly
ovate to orbicular, rounded at the apex, cordate
at the base, repand, undulate or entire, 3'-i2' in
diameter, the petiole stout, mostly longer than
the blade; bractlets at the base of the calyx ob-
long or linear, deciduous; calyx somewhat cleft
on the lower side ; racemes several-flowered ;
pedicels slender; corolla whitish or yellowish,
mottled with purple or yellow within, ii'-2' long,
the limb nearly as broad, the lobes obtuse; sta-
mens all anther-bearing ; fruit strongly curved,
4'-6' long when mature, the beak longer than the
body, splitting into 2 elastically diverging seg-
ments, the endocarp crested on the under side
only.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Maine to
western New York, New Jersey and Georgia. Native
from Indiana to Iowa, Utah, Texas and New Mexico
July-Sept.
1805.
Family 33. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 1 : 236.
Acanthus Family.
Herbs, or some tropical genera shrubs or small trees, with opposite simple
exstipulate leaves, and irregular or nearly regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior,
persistent, 4-5-parted or 4-5-cleft, the sepals or segments imbricated, equal or
unequal. Corolla gamopetalous. nearly regularly 5-lobed with the lobes convolute
in the bud, or conspicuously 2-lipped. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous,
240
AX VNTH M E \i
Vol. III.
or 2 only; anthers mostly 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular
or cup-like Ovary 2 celled; ovules 2 10 in each cavity, anatropous or amphitro-
pous; style filiform, simple: stigmas 1 or 2. Capsule dry, 2-celled, loculicidally
elastically 2-valved. Seeds globose or orbicular, not winded, borne on curved pro-
jections ( ictinaculai from the placentae, the testa close, mostly roughened, often
developing spiral threads and mucilage when wetted. Endosperm in the following
genera none; cotyledons flat, commonly cordate.
I nit 175 genera and 2000 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions of the Old World
and the New.
[la convolute in the bud. nearly regular; stamens 4.
1 Ivules 2 in each cavity; capsule 2-4-seeded. I. Dyschoriste.
1 Ivules 3—10 in each cavity; capsule 6-20-sceded. 2. Ruellia.
Corolla imbricated in the bud, strongly 2-lipped ; stamens 2.
Lower lip of the corolla 3-cleft ; flowers bracted, not involucrate. 3. Dianlhera.
Lower lip of the corolla entire or 3-toothed ; flowers involucrate. 4. Diapedium,
i. DYSCHORISTE Xecs, in Wall. PI. As. Rar. 3: 81. 1832.
[Calophanes Don; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. (II). pi. 181. 1833.]
Erect or procumbent perennial herbs or shrubs, with entire leaves (smaller ones some-
tibes fascicled in their axils), and blue or purple, rather large, bracted flowers, axillary,
solitary or clustered. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. the lobes setaceous. Corolla funnelform, the
tube slightly curved, enlarged above, or cylindraceous, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, somewhat
2-lipped, the lobes rounded, simstrorsely convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included, all anther-bearing in our species ; anther-sacs mucronate at the base. Ovules 2 in
each cell of the ovary ; summit of the style recurved ; stigma simple, or of 2 unequal lobes.
Capsule oblong, linear, narrowed at the base, 2-4-seeded, in some species coherent. Seeds flat,
orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. [Greek, referring to the coherent capsule-
valves.]
About 30 species, of wide distribution in warm and tropical regions. Besides the following,
4 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Dyschoriste
depressa Nees.
I. Dyschoriste oblongifolia (Michx.)
Kuntze. Dyschoriste. Eig. 3888.
Ruellia biflora L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753?
7?. oblongifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 23. 1803.
Calophanes oblongifolia Don ; Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Gard. (II.) pi. rSi. 1833.
Dipteracanthus biflorus Nees, Linnaea 16: 294.
1842.
D. oblongifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 486. 1891.
Rootstocks horizontal, slender; stems slen-
der, erect, simple, or branched below, pubes-
cent or puberulent, obtusely 4-angled, 6'— 15'
high, rather stiff. Leaves ascending or erect,
oblong or oval, rounded at the apex, somewhat
narrowed at the base, very short-petioled, or
sessile, pubescent or glabrate, 8"— 1 5" long;
flowers commonly solitary in the axils ; calyx-
segments filiform, hirsute, exceeding the ob-
long, obtuse bractlets; corolla blue, or mottled
with purple, 8"-l2" long, slightly 2-lipped, its
tube enlarged above ; capsule oblong, about
one-half the length of the calyx; anther-sacs
mucronate-aristate at the base.
In sandy pine barrens, Virginia to Florida,
mainly near the coast. June-Sept.
2. RUELLIA [Plumier] L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753.
Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mostly pubescent, with entire or rarely dentate leaves, and
large violet blue white or yellow flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils, or cymose in
terminal panicles, or sometimes cleistogamous and inconspicuous. Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-parted,
the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube usually narrow, slightly
enlarged above, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, mostly nearly equal, sinistrorsely
convolute in the bud. Stamens 4. included or exserted ; anther-sacs not mucronate at the
base. Ovules 3-10 in each cavity of the ovary; apex of the style recurved; stigma simple, or
of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong or club-shaped, compressed or terete, 6-20-seeded. Seeds
compressed, ovate or orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. [Named for I.
Ruel or de la Ruelle, 1474-1537, an early French herbalist.]
Gexus 2.
ACANTHUS FAMILY.
241
About 200 species, mainly of tropical America, a few in Africa, Asia and Australia. Besides
the following, some 6 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species :
Ruellia tuberosa L.
Flowers sessile or nearly so.
Calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the capsule.
Calyx-segments filiform-linear, exceeding the capsule.
Leaves sessile or very short-petioled.
Leaves slender-petioled.
Flowers peduncled ; peduncle with two large bracts at the summit.
1 . R. strepens.
2. R. ciliosa.
3. R. parviflora.
4. R. pedunculata.
i. Ruellia strepens L. Smooth or Short-tube Ruellia. Fig. 3889.
Ruellia strepens L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753.
Dipteracanthus micranthus Engelm. & Gray, Bost.
Journ. Xat. Hist. 5 : 257. 1845.
Ruellia strepens var. cleistantha A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
2 : Part 1, 327. 1878.
Glabrate or somewhat pubescent ; stem erect,
slender, simple, or branched, 4-sided, l°-4°
high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong,
oval, or ovate, petioled, acute or subacute at
the apex, narrowed at the base, 3 '-6' long ; peti-
oles 2"-io" long; flowers solitary or several
together in the axils.some often cleistogamous ;
calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than
the corolla-tube, slightly pubescent or ciliate,
8"-l2" long, i"-l" wide; corolla blue, 1F-2'
long, the limb nearly as broad, the tube about
as long as the throat and limb ; capsule club-
shaped, longer than or equalling the calyx.
In dry woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, Kan-
sas, Florida and Texas. May-July.
2. Ruellia ciliosa Pursh. Hairy or Long-
tube Ruellia. Fig. 3890.
Ruellia ciliosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 420. 1814.
Hirsute or pubescent, at least above; stem
ascending, rather stout, i°-2*° high. Leaves
hairy, ciliate, oblong, oval, or ovate, sessile or
nearly so, obtuse or subacute at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, ii-3' long; flowers clus-
tered or solitary in the axils, sometimes cleis-
togamous; calyx-segments filiform, hirsute,
io"-I2" long, about i" wide; corolla blue.
ii'-2' long, the tube equalling or longer than
the obconic throat and nearly regular limb
and about twice as long as the calyx ; capsule
shorter than the calyx.
In dry soil, southern New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania to Florida, west to Michigan, Kansas and
Louisiana. June— Sept.
I II \i E \l
Vol. III.
4. Ruellia pedunculata Torr.
Ruellia. Fig. 3892.
Stalked
Ruellia pedunculata Torr.; A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
2: Part 1, 326. iS-S.
Finely pubescent; stem erect, l°-2*° tall,
the branches spreading. Leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed at the base, short-
petioled, the larger 2-2,' long ; peduncles
slender, spreading. I '-3' long, with 2 leaf-
like bracts at the summit which subtend a
solitary flower, or 2 or 3 slender-pedicelled
ones with pedicels similarly bracted ; calyx-
segments awn-like, equalling the narrow
corolla-tube, or shorter; corolla funnel-
form, 1J-2' long; capsule about 10" long,
puberulent, longer than the calyx.
In dry soil, Illinois and Missouri to Arkan-
sas and Louisiana. June-Sept.
3. DIANTHERA L. Sp. PI. 27.
i"53-
3. Ruellia parviflora (Nees) Britton.
Slender Hairy Ruellia. Fig. 3891.
Dipterocanthus ciliosus parviflorus Nees, Linnaea
16 : _'.)4. 1842.
, 'osa ambigua A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2" : 326. 1878.
Ruellia ciliosa parviflora Britton, in Britton &
Brown, 111. Fl. Ed. 1, 3: 203. 1898.
R. parviflora Britton, Man. 854. tool,
Sparingly finely pubescent, but green ; stem
erect, 6'-l8' tall, simple or sometimes spar-
ingly branched. Leaves minutely pubescent,
ciliolate, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, or some-
times oval, 1 1 '—4 ' long, obtuse or acutish, un-
dulate, rather acuminately narrowed at the
base, manifestly petioled; flowers solitary or
clustered in the axils, the pedicels very short;
calyx-segments linear-filiform, bristly, 8"-i2"
long; corolla blue, 1V-2' long, the tube some-
what longer than the throat and somewhat ex-
ceeding the calyx, the limb J'-ii' broad; cap-
sule oblong above the stipe-like base, barely
8" long.
In sandy soil, Maryland to Indiana, Florida and
Texas. May-Aug.
Herbs mostly perennial, with entire or rarely dentate leaves, and small or large very
irregular flowers, variously clustered or solitary in the axils. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted. the
segments narrow. Corolla-tube slender, short or elongated, curved or nearly straight, the
limb conspicuously 2-lipped ; upper lip interior in the bud, erect or ascending, concave, entire,
or 2-dentate; lower lip spreading. 3-cleft. Stamens 2. inserted on the throat of the corolla,
not exceeding the upper lip ; anther-sacs ovate or oblong, slightly divergent, not mucronate,
separated by a rathed broad connective. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary; style slender;
stigma entire, or 2-lobed. Capsule contracted at the base into a long stipe, about 4-seeded.
Seeds flat, orbicular or ovate, the placentae not separating from the walls of the capsule.
[Greek, double anthers.]
About 100 species, natives of tropical America, a few in tropical Asia and Africa. Besides the
following, 4 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Dianthera
americana L.
Flowers capitate, the heads dense, at length oblong. 1. D. americana.
Flowers in loose spikes.
Flowers in pairs in the spikes. 2. D. ovala.
Flowers scattered singly along the spikes. 3. D. lanceolata.
Genus 3.
ACANTHUS FAMILY.
1. Dianthera americana L. Dense-
flowered Water Willow. Fig. 3893.
Dianthera americana L. Sp. PI. 27. 1753. *
Perennial, glabrous ; stem erect, grooved and
angled, slender, usually simple, i°-3° high, or^
sometimes 6° long when growing in water. <0
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, grad-
ually acuminate, 3'-6' long, 3"-8" wide, entire,
narrowed at the base into short petioles, or
sessile ; flowers violet, or nearly white, capi-
tate-spicate at the ends of slender axillary
peduncles which are shorter than or equal to
the leaves ; bractlets linear-subulate, shorter
than the flowers ; corolla' 5 "-6" long, its tube
shorter than the lips, the base of the lower
lip rough and palate-like ; capsule 6" long,
exceeding the calyx, its stipe about the length
of the slightly compressed body.
In water and wet places, Quebec to Ontario,
Michigan, Georgia and Texas. May-Aug.
2. Dianthera ovata Walt. Loose-flow-
ered Water Willow. Fig. 3894.
Dianthera ovata Walt. Fl. Car. 63. 1788.
Perennial, glabrous ; stem ascending or erect
from a horizontal base, slender, 6'-2o' high,
simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves short-
petioled, or sessile, ovate, oblong or oval, i's'
long, 8"-i8" wide ; flowers opposite in loose
slender-peduncled axillary spikes, which be-
come i'-3' long; peduncles shorter than or
but little exceeding the leaves ; calyx-segments
narrowly linear, much longer than the bracts
and bractlets ; corolla pale purple, 4"-S" long ;
capsule about 6" long.
In wet soil, especially along streams, southern
Virginia to Florida. Records from Arkansas and
Texas apply to the following species. June-Aug.
3. Dianthera lanceolata (Chapm.) Small.
Xarrow-leaved Water Willow. Fig. 3895.
D. ovata lanceolata Chapm. Fl. S. States 304. i860.
D. lanceolata Small; Britton, Man. S55. 1901.
Perennial, puberulent ; stem erect or spreading,
more or less branched, 4-12' long. Leaves linear
to linear-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 1Y-4' long,
more or less acuminate, undulate, sessile or nearly
so; flowers in interrupted slender spikes 1 1 '-4'
long; calyx-segments narrowly linear, 2i"~3i"
long; corolla whitish or pale-purple, about 5"
long, the lips nearly as long as the tube, which
is saccate near the base, the upper lip truncate
or retuse, the lower one 3-lobed, the middle lobe
truncate or retuse, the lateral ones obtuse ; cap-
sule 7"-8" long, the body as long as the stipe-like
base or shorter.
In swamps and low grounds, Missouri to Tennessee, Florida and Texas. June-Sept.
4. DIAPEDIUM Konlg; Konig & Sims. Ann. Bot. 2: 189. 1806.
[Dicliptera Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9 : 267. 1807.]
Erect or diffuse branched pubescent or glabrous herbs, with entire petioled leaves, and
blue red or violet flowers, subtended by involucres of 2-4 distinct or connate bracts, the
-It
u win \t i'.m-;.
Vol. Ill
inflorescence mostly cymose or spicate, the involucres subtending 1 flower or several. Calyx
4-5-cleft, the lobes linear or subulate. Corolla-tube slender, slightly enlarged above, the
limb conspicuously 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, interior in the bud, entire or 2-3-toothed ;
lower lip spreading, entire or 3-toothed. Stamens 2; anther-sacs parallel, sometimes unequal,
separated by a narrow connective. Style filiform; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary.
Capsule flattened, ovate or suborbicular, sessile or stipitate, 2-4-seeded. Placentae separating
elastically from the walls of the capsule. Seeds compressed, nearly orbicular.
About 60 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, 4 others occur
in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Justicia chinensis L.
i. Diapedium brachiatum ( Pursh)
Kuntze. Diapedium. Fig. 3896.
Justicia brachiata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 13. 1814.
Dicliptera brachiata Spreng. Syst. 1 : 86. 1825.
D. brachiatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 485. 1891.
Annual (?), glabrate, or pubescent; stem
slender, 6-grooved, erect, much branched, I °-2°
high. Leaves ovate, membranous, long-petioled,
acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed or
rounded at the base, 3 '-6' long, 1-3' wide;
inflorescence paniculate, the involucres 1-4-
flowered, each of 2 oblong or obovate, obtuse
or mucronate, opposite bracts ; corolla 8"-l2"
long, pink or purple, the lips about as long as
the slender tube ; upper lip 2-3-toothed, the
lower entire; capsule oblong, 2"-t," high, a
little longer than the involucre, the valves
slightly divergent in dehiscence, the placentae
remaining attached to their summits.
In moist thickets, North Carolina to Florida,
Missouri, Kansas and Texas. July-Oct.
Family 34. PHRYMACEAE Schauer
in DC. Prodr. n: 520. 1847.
Lopsekd Family.
An erect perennial herb with divaricate branches, opposite membranous simple
leaves, and small irregular purplish flowers, distant in slender elongated spikes.
Calyx cylindric, 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-cleft, the teeth setaceous ; lower lip much
shorter, 3-toothed, the teeth subulate. Corolla-tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped ;
upper lip erect, concave, emarginate : lower lip larger, spreading, convex, 3-lobed,
the lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary oblique, i-celled;
ovule 1, orthotropous, ascending; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Calyx reflexed
in fruit, enclosing the dry achene, becoming prominently ribbed, closed and its
teeth hooked at the ends. Cotyledons convolute ; radicle superior.
Consists of the following monotypic genus of eastern
North America, eastern and central Asia. [Name un-
explained.]
i. PHRYMA L. Sp. PI. 601. 1753.
1. Phryma Leptostachya L. Lopseed.
Fig. 3897.
Phyrma Leptostachya L. Sp. PI. 601. 1753.
Puberulent ; stem l§°-3° high, somewhat 4-sided,
sometimes constricted above the nodes, branched
above, the branches slender, elongated, divergent.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse
of narrowed at the base, very thin, coarsely dentate,
2'-6' long, the lower petioled, the upper often nearly
sessile ; spikes very narrow, 3'-6' long ; flowers about
3" long, mostly opposite, distant, borne on very short
minutely 2-bracteolate pedicels, at first erect, soon
spreading, the calyx, after flowering, abruptly re-
flexed against the axis of the spike.
In woods and thickets. New Brunswick to Manitoba,
Florida and Kansas. Bermuda. Eastern Asia. Tune-Aug.
Genus i.
PLANTAIN FAMILY.
245
Family 35. PLANTAGINACEAE Lindl. Xat. Syst. Ed. 2, 267. 1836.
Plantain Family.
Annual or perennial, mostly acaulescent or short-stemmed, rarely stoloniferous
herbs, with basal, or, in the caulescent species, opposite or alternate leaves, and
small perfect polygamous or monoecious flowers, bracteolate in dense terminal
long-scaped spikes or heads, or rarely solitary. Calyx 4-parted, inferior, per-
sistent, the segments imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or membranous,
mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2 ( only 1 in an Andean genus ), inserted
on the tube or throat of the corolla; filaments filiform, exserted or included;
anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, supe-
rior, 1-2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled. Style filiform, simple, mostly longitudinally
stigmatic. Ovules i-several in each cavity of the ovary, peltate, amphitropous.
Fruit a pyxis, circumscissile at or below7 the middle, or an indehiscent nutlet.
Seeds i-several in each cavity of the fruit ; endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons narrow.
Three genera and over 225 species, of wide geographic distribution.
Flowers in terminal spikes or heads; fruit a pyxis. ■ 1. Plantago.
Flowers monoecious, the staminate solitary, peduncled, the pistillate sessile among the linear leaves ;
fruit indehiscent. 2. Littorella^
i. PLANTAGO [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 112. 1753.
Acaulescent or leafy-stemmed herbs, the scapes arising from the axils of the basal or
alternate leaves, bearing terminal spikes or heads of small greenish or purplish flowers
(flowers solitary in a few exotic species). Calyx-segments equal, or two of them larger.
Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, or constricted at the throat, the limb spreading in
anthesis. Fruit a pyxis, mostly 2-celled. Seeds various. [The Latin name.]
Over 200 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in western
North America. Known as Plantain, Ribwort or Roadweed. Type species: Plantago major L.
* Plants acaulescent; flowers spicate or capitate at the ends of scapes.
Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit, not closed over the top of the pyxis.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong.
Seeds several or many in each pyxis.
Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle.
Pyxis oblong, circumscissile much below the middle.
Seeds 2-4 in each pyxis.
Leaves all narrowed at the base, parallel-ribbed.
Seeds excavated on the inner side.
Seeds flat or but slightly concave on the inner side.
Spike very dense ; leaves pubescent.
Lower flowers scattered ; leaves glabrous or very nearly so.
Leaves, or some of them, cordate; veins starting from the midrib.
Leaves linear or filiform.
Leaves fleshy ; plant maritime.
Leaves not fleshy ; plants not maritime.
Spike densely tomentose ; bracts usually not longer than flowers.
Plant green and glabrate ; bracts much longer than the flowers.
Corolla-lobes erect and closed over the top of the pyxis.
Leaves spatulate to obovate ; stamens 4.
Leaves linear-filiform ; stamens 2.
Capsule about 4-seeded, slightly exceeding the calyx.
Capsule 7-30-seeded, twice as long as the calyx.
** Stem erect, leafy; flowers capitate at ends of axillary peduncles.
1. Plantago major L. Common or Greater
Plantain. Dooryard Plantain. Fig. 3898.
Plantago major L. Sp. PI. 112. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; rootstock
short, thick, erect. Leaves long-petioled, rather firm in
texture, mostly ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire, or coarsely
dentate, i'-io' long, 3-11-ribbed; scapes 2-3 ° high; spike
linear-cylindric, usually very dense, commonly blunt, 2-10'
long, 3"-4" thick ; flowers perfect, proterogynous ; sepals
broadly ovate to obovate, scarious on the margins, one-
half to two-thirds as long as the ovoid obtuse or subacute,
5-16-seeded pyxis, which is circumscissile at about the
middle; stamens 4.
In waste places, nearly throughout North America. In part
naturalized from Europe, but indigenous in the North and on
salt meadows. Also in the West Indies. Small leaves are occa-
sionally borne near the bases of the spikes; spikes rarely
branched. May-Sept. Way-side or round-leaf plantain. Broad-
leaf. Hen-plant. Lamb's-foot. Way-bread. Healing-blade.
I.
2.
P. major.
P. Rugelii.
3-
P. lanceolata.
4-
5-
6.
P. media.
P. eriopoda.
P. cordata:
7-
P. maritima.
8.
9-
P. Purshii.
P. aristata.
10.
P. virginica.
11.
12.
P. pusilla.
P. heterophylla.
13-
P. arenaria.
;46
PL WTAUXAi l \l
Vol. [II.
Plantago halophila Bicknell, of saline situations along the Atlantic coast, is densely pubescent,
but otherwise like iliis species. A similar race occurs about lakes in northern Xew York.
Plantago asiatica I., is a boreal race with thinner
nearly erect leaves.
2. Plantago Rugelii Dene. Rugel's or Pale
Plantain. Fig. 3899.
Plantago Rugelii in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 1, 700. 1852.
Similar to the preceding species, the spikes less
dense, at least toward the base, usually long-atten-
uate at the summit, sometimes 5" thick. Sepals ob-
long, prominently keeled on the back, the margins
green or scarious ; pyxis oblong-cylindric, 2"-i"
long, twice as long as the sepals, circumscissile much
below the middle and entirely within the calyx.
4-10-seeded; stamens 4.
In fields, woods and waste places. New Brunswick to
Ontario, South Dakota, Florida, Kansas and Texas.
Petioles commonly purple at the base. Usually brighter
green and with thinner leaves than P. major. This
species, or the preceding one, was known to the Indians
as " White-man's-foot." Silk-plant. June-Sept.
3. Plantago lanceolata L. Ribwort. Rib-
grass. English. Buck, or Buckthorn
Plantain. Snake, Lance-leaved, or Ripple Plantain. Fig. 3900.
Plantago lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 113. 1753.
Perennial or biennial, more or less pubescent;
rootstock mostly short, with tufts of brown hairs
at the bases of the leaves. Leaves narrowly ob-
long-lanceolate, mostly erect, shorter than the
scapes, entire, acute or acuminate at the apex,
gradually narrowed into petioles. 3-5-ribbed, 2'-
12' long, 3"-i2" wide; scapes slender, channelled,
sometimes 22 ° tall; spikes very dense, at first
short and ovoid, becoming cylindric, blunt and
l'-4' long in fruit, 4"-6" thick; flowers perfect,
proterogynous ; sepals ovate, with a narrow green
midrib and broad scarious margins, the two lower
ones commonly united ; corolla glabrous, its tube
very short ; filaments white ; pyxis oblong, very
obtuse. 2-seeded, slightly longer than the calyx ;
seeds deeply excavated on the face.
In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to the
Xorthwest Territory. British Columbia, Florida and
Kansas. Bermuda. Naturalized from Europe ; native
also of Asia. Sepals rarely metamorphosed into
small leaves. April— Nov. Black-jacks. Jack-straws.
Dog's-ribs. Cocks. Kemps. Leechwort. Ram's-tongue.
grass. Kempseed. Headsman. Hen-plant. Clock. Chimney-sweeps. Cats'-cradles.
4. Plantago media L. Hoary Plantain.
Lamb's-tongue. Healing herb. Fig. 3901.
Plantago media L. Sp. PI. 113. 1753.
Perennial, intermediate in aspect between P. major
and P. lanceolata, the short rootstock clothed witli
brown hairs among the bases of the leaves. Leaves
spreading, ovate, broadly oblong or elliptic, obtuse or
acute at the apex, entire, or repand-dentate, densely
and finely canescent, 5-7-ribbed, narrowed at the base
into margined, usually short petioles ; scapes slender,
much longer than the leaves, i°-2° tall; spikes very
dense, cylindric and l'-3' long in fruit, about 3"
thick ; flowers perfect, white ; sepals all distinct, ob-
long, with a narrow green midrib and broad scarious
margins; corolla glabrous; stamens pink or purple;
pyxis oblong, obtuse, about as long as the calyx,
2-4-seeded, the seeds merely concave, stamens 4.
In waste places, Maine, Rhode Island, Ontario and
New York. Adventive from Europe. Native also of
Asia. May-Sept. Fire-leaves. Fire-weed. Lamb's-lettuce.
Rattail. Windles. Long-plantain. Ripple-
Genus i.
PLANTAIN FAMILY
5. Plantago eriopoda Torr. Saline Plantain.
Fig. 3902.
Plantago glabra Nutt. Gen. I: 100. 1818?
Plantago eriopoda Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 237. 1827.
Perennial, succulent ; rootstock long, usually densely
covered with long brown hairs among the bases of
the leaves. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or ob-
lanceolate, entire, or repand-dentate, acute at the
apex, narrowed into petioles, 5-9-ribbed, 3'-l2' long,
¥-i¥ wide, glabrous or very nearly so; scapes stout,
more or less pubescent, longer than the leaves, 6'-i8'
high; spikes l'-S' long, dense above, the lower flowers
scattered ; flowers perfect ; sepals distinct, oblong-
obovate with a narrow green midrib and broad scari-
ous margins; corolla glabrous, its lobes spreading or
reflexed ; pyxis ovoid-oblong, very obtuse, one-third
longer than the calyx, 2-4-seeded, circumscissile be-
low the middle, seeds nearly flat.
In maritime or saline soil, Nova Scotia and Quebec
to Minnesota, Athabasca, Colorado and California.
June-Sept.
Plantago sparsiflora Michx., of the Southeastern
States, admitted into our first edition as found in southern
Illinois, is not known to range north of North Carolina.
6. Plantago cordata Lam. Heart-leaved
Plantain. Water Plantain. Fig. 3903.
Plantago cordata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1 : 338. 1791.
Perennial, glabrous, purple-green ; rootstock short,
very stout. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicu-
lar, pinnately veined, obtuse or acute at the apex,
entire or dentate, rounded, abruptly narrowed, or
cordate at the base, often 10' long; petioles stout,
margined above ; scapes stout, longer than the
leaves; spikes loosely flowered, sometimes 1° long,
with interrupted clusters; flowers perfect; sepals
ovate to obovate, obtuse, green ; corolla-lobes spread-
ing; pyxis ovoid-globose, obtuse, circumscissile at
or slightly below the middle, 1-4-seeded; seeds not
excavated on the face.
In swamps and along streams, Ontario to New York.
Alabama, Minnesota, Missouri and Louisiana. March-
July.
7. Plantago maritima L. Sea or Seaside Plantain. Fig. 3904.
Plantago maritima L. Sp. PI. 114. 1753.
Plantago decipiens Barneoud. Mon. Plantag. 16. 1845.
P. borealis Lange, Fl. Dan. pi. >jo~.
Annual, biennial, or perennial, fleshy; rootstock
stout or slender, sometimes with tufts of whitish
hairs among the bases of the leaves. Leaves linear,
glabrous, very obscurely nerved, sessile, or narrowed
into short margined petioles, 2'-io' long, entire, or
with a few small teeth, l"-2i" wide; scapes slender,
more or less pubescent, longer than or equalling the
leaves; spikes dense, linear-cylindric, blunt, l'-S'
long; flowers perfect; sepals ovate-lanceolate to
nearly orbicular, green, somewhat keeled ; corolla
pubescent without, its lobes spreading ; pyxis ovoid-
oblong, obtuse, 2-4-seeded, circumscissile at about
the middle, nearly twice as long as the calyx ; seeds
nearly flat on the face.
In' salt marshes and on sea-shores, Greenland and
Labrador to New Jersey, and on the Pacific Coast from
Alaska to California. Also on the coasts of Europe and
Asia. Consists of several slightly differing races.
Buckshorn. Gibbals. Sea-kemps. June-Sept.
24s
I 'I \\ T \i.l.\ \i EAE.
Vol.111.
8. Plantago Piirshii K.
S. Pursh's Plantain. Fig. 3905.
Plantago Purshii R. & S. Syst. 3: iio. 1818.
Plantago gnaphalioides Nutt. Gen. 1: 100. 1818.
Plantago patagonica var. gnaphalioides A. Gray, Man.
I'M. _■. .■(!.,. 1856.
Annual, woolly or silky all over, pale green ;
scapes slender, 2-15' tall, longer than the leaves.
Leaves ascending, linear, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed into margined petioles, 1-3-
nerved, I i"— 4" wide, entire, or very rarely with
a few small teeth; spikes very dense, eylindric,
obtuse, 1-5' long, about 3" in diameter, exceed-
ingly woolly; bracts rigid, equalling or slightly
exceeding the flowers ; flowers perfect but heter-
ogenous, many of them cleistogamous ; sepals
oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined; corolla-lobes
broadly ovate, spreading; stamens 4; pyxis ob-
long, obtuse, I.}" long, little exceeding the calyx,
2-seeded, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds
convex on the back, deeply concave on the face.
On dry plains and prairies, Indiana to western On-
tario, British Columbia, Texas and northern Mexico.
Locally adventive eastward. May-Aug. Salt-and-
pepper-plant.
9. Plantago aristata Michx. Large-bracted
Plantain. Fig. 3906.
Plantago aristata Michx. FI. Bor. Am. i : 95. 1803.
Plantago patagonica var. aristata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,
269. 1856.
Annual, dark green, villous, or glabrate ; scapes
stout, erect, 6'-l8' tall, exceeding the leaves. Leaves
linear, acuminate at the apex, entire, narrowed into
slender petioles, sometimes prominently 3-ribbed
1 j "-4" wide; spikes very dense, eylindric, i'-6' long,
pubescent but not woolly; bracts puberulent, linear,
elongated, ascending, the lower often 10 times as
long as the flowers; flowers very similar to those
of the preceding species; pyxis 2-seeded; the seeds
concave on the face.
On dry plains and prairies. Illinois to South Dakota,
Louisiana and Texas, west to British Columbia and New
Mexico. Also widely adventive as a weed in the East-
ern States from Maine to Georgia, its eastern natural
limits now difficult to determine. May-Oct.
Plantago spinuldsa Dene., differing in its pale green
color and mostly shorter involucral bracts, enters the
western part of our area in Nebraska.
10. Plantago virginica L.
Dwarf or White Dwarf riantain. Fig. 3907.
Plantago virginica L. Sp. PI. 113. 1753.
Annual or biennial, pubescent or villous; scapes
erect, slender, i'-i8' high, much longer than the
leaves. Leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse or
acutish, thin, entire, or repand-denticulate, nar-
rowed into margined petioles, or almost sessile,
varying greatly in size, 3-5-nerved, ascending or
spreading; spikes very dense, or the lower flowers
scattered, linear-cylindric, obtuse, 3" -4" thick, usu-
ally I '-4' long, but in dwarf forms reduced to 2-6
flowers ; flowers imperfectly dioecious ; corolla-
lobes of the fertile plants erect and connivent on
the top of the pyxis, those of the sterile widely
spreading; stamens 4; pyxis oblong, about as long
as the calyx, appearing beaked by the connivent
corolla-lobes, 2-4-seeded, the seeds yellow to brown.
In dry soil, Rhode Island to Florida, Illinois, Mich-
igan. Missouri, Arizona and northern Mexico. Ber-
muda. March-July.
Plantago rhodosperma Dene., of the Southwest,
with larger flowers and larger reddish seeds, is re-
corded as adventive in Missouri.
Genus i.
PLANTAIN FAMILY
ii. Plantago pusilla Nutt. Slender Plantain.
Fig. 3908.
Plantago pusilla Nutt. Gen. 1: 100. 1818.
Annual, puberulent; scapes filiform, 2-7' high,
longer than the linear-filiform, mostly entire, blunt-
pointed obscurely i-nerved leaves. Leaves about 4"
wide; spikes slender, linear, rather loosely flowered,
¥-3' long, li"-2" thick; flowers imperfectly dioecious
or polygamous ; sepals oblong, obtuse, about as long
as the bract, scarious-margined ; corolla-lobes of the
more fertile plants becoming erect over the pyxis ;
stamens 2 ; pyxis ovoid-oblong, obtuse, one-fourth to
one-third longer than the calyx, about 4-seeded, cir-
cumscissile at about the middle; seeds nearly flat on
both sides.
In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Georgia, Illinois,
Kansas and Texas. April-Aug.
Plantago elongata Pursh, to which this was referred in our first edition, differs by larger
seeds and saccate bracts, and enters our western limits in Nebraska.
12. Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Many-
seeded Plantain. Fig. 3909.
Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 1/7- I833-37-
Annual, similar to the preceding species, but gla-
brous or slightly puberulent ; scapes ascending or
spreading, equalling or exceeding the leaves, 2'-io'
long. Leaves narrowly linear or filiform, the larger
about 2" wide, entire or often with several distant
small teeth or linear lobes; spikes loose, linear, J'-S'
long ; sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined, mostly
shorter than the bract; corolla-lobes in the more fer-
tile plants becoming erect over the pyxis; stamens 2;
pyxis oblong, subacute, about twice as long as the
calyx, 7-30-seeded, circumscissile rather below the
middle ; seeds somewhat angled, scarcely concave on
the face.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida, Illinois, Arkan-
sas, Texas and apparently introduced in California.
April-July.
13. Plantago arenaria W. & K Sand Plantain.
Fig. 3910.
Plantago arenaria W. & K. PI. Rar. Hung. 1: 51.
1802.
pl- 51.
Annual, pubescent, somewhat viscid; stem simple, or
commonly becoming much branched, leafy, 3-15' high.
Leaves opposite, or whorled, narrowly linear, entire,
sessile, l'-3' long, about 1" wide; peduncles axillary,
often umbellate at the ends of the stem and branches,
slender, as long as the leaves or longer; heads of flowers
conic, oval, or subglobose, 5"-l°" long, about 5" thick;
lower bracts acute or acuminate; calyx-lobes unequal;
corolla-lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute ; capsule 2-seeded.
Fields, Dayton, Ohio, and Lancaster County, Pennsylva-
nia. Adventive from central Europe. Summer.
RUBIACEAE.
Vol. III.
2. LITTORELLA I.. .Mant. 2: 295. 1771.
A low perennial succulent herb, with linear entire basal leaves and monoecious flowers,
the staminate solitary or two together at the summits of slender scapes, the pistillate sessile
among the leaves. Sepals 4 Corolla of the staminate flowers with a somewhat urceolate
tube, and a spreading 4-lobed limb. Corolla of the pistillate flowers urn-shaped, 3-4-toothed.
Staminate flowers with 4 long-exserted stamens, their filaments filiform, the anthers ovate.
Pistillate flowers with a single ovary and a long-exserted filiform style. Fruit an indehiscent
[-seeded nutlet. [Latin, shore.]
["wo known species, the following typical, the other in southern South America.
i. Littorella uniflora (L.) Ascherson. Plan-
tain Shore-weed. Shore-grass. Fig. 3911.
Plantago uniflora L. Sp. PI. 115. 1753.
Littorella lacustris L. Mant. 2: 295. 1771.
Littorella uniflora Ascherson, Fl. Brand. 544. 1864.
Tufted, usually growing in mats; leaves bright
green, 1/-3' long, i"-i" wide, spreading or ascending,
mostly longer than the scapes of the staminate flow-
ers, which bear a small bract at about the middle;
sepals lanceolate, mostly obtuse, with a dark green
midrib and lighter margins, sometimes only 3 in the
fertile flowers; stamens conspicuous, 4"-6" long;
corolla-lobes ovate, subacute; pistillate flowers very
small; nutlet about 1" long.
Borders of lakes and ponds, Maine and Vermont to
Minnesota, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Ontario.
July-Aug.
Family 36. RUBIACEAE B. Juss. Hort.
Trian. 1759.
Madder Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple, opposite or sometimes verticillate. mostly
stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimorphous or trimorphous, regular and nearly
symmetrical flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb various Corolla
gamopetalous, funnelform, club-shaped, campanulate, or rotate, 4-5-lobed, often
pubescent within. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with
them, inserted on its tube or throat ; anthers mostly linear-oblong. Ovary 1-10-
celled ; style short or elongated, simple or lobed ; ovules 1-00 in each cavity. Fruit
a capsule, berry, or drupe. Seeds various ; seed-coat membranous or crustaceous ;
endosperm fleshy or horny (wanting in some exotic genera) ; cotyledons ovate,
cordate, or foliaceous.
About 340 genera and about 6000 species, of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant
in tropical regions. Known as Madderworts.
* Leaves opposite, stipulate (sometimes verticillate in No. 3).
Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary ; herbs.
Top of the capsule free from the calyx ; seeds few, peltate.
Capsule wholly adnate to the calyx ; seeds minute, angular.
Ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary.
Shrubs or small trees; flowers in dense globular heads.
Low evergreen herbs ; flowers 2 together, their ovaries united.
Herbs ; flowers axillary, nearly sessile, distinct.
Capsule separating into 2 carpels, one dehiscent, the other indehiscent.
Capsule separating into 2 (or 3) indehiscent carpels.
** Leaves appearing verticillate; herbs (some of the leaves rarely opposite in No. 7);
ovule 1 in each cavity of the ovary.
Corolla rotate; calyx teeth minute or none. 7- Galium.
Corolla funnelform.
Flowers in involucrate heads. 8. bherardxa.
Flowers in panicles. n 4sPen,la.
i. HOUSTONIA L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
Erect or diffuse, usually tufted herbs, with opposite entire often ciliate leaves, and small
blue purple or white, mostly dimorphous flowers. Calyx-tube globose or ovoid, 4-lobed, the
lobes distant. Corolla funnelform or salverform, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate, the throat glabrous
or pubescent. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers linear or
oblong. Ovary 2-celled. Style slender; ovules numerous in each cavity; stigmas 2, linear.
Capsule partly inferior, globose-didymous, or emarginate at the apex, loculicidally dehiscent
above, its summit free from the calyx. Seeds few or several in each cavity, peltate, more
Houstonia.
Oldenlandia.
Cephalanthus.
Mitchella.
Spermacoce.
Diodia.
Genus i.
MADDER FAMILY.
2SI
or less concave, not angled. Seed-coat reticulate or roughened ; endosperm
club-shaped. [Named in honor of Dr. William Houston, botanist and coll
America, died 1733.]
About 25 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Type species
* Plants 1 '-7' high; peduncles 1 -flowered,
t Peduncles filiform, i'—2y2' long.
Erect ; leaves obovate or spatulate, narrowed into petioles.
Diffuse or spreading; leaves nearly orbicular.
tt Peduncles 3"-i8" long, stouter.
Calyx-lobes narrow, about equalling the capsule.
Calyx-lobes broad, much exceeding the capsule.
** Plants 4'-i8' high; flowers cymose.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, 2 to 3 times as long as the capsule.
Calyx-lobes linear-subulate, scarcely longer than the capsule.
Leaves broad, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate.
Leaves oblong or spatulate, ciliate.
Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, not ciliate.
Leaves filiform or narrowly linear.
Flowers loosely cymose on filiform pedicels ; leaves not fascicled.
Flowers densely cymose on very short pedicels ; leaves usually fascicled
i. Houstonia coerulea L. Bluets.
Innocence. Eyebright. Fig. 3912.
Houstonia coerulea L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
Hcdvotis coerulea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 286.
1833.
Oldenlandia coerulea A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,
174. 1856.
Erect, 3'-/' high, glabrous, or nearly so,
perennial by slender rootstocks and form-
ing dense tufts. Lower and basal leaves
spatulate or oblanceolate, about 6" long,
sometimes hirsute or ciliate, narrowed into
a petiole, the upper oblong, sessile ; flowers
solitary on filiform terminal and axillary
peduncles ; corolla salverform, violet, blue,
or white with a yellow center, 4"-6" broad,
its tube slender and about the length of the
lobes or longer ; capsule didymous, com-
pressed, about 2" broad and broader than
long, the upper half free from the calyx
and shorter than its lobes.
In open grassy places, or on wet rocks,
Miquelon and Nova Scotia to Quebec, New
York, Michigan, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee
and Missouri. April-July, or producing a few
flowers through the summer. Includes several
races. Called also quaker-ladies, quaker-
horny ; embryo
ector in South
Houstonia coerulea L.
H. coerulea.
H. serpyllifolia.
H. patens.
H. minima.
5. H. lanceotata.
H. purpurea.
H. ciliolata.
H. longifolia.
H. tenuifo/ia.
H. angustifolia.
bonnets, Venus'-pride. Bright eyes. Angel-
eyes. Blue-eyed-grass or -babies. Wild forget-
me-not. Nuns. Star-of-Bethlehem. Little
washerwoman.
2. Houstonia serpyllifolia Alichx.
Thyme-leaved Bluets.
Fig- 39I3-
Houstonia serpyllifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
1: 85. 1803.
Hedyotis serpyllifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 39.
1841.
Perennial; stems prostrate or diffuse,
slender, glabrous, 4'-io' long. Leaves or-
bicular or broadly oval, abruptly petioled,
3"-4" long, sometimes hispidulous ; or those
of the flowering stems narrower, distant;
flowers on terminal and axillary filiform
peduncles ; corolla usually deep blue, 4"-6"
broad, its tube rather shorter than the
lobes; capsule similar to that of the pre-
ceding species but usually slightly larger,
nearly as long as the calyx.
Somerset County, Pennsylvania, to the high
mountains of Virginia and West Virginia.
South Carolina, Georgia and east Tennessee.
May.
*5*
RUBIACEAE.
Vol. III.
3. Houstonia patens Ell. Small Bluets. Fig. 3914.
Houstonia Linnaei var. minor Michx. Fl. Bor
Am. 1 : 35. 1803.
//. patens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 191. 1821.
Houstonia minor Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5:
302. 1894.
Annual, glabrous or nearly so, branched
from the base, i'-6' high. Lower and basal
leaves oval or ovate, 5"-6" long, narrowed
into petioles often of their own length, the
upper narrower and sessile; peduncles ax-
illary and terminal, erect-divergent, 3"-l8"
long, i-flowered; corolla violet-blue or pur-
ple, 3"-4" broad, its tube about equalling
the lobes or somewhat longer; capsule com-
pressed, didymous, 2i"~3" broad, its upper
part free from the calyx and about equal-
ling or exceeding the subulate lobes.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Illinois,
Arkansas and Texas. March-April. Star-
violet (Texas).
4. Houstonia minima Beck. Least Bluets.
Fig- 3915-
Houstonia minima Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 262. 1826.
Hedyotis minima T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 38. 1841.
Oldenlandia minima A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 173. 1856.
Annual, spreading or diffuse, i'-z¥ high, roughish. Lower
and basal leaves oval or ovate, with petioles shorter than or
equalling the blade, the upper oblong, sessile; peduncles axil-
lary and terminal, rather stout, 3"-l2" long; flowers 4"-S"
broad; corolla violet or purple, the tube about as long as the
lobes ; capsule didymous, compressed, about 3" broad, its upper
part free from the calyx and considerably exceeded by the
lanceolate foliaceous lobes.
In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas, Arkansas, Tennessee and Texas.
March-April.
5. Houstonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britton. Calycose
Houstonia. Fig. 3916.
Hedyotis lanceolata Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 3: 14. 1813.
Houstonia purpurea calycosa A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i2 : 26. 1878.
Houstonia lanceolata Britton, Man. 86 1. 1901.
Houstonia calycosa Mohr, Contr. Nat. Herb. 6: 739. 1901.
Perennial, glabrous or pubescent, rather stout, 6'-i6' high.
Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, firm in texture, not cil-
iate, sessile, or the lowest spatulate and narrowed into petioles ;
corolla-tube little exceeding the calyx ; calyx-lobes lanceolate
or lanceolate-subulate, 5" long or less, much exceeding the
capsule; capsule ovoid-globose, about 2" thick.
In dry soil. Illinois to North Carolina, Alabama, Tennessee and
Oklahoma. Recorded from Maine. May-June.
Genus i.
MADDER FAMILY.
6. Houstonia purpurea L. Large Houstonia.
Yenus'-pride. Fig. 3917.
Houstonia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
Hedyotis purpurea T. & G. FI. N. A. 2 : 40. 1841.
Oldenlandia purpurea A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 173. 1856.
Houstonia purpurea pubescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 4:
125. 1894.
Perennial, stout, erect, tufted, branched or simp'.e,
glabrous or pubescent, 4-18' high. Leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, sessile, or the lower ones short-
petioled, 3-5-nerved and pinnately veined, obtuse or
acute, ¥-2 long, 3"-IS" wide, the margins often ciliate;
flowers in terminal cymose clusters ; pedicels l"-4"
long; corolla purple or lilac, funnelform, 3"-4" long,
the tube at least twice as long as the lobes ; capsule
compressed-globose, il" broad, somewhat didymous, its
upper half free and considerably shorter than the subu-
late-linear calyx-lobes.
In open places, Maryland to Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri,
Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, especially in the moun-
tains. May-Sept.
7. Houstonia ciliolata Torr. Fringed Hous-
tonia. Fig. 3918.
Houstonia ciliolata Torr. FI. N. U. S. 1 r 173. 1824.
Houstonia purpurea var. ciliolata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,
212. 1867.
Perennial, tufted, erect or ascending, 4'-"' high.
Lower and basal leaves petioled, thick, i-nerved, obo-
vate or oblanceolate, obtuse, 6"-lo" long, their margins
conspicuously ciliate; stem leaves oblong or oblanceo-
late, sessile or nearly so ; flowers in corymbed cymes ;
pedicels filiform, i"-4" long; corolla funnelform, lilac
or pale purple, about 3" long, the lobes about one-
third the length of the tube; capsule little compressed,
obscurely didymous, l»" wide, overtopped by the linear-
lanceolate calyx-lobes.
On rocks and shores, Ontario to Minnesota, south to
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky and Arkansas.
May- Aug.
8. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Long-
leaved Houstonia. Fig. 3919.
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Fruct. 1 : 226. pi. 49. f. S.
1788.
Houstonia purpurea var. longifolia A. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 212. 1868.
Perennial, usually tufted, erect, glabrous or pu-
berulent, 5-10' high. Basal leaves spatulate or ob-
lanceolate, obtuse, not ciliate, very short-petioled;
stem leaves linear or linear-objong, acute or obtuse,
I-nerved, 6"-l2" long, i"-2i" wide; flowers in
corymbed cymes; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla pale
purple or nearly white, 2V-3" long, its lobes about
one-third the length of the tube; capsule little com-
pressed, globose, ovoid, about 1" in diameter, its upper
half free and much exceeded by the subulate calyx-
lobes.
In dry open places, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, Georgia, Mississippi and Missouri. May-
Sept.
254
RUBIACEAE.
Vol. III.
9. Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt. Slender-leaved
I foustonia. Fig. 3920.
Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt. Gen. 1: 95. 1818.
Houstonia purpurea var. tenuifolia A. Gray, Syn. Flor 1 •
Part 2, 26. 1878.
Perennial, somewhat tufted, very slender and widely
branching, erect, glabrous, 6'-i° high, sometimes finely
pubescent below. Basal and lowest stem leaves ovate
or oval, obtuse, petioled, 4"-6" long; upper leaves nar-
rowly linear or filiform, blunt-pointed, 6"—l$" long,
i"-lJ" wide; flowers in loose corymbose cymes; pedi-
cels filiform, 2"-6" long; corolla purple, narrow, 2"-$'
long, its lobes short ; capsule compressed-globose, didy-
mous, about 1" in diameter, its upper half free and only
slightly exceeded by the subulate calyx-lobes.
In dry soil. Pennsylvania to Ohio, North Carolina and
Tennessee. May-July.
10. Houstonia angustifolia Michx. Narrow-
leaved Houstonia. Fig. 3921.
Houstonia angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 85. 1803.
Oldenlandia angustifolia A. Gray, PI. Wright. 2: 68. 1853.
Perennial by a deep root, erect, stiff, glabrous, usually-
branched, I°-2° high. Leaves linear, 6"-l8" long, l"-3"
wide, or the lowest narrowly spatulate, usually with
numerous smaller ones fascicled in the axils, or on
short axillary branches ; flowers in terminal dense cy-
mose clusters ; pedicels short ; corolla white or pur-
plish, between funnelform and salverform, about 2"
long, its lobes shorter than the tube; capsule com-
pressed-obovoid, li" wide, its summit free and scarcely
exceeded by the calyx-lobes.
In dry open places. Illinois to Kansas, Texas, Tennessee
and Florida. May-July. Star-violet. Venus'-pride.
2. OLDENLANDIA [Plumier] L. Sp. PI. 119. 1753.
Erect or diffuse slender herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary or terminal soli-
tary or clustered, white or pink flowers. Calyx-tube obovoid or subglobose, the limb 4-toothed.
Corolla rotate or salverform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla;
anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules numerous in each cavity; style slender, 2-lobed.
Capsule small, ovoid, top-shaped, or hemispheric, wholly adnate to the calyx-tube, loculicidally
dehiscent at the summit, several or many-seeded. Seeds angular, not peltate ; endosperm
fleshy; embryo club-shaped. [Named for H. B. Oldenland, a Danish botanist.]
About 175 species, mostly of tropical distribution, most abundant in Asia. Besides the follow-
ing, 2 others occur in the Southern States and i in New Mexico. Type species : Oldenlandia
corymbosa L.
i. Oldenlandia uniflora L. Clustered Bluets.
Fig. 3922.
Oldenlandia uniflora L. Sp. PI. 119. 1753.
Oldenlandia glomerata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 83.
1803.
Annual, weak, usually tufted, more or less hirsute-
pubescent, diffuse or ascending; stems 1'— 15' long. Leaves
short-petioled or sessile, mostly thin, entire, 3-5-nerved,
ovate, oblong, or oval, acute at the apex, narrowed at the
base, §'— 1' long; flowers sessile or nearly so. white, about
1" broad, terminal and axillary, clustered or solitary;
calyx hirsute, hemispheric in fruit, the ovate or oval lobes
erect and nearly equalling the tube.
In low grounds, southern New York to Florida and Texas,
north to Arkansas and reported from Missouri. Also in Cuba
and Jamaica. June-Sept.
Genus 3.
MADDER FAMILY.
255
3. CEPHALANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 95. 1753.
Shrubs, or small trees, with opposite or verticillate short-petioled entire leaves, and
terminal or axillary, densely capitate, bracteolate small white or yellow flowers. Calyx-tube
obpyramidal, its limb with 4 obtuse lobes. Corolla tubular-funnel form, with 4 short erect
or spreading lobes. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments very short;
anthers oblong, 2-cuspidate at the base. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary in each cavity, pen-
dulous; style filiform, exserted ; stigma capitate. Fruit dry, obpyramidal, 1-2-seeded. Endo-
sperm cartilaginous; cotyledons linear-oblong. [Greek, head-flower.]
About 6 species, natives of America and Asia. The following, here taken as typical, is the only
one known to occur in North America, unless the southwestern and Mexican plant proves to be
distinct.
i. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button-
bush. Button-tree. Honey-balls.
Globe-flower. Fig. 3923.
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 95. 1753.
A shrub 3°-l2° high, or sometimes a tree,
up to 20° high, with opposite or verticillate
leaves and branches, glabrous, or somewhat
pubescent. Leaves petioled, ovate or oval, en-
tire, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded
or narrowed at the base, 3 '-6' long, i'-2l'wide;
peduncles 1/-3' long; heads globose, about 1'
in diameter, the receptacle pubescent; flowers
sessile, white, 4"-6" long; style very slender,
about twice the length of the corolla; calyx-
tube prolonged beyond the ovary.
In swamps, and low grounds. New Brunswick
to western Ontario and Wisconsin, Florida, Texas,
Arizona and California. Pond dogwood. Button-
wood shrub. Box. Pin-ball. Little snowball.
Button- or crane willow. Swamp-wood. River-
or crouper-bush. June-Sept.
4. MITCHELLA L. Sp. PI. in. 1753.
Creeping herbs, with opposite petioled, entire or undulate, evergreen leaves, and white
axillary or terminal peduncled geminate dimorphous flowers, their ovaries united. Calyx-
tube ovoid, the limb 3-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Corolla funnelform, usually 4-lobed, the
lobes recurved, bearded on the inner side. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and
inserted on its throat; filaments short and style exserted, or filaments exserted and style short.
Ovary 4-celled ; stigmas 4, short, filiform; ovules 1 in each cavity, erect, anatropous. Fruit
composed of 2 united drupes usually containing 8 roundish nutlets. Seed erect; cotyledons
short, obtuse; embryo minute. [Named after Dr. John Mitchell, botanist and correspondent
of Linnaeus in Virginia.]
Two species, the following typical one North American, the other Japanese.
i. Mitchella repens L.
Partridge-berry. Twin-berry. Fig. 3924.
Mitchella repens L. Sp. PI. in. 1753.
Stems slender, trailing, rooting at the
nodes, 6'-i2' long, branching, glabrous, or
very slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate-or-
bicular, petioled, obtuse at the apex, round-
ed or somewhat cordate at the base, 3"-io"
long, pinnately veined, dark green, shining ;
peduncles shorter than the leaves, bearing
2 sessile white flowers at the summit ; co-
rolla s"-6" long: drupes red (rarely white),
broader than high, 2"-4" in diameter, per-
sistent through the winter, edible.
In woods. Nova Scotia to Florida, west to
western Ontario, Minnesota, Arkansas and
Texas. April-June, sometimes flowering a
second time in the autumn. Hive- or squaw-
vine. Checker-berry. Deer-berry. Fox- or box-
berry. Partridge-vine. Winter-clover. Chicken-,
cow-, pigeon-, snake- or tea-berry. Two-eyed-
or one-berry. Squaw-plum. Leaves often whit-
ish-veined ; flower-buds pink. Ascends to 5000
ft. in Virginia.
-56
RUBIACEAE.
YoL. 111.
5. SPERMACOCE L. Sp. PI. 102. 1753.
Herbs, with 4-sidcd stems, opposite pinnately veined stipulate leaves, and small white
flowers, in dense axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx-lube obovoid or obconic, its limb
4-toothed. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. inserted on the tube of the corolla;
anthers oblong or linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style slender; stigma
capitate, or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, didymous, of 2 carpels, one dehiscent, the
other indehiscent. Seeds oblong, convex on the back; endosperm horny; embryo central;
cotyledons foliaceous. | Greek, seed-point, from the sharp calyx-teeth surmounting the carpels.]
Two or three species, natives of America. Type species:
Spermacoce tenuior L.
1. Spermacoce glabra Michx. Smooth Button-
weed. Fig. 3925.
Spermacoce glabra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 82. 1803.
Glabrous, decumbent or ascending, rather stout ; stems
lo'-2o' long. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, peti-
oled, or the uppermost sessile, I '-3' long, 4"-l2" wide, acute
at each end, the margins rough ; corolla pubescent in the
throat, about ii" long, scarcely exceeding the ovate-lanceo-
late acute calyx teeth; stamens and style included; capsule
obovoid, about 2" long, glabrous ; seeds black, punctate.
On river-banks and in wet soil, southern Ohio and Ken-
tucky to Florida, Kansas and Texas. June-Sept.
6. DIODIA L. Sp. PL 104. 1753.
Decumbent or ascending branching herbs, with opposite, mostly sessile, entire conspicu-
ously stipulate leaves, and small axillary white lilac or purple flowers. Calyx-tube obconic
or obovoid, the limb 2-4-lobed (sometimes 1-6-lobed), often with minute teeth between the
lobes. Corolla funnelform or salverform, mostly 4-lobed. Stamens usually 4, inserted on
the throat of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers versatile, oblong-linear, exserted. Ovary
2-celled (rarely 3-4-celled) ; ovules 1 in each cavity; style filiform, simple or 2-cleft; stigmas
2. Fruit crustaceous or somewhat fleshy, oblong, obovoid, or subglobose, 2-celled, finally-
separating into 2 indehiscent carpels. Seeds oblong, convex on the back; endosperm horny;
cotylendons foliaceous; embryo straight. [Greek, thoroughfare, where the species are fre-
quently found]
About 35 species, mostly American. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern
States. Type species : Divdia virginiana L.
Leaves linear-lanceolate ; style entire ; stigmas capitate.
Leaves lanceolate or oval ; style 2-cleft ; stigmas filiform.
i. Diodia teres Walt. Rough Button-weed.
Fig. 392G.
Diodia teres Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788.
Spermacoce diodina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 82. 1803.
Rigid, usually rough, much branched from near the
base, the branches prostrate or ascending, 4-sided above,
4'-3o' long. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, very
rough, i'-i§' long, 1 i"— 3" wide, acute, the margins revo-
lute when dry ; flowers lilac or purple. 2"-3" long, usually
solitary in the axils; style entire; stigmas capitate ; fruit
obovoid or top-shaped, hispid, about 2" high, the usually
4 persistent calyx-lobes ovate to lanceolate.
In dry or sandy soil, Connecticut to Florida, west to
Illinois, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and Sonora. July-
Sept. Poverty-, or poor-land-weed. Poor Joe.
1. D. teres.
2. D. virginiana.
Genus 6.
MADDER FAMILY.
257
2. Diodia virginiana L. Larger Button-
weed. Fig. T,<.)2J.
Diodia virginiana L. Sp. PI. 104. 1753.
Hispid-pubescent or glabrate, much branched
from near the base, the branches procumbent
or ascending, i°-2° long. Leaves lanceolate to
narrowly oval, narrowed at the base, acute, or
the lowest obtuse at the apex, 1-3' long; flow-
ers I or 2 in each axil, about 6" long, the
corolla-tube very slender ; fruit somewhat
fleshy, but becoming dry, hirsute or glabrous,
oval, 3"-4" high, furrowed, crowned with the
2 or 3 persistent lanceolate calyx-lobes.
In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Florida,
yest to Arkansas and Texas. June-Aug.
7. GALIUM L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently verticil-
late leaves, and small white, green, yellow or purple flowers, mostly in axillary or terminal
cymes or panicles, the pedicels usually jointed with the calyx. Flowers perfect, or in some
species dioecious. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed, or none. Corolla
rotate, 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed). Stamens 4, rarely 3; filaments short; anthers exserted.
Ovary 2-celled ; ovules I in each cavity. Styles 2, short ; stigmas capitate. Fruit didymous,
dry or fleshy, smooth, tuberculate, or hispid, separating into 2 indehiscent carpels, or some-
times only 1 of the carpels maturing. Seed convex on the back, concave on the face, or
spherical and hollow; endosperm horny; embryo curved; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek,
milk, from the use of G. verum for curdling.]
About 250 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 35 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The leaves are really opposite, the
intervening members of the ventricles being stipules. Type species : Galium Molliigo L.
G. verum.
1. Fruit dry.
A Flowers yellow.
B. Flowers white, green or purple.
1. Annuals.
Flowers in axillary cymules, or panicled.
Fruit granular or tubercled, not bristly.
Fruit slightly granular, or smooth, 1 mm. broad ; pedicels not recurved ; stem very slender.
2. G. parisiense.
Fruit granular-tubercled, 3 mm. broad; fruiting pedicels recurved; stem stout.
3. G. tricome.
Fruit densely bristly-hispid.
Cymes few-flowered ; leaves 2-8 cm. long ; fruit fully 4 mm. broad.
Cymes mostly several-flowered ; leaves 1-2.5 CIn- l°ng I fruit smaller.
Flowers solitary in the axils, subtended by 2 foliaceous bracts ; fruit bristly.
2. Perennials.
* Fruit bristly hispid.
a. Leaves in 4's, i-nerved.
b. Leaves in 4's, 3-nerved.
Leaves lanceolate, oval, or ovate ; flowers in open cymes.
Upper leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.
Upper leaves ovate, oblong, oval, ovate-lanceolate or obovate, obtuse.
Corolla usually hirsute; plant mostly pubescent; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate.
9. G. circaesans.
Corolla glabrous ; plant little pubescent ; some leaves obovate.
Leaves linear to lanceolate; flowers in terminal panicles.
4. G. Aparine.
5. G. Vaillantii.
6. G. virgatum.
7. G. pilosum.
8. G. lanceolatum.
G. kamtschaticum.
G. boreale.
c. Leaves in 6's.
** Fruit smooth or warty.
t Flowers brown-purple.
Leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved ; fruit smooth.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1 -nerved; fruit warty.
17
12. G. triftorum.
13. G. latifo/ium.
14. G. arkansanum
J5>s
RUBIACEAE
Vol. 111.
tt Flowers white or greenish.
Stems smooth; introduced species.
Leaves linear to oblanceolate, cuspidate.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate.
s mostly more or less retrorscly scabrous; native species.
Leaves obtuse; stems slightly scabrous.
Plants of wel soil, not shining.
Flowers solitary, or few in small simple cymes.
Corolla-lobes mostly 4. acute.
Fruit il/<" in diameter; leaves ascending or spreading.
Fruit l/z" in diameter; leaves mostly reflexed.
Corolla-lobes mostly 3, obtuse.
Pedicels rough, curved ; flowers mostly solitary.
Pedicels smooth, straight ; flowers 2 or 3 together.
Flowers numerous in forked cymes.
Shining plant of dry woodlands.
Leaves cuspidate-acute ; stems retrorsely hispid.
II. Fruit fleshy.
15. G. Mollugo.
16. G. sylvaticum.
17. G. tinctorium.
18. G. labradoncum.
19. G. tri fid 11 m.
20. G. Claytoni.
21. G. palustre.
22. G. concinnum.
23. G. asprellum.
24. G. bermudense.
i. Galium verum L. Yellow Bedstraw. Lady's Bedstraw. Fig. 3928.
Galium verum L. Sp. PI. 107. 1753.
Perennial from a somewhat woody base, erect or
ascending, simple or branched, 6'-2*° high. Stems
smooth or minutely roughened ; leaves in 6's or 8's,
narrowly linear, 4"-l2" long, about i" wide, rough
on the margins, at length deflexed ; flowers yellow,
the cymes in dense narrow panicles ; lower branches
of the panicles longer than the internodes at anthe-
sis; fruit usually glabrous, less than 1" broad.
In waste places and fields. Maine and Ontario to Mas-
sachusetts, southern New York, New Jersey and Penn-
sylvania. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native
also of Asia. May-Sept. Cheese-rennet. Curdwort. Bed-
flower. Fleawort. Maids'-hair. Yellow cleavers. Our
Lady's-bedstraw.
Galium Wirtgeni F. Schultz, differs in having the
lower branches of the panicle very short at anthesis, and
is recorded as established in a meadow at Norfolk,
Connecticut.
2. Galium parisiense L. Wall Bedstraw.
Fig. 3929.
Galium parisiense L. Sp. PI. 108. 1753.
Galium anglicum Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 69. 1778.
Annual, erect or ascending, very slender, much branched ;
stem rough on the angles, 6'-i2' high. Leaves in verticils
of about 6 (4-7), linear or linear-lanceolate, cuspidate,
minutely scabrous on the margins and midrib, 2"-s" long ;
cymes several-flowered, axillary and terminal on filiform
peduncles; flowers minute, greenish-white; fruit glabrous,
finely granular, less than 1" wide.
Along roadsides, Virginia and Tennessee,
naturalized from Europe. June-Aug.
Adventive or
Genus 7.
MADDER FAMILY.
259
3. Galium tricorne Stokes. Rough- fruited Corn
Bedstraw. Fig. 3930.
Galium tricorne Stokes; With. Bot. Arr. Brit. PI. Ed. 2, I:
153- 1787-
Rather stout, decumbent or ascending, &-12 high,
simple, or little branched. Stem rough with reflexed
prickles ; leaves in 6's or 8's, linear or narrowly oblan-
ceolate, 1' long or less, li"-2" wide, mucronate, rough
on the margins and midrib ; peduncles axillary, shorter
than the leaves; pedicels thickened and curved down-
ward in fruit; cymes axillary, usually 3- (l~3-) flow-
ered; fruit tuberculate or granular, not hispid, 4"-S"
broad.
In waste places, Ontario, and in ballast about the eastern
seaports. May-Aug.
4. Galium Aparine L. Cleavers. Goose-grass.
Cleaver-wort. Fig. 3931.
Galium Aparine L. Sp. PI. 108. 1753.
Annual, weak, scrambling over bushes, 2°-5° long,
the stems retrorsely hispid on the angles. Leaves in
6's or 8's, oblanceolate to linear, cuspidate at the apex,
l'-3' long, 2"-s" wide, the margins and midrib very
rough ; flowers in 1-3-flowered cymes in the upper axils ;
peduncles 5"-l2" long; fruiting pedicels straight;
fruit 2"-3" broad, densely covered with short hooked
bristles.
In various situations, New Brunswick to Ontario, South
Dakota, Florida and Texas. Bermuda. Apparently in part
naturalized from Europe. Widely distributed in temperate
regions as a weed. May-Sept. Among some 70 other Eng-
lish names are catchweed, beggar-lice, burhead. claver-grass,
cling-rascal, scratch-grass, wild hedge-burs, hairif or airif,
stick-a-back, or stickle-back, gosling-grass, gosling-weed,
turkey-grass, pigtail, grip or grip-grass, loveman, sweet-
hearts, scratch-weed, poor robin.
5. Galium Vaillantii DC. Vaillant's Goose-grass
or Cleavers. Fig. 3932.
Galium VaillantiitT>C. Fl. France 4: 263. 1805.
Galium Aparine var. Vaillantii Koch, Fl. Germ. 330. 1837.
Similar to the preceding species but smaller, the stem
equally rough-angled. Leaves smaller, 1' in length or
less, linear-oblong or slightly oblanceolate, cuspidate-
pointed, rough on the margins and midrib ; cymes 2-9-
flowered; fruit l"-ii" broad, usually less hispid.
In low grounds. Ontario to British Columbia, Missouri,
Arizona and to California. Europe. The European G.
spurium L., to which this plant was referred in the first
edition, appears to have uniformly smooth fruit.
260
RUB] M I \l
Vol. III.
6. Galium virgatum Xutt. Southwestern
Bedstraw. Fig. 3933.
Galium virgatum Nutt. ; T. & < . Fl. X. A. 2 : 20. 1841.
Annual. 4' 1 _■' high, usually hispid, sometimes
nearly glabrous; stem very slender, 4-angled,
branched from the base, or simple. Leavi in ;'-,
oblong or linear-oblong, 2i"-5" long, 1" wide, or
less, obtuse or acutish; peduncles axillary, [-flow-
ered, less than 1" long, recurved in fruit; flower
white, subtended by 2 large oblong to lanceolate
bracts which closely resemble the leaves; fruit
about 1" in diameter, covered with slender barbed
bristles.
Dry prairies, barrens and glades. Tennessee and
Missouri to Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. April-
June.
7. Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bed-
straw. Fig. 3934.
Galium pilosum Ait. Hnrt. Kew. I: 1 45- 1789.
Galium puncticulosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 80.
1803.
Galium pilosum puncticulosum T. & G. Fl. N. A.
2 : 24. 1 84 1.
Perennial, more or less hirsute-pubescent or
glabrate; stems ascending, branched. l0-2*°
long. Leaves in 4's, oval or oval-ovate, punc-
tate, i-nerved, obtuse, or obscurely 3-nerved
at the base, mucronulate, 4"-I2" long, 2"~s"
wide, the lower usually smaller; peduncles ax-
illary and terminal ; cymes numerous but few-
flowered ; pedicels i"-6" long, flowers yellow-
ish-purple ; fruit dry, densely hispid, nearly 2"
in diameter.
In dry or sandy soil, New Hampshire to On-
tario, Michigan, Kansas. Florida and Texas. June-
Aug.
8. Galium lanceolatum Torr. Torrey's
Wild Liquorice. Fig. 3935.
Galium circaezans var. lanceolatum Torr. Cat. PI. N.
Y. J3. 1819.
Galium lanceolatum Torr. Fl. U. S. 168. 1S24.
Galium Torreyi Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 56. 1824.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so. the stems
minutely roughened, simple or often branched.
i°-2° high. Leaves in 4's. lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acutish or acuminate, 3-nerved, more
or less ciliate on the margins and nerves, l'-2j
long. 5"-n" wide, the lower smaller and obtuse
or obtusish ; cymes rather few-flowered, loose,
widely branched; flowers sessile or very nearly
so ; corolla glabrous, yellowish green to purple,
its lobes acuminate; fruit dry, hispid with long
hairs, 2"-2i" broad.
In dry woods, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota,
south to North Carolina and Kentucky. Ascends to
4000 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug.
Genus 7.
MADDER FAMILY.
9. Galium circaezans Michx. Wild
Liquorice. Cross-Cleavers.
Fig- 3936-
G. circaezans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 80. 1803.
Galium circaezans glabellum Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club 5 : 303. i8y4.
Perennial, more or less pubescent, or gla-
brate, branched, l°-2° high. Leaves in 4's,
oval, oval-lanceolate or ovate, obtuse or ob-
tusish at the apex, 3-nerved, 6"-l8" long,
4"-8" wide, usually somewhat pubescent on
both surfaces, ciliolate, the lower smaller ;
cymes divaricately branched ; flowers sessile
or nearly so, greenish; corolla hirsute with-
out, or glabrous, its lobes acute; fruit hispid,
similar to that of the preceding species, at
length deflexed.
In dry woods, Quebec and Ontario to Minne-
sota, Florida, Kansas and Texas. May-July.
10. Galium kamtschaticum Steller. North-
ern Wild Liquorice. Fig. 3937.
Galium kamtschaticum Steller; R. & S. Mant. 3: 186.
1827.
Galium Littellii Oakes, Hovey's Mag. 7: 179. 1S41.
Galium circaezans var. montanum T. & G. Fl. N. A.
2 : 24. 1841.
Similar to the preceding species, but weak,
smaller, stems 4-15' long. Leaves in 4's, broadly
oval, orbicular, or obovate, thin, 3-nerved, obtuse,
mucronulate. 6"-i8" long, 4"-i2" wide, glabrate,
or, pubescent with short scattered hairs on the
upper surface and on the nerves beneath, some-
times ciliate; flowers few, all on pedicels 2"-6"
long; corolla glabrous, yellowish-green, its lobes
acutish; fruit hispid, 2" broad.
In mountainous regions, Cape Breton Island, Que-
bec, northern New England and northern New York.
Also in northeastern Asia. Summer.
11. Galium boreale L. Northern Bed-
straw. Fig. 3938.
Galium boreale L. Sp. PI. 108. 1753.
Galium septentrionale R. & S. Syst. 3 : 253. 1818.
Erect, perennial, smooth and glabrous, strict,
simple, or branched, leafy, l°-2l° high. Leaves
in 4's, lanceolate or linear, 3-nerved, obtuse
or acute, 1-2J' long, l"-3" wide, the margins
sometimes ciliate; panicles terminal, dense,
many-flowered, the flowers white, panicled, in
small compact cymes ; fruit hispid, at least
when young, sometimes becoming glabrate
when mature, about 1" broad.
In rocky soil or along streams, Quebec to 3
Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, "2"
Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico and California.
Also in Europe and northern Asia. May-Aug.
RUB] U'KAE.
Vol. III.
12. Galium triflorum Michx. Sweet-
scented or Fragrant Bedstraw.
Fig- 3939-
Galium triflorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 80. 1803.
Perennial, diffuse, procumbent, or ascending,
glabrous or nearly so, shining, fragrant in drying,
the stems and margins of the leaves sometimes
roughened. Leaves in 6's, narrowly oval or
slightly oblanceolate, i-nerved, cuspidate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, i'-3*' long, 2"-6"
wide; peduncles slender, terminal and axillary,
often exceeding the leaves, 3-flowered or branched
into 3 pedicels which are 1-3-flowered ; flowers
greenish; fruit ii"-2" broad, hispid with hooked
hairs; seed almost spherical, the groove obsolete.
In woods, Greenland to Alaska, south to Florida,
Louisiana, Colorado and California. Also in north-
ern Europe. Japan and the Himalayas. June-Aug.
Three-flowered bedstraw.
13. Galium latifolium Michx. Purple
Bedstraw. Fig. 3940.
Galium latifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 79.
1803.
Perennial, erect, smooth and glabrous (rarely
hispid), branched, l°-2° high. Leaves in 4's,
lanceolate, 3-nerved, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base,
1 '-2' long, 4" -8" wide, the midrib sometimes
pubescent beneath, the margins minutely
roughened, the lower smaller and sometimes
opposite; peduncles axillary and terminal,
slender, but usually shorter than the leaves;
flowers purple ; cymes loosely many- flowered,
the pedicels slender, 2"-6" long, smooth or
very nearly so; fruit smooth, slightly fleshy,
2" broad, usually only one of the carpels de-
veloping.
In dry woods in mountainous regions, Penn-
sylvania to Tennessee and Georgia. May-Aug.
14. Galium arkansanum A. Gray. Ar-
kansas Bedstraw. Fig. 3941.
Galium arkansanum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
19: So. 1883.
Similar to the preceding species but usually
lower, the leaves linear-lanceolate, 6"-l2" long,
1 "-3" wide, the lateral nerves obscure or none,
the midrib sometimes pubescent beneath, and
the margins ciliate; fruiting pedicels roughish,
3"-l2" long ; flowers brown-purple, the numer-
ous cymes loosely several-many-flowered : fruit
glabrous, warty, somewhat fleshy, each carpel
l"-li" in diameter.
Southern Missouri
June-July.
Arkansas and Oklahoma.
Genus 7.
MADDER FAMILY.
263
15. Galium Molliigo L. Wild Madder. White
or Great Hedge Bedstraw. Fig. 3942.
Galium Mollugo L. Sp. PI. 107. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so throughout. Stems
smooth erect, or diffusely branched. l°-3° long; leaves
in 6's or 8's, oblanceolate or linear, cuspidate at the apex,
6"-I5" long, 1 "-2" wide, sometimes roughish on the
margins ; flowers small, white, very numerous in termi-
nal panicled cymes; pedicels filiform, divaricate; fruit
smooth and glabrous, nearly 1" broad.
In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Vermont,
Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Virginia. Naturalized
from Europe. Called also whip-tongue. Infants'- or babies'-
breath. May-Sept.
Galium erectum Huds., also European, differs slightly
by having somewhat larger flowers on ascending pedicels,
and is adventive in fields from Quebec to Connecticut and
New York.
16. Galium sylvaticum L. Wood Bedstraw.
Fig- 3943-
C. sylvaticum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 155. 1762.
Perennial, erect, 2°-3° tall ; stems several or many,
shining, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, or slightly pu-
bescent, not scabrous. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, pale beneath, whorled in 8's or 6's, or
those of the branches in 4's, or opposite, the larger
sometimes 2' long; panicles large; pedicels filiform,
erect-spreading in fruit; flowers white; corolla-lobes
apiculate; fruit smooth.
Fields and thickets, Maine and Vermont, escaped from
cultivation. Native of Europe. June-July.
17. Galium tinctorium L. Stiff Marsh Bed-straw. Wild Madder. Fig. 3944.
Galium tinctorium L. Sp. PI. 106. 1753.
Galium trifidum var. lalifolium Torr. Fl. N. & Mid.
States, 78. 1826.
Galium tinctorium filifolium Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club
24: 397. 1897.
Perennial; stem erect, 6-15' high, rather stiff,
branched almost to the base, the branches com-
monly solitary, strict (not irregularly diffuse), sev-
eral times forked ; stem 4-angled, nearly glabrous ;
leaves commonly in 4's, linear to lanceolate. i'-l
long, mostly broadest below the middle, obtuse,
cuneate at the base, dark green and dull, not papil-
lose, i-nerved, the margins and midrib roughish;
flowers terminal in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicels slen-
der, not much divaricate in fruit ; corolla white,
large, l"-li" broad, 4-parted, its lobes oblong, acute;
disk large ; fruit smooth ; seed spherical, hollow,
annular in cross-section.
Damp shady places, wet meadows and swamps, Quebec to North Carolina, Florida, Tennessee,
Michigan. Nebraska and Arizona. May-July.
RUB] \( F.AK.
Vol.111.
18. Galium labradoricum Wiegand. Labrador
Marsh Bedstraw. Fig. 3945.
Galium tinctorium labradoricum \\ iegand, Bull Torr Club
24: 398. 1897.
Galium labradoricum Wiegand, Rhodora 6: 21.
1904.
Perennial, with very slender rootstocks; stems weak,
smooth, slenck-r. more or less branched, 2-12' high.
Leaves !' Y long, linear-oblanceolate, narrowed at the
base, becoming reflexed, scabrous on the margins and
midvein beneath; flowers solitary, about i" broad, or in
simple cymes; corolla white, mostly 4-parted ; fruit
smooth, seed annular in cross-section.
In mossy bogs, Newfoundland to Wisconsin. Connecticut
western Massachusetts and New York. June-Aug.
19. Galium trifidum L. Small Bedstraw.
Galium trifidum L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
G. trifidum ear. pusillum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 209. 1867.
Perennial by slender rootstocks, very slender and weak;
stem ascending, 16' long or less, much branched and inter-
tangled ; stem sharply 4-angled, rough ; branches com-
monly in 2's ; leaves in 4's. linear-spatulate, 2V'--" long,
obtuse, cuneate at the base, i-nerved, dark green and dull
on both surfaces, scarcely papillose, the margins and mid-
rib retrorse-scabrous ; flowers small, on lateral or termi-
nal pedicels which are capillary and much longer than the
leaves, commonly two at each node or three terminal;
corolla very small, white, I" long, trifid, its lobes broadly
oval, very obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed spherical and hol-
low, annular in cross-section
Sphagnous bogs and cold swamps, Newfoundland to New
York, British Columbia, Ohio, Nebraska and Colorado. Europe
and Asia. Summer.
Small Cleavers. Fig. 3946.
20. Galium Claytoni Michx
Clayton's Bedstraw. Fig. 3947.
Galium Claytoni Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 78. 1S03.
Galium tinctorium Bigelow, Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 54. 1824.
Perennial ; stem erect or ascending, more diffuse
when old, 6-2° high; stem slender or sometimes quite
stout, sharply 4-angled, more or less rough, the diffuse
branches in 2's; leaves of medium size, 4"-8" long,
commonly in 5's or 6's, linear-spatulate or spatulate-
oblong, obtuse, cuneately narrowed into a short petiole,
rather firm in texture, scabrous on the margin and
midrib, dark green and dull above, not papillose, dis-
colored in drying; flowers in clusters of 2's or 3's, term-
inal, provided with I or 2 minute bracts ; pedicels
straight, in fruit strongly divaricate, glabrous and rather
stout; corolla minute, white, 3-parted. the lobes broadly
oval, obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed spherical and hollow,
annular in cross-section.
wamps, Quebec 10 New York, North Carolina. Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska and Texas.
Genus 7.
MADDER FAMILY.
z6S
21. Galium palustre L. Marsh Bedstraw.
Galium palustre L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
Galium trifidum var. bifolium Macoun, Cat. Can.
Plants 202. 1884?
Perennial, stem erect and rather slender, about
16' high; internodes very long (middle one 2V-3'
long); short branches mostly in 2's. Stem sharply
4-angled, glabrous or a little rough ; leaves in
typical specimens rather small, in 2's to 6's, linear-
elliptic to spatulate, cuneate at the base, obtuse,
3"-8" long, 1 "-2" wide, the rather firm margins
and the midrib slightly scabrous, not papillose;
flowers numerous in terminal and lateral cymes;
bracteoles in the inflorescence minute; pedicels in
flower ascending, 1V-2I" long, in fruit strongly
divaricate; corolla large, white, 1"— if" broad,
4-parted, the lobes oblong, acute; disk almost
obsolete; fruit glabrous; endosperm of the seed
grooved on the inner face, in cross-section lunate.
In damp shady or open places along roadsides and
ditches, or in the margins of swamps. Newfound-
land, Prince Edward Island and Quebec, to Con-
necticut and New York. Also in Europe. Summer.
Fig. 3948.
22. Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray.
Shining Bedstraw. Fig. 3949.
Galium parviflorum Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 360.
1808?
Galium concinnum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 23. 1841.
Perennial, glabrous, shining, usually much
branched, the angles of the stem and edges of
the leaves minutely scabrous. Leaves usually
all in 6's, linear or sometimes broader above
the middle, narrowed at the base, blunt-pointed
or minutely cuspidate, 4"-6" long, l"-li" wide,
green in drying; peduncles filiform; pedicels
short ; flowers minute, white, numerous in open
cymes ; fruit small, glabrous ; endosperm deeply
grooved.
In dry woodlands, western New Jersey to Vir-
ginia, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Arkansas.
June-Aug.
23. Galium asprellum Michx. Rough
Bedstraw. Fig. 3950.
Galium asprellum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I: 78. 1803.
Perennial, weak, much branched and reclining
on bushes, or sometimes erect; stem retrorsely
hispid, 2°-6° long. Leaves in 6's or 5's, or those
of the branches rarely in 4's, narrowly oval or
slightly oblanceolate, cuspidate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, sometimes so much so as to
appear petioled, 4"-8" long, i"-2" wide, their
margins and midribs rough ; cymes terminal and
axillary, several-many-flowered; flowers white;
fruit smooth and glabrous, about 1" broad; endo-
sperm with a shallow groove.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to western Ontario,
south to North Carolina, Illinois, Wisconsin and
Nebraska. Called also pointed cleavers. Ascends
to 3500 ft. in the Adirondacks. June-Aug.
266
RL'l'.l \i I \l
Vol. III.
24. Galium bermudense L. Coast Bed-
straw. Fig. 3951.
Galium bermudense L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.
Galium hispidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 79.
_ 1*03.
Retbunium bermudense Britten, Journ. Bot. 47:
42. 1909.
Perennial, much branched, hirsute, hispid
or nearly glabrous, I°-2° high. Leaves in 4's.
1 -nerved, oval, mucronate, rather thick, 3"-io"
long, ii"— 4" wide, the margins more or less
revolute in drying; flowers few, terminating
the branchlets, white; pedicels 3"-4" long,
rather stout, becoming deflexed in fruit, some-
times i-bracteolate; fruit fleshy, purplish, mi-
nutely pubescent, becoming glabrate, about 2"
broad.
In dry or sandy soil, southern New Jersey to
Florida and Georgia. Bermuda; Bahamas. May-
Aug.
8. SHERARDIA [Dill] L. Sp. PI. 102. 1753.
Slender annual procumbent or diffuse herbs, with verticillate spiny-pointed leaves, and
small nearly sessile pink or blue flowers, in terminal and axillary involucrate heads. Calyx-
tube obovoid, its limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnelform, 4-5-lobed,
the tube as long as the lobes or longer. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla ;
filaments slender ; anthers small, oblong, exserted. Ovary 2-celled ; style 2-cleft at the sum-
mit; ovules 1 in each cavity. Fruit didymous, the carpels indehiscent. Seed erect. [Named
for Dr. William Sherard, 1659-1728, patron of Dillenius.]
A monotypic genus of the Old World.
i. Sherardia arvensis L. Blue Field
Madder. Herb Sherard. Spurwort.
F'g- 3952-
Sherardia arvensis L. Sp. PI. 102. 1753.
Tufted, roughish, stems numerous, prostrate,
ascending, or decumbent, 3-10' long. Leaves in
4's, 5's or 6's, the upper linear or lanceolate, acute
and sharp-pointed, rough-ciliate on the margins,
3" -8" long, \"-z" wide, the lower often obovate,
mucronate ; flowers in slender-peduncled involu-
crate heads, the involucre deeply 6-8-lobed, the
lobes lanceolate, sharp-pointed ; corolla-lobes
spreading; fruit crowned with the 4-6 lanceolate
calyx-teeth.
In waste places, Ontario to eastern Massachusetts
and New Jersey. Also in Bermuda. Adventive from
Europe. June-July.
9. ASPERULA L. Sp. Pi. 103. 1753.
Erect or ascending branching perennial herbs, with 4-angled stems, verticillate leaves, and
small white pink or blue flowers in terminal or axillary, mostly cymose clusters. Calyx-tube
somewhat didymous, the limb obsolete. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted
on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2-celled; ovules I in
each cavity; style 2-cleft. Fruit globose-didymous, the carpels indehiscent. Seed adherent
to the pericarp; endosperm fleshy; embryo curved. [Latin diminutive of asper, rough, refer-
ring to the leaves.]
About 80 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Asferula odorata L.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to obovate: fruit hispid. i. A. odorata.
Leaves linear, i" wide or less; fruit smooth. 2. A. galioides.
Genus 9.
MADDER FAMILY.
,67
1. Asperula odorata L. Sweet Woodruff.
Fig. 3953-
Asperula odorata L. Sp. PI. 103. 1-53.
Stems erect, slender, smooth. Leaves usually
in 8's (6's-c/s), thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute or
obtuse, mucronate, i-nerved, roughish on the mar-
gins, 6"-i8" long, the lower smaller, often obo-
vate or oblanceolate ; peduncles terminal and ax-
illary, slender ; cymes several-flowered ; flowers
white or pinkish, ii" long; pedicels l"-2" long;
fruit very hispid, about 1" broad.
In waste places. New Brunswick, N. J. Fugitive
from Europe. Other English names are hay-plant,
mugwet or mugget. rockweed, sweet hairhoof, wood-
rip, woodrowel, star-grass, and sweet-grass. May-July.
Asperula arvensis L., another European species,
with terminal capitate flowers, and linear obtuse
leaves, has been found in waste places on Staten
Island.
2. Asperula galioides Bieb. Bedstraw Asperula.
Fig. 3954-
Asperula galioides Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. 1 : 101. 180S.
Glaucous, glabrous, stems erect or ascending, 2*° high or
less. Leaves linear, rigid, involute-margined, l'-l4' long, about
1" wide, whorled in 5's-io's (often in 8's), subulate-tipped or
mucronate ; cymes panicled ; flowers white ; fruit smooth.
In fields, Connecticut to Michigan. Adventive from Europe.
May-July.
Family 37. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 593. 1799.
Honeysuckle Fami; v
Shrubs, trees, vines, or perennial herbs, with opposite simple or pinnate leaves,
and perfect, regular or irregular, mostly cymose flowers. Stipules none, or some-
times present. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed.
Corolla gamopetalous, rotate, campanulate. funnel form, urn-shaped, or tubular, the
tube often gibbous at the base, the limb 5-lobed, sometimes 2-lipped. Stamens 5
(very rarely 4), inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes;
anthers oblong or linear, versatile. Ovary inferior, 1-6-celled ; style slender;
stigma capitate, or 2-5-lobed, the lobes stigmatic at the summit ; ovules anatropous,
1 or several in each cavity. Fruit a 1-6-celled berry, drupe, or capsule. Seeds
oblong, globose, or angular ; seed-coat membranous or crustaceous, smooth or can-
cellate; embryo usually small, placed near the hilum ; radicle terete; cotyledons
ovate.
About 10 genera and 300 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere, a few in South
America and Australia.
Corolla rotate or urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes; styles deeply 2-5-lobed; shrubs or trees.
Leaves pinnate ; drupe 3-5-seeded. t. Sambucus.
Leaves simple ; drupe 1 -seeded. 2. Viburnum.
Corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped ; style slender.
Erect perennial herbs; leaves connate. 3- Triosteum.
Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers long-peduncled, geminate. 4. Linnaea.
268
M'lli ( ILIA( E \K.
Vol. 11!
Shrubs or vims.
Fruit a few seeded 1" rry.
i orolla short, campanulate, regular, or nearly so.
Corolla more or less irregular, tubular or campanulate.
Fruit a -'-celled capsule; corolla funnelform.
5. Symphoricarpos.
6. Lonicera.
7. Diervilla.
i. SAMBUCUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 269. 1753.
Shnil is or trees (or some exotic species perennial herbs), with opposite pinnate leaves,
serrate or laciniate leaflets, and small white or pinkish flowers in compound depressed or
thyreoid cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla rotate or
slightly campanulate, regular, 3-5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla;
filaments slender; anthers oblong. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style short, 3-parted ; ovules 1 in each
cavity, pendulous. Drupe berry-like, containing 3-5, i-seeded nutlets. Endosperm fleshy;
embryo nearly as long as the seed. [Latin name of the elder.]
About js species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, about 10 others
occur 111 western North America. Type species: Sambucus nigra L.
Cyme convex; fruit purplish black. 1. 5\ canadensis.
Cyme thyrsoid-paniculate, longer than broad ; fruit red. 2. S. racemosa.
1. Sambucus canadensis L. Amer-
ican Elder. Sweet or Common
Elder. Fig. 3955.
Sambucus canadensis L. Sp. PI. 269. 1753.
A shrub, 4°-lo° high, glabrous or very
nearly so, the stems but little woody, the
younger ones with large white pith. Leaflets
5-1 1, usually 7, ovate or oval, acuminate or
acute at the apex, short-stalked, glabrous
above, sometimes pubescent beneath, 2'--,'
long, sharply serrate, sometimes stipellate;
cymes convex, broader than high ; flowers
white, about I J" broad; drupe deep purple
or black, nearly 3" in diameter; nutlets
roughened.
In moist soil, Nova Scotia to Florida, west
to Manitoba, Kansas and Texas. Also in the
West Indies. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North
Carolina. Called also elder-blow, elder-berry.
The flowers and fruit have strong medicinal
properties. Leaves heavy-scented when crushed,
those of young shoots often stipulate. June-
July.
2. Sambucus racemosa L. Red-
berried Elder. Fig. 3956.
S. racemosa L. Sp. PI. 270. 1753.
5. pubens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 181. 1803.
A shrub, 2°-i2° high, the twigs and leaves
commonly pubescent ; stems woody, the
younger with reddish-brown pith. Leaflets
5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate at
the apex, often narrowed and usually in-
equilateral at the base, 2'-s' long, not stipel-
late, sharply serrate ; cymes thyrsoid, longer
than broad; flowers whitish, turning brown
in drying; drupe scarlet or red, z"—z" in
diameter; nutlets very minutely roughened.
In rocky places, Newfoundland to Alaska,
British Columbia, Georgia, Michigan, Colo-
rado and California. Fruit rarely white. April-
May. Called also mountain elder. Poison-
elder (Me.). Boor- or bore-tree. Boutry.
Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Sambucus
pubens dissccta Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5:
304. 1894, is a race with leaflets laciniate.
Lake Superior and Pennsylvania.
Sambucus laciniata Mill., a cut-leaved race
of the related European S. nigra L., has been
found at Cape May, N. J., perhaps escaped
from cultivation.
Genus 2.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
269
I', alnifolium.
V. Opulus.
2. VIBURNUM [Tourn.J L. Sp. PI. 267. 1753.
Shrubs or trees, with entire dentate or lobed, sometimes stipulate leaves, and white or
rarely pink flowers in compound cymes, the outer flowers sometimes radiant and neutral.
Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, its limb short, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate or short-campanulate
in our species, regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers
oblong, exserted. Ovary 1-3-celled ; style short, 3-lobed or 3-parted ; ovules solitary in each
cavity, pendulous. Drupe ovoid or globose, sometimes flattened, i-seeded. Seed compressed;
endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [The ancient Latin name.]
About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 5 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species: Viburnum Tinus L.
* Outer flowers of the cyme large, radiant; drupe red.
Leaves doubly serrate, pinnately veined. 1.
Leaves 3-lobed, palmately veined.
** None of the flowers radiant; drupe blue or black (red in no. 3).
1. Leaves palmately veined, or 3-ribbed.
Cymes i/i'— i' broad, the rays short ; drupe red. 3.
Cymes ij4'-2j4' broad, the rays slender; drupe nearly black. 4.
2. Leaves pinnately veined.
a. Leaves coarsely dentate, the veins mostly prominent beneath.
Leaves very short-petioled, pubescent. 5.
Petioles 3"-2o" long.
Leaves glabrous, or with tufts of hairs in the axils beneath. 6.
Leaves pubescent beneath, the pubescence more or less stellate.
Drupe globose-ovoid ; eastern and southern.
Veins of the leaves not very prominent. 7.
Veins very prominent on the under sides of the leaves. 8.
Drupe oblong, twice as long as thick ; western. 9. V. mode.
b. Leaves entire, crenulate, or serrulate, the veins not prominent.
Native shrubs ; drupes blue or black.
Cymes manifestly peduncled.
Peduncles shorter than the cyme; leaves crenulate. 10. I
Peduncle equalling or longer than the cyme; leaves mostly entire. n. 1
Cymes sessile, or nearly so.
Leaves prominently acuminate.
Leaves obtuse, or merely acute.
Leaves and scarcely winged petioles glabrous, or nearly so. 13.
Veins of lower leaf-surfaces and winged petioles tomentose. 14.
European shrub, or small tree, escaped from cultivation; drupes red. 15.
pauciftorutn.
acerifolium.
pubescens.
dentatum.
scabrellum.
venosum.
. cassinoides.
. nudum.
12. V. Lentago.
V . prunifolium.
V. rufiduhtm.
V. Lantana.
i. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Hobble-bush. American Wayfaring Tree.
Moose-bush or -berry. Fig. 3957.
J '. alnifolium Marsh. Arb. Am. 102. 1785.
Viburnum lanlanoides Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. 1 : 179. 1803.
A shrub, with smooth purplish bark,
sometimes reaching a height of io°,
widely and irregularly branching, the
branches often procumbent and root-
ing, the youngest twigs scurfy. Leaves
orbicular, or very broadly ovate,
strongly pinnately veined, short-
acuminate or acute at the apex,
usually cordate at the base, finely
stellate-pubescent, or at length gla-
brous above, scurfy with stellate pu-
bescence on the veins beneath, finely
serrate all around, 3' -8' broad ; peti-
oles i'-li' long; cymes sessile, 3'-S'
broad, the exterior flowers usually
radiant and neutral, about 1' broad ;
drupes red, becoming purple, ovoid-
oblong, s"-6" long ; stone 3-grooved
on one side, i-grooved on the other.
In low woods, New Brunswick to
North Carolina, Ontario, Tennessee*
and Michigan. Leaves of shoots from!
cut stumps thin, ovate, corsely toothed.
May-June. Tangle-legs or -foot. Dog-
wood. Dogberry. Trip-toe. Witch-hopple
or -hobble. Winter-buds naked.
CAPRIFOLIM E \.E.
Vol. III.
tree or gatten, cherry-wood, May-rose,, squaw-bush
Gadrise. Red elder. Love-roses. Witch-hopple
or -hobble. Pincushion-tree. June-July.
3. Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie.
Few-flowered Cranberry-tree. Fig. 3959.
I '. pauciflorum Pylaie ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 1 7. 1 84 1.
Viburnum Opulus var. eradiatum Oakes, Hovey's
Mag. 7 : 183. 1841.
A straggling shrub, 2°-6° high, with twigs
and petioles glabrous or nearly so. Leaves
broadly oval, obovate, or broader than long,
5-ribbed, truncate or somewhat cordate at
the base, mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes
above the middle, coarsely and unequally
dentate, glabrous above, more or less pu-
bescent on the veins beneath, li'-J,' broad;
cymes peduncled, short-rayed, i'-i' broad;
flowers all perfect and small; drupes glo-
bose to ovoid, light red, acid. 4"-S" long;
stone flat, orbicular, scarcely grooved.
In cold mountain wood.3, Newfoundland to
Alaska, south to Maine, Xew Hampshire. Ver-
mont, Pennsylvania, in the Rocky Mountains to
Colorado, and to Washington. June-July.
2. Viburnum Opulus I.. Cranberry-
tree. Wild Guelder-rose. High
Bush-cranberry. Fig. 3958.
Viburnum Opulus L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753.
/ '. trilobum Marsh. Arb. Am. 162. 1785.
/ '. americanum Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no.
8. 1768.
A shrub sometimes 12° high, with nearly
erect smooth branches. Leaves broadly
ovate, sometimes broader than long, gla-
brous, or with scattered hairs above,
more or less pubescent on the veins be-
neath, rather deeply 3-lobed, rounded or
truncate and 3-ribbed at the base, the
lobes divergent, acuminate, coarsely den-
tate ; petioles l'-i' long, glandular above ;
cymes peduncled, 3-4' in diameter, the
exterior flowers radiant, neutral, i'-i'
broad ; drupes globose, or oval, 4"-s" in
diameter, red, very acid, translucent;
stone orbicular, flat, not grooved.
In low grounds, Newfoundland to Brit-
ish Columbia, New Jersey, Michigan, Iowa,
South Dakota and Oregon. Also in Europe
and Asia. Among many English names are
marsh-, rose- or water-elder, white dog-
wood, whitten-tree. dog rowan-tree, gaiter-
cramp-bark. In cultivation, the snowball.
4. Viburnum acerifolium L. Maple-
leaved Arrow-wood. Fig. 3960.
V. acerifolium L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753.
A shrub 3°-6° high, with smooth gray
slender branches, and somewhat pubescent
twigs and petioles. Leaves ovate, orbicu-
lar, or broader than long, cordate or trun-
cate at the base, pubescent on both sides,
or becoming glabrate, 2'-S' broad, mostly
rather deeply 3-lobed, coarsely dentate, the
lobes acute or acuminate; petioles i'-i'
long; cymes long-peduncled. li'-3' broad;
flowers all perfect, 2"— 3" broad ; drupe
nearly black, 3"-4" long, the stone lenticu-
lar, faintly 2-ridged on one side and 2-
grooved on the other.
In dry or rocky woods. New Brunswick to
Georgia, Alabama, Ontario, Michigan and
Minnesota. Upper leaves sometimes merely
toothed, not lobed. May-June. Squash-berry.
Maple-leaf guelder-rose. Dockmakie.
Genus
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
5. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh.
Downy-leaved Arrow-wood
Fig. 3961.
Viburnum dentatum var. pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew.
1 : 372. 1789.
V. pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 202. 1814.
A shrub, 2°-5° high, with numerous straight
and slender gray branches. Leaves sessile, or
on petioles less than 3" long, ovate or oval,
rounded or slightly cordate at the base, acute or
acuminate at the apex, coarsely dentate, li'-3
long, densely velvety-pubescent beneath, glabrous,
or with scattered hairs above, or rarely glabrate
on both surfaces ; cymes peduncled, 1V-2Y broad,
the flowers all perfect ; drupes oval, nearly black,
about 4" long; stone slightly 2-grooved on both
faces.
Rocky woods and banks, Quebec and Ontario to
Manitoba, south, especially along the Alleghanies to
Georgia and to Illinois, Iowa, Michigan and Wyoming.
The leaves of shoots are sometimes entire or nearly
so. June-July.
7. Viburnum scabrellum ( T. & G.)
Chapm. Roughish Arrow-wood.
Fig- 3963-
V. dentatum semitomentosum Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. 1 : 179. 1803.
V. dentatum var. (?) scabrellum T. & G. Fl.
N. A. 2 : 16. 1841.
V. scabrellum Chapm. Fl. S. States 172. i860.
V. semitomentosum Rehder, Rhodora 6: 59.
1904.
Similar to the preceding species but the
twigs, petioles, rays of the cyme and lower
surfaces of the leaves more or less densely
stellate-pubescent ; petioles short and stout-
er ; leaves usually larger, crenate or dentate,
commonly somewhat pubescent above ; drupe
globose-ovoid, blue. 4" in diameter, its stone
similar to that of V. dentatum.
Woodlands and river banks, southern Penn-
sylvania to Kentucky, Florida and Texas. Re-
ferred, in our first edition, following previous
authors, to V. molle Michx., a species long
misunderstood.
6. Viburnum dentatum L. Arrow-
wood. Fig. 3962.
Viburnum dentatum L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753-
A shrub with slender glabrous gray
branches, sometimes reaching a height of
150. Twigs and petioles glabrous; petioles
3"-i2" long ; leaves ovate, broadly oval or
orbicular, rounded or slightly cordate at
the base, acute or short-acuminate at the
apex, prominently pinnateb/ veined, coarsely
dentate all around, i*'-3 broad, glabrous
on both sides, or sometimes pubescent with
simple hairs in the axils of the veins be-
neath ; cymes long-peduncled, 2'-3' broad ;
flowers all perfect ; drupe globose-ovoid,
about 3" in diameter, blue, becoming nearly
black; stone rather deeply grooved on one
side, rounded on the other.
In moist soil, New Brunswick to Ontario,
south along the mountains to Georgia and to
western New York. Michigan and Minnesota.
Called also mealy-tree. Withe-rod or -wood.
May-June.
CAPRIF0L1 \u ■ \i
Vol. HI.
,\
'A
sometimes bear reniform, very thin subcordate
leaves with minute distant teeth. June-July.
9. Viburnum molle Michx. Soft-
leaved Arrow-wood. Fig. 3965.
V. molle Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 180. 1803.
Viburnum Demetrionis Deane & Robinson,
Bot. Gaz. 22: 167. pi. S. 1896.
A shrub about 12° high, the older twigs
at length grayish black, the bark exfoliating.
Bud-scales acutish, ciliolate ; leaves broadly
ovate or nearly orbicular, short-acuminate
at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base,
3'-S' long, coarsely dentate, glabrous and
bright green above, soft-pubescent and paler
beneath, some of the pubescence stellate;
petioles 8"-20" long ; stipules linear-filiform,
2"-5" long ; cymes terminal, peduncled,
4-7-rayed, vglandular-puberulent ; calyx-teeth
ciliate ; drupe oblong, obtuse at both ends,
about 5" long and 2V broad, much flattened,
with 2 grooves when dry.
Bluffs and rocky woods, Kentucky, Missouri
and Iowa. June.
8. Viburnum venosum llritti in. Veiny
Arrow-wood. Fig. 39*4.
Viburnum venosum Britton, Man. 871. 1901.-
/ '. venosum Canbyi Render, Rhodora 6: 60.
1904.
A shrub, 6° high or less, the bark grayish-
brown, the young twigs stellate-pubesi
or stellate-tomentose. Leaves ovate to
orbicular. 2'-s' long, firm, coarsely and
sharply dentate, glabrous or with spai 1
pubescence on the upper side when young,
stellate-pubescent, at least on the veins,
beneath, the petioles l'-i' long; cymes long-
stalked, often 3'-4' broad, stellate-pubescent
or glabrate; drupe globose or short-oval.
3"-4" in diameter, nearly black.
Thickets, eastern Massachusetts to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Shoots
10. Viburnum cassinoides L.
Withe-rod. Appalachian Tea.
Fig. 3966.
Viburnum cassinoides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2,
] iburnum nudum var. cassinoides T. &
G. Fl. N. A. 2: 14. 1841.
A shrub, 2°-i2° high, with ascend-
ing gray branches, the twigs some-
what scurfy, or glabrous. Leaves
ovate or oval, thick, pinnately veined,
narrowed or sometimes rounded at
the base, acute or blunt-acuminate at
the apex, 1/-3' long, usually crenu-
late, rarely entire, glabrous or very
nearly so on both sides ; peduncle
shorter than or equalling the cyme ;
drupe pink, becoming dark blue,
globose to ovoid, 3"-s" long; stone
round or oval, flattened.
In swamps and wet soil. Newfound-
land to Manitoba. Minnesota, New
Jersey, Georgia and Alabama. June-
July. False Paraguay-tea.
Genus 2. -
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
Larger or
11. Viburnum nudum L
Naked Withe-rod. Fig. 3967.
Viburnum nudum L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753.
Viburnum nudum var. Claytoni T. & G. Fl. N. A.
2 : 14. 1841.
Similar to the preceding species, but usually
a larger shrub, sometimes 15° high. Leaves
oval, oval-lanceolate, or obovate, entire or
obscurely crenulate, mostly larger (sometimes
9' long), narrowed at the base, acute or obtuse
at the apex, more prominently veined, some-
times scurfy on the upper surface; peduncle
equalling or exceeding the cyme.
In swamps. Connecticut to Florida, west to
Kentucky and Louisiana. Blooms a little later
than the preceding species. Bilberry. Nanny-
berry. Possum- or Shawnee-haw.
-f-
13. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black
Haw. Stag-bush. Sloe. Fig. 3969.
Viburnum prunifolium L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753.
A shrub or small tree somewhat similar to
the preceding species ; but the winter buds
smaller, less acute, often reddish-pubescent.
Leaves shorter-petioled, ovate or broadly oval,
obtuse or acutish but not acuminate at the
apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 1-3'
long, finely serrulate, glabrous or nearly so ;
petioles rarely margined ; cyme sessile, several-
rayed, 2 '-4' broad ; flowers expanding with the
leaves or a little before them; drupe oval,
bluish-black and glaucous, 4"-S" long ; stone
very flat on one side, slightly convex on the
other, oval.
In dry soil, Connecticut to Georgia, west to
Michigan, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, red-
dish-brown ; weight per cubic foot 52 lbs. April-
June. Sheep- or nanny-berry. Fruit ripe in Sep-
tember, sweet and edible. A race, Viburnum
prunifolium ylobdsum Nash, has the drupe glo-
bose, about 3" in diameter, smaller; New Jersey
and eastern Pennsylvania.
18
12. Viburnum Lentago L. Nanny-
berry. Sheep- or Sweet-berry.
Sweet Viburnum. Fig. 3968.
Viburnum Lentago L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753.
A shrub, or often a small tree, some-
times ,TO° high and with a trunk diameter
of 10'. Winter buds acuminate, gla-
brous ; leaves slender-petioled, ovate,
mostly rounded at the base, acuminate
at the apex, 2'-4' long, glabrous on both
sides, or rarely a little pubescent beneath,
sharply serrulate; petioles often broad-
ened and wavy-margined, 9"— 12" long ;
cyme sessile, several-rayed, 2'-s' broad ;
drupes oval to subglobose, bluish-black
with a bloom, sweet and edible, 5"-6"
long ; stone very flat, circular or oval.
In rich soil, Quebec to Hudson Bay,
Manitoba, New Jersey, along the Allegha-
nies to Georgia, and to Indiana, Kansas and
Colorado. Wood orange-brown, hard ;
weight 45 lbs. to the cubic foot. May-June.
Fruit ripe in October. Nanny-bush. Black
thorn or haw. Nanny-plum. Tea-plant
(Wis.). Wild raisin.
ry\ A--
mm
:74
CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
Vol. III.
14. Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Southern
Black Maw. Fig. 3970.
Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Alsog. Am. 56. 1838.
Viburnum prunifolium var. ferrugineum T. & G. Fl.
N.A. 2: 15. [841. Xt>i V . ferrugineum Raf. 1838.
Viburnum rufotomentosum Small, Bull. Torr. Club
23 : 410. 1896.
A small tree, becoming 20° high. Leaves
elliptic to obovate, mostly obtuse at the apex,
finely and sharply serrate or serrulate, narrowed
or obtuse at the base, the veins brown-tomentose
beneath ; petioles 3"-%" long, winged, brown-
tomentose ; cymes large, sessile, or very short-
peduncled, the principal rays 3-5, mostly 4 ; flow-
ers 3"-3h" broad ; drupe oval, s"-/' long, blue
with a bloom ; seed nearly orbicular.
In woods and thickets, New Jersey to Missouri,
Kansas, Florida and Texas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in
Virginia. April-May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.
Viburnum obovatum Walt., admitted into our
first edition as recorded from Virginia, is not defi-
nitely known to range north of South Carolina.
15. Viburnum Lantana L. Way-
faring Tree. Fig. 3971.
I 'iburnum Lantana L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753.
A shrub, or small tree, sometimes
12 ft. high, widely branched, the
winter-buds naked. Young twigs,
buds and petioles densely stellate-
tomentose. Leaves ovate to ovate-
elliptic, serrulate, dark green and
loosely stellate-pubescent or glabrous
above, paler and more or less stel-
late-tomentose beneath, 2'-4' long,
rounded or acutish at the apex, sub-
cordate at the base, the petioles stout
and short ; cymes short-stalked,
stellate-tomentose, densely many-
flowered, the flowers all alike, 3 "-4"
broad; drupe red, oval, 4"-5" long,
its stone grooved.
Roadsides, escaped from cultivation
in New England. Native of Europe and Asia. The naked winter-buds ally this species to V.
alnifolium Marsh. May-July.
3. TRIOSTEUM L. Sp. PL 176. 1753.
Perennial herbs, with simple terete stems and opposite connate-perfoliate or sessile leaves
narrowed below the middle. Flowers axillary, perfect, solitary or clustered, sessile, yellowish,
green, or purplish, 2-bracted. Calyx-tube ovoid, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes elongated, per-
sistent and sometimes foliaceous in our species. Corolla-tube narrow or campanulate, gibbous
at the base, the limb oblique. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments very short;
anthers linear, included. Ovary 3-5-celled ; ovules 1 in each cavity; style filiform; stigma
3-5-lobed. Drupe coriaceous, orange or red. enclosing 2-3 (rarely 4-5) i-seeded nutlets.
Endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Greek, three-bone, from the 3 bony nutlets.]
Six known species, the following of eastern North America, two Japanese, one Himalayan.
Type species: Triosteum perfoliatttm L.
Leaves ovate or oval ; flowers purplish or dull red.
Leaves, or some of them, connate-perfoliate ; fruit orange-yellow
Leaves narrowed to a sessile base ; fruit orange-red.
Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate; flowers yellowish.
1. T. perfoliatttm.
2. T. aurantiacum.
3. T. angustifolium.
Genus 3.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
1. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Fever-
wort. Horse-Gentian. Fig. 3972.
Triosteum perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. 176. 1753.
Stem erect, stout, finely glandular-pubescent.
2°-4° high. Leaves ovate to broadly oval, 4'-; style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit a linear-oblong capsule, narrowed or beaked at
the summit, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed coat minutely reticulated; endosperm
fleshy; embryo minute. [Named for Dr. Dierville, who brought the plant to Tournefort.J
Three species the following typical one, the others in the mountains of the Southern States.
The Japanese and 'Chinese Weigelas, often referred to this genus, are here regarded as distinct.
i. Diervilla Diervilla (L.) MacM. Bush-
Honeysuckle. Fig. 3993.
Lonicera Diervilla L. Sp. PI. 1 75- ]753-
Diervilla Lonicera Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8. 1768.
Diervilla trifida Moench, Meth. 492. 1794.
D. Diervilla MacM. Bull. Torr. Club 19: 15. 1892.
A shrub, 2°-4° high, glabrous or nearly so
throughout, with terete branches. Leaves short-
pettoled, ovate or oval, acuminate at the apex,
usually rounded at the base, 2-5' long, irregularly
crenulateand often slightly ciliate on the margins;
peduncles terminal, or in the upper axils, slender,
1-5-flowered ; flowers about 9" long ; corolla more
or less pubescent both without and within, regular
or slightly irregular, 3 of its lobes somewhat
united; capsule glabrous, linear-oblong, slender,
beaked, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes.
In dry or rocky woodlands, Newfoundland to Mani-
toba, North Carolina, Michigan and Wisconsin.
Gravel-weed. Life-of-man. May-June.
Family 38. ADOXACEAE Fritsch ; Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 44 : 170.
Moschatel Family.
A glabrous perennial slender herb, with scaly or tuberiferous rootstocks, basal and
opposite ternately compound leaves, and small green flowers in terminal capitate
clusters. Calyx-tube hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, its limb 2-3-toothed. Corolla
rotate, regular, 4-6-lobed. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla,
inserted in pairs on its tube; filaments short; anthers peltate, i-celled. Ovary
3-5-celled ; style 3-5-parted ; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit a small
drupe with 3-5-nutlets. Endosperm carti-
laginous.
The family contains only the following monotypic
genus of the north temperate zone.
i. ADOXA L. Sp. PI. 367. 1753.
I Greek, without glory,
1891.
Characters of the family.
i. e., insignificant.]
1. Adoxa Moschatellina L. Musk-root.
I lollow-root. Moschatel. Fig. 3994.
Adoxa Moschatellina L. Sp. PI. 367. 1753.
Stems simple, weak, erect, 3'-6' high, bearing
a pair of opposite ternate leaves usually above the
middle. Basal leaves 1-4. long-petioled, ternately
compound, the segments broadly ovate or orbicu-
lar, obtuse, thin, 3-cleft or 3-parted, the lubes
obtuse and mucronulate ; head 3"-4" in diameter,
composed of 3-6-flowers; corolla of the terminal
flower 4-5-lobed, those of the others usually
5-6-lobed ; drupe green, bearing the persistent
calyx-lobes above the middle.
In shaded rocky places, Arctic America, south to
Iowa, Wisconsin, South Dakota and Colorado. Also
in northern Europe and Asia. Other English na
arc bulbous fumitory, glory-less, musk-crowfoot or
wood-crowfoot. Odor musky. May.
204
\ A.LERIANACEAE.
Vol. III.
Family 39. VALERIANACEAE Batsch, Tabl. Aff. 227. 1802.
Valerian Family.
Herbs with opposite leaves, no stipules, and usually small perfect or polygamo-
dioecious flowers, in corymbed panicled or capitate cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, its limb inconspicuous or none in flower, often becoming prominent in
fruit. Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, somewhat irregular, its tube narrowed,
and sometimes gibbous or spurred at the base, its limb spreading, mostly 5-lobed.
Stamens 1-4, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, usually exserted.
( (vary inferior, 1-3-celled, one of the cavities containing a single anatropous ovule,
the others empty. Fruit indehiscent, dry, containing a single suspended seed.
Endosperm little or none; embryo straight; cotyledons oblong.
About 9 genera and 300 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in the northern hemisphere.
Fruit i-celled; persistent calyx-lobes becoming awn-like; tall herbs.
1 . Valeriana.
Fruit 3-celled ; calyx-lobes minute or none ; low herbs.
2. V alerianella.
i. VALERIANA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 31. 1753.
Perennial, strong-smelling, mostly tall herbs, the leaves mainly basal and the cymose
flowers paniculate in our species. Calyx-limb of 5-15 bristle-like plumose teeth, short and
inrolled in flower, but elongated, rolled outward and conspicuous in fruit. Corolla funnel-
form or tubular, usually more or less gibbous at the base, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed.
Stamens commonly 3. Style entire, or minutely 2-3-lobed at the summit. Fruit compressed,
I-celled, 1 -nerved on the back, 3-nerved on the front. [Name Middle Latin, from valere,
to be strong.]
About 175 species, mostly in the temperate and colder parts of the north temperate zone and
the Andes of South America. Besides the following, 5 others occur in southern and western North
America. Type species: Valeriana pyrenaica L.
Corolla-tube very slender, 6"-io" long; basal leaves cordate. 1. V. pauciflora.
Corolla-tube i"-3" long; basal leaves not cordate.
Leaves thick, parallel-veined, entire, or the segments not dentate ; roots fusiform.
2. V. edulis.
Leaves thin, reticulate-veined, the segments dentate; roots fibrous.
Lower leaves spatulate, often entire ; plants glabrous.
Segments of middle stem-leaves 9-13, usually sinuate-dentate; corolla i.y"-2.s" wide.
3. V. uliginosa.
Segments of middle stem-leaves 5--, entire ; corolla 1.5" wide or less. 4. V. septentrionalis.
All the leaves pinnately divided ; plants pubescent, especially at the nodes.
5. V. officinalis.
i. Valeriana pauciflora Michx. Large-flowered Valerian. Fig. 3995.
/". pauciflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 18. 1803.
Rootstocks slender, usually horizontal.
Stem glabrous, erect or ascending, l°-3°
high, often sending out runners from the
base; leaves thin, the basal ones slender-
petioled, simple, or sometimes with a pair
of small leaflets on the petiole, broadly
ovate, cordate, acute at the apex, the mar-
gins crenate or dentate ; stem leaves pin-
nately 3-7-divided, the terminal segment
larger than the others ; cymes terminal,
clustered; flowers few or numerous; co-
rolla pink, its tube very slender, 6"-io"
long ; bracts linear ; fruit oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, about 3" long, glabrous or
puherulent ; bristles of the calyx at length
elongated and plumose.
In moist soil, Pennsylvania to West Vir-
ginia, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis-
souri. American wild valerian. May-June.
Genus i.
VALERIAN FAMILY.
2S5
2. Valeriana edulis Nutt. Edible Valer-
ian. Tobacco- root. Fig. 3996.
V. edit! is Nutt. in T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 48. 1841.
Erect, i°-4° high, from a deep fusiform
carrot-shaped root. Stem glabrous, or nearly
so, the young leaves commonly more or less
pubescent and the older ones finely ciliate,
sometimes glabrous ; basal leaves spatulate or
oblanceolate, thick, z'-i2 long, 2"-io" wide,
obtuse at the apex, narrowed into a margined
petiole, parallel-veined, entire or with a few
obtuse entire lobes ; stem leaves few, sessile,
pinnately-parted into linear or lanceolate seg-
ments; flowers yellowish- white, small (2"),
polygamo-dioecious, paniculate, the inflores-
cence at length widely branching ; bracts
lanceolate, short; fruit narrowly ovate, gla-
brous or nearly so. 2" long, at length exceeded
by the plumose calyx-teeth.
[n wet open places, Ontario to British Colum-
bia, south to Ohio, Iowa, Wisconsin, and in the
Rocky Mountains to Arizona and New Mexico.
Called also Oregon tobacco ; the root cooked for
food. May-Aug.
3. Valeriana uliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb.
Marsh or Swamp Valerian. Fig 3997.
Valeriana dioica Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept 727. 1814.
Not L. 1753.
V. sylvatica uliginosa T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 47. 1841.
V. uliginosa Rydb.; Britton, Man. 878. 1901.
Erect, glabrous or very nearly so through-
out. 8'-2i° high. Rootstocks creeping or
ascending ; basal leaves thin, petioled, oblong
or spatulate, obtuse, entire, or with a few
obtuse lobes, reticulate-veined, 2'-io' long,
3"-l8' wide ; stem leaves 2-4 pairs, petioled.
pinnately parted into 3-15 ovate to lanceolate,
dentate or entire, acute or obtuse segments ; in-
florescence cymose-paniculate, at length loosely
branched ; flowers pink or nearly white, 3"-4"
long, about 2" wide; bracts linear-lanceolate;
fruit ovate, glabrous, ii" long.
In wet soil, Quebec to New York, Ontario and
Michigan. American wild valerian. Referred, in
our first edition, to the following northern and
western species. May-Aug.
4. Valeriana septentrionalis Rydb. North-
ern Valerian. Fig. 3998.
Valeriana sylvatica Banks ; Richards. App. Frank.
Journ. Ed. 2, 2. 1823. Not F. W. Schmidt.
Valeriana septentrionalis Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. I : 376. 1900.
Erect, 8'-i6' high, glabrous, or the inflores-
cence minutely pubescent. Basal leaves spatu-
late or oval, 4' long or less, entire ; stem leaves
usually 3 pairs, the segments 5-7, oval to linear-
lanceolate, entire, or undulate-margined; in-
florescence cymose-paniculate, dense; flowers
white, about ii" wide; fruit l*"-2" long, gla-
brous.
In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia,
south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico.
Summer.
2S6
\ ALER] \.\At I \l
MM
Vol. III.
5. Valeriana officinalis I.. Common,
Garden or Greal Wild Valerian.
Vandal-root. Fig. 3999.
Valeriana officinalis L. Sp. PI. 31. 1753.
Erect, 2°-S° high, more or less pubes-
cent, especially at the nodes. Leaves all
pinnately parted into 7-25 thin reticulate-
veined lanceolate acute or acuminate seg-
ments, sharply dentate, or those of the
upper leaves entire, usually with Mime
scattered hairs beneath ; flowers pink or
nearly white, about 2" long ; inflorescence
of several rather compact corymhed cymes ;
bracts linear-lanceolate, rather large ; fruit
glabrous, ovate, about i*" long.
_ Escaped from gardens to roadsides in New
York, Ohio and New Jersey. Native of Eu-
rope and Asia. Old names, cats'-valerian,
setwell, cut-heal, all-heal. Garden-, summer-
or hardy-heliotrope. St. George's-herb. June-
Aug.
2. VALERIANELLA ITourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.
Annual dichotomously branched herbs, the basal leaves tufted, entire, those of the stem
sessile, often dentate, the flowers in terminal, compact or capitate, in our species corymbed
or panicled cymes. Corolla small, white, blue, or pink, nearly« regular. Calyx-limb short
or obsolete in flower, in fruit various, not divided into filiform plumose segments, often none.
Corolla-tube narrowed at the base, the limb spreading. 5-lobed. Stamens 3 ; style minutely
3-lobed at the summit. Fruit 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, and in our species about as large
as the fertile one. [Name a diminutive of Valerian.]
About 50 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in the Mediterranean
region. Besides the following, 8 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species:
Valeriana Locusta L.
Corolla funnelform, the short tube not longer than the limb or about equalling it.
Fruit flattened, twice as broad as thick ; corolla blue.
Fruit triangular-pyramidal ; corolla white.
Fruit oblong-tetragonal or ovoid-tetragonal, grooved.
Groove of the fruit broad and shallow.
Groove of the fruit narrow.
Fruit globose or saucer-shaped.
Corolla salverform, purplish, the slender tube much longer than the
i. Valerianella Locusta (L. ) Bettke. European
Locusta.
chenopodifolia.
limb.
V. radiata.
I', stenocarpa.
V. Woodsiana.
V. longiflora.
4OOO.
Valeriana Locusta and var. olitoria L. Sp. PI.
-list. PI. Palat. 1 :
Anim. Val. 10.
.i.i. 1753-
Valerianella olitoria Poll.
30. 1776.
Valerianella Locusta Bettke.
1826.
Glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes, 6'-
12' high, usually branched from the base
and repeatedly forked. Basal leaves spatu-
late or oblanceolate, rounded and obtuse
at the apex, li'-2' long, 3"— 5" wide, entire;
upper stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, usu-
ally dentate ; peduncles short ; cymes 3"-6"
broad, almost capitate; bracts linear or
linear-oblong; corolla blue, about 1" long;
fruit flattened, rounded on the edges, 1"
long, glabrous, twice as broad as thick,
depressed-orbicular in outline, the two
empty cavities smaller than the fertile one,
which has a corky mass at its back.
In fields and waste places, Maine to On-
tario, Idaho, Arkansas, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania. Virginia and Louisiana. Naturalized
from Europe. The plant is cultivated and the leaves used for salad under the
White pot-herb, lamb's-lettuce, milk-grass. April-July.
of fetticus.
Genl-s _'.
VALERIAN FAMILY.
2S7
2. Valerianella chenopodifolia ( Pursh) DC. Goose-foot Corn Salad. Fig. 4001.
Fedia chenopodifolia Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. 727.
1814.
V. chenopodifolia DC. Prodr. 4: 629. 1830.
Fedia Fagopyrum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 51. 1841.
Glabrous, l°-2° high. Leaves entire, or the
basal and lower ones repand, spatulate, ob-
tuse ; upper stem leaves oblong or lanceolate,
l'-3' long; cymes dense, 6"-8" broad, at length
slender-peduncled ; bracts lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate ; corolla white, about 1" long; fruit
triangular-pyramidal, 2" long, 1" thick, gla-
brous or minutely pubescent, the two empty
cavities narrower than the fertile one but about
as deep.
In moist soil, western New York to Virginia,
Minnesota and Kentucky. May-July.
3. Valerianella radiata ( L.) Dufr. Beaked
Corn Salad. Fig. 4002.
Valeriana Locusta var. radiata L. Sp. PI. 34. 1753.
Fedia radiata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 118. 1S03.
Valerianella radiata Dufr. Hist. Val. 57. 1S11.
Glabrous, or minutely pubescent below, 6'-i8'
high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse,
entire, the upper lanceolate, usually dentate;
cymes 4"-6" broad, dense; bracts small, lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate; corolla white, 1" long;
fruit narrowly ovate-tetragonal, finely pubescent
or sometimes glabrous, 1" long, 1" thick, the
empty cavities as thick as or thicker than the
beaked fertile one and separated from each other
by a broad shallow groove.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west to
Minnesota, Michigan, Missouri and Texas. Called
also lamb's-lettuce. May-July.
^. Valerianella stenocarpa ( Engelm. )
Krok. Narrow-celled Corn Salad.
Fig. 4003.
Fedia stenocarpa Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist. 6: 216. 1857.
Valerianella stenocarpa Krok, Kongl. Svensk.
Akad. Handl. 5: 64. 1866.
Similar to the preceding species and
perhaps better regarded as a race of it.
Fruit oblong-tetragonal, slightly smaller,
glabrous or sometimes pubescent; sterile
cavities not as thick as the oblong seed-
bearing one, and separated from each
other by a narrow groove.
Prairies and woodlands, Kansas and Mis-
souri to Texas. March-June.
2^S
VALERIANACEAJE.
III.
5. Valerianella Woodsiana ( T. & G.) Walp.
Woods' Corn Salad. Fig. 4004.
I 8 G II. \. A. 2 : 52. 1841.
I 1 eriqnella Woodsiana Walp. Rep. 2: 527. 1843.
F. umbilicata Sulliv. Am. Journ Sci. 42: 50. 1842.
Fedia patallaria Sulliv.; A. Gray, Mm. 183. 184s.
Usually larger than any of the preceding spe-
cie*, sometimes 3° high, glabrous or very nearly
so throughout. Basal and lower leaves spatulate,
obtuse, entire; upper leaves lanceolate or linear-
oblong, usually dentate ; cymes 3" -6" broad, few-
flowered; bracts comparatively large, lanceolate;
corolla white, about i" long; fruit glabrous,
nearly globular to saucer-shaped, about 1" in
diameter, the empty cavities inflated, introrse with
a depression or concavity between them, as broad
as the fertile one.
In moist soil. New York. Pennsylvania and Ohio
to Tennessee and Texas. May-July.
6. Valerianella longiflora ( T. & G.)
Walp. Long-flowered Corn Salad.
Fig. 4005.
Fedia longiflora T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 51. 1841.
Valerianella longiflora Walp. Rep. 2: 527. 1843.
Glabrous ; stem usually several times forked.
6'-l2' high. Leaves very obtuse, the basal ones
spatulate, i'-2i' long, 4"-8" wide, those of the
stem oblong or spatulate-oblong, smaller, some-
what clasping ; cymes dense, corymbed, com-
monly numerous, several-many-flowered ; co-
rolla salverform, pink or purplish, about 6"
long, the almost filiform tube 3-4 times as long
as the somewhat irregular 5-parted limb, the
lobes linear-oblong; bracts with small gland-
tipped teeth ; fruit broadly ovate or nearly
orbicular in outline, the empty cavities diver-
gent, larger than the oblong seed-bearing one.
In moist rocky situations, Missouri and Arkan-
sas. April-May.
Family 40. DIPSACACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 699. 1847.
Teasel Family.
Perennial biennial or annual herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves,
and perfect gamopetalous flowers in dense involucrate heads. Stipules none.
Flowers borne on an elongated or globose receptacle, bracted and involucellate.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb cup-shaped, disk-shaped, or divided into
spreading bristles. Corolla epigynous, the tube usually enlarged at the throat, the
limb 2-5-lobed. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate
with its lobes ; filaments distinct ; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
inferior, i-celled, style filiform ; stigma undivided, terminal, or oblique and lateral :
ovule 1, anatropous. Fruit an achene, its apex crowned with the persistent calyx-
lobes. Seed-coat membranous ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo straight.
About 7 genera and 140 species, natives of the Old World.
Scales of the elongated receptacle prickly pointed. 1. Dipsacits.
Scales of the receptacle not prickly, herbaceous, capillary, or none.
No receptacular scales. 2. Scabiosa.
Scales of the receptacle about as long as the flowers. 3. Snccisa.
i. DIPSACUS [Tourn.l L. Sp. PI. 97. 1753.
Rough-hairy or prickly tall erect biennial or perennial herbs, with opposite dentate entire
or pinnatifid, usually large leaves, and blue or lilac flowers in dense terminal peduncled oblong
heads in our species. Bracts of the involucre and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny
pointed. Involucels 4-8-ribbed with a somewhat spreading border. Limb of the calyx cup-
Genus i.
TEASEL FAMILY.
2S9
shaped, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla oblique or 2-lipped, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma
oblique or lateral. Achene free from or adnate to the involucel. [Greek, to thirst, the
leaves of some species holding water.]
About 15 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Dipsacus fullonum L.
Scales of the receptacle straight-pointed. 1. D. sylvestris.
Scales of the receptacle hooked at the apex. 2. D. fullonum.
i. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Wild, Common or Card Teasel. Fig. 4006.
Dipsacus fullonum L. Sp. PI. 97. In part. 1753.
Dipsasus sylvestris Huds. Fl. Angl. 49. 1762.
Biennial, stout, with numerous short prickles on
the stem, branches, peduncles, midribs of the leaves
and involucre, otherwise glabrous or nearly so,
3°-6° high. Leaves sessile, or the upper ones con-
nate-perfoliate, lanceolate or oblong, the upper
acuminate and generally entire, the lower obtuse
or obtusish, crenate or sometimes pinnatifid at
the base, often 1° long; heads at first ovoid, be-
coming cylindric, at length 3'-4' long ; flowers lilac,
4"-6" long; leaves of the involucre linear, curved
upward, as long as the head or longer ; scales of
the receptacle ovate, tipped with a long straight
subulate barbed awn, usually exceeding the flowers.
In waste places. Maine and Ontario to North Caro-
lina, west to Michigan. Naturalized from Europe and
native also of Asia. July-Sept. Other English names
are Venus'-bath or -cup ; wood- or church-brooms ;
shepherds'-staff ; card- or water-thistle ; gipsy-combs ;
hutton-weed. Indian's-thistle. Prickly-back. Adam's-
flannel.
1
2. Dipsacus fullonum L. Fuller's or
Draper's Teasel. Fuller's Thistle.
Fig. 4007.
Dipsacus fullonum L. Sp. PI. 97- 1 753.
Dipsacus fullonum var. sativus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1677.
1763-
Similar to the preceding species. Leaves of the
involucre, or some of them, shorter than the heads,
spreading or at length reflexed ; scales of the
receptacle with hooked tips, about equalling the
flowers, wh'ich are usually paler than in D. syl-
vestris.
About wool mills, Eastern and Middle States, rare.
Fugitive from Europe, and perhaps nowhere per-
manently established within our range. Other Eng-
lish names are clothiers' brush, Venus'-bath or -cup.
Generally regarded as probably a cultivated variety
of the preceding species, as it is not found wild, ex-
cept as an evident escape.
Dipsacus laciniatus L., with pinnatifid or bipinnatifid ciliate leaves, those of the involucre
spreading, has been found at Albany, New York. Fugitive or adventive from Europe.
2. SCABIOSA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 98. 1753.
Herbs, with opposite leaves, no prickles, and blue pink or white flowers in peduncled
involucrate heads. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, separate, or slightly united at the
base. Scales of the pubescent receptacle none. Involucels compressed, the margins often
minutely 4-toothed. Calyx-limb 5-10-awned. Limb of the corolla 4-S-cleft, oblique or 2-lipped.
Stamens 4 (rarely 2). Stigma oblique or lateral. Achene more or less adnate to the invo-
lucel, crowned with the persistent calyx. [Latin, scale, from its repute as a remedy for scaly
eruptions ]
About 75 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Scabiosa arvensis L.
19
DIPSACEAE.
Vol. III.
i. Scabiosa arvensis L. Field Scabious.
Fig. 4008.
Scabiosa arvensis L. Sp. PI. 99. 1753.
A nam ia arvensis T. Coult. Dips. 29. 1823.
Perennial, pubescent, simple or little branched.
l°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, lan-
seolate, acute or acuminate, entire, lobed, or pin-
natifid, 3'-8' long; upper leaves sessile, often
deeply pinnatifid ; heads long-peduncled, depressed-
globose, l'-li' broad; flowers lilac purple, about
6" long; receptacle depressed-hemispheric, not
scaly, covered with hairs between the flowers;
achene angled, crowned with the 8 or 10 linear-
subulate calyx-teeth.
In cultivated fields and waste places, Quebec to
Massachusetts. Vermont, New York and Pennsyl-
vania. Adventive from Europe. Other English
names are blue buttons, blue caps, gypsy- or egyptian-
rose, pincushion. June-Sept.
3. StJCCISA (Vaill.) Moench. Meth. 488. 1794.
Herbs, similar to Scabiosa, with opposite leaves, the flowers in long-peduncled heads,
subtended by a several-many-leaved involucre. Scales of the receptacle herbaceous or capil-
lary. Involucels grooved, the margins 4-lobed or 4-toothed. Calyx-limb 5-toothed or 5-awned.
Corolla oblique, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4. Ach'ene crowned with the persistent calyx. [From
the Latin, to bite off, the rootstock in some species being short and blunt.]
About 4 species, mostly natives of southern Europe. Type species Scabiosa Succisa L.
Southern Scabious. Fig. 4009.
1. Succisa australis (Wulf.) Reichenb.
Scabiosa australis Wulf. in Roem. Arch. 3 : Part 3,
316. 1803.
Succisa australis Reichenb. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 196.
1830.
Perennial, puberulent or pubescent, at least
above; stem slender, branched, ii°-3° high. Basal
leaves oblanceolate to oblong, mostly obtuse, 4'-i2'
long, the petiole often as long as the blade or
longer; stem leaves distant, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, entire, or toothed, short-petioled, or
the upper sessile, acute or acuminate; heads of
pale blue-purple flowers long-peduncled, rather
less than 1' in diameter, oblong-ovoid in fruit;
receptacle scaly, the scales about as long as the
glabrous, 8-ribbed involucels or longer ; calyx 5-
toothed ; achene crowned with 5 calyx-teeth.
Fields and meadows. Naturalized from Europe in
Pennsylvania, central New York and Massachusetts.
Pincushion-flower. Summer.
Succisa Succisa (L.) Britton (Succisa pratensis
Moench; Scabiosa Succisa L.) with villous 4-angled
involucels, the calyx-limb 5-awned, has been found in fields at Louisburg, Cape Breton Island.
Family 41. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759.
Gourd Family.
Climbing or trailing, herbaceous vines, usually with tendrils. Leaves alternate,
petioled, generally palmately lobed or dissected. Flowers solitary or racemose,
monoecious or dioecious. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb campanulate
or tubular, usually 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals usually 5, inserted on
the limb of the calyx, separate, or united into a gamopetalous corolla. Stamens
mostly 3 (sometimes 1), 2 of them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a i-celled
anther ; filaments short, often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 1-3-celled ; style
Genus i.
GOURD FAMILY.
291
terminal, simple or lobed ; ovules few or numerous, anatropous. Fruit a pepo,
indehiscent, or rarely dehiscent at the summit, or bursting irregularly ; or some-
times dry and membranous Seeds usually flat ; endosperm none.
About 90 genera and 700 species, mainly natives of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones.
Flowers large, yellow ; prostrate vine. '• Pepo.
Flowers small, white or greenish ; climbing vines.
Fruit glabrous ; seeds numerous, horizontal. 2. Melothria.
Fruit prickly ; seeds 1 or few, erect or pendulous.
Fruit dehiscent at the apex or bursting irregularly ; several-seeded.
Leaves 3-7-lobed ; anthers 3. 3- Micrampelis.
Leaves digitately compound; anther 1. 4- Cyclanthera.
Fruit indehiscent, 1 -seeded. 5. Sicyos.
i. PEPO [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.
Rough prostrate vines, rooting at the nodes, with branched tendrils, usually lobed leaves
mostly cordate at the base, and large yellow axillary monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube cam-
panulate, usually 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed to about the middle, the lobes recurv-
ing. Staminate flowers with three stamens, the anthers linear, more or less united and no
pistil. Pistillate flowers with 1 pistil; ovary oblong with 3-5 many-ovuled placentae; style
short, thick; stigmas 3-5. each 2-lobed, papillose; staminodia 3. Fruit large, fleshy, with a.
thick rind, many-seeded, indehiscent. [From the Greek name of some large fruit.]
About 10 species, natives of America, Asia and Africa. Besides the following, some 6 others
occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Cucurbita Pepo L.
i. Pepo foetidissima (H.B.K.) Britton. Missouri Gourd. Calabazilla. Wild
Pumpkin. Fig. 4010.
Nov. Gen. 2: 123.
1823.
Hist.
Cucurbita foetidissima H.B.K
1817.
Cucumis perennis James in Long's Exp. 2: 20.
Cucurbita perennis A. Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat
6: 193. 1850.
Stem stout, rough, hirsute, trailing to a length
of i5°-25°. Root large, carrot-shaped. Petioles
stout, 3' -8' long, very rough ; leaves ovate-trian-
gular, thick and somewhat fleshy, cordate or trun-
cate at the base, acute at the apex, 4'-l2' long,
usually slightly 3-5-lobed, denticulate, rough above,
canescent beneath ; peduncles l'-2' long ; flowers
mostly solitary; corolla 2^-4' long; pepo globose
or globose-ovoid, 2-3' in diameter, smooth, its
pulp fibrous and bitter.
Dry soil, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas and
Mexico, west to southern California. May-Sept.
Pumpkins, Squashes, Cucumbers and Melons, cul-
tivated in many races belong to this genus. Gourds
belong to Cucurbita Lagenaria L., the type of the
genus Cucurbita.
Citrullus Citrullus (L.) Karst., the Watermelon, is
found escaped from cultivation along river-shores in Virginia and West Virginia, and southward
2. MELOTHRIA L. Sp. PI. 35. 1753.
Slender, mostly climbing vines, with simple or rarely bifid tendrils, lobed or entire thin
leaves, and small white or yellow monoecious flowers, the staminate clustered, the pistillate
often solitary. Calyx campanulate, S-toothed. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens
3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers distinct or slightly united, the pistil wanting or rudi-
mentary. Fertile flowers with 1 pistil ; ovary ovoid, constricted below the corolla ; placentae
3 ; ovules numerous ; style short,; stigmas 3, linear. Fruit small, berry-like, pulpy, many-
seeded. [From the Greek for some vine, probably Bryonia cretica.]
About 70 species, natives of warm and tropical regions, most abundant in the Old World.
Besides the following typical one, 3 or 4 others occur in the southern United States.
(It URBIT M E \h.
Vol. III.
i. Melothria pendula L. Creeping Cucumber.
Fig. 401 1.
Melothria pendula L. Sp. PI.
35- 1753-
Root perennial. Stem slender, climbing to a height of
3°-5°, branched, glabrous, grooved; petioles i'-2j' long;
leaves nearly orbicular in outline, finely pubescent or sca-
brous on both sides, cordate at the base, 5-lobed or s-angled,
denticulate or dentate; tendrils puberulent; staminate flow-
ers 4-/. racemose, borne on a peduncle J'-l' long; fertile
flowers solitary, slender-peduncled ; corolla greenish white,
about 2" broad ; fruit smooth, ovoid, green, 4"-6" long.
In thickets, Pennsylvania (Schweinitz, according to Cog-
niaux) ; Virginia to Florida, west to Indiana, Kentucky, Mis-
souri and northern Mexico. June-Sept.
3. MICRAMPELIS Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 350. 1808.
[Echixocystis T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 542. 1840.]
Mostly annual climbing herbs, with branched tendrils, lobed or angled leaves, and small
white monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-6-lobed. Corolla very deeply 5-6-parted.
Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers more or less coherent. Pistillate flowers
with a 2-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity; style very short; stigma hemispheric or lobed.
Fruit fleshy, or dry at maturity, densely spiny, 1-2-celled, usually with 2 seeds in each cavity,
dehiscent at the summit. Testa of the seed roughened. [Greek, small-vine.]
About 25 species, natives of America. Besides the following typical one, about 10 others occur
in the western United States.
Wild Balsam Apple. Mock Apple.
Fig. 4012.
1. Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene.
Mock Orange.
Momordica echinata Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3:
180. Name only. 1793.
Sicyos lobata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 217. 1803.
Echinocystis lobata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 542. 1840.
Micrampelis lobata Greene, Pittonia 2: 128. 1890.
Stem nearly glabrous, angular and grooved,
branching, climbing to a height of l5°-25°.
sometimes villous-pubescent at the nodes. Peti-
oles l'-z' long; leaves thin, roughish on both
sides, deeply cordate at the base, 3-7-lobed to
about the middle, the lobes triangular-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, the margins remotely serru-
late ; staminate flowers very numerous in nar-
row compound racemes ; pistillate flowers soli-
tary, or rarely 2 together; fruit ovoid, green,
about 2' long, armed with slender spines ; seeds
flat.
Along rivers, and in waste places. New Brunswick
to Ontario, Manitoba, Montana, Virginia, Pennsyl-
vania, Kentucky, Kansas and Texas. Eastward,
mostly occurring as an introduced plant. Wild
cucumber. Creeper. Creeping Jenny. July-Sept.
4. CYCLANTHERA Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1831.
Climbing, annual or perennial, mostly glabrous vines, with forked or simple tendrils,
usually digitately compound leaves and small white or greenish monoecious flowers. Calyx
cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Staminate flowers racemose or pani-
cled, the stamens united into a central column; anther 1, annular in our species. Pistillate
flowers solitary; ovary obliquely ovoid, beaked, 1-3-celled. with 2 ovules in each cavity; style
short; stigma large, hemispheric. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid, beaked, at length irregularly
dehiscent, few-seeded. [Greek, circle-anther.]
About 40 species, natives of America. Type species: Cyclanthera pedata Schrad.
Genus 4.
GOURD FAMILY.
1. Cyclanthera dissecta ( T. & G. ) Am. Cut-
leaved Cyclanthera. Fig. 4013.
Discanthera dissecta T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 697. 1840.
Cyclanthera dissecta Am. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 : 280.
1841.
Annual ; stem grooved and angular, glabrous,
branching, climbing to a height of 3°-4°, or strag-
gling. Petioles l'-2' long; leaves digitately 3-7-
foliolate, the leaflets oval or oblong, usually acute at
each end, ¥-2' long, rough on both sides, dentate,
or somewhat lobed ; staminate flowers racemose,
borne on a peduncle ¥-2' long; pistillate flowers
solitary, very short-peduncled ; fruit narrowed at
the base, slightly oblique, about i' long, armed
with slender spines.
Thickets. Kansas to Texas, Louisiana and northern
Mexico. July-Sept.
5. SICYOS L. Sp. PI. 1013. 1753.
Annual climbing vines, with branched tendrils, angled or lobed leaves, and small white
or green monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate or cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla
campanulate or rotate, 5-parted nearly to the base. Staminate flowers corymbose or race-
mose, with 3 stamens, the filaments united into a short column, the anthers coherent; pistil
wanting. Pistillate flowers several together in capitate long-peduncled clusters, with no
stamens; ovary oblong or fusiform, i-celled; ovule 1, pendulous; style short, slender; stigmas
usually 3. Fruit spiny, indehiscent, i-seeded. [Greek, a cucumber or gourd.]
About 35 species, natives of America and Australasia. Besides the following typical species,
2 others occur in the southwestern states.
i. Sicyos angulatus L. One-seeded Bur-
Cucumber. Star Cucumber. Fig. 4014.
Sicyos angulatus L. Sp. PI. 1013. 1753.
Stem angled, more or less viscid-pubescent, climb-
ing to a height of i5°-25°, or trailing. Petioles
stout, 1 '-4' long, pubescent; leaves nearly orbicular,
rough on both sides, rather thin, deeply cordate at
the base. 5-angled or 5-lobed. the lobes acute or
acuminate, the margins denticulate ; staminate flow-
ers loosely corymbose or racemose, borne on elon-
gated peduncles; fertile flowers capitate, their pe-
duncles shorter ; fruits sessile, 3-10 together, yellow-
ish, about ¥ long, pubescent, armed with slender
rough spines.
Along river banks and in moist places, Quebec and
Ontario to Florida, west to South Dakota, Kansas and
Texas. Naturalized in eastern Europe. Called also
nimble kate, wild cucumber. Leaves sometimes 10' across.
lune-Sept.
Family 42. CAMPANULACEAE Juss. Gen. 163. 1789.
Bellflovver Family.
Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with alternate exstipulate
leaves, usually milky juice, and racemose spicate paniculate or solitary perfect
flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb mostly 5-lobed or 5-parted, the
lobes equal or slightly unequal, valvate or imbricate in the bud, commonly per-
sistent. Corolla gamopetalous, regular, inserted at the line where the calyx be-
comes free from the ovary, its tube entire, or deeply cleft on one side, its limb
5-lobed. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted with the corolla;
filaments separate; anthers 2-celled, introrse, separate or connate. Ovary 2-5-
celled (rarely 6-io-celled, with the placentae projecting from the axis, or i-celled
294
CUCURBITACEAE.
Vol. III.
with two parietal placentae; style simple; stigma mostly 2-5-lobed; ovules anatro-
pous. Fruit a capsule. Seeds very numerous and small ; embryo minute, straight ;
endosperm fleshy.
About 40 genera and over iooo species, of wide geographic distribution.
* apsule opening by lateral pores or valves.
Corolla campanulate, rarely rotate ; flowers all complete.
Corolla rotate; earlier flowers cleistogamous.
Capsule opening by terminal pores or valves.
1. Campanula.
2. Specularia.
3. Jasione.
i. CAMPANULA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753.
Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal leaves. Flowers large or small, soli-
tary, racemose, paniculate, or glomerate, regular, complete, blue, violet, or white. Calyx-tube
hemispheric, turbinate, obovoid, or prismatic, adnate to the ovary, the limb deeply 5-lobed or
5-parted (rarely 3-4-parted). Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Stamens
5. free from the corolla ; filaments usually dilated at the. base ; anthers separate. Ovary
inferior. 3-5-celled ; stigma 3-5-lobed. Capsule wholly or partly inferior, crowned by the
persistent calyx-lobes, opening on the sides, either near the top, middle or bottom by 3-5
small valves or perforations, or tending to be indehiscent in some species. [Diminutive of
the Latin camfana, a bell.]
About 250 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 8 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America; all known as Bell-flower. Type species :
Campanula latifolia L.
♦Corolla campanulate; flowers solitary, racemose, glomerate, or panicled.
Flower solitary at the end of the stem ; arctic and alpine plants.
Corolla 4"-6" long ; capsule-openings near the summit.
Corolla 6"-i2" long; capsule-openings near the base.
Flowers racemose, glomerate, or paniculate.
Corolla 7"- 1 5" long.
Stem leaves linear, the basal orbicular, mostly cordate.
Leaves all ovate to lanceolate ; plants pubescent or scabrous.
Flowers pedicelled, or clustered.
Calyx and corolla glabrous, or calyx finely pubescent.
Calyx and corolla bristly-hairy.
Flowers sessile in terminal and axillary clusters.
Corolla 2"— 5" long.
Plants rough ; style not exserted.
Corolla white, or tinged with blue, 2l/2"-4" long; leaves
crenulate.
Corolla blue, 5"— 6" long; leaves linear, denticulate with minute
Plants smooth, glabrous, slightly viscid; style long-exserted.
** Corolla rotate; flowers spicate.
1. C. uniflora.
2. C. rotundifolia.
2. C. rotundifolia.
3. C.rapunculoidcs.
4. C. Trachelium.
5. C. glomerata.
mostly linear-lanceolate,
6. C. aparinoides.
callous teeth.
7. C. uliginosa.
8. C. divaricata.
9. C. amcricana.
i. Campanula uniflora L. Arctic Harebell or Bell-
flower. Fig. 4015.
Campanula uniflora L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stem simple, i-flow-
ered, i'-6' high. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute,
sessile, thickish, entire or sparingly dentate. o,"-l8" long,
or the lower and basal ones spatulate, obtuse and narrowed
into petioles ; flower erect ; calyx-tube turbinate, glabrous
or pubescent, shorter than or equalling the lobes ; corolla
campanulate, 4"-6" long, blue; capsule cylindric or club-
shaped, about 6" long, erect, opening by valves near the
summit.
Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia.
Summer.
GliNUS I.
BELLFLOWER FAMILY
2. Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell.
Blue Bells of Scotland. Fig. 4016.
Campanula rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753.
Campanula rotundifolia velutina DC. Fl. France
6: 432. 1815.
C. linifolia var. Langsdorfiana A. DC. Prodr. 7:
471. 1839.
L ampanula rotundifolia Langsdorfiana Britton,
Mem. Torr. Club 5: 309. 1894.
Perennial by slender rootstocks, glabrous or
nearly so or sometimes pubescent or canes-
cent; stems erect or diffuse, often several
from the same root, simple or branched, 6'-3°
high. Basal leaves nearly orbicular or broadly
ovate, usually cordate, slender-petioled, i'-l'
wide, dentate or entire, often wanting at flow-
ering time; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong,
acute, mostly entire, sessile, or the lower nar-
rowed into short petioles and somewhat spatu-
late ; flowers several or numerous, racemose or
sometimes solitary, drooping or spreading,
slender-pedicelled ; calyx-lobes subulate to fili-
form, spreading, longer than the short-turbi-
nate tube; corolla blue, campanulate, j"-\2"
long; capsule obconic or ovoid, pendulous,
ribbed, opening by short clefts near the base.
On moist rocks and in meadows, Labrador to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illi-
nois, Nebraska, in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Also
in Europe and Asia. Consists of many races, differing in pubescence, number and size of flowers ;
arctic and alpine plants are usually i-few-flowtred. Other English names are thimbles, lady's-
thimble, heath- or witches'-bells, round-leaved bellflower. June-Sept.
Campanula patula L., which is retrorse-scabrous on the stems and leaf-margins and nerves,
the basal leaves obovate to spatulate, has been found in fields in Connecticut, introduced from
Europe.
3. Campanula rapunculoides L. Creep-
ing or European Bellflower. Fig. 4017.
Campanula rapunculoides L. Sp. PI. 165. 1753.
Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem gla-
brous or pubescent, simple or rarely branched,
leafy, erect, rather stout, i°-3° high. Leaves
pubescent or puberulent, crenate-denticulate,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
the lower and basal ones mostly cordate, 3' -6'
long, i'-2' wide,' slender-petioled, the upper
short-petioled or sessile, smaller ; flowers short-
pedicelled, drooping, i'-ij' long in an elon-
gated bracted i-sided raceme; corolla campan-
ulate, blue to violet, rather deeply 5-lobed,
much longer than the linear spreading calyx-
lobes ; capsule globose, nodding, about 4" in
diameter, opening by pores near the base.
In fields and along roadsides, New Brunswick
to Ontario, southern New York, Pennsylvania and
Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept.
4. Campanula Trachelium L. Nettle-leaved Bell-
flower. Fig. 4018.
C. Trachelium L. Sp. PI. 166. 1753.
Perennial ; stem rather stout, little branched, usually
bearing scattered hairs, 3° high or less ; basal leaves
sparingly bristly-pubescent, ovate to reniform, cordate,
slender-petioled ; stem leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceo-
late, coarsely irregularly serrate, 2i'-5' long, acute or
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-
petioled or the upper sessile; flowers nodding in termi-
nal leafy-bracted racemes ; calyx bristly-hairy or gla-
brate ; corolla campanulate, l'-li' long; capsule opening
by basal pores.
Roadsides and thickets, Quebec to southern New York and
Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. Canterbury bells. July-Sept.
I SlMPANULM I \l
Vol. III.
5. Campanula glomerata L. Clus-
tered Bellflower. Dane's Blood.
Fig. 4019.
Campanula glomerata L. Sp. PI. 166. 1753.
Perennial by sbort rootstocks ; stem stout,
simple, erect, pubescent, leafy, I°-2° high.
Leaves pubescent on both sides, crenulate,
the lower and basal ones oblong or ovate,
mostly obtuse, sometimes cordate, slender-
petioled, 2'-4' long, the upper lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile or clasping,
smaller; flowers about 1' long, sessile, erect
and spreading in terminal and axillary glom-
erules; corolla campanulate, blue, rather
deeply S-lobed ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acu-
minate ; capsule ovoid or oblong, erect, about
3" high, opening near the base.
In fields and along roadsides, eastern Massa-
chusetts and Quebec. Naturalized from Eu-
rope. Sometimes called canterbury bells, a
name more properly belonging to C. medium
and C. Trachelium. June-Aug.
6. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh
or Bedstraw Bellflower. Fig. 4020.
Campanula aparinoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 159. 1814.
Perennial; stems very slender or filiform, weak,
reclining or diffuse, rough with short retrorse bris-
tles, leafy, paniculately branched. 6'-2° long.
Leaves lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, sessile,
sparingly crenulate with low teeth, or entire,
rough on the margins and midrib, acute at both
ends, J'-li' long, I "-3" wide; flowers leafy-
paniculate, 2i"--l" long; pedicels filiform, diver-
gent; buds drooping; corolla open-campanulate.
deeply 5-cleft, white or bluish-tinged, 2V-4" long,
its tube equalling or longer than the triangular-
lanceolate acute calyx-lobes ; style included ; cap-
sule subglobose, opening near the base.
In grassy swamps, Maine to Georgia, Kentucky and
Colorado. Called also slender bellflower. June-Aug.
Campanula uliginosa Rydb.
Bellflower. Fig. 4021.
hie Marsh
Campanula uliginosa Rydb. ; Britton, Man. 885. 1901.
Perennial ; similar to the preceding but branches less
spreading; stem l°-2° long, retrorsely hisnidulous on
the angles. Leaves linear, i'-2*' long, i '-?.¥' wide,
retrorsely hispidulous on the margins and midribs,
acute, minutelv denticulate with callous teeth or entire;
corolla blue with darker veins, cleft to below the mid-
dle into lanceolate lobes; capsule subglobose, about 2*
long and nearly as broad, opening near the base.
In wet meadows, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, New
York, Indiana and Nebraska. June-Aug.
Genus i.
BELLFLOWER FAMILY.
297
8. Campanula divaricata Michx. Pani-
cled Bellflower. Fig. 4022.
Campanula divaricata Michx. FI. Bor. Am. I : 109.
1S03.
Campanula fle.vuosa Michx. loc. cit. 1803?
Perennial, glabrous but sometimes viscid ;
stem erect, paniculately branched, slender,
l°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, the uppermost sometimes linear,
sharply serrate, acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed to the base, the upper sessile, the lower
petioled, 2's' long, 3"-i2" wide, or the lowest
commonly shorter and broader; flowers very
numerous in compound panicles, drooping,
slender-pedicelled ; corolla light blue, cam-
panulate. about 3" long ; calyx-lobes lanceo-
late,- acute, scarcely spreading, often dentate;
style long-exserted ; capsule turbinate, about
2i" long, opening near the middle.
On rocky banks, mountains of Virginia and
West Virginia to Kentucky, Georgia and Tennes-
see. Ascends to 2500 ft. in North Carolina. June-
Sept.
9. Campanula americana L. Tall
Bellflower. Fig. 4023.
Campanula americana L. Sp. PI. 164. 1 753.
Annual or biennial, more or less pubes-
cent ; stem erect or nearly so, rather slen-
der, simple or rarely with a few long
branches, 2°-6° high. Leaves thin, ovate,
oblong, or lanceolate, serrate, acuminate
at the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled.
or the upper sessile, 3 '-6' long, the lowest
sometimes cordate; flowers in a loose or
dense terminal sometimes leafy spike, which
is often i°-2° long; lower bracts foliaceous,
the upper subulate; corolla rotate, blue, or
nearly white, about 1' broad, deeply 5-cleft ;
calyx-lobes linear-subulate, spreading, style
declined and curved upward, long-exserted ;
capsule narrowly turbinate, ribbed, erect,
4"— 5" long, opening near the summit.
In moist thickets and woods, New Bruns-
wick to Ontario and South Dakota, south to
Florida. Kentucky, Kansas and Arkansas.
Rare near the coast in the Middle States and
New England. Ascends to 3000 ft. in West
Virginia. July-Sept.
2. SPECULARIA Heist. ; Fabr. Enum. PL Hort. Helmst. 225. 1703.
[Lecouzia Durand, Fl. Bourg. 2 : 26. 1782.]
Annual herbs, with alternate toothed or entire leaves, the stem and branches long, slen-
der. Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so, 2-bracted, or the upper panicled in some exotic-
species, the earlier (lower) ones small, cleistogamous, the later with a blue or purple nearly
rotate corolla. Calyx-tube narrow, the lobes in the earlier flowers 3 or 4, in the later 4 or 5.
Corolla S-lobed or 5-parted. the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments flat : anthers sepa-
rate, linear. Ovary 3-celled (rarely 2- or 4-celled) ; ovules numerous; stigma usually 3-lobed.
Capsule prismatic, cylindric, or narrowly obconic, opening by lateral valves. Seeds ovoid,
oblong, or lenticular. [From Speculum Veneris, the Latin name of the type species.]
About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, one extending into South America.
Type species: Campanula Speculum L. ; 5. Speculum (L.) DC, of Europe, which is adventive in
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Capsule narrowly oblong.
Leaves sessile ; capsule-valves near the top. i. 5". biflora.
Leaves cordate-clasping; capsule-valves at about the middle. 2. S.perfoliala.
Capsule linear-cylindric ; leaves sessile; western. 3- S. leptocarpa.
CAMPANULA* I \l .
Vol. Ill
i. Specularia biflora | R. & I'. i I'. & M. Small
Venus' Looking-glass. Fig. 4024.
Campanula biflora R. & P. Fl. Per. 2: 55. pi. zoo. j. 6.
1799-
5. biflora F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1: 17. 1835-
Legoucia biflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 309. 1894.
Glabrous, or nearly so ; stem simple or branched,
very slender, roughish on the angles, 6'-2° high.
Leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, ses-
sile, acute or obtuse at the apex, crenate with a few
teeth, or entire, 4"-Io" long, or the upper smaller;
earlier flowers with 3 or 4 ovate to lanceolate calyx-
lobes, those of the later flowers 4 or 5, lanceolate-
subulate, longer; capsule oblong-cylindric, z"-S"
long, opening by valves close under the calyx-teeth.
In dry soil, Virginia to Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas.
Florida and Texas. Also in Oregon, California and
South America. April-July.
2. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC.
Venus' Looking-glass. Fig. 4025.
Campanula perfoliata L. Sp. PI. 169. 1753-
V perfoliata A. DC. Mon. Campan. 351. 1830.
L. perfoliata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 3°9- 1894.
More or less pubescent; stem densely leafy,
simple or branched from near the base, slender,
rather weak, sometimes prostrate, retrorse-hispid
on the angles, or nearly smooth, 6'-24' long. Leaves
orbicular or broadly ovate, strongly cordate-clasp-
ing or the lower merely sessile, crenate-dentate
or sometimes entire, i'-l' wide; flowers solitary
or 2-3 together in the axils, sessile, the later
(upper) ones with 5 (rarely 4) triangular-lanceo-
late acuminate rigid calyx-lobes, and a rotate blue
or violet corolla s"-io" broad, the earlier ones
with 3-4 shorter calyx-lobes longer than the rudi-
mentary corolla ; capsule oblong, or narrowly tur-
binate, 2"-3" long, finally opening at about the
middle ; seeds lenticular.
In dry woods. Maine and Ontario to British Co-
lumbia, south to Florida. Louisiana. Mexico. Arizona
and Oregon. Called also clasping bellflower. May-
Sept. Also in the mountains of Jamaica and Santo
Domingo.
3. Specularia'leptocarpa ( Nutt ) A. Gray.
Western Venus' Looking-glass. Fig. 4026.
Campylocera leptocarpa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 8: 257. 1843.
5. leptocarpa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 82. 1876.
L. leptocarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 309. 1894.
Hirsute, or nearly glabrous; stem slender, simple,
or branched from the base, 6-15' high. Leaves
linear-lanceolate to oblong, sessile, not clasping, acute
at both ends, or the lowest obtuse at the apex, entire
or sparingly denticulate, J'-l' long, l"-2" wide;
flowers sessile and usually solitary in the axils, the
later ones with 4-5 subulate calyx-lobes and a rotate
corolla 5"-o" broad, the earlier ones with 3 shorter
calyx-lobes and rudimentary corolla ; capsule linear-
cylindric, 4"-8" long, less than 1" thick; the upper at
length opening near the summit; seeds oblong.
In dry soil, western Missouri and Kansas to Montana.
Colorado and Texas. May-Aug.
Genus 3
BELLFLOWER FAMILY.
299
3. JASIONE L. Sp. PL 928. 1753.
Herbs, the flowers in terminal heads subtended by a many-leaved involucre. Calyx-tube
campanulate, adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-divided. Corolla at first tubular, splitting later
to the base into 5 linear or linear-oblanceolate segments. Filaments subulate. Anthers united
at the base, free above. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; stigma club-shaped. Capsule 2-celled,
dehiscent by two terminal pores. [Greek name of some 0
medicinal plant.]
Five species of central Europe and the Mediterranean Re-
gion, the following typical.
i. Jasione montana L. Sheep's-bit. Fig. 4027.
Jasione montana L. Sp. PI. 92S. 1753.
Annual or biennial, with several stems from a simple
root; stems 6'-i2' high, branched above, leafy below, de-
cumbent, erect or ascending, the branches spreading.
Leaves linear, rough-hairy, sessile; flowers in long-pedun-
cled hemispherical heads; corolla blue, seldom white or
pink.
In waste places, Massachusetts to southern New York,
ventive from Europe. June-Sept.
Family 43.
Ad-
LOBELIACEAE Dumort. Comm.
Bot. 57. 1822.
Lobelia Family.
Herbs, or in tropical regions rarely shrubs or trees, often with milky sap which
contains a narcotic-acid poison, with alternate, exstipulate. simple, entire, toothed
or pinnately parted leaves and solitary, spicate, racemose or paniculate flowers.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes equal or
unequal. Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, often bilabiate, its tube open on one
side nearly or quite to the base, its limb 5-lobed ; stamens 5, inserted with the corolla ;
filaments sometimes cohering into a tube ; anthers united. Ovary 2-5-celled ; style
single ; stigma fringed ; ovules numerous, sessile, horizontal, anatropous. Fruit
a 1-5-celled capsule, or a berry. Seeds numerous, with a smooth or furrowed
testa. Endosperm fleshy.
About 20 genera and 600 species, of wide geographical distribution.
i. LOBELIA L. Sp. PI. 929. 1753.
Herbs (some tropical species shrubs), with alternate or basal leaves and racemose spicate
or paniculate, often leafy bracted, red, yellow, blue or white flowers. Calyx-tube turbinate,
hemispheric or ovoid, adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube straight, oblique or incurved, divided
to the base on one side, 2-lipped in our species, the lobe on each side of the cleft erect or
recurved, turned away from the other three which are somewhat united, the sinuses inclining
to extend to the base of the corolla at maturity so as to divide it into 5 petals. Stamens free
from the corolla-tube, monadelphous, at least above, two or all the 5 anthers with a tuft of
hairs at the tips, three of them usually larger than the other two, all united into a tube or
ring around the style. Ovary 2-celled, the 2 placentae many-ovuled ; stigma 2-lobed or 2-cleft.
Capsule loculicidally 2-valved. [Named after Matthias de L'Obel, 1538-1616, a Flemish
botanist.]
About 250 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 16 others
occur in the southern and western United States. Type species: Lobelia Dortmanna L.
♦Aquatic; stem simple, nearly naked; flowers light blue.
Leaves terete, hollow, obtuse, tufted at the base.
Leaves flat, linear-oblong or spatulate, entire or glandular-denticulate.
** Terrestrial plants of wet or dry soil; stems leafy.
1. Corolla-tube 5"— 12" long.
Flowers bright scarlet (rarely white) ; corolla-tube io"-i2" long.
Flowers blue, white, or blue and white ; corolla-tube 5W— 7" long.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or the lower ones obovate.
Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent.
Calyx-lobes hirsute ; sinuses with large deflexed auricles.
Calyx-lobes glabrous or glandular, usually without auricles.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, spreading.
Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, erect.
Leaves densely puberulent ; calyx hirsute ; auricles small.
Leaves elongated-linear, strongly glandular-denticulate.
L. Dortmanna.
L. pahtdosa.
3. L, cardinal is.
4. L. syphilitica.
5. L. amoena.
6. L. elongata.
7. L. puberula.
8. L. plandnosa.
3°°
U »B1 LIA( I \f
Vol. 1 1 1
2. Corolla-tube only z"-A," long.
Stems mostly simple; flowers in terminal spike-like racemes,
ises of the calyx without auricles.
Sinuses of the calyx with reflexed subulate auricles.
Stems mostly paniculately branched; flowers in loose racemes.
Stem stout, pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong, dentate.
Stems slender, glabrous; stem-leaves narrow, the basal wider.
Pedicels mostly longer than flowers, j-bracteolate near the middle.
Pedicels not longer than flowers, not bracteolate, or only so at the base.
. ,11a 2;4"-3K" long; calyx-tube hemispheric in fruit.
Corolla 3,W'-iVi" long; calyx-tube turbinate.
9-
0.
L. spicala.
I. leptostachys
1.
L. inflata.
2.
L. Kalmii.
3-
4-
L. Nuttallii.
L. Canbyi.
i. Lobelia Dortmanna L. Water Lobelia. Water
I Uadiole. Fig. 4028.
Lobelia Dortmanna L. Sp. PI. 9^9. 1 753-
Perennial, aquatic, glabrous throughout, somewhat
fleshy; roots numerous, white, fibrous; stem slender,
simple, erect, hollow, minutely scaly, 6'-i8' high. Leaves
all submersed and tufted at the base of the stem, terete,
hollow, obtuse, longitudinally divided by a partition,
\'-2 long, about 2" thick; flowers in a loose terminal
raceme, blue, 6"-8" long; pedicels filiform, shorter than
or equalling the flowers ; calyx-lobes subulate or lanceo-
late, shorter than the tube, the sinuses usually not at
all appendaged ; corolla-tube 3"-4" long, its lower lip
glabrous or nearly so.
Borders of ponds, usually in sandy soil, sometimes wholly
emersed when the water is low, New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania to Newfoundland, Wisconsin. Washington and British
Columbia. Also in Europe. July-Sept.
2. Lobelia paludosa Nutt. Swamp Lobelia.
Fig. 4029.
Lobelia paludosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 75. 1818.
Perennial, aquatic, glabrous throughout; roots few and
thick; stem nearly naked, slender, simple, or branched
above, i°-4° high. Leaves mostly tufted at the base, flat,
narrowly oblong or spatulate, emersed, obtuse or acutish,
entire or repand-denticulate and glandular, those of^the
stem few, small and sessile, the basal ones 2'-c/ long, 2"-4"
wide, narrowed into petioles ; flowers pale blue, racemose,
S"-6" long ; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, about as long
as the tube, the sinuses commonly not at all appendaged ;
corolla-tube z"-<\" long, its lower lip pubescent at the base.
In swamps and ponds. Delaware to Florida and Louisiana
mostly near the coast. May-July.
3. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower.
Red Lobelia. Red Betty. Fig. 4030.
Lobelia cardinalis L. Sp. PI. 93°- t/53-
Perennial by offsets ; stem slightly pubescent, or
glabrous, leafy, simple or rarely branched, 2°-4*°
high. Leaves' oblong, oval, ovate-lanceolate, or
lanceolate, thin, glabrous or sparingly pubescent.
2'-6' long, i'-li' wide, acuminate or acute at both
ends, crenulate or denticulate, the upper sessile,
the lower petioled ; flowers racemose, commonly-
numerous, bright scarlet or red (rarely white).
i'-ii' long; bracts usually glandular; calyx gla-
brous or pubescent, its lobes linear, elongated,
acute; corolla-tube nearly or quite 1' long; larger
anthers glabrous.
In moist soil, New Brunswick to Florida, Ontario.
Kansas, Colorado and Texas. Slink-weed. Hog's-
physic. July-Sept.
LOBELIA FAMILY
Great Lobelia.
Fig. 4031.
1753-
DC.
Prodr. 7: 377.
Genus i.
4. Lobelia syphilitica L.
Blue Cardinal-flower.
Lobelia syphilitica L. Sp. PI. 931.
Lobelia syphilitica liidoviciana A.
1839.
Perennial by short offsets ; stem sparingly pubes-
cent, rather stout, very leafy, usually simple, i°-3°
high. Leaves glabrous or sparingly puberulent, 2-6'
long, ¥-2' wide, oval, oblong, or lanceolate, acute
or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, re-
pand-denticulate, irregularly crenate-dentate or near-
ly entire, sessile, or the lower obovate, obtuse and
narrowed into petioles ; flowers bright blue, or occa-
sionally white, io"-I2" long, densely racemose, leafy-
bracted ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent
or ciliate, the sinuses appendaged by large deflexed
auricles ; corolla-tube 5"-6" long, about 2" thick, the
lobes of its larger lip oblong-oval, obtuse or acutish,
glabrous ; larger anthers glabrous.
In moist soil, Maine and Ontario to South Dakota.
Colorado, Georgia, Louisiana and Kansas. Hybridizes
with the preceding species. High-belia. July-Oct.
5. Lobelia amoena Michx. Southern Lobelia.
Fig. 4032.
Lobelia amoena Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 152. 1803.
Lobelia amoena glandulifera A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: 4. 1878.
Nearly glabrous throughout, perennial ; stem simple,
slender, leafy. i°-4° high. Leaves thin, ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, narrowly oblong, or oval, repand-dentate or
denticulate, the lower petioled and mostly obtuse, 2'-6'
long, the upper sessile, acute or acutish, smaller; flowers
blue, racemose, nearly 1' long; bracts narrow and small,
or the lower foliaceous, glandular; pedicels l"-2$" long;
calyx-lobes linear-subulate, acuminate, glabrous, glandu-
lar, elongated, the sinuses usually not auricled ; corolla-
tube S"-7" long, ll"-2" thick; larger anthers glabrous, or
puberulent at the tip; lobes of the larger lip of the co-
rolla broadly ovate to oval, obtuse, glabrous.
In swamps, Delaware to Florida and Alabama. July-Sept.
6. Lobelia elongata Small. Long-leaved
Lobelia. Fig. 4033.
L. elongata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1144. 1903.
Perennial, at least by offsets, glabrous or nearly
so; stem simple, i°-3° tall, commonly wand-like.
Leaves rather few, erect or ascending, linear or
nearly so, ¥-4' long, mostly acute, serrate or
dentate-serrate with gland-tipped teeth, sessile or
narrowed into petiole-like bases; flowers deep-
blue in rather closely flowered, but not densely
flowered, one-sided racemes 4'-i2' long ; bracts
linear to lanceolate, serrate with gland-tipped
teeth, the lower ones sometimes surpassing the
corollas ; calyx-lobes elongate, linear-subulate or
linear-setaceous, entire, as long as the corolla or
shorter, without auricles at the sinuses ; corolla-
tube 5"-8" long, lobes of the lower lip oval or
ovate, glabrous.
In low grounds or swamps, Virginia to Florida and
Louisiana. Aug.-Oct.
LOBELIACEAE. Vol. HI.
7. Lobelia puberula Michx. Downy Lobelia.
Fig. 4034- •
Lobelia pubcrula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 15.2. 1803.
Perennial, densely and finely puberulent all over,
slightly viscid ; stem simple, or rarely with a few
branches, stout or slender, leafy, l°-3° high. Leaves
oval, oblong, ovate, or obovate, l'-2' long, rather thick,
the lower petioled, all obtuse or the uppermost acute,
denticulate or crenate-dentate, the teeth often glandular;
flowers blue, 8"-io" long, in long spike-like racemes ;
lower bracts, or sometimes all of them, foliaceous,
glandular; pedicels very short; calyx hirsute or pubes-
cent, its lobes narrowly lanceolate, elongated, usually
with small short rounded auricles at the sinuses; cor-
olla-tube about 5" long, l"-li" thick, the lobes of its
larger lip broadly ovate, glabrous ; larger anthers mi-
nutely bearded.
In moist sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida,
Illinois. Iowa, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in
North Carolina. Aug.-Oct.
8. Lobelia glandulosa Walt. Glandular Lobelia.
Fig. 4035-
Lobelia glandulosa Walt. Fl. Car. 21S. 1788.
Perennial; stem slender, leafy below, nearly naked
above, simple, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. l°-4°
high. Leaves elongated-linear to narrowly lanceolate,
thick, glabrous, strongly glandular-dentate, the lower ft
petioled, obtuse, often 7' long and 4" wide, the upper h\
sessile, acutish, shorter; flowers racemose-spicate, secund,
often few and distant, blue, nearly 1' long; bracts narrow,
glandular; peduncles very short, sometimes with a pair of
glands near the base; calyx-tube often densely hirsute, its
lobes subulate, the sinuses not appendaged ; corolla-tube
5"-6" long, l"-li" thick, about twice as long as the calyx-
lobes; larger lip of the corolla pubescent within at the
base, its lobes ovate, acutish ; anthers all bearded at the tip.
In swamps near the coast, southern Virginia to Florida.
July-Sept.
Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale Spiked Lobelia. Fig. 4036.
Lobelia spicata Lam. Encycl. 3: 587. 1789.
L. spicata hirtella A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : 6. 1878.
L. spicata parvi flora A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: 6. 1878.
Perennial or biennial, puberulent, smooth or roughish ;
stem strict, simple, leafy, i°-4° high. Leaves thickish,
pale green, repand-dentate, crenulate, or entire, the
basal ones commonly tufted, broadly oblong, oval, or
obovate, very obtuse, narrowed into short petioles,
l'-Zi' long; 1-2' wide; stem leaves sessile, oblong,
lanceolate, or spatulate, obtuse, the uppermost gradually
smaller and acutish ; flowers pale blue, z"-$" long,
densely or distantly racemose-spicate, the inflorescence
sometimes 2° long; bracts linear, entire; pedicels very
short, ascending; calyx-tube turbinate, usually glabrous,
shorter than its subulate spreading, sometimes hirsute
or ciliate lobes, the sinuses usually not at all append-
aged; corolla-tube about 2I" long and 1" thick.
In dry, mostly sandy soil, or in meadows, Prince Edward
Island to Saskatchewan, North Carolina, Alabama, Louisi-
ana and Arkansas. Races differ in pubescence and in size
of flowers. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. June— Aug.
Genus i.
LOBELIA FAMILY.
10 Lobelia leptostachys A. DC. Spiked
Lobelia. Fig. 4037.
Lobelia leptostachys A. DC. Prodr. 7: 376. 1839.
Similar to the preceding species; stem usually
stouter, puberulent or glabrous. 2°-4° high. Basal
leaves oval or obovate, obtuse ; stem leaves spatu-
late, oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse, sometimes
slightly scabrous, denticulate or entire, or the
uppermost narrower and acute; spike-like raceme
elongated, usually dense; bracts linear, glabrous;
pedicels very short ; calyx-lobes linear-subulate,
nearly as long as the corolla-tube, the sinuses
with subulate deflexed auricles; flowers blue,
4"-5" long.
In dry soil, Virginia to Ohio and Illinois, Georgia
and Kansas. June-Aug.
11. Lobelia inflata L. Indian or Wild
Tobacco. Eyebright. Fig. 4038.
Lobelia inflata L. Sp. PI. 931. 1753.
Annual, pubescent or hirsute, very acrid;
stem leafy, commonly paniculately branched,
l°-3° high. Leaves thin, repand-dentate or
denticulate, the lower oval or obovate, obtuse,
l'-2i' long, narrowed into short petioles, the
upper sessile, oval, oblong, ovate, or ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse, or the uppermost acute;
flowers light blue, 2"-s" long, usually distant
in somewhat spike-like racemes ; lower bracts
foliaceous, the upper subulate ; pedicels 2"-%"
long in fruit ; calyx glabrous or nearly so,
its subulate lobes about as long as the corolla ;
capsule inflated, 3"~4" long, finely transversely
veined between the ribs.
In fields and thickets, usually in dry soil, Labra-
dor to Saskatchewan, Georgia, Kansas and Arkan-
sas. Gag-root. Puke-weed. Asthma-weed. Low-
belia. Emetic-weed. Bladder-pod lobelia. July-
Nov.
12. Lobelia Kalmii L. Brook or Kalm's
Lobelia. Fig. 4039.
Lobelia Kalmii L. Sp. P!. 930. 1753.
Perennial by short offsets, glabrous through-
out, or sparingly pubescent below ; stem leafy,
erect, paniculately branched, rarely simple,
slender, 6-20' high. Lower and basal leaves
spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into short petioles,
sparingly repand-denticulate, or entire, 6"-l2"
long, ii'-2i' wide; upper leaves sessile, usually
longer and narrower, linear, linear-oblong, or
narrowly spatulate, the uppermost acute ; flow-
ers light blue, 4"-S" long, in loose racemes ;
lower bracts linear-lanceolate, the upper subu-
late; pedicels nearly filiform, 4"-i2" long, usu-
ally 2-glandular or 2-bracteolate near the middle;
calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, longer than the
turbinate tube, the sinuses not appendaged ; cap-
sule wholly inferior, not inflated, campanulate or
subglobose, about 2" long.
On wet banks, and in wet meadows, Nova Scotia
to New Jersey, west to Ontario, Manitoba, Ohio,
Michigan and Iowa. July-Sept.
L0BELIAC1 \i
Vol.111.
13. Lobelia Nuttallii R. & S. Nuttall's Lo-
belia. Fig. 4040.
Lobelia gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 77. 1818. Not Andr
Lobelia Nuttallii R. & S. Syst. 5: 39. [819.
Annual, or perhaps biennial, glabrous throughout,
or puberulent below; stem weak, usually reclining,
very slender, loosely branched, at least when old.
i°-3° long. Basal leaves spatulate to oval, obtu e,
mostly petioled, 6"-i2" long, slightly repand, or en-
tire; stem leaves distant, linear, linear-oblong, or
slightly spatulate, longer and narrower, entire or
sparingly glandular-denticulate; flowers 2i"-4" long,
pale blue, loosely racemose; bracts linear or the
upper subulate; pedicels filiform. 2"-^" long, naked,
or minutely 2-bracteolate near the base ; calyx-lobes
subulate, longer than the depressed-hemispheric
strongly ribbed tube, the sinuses unappendaged ; cap-
sule depressed-globose, half-inferior, about 1" long.
In sandy soil. Long Island to Pennsylvania, Florida
and Georgia. June-Sept.
14. Lobelia Canbyi A. Gray. Canby's Lo-
belia. Fig. 4041.
Lobelia Canbyi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 284. 1867.
Annual, slightly puberulent, usually glabrous; stem
erect, slender, paniculately branched, or simple, 2°-3°
high. Stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, i'-ii'
long, i"-li" wide, the lower obtuse, sometimes
slightly repand-denticulate, the upper acute, nar-
rower, entire; flowers racemose, blue, 4"-si" long;
lower bracts linear, the upper subulate; pedicels
erect or ascending, naked, filiform, 1"— 3" long;
calyx-lobes linear-subulate, glandular-denticulate,
equalling or somewhat longer than the narrowly
turbinate tube, mostly shorter than the tube of the
, corolla ; capsule oblong-turbinate, 2" long, shorter
than the calyx-tube.
Swamps, New Jersey to South Carolina. July-Sept.
Family 44. CICHORIACEAE Reicbenb. Fl. Excurs. 248. 1831.
Chicory Family.
Herbs (two Pacific Island genera trees), almost always with milky, acrid or
bitter juice, alternate or basal leaves, and yellow, rarely pink, blue purple or white
flowers in involucrate heads (anthodia). Bracts of the involucre in 1 to several
series. Receptacle of the head flat or flattish, naked, scaly (paleaceous), smooth,
pitted, or honeycombed. Flowers all alike (heads homogamous ), perfect. Calyx-
tube completely adnate to the ovary, its limb (pappus) of scales, or simple or
plumose bristles, or both, or wanting. Corolla gamopetalous, with a short or long
tube, and a strap-shaped ( ligulate ) usually 5-toothed limb (ray). Anthers con-
nate into a tube around the style, the sacs sagittate or auricled at the base, not
tailed, usually appendaged at the summit, the simple pollen-grains usually 12-sided.
Ovary i-celled; ovule 1, anatropous ; style very slender, 2-cleft, or 2-lobed, the
lobes minutely papillose. Fruit an achene. Seed erect ; endosperm none ; radicle
narrower than the cotyledons.
About 70 genera and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution. The family is also known
as Liguliflorae, and is often regarded as a tribe of the Compositae.
* Pappus of scales, or of scales and bristles, or none.
Flowers blue or white; pappus of blunt scales. 1. Cichorium.
Flowers yellow.
Bracts of the involucre membranous, or herbaceous.
Pappus none; achenes 20-30-nerved. 2. Lapsana.
Pappus none; achenes 8-10-ribbed. 3. Serinea.
Genus
CHICORY FAMILY.
3°5
Pappus of rounded scales, with or without an inner series of bristles.
Bracts of the involucre 9-1S. reflexed in fruit, not keeled; pappus-bristles usually more
numerous than the scales.
Annuals ; pappus-scales 5, obovate or rounded. 4. Krigia.
Perennials; pappus-scales 10-15, linear or oblong, minute. 5. Lyntlua.
Bracts of the involucre 5-8, erect in fruit, keeled; pappus-bristles and scales 5.
6. Cymbia.
Bracts of the involucre thickened and keeled after flowering; pappus none. 7. Arnoseris.
** Pappus, at least some of it, of plumose bristles.
Receptacle chaffy.
Receptacle naked.
Plume-branches of the pappus not interwebbed.
Flowers yellow ; plants scapose, the leaves basal.
Flowers yellow ; plants leafy-stemmed.
Flowers pink.
Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed.
8. Hypochaeris.
Apargia.
Picris.
Pliloria.
Tragopogon.
13. Malacothrix.
14.
IS-
Chondrilla.
Leontodon.
*** Pappus of simple bristles or of some soft white scales.
t Receptacle with a few deciduous bristles ; flowers yellozt,
tt Receptacle naked.
1. Achenes spinulose, or with short processes near the summit.
Heads few- (6-15-) flowered, yellow; stem branching.
Heads many-flowered, yellow, solitary on scapes.
2. Achenes smooth, or papillose, not spinulose toward the summit,
(a) Achenes flattened.
Achenes truncate, not beaked ; flowers yellow.
Achenes narrowed at the summit, or beaked ; flowers blue or yellow.
(b) Achenes cylindric, or prismatic.
Achenes terete, not narrowed either at the base or summit ; flowers pink or purple. 18. Lygodesmia.
Achenes narrowed at the base, narrowed or beaked at the summit; flowers yellow.
Achenes slender-beaked.
Pappus-bristles not surrounded by a villous ring at base. 19- dgosens.
Pappus-bristles surrounded by a villous white ring at base. 20. Sitilias.
Achenes merely narrowed above, not beaked. 21. Crepis.
Achenes narrowed at the base, otherwise columnar, truncate (except in 2 species of Hieraciitm).
Flowers yellow, orange, or red.
Flowers white, cream-color, or purple.
Sonchus.
Lactuca.
Hieracium.
23. Nabalus.
i. CICHORIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 813. 1753.
Erect branching herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, those of the stem and branches
usually very small and bract-like, and large heads of blue purple pink or white flowers,
peduncled, or in sessile clusters along the branches. Involucre of 2 series of herbaceous
bracts, the outer somewhat spreading, the inner erect and subtending, or partly enclosing,
the outer achenes. Receptacle flat, naked, or slightly fimbrillate. Rays truncate and
5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish.
Achenes 5-angled or 5-ribbed. truncate, not beaked. Pappus of 2 or 3 series of short blunt
scales. [From the Arabic name.]
About 8 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical.
Wild Succory.
4042.
I. Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory.
Blue Sailors. Bunk. Fig
Cichorium Intybus L. Sp. PI. 813. 1753-
Cichorium Intybus divaricatum DC. Prodr. 7: 84. 1838.
Perennial from a long deep tap-root; stems slightly
hispid, stiff, much branched, i°-3° high. Basal leaves
spreading, runcinate-pinnatifid, dentate or lobed, spatulate,
3'-6' long, narrowed into long petioles ; upper leaves much
smaller, lanceolate or oblong, lobed or entire, clasping and
auricled at the base; heads numerous, l'-li' broad, 1-4
together in sessile clusters on the nearly naked or bracted
branches, or sometimes peduncled ; inner bracts of the
involucre about 8; flowers blue, or sometimes white.
Roadsides, fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota, Washington, North Carolina. Kansas, Colorado and Cali-
fornia. Bermuda. The ground-up root is used as a substitute
or adulterant for coffee. Heads usually closed by noon. The
flowers sometimes bear supplementary rays. Blue daisy or
dandelion. Coffee-weed. Bachelor's-buttons. Consists of sev-
eral races. July-Oct.
20
jo6
CICHORIACEAE.
Vol. III.
2. LAPSANA L. Sp. PI. 8n. 1753.
Annual erect branching herbs, with alternate dentate or pinnatifid leaves, and small
panicled slender-peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Involucre nearly cylindric, its principal
bracts in I series, nearly equal, with a few exterior small ones at the base. Receptacle tlat.
naked. Rays truncate and 5-toolhed at tile apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-
branches slender. Achenes obovate-oblong, 20-30-nerved, somewhat flattened, narrowed
below, rounded at the summit. Pappus none. |(ircck, lampsana, the name of a crucifer.]
About 'i species, natives of the Old World, the following typical.
i. Lapsana communis L
Dock-cress.
Nipplewort. Succory
Fig. 4043.
Lapsana communis L. Sp. PI. 811. 1753.
Stem paniculately branched, glabrous above, more or
less hispid-pubescent below, i°-3J0 high. Lower leaves
ovate, repand-dentate, obtuse, thin, pubescent, or glabrate.
petioled, 2'-4' long, often with 2-6 lobes on the petiole,
the uppermost oblong or lanceolate, sessile, acute, much
smaller, mostly entire; heads very numerous, 3" -6" broad;
involucre oblong-cylindric, 2"— 3" high, and of about 8
linear glaucous principal bracts and several very small
outer ones.
Along roadsides and in waste places, Quebec and Ontario
to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Also on the
Pacific Coast and in Jamaica. Naturalized from Europe.
Called also bolgan-leaves, ballogan. June-Sept.
3. SERINIA Raf. Fl. Ludov. 149. 1817.
[Apogon Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 267. 1824.]
Low glaucescent branching annual herbs, with alternate clasping entire or lobed leaves,
or those of the stem sometimes appearing as if opposite, and few small long-peduncled heads
of yellow flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts about 8, equal, membranous,
becoming concave after flowering. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at
the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes obovoid,
8-10-ribbed, contracted at the base, rounded at the summit. Pappus none, or a mere vestige.
[Greek, small chicory.]
Three known species, natives of tile southern United States,
the following typical.
i. Serinia oppositifolia ( Raf.) Kuntze.
Fig. 4044.
Serinia.
Krigia oppositifolia Raf. FI. Ludov. 57. 1817.
Apogon humilis Ell. Bot. S.. C. & Ga. 2: 267. 1824.
Serinia oppositifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 364. 1891.
Glabrous throughout, or slightly glandular-pubescent along
the ends of the peduncles, branched from the base, 4'-io'
high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, oblong-lanceolate or
spatulate in outline, acute or obtuse, entire, lobed or pin-
natifid, 3's' long, 2"-6" wide ; upper leaves mainly sessile,
clasping, alternate, or appearing as if opposite, usually entire,
smaller; peduncles very slender, sometimes 4' long; heads
1V-2" broad; bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate,
about the length of the rays.
Kansas to Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. Recorded
from Missouri. March-May.
4. KRIGIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 532. 1791.
An annual herb, with scapose stems, basal, entire, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid leaves,
and a small or middle-sized head of yellow flowers, solitary at the end of the scape. Invo-
lucre campanulate, its herbaceous bracts 9-18, reflexed in fruit, in 2 series, with no exterior
shorter ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers
sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes turbinate, 15-20-ribbed,
truncate. Pappus in 2 series, the outer of 5 thin broad rounded scales, the inner of 10 or
more slender naked bristles. [In honor of David Krig, who collected plants in Maryland
early in the eighteenth century.]
A monotypic genus of North America. This and the two following genera were included in
Adopogon Neck., in our first edition, but that genus is not typified, and the name probably belongs
to an Old World plant.
Genus 4.
CHICORY FAMILY.
ou/
1. Krigia virginica (L.) VVilld. Carolinia Dwarf Dandelion. Krigia.
Fig- 4045-
Hyoseris virginica L. Sp. PI. 809. 1753.
Hyoseris caroliniana Walt. FI. Car. 194. 1788.
Krigia virginica Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1618. 1S04.
Krigia caroliniana Nutt. Gen. 2: 126. 18 18.
Adopogon carolinianuin Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5:
346. 1894.
Annual, acaulescent ; scapes usually several
from the same root, very slender, glabrous or
hispidulous, monocephalous, 1'— 15' high, simple, or
sometimes branched at or near the base. Leaves
commonly all basal, tufted, spatulate, lanceolate
or linear, pinnatifid, sinuate, lobed, dentate or
rarely entire, i'-6' long, narrowed at the base into
usually margined petioles; head z"~7" broad;
involucre of 9-18 linear-lanceolate bracts, reflexed
after the fall of the narrowly turbinate somewhat
5-angled achenes ; pappus of 5 round short scales
and 10 or more long capillary bristles.
In dry, sandy soil, Maine to Ontario and Minne-
sota, Florida and Texas; also in Washington. April-
Aug.
5. CYNTHIA D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Tourn. 12 : 305. 1829.
Perennial herbs, with tufted basal leaves, the large many-flowered heads at the ends of
simple or branched scapes. Flowers orange or yellow. Bracts of the involucre 9-18, reflexed
in fruit, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, not keeled. Pappus of 10-15 small scales and as
many long bristles or more. [Mythological name.]
Four species, natives of North America. Type species: Cynthia virginica (L.) D. Don.
Caulescent, branched above.
Acaulescent, monocephalous.
1. C. virginica.
2. C. Dandelion.
i. Cynthia virginica (L.) D. Don. Cynthia. Virginia Goatsbeard.
Fig. 4046.
Tragopogon virginicum L. Sp. PI. 789. 1753.
Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. Gen. 2: 127. 1818.
Cynthia virginica D. Don, Edinb. Phil. .Tourn. 12 : 309. 1829.
Adopogon virginicum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 304. 1891.
Cynthia falcata Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13: 356. 1911.
Perennial, glabrous and glaucous; stem i°-2h° high,
i-leaved and branched above, bearing 1-6 long-peduncled
heads at its summit and usually I oblong, entire or
toothed clasping leaf below the middle. Basal leaves
tufted, runcinate, sinuate, denticulate, or entire, l'-y'
long, narrowed into margined petioles, heads about I ¥
broad ; involucre of 9-15 lanceolate nerveless bracts,
3"-4" long, reflexed in fruit ; achenes nearly oblong ;
pappus of 10-15 small oblong scales and an equal or
greater number of capillary bristles; flowers orange to
reddish orange.
In moist woods and meadows, Massachusetts to southern
Ontario and Manitoba, Georgia. Kentucky, Missouri and
Colorado. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. False dande lion. May-Oct.
3°S
CICHORIA< EAE.
Vol. III.
2. Cynthia Dandelion ( L.) DC. Dwarf
Dandelion or Goatsbeard. Fig. 4047.
Tragopogon Dandelion L. Sp. PI. Ed. z, iiii. 1763.
Krigia Dandelion Nutt. Gen. 2: 127. 1818.
Cynthia Dandelion DC. Prodr. 7: 89. 1838.
Adopogon Dandelion Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 304.
1 S.j 1.
Perennial, acaulescent. glabrous and some-
what glaucous; scape 6'- 18' high, slender leaf-
less, with a single head. Stolons filiform, bear-
ing globose tubers; leaves all basal, tufted,
linear-lanceolate to spatulate, entire, denticulate,
sinuate, or pinnatifid. narrowed at the base.
3'-6' long, 2"-$" wide; head about i' broad;
involucre nearly J' high; pappus similar to that
of the preceding species.
In moist soil, Maryland to Florida. Illinois, Mis-
souri, Kansas and Texas. April-June.
6. CYMBIA (T. & G.) Standley, Contr.
Nat. Herb. 13: 354. 1911.
An annual acaulescent herb, the leaves forming rosettes, the scapes monocephalous.
Involucral bracts 5-8, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, remaining erect in fruit. Receptacle naked.
Rays yellow, 5-toothed. Achenes turbinate, ribbed. Pappus an outer series of 5 obovate
scales, and an inner series of 5 bristles, much longer than the scales. [Greek, referring to
the cup-shaped fruiting involucre.]
A monotypic genus of the south-central United States.
i. Cymbia occidentalis (Nutt.) Standley.
Western Dwarf Dandelion. Fig. 4048.
Krigia occidentalis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 104.
1834.
Adopogon occidentale Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 304.
1*891.
C. occidentalis Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13: 354-
191 1.
Scapes tufted, 2'-8' high, usually glandular, at
least above, sometimes glabrous, bearing a single
head s"-io" broad. Leaves basal, lanceolate to
obovate, entire to pinnatifid, mostly shorter than
the scapes ; involucre 2"~3" high, firm and keeled
at maturity, remaining erect ; achenes transversely
wrinkled ; pappus of 5 obovate scales and 5 alter-
nating bristles, or these wanting.
Prairies, southern Missouri and Kansas to Texas.
April-May.
7. ARNOSERIS Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 355. pi. 157. 1791.
A low annual scapose herb, glabrous, or nearly so, with tufted basal dentate or nearly
entire leaves. Scapes several or numerous, simple or branched, upwardly thickened below
the solitary heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, its bracts in 1 series, narrow,
equal, thickened and keeled on the back after flowering, rarely with a few outer minute
ones. Receptacle fiat, pitted, not chaffy. Anthers sagittate. Style-branches obtuse. Achenes
oval, 8-10-ribbed, narrowed below, truncate, or with a denticulate margin. Pappus none.
IGreek, lamb-succory.]
A monotypic genus of western Europe.
Genus 7.
CHICORY FAMILY.
3°9
1. Arnoseris minima (L.) Dumort. Lamb
Succory. Fig. 4049.
Hyoseris minima L. Sp. PI. 879. 1753.
Arnoseris fusilla Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 355. 1791.
Arnoseris minima Dumort. Fl. Belg. 63. 1827.
Scapes slender, 3'-l2' high, leafless, simple,
or with 1-4 branches mostly above the middle,
gradually thickened and hollow upward for a space
of an inch or more below the heads. Leaves
oblanceolate, obovate, or oblong. I '-3' long, 3"-io"
wide, usually coarsely and sharply toothed, nar-
rowed into margined petioles ; heads 8" broad, or
less; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, strongly keeled after flowering, 2"-^"
long, curving over the achenes.
Fields and waste grounds, Maine to Ontario and
Michigan. Adventive from Europe. Also called dwarf
swine's- or hog's-succory ; dwarf nipplewort. Summer.
8.
HYPOCHAERIS [Yaill.] L. Sp.
PI. 810. 1753.
Mostly perennial herbs, with scapose, often
branched stems and mostly basal tufted leaves,
pinnatifid to entire, those of the scapes few. scale-like, very small, or none. Heads mostly
large, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. Involucre oblong-cylindric to campanulate, its bracts
herbaceous, imbricated in several series, appressed, the outer smaller. Receptacle flat, chaffy.
Anthers sagittate. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong to linear, 10-ribbed,
somewhat narrowed below, contracted above into a long or short beak, or the outer truncate.
Pappus of 1 row of plumose bristles, sometimes with some shorter simple ones. [Greek, for
pigs, which are fond of its roots.]
About 50 species, natives of Europe, Asia and South America. Type species: Hyfochaeris
glabra L.
i. Hypochaeris radicata L. Long-
rooted Cat's-ear. Gosmore.
Fig. 4050.
Hypochaeris radicata L. Sp. PI. 811. 1753.
Perennial ; stems several together, glabrous,
slender, l°-2° high, bracted, or rarely simple,
bearing a few scales. Leaves spreading on the
ground, oblanceolate to obovate in outline,
pinnatifid-lobed to dentate, 27-6' long, hirsute
on both sides ; involucre oblong-cylindric,
about 1' high, its bracts glabrous, or sparingly
pubescent; heads 1' broad or rrore; chaff of
the receptacle of narrow soft pointed scales ;
achenes rough, all with very slender beaks
longer than the body; flowers longer than the
involucre.
In waste places, Ontario to New York, southern
New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Also in Califor-
nia, Oregon, Washington and Colorado. Jamaica.
Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native
also of Asia. May-Oct.
Hypochaeris glabra L., the smooth cat's-ear, a
smaller species, with nearly or quite glabrous
leaves, flowers scarcely longer than the involucre,
and the outer achenes truncate, has been found
in Maine and Ontario, and in Georgia, and is naturalized on the Pacific Coast.
9. APARGIA Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 2: 113. 1772.
Perennial scapose herbs, with tufted basal, mostly pinnatifid leaves, branched and scaly,
or simple and naked scapes, and large heads of yellow flowers, solitary at the end of the
scape or of its branches. Involucre ovoid or oblong, its principal bracts in 1 or 2 series,
nearly equal, with several series of short outer ones. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. villous, or
somewhat honeycombed. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the
base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear, finely striate, contracted or beaked
at the summit. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of plumose persistent brownish bristles, somewhat
broadened at the base, or the outer scale-like and simple. fGreek, from the growth of these
plants on unused land.]
3io
CICHORIACEAE.
Vol. III.
About 45 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Apargia incana Scop.
Scape scaly bracted, mostly branched; pappus of plumose bristles only. i. A. autumnalis.
bractless, monocephalous ; pappus of two kinds.
Pappus of marginal and inner flowers dissimilar. 2. A. nudicaulis.
Pappus of all flowers alike. 3. A.kispida.
i. Apargia autumnale (L.) llol'fm. Fall
Dandelion. Autumnal Hawkbit. Lion's-
tooth. Fig. 4051.
Leontodon autumnale L. Sp. PI. 798. 1753.
Apargia autumnalis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. Ed. 2, 2:
1 13. 1800.
Plant glabrous or nearly so, or the involucres
and ends of peduncles black-pubescent; scape
slender, usually branched and scaly, 6'-2° high.
Leaves narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, pin-
natifid into narrow lobes, or some of them coarsely
dentate, 3' -8' long, 3"— 12" wide, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed into rather short petioles ; heads
several, rarely solitary, about 12"-is" broad; in-
volucre oblong; achenes tapering into a short
beak, or the outer ones nearly terete; pappus-
bristles all plumose.
In fields and along roadsides, Newfoundland to
Ontario, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan.
Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
June— Nov. Dog-dandelion. Arnica-bud.
2. Apargia nudicaulis ( L. ) Britton. Rough
or Hairy Hawkbit. Fig. 4052.
Crepis nudicaulis L. Sp. PI. 805. 1753.
Leontodon hirtum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1123. 1763.
Leontodon nudicaule Banks; Lowe, Trans. Camb.
Phil. Soc. 4: 28. 1831.
Plant more or less hirsute ; scape simple, slender,
4'-i2' high, minutely scaly, or naked. Leaves
linear-oblong to narrowly spatulate, acute or
obtuse, not acuminate, nearly entire, coarsely
sinuate-dentate or sometimes pinnatifid, 2'-5- long,
3"-8" wide, narrowed into petioles ; head solitary
at the end of the scape, 5"-io" broad; involucre
canescent or pubescent ; outer achenes with a
pappus of simple narrow scales, the inner ones
with a pappus of plumose bristles.
In ballast and waste places, Connecticut to New
Jersey and Pennsylvania, and on Vancouver Island.
Adventive from Europe. June-Oct.
3. Apargia hispida (L.) Willd. Common
Hawkbit. Fig. 4053.
Leontodon hispidns L. Sp. PI. 799. 1753.
Leontodon hostile L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1123. 1763.
A. hispida Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1552. 1S04.
Glabrous, or bristly-hispid. Scape stout or slender,
4'-2S' high, bractless, monocephalous; head nodding
before flowering; leaves 2'-6' long, oblong-lanceolate
in outline, coarsely and sharply dentate or subpin-
natifid ; head I*' broad or less; involucre 6" -7" high;
pappus an outer series of short and an inner series
of long plumose bristles, alike in all the flowers.
Fields and waste grounds, Rhode Island to Pennsyl-
vania, Ontario and Ohio. July-Sept.
Genus io.
CHICORY FAMILY.
io. PICRIS L. Sp. PI. 792. 1753.
Erect hispid, mostly branching, leafy herbs, with alternate leaves (in our species), and
rather large, usually corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate
or cup-shaped, its principal bracts in 1 series, nearly equal, with 2-3 series of small or large
exterior spreading ones. Receptacle flat, short-fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at
the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear or oblong,
somewhat incurved, terete or angled, 5-10-ribbed and transversely wrinkled, narrowed at the
base and summit, or beaked in some species. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of slender plumose
bristles. [Greek, bitter.]
About 35 species, natives of the Old World, one perhaps indigenous in Alaska.
Picris aspienioides L.
Outer involucral bracts linear; achenes not beaked.
Outer involucral bracts ovate, foliaceous ; achenes short-beaked.
i. Picris hieracioides L. Hawkweed
Picris. Fig. 4054.
Picris hieracioides L. Sp. PI. 792. 1753.
Biennial, more or less hispid, much
branched, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, dentate, or nearly en-
tire, the basal narrowed into petioles, acute,
often 6' long, those of the stem mostly
sessile and smaller; heads numerous, l'-l'
broad; involucre 4"-6" high, its outer
bracts linear, subulate, spreading, the inner
linear-lanceolate, acuminate; pappus copious,
nearly white.
In waste places, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, and in ballast about the seaports.
Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Very bitter. June-Sept. Old name lang-de-
beef.
Type species :
P. hieracioides.
P. echioides.
2. Picris echioides L. Bristly Ox-
tongue. Fig. 4055.
Picris echinoides L. Sp. PI. 792. 1753.
Helmintha echinoides Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2:
368. 1802.
Annual or biennial, branched, hispid ; stem
about 2i° high. Basal and lower leaves spatu-
late or oblong, obtuse, repand-dentate, 2-6'
long, narrowed into petioles ; upper leaves
sessile and clasping, oblong or lanceolate,
smaller, the uppermost mainly acute and en-
tire ; heads numerous, rather crowded, short-
peduncled, about i' broad ; outer bracts of the
involucre 4 or 5, foliaceous. ovate, acute,
hispid-ciliate, the inner ones lanceolate, mem-
branous ; achenes beaked.
In waste places. Nova Scotia and Ontario to
Pennsylvania, and in ballast about the seaports.
Also in California. Adventive from Europe. July-
Sept. Called also bugloss and bugloss-picris.
CH IIOKIACKAE.
Vol. III.
ii. PTILORIA Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832.
[Stephanomeria Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7: 427. 1841.]
Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous, often glaucous herbs, with erect, simple or branched,
usually rigid stems, alternate or basal, entire dentate or runcinate-pinnatifid leaves, those of
the stem and branches often reduced to subulate scales, and small erect heads of pink flowers,
paniculate, or solitary at the ends of the branches, opening in the morning. Involucre cylin-
dric or oblong, its principal bracts few, equal, scarious-margined, slightly united at the base,
with numerous short exterior ones and sometimes a few of intermediate length. Receptacle
flat, naked. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or
' linear, terete or columnar, 5-ribbed, truncate or beaked at the summit, the ribs smooth or
rugose. Pappus of I series of rather rigid plumose bristles. [Greek, referring to the
feathery pappus.]
About 20 species, natives of western and central North America.
pauciflora (Torr.) Raf.
Involucre about 5" high; pappus brownish, plumose to below the middle.
Involucre about 4" high; pappus white, plumose almost to the base.
Type species : Ptiloria
1. /'. pauciflora.
2. /'. ramosa.
2. Ptiloria ramosa Rydb. White-
plumed Ptiloria. Fig. 4057.
Ptiloria ramosa Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
1: 453. 1900.
Similar to the preceding species, but com-
monly lower, bushy-branched, the branches
ascending. Basal leaves runcinate-pinnati-
fid, those of the stem linear or filiform,
entire, or sometimes runcinate-dentate, the
uppermost reduced to small scales ; heads
numerous, usually solitary at the ends of
the branchlets ; involucre about 4" high ;
pappus bright white, very plumose to near
the base.
Plains and dry, rocky soil, western Ne-
braska to Wyoming, Montana and Colorado.
In first edition of this work not distinguished
from the western Ptiloria tenuifolia (Torr.)
Raf. May-Aug.
i. Ptiloria pauciflora (Torr.) Raf.
Brown-plumed Ptiloria. Fig. 4056.
Prenanthcs? pauciflora Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
2 : 210. 1827.
Ptiloria pauciflora Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832.
Stephanomeria runcinata Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. (II.) 7: 4^7- 1841.
Perennial ; stem rather stout, striate,
rigid, divergently branched, l°-2° high.
Basal and lower leaves runcinate-pinnatifid,
l'-2i' long, 3" -6" wide, the upper all short
and narrowly linear or reduced to scales ;
heads somewhat racemose-paniculate along
the branches, usually about 5-flowered ;
involucre 4"-s" high; rays l"-2" long;
pappus brownish, plumose to below the
middle.
Plains, Nebraska, Kansas to Wyoming,
Texas and California. Summer.
Genus 12.
CHICORY FAMILY.
3'3
12. TRAGOPOGON [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 789. 1753.
Biennial or perennial, erect usually branched, somewhat succulent herbs, with slender
fleshy tap-roots, alternate entire linear-lanceolate long-acuminate leaves, clasping at the base,
and long-peduncled large heads of yellow or purple flowers, opening in the early morning,
usually closed by noon. Involucre cylindric or narrowly campanulate, its bracts in 1 series,
nearly equal, acuminate, united at the base. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers
sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear, terete, or 5-angled, 5-10-ribbed,
terminated by slender beaks, or the outermost beakless. Pappus-bristles in 1 series, plumose,
connate at the base, the plume-branches interwebbed. [Greek, goats-beard.]
About 35 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Tragopogon pratensis L.
Flowers yellow ; involucral bracts equalling or shorter than the rays.
Flowers purple; involucral bracts much longer than the rays.
1. T. pratensis.
2. T. porrifolius.
i. Tragopogon pratensis L. Yellow
GoatVbeard. Meadow Salsify.
Fig. 4058.
Tragopogon pratensis L. Sp. PI. 789. 1753.
Stem branched, lI°-3° high. Leaves keeled,
tapering from the broad, more or less clasping
base to a very long acuminate tip, the lower
sometimes 10' long and 1' wide; peduncles
thickened at the top ; heads l'-2§' broad; bracts
of the involucre about 8, lanceolate, acuminate,
shorter than or equalling (rarely exceeding)
the yellow rays ; marginal achenes striate,
smooth or roughened.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to New
Jersey, Ontario, Ohio, Manitoba and Colorado.
Naturalized from Europe. June-Oct. Called also
buck's-beard, noon-flower, star-of-jerusalem, noon-
tide, Joseph's flower, go-to-bed-at-noon.
2. Tragopogon porrifolius L. Oyster
Plant. Salsify. Purple Goat's-beard.
Fig. 4059.
Tragopogon porrifolius L. Sp. PI. 789. 1753.
Taller, sometimes 4J0 high. Peduncles very
much thickened and hollow for I to 3 inches
below the heads; heads 2 '-4' broad, very showy;
bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, usually much longer than the purple rays ;
achenes sometimes 2' long, the outer ones covered
with scale-like tubercles, especially on the ribs
below.
In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey,
Virginia, Minnesota, British Columbia, Nebraska and
California, mostly escaped from gardens, where it is
common. Native of Europe. Called also vegetable
oyster, jerusalem-star, nap-at-noon, oyster-root. Nat-
uralized as a weed on the Pacific Coast. The
root is the familiar vegetable known as oyster-plant.
An apparent hybrid between this and the preceding
species has been noticed at New Brunswick, N. J.
June-Oct.
3 '4
CICHORIACEAl
YoL. III.
13. MALACOTHRIX DC. Prodr. 7: [92. 1838.
Annual or perennial, brandling or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal, mostly pinnatifid
leaves, and long-peduncled panicled or solitary heads of yellow or rarely white flowers.
Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts in 1 or 2 series, equal or nearly so, with several
scries of shorter exterior (.ties. Receptacle flat, naked or bristly. Kays truncate and 5-toothed
at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achates oblong or
linear, glabrous, 10-15-ribbed, 4 or 5 of the ribs usually more prominent than the others,
truncate, or margined and 4-5-toothed at the summit. Pappus-bristles in 2 scries, the inner
naked or minutely serrulate, slender, coherent at the base and deciduous in a ring, the outer
few ( t-8), more persistent, or all deciduous in our species. [Greek, soft-hair, in allusion to
the soft pappus.]
About 15 species, natives of the western and southwestern United States and lower California.
Type species: Malacothrix California* DC.
i. Malacothrix sonchoides ( Xutt. ) T. & G.
^Malacothrix. Fig. 40O0.
Leptoseris sonchoides Xutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7:
439. 1841.
Malacothrix sonchoides T. & G. FI. N. A. 2: 486. 1843.
Annual, glabrous throughout, or slightly glandular;
stem branched, 6'-i2 high. Leaves somewhat fleshy,
oblong or linear-oblong in outline, pinnatifid and the
lobes dentate with mucronate-pointed teeth, the basal
ones 1 i'— 3' long, narrowed into short broad petioles,
those of the stem smaller, sessile; heads several or
numerous, 8"-l3" broad; principal bracts of the invo-
lucre linear, acute, scarious-margined, the outer short,
oblong, obtuse, or acutish ; achenes linear-oblong,
margined at the summit by a 15-denticulate white
border; pappus-bristles all deciduous.
On dry plains, western Nebraska and Kansas to Cali-
fornia and Arizona. May-Aug.
14. CHONDRILLA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 796. 1753.
Perennial herbs, with stiff divaricately branched stems, the basal leaves large and mostly
pinnatifid, those of the stem small, narrow, alternate, and few middle sized heads of yellow
flowers mostly solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylindric, several-flowered,
its inner bracts in 1 or 2 series, nearly equal, with several series of small or minute outer
ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate
at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear, 4-5-angled. many-ribbed,
more or less spiny near the summit, abruptly contracted into a beak. Pappus of copious
soft white simple bristles. [Greek, lump, from the gummy matter borne on the stems of
some species.]
About 18 species, natives of the Old World, the fol- , tjk
lowing typical. t;jvJ,» *<* <*y
•yj
1. Chondrilla juncea L. Gum Succory.
Fig. 4061.
Chondrilla juncea L. Sp. PI. 796. 1753.
Stem rush-like, hirsute at the base, glabrous above,
much branched, i°-3° high. Basal leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid. those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate,
acute, dentate or entire, sessile, i'-li' long, i"-ii"
wide ; heads terminal and lateral on the branches,
short-peduncled or sessile, 4"-6" broad ; involucre
glabrous or nearly so, about 4" high, its inner bracts
narrowly linear ; achenes muricate and spiny near
the summit, slightly shorter than the filiform beak.
In dry fields and waste places, Delaware to Maryland
and Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. July-Aug.
Naked-weed. Skeleton-weed. Devil's-grass. Hog-bite.
Genus 15.
CHICORY FAMILY.
>'S
15. LEONTODON L. Sp. PL 798. 1753.
[Taraxacum (Hall.) Ludwig, Def. 175. 1760.]
Perennial acaulescent herbs, with basal tufted pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate leaves, and
large heads of yellow flowers, solitary, or very rarely 2 or 3 together at the ends of naked
hollow scapes. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its inner bracts in 1 series, nearly equal,
slightly united at the base, the outer of several series of shorter somewhat spreading ones,
often reflexed at maturity. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the summit.
Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branche6 slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong or linear-
fusiform, 4-5-angled, 5-10-nerved, roughened or spinulose, at least above, tapering into a
very slender beak. Pappus of numerous filiform unequal simple persistent bristles. [Greek,
lion's-tooth.]
About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and southern South America. Type
species : Leontodon Taraxacum L.
Outer involucral bracts reflexed ; achenes greenish brown, the beak 2-3 times their length.
1. L. Taraxacum.
Outer involucral bracts spreading or ascending.
Achenes greenish, the beak 2-3 times their length. 2. L. latilobum.
Achenes red, the beak not more than twice their length. 3. L. erythrospermum.
i. Leontodon Taraxacum L. Dandelion. Blowball. Fig. 4062.
Leontodon Taraxacum L. Sp. PI. 798. 1753.
T. officinale Weber, Prim. PI. Hoist. 56. 1780.
T. Dens-leonis Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 228. 1800.
T. Taraxacum Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 1138. 1880-83.
Root thick, deep, often 10' long, bitter. Leaves
oblong to spatulate in outline, usually pubes-
cent, at least when young, acute or obtuse,
pinnatifid, sinuate-dentate or rarely nearly
entire, rather succulent, 3'-lo' long, i'-2i' wide,
narrowed into petioles; scape erect, 2-18' high ;
head I '-2' broad; containing very numerous
golden-yellow flowers (150-200), inner bracts
of the involucre linear or linear-lanceolate, the
outer similar, shorter, not glaucous, reflexed,
all acute; achenes greenish-brown, fusiform,
spinulose above, narrowed into a filiform beak
2-3 times their length, which support the
copious white pappus, the fruiting mass of
which becomes globose when ripe.
In fields and waste places, naturalized as a
weed from Europe. Also in Asia and distributed
as a weed in all civilized parts of the world. Jan.-
Dec. Called also lion's-tooth, cankerwort, milk-
witch- or yellow-gowan, Irish daisy, monk's-head,
priest's-crown, puff-ball. Arnica.
2. Leontodon latilobum ( DC. ) Britton.
Mountain Dandelion. Fig. 4063.
Taraxacum latilobum DC. Prodr. 7: 146. 183S.
T. Taraxacum alpinum Porter, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 349. 1894.
Similar to the preceding but scape lower.
2'-y' high. Leaves sinuately lobed with broadly
triangular lobes, but less deeply so than in
L. Taraxacum and rarely as far as half way
to the midrib, or often merely dentate or sub-
entire; heads smaller, or about 1' wide; bracts
fewer, the outer broadly ovate, appressed or
merely spreading.
In moist places, Newfoundland and Labrador
to Quebec. Europe. Summer. Rocky Mountain
and northwestern plants formerly regarded as
included in this species are now considered dis-
tinct.
316
CICHORIAt EAE.
\,,i ill
3. Leontodon erythrospermum ( Andrz.)
Fig. 40(14.
Britton. Red-seeded Dandel
Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. in Bess. Enum.
PI. Vilh. 75. 1821.
Similar to the two preceding species, the leaves
glabrous, very deeply runcinate-pinnatifid or pin-
nately divided into narrower triangular-lanceolate
usually long-pointed segments; scapes glabrous,
or pubescent above; heads rarely more than 1'
broad, 70-90-flowered ; bracts of the involucre
glaucous, the outer lanceolate, spreading or as-
cending, the inner linear, longer, each usually
with an appendage just below the tip; flowers
sulphur-yellow, the outer rays purplish without ;
achenes narrower, bright red, or red-brown, spin-
ulose above, the filiform beak not more than twice
their length; pappus dirty white.
Tn fields and woods, Maine and Vermont to New
York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Alberta, Illinois and
Wyoming. Naturalized from Europe. April-June.
April-June.
16. SONCHUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 793. 1753.
Annual or perennial succulent herbs, with alternate, mostly auriculate-clasping, entire
dentate lobed or pinnatifid, prickly-margined leaves, and large or middle-sized, peduncled
corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre ovoid or campanulate, usually
becoming thickened and more or less conic at the base when old, its bracts herbaceous or
membranous, imbricated in several series, the outer successively smaller. Receptacle flat,
naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-
branches slender. Achenes oval, oblong, or linear, more or less flattened, 10-20-ribbed.
somewhat narrowed at the base, truncate. Pappus of very copious soft white simple capillary
bristles, usually falling away connected, sometimes with 1 or 2 stouter ones which fall sepa-
rately. [The Greek name of the Sow-thistle.]
About 45 species, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, another occurs on the
Pacific Coast. Type species : Sonchus oleraceus L.
Involucre glandular-pubescent ; heads nearly 1' high. 1. S. arvensis.
Involucre glabrous; heads 6"-8" high.
Auricles of the leaves acute ; achenes striate and transversely wrinkled. 2. 5. oleraceus.
Auricles rounded; achenes ribbed, not transversely wrinkled. 3. S.asper.
i. Sonchus arvensis L. Corn Sow-Thistle.
Milk Thistle. Fig. 4065.
Sonchus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 793. 1753.
Perennial by deep roots and creeping rootstocks,
glabrous; stem leafy below, paniculately branched
and nearly naked above. 2°-4° high. Lower and
basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, often 12' long,
spinulose-dentate, narrowed into short petioles, the
upper pinnatifid or entire, lanceolate, clasping; heads
several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, I '-2'
broad, bright yellow, very showy ; involucre nearly
1' high, its bracts as also the peduncles glandular-
bristly ; achenes oblong, compressed, with about 10
rugose longitudinal ribs.
In low grounds, fields and waste places. New Jersey
to Quebec, Newfoundland, Minnesota, Colorado and
British Columbia. Naturalized from Europe. Native
also of Asia. July-Oct. Dindle. Gutweed. Swine-thistle.
Tree sow-thistle.
Genus 16.
CHICORY FAMILY.
3J7
2. Sonchus oleraceus L.
Thistle. Hare's Lettuce.
Sonchus oleraceus L. Sp. PI. 794.
Annual, with fibrous roots;
Annual Sow-
Fig. 4066.
I7S3-
stem leafy be-
low, nearly simple, l°-i0o high. Basal and
lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid, 4'-io'
long, the terminal segment commonly large
and triangular, the margins denticulate with
mucronate or scarcely spiny teeth ; upper leaves
pinnatifid, clasping by an auricled or sagittate
base, the auricles acute or acuminate ; upper-
most leaves often lanceolate and entire; heads
several or numerous, pale yellow, 9"-l5"
broad ; involucre glabrous, 6"-8" high ; achenes
flat, longitudinally ribbed and transversely
rugose.
In fields and waste places, a common weed in
most cultivated parts of the globe except the ex-
treme north. Also in Central and South America.
Naturalized from Europe. Hare's-colewort or
-thistle. Millc-weed. Milk-thistle. Milky tassel.
Swinies. The leaves used as a salad and as a pot herb
May— Nov.
3. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill,
fringed Sow-Thistle.
Spiny or Sharp-
Fig. 4067.
Sonchus oleraceus var. asper L. Sp. PI. 794. 1753.
Sonchus asper Hill, Herb. Brit. 47. 1769.
Annual, similar to the preceding species; leaves
undivided, lobed or sometimes pinnatifid, spinulose-
dentate to spinulose-denticulate, the lower and basal
ones obovate or spatulate, petioled, the upper oblong
or lanceolate, clasping by an auricled base, the
auricles rounded; heads several or numerous, 1'
broad or less ; flowers pale yellow ; involucre gla-
brous, about 6" high ; achenes flat, longitudinally
ribbed.
In waste places throughout most of our area and in
tropical and South America. Widely distributed as a
weed in nearly all cultivated parts of the earth. Nat-
uralized from Europe. May-Nov.
17. LACTUCA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 795. 1753.
Tall leafy herbs, with small panicled heads of yellow, white, pink, or blue flowers, and
alternate leaves. Involucre cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter,
or of I or 2 series of principal nearly equal inner bracts, and several rows of short outer ones.
Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at
the base. Style-branches mostly slender. Achenes oval, oblong or linear, flat, 3-5-ribbed
on each face, narrowed above or tipped by a filiform beak, which is somewhat expanded
at the summit into a small disk bearing the copious soft capillary white or brown pappus-
bristles. [The Ancient Latin name, from lac, milk, referring to the milky juice.]
About 100 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Type species: Lactuca sat'ira L.
A. Achenes filiform-beaked; rays mainly yellow.
Introduced European species ; heads few-flowered.
Panicle widely branching; achene about as long as its beak.
Panicle-branches nearly erect ; achene shorter than its beak.
Native species ; heads several- to many-flowered.
Leaves, or their lobes, spinulose-denticulate; stem leafy below.
Leaves entire to pinnatifid, the teeth not spinulose ; stem leafy to the inflorescence.
Leaves hirsute or bristly on the veins beneath.
Plant hirsute- below; leaves pinnatifid or the upper entire. 4. L. hirsuta.
Plant hirsute up to the inflorescence ; leaves merely dentate or denticulate.
5. L. Slcelei.
L. Z'irosa.
L. saligna.
3. L. ludoviciana.
3»8
CI( HORIACEAE
Vol. Ill
Leaves glabrous.
Leaves entire to pinnatifid, not sagittate at base.
Leaves entire or denticulate, sagittate at base.
6. /.. canadensis.
7. L. sagittifolia.
B. Achenes truncate, or narrowed into stout beaks; rays blue to white.
Perennial ; achenes flattened.
Annuals or biennials ; achenes swollen.
Pappus bright white.
Achenes beakless; leaves dentate, acuminate.
Achenes beaked ; leaves pinnatifid.
Pappus brown ; achenes short-beaked.
8. L.pulchella.
9. L. villosa.
10. L. ftoridana.
11. L. spicata.
races, differing in
i. Lactuca virosa L. Prickly or \yild
Lettuce. Fig. 4068.
Lactuca virosa L. Sp. PI. 795. 1753.
Lactuca Serriola L. Cent. PI. 2: 29. 1756.
Lactuca Scariola L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 11 19. 1763.
Biennial, green and glaucous ; stem stiff, leafy,
usually paniculately branched, glabrous through-
out, or bristly-hirsute at the base, 2°-"° high.
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, spinulose-
margined, denticulate or pinnatifid, sessile or
auriculate-clasping, the lowest sometimes 10'
long and 3' wide, the upper much smaller;
midrib spinulose or hispid; heads 2"-4" broad.
6-12-flowered ; very numerous in an open pan-
icle; involucre cylindric, l"-lj" thick, its outer
bracts about one-third the length of the inner;
rays yellow ; achenes obovate-oblong, about as
long as the filiform beak; pappus white.
In fields and waste places, Vermont to Georgia.
west to the Pacific Coast. A troublesome weed.
Naturalized from Europe. Consists of several
the form, lobing and position of the leaves. Aug.-Sept.
Milk- or horse-thistle.
2. Lactuca saligna L. Willow Let-
tuce. Fig. 4069.
Lactuca saligna L. Sp. PI. 796- J753-
Biennial, light green ; stem slender, smooth
or nearly so, 2° high or more, the very
slender branches erect-ascending. Leaves
glabrous, linear to oblong, 6' long or less,
runcinate-pinnatifid with pointed divergent
lobes, or entire, sagittate at the base, the
midvein sometimes spinulose; panicles nar-
row ; heads about 3" broad, few-flowered ;
involucre subcylindric ; outer bracts much
shorter than the inner; achenes oblong,
about one-half as long as the filiform beak;
pappus white.
Waste and cultivated grounds, Ohio.
uralized from Europe. July-Aug.
Nat-
Genus 17.
CHICORY FAMILY
3. Lactuca ludoviciana ( Nutt.) DC. West-
ern Lettuce. Fig. 4070.
Sonchus ludovicianus Nutt. Gen. 2: 125. 1818.
Lactuca ludoviciana DC. Prodr. 7: 141. 1838.
Biennial, glabrous throughout, leafy up to inflor-
escence, paniculately branched, 2°<-5° high. Leaves
oblong to ovate-oblong, acute or acutish, 2'-A,' long,
auriculate-clasping, spinulose-denticulate, sinuate-
lobed, or pinnatifid with spinulose segments ; heads
3"— 5" broad, numerous in an open panicle, their
peduncles bracteolate ; involucre cylindric or ovoid-
cylindric, glabrous, 8"-o," high, its bracts succes-
sively shorter and broader, the lower ones ovate ;
rays yellow ; achenes oval to obovate. flat, about
the length of their filiform beak; pappus white.
Plains and banks, Iowa, Minnesota and South Da-
kota to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept.
4. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Hairy or Red
Wood-Lettuce. Fig. 4071.
Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Cat. 69. 1813.
Lactuca sanguinea Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. z, 287. 1824.
Lactuca elongata var. sanguinea T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 :
496. 1843.
Stem i°-6° high, naked and paniculately branch-
ed above, usually hirsute, at least below. Leaves,
or most of them, sinuate-pinnatifid, pubescent on
both sides, or on the midrib beneath, those of the
stem mostly sessile or auriculate-clasping, ^-7'
long, the uppermost sometimes lanceolate and
entire, the basal petioled ; heads numerous, 2"-3"
broad ; involucre glabrous, 5 "-9" high ; outer bracts
shorter than the inner ; rays reddish-yellow or
paler ; achenes oblong-oval, flat, about the length
of the beak ; pappus white.
In dry soil. Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Ala-
bama and Texas. Stem, peduncles and involucre
often red or purple. July-Sept.
5. Lactuca Steelei Britton. Steele's Wild
Lettuce. Fig. 4072.
L. Steelei Britton, Man. 899. 1901.
Stem and branches hirsute. Leaves obovate to oval,
the larger about 8' long and 4' wide, sessile, irregu-
larly dentate, not lobed, hispid on the veins beneath,
short-acuminate ; involucre about 6" high ; rays not
seen; achenes oval, 3-ribbed, about ii" long, the fili-
form beak slightly shorter; pappus bright white.
Near Washington, D. C, and, apparently, in Delaware.
July-Aug.
3-°
C'U'HOklAl i-'..\ !■:
Vol. III.
6. Lactuca canadensis L. Wild or Tall Lettuce. Wild ( >pium. Fig. 4073.
Lactuca canadensis L. Sp. PI. 796. 1753.
Lactuca elonyata Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 1525. 1804.
Lactuca canadensis montana Britton, in Britton and
Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 274. 1898.
Biennial or annual, glabrous throughout, some-
what glaucous; stem leafy up to the inflorescence,
3°-lo° high, branching above into a narrow pan-
icle. Leaves mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, those of
the stem sessile or auriculate-clasping, 2'-%' long.
the uppermost smaller, often lanceolate, acumi-
nate and entire, sometimes all lanceolate and en-
tire, the basal often 12' long, narrowed into peti-
oles ; heads numerous, 2"~z" broad ; involucre
cylindric, 4"-6" high, its outer bracts shorter than
the inner ; rays yellow ; achenes oval, flat, about
as long as the filiform beak; pappus white.
In moist, open places, Nova Scotia to British Co-
lumbia, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas and
Colorado. Santo Domingo. Trumpetweed, trumpet-
milkweed, trumpets, and fire-weed. Butter- or horse-
weed. Devil's-weed. Devil's-iron-weed. June-Nov.
Lactuca Morssii Robinson, with blue rays, and
achenes 3 or 4 times longer than their filiform beaks,
may be a hybrid with L. spicata.
7. Lactuca sagittifolia Ell. Arrow-leaved
Lettuce. Fig. 4074.
L. sagittifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 253. 1821-24.
Lactuca integrifolia Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 287. 1824.
Not Nutt. 181S.
L, elongata var. integ. T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 496. 1843.
Biennial; stem glabrous throughout, or hirsute
below, leafy nearly up to the usually paniculate
inflorescence, 2°-6° high. Leaves oblong, oblong-
lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate or acute, en-
tire or denticulate, the lower rarely pinnatifid,
sometimes spinulose on the margins, those of the
stem sessile or sagittate-clasping, 3' -6' long, i'-li'
wide, the basal and lower ones petioled ; heads
commonly very numerous, 2"-4" broad ; involucre
cylindric, 5"-/ ' high, the outer bracts shorter than
the inner; rays yellow or reddish; achenes oval,
flat, rather longer than their filiform beaks; pap-
pus white.
In dry, open soil, New Brunswick and Ontario to
Georgia, Idaho and Kansas. Called also devil's-iron-
weed. July-Sept.
8. Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. Large-
flowered Blue Lettuce. Fig. 4075.
Sonchus pulchellus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 502. 1814.
Lactuca integrifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 124. 1818.
Lactuca pulchella. DC. Prodr. 7: 134. 1838.
Perennial, glabrous throughout, somewhat glau-
cous ; stem rather slender, leafy up to the corym-
bose-paniculate inflorescence, i°-3° high. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, en-
tire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, those of the stem
sessile or partly clasping, 2'-8' iong; 2"-i8" wide,
the lowest and basal ones sometimes petioled ;
heads mostly numerous, 6"-io" broad: branches
and peduncles scaly; involucre well imbricated,
8"-io" high, its outer bracts successively shorter,
ovate-lanceolate ; rays bright blue or violet ;
achenes oblong-ianceolate, flat, twice as long as
their tapering beaks; pappus white.
In moist soil, western Ontario to British Columbia,
Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, New Mexico and California.
June-Sept.
Lactuca campestris Greene, of the prairie region,
is described as differing from this by yellow rays.
Genus 17.
CHICORY FAMILY
9. Lactuca villosa Jacq. Hairy-veined
Blue Lettuce. Fig. 4076.
L. villosa Jacq. Hort. Schoen. 3: 62. pi. 367. 1798.
Sonchus acuminatus Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1521, 1804.
Mulgedium acuminatum DC. Prodr. 7: 249. 1838.
L. acuminata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 73. 1883.
Annual or biennial; stem glabrous, leafy up to
the paniculate inflorescence, 2°-6° high. Leaves
oblong, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, acutely den-
tate or the teeth mucronate-tipped, glabrous above,
pubescent with short stiff hairs on the veins be-
neath, sessile and slightly clasping at the base, or
petioled, 4'-6' long. l'-2j' wide, the lowest some-
times lobed at the base; heads numerous. 3"-S"
broad; peduncles usually minutely scaly; rays
blue ; involucre about 5" high, its outer bracts
much shorter than the inner, some or all of them
obtuse ; achenes thick, oblong, little flattened, nar-
rowed above ; pappus white.
In thickets, New York to Illinois, Nebraska, south
to Florida, Georgia and Kentucky. July-Sept. False
lettuce.
10. Lactuca floridana ( L. ) Gaertn. False or
Florida Lettuce. Fig. 4077.
Sonchus floridanus L. Sp. PI. 794. 1753.
Lactuca floridana Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 362. 1791.
Mulgedium floridanum DC. Prodr. 7: 349. 1791.
Annual or biennial ; stem glabrous, rather stout,
leafy up to the large, paniculate inflorescence, 3°-7°
high. Leaves deeply lyrate-pinnatifid, or sometimes
cordate-ovate, sessile or petioled, 4'-i2' long, glabrous
above, pubescent on the veins beneath, the terminal
segment usually broad, triangular, acute or acumi-
nate, the lateral ones lanceolate to oval, acute, all
usually dentate, or the leaves irregularly lobed;
heads numerous, 3"-S" broad ; peduncles commonly
scaly ; rays blue ; involucre about 6" high, its outer
bracts much smaller than the inner ; achenes thick,
somewhat compressed, narrowed above into a short
beak ; pappus white.
In moist, open places, southern New York and Penn-
sylvania to Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Porto
Rico. July-Sept.
11. Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc.
Tall Blue Lettuce. Fig. 4078.
Sonchus spicatus Lam. Encycl. 3: 401. 1789.
Mulgedium leucophaeum DC. Prodr. 7 : 250. 1838.
Lactuca leucophaea var. integrifolia A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. 1 : Part 2, 444. 1884.
Lactuca spicata integrifolia Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club 5 : 350. 1894.
L. spicata Hitchc. ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 276.
1898.
Annual or biennial ; stem usually stout, gla-
brous, 3°-i2° high, leafy up to the large,
rather dense panicle. Leaves deeply pinnatifid
or lobed to entire, sharply dentate with mu-
cronate-pointed teeth, sessile, or the lower
narrowed into margined petioles, glabrous on
both sides, or pubescent on the veins beneath,
5'-i2' long, 2'^6' wide ; heads very numerous,
about 2" broad; peduncles minutely scaly;
rays blue to white ; achenes oblong, com-
pressed, narrowed above into a short neck ;
pappus brown.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to Manitoba,
North Carolina, Tennessee, Iowa, South Dakota
and Colorado. Ascends to 2000 ft. in North
Carolina. Races differ in leaf-form and in color
of the flowers. Milk-weed. July-Oct.
21
322
CKHOKIACEAE.
Vol. 111.
18. LYGODESMIA 1). Don, Fdinb. Phil. J. mrn. 6: 311. 1829.
Perennial or annual glabrous rigid branching herbs, with linear leaves, or the basal and
lower ones sometimes broader and pinnatifid, those of the stem very narrow and entire or
reduced to linear scales, and middle-sized 3-12-flowered heads of pink or purple flowers,
solitary and erect at the ends of the stem and branches, or sometimes racemose. Involucre
cylindric, its principal bracts 5-8, linear, scarious-margined, equal, slightly united at the base,
with several very short outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at
the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear, smooth
or striate. Pappus of copious somewhat unequal simple bristles. [Greek, twig-bundle, from
the numerous branches.]
About 6 species, natives of western and southern North America. Type species: Prenanthes
junc e a Pursh.
Heads solitary at the ends of the branches; leaves linear or subulate. i. L. juncea.
Heads racemose along the branches; leaves elongated-linear. 2. L.rostrata.
i. Lygodesmia juncea ( Pursh) D.
Don. Rush-like Lygodesmia.
Fig. 4079.
Prenanthes juncea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 498.
1814.
Lygodesmia juncea D. Don; Hook. Fl. Bor.
Am. 1 : 295. 1833.
Perennial by a thick woody root ; stems
stiff, striate, much branched. 8-18' high,
the branches erect. Lower leaves linear-
lanceolate, rigid, entire, acute or acuminate,
¥-2' long, I'-li" wide, the upper similar
but smaller, or reduced to subulate scales ;
heads 6"-8" broad, mostly 5-flowered, soli-
tary at the ends of the branches ; involucre
6"-8" high ; achenes narrowly columnar or
slightly tapering, truncate at the summit,
about 8-nerved or ribbed, 2h"-^i" long;
pappus light brown.
Plains. Minnesota to Saskatchewan, Mon-
tana, Wisconsin, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas
and Arizona. Often infested by a globose gall
2"-s" in diameter. June-Aug.
2. Lygodesmia rostrata A. Gray.
Beaked Lygodesmia. Fig. 4080.
/.. juncea var. rostrata A. Gray, Proc. Phil.
Acad. 1863: 69. 1863.
Lygodesmia rostrata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
9; 217. 1874.
Annual, less rigid;. stem striate, leafy,
paniculately branched, l°-3° high. Leaves
elongated-linear, acuminate, entire. 3-nerved,
the lower 3'-7' long, i"-ii" wide, the upper-
most very small and subulate ; heads numer-
ous, 7-10-flowered, about ¥ broad, racemose
along the branches on scaly short erect pe-
duncles ; involucre S"-7" high ; achenes nar-
rowly fusiform, narrowed or somewhat
beaked at the summit, 5-8-ribbed or -striate,
4"-S" long, longer than the whitish pappus.
Plains and canyons, South Dakota to Sas-
katchewan, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and
Wyoming. Aug.-Sept.
Genus ig.
CHICORY FAMILY.
323
19. AGOSERIS Raf.; D. Dietr. Syn. PL 4: 1332. 1847.
[Troximon Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813. Not Gaertn. i"yi.]
Perennial or annual herbs, mostly acaulescent, with tufted usually sessile basal leaves,
and solitary heads of yellow or rarely purple flowers at the end of a naked or bracted scape.
Involucre campanulate or oblong, its bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, or with
spreading tips, membranous or herbaceous, not thickened after flowering, the outer ones
gradually shorter and broader. Receptacle flat, naked or foveolate. Rays truncate and
5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes
oblong, obovate, or linear, 10-ribbed, not flattened, beaked or beakless. Pappus of copious
slender simple white bristles or soft unequal narrow scales. [Greek, head- or chief-succory.]
About 30 species, natives of western and southern North America and southern South America.
Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western parts of the United States. Type
species: Agoseris cuspidata (Pursh) D. Dietr.
Achenes beaked.
Head 1-2' broad, achenes 5"-6" long. 1, A.glauca.
Head \'-z' broad; achenes 5"-6" long. 2. A. parviflora.
Achenes beakless. 3. A. cuspidata.
i. Agoseris glauca (Pursh) D. Dietr.
Large-flowered Agoseris. Fig. 4081.
T. glaucum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 505. 18 14.
Agoseris glauca D. Dietr. Syn. PI. 4: 1332. 1847.
Perennial, pale or glaucous, glabrous through-
out or a little woolly below. Leaves linear,
lanceolate, or oblong, entire, dentate or pinna-
tifid, 2'-io' long, 2"-io" wide, acuminate at
the apex, narrowed at the base, sometimes into
margined petioles ; scapes stout, glabrous or
slightly pubescent, longer than the leaves, often
ii° high; head l'-2' broad; involucre oblong-
campanulate, or broader in fruit, commonly
quite glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
often hyaline-margined ; achenes conspicuously
beaked, 5"-6" long, when mature longer than
the copious pappus of rather rigid scabrous or
denticulate bristles.
Minnesota to South Dakota, Saskatchewan,
south to Kansas (according to Smyth), Colorado
and Utah. May-July.
2. Agoseris parviflora (Nutt.) D. Dietr.
Small-flowered Agoseris. Fig. 4082.
Troximon parviflorum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 7 :
434- 1 84 1.
Troximon glaucum var. parviflorum A. Gray, Syn Fl
1 : Part 2, 437. 1884.
Agoseris parviflora D. Dietr. Syn. PI. 4: 1332. 1847.
Perennial, glabrous throughout; scape slender,
much longer than the leaves, 5-15' high. Leaves
narrowly linear, acuminate, entire, 3-8' long,
i"-2i" wide; head 1' broad or less; involucre ob-
long-ovoid, becoming nearly hemispheric in fruit,
6"-8" high, glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, acumi-
nate; achenes conspicuously beaked, about 4" long;
pappus of numerous unequal very slender bristles.
Plains, North Dakota to Nebraska. Manitoba, Al-
berta, Idaho arid New Mexico. Called also false dande-
lion. May-July.
324
CICHORIACEAE.
Vol. III.
3. Agoseris cuspidata (Pursh) D. Dietr.
Prairie False Dandelion. Fig. 4083.
Troximon cuspidatum Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. 742. 1814.
Troximon marginatum Nutt. Gen. 2: 128. 1 8 1 S.
Agoseris cuspidata D. Dietr. Syn. PI. 4: 1332. 1847.
Nothocalais cuspidata Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. (II.)
2:55. 1886.
Leaves linear, long-acuminate, thick, pubescent
or glabrate, 4'-8' long, 2"-$" wide, somewhat con-
duplicate, their margins conspicuously white-to-
mentose and crisped, or entire. Scape stout, to-
mentose, at least above, shorter than or equalling
the leaves; head l'-2' broad; involucre usually
quite glabrous, nearly 1' high; achenes slightly
contracted at the summit; about 3" long, beakless;
pappus of 40-50 unequal bristles.
In dry soil, on prairies and rocky hills, Illinois to
North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado.
Called also false dandelion. April-June.
20. SITILIAS Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 85. 1836.
[Pyukhopappus DC. Prodr. 7: 144. 1838.]
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and mostly large, solitary or few
heads of yellow flowers, borne on long, usually bracted peduncles. Involucre oblong or cam-
panulate, its principal bracts in 1 series, nearly equal, slightly united at the base, with several
series of smaller outer ones. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate
at the base. Style-branches short, obtusish. Achenes oblong or fusiform, mostly 5-ribbed,
roughened or hirsute, abruptly narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of numerous
soft simple brownish somewhat unequal bristles, surrounded at the base by a villous white
ring. [Name unexplained.]
Six known species, natives of North America and Mexico. Besides the following, 3 others
occur in the southwestern United States. Type species: Sitilias carohniana (Walt.) Raf.
Stem leafy, usually branched ; plant glabrous, or nearly so.
Scape naked, monocephalous ; plant hirsute, or pubescent.
1. 5. caroliniana.
2. S. grandiflora.
Sitilias caroliniana ( Walt.) Raf. Leafy-stemmed False Dandelion. Fig. 4084.
Leontodon carolinianum Walt. Fl. Car. 192. 1788.
5. caroliniana Raf. New Fl. N. A. Part 4, 85. 1S36.
Pyrrhopappus carolinianus DC. Prodr. 7: 144. 1S38.
Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly so ; stem
leafy, usually branched, 2°-5° high. Basal leaves
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid. lobed,
coarsely dentate or some of them entire, acute,
acuminate, or obtusish, 3'-8' long. J'-lV wide,
narrowed into margined petioles ; stem leaves ses-
sile or partly clasping, the upper usually lanceo-
late, entire and acuminate ; peduncles usually pu-
berulent; heads 1 or several, i'-li' broad; invo-
lucre commonly puberulent or pubescent, about 1'
high, its outer bracts setaceous or subulate, spread-
ing, the inner corniculate at the apex ; achenes
2"-z" long, tipped with a filiform beak of about
three times their length.
In dry fields, Delaware to Florida. Kentucky, Mis-
souri, Louisiana and Texas. April-July.
Genus 20.
CHICORY FAMILY
2. Sitilias grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene.
Rough False Dandelion. Fig. 4085.
Barkhausia grandiflora Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 7 :
69. 1834.
Pyrrhopappus scaposus DC. Prodr. 7: 144. 1838.
Sitilias grandiflora Greene, Pittonia 2: 180. 1S91.
Hirsute or pubescent ; root tuberous-thickened.
Leaves all basal, oblong or spatulate in outline,
deeply pinnatifid, 3'-"' long, l'-li' wide, narrowed
into margined petioles; scape naked or sometimes
with a small leaf near its base; head solitary,
1/-2' broad; outer bracts of the involucre small,
short, subulate, the inner ones obscurely cornicu-
late at the tip.
On prairies, Kansas to Texas. April-June.
21. CREPIS L. Sp. PI. 805. 1753.
Perennial, biennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal, mostly toothed or pinnatifid
leaves, and small or middle-sized heads, usually paniculate or corymbose, of yellow or orange
flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, or swollen at the base, its principal bracts in I
series, equal, with a number of exterior smaller ones. Receptacle mostly flat, naked or short-
fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-
branches slender. Achenes linear-oblong, 10-20-ribbed or nerved, not transversely rugose,
narrowed at the base and apex, beakless in our species. Pappus copious, of very slender
white bristles. [Greek, sandal; application not explained.]
About 200 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, about 20 others
occur in western North America. Type species : Crepis tectorum L.
Involucre glabrous.
Involucre cylindric ; plant pubescent below ; introduced.
Involucre campanulate ; plant glaucous ; native, western.
Involucre pubescent, glandular, or canescent.
Foliage not canescent nor scurfy, sometimes hirsute.
Stems naked, or with 1 or 2 small leaves ; western, native.
Stems leafy ; introduced annuals or biennials.
Stem leaves narrow, revolute-margined, sessile.
Stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, not revolute-margined.
Involucre 3"— 4" high; achenes 10-striate.
Involucre 4"-6" high; achenes 13-striate.
Foliage cinereous, canescent, or scurfy, sometimes also hirsute.
Inner bracts of the involucre 5-8; flowers 5-8.
Inner bracts of the involucre 9-24 ; flowers 10-30.
i. Crepis pulchra L. Small-flowered Hawks-
beard. Fig. 4086.
Crepis pulchra L. Sp. PI. 806. 1753.
Annual ; stem 2°-4i° high, leafy and pubescent
below, mostly glabrous, naked, and paniculately
branched above. Stem leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, dentate, clasping by an auricled base or
truncate, pubescent, 3'-4' long, acute or obtuse, or
the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate and entire;
basal leaves runcinate, narrowed into petioles ; heads
very numerous, about 3" broad, in a large naked
panicle ; involucre narrow, cylindric, glabrous, about
5" high, its principal bracts 12-15, linear, acuminate,
the outer ones very short, ovate, appressed ; achenes
linear, faintly 10-nerved, slightly narrowed above.
Along railroad near Culpepper, Virginia, very abun-
dant in 1890. Naturalized or adventive from Conti-
nental Europe. May-July.
I.
2.
C. pulchra.
C. glauca.
3-
C. runcinata.
4-
C. tectorum.
5-
6.
C. capillaris.
C. biennis.
7-
8.
C. intermedia.
C. occidentalis
CICH< >K1 U I'.AE.
Vol. III.
2. Crepis glauca ( Nutt. ) T. & ( r. Glaucous
Hawksbeard. Fig. 4087.
Crepidium gtaucum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
7: 436. 1841.
Crepis glauca T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 488. 1843.
Perennial ; scapose, or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves
on the stem, l°-2}° high, glabrous and glaucous
throughout. Basal leaves spatulate, oblanceolate,
or obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, gradually
narrowed into margined petioles, entire, dentate,
or pinnatifid, a'-6' long, l'-l' wide; heads not
numerous, long-peduncled, 6"-l2" broad ; pedun-
cles glabrous; involucre campanulate, its principal
bracts lanceolate, acute, the outer ones very short,
ovate, appressed ; achenes oblong-cylindric, slightly
narrowed above, strongly 10-ribbed.
In moist and saline soil, Nebraska to Saskatche-
wan, Utah and Nevada. July-Aug.
3. Crepis runcinata (James) T. & G.
Naked Stemmed Hawksbeard.
Fig. 4088.
Hieracium runcinatum James in Long's Exp. I: 453.
1823.
Crepis runcinata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 487. 1843.
Crepis perplexans Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 32: 134.
1906.
Perennial, similar to the preceding species, but
not glaucous or scarcely so, often pubescent below ;
stem leafless or with 1 or 2 small leaves, l°-3°
high. Basal leaves spatulate, obovate, or oblong,
obtuse or acute, entire, repand, dentate, or rarely
runcinate-pinnatifid, 2'-6' long, i'-ii' wide; heads
several, long-peduncled, nearly 1' broad; pedun-
cles glabrous or glandular-pubescent ; involucre
campanulate, pubescent or glandular, its principal
bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, outer ones short,
lanceolate, appressed ; achenes linear-oblong, some-
what narrowed above, 10-ribbed.
In moist soil, Iowa to North Dakota, Manitoba,
Alberta, Utah and Montana. June-July.
Crepis riparia A. Nelson, with broadly obovate
basal leaves and larger flowers, is recorded from Ne-
braska.
^7$F
4. Crepis teciorum L. Narrow-leaved Hawks-
beard. Fig. 4089.
Crepis tcctorum L. Sp. PI. S07. 1753.
Annua! ; stem slender, puberulent or pubescent,
leafy, branched, l°-2° high. Basal leaves lanceolate,
dentate, or runcinate-pinnatifid, 4'-6' long; stem
leaves sessile, sometimes slightly sagittate at the
base, linear, entire, dentate, or lobed, their ^margins
revolute ; heads numerous, corymbose, 6"-io" broad ;
involucre narrowly campanulate, canescent or pubes-
cent, 3"-s" high, its principal bracts lanceolate, acu-
minate, downy within, the exterior ones linear,
spreading; peduncles usually canescent; achenes 10-
ribbed, narrowed above into a short beak, the ribs
minutely scabrous.
In waste places and on ballast, New York and New
Jersey to Connecticut, Ontario, Michigan and Nebraska.
Naturalized from Europe. June-July.
Genus 21.
CHICORY FAMILY.
3-7
5. Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Smooth Hawksbeard.
Lapsana capillaris L. Sp. PI. 812. 1753.
Crepis virens L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 11 34. 1763.
Crepis polymorpha Wallr. Sched. Crit. 426. 1822.
Crepis capillaris Wallr. Fl. Hereyn. 287. 1840.
Annual; stem stout or slender, leafy, corym-
bosely branched above, glabrous or somewhat
hirsute below, l°-2A° high. Basal leaves spatu-
late, pinnatifid, or dentate, sometimes 8' long and
2' wide, narrowed into petioles ; stem leaves lan-
ceolate or oblong, clasping by a sagittate base,
flat, the upper mostly very small and usually en-
tire ; heads numerous, 5"-8" broad, slender-pedun-
cled ; peduncles glabrous or glandular; involucre
oblong, more or less pubescent or glandular, 3 "-4"
high, its principal bracts lanceolate, glabrous
within, the outer mostly appressed; achenes 10-
ribbed, smooth, slightly narrowed at both ends.
In fields and waste places, Connecticut, New York,
New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and in ballast about
the seaports. Also on the Pacific Coast. Adventive
from Europe. July-Sept.
4090.
6. Crepis biennis L. Rough Hawksbeard.
Fig. 4091.
Crepis biennis L. Sp. PI. 807. 1753.
Biennial, or sometimes annual; stem pubescent
or hirsute, leafy, at least below, branched above,
2°s° high. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, usually
hirsute, 2'-6' long, oblong or spatulate, the lower
and basal ones narrowed into petioles and some-
times merely dentate, the uppermost lanceolate,
clasping, their margins not revolute; heads sev-
eral, subcorymbose, i'-li' broad ; involucre canes-
cent or pubescent, 4"-6" high, its principal bracts
linear-lanceolate, downy within, the outer ones
linear-oblong or lanceolate, spreading; achenes
oblong, slightly narrowed above, 13-striate, gla-
brous.
In waste places, Vermont to Pennsylvania, Mich-
igan, and in ballast about the seaports. Naturalized
or adventive from Europe. June-Aug.
7. Crepis intermedia A. Gray. Small-flowered
Gray Hawksbeard. Fig. 4092.
Crepis intermedia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 : Part 2, 432. 1884.
Perennial, cinerous-puberulent or scurfy; stem rather
slender, 1-3-leaved, I°-2° high, naked and branched
above. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
laciniate-pinnatifid, long-acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, 4'-6' long; stem leaves lanceolate,
sessile, less divided ; heads several, 6"-o" broad, 5-8-
flowered ; involucre oblong-campanulate, its principal
bracts 5-8, lanceolate or linear-oblong, canescent, acut-
ish, somewhat keeled by the thickened midrib when old,
the outer ones few and short ; achenes oblong, narrowed
above, not beaked, strongly 10-ribbed.
In dry soil, western Nebraska (according to Williams') ;
Colorado to California, Montana and British Columbia.
May-Sept.
3-S
i [I HORIACEAE.
Vol. III.
8. Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Large-flowered
dray flawksbcanl. Jrig. 4093.
Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Jonrn. Acad. Phila. 7: 29. 1834.
Perennial, scurfy and caneseent, sometimes also hir-
sute; stem rather stout, leafy, branched, 6-18' high.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong in outline, laciniate-
pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, the lower and basal ones
6'-io' long, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile and
slightly clasping; heads few or several, corymbose,
stout-peduncled, about 1' broad, 10-30-flovvered ; invo-
lucre oblong-campanulate, caneseent, its principal bracts
9-24, linear, acute; achenes oblong, sharply 10-ribbed,
glabrous.
Plains, western Nebraska (according to Gray) ; Colorado
to California, north to Montana and British Columbia.
May-July.
22. HIERACIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 799. 1753.
Perennial hispid scabrous glandular or glabrous herbs, with alternate or basal leaves,
and small middle-sized or large, solitary corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow orange or
red flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its principal bracts in
1-3 series, the outer either regularly and gradually smaller or abruptly much smaller, none
of them much thickened at the base after flowering. Receptacle flat, naked or short-fimbril-
late. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches
slender. Achenes oblong, columnar, or fusiform, not beaked, 10-15-ribbed, terete or 4-5-
angled. Pappus copious, or 1-2 rows of simple rather stiff persistent brown or brownish
bristles. [Greek, hawk.]
Not fewer than 300 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South Amer-
ica. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in western North America. Known as Hawkweed,
Hawk-bit, or Speerhawk. Type species: Hieracium murdrum L.
A. Rootstock short, erect; plants without stolons.
a. Heads l'—2' broad.
Stem with 1-5 leaves only ; basal leaves tufted ; introduced species.
Leaves cordate or subcordate; scape naked or i-leaved.
Leaves narrowed at the base ; stem several-leaved.
Stem very leafy up to the inflorescence ; native species.
Leaves short, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded or clasping at the base.
Leaves elongated, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base.
1. H. murorum.
2. H. vulgatum.
3. H. canadense.
4. H. scabriusculum.
b. Heads less than 1' broad.
* Stem leaf-bearing nearly or quite up to the inflorescence, the upper leaves sometimes very small
and distant.
Pubescence of abundant brownish or whitish hairs Vz'-i' long; inflorescence elongated.
5. H. longipilum.
Pubescence of short hairs, or nearly or quite wanting.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous. 6. H. paniculatum.
Leaves elliptic to obovate, mostly obtuse.
Stem hispid-pubescent, densely glandular-hispid above ; the peduncles stout, spreading.
7. H. scabrum.
Stem loosely pubescent; pedicels slender.
Inflorescence elongated ; achenes spindle-shaped. S. H. Gronoz'ii.
Inflorescence corymbiform ; achenes columnar, truncate. 9. H. marianum.
** Leaves all basal or 1 or 2 borne on the stem above.
Basal leaves elliptic to obovate or oblong-spatulate ; native species.
Pedicels and involucres glabrous or nearly so ; ieaves glabrous or loosely pubescent.
10. H. venosum.
Pedicels and involucres glandular-pubescent; leaves villous. 11. H.Greenii.
Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, introduced. 12. H. florentinum.
B. Rootstock elongated, slender; plants mostly stoloniferous, scapose.
Scape bearing a single head, rarely 2 to 4.
Heads several or many, corymbose.
Flowers yellow.
Plant glaucous ; leaves glabrous or nearly so above.
Plant not glaucous; leaves hirsute on both sides.
Flowers orange.
13. H.Pilosella.
14. H. floribundum.
15. H. pratense.
16. H. anrantiaenm.
Genus 22.
CHICORY FAMILY.
329
1. Hieracium murdrum L. Wall Hawk-
weed. Fig. 4094.
Hieracium murorum L. Sp. PI. 802. 1753.
Stem pubescent or glabrate, simple, or with 1 or
2 branches, l°-2i° high. Basal leaves thin, ovate or
oblong, obtuse or acute, cordate or truncate at the
base, or abruptly narrowed into petioles, coarsely
dentate or laciniate, at least near the base, 2-4' long,
l'-2' wide, the petioles villous; stem leaves 1 or 2,
short-petioled or sessile, sometimes none; heads
2-several, corymbose, about 1' broad; peduncles as-
cending, usually glandular; involucre 4"-5" high, its
bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, glandular-pubescent,
imbricated in 2 or 3 series; achenes columnar, trun-
cate; pappus of slender nearly white bristles.
Woodlands near Brooklyn, N. Y., Northampton,
Mass., and about Quebec. Adventive or fugitive from
Europe. French or golden lungwort. June-Aug.
2. Hieracium vulgatum Fries.
Fig. 4095.
Hawkweed.
H. molle Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 503. 1814. Not Jacq. 1774.
H. vulgatum Fries, Fl. Hall. 128. 181 7-18.
Similar to the preceding species, sometimes taller
and slightly glaucous ; stem 2-5-leaved, pubescent or
glabrate. Basal leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute at both
ends, or some of them obtuse at the apex, coarsely den-
tate or denticulate, petioled, 2'-5' long, i'-lt' wide, often
mottled; stem leaves similar, short-petioled or sessile;
petioles more or less pubescent; heads several, corym-
bose, smaller than those of H. murorum or as large ;
peduncles mostly glandular, straight; bracts of the in-
volucre imbricated in 2 or 3 series, linear, acuminate,
mostly glandular; achenes columnar, truncate; pappus
copious.
Labrador and Newfoundland to Quebec, and in southern
New York and New Jersey. Naturalized from Europe.
Also in Greenland, northern Europe and Asia. July-Sept.
3. Hieracium canadense Michx. Canada
Hawkweed. Fig. 4096.
H. canadense Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 86. 1803.
Stem erect, firm, glabrate or pubescent, leafy,
l°-5° high. Leaves numerous, ovate, oblong-
lanceolate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute or
acuminate at the apex, rounded, sessile, and, at
least the upper ones, clasping at the base, ''-3'
long, 3"-l2" wide, serrate or incised, the mar-
gins sometimes ciliolate, glabrous or pubescent
beneath, the lowest somewhat spatulate and
petioled; no tuft of basal leaves at flowering
time; heads usually numerous, corymbose-
paniculate, about 1' broad; involucre about 6"
high, pubescent or puberulent, its bracts imbri-
cated in 2-3 series, the outer spreading ; flowers
yellow; achenes columnar, truncate; pappus
copious, brown.
In dry woods and thickets, Newfoundland and
Nova Scotia to Ontario, British Columbia, New
Jersey. Indiana, Michigan, South Dakota and
Oregon. July-Sept. High dandelion.
33°
CICIIOKJ M I \i
Vol. III.
4. Hieracium scabriiisculum Schwein.
Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. Fig.4097.
H. scabriiisculum Schwein. in Long's Exp. 2 : 394.
[824.
Stem rather slender, glabrous or puberulent,
sometimes hispid below, usually very leafy marly
or quite up to the inflorescence, usually simple,
I°-2i° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late or the lowest spatulate, entire, denticulate or
sometimes laciniate-dentate, acute or acuminate,
narrowed to a sessile base, l'-z' long, 2"-y" wide,
glabrous above, mostly somewhat pubescent be-
neath, the margins commonly ciliolate; no tuft
of basal leaves at flowering time; heads few or
several, corymbose, about i' broad; peduncles
rather stout, canescent ; involucres s"~7" high,
glabrous or somewhat pubescent, its bracts im-
bricated in 2-3 series, the outer spreading ; flow-
ers bright yellow ; achenes columnar, truncate ;
pappus copious, brownish.
Minnesota to Nebraska, Saskatchewan, British
Columbia and Oregon. Included in our first edition
in the similar Old World H. umbellatum L. Appar-
ently erroneously recorded from the St. Lawrence
River. June-Aug.
5. Hieracium longipilum Torr. Long-bearded
Hawkweed. Fig. 4098.
H. longipilum Torr. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 298. 1833.
Hieracium barbatum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: 70.
1S34. Not Tausch. 1828.
Stem, at least its lower portion, and leaves densely
covered with long brown rather rigid bristly hairs
h'-i' long, arising from papillae; stem very leafy
below, stiff, simple, 2°-3i° high. Basal and lower
leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, mostly entire,
4'-8' long, narrowed into margined petioles, the
upper lanceolate or spatulate, mostly sessile, the
uppermost small and bract-like ; heads not very
numerous, racemose or racemose-paniculate, 8"-io"
broad; peduncles short, stout, tomentose and glandu-
lar; involucre 4"-s" high, its principal bracts in 1
series, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, with several
short subulate outer ones ; flowers yellow ; achenes
fusiform with a slightly tapering summit; pappus
brown.
Prairies and dry woods, Ontario to Minnesota, Illi-
nois, Kansas and Texas. July-Sept.
6. Hieracium paniculatum L. Panicled
Hawkweed. Fig. 4099.
Hieracium paniculatum L. Sp. PI. 802. 1753,
Glabrous throughout, or somewhat pilose-pu-
bescent below, stem paniculately branched above,
leafy, slender, i°-3° high. Leaves thin, lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lowest
into petioles, denticulate or dentate, 2'-6' long.
3"-l2" wide; no tuft of basal leaves at flowering
time ; heads s"-/" broad, commonly numerous,
corymbose-paniculate, . 12-20-flowered ; peduncles
slender, often drooping, quite glabrous or some-
times glandular; involucre about 3" high, glabrous
or nearly so, its principal bracts in I series, linear,
acute with a few very small outer ones at the
base ; flowers yellow ; achenes columnar, truncate ;
pappus brown, not very copious.
In dry woods. Nova Scotia to Ontario, Michigan,
Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. Ascends to 4600
ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.
Genus 22.
CHICORY FAMILY.
33 *
7. Hieracium scabrum Michx. Rough
Hawkweed. Fig. 4100.
H. scabrum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 86. 1803.
Stem stout, leafy, mostly hirsute or hispid be-
low and glandular-pubescent above, strict, l°-4°
high. Leaves hirsute, obovate, oblong, or broadly
spatulate, 2 '-4' long, l'-2' wide, obtuse at the apex,
narrowed to the sessile base or the lowest into
margined petioles, denticulate; no tuft of basal
leaves at flowering time; heads usually numerous,
6"-8" broad, corymbose- or racemose-paniculate ;
peduncles stout, densely glandular ; involucre 4"-S
high, glandular, its principal bracts in I series,
linear, acute with a few very small outer ones ;
flowers yellow; achenes columnar, truncate; pap-
pus brown.
In dry woods and clearings, Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota, Georgia, Iowa, and recorded from Nebraska and
Kansas. July-Sept.
8. Hieracium Gronovii L. Gronovius' or
Hairy Hawkweed. Fig. 4101.
Hieracium Gronovii L. Sp. PI. 802. 1753.
Stem stiff, mostly slender, leafy and villous or
hirsute, at least below, sometimes nearly leafless,
i°-3° high. Leaves villous or hirsute, the basal
and lower ones obovate or spatulate, denticulate
or entire, obtuse, 2'-6' long, usually narrowed into
petioles; stem leaves mostly sessile, oblong or oval,
obtuse or acute, narrowed or broad at the base,
the upper gradually smaller ; heads numerous,
racemose-paniculate, S"-8" broad; peduncles glan-
dular and canescent, slender ; involucre about 4"
high, somewhat canescent, its principal bracts in 1
series, linear-lanceolate, acute, with several very
small outer ones ; flowers yellow ; achenes spindle-
shaped, with a tapering summit ; pappus brown.
In dry soil, Massachusetts to Ontario, Illinois,
Kansas, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Santo Do-
mingo. July-Sept. CatVear.
9. Hieracium marianum Willd. Mary-
land Hawkweed. Fig. 4102.
H. marianum Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1572. 1804.
Stems usually solitary, slender, pilose-pubescent,
at least below, paniculately branched above, 2°-3°
high, bearing 2-7 leaves. Basal leaves obovate,
oblanceolate or oblong, ascending or erect, obtuse,
narrowed at the base, sessile or petioled, hirsute,
at least on the veins beneath, entire or glandular-
denticulate, 2-8' long, i'-2' wide, not purple-veined,
mostly glabrous above, those of the stem similar,
mostly smaller; heads commonly numerous, co-
rymbose-paniculate, 6"-io" broad, 15-40-flowered,
slender-peduncled; peduncles more or less glan-
dular and sometimes canescent ; involucre about
4" high, its principal bracts in 1 series, linear-
lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, glabrous or nearly
so, with a few short outer ones; achenes col-
umnar, truncate; pappus brown, not copious.
In dry woods and thickets. New Hampshire to
southern New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky,
Alabama and Florida. May-July.
Hieracium alleghaniense Britton, of the mountains of West Virginia, has
abundantly leafy and no tuft of basal leaves at flowering time.
the stem more
33-
CICH( »R] M EAE.
Vol.111.
Hieracium venosum L.
Rattlesnake-weed. Poor Robin's Plantain.
Fig. 4103.
Hieracium venosum L. Sp. PI. 800. 1753.
Stc ins solitary or several from the same root,
slender, glabrous, or with a few hispid hairs near
the base, or also above, leafless or with 1-3 leaves,
paniculately branched above, i°-3° high. Basal
leaves tufted, spreading on the ground, obovate, oval
or oblong-spatulate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the
base, sessile or petioled, I -4' long. J'-lJ' wide, usu-
ally purple-veined, glabrous or more or less hirsute,
pale beneath, some or all of them glandular-der.'icu-
late; heads commonly numerous, s"-8" broad. .5-
40-flowered, slender-peduncled ; peduncles glabrous,
or slightly glandular; involucre about 3" high, its
principal bracts in 1 series, glabrous or nearly so.
with a few short outer ones; achenes columnar, trun-
cate ; pappus brown, not copious.
Dry woods and thickets. Maine to Ontario and Mani-
toba, south to Georgia, Kentucky and Nebraska. Ascends
to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Early or vein-leaf hawk-
weed. Striped bloodwort. Snake-plantain. Hawkbit.
Adder's-tongue. May-Oct.
11. Hieracium Greenii Porter and Britton.
Green's Hawkweed. Fig. 4104.
Pilosella spathnlata Sch. Bip. Flora 45: 439. 1862. Not
Hieracium spathulatum Scheele, 1863.
Hieracium marianum var. spathulatum A. Gray, Syn. FI.
1 : Part 2, 446. 18S6.
H. Greenii Porter and Britton. Bull. Torr. Club 20: 120.
1893.
Stem entirely glabrous up to the branches, rather
slender, leafless or rarely with I or 2 leaves. ii°-2i°
high. Basal leaves tufted, ascending, spatulate, ob-
long, or obovate. obtuse, narrowed at the base, mostly
petioled, glandular-denticulate or entire, villous-
pubescent or somewhat hispid, 4 '-7' long, i'-2' wide;
heads corymbose-paniculate, several or numerous,
30-40-flowered. slender-peduncled, 8"-io" broad ;
peduncles and branches canescent-tomentose and
glandular; involucre 5" high, its principal bracts in
1 series, linear, acute, densely pilose-glandular;
flowers bright yellow; achenes columnar, truncate;
pappus brownisrf, not copious.
In dry soil, mountains of Pennsylvania to Ohio, Vir-
ginia and West Virginia. May-June.
12. Hieracium florentinum All. King-
devil. Fig. 4105.
H. florentinum All. Fl. Ped. 1 : 213. 1783.
Stolons wanting; stem glabrous, or somewhat
hispid, glaucous, slender, ii°-3° high, bearing 1-3
leaves near the base. Basal leaves tufted, nar-
rowly oblong, oblanceolate, or spatulate, entire,
obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed below into
margined petioles, more or less hirsute with stiff
hairs, or glabrous, 2 '-4' long, z"-y" wide; heads
several or numerous, corymbose, 4"-6" broad ;
peduncles mostly short, pilose and glandular;
involucre about 3" high, its bracts linear, acute
or acuminate, pilose and somewhat glandular,
imbricated in about 2 series ; flowers yellow ;
achenes oblong, truncate; pappus a row of slen-
der brownish bristles.
In fields, meadows and along roadsides, New York
and Ontario to Quehec and Maine ; a troublesome
weed. Naturalized from Europe. Referred in our
first edition to H. praealtum. also native of Europe,
which differs in having long leafy branches from the
base, and is recorded as established in a meadow at
Andover, Massachusetts. June-Sept.
Genus 22.
CHICORY FAMILY.
13. Hieracium Pilosella L. Mouse-ear Hawk-
weed. Fig. 4106.
Hieracium Pilosella L. Sp. PI. 800. 1753.
Hieracium Pilosella peleterianum Mer. Nouv. Fl. Paris, Ed.
2, 230. 1821.
Stoloniferous, pilose-pubescent throughout; stolons
leafy, rooting, slender, 3'-i2' long. Scape slender,
erect, 4'-i5' high, leafless, with a single head, or some-
:imes 2-4; leaves oblong or spatulate, entire, obtuse or
acutish at the apex, narrowed into petioles, often white-
toinentose beneath, 1Y-3' long, 4"-8" wide; head 1'
broad or more; flowers yellow; principal bracts of the
involucre in 1 or 2 series, linear, acuminate, pubescent,
usually with I or 2 exterior ones ; achenes oblong, trun-
cate; pappus a single row of slender bristles.
Dooryards and fields, Prince Edward Island to Ontario,
New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Adventive from
Europe. Ling-gowans. Felon-herb. Mouse-bloodwort. May-
Sept.
15. Hieracium pratense Tausch.
Hawkweed. Fig. 4108.
H. pratense Tausch, Flora 11 : Part 1, Erg. 56. 1828
Stoloniferous, hirsute or pilose with long hairs
those of the stem blackish. Stem scapose, simple
l°-2° high, often bearing I or 2 leaves below the
middle ; basal leaves numerous, tufted, light green
oblanceolate to oblong, obtuse, 2'-$' long, s"-io'
wide, narrowed into margined petioles, or to a
sessile base, entire, or with few distant minute
glandular teeth, hirsute on both sides; heads
several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, 10"
wide, or less; flowers yellow; peduncles glandular
and often tomentose ; bracts of the involucre
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular and pilose ;
achenes columnar, truncate.
Fields and roadsides, Quebec to southern New
York and Pennsylvania. Naturalized or adventive
from Europe.
14. Hieracium floribundum Wimm. &
Grab. Smoothish Hawkweed.
Fig. 410".
Hieracum floribundum Wimm. & Grab. Fl. Siles. 22 :
204. 1829.
Stoloniferous; plant glaucous-green; scape
loosely hirsute and more or less glandular-
pubescent, slender, i°-2J° high, the stolons some-
times 8' long. Basal leaves tufted, narrowly
oblanceolate, acutish or obtuse, 2'-6' long, gla-
brous or very nearly so above, the margins and
midvein beneath more or less hirsute; stem-
leaves none, or rarely I or 2 near the base;
flowers several, 1' broad or less, corymbose;
peduncles glandular; rays bright yellow; bracts
of the involucre in about 2 series, hirsute.
In fields. New Brunswick and Maine to New York.
Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug.
Field
334
Ck IloRIACEAE.
Vol. III.
16. Hieracium aurantiacum L. Orange or
Tawny Hawkweed. Golden Mouse-Ear
Hawkweed. Fig. 4109.
Hieracium aurantiacum L. Sp. PI. 801. 1753.
Stoloniferous; stem leafless or rarely with 1 or
2 small sessile leaves, hirsute, slender, 6'-2o' high.
Basal leaves hirsute, tufted, spatulate or oblong,
obtuse, narrowed at the base, entire, or sometimes
slightly denticulate, 2-5' long, i'-i' wide; heads
several, short-peduncled, corymbose, 7"-l2" broad ;
peduncles glandular-pubescent ; involucre 4"-$"
high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, im-
bricated in 2 or 3 series, hirsute and sometimes
glandular; flowers orange or red; achenes oblong,
truncate; pappus a single row of slender brownish
bristles.
In fields, woods and along roadsides, New Brans-
wick and Ontario to New York, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. ^ Naturalized from Europe. Grim-the-
collier. Devil's- or Flora's-paint-brush. Red daisy.
Missionary-weed. June-Sept.
23. NABALUS Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 34: 94. 1825.
Perennial, herbs with alternate, mostly petioled, dentate lobed or pinnatifid leaves, or the
upper auriculate and clasping, and numerous small heads of ligulate white yellowish or
purplish flowers in open or spike-like terminal panicles, or also in axillary clusters, usually
drooping. Involucre cylindric, usually narrow, its principal bracts in 1 or 2 series, nearly
equal, with a few smaller exterior ones at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate
and 5-toothed at the summit. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or narrowly columnar,
truncate, terete or 4-5-angled, mostly 10-ribbed. Pappus of copious rather rigid simple white
to reddish-brown bristles. [Modern Latin, from an Indian name for Rattlesnake-root.]
About 25 species, natives of America and Asia. Besides the following, two others occur in
northwest America and one on the high mountains of North Carolina. Known by the general
name of Rattlesnake-root or Drop-flower. Type species : Nabalus trifoliatus Cass. The European
and African genus Prenanthes L. is here regarded as distinct from this.
* Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs.
Heads 5-7-flowered ; involucre very narrow, light green, 1" thick ; pappus light straw-color or brown.
1. A*, altissimus.
Heads 8-16-flowered ; involucre broader, green, purple or glaucous, i}^"-3" thick.
Leaves, or some of them, lobed, divided, or pinnatifid (sometimes entire in No. 3) ; involucre
subcylindric, about i}4" thick.
Pappus deep cinnamon-brown. 2. A*, albus.
Pappus straw-color or light brown.
Inflorescence paniculate.
Involucral bracts with some stiff hairs, obviously shorter than the pappus ; panicle-
branches divergent. 3. AT. serpentarius.
Involucral bracts glabrous, equalling the pappus ; panicle-branches ascending, or
upcurved. 4. A^. trifoliolatus.
Inflorescence thyrsoid or glomerate.
Leaves palmately lobed or divided ; northern. 5. N. nanus.
Leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatifid ; southern. 6. A", virgatus.
Leaves entire or denticulate; plant low, alpine; involucre narrowly campanulate, 2^"-3" thick.
7. N. Boottii.
** Bracts of the involucre hirsute-pubescent.
Inflorescence narrowly thyrsoid; heads 8-16-flowered.
Leaves and stem rough-puberulent or scabrous. 8. .V. asper.
Leaves and stem glabrous, glaucous. 9. N. racemosus.
Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate; heads 20-25-flowered. 10. N. crepidineus.
Genus 23.
CHICORY FAMILY
1. Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. Tall
White Lettuce. Fig. 41 10.
Prenanthcs altissima L. Sp. PJ. 797. 1753.
TV. altissimus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 294. 1833.
Glabrous, or sometimes hispidulous, not
glaucous; stem slender, 3°-7° high, green, or
sometimes purplish. Leaves thin, hastate,
cordate, ovate, or the uppermost lanceolate,
entire, denticulate, dentate or palmately lobed
or divided, most of them long-petioled, the
larger sometimes 6' long ; heads very numer-
ous, in a narrow panicle, and often in axillary
clusters, 5-7-floweredi pendulous, about 2"
broad; inflorescence often narrow; involucre
narrowly cylindric, 5"-6" long, about 1" thick,
green, glabrous, its principal bracts about 5 ;
flowers greenish or yellowish white; pappus
light straw-color, or cinnamon-brown.
In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Mani-
toba, Missouri, Georgia and Louisiana. Lion's-
foot. Rattlesnake-root. Ascends to 2500 ft. in
the Catskills. Wild lettuce. Joy-leaf. Milk-weed.
Bird-bell. Races differ in leaf-form, pubescence
and in color of the pappus. July-Oct.
2. Nabalus albus ( L. ) Hook. Rattlesnake-
root. White Lettuce. Fig. 411 1.
Prenanthes alba L. Sp. PI. 798. 1
Nabalus albus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
'53-
1 : 294.
1833-
Glabrous and glaucous ; stem commonly purple,
2°-5° high. Leaves hastate, ovate, cordate, den-
ticulate, dentate, lobed, or palmately divided, or
the upper lanceolate, entire, thicker than those of
the preceding species, the larger sometimes 8'
long; heads numerous, pendulous, 8-15-flowered,
about 3" broad, paniculate, or thyrsoid, and often
in axillary clusters; involucre glabrous, or with a
few scattered hairs, glaucous, 5"-/' high, about
l¥' thick, its principal bracts about 8, purplish,
with minute outer ones ; flowers greenish or yel-
lowish white, fragrant ; pappus cinnamon-brown.
In woods, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, Sas-
katchewan, Georgia, Kentucky, Wisconsin and North
Dakota. Lion's-foot. White cankerweed. Wild lettuce.
Milk-weed. Joy-leaf. Cancer-weed. Aug.-Sept.
3. Nabalus serpentarius (Pursh) FTook.
Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-Earth. Fig. 41 12.
Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 499. pi.
24. 1814.
Nabalus integrifolius Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 34 : 95. 1825.
Nabalus serpentarius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 294. 1833.
Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, green; stem
stout or slender, not glaucous, i°-4° high. Leaves
rather firm, similar to those of the preceding
species, equally variable in outline, pinnatifid or
pinnately lobed. palmately divided, or merely
dentate, or entire; inflorescence paniculate, the
branches divaricate, upcurved; heads numerous,
about 3" broad, 8-12-flowered, pendulous, panicu-
late, and commonly also in axillary clusters; in-
volucre more or less bristly-hispid, rarely gla-
brous, green or purplish, about ii" thick, 5-7"
long, its principal bracts about 8, shorter than the
pappus, with several minute lanceolate outer ones ;
flowers whitish or cream-color, rarely yellow;
achenes about 3" long ; pappus light brown or straw-color.
336
CICHORIACEAE.
Vol. III.
In fields and thickets, Massachusetts to southern New York, Florida, Alabama, Kentucky and
Mississippi. Canker-weed. Rattlesnake-root. White lettuce. Snake-gentian. July-Oct.
Nabalus cylindricus Small, of the
.hi elongati d narrow p. uncle.
southern mountains, ranging north to Kentucky, ilillers by
4. Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass. Tall Rattle-
snake-root. Fig. 41 13.
Nabalus trifolilatus Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 34: 95. 1825.
Prenanthes trifoliata Fernald; Brainerd, Jones & Eggles-
ton, Fl. Verm. 89. 1900.
Glabrous throughout ; stem usually stout, 3°-o°
high. Leaves thinnish, the lower long-petioled, usu-
ally 3-divided with the divisions stalked or sessile,
the upper short-petioled or sessile, all commonly
lobed or dentate, but the upper sometimes lanceo-
late, acuminate and entire; inflorescence paniculate,
the panicle-branches ascending, or nearly erect;
heads few in the clusters, drooping, 7-12-flowered ;
involucre pale green or purplish, glabrous, about li"
thick and 6" long, its principal bracts 6-8, equalling
the pappus, the short outer ones ovate to lanceolate;
flowers whitish or pale yellow; achenes 2"-3" long;
pappus light brown.
In woods and thickets. Newfoundland to Pennsylva-
nia, Indiana, Delaware and Tennessee. Aug.-Oct.
5. Nabalus nanus (Bigel.) DC. Low Rattlesnake-root, or Lion's-foot
Prenanthes alba var. nana Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 286.
1824.
Nabalus nanus DC. Prodr. 7: 241. 1838.
Prenanthes nana Torr. ; Robinson & Fernald in A.
Gray, Man. Ed. 7, 871. 1908.
Prenanthes serpentaria var. nana A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
1 : Part 2, 434. 1884.
Glabrous throughout; stem simple, erect, 4'-i6'
high. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled,
3-divided, or sometimes broadly hastate, the divi-
sions variously lobed, toothed, or entire, usually Hi
sessile, occasionally stalked; upper leaves much
smaller, entire, toothed, or lobed, sessile, or short-
petioled ; inflorescence thyrsoid, glomerate-spicate
or racemose, rarely with 1 or 2 short ascending
branches ; involucre dark purple-brown or nearly
black, glabrous, 4"-6" long, its inner bracts 6-8,
slightly ciliate at the apex, about as long as the
usually bright brownish pappus ; outer bracts lan-
ceolate to ovate-lanceolate.
Alpine summits of the Adirondacks and the moun-
tains of New England ; Nova Scotia to Labrador and
Newfoundland. Aug.-Sept.
*
6. Nabalus virgatus ( Michx. ) DC. Slender
Rattlesnake-root. Fig. 41 15.
Prenanthes virgata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 84. 1803.
Nabalus virgatus DC. Prodr. 7: 242. 1838.
Glabrous, somewhat glaucous ; stem strict, mostly
simple, 2°-4° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, the basal and lower ones sinuate-pin-
natifid or pinnately parted, petioled, often 10' long,
the lobes entire or dentate, distant; upper leaves all
sessile, pinnately lobed, or the uppermost entire,
very small and bract-like; heads very numerous,
pendulous, about 2" broad, in a narrow, simple or
branched, terminal thyrsus, often unilateral; invo-
lucre purplish, about ij" thick and 5" long, its
principal bracts about 8, with several minute outer
ones ; flowers white or pinkish ; pappus straw-color.
In moist sandy soil, New Jersey to Florida, near the
coast. Called also De Witt's-snakeroot. Sept.-Oct.
Genus 23.
CHICORY FAMILY
7. Nabalus Boottii DC. Boott's Rattle-
snake-root. Fig. 41 16.
Nabalus Boottii DC. Prodr. 7: 241. 1838.
Prenanth.es Boottii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 : Part 2, 435.
1SS4.
Glabrous below, commonly pubescent above;
stem simple. 4-12' high. Leaves thickish. the
basal and lower ones ovate, hastate, or deltoid,
petioled, mostly obtuse, entire, or denticulate, 1/-2'
long, the upper ovate or oblong, usually entire,
short-petioled or sessile, much smaller; heads
several or numerous, 10-18-flowered, erect, spread-
ing, or some of them pendulous, racemose or
somewhat thyrsoid, 4"-S" broad ; involucre cam-
panulate-oblong, 2V-3" thick, 4"-7" long, dark
purplish-green, its principal bracts 8-10, obtuse or
obtusish, with several shorter outer ones ; flowers
whitish, odorous ; pappus brownish.
Alpine summits of the mountains of northern New
England and New York. July-Aug.
8. Nabalus asper (Michx.) T. & G. Rough
White-lettuce. Fig. 41 17.
Prenanthes aspera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 83. 1803.
Nabalus asper T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 483. 1843.
Scabrous or rough-puberulent ; stem virgate, simple,
2°-4° high. Leaves firm, oval, oblong, or oblanceolate.
those of the stem all closely sessile, acute or acutish,
dentate, denticulate, or the uppermost entire, the lower
sometimes clasping, 2' -3' long, l'-i' wide, the basal
tapering into winged petioles, commonly obtuse; heads
very numerous, erect, spreading, or slightly drooping,
3"-4" broad, 12-16-flowered, in a long narrow thyrsus;
involucre oblong, 2"-2s" thick, s"-/' high, very hirsute,
its principal bracts 8-10, with several short outer ones ;
flowers light yellow ; pappus straw-color.
On dry prairies, Ohio to South Dakota, Nebraska, Ken-
tucky, Louisiana and Kansas. Rattlesnake-root. Aug. -Sept.
Nabalus racemosus (Michx.) DC.
83.
. & Brown
Glaucous W
1S03.
Prenanthes racemosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:
Nabalus racemosus DC. Prodr. 7: 242. 1838.
Nabalus racemosus pinnatifidus Britton ; Britt
111. Fl. 3: 291. 1898.
Prenanthes racemosus var. pinnatifida A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
1 : Part 2, 433. 1884.
Stem virgate, rather stout, glabrous and somewhat
glaucous; stem striate, 2°-6° high. Leaves thickish.
glabrous and glaucous, the lower and basal ones oval,
oblong, oblanceolate, or obovate, dentate, denticulate,
pinnatifid or pinnately lobed, 4'-8' long, mostly ob-
tuse, tapering into long margined petioles; upper
leaves sessile, smaller and partly clasping, lanceo-
late to ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, entire, or pin-
natifid, mostly acute ; heads very numerous, erect,
spreading, or slightly drooping, 12-16-flowered, 2"~3"
broad, in a long narrow thyrsus ; involucre oblong-
cylindric, hirsute, 5 "-6" long, 1V-2Y' thick, longer
than the hirsute peduncle, its principal bracts 8-10,
with several small outer ones ; flowers purplish ;
pappus straw-color.
In moist open places, New Brunswick and Quebec to
Maine, Manitoba, Alberta, southern New York, New
Jersey, Iowa, Missouri and Colorado. Aug.-Sept.
Prenanthes mainensis A. Gray, from northern Maine and New
between X. racemosus and N. trifoliolatus*
22
svvick, is probably a hybrid
53S
( It IK ik'IACKAK.
Vol.111.
io. Nabalus crepidineus ( Michx.) DC. Corymbed Rattlesnake-root. Fig. 41 19.
1'rcnanthcs crcfidinea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 84. 1803.
Nabalus crepidineus DC. Prodr. 7: 242. 1838.
Stem glabrous or very nearly so below, corym-
bosely branched and sometimes puberulent above,
stout, 5°-a° high. Leaves thin, the basal and lower
ones hastate, ovate, oblong, or deltoid, sharply den-
tate, lobed, or incised, sometimes 10' long, usually
with broadly winged petioles; the upper much
smaller, sessile or short-petioled, narrowed at the
base, not clasping, ovate, deltoid, or lanceolate,
acute ; heads numerous, pendulous, short-peduncled,
corymbose-paniculate, 4"-6" broad, 20-35-flowered ;
involucre oblong or oblong-campanulate, hirsute,
S"-8" long, about 3" thick, dark green or purplish,
its principal bracts 12-15, with several very short
outer ones; flowers cream color; pappus brown.
In fields and thickets, western Pennsylvania and New
York to Kentucky, west to Minnesota and Kansas.
Aug.-Oct.
Family 45. AMBROSIACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 112.
Ragweed Family.
1828.
Annual or perennial herbs, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious, many of them
weeds, some shrubby, with alternate leaves, or the lower opposite, and small heads
of greenish or white flowers subtended by an involucre of few, separate or united
bracts, the pistillate heads sometimes larger and nut-like or bur-like. Staminate
and pistillate flowers in the same heads, or in separate heads. Receptacle chaffy.
Pistillate flowers with no corolla, or this reduced to a short tube or ring; calyx
adnate to the i-celled ovary, its limb none, or a mere border; style 2-cleft. Stami-
nate flowers with a funnelform tubular or obconic 4-5-lobed corolla; stamens
mostly 5, separate, or their anthers merely connivent, not truly syngenesious, with
short inflexed appendages ; ovary rudimentary ; summit of the style often hairy
or penicillate.
Eight genera and about 60 species, mostly natives of America, a few only of the Old World.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads ; involucre of a few rounded bracts, i. Iva.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads, the staminate mostly uppermost ; involucre of
the pistillate heads bur-like or nut-like.
Involucral bracts of the staminate heads united.
Involucre of the pistillate heads with several tubercles or prickles in a single series.
2. Ambrosia.
Involucre of the pistillate heads with numerous prickles in several series. 3. Gaertneria.
Involucral bracts of the staminate heads separate ; involucre of pistillate heads an oblong bur.
4. Xanthiiint.
i. IVA L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753.
Puberulent or scabrous herbs, with thick opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and
small nodding, axillary and solitary, spicate racemose or paniculate heads of greenish flowers.
Involucre hemispheric or cup-shaped, its bracts few, rounded. Receptacle chaffy, the linear
or spatulate chaff enveloping the flowers. Marginal flowers 1-6, pistillate, fertile, their corollas
short, tubular or none. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas funnelform, 5-lobed. their
styles undivided, dilated at the apex. Anthers entire at the base, yellow, scarcely coherent
with each other, tipped with mucronate appendages. Achenes compressed, obovoid, glabrous.
Pappus none. [Named after Ajuga Iva, from its similar smell.]
About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 7 others occur in the southern
and western United States. Type species: Iva annua L.
Heads spicate or racemose, each subtended by a linear or oblong leaf.
Heads solitary, pedicelled.
Bracts of the involucre 4-5 ; heads i}4"-2" high.
Leaves serrate, oval or oblong; eastern. 1. I. frulescens.
Leaves entire or nearly so. obovate or oblong; western. 2. /. axillaris.
Bracts of the involucre 6-9 ; heads 3"— 4" high ; southeastern. 3. 7. imbricata.
Heads spicate-paniculate ; leaves dentate. 4. /. ciliata.
Heads spicate-paniculate, not subtended by leaves. 5. /. xanthiifolia.
Genus i.
RAGWEED FAMILY.
339
i. Iva frutescens L. Marsh Elder. High-
water Shrub. Fig. 4120.
Iva frutescens L. Sp. PI. 989. 1753.
Iva oraria Bartlett, Rhodora 8 : 26. 1906.
Perennial, shrubby or herbaceous, somewhat
fleshy ; stem paniculately branched above, mi-
nutely pubescent, or sometimes glabrous below,
3°-i2° high. Leaves oval, oblong, or oblong-
lanceolate, all the lower ones opposite, short-
petioled, 3-nerved, acute or obtusish, serrate, nar-
rowed at the base, the lower 4'-6' long, i'-z' wide,
the upper smaller and narrower, passing gradu-
ally into those of the racemose inflorescence
which are much longer than the short-pedicelled
heads; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts
about S, orbicular-obovate, separate ; fertile flow-
ers about 5, their corollas tubular.
Along salt marshes and on muddy sea-shores,
Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, the northern
plant (7. oraria) mainly broader-leaved and less
shrubby than the southern. Jesuits'- or false Jesuits'-
bark. July-Sept.
2. Iva axillaris Pursh. Small-flowered Marsh
Elder. Fig. 4121.
Iva axillaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 743. 1S14.
Perennial by woody roots; stems herbaceous, ascend-
ing, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, simple or branched,
i°-2° high. Leaves sessile, entire or very nearly so,
obtuse, faintly 3-nerved, obovate, oblong, or linear-
oblong, i'-ij' long, thick, somewhat fleshy, glabrous
or pubescent, the lower opposite, the upper alternate
and smaller, passing gradually into those of the in-
florescence; heads mostly solitary in the axils of the
leaves, 2"-?," broad, short-peduncled ; involucre hemi-
spheric, about ii" high; its bracts about 5, connate at
the base, or united nearly to the summit; pistillate
flowers 4 or 5, their corollas tubular.
In saline or alkaline soil. Manitoba and North Dakota to
western Nebraska. New Mexico, British Columbia and Cali-
fornia. May-Sept.
3. Iva imbricata Walt. Sea-coast Marsh
Elder. Fig. 4122.
Iva imbricata Walt. Fl. Car. 232. 1788.
Perennial by woody roots, glabrous or nearly so
throughout, fleshy; stem i°-2° high, simple, or
sparingly branched. Leaves all but the lowest
alternate, sessile, oblong-spatulate, or lanceolate, ob-
tusish, mucronulate, entire, or rarely serrate, obscurely
3-nerved, the larger 1-2' long, 3"-S" wide; heads
about 4" broad, short-peduncled or nearly sessile,
the upper often longer than their subtending leaves;
involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts 6-9, not
united, somewhat imbricated in 2 series; fertile
flowers 2-4, their corollas tubular, the staminate
ones much more numerous; chaff of the receptacle
spatulate.
On sandy sea-shores, southeastern Virginia to Florida
and Louisiana. Bahamas ; Cuba. July-Oct.
34Q
AMI'.KOSIACEAE.
Vol.111.
4. Iva ciliata Willd. Rough Marsh Elder.
Fig. 4123.
Iva annua Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 184. 1803. Not L.
Iva ciliata Willd. Sp. PI. 3.: 2386. 1804.
Annual, hispid-pubescent ; stem simple, or
branched, 2°-6° high. Leaves nearly all oppo-
site, ovate, petioled, scarcely fleshy, puberulent
beneath, acuminate at the apex, abruptly or
gradually narrowed at the base, coarsely and ir-
regularly dentate, 3-nerved, the lower 4-5' long;
heads spicate-paniculate, about 1" broad; spike*
dense or interrupted, erect, 2'-8' long; upper
leaves linear-lanceolate, hispid, squarrose, much
longer than the heads ; bracts of the involucre
3-5, distinct or united below, hispid ; fertile flow-
ers 3-5, their corollas slender; staminate flowers
10-15.
In moist soil, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Louisi-
ana and New Mexico. Plant with the aspect of an
Ambrosia. Aug.-Oct.
4124.
5. Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. Burweed Marsh Elder
Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 185. 1818.
Cyclachaena xanthiifolia Fresen. Ind. Sem. Hort.
Franc. 4. 1836.
Annual ; stem much branched, pubescent or
puberulent above, glabrous below, 3°-6° high.
Leaves nearly all opposite, broadly ovate, long-
petioled, acuminate at the apex, abruptly or
gradually contracted at the base, coarsely and
irregularly dentate, pale and canescent or pu-
berulent beneath, roughish above, 3-ribbed, the
lower often 6' long and wide; inflorescence
spicate-paniculate, terminal and axillary, ample,
naked; heads sessile or minutely peduncled,
1" broad or less; bracts of the involucre in
2 series of 5, the outer ovate, the inner obovate
or truncate, concave, subtending the usually 5
achenes ; corollas of the fertile flowers rudi-
mentary or none; staminate flowers 10-15, their
corollas obconic.
In moist soil, or sometimes in waste places,
Ontario to Assiniboia, south to Wisconsin, Ne-
braska, New Mexico and Utah. In waste grounds
farther east. Plant with the aspect of a Cheno-
podium. July-Sept.
2. AMBROSIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753.
Monoecious (rarely dioecious) branching herbs, with alternate or opposite, mostly lobed
or divided leaves, and small heads of green flowers, the staminate spicate or racemose, the
pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of the pistillate heads globose-
ovoid or top-shaped, closed, l-flowered, usually armed witb 4-8 tubercles or spines; corolla
none; stamens none; style-branches filiform; achenes ovoid or obovoid; pappus none. Invo-
lucre of the staminate heads mostly hemispheric or saucer-shaped, 5-12-lobed, open, many-
flowered; receptacle nearly flat, naked, or with filiform chaff; corolla funnelform, 5-toothed ;
anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate-tipped ; style undivided, penicillate at the summit.
[Tbe ancient classical name.]
About 15 species, mostly natives of America. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in
the southern and western United States. Type species: Ambrosia maritima L.
Sterile heads sessile; a lanceolate hispid lobe on inner border of involucre. 1. A. bidentata.
Sterile heads short-pedicelled, involucre depressed-hemispheric.
Leaves opposite, palmately 3-5-lobed. or undivided; receptacle naked. 2. A. trifida.
Leaves opposite and alternate, 1-2-pinnatitid ; receptacle chaffy.
Annual ; leaves thin ; fruiting involucre spiny. 3. A. elatior.
Perennial; leaves thick; fruiting involucre naked or tubercled. 4. A. psilostachya.
Genus 2.
RAGWEED FAMILY.
34 1
1. Ambrosia bidentata Michx. Lance-
leaved Ragweed. Fig. 4125.
Ambrosia bidentata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 182. 1803.
Annual, hirsute, usually much branched, very-
leafy, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, mainly
alternate, sessile and somewhat cordate-clasping
at the base, acuminate at the apex, i-nerved, 1/-3'
long, 2"-4" wide, usually with 1 or 2 sharp lobes
at the base and a few minute sharp teeth above,
or the upper ones quite entire, rough and hirsute
or ciliate; spikes of staminate heads dense, i'-y'
long, their involucres turbinate, bearing a long
lanceolate hispid reflexed lobe appearing like a
bract on the inner border, their receptacles chaffy ;
fertile heads solitary, or clustered, oblong,
4-angled, 3"-4" long, bearing 4 sharp spines.
Prairies, Illinois to Missouri, Kansas, Louisiana
and Texas. July-Sept.
Richweed. Wild hemp. Horse-wee
2. Ambrosia trifida L. Horse-cane. Bitter-
weed. Great Ragweed. Fig. 4126.
Ambrosia trifida L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753.
A. intcgrifolia Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 375. 1805.
Ambrosia trifida integrifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 290.
1 841.
Annual, scabrous or hispid, or nearly glabrous,
branched, 3°-i7° high. Leaves all opposite, petioled,
3-nerved, deeply 3-5-lobed, or undivided, the lobes
lanceolate or ovate, serrate, acute or acuminate ;
lower leaves often i° wide; racemes of sterile heads
3'-io' long, their involucres saucer-shaped, 3-ribbed
on the outer side, crenate-margined or truncate, their
receptacles naked; fertile heads usually clustered in
the axils of the upper bract-like leaves, turbinate to
obovoid, 5-7-ribbed, conic-beaked, 3"-4" long, each
rib bearing a tubercle near the summit.
In moist soil, Quebec to Florida, west to Manitoba,
Nebraska, Colorado and New Mexico. Tall ambrosia.
Buffalo-weed. Hay-fever weed. July-Oct.
3. Ambrosia elatior L. Ragweed. Roman
Wormwood. Hogweed. Wild Tansy.
Fig. 4127.
Ambrosia elatior L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753.
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L. Sp. PI. 9S8. 1753.
Annual, pubescent, puberulent or hirsute, panicu-
lately branched, i°-6° high. Leaves thin, 1-2-pin-
natifid, petioled, 2'-4' long, the upper alternate, the
lower mostly opposite, pale or canescent beneath,
the lobes oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute ;
uppermost leaves of the branches sometimes linear-
lanceolate and entire; racemes of sterile heads very
numerous, l'-6' long, the involucres hemispheric,
crenate, the receptacle chaffy ; fertile heads obovoid
or subglobose, mostly clustered, 1V-2" long, short-
beaked, 4-6-spined near the summit, sparingly pu-
bescent.
In dry soil, often a pernicious weed in cultivated
fields, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to British Colum-
bia and Mexico. Bermuda. Introduced into Europe as a
weed. Consists of several slightly differing races. Also
called bittcrweed, stickweed, stammerwort, carrot-weed,
black, or tassel-weed, hay-fever weed. July-Oct.
34^
AMl:k()Sl Ai'EAE.
Vol. III.
4. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Western Rag-
wee 1. Fig. 4128.
Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Prodr. 5: 526. 1836.
Similar to the preceding species, but perennial by
long rootstocks, the leaves thick, the pubescence stri-
gose or hispid. Stems usually much branched, 2c-6°
high, rather stout; leaves i-_>-pinnatifid, 2-5' long,
the lobes acutish ; racemes of sterile heads several or
numerous, 2'-6' long, the involucres campanulate, the
receptacles chaffy ; fertile heads mostly solitary, ovoid
or obovoid. reticulated, short-pointed, unarmed, or
with about 4 short tubercles, pubescent. i*"-2" long.
In moist open soil, Illinois to Saskatchewan, Texas,
Mexico and California. July-Oct.
3. GAERTNERIA Med. Act. Pal. 3 : 244.
1785. Phil. Bot. 45. 1789.
[Franseria Cav. Icon. 2: 78. />/. 200. 1793.]
Hispid or tomentose branching herbs, with the aspect of Ambrosias, sometimes woody at
the base, with mostly alternate lobed or divided leaves, and small monoecious greenish heads
of discoidal flowers, the staminate in terminal spikes or racemes, the pistillate solitary or
clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of the pistillate heads ovoid or globose, closed,
1-4-celled, 1-4-beaked, armed with several rows of spines and forming a bur in fruit; corolla
none or rudimentary; style deeply bifid, its branches exserted ; stamens none; achenes obo-
void, thick, solitary in the cells ; pappus none. Staminate heads sessile, or short-peduncled,
their involucres broadly hemispheric, open, 5-12-lobed; receptacle chaffy; corolla regular, the
tube short, the limb >lobed ; style undivided ; anthers scarcely coherent ; mucronate-tipped.
[In honor of Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791, German botanist.]
About 25 species, natives of America. In addition to the following, some 12 others occur in the
western and southwestern United States. Type species: Xanthium fruticosum L. f.
Plant hirsute; annual ; spines of the fruiting involucre long, flat. 1. G. acanthicarpa.
Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath ; spines short, conic ; perennials.
Leaves bipinnatifid. 2- G. discolor.
Leaves pmnately divided, the terminal segment large. 3. G. tomentosa.
i. Gaertneria acanthicarpa (Hook.)
Britton. Hooker's Gaertneria.
Fig. 4129.
Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I: 309.
Franseria Hookeriana Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 7: 345- 1841.
Gaertneria acanthicarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 332. 1894.
Franseria acanthicarpa Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb.
4: 129. 1893.
Annual, erect or diffuse, paniculately branched,
l°-2° high; stem hirsute or hispid. Lower and
basal leaves slender-petioled, bipinnatifid, 2'-4'
long, the upper short-petioled or sessile, once-
pinnatifid, or merely lobed; racemes of sterile
heads usually numerous, I '-3' long; fruiting
involucres clustered in the axils, 3"-4" long,
commonly i-flowered, armed with numerous
long flat straight spines.
In moist soil, Saskatchewan to western Ne-
braska and Texas, west to British Columbia and
California. Sand-bur. Recorded from Minnesota. July-Sept.
Gaertneria tenuifolia (A. Gray) Kuntze, a southwestern perennial species with pinnately
dissected leaves, the fruiting involucre only about 1" long, is recorded as extending eastward into
Kansas.
Genus 3.
RAGWEED FAMILY
2. Gaertneria discolor (Nutt.) Kuntze.
White-leaved Gaertneria. Fig. 4130.
Ambrosia tomentosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 186. 181S. Not
Gaertneria tomentosa (A. Gray) Kuntze.
Franseria discolor Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
7: 345- 1841.
Gaertneria discolor Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 339. 1891.
Erect or ascending from perennial rootstocks,
branched, about 1° high. Leaves nearly all bipin-
natifid, petioled, densely white-tomentose beneath,
green and pubescent or glabrate above, 2'-$' long ;
sterile racemes narrow, commonly solitary, l'-2'
long; fruiting involucres clustered in the axils
finely canescent, about 3" long, mostly 2-flowered
armed with short sharp conic spines.
In dry soil, South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming.
Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico. Aug.-Sept.
On rich prairies
3. Gaertneria tomentosa (A. Gray)
Kuntze. Woolly Gaertneria.
Fig. 4131-
Franseria tomentosa A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4 : 80.
1849.
G. tomentosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 339. 1891.
Gaertneria Grayi A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 34: 35. 1902.
Erect from a deep perennial root, usually
branched at the base, i0-3° high. Leaves pin-
nately lobed or divided, finely and densely to-
mentose on both sides, or ashy above, the terminal
segment lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, serrulate or entire, very much larger than
the 2-6 rather distinct narrow lateral ones; sterile
racemes solitary, 2'-4' long; fruiting involucres
solitary, or 2-3 together in the upper axils, ovoid,
finely canescent or glabrate, 2-flowered, about 3"
long, armed with subulate-conic, very acute,
sometimes curved or hooked spines.
and along rivers, western Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado. Aug.-Sept.
4. XANTHIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753.
Monoecious annual branching coarse rough or spiny herbs, with alternate lobed or dentate
leaves, and rather small heads of greenish discoid flowers, the staminate ones capitate-
clustered at the ends of the branches, the pistillate axillary. Staminate heads with a short
involucre of 1 to 3 series of distinct bracts; receptacle cylindric, chaffy; corollas tubular,
5-toothed ; anthers not coherent, mucronate at the apex ; filaments monadelphous ; style slen-
der, undivided. Pistillate heads of an ovoid or oblong, closed involucre, covered with hooked
spines, 1-2-beaked, 2-celled, each cavity containing one obovoid or oblong achene ; corolla
none; pappus none; style 2-cleft, its branches exserted. [Greek, yellow, from its yielding
a yellow hair-dye.]
About 15 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Xanthium strumarium L.
Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends ; axils bearing 3-divided yellow spines.
1. X. spinosum.
Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate to truncate at base ; no axillary spines.
Bur, or its prickles, or both, more or less hispid-pubescent ; beaks incurved.
Body of the bur ovoid to oval, twice as long as thick or shorter.
Bur 1' long or more, the prickles 4"-s" long. 2. X. speciosum.
344
AMIUO )SI.U ICAE.
Vol.111.
Bur to" long or less, the prickles 2."-%" long.
Bur densely prickly, its pubi sci nci brow n.
Bur loosely prickly, its pubescence yellowish.
Body of the bur oblong, more than twice as long as thick.
Prickles longer than the diameter of the body of the bur.
Prickles shorter than the diameter of the body of the bur.
Bur narrowly oblong.
Bur broadly oblong.
Bur and its prickles glabrous, or merely puberulent ; beaks nearly straight.
3. X. echinatum.
4. X. glanduliferum.
5. X. inflexum.
6. X. pennsylvanicum.
7. X. commune.
8. X. americanum.
i. Xanthium spinosum L. Spiny or
Thorny Clotbur, Clotweed or Bur-
weed. Fig. 4132.
Xanthium spinosum L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753.
Stem pubescent or puberulent, much branched,
ascending or erect, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
lobed, or the upper entire, narrowed at the
base, short-petioled, white-canescent beneath
and on the whitish veins of the upper surface,
2-5' long; axils each with a short-stalked
3-pronged yellow spine nearly 1' long; ripe
fertile involucre (bur) oblong-cylindric, 4"-6"
long, about 2" in diameter, pubescent, armed
with short subulate rather inconspicuous beaks,
and numerous glabrous spines about 1" long.
In waste grounds, Maine to Ontario, Florida,
Illinois, West Virginia, Missouri, Texas, New
Mexico and California. Widely distributed as a
weed in tropical America. Naturalized from
Europe or Asia. Cocklebur. Dagger-cocklebur.
Aug.-Nov.
2. Xanthium speciosum Kearney. Great
Clotbur.
Fig. 4133-
Xanthium speciosum Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club
24: 574. 1897.
Very stout, 3°-4*° high. Stem sharply
angled above ; lower petioles 4'-6' long ; leaf-
blades broadly triangular-ovate, the larger 6'-8'
wide, 3-5-lobed, dentate, scabrous on both sur-
faces ; burs commonly clustered, oblong to
ovoid-oblong, 1* long or more, the stout beaks
5"-6" long, somewhat incurved, strongly hooked
at the apex, equalling or a little longer than the
dense subulate uncinate prickles, which are
hispid to above the middle, and 4"-S" long.
Moist and waste grounds. North Dakota to
Wisconsin, Tennessee, Montana, Nebraska and
Texas, and locally in waste places eastward.
Aug.-Sept.
Genus 4.
RAGWEED FAMILY.
345
3. Xanthium echinatum Murr. Beach Clotbur.
Fig. 4134-
A*, echinatum Murr. Coram. Goett. 6: 32, /■/. -j. 1783.
X. maeuiatum Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 344. 1818.
X. oviforme Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 240. 1842.
Stem rough, purplish or purple-blotched, I°-2° high.
Leaves firm, scabrous, with scattered short papillose
hairs, obtusely toothed and lobed, somewhat resinous-
glandular beneath ; burs commonly clustered in the axils,
ovoid to oval, y"-n" long, 4" -6" thick, glandular; prickles
very dense, densely hispid from the base to the middle
or beyond, subulate, hooked, the longer about 2i" long,
and about equalling the stout hispid beaks.
Sea, lake and river beaches, occasionally in waste grounds.
North Carolina to Nova Scotia, New York, Minnesota and
North Dakota. Recorded west to Saskatchewan. Aug.-Sept.
4. Xanthium glanduliferum Greene.
Glandular Clotbur. Fig. 4135.
Xanthium glanduliferum Greene, Pittonia 4: 61.
1899.
Similar to X. echinatum. Leaves very thick
and scabrous with short stout papillae; burs
oval, S"-8" long, 3"-4*" thick, yellow, the
prickles scattered, bristly-hispid nearly to the
hooked apex, scarcely as long as the conic-
subulate short-bristly beaks.
In dry soil. North Dakota to Assiniboia, Brit-
ish Columbia and Nebraska. Adventive in Mis-
souri. June-Sept.
Xanthium Macounii Britton, known only
from Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, differs by a
longer bur, 10" long and 4" thick.
5. Xanthium inflexum Mackenzie & Bush.
Missouri Clotbur. Fig. 4136.
Xanthium inflexum Mackenzie & Bush, Rep. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 16 : 106. 1905.
Glabrate, or papillose-roughened above, 3°-4i"
high. Leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, more
or less cordate, mostly 3-lobed, crenate-dentate ;
burs 1' long or less, the body oblong, more than
twice as long as thick, 3"~3h" in diameter, glan-
dular-pubescent; prickles hooked, stiff, longer
than the diameter of the bur, glandular-pubescent
below, glabrous above ; beaks stout, about 5" long,
bent at the middle, strongly indexed, hooked.
Sandy river-bottoms, Courtney, Missouri.
Sept.
Aug.-
\MllKOSlACKAK.
Vol. 111.
6. Xanthium pennsylvanicum W'allr.
Pennsylvania Clotbur. Fig. 4137.
Xanthium pennsylvanicum W'allr. Beitr. liot. i:
236. 1842.
Stem comparatively slender, smooth below,
roughish above, l°-3° high. Leaves thin, long-
petioled, sharply toothed and some of them
3-5-lobed, smoothish, or the upper surface
scabrate, glandular; burs clustered in the axils.
7"-q" long, about one-third as thick, puberu-
lent and resinous-glandular, and commonly
with a few longer hairs; prickles numerous,
subulate, hooked, more or less hispid or gla-
brate, the longer ones nearly as long as the
diameter of the bur; beaks slender, but stouter
than the prickles, incurved and hooked.
Moist gorunds, Quebec to Minnesota, New
York, Missouri and Colorado. Aug.-Oct. Re-
ferred in our first edition to Xanthium canadense
Mill., a name which has been variously applied to
different plants by authors.
7. Xanthium commune Britton. Cockle-
bur or Clotbur. Fig. 4138.
Xanthiit»i commune Britton, Manual 91-. 1901.
Stem rather slender. l°-2°, roughish. Leaves
broadly ovate, more or less lobed, scabrous, espe-
cially above ; burs commonly solitary in the axils,
oblong, /"-12" long, half as thick, or less, the
subulate-conic beaks slightly incurved, hooked at
the apex, about as long as the subulate uncinate
prickles, which are hispid to about the middle with
brown hairs and shorter than the diameter of
the bur.
Moist grounds, Quebec to Alberta, Maryland, Mis-
souri, Utah and Arizona. Aug.-Oct.
8. Xanthium americanum Walt. Amer-
ican Cocklebur or Burweed.
Fig. 4I39-
X. americanum Walt. Fl. Car. 231. 1788.
X. macrocarpum glabralum DC. Prodr. 5: 523.
1836.
X. glabratum Britton, Manual 912. 1901.
Rough, l°-6J° high. Leaves slender-petioled,
broadly ovate to orbicular, 3-ribbed and cor-
date or cordate-reniform at the base, the lower
often 10' wide, the margins dentate, or more
or less 3-5-lobed, both surfaces roughish and
green ; bur oblong, glabrous or merely puberu-
lent, 6"-o," long, about 3" in diameter, its 2
sharp conical-subulate 2-toothed beaks straight
or nearly so, equalling or slightly longer than
the glabrous spines.
Moist grounds, Ontario to Florida, Michigan,
Tennessee and Kansas. Referred, in our first edi-
tion, to the Old World X. strumarium L., from
which it proves to be distinct. Sheep- or clot-bur.
Button-bur. Small or lesser burdock. Aug.-Oct.
Xanthium orientale L. (X. canadense Mill.), an
Old World tropical species, is naturalized in the
West Indies.
Key to Genera. THISTLE FAMILY. 347
Family 46. COMPOSITAE Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 103. 1763.
Thistle Family.
Herbs, rarely shrubs (some tropical forms trees), with watery or resinous
(rarely milky) sap, and opposite alternate or basal exstipulate leaves. Flowers
perfect, pistillate, or neutral, or sometimes monoecious or dioecious, borne on a
common receptacle, forming heads, subtended by an involucre of few to many bracts
arranged in one or more series. Receptacle naked, or with chaffy scales subtend-
ing the flowers, smooth, or variously pitted or honeycombed. Calyx-tube com-
pletely adnate to the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, or
crown-like, or cup-like, or wanting. Corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the
lobes valvate, or that of the marginal flowers of the head expanded into a ligule
( ray ) ; when the ray-flowers are absent the head is said to be discoid ; when present,
radiate ; the tubular flowers form the disk. Stamens usually 5, borne on the corolla
and alternate with its lobes, their anthers united into a tube (syngenesious ), often
appendaged at the apex, sometimes sagittate or tailed at the base; pollen-grains
globose, often rough or prickly. Ovary i-celled ; ovule 1, anatropous ; style of
fertile flowers 2-cleft, its branches variously appendaged, or unappendaged ; stigmas
marginal ; style 'of sterile flowers commonly undivided. Fruit an achene. Seed
erect; endosperm none; embryo straight; hypocotyl inferior.
About Soo genera and not less than 10,000 species, of wide geographic distribution. The family
is also known as Cardi'aceae, Aggregatae, and by the English name of Asterworts. In Kuhnia, the
anthers are distinct, or nearly so.
* Anthers not tailed at the base; stigmatic lines of the style-branches only at the base, or not extending
beyond the middle; flowers all tubular and perfect, never yellow; rays none.
Style-branches filiform or subulate, hispidulous ; receptacle naked. Tribe 1. Vernonieae.
Style-branches thickened upward, obtuse, papillose. Tribe 2. Eupatorieae.
** Anthers tailed at the base, unappendaged at the tip; heads small; rays none (except in Inula where they
are large, yellow). Tribe 4. Inuleae.
*** Anthers not tailed at the base; stigmatic lines of the style-branches in the perfect flowers extending to
the summit; flowers tubular only, or tubular and radiate, often yellow.
1. Receptacle naked (see also Nos. 85-88 of Tribe 7).
a. Bracts of the involucre usually well imbricated.
Style-branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with terminal appendages. Tribe 3. Astereae.
Style-branches truncate, or with hairy tips. Tribe 6. Helenieae.
b. Bracts little imbricated, or not at all ; pappus of soft bristles.
Tribe 8. Senecioneae.
2. Receptacle chaffy (except in Nos. 85-88).
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or foliaceous ; not scarious. Tribes. Heliantheae.
Bracts of the involucre dry, scarious. Tribe 7. Anthemideae.
**** Anthers long-tailed at the base, with elongated appendages at the tip; heads large; rays none (in
Ccntaurca often with enlarged marginal flowers) ; bracts imbricated.
Tribe 9. Cynareae.
Tribe i. Vernonieae.
Pappus double, the inner of rough capillary bristles, the outer of scales, or short bristles ; heads
not glomerate. 1. Vemonia.
Pappus a single series of bristles ; heads glomerate, subtended by sessile bracts. 2. Elephantopus.
Tribe 2. Eupatorieae.
* Achenes 3-5-angled, not ribbed.
Pappus of 5 broad obtuse scales ; aquatic herb with linear whorled leaves. 3. Sclerolepis.
Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.
Involucre of more than 4 bracts; erect herbs. 4- Eupatorium.
Involucre of 4 bracts; our species twining herbaceous vines. 5. Mikania.
** Achenes 8-10-ribbed, or 8-10-striate.
1. Bracts of the involucre in several series, the outer successively shorter.
Bracts of the involucre strongly striate-nerved ; heads panicled or corymbed in our species.
Pappus-bristles rough or serrate ; involucral bracts numerous. 6. Coleosanthus.
Pappus-bristles plumose ; involucral bracts few. 7. Kuhnia.
Bracts of the involucre faintly striate, if at all ; heads spiked or racemed. 8. Lacinaria.
2. Bracts of the involucre in only 2 or 3 series ; all nearly equal.
9. Trilisa.
Tribe 3. Astereae.
A. Ray-flowers yellow (white in one species of Solidago), or wanting; plants not dioecious.
* Pappus of scales, or awns, or wanting, never of numerous capillary bristles.
Heads small, not over 2" high ; leaves narrowly linear, entire.
Perennial herbs, or shrubs; all the flowers fertile. 10. Gutxerrezia.
34S
COMPOSITAE. Vol. III.
Annual herbs; disk-flowers sterile. n. Amphiachyris.
Heads large, showy : leaves oblong to lanceolate, spinulose-dentate. 12. Griiulelia.
** Pappus of cither the radiate or tubular flowers, or both, of numerous capillary bristles, with or without
an outer series of shorter ones, or of scales.
i Pappus, at least of the disk-flowers, double, an inner series of capillary bristles, and an outer one
of scales or short bristles ; heads large.
Achenes of the ray-flowers thick, the pappus obsolete, or of a few caducous bristles; achenes of the
disk-flowers flat. 13. Hcterotheca.
Achenes of both ray-flowers and disk-flowers flattened. 14. Chrysopsis.
tt Pappus wholly of capillary bristles.
1. Heads wholly of disk-flowers (in our species) ; rays none ; leaves narrowly linear.
a. Perennial herbs; style-tips not exserted ; eastern. 15. Chondrophora.
b. Shrubs; style-tips mostly exserted; western.
Involucral bracts gradually narrowed to the tip, keeled, chartaceous. 16. Chrysothamnus.
Involucral bracts cuspidate, fiat, herbaceous. 17. Oonopsis.
2. Heads with both ray-flowers and disk-flowers (in our species).
a. None of the leaves cordate ; pappus mostly as long as the achene, or longer.
Leaves bristly-serrate or pinnatifid.
Achenes glabrous; pappus-bristles deciduous. 18. Prionopsis.
Achenes white-tomentose ; pappus-bristles persistent. 19. Sideranthus.
Leaves entire, or toothed, not bristly-serrate.
Leaves narrow, coriaceous, evergreen, entire ; low western undershrubs. 20. Stenolus.
Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves not evergreen.
Pappus-bristles unequal; heads loosely panicled ; annual. 21. Isopappus.
Pappus-bristles equal ; heads variously clustered ; perennial herbs.
Receptacle alveolate ; rays mostly not more numerous than the disk-flowers.
22. Solidago.
Receptacle fimbrillate ; rays more numerous than the disk-flowers ; heads corymbose-
paniculate. 23. Euthamia.
b. Lower and basal leaves cordate ; pappus-bristles shorter than the achene.
24. Brachychaeta.
B. Ray-flowers present, not yellow in any of our species.
* Pappus a mere crown, or of a few awns or bristles, or wanting, never of numerous capillary bristles.
1. Receptacle conic.
Outer bracts of the involucre shorter than the inner; achenes prismatic. 25. Aphanostephus.
Bracts of the involucre all about equal ; achenes flattened. 26. Bellis.
2. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex.
Achenes of the disk-flowers compressed, of the ray-flowers 3-angled ; perennial herbs with large
heads. 2j. Toivnsendia.
Achenes fusiform, terete ; annual herbs with small heads. 28. Chaetopappa.
Achenes obovate, flattened, with thickened or winged margins ; perennials. 29. Boltonia.
** Pappus of numerous oapillary bristles.
1. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles ; sometimes with an outer series of shorter ones.
a. Bracts of the involucre in 2 to many series.
Bracts mostly in 2-5 series ; teeth or lobes of the leaves not bristle-tipped.
Involucre narrow, its bracts firm ; rays few, white. 30. Sericocarpus.
Involucre turbinate to hemispheric, bracts mostly thin ; rays usually numerous, white to purple.
Disk-flowers turning red, purple, or brown. 31. Aster.
Disk-flowers permanently white ; leaves subulate to spatulate, crowded, rigid.
32. Leucelene.
Involucre turbinate ; rays not exceeding the mature pappus, or none. 33. Brachyactis.
Bracts in many series ; teeth or lobes of the leaves bristle-tipped in our species. 34. Machaeranthera.
b. Bracts of the involucre mostly in 1 or 2 series, very narrow; heads mostly long-peduncled.
Rays longer than the diameter of the disk. 35. Erigeron.
Rays not longer than the diameter of the disk ; heads very small, panicled. 36. Leptilon.
2. Pappus distinctly double, the inner bristles long, the outer shorter.
Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or obovate ; rays white. 37. Doellingeria.
Leaves narrowly linear ; rays violet. 38. Ionactis.
C. Ray-flowers none; dioecious shrubs; pappus capillary.
39. Baccharis.
Tribe 4. Inuleae.
* Heads small, rays none; flowers white, or whitish.
1. Receptacle chaffy.
Receptacle convex ; pappus none. 40. Filago.
Receptacle subulate; pappus of the inner flowers of rough capillary bristles. 41. Gifola.
2. Receptacle naked.
a. Pappus, at least that of pistillate flowers, of capillary bristles.
Bracts of the involucre not scarious ; plants pubescent or glabrous, not woolly. 42. Plttchea.
Bracts of the involucre scarious, mostly white or pink ; plants woolly.
Plants dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious.
Pappus-bristles of staminate flowers thickened above. 43- Antennaria.
Pappus-bristles not thickened ; stem leafy. 44- Anaphalis.
Plants not dioecious ; flowers all fertile. 45- Gnaphaltum.
b. Pappus none ; leaves broad, alternate, woolly beneath.
46. Adenocaulon.
** Heads large; ray-flowers yellow. 47. Inula.
Key to Genera.
THISTLE FAMILY.
349
Tribe 5. Heliantheae.
A. Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile.
Achenes thick, short, not flattened ; pappus none.
Achenes merely subtended by the inner involucral bracts.
Achenes embraced and enclosed by the inner involucral bracts.
Involucral bracts unarmed.
Involucral bracts armed with hooked prickles.
Achenes flattened.
Ray-flowers in 2 or 3 series; achenes falling away free.
Ray-flowers in 1 series ; achenes adnate to 2 or 3 scales of the receptacle,
Rays large, yellow.
Leaves opposite and basal.
Leaves alternate.
Pappus none, or of 2 caducous awns.
Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown.
Rays small, the head appearing discoid.
48. Polymnia.
49. Melampodium.
50. Acanthospermiim.
51. Silphium.
falling away with them.
52. Chrysogonum.
53. Berlandiera.
54. Engelmannia.
55. Parthenium.
56.
57-
58.
59-
B. Disk-flowers fertile.
* Ray-flowers persistent upon the achenes.
Achenes compressed, or 3-angled; leaves entire.
Achenes short, thick ; leaves toothed.
** Ray-flowers deciduous, or none,
t Pappus a cup, or crown, or of a few teeth, awns, or bristles.
I. Achenes, at least those of disk-flowers, not compressed (except in Ratibida
scales of the receptacle mostly concave, or clasping.
Scales of the receptacle small, awn-like or bristle-like ; rays white, short.
Scales of the receptacle broad, larger.
Involucre of 4 large somewhat united bracts.
Involucre of several or numerous separate bracts.
Receptacle conic, or columnar.
Ray-flowers fertile, or wanting; leaves opposite.
Ray-flowers sterile, or neutral ; leaves mostly alternate.
Rays yellow.
Achenes 4-angled or terete.
Achenes 4-angled.
Achenes terete ; leaves cordate-clasping.
Achenes compressed, winged.
Rays rose-purple or yellow.
Receptacle flat, or convex (low-conic in species of Nos. 66 and 68)
Low fleshy sea-coast shrubs.
Tall herbs, not fleshy.
Achenes not much flattened, not winged, nor margined.
Achenes of disk-flowers flattened and margined, or winged.
Involucre of a few deflexed bracts.
Involucre of 2 series or more of appressed or spreading bracts.
Perennials ; bracts erect or appressed. 68.
Annuals; bracts spreading. 69.
2. Achenes very flat; scales of the receptacle flat, or but slightly con
a. Bracts of the involucre all separate.
Pappus of 2 short teeth or awns, or a mere border, or none.
Pappus of 2-6 awns or teeth, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid.
Achenes flat, or angled.
Achenes terete ; aquatic, the submerged leaves filiform-dissected.
b. Inner bracts of the involucre united to about the middle.
ft Pappus of numerous scales.
Leaves opposite, toothed ; ray-flowers fertile ; rays small.
Leaves alternate, entire.
Rays large, neutral ; receptacle deeply honey-combed.
Rays none ; scales of the receptacle narrow, rigid.
Crassina.
Heliopsis.
and Phaethusa)
Verbesina.
Tetragonotheca.
60. Spilanthes.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
Rudbeckia.
Dracopis.
Ratibida.
Echinacea.
Borrichia.
Helianthus.
Ridan.
Phaethusa.
Ximenesia.
o. Coreopsis.
7i-
12.
73-
Bidens.
Megalodonta.
Thelesperma.
74. Galinsoga.
75-
76.
Endorima.
Marshallia.
Tribe 6. Helenieae.
A. Ray-flowers persistent on the achenes, falling away with them, papery.
77. Psilostrophe.
B. Ray-flowers deciduous, or wanting.
* Plants not dotted with oil-glands.
a. Pappus none. 7S. Flaveria.
b. Pappus present (in all our species), of separate scales or bristles.
1. Bracts of the involucre petal-like, colored, their margins and apices scarious.
Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately parted, or pinnatifid ; rays none ; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers
ovate. 79. Hymenopappus.
Leaves entire ; rays present, or none ; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers linear. 80. Othake.
2. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, not scarious-tipped, nor petal-like, appressed, or spreading.
Receptacle naked.
Bracts of the involucre appressed.
Achenes 4-angled, linear or oblong. 81. Picradeniopsis.
Achenes 5-10-ribbed or 5-10-angled, top-shaped.
Involucral bracts separate to the base. 82. Tetraneuris.
35°
( OMPOSITAE.
Vol. 111.
( tuter involucral bracts connate. 83. Hymenoxys.
Bracts of the involucre spreading, or reflexed at maturity. 84. Helenium.
Reci ptacle with bristle-like chaff. 85. Galliardia.
** Plants dotted with oil-glands, especially the leaves and involucre.
Involucral bracts more or less united; style-branches of the disk-flowers elongated.
Involucral bracts united at the base. 86. Koebera.
Involucral bracts united high up into a cup. 87. Thymophylla.
Involucral bracts separate; style-branches of the disk-flowers very short. 88. Pedis.
Tribe 7. Anthemideae.
* Receptacle chaffy.
Achenes flattened ; involucre obovoid to campanulate ; heads small. 89. Achillea.
Achenes terete; involucre hemispheric; heads large. 90. Anthetnis.
** Receptacle not chaffy, naked, or sometimes hairy.
1. Ray-flowers usually present, sometimes wanting.
Receptacle flat to hemispheric ; bracts of the involucre in several series.
Receptacle conic to ovoid ; bracts in few series.
2. Ray-flowers none ; heads small.
Heads corymbed ; pappus a short crown; flowers yellow.
Heads racemose, spicate or panicled ; pappus none.
91. Chrysanthemum.
92. Matricaria.
93. Tanacetum.
94. Artemisia.
Tribe 8. Senecioneae.
Leaves all basal ; heads on scapes.
Heads solitary ; flowers yellow.
Heads corymbed ; flowers white or purple.
Leaves opposite ; rays yellow.
Involucre of several thin herbaceous bracts.
Involucre of 4 or 5 broad fleshy bracts.
Leaves alternate.
Flowers white, whitish or pinkish ; rays none.
Marginal flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect.
Flowers all perfect.
Involucre of about 5 bracts ; sap milky.
Involucre of about 12 bracts and several smaller outer ones.
Flowers yellow ; ray-flowers mostly present.
Tribe 9. Cynareae.
* Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their bases, not oblique.
Receptacle densely bristly.
Filaments separate.
Involucral bracts hooked at the tip; leaves not bristly.
Involucral bracts not hooked ; leaves bristly.
Pappus-bristles plumose. 104.
Pappus-bristles not plumose. 105.
Filaments united below. 106.
Receptacle fleshy, not bristly. 107.
** Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle.
Heads not subtended by bristly leaves ; involucral bracts often bristly. 108.
Heads sessile, subtended by bristly leaves. 109.
95. Tussilago.
96. Petasites.
97. Arnica. .
98. Haploesthes.
99. Erechtites.
100. Mcsadenia.
1 01. Synosma.
102. Senecio.
103. Arctium.
Cirsium.
Cardials.
Mariana.
Onopordon.
Centaurea.
Cnicus.
i. VERNONIA Scbreb. Gen. PI. 2: 541. 1791.
Erect branching perennial herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate (very
rarely oposite), in our species sessile leaves, and discoid cymose-paniculate heads of purple
pink or white tubular flowers. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or oblong-cylindric, its
bracts imbricated in several or many series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, S-cleft.
Anthers sagittate at the base, not caudate. Style-branches subulate, hispidulous their whole
length. Achenes 8-10-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of our species in 2 series, the inner of
numerous roughened capillary bristles, the outer of much shorter small scales or stout
bristles. [Named after William Vernon, English botanist.]
More than 500 species, of wide distribution in warm-temperate regions, most abundant in South
America. Besides the following, several others occur in the southern and southwestern United
States. Type species: Serralula noveboracensis L.
Heads large, nearly 1' broad ; involucral bracts with long filiform tips.
Heads smaller, 6" broad or less.
Involucral bracts with filiform tips.
Leaves lanceolate, relatively narrow ; pappus purple, rarely green.
Leaves oval to lanceolate, relatively broad ; pappus yellowish.
Involucral bracts acute or obtuse, not filiform-tipped.
Leaves linear, i-nerved.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate.
Leaves glabrous or merely puberulent beneath.
Heads loosely cymose.
Heads densely cymose.
Leaves tomentose beneath.
Involucral bracts squarrose, acuminate.
Involucral bracts obtuse or acute, appressed.
V. crinita.
2. V
3. V
noveboracensis.
glauca.
4. V. marginata.
V. altissima.
V. fasciculata.
V. Baldwinii.
V. missurica.
Genus i.
THISTLE FAMILY.
i. Vernonia crinita Raf. Great Iron-
weed. Fig. 4140.
V. crinata Raf. New Flora N. A. 4 : 77. 1836.
Vernonia arkansana DC. Prodr. 7 : 264. 1838.
Cacalia arkansana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 969. 1891.
Stout, glabrate or finely rough-pubescent, 8°-
12° high, simple or little branched. Leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate, finely denticulate, acuminate,
3'-l2' long, 3"-i2" wide ; heads stout-peduncled,
the peduncles thickened above; involucre hemi-
spheric, o"-i2" broad, 50-80-flowered ; bracts
green, or the upper reddish, very squarrose, all
filiform-subulate from a broader base and equal-
ling the head, the inner ones somewhat wider
below ; achenes glabrous or hispidulous on the
ribs; pappus purplish.
On prairies and along streams, Missouri to Kan-
sas and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
^A^^Kj%
35'
Vernonia noveboracensis
Willd. New York Iron-weed. Flat Top.
4141.
Fig
Serratula noveboracensis L. Sp. PI. 818. 1753.
V. noveboracensis Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1632. 1804.
C. noveboracensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 323. 1891.
I'ernonia noveboracensis tomentosa Britton, Mem.
Torr. Club 5: 311. 1894.
Roughish-pubescent or glabrate, 3°-a° high.
Leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, serrulate,
3'-io' long, 5"-l2" wide, acuminate or acute;
heads peduncled; involucre hemispheric, 20-40-
flowered, 4"-5" in diameter; bracts brownish-
purple or greenish, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with
subulate spreading tips usually twice or three
times their own length, or some of the lower
linear-subulate, the upper sometimes merely acute_;
flowers deep purple, rarely white ; achenes his-
pidulous on the ribs; pappus purple or purplish,
rarely green.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania.
North Carolina, West Virginia, Mississippi and Mis-
souri. Erroneously recorded west to Minnesota. July-
Sept.
3. Vernonia glauca ( L.) Britton. Broad-
leaved Iron-weed. Fig. 4142.
Serratula glauca L. Sp. PI. 818. 1753.
I'ernonia noveboracensis var. latifolia A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. 1 : Part 2, 89. 1884.
Vernonia glauca Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
311. 1894.
Slender, glabrous or finely puberulent, 2°-5°
high. Leaves thin, the lower broadly oval or
slightly obovate, sharply serrate, acute or acu-
minate, 4,'-y' long, l'-2i' wide, the upper nar-
rower and more finely toothed ; inflorescence
loosely branched; heads slender-peduncled, 10-
20-flowered ; involucre campanulate, 3"-4"
broad; bracts ovate, with filiform tips, ap-
pressed ; achenes minutely hispidulous; pappus
yellowish.
In woods, Pennsylvania and Maryland to
Georgia and Alabama. Southern plants pre-
viously referred to this species prove to be dis-
tinct. Aug.-Sept.
i i imi'i isi i \r
Vol.111.
5. Vernonia altissima Nutt.
Iron- weed. Fig. 4144.
Vernonia altissima Xutt. Gen. 2: 134. 1818.
Vernonia maxima Small, Bull. Torr. Club 27:
280. 1900.
Glabrous or nearly so, 5°-io° high. Leaves
thin, lanceolate, sometimes broadly so, usu-
ally long-acuminate, finely serrate, 4'-1-'
long, i'-ii' wide, glabrous on both surfaces,
or puberulent beneath ; inflorescence at
length loosely branched and open ; heads
short-peduncled or some of them sessile;
involucre campanulate or turbinate, 2"-3"
broad, 15-30-flowered; bracts obtuse or
mucronate, more or less ciliate, appressed ;
achenes slightly hispidulous ; pappus pur-
plish.
In moist soil, New York to Florida, Illinois,
Michigan, Missouri, Kentucky and Louisiana.
July-Sept. Included in our first edition in V.
gigantea (Walt.) Britton, of the Southern
States.
4. Vernonia marginata (Torr.) Raf.
James' Iron-weed. Fig. 4143.
Vernonia altissima v.ir. marginata Torr. Ann.
I.yc. X. Y. 2 : jio. 1827.
' em / marginata Raf. Atl. Journ. 1: 146.
1832.
/ ernonia Jam, -mi I. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 58. 1841.
Cacalia marginata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 968.
1891.
Glabrous or very nearly so, l°-3° high.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, minutely
denticulate, i-nerved, firm, punctate, 2'-s' long,
lV-z" wide, acuminate; inflorescence rather
loose; heads slender-peduncled ; involucre
campanulate or turbinate, 15-30-flowered, 4"-
6" broad ; bracts ovate or oval, acute, mucro-
nate or obtusish, purplish, somewhat pubes-
cent, appressed ; achenes nearly glabrous, or
somewhat pubescent ; pappus brownish.
Prairies, Nebraska and Kansas to Texas and
New Mexico. Autumn.
6. Vernonia fasciculata Michx.
Western Iron-weed. Fig. 4145.
Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
94. 1803.
Cacalia fasciculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 970.
1 89 1.
Glabrous, or puberulent above, 2°-6° high.
Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, 3'-6' long, 2"-4" wide, gla-
brous or nearly so on both surfaces ; inflor-
escence usually compact ; heads short-pedun-
cled, or some of them sessile; involucre
campanulate. 2"~3" broad, 20-30-flowered ;
bracts all appressed, ovate or oval, acute,
ciliate, or sometimes pubescent ; achenes gla-
brous, or a little pubescent; pappus purple.
In moist soil or on prairies, Ohio to Minne-
sota, Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma. South-
ern plants formerly referred to this species
prove to be distinct. July-Sept.
Vernonia corymbosa Schwein., ranging
from Manitoba to western Nebraska, has
broader leaves but is otherwise similar.
Genus i.
THISTLE FAMILY.
353
7. Vernonia Baldwinii Torr. Baldwin's
Iron-weed. Fig. 4146.
J\ Baldwinii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 211. 1827.
Cacalia Baldwinii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 969. 1891.
Vernonia interior Small, Bull. Torr. Club 27: 279.
1900.
V. interior Baldwinii Mack. & Bush, Fl. Jackson Co.
190. 1903.
Stout, 2°-5j° high, finely and densely tomen
tose-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, sharply
serrate, 4'-8' long, ¥-2' wide, scabrate above,
densely tomentulose beneath ; heads stout-pedun-
cled, 15-30-flowered; involucre hemispheric, 3"-
4" broad ; bracts ovate, the acute tips recurved
or spreading ; pappus purple.
In dry soil, Iowa to Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas
and Texas. July-Sept.
8. Vernonia missurica Raf. Drummond's Iron-weed. Fig. 4147
V. missurica Raf. Herb. Raf. 28. 1833.
I'ernonia aitissimavar. grandiflora A.Gray,
Syn. Fl. 1 : Part 2, 90. 1884.
Vernonia Drummondii Shuttlw. ; Werner,
Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist. 16: 171.
1894.
V. ilhnoensis Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 4 : 211. 1906.
Stout, densely tomentose, 3°-5° high.
Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong,
acuminate, finely serrate, 3'-6' long,
i'-lj' wide, scabrous above, densely pu-
bescent beneath ; inflorescence usually
compact; heads short-peduncled; invo-
lucre hemispheric or short-cylindric, 2"-
6" in diameter, 30-60-flowered ; bracts
purplish, appressed, ovate, obtuse, acute,
or mucronate, more or less floccose-
pubescent or ciliate; achenes glabrous
or a little pubescent; pappus purplish to
tawny.
Prairies, Ontario and Ohio to Illinois,
Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. Autumn.
2. ELEPHANTOPUS [Vaill.] L. Sp. PL 814. 1753.
Perennial rigid pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal, simple pinnately-veined leaves,
and in our species glomerate bracted heads of blue or purple flowers in branching corymbs.
Heads discoid, 2-5-flowered. Involucre compressed, oblong, its chaffy bracts imbricated in
about 2 series, the 4 outer bracts shorter. Bracts of the glomerules large, foliaceous. Recep-
tacle small, naked. Corolla nearly regular, 5-lobed, but a little deeper cleft on the inner
side. Achenes 10-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of rigid persistent awn-like scales or bristles in
I or 2 rows. [Greek, Elephant's- foot.]
About 14 species, natives of tropical or warm regions. Besides the following, another occurs
in the southern United States. Type species: Elephantofus scaber L.
Stem and branches leafy.
Stem scapiform, naked, or with i or 2 leaves.
Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, g"-2' wide ; heads 4" long.
Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, 2'-4' wide; heads 6" long.
23
1. E. carolinianus.
2. E. nudatus.
3. E. tomenlosHS.
354
i i IMPDSITAK.
Vol.111.
2. Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray.
Smoothish Elephant's- foot.
Fig. 4149.
Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 15 : 47. 1880.
Erect, rather stout, appressed-pubescent,
or glabrate, I°-2° high. Leaves oblong or
oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, gradually
narrowed at the base, crenate or repand,
2'-io' long, o"-2' wide, the basal ones usually
much larger than those of the stem and
branches, or these usually few and bract-
like; glomerules 6"-c/' broad; heads about
4" long; scales of the pappus ovate-trian-
gular, abruptly narrowed into the awn.
In sandy woods, Delaware and Maryland to
Florida, west to Arkansas and Louisiana.
Aug.-Sept.
I. Elephantopus carolinianus W'illd.
t 'arolina Elephant's- fi >i >i
Fig. 4148.
Elephantopus carolinianus Willd. Sp. PI. 3 :
2390. 1804.
Erect, hirsute-pubescent, or glabrate
above, corymbosely branched above, i°-3°
high. Leaves oval, ovate, or obovate, thin,
the lower rather abruptly narrowed into
margined petioles, obtuse, crcnate-dentate,
3'-8' long, 2-4' wide, the upper smaller,
narrower and sessile; glomerules, includ-
ing the bracts, nearly \ broad; scales of
the pappus lanceolate-subulate, gradually
narrowed into a long slender awn.
In dry woods, southern New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Florida, Illinois, Kansas and
Texas. Aug.-Sept.
3. Elephantopus tomentosus L.
Woolly Elephant's- foot. Tobacco-
weed. Fig. 4150.
lllcphantopus tomentosus L. Sp. PI. S14. i"53-
Erect, villous-pubescent, or sometimes gla-
brate, i°-2° high, the stem branching above,
leafless or with 1 or 2 leaves. Basal leaves
ovate, oval, oblong, or obovate, obtuse, ses-
sile, narrowed at the base, usually silky-
pubescent beneath, crenate-dentate,4'-o'long,
2-4' wide; glomerules l'-lj' broad; heads
about 6" long; scales of the pappus triangu-
lar-subulate, gradually narrowed into the
awn.
In moist soil, Virginia to Florida, west to
Kentucky, Arkansas and Louisiana. Called
also devil's-grandmother. Aug.-Sept.
Genus 3.
THISTLE FAMILY.
355
3. SCLEROLEPIS Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816: 198. 1816.
Slender aquatic herbs, with linear entire verticillate leaves, and solitary (rarely 2-4) dis-
coid peduncled terminal heads of small purplish flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or
hemispheric. Bracts imbricated in about 2 series. Receptacle conic, naked. Corolla regular,
its tube short, its limb campanulate, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches
slender, obtuse. Pappus of 5 broad cartilaginous obtuse scales. Achenes 5-angled. [Greek,
hard scale, referring to the pappus.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
i. Sclerolepis uniflora (Walt.) Porter.
Sclerolepis. Fig. 4151.
Aethulia uniflora Walt. Fl. Car. 195. 1788.
Sparganophorus verticillatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 98.
1803.
Sclerolepis verticillata Cass. Diet. 48 : 155. 1S.27.
Sclerolepis uniflora Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 311.
1894.
Perennial; stem simple, decumbent at the base,
erect or ascending, glabrous or slightly pubescent,
i°-2° long, leafy. Leaves sessile, verticillate in
4's-6's, linear, i-nerved, 4"-I2" long, l"-i" wide, or
the submerged ones filiform; head about 5" broad;
bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, acutish, usually
puberulent.
In shallow ponds and streams, New Hampshire to
Florida. July-Sept.
4. EUPATORIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL
836. 1753-
Erect, mostly branching, perennial herbs, with opposite or verticillate, or sometimes alter-
nate, often punctate leaves, and in our species cymose-paniculate discoid heads of white, blue
or purple flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid, campanulate, or hemispheric, the bracts imbri-
cated in 2-several series. Receptacle flat, convex, or conic, naked. Corolla regular, its tube
slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, appendiculate
at the apex. Style-branches elongated, flattened, or thickened above, stigmatic at the base.
Achenes 5-angled, truncate. Pappus of numerous capillary usually scabrous bristles arranged
in 1 row. [Named for Mithridates Eupator, i. c, of a noble father.]
Over 500 species, mostly of warm or tropical regions.^ Besides the following, some 35 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species: Eupatorium canna-
binum L.
* Leaves alternate, pinnatifid into filiform segments. 1. E. capillifolium.
** Leaves petioled, verticillate in 3's-6's, or the upper opposite; involucral bracts in several series.
Leaves thick, rugose, pubescent ; inflorescence depressed.
Leaves ovate, acute. 2. E. maculatum.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 3. E. Bruneri.
Leaves thin, nearly glabrous ; inflorescence pyramidal. 4. E. purpureum.
*** Leaves opposite (rarely in 3's), or the uppermost alternate.
t Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more series, the outer shorter.
I. Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled. 5. E. serotiuum.
2. Leaves all sessile, short-petioled or connate-perfoliate.
a. Leaves not clasping nor connate-perfoliate.
§ Leaves narrowed at the base.
Bracts of the involucre acute or cuspidate, scarious-tipped, white.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, 2"— 6" wide.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, 'A'-i'A' wide.
Bracts of the involucre obtuse, not scarious, or but slightly so.
Leaves linear, crowded, usually entire, obtuse.
Leaves lanceolate, oval, or oblong, usually dentate.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, dentate.
Leaves oblong to oval, sharply dentate, obtusish or acute.
Leaves lanceolate, sparingly dentate, long-acuminate.
§§ Leaves rounded, obtuse or truncate at the base.
Plant glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate.
Plants pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse.
Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or narrowed at the base, usually obtuse.
Leaves broadly ovate, crenate-dentate, mostly truncate at the base, obtusish. 14. E. rotuniiifoliutn.
Leaves ovate, dentate, acute. 15. E. pubescens.
b. Leaves clasping or connate-perfoliate at the base.
Leaves connate-perfoliate ; involucral bracts acute. 16. E. perfoliatum.
Leaves merely clasping; involucral bracts obtuse. 17. E. resiiiosum.
ft Involucral bracts in 1 or 2 series, all equal or nearly so.
E. leucolepis.
E. alburn.
6.
7-
8. E. hyssopifolium.
9-
10.
'3
Torreyanum.
semiserratum.
altissifiiuui.
E. sessilifolium.
E. verbetiaefolium.
356
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
Receptacle flat.
Flowers white ; leaves ovate.
I eaves thin, ->'- 5' long, sliarply dentate, acuminate.
I , ,n es firm, 1 ' 2' long, obtusi ly dentate, acute or ohtusish.
Flowers pinl< to purple; leaves deltoid ovale.
Receptacle conic; flowers blue or violet ; lea\es petioled.
8. E. urticaefolium.
9. E. aromaticutn.
li. incarnatum,
E. coelestinum.
20.
21.
i. Eupatorium capillifolium I Lam. 1 Small.
Dog-fennel. I log-weed. Fig. 4152.
Artemisia capillifolia Lam. Encycl. 1: 267. 1783.
Eupatorium foeniculi des Walt. Fl. Car. 199. 1788.
/:'. foeniculaceum Wiild. Sp. PI. 3: 1750. 1804.
E. capillifolium Small, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 311. 1894.
Erect, paniculately much branched, with the as-
pect of an Artemisia, the stem finely pubescent.
4°-io° high. Leaves crowded, glabrous or nearly
so, alternate, pinnatifid into filiform segments, the
lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads very nu-
merous, about ii" high, short-pedicelled, race-
mose-paniculate, 3-6-flowered ; bracts of the invo-
lucre in about 2 series, linear, cuspidate, narrowly
scarious-margined, glabrous ; flowers greenish-
white.
In fields, Virginia to Florida. In ballast, at Phila-
delphia. Also in the West Indies. Sept.
2. Eupatorium maculatum L. Spotted
Joe-Pye Weed. Fig. 4153.
E. maculatum L. Amoen. Acad. 4; 288. 1755.
Eupatorium purpureum var. maculatum Darl. Fl.
Cest. 453. 1837. _
Eupatorium maculatum amocnum Bntton, Mem.
Torr. Club 5 : 312. 1894.
Similar to the two following specie:, sca-
brous or pubescent, often densely so, 2°-6°
high. Stem usually striate, often rough and
spotted with purple ; leave? thick, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, coarsely dentate, verticillate
in 3's-S's, or the upper ones opposite ; inflores-
cence depressed, cymose-paniculate; pedicels
and outer scales of the involucre pubescent;
flowers pink or purple.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to New York,
Kentucky, British Columbia, Kansas and New
Mexico. Spotted boneset. Perhaps to be re-
garded as a race of E. purpureum. Aug.-Sept.
3. Eupatorium Bruneri A. Gray. Bru-
ner's Trumpet-weed. Fig. 4154-
Eupatorium Bruneri A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i=; 96. 1884.
Eupatorium Rydbergi Britton, Manual 921. 1901.
Stem tall, pubescent, often densely so, at
least above. Leaves verticillate in 3's-5's, rather
slender-petioled, lanceolate, serrate, acuminate
at the apex, narrowed at the base, scabrous
above, finely densely pubescent and reticulate-
veined beneath, 4-6' long, ¥-2' wide ; inflores-
cence depressed or subpyramidal ; outer bracts
of the cylindric involucre pubescent; flowers
pink or purple.
In moist soil. South Dakota to Wyoming, Ne-
braska and Colorado. Apparently erroneously
recorded from Iowa. July-Sept.
Genus 4.
THISTLE FAMILY.
357
Gravel-root. Tall
4. Eupatorium purpureum L. Joe-Pye or Trumpet-weed.
or Purple Boneset. Fig. 4155.
Eupatorium purpureum L, Sp. PI. 838. 1753.
E. falcatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 99. 1803.
Eupatorium purpureum var. angustifolium T. & G. FI.
N. A. 2: 82. 1841.
Eupatorium purpureum falcatum Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club 5 : 312. 1894.
Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, simple or
branched at the summit, 3°-io° high. Stem green
or purple, terete or striate, usually smooth; leaves
thin, verticillate in 3's-6's, ovate, oval, ovate-lan-
ceolate or narrowly lanceolate, petioled, acumi-
nate, serrate, 4'-i2' long, 6" -3' wide, glabrous or
slightly pubescent along the veins on the lower
surface; inflorescence usually elongated; heads
very numerous ; involucre cylindric, its bracts
pink, oblong, obtuse, imbricated in 4 or 5 series,
the outer shorter; flowers pink or purple, occa-
sionally white.
In moist soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Flor-
ida and Texas. Kidney-root. Skunk-weed. Indian
gravel-root. Marsh-milk weed. Nigger-weed. Quill-
wort. Motherwort. King- or queen-of-the-meadow.
Aug.-Sept.
Eupatorium trifoliatum L. has the teeth of the
leaves bluntly apiculate, but otherwise closely re-
sembles E. purpureum and may not be specifically
distinct.
5. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Late-
flowering Thorough wort. Fig. 4156.
E. serotinum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 100. 1803.
Much branched, finely and densely pubescent,
or glabrate below, 4°-8° high. Leaves all sien-
der-petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, sharply serrate, 3'-6' long, J'-2' wide,
S-nerved at the base, the lower opposite, the
upper alternate; heads very numerous, the in-
florescence broadly cymose; heads 7-15-flow-
ered. 2"-3" high ; involucre campanulate, its
bracts pubescent, linear-oblong, obtuse or trun-
cate, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer
shorter; flowers white.
In moist soil, Delaware to Florida, Minnesota,
Iowa, Kansas and Texas. Sept.-Nov.
6. Eupatorium leucolepis T. & G. White-
bracted Thoroughwort. Justice-weed.
Fig. 4157-
E. leucolepis T. & G. FI. N. A. 2 : 84. 1841.
Slender, puberulent, branched above, i°-2°
high. Leaves opposite, sessile, linear, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, glaucous green, rough on
both sides, thick, blunt-pointed, sparingly ser-
rate, or the upper entire, l'-3' long, 2"-$" wide,
obscurely 3-nerved and narrowed at the base ;
inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads 3"-4"
high, about 5-flowered ; bracts of the narrow
involucre imbricated in about 3 series, white,
lanceolate, acute, densely canescent, the outer
shorter; flowers white.
In moist places, Massachusetts and Long Island
to Florida, Georgia and Louisiana. Aug.-Sept.
COMPOS1TAE.
Vol.111.
7. Eupatorium album L. White Thor-
oughwort. Fig. 4158.
Eupatorium album L. Mant. 111. [767.
Eupatorium glandulosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:
98. 1803.
Eupatorium album subvenosum A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
1 : Part 2, 98. 1884.
Pubescent with spreading hairs, branched
above, i°-3° high. Leaves opposite, sessile or
nearly so, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse.
obtusisb or the upper acute .11 the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, coarsely or rather finch
rate, l'-4' long, J'-i' wide, rather thick, mi-
nutely scabrous above, more or less pubescent
beneath ; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads
numerous, 4"— 5" long, 5-7-flowered ; involucre
narrow, its bracts bright white, linear, cuspi-
date, imbricated in 3-4 series, the outer short
and usually pubescent, the inner much longer,
glabrous and shining ; flowers white.
In sandy soil, Long Island to Florida, Ten-
nessee, Arkansas and Louisiana. Ascends to 3000
ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Sept.
8. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Hyssop-
leaved Thoroughwort. Fig. 4159.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Sp. PI. 836. 1753.
E. linearifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 199. 1788.
Roughish-puberulent, densely corymbosely
branched above, bushy, l°-2° high. Leaves linear,
opposite, and fascicled in the axils of the stem,
or on short axillary branches, entire or very
nearly so, ¥-2' long, l"—2" wide, firm, obtuse at
the apex, narrowed at the base ; inflorescence
densely cymose-paniculate; heads 3"_4" long,
about 5-flowered ; involucre campanulate, its bracts
linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or truncate, some-
time apiculate, puberulent, imbricated in about 3
series, the outer shorter; flowers white.
In dry fields, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas.
Justice-weed. Leaf-margins usually revolute. Aug.-
Sept. A plant from the coast of Maryland with
very narrow leaves, closely approaches Eupatorium
lecheaefolium Greene, from Florida.
9. Eupatorium Torreyanum Short. Tor-
rey's Thoroughwort. Fig. 4160.
Eupatorium Torreyanum Short, 2nd Suppl. Cat. PI.
Ky. 5. 1836.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium var. laciniatum A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 98. 1884.
Rootstock tuberous-thickened ; stem usually
densely puberulent, mostly branched above, l4°-
3° high. Leaves opposite, or sometimes in 3's,
commonly with short leafy branches in their
axils, often drooping, lanceolate, acute at the
apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, l'-3' long,
2"-6" wide, usually distinctly 3-nerved, distantly
serrate, the upper and those of the branches
much smaller, linear, entire ; inflorescence mostly
loose; heads about 3" high, generally 5-flow-
ered ; bracts of the campanulate involucre linear-
oblong, obtuse, pubescent, or puberulent, imbri-
cated in about 3 series, the outer shorter; flow-
ers white.
In dry soil, Pennsylvania to North Carolina,
Kentucky. Florida and Texas. July-Sept.
Genus 4. THISTLE FAMILY
10. Eupatorium semiserratum DC. -^
Small-flowered Thorough wort.
Fig. 4161.
E. semiserratum DC. Prodr. 5 :
1/7-
1836.
Pubescent or puberulent, loosely branched
above, 2°-3° high. Leaves rather thin, short-
petioled, oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, acute
or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base,
sharply serrate, at least above the middle,
2 '-4' long, 5"-i2" wide, 3-nerved, usually
with short branches in their axils ; inflores-
cence cymose-paniculate ; heads 2"-3" high,
about S-flowered ; involucre campanulate,
its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse, canescent,
imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer shorter,
flowers white.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Missouri,
Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
11. Eupatorium altissimum L. Tall
Thorough wort. Fig. 4162.
Eupatorium altissimum L. Sp. PI. S37. 1753.
Densely and finely pubescent, corymbosely
much-branched above, 4°-8° high. Leaves
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, tapering
below into a short petiole, roughish, rather
thick, sparingly dentate above the middle,
or some of them entire, strongly 3-ribbed,
2,'-$' long, 5"-i2" wide ; inflorescence dense-
ly cymose-paniculate ; heads about 5-flow-
ered, 3"-4" high ; involucre campanulate,
its bracts oblong, obtuse or truncate, densely
pubescent, imbricated in about 3 series, the
outer shorter; flowers white.
In dry open places, Pennsylvania to North
Carolina, Alabama, Illinois, Minnesota, Ne-
braska and Texas. Sept. -Oct.
12. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Up-
land or Bastard Boneset. Fig. 4163.
Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Sp. PI. 837. 1753.
Glabrous throughout, or pubescent above,
branched near the summit, 2°-(f high. Leaves
opposite, or the lower rarely in 3's, closely ses-
sile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acumi-
nate, thin, sharply serrate, 3'-6' long, V-\V
wide;^ inflorescence cymose-paniculate ; heads
4"_S" high, about 5-flowered ; involucre cam-
panulate, its bracts linear-oblong, imbricated in
about 3 series, the inner obtuse, the outer acut-
ish, shorter; flowers white.
In dry woods, Vermont to Massachusetts, Penn-
sylvania, Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. Aug.-
Oct. A related plant, described under the name
Eupatorium sessilifolium Brittonianum Porter,
has leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, sparingly and
finely serrate, firm, rounded at the base, acute, tin-
upper i'-2' long, 6"-9" wide, pinnately veined,
dark green ; cymes dense, their branches puberulent.
It is known only from Budd's Lake, N. J.
36o
( ( iMl'OSlTAK.
Vol. III.
13. Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Rough or Vervain Thoroughwort.
Fig. 41(14.
Eupatorium pilosum Walt. Fl.Car. 1^9. 1788. ?
Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. 2 : 98. 1803.
E. teucriifolium Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1753. 1804.
E. verbenaefolium Saundersi Porter; Hritton,
Man. 923. 1901.
Rough-pubescent, slender, 3°-8° high,
branched at the summit. Leaves opposite,
or occasionally in 3's, ovate-oblong, usually
obtuse or blunt-pointed, closely sessile or
rarely short-petioled, rounded or narrowed
at the base, crenate-dentate, or incised.
2'--)' long, l'-l' wide, the upper pairs dis-
tant and small ; inflorescence cymose-
paniculate; heads 5-flowered, about 3" high ;
involucre campanulate, its bracts linear-
lanceolate, acute, imbricated in about 3
series, densely pubescent, the outer shorter;
flowers white.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylva-
nia, West Virginia, Florida and Louisiana,
mostly near the coast. Called also wild hoar-
hound. July-Sept.
14. Eupatorium rotundifolium L.
Round-leaved Thoroughwort.
Wild Hoarhound. Fig. 4165.
E. rotundifolium L. Sp. PI. 837. 1753.
Pubescent, branched at the summit, i°-3°
high. Leaves opposite, sessile, broadly ovate,
often as wide as long, acutish or obtuse, trun-
cate to subcordate at the base, coarsely dentate-
crenate, l'-2' long, ascending; inflorescence
cymose-paniculate ; heads about 5-flowered,
2"-t>" high ; involucre campanulate, its bracts
linear-oblong, acutish, densely pubescent, im-
bricated in about 3 series, the outer shorter;
flowers white.
In dry soil, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania,
Florida, Kentucky. Arkansas and Texas. Erro-
neously reported from Canada. July-Sept.
15. Eupatorium pubescens Muhl. Hairy
Thoroughwort. Fig. 4166.
E. pubescens Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1755. 1804.
Eupatorium rotundifolium var. ovatum Torr. ; DC.
Prodr. 5: 17S. 1836.
Puberulent or pubescent, branched above,
usually taller than the preceding species. Leaves
opposite, ovate, sessile, often twice as long as
wide, acute at the apex, rounded or subtruncate
at the base, coarsely dentate with acute or acut-
ish teeth, or the lower incised ; inflorescence
cymose-paniculate, sometimes 10' broad ; heads
5-8-flowered, 2"-3" high ; involucre campanu-
late, its linear-oblong bracts in 2 or 3 series,
the outer shorter; flowers white.
In dry soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, South Caro-
lina, West Virginia and Tennessee. Recorded
from Florida. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia.
July-Sept.
Genus 4.
THISTLE FAMILY.
16. Eupatorium perfoliatum L.
Common Thoroughwort. Bone-
set. Indian Sage. Fig. 4167.
E. perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. 838. 1753.
Eupatorium truncatum Muhl. ; Willd. Sp.
PI. 3: 1751. 1804.
Eupatorium perfoliatum truncatum A. Gray,
Syn. Fl. 1 : Part 2, 99. 1804.
Pubescent, stout, branched above, 2°-5°
high. Leaves opposite, or rarely in 3's,
connate-perfoliate, or the upper, rarely
all, truncate and separated at the base,
divaricate, lanceolate, long-acuminate
with a slender apex, finely crenate-ser-
rate, rugose and pubescent beneath, 4-8'
long, i'-iJ' wide; heads crowded, 10-16-
flowered, 2"~3" high ; involucre cam-
panulate, its bracts lanceolate, acutish,
in 2 or 3 series, pubescent, the outer
shorter ; flowers white, rarely blue.
In wet places, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida. Nebraska
and Texas. Called also ague-weed, cross-
wort, wild sage, thorough-wax, thorough-
grow, thorough-stem. July-Sept.
E. urticaefolium Reichard, Syst. 3: 719.
1780.
E. ageratoides L. f. Suppl. 355. 1781.
E. boreale Greene, Rhodora 3: 83. 1901.
Glabrous or villous and somewhat vis-
cid, much branched, i°-4° high. Leaves
opposite, ovate, thin, acuminate at apex,
rounded, truncate or cordate at the base,
or abruptly narrowed into the slender
petiole, coarsely and usually sharply den-
tate-serrate, sometimes crenate, 3'-6'
long, 1-3' wide, 3-nerved and veiny;
petioles i'-2i' long; inflorescence rather
loose, ample ; heads 10-30-flowered ; re-
ceptacle flat ; involucre narrowly cam-
panulate, about 2" high, its bracts linear,
acute or acuminate, in 1 or 2 series,
equal or nearly so; flowers bright white.
In rich woods, New Brunswick to Flor-
ida, Ontario, Nebraska and Louisiana. In-
dian sanicle. Richweed. Stevia (Wis.).
White sanicle. Deerwortboneset. July-Nov.
A plant described as Eupatorium perfoliatum
cuneatum Engelm., with leaves smaller, narrowed
and separated at the base, from Arkansas and Mis-
souri, is probably a hybrid with E. serotinum.
17. Eupatorium resinosum Torr. Resin
Boneset. Fig. 4168.
£. resinosum Torr. DC. Prodr. 5 : 176. 1836.
Slender, finely pubescent and resinous, 2°-3°
high, branched at the summit, the inflorescence
comparatively small, 3'-4' broad. Leaves op-
posite, closely sessile, clasping, or slightly con-
nate-perfoliate at the base, linear-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, sharply serrate, 3'-6' long,
3" -6" wide, roughish above, canescent beneath ;
heads 10-15-flowered ; involucre campanulate,
about 2" high, its bracts oblong, obtuse, in 2
or 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white.
In wet pine-barrens of New Jersey. Aug.-Sept.
18. Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard.
White Snake-root. Fig. 4169.
i i i.MI'i iSl I \K.
Vol. 111.
19. Eupatorium aromaticum L. Smaller
White Snake-root. Fig. 4170.
Eupatorium aromaticum L. Sp. PI. 839. 1753.
Puberulent or glabrate, slender, branched at
the summit, l°-2° high. Leaves opposite, peti-
oled, firm, obtuse or acutish at the apex, round-
ed, cordate or sometimes narrowed at the base.
crenate-dentate, 1*'— 3' long, y"-i8" wide, 3-
nerved and veiny; petioles 2"-8" long; in-
florescence usually compact ; heads 10-25-flow-
ered ; receptacle flat ; involucre campanulate.
1'" j" high, its bracts linear, generally obtuse,
in 1 or 2 series ; flowers white.
In dry soil. Massachusetts to Florida, Pennsyl-
vania. West Virginia, Tennessee and Mississippi.
Blooms rather later than the preceding species
where the two grow together, near New York.
Called also poolroot, poolwort, and wild hoar-
hound. Aug.-Oct.
20. Eupatorium incarnatum Walt.
Pink Thoroughwort. Fig. 4171.
E. incarnatum Walt. Fl. Car. 200. 1788.
Minutely pubescent, 2°-4° high, some-
times reclining, often diffusely branched.
Leaves opposite, deltoid-ovate, ¥-2l'
long, long-pointed, rather coarsely blunt-
serrate or crenate-serrate, truncate or
cordate at the base, the petioles slender,
often as long as the blades ; heads about
20-flowered ; involucres campanulate,
about 2" high, its bracts few, narrowly
linear, slightly ribbed when dry, acute;
corolla pink or pale purple.
In woods and sandy soil, Virginia to Mis-
souri, Florida and Mexico. Aug.-Oct.
21. Eupatorium coelestinum L. Mist-
flower. Blue Boneset. Fig. 4172.
Eupatorium coelestinum L. Sp. PI. 838. 1753.
Conoclinium coelestinum DC. Prodr. 5 ; 135. 1836.
Pubescent' or puberulent, branched, l°-3°
high. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, obtuse
or acute at the apex, truncate at the base, or
abruptly contracted into the petiole, crenate-
dentate" li-3' long, 9"- 18" wide; inflorescence
cymose-corymbose, rather compact ; heads 2"-
3" high ; involucre broadly campanulate, its
bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, equal or
nearly so, in I or 2 series; receptacle conic;
flowers blue or violet.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida, Illinois.
Michigan, Kansas, Arkansas and Texas. Also in
Cuba. Aug.-Oct.
5. MIKANIA Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1/42. 1804.
[Willughbaea Neck. Elem. 1 : 82. Hyponym. 1700.]
Herbaceous twining vines, or some tropical species erect shrubs, with opposite, petioled
leaves, and discoid, mostly cymose-paniculate heads of whitish flowers. Heads 4-flowered.
Involucre oblong, of 4 slightly unequal narrow bracts. Receptacle small, naked. Corolla
Genus 5.
THISTLE FAMILY.
363
regular, its tube slender, the limb campanulate, 5-cleft. Anthers entire and obtuse at the
base. Style-branches elongated, acutish. Achenes truncate, 5-angled. Pappus of numerous
capillary bristles. [In honor of Joseph Gottfried Mikan, 1743-1814, professor at Prague.]
About 150 species, natives of America.
Besides the following, two others occur in
the southern United States. Type species:
Mikania hasiata (L.) Willd.
i. Mikania scandens (L.) Willd.
Climbing Hempweed or Boneset.
Fig. 4173-
Eupatorium scandens L. Sp. PI. 836. 1753.
M. scandens Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1743. 1804.
Willoughbya scandens Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
PI. 371. 1891.
Glabrous or nearly so, twining over
bushes, 5°-i5° long. Leaves ovate or
hastate, deeply cordate at the base with
the lobes rounded or truncate, acumi-
nate at the apex, repand or obtusely
dentate, 2'-4' long, l'-2' wide; petioles
slender, shorter than the blades ; heads
in compound clusters borne at the ends
of the branches; involucre about 3"
long, its bracts acuminate or apiculate;
flowers white or pink; achenes resinous.
In swamps and moist soil, Maine to ,west-
ern Ontario, Florida and Texas. \\ est
Indies and South America. July-Sept.
6. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. Diet. 10 : 36. 1817.
[Bkickellia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 290. 1824.]
Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and discoid heads of white yellowish
or pink flowers, in panicles or cymes, or rarely solitary. Involucre campanulate or oblong,
its bracts striate, imbricated in several series, the exterior ones successively smaller. Recep-
tacle flat or convex, naked. Corolla regular. 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-
branches long, obtuse. Achenes 10-striate or 10-ribbed. Pappus a single row of numerous
rough or serrate bristles. [Greek, sheath-flower.]
A genus of about 70 species. Besides the following, some 45 others occur in the southern and
western United States. Type species: Coleosanthus Cavanillcsii Cass.
i. Coleosanthus grandiflorus (Hook.) Kuntze. Large-flowered Thoroughwort.
Fig. 41/4-
Eupatorium grandiflorum Hook. Fl. Bor.
Am. 2 : 26. 18,54.
Brickellia grandi flora Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. (II.) 7: 287. 1841.
Coleosanthus grandiflorus Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. PI. 328. 1891.
C. umbellatus Greene, Pittonia 4: 238.
1901.
Erect, glabrous or puberulent, much
branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves slender-
petioled. deltoid-ovate, cordate at the
base, acuminate at the apex, coarsely
crenate-dentate, 2'-4' long, l'-2' wide;
petioles shorter than the leaves ; in-
florescence cymose-paniculate ; heads
short-peduncled, 6"-y" long; pedun-
cles pubescent ; involucre campanu-
late, 30-45-flowered, the outer bracts
ovate, pubescent, usually abruptly
acuminate or subulate-tipped, the in-
ner linear, glabrous, striate, obtuse
or acute; pappus bristles scabrous.
Montana to Wyoming. Missouri, New
Mexico, Washington and Arizona. Aug.-
Sept. Tassel-flower.
3(>4
i i imi'i isn \i
Vol. III.
7. KUHNIA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763.
Perennial herbs, with alternate punctate resinous-dotted leaves, and discoid heads of
white or purplish flowers in terminal cyniose corymbs. Involucre turbinate-campanulate,
its bracts striate, imbricated in several scries, the outer shorter. Corolla regular, the tube
slender, the limb S-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, nearly or quite separate.
Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes 10-striate. Pappus a single row of numerous
lery plumose bristles. [Named for Dr. Adam Kuhn. of Philadelphia, a pupil of Linnaeus.]
About 8 species, native of North America and Mexico. Type species: Kuhnia eupatorioides L.
Puberulent; leaves sparingly dentate, or entire; heads loosely clustered, 4"— s" high.
1. A', eupatorioides.
Pubescent or tomentulose ; leaves sharply serrate; heads densely clustered, 6"-8" high.
2. A", glutinosa.
1. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. False
Boneset. Fig. 4175.
Kuhnia eupatorioides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763.
Eupatoriwn alternifoliutn Ard. Spec. Bot. 2 : 40.
pi. 20. 1764.
Erect, puberulent and resinous, l°-3° high,
branched above. Leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, sparingly dentate, or entire,
the upper sessile, the lower usually short-
petioled ; heads several or numerous, pedun-
cled. 4"— 5" high, loosely clustered ; outer bracts
of the involucre lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, the inner much longer, linear,
cuspidate; pappus tawny, or sometimes nearly
white.
In dry soil, New Jersey to Georgia, Ohio, Min-
nesota, West Virginia and Texas. Ascends to
3300 ft. in West Virginia. Aug.-Sept.
Prairie False Boneset. Fig. 4176.
2. Kuhnia glutinosa Ell.
Kuhnia glutinosa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 292. 1821-24.
Kuhnia suaveolens Fresen. Ind. Sem. Francf. 1S38.
Kuhnia eupatorioides var. corymbulosa T. & G. Fl. N.
A. 2 : 78. 1841.
Stouter and often taller than the preceding spe-
cies, corymbosely or paniculately branched, pubes-
cent or tomentulose, somewhat viscid. Leaves all
sessile, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually
sharply serrate with distinct teeth, veiny, 1/-3'
long, z"-lo" wide, or those of the branches linear-
lanceolate and entire; heads numerous, 6"-8"
high, densely clustered in the cymes, their pedun-
cles mostly short ; inner bracts of the involucre
lanceolate, acuminate; pappus tawny or brown.
In dry soil. Illinois to North Dakota, Colorado,
Alabama and Texas. Perhaps a race of the preceding
species. Aug. -Oct.
Kuhnia Hitchcockii A. Nelson, a little known
species of Kansas, differs by having very small linear
leaves, at least on the upper part of the plant.
8.
1762.
LACINARIA Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 49. pi. 46.
[Liatris Schreb. Gen. PI. 542. 1791.]
Erect perennial herbs, usually from a globular tuber, simple or little branched, with alter-
nate, entire, narrow 1-5-nerved leaves, and spicate or racemose discoid heads of rose-purple
or white flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid or subhemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several
series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, or slightly convex, naked. Corolla regular, its
Genus 8.
THISTLE FAMILY.
365
tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches elon-
gated, obtuse or flattened at the apex. Achenes 10-ribbed, slender, tapering to the base.
Pappus of 1 or 2 series of slender barbellate or plumose bristles. [Latin, fringed, from the
appearance of the heads.]
About 35 species, natives of eastern and central North America, known as Blazing Star, or
Button Snakeroot from the globular tubers. Type species: Serratula squarrosa L.
* Bracts of the involucre acute, acuminate or mucronate.
Involucre cylindric. or turbinate, 15-60-flowered, its base rounded.
Bracts with lanceolate spreading rigid tips.
Bracts mucronate, closely appressed.
Involucre oblong, or narrowly campanulate, 3-6-flowered.
Inner bracts with prolonged petaloid tips.
Bracts all acute, mucronate or acuminate.
Bracts appressed ; pappus-bristles very plumose.
Leaves 1"— 2" wide; spike usually leafy below.
Leaves less than 1" wide; spike mostly naked.
Tips of the bracts spreading; pappus-bristles barbellate.
** Bracts of the involucre rounded, obtuse or acutish.
Involucre hemispheric, $£'— 1' broad, 15-45-flowered ; heads peduncled.
Involucre oblong, 2"-$" broad, 5-15-flowered.
Bracts obtuse, rounded.
Involucre rounded at base ; bracts usually not punctate ; heads mostly sessile.
1. L. squarrosa.
2. L. cylindrica.
3. L. clegans.
punctata.
acidota.
pycnostachya.
. scarwsa.
Involucre narrowed at base ; bracts usually punctate ; heads peduncled.
Leaves, even the lower, narrowly linear; involucre narrowly obovoid,
Lower leaves linear-oblong; involucre broadly obovoid, 6"— 7" high.
Bracts acutish, punctate.
8. L. splcata.
S"-6" high.
9. L. graminifolia.
ro. L. pilosa.
11. L. Smallii.
i. Lacinaria squarrosa (L.) Hill. Scaly
Blazing Star. Colic-root. Fig. 4177.
Serratula squarrosa L. Sp. PI. 818. 1753.
Lacinaria squarrosa Hill, Hort. Kew. 70. 1769.
Liatris squarrosa Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1634. 1804.
Liatris intermedia Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. ojS. 1825.
Lacinaria squarrosa intermedia Porter, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 314. 1894.
Liatris squarrosa var. intermedia DC. Prodr. 5: 129.
1836.
Usually stout, i°-2° high, pubescent or glabrous.
Leaves narrowly linear, rigid, sparingly punctate,
3'-6' long, i"-2i" wide; heads sessile or short-pedun-
cled, 15-60-flowered, usually few, or sometimes soli-
tary, i'-ii' long, 4"-8" thick ; bracts of the involucre
imbricated in 5-7 series, lanceolate, rigid, acuminate,
glabrous or pubescent, their tips more or less spread-
ing when old; flowers purple; pappus very plumose.
In dry soil, western Ontario to Pennsylvania, Virginia,
Florida, South Dakota, Nebraska and Texas. Called also
rattlesnake-master. Races differ in pubescence and in
size of the heads. June-Sept.
2. Lacinaria cylindracea (Michx.)
Kuntze. Cylindric Blazing Star.
Fig. 4178.
Liatris cylindracea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 93.
1S03.
Liatris graminifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1636. 1804.
Lacinaria cylindracea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349.
1891.
Glabrous or nearly so, stout, i°-ii° high,
sometimes branched above. Leaves narrowly
linear, rigid, scarcely punctate, 3'-f long, l"-2
wide; heads several or numerous (rarely soli-
tary), peduncled, or the lower sessile, turbi-
nate-cylindric, i'-i' high, 4"-6" thick, 15-60-
flowered; bracts of the involucre imbricated in
5 or 6 series, broadly oval, appressed, abruptly
acuminate at the apex; flowers purple; pappus
very plumose.
In dry soil, western Ontario to Minnesota, south
to Illinois and Missouri. July-Sept.
366
CUMI'OSITAE.
Vol. III.
■^^
3. Lacinaria elegans ( Walt. ) Kuntze.
Handsome Blazing Star. Fig. 4179.
Stoepelina elegans Walt. Fl. Car. 202. 1788.
Liatris elegans Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1635. 1804.
Lacinaria elegans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891.
Densely and finely pubescent, rarely glabrate,
2°-3° high. Leaves linear, very punctate, 1-5'
long, l"-3" wide, the upper much smaller than
the lower and soon reflexed; heads 4-5-flowered,
6"-7" high, narrowly campanulate, very numerous
in a dense spike or raceme sometimes a foot long;
bracts of the involucre in 2 or 3 series, the inner
ones linear, dilated above into oblong or lanceo-
late acuminate rose-colored petaloid tips, or some-
times white ; pappus very plumose ; flowers purple.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Alabama, Arkan-
sas and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
4. Lacinaria punctata (Hook.) Kuntze.
Dotted Button-Snakeroot. Fig. 4180.
Liatris punctata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 306. pi. .55. 1833.
Lacinaria punctata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891.
Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 6'-3o' high ; root-
stock stout, branching, or globose. Leaves linear,
rigid, very punctate, 2 '-6' long, about 1" wide, or
the lower 2", the upper gradually shorter, all erect
or ascending ; heads 3-6-flowered, 6"-8" long, sessile,
crowded into a dense spike; spike commonly leafy
below ; involucre narrowly campanulate, acute or
acutish at the base, its bracts oblong, cuspidate or
acuminate, often ciliate on the margins, sometimes
woolly, imbricated in 4 or 5 series; flowers purple;
pappus very plumose.
In dry soil, Minnesota to Manitoba, Saskatchewan,
Montana, Missouri, Texas, New Mexico and Sonora.
Recorded from Ohio. Aug.-Oct.
5. Lacinaria acidota ( Engelm. & Gray) Kuntze.
Slender Button-Snakeroot. Fig. 4181.
Liatris acidota Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 :
j 1 8. 1S47.
Lacinaria acidota Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891.
Similar to the preceding species, but usually glabrous
throughout, the rootstock globose, or elongating. Stem
2° high, or less, slender. Leaves narrowly linear, i"-i"
wide, or the lower wider, slightly punctate, i'-4' long,
the upper gradually shorter ; spike slender, naked, or
sparingly leafy at the base, 4-10' long; heads 3-5-flow-
ered, 6"-o," long ; involucre narrowly oblong-campanulate,
its bracts oblong to ovate-lanceolate, more or less punc-
tate, abruptly or gradually acuminate ; glabrous or
sparingly ciliate; flowers purple; pappus plumose.
Prairies, Kansas to Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
Genus 8.
THISTLE FAMILY.
6. Lacinaria pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze.
Prairie or Hairy Button-Snakeroot.
Fig. 4182.
Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 91. 1S03.
Lacinaria pycnostachya Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891.
Hirsute-pubescent above, usually glabrous below, 2°-$°
high, very leafy. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, nar-
rowed below the middle into a slender margined petiole,
acuminate at the apex, often 1° long and i' wide, the
upper much smaller, linear-subulate, rigid, punctate;
spikes very dense, 6'-i8' long; heads 4"-6" long, 3-
6-flowered ; involucre oblong or cylindric, its bracts
oblong, pubescent and ciliate with acute, spreading,
colored tips; flowers purple; pappus barbellate or
roughened, scarcely plumose.
On prairies, Indiana to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kentucky,
Louisiana and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
7. Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill. Large
Button-Snakeroot. Fig. 4183.
Serratula scariosa L. Sp. PI. 818. 1753.
Lacinaria scariosa Hill, Hort. Kew. 70. 1769.
Liatris scariosa Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1635. 1S04.
Liatris squarrulo sa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 92. 1803.
Finely pubescent, at least above, i°-6° high.
Lower leaves oblanceolate, spatulate or oblong-
lanceolate, narrowed into a margined petiole,
acute or obtusish at the apex, often 1° long
and l¥ wide; upper leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate, acute, or sometimes very obtuse,
much smaller, all densely punctate ; heads hemi-
spheric, l'-i' broad, 15-45-flowered, on stout
peduncles 2"-2' long, or sometimes sessile ;
bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5 or 6
series, spatulate-linear, oblanceolate or obovate,
rounded at the apex, appressed, their tips dry
and scarious, often colored; flowers bluish
purple; pappus barbellate.
In dry soil, Maine to Florida, western Ontario,
Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. Consists of many
races, differing in leaf-form and size of heads.
Called also blue blazing-star, gray feather, rattle-
snake-master, devil's-bite. Aug.-Sept.
8. Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze.
Dense Button-Snakeroot. Gay
Feather. Devil's Bit. Fig. 4184.
Serrulata spicata L. Sp. PI. 819. 1753.
Liatris spicata Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1636. 1804.
?Liatris pumila Lodd. Bot. Cab. pi. 147. 1821.
L. spicata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891.
Glabrous or nearly so, 2°-6° high. Lower
leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong,
usually blunt-pointed, sometimes i° long
and 5" wide, the upper linear or even subu-
late, somewhat or obscurely punctate; spike
generally dense, 4'-i5' long ; heads short-
oblong or cylindric, 5-13-flowered, 2"-4"
broad, mostly sessile ; involucre subcam-
panulate, rounded or obtuse at the base,
its bracts appressed, oblong, obtuse and
scarious-margined at the apex, obscurely
punctate, imbricated in 4-6 series; flowers
blue-purple, occasionally white; pappus
roughened or barbellate.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida, On-
tario, Wisconsin, Kentucky, Louisiana and Ari-
zona. Called also rough- or backache-root,
throat-wort, prairie-pine, colic-root. Aug.-Oct.
Lacinaria kansana P.ritton, of Kansas, differs in having a short, very dense spike, a more leafy
stem, the involucral bracts purple and the pappus plumose.
36S
coMPOsn \\:
Vol. III.
10. Lacinaria pilosa (Ait.) Heller. Moun-
tain Button-Snakeroot. Fig. 4186.
Scrratula pilosa Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 138. 17S9.
L. pilosa Heller, Muhlenbergia 1 : 6. 1900.
Glabrous, except the ciliate leaf-bases and
involucral bracts, 5'-34° tall, simple. Leaves
rather numerous, the basal often fully half as
long as the stem, with broadly linear or linear-
oblong blades, the upper stem leaves much
smaller, with linear blades, all more or less
ciliate near the base; involucres turbinate, 2V-3"
broad, sessile or short-peduncled. the bracts
purple, the outer ovate or oval, the middle ones
with oval or ovate blades and short claws, the
inner linear or linear-spatulate. all obtuse and
rather broadly margined: pappus barbellate ;
achenes 2i"-3" long, hairy.
In dry or rocky soil, Virginia and West Virginia
to Georgia and Alabama. July-Sept.
9. Lacinaria graminifolia ( Walt.)
Kuntze. Loose-flowered Button-
Snakeroot. Fig. 4185.
Anonymos graminif alius Walt. Fl. Car. 197.
1788.
Liatris graminifolia Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept.
2: 508. 1814. Not Willd. 1804.
L.graminif. Kuntze, Rev. 1 .en. PI. 349. 1891.
Liatris graminifolia var. dubia A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 2, 185. 1856.
Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, l°-3°
high. Leaves similar to those of the pre-
ceding species, but more conspicuously
punctate, usually somewhat ciliate, at
least near the base and acute or acutish
at the apex ; heads spicate. racemose or
sometimes panicled, mostly peduncled ;
involucre obovoid, narrowed or acute at
the base, 3F-4" broad, its bracts dis-
tinctly punctate, appressed. rounded,
more or less scarious-margined, thick ;
flowers purple; pappus barbellate;
achenes hairy.
In dry soil, New Jersey to Florida. Fine-
leaved blazing-star. Aug.-Sept.
11. Lacinaria Smallii Britton. Small's
Button-Snakeroot. Fig. 4187.
Lacinaria Smallii Britton, Manual 927. 1901.
Similar to L. graminifolia. Stem very slender,
l°-2° high. Leaves scattered, linear, 2"-$"
wide, acute, pubescent on the midvein beneath,
spreading, very punctate ; heads scattered, ses-
sile in the axils of the upper small leaves, the
uppermost leaves not larger than the involucral
bracts ; involucre oblong-campanulate, about
8-flowered, about 5" high, its innermost bracts
linear, acute or acutish, the outermost obtusish,
all punctate; flowers purple; pappus plumose.
Iron Mountain, Smyth Co., Virginia. Aug.
Lacinaria Helleri (Porter) Heller, of the North
Carolina mountains, with narrower involucral
bracts and erect or ascending leaves, is recorded
from Virginia.
Genus 9.
THISTLE FAMILY.
369
9. TRILISA Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 55: 310. 1828.
Erect perennial herbs, with fibrous roots and alternate simple leaves; those of the stem
sessile or clasping, the basal ones narrowed into petioles. Heads small, discoid, of 5-10
purple, or white flowers, in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose panicles. Involucre campanulate,
its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer scarcely shorter than the inner. Receptacle
flat, naked. Corolla regular, its limb 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Achenes
nearly terete, 10-ribbed. Style-branches slender, obtuse. Pappus of I or 2 series of elon-
gated, barbed bristles. [Anagram of Liatris.]
Type species : Trilisia odora-
T. odoratissima.
T. paniculata.
Two knows species, natives of the southeastern United States.
lisshna (Walt.) Cass.
Stem glabrous ; heads corymbose-paniculate.
Stem viscid-pubescent ; heads thyrsoid-paniculate.
i. Trilisa odoratissima (Walt.) Cass.
Vanilla-leaf. Yanilla-plant. Dog's-
tongue. Carolina Vanilla.
Fig. 4188.
Anonymos odoratissima Walt. Fl. Car. 198.
1788.
Liatris odoratissima Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:
93- 1803.
Trilisa odoratissima Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 55 :
310. 1828.
Rather stout, glabrous, 2°-3° high. Leaves
thick, entire, or sometimes dentate, the
lower oblanceolate, oblong or spatulate,
obtuse, 4'-io' long, i'-ii' wide, those of the
stein gradually smaller, oblong, ovate or
oval, the uppermost bract-like ; heads
corymbose-paniculate, about 3" high ; bracts
of the involucre oblong, obtusish; achenes
glandular-pubescent.
In pine-barrens, North Carolina to Florida
and Louisiana. Recorded from Virginia, and
to be looked for in the southeastern part of that
state. Deer's- or hound's-togue. Aug.-Sept.
2. Trilisa paniculata (Walt.) Cass.
M^ Hairy Trilisa. Fig. 4189.
■r..
AnonymospaniculatusWa.lt. Fl. Car. 198. 1788.
Liatris paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 93.
1803.
Trilisa paniculata Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 55 : 310.
1828.
Stem viscid-pubescent, i°-3° high. Leaves
entire, the basal ones lanceolate or narrowly
oblong, acute or obtusish, 3'-io' long, i'-iY
wide, those of the stem much smaller, lan-
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; heads thyrsoid-
paniculate, about 3" high ; bracts of the
involucre oblong, obtusish ; achenes finely
pubescent.
In pine-barrens, Virginia to Florida. Sept.-
Oct.
10. GUTIERREZIA Lag. Gen. &
Sp. Nov. 30. 1816.
Erect branching, usually glabrous and often glutinous herbs, or shrubs, with linear entire
alternate leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, corymbosely
paniculate in our species. Radiate flowers few, pistillate. Disk-flowers regular, mostly
24
37°
COMPOSITAK.
Vol. Ill
perfect, or some of them only staminate, the corolla-limb 5-lobcd. Involucre ovoid, or
narrowly campanulate, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in few series. Receptacle flat, convex
or conic, commonly foveolate. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow,
flattened, their appendages slender. Achcnes terete, ribbed or 5-angled. Pappus of several
scales, those of the ray-flowers shorter than or equalling those of the disk. [Named from
Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family.]
About 25 species, natives of western North America, Mexico and western South America.
Besides the following, several others occur in the western United States. Type species: Gutierrezia
linearifolia Lag.
1. Gutierrezia Sarothrae (Pursh) Britton and Rusby. Broom-weed. Fig. 4190.
Solidago S.arothrae Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 540. 1814.
Gutierrezia Euthamiae T.&G.F1. N. A. 2 : 193. 1S41.
Gutterrezia Sarothrae Britton & Rusby, Trans. N. V.
Acad. Sci. 7 : 10. 1887.
Glabrous or minutely pubescent, bushy, woody
at the base, J°-li° high, the branches rigid, as-
cending. Leaves linear, J'-l4' long, £"-1" wide,
acute; heads oblong, 1V-2" high, few-flowered,
usually in clusters of 2-5 at the ends of the
numerous branches; rays 1-6, scarcely 1" long;
scales of the pappus linear-oblong, subulate or
acuminate ; achenes pubescent.
In dry or rocky soil. Manitoba and Minnesota to
western Nebraska, Kansas, Texas and Sonora, west to
Alberta and Utah. Adventive at Rochester, N. Y.
Far western plants formerly referred to this species
prove to be distinct. Rabbit-brush. Aug.-Sept.
Gutierrezia linearis Rydb., of the Rocky Mountain
region, ranging eastward into Kansas and Nebraska,
differs in being more woody and has somewhat wider
leaves.
11. AMPHIACHYRIS [DC] Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 313. 1841.
Erect, much branched, glabrous herbs, with small alternate entire leaves, and very
numerous small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, solitary or clustered at
the ends of the branches. Involucre ovoid or hemispheric, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated
in few series. Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile,
or staminate. Pappus of the ray-flowers obsolete or coroniform, that of the disk-flowers of
5-20 subulate scales or bristles somewhat united at the base. Achenes pubescent. [Greek,
chaff-around.]
Two known species, natives of the south-central United States, the following typical.
i. Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.)
Nutt. Amphiachyris. Fig-. 4191.
Brachyris dracunculoides DC. Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen.
7 : Part 2, 265. pi. 1. 1836.
Amphiachyris dracunculoides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. (II.) 7: 313. 1841.
Annual, slender, much branched, 6'-i8' high, the
branches ascending. Leaves linear, 6"-i8" long,
l"-2" wide, acutish, the uppermost almost fili-
form ; heads solitary at the ends of short branches,
10-30-flowered, aDout 2" high ; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts oval, obtuse; rays 5-10, about
as long as the involucre ; disk-flowers mostly
staminate, their ovaries abortive, their pappus of
5-8 subulate aristate scales, united into a short
cup at the base.
In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Texas and
New Mexico. Found adventive at Easton, Penna.
Sept.-Oct.
Genus 12.
THISTLE FAMILY.
371
12. GRINDELIA Willd. Gesell. Xat. Fr. Berl. Mag. 1 : 260. 1807.
Perennial or biennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with alternate sessile or clasp-
ing leaves, usually spinulose-dentate, and rather large heads of both discoid and radiate
yellow flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches (rays rarely wanting). Involucre hemi-
spheric or depressed, its bracts imbricated in several or many series, usually subulate-tipped.
Receptacle flat or convex, naked, foveolate. Ray-flowers fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, or
sometimes only staminate. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow,
flattened, their appendages linear or lanceolate. Achenes short, thick, sometimes compressed,
glabrous, 4-5-ribbed. Pappus of 2-8 soon deciduous awns or bristles. [Named for Prof. H.
Grindel, of Riga, 1776-1836.]
About 30 species, natives of western North America, Peru and Chile. Besides the following,
some 15 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of North America. Known as Gum-
plant or Tar-weed. Type species: Grindelia inuloides Willd.
Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse or obtusish ; achenes truncate ; bracts squarrose.
1. G. squarrosa.
Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute ; achenes 1-2-toothed ; bracts not squarrose. 2. G. lanceolata.
i. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Broad-leaved Gum-plant. Fig. 4192.
Donia squarrosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 559. 1814.
Grindelia squarrosa Dunal in DC. Prodr. 5 :
3i5- 1S36.
G. grandiflora Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 46JS. 1852.
Grindelia nuda Wood. Bot. Gaz. 3: 50. 1878.
Grindelia squarrosa nuda A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I" :
118. 1884.
Glabrous, erect or ascending, branched,
Io'-2° high. Leaves oblong or oblong-
spatulate, obtuse, more or less clasping at
the base, sharply spinulose-dentate, some-
times laciniate, l'-ii' long, 3"-6" wide;
heads io"-i,5" broad, very glutinous ; bracts
of the involucre linear-lanceolate, subulate-
tipped, strongly squarrose ; achenes trun-
cate, those of the outer flowers usually
thicker than those of the inner ; rays up to
1' long or wanting; pappus of 2 or 3 awns.
In dry soil, Illinois and Minnesota to Mani-
toba, Missouri, Texas, Arizona and Mexico.
Adventive in southern New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania and New York. June-Sept.
2. Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Nar-
row-leaved Gum-plant. Fig. 4193.
Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil.
7: 73. 1834.
Slender, erect, glabrous, branched, about
2° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, acute
at the apex, sessile or clasping at the base,
spinulose-dentate, laciniate, or the upper
entire, l'-2' long, 2"-5" wide; heads nearly
as large as those of the preceding species;
bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, the
inner erect, the outer spreading; achenes
1-2-toothed ; pappus of 1 or 2 awns.
In dry soil, Tennessee to Missouri, Kansas,
Louisiana and Texas. July-Sept.
37-
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
13. HETEROTHECA Cass. Diet. Sri. Nat. 21: 130. 1821.
Erect, hirsute or pubescent, branching herbs, with alternate, mostly dentate leaves, and
rather large heads of both discoid and radiate yellow (lowers, generally solitary at the ends
of the branches. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in
several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Kay-flowers pistillate. Disk-
flowers perfect, or some of them only staminate. Style-branches flat, their appendages
lanceolate or triangular. Achenes pubescent, obtuse, those of the ray-flowers thick, those
of the disk-flowers flattened. Pappus of the ray-flowers obsolete or of a few caducous bristles,
that of the disk-flowers of an inner row of numerous capillary rough bristles, and an outer
row of shorter stouter bristles or scales. [Greek, different-case, from the dissimilar achenes.]
Five or 6 species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico, the following typical.
i. Heterotheca subaxillaris ( Lam.) Britton & Rusby. Heterotheca. Fig. 4194.
Inula subaxillaris Lam. Encycl. 3: 259. 1799.
Heterotheca Lamarckii Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. ax: 131.
iSji.
Heterotheca subaxillaris Britton & Rusby, Trans. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. 7 : 10. 1887.
Biennial or sometimes annual, l°-3° high. Basal
and lower leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, 2' -J,'
long, the upper ones oblong, sessile or clasping,
smaller, all acutish or obtuse, dentate ; heads rather
numerous, 6"-g" broad ; involucre nearly hemispheric,
3"s" high, its bracts linear, or slightly dilated above,
the inner with scarious margins ; rays 10-25 ; inner
bristles of the pappus of the disk-flowers about 2"
long.
In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, Louisiana, Kansas.
Arizona and Mexico. In ballast, at Philadelphia. July-
Sept.
14. CHRYSOPSIS [Ntttt.] Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 333. 1824.
[Diplogon Raf. Amer. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 1818. Not Poiret, 1811.]
Perennial or biennial, rarely annual, branching herbs, with alternate sessile entire leaves,
or the basal ones dentate, and large many-flowered heads of both tubular and radiate yellow
flowers (rays wanting in some western species), loosely corymbose, or solitary at the ends
of the branches. Involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts narrow, imbricated in
several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle usually flat, more or less foveolate. Ray-flowers
pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly all perfect. Pappus double in both the disk- and ray-flowers,
the inner of numerous rough capillary bristles, the outer of smaller or minute scales or
bristles. Achenes flattened, oblong-linear or obovate, pubescent. Style-branches narrow,
somewhat flattened, their appendages linear or subulate. [Greek, of golden aspect.l
About 20 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Besides the following, about 8 others
occur in the southern and western United States. Type species: Ckrysopsis gossypina (Michx.) Ell.
Leaves elongated-linear, entire, parallel-veined ; achenes linear ; involucre campanulate.
Plants i°-3° high, silvery-pubescent; leaves grass-like, 3'-'-' long. 1. C. graminifolia.
Plants 4'-io' high, woolly-pubescent ; leaves rigid, 1'— 4' long. 2. C. falcata.
Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear, pinnately veined ; achenes obovate, or oval ; involucre hemi-
spheric.
Plant densely woolly-pubescent. 3- G. gossypina.
Plants hirsute, or villous-pubescent.
Heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate ; pubescence of long deciduous hairs ; eastern species.
4. C. niariana.
Heads fewer, corymbose, or terminating the branches ; pubescence persistent ; western species.
Villous-pubescent. hirsute or hispid ; perennials.
Villous-pubesct-nt and canescent with appressed hairs. 5. C. villosa.
Hirsute or hispid-pubescent.
Leaves linear, acutish. 6. C. stenophylla.
Leaves mostly spatulate, obtuse. 7. C. hispida.
Pilose-pubescent with soft spreading hairs ; annual. 8. C. pilosa.
Genus 14.
THISTLE FAMILY.
373
1. Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Ell.
Grass-leaved Golden Aster. Fig. 4195.
Inula graminifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 122. 1803.
Chrysopsis graminifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 334.
1824.
Slender, corymbosely branched above, very
silvery-pubescent, i°-3° high. Leaves linear,
soft, grass-like, 3-5-nerved, shining, the basal
ones 4'-i2' long, 2"-$" wide, the upper much
smaller, and the uppermost subulate and erect;
heads several or numerous, about i' broad, soli-
tary at the ends of the branches ; involucre cam-
panulate, its bracts glabrate; achenes linear-
fusiform.
In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, Ohio, Kentucky,
Arkansas, Texas and Mexico. Great Bahama Island.
Silver-grass. Scurvy-grass. Silk-grass. Aug.-Oct.
3. Chrysopsis gossypina
(Michx.) Ell. Cottony Golden
Aster. Fig. 4197.
Erigeron pilosum Walt. Fl. Car. 206.
1788.
Inula gossypina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:
122. 1803.
/. gossypina Nutt. Gen. 2: 150. 1818.
C. gossypina Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 337.
1824.
Chrysopsis pilosa Britton, Mem. Torr.
Clubs: 316. 1894. Not Nutt.
Stout, i°-2° high, branched above,
densely woolly-pubescent all over.
Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse,
the lower and basal ones 1-3' long,
3 ~5 wide, the uppermost much
smaller; heads usually nearly 1'
broad, terminating the branches,
bright yellow; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts densely pubescent when
young, becoming glabrate; achenes
obovate.
In pine-barrens, Virginia to Florida
and Alabama. Autumn.
2. Chrysopsis falcata (Tursh) Ell. Sickle-
leaved Golden Aster. Fig. 4196.
Inula falcata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 532. 1814.
Chrysopsis falcata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 336. 1824.
Corymbosely branched above, rather stiff, 4'-i2'
high, leafy to the top, very woolly-pubescent, at
least when young, or becoming glabrate. Leaves
linear, rigid, spreading, sometimes curved, l'-4'
long, l"-3" wide, obscurely parallel-nerved ; heads
rather few, corymbose, 3"-S" broad, terminating
the branches ; involucre campanulate, its bracts
slightly pubescent; achenes linear.
In sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey.
Ground gold-flower. July-Aug.
UhUPOSITAE.
5. Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt.
Hairy Golden Aster. Fig. 4199.
Amelias villosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 564. 1814.
Inula villosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 151. 1S18.
C. villosa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7:
316. 1841.
C. foliosa Nutt. loc. cit. 316. 1841.
Chrysopsis camporum Greene, Pittonia 3: 88.
1897.
Stem villous or strigose-pubescent, l°-2°
high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblan-
ceolate, obtuse or acutish, 1-2' long, 2"-5"
wide, the upper sessile, the lower narrowed
into a petiole, pale, persistently canescent
with appressed hairs; heads rather few, 1'
broad or more, terminating the short
branches ; rays oblong-linear, golden yellow ;
involucre hemispheric, its bracts 4"-S" high,
linear-subulate, pubescent and often ciliate;
achenes obovate, 3-5-nerved.
In dry soil. Minnesota and Illinois to Ala-
bama, Manitoba, British Columbia, Nebraska
and New Mexico. July-Aug. Rosin-wood.
Vol.. 111.
4. Chrysopsis mariana (L.)
Ell. Maryland ( iolden
Aster. Fig. 4198.
Inula mariana L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1240.
1 ?(>.?■
/. mariana Nutt. Gin. 2: 151. 1818.
C. mariana Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 335.
1824.
Stout, i°-2*° high, loosely villous-
pubescent with silky hairs when
young, at length nearly glabrous,
corymbosely branched at the sum-
mit" Upper leaves oblong or lanceo-
late, acutish or obtuse, sessile, 1-2'
long, the lower oblanceolate or spatu-
late and narrowed into a petiole,
generally obtuse, 2-4' long and
sometimes 1' wide; heads commonly
numerous, o"-l2" broad, on glandu-
lar peduncles ; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts glandular, acute, viscid-
pubescent ; achenes obovate.
In dry soil, southern New York and
Pennsylvania to Tennessee, Florida and
Louisiana. Aug.-Sept. Golden-star.
6. Chrysopsis stenophylla (A. Gray)
Greene. Stiff-leaved Golden
Aster. Fig. 4200.
Chrysopsis villosa var. stenophylla A. Gray,
Svn. Fl. 1 : Part 2, 123. 1884.
C stenophvlla Greene. Erythea 2: 96. 1894.
C. anguslifolia Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37: 128.
191 o.
Low, slender, hirsute or rough-pubescent,
6'-io' high. Leaves linear or slightly broad-
ened above, densely canescent and ciliate,
acutish, Cj"-I5" long, l"-2" wide, the mar-
gins revolute in drying; involucre hemi-
spheric or broadly campanulate. its bracts
pubescent or the outer densely ciliate; heads
few, 6"-lo" broad.
In dry soil, Missouri and Nebraska to Arkan-
sas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
Genus 14.
THISTLE FAMILY
7. Chrysopsis hispida (Hook.) Nutt. Hispid
Golden Aster. Fig. 4201.
Diplopappus hispidus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 22. 1834.
Chrysopsis hispidus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7:
316. 1S41.
Chrysopsis villosa var. hispida A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 : Part
2, 123. iSS4.
Lower than C. villosa, stem rarely over 1° high, with
spreading, sparse or copious, hirsute or hispid pu-
bescence, sometimes viscid. Leaves spatulate to
oblong, entire, spreading, o/'-i8" long, obtuse at the
apex, narrowed at the base, often into petioles half
as long as the blade or more; heads smaller, often
more numerous ; involucre not over 4" high, its
bracts lanceolate, hirsute; achenes 3-5-nerved.
In dry soil, Manitoba to Idaho, Kansas, Texas and
Arizona. Consists of several races, differing in size,
pubescence and leaf-form. July-Sept.
8. Chrysopsis pilosa Nutt. Xuttall's Golden
Aster. Fig. 4202.
Chrysopsis pilosa Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7:
66. 1834.
C. Xuttallii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 316. 1894.
Pilose-pubescent with soft hairs and minutely glan-
dular, i°-2° high, branched above. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, mostly acute, l'-2i' long, 2"-$" wide,
entire, or the lower serrate or even incised; heads
few, 8"-i2" broad, terminating the branches ; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts glandular-viscid; achenes
obovate, 10-nerved.
In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Louisiana, Arkan-
sas and Texas. July-Sept.
15. CHONDROPHORA Raf. New Fl. N.
A. 4: 79. 1836.
[Bigelowia DC. Mem. Comp. pi. 5. 1833. Not Bigelovia Spreng. 1821.]
Perennial stiff herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and corymbose-paniculate discoid
heads of yellow flowers. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its bracts rigid and glutinous,
imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, generally foveolate, naked. Corolla regular,
tubular, the limb 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches flattened, their
appendages lanceolate. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed, 1-2-ribbed on each side.
Pappus of 1 or 2 series of numerous capillary unequal bristles. [Greek, cartilage-bearing.]
Two species, native of eastern North America, the following typical.
i. Chondrophora nudata (Michx.) Britton.
Chrysocoma nudata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 101. 1803.
Bigelowia nudata DC. Prodr. 5: 329. 1836.
C. nudata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 317. 1894.
Glabrous, erect, simple, l°-2i° high. Lower
and basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, or obtusish,
3'-6' long, 3" -6" wide, attenuate into a margined
petiole , stem leaves distant, small, linear or subu-
late ; heads numerous, 2"-3" high, crowded in a
compound terminal corymbose cyme ; involucre
narrowly campanulate, acute at the base, its bracts
coriaceous, appressed, linear-oblong, imbricated
in 3 or 4 series, the outer much smaller than the
inner ; achenes short-turbinate ; pappus-bristles
rigid ; edges of the depressions in the receptacle
prolonged into subulate teeth.
In moist pine-barrens, New Jersey ( ?) to Florida
and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
Chondrophora virgata (Nutt.) Greene, with nar-
rowly linear basal leaves, or some of them linear-
spatulate, though originally cited by Nuttall as from
New Jersey, is not definitely known from north of
North Carolina.
Rayless Golden-ro
4203.
376
. ( IMIM IMI \l
Vol. III.
16. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ill) 7: 323. 1840.
Low shrubs, with equably leafy branches, hard wood, linear leaves, and discoid heads
of yellow perfect flowers. Heads narrow, 5-7-flowered. Involucre oblong to narrowly
campanulatc, its bracts more or less keeled, thin, or papery, impricated in several series,
often so as to form 5 vertical rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-
branches exserted, their appendages subulate to filiform. Achenes narrow, mostly pubescent.
Pappus of copious capillary roughened bristles. [Greek, golden-bush.]
About 30 species, natives of western North America. Type species : Chrysothamnus pumilus Nutt.
1 1, ads about 6" high ; involucral bracts obtuse or nmcronulate. 1. C. graveolens.
- 7"- 10" high; involucral bracts subulate-tipped. -'. C.Howardi.
i. Chrysothamnus graveolens! Nutt.)
Greene. Fetid Rayless Golden-
rod. Fig. 4204.
Chrvsocoma graveolens Nutt. Gen. 2: 136.
1818.
Bigelovia graveolens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
8: 644. 1873.
Chrysothamnus graveolens Greene, Erythea 3:
108. 1S95.
Sparingly tomentose above, or glabrate,
much branched, very leafy, i°-42° high,
odorous. Leaves linear, 1'— 3' long, l"-2"
wide ; heads 5"-6" high, very numerous and
crowded in terminal compound corymbose
cymes; rays none; involucre narrowly cam-
panulate, acute at the base, its bracts oblong
or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, imbri-
cated in about 4 series; achenes linear;
pappus-bristles soft, copious.
In sterile, especially alkaline soil. Montana
to western Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico.
Included in our first edition in the C. nauseosa
(Pursh) Britton, a densely tomentose far
western species. Rabbit-brush. Aug.-Oct.
2. Chrysothamnus Howardi ( Parry)
Greene. Howard's Rayless Golden-
rod. Fig. 4205.
Linosyris Howardi Parry; A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 6 : 541. 1865.
Bigelovia Howardi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 :
641. 1873.
Chrysothamnus Howardi Greene, Erythea 3 : 113.
1895.
Similar to the preceding species, white-
tomentose when young, glabrous or nearly so
when old, tufted, much branched, 6'-io' high.
Leaves narrowly linear, entire, l'-2' long,
about 1" wide; heads 7"-io" long, narrow,
5-flowered, more or less glomerate, usually
surpassed by the upper leaves ; rays none ;
involucre slightly arachnoid-pubescent, its
bracts lanceolate, thin, acuminate or subulate-
tipped ; achenes nearly linear, pubescent.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming,
Colorado, L'tah and New Mexico. July-Sept.
Genus 17.
THISTLE FAMILY.
377
17. OONOPSIS [Nutt.] Greene, Pittonia 3: 45. 1896.
Shrubs or herbs, the following species glabrous, mostly tufted, with woody roots, the
stems leafy to the top. Leaves entire, linear to lanceolate. Heads cymose at the end of
the stem or branches. Involucre campanulate to ovoid, its bracts flat, imbricated in several
series, herbaceous, cuspidate, appressed and erect, or the outer spreading. Disk-flowers with
a nearly cylindric 5-toothed corolla. Stamens and style included or scarcely exserted. Ray-
flowers present or wanting, pistillate. Style-appendages ovate to subulate. Achenes glabrous,
or somewhat pubescent. Pappus-bristles coarse, rigid. [Greek, resembling an egg, referring
to the ovoid involucre.]
Four known species, natives of central North America. Type species : Oonopsis multicaulis
(Nutt.) Greene.
i. Oonopsis Engelmanni (A. Gray) Greene. Engelmann's Oonopsis. Fig. 4206.
Bigelovia Engelmanni A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11 :
75. 1876.
Oonopsis Engelmanni Greene, Pittonia 3: 45. 1896.
Perennial by a deep woody root, glabrous
throughout; stems stiff, about 8' high, densely
leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, c/'-2' long,
less than 1" wide, brittle when dry; heads clus-
tered, or sometimes solitary at the ends of the
branches, V wide or less, sessile among the upper
leaves ; involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts
in about 4 series, oblong to spatulate, short-
acuminate or mucronate, appressed ; ray-flowers
none ; disk-flowers about as long as the rather
rigid capillary pappus-bristles; achenes linear-
oblong, narrowed at the base, many-striate.
Western Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado. Sept.—
Oct.
18. PRIONOPSIS Xutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 329. 1841.
A glabrous annual or biennial herb, leafy to the top, with sessile spinulose-dentate leaves,
and large heads of yellow radiate and tubular flowers. Involucre broadly hemispheric, its
bracts imbricated in several series, lanceolate, acuminate, the outer more or less spreading.
Receptacle naked. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas 5-toothed. Ray-flowers very numer-
ous, pistillate. Achenes glabrous, those of the ray-flowers broader than those of the disk;
pappus of a few deciduous, rigid, unequal bristles, the outer very short. [Greek, resembling
a saw, referring to the leaf-margins.]
A monotypic genus of south-central United States.
i. Prionopsis ciliata Nutt.
Fig. 4207.
rionopsis.
Donia ciliata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2: 118.
1821.
Aplopappus ciliatus DC. Prodr. 5: 346. 1836.
Prionopsis ciliata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7 :
329- 1841.
Stem erect, stout, branched, very leafy, 2°-5° high.
Leaves sessile, oval or the lower obovate, obtuse, con-
spicuously veined, l'-3' long, i'-ii' wide, sharply ser-
rate with bristle-pointed teeth ; heads few, clustered,
stalked or nearly sessile, i'-ii' broad; involucre de-
pressed-hemispheric, its bracts glabrous; achenes of
the ray-flowers ellipsoid, those of the disk-flowers
oblong, the central sterile ; pappus-bristles rigid, the
inner ones rough or ciliate.
On hillsides and river-banks, Missouri and Kansas to
Texas. Aug.-Sept.
3/S
I i IMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
19. SIDERANTHUS Fraser, Cat. [813; Sweet, Hort. Brit. 227. [826.
[Erich ujpi m Nutt. ["rahs. Am. Phil. Soc. (11) 7: 320. 18.41.]
Perennial or annual herbs or shrubs with alternate spinulose-dentate or lobed leaves and
man; flowered heads of tubular or of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers (heads rarely
without rays). Involucre hemispheric to campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series,
the outer ones gradually smaller. Receptacle Hat or convex, generally foveolate, naked.
Ray-flowers fertile. Disk-flowers usually perfect. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base.
Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, lanceolate. Achenes oblong or obovoid,
obtuse, white-tomentose, or canescent, usually 8-10-nerved. Pappus of 1-3 scries of numer-
ous capillary persistent more or less unequal bristles. [Greek, iron-flower.]
About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, about 10 others occur in the
western parts of the United States. Type species: Sideranthus spmulosus (Nutt.) Sweet.
Rays none ; leaves dentate.
Rays present.
Leaves dentate ; annual.
Leaves pinnatifid; perennial.
1. S. grindelioides.
2. S. animus.
3. 5". spinulosus.
i. Sideranthus grindelioides ( Nutt. ) Britton.
Rayless Sideranthus. Fig. 4208.
Eriocarpum grindelioides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 7: 321. 1841.
Aplopappus Kuttallii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 240. 1842.
Sideranthus grindelioides Britton, Manual 932. 1901.
Perennial by a deep woody root, finely pubescent;
stems tufted, simple, erect, 4'-l2' high. Leaves ob-
long-lanceolate to spatulate, sessile, or the lower peti-
oled, l'-i' long, firm, acute or obtusish, spinulose-
dentate ; heads several or solitary, terminating the
stem or branches; peduncles 1' long, or less; invo-
lucre campanulate, its bracts linear, acute, puberulent,
their tips somewhat spreading, the outer shorter than
the inner; achenes densely silky tomentose.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Assiniboia, Nebraska.
New Mexico and Arizona. July- Aug.
2. Sideranthus annuus Rydb. Viscid
Sideranthus. Fig. 4209.
Sideranthus annuus Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 31 :
653. 1904.
Aplopappus rubiginosiis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I2 : 130.
1884. Not T. & G.
Viscid, glandular-pubescent, erect, annual,
branched near the summit, i°-3° high. Leaves
sessile, or the lowest narrowed into short
petioles, oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate,
conspicuously dentate with distant awn-point-
ed teeth, acute or obtusish at the apex. ii'-2i'
long, 2"-6" wide ; heads several, cymose-
paniculate, 8"— 15" broad; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts linear-subulate with spread-
ing tips ; rays large ; pappus bristles rigid, very
unequal ; achenes villous-canescent, turbinate,
not compressed.
On plains and in canons. Nebraska, Kansas
and Colorado. Erroneously referred in our first
edition to Eriocarpum rubiginosum, Aug. -Sept.
Genus 19.
THISTLE FAMILY
3. Sideranthus spinulosus ( Nutt.) Sweet.
Cut-leaved Sideranthus. Sapo.
Fig. 4210.
Amelias spinulosus Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. 2: 564.
1814.
Sideranthus spinulosus Sweet, Hort. Brit. 227.
1826.
Aplopappus spinulosus DC. Prodr. 5: 347. 1836.
Eriocarpum spinulosum Greene, Erythea 2: 108.
1894.
S. glaberrimus Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 27: 621.
1900.
Canescent or glabrate. much branched at the
base, perennial by thick woody roots, 6'-is'
high. Leaves pinnatifid. sessile, linear to ovate
in outline, 4'-ii' long, i"-2i" wide, the lobes
with bristle-pointed teeth; heads several or nu-
merous (rarely solitary), 6"-l2" broad; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, ap-
pressed ; rays narrow; achenes pubescent, nar-
rowed below; pappus soft and capillary.
In dry soil, Minnesota and North Dakota to
Saskatchewan, Alberta. Colorado, Nebraska,
Texas and Mexico. March-Sept.
20. STENOTUS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 334. 1841.
Low undershrubs, with coriaceous narrow entire evergreen leaves, scapose or leafy stems,
and rather large heads of both radiate and tubular yellow flowers. Involucre mostly hemi-
spheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, ovate to lanceolate. Receptacle
alveolate. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, usually somewhat enlarged upward,
deeply 5-toothed. Ray-flowers fertile. Anthers obtuse at the base. Appendages of the
style-branches short, lanceolate. Achenes white-villous. Pappus of soft white capillary bris-
tles. [Greek, narrow, referring to the leaves.]
About 18 species, natives of western North America. Type species: Stenotus acaulis Nutt.
i. Stenotus armerioides Xutt. Narrow-leaved
Stenotus. Fig. 421 1.
Stenotus armerioides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II. 1
7: 335- 1841.
Aplopappus armerioides A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 : Part. 2,
132. 1884.
Perennial, tufted from a branched woody caudex.
glabrous throughout; flowering stems slender, naked
above, or quite leafless. 4'-8' high. Basal leaves nu-
merous, narrowly spatulate or linear, acute or acutish,
firm, ['-3' long, i"-2" wide, entire, narrowed below;
stem leaves usually 1-3, sessile, linear, sometimes
none; head commonly solitary, about I broad; in-
volucre campanulate, 4"-6" high, its bracts broadly
oval, green, appressed, obtuse or retuse, scarious-
margined, or the inner ovate-oblong and acutish ;
rays 8-10; achenes canescent or villous; pappus bris-
tles soft, white.
In dry, mostly rocky soil, western Nebraska to Wyo-
ming, Utah and New Mexico. June-July.
21. ISOPAPPUS T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 239. 1841.
Rough-hairy annual or biennial herbs, loosely paniculately branched, with alternate linear
to lanceolate, i-nerved, entire or somewhat toothed leaves, and small slender-peduncled heads
of radiate and tubular yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate-cylindric, its appressed lan-
ceolate or subulate bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle alveolate. Ray-flowers 5-12, pistil-
late. Disk-flowers 10-20, perfect. Anthers not sagittate. Style-appendages narrow, hirsute.
Achenes terete, narrowed below, silky-villous. Pappus a single series of rough capillary
bristles, nearly equal in length. [Greek, equal-pappus. 1
Two known species, natives of the southern United States, the following typical.
3So
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
i. Isopappus divaricatus ( Xutt. ) T. & G.
Isopappus. Fig. 4212.
Inula divaricata Xutt. Gen. 2: 152. 1818.
Aplopappus divaricatus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 : Part 2, 130.
1884.
Isopappus divaricatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 239. 1841.
Annual or biennial, erect, paniculately much
branched, slender, rough-pubescent or glandular,
I°-3° high. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, or the
lowest linear-spatulate, acute or cuspidate, dentate
with distant teeth, or sometimes entire, i'— 3' long,
1"— 3" wide, the uppermost much smaller, subulate
or bract-like; heads numerous, 3"— 5" broad; invo-
lucre campanulate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, subu-
late-tipped, pubescent, peduncles very slender, or
filiform.
In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, east to Georgia and Flor-
ida. Aug.-Oct.
22. SOLIDAGO L. Sp. PI. 878. 1753.
Perennial erect herbs, sometimes woody at the base, simple, or little branched, with alter-
nate simple toothed or entire leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow or
rarely white flowers, in terminal or axillary panicles, thyrsi, or cymose-corymbose or capitate
clusters. Involucre oblong or narrowly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series,
the outer successively shorter. Receptacle small, flat, or somewhat convex, generally alveo-
late. Ray-flowers in one series, pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly all perfect, their corollas
tubular or narrowly campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base.
Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes terete or angled, usually
ribbed. Pappus of numerous capillary rough nearly equal bristles in 1 or 2 series. [Greek,
to make whole.] Golden-rod; also called yellow-top, yellow-weed or flower-of-gold.
About 125 species, mostly of North America, 2 or 3 in Europe, a few in Mexico and South
America. Type species : Solidago Virgaurca L.
A. Tips of the involucral bracts, or some of them spreading or recurved.
Leaves glabrous or glabrate, 4'- 10' long.
Leaves rough-ciliate, 1'— 2' long.
t. 5\ squarrosa.
2. S. pctiolaris.
B. Tips of the involucral bracts all erect and appressed.
* Heads in axillary clusters, or also in a terminal spike-like, sometimes branched thyrsus.
1. Heads 2"— 3" high, chiefly in axillary clusters ; achenes pubescent.
3. 5. caesia.
Stem and branches terete ; leaves lanceolate to oblong.
Stem and branches grooved or angled.
Leaves broadly oval, contracted into margined petioles,
Leaves lanceolate, sessile.
4. 5". flexicaulis.
5. 5". Curtisii.
2. Heads 3"— 3" high, chiefly in a terminal spike-like thyrsus ; achenes glabrous, or nearly so.
Rays white ; stem pubescent.
Rays yellow ; stem densely pubescent.
Rays yellow ; stem glabrous, or sparingly pubescent.
Leaves thick, not acuminate, dentate, or the upper entire.
Leaves thin, acuminate, sharply serrate.
6. -S". bicolor.
7. i". hispida.
8. 51. erec'a.
9. 51. monticola.
3. Heads 5"-6" high ; bracts elongated, acute ; leaves ovate. 10. S. macrophylla.
** Heads in a terminal simple or branched thyrsus, not at all secund on its branches, or scarcely so.
Plant rough-pubescent or scabrous; leaves sessile, entire; bracts acute. 11. S. Lindheimeriana.
Plants glabrous, puberulent, or sparingly pubescent above.
Low arctic-alpine species, seldom over 10' high.
Heads with 30 flowers or more. 12. 5. Cutleri.
Heads with fewer than 30 flowers. 13. .?. multiradiata.
Taller species, not arctic-alpine.
Bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, very acute; stem puberulent. 14. S. puberula.
Bracts of the involucre obtuse or merely acutish ; stem glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above.
Glabrous throughout; upper leaves very small, appressed. 15. S.stricta.
At least the involucre or peduncles pubescent or puberulent.
Genus 22. THISTLE FAMILY. 3S1
Bog species; inflorescence wand-like. 16. S.uliginosa.
Upland species, the inflorescence various.
Heads very short-peduncled.
Leaves thick, firm in texture, little toothed or entire ; tall species.
Lower leaves ovate to broadly oval, serrate. 17. S. speciosa.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, entire. iS. S. rigidiitscula.
Leaves thin in texture, at least the lower serrate ; low species.
19. S. Randii.
Heads distinctly slender-peduncled.
Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 4" wide or less. 20. ^. racemosa.
Basal leaves broadly oblanceolate or obovate, 6"-i8" wide.
Heads 4" high; basal leaves sharply serrate. 21. S.GUlmani.
Heads 3" high ; leaves nearly entire. 22. 51. sciaphila.
*** Heads in a terminal, usually large panicle, secund on its spreading or recurved branches.
t Plant maritime ; leaves thick, fleshy, entire. 23. 5\ sempervirens.
tt Plants not maritime ; leaves not fleshy.
1. Leaves pinnately-veined, not triple-nerved.
(a) Leaves all entire, thin and glabrous. 24. 5\ odora.
(b) Leaves, at least the lower, more or less dentate or serrate.
t Leaves linear or linear-oblong, i'—z' long, scabrous. 25. 5". tortifolia.
ft Leaves broader, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, s'-io' long.
t Stem densely pubescent ; leaves more or less so.
Leaves not rugose, sparingly dentate or entire. 26. .9. fistulosa.
Leaves rugose-veiny beneath, sharply serrate. 27. .J. rugosa.
it Stem glabrous, or merely puberulent above.
Leaves very rough on the upper surface, serrulate. 28. 5. patitiu.
Leaves smooth, or minutely roughened on the upper surface.
Racemes few, widely divergent, very slender.
Lower leaves oblong, coarsely serrate, thin. 29. S. ulmifolia.
Lower leaves ovate or lanceolate, rather finely serrate, firm. 30. 5. Boottii.
Racemes numerous, spreading, recurved or ascending.
Leaves all oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile. 31. S. Elliottii.
At least the lower leaves petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.
Leaves firm, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; heads about 2" high ; racemes short ;
rays several. 32- S. negtecta.
Leaves firm, narrowly lanceolate ; heads about 2" high ; racemes few, short ; rays 1-5.
33. 5\ uniligulata.
Leaves firm, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate; heads iI/i"-2''/i" high; racemes numerous,
slender. 34. S. juncea.
Leaves thin, the lower broadly ovate, short-acuminate; heads 2j^"-354" high; racemes
numerous. 35. 5. arguta.
2. Leaves triple-nerved, i. e., with a pair of lateral veins much stronger than the others.
Heads small, the involucre only 1 %" high or less ; stem glabrous, or pubescent. 36. 5\ canadensis.
Heads larger, the involucre iH"_3" high.
Stem glabrous.
Leaves, and involucral bracts thin. 37. .?. serotina.
Leaves, and involucral bracts firm, somewhat rigid.
Leaves linear-lanceolate ; achenes glabrous. 38. 5\ glaberrima.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; achenes silky-pubescent. 39. 5". Shortii.
Basal leaves oblanceolate, upper bract-like. 40. S. Ca tingeri.
Stem pubescent or scabrous.
Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate or entire, rough above. 41. S. altissima.
Leaves oblanceolate, spatulate, oblong, or ovate, the lower crenate.
Minutely rough-pubescent, grayish ; lower leaves oblanceolate ; heads 2"-%" high.
42. 5". neniorahs.
Canescent and pale ; leaves oblong or ovate ; heads 3" high. 43. S. mollis.
Very scabrous, green, not grayish, nor canescent. 44. 5. radnla.
Leaves broadly ovate-oval, sharply serrate, finely pubescent. 45. S. Drummondii.
**** Heads in a terminal, corymbiform, sometimes thyrsoid cyme, forming a flat-topped inflorescence.
(Genus Oligoneuron Small.)
Leaves ovate, oblong, or oval, mostly rough on both sides. 46. .9. rigida.
Leaves lanceolate, linear, oblong, or oblanceolate, glabrous or nearly so.
Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate. 47. 5*. ohioensis.
Leaves all lanceolate or linear, entire.
Stout ; leaves lanceolate, the basal 8'-i2' long. 48. S. Riddcllii.
Slender; leaves linear, the basal 4'-.=;' long. 49. 5\ Houghtoni.
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
i. Solidago squarrosa Muhl. Stout
Ragged Golden-rod. Fig. 4213.
Solidago squarrosa Muhl. Cat. 76. 181 3.
Stem stout, simple, or rarely branched above,
glabrous or puberulent, 2°-5° higb. Uppei
leaves oblong, acute, entire or nearly so, ses-
sile; lower and basal leaves obovate, oval, or
broadly spatulate, acute or obtuse, -t'-io' long,
i'— 3' wide, sharply dentate, often narrowed
into a margined petiole, all glabrous, or some-
times slightly pubescent; heads 15-25-flow-
ered, 4"— S" high, numerous in a terminal nar-
row often leafy thyrsus sometimes 12' in
length; rays 10-16, showy, 2"-3" long; tips of
the involucral bracts green, acute or obtuse,
rarely some of them erect, all usually strongly
recurved, giving the heads a ragged appear-
ance ; achenes glabrous.
In rocky soil. New Brunswick to Ontario, North
Carolina and Ohio. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the
Catskills. Lower branches of the inflorescence
sometimes elongated. Aug.-Oct.
2. Solidago petiolaris Ait. Downy Ragged
Golden-rod. Fig. 4214.
Solidago petiolaris Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 216. 1789.
Solidago Wardii Britton, Man. 935. 1901.
Stem rather slender, pubescent or puberulent. I -3
high, simple, or branched above. Leaves sessile, or
very short-petioled, oblong to oval, acute, obtuse or
mucronate, entire or dentate, i-3' long, rough or ciliate
on the margins, often silvery-pubescent ; heads z"~A"
high, in a terminal narrow more or less compound
thyrsus ; involucral bracts pubescent, with green acute
to acuminate tips, the outer spreading, the inner ap-
pressed ; achenes glabrous or nearly so.
In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas and Texas, east to North
Carolina and Florida. Races differ in pubescence and in
leaf-form and leaf-serration. Sept.-Oct.
3. Solidago caesia L. Blue-stemmed
or Wreath Golden- rod. Fig. 4215.
Solidago caesia L. Sp. PI. 879. 1753.
S\ gracilis Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 8: 476. 1808.
S. axillaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 542. 1814.
5. caesia axillaris A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17 :
189. 18S2.
Stem glabrous, slender, often glaucous,
usually bluish or purple, branched or sim-
ple, terete, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, sharply
serrate, 2'-s' long, 3"-iS" wide; heads z"-z"
high, in axillary clusters or racemes, or oc-
casionally with some in a short terminal
thyrsus; bracts of the involucre obtuse, ap-
pressed ; achenes pubescent.
Woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario,
Minnesota, Florida. Arkansas and Texas. Con-
sists of several slightly differing races. Wood-
land golden-rod. Aug.-Oct.
THISTLE FAMILY
Zig-zag or
Fig. 4216.
1753.
Genus 22.
4. Solidago flexicaulis L.
Broad-leaved Golden-rod.
Solidago flexicaulis L. Sp. PI. 879.
Solidago la ifolia L. loc. cit. 1753.
Stem glabrous, angled, usually simple, zig-zag,
i°-3° high. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate at the
apex, abruptly narrowed at the base into mar-
gined petioles, somewhat pubescent, or glabrous
beneath, sharply serrate, 2-7' long, 1-4' wide, the
uppermost sometimes lanceolate and entire or
nearly so; heads about 3" high, in short axillary
racemose clusters, and rarely also in a narrow
terminal thyrsus ; bracts of the involucre obtuse -
to acutish, appressed ; achenes hirsute-pubescent.
In rich woods, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to
Georgia, Tennessee, Minnesota and Missouri. As-
cends to 2300 ft. in the Catskills. July-Sept.
5. Solidago Curtisii T. & G. Curtis'
Golden-rod. Fig. 4217.
Solidago Curtisii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 200. 1841.
Stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, sim-
ple or branched, slender, li0-3° high, angled
and grooved. Leaves thin, sessile, elongated-
lanceolate or sometimes broader above the
middle, long-acuminate, narrowed below into
an entire base, sharply serrate, 3-6' long,
4"-l2" wide, glabrous or nearly so ; heads
2"-3" high, in rather loose axillary clusters
and sometimes also in a narrow terminal
thyrsus; bracts of the involucre few, obtuse.
In mountain woods, Virginia and West Vir-
ginia to Kentucky and Georgia. Aug.-Sept.
Solidago pubens M. A. Curtis, of nearly the
same range, differs in being quite densely pubes-
cent.
6. Solidago bicolor L. White or
Pale Golden-rod. Silver-rod.
Fig. 4218.
Solidago bicolor L. Mant. 114. 1767.
Stem rather stout, hirsute-pubescent,
or nearly glabrous, 6-4° high, simple or
branched. Basal and lower leaves obo-
vate or broadly oblong, mostly obtuse,
2'-4' long, 1 '-2' wide, narrowed into
long margined petioles, dentate or cre-
nate-dentate, more or less pubescent;
upper leaves smaller and narrower, ob-
long or sometimes lanceolate, obtusish
or acute, sessile or nearly so, often en-
tire; heads 2"-3" high, crowded in a
terminal narrow thyrsus 2'-/ long, and
sometimes also clustered in the upper
axils; rays white; bracts of the invo-
lucre whitish, obtuse, the midvein broad-
ened above; achenes glabrous.
In dry soil, Prince Edward Island to
Georgia, west to Ontario, Minnesota and
Tennessee. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North
Carolina. Belly-ache-weed. Silver-weed.
July-Sept.
("OMPOS1TAE.
Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2063. 1804.
Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7:
Vol. III.
7. Solidago hispida Muhl. I [airy
Golden-rod. Fig. 42 [9.
S. hispida Muhl.
Solidago hirsuta
103. 1834.
Solidago bicolor concolor T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 :
197. 1841.
Stout, stem densely pubescent or hirsute,
simple or sometimes branched, l4°-3° high.
Lower leaves oval, acute, or obtuse, peti-
oled, pubescent on both sides, usually den-
tate, 2'-$' long, i'-b' wide; upper leaves
oblong, sessile, acute, dentate or entire,
smaller, sessile, heads about 3" high, crowd-
ed in a dense narrow terminal thyrsus and
also often in racemose clusters in the upper
axils ; rays yellow ; involucral bracts yel-
lowish, obtuse, the midvein narrow ; achenes
with a few appressed hairs, or glabrous.
In dry soil, Newfoundland to western On-
tario, Manitoba, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 2000 ft. in
the Catskills. Aug.-Oct.
8. Solidago erecta Pursh. Slender
Golden-rod. Fig. 4220.
Solidago erecta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 542.
1814.
Solidago speciosa angustata T. & G. Fl. N. A.
2 : 205. 1841.
Stem slender, glabrous, or puberulent
above, 2°-3° high, simple or rarely branch-
ed. Leaves firm, nearly glabrous on both
sides, ciliolate on the margins, the lower
and basal ones broadly oblong or oval,
obtuse or obtusish, crenate-dentate, the
upper lanceolate or oblong-lancenlate, acute,
usually quite entire; heads 2"-$" high in a
very narrow terminal thyrsus, rarely also
with a few clustered in the upper axils;
bracts of the involucre obtuse; rays light
yellow ; achenes glabrous.
In dry soil, southeastern New York, New
Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Geor-
gia and Alabama. Aug.-Sept.
9. Solidago monticola T. &• G.
Mountain Golden-rod.
Fig. 4221.
Solidago Curtisii var. monticola T. & G. Fl.
N. A. 2 : 200. 1841.
Solidago monticola T. & G. ; Chapm. Fl. S.
States 209. i860.
Slender, glabrous or nearly so, l°-3
high. Stem leaves ovate-oblong, or ob-
long-lanceolate, thin, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, sharply and
sparingly serrate, or the upper entire,
i'-6' long, 4"-iY wide, the upper sessile,
the lower petioled ; basal leaves broadly
oblong, obtuse, with slender petioles;
heads about 2" high ; in a terminal spike-
like, simple or branched thyrsus; bracts
of the involucre acutish or obtuse;
achenes glabrous.
In mountain woods, Pennsylvania and
Maryland to Georgia and Alabama.
GliNUS 22.
THISTLE FAMILY.
3S5
10. Solidago macrophylla Pursh. Large-
leaved Golden-rod. Fig. 4222.
Solidago macrophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 542. 18 14.
Solidago thyrsoidea E. Meyer, PI. Lab. 63. 1S30.
Stem striate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent,
stout, 6'-4° high. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate,
or the basal ones obtuse, sharply serrate, glabrous
or sparingly pubescent beneath, 3'-$' long, L-22'
wide, abruptly contracted into margined petioles,
or the uppermost lanceolate, entire, sessile; heads
4"-6" high, in a terminal compact or loose thyrsus
and usually also in axillary clusters; bracts of
the involucre linear, acute; rays 8-10, linear-ob-
long, conspicuous ; achenes glabrous or nearly so.
In rocky woods, Catskill Mountains. N. Y., and
Greylock Mt., Mass., to Newfoundland, Labrador,
Hudson Bay and Lake Superior. Ascends to 4000 ft.
in the Adirondacks. July-Sept.
Solidago calcicola Fernald, a related plant found
in Maine and Quebec, has smaller heads, 3"- 4" high,
and pubescent achenes.
11. Solidago Lindheimeriana Scheele.
Lindheimer's Golden-rod. Fig. 4223.
Solidago Lindheimeriana Scheele, Linnaea 21 : 599.
Scabrous, simple, ii°-3° high, leafy, rather
stout and rigid. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceo-
late or oval, acute or acutish at the apex, nar-
rowed or rounded at the base, all entire, thick-
ish, rough on both surfaces, sessile or the lowest
petioled ; heads about 3" high, in a terminal,
often short thyrsus; bracts of the involucre
acute or the outer obtuse, puberulent ; achenes
nearly glabrous.
Southern Kansas to Texas and northern Mexico.
Aug.-Nov.
Solidago Bigelovii A. Gray, another southwestern
species, which is rougher than this, with oval or ob-
long leaves obtuse or obtusish at both ends, is re-
ported from Kansas, probably erroneously.
12. Solidago Cutleri Fernald. Cutler's Al-
pine Golden-rod. Fig. 4224.
Solidago Virgaurea alpina Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 307.
1824.
Solidago Cutleri Fernald, Rhodora 10: 87. 1908.
Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; stems simple,
often tufted, 3'-i2' high, ascending, or erect, angu-
lar. Basal leaves obovate, or broadly spatulate, ser-
rate with low sharp or blunt teeth, at least above the
middle, obtuse, or acute, 2'-4' long, narrowed into
petioles ; stem leaves few, oblanceolate, spatulate,
or oblong, sessile, or the lower petioled, mostly dis-
tant; inflorescence a short raceme or thyrsus, and
often with clusters of heads in the axils of the
leaves; heads 3"-4-' high, over 30-flowered ; bracts
of the involucre obtuse to acute; achenes hirsute.
Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont and northern New York, mostly
above timber line. Referred, in our first edition, to the
European S. alpestris Waldst. & Kit., which it resembles.
Aug.-Sept.
25
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. 111.
13. Solidago multiradiata Ait. Northern
( iolden-rod. Fig. 4225.
Solidago multiradiata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 218. 1789.
Stem glabrous or somewhat pubescent above
rather slender, 6' -15' high. Leaves firm, glabrous
or very nearly so, the basal and lower ones spatu-
late or oblanceolate, entire, or sparingly serrate,
obtuse, finely reticulate-veined, 3'-s' long, 3"-cj"
wide, the upper smaller, narrower, sessile, en-
tire; beads about 4" high, usually few in a termi-
nal rather compact, corymbose cyme, but the in-
florescence sometimes elongated and thyrsoid;
bracts of the involucre thin, linear-lanceolate,
acute or acutish ; glabrous; rays 8-15, prominent,
linear, achenes pubescent.
Labrador and Hudson Bay to British Columbia, the
Rocky Mountains and Colorado. July-Aug.
Solidago decumbens Greene, of the Rocky Moun-
tains, with broader involucral bracts is recorded from
Mt. Albert, Quebec.
14. Solidago puberula Xutt. Downy
Golden-rod. Fig. 4226.
Solidago puberula Nutt. Gen. 2: 162. 1818.
Minutely puberulent, or glabrous, usu-
ally simple, rather slender, i2°-3° high,
leafy. Stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute,
sparingly serrate or entire, \'-2 long, ses-
sile, or the lower petioled, basal leaves and
sometimes the lowest ones of the stem
spatulate. obtuse, often sharply serrate, 2'-^
long, narrowed into margined petioles ;
heads about 2*" high, in a terminal, often
leafy thyrsus, the branches of which are
spreading or ascending; bracts of the invo-
lucre subulate, very acute ; achenes gla-
brous ; heads rarely a little secund.
In sandy soil. Prince Edward Island to
Florida and Mississippi, near the coast and on
sandstone rocks in the Appalachian mountain
system, west to Tennessee. Minaret-golden-
rod. Aug.-Sept.
15. Solidago stricta Ait. Wand-like or
Willow-leaf Golden-rod. Fig. 4227.
Solidago s ricta Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 216. 1789.
S. virgata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 117. 1803.
Glabrous throughout, slender, erect, simple,
2°-8° high. Basal and lowest stem leaves ob-
long, or somewhat spatulate, with few lateral
veins, obtuse, entire, or very sparingly dentate,
S'S' long, l'-l' wide, narrowed into long peti-
oles ; upper stem leaves abruptly smaller, nar-
rowly oblong, spatulate or linear, appressed,
the uppermost very small and bract-like ; heads
about 3" high, in a dense simple, or some-
times branched, naked thyrsus; bracts of the
involucre oblong, obtuse, or the inner acutish ;
achenes glabrous, or sparingly pubescent.
In wet sandy pine-barrens. New Jersey to Flor-
ida and Louisiana. Also in western Cuba. Aug.-
Oct.
Genus 22.
THISTLE FAMILY
16. Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Bog or
Swamp Golden-rod. Fig. 4228.
Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: 10 1.
1S34.
Stem glabrous, rather stout, simple, 2°-4°
high, the branches of the inflorescence more
or less pubescent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or
lanceolate, glabrous, firm, more or less cilio-
late or scabrous on the margins, few-veined,
acute or acuminate, the lower and basal ones
4'-c/ long, i'-ii' wide, more or less serrate and
narrowed into petioles, the upper smaller,
mostly sessile and entire; heads 2."—$" high, in
a terminal oblong dense thyrsus, its branches
appressed ; bracts of the involucre linear-ob-
long, obtuse; achenes glabrous.
In swamps and bogs, Newfoundland to New
Jersey, North Carolina, western Ontario, Minne-
sota and Wisconsin. Aug. -Sept.
J--,' t.i,',pW
3
' \(, \'Js 'vS-"
5
111
17. Solidago speciosa Nutt. Showy or
Xoble Golden-rod. Fig. 4229.
Solidago speciosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 160. 1818.
Stem stout, glabrous below, often rough
above, usually simple, 3°-7° high. Leaves
glabrous, firm, the lower and basal ovate, or
broadly oval, 4'-io' long, 1/-4' wide, dentate
or crenate, pinnately veined, acute or obtuse
at the apex, long-petioled ; upper leaves
smaller, oblong or oval, acute at each end,
crenate-dentate, or entire, sessile or short-
petioled, rough-margined; heads 3"-4" high,
in a large terminal thyrsus, the branches of
which are ascending and often leafy; bracts
of the involucre oblong, very obtuse; achenes
glabrous or nearly so.
In rich soil, Massachusetts to North Carolina,
west to Minnesota, Tennessee and Arkansas. Ap-
parently erroneously recorded from Canada and
Nova Scotia. Aug.-Oct.
18. Solidago rigidiuscula ( T. & G.)
Porter. Slender Showy Golden-
rod. Fig. 4230.
Solidago speciosa rigidiuscula T. & G. Fl. N. A.
2 : 205. 1 84 1.
Solidago speciosa pallida Porter, Bull. Torr.
Club 19: 130. 1892.
Solidago rigidiuscula Porter, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 31Q. 1894.
5". pallida Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33 : 153. 1906.
Stem rather slender, usually glabrous be-
low, rough-pubescent above, simple, 2°-4°
high. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceo-
late, entire, or the basal ones sometimes
crenate, strongly ciliolate on the margins,
l'-S' long, 3"-l2" wide, the upper sessile,
the lower sometimes narrowed into peti-
oles; heads similar to those of the pre-
ceding species; thyrsus generally narrow,
dense, simple or branched.
In dry soil, mostly on prairies, Ohio to Ala-
bama, Ontario, Minnesota, Colorado, Louisi-
ana and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
I ( iMI'i iSITAl-'..
Vol. 111.
19. Solidago Randii (Porter) Britton. Rand's
Golden-rod. Fig. 4231.
Solidago Virgaurea Randii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 208.
[893.
Solidago I irgaurea Redfieldii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 20:
209.
Solidago Virgaura monticola Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 20:
209. 1893.
Solidago I 'irgaurea Deanei Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 320.
94.
Solidago Randii Britton, Manual 937. 1901.
Somewhat pubescent, at least above, often glutinous;
stem usually simple, rather stout, s'-2° high. Basal
leaves oblanceolate. broadly spatulate, or obovate. 3'-8'
long, 1' wide, or less, obtuse or acute, mostly dentate,
narrowed into margined petioles; stem leaves few, ses-
sile, or the lower petioled. oblong-lanceolate to spatu-
late. acute; heads 3"-4" high, in a dense or interrupted,
rarely branched thyrsus and often in axillary clusters;
bracts of the involucre obtuse or acute; achenes more
or less pubescent.
In dry, mostly rocky situations, Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont and northern New York to Michigan and on high mountains in Virginia. Referred, in our
.first edition, as by previous authors, to the Old World Solidago Virgaurea L. Aug.-Sept.
20. Solidago racemosa Greene. River-bank
Golden-rod. Fig. 4232.
•S\ racemosa Greene, Pittonia 3: 160. 1897.
Nearly glabrous, sometimes glutinous; stems sim-
ple, usually somewhat glutinous, 6'-l8' high. Lower
and basal leaves oblanceolate. obtuse or acutish, den-
tate, or crenate, 1Y-4' long, 2V-4" wide, narrowed
into slightly margined petioles ; stem leaves sessile,
lanceolate, oblong or linear, numerous, crenate or
entire, mostly acute, smaller; heads about 3" high,
distinctly peduncled, in a terminal simple or branch-
ed thyrsus ; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong,
obtuse, or the inner acutish ; achenes striate, pubes-
cent.
On rocky river-banks. Newfoundland to northern New
York, Vermont and Virginia. Described, in our first
edition, under the name 5. Purshii Porter, which proves
to be untenable. July-Sept.
Solidago chrysolepis Fernald, of Quebec, has bright
yellow acute involucral bracts.
21. Solidago Gillmani (A. Gray) Steele.
Gillman's Golden-rod. Fig. 4233.
S". humilis Gillmani A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17:
191. 1S82.
5. V irgaurea Gillmani Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 20:
209. 1893.
5. Gillmani Steele, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13: 367.
191 1.
5". racemosa Gillmani Fernald, Rhodora 10: 91.
1908.
Glabrous, except the puberulent inflores-
cence ; stem erect or reclining, rather stout,
sometimes 3° long. Lower and basal leaves
spatulate or oblanceolate, dentate, 3'-l2' long,
narrowed into long narrowly margined peti-
oles ; upper stem leaves lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, gradually smaller; inflorescence
narrowly thyrsoid-paniculate, sometimes 16'
long; heads distinctly peduncled, about 4"
high; bracts of involucre oblong, scarcely
glutinous ; rays 6-10, deep yellow, 2" long ;
achenes sparingly pubescent.
Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan and Superior.
Aug.-Sept.
Genus 22.
THISTLE FAMILY
22. Solidago sciaphila Steele. Shadowy
Golden-rod. Fig. 4234.
51. sciaphila Steele, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13: 371. 1911.
Glabrous, except the ciliate leaf-margins and pu-
berulent inflorescence, 2°-3i° high, light green.
Leaves thin in texture, sparingly faintly veined, the
lower spatulate to broadly oblanceolate, obtuse, 3 '-5'
long, narrowed into long petioles, the upper oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smaller ; heads race-
mose on the slender branches of the narrow thyrsus,
on peduncles as long, as the involucre or longer ;
involucre campanulate, about 3" long, its bracts
linear-oblong, obtuse ; rays about 5, light yellow,
short.
Shaded cliffs of the Wisconsin River, Sauk County,
Wisconsin. Aug.-Sept.
23. Solidago sempervirens L! Sea-side
Golden-rod. Fig. 4235.
Solidago sempervirens L. Sp. PI. 878. 1753.
5". angustifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 38S. 1824.
Not Mill. 1768.
Stem stout, leafy, usually simple, 2°-8° high,
glabrous or slightly puberulent above. Leaves
thick, fleshy, entire, with 2-5 pairs of lateral
veins, the lower and basal ones oblong, spatu-
late or lanceolate, mostly obtuse, sometimes i°
long, narrowed into long petioles; upper leaves
sessile, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute ;
heads 3"-s" high, in secund racemes of a large
terminal often leafy panicle; rays 8-10, showy;
bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute.
On salt marshes, sea-beaches, along tidal rivers
and in sandy soil near the sea. Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick to Florida and Mexico. Also in
Bermuda. Salt-marsh or beach golden-rod. Aug.-
Dec.
24. Solidago odora Ait. Sweet or Anise-
scented Golden-rod. Fig. 4236.
Solidago odora Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 214. 1789.
Solidago odora inodora A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 244.
1867.
Slender ; stem simple, glabrous, or minutely
pubescent above, 2°-4° high. Leaves usually
punctate, anise-scented when bruised, or some-
times inodorous, lanceolate, quite entire, acute
or acuminate, 2'-4' long, 3" -8" wide, sessile,
or the lowermost petioled ; heads 2"-2l" high,
secund on the spreading racemes of the termi-
nal, usually ample panicle ; rays 3 or 4, 2" -3"
long; bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceo-
late, acute, the inner much longer than the
outer.
In dry soil. Nova Scotia (according to Som-
mers) ; New Hampshire to Florida, New York,
Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. Blue mountain-
tea. True golden-rod. July-Sept.
39°
l OMI'OSITAL.
Vol. III.
25. Solidago tortifolia Ell. Twisted-leaf
( lolden-rod.
Solidago retrorsa Pursh
Not Michx. 1803.
S. tortifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2
Fig. 4237-
Fl. Am. Sept. s.19. 1814.
.824.
377-
Stem slender, rough-pubescent or pubcrnlent,
2°-3° high, simple. Leaves linear or linear-
oblong, often twisted, scabrous, sessile, acute,
l'-2' long, 1 J"— 3" wide, obscurely veined but
with a distinct midrib, the lower serrate, the
upper entire ; heads about 2" high, secund on the
usually recurved branches of the terminal pani-
cle; rays 3-5, short; bracts of the involucre
linear, obtuse or obtusish.
In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas,
mostly near the coast. Autumn.
26. Solidago fistulosa Mill. Pine
Barren Golden-rod. Fig. 4238.
Solidago fistulosa Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No
19. 1768.
Solidago pilosa Walt. Fl. Car. 207. 1788. Not
Mill. 176S.
Stem rather stout, simple or branched
above, 3° -7° high, hirsute. Leaves numer-
ous, sessile, ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate,
or sometimes lanceolate, thick, rough or
hirsute on the margins and midrib beneath,
the upper small, obtuse or obtusish, entire,
the lower sparingly serrate, obtuse or acute,
1/-4' long with a broad base'; heads about
2" high, secund on the spreading or recurv-
ing branches of .the panicle; rays 7-10,
small; bracts of the involucre, at least the
outer, acute.
In moist pine-barrens. New Jersey to Florida
and Louisiana. Aug. -Oct.
27. Solidago rugosa Mill. Wrinkle-
leaved, Tall Hairy, or Pyramid
Golden-rod. Bitter-weed.
Fig. 4239.
S. rugosa Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 25. 1768.
Solidago as p era Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 212. 1789.
Stem hirsute or scabrous, rarely glabrate,
usually stout, i°--J° high, simple, or
branched at the summit. Leaves more or
less pubescent or scabrous, oval, oblong-
lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, rarely obtusish at the apex, nar-
rowed or obtuse at the base, rugoseljr
veined on the lower surface, serrate, 1-4'
long, 4"-l8" wide, sessile, or the lowest
sometimes tapering into petioles; heads
li"-2" high, secund on the spreading or
recurving, often leafy branches of the usu-
ally large and compound panicle: bracts of
the involucre linear, obtuse or obtusish.
Usually in dry soil, in fields and along road-
sides. Newfoundland to western Ontario, south
to Florida and Texas. Consists of many races,
differing in leaf-form, leaf-thickness and in
pubescence. Supposed to hybridize with S.
sempervirens L. Dyer's-weed. July-Nov.
Genus 22.
THISTLE FAMILY.
28. Solidago patula Muhl. Rough-
leaved or Spreading Golden-rod.
Fig. 4240.
Solidago patula Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2059.
1804.
Stem stout, rather rigid, usually simple,
glabrous, or sometimes puberulent above,
2°-7° high. Leaves thick, glabrous beneath,
exceedingly rough above, pinnately veined,
the lower and" basal ones very large, 3'-l6'
long, li'-5' wide, oval or elliptic, narrowed
into margined petioles, the upper smaller,
oval or oblong, sessile, acute, finely serrate
or the uppermost entire ; heads 2"~3i" high,
secund on the widely spreading and recurv-
ing branches of the loose panicle ; rays
small ; bracts of the involucre linear-ob-
long, obtuse.
In swamps, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota,
south to Georgia, Missouri and Texas. As-
cends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. Stem
strongly angled, at least below. Aug.-Oct.
29. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Elm-
leaved Golden-rod. Fig. 4241.
Solidago ulmifolia Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3:
2060. 1S04.
Stem slender, glabrous, or puberulent at
the summit, 2°-4° high, simple, or branched
above, the arched branches puberulent or
pubescent. Leaves thin, oblong to elliptic-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex
and base, coarsely and sharply serrate, pin-
nately veined, glabrous or sparingly pubes-
cent, the lower and basal ones wider, 3'-S'
long, l'-li' wide, narrowed into margined
petioles, the upper smaller, sessile; heads
2"— 3" high, secund on the usually few and
elongated, usually leafy branches of the
panicle; rays few, small,' deep yellow;
bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate,
obtusish.
In woods and copses, Nova Scotia to Geor-
gia, west to Minnesota, Missouri and Texas.
Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.
Solidago microphylla Engelm., ranging from
Kansas to Texas, appears to be a race of this
species with acutish inner bracts of the involucre.
30. Solidago Boottii Hook. Boott's
Golden-rod. Fig. 4242.
S. Boottii Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 : 97. 1835.
Stem glabrous, or puberulent above, slender,
usually branched near the summit, 2°-5° high.
Leaves firm, pinnately and finely reticulate-
veined, the lower and basal ones ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into margined,
sometimes ciliate petioles, acuminate at the
apex, sharply and rather coarsely serrate, 3'-6'
long, the upper smaller, entire, or finely ser-
rate, sessile ; heads 2"-3" high, secund on the
elongated, spreading or recurving branches of
the usually ample panicle ; rays few, small ;
bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse;
achenes pubescent.
In dry woods, Virginia to Florida and Texas.
Recorded from Missouri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in
Virginia. July-Sept.
592
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
31. Solidago Elliottii T. & G. Elliott's
Golden-rod. Fig. 4243.
Solidago Elliottii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 218. 1841.
Solidago elliptica Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 376-
1 824. Not Ait. 1789.
Stem glabrous, or minutely puberulent
above, stout, 3°-6° high, simple, or branched
at the inflorescence. Leaves firm, oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, rarely ovate-oblong, acute
or acuminate, sessile by a broad base, or
sometimes narrowed below, finely serrate,
crenate-serrate, or the upper entire, rough
on the margins, pinnately veined, glabrous on
both sides, or puberulent on the veins be-
neath, l'-S' long, 4"-l2" wide ; heads about
3" high, more or less secund on the short,
spreading or recurving branches of the nar-
row panicle ; bracts of the involucre linear-
oblong, obtuse ; rays 6-12, short ; achenes pu-
bescent.
In swamps, Nova Scotia (?), Massachusetts
to North Carolina and Georgia, mainly near the
coast. Sept.-Oct.
32. Solidago neglecta T. & G. Swamp
Golden-rod. Fig. 4244.
Solidago neglecta T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 213. 1841.
Stem glabrous, or slightly rough above, simple,
rather stout, 2°-4° high. Leaves firm, the basal
and lower ones lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
large, sometimes 12' long, acute or acutish, closely
serrate or serrulate, tapering into margined peti-
oles, rough on the margins ; upper leaves smaller,
lanceolate, acute, sessile, serrate or nearly entire;
heads about 2I" high, more or less secund on the
short branches of the thyrsoid panicle; rays 3-8,
small ; bracts of the involucre thin, linear-oblong,
obtuse ; achenes glabrous, or nearly so.
In swamps and bogs, Maine to Vermont, Michigan,
Maryland, Illinois and Wisconsin. Recorded north
to New Brunswick. Forms with the heads little
secund resemble 5. uliginosa. Pyramid-golden-rod.
Aug.-Sept.
33. Solidago uniligulata (DC) Porter.
Few-rayed Golden-rod. Fig. 4245.
Bigelovia (?) uniligulata DC. Prodr. 5: 329. 1836.
Solidago linoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 216. 1841.
Not Soland.
Solidago neglecta var. linoides A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 :
Part 2. 154. 1884.
5. uniligulata Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 320. 1894.
Stem simple, slender, ii°-2i° high, glabrous, or
slightly pubescent above. Leaves firm, obscurely
pinnately veined, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
finely and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, the
lower long-petioled. 4 '-9' long, 4"-g" wide, the
upper sessile, the uppermost very small and erect:
heads about 2" high, densely secund on the short
spreading or recurving branches of the small
naked panicle: rays 1-4: bracts of the involucre
firm, linear-oblong, obtuse ; achenes glabrous.
In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to New York,
New Jersey, Ontario and Illinois. Aug.-Sept.
Genus 22.
THISTLE FAMILY,
34. Solidago juncea Ait. Early or Sharp-
toothed Golden-rod. Fig. 4246.
Solidago juncea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 213. 1789.
S\ arguta scabrella T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 214. 1841.
Solidago juncea scabrella A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part 2,
155. 18S4.
Solidago juncea rainosa Porter & Britton, Bull. Torr.
Club 18: 368. 1891.
Stem glabrous, or very nearly so throughout,
rigid, rather stout, simple, or branched at the in-
florescence, ii°-4° high. Leaves firm, glabrous,
sometimes rough, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, serrate, serrulate, or nearly
entire, the lower large, sometimes 12' long and
2 wide, long-petioled, the upper smaller, sessile;
heads 1V-2" high, secund on the recurved or
sometimes nearly erect branches of the usually
ample spreading panicle; rays 7-12, small; bracts
of the involucre oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse
or acute ; achenes glabrous or sparingly pubescent.
In dry or rocky soil, New Brunswick to Hudson
Bay, Saskatchewan, North Carolina and Missouri.
One of the earliest flowering species. Yellow top.
Plume or pyramid-golden-rod. June-Nov.
*S8"
35. Solidago arguta Ait. Cut-leaved
Golden-rod. Fig. 4247.
Solidago arguta Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 213. 1789.
5. Muhlenbergii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 214. 1841.
5. Vaseyi Heller, Muhlenbergia 1 : 7. 1900.
5". Harrisii Steele, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13 : 369.
191 1.
Stem simple, rather stout, glabrous, or
sparingly pubescent above, 2°-4° high. Leaves
thin, pinnately veined, the lower and basal
ones broadly ovate or oval, short-acuminate.
3'-i6' long, i'-s' wide, narrowed into mar-
gined petioles, or subcordate, sharply and
coarsely serrate; upper leaves sessile, ovate
to oblong, acute or acuminate, more or less
serrate, smaller; heads 2V-3" high, secund
on the lateral racemose branches of the termi-
nal, often leafy panicle; rays 5-7, large;
bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenes
glabrous or nearly so.
In rich woods, Maine to Ontario, Virginia and
Tennessee. Ascends to 2700 ft. in the Adiron-
dacks. July-Oct.
36. Solidago canadensis L. Canada or
Rock Golden-rod. Fig. 4248.
Solidago canadensis L. Sp. PI. 878. 1753.
Solidago rupestris Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. 1820.
5\ canadensis g/abrata Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 21 :
310. 1894.
Stem slender, glabrous, or pubescent above,
l°-5° high. Leaves thin, triple-nerved, linear-
lanceolate, 2'-s' long, 3"-s" wide, entire, or ser-
rate with somewhat appressed teeth, acuminate at
the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or the
lowest petioled, glabrous, or pubescent ; heads
small, ii" high or less, secund on the spreading
branches of the often large panicle; rays 4-6,
short; bracts of the involucre thin, linear, acutish ;
achenes small, nearly glabrous.
Hillsides, thickets and banks of streams, New-
foundland to Virginia, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Ten-
nessee and South Dakota. Aug. -Oct.
Solidago gilvocanescens Rydb. differs in being
canescent ; it ranges from Illinois to Manitoba, Sas-
katchewan, Nebraska and Utah.
C OMPOSITAE
Vol. III.
38. Solidago glaberrima Martens,
souri Golden-rod. Fig. 4250.
Solidago glaberrima Martens, Bull. Acad. Brux. 8 : 68.
1 841.
5. moritura Steele, Contr. Nat. Herb. 13: 370. 1911.
Stem glabrous, rather slender, 3°-5° high.
Leaves firm or thick, those of the stem linear-
lanceolate to linear, sessile, acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, 2'-_i' long, rough-margined,
triple-nerved, entire, or sparingly serrate with
low sharp teeth, the basal and lowest ones mostly
larger, spatulate, petioled ; heads 2"-3" high, se-
cund on the spreading or recurving branches of
the short and broad, usually naked panicle; bracts
of the involucre oblong, greenish-tipped, obtuse,
or the inner acute, thick; rays 6-13, short ; achenes
nearly glabrous.
On dry prairies. Manitoba and Minnesota to Ten-
nessee, Alberta, Washington, Missouri and Texas.
Autumn. Referred, in our first edition, to S. mis-
souriensis Nutt. of the far west.
37. Solidago serotina Ait. Late Golden-
rod. Fig. 4249.
Solidago serotina Ait. Ilorl. Kew. 3: 211. 178Q.
S. gig, nil, a Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 211. 1789.
Solidago Pitcheri Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7: 101.
1834.
■S. serotina gigantea A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17:
I So. 1882.
Stem stout, 3°-8° high, glabrous, sometimes
glaucous. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, thin, triple-nerved, sharply serrate, or nearly
entire, sessile, or the lowest petioled, glabrous on
both sides or pubescent beneath, more or less
rough-margined, 3-6' long. 2"-is" wide, acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed at the base; heads
2§"-3" high, crowded on the spreading or re-
curving branches of the usually large and often
leafy panicle, which are sometimes puberulent ;
bracts of the involucre oblong, thin, obtuse; rays
7-15, rather large; achenes finely pubescent.
In moist soil. New Brunswick to British Columbia
and Oregon, south to Georgia, Texas and Utah. As-
cends to 2300 ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Oct.
Mis-
39. Solidago Shortii T. & G. Short's
I ri ilden-rod. Fig. 4251.
Solidago Shortii T. & G. Fl. X. A. 2 :
1S41.
Stem slender, glabrous below, minutely pu-
bescent above, 2°-4° high. Leaves firm, ob-
long-lanceolate, sessile (the lowest petioled?),
triple-nerved, acute or acuminate at the apex,
glabrous on both sides, the larger 2'-4' long.
5 "-6" wide, sharply serrate with rather small
and distant teeth, the upper gradually smaller,
sparingly serrate, or entire; heads about 3"
high, secund on the usually recurved branches
of the commonly large puberulent panicle ; in-
volucre narrowly campanulate, its bracts linear-
oblong, obtuse; rays 5-7, rather small; achenes
silky-pubescent.
On rocks at the Falls of the Ohio river. Er-
roneously recorded from northwestern Arkansas.
July-Aug.
Genus 22.
THISTLE FAMILY
40. Solidago Gattingeri Chapm. Gattin-
ger's Golden-rod. Fig. 4252.
Solidago Gattingeri Chapm. ; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I :
Part 2, 156. 1884.
Stem slender. 2°-3° high, branched at the in-
florescence, glabrous throughout. Leaves firm,
glabrous beneath, rough above, ciliolate, the lower
and basal ones oblanceolate or spatulate, acutish,
3'-6' long, 6"-io" wide, serrate with low distant
teeth, narrowed into margined petioles ; upper
leaves abruptly smaller, linear-oblong or oblan-
ceolate, bract-like, entire, sessile; heads 2"-2i"
high, somewhat secund on the spreading, often
very slender and elongated branches of the pani-
cle; bracts of the involucre oblong, very obtuse;
rays 6-10 ; achenes puberulent. or glabrous below.
In dry soil, Tennessee and Missouri. July-Aug.
A plant similar to this, but with larger serrate stem-
leaves, occurs in central Nebraska.
41. Solidago altissima L. Tall, High, or
Double Golden-rod. F"ig. 4253.
Solidago altissima L. Sp. PI. 878. 1753.
S. procera Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 211. 17S9.
Solidago canadensis procera T. & G. Fl. N. A. 4 : 224. 1841.
Solidago canadensis scabra T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 224. 1841.
Stem stout, pubescent, or hirsute nearly through-
out, 2°-8° high. Leaves lanceolate, triple-nerved,
acute at each end, roughish above and pubescent
beneath, the lower ones sharply serrate and petioled,
3'-6' long, 4"-i2" wide, the upper smaller, often en-
tire, sessile; heads 1V-2I" high, usually numerous,
secund on the spreading or recurving branches of
the usually large panicle ; bracts of the involucre
linear, obtuse or acutish; rays 9-15; achenes gla-
brous or somewhat pubescent.
Usually in dry soil, Maine to Ontario, Nebraska, Geor-
gia and Texas. Confused, in our first edition, with .S.
canadensis L. Yellow weed. Aug.-Nov.
42. Solidago nemoralis Ait.
Gray, Field, or Dwarf Golden-rod. Dyer's Weed.
Fig. 4^54-
Solidago nemoralis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 213. 1789.
Solidago nemoralis arenicola Burgess ; Britton & Brown,
111. Fl. 3: 344- 1898.
Slender, ashy-gray, 6'-2° high, erect, depressed or
sometimes prostrate, finely and densely pubescent.
Leaves thick, roughish, the basal and lower ones of
the stem oblanceolate or spatulate, petioled, obscurely
triple-nerved, obtuse or acutish, crenate-dentate, 3'-6'
long. 4"-i2" wide; upper leaves gradually smaller,
oblanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, en-
tire; heads 2"-3" high, secund on the spreading or
recurving branches of the terminal, usually one-sided
panicle; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong; rays
5-9.; achenes pubescent.
In dry soil, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Saskatchewan,
Florida, Texas and Arizona. July-Nov.
Solidago pulcherrima A. Nelson (5\ longipetiolata
Mack. & Bush), of Central North America, ranging east-
ward into Wisconsin and Missouri, differs mainly by
somewhat larger heads, and is here regarded as one of
the many races of 5". nemoralis Ait.
396
I ' iMI'OSITAE.
Vol. III.
43. Solidago mollis Bartl. Velvety or Ground
Golden-rod. Fig. 4255.
Solidago mollis Bartl. Ind. Sem. Goett. 5. 1836.
Solidago incana T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 221. 1841.
Solidago nemoralis var. incana A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
17: 197. 1882.
Stein rigid, stout, low, canescent or slightly scabrous,
6'-u' high. Leaves pale, canescent or rough, entire or
dentate, strongly 3-nerved, oblong, ovate or oblanceo-
late, the lower petioled, 2 '-3' long, $"-12" wide, very
obtuse, the upper sessile, smaller ; heads 2"-3" high,
somewhat or scarcely secund on the short branches of
the erect, scarcely one-sided, dense thyrsoid panicle ;
bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse or acutish ; rays
5-9; achenes pubescent.
Dry plains, Minnesota to Manitoba, Assiniboia, Kansas,
Texas and Mexico. July-Sept.
44. Solidago radula Nutt. Western Rough
Golden-rod. Fig. 4256.
Solidago radula Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 102. 1834.
Stem rough-pubescent, rather slender, i°-3° high.
Leaves thick, green, rough on both sides, the lower
oblanceolate or spatulate, dentate-crenate, obtuse or
acutish, petioled, 3-8' long, 6"-2o" wide, obscurely
3-nerved, the upper smaller, oblanceolate, entire or
nearly so, sessile, distinctly 3-nerved, the uppermost
very small ; heads 2"s" high, secund on the short,
usually somewhat recurved branches of the dense,
often one-sided panicle; bracts of the involucre ob-
long or linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 3-7, very short;
achenes minutely pubescent.
In dry soil, Illinois to Missouri, Louisiana and Texas.
Aug.-Sept.
45. Solidago Drummondii T. & G.
Drummond's Golden-rod. Fig. 4257.
Solidago Drummondii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 217.
1841.
Stem rather slender, l°-3° high, finely soft-
pubescent. Leaves rather thin, broadly ovate
or oval, glabrous or nearly so above, finely,
but sometimes sparingly, pubescent, or rough-
ish beneath, sharply serrate, acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base, 3-nerved and pinnately
veined, petioled. or the upper sessile, the larger
3'-4' long, 1V-2' wide; heads 2"-2\" high,
secund on the usually few. spreading or re-
curving branches of the panicle; bract-like
upper leaves obtuse, or acute, entire; rays 4-6.
conspicuous; bracts of the involucre oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse ; achenes pubescent.
In rocky soil, Illinois to Louisiana and Mis-
souri. Sept. -Oct.
Genus 22.
THISTLE FAMILY.
397
46. Solidago rigida L.
leaved Golden-rod.
Stiff or Hard-
Fig. 4258.
Solidago rigida L. Sp. PI. 880. 1753.
Oligoneuron canescens Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 31 :
652. 1905.
Stem stout, simple, or branched above,
densely and finely rough-pubescent, hoary, i°-
50 high. Leaves thick, flat, rigid, ovate to
oblong, pinnately veined, often obtuse, rough
on both sides, or smoothish beneath, the upper
sessile, clasping, and rounded or sometimes
narrowed at the base. 1 '-2' long, mostly entire;
lower and basal leaves long-petioled, some-
times 1° long and 3' wide, entire or serrulate;
heads 4"-S" high, many-flowered, in a terminal
dense, compound corymb, the clusters some-
times slightly secund ; involucre broadly cam-
panulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse, the outer
pubescent; rays 6-10, large; achenes glabrous,
10-15-nerved.
In dry sandy, gravelly or rocky soil, Ontario to
Saskatchewan, Massachusetts, Georgia, Texas and
Colorado. Aug.-Oct.
Solidago corymbosa Ell., of the Southern States,
differing by being less rough and with slightly
smaller heads, probably a race of this species,
ranges north into Ohio.
48. Solidago Riddellii Frank. Riddell's
Golden-rod. Fig. 4260.
Solidago Riddellii Frank ; Riddell, Syn. Fl. West.
States 57. 1835.
Stem stout, glabrous, or slightly pubescent
above, i°-3° high. Leaves numerous, thick,
glabrous on both sides, entire, acute at each
end, the lower and basal ones long-petioled,
elongated, lanecolate, somewhat triple-nerved
and conduplicate, often i° long, 4"-io" wide,
the upper smaller, similar, sessile and clasping
at the base, conduplicate, somewhat falcate ;
heads 3"-4" high, 20-30-flowered, very numer-
ous in a dense corymb ; involucre oblong-cam-
panulate, its bracts broadly oblong, obtuse;
rays 7-9, narrow; achenes 5-nerved, glabrous.
On moist prairies, Ontario to Minnesota, Ohio
and Missouri. Also at Fortress Monroe, Va. A
supposed hybrid with 5. rigida L. occurs in Iowa.
Aug.-Scpt.
47. Solidago ohioensis Riddell. Ohio
Golden-rod. Fig. 4259.
Solidago ohioensis Riddell, Syn. Fl. West.
States 57. 1835.
Very smooth throughout; stem rather
slender, simple, 2°-3° high. Leaves firm,
pinnately veined, flat, the basal and lower
ones elongated-lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse, long-petioled, serrulate toward
the end, or entire, often 1° long; upper
leaves sessile, lanceolate, entire, gradually
smaller and those of the inflorescence bract-
like ; heads 2*"-3" high, numerous in a
terminal compound corymb, 15-25-flowered ;
rays 6-9, small ; bracts of the narrowly cam-
panulate involucre oblong, very obtuse, gla-
brous ; achenes glabrous, 5-nerved.
In moist soil, western New York and south-
ern Ontario to Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon-
sin. Aug.-Sept.
COMPOS1TAE.
Vol. III.
49. Solidago Houghtonii T. & G.
1 loughton's Golden-rod. Fig. 42' 1 1 .
Solidago Houghtonii T. & G. ; A. Gray, Man.
-MI. 1 848.
Stem slender, glabrous below, sparingly
pubescent above, l°-2° high. Leaves linear,
the basal and lower ones petioled, 4'-s'
long, 2"-4" wide, 3-nerved, entire, acute at
each end, the upper smaller, sessile, slightly
conduplicate, otherwise similar, the upper-
most small and bract-like; heads about 3"
high, few, in a small corymbose cyme, 20-
30-flowered ; involucre broadly campanu-
late, its bracts oblong, obtuse ; achenes gla-
brous, 4-5-nerved.
In swamps, north shores of Lakes Michigan
and Huron, and in Genesee Co., N. Y. Re-
corded from Lake Superior. Autumn.
23. EUTHAMIA Nutt. Gen. 2: 162. 1818.
Erect, paniculately-branched herbs, perennial by long rootstocks, with linear or linear-
lanceolate, entire, sessile, 1-5-nerved punctate leaves, and very numerous small heads of both
tubular and radiate yellow flowers, clustered in the large corymbose, convex or nearly flat-
topped inflorescence. Bracts of the involucre obtuse, imbricated in several series, appressed,
somewhat glutinous. Receptacle flattish, fimbrillate, or pilose. Ray-flowers pistillate, usually
more numerous than the disk-flowers, the rays small. Disk-flowers perfect. Anthers obtuse
at the base. Style-branches with lanceolate appendages. Achenes top-shaped or oblong,
villous-pubescent. [Greek, referring to the clustered heads.]
About 10 species, natives of North America. Type species: Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.
Leaves distinctly 3-5-ribbed ; heads 20-30-flowered.
Involucre 2"-2.y2" high, the bracts yellowish. 1. E. graminifolia.
Involucre less than 2" high, the bracts with appressed green tips. 2. E. floribunda.
Leaves i-ribbed, or with a pair of indistinct lateral nerves; heads rarely more than 20-flowered.
Involucre 21/i"-s" high ; southwestern species.
Leaves 2"-^" wide ; involucre scarcely viscid. 3. E. leptocephala.
Leaves i"-2j^" wide; involucre very viscid. 4. E. gymnospermoides.
Involucre 2" high, or less.
Leaves i"-2j^" wide; involucre campanulate. 5. E. tcnuifolia'.
Leaves less than 1" wide; involucre subcylindric. 6. E. minor.
i. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.
Bushy, Fragrant, or Flat-topped Golden-
rod. Fig. 4262.
Chrysocoma graminifolia L. Sp. PI. 841. 1753.
Solidago lanceolata L. Mant. 114. 1767.
S\ graminifolia Salisb. Prodr. 109. 1796.
E. graminifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 162. 1818.
E. Nuttallii Greene, Pittonia 5 ; 73. 1902.
E. camporum Greene, loc. cit. 74. 1902.
Stem paniculately much branched, or rarely
simple, glabrous or roughish-pubescent, 2°-4°
high. Leaves numerous, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate or acute at each end, l'-S' long,
2"-4" wide, 3-5-nerved, minutely rough-pubes-
cent on the margins and nerves of the lower
surface; resinous dots few; heads 2"-2i" high,
sessile in capitate clusters arranged in a flat-
topped compound corymb ; involucre ovoid-
campanulate to subcylindric, its yellowish
bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slightly
viscid; rays 12-20; disk-flowers 8-12.
In moist soil, fields and roadsides. New Bruns-
wick to Saskatchewan, Alberta, Florida, Nebraska
and Wyoming. Fragrant. July-Sept.
Genus 23.
THISTLE FAMILY.
399
2. Euthamia floribunda Greene. Small-headed
Bushy Golden-rod. Fig. 4263.
E. floribunda Greene, Pittonia 5: 74- 1902.
Solidago polycephala Fernald, Rhodora 10: 93. 1908.
Finely roughish-pubescent, at least above, panicu-
lately branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, the larger 2'-^ long, 2*"-3" wide, 3-nerved,
those of the branches much smaller, spreading or
deflexed; heads numerous, small, l4"-2" high, ses-
sile or very nearly so in small corymbed clusters ;
involucre turbinate, its glutinous bracts puberulent,
their triangular-lanceolate green tips appressed.
Fields and borders of marshes, southern New Jersey,
and recorded from eastern Pennsylvania. Aug-Oct.
3. Euthamia leptocephala ( T. & G.) Greene.
Western Bushy Golden-rod. Fig. 4264.
Solidago leptocephala T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 226. 1S41.
Euthamia leptocephala Greene, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 321.
1894.
Stem smooth, I l°-2h° high, branched above. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at each end,
I-nerved, or with a pair of indistinct lateral nerves,
rough-margined, those of the stem usually 2'-3' long,
2"-4" wide; heads about 3" high, rather narrow, ses-
sile in the clusters of the flat-topped inflorescence ;
bracts of the subturbinate involucre linear-oblong,
scarcely viscid; disk-flowers 3 or 4; ray-flowers 7-10.
In moist soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. Aug-
Oct.
4. Euthamia gymnospermoides
Greene. Viscid Bushy Golden-
rod. Fig. 4265.
Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene, Pittonia
5: 75- 1902.
Solidago gymnospermoides Fernald, Rhodora
10 : 93. 1908.
Usually branched from the base or from
below the middle, glabrous, resinous, ii°-2°
high, the branches strict, ascending. Leaves
narrowly linear, i"-2" wide, 3' long or less,
light green, i-nerved, or the larger 3-nerved ;
heads numerous, sessile in the clusters of
the broad nearly flat-topped inflorescence ;
involucre turbinate, about 2*" high, its
bracts linear-oblong, blunt, very viscid ;
disk-flowers 4-6; ray-flowers about 12.
Prairies, Nebraska to Kansas, Texas and
Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. Confused, in our first
edition, with the preceding species.
400
i OMPOSITAE.
Vol.111.
5. Euthamia tenuifolia (Pursh) Greene. Slender Fragrant Golden-rod.
Quobsque-weed. Fig. 4266.
tErigeron carolinianum L. Sp. PI. S63. 1753.
Solidago tenuifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 540.
1814.
E. tenuifolia Greene, Pittonia 5 : 77. 1902.
E. reiiwta Greene, loc. cit. 78. 1902.
?S. Moseleyi Fernald, Rhodora 10: 93. 1908.
Glabrous and somewhat resinous, seldom
over 12° high, branched above. Leaves nar-
rowly linear, entire, acuminate, sessile, nar-
rowed at the base, i-nerved or with an
additional pair of faint lateral nerves, 1/-3'
long, i"-2" wide, punctate, often with
smaller ones clustered in the axils, the resi-
nous dots minute; heads about ii" high,
very numerous and crowded in the dense
nearly flat corymb; involucre oblong-cam-
panulate, its bracts oblong; rays 6-12; disk-
flowers 4-6.
In dry sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to
Illinois, Wisconsin, Florida and Louisiana. Re-
ferred, in our first edition, to Euthamia caro-
liniana (L.) Greene, but the identity of
Erigeron carolinianum L. is doubtful. Aug-
Oct.
6. Euthamia minor 1 Michx.) Greene.
Xarrow-leaved Bush}- Golden-rod.
Fig. 4267.
Solidago lanceolata minor Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
116. 1803.
Euthamia minor Greene, Pittonia 5 : 78. 1902.
Solidago minor Fernald, Rhodora 10: 93. 1908.
Glabrous, bushy-branched above, 30 high or
less. Leaves very narrowly linear, 1 -nerved, the
larger about 2¥ long, not over 1" wide, often
with tufts of smaller ones in the axils, the upper
much smaller, often not more than i" wide;
heads very numerous, short-stalked, or sessile;
involucre cylindraceous, about 2" high, its yel-
lowish oblong bracts appressed, viscid ; ray-flow-
ers about 10.
In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Missis-
sippi. Sept.-Oct.
24. BRACHYCHAETA T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 194. 1841.
An erect, perennial herb, with the aspect of a golden-rod. Leaves alternate, the lower
and basal ones large, cordate, long-petioled, the upper ovate, short-petioled or sessile. Heads
composed of both tubular and radiate flowers, sessile, in a terminal narrow spike-like thyrsus.
Involucre narrowly campanulate, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in few series, the outer
successively smaller. Receptacle small, naked. Rays small, yellow, pistillate. Disk-flowers
perfect, their corollas tubular, somewhat expanded above, 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse and entire
at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes 8-10-ribbed.
Pappus a single row of scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene. [Greek, short-bristle,
referring to the pappus.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
Gi:nus 24.
THISTLE FAMILY.
1. Brachychaeta sphacelata (Raf.) Brit-
ton. False Golden-rod. Fig. 4268.
Solidago sphacelata Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. 1820.
•S\ cordata Short, Trans. Journ. Med. 7: 599. 1834.
Brachychaeta cordata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 194. 1841.
B. sphacela a Britton; Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club 20:
484. 1893.
Stem erect, pubescent, simple or branched above,
2c-4° high. Basal and lower leaves broadly ovate,
cordate or truncate at the base, acute at the apex,
pinnately veined, sharply serrate, 3'-6' long, the
slender petioles 3'-g' long, stem leaves gradually
smaller and shorter-petioled. the uppermost very
small and sessile; heads about 2h" high, racemose-
secund or densely clustered on the short branches
of the narrow elongated terminal thyrsus; bracts
of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse
or acutish ; rays and disk-flowers each about 5.
In dry woods, Virginia to Indiana, western Ken-
tucky, North Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. Aug.-
Sept.
25. APHANOSTEPHUS DC. Prodr. 5: 310. 1836
Erect or ascending canescent branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather large
heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre
hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or linear, scarious-margined, imbricated in a few series, the
outer smaller. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate, white or purplish.
Disk-flowers perfect, yellow, their corollas tubular, the limb expanded above, 5-dentate.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short,
obtuse. Achenes many-ribbed. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Greek, faint-crown.]
About 5 species, natives of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Type species :
Aphanostephus ramosissinius DC.
i. Aphanostephus skirrobasis (DC.) Tre-
lease. Aphanostephus. Fig. 4269.
Keerlia skirrobasis DC. Prodr. 5: 310. 1836.
Leucopsidium arkansanum DC. Prodr. 6: 43. 1837.
Aphanostephus ark an s anus A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1 :
93. 1852.
Aphanostephus skirrobasis Trelease ; Coville & Bran-
ner, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1884: Part 4, 191. 1891.
Erect, or diffusely branched, densely canescent,
6'-2° high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, ob-
tuse, 1/-4' long, somewhat dentate, laciniate or
entire, narrowed into margined petioles; upper
leaves lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse
or acute, mostly sessile, smaller; heads 8"-i2"
broad, 3"-5" high; rays numerous, narrow, entire;
achenes ribbed and angled ; pappus a lobed or
dentate crown.
In dry soil, Kansas to Texas and Chihuahua, east
to Florida. May-Aug.
26. BELLIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 886. 1753.
Tufted herbs, with branching or scapose stems, alternate or basal leaves, and rather large
heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches, or of the
monocephalous scape. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts herbaceous,
imbricated in 1 or 2 series, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers
white or pink, pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, their corollas tubular, the limb 4-5-toothed.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, tri-
angular. Achenes flattened, obovate, nerved near the margins. Pappus none, or a ring of
minute bristles. [Latin, pretty.]
About 9 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known to occur
in the United States, but 2 others are found in Mexico. Type species: Bellis pcrcnnis L.
Stem branched, 6'-is' high ; involucral bracts acut' . 1. B. integrifolia.
Scapes monocephalous, i'-j' high; involucral bracts obtuse. 2. B.peremus.
26
i OMI'OSITAK.
Vol.111.
i. Bellis integrifolia Michx. Western Daisy.
Fig. 4-70.
Bellis integrifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 131. 1803.
Slender, diffusely branched, pubescent, 6'-i5' high. Leaves
thin, entire, obtuse, the lower ami basal ones spatulate, l'~3'
long, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper smaller,
oblong, oblanceolate or linear; beads 6"— 1 5" broad; bracts
of the involucre acute or acuminate, scarious-margined,
glabrous or nearly so ; rays usually violet, oblong-linear ;
peduncles terminating the branches, 2-7' long.
In moist soil, Kentucky and Tennessee to Arkansas and
Texas. May-July.
2. Bellis perennis L. European or Garden
Daisy. Marguerite. Fig. 4271.
Bellis perennis L. Sp. PI. 886. 1753.
Perennial, tufted. Leaves all basal, obovate, ob-
tuse, slightly dentate, \'-2' long, narrowed into mar-
gined petioles, pubescent and ciliate ; scapes naked,
l'-j' high, usually several from the same root, pu-
bescent ; heads 6"-\2" broad ; rays numerous, linear,
white, pink, or purple ; bracts of the involucre ob-
long, obtuse, usually purple.
In waste places, or occasionally spontaneous on lawns,
southern New York and eastern Pennsylvania to Nova
Scotia and Ontario. Fugitive from Europe. Native also
of Asia. Naturalized in California and British Colum-
bia. Herb-margaret. Ewe-ormay-gowan. Childing-daisy.
Bone- or bruise-wort. Bone-flower. Htm-and-chickens.
Ban-wort. Bennert. March daisy. Bairn-wort. April-Nov.
27. TOWNSENDIA Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 16. 1834.
Tufted scapose or branching herbs, with alternate, entire, linear or spatulate leaves, and
large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanu-
late; bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle nearly flat, naked or
fimbrillate. Ray-flowers pink or white, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, mostly perfect, their
corollas regular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened,
their appendages lanceolate. Achenes of the disk-flowers compressed, those of the rays com-
monly 3-angled. Pappus a single series of rigid bristles or short scales. [Named for David
Townsend, botanist, of Philadelphia.]
About 25 species, natives of western North America. Type species : Townsendia sericea Hook.
Branching from the base; heads terminal. i. T. grandifiora.
Acaulescent, or nearly so ; heads sessile among the leaves. 2. T. e.vscapa.
1. Townsendia grandifiora Nutt. Large-
flowered Townsendia. Fig. 4272.
Townsendia grandifiora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II)
7 : 306. 1 84 1.
Perennial from a long woody root, branching at
the base and sometimes also above, pubescent, or
at length glabrate, 2'S' high. Leaves linear or linear-
spatulate. i'-z' long, I i '-3" wide, canescent heads
l'-ii' broad, solitary at the ends of the branches; in-
volucre hemispheric, its bracts scarious-margined,
lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate ; rays violet or
purple ; pappus of the ray-flowers a crown of short
scales, that of the disk-flowers of rigid bristles longer
than the achene, which is pubescent with 2-toothed
hairs.
In dry soil, South Dakota to western Nebraska, Wyo-
ming, Texas and New Mexico. May-Aug.
Genus 27.
THISTLE FAMILY.
4°3
2. Townsendia exscapa (Richards) Porter.
Silky or Low Townsendia. Fig. 4273-
Aster ( ?) exscapus Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 3-'. 1 S -r 3 .
Townsendia scricea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 16. pi. 119.
iS34-
Townsendia exscapa Porler, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 321.
1894.
Acaulescent, or nearly so, from a deep woody root,
tufted, 1-3' high. Leaves all clustered at the base,
narrowly linear or slightly spatulate, 1-2' long, \"-2\"
wide; heads closely sessile, i'-l4' broad, equalled or
surpassed by the leaves; involucre broadly campanu-
late, its bracts lanceolate, acute, the inner scarious-
margined ; rays white or purplish ; pappus of both
ray- and disk-flowers a row of rigid bristles, those of
the rays shorter and smaller.
In dry soil, Saskatchewan to Montana, Nebraska,
Texas and New Mexico. Often silky-pubescent. April-
July.
Townsendia intermedia Rydb., ranging from Ne-
braska and Colorado to Texas, appears to be a race of
this species with leaves wider than in the type.
28. CHAETOPAPPA DC. Prodr. 5: 301. 1836.
Annual slender much branched herbs, with small alternate entire leaves, and small long-
peduncled heads of both tubular and white or purple radiate flowers. Involucre narrowly
campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, imbricated in few series, the outer
slightly shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flowers in 1 row, pistillate. Disk-flowers
perfect, or the central ones staminate, their corollas S-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at
the base. Style-branches narrow, flattened, their appendages short, obtuse. Achenes nearly
terete, fusiform, or linear, 5-ribbed. Pappus usually of 5 rigid awn-like scabrous bristles,
alternating with as many short scales or more. [Greek, bristle-pappus.]
Two known species, natives of the southwestern United States, the following typical. The genus
Distasis DC. (Chaetopappa mod est a A. Gray) is here regarded as distinct.
i. Chaetopappa asteroides DC. Chaetopappa.
Fig. 4274.
Chaetopappa asteroides DC. Prodr. 5: 301. 1836.
Pubescent, erect, /-12' high, the branches filiform.
Lower and basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, i'-l' long,
petioled, the upper linear, much smaller and bract-
like, sessile; heads about 3" broad; involucre about
2" high, its bracts scarious-margined, glabrous or
nearly so ; rays 5-12, raised on slender tubes ; cen-
tral sterile flowers usually awnless ; shorter scales
of the pappur of the fertile flowers hyaline, some-
times lacerate
In dry soil, Missouri to Texas and northern Mexico.
April-July.
29. BOLTONIA L'Her. Sert. Angl. 16. 1788.
Perennial glabrous branching herbs, with striate or angled stems, alternate, entire, sessile
or clasping leaves, and numerous rather large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers,
paniculate, or solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre hemispheric or broadly cam-
panulate, its bracts scarious-margined, imbricated in few series, the outer slightly shorter.
Receptacle convex or conic, foveolate. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, their
corollas elongated, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened,
their appendages short, lanceolate. Achenes flattened, obovate, their margins thickened or
narrowly winged, glabrous or nearly so. Pappus a series of short scales, usually with 2-4
slender rigid bristles. [Named for James Bolton, an English botanist of the iSth century.]
As here limited, the genus consists of the 4 following species, with perhaps a fifth in Oregon.
Type species: Boltonia glastifolia (Hill) L'Her.
4'. asteroides.
3. /;. latisquama.
4. K. decurrens.
i. Boltonia diffusa Ell. Panicled iioltonia.
Fig. 4275-
Boltonia diffusa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 400. 1824.
Paniculately much branched, 2°-7° high, the branches
very slender or filiform. Leaves linear, or the lower
linear-lanceolate, acutish, the larger 1/-2' long, \\"-2."
wide, those of the branches very small and subulate ;
heads about 2" high ; disk about 2" broad ; rays usually
white, l"-2" long; involucre broadly campanulate, its
bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse ;
achenes obovate, narrowly winged ; pappus of several
short scales and 2 subulate bristles shorter than the
achene.
In dry soil, southern Illinois to Texas, east to South Caro-
lina and Florida. Aug.-Oct.
2. Boltonia asteroides (L. ) L'Her. Aster-
like Boltonia. Fig. 4276.
Matricaria asteroides L. Mant. 116. 1767.
Matricaria glastifolia Hill, Hort. Kew. 19: pi. 3. 1769.
Boltonia glastifolia L'Her. Sert. Angl. 16. 1788.
Boltonia asteroides L'Her. Sert. Angl. 16. 1788.
Rather stout, 2°-8° high, somewhat cymosely
paniculate. Leaves lanceolate, to oblanceolate, ses-
sile, 2-5' long, 3"-l2" wide, the upper linear-lanceo-
late, smaller; heads 2 "-4" high; disk 3 "-6" wide;
rays white, pink or purple, 3"-6" long ; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate; pappus of setose scales,
with or without 2-4 slender bristles nearly as long
as the obovate or oval achene.
In moist soil, Connecticut to Florida, west to Minne-
sota, Nebraska and Louisiana. July-Sept.
3. Boltonia latisquama A. Gray. Broad-
scaled Boltonia. Fig. 4277.
Boltonia latisquama A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II)
33: 23S. 1862.
Similar to the preceding species and perhaps a
race of it. Leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile ; heads
rather larger; rays violet-blue; bracts of the in-
volucre oblong-spatulate. obtuse or mucronate;
pappus of numerous small short broad scales and
2 long bristles.
Western Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas and Okla-
homa. Autumn.
Genus 29.
THISTLE FAMILY
4. Boltonia decurrens ( T. & G.) Wood.
Clasping-leaved Boltonia. Fig. 4278.
Bolonia glaslifolia var. (?) decurrens T. & G. Fl. N.
A. 2 : 188. 1 841.
Boltonia decurrens Wood, Bot. & Flor. 166. 1870.
Boltonia asteroides var. decurrens Engelm. ; A. Gray,
Syn. FI. 1: Part 2, 166. 1884.
Stout, 3°-6° high, branched above. Leaves oblong-
la nceolate or elongated-lanceolate, mucronate at
the apex, those of the stem decurrent and sagittate
at the base, 3 '-6' long, 6"-8" wide, those of the
branches smaller and merely sessile or some of them
also decurrent ; heads 2* "-3" high ; involucre hemi-
spheric ; rays about 3" long, violet or purple ; pap-
pus of several or numerous short scales and 2 very
slender bristles.
In wet prairies, Illinois and Missouri. Aug. -Sept.
Perhaps a race of B. asteroides.
30. SERICOCARPUS Xees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 148. 1833.
Erect perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and middle-sized heads of both tubular and
radiate flowers, in terminal cymose panicles. Involucre ovoid, oblong, or campanulate, its
bracts coriaceous, with herbaceous or squarrose tips, imbricated in several series, the outer
shorter. Receptacle small, foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly
perfect, their corollas tubular, narrow, yellowish or purplish, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and
entire at the base. Style-branches with lanceolate-subulate appendages. Achenes slightly
compressed, linear-oblong, i-nerved on each side, pubescent. Pappus of numerous capillary
scabrous bristles, the outer usually shorter. [Greek, silky fruit, referring to the achenes.]
Four known species, natives of North America. Besides the following, another occurs on the
northwestern coast of North America. Type species: Sericocarpus solidagineus (Michx.) Nees.
Leaves entire, linear, spatulate, or obovate, rigid.
Glabrous, or nearly so ; leaves linear or linear-spatulate. 1. 5. Hnifolius.
Puberulent or scabrous ; leaves obovate. 2. S. bifoliatus.
Leaves dentate, oblong, or obovate, thin. 3. i". asteroides.
i. Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) B.S.P. Narrow-leaved White-topped Aster.
Fig. 4279.
Conysa linifolia L. Sp. PI. 861. 1753.
Aster solidagineus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 108.
1803.
Sericocarpus solidagineus Nees, Gen. & Sp. Asf.
149. 1832.
Sericocarpus linifolius B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 26.
1888.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout ; stem
rather slender, striate, l°-2i° high. Leaves
linear or linear-spatulate, spreading, faintly
3-nerved, thick, entire, obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, l'-2' long, il"-3" wide, ses-
sile, or the lowest on short margined petioles,
their margins scabrous; heads about 3"-4"
high, clustered in 2's-6's at the ends of the
cymose branches ; involucre oblong-campanu-
late, 2"-3l" long, its bracts oblong, obtuse, the
outer with somewhat spreading or reflexed
green tips, the inner scarious and often lacer-
ate or ciliate at the apex; rays 4 or 5, about
5" long; pappus white.
In dry, usually sandy soil, Maine to Ohio, Geor-
gia and Louisiana. Erroneously recorded from
Canada. June-Sept.
i ( iMPOSITAE.
\ol. 111.
2. Sericocarpus bifoliatus ( Walt. ) Porter.
Rough White-topped or Silk-seed-
Aster. Fig. 4280.
Conyaa bifoliata Walt. Fl. Car. 204. 1788.
Aster tortifolius Michx. Fl. IJor. Am. 2: log.
i". tortifolius .Wis, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 151. 1832.
-S' bifoliatus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 322.
1803.
1894.
high,
Densely puberulent or scabrous, about 2
the stem terete, or slightly angled. Leaves ses^
sile, obscurely veined, obovate or broadly spatu-
late. thick, obtuse, ascending or erect by a twist
at the base, J'-l' long, 4"-8" wide, entire, mu-
cronulate, densely appressed-puberulent on both
sides, the upper mostly oblong, much smaller ;
heads 4"-S" high, cymose-paniculate ; involucre
narrowly campanulate, its bracts oblong or the
inner linear, pubescent, their tips somewhat
spreading; rays short; pappus white.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana,
mainly near the coast. Rattlesnake-master. July-Sept.
3. Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B.S.P.
Toothed White-topped Aster. Fig 4281.
Conysa asteroides L. Sp. PI. 861. 1753.
S. conysoides Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 150. 1832.
i". asteroides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 26. 1888.
Stem pubescent, or glabrate, slightly angled,
l°-2c high. Leaves thin, pubescent or glabrous,
ciliate, pinnately veined and faintly 3-nerved, the
basal and lower ones obovate or spatulate, den-
tate or rarely entire, 2'-^ long, 1 '— 1 J ' wide, nar-
rowed into margined petioles ; upper leaves ob-
long or oblong-lanceolate, entire or dentate, acute
or obtuse, smaller ; heads s"-6" high, densely clus-
tered ; involucre campanulate, its bracts oblong,
ciliate or pubescent, the outer with green reflexed
tips ; pappus brown or white.
In dry woods. Maine to Florida, west to Ohio,
Kentucky and Alabama. July-Sept.
31. ASTER L. Sp. PI. 872. 1753*
Perennial or rarely annual, mostly branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and corymbose
or paniculate (rarely racemose or solitary) heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Invo-
lucre hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts various, imbricated in several series,
the exterior ones usually smaller and shorter. Receptacle flat or convex, generally foveolate.
Ray-flowers white, pink, purple, blue, or violet (very rarely yellowish), pistillate. Disk-
flowers tubular, perfect, their corollas 5-lobed. usually yellow and changing to red, brown,
or purple. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages
subulate, lanceolate or ovate, acute. Pappus-bristles slender, numerous, scabrous or denticu-
late, usually in 1 series, sometimes in 2 series. Achenes mostly flattened and nerved. [Greek,
star.]
A genus of not less than 250 species, most abundant in North America, where, in addition to
the following, many others occur beyond our limits. A large number of the species apparently con-
sist of many slightly differing races, and hybridism is also suspected. Known as Asters or Star-
worts. Type species : Aster amelhis L.
A. Basal and lower leaves, or some of them, cordate and slender-petioled. (See No. 50.)
1. None of the stem leaves cordate-clasping.
* Rays white, violet, or rose.
§ Rays white, or rarely rose, usually 2-toothed ; plants not glandular.
t Involucre ovoid, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts mostly obtuse or rounded ; basal leaves few
and small, or commonly none (except in No. 5).
(a) Leaves membranous or thin, smooth, or nearly so.
Heads short-peduncled, 9" broad or less, the disk turning crimson ; leaves acute or short-acuminate.
1, A. carmesinus.
* Text prepared for our first edition with the assistance of Prof. Edward S. Burgess,
here somewhat revised.
Genus 31. THISTLE FAMILY. 407
Heads long-peduncled, 9" broad or more, the disk turning brown or reddish brown ; leaves long-
acuminate.
Heads 1' broad or more; leaves of the branches large, long, lanceolate, acuminate.
2. A. tenebrosus.
Heads c."-i2" broad; leaves of the branches small, obtuse, or acute. 3. A. divaricatus.
(b) Leaves thick, firm, rough.
Heads 6"-8" high ; inflorescence forking. 4. A. furcatus.
Heads 4"-5" high ; inflorescence paniculate or glomerate.
Leaves acute, or short-acuminate, pilose beneath ; inflorescence glomerate. 5. A. glomeratus.
Leaves long-acuminate, not pilose beneath ; inflorescence open-paniculate. 6. A. Claytoni.
tt Involucre cylindric, its bracts tapering to an obtuse apex ; basal leaves large, tufted.
Bracts of the involucre pale, scarious, usually without herbaceous tips. 7. A. curvescens.
Bracts of the involucre broader, with herbaceous tips. 8. A. Schreberi.
§§ Rays violet, usually 3-toothed ; plants glandular.
t Predominant glands large, capitate ; leaves thick, coarse, heavy.
Sinus broad ; glands chiefly confined to the inflorescence ; plant usually harsh. 9. A. macrophyllus.
Sinus narrow ; glands abundant on the leaves and stem ; growing plant clammy. 10. A. roscidus.
tt Predominant glands minute, scarcely capitate ; leaves usually thin,
(a) Inflorescence rather regular, flat, or convex-topped; plants usually less than 2l/2° tall.
Sinus broad, shallow.
Broader leaves orbicular-cordate, their teeth and the inflorescence-leaves inconspicuous.
11. A. ianthinus.
Broader leaves reniform, sharply incised ; some inflorescence-leaves conspicuous.
12. A. z'iolaris.
Sinus rather deep and narrow ; broader leaves ovate-cordate, sharply serrate,
(b) Inflorescence very irregular, paniculate-corymbose; plants often 4°-5°
large, cordate, acute.
** Rays blue or purple ; plants not glandular.
t Bracts of the involucre spreading or recurved ; rays 30-45.
tt Bracts of the involucre appressed, or erect; rays 8-20.
(a) Leaves all entire, or nearly so, thick, or firm.
Leaves nearly or quite glabrous above.
Leaves rough-puberulent on both sides, the upper bract-like.
(b) Leaves nearly all sharply serrate, thin.
Heads z"—%" high, numerous ; bracts obtuse or obtusish.
Leaves rough ; petioles not wing-margined ; bracts appressed.
Leaves smooth, or nearly so ; petioles, or some of them, wing-margined.
Heads 4"— 5" high, usually few ; bracts acute or acuminate.
Heads 3"— 5" high, numerous; bracts acute or acuminate.
Stem densely and finely pubescent. 21. A. Drummondii.
Stem glabrous or nearly so ; bract-tips spreading. 22. A. sagittifolius.
1. Stem leaves, or some of them, cordate-clasping ; plant rough when dry.
23. A. undulatus.
B. No cordate and petioled leaves; those of the stem, or some of them, with more or less cordate
or auricled clasping bases (only slightly auricled in A. tardiflorus, and sometimes in A. laevis).
1. Stem rough, or hirsute-pubescent.
* Leaves entire, oblong, linear, or lanceolate.
§ Heads 1'— 2' broad ; leaves sessile, strongly cordate-clasping,
t Stem rough ; leaves oblong to lanceolate ; involucre turbinate.
Leaves thick, firm, very rough, oblong to oval. 24. A. patens.
Leaves thin, roughish, oblong-lanceolate. 25. A. phlogifolius.
tt Stem hirsute ; leaves lanceolate ; involucre hemispheric ; bracts viscid.
26. A.novae-angliac.
§§ Heads J4'-i' broad; leaves but slightly clasping.
Involucre hemispheric, its bracts glandular. 27. A. oblongifolius.
Involucral bracts hispid or ciliate.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 4"-6" wide. 28. A. nebraskensis.
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 2"-$" wide. 29. A. amethystinus.
** Leaves, at least the lower, serrate.
Stem usually pilose ; bracts very glandular. 30. A. modestus.
Stem hispid-pubescent; bracts glabrous, or ciliate. 31. A. pnniceus.
2. Stem glabrous, or only sparingly pubescent above.
* Leaves sharply serrate.
§ Leaves tapering to the base.
Leaves narrowed to the base, the lower into winged petioles. 32. A. tardiflorus.
Leaves scarcely or gradually narrowed to the base. 31. A. pnniceus.
§§ Leaves abruptly contracted into margined petioles, often enlarged near the base.
33. A. prenanthoides.
§§§ Leaves usually strongly cordate-clasping ; bracts green-tipped. 34. A. laevis.
** Leaves entire, or very nearly so.
§ Involucre campanulate, its bracts appressed, green-tipped.
t Bracts of the involucre with rhomboid green tips.
Stem leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oval-lanceolate. 34. A. laevis.
Stem leaves elongated-lanceolate. 35. A. concinnus.
tt Bracts of the involucre linear, the tips narrower, lanceolate ; stem leaves linear or narrowly
lanceolate. 36. A. purpuratus.
§§ Involucre hemispheric,
t Bracts of the involucre narrow, not foliaceous.
13-
hig
14-
A.
h;
A.
multiformis.
broader leaves
no bills.
15-
A.
anomalus.
16.
A.
Short ii.
!"■
A.
azureus.
18.
19-
20.
A.
A.
A.
cordifolius.
Lowrieanus.
Lindleyanus.
40S
I ( iMI'i IS] I \l
Vol. III.
37. A. junceus.
38. A. adscendens.
39. A. novi-belgii.
40. ^4. longifolius.
41. /L foliaceus.
42. /4. phyilodes.
scriceus.
concoior.
A. Fendleri.
(a) Bracts in several series, unequal.
Bracts linear-subulate; leaves narrowly linear.
Bracts lanceolate, lunar, or spatulate; leaves lanceolate to linear.
Western dry soil plant, 1 2° tall; leaves 1'— 3' long.
Eastern swamp plant, 2°-$° tall ; leaves 2'-6' long.
(b) Bracts in only 1 or 2 series ; leaves linear to lanceolate,
it Bracts of the involucre green, foliaceous; western.
Leaves lanceolate, firm ; heads few.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin ; heads many.
C. Leaves sessile or petioled, not at all clasping, or scarcely so.
1. Leaves silky, silvery or canescent on both sides, entire,
II. .i.ls corymbose-paniculate; bracts oblong; achenes glabrous. 43. /
Heads in a narrow raceme ; bracts linear ; achenes silky. 44. /.
2. Leaves neither silvery, silky nor eanescent, entire or toothed.
* Bracts of the involucre with herbaceous tips.
t Bracts thin or coriaceous, relatively small.
t Leaves bristly-ciliate, linear, rigid ; western species. 45.
}$ Leaves not bristly-ciliate.
0 Tips of the involucral bracts spreading (little spreading in A. Radula, erect or spreading in
A. Herveyi) ; heads large and showy ; rays violet to purple.
Leaves linear to linear-oblong, rigid, obtuse, entire ; heads 2' broad. 46. A. grandiflorus.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong, the lower sparingly dentate.
Basal leaves with margined petioles.
Involucre hemispheric to campanulate; heads 1' or more.
Bracts of the involucre glandular. 47.
Bracts of the involucre ciliate, or glabrous.
Involucre turbinate ; heads 6"-g" broad. 49.
Basal leaves with unmargined petioles.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, rugose, the basal usually wanting. 50.
00 Involucral bracts all appressed (except in A. multiftorus and A. comtnutatus, small-headed species).
A Involucre top-shaped ; rays violet. 52. A. turbinellus.
AA Involucre hemispheric to campanulate ; rays mostly white, sometimes purple.
Heads unilaterally racemose.
Stem leaves oval, oblong, or lanceolate, serrate, or chiefly so.
Stem pubescent or glabrate. 53.
Stem villous ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, thin. 54.
Stem leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, nearly entire; stem glabrate. 55.
Heads not unilaterally racemose, mostly paniculate.
Involucral bracts spatulate, mostly ciliate, somewhat spreading, at least the outer obtuse ;
roughish-puberulent.
Heads 3"— 4" broad, numerous; rays 10-20.
Heads 5"— 8" broad, relatively few ; rays 20-30.
Involucral bracts appressed, acute.
Heads solitary at the ends of very small-leaved branchlets.
Heads paniculate.
Stem leaves lanceolate, serrate or entire.
Heads 8"-io" broad.
Plants glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above.
Leaves firm, roughish or rough ; rays often purplish ; involucral bracts acute.
59. A. salicifohus.
Leaves thin, smoothish ; rays chiefly white ; involucral bracts acuminate.
A. spec'abilis.
A. surculosus.
A. gracilis.
A. Herveyi.
A. Radula.
A. lateriflorus.
A. hirsiiticaulis.
A. vimineus.
56.
57-
plants
multiftorus.
commutatus.
58. A. dumosus.
Plant puberulent all over.
Heads 6"-8" broad ; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate.
Stem leaves linear-lanceolate to subulate, mostly entire.
Heads scattered, 6"-9" broad ; upper leaves linear.
Heads numerous, 4"— 7" broad ; upper leaves subulate.
Involucre subhemispheric, 2J/2 "-3" high.
Rays usually white; heads 4"— 7" broad.
Paniculately branched, bushy.
Simple, or with slender ascending branches.
Rays purple; heads 8"— 12" broad.
Involucre top-shoped, 2^" high or less.
Plant pilose-pubescent, i1/2''-20 high.
Plant glabrous, very slender, 1° high or less,
tt Bracts stiff, relatively large; leaves narrow, rigid, entire.
60.
61.
62.
paniculatus.
missouriensis.
Tradescanti.
63. A. Faxoni.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68,
A. ericoides.
A. Pringlei.
A. Priceae.
A. parviceps.
A. depauperatus.
[Genus Heleastrum DC]
69. A. paludosus.
** Bracts of the involucre without herbaceous tips.
Bracts linear-subulate, acuminate.
Leaves firm, 3' long or less, entire or sparingly serrate. 70. A. nemoralis.
Leaves thin, 6' long or less, sharply serrate. 71. A. acuminatus.
Bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish ; leaves narrow, entire. [Genus Unamia
Greene.] 72. A. ptartnicoides.
D. Leaves fleshy, narrow, entire; plants of salt marshes or saline soil (No. 74 sometimes in
non-saline situations).
Perennial ; heads 6"- 12" broad ; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate. 73. A. tenuifolius.
Annuals; head 3"-$" broad; involucral bracts linear-subulate. [Genus Tripolium Nees.]
Involucre campanulate ; disk-flowers more numerous than the rays ; rays about 2" long.
74. A. exilis.
Involucre cylindraceous ; disk-flowers fewer than the very short rays. 75. A. subulatus.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
409
1. Aster carmesinus Burgess. Crimson-disk Aster. Fig. 4282.
Stems erect, delicate, closely tufted, l°-2° high,
glabrous, reddish brown, terete. Leaves all petioled,
glabrate, very thin, but firm and crisp, the lower and
basal ones oval, rounded, or with a small deep and
rounded sinus at the base, bluntly acute or short-
acuminate at the apex, crenate-serrate, the upper
ones sometimes ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost short-
elliptic ; petioles slender, the uppermost sometimes
winged ; inflorescence 5' broad, or less, usually of
about 5 convex glomerules, each often of 10-15 short-
peduncled heads, its branches spreading. 3' long, or
less; rays chiefly 6, white; disk at first golden yellow,
finally deep purplish crimson; florets broadly bell-
shaped ; outer bracts obtuse, ciliate, pale, with a green
tip; achenes glabrous.
On shaded rocks, near Yonkers, N. Y. Peculiar in its
dense glomerules subtended by large short-elliptic leaves,
but probably a race of A. divaricatus L. September.
2. Aster tenebrosus Burgess. Long-leaved
Wood Aster. Fig. 4283.
Stems solitary or scattered, glabrate, striate,
about 3° high. Leaves very thin and smooth,
slender-petioled, broadly oblong, coarsely toothed
with remote acuminate teeth, abruptly long-
acuminate at the apex, the basal sinus broad,
rounded, shallow, except in the lowest ones;
leaves of the inflorescence lanceolate, subentire,
sessile, sometimes 4' long ; inflorescence broadly
corymbose, heads about 4' high, often Ii' broad;
rays usually 9-12; disk pale yellow, becoming
purplish brown, the florets funnelform with a
long slender tube ; outer bracts chiefly elongated-
triangular, acute, green, the others linear, obtus-
ish, the green tip lance-linear; achenes generally
glabrous.
In moist dark woodlands, New York to Virginia.
Peculiar in its large dark leaves with coarser teeth
than in the next species. Aug.-Sept.
3. Aster divaricatus L. White Wood
Aster. Fig. 4284.
Aster divaricatus L. Sp. PI. 873. 1753.
Aster corymbosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 207. 17S9.
Stems tufted, assurgent, flexuous, brittle,
terete, lh°-2i° high, glabrate at maturity.
Leaves thin, smoothish, slender-petioled. ovate-
lanceolate, dentate with sharp teeth, or the
small basal ones coarsely serrate, acute to
acuminate, the basal sinus broad or narrow;
leaves of the inflorescence small, ovate and
acute to orbicular; corymb broad, flatfish, re-
peatedly forked, the slender branches long,
divergent; heads g"-i2" broad; rays chiefly
6-9, linear, white; disk turning brown; bracts
of the involucre broad, ciliate, the rounded
tip with an inconspicuous green spot.
In open woodlands and thickets, in rather dry
soil, Quebec to Manitoba, Georgia and Tennessee.
Here regarded as consisting of many slightly dif-
fering races, a number of which have been con-
sidered species and varieties. Sept.-Oct.
Aster viridis Nees, remarkable for its coarse rough basal leaves
ones, occasionally from New York and Pennsylvania to Virginia, m
the preceding and A. macrophyllus L.
and larg
ay prove
rhomboic
a hybrid
| io
i OMP( (SITAE.
Vol. III.
4. Aster furcatus Burgess.
Fig. 4285.
Forking Aster.
Aster furcatus Burgess; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 358.
Stem leafy, li° high, or less, loosely forked above.
Leaves hispid above, hispidulous beneath, firm, sa-
liently cut-toothed, the lower ovate, short-petioled,
with a small or shallow sinus, the upper sessile, with
broad laciniate winged bases, often 5' long by 2*'
wide, the uppermost elliptic-oblong, often 3*' long;
teeth long and low, sharp; heads few (5-20), slender-
peduncled ; involucre turbinate to campanulate, with
a truncate or rounded base; rays 3-toothed; disk
turning brown, the florets funnelform with rather
broad lobes; pappus long, straight; achenes pubes-
cent, subangular, not constricted at the summit.
In woods, especially on shaded cliffs, Indiana, Illinois
and Missouri. Aug.-Oct.
5. Aster glomeratus ( Nees) Bernh. Bern-
hardi's Aster. Fig. 4286.
Eurybia glomerata Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 139. 1832.
Aster glomeratus Bernh. ; Burgess in Britt. & Brown,
111. Fl. 3: 358. 1898.
Loosely clustered, dull green. Leaves not
large, mostly short-pilose beneath, thickish,
rough above ; basal leaves present, these and the
lower stem leaves cordate with a deep, narrow
sinus, the teeth sharp, rather close and small;
petioles slender, ciliate; upper leaves much
smaller, ovate, truncate with a short broadly
winged base, or the uppermost ovate to lanceo-
late, sessile, entire; inflorescence compact, of
many glomerate clusters, round-topped ; heads
about 4" high ; bracts pubescent, obtuse, green,
the inner twice as long as the outer; rays about
6, cream-white, short, soon deciduous; disk
turning brown.
In moist thickets or swamps, especially in ravines,
Maine to New York and Virginia. July.
6. Aster Claytoni Burgess. Clayton's
Aster. Fig. 4287.
Aster Claytoni Burgess ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
358. 1898.
Similar to A. divaricatus, stems red, tough.
Leaves chiefly ovate-lanceolate, not large, rough,
thick, slender-petioled, coarsely serrate, pale, or
dull, the apex incurved-acuminate, the upper
spreading or deflexed, sessile by a broad base,
lanceolate-triangular, serrulate ; inflorescence high,
with percurrent axis, the long suberect branches
each bearing a small umbelliform cluster of heads ;
peduncles filiform, as long as the heads, 3"-4"
long ; bracts pale ; rays short, narrow, chiefly 6.
snow-white; disks at first golden-yellow, finally
sienna-brown ; florets about 20, achenes densely
short -hairy.
In sunny or slightly shaded rocky places, Maine to
New York and the mountains of Virginia. Sept.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
7. Aster curvescens Burgess. Dome-topped
Aster. Fig. 4288.
Aster curvescens Burgess ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
359. 1898.
Dark green, chiefly glabrous ; rootstocks often 10'
long; stem smooth, striate, delicate, li°-34° high.
Basal leaves tufted, conspicuous, these and the lowest
stem leaves with a broad sinus tapering into a
petiole 1-2 times as long as the blade, abruptly in-
curved-acuminate ; middle leaves ovate, short-peti-
oled, rounded at the base, the upper lanceolate, slen-
derly acuminate, often falcate ; leaves firm, smooth-
ish, the teeth broad, curved ; inflorescence ' mostly
convex, 3'-5' broad, its short filiform naked branches
widely ascending ; heads 4"-5" high ; lower bracts
short, obtuse, the others longer, nearly uniform,
scarious, shining, linear, often acute, usually gla-
brous ; rays about 8. cream-white, about 5" long ;
disk becoming purple-brown ; pappus early redden-
ing ; achenes slender, glabrous.
In loose moist shaded soil, New England and Xew
York to Virginia. Aug.-Sept.
8. Aster Schreberi Nees. Schreber's Aster.
Fig. 4289.
Aster Schreberi Nees, Syn. Ast. 16. 1818.
Stem stout, 2°-3° high, with long internodes.
Basal leaves often in extensive colonies, thin, dull
green, firm, rough above, with scattered slender ap-
pressed bristles, pubescent beneath on the veins,
reniform-cordate or cordate-triangular, often 7' long
by 5' wide, the basal sinus when well developed
rectangular, 2' across and 1' deep; upper leaves
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, with a short broad basal
wing, or sessile ; petioles of the lower leaves long,
conspicuously ciliate when young; inflorescence, de-
compound, flattish, or irregularly convex, 6'-i2'
broad ; heads about 5" high ; bracts greenish, mostly
obtuse, ribs and midrib dark green, ciliate ; rays
usually 10.
In borders of woods, and along fence rows in partial
shade, New York to Michigan and Virginia. July-Aug.
9. Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved
Aster. Fig. 4290.
Aster macrophyllus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1232. 1763.
Rough; rootstocks long, thick; stem reddish,
angular, 2°-3° high. Basal leaves forming large
colonies, 3 or 4 to each stem, broad, cordate with
a large irregular sinus, rough above, harsh, thick,
the teeth broad, curved, pointed, the petioles long,
narrow ; upper stem leaves oblong with short
broadly winged petioles, the uppermost sessile,
acute; inflorescence strigose and glandular, broadly
corymbose, irregular ; heads 5"-6" high ; peduncles
rigid, thickish ; rays about 16, 5" -7" long, chiefly
lavender, sometimes violet, rarely pale ; bracts con-
spicuously green-tipped, the lower acute, the inner
oblong, obtuse ; disk turning reddish brown; florets
short-lobed.
In moderately dry soil, in shaded places, Canada to
Minnesota and North Carolina. Here regarded as con-
sisting of numerous slightly differing races, perhaps in-
cluding the five following described as species. Aug.
412
i ( iMl'i )SI I \K
Vol, III.
10. Aster roscidus Burgess. Dewy-leaf
Aster. Fig. 4291.
Aster roscidus Burgess; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3:
360. [898.
Clammy-hairy, odorous, copiously glandular
when young, somewhat so at maturity; stem 3°
high, or less. Basal leaves in close colonies, co-
riaceous, the earlier ones cordate-quadrate, low-
serrate, the sinus deep, narrow, the later, or
winter leaves, elliptic, long-petioled. often pros-
trate, often 5' long; stem leaves chiefly orbicular
and not cordate, with short broadly winged
petioles, rarely slender-petioled ; inflorescence
convex, sometimes irregular; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts chiefly with rounded ciliate
tips; rays 14-16, broad, clear violet; disks at first
golden yellow, soon turning red; pappus long,
white, copious.
In slight shade and rich cleared woodlands, Maine
to Pennsylvania and Michigan. Aug.-Sept.
11. Aster ianthinus Burgess. Violet Wood
Aster. Fig. 4292.
Aster ianthinus Burgess; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 360.
1898.
Glandular, dark green, slightly strigose-pubescent ;
stem erect, or decumbent, 2°s° tall. Leaves thin-
nish, rough, the lower and basal ones orbicular to
oblong, 5' long, or less, abruptly acuminate, low-
serrate or crenate; the sinus broad, open, shallow,
upper leaves sessile by a narrowed base, crenate-
serrate; inflorescence open, nearly naked, peduncles
slender, divergent; heads large; rays 10-13, long,
very deep violet or sometimes pale, 4"-6" long;
bracts green-tipped, little pubescent.
On shaded banks and along woodland paths, Maine
to Lake Erie and West Virginia. July-Oct.
12. Aster violaris Burgess. Violet-leaf Aster.
Fig- 4293-
Aster violaris Burgess; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 361.
1898.
Caudex thick, fleshy; plant glabrate, bluish green,
minutely glandular; stem slender, erect, or assur-
gent, 2° high, or less. Basal and lower leaves broadly
reniform, abruptly acuminate or apiculate, often 3'
long by 4' wide, their slender petioles 6'-8' long, the
sinus very broad and shallow; middle stem leaves
similar, not cordate; the upper numerous, long-
elliptic, chiefly with narrowed bases, all thin, firm,
rough above; inflorescence leafy, small, loose, rather
narrow and high, paniculate-corymbose, nearly level-
topped, its slender branches with nearly opposite,
oblong leaves; heads 6" high, or more; rays 12-15,
pale violet, narrow.
In shaded moist places, sometimes in leaf-mold among
rocks, New York from the Hudson to Lake Erie. Sept-
Oct.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
4'3
13. Aster multiformis Burgess. Various-
leaved Aster. Fig. 4294.
Aster multiformis Burgess; Britt. & Brown, 111. Ft.
3: 361. 1898.
Deep green, minutely glandular; stem erect,
slender, l°-2° high, angular-striate in drying.
Basal leaves usually 2, large, thick, cordate-
ohlong, often accompanied by later smaller ob-
long ones ; stem leaves very thin, sharply ser-
rate, rough above, minutely puberulent beneath,
the lower ovate, acuminate, usually with a nar-
row sinus, the upper oval to ovate-lanceolate,
petioled, the uppermost elliptic-lanceolate, ser-
rulate, sessile or nearly so ; inflorescence small,
its branches upwardly curved ; heads about 7"
high; rays about 13, rounded and retuse at the
apex ; bracts green, glands few, almost hidden
by the minutely strigose pubescence of the pe-
duncles.
In moist shaded places. Maine to western New
York, Pennsylvania and Maryland. July-Aug.
Stately Aster
14. Aster nobilis Burgess.
Fig. 4^95-
Aster nobilis Burgess ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 361.
1898.
Tall, minutely glandular above; stem shining,
bright green, 4°-5° high. Leaves thin, but firm,
smooth in growth, roughened in drying, mi-
nutely puberulent beneath, dark green, basal and
lower leaves large, the blade often 9' long by 6'
wide, about as long as the stout petiole, sharply
toothed, the sinus deep, broad, or the lobes over-
lapping ; stem leaves similar, the upper oblong-
lanceolate, sessile; inflorescence irregularly cy-
mose-paniculate, with small subulate recurved
leaves ; bracts long, acute, green ; heads 6" high,
or less; rays 13—15, violet-blue or pale violet;
disk-flowers not numerous, their corollas funnel-
form with a long capillary tube.
In leaf-mold, Lake Champlain to Lake Erie. Aug.
15. Aster anomalus Engelm. Many-
rayed Aster. Fig. 4296.
Aster anomalus Engelm. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 503.
1843.
Stem rough, rather stout, branched above,
t°_3° high. Leaves thin, the lower and basal
ones deeply cordate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate,
entire or slightly repand, rough-pubescent on
both surfaces, acute or acuminate at the apex,
3'-4' long, \'-2 wide, on slender naked peti-
oles ; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile,
lanceolate, oblong, or linear, much smaller ;
heads few, 4"-6" high, I2"-IS" broad; recep-
tacle hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acute,
or acuminate, hirsute, imbricated in several
series, their foliaceous tips spreading or re-
flexed; rays 30-45, S"-6" long, bright violet-
blue; pappus whitish.
On limestone cliffs, Illinois to Missouri and
Arkansas. Sept.
( (IMI'OSITAF..
Vol. III.
16. Aster Shortii Hook. Short's Aster.
Fig. 4297.
Astef Shortii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 9. 1834.
Stem roughisli or smooth, slender, panicu-
lately branched above. 2°-4° high. Leaves
thick, glabrous or nearly so above, finely and
sparingly pubescent beneath, the lower and
basal ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cordate
at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex,
slightly dentate, or entire, 2'-& long, l'-2
wide, borne on slender naked petioles; upper
leaves lanceolate, entire, sessile or short-peti-
oled, not cordate, those of the branches small
and bract-like; heads numerous, 5"-/' high;
involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts lin-
ear, acute, puberulent, imbricated in several
series, their green tips appressed ; rays IO-15,
linear, violet-blue, 5' -6" long ; pappus tawny.
On banks and along edges of woods, western
Pennsylvania to Virginia, Georgia, Illinois, Wis-
consin and Tennessee. Sept.-Oct.
17. Aster azureus Lindl. Sky-blue Aster.
Fig. 4298.
Aster azureus Lindl.; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1:
58. 1835.
A. capillaceus Burgess; Small, Fl. S.E. U. S. 1215.
1903.
Stem slender, stiff, rough, branched above,
i°-4° high. Leaves thick, usually all entire, sca-
brous on both sides, the lower and basal ones
cordate, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate,
acute, acuminate, or obtusish, 2-6' long, with
slender, naked, often pubescent petioles; upper
leaves short-petioled or sessile, lanceolate or
linear, those of the branches reduced to small
appressed bracts ; heads numerous, 4"-$" high ;
involucre turbinate, its bracts glabrous, linear-
oblong, abruptly acute, imbricated in several
series, their green tips appressed ; rays 10-20,
bright blue, 3"-4" long ; pappus tawny.
On prairies and along borders of woods, Ontario
and western New York to Georgia, Minnesota, Kan-
sas, Alabama and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
18. Aster cordifolius L. Common
Blue Wood Aster. Fig. 4299.
Aster cordifolius L. Sp. PI. 875. 1 753.
Aster choralis Steele, Contr. Xat. Herb. 10:
372. lyn.
Stem glabrous or nearly so, rarely pu-
bescent, much branched, bushy, i°-5° high.
Leaves thin, rough, more or less pubescent
with scattered hairs above and on the veins
beneath, sharply serrate, acuminate, the .
lower and basal ones slender-petioled,
broadly ovate-cordate, 2'-s' long, the upper
short-petioled or sessile, ovate or lanceo-
late, smaller ; petioles scarcely margined ;
heads usually very numerous, small, 2"-$'
high, 6"-o" broad, handsome ; involucre
turbinate to cylindric, its bracts oblong-
linear, obtuse or obtusish, green-tipped, ap-
pressed ; rays 10-20, 3"-4" long, violet or
blue, sometimes pale, rarely white.
Woods and thickets, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia and
Missouri. Consists of many races, differing
mainly in leaf-form and inflorescence. Sept.-
Dec. Tongue. Bee-weed.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
4'5
19. Aster Lowrieanus Porter. Lowrie's
or Fall Aster. Fig. 4300.
laevigatas Porter, Bull.
1889. Not A. laevigatas
Torr. Club 21 :
Aster cordifolius var
Torr. Club 16: 67.
Lam. 1783.
Aster Lowrieanus Porter, Bull.
[21. 1894.
Glabrous, or very nearly so throughout ;
stem branched, i°-4° high. Leaves thickish,
firm, a little succulent, the basal slender-peti-
oled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly cordate,
acute or obtusish, serrate, or sometimes in-
cised, 2'-6' long, those of the stem ovate to
oblong, often cordate, contracted into winged
petioles, the uppermost lanceolate; heads usu-
ally not very numerous, 2V-3" high, loosely
panicled ; involucre turbinate, its bracts obtuse
or obtusish, appressed ; rays light blue, 3"~4"
long, but variable in length.
In woods, Connecticut and southern New York
to Pennsylvania, Ontario, North Carolina and
Kentucky. Races differ in leaf-form and serration.
Sept.-Oct. Bee-weed. Blue-devil.
20. Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. Lindley's Aster. Fig. 4301.
As er Lindleyanus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 122. 1841.
A. Wilsoni Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37: 138. 1910.
Aster Lindleyanus eximius Burgess; Britt. & Brown,
111. Fl. 3: 364. 1898.
Stem usually stout, glabrous, or sometimes pu-
bescent, i°-6° high, branched above. Leaves
rather thick, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, espe-
cially on the veins, the lower and basal ones cor-
date at the base, sharply serrate, ovate, acute or
acuminate, 2'-4' long, with slender naked peti-
oles ; upper leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lan-
ceolate, less serrate, or entire, sessile, or with
margined petioles, those of the branches lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, smaller; heads usually
not numerous, 4"-S" high ; involucre broadly
turbinate or nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-
lanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated, gla-
brous, or nearly so, their tips green; rays 10-20,
blue or violet, z"s" long; pappus nearly white.
In open places. Labrador to Mackenzie, Alberta,
Maine, New York, Michigan and Montana. Aug-
Oct.
21. Aster Drummondii Lindl. Drummond's
Aster. Fig. 4302.
Aster Drummondii Lindl. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 :
97- 1835-
Aster hirtellus Lindl. in DC. Prodr. 5: 233. 1836.
Stem usually stout, finely and densely canescent,
branched above, 2°-5° high. Leaves mostly thin,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rough above,
canescent beneath, the lower and basal ones cordate,
with slender naked petioles, sharply toothed, 2-4
long, the upper cordate or rounded at the base, usu-
ally on margined petioles, those of the branches
sessile and entire or nearly so, much smaller; heads
3"-4" high, rather numerous on the racemose
branches; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear,
slightly pubescent, acute or acuminate, their green
tips appressed; rays 8-15, blue, 3"-4' long; pappus
whitish.
In dry soil, borders of woods and on prairies, Ohio
to Minnesota, Kentucky, Arkansas and Texas. Perhaps
not specifically distinct from the following. Sept.-Oct.
n6
COMPOSITAE.
Vol III.
22. Aster sagittifolius Willd. Arrow-
leaved Aster. Fig. 4303.
Aster sagittifolius Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2035. 1804.
Stem stout, or slender, strict, glabrous, or spar-
ingly pubescent above, 2°-5° high, paniculately
branched at the inflorescence, the branches as-
cending. Leaves thin, slightly roughened, or gla-
brous above, glabrate or pubescent beneath, the
lower and basal ones cordate or sagittate, ovate-
lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate, 3'-6' long,
with slender naked or narrowly margined peti-
oles ; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile, or on short
and usually margined petioles, serrate or entire,
those of the branches very small; heads 2i"-4"
high, 8"-io" broad, numerous, crowded, race-
mose ; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear-subu-
late, glabrous or nearly so, their tips green and
slightly spreading; rays 10-15. light blue or pur-
plish, 3"-4" long; pappus whitish.
In dry soil, New Brunswick to Ontario, North Da-
kota. New Jersey, Georgia and Missouri. Aug.-Oct.
Aster Saundersii Burgess, of the Dakotas and
Iowa, differs by a corymbose inflorescence.
23. Aster undulatus L. Wavy-leaf
Aster. Fig. 4304.
Aster undulatus L. Sp. PI. 875. 1 753-
Stem stiff, very rough and pubescent, divari-
cately branched above, l°-3i° high. Leaves
usually thick, rough on both sides, pubescent
beneath, dentate, undulate or entire, acute or
acuminate, the lowest and basal ones ovate,
cordate, 2-6' long, with naked or margined
petioles; middle ones ovate, lanceolate or ob-
long, with margined petioles dilated and clasp-
ing at the base, the upper sessile or clasping,
those of the branches small and subulate;
heads numerous, racemose and often fecund
on the spreading branches, about 4" high,
8"-io" broad; involucre broadly turbinate, its
bracts linear-oblong, pubescent, acute or acut-
ish, their green tips appressed ; rays 8-15, pale
blue to violet, 3"-S" long; pappus whitish.
In dry soil. New Brunswick and Ontario to
Minnesota, Florida. Alabama, Louisiana and
Arkansas. Various-leaved aster. Races differ in
leaf-form and inflorescence. Sept.-Oct.
24. Aster patens Ait. Late Purple
Aster. Purple Daisy. Fig. 4305.
Aster patens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 201. 1789.
A. patens gracilis Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 : 97-
1S35-
Stem slender, rough, i°-3° high, diver-
gently branched. Leaves ovate-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, rough or pubescent, thick
and somewhat rigid, strongly cordate or
auriculate-clasping at the broad base, entire,
acute, or the lowest obtuse, 1-3' long, those
of the branches much smaller and bract-like,
the margins rough-ciliate; heads 1' broad or
more, solitary at the ends of the branches;
involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear-
oblong, finely pubescent or scabrous and
somewhat glandular, imbricated in several
series, their green acute tips spreading; rays
20-30, purplish-blue, or deep violet, 4"-6 '
long ; pappus .tawny ; achenes pubescent.
In dry, open places, Maine to northern New
York. Minnesota. Florida, Louisiana and Texas.
Reported from Canada. Races differ in leaf-
form and pubescence. Aug.-Oct.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY
25. Aster phlogifolius Muhl. Thin-leaved
Purple Aster. Fig. 4306.
A. phlogifolius Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2034. 1804.
Aster patens var. phlogifolius Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast.
49- 1832.
Similar to the preceding species, usually taller.
Leaves larger, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
entire, thin, or membranous, acuminate at the
apex, strongly auriculate-clasping at the base,
roughish above, pubescent beneath, usually nar-
rowed below the middle, sometimes 6' long ; heads
usually numerous, i'-2 broad, panicled. or some-
what racemose on the branches ; bracts of the
involucre lanceolate, glabrate, rather loose, with
herbaceous tips; rays numerous, purple-blue.
In woods and thickets, New York to Ohio, North
Carolina and Tennessee. Perhaps a sylvan race of
the preceding species. Aug. -Sept.
26. Aster novae-angliae L. New England
Aster. Fig. 4307.
Aster novae-angliae L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753.
A. roseus Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris, Ed. 3, 401. 1812.
Stem stout, hispid pubescent, corymbosely
branched above, 2°-^8° high, very leafy. Leaves
lanceolate, entire, rather thin, acute, pubescent,
2'-s' long, 6"-i2" wide, clasping the stem by an
auriculate or broadly cordate base ; heads nu-
merous, i'-z' broad, clustered at the ends of the
branches ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-
subulate, somewhat unequal, green, spreading,
pubescent and more or less glandular, viscid;
rays 40-50, linear, s"-8" long, violet-purple,
rarely pink or red, or white ; achenes pubes-
cent; pappus reddish-white.
In fields and along swamps, Quebec to Saskatche-
wan, South Carolina, Alabama, Kansas and Colo-
rado. One of the most beautiful of the genus.
Aug.-Oct.
27. Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Aromatic
Aster. Fig. 4308.
Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Gen. 2: 156. 1818.
Aster oblongifolius var. rigidulus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I :
Part 2, 179. 1884.
Aster Kumleinii Fries; Rydb. Fl. Colo. 354. 1906.
Stem much branched, hirsute-pubescent, l°-2ia
high, the branches divaricate or ascending. Leaves
crowded, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile by
a broad, partly clasping base, usually rigid, en-
tire, acute or mucronulate at the apex, rough or
hispidulous on both sides, rough-margined, those
of the stem 1/-2' long, 2"-4" wide, those of the
branches gradually smaller ; heads corymbose,
nearly 1' broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
much imbricated, glandular, aromatic, linear or
linear-oblong, the acute green tips spreading ; rays
20-30, violet-purple, rarely rose-pink, 3"-5 ' long ;
pappus light brown ; achenes canescent.
On prairies and bluffs, central Pennsylvania to
Minnesota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Vir-
ginia, Tennessee and Texas. Races differ in leaf-
form and pubescence. Plant odorous. Aug.-Oct.
27
|.X
COMPOSI'l AK.
Vol. III.
28. Aster nebraskensis Britton.
Aster. Fig. 4309.
Nebraska
Aster nebraskensis Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl.
3: 375- 1898.
Stem strictly erect, slender, stiff, rough to the
base, simple, or with a few short nearly erect
branches, very leafy, il°-2i" tall. Leaves thick,
rather rigid, ascending, lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, entire, sessile by a subcordate base,
acute or acuminate at the apex. l'~3' long, 4"-6"
wide, very rough on both sides, the midvein
prominent beneath, the lateral veins obscure ;
heads few, terminating short leafy branchlets,
l'-li' broad; involucre broadly campanulate or
hemispheric, about 3" high, its bracts green, ob-
long, acute, imbricated in several series, the outer
quite foliaceous; rays purple, about 6" long.
Lake shores, central Nebraska. Sept. Lower and
basal leaves not seen.
29. Aster amethystinus Nutt. Amethyst
Aster. Fig. 4310.
Aster amethystinus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:
294. 1 84 1.
Resembles Aster novae-angliae , but is often taller,
sometimes 5° high. Leaves often crowded, linear-
lanceolate, entire, rough or hispidulous on both sides,
partly clasping, though sometimes slightly so, at the
sessile base, acute at the apex, those of the stem
1 '-2' long, 2" -3" wide; heads rather numerous, race-
mose or corymbose, J'-l' broad; involucre broadly
turbinate, its bracts much imbricated, linear, hispid,
not glandular, the acutish green tips spreading; rays
20-30, blue or violet, about 3" long ; pappus brown ;
achenes canescent.
In moist soil, Vermont and Massachusetts to New
York. Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa and Nebraska. Sept.-
Oct. Specimens have intermediate characters between
Aster novae-angliae L. and Aster multiflorus L., and
hybridism is suspected.
30. Aster modestus Lindl. Great Northern
Aster. Fig. 431 1.
Aster unalaschensis var. major Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 7.
i«34.
Aster modestus Lindl. ; Hook. loc. cit. 8. 1834.
Aster majus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 325. 1894.
Stem stout, leafy to the summit, usually densely
pilose-pubescent with many-celled hairs, rarely gla-
brate, branched above," 4°-6° high. Leaves mem-
branous, lanceolate, partly clasping by a narrowed
base, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate with
low, distant teeth, dark green and slightly pubes-
cent above, villous-pubescent on the veins beneath,
3-5' long, S"-Io" wide; heads mostly solitary at
the ends of short branches, 1*' broad; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts little imbricated, green,
linear-subulate, densely glandular; rays 35-45- pur-
ple to violet, s"~7" long ; achenes appressed-pubes-
cent ; pappus tawny.
In moist soil, western Ontario to Minnesota, Oregon
and British Columbia. Scpt.-Oct.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
419
31. Aster puniceus L. Red-stalk or
Purple-stem Aster. Fig. 4312.
Aster puniceus L. Sp. PI. S75. 1753.
Stem usually stout, reddish, corymbosely or
racemosely branched above, hispid with rigid
hairs to glabrous, 3°-8° high. Leaves lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile and clasp-
ing by a broad or narrowed base, sharply serrate,
or entire, usually very rough above, pubescent on
the midrib or glabrous beneath, i'-6' long, i'-li
wide; heads generally numerous, i-li _ broad;
involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear or
oblong, attenuate, imbricated in about 2 series,
glabrous or ciliate, green, loose, spreading, nearly
equal, sometimes broadened ; rays 20-40, violet-
purple or pale (rarely white), $"-7" long, showy;
pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent.
In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, Manitoba,
Minnesota, Georgia, Tennessee, Ohio and Michigan.
Races differ in pubescence, leaf-form and leaf-serra-
tion. Early purple aster. Swan-weed. Cocash. Meadow-
scabish. July-Nov.
32. Aster tardiflorus L. Northeastern
Aster. Fig. 4313.
Aster tardiflorus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1231- 1763.
Aster patulus Lam. Encycl. 1 : 308. 1783.
Stem glabrous, slightly pubescent, or villous, co-
rymbosely branched near the summit, l°-3° high.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-lan-
ceolate, serrate with low teeth, or some of them
entire, acuminate at the apex, narrowed into a
slightly clasping base, or the lower into winged
petioles, glabrous or nearly so on both sides, rough-
ish-margined, 3 '-6' long, 4"-io" wide ; heads about
1' broad, not very numerous, involucre hemispheric,
its bracts often 6" long, acute, somewhat unequal ;
rays 20-30, violet ; pappus nearly white ; achenes
pubescent.
Along streams, New Brunswick to Pennsylvania.
Aug.-Oct.
33. Aster prenanthoides Muhl. Crooked-
stem Aster. Fig. 4314.
A. prenanthoides Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2046. 1804.
Aster prenanthoides porrectifolius Porter, Mem. Torr.
Club 5 : 326. 1894.
Stem glabrous, or pubescent in lines above,
flexuous, much branched, l°-2° high. Leaves
thin, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate,
sharply and coarsely serrate, scabrous above;< gla-
brous or nearly so beneath, 3 '-8' long, .
Aster concinnus Willd. Enum. 884. 1809.
Similar to narrow-leaved forms of Aster laei is,
and perhaps a race of that species, glabrous, or
sparingly pubescent above, not glaucous ; stem
paniculately branched, l°-3° high. Leaves light
green, lanceolate to linear, entire, or sometimes ser-
rulate, the upper sessile, somewhat clasping, 1'— 3'
long, the lower and basal ones spatulate, or oblong,
narrowed into margined petioles, sometimes coarsely
toothed ; heads usually numerous, about 10" broad ;
bracts of the involucre with rhomboid acute herba-
ceous tips ; rays violet to purple.
Woodlands, Connecticut to Pennsylvania, Virginia,
North Carolina, Missouri and Arkansas. Sept.-Oct.
36. Aster purpuratus Xees. Southern
Smooth Aster. Fig. 4317.
[824. Not
1832.
Aster virgatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 353.
Moench, 1802.
A. purpuratus Xees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 11S
Stem slender, glabrous, simple, or branched
above, i§°-3° high, the branches sometimes pu-
berulent. Leaves firm, glabrous, dark green, en-
tire, the upper sessile and clasping at the base,
elongated-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 2'-6' long, 2"-4" wide, the lower and basal
ones petioled, oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, those
of the branches very small ; heads rather few,
loosely paniculate, 8"-l2" broad ; involucre cam-
panulate to turbinate, its bracts coriaceous, linear,
appressed, green-tipped, acute, imbricated in sev-
eral series, the outer shorter ; rays 5-10, blue or
violet, 3"-S" long, pappus tawny ; achenes glabrous.
Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and Texas.
Aug.-Sept.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
421
37. Aster junceus Ait. Rush Aster.
Fig. 43 1 8.
Aster junceus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 204. 17S9.
Aster longulus Sheldon, Bull. Geol. Surv. Minn. 9: 18,
pi. .'. 1894.
Aster junciformis Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37: 142. 1910.
Stem very slender, glabrous, or pubescent above,
simple or little branched, l°-3° high. Leaves firm,
glabrous, roughish-margined, narrowly linear, entire
or sometimes with a few distant teeth, acute or
acuminate at the apex, sessile by a broad clasping
and often slightly cordate base, 3 '-6' long, lJ"-4"
wide; heads paniculate, rather distant, about 1'
broad; involucre hemispheric, about 3" high, its
bracts glabrous, linear-subulate, very acute, imbri-
cated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays violet
to white, 4"-S" long; pappus pale.
In swamps and bogs, Nova Scotia to British Columbia,
New Jersey, Ohio, Wisconsin and Colorado. July-Sept.
Western
38. Aster adscendens Lindl.
Aster. Fig. 4319.
A. adscendens Lindl. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : S. 1S34.
Stem slender, rigid, glabrous, or sparingly
hirsute-pubescent, branched or simple, 6'-2° high.
Leaves firm,* entire, rough-margined, sometimes
ciliolate, those of the stem linear-lanceolate or
linear-oblong, acute or obtusish, I '-3' long, 2"-$"
wide, sessile by a more or less clasping base;
basal leaves spatulate, narrowed into short peti-
oles; heads not numerous, about 1' broad; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 3-5
series, oblong-linear or spatulate, their tips obtuse
or obtusish, slightly spreading, the inner often
mucronulate ; pappus nearly white ; achenes pu-
bescent.
On prairies and moist banks, western Nebraska to
Wyoming, Montana, Assiniboia, Colorado, New Mex-
ico and Nevada. July-Sept.
39. Aster novi-belgii L. New York Aster. Fig. 4320.
Aster novi-belgii L. Sp. PI. 877. 1753.
Aster novi-belgii elodes A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I2 : 190. 1884.
Aster novi-belgii litoreus A. Gray, loc. cit. 189. 1884.
Aster novi-belgii atlanticus Burgess; Britt. & Brown,
111. Fl. 3: 370. 1898.
Aster novi-belgii Brittonii Burgess, loc. cit. 371. 1898.
Stem slender, usually much branched, glabrous, or
slightly pubescent above, l°-3° high. Leaves lanceo-
late, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, firm,
often somewhat fleshy, entire, or slightly serrate,
glabrous, or very nearly so, acuminate at the apex,
narrowed, sessile and more or less clasping at the
base, 2'-6' long, 3"-8" wide, the lowest petioled ;
heads corymbose-paniculate, usually numerous, 10"-
15" broad; involucre hemispheric to campanulate,
its bracts linear, acute, or obtusish, green, somewhat
spreading, in 3-5 series, the outer shorter; rays 15-
25, violet, 4"-s" long ; pappus whitish ; achenes gla-
brous or nearly so.
(.22
COMPi ISITAE.
Vol. III.
In swamps. Newfoundland to Maine and Georgia, mainly near the coast. Races differ in leaf-
form and in the involucral bracts. Aug.-Oct.
40. Aster longifolius Lam. Long-leaved
Aster. Fig. 4321.
Aster longifolius Lam. Encycl. I : 306. 1783.
Aster longifolius villicaulis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 : Part 2,
[89. [884.
Stern glabrous, or pubescent, leafy, paniculately
branched, l°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, entire, or nearly so, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed into a sessile clasping usually slightly
cordate base, 3-8' long, 2"-6" wide; heads rather
numerous, about 1' broad; involucre hemispheric,
4"-S" high, its bracts glabrous, narrow, green, acute,
imbricated in few series, nearly equal; rays numer-
ous, 2V-7" long, violet or pale purple; pappus pale.
In swamps and moist ground, Labrador to Saskatche-
wan, northern New England, Ontario and Montana.
Summer.
41. Aster foliaceus Lindl. Leafy-bracted
Aster. Fig. 4322.
Aster foliaceus Lindl. in DC. Prodr. 5: 228. 1835.
Stem usually stout, sparingly pubescent in lines,
2°-3° high, branched above, the branches ascend-
ing. Leaves lanceolate, acute at the apex, entire, or
with a few small distant teeth, glabrous^ on both
sides, very rough-margined, 2'-^' long, l'-i' wide,
the upper clasping at the base, the lowest petioled ;
heads few, 1' broad or more; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts green, foliaceous, oblong, the inner nar-
rower and acute ; rays about 30, violet, 4"-S" long ;
pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent. ■
Mountains of Quebec ; Oregon to Alaska. July-Sept.
The figure of this species in our first edition was erro-
neously stated to have been drawn from specimens col-
lected in western Nebraska.
42. Aster phyllodes Rydb. Large-bracted
Aster. Fig. 4323.
Aster phyllodes Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37 : 145. >9io.
Stem rather slender, somewhat branched, loosely
pubescent, 2°-3° high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
entire, or sparingly low-dentate, the larger 4'
long or less, t'-I wide, acute or acutish at the
apex, narrowed to a subcordate and slightly
clasping base, rough-margined, glabrous on both
sides; heads leafy-paniculate, about 1' broad; in-
volucre hemispheric, its bracts narrowly oblong,
foliaceous, acute; rays purplish; achenes pubes-
cent.
Wet grounds, western Nebraska and eastern Colo-
rado. Aug.-Sept. Included in A. foliaceus Lindl. in
our first edition.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
423
43. Aster sericeus Vent. Western Silvery or
Silky Aster. Fig. 4324.
Aster sericeus Vent. Hort. Cels, pi. 33. 1S00.
Aster argenteus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2.: m. 1803.
Stem slender, paniculately or corymbosely branched,
stiff, glabrous, leafy, i°-2° high. Stem leaves sessile,
with a broad base, oblong, entire, mucronate, i'-li'
long, 2"-s" wide, erect or ascending, with a dense
silvery-white silky pubescence on both sides; basal
and lowest leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into mar-
gined petioles; heads numerous, about ii' broad; in-
volucre turbinate, its bracts oblong, or the inner
lanceolate, canescent, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, their
tips green, acute, spreading ; rays 15-25, violet-blue,
6"-8" long; pappus tawny; achenes glabrous.
In dry open soil, Illinois to Minnesota, Manitoba,
South Dakota, Tennessee, Missouri and Texas. Aug.-
Sept.
44. Aster concolor L. Eastern Silvery
Aster. Fig. 4325.
Aster concolor L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1228. 1763.
Stem slender, glabrous, or pubescent above,
l°-2i° high, leafy, simple, or with few erect
branches. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong,
finely and densely canescent on both sides, or
the lower glabrate, sessile, obtuse or mucro-
nate, li'-2' long; heads numerous in an elon-
gated narrow raceme resembling Lacinaria;
involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear
or linear-oblong, appressed, canescent, imbri-
cated in 4 or 5 series, their tips green, acute,
the outer shorter; rays 10-15, lilac, 3"-4" long ;
pappus tawny ; achenes villous.
In dry sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts and
Rhode Island to Florida, Tennessee and Louisiana,
mostly near the coast. Lilac-flowered aster. Aug.-
Oct.
45. Aster Fendleri A. Gray.
Aster. Fig. 4326.
Fendler's
Aster Fendleri A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 66.
1849.
Aster Nuttallii var. Fendleri A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep.
4: 97. 1856.
Stems several or solitary from thick woody
roots, rig.id, hirsute, 6'-i2' high. Leaves linear,
rigid, i-nerved, acute or acuminate, 8"-is" long,
l"-li" wide, glabrous on both sides, but the mar-
gins bristly-ciliate ; heads usually few and race-
mose, i'-l' broad; involucre turbinate, its bracts
glandular, linear-oblong, imbricated in about 4
series, the inner acute, the outer shorter and ob-
tuse; rays 10-15, violet, 3"-5" long.
In dry soil on the plains, Nebraska and Kansas to
Colorado and New Mexico. Aug.-Sept.
4-4
( ( iMI'OSITAK.
Vol. Ill
46. Aster grandiflorus L. Large-
flowered Aster. Fig. 4327.
Aster grandiflorus L. Sp. PI. 877. 1753.
Stem rather stiff, divaricately much branched,
hispid with short hairs, i°-2j° high. Leaves
oblong, linear, or somewhat spatulate, rigid,
sessile by a broad, sometimes slightly clasping
base, reflexed, entire, obtusish, hispid, the
larger 2' long and 4" wide, those of the branches
very numerous, 2"-$" long ; heads about 2'
broad, terminating the branches ; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts very squarrose and
foliaceous, imbricated in 5-7 series, linear, or
linear-oblong, glandular, the outer obtusish,
the inner acute ; rays very numerous, deep
violet, nearly 1' long, ii" wide; pappus brown-
ish ; achenes ribbed, canescent.
In dry soil. Virginia, east of the mountains, to
Florida. Sept.
47. Aster spectabilis Ait. Low showy
Aster. Seaside Purple Aster.
Fig. 4328.
Aster spectabilis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 209. 17S9.
Stem stiff, simple, or corymbosely branched
above, puberulent, or rough below, more or
less glandular above, l°-2° high. Leaves firm,
thickish, the basal and lower ones oval, acute
or acutish, 3'-5' long, l'-li' wide, sparingly
dentate with low teeth, narrowed at the base
into slender petioles; upper leaves sessile, en-
tire or very nearly so, acute, linear-oblong;
heads several or numerous, about 1'' broad,
corymbose, very showy; involucre nearly hemi-
spheric, its bracts linear-oblong or slightly
spatulate, glandular, viscid, imbricated in about
5 series, their green obtusish tips spreading;
rays 15-30. bright violet, 6"-io" long; pappus
whitish; achenes slightly pubescent.
In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Delaware,
mostly near the coast. Aug.-Oct.
48. Aster surculosus Alichx. Creeping
Aster. Fig. 4329.
Aster surculosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 112. 1803.
Stem slender, from elongated-filiform root-
stocks, minutely scabrous-pubescent, io'-i8'
high, corymbosely branched above. Leaves
firm, lanceolate or linear, the lower petioled.
2'-3' long, 4"-8" wide, rough-margined, slightly
scabrous above, sparingly dentate, the upper
narrower, sessile, entire; heads few, or some-
times solitary, about 15" broad; involucre tur-
binate-hemispheric. its bracts coriaceous, im-
bricated in about 5 series, ciliate, but scarcely
glandular, their green tips spreading; rays 15-
30, violet; pappus whitish; achenes nearly gla-
brous.
In sandy or gravelly soil. Kentucky, North Caro-
lina and Georgia. Erroneously reported from New
Jersey. Sept.-Oct.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY
49. Aster gracilis Xutt. Slender or
Tuber Aster. Fig. 4330.
Aster gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 158. 1818.
Stem slender, finely puberulent and^ sca-
brous, corymbosely branched above, i°-ii°
high. Leaves minutely scabrous, the basal
and lower ones oval, acute or obtusish, 2'-3#
long, 4"-8" wide, dentate, narrowed into
slender petioles ; upper leaves linear, linear-
oblong, or slightly oblanceolate, acute, en-
tire, sessile or a little clasping; heads usu-
ally numerous, 6"-io" broad; involucre
narrowly turbinate, its bracts coriaceous,
glabrous or very nearly so, imbricated in
about 5 series, their tips green and spread-
ing, obtusish ; rays 9-15. violet, 3"-4i" long ;
pappus nearly white; achenes minutely pu-
bescent.
In dry sandy soil. New Jersey to Kentucky,
Tennessee and South Carolina. Rootstock
tuberous-thickened. July-Sept.
50. Aster Radula Ait. Low Rough Aster.
File-blade Aster. Fig. 4331.
Aster Radula Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 210. 1789.
Aster bifiorus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 114. 1803.
Aster strictns Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 556. 1814.
Aster Radula var. strictus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 : Part
2, 176. 18S4.
Aster Radula biflorus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
326. 1894.
Stem glabrous, or puberulent above, slender,
corymbosely branched near the summit, or sim-
ple, 4'-2° high. Leaves sessile, rough above,
more or less pubescent beneath, lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate^strong-
ly pinnately veined, 2-3' long, 3"-l2" wide;
heads several, or sometimes numerous, i-ii
broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oblong
or oblong-spatulate, coriaceous, appressed-pu-
bescent, conspicuously ciliolate, their green ob-
tuse or acutish tips very little spreading; rays
20-30, violet, 4"-6" long; achenes glabrous,
striate ; pappus nearly white.
In swamps, Newfoundland to Delaware, Penn-
sylvania, Maryland and West Virginia. July-Sept.
51. Aster Herveyi A. Gray. Hervey's
Aster. Fig. 4332.
Aster Herveyi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 229. 1867.
Stem roughish, at least above, slender, simple
or corymbosely branched, rarely paniculate, l°-3
high, the branches glandular-puberulent. Leaves
firm, rough above, pubescent on the veins beneath,
the basal and lower ones on slender naked peti-
oles, ovate, dentate with low usually distant teeth,
acute at the apex, narrowed, rounded or rarely
cordate at the base, 2'-6' long, 1-3' wide; upper
leaves sessile, or narrowed into winged petioles,
smaller, entire or nearly so; heads l'-lj' broad;
involucre turbinate or campanulate, its bracts ap-
pressed, or sometimes spreading, densely glandu-
lar, oblong or spatulate. obtuse or mucronulate ;
rays 15-25, violet, 5"-7" long; achenes minutely
pubescent, striate; pappus nearly white.
In dry soil, eastern Massachusetts. Rhode Island,
Connecticut and Long Island. Aug.-Oct.
COMPOSITAE.
Vol.111.
52. Aster turbinellus Lindl. Prairie
Aster. Fig. 4333-
A. turbinellus Lindl. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 : 98. 1835.
Stem slender, paniculately branched, glabrous
below, puberulent above, 2°-3° high. Leaves firm,
lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, entire, ciliate.
acute or acuminate, 2'-3' long, the lower and
basal ones petioled, the upper sessile, those of
the branches much smaller; heads about 1' broad,
mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; in-
volucre turbinate, its bracts oblong, coriaceous,
obtuse, appressed, imbricated in 5 or 6 series,
their tips green only at the apex; rays 10-20,
3"-S" long, violet; pappus tawny; achenes finely
pubescent.
In dry soil, especially on prairies, Illinois to Mis-
souri, Nebraska, Kansas, Louisiana and Arkansas.
Sept.-Oct.
53. Aster lateriflorus (X.) Britton. Starved
Aster. Calico Aster. Fig. 4334.
Solidago lateriflora L. Sp. PI. 879. 1753.
Aster diffusus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 205. 1789-
Aster miser Nutt. Gen. 2: 158. 1818.
A. lateriflorus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 10. 1889.
Stem puberulent, or nearly glabrous, slender, diver-
gently branched, l°— 5° high. Basal leaves ovate, slen-
der-petioled ; stem leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, mostly acuminate, serrate, 2'-$' long, 6"-l2"
wide, those of the branches smaller, oblong or linear-
oblong; heads z"S" broad, racemosely unilateral on
the branches, short-peduncled or sessile, usually nu-
merous and crowded; involucre turbinate, its bracts
linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, imbricated in about 4
series, their short green tips appressed or slightly
spreading ; rays numerous, short, white or pale purple ;
disk-flowers purple ; pappus white ; achenes minutely
pubescent.
In dry or moist soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario,
south to North Carolina, Louisiana and Texas. Consists
of many races, differing in leaf-form, inflorescence and pu-
bescence. Called in Maryland rosemary. Aug.-Oct.
54. Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. Hairy-
stemmed Aster. Fig. 4335.
A. hirsuticaulis Lindl.; DC. Prodr. 5: 242. 1836.
Aster lateriflorus hirsuticaulis Porter, Mem. Torr.
Club 5: 324- 1894.
Stem slender, erect. ii"-3° high, pubescent,
often nearly or quite to the base, the usually
short branches spreading or ascending. Leaves
thin, glabrous above, usually pubescent on the
midvein beneath, serrate with a few appressed
teeth, or entire, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate,
sometimes 6' long, 2"-y" wide, sessile, or the
basal ones spatulate and petioled ; heads more
or less unilateral on the branches, densely or
loosely clustered, often also solitary or few in
the lower axils; bracts of the involucre in 3
or 4 series, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or
acute ; rays white, about 2" long.
In woods and thickets. New Brunswick to Penn-
sylvania, Kentucky and Michigan. Perhaps a
race of the preceding species. Aug.-Oct. Wise-
weed. Old-field sweet. Farewell-summer. Old-Vir-
ginia. Stickweed. White-devil. Nail-rod.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
437
55. Aster vimineus Lam. Small White Aster.
Aster vimineus Lam. Encycl. 1 : 306. 1783.
Aster foliolosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 203. 1789.
Aster Tradescanti T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 129. 1841. Not
L. 1753.
Aster vimineus foliolosus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 : Part 2,
186. 1884.
Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem slender,
divergently branched, 2°-$° high. Stem leaves linear-
lanceolate, entire, or with a few low teeth, 3'-5'
long, 2"-4" wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed
to a sessile base, those of the branches much smaller ;
heads very numerous, small, 3"-S" broad, 2"-$'
high, generally densely racemose-secund, sometimes
subpaniculate, short-peduncled ; involucre broadly
turbinate, its bracts linear, acute or acutish, imbri-
cated in about 3 series, green-tipped, appressed ;
rays numerous, about 2" long, white to purplish;
pappus white ; achenes minutely pubescent.
In moist soil, Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota
and Arkansas. Aug.-Sept.
Aster racemosus Ell., with smaller heads, the leaves
all very small, of the Southeastern States, apparently
occurs in extreme southern Illinois.
56. Aster multiflorus Ait. Dense-flowered
Aster. White Wreath Aster. Fig. 4337.
Aster multiflorus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 203. 17S9.
A. multiflorus stricticaulis T. & G. Fl. N, A. 2 : 125. 1841.
A. multiflorus exiguus Fernald, Rhodora I : 187. 1899.
A. exiguus Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 28: 505. 1901.
A. polycephalus Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 153. 1906.
Stem strict, much branched and bushy, rough-
pubescent or scabrous, i°-7° high, the branches as-
cending or spreading. Leaves rigid, linear or linear-
oblong, entire, mostly obtuse, sessile or slightly
clasping at the base, rough and ciliate, those of the
stem i-ii' long, those of the branches very small
and crowded ; heads 3"--t" broad, densely crowded,
nearly sessile, sometimes slightly secund on the
branches; involucre 2"-3" high, its bracts coriaceous,
mostly ciliate or pubescent, in 3 or 4 series, their
short green tips obtuse or mucronate, spreading ;
rays 10-20, white, 1V-2" long; pappus brownish
white ; achenes puberulent.
In dry open places, Maine and Ontario to Alberta,
Georgia, Texas and Arizona. Consists of many slightly
differing races. Fall-flower. Aug.-Nov.
57. Aster commutatus (T. & G.) A. Gray.
White Prairie Aster. Fig. 4338.
Aster ramulosus var. incanopilosus Lindl. in DC. Prodr. 5 :
243. 1836.
Aster multiflorus var. commutatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 125.
1 841.
Aster commutatus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 185. 1884.
A. incanopilosus Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 2S6. 1893.
Similar to the preceding species, except in the inflores-
cence, the stem rough-pubescent, or sometimes nearly
glabrous, li°-2J° high, with ascending or divergent
branches. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, entire,
sessile or slightly clasping at the base, those of the stem
1' 3' long; heads larger than those of A. multiflorus,
6"-8" broad ; involucre 3"-4" high, its ciliate bracts
squarrose-tipped and sometimes foliaceous ; rays 20-30,
about 3" long.
On prairies and along rivers. Minnesota to Saskatchewan,
Nebraska, Texas and New Mexico. Aug. -Oct.
t-'s
I ( i.MI'oSI I \l
Vol. III.
58. Aster dumosus L. Bushy Aster. Rice-button Aster. Fig. 4339.
Aster dumosus L. Sp. PI. 873. [753.
Aster coridifolius Michx. ; Willd.Sp. IM.3: 2028. 1804.
As er dumosus strictior T. & ( ',. FI. X. A. 2 : i 28. 1 1
Aster dumosus coridifolius T. & G. FI. X. A. 2 : 1 28. 1 |
Glabrous or nearly s. 1 throughout, rather stiff and
viscid, usually paniculately branched, i°-3° high.
Leaves linn, those of the stem linear 01- hnear-lan-
eeolate, entire, acute, or obtusish, 1-3' long, 1 i"— 3"
wide, roughish-margined. often relieved, those of
the branches very numerous, small and bract-like,
the basal ones spatulate, dentate ; heads 4"-7" broad,
terminating the slender minutely leafy branches and
branchlets, usually numerous ; involucre broadly
campanulate, its bracts linear-subulate, obtuse or
acutish, appressed, imbricated in about 4 series,
green-tipped; rays 15-30, blue to pale violet or white,
2"-4" long; pappus white; achenes pubescent.
Sandy soil, Massachusetts to western New York,
Ontario, Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. Aug.-Oct.
Aster Gravesii Burgess, known only from Water-
ford, Conn., has oblong-lanceolate leaves, acuminate at
both ends, the larger 8" wide, the rays bright purple.
59. Aster salicifolius Lam. Willow Aster.
Fig- 4340.
Aster salicifolius Lam. Encycl. 1: 306. 1783.
Aster subasper Lindl. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 97. 1835.
Aster stenophyllus Lindl. DC. Prodr. 5: 242. 1836.
Aster salicifolius subasper A. Gray, Syn. FI. 1 : Part 2,
188. 1884.
Stem rather slender, paniculately much branched,
usually very leafy, 2°-5° high, glabrous, roughish or
somewhat pubescent above. Leaves firm, lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, roughish or rough-margined,
acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed and sessile
or slightly clasping at the base, entire or sparingly
dentate with low teeth, glabrous or nearly so, 2'~4'
long, 2"-6" wide, the lowest sometimes petioled,
those of the branches gradually smaller; heads nu-
merous, 8"-i2" broad; involucre 3"- 4" high, its
bracts linear-oblong, appressed, imbricated in 4 or 5
series, their green tips acute or obtusish; rays nu-
merous, violet, or violet-purple, or sometimes white,
3"-4" long; pappus white; achenes pubescent.
In moist soil, Maine to Massachusetts, Florida, On-
tario, Assiniboia, Texas and Colorado. Aug.-Oct.
60. Aster paniculatus Lam. Tall White
or Panicled Aster. Fig. 4341.
Aster paniculatus Lam. Encycl. i: 306. 1783.
Aster beltidi floras Willd. Entira. 886. 1809.
Aster tcnuifolius var. bellidiflorus T. & G. FI. N. A.
2: 132. 1841.
Stem glabrous or nearly so, or sometimes pu-
bescent, paniculately much branched, 2°-8° high.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or linear,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile or
slightly clasping base, glabrous, usually thin,
roughish-margined, those of the stem sparingly
serrate, or sometimes entire, s'-6' long, 3"H5"
wide, the upper and those of the branches grad-
ually smaller ; heads numerous, 8"-io" broad ; in-
volucre 3"-4" high, its bracts narrowly linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, green-tipped,
imbricated in 4 or 5 series; rays numerous, white,
or faintly tinged with violet, 3"-4" long; pappus
white or nearly so ; achenes minutely pubescent.
In moist soil. New Brunswick to western Ontario
and Montana, south to New Jersey, Virginia, Ken-
tucky, Louisiana and Missouri. Consists of many
races, differing in leaf-form, leaf-serration, size of
heads, color of rays, and pubescence. Aug.-Oct.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
429
61. Aster missouriensis Britton. Missouri
Aster. Fig. 4342.
Aster missouriensis Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
378. 1898.
Stem densely puberulent or pubescent, at least
above, much branched, 2° high or more. Leaves thin,
oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, sharply serrate above the middle.
gradually tapering to an entire sessile or slightly
clasping base, or the lower petioled, puberulent above,
finely pubescent beneath, the larger 3'-4' long, the
upper much smaller, entire; heads 6"-8" broad, pan-
icled, short-peduncled, or terminating short leafy
branchlets, sometimes somewhat secund ; involucre
z"-3" high, its linear acute bracts well imbricated,
ciliate or pubescent; rays white.
In moist soil, Kansas, Missouri and Iowa. Sept.-Oct.
-\ a»
62. Aster Tradescanti L. Tradescant's
Aster. Michaelmas Daisy. Fig. 4343.
Aster Tradescanti L. Sp. PI. 876. 1753.
Stem slender, paniculately branched, 2°-$° high,
the branches usually ascending and often pubes-
cent in lines. Stem leaves linear-lanceolate or
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a
sessile base, 3'-6' long, li"-6" wide, glabrous or
nearly so on both sides, commonly thin, sharply
serrate in the middle with low teeth, or sometimes
entire; heads very numerous, racemose but not
secund on the branches, 5"-8" broad ; involucre
hemispheric to broadly turbinate, 2"-i" high, its
bracts linear, acute, appressed, green-tipped, im-
bricated in 4 or 5 series ; rays white or nearly so,
numerous, 2"-3" long ; pappus white ; achenes
minutely pubescent.
In fields and swamps, Maine to Virginia, Ontario,
Illinois and Missouri. Aug.-Oct.
Aster saxatilis (Fernald) Blanchard, of rocky situ-
ations in New England, appears to be a low race of
this species, rather than of A. vimineus.
63. Aster Faxoni Porter. Faxon's Aster.
Fig- 4344-
Aster polyphyllus Willd. Enum. 888. 1809. Not Moench.
1802.
Aster Faxoni Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 323. 1894.
A. ericoides Randi Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
379- 1898.
Glabrous throughout ; stem paniculately or corym-
bosely branched; rather stout, *°-5° high. Stem
leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower into
margined petioles, entire or nearly so, firm, 2'-5'
long, 2"-4" wide, those of the branches gradually
smaller; basal leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse,
dentate, or entire; heads not very numerous, 6"-g"
broad; involucre hemispheric, nearly 4" high, its
bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or subulate, green-
tipped or green on the back, imbricated in about 3
series, the outer shorter; rays bright white, rarely
purplish, 3"-4" long, numerous ; pappus white ;
achenes minutely pubescent.
On moist cliffs. Maine and Vermont to Pennsylvania.
Wisconsin and North Carolina. Aug.-Sept.
43°
( uMI'i iSITAK
Vol. Ill
&,
64. Aster ericoides L. White Heath Aster.
Frost-weed Aster. Fig. 4345.
Aster ericoides L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753.
Aster villosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 113. 1803. Not
Thunb. 1 800.
Aster ericoides var. villosus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 1^4.
1841.
Aster ericoides pilosus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
.5 -'3- 1894-
Stem glabrous, villous, or hirsute, paniculately
branched, usually bushy, i°-3° high, the branches
racemose, and the branchlets often somewhat se-
cund. Leaves firm or rigid, the basal ones spatu-
late, obtuse, dentate, narrowed into margined peti-
oles, glabrous or ciliate; stem leaves narrowly
linear to linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, 1'— 3' long,
i"~3" wide, those of the branches linear-subulate,
numerous ; heads usually very numerous, -("-7"
broad ; involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its
bracts coriaceous, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
abruptly acute or acuminate, green-tipped, imbri-
cated in about 3 series; rays 15-25, white, or tinged
with rose ; pappus white ; achenes finely pubescent.
In dry soil, Maine to Ontario, Florida, Minnesota
and Missouri. Frost-weed. Michaelmas daisy. Farewell-summer. White rosemary. Dog-fennel.
Mare's-tail. Scrub-bush. Steel-weed. Sept. -Dec.
A densely villous, broad-leaved relative or race of this species, ranging from Ohio to North
Carolina and Michigan, is known as Aster ericoides platyphyllus T. & G.
This species apparently hybridizes with A. paniculatus Lam. where the two grow together.
65. Aster Pringlei (A. Gray) Britton.
Pringle's Aster. Fig. 4346.
Aster ericoides var. Pringlei A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 :
Part 2, 184. 1884.
Aster Pringlei Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 :
379. 1898.
Stem very slender, glabrous, simple, or with
few or numerous slender ascending branches, not
bushy, 6'-2° high. Basal leaves lanceolate, oblong
or oblanceolate, 2'-6' long, 2"-6" wide, entire, or
slightly toothed, ciliate and sometimes a little
pubescent, at least on the slender petioles which
are often as long as the blades ; stem leaves nar-
rowly linear, those of the branches small and sub-
ulate; heads as large as those of A. ericoides. or
commonly smaller, usually fewer, solitary at the
ends of the branches and branchlets; bracts of
the involucre with short green tips; rays white.
On banks, especially in rocky places, Massachusetts
and Vermont to Wisconsin. Aug.-Oct.
66. Aster Priceae Britton. Miss Price's Aster.
Fig. 4347-
Aster Priceae Britton, Manual 960. 1901.
Stem pubescent, widely branched, l°-2i° high. Basal
leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, entire, petioled,
l'-3' long, the petioles ciliate, broad; stem leaves linear-
lanceolate, sessile, ciliate, acuminate, ¥-2' long, those
of the branches similar but smaller; involucre nearly
hemispheric, about 3" high, its bracts linear, the outer
gradually acuminate, green, the inner a little broader,
abruptly acuminate, acute or obtusish ; heads about i'
broad ; rays bright purple or pink.
In dry soil, Kentucky and North Carolina. October.
Aster kentuckiensis Britton, also of Kentucky and North
Carolina, differs in being glabrous, its involucral bracts all
gradually acuminate.
Genus 31.
THISTLE FAMILY
67. Aster parviceps ( Burgess ) Mackenzie &
Bush. Small-headed Aster. Fig. 4348.
Aster ericoides parviceps Burgess; Britt. & Brown, 111.
Fl. 3:379. 189S.
Aster parviceps Mackenzie & Bush, Fl. Jackson Co. 196.
1902.
A. depauperatus parviceps Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 94.
1908.
Pilose, sometimes slightly so, much branched above,
l°-2ic high, the branches ascending. Basal leaves
spatulate; stem leaves linear to linear-lanceolate,
1'— 3' long, often with short leafy branches in their
axils, those of the branches very small; heads many,
paniculate ; involucre about 2" high, turbinate, its
linear-subulate bracts imbricated in several series ;
rays 10-12, white, about 2" long.
Dry prairies and open woodlands, Illinois, Iowa and
Missouri. Aug. -Sept.
68. Aster depauperatus (Porter) Fernald.
Serpentine Aster. Fig. 4349.
Aster ericoides pusillus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i2: 184. 1884.
Not A. pusillus Horn.
Aster ericoides depauperatus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 323. 1894.
Aster depauperatus Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 94. 1908.
Aster parviceps pusillus Fernald, Rhodora 11 : 59. 1909.
Glabrous, slender, widely branched, 4'-l5' high.
Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, obtusish, i'-li'
long, narrowed into petioles ; stem leaves linear to
linear-subulate, 1' long or less, i"-l" wide, those of
the branches minute ; heads many, terminating short
branchlets ; involucre turbinate, about 2" high, its
bracts linear-subulate, acute, rays white, about 2"
long.
On serpentine barrens, southern Pennsylvania and
West Virginia. Aug.-Oct.
69. Aster paludosus Ait. Southern
Swamp Aster. Fig. 4350.
Aster paludosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 310. 1789.
Heleastrum paludosum DC. Prodr. 5: 264. 1836.
Stem roughish, or rough-pubescent, slen-
der, simple, or somewhat branched above,
l°-2h° high. Leaves linear, entire, glabrous,
but margins rough or ciliate, rigid, 2 -6' long,
z"-4" wide, mostly 1 -nerved, acute, the lower
part commonly sheathing the stem ; heads
few or several, racemose or paniculate, ii'-2'
broad ; involucre broadly campanulate or
hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in about 5
series, foliaceous, ciliate. the outer lanceolate,
acute, the inner oblong or spatulate; rays
20-30. deep violet, 5"-/ long, pappus tawny ;
achenes 8-10-nerved, glabrous, or nearly so.
In swamps. Kansas and Missouri to Texas, east
to North Carolina and Florida. Aug.-Oct.
i i iMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
70.
Bog Aster.
198. 1789.
Bull. Torr. Club 21
Aster nemoralis Ait.
Fig- 4351-
Aster nemoralis Ait. llort. Kew. 3:
Aster nemoralis Blakei Porter,
.iii. 1894.
Stem puberulent, slender, simple, or corym-
bosely branched above, 6'-2° high. Leaves ses-
sile, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute at
each end, pubescent or puberulent on both sides,
dentate or entire, 1-3' long. iJ"-io" wide, mar-
gins often revolute; heads several, or solitary.
l'-li' broad, the peduncles slender; involucre
broadly obconic to hemispheric, its bracts ap-
pressed, linear-subulate, acute or acuminate, im-
bricated in about 3 series; rays 15-25, light
violet-purple to rose -pink; achenes glandular-
pubescent; pappus white.
In sandy bogs, New Jersey to northern New
York, Ontario, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay.
Races differ in leaf-form and serration. Aug.-Sept.
71. Aster acuminatus Michx. Whorled
or Mountain Aster. Fig. 4352.
Aster div aricatus Lam. Encycl. 1 : 305. 1783. Not L.
Aster acuminatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 109. 1803.
Stem pubescent or puberulent, zigzag, corym-
bosely branched, often leafless below, 1-3° high.
Leaves thin, broadly oblong, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed to a somewhat cuneate sessile
.base, sharply and coarsely dentate, pinnately vein-
ed, glabrous or pubescent above, pubescent at
least on the veins beneath, 3'-6' long, l'-li' wide,
often approximate above, and appearing whorled ;
heads several or numerous, l'-li' broad; invo-
lucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts subulate-
linear, acuminate, the outer much shorter; rays
12-18, narrow, 6"-8" long, white or purplish;
pappus soft, fine, nearly white ; achenes pubescent.
Moist woods, Labrador to Ontario, western New
York, and in the mountains to Tennessee and Geor-
gia. July-Oct.
72. Aster ptarmicoides (NeesA T. & G. Upland White Aster. Fig. 4353-
mont and Ontario to Saskatchewan, Illinois, Misso
Chrysopsis alba Nutt. Gen. 2 : 152. 1818. Not
A. albus Willd.
Doellingeria ptarmicoides Nees, Gen. & Sp.
Ast. 183. 1832.
A. ptarmicoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 160.
1841.
Unamia alba Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37:
146. 1910.
Stems tufted, slender, rigid, usually
rough above, corymbosely branched near
the summit, I°-2° high. Leaves linear-
lanceolate. 1-3-ribbed. entire, or with a
few distant teeth, firm, shining, rough-
margined or ciliate, sometimes scabrous,
acute, narrowed to a sessile base, or the
lower petioled, the lowest and basal ones
3'-6' long, 2"-4" wide, the upper smaller,
those of the branches linear-subulate ;
heads 8"-l2" broad; involucre nearly
hemispheric. 2"-3" high, its bracts lin-
ear-oblong, obtuse, or the outer acutish,
appressed, nearly glabrous, green, im-
bricated in about 4 series; rays 10-20.
white, 3"-4" long ; pappus white ; achenes
glabrous.
In dry or rocky soil, Massachusetts, Vcr-
uri and Colorado. July-Sept.
GtNUS 31.
THISTLE FAMILY.
433
Aster lutescens (Lindl.) T. & G. is a very interesting race with light yellow rays, known from
Illinois, Wisconsin and Saskatchewan. Yellow rays are otherwise almost or quite unknown in the
genus Aster as here limited.
73. Aster tenuifolius L. Perennial Salt-
marsh Aster. Fig. 4354.
Aster tenuifolius L. Sp. PI. 873. 1753.
Aster flexuosus Nutt. Gen. 2: 154. 1818.
Perennial, glabrous and fleshy; stem flexuous,
striate, at least when dry, sparingly and loosely
branched, i°-2° high. Stem leaves linear, entire,
acute, sessile or partly clasping at the base, the
lowest lanceolate-linear, 2'-6' long, 2"-3" wide,
those of the branches minute, bract-like, ap-
pressed ; heads rather few, 6"— 12" broad, termi-
nating the branches ; involucre turbinate, about
4" high, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate or mu-
cronate, glabrous, green on the back or tip, ap-
pressed, imbricated in about 5 series, the outer
shorter ; rays numerous, longer than the pappus,
pale purple or nearly white ; pappus tawny ;
achenes hispid-pubescent, 5-nerved.
In salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Flor-
ida. Aug.-Oct.
74. Aster exilis Ell. Slim Aster. Fig. 4355.
Aster exilis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 344. 1824.
Aster divaricatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 163. 1841. Not L. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, fleshy ; stem slender, usually much
branched, the branches usually divergent. Leaves linear
to linear-lanceolate, I '-4' long, i"-2i" wide, entire, sessile,
acute or acuminate, or the lowest narrowly oblong, z"-4,"
wide and petioled, those of the branches subulate; heads
numerous, panicled, about 5" broad ; involucre campanu-
late, about 3" high, its bracts linear-subulate, appressed,
imbricated in 3 or 4 series; rays purplish, about 2" long,
mostly fewer than the disk-flowers, longer than the pappus ;
achenes somewhat pubescent.
In moist or wet soil, especially in saline situations, Kansas to
Texas, South Carolina and Florida. Bahamas ; Cuba. Aug.-Oct.
75. Aster subulatus Michx. Annual Salt-
marsh Aster. Fig. 4356.
Aster subulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: in. 1803.
Aster linifolius T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 162. 1841. Not
L. 1753-
Annual, glabrous and fleshy ; stem paniculately
branched, flexuous above, i°-6° high, slightly an-
gled, sometimes 1' in diameter at the base, but
usually smaller. Stem leaves linear-lanceolate,
acute, entire, sessile by a broad or slightly clasping
base, 2'-io' long, i"-8" wide, those of the branches
very small and subulate ; heads numerous, 3"-s"
broad ; involucre campanulate, or at length hemi-
spheric, 2"— 3" high, its bracts linear-subulate,
green, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter ;
rays 20-30, purplish, scarcely exceeding the nearly
white pappus, more numerous than the disk-
flowers ; achenes compressed, minutely pubescent.
In salt marshes, coast of New Brunswick to Flor-
ida. Also on salt lands Onondaga Lake, N. Y. Aug.-
Nov.
28
434
( i IMI'OSI I \l
Vol. 111.
32. LEUCELENE Greene, I'ittonia 3: 147. 1896.
Low perennial herbs, with much branched leafy stems, sessile, rather rigid, narrow,
entire leaves and small heads of both tubular and radiate white flowers, solitary at the ends
of the numerous slender branehlets, involucre turbinate, its bracts well imbricated. Disk-
flowers perfect, their corollas white, tubular-funnelform, 5-toothed. Ray-flowers numerous,
while, or drying red to rose, pistillate. Style appendages acutish. Achcnes elongated, flat-
tened, hispidulous. Pappus a single series of slender rough white bristles. [Greek, referring
to the white disk.]
Two or three species, natives of the central and southwestern States and Mexico, the follow-
ing typical.
i. Leucelene ericoides (Torr.) Greene. Rose
Heath Aster. Fig. 4357.
Inula ( 'I ericoides Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 212. 1828.
Aster ericaefolius Rothrock, Bot. Gaz. 2 : 70. 1877.
I.cucclcnc ericoides Greene, Pittonia 3: 148. 1896.
Stems tufted from deep woody roots, corymbosely
much branched. 3-12' high, hispid or scabrous, the
branches erect or diffuse. Leaves hispid-cihate, erect,
or slightly spreading, obtusish or mucronulate, the
lower and basal ones spatulate, 3" -6" long, tapering
into short petioles, the upper sessile, linear or linear-
spatulate; heads terminating the branches, 5 -8
broad ; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts lanceo-
late, appressed, scarious-margined, imbricated in 3
or 4 series; rays 12-15, white to rose, 2"-4' 'orig-
in dry soil, western Nebraska to Kansas, Texas and
New Mexico. May-Aug.
33. BRACHYACTIS Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 2 : 495. 1846.
Annual, nearly glabrous, somewhat fleshy herbs, with narrow chiefly entire leaves, and
small racemose or racemose-paniculate heads of tubular, or also radiate purplish flowers.
Involucre campanulate. Central flowers of the head few. perfect, their narrow corollas
4-5-toothed ; outer flowers pistillate, usually in 2 series or more, and more numerous than
the perfect ones; style-appendages lanceolate; rays very short, or none Achenes 2-3-nerved,
slender, appressed-pubescent. Pappus a single series of nearly white bristles. [Greek, short
rays.] . ,
About 5 species, natives of western North America and northern Asia. Type spec.es : Brachy-
actis ciliata Ledeb.
I.
Brachyactis angusta (Lindl.) Britton. Rayless Aster.
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 15.
111. Fl.
above,
, 6-24'
, fleshy,
le by a
Tripolium angustutn Lindl.
i834-
Aster angustus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 162. 1841.
Brachvactis angnsta Britton, in Britt. & Brown;
3:383. 1898.
Stem usually sparsely pubescent, at least
racemosely or rarely paniculately branched,
high, striate, at least when dry. Leaves linear,
ciliate on the margins, acutish, entire, sessil.
rather broad base, the basal (when present) spatu-
late; heads 4"-6" broad, racemose on the ascending
branches, or terminating them; involucre campanu-
late or nearly hemispheric, 2-3" high, its bracts
linear or linear-oblong, somewhat foliaceous, green,
acute or acutish, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, glabrous
or slightly ciliate, nearly equal; rays none, or rudi-
mentary ; pappus soft and copious.
In wet saline soil, or sometimes in waste places, Min-
nesota to Saskatchewan, Utah and Colorado, and along
the St. Lawrence River in Quebec. Found also about
Chicago. July-Sept.
Brachyactis frondosa CNutt.) A. Gray, of the Rocky
Mountain region, differing by bluntly pointed leaves and
oblong or oblanceolate involucral bracts, has been found
on Prince Edward Island.
Genus 34.
THISTLE FAMILY.
435
34. MACHAERANTHERA Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 224. 1832.
Annual, biennial or perennial branched herbs, with leafy stems, alternate, mostly serrate
or pinnatifid leaves, the teeth or lobes usually bristle-tipped, and large heads of both tubular
and radiate flowers. Involucre of numerous series of imbricated canescent or glandular
bracts with herbaceous or foliaceous spreading or appressed tips. Receptacle alveolate, the
alveoli usually toothed or lacerate. Ray-flowers numerous, violet to red or purple, pistillate.
Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 5-lobed, yellow, changing to red or brown;
anthers exserted, appendaged at the tip, rounded at the base; style-appendages subulate to
lanceolate. Achenes turbinate, narrowed below, pubescent. Pappus of numrous stiff, rough
unequal bristles. [Greek, sickle-anther.]
About 15 species, natives of western North America. Type species: Machaeranthera lanaceti-
folia (H.B.K.) Nees.
Annual or biennial ; leaves pinnatifid. 1. M. tanacetifolia.
Perennial or biennial ; leaves sharply serrate. 2. M. sessiliflora.
i. Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (H.B.K.)
Nees. Tansy Aster. Dagger-flower.
Fig. 4359-
Aster tanacetifolius H.B.K. Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 95- 1820.
M. tanacetifolia Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 225. 1832.
Annual or biennial ; stem glandular-pubescent,
often viscid, densely leafy, much branched and
bushy, l°-2° high. Leaves sessile or short-petioled,
pubescent, the lowest 1-3' long, 2-3-pinnatifid, their
lobes linear or oblong, acute or mucronate, the up-
per pinnatifid, those of the branches sometimes en-
tire; heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate, I '-2'
broad ; involucre hemispheric, 4" -6" high, its bracts
linear, glandular, imbricated in 5-7 series, their green
tips very squarrose ; rays 15-25. violet-purple, 5 "-8"
long, pappus copious, tawny ; achenes villous.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Texas, Mex-
ico, Montana and California. June-Aug.
2. Machaeranthera sessiliflora ( Nutt. )
Greene. Viscid Aster. Fig. 4360.
Dieteria sessiliflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 7: 301.
1840.
M. sessiliflora Greene, Pittonia 3: 60. 1896.
Stem usually stout, finely rough-pubescent or ca-
nescent, branched, and viscid-glandular above, i°-2°
high. Leaves lanceolate, linear, or the lowest spatu-
late, sessile, somewhat viscid, sharply incised-dentate,
the larger I '-3' long, the teeth bristle-tipped; heads
numerous, racemose, or corymbose above, l'-l4'
broad, the lower often nearly sessile ; involucre broad-
ly turbinate or hemispheric, 4"-6" high, its bracts
acute, imbricated in 6-10 series, their tips strongly
squarrose; rays numerous, violet, 4" -6" long; pap-
pus copious; achenes narrow, appressed-pubescent.
In dry soil, central and western Nebraska and Colo-
rado. July-Oct.
A Kansas plant differs from this species by having
acute appressed tips to the involucral bracts.
35. ERiGERON L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753.
Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and corymbose, paniculate or
solitary, peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate (rarely all tubular) flowers. Involucre
hemispheric, cylindric or campanulate, its bracts narrow, nearly equal, mostly imbricated in
but 1 or 2 series. Receptacle nearly flat, usually naked. Ray-flowers, in our species, white,
violet or purple, pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, their corollas mostly 5-lobed.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches more or less flattened, their appendages
short, mostly rounded or obtuse. Achenes flattened, usually 2-nerved. Pappus-bristles fragile,
slender, scabrous or denticulate, in 1 series, or often an additional outer short series. [Greek,
early-old, alluding to the early hoary pappus.]
436
( < i.Ml'OSITAE.
Vol. III.
E. pumilus.
E. canus.
E. hyssopifolius.
E. flagellaris.
rooting stems or stolons.
plants often perennial by offsets.
g. E. pulchellus
A genus of [30 species or more, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the New
World. In addition to the following, many others occur in the southern and western parts of North
America. Type species: Erigcron acris L.
* Rays long, narrow, usually equalling or longer than the diameter of the disk.
t Stem i -10' high, simple, leafy ; head solitary ; involucre woolly. 1. E. unifiorus.
tt Stem 4'-3" high, leafy, usually branched ; involucre hirsute or glabrous.
1. Roots perennial, thick and woody.
Heads 1'— 2' broad ; leaves lanceolate, ovate, oblong, or spatulate.
Kays violet or purple; stem leaves ovate, lance "Ian. or oblong.
Stem leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper much smaller. 2. E.asper.
Stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper little smaller. 3. E. subtrinervis.
Rays mostly white ; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong. 4. E. caespilosus.
Heads yi'-i' broad; leaves linear.
Plants hirsute or canescent ; pappus double ; western species.
Stem hirsute ; achenes pubescent ; flowers white.
Stem appressed-canescent ; achenes glabrous ; flowers purple or white*
Plant nearly glabrous ; pappus simple ; northern.
2. Perennial by decumbent,
3. Roots annual or biennial, fibrous ;
Heads i'-iyi' broad, few; stem simple; eastern.
Heads $4'-i' broad, numerous; stem branched.
Rays 100-150, narrow, mostly purple or violet.
Pappus simple ; plant erect, corymbosely branched.
Pappus double ; plant diffusely branched, western.
Rays much less numerous, purplish or white.
Plants 6'-i2' high, diffuse, western ; pappus simple.
Plants 6'-3° high, erect, branched; pappus double.
Pappus of the ray-flowers and disk-flowers unlike.
Stem leaves lanceolate, nearly all sharply serrate. 13- E.annuus.
Stem leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong, nearly all entire. 14. E. ramosus.
Pappus of the ray-flowers and disk-flowers alike; plant hirsute. 15. E. tenuis.
ttt Stem leafless or nearly so ; heads yi' broad, corymbose. 16. E. vermis.
** Rays inconspicuous or short; a row of tubular pistillate flowers inside the row of rays.
17. E. acris.
I. Erigeron unifiorus L. Arctic Erigeron. Fig. 4361.
Erigeron unifiorus L. Sp. PI. S64. 1753.
Perennial by short branching rootstocks ; stems slender,
single or .tufted, more or less pubescent, simple, erect, i'-io'
high. Basal leaves petioled, spatulate, obtuse, entire, \'-2
long; stem leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, en-
tire, acute or obtuse; head solitary, peduncled, l'-l' broad;
rays about 100, purple or purplish, 2"-4" long; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, copiously
woolly; pappus simple.
Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado and in the Sierra Nevada to California.
Also in Europe. Summer.
E. philadelphicus.
E. divergens.
E. Bellidiaslrum.
2. Erigeron asper Nutt. Rough Erigeron.
Fig. 4362.
Erigeron asper Nutt. Gen. 2; 147. 1S18.
Erigeron glabellas Nutt. loc. cit. 1818.
Perennial by a woody root ; stem simple, or
branched above, more or less pubescent, sometimes
hirsute, 6'-24' high. Leaves glabrous, pubescent or
ciliate. entire, the basal ones spatulate. obtuse, 2'-^'
long, 3"-i' wide, narrowed into margined petioles ;
stem leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, the upper smaller; heads several or
solitary, slender-peduncled, i'-2' broad; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute or pu-
bescent; rays 100-150, very narrow, violet, purple,
or nearly white, 4"-/" long ; pappus double, the
outer row of bristles much shorter than the inner.
In dry soil. Minnesota to Wisconsin, Nebraska, Manitoba, Utah and New Mexico,
differ in pubescence. June-Sept.
Races
Genus 35.
THISTLE FAMILY
3. Erigeron subtrinervis Rydberg. Three-
nerved Fleabane. Fig. 4363.
Erigeron glabellns var. mollis A. Gray, Proc. Acad.
Phila. 1863: 64. 1864. Not E. mollis D. Don.
Erigeron subtrinervis Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club 5 :
328. 1894.
Similar to the preceding species, perennial by
a woody root, finely pubescent all over; stems
leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves entire, thin, the
basal and lower ones oblanceolate to oblong, ob-
tuse or acute, petioled, the upper lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, sessile or somewhat clasping,
acute, rather distinctly 3-nerved ; heads i'-li'
broad, corymbose, or rarely solitary; involucre
hemispheric, hirsute; rays numerous, blue to pink;
pappus double, the outer bristles very short.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Wyoming, Nebraska,
Utah and New Mexico. July-Sept.
4. Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. Tufted
Erigeron. Fig. 4364.
Diplopappus caneseens Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 21.
1834. Not E. caneseens Willd. 1804.
Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II)
7:307. 1841.
Perennial by a deep root ; stems tufted, canes-
cent, simple, or branched above, &-12' high.
Leaves canescent or pubescent, entire, the lower
and basal ones petioled, narrowly oblanceolate
or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 1/-3' long; stem
leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse,
sessile, the upper gradually shorter, heads soli-
tary or several, short-peduncled, l'-ii' broad; in-
volucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or linear-
oblong, acute, canescent ; rays 40-60, 3"-6" long,
white or pinkish; pappus double, the outer series
of bristles very short.
In dry soil. Manitoba to Yukon, Nebraska (accord-
ing to Webber), British Columbia and Colorado.
June-Aug.
.,'Tv't'X
mWd
5. Erigeron pumilus Nutt. Low Erigeron.
Daisy. Fig. 4365.
Erigeron pumilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 147. 1818.
Perennial by a deep root; stems tufted, hirsute, slen-
der, simple, or branched, 4'-io' high. Leaves entire,
hirsute, the lower and basal ones narrowly spatulate or.
linear, petioled, obtuse or acutish, 1'— 4' long, l"-2" wide;
stem leaves linear, sessile, i'-2i' long, acute; heads soli-
tary or several. 6"-io" broad, short-peduncled; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute; rays
50-80, white, 3"-4" long, at length deflexed ; pappus
double, the outer row of bristles short and more or less
intermixed with the inner; achenes pubescent.
Dry plains. North Dakota to western Nebraska, Kansas,
British Columbia, Colorado and Utah. May-Sept.
( i iMl'OSiTAK.
Vol.111.
6. Erigeron canus A. Gray. Hoary Erigeron.
Fig. 4366.
Erigeron canus A. Gray, Mini. Am. Acad. (Ill 4: 67. 1849.
Perennial by a deep woody root, resembling the pre-
ceding species; stems slender, erect, tufted, appressed-
canescent, O'-io' high, simple, or branched above. Leaves
narrow, entire, canescent, the basal and lower ones nar-
rowly spatulate, petioled, 2'-4' long, the upper linear,
sessile, acute, gradually smaller; heads solitary, or 2-4,
peduncled, 6"-8" broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
linear, acute, densely canescent ; rays 40-50, purple or
white, 2"-3" long; achenes glabrous, 8-10-nerved; pap-
pus double, the outer row of bristles rather conspicuous.
In dry soil, South Dakota to western Nebraska, Wyoming,
Colorado and New Mexico. June-Aug.
7. Erigeron hyssopifolius Michx. Hyssop-
leaved Erigeron. Fig. 4367.
Erigeron hyssopifolius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 123.
1803.
Aster graminif otitis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 545. 1814.
Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems tufted
or single, very slender, simple or branched, gla-
brous or very nearly so, 4'-i5' high. Leaves nar-
row, thin, the basal and lower ones oblong or
spatulate, short-petioled, i'-iJ' long, \l"-2" wide,
the upper linear or linear-oblong, acute, usually
numerous ; heads solitary or several, slender-
peduncled, S"-8" broad ; peduncles appressed-
pubescent ; involucre nearly cylindric at flower-
ing time, its bracts linear-lanceolate, sparingly
pubescent; rays 12-30, white or purplish, 3"-6"
long; pappus simple.
On moist cliffs, Newfoundland to northern Ver-
mont, Mackenzie and Lake Superior. July-Aug.
8. Erigeron flagellaris A. Gray. Run-
ning Fleabane. Fig. 4368.
Erigeron flagellaris A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II)
4: 68. 1849.
Appressed-pubescent. sometimes densely so,
perennial by decumbent rooting stems or sto-
lons; root slender; stem slender, branched,
the branches elongated. Leaves entire, the
basal and lower ones spatulate or oblong, ob-
tuse or acute, 1-2' long, narrowed into long
petioles, the upper sessile, linear or linear-
spatulate, much smaller ; peduncles solitary,
elongated ; heads about 1' broad and V high :
involucre hemispheric, its narrow bracts pu-
bescent; rays very numerous, white to pink;
pappus double, the outer series of subulate
bristles.
In moist soil. South Dakota to Wyoming. Utah,
western Texas and New Mexico. May-July.
Genus 35.
THISTLE FAMILY.
439
9. Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's
or Poor Robin's Plantain. Fig. 4369.
E. pulchellus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 124. 1803.
E. bellidifolius Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1958. 1804.
Perennial by stolons and offsets, villous-
pubescent; stems simple, slender, 10-24' high.
Basal leaves tufted, spatulate or obovate,
somewhat cuneate at the base, narrowed into
short margined petioles, obtuse at the apex,
1'— 3' long, ¥-2 wide, dentate or serrate; stem
leaves sessile, partly clasping, oblong, lanceo-
late or ovate, mostly acute, entire, or spar-
ingly serrate; heads 1-6, slender-peduncled,
l'-li' broad; involucre depressed-hemispheric,
its bracts linear, acuminate, villous; rays nu-
merous, violet or purplish, 4"-/' long; achenes
nearly glabrous; pappus simple.
On hills and banks, Maine to Ontario and Min-
nesota, Kansas, Florida and Louisiana. Recorded
from Quebec and Nova Scotia. Rose-petty.
Robert's-plantain. Blue spring-daisy. April-June.
10. Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadel-
phia Fleabane. Skevish. Fig. 4370.
Erigeron philadelphicus L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753.
Perennial by stolons and offsets, soft-pubescent
or sometimes nearly glabrous ; stems slender,
mostly branched above, i°-3° high. Basal and
lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, dentate,
i'-3' long, narrowed into short petioles; upper
stem leaves clasping and often cordate at the
base, obtuse or acute, dentate or entire ; heads
several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate. 5"-
12" broad, slender-peduncled; peduncles thick-
ened at the summit ; involucre depressed-hemi-
spheric, its bracts linear, usually scarious-mar-
gined; rays 100-150, 2"-4" long, light rose-purple
to pinkish ; pappus simple ; achenes puberulent.
,Tn fields and woods, Labrador to British Columbia,
Florida and California, but locally rare. Races differ
in leaf-form and pubescence. Buds drooping. Sweet
scabious. Daisy-fleabane. April-Aug.
11. Erigeron divergens T. & G. Spreading
Fleabane. Fig. 4371.
Erigeron divergens T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 175. 1841.
Annual or biennial, diffusely branched, 6'-is' high,
densely cinereous-pubescent or hirsute. Basal and
lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, acute or ob-
tuse, mostly petioled, entire, dentate or lobed, i'-b'
long, 2"-s" wide, the upper sessile, linear or nar-
rowly spatulate. usually acute, gradually smaller;
heads slender-peduncled, 8"-I2" broad, usually nu-
merous ; involucre hemispheric, about 2" high, its
bracts linear, acute, hirsute or canescent; rays about
100, purplish, violet or nearly white, 2" -4" long;
pappus double, the shorter outer row of bristles
subulate.
In moist soil, Montana to Nebraska, Texas, Mexico,
Washington and California. April-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
12. Erigeron Bellidiastrum Nutt. Western
Daisy Fleabane. Fig. 4372.
Erigeron Bellidiastrum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:
307. 1K41.
Annual, much branched, 6'— 15' high, cinereous-pubes-
cent throughout. Leaves entire, linear-spatulate. the
lower and basal petioled, l'-ll' long, the upper sessile
and smaller; heads several or numerous, 5"-8" broad;
involucre hemispheric, about 2" high, its bracts linear,
hirsute, acute; rays 30-65, purplish, about 2" long;
pappus a single series of capillary bristles.
In moist soil, South Dakota to Nebr'aska, Kansas, Texas,
Wyoming and Arizona. May-July.
Sweet Scabious. White-top. Fig. 4373.
13. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.
Aster annuus L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753.
Erigeron annuus Pers. Syn. 2: 431. 1807.
Annual, sparingly pubescent with spreading hairs ;
stem erect, corymbosely branched, i°-4° high. Leaves
thin, the lower and basal ones ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, mostly obtuse, petioled, usually coarsely
dentate, 2'-6' long. 1/-3' wide, the upper sessile or
short-petioled, lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, mostly sharply dentate in
the middle, those of the branches narrower and
often entire; heads rather numerous, s"~j" broad,
mostly short-peduncled ; bracts of the hemispheric
involucre somewhat hispid; rays 40-70, linear,
white, or commonly tinged with purple, 2"-4" long;
pappus double, the inner a series of slender fragile
deciduous bristles, often wanting in the ray-flowers,
the outer a persistent series of short, partly united,
slender scales.
In fields, Nova Scotia to Manitoba. Georgia, Kentucky and Missouri,
and in continental Europe. Daisy-fleabane. Lace-buttons. May-Nov.
Naturalized in Bermuda
14. Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P.
Daisy Fleabane. Fig. 4374.
Doronicuiu ramosum Walt. Fl. Car. 205. 1788.
E. strigosus Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1956. 1804.
Stenactis Beyrichii F. & M. Index Sem. Hort. Petrop.
5: 1838.
Erigeron ramosus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 27. 1888.
Erigeron ramosus Beyrichii Smith & Pond, Bot. Surv.
Neb. 2:11. 1893.
Resembles the preceding species, but is usually
lower and the pubescence more appressed. Stem
leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, nearly
all of them entire; basal and lowest spatulate or
oblong. usually serrate ; bracts of the involucre
glabrous or nearly so ; pappus similar to that of
the preceding; rays white, or sometimes purplish,
occasionally minute or wanting.
In fields, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida,
Louisiana, Texas and California. Naturalized in
Europe. White-top. May-Nov.
Genus 35
THISTLE FAMILY.
15. Erigeron tenuis T. & G. Slender Rough
Fleabane. Fig. 4375.
Erigeron tenuis T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 175. 1841.
Annual or biennial, branched from the base and some-
times also above, strigose-pubescent ; stems slender, erect
or ascending, 1° high or less. Basal leaves obovate to
spatulate, l'-2i' long, 3"-6" wide, usually toothed; stem
leaves linear or linear-oblong, toothed or entire; heads
several or solitary, slender-peduncled, 7"-io" broad ; in-
volucre a"— 3" high, its linear bracts glabrous or spar-
ingly pubescent; rays white or purplish, numerous;
pappus of ray-flowers and disk-flowers alike, of few
long bristles and short small scales.
Moist prairies and plains. Missouri to Texas and Louis-
iana. April-May.
16. Erigeron vermis ( L. ) T. & G. Early
Fleabane. Fig. 4376.
Aster vermis L. Sp. PI. S76. 1753.
E. nudicaulis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 124. 1803.
Erigeron reruns T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 176. 1841.
Perennial by stolons and offsets ; stem slender,
simple or branched above, glabrous, or the
branches pubescent, l°-2j° high. Leaves mainly
in a basal rosette, glabrous, obovate, oval or spat-
ulate, obtuse, repand-denticulate or entire, 2'~4'
long, narrowed into margined petioles ; stem
leaves mostly reduced to subulate-lanceolate
scales, the lowest sometimes spatulate or oblong;
heads not numerous, corymbose, peduncled, about
5" broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-
subulate ; rays 20-30, white or pink, 2"-$" long;
pappus simple; achenes usually 4-nerved.
In marshes and moist soil, Virginia to Florida and
Louisiana. April-May.
17. Erigeron acris L. Blue or Bitter Flea-
bane. Fig. 4377.
Erigeron acris L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753.
Erigeron Droebachianus O. F. Mueller, Fl. Dan. pi. 874.
1782.
Erigeron acris Droebachianus Blytt, Norg. Fl. 1 : 562.
1861.
Erigeron acris debilis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 : Part 2, 220.
1884.
Biennial or perennial; stem hirsute-pubescent or
glabrate, slender, simple, or branched above, 6'-2°
high. Leaves pubescent or glabrous, entire, the
basal and lower ones spatulate, mostly obtuse, l'-3'
long, petioled, those of the stem mostly oblong or
oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, sessile, shorter;
heads several or numerous, racemose or paniculate,
peduncled, 5"-6" broad; involucre hemispheric, its
bracts linear, hirsute to glabrous ; rays numerous,
purple, equalling or slightly exceeding the brownish
pappus; tubular pistillate flowers filiform, numer-
ous; pappus simple or nearly so, copious.
Labrador to Alaska, Maine, Ontario, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in Eu-
rope and Asia. Races differ in size, pubescence and
length of rays. July-Aug.
4 1-
i OMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
36. LEPTILON Raf . Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 268. 1818.
[Caenotus Raf. FI. Tell. 2: 50. [836.]
Annual or biennial herbs, with small racemose thyrsoid or panicled heads of white
flowers, the rays small, usually shorter than the diameter of the disk, or none. Involucre
mostly campanulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers
pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, their corollas usually 4-lobed or 4-toothed, the anthers obtuse
at the- base; style-branches somewhat flattened, their appendages short. Achenes flattened.
Pappus of numerous simple fragile bristles in 1 series. [Greek, referring to the small heads.]
About 20 species, natives of America and Asia. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in
the southwestern United States and one is naturalized from Asia on the southern Atlantic and
Pacific coast. Type species: Leptilon divaricatum (Michx.) Raf.
i. Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton. Horse-weed.
Fig. 43/8-
Canada Fleabane.
Erigeron canadensis L. Sp. PI. S63. 1753.
Leptilon canadense Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111.
FI. 3: 391. 1898.
Stem hispid-pubescent or glabrate. 3'-io° high,
the larger plants paniculately much branched.
Leaves usually pubescent or ciliate, the basal and
lower spatulate, petioled, incised, dentate or en-
tire, l'-4' long, obtuse or acutish, those of the
stem linear and mainly entire ; heads usually very
numerous ; about 2" broad ; involucre campanu-
late, i"-ih" high, its bracts linear, acute, gla-
brate, the outer shorter; rays numerous, white,
shorter than the pappus and mostly shorter than
their tubes.
In fields and waste places, a common weed through-
out North America except the extreme north. Widely
distributed as a weed in the Old World, the West
Indies and South America. Butter-weed. Prideweed.
Fireweed. Blood-staunch. Cow's-, mare's- or colt's-
tail. Hogweed. Bitter-weed. June-Nov.
2. Leptilon divaricatum (Michx.) Raf. Low
Horse-weed. Purple Horse-weed. Dwarf
Fleabane. Fig. 4379.
Erigeron divaricatus Michx. FI. Bor. Am. 2: 123. 1803.
Leptilon divaricatum Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 1818.
Stem diffusely much branched. 3-12' high, pubescent
or hirsute. Leaves all linear or subulate, entire, 4"-I2"
long, about i" wide, the uppermost minute; heads nu-
merous, about 2" broad ; involucre campanulate, 1"
high, its bracts linear, acute, pubescent, the outer
shorter; rays purplish, shorter than their tubes.
In sandy soil, especially along rivers, Indiana to Minne-
sota, Tennessee, Louisiana, Nebraska and Texas. June-Oct.
Genus 37.
THISTLE FAMILY.
443
37. DOELLINGERIA Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 177. 1832.
Perennial leafy herbs, the lower leaves reduced to scales or sheaths, the upper large,
mostly entire, acute or acuminate in our species. Basal leaves none. Heads corymbose,
usually numerous ; involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several
series, appressed, thin, sometimes scarious-margined, their tips not herbaceous nor foliaceous.
Receptacle foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, not very numerous. Disk-flowers per-
fect, the corolla with a slender tube abruptly expanded into a campanulate 5-lobed limb,
white to greenish in our species. Anthers obtuse at the base ; style-appendages ovate to subu-
late (rarely obtuse). Achenes obovoid, glabrous, or pubescent. Pappus double, the outer
series of numerous short bristles or scales, the inner series of long capillary bristles, some
or all of which have thickened tips. [In honor of Th. Dollinger, botanical explorer.]
About 5 species, natives of eastern North America. Type species: Doellingeria umbeUata
(Mill.) Nees.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate ; heads mostly numerous.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. 1. D. umbeUata.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. 2. D. hwmilis.
Leaves, at least the lower, obovate; heads commonly few. 3. D. infirma.
i. Doellingeria umbeUata (Mill.) Xees. Tall Flat-top White Aster. Fig. 4380.
Aster umbellatus Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 22. 1768.
Diplopappus umbellatus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 22. 1834.
D. umbeUata Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 178. 1832.
Aster umbellatus var. pubens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 : Part
2, 197. 1884.
D. pubens Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37: 147. 1910.
Stem glabrous or pubescent above, striate, corym-
bosely branched at the summit, i°-8° high. Leaves
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, ascending, glabrous
above, usually pubescent at least on the veins be-
neath, membranous, acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base into short petioles, or the upper-
most sessile, hispid-margined, those of the stem
S'-6' long, i'-i' wide; heads numerous, 6"-io" broad,
in terminal compound corymbs ; involucre broadly
campanulate or hemispheric, li"-2" high, its bracts
lanceolate, usually pubescent or ciliate, acutish or
obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter;
rays 10-15, white; style-appendages ovate, acute;
pappus nearly white ; achenes nerved, slightly pu-
bescent.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to Georgia, Saskatche-
wan, Iowa and Michigan. Iuly-Oct.
2. Doellingeria humilis (Willd.) Britton.
Broad-leaved Flat-top White Aster.
438i.
Fig.
Pennsylvania, Florida and Texas.
Aster humilis Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2038. 1804.
D. amygdalina Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 179. 1832.
Aster umbellatus var. latifolius A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 :
Part 2, 197. 1884.
Doellingeria humilis Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl.
3: 392. 1898.
Similar to the preceding species, usually lower,
seldom over 40 high ; stem striate, corymbosely
branched above, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rather firm, ses-
sile, or the lower very short-petioled, acute or short-
acuminate at the apex, narrowed, or sometimes
rounded at the base, rough-margined, those of the
stem l'— 3' long. ¥-2' wide, inflorescence as in D.
umbellatus; pappus dirty white; achenes somewhat
pubescent.
In moist soil, eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey,
Perhaps a broad-leaved race of the preceding species. July-Sept.
444
COM POSIT AE.
Vol. III.
3. Doellingeria infirma (Michx.)
Greene. Cornel-leaved Aster.
Fig. 4382.
Aster infirmus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 109. 1803,
Diplopappus cornifolius Less.; Darl. Fl. Cestr.
474- 1837-
D. infirma Greene, Pittonia 3: 52. 1896.
Stem slender, glabrous, or roughish above,
sparingly branched at the summit, terete, 1 i°-3°
high. Leaves entire, hispid-margined, glabrous
above, sparingly hispid on the veins beneath,
the lower obovate, small, obtuse, usually ses-
sile, the upper larger, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
2'-s' long, i'-ij' wide; heads few, about 1'
broad, in a divergently branched terminal co-
rymbose cluster ; involucre broadly campanu-
late, 2."-z" high, its bracts oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, sparingly pubescent, imbricated in about
4 series, the outer much shorter; rays 8-15,
white ; style-appendages subulate ; pappus
tawny; achenes nerved, glabrous.
In dry. usually rocky soil, Massachusetts to
New York, Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama.
Aug.-Sept.
38. IONACTIS Greene, Pittonia 3: 245. 1897.
Low, mostly branching, perennial herbs with numerous narrow, entire, i-nerved leaves,
and rather large and showy heads of tubular and radiate flowers terminating the stem and
branches. Basal leaves none. Involucral bracts coriaceous, imbricated in several series,
appressed, their tips not herbaceous. Ray-flowers normally violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers
perfect, the corolla with a campanulate limb. Achenes villous. Pappus double, the inner
series of long capillary bristles, the outer much shorter. [Greek, violet rays.]
Three known species, natives of North America, the following typical.
Stiff or Savory-leaved Aster.
^8
Fig.
4383-
1. Ionactis linariifolius (L.) Greene
Aster linariifolius L. Sp. PI. 874. 1753.
Diplopappus linariifolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 21. 1834.
Ionactis linariifolius Greene, Pittonia 3: 245. 1897.
Stems tufted, stiff, puberulent or scabrous, very leafy,
corymbosely branched above. 6'-2° high. Leaves linear
or spatulate, spreading, i-nerved. rigid, entire, rough
usually ciliolate on the margins, mucronulate. o,"-l8"
long, i"-2" wide, sessile, those of the branches much
smaller and somewhat appressed ; heads several, termi-
nating the branchlets. about 1' broad ; involucre broadly
turbinate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, keeled, green on
the back, appressed, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, the
inner obtuse, the outer usually acute ; rays 10-15, violet,
rarely white, 4"-5" long, entire, or their tips dentate, or
even laciniate; pappus bristles in 2 series, tawny, the
outer ones setose ; achenes silky.
In dry or rocky soil, Maine to Florida, west to Minne-
sota, Mississippi and Texas. Recorded from Newfound-
land. New Brunswick and Quebec, apparently erroneously.
Sandpaper- or pine-starwort. July-Oct.
39. BACCHARIS L. Sp. PI. 860. 1753.
Dioecious shrubs or herbs, with alternate leaves, and paniculate or corymbose heads of
tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate in our species, its bracts imbricated in several series,
the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked, commonly foveolate. Corolla of the pistillate
flowers slender, that of the staminate tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the
base. Style-branches narrow or subulate, those of the fertile flowers smooth, exserted. those
of the sterile flowers rudimentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage. Achenes more
or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of the fertile flowers copious, capillary, that of the
sterile flowers short. [Named for Bacchus; originally applied to some different shrubs.]
About 300 species, all American, most abundant in South America. Besides the following, some
18 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species: Baccharis ivifolia L.
Shrubs ; pappus of fertile flowers in 1 or 2 series.
Leaves oblong, or lance-oblong, mostly obtuse, sparingly dentate. 1. B.salicina.
Leaves deltoid-obovate, or oblong, the lower coarsely dentate. 2. B. halimifolia.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, sparingly dentate. _ 3. B. neglecta.
Herbaceous, from a woody base; pappus of fertile flowers in several series. 4. B. Wrightu.
Genus 39.
THISTLE FAMILY
1. Baccharis salicina T. & G. Willow Bac-
charis. Fig. 4384.
Baccharis salicina T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 258. 1841.
A glabrous glutinous much-branched shrub, 3°-6°
high, the branches ascending. Leaves firm, oblong-
lanceolate or somewhat oblanceolate, more or less
conspicuously 3-nerved, mostly obtuse at the^ apex,
narrowed into a cuneate subsessile base, l'-li' long,
2"-6" wide, sparingly repand-dentate, or entire ;
heads in peduncled clusters of 1-7, the involucre of
both sterile and fertile ones campanulate, 2V-3"
high, its bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
subacute; pappus usually but a single series of nearly
white capillary bristles.
Western Kansas and eastern Colorado to Texas and
New Mexico. May-July.
2. Baccharis halimifolia L. Groundsel-tree or
-bush. Pencil-tree. Fig. 4385.
Baccharis halimifolia L. Sp. PI. 860. 1753.
A branching glabrous shrub, 3°-io° high, the branch-
lets angled, sometimes minutely scurfy. Leaves thick,
those of the stem and larger branches obovate or del-
toid-obovate, obtuse, petioled, coarsely angular-dentate,
i'-3' long, ¥-2' wide, those of the branchlets oblanceo-
late, short-petioled or sessile, entire, or few-toothed
toward the apex ; heads in peduncled clusters of 1-5,
those of the sterile plant nearly globose when young,
the bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate, obtuse, gluti-
nous, appressed, the inner ones of the pistillate heads
lanceolate, acute or acutish ; fertile pappus bright white,
3"-4" long, of 1-2 series of capillary bristles, much ex-
ceeding the involucre.
Along salt marshes and tidal rivers, extending beyond
saline influence, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Ba-
hamas ; Cuba. The white pappus is very conspicuous in
autumn. Cotton-seed tree. Ploughman's-spikenard. Sept-
Nov.
Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers., which has larger heads
glomerate in the axils of the upper leaves, is doubtfully re-
ported from southern Virginia, but occurs along the coast
from North Carolinato Florida, and in Bermuda.
3. Baccharis neglecta Britton. Linear-
leaved Baccharis. Fig. 4386.
Baccharis neglecta Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. FI.
3: 394. 1898.
A much-branched, glabrous or slightly glutinous
shrub, 30 high or more, the branches paniculate,
slender, ascending. Leaves narrowly linear to
linear-lanceolate, faintly 3-nerved, acute, or the
lower subobtuse at the apex, gradually attenuate
into a nearly sessile base, 1-3 long, i"-3" wide,
entire, or remotely dentate or denticulate, green
in drying ; heads in short-peduncled clusters ; in-
volucre of both kinds of heads campanulate, 2"
high, its outer bracts ovate, acute or somewhat
obtuse, the inner lanceolate, acuminate ; pappus
of the fertile flowers a single series of capillary
dull-white bristles.
Nebraska to Texas and North Mexico. July-Sept.
O 'Ml'i "SITAE.
Vol. III.
4. Baccharis Wrightii A. Cray. Wright's
Baccharis. Fig. 4387.
Baccharis Wrightii A. Gray, PI. Wright. I: 101. 1852.
Herbaceous from a thick woody base, much
branched, glabrous, not glutinous, i°-3° high, the
branches straight, nearly erect, slender, striate.
Leaves linear, sessile, I-nerved, entire, 3 "-12" long,
i"-l" wide; heads solitary at the ends of the
branches, 5 "-6" broad; involucre of the sterile
heads hemispheric, about 3" high, that of the fertile
ones somewhat campanulate and longer ; bracts of
both involucres lanceolate, acuminate, with scarious
margins and a green back; pappus of the fertile
flowers of several series of tawny or purplish capil-
lary bristles.
Western Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Arizona and
Chihuahua. April-July.
40. FILAGO Loefl. ; L. Sp. PI. 927. 1753.
[Evax Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 393. pi. 165. f. 3. 1701.]
White-woolly annual herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small discoid clustered
heads, usually subtended by leafy bracts. Bracts of the involucre few and scarious. Recep-
tacle convex or elongated, chaffy, each chaffy scale subtending an achene. Outer flowers
of the heads in several series, pistillate, fertile, their corollas filiform, minutly 2-4-dentate.
Central flowers few, perfect, mainly sterile, their corollas tubular, 4-5-toothed. Anthers
sagittate at the base, the auricles acuminate. Achenes compressed or terete. Pappus none.
[Latin filum, a thread.]
About 12 species, natives of temperate or warm regions of both the New World and the Old.
In addition to the following, 3 others occur in the western and southwestern United States. Type
species : Filago pygmaea L.
i. Filago prolifera (Nutt.) Britton. Filago.
Fig. 4388.
Evax prolifera Nutt. ; DC. Prodr. 5 : 459. 1836.
Diaperia prolifera Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:
338. 1841.
Filago prolifera Britton. Mem. Torr. Club 5: 329. 1894.
Stem simple, or branched at the base, very leafy,
2'-6' high. Leaves spatulate, obtuse, sessile, ascend-
ing or appressed, 4"-8" long, i"-2i" wide; heads in
a sessile leafy-bracted cluster, usually subtended by I
or several slender, nearly leafless branches, each ter-
minated by a similar cluster, or these again prolifer-
ous; heads oblong or fusiform; receptacle convex;
chaff of the central sterile flowers woolly-tipped, that
of the fertile flowers scarious, mostly glabrous.
In dry soil, Texas to western Kansas and South Da-
kota, west to Colorado and New Mexico. April-July.
41. GIFOLA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1819: 143. 1819.
[Filago L. Gen. PI. Ed. 5. 1758. Not Sp. PI. 927. 1753.]
White-woolly herbs, closely resembling those of the preceding genus, with alternate,
entire leaves, and small discoid glomerate heads, often subtended by leafy bracts, the clusters
proliferous in our species. Involucre small, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series,
the outer usually tomentose. Receptacle subulate, cylindric or obconic, chaffy, each chaffy
scale near its base enclosing an achene. Outermost flowers pistillate, fertile, with filiform
corollas and no pappus, or the pappus a few rudimentary bristles; inner flowers also pistillate
and fertile, but with a pappus of capillary scabrous bristles; central,(uppermost) flowers few,
perfect, their corollas tubular, their pappus capillary and scabrous. Anthers sagittate at the
base. Achenes terete or slightly compressed. [Anagram of Filago.]
About 10 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, the following typical. In addition to
the following, 3 Californian species are probably to be referred to this genus.
Genus 41.
THISTLE FAMILY.
1. Gifola germanica ( L. ) Dumort. Cudweed. Cotton
Rose. Herb Impius. Fig. 4389.
Gnaphalium germanicum L. Sp. PI. S57. 1753.
Filago germanica L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 13 11. 1763.
Gifola germanica Dumort. Fl. Belg. 68. 1827.
Annual, erect, cottony, 4'-i8' high, simple, or branched at
the base, very leafy. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, linear, or
slightly spatulate, erect or ascending, obtuse or acutish, 3"-l2"
long; stem terminated by a sessile dense cluster of heads,
usually subtended by several leafy branches terminated by
similar clusters and these often again proliferous; heads 12-30
in each cluster, many-flowered ; involucre ovoid, light yellow,
its bracts mainly acute.
In dry fields, southern New York and New Jersey to Pennsylva-
nia, West Virginia and North Carolina. Old names downweed.
hoarwort, owl's-crown, chafeweed, childing cudweed. May-Sept.
42. PLUCHEA Cass. Bull. Soc. Phi
1817:31. 1817.
Pubescent or glabrous herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate dentate
leaves, and small heads of tubular flowers in terminal corymbose cymes. Involucre ovoid,
campanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its bracts appressed, herbaceous, imbricated in several
series. Receptacle flat, naked. Outer flowers of the head pistillate, their corollas filiform,
3-cleft or dentate at the apex. Central flowers perfect, but mainly sterile, their corollas 5-cleft.
Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles caudate. Style of the perfect flowers 2-cleft or
undivided. Achenes 4-5-angled. Pappus a single series of capillary scabrous bristles. [Named
for the Abbe N. A. Pluche, of Paris.]
About 35 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions. In addition to the follow-
ing, 2 or 3 other indigenous species occurs in the southern Lfnited States, and two introduced ones
have been found in waste places in Florida. Type species : Conyza marilandica Michx.
Perennial; leaves sessile, cordate, or clasping at the base. 1. P.foelida.
Annual ; leaves, at least those of the stem, petioled.
Leaves short-petioled ; heads about 3" high ; involucral bracts densely puberulent.
2. P. camphoraia.
Leaves slender-petioled ; heads 2"-2j/£" high; involucral bracts granulose, ciliate.
3. P. petiolata.
i. Pluchea foetida (L.) DC. Viscid Marsh
Fleabane. Fig. 4390.
Baccharis foetida L. Sp. PI. 861. 1753.
Baccharis viscosa Walt. Fl. Car. 202. 1788.
Pluchea bifrons DC. Prodr. 5: 451. 1836.
Pluchea foetida DC. Prodr. 5 : 452. 1836.
Root perennial ; stem simple or sparingly branch-
ed at the summit, puberulent and slightly viscid,
li°-3° high. Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, closely sessile and more or less cordate-
clasping at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex,
sharply denticulate, pubescent or puberulent. /-4'
long, i'-ll' wide, reticulate-veiny; clusters of
heads sessile, or stalked, compact, leafy-bracted ;
involucre 2i"-3" high, its bracts lanceolate, acute,
viscid-puberulent.
In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and
Texas, mainly near the coast. Also in the West In-
dies. Foetid marsh-fleabane. July-Sept.
44s
i ( 'MI'OSITAK.
Vol. III.
2. Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Spicy or
Salt-marsh Fleabane. Fig. 4391.
Erigeron camphoratttm I.. Sp. I'l. l-'.d. j, 1212. 1763.
Conysa marilandica Michx. Fl. li<>r. Am. 2: 126. 1803.
Pluchea camphorata DC. Prodr. 5: 451. 1836.
Root annual; stem usually branched, finely viscid-
puberulent, or nearly glabrous, 2°-3° high, somewhat
channeled. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, pu-
berulent or glabrous, acute or acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, short-petiokd, or the
upper sessile but not clasping, 3' -8' long, l'-3' wide.
serrate or denticulate, not conspicuously reticulate-
veined ; heads about 3" high, rarely leafy-bracted,
mostly in naked open corymbiform cymes; bracts
of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate,
acute, puberulent; flowers purplish; achenes pubes-
cent.
In salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Florida.
Texas and Mexico. Called also ploughman's-wort.
Aug.-Oct.
3. Pluchea petiolata Cass. Inland Marsh Flea-
bane. Fig. 4392.
Pluchea petiolata Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 42: 2. 1826.
Pluchea foetida DC. Prodr. 5 : 452. 1830.
Similar to the preceding species, but glabrate, darker
green, usually taller, 22°-4° high, the stem stout, rather
strongly channelled. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oval,
thin, 4'-io' long, lJ'-3' wide, mostly acuminate at the
apex, cuneate-narrowed at the base, long-petioled, ir-
regularly serrate; petioles of the larger leaves 8"-I2"
long; heads 2"-2&" high, in terminal and often also
axillary clusters; bracts of the involucre granular, cil-
iate; achenes short-pubescent.
In moist soil, often in woods, Maryland to Florida, Illi-
nois, Missouri and Oklahoma. Aug.-Oct.
43. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Fruct. & Sent. 2: 410. pi, 167. 1791.
Perennial woolly dioecious or polygamo-dioecious herbs, with alternate and basal leaves,
and small discoid many-flowered heads usually capitate, glomerate or corymbose. Involucre
oblong, ovoid or campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series, the outer
shorter, usually woolly. Receptacle convex, or nearly flat, foveolate. not chaffy. Staminate
flowers with a truncate or minutely dentate corolla, usually undivided style and scanty pappus
of club-shaped smooth or minutely barbed bristles. Pistillate or perfect flowers with tubular
mostly 5-toothed corollas, 2-cleft style, and copious pappus of capillary naked bristles, slightly
united at the base, the style often crimson. Achenes oblong, terete, or slightly compressed.
[Latin, in allusion to the fancied resemblance of the sterile pappus to insect antennae.]
About 50 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern South America. In addi-
tion to the following, many others occur in the western parts of North America. The patches of
fertile and sterile plants are usually quite distinct, and the sterile plants of some species are much
less abundant than the pistillate. Perftct achenes are, however, abundant, parthenogenesis being
a known feature of this genus. Type species: Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.
Genus 43.
THISTLE FAMILY.
449
* Pappus-bristles of sterile flowers with club-shaped or dilated tips.
t Plant not stoloniferous; basal leaves oblanceolate. 1. A. carpathica.
tt Plants stoloniferous, growing in patches.
Involucral bracts of fertile heads dark brownish green, lanceolate, acute or acuminate; plant
i'-4' high. . 2. A. alpina.
Involucral bracts all light green, or light brown, with white or pinkish scanous tips.
Basal leaves and those of the ends of stolons bright green and glabrous above from the first.
Basal leaves small, spatulate, with only 1 prominent nerve. 3. A. canadensis.
Basal leaves large, obovate, distinctly 3-nerved. 4. A. Parlinii.
Basal leaves and those of the ends of stolons dull green, arachnoid at first, becoming glabrous.
Basal leaves large, mostly 2'— 5' long, mostly 10" wide or wider, oblong to obovate,
3-5-nerved.
Stolons leafy only at the ends, scaly-bracted ; head solitary. 5. A.solitaria.
Stolons leafy throughout; heads corymbose or subcapitate. 6. A. plantaginifolia.
Basal leaves small, 2 long or less, spatulate to oblanceolate or obovate, mostly 1 -nerved.
Basal leaves persistently appressed silvery-silky on both sides. 7. A. microphylla.
Basal leaves dull, the upper surface more or less persistently arachnoid.
Basal leaves abruptly apiculate ; stolons leafy throughout. 8. A. neodioica.
Basal leaves obtuse or acute.
Stolons leafy throughout ; western species.
Basal leaves spatulate. 9- A. aprica.
Basai leaves obovate. 10. A. campestris.
Stolons leafy only at the ends. 11. A.neglecla.
** Pappus-bristles of sterile flowers not dilated, barbellate; plant about 1' high, tufted;
head solitary. 12. A. dimorpha.
i. Antennaria carpathica ( Wahl. ) Hook. Carpathian
Everlasting. Fig. 4393.
Gnaphalium carpathicum Wahl. Fl. Carp. 25S. pi. 3. 1814.
Antennaria carpathica Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 329. 1833.
Plant floccose-woolly throughout, not stoloniferous; stem
2'-io' high, simple. Basal leaves oblanceolate or oblong, ob-
tuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base into short
petioles, l'-2' long, 2"-4" wide; stem leaves linear, acute or
acutish, erect, the upper gradually smaller; heads in a termi-
nal subcapitate cluster, or rarely solitary, 2V-3" broad ; invo-
lucre 2"-3" high, woolly at the base, its bracts brownish purple,
the inner ones of the fertile heads mostly acutish, those of the
sterile heads mainly obtuse.
In dry soil, Labrador and Anticosti to Hudson Bay. Also in
Europe and northern Asia. May-Sept.
2. Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. Alpine Everlasting. Fig. 4394-
Gnaphalium alpinum I.. Sp. PI. 856. 1753.
Antennaria alpina Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 410. 1791.
?A. labradorica Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 4°6.
1841.
A. angustata Greene, Pittonia 3: 284. 1898.
Surculose by short stolons; stems floccose-woolly,
F-4' high. Basal leaves usually numerous, tufted,
spatulate or linear-oblong, obtuse, silvery-woolly on
both sides, or glabrate and green above, 4"-l2" long;
stem leaves linear and small, few, sessile, woolly;
heads in a terminal capitate, or seldom somewhat
corymbose cluster, rarely solitary, 2"-2i" broad; in-
volucre about 2\" high, the bracts of the fertile heads
dark brownish-green, the inner ones acute or acumi-
nate, those of the sterile heads lighter, brownish,
broader and obtuse ; achenes glandular.
Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska and British
Columbia. Western plants previously referred to this
species prove to be distinct. April-Aug.
29
45°
COMI'OSITAK. Vol. 111.
3. Antennaria canadensis Greene. Cana-
dian Cat's-foot. Fig. 4395.
Antennaria canadensis Greene, Pittonia 3 : 275. 1898.
Stems 8'-i2' high, slender. Basal leaves and
tin ise of the ends of stolons spatulate to oblan-
ceolate, obtuse or apiculate, l'-lj' long, 6" wide
or less, gradually tapering from above the middle
to a long narrow base, i-nerved or with two faint
lateral nerves, bright green and glabrous above,
lanate beneath; stolons short, leafy, assurgent :
stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, distant, about 1"
wide; inflorescence capitate to racemose-corym-
bose; fertile involucre about 4J" high, its outer
bracts oblong, obtuse, the inner lanceolate, acute
to attenuate; bracts of the staminate involucre
white-tipped.
In dry soil, Newfoundland to Connecticut, Mani-
toba and Michigan. May-July.
The Old World Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.,
with stem leaves close together and rose-colored in-
volucral bracts, is recorded as long ago found at
Providence, R. I.
10: 284.
Nat.
4. Antennaria Parlinii Fernald. Parlin's
Cat's-foot. Fig. 4396.
Antennaria Parlinii Fernald, Gard. & For.
1897.
A. arnoglossa Greene, Pittonia 3: 318. 1898.
A. Parlinii arnoglossa Fernald, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Hist. 28: 243. 189S.
A. propinqna Greene, Pittonia 4: 83. 1899.
More or less glandular-pubescent ; stems of
fertile plant i°-ii° tall. Leaves bright green
and devoid of tomentum on the upper surface
from the time of unfolding, or very slightly floc-
cose when very young, the basal ones obovate or
spatulate to elliptic, obtuse or acutish, gradually
contracted into a narrow base about as long as
the expanded part, 2'-t,¥ long, f'-lj' wide; stem-
leaves lanceolate or the lower narrowly oblong ;
heads corymbose; involucre z\"-$" high, its bracts
all lanceolate-acuminate or the outer ones linear-
oblong and obtusish.
Fields, hillsides and woodlands, Maine to Ontario,
Virginia and Iowa. May-July.
5. Antennaria solitaria Rydb. Single-
headed Cat's-foot. Fig. 4397.
Antennaria plantaginifolia monocephala T. & G. Fl.
N. A. 2: 431. 1843.
Antennaria monocephala Greene, Pittonia 3: 176.
1896. Not DC. 1836.
Antennaria solitaria Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 24: 304.
1897.
Stem slender, weak, floccose-woolly, 2'-,io'
long, bearing a solitary head. Basal leaves obo-
vate to oblong-obovate or broadly spatulate, 3!'
long or less, 8"-i6" wide, obtuse or apiculate,
densely floccose beneath, loosely floccose, becom-
ing glabrate above, 3-5-nerved ; stem-leaves
linear, few and distant ; stolons procumbent, leafy
at the ends; involucre 4"-6" high, its linear
white-tipped bracts very woolly.
Woodlands, Pennsylvania to Georgia, Ohio, Ala-
bama and Louisiana. March-May.
Genus 43.
THISTLE FAMILY.
45 '
6. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.)
Richards, Plantain-leaf Everlasting.
Fig. 4398-
Gnaphalium plantaginifolium L. Sp. PI. 850. 1753-
Antennaria plantaginifolia Richards. App. Frank.
Journ. Ed. 2, 30. 1823.
Floccose- woolly, stolonif erous. forming broad
patches ; flowering stems of fertile plant 4-20'
high, slender or stout, sometimes with glandu-
lar hairs. Basal leaves obovate, spatulate, or
broadly oval, obtuse or acutish, distinctly 3-
ribbed, petioled, dull dark green and arachnoid
above, silvery beneath, ii-3' long, 5"-l8"
wide; stem-leaves sessile, oblong or lanceolate,
the upper usually small and distant ; heads in
corymbose or often subcapitate clusters, 4"-S"
broad ; involucre 3"-4i" high, its bracts green-
ish-white, linear to lanceolate, acute or acutish ;
achenes minutely glandular; sterile plant
smaller, 3' -8' high ; basal leaves somewhat
smaller; heads smaller, 3"-4" broad; bracts
oblong, obtuse.
In dry soil, especially in open woods, Quebec to
Florida, Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas. Spring-
or early everlasting. White plantain. Pussy-toes.
Ladies'-tobacco. Dog-toes. Four-toes. Love's-test. Indian- or woman's-tobacco. Poverty-weed. Pearly
mouse-ear everlasting. Consists of many races differing in size, leaf-form, leaf-size, size of heads
and shape of involucral bracts; these have been variously regarded by authors as species and as
varieties. April-June.
7. Antennaria microphylla Rydb. Small-leaved
Cat's- foot. Fig. 4399.
A. microphylla Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 24: 303. 1897.
?A. parvifolia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7 : 406. 1841.
Stem slender, 8-12' high; stolons short, not over 2Y
long. Basal leaves and those of the ends of the stolons
spatulate, obtuse, or apiculate, 2"-8" long, l"-2" wide,
narrowed from above the middle; stem-leaves linear-
oblong, or the leaves linear-spatulate, often longer than
the basal ones ; heads corymbose, rather numerous ;
involucre 2i"-3i" high ; bracts of the fertile heads
linear-oblong, acute or acutish, those of the sterile ob-
tuse.
Dry plains and hills, Saskatchewan to Nebraska, British
Columbia and New Mexico. July-Aug.
8. Antennaria neodioica Greene. Smaller
Cat's-foot. Fig. 4400.
Antennaria neodioica Greene, Pittonia 3: 184. 1897.
A. alsinoides Greene, Pittonia 4: 83. 1899.
A. rupicola Fernald, Rhodora 1 : 74. 1899.
Floccose-woolly, with numerous stolons which
are leafy throughout; stem of fertile plants slen-
der,' about 1° high. Basal leaves about 1' long,
3 "-5" wide, broadly obovate to spatulate. i-nerved,
or indistinctly 3-nerved, white-tomentose beneath,
becoming g'.abrate above, usually narrowed into
distinct petioles; stem-leaves linear, acute; heads
loosely corymbose, 3"-4" broad ; outermost bracts
of the involucre obtuse, the rest lanceolate, acute,
or acuminate, all greenish or brownish below,
with white scarious tips ; achenes obtusely 4-an-
gled, granular-papillose; sterile plant lower, 3'-8'
high ; heads more densely clustered, the bracts of
the involucre oblong, obtuse.
In dry places, Newfoundland to Virginia, Quebec,
Michigan and South Dakota. April-July.
45-
( i (MPOSITAE.
Vol III.
9. Antennaria aprica Greene. Rocky Moun-
tain Cudweed. Fig. 4401.
Antennaria aprica Greene, Pittonia 3: ^8-\ 1898.
Floccose-woolly or canescent, surculose, forming
broad patches; flowering stems 2'-i2' high. Basal
leaves spatulate <>r obovate, obtuse, narrowed into
short petioles, white-canescent on both sides, 4"-iS"
long, ["-4" wide; stem-leaves linear, sessile; heads
3"-4" broad in a terminal capitate or corymbose
cluster; involucre 2"-3" high, the bracts of the fer-
tile heads oblong, white or pink, all obtuse, or the
inner ones acute; those of the sterile heads oval or
elliptical, obtuse; achenes glabrous, or minutely
glandular.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Alberta, Utah
and New Mexico. June-Sept. Erroneously referred, in
our first edition, as by previous authors, to the Old
World Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.
10. Antennaria campestris Rydberg.
Prairie Cat's-foot. Fig. 4402.
Antennaria campestris Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club
24: 304. 1897.
Stolons short, leafy ; flowering stems of both
fertile and sterile plants 2-6' high. Basal leaves
obovate-cuneate, without a distinct petiole,
white-tomentose beneath, glabrate above, I-
nerved. or indistinctly 3-nerved ; stem-leaves
small, linear; heads 3"-4" broad in subcapi-
tate clusters; bracts of the fertile heads lan-
ceolate, greenish below, brownish at the mid-
dle, the apex white, acute or acuminate ;
bracts of sterile heads elliptic, obtuse.
On dry prairies, Nebraska and Kansas to Sas-
katchewan. May-June.
in. Antennaria neglecta Greene
foot. Fig. 4403.
Field Cat's-
Antennaria neglecta Greene, Pittonia 3: 173. 1897.
An ennaria petaloidea Fernald, Rhodora 1: 73. 1899.
A. neglecta simplex Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 67 : Bot.
6: S3- 1903-
Stoloniferous, the stolons long and slender, bear-
ing small leaves, except at the ends, where they are
normally developed. Basal leaves oblanceolate or
cuneate-spatulate, gradually tapering to a sessile
base, without a distinct petiole, white-tomentose be-
neath, glabrate above, i-nerved; stem-leaves linear;
fertile plant nearly 1° high; heads 3"-4" broad,
corymbose or sometimes only I or 2 ; bracts brown-
ish, with white tips, lanceolate, acute ; sterile plant
4'-8' high, the heads densely clustered, the bracts
oblong, obtuse.
In fields and pastures. Maine to New York, Virginia
and Wisconsin. April-June.
Genus 43.
THISTLE FAMILY.
453
12. Antennaria dimorpha (Xutt.) T. & G.
Low Everlasting. Fig. 4404.
Gnaphalium dimorphum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(.11) 7: 405. 1841.
A. dimorpha T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 431. 1843.
Tufted from a thick woody often branched cau-
dex, i'-ii' high. Leaves all in a basal cluster, spatu-
late, white-canescent or tomentose on both sides,
obtuse or acutish, i'-i' long, i"-2" wide, narrowed
into short petioles ; heads of staminate flowers
about 3" broad and high, solitary and sessile
among the leaves, or raised on a very short spar-
ingly leafy stem, with obtuse or obtusish brown-
ish involucral bracts, those of pistillate flowers
longer, their inner bracts linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; pappus of the staminate flowers slender,
scarcely thickened, but barbellate at the tips, that
of the pistillate flowers of fine and smooth bristles.
Dry soil, Nebraska to Utah and California, north
to Montana and British Columbia. April-June.
44. ANAPHALIS DC. Prodr. 6: 271. 1837.
Perennial white-tomentose or woolly herbs, with leafy erect stems, in our species alter-
nate entire leaves, and small corymbose discoid heads of dioecious flowers. Involucre oblong
to campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series, mostly white, the outer
shorter. Receptacle mostly convex, not chaffy. Staminate flowers with a slender or filiform
corolla, an undivided style, and a pappus of slender bristles, not thickened at the summit, or
scarcely so ; anthers tailed at the base. Pistillate flowers with a tubular 5-toothed corolla,
2-cleft style, and a pappus of capillary bristles. [Greek name of some similar plant.]
About 35 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 2 or 3 other
species occur in western North America. Type species: Anaplialis nubigena (Wall.) DC.
i. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. &
Hook. Pearly or Large-flowered Ever-
lasting. Fig. 4405.
Gnaphalium margaritaceum L. Sp. PI. 850. 1753.
Antennaria margaritacea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 329. 1833.
A. margaritacea Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2: 303. 1873.
Stem floccose-woolly, corymbosely branched at the
summit, leafy, i°-3° high. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
narrowed to a sessile base, revolute, green, but mostly
more or less pubescent above, woolly beneath, 3'-5
long, 2"-4" wide, the lowest shorter, spatulate, usually
obtuse ; corymb compound, 2'S' broad ; heads very nu-
merous, short-peduncled or sessile, about 3" high, 4"
broad when expanded ; involucre campanulate. its
bracts ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, finely striate, pearly
white, mostly glabrous ; pappus-bristles of the fertile
flowers distinct and falling away separately.
Dry soil, Newfoundland to Alaska, Pennsylvania, Kansas,
Oregon and northern Asia. Recorded south to North Caro-
lina. Adventive in Europe. Silver-leaf. Life-everlasHng.
Moonshine. Cotton-weed. None-so-pretty. Lady-never-fade.
Indian-posy. Ladies'-tobacco. Poverty-weed. Silver-button.
July-Sept.
Anaphalis occidentalis (Greene) Heller, occurring from Alaska to California and in New-
foundland and Quebec, differs by its mostly broader leaves being green and glabrous.
45. GNAPHALIUM L. Sp. PI. 850. 1753.
Woolly erect or diffusely branched herbs, with alternate leaves, and discoid heads of
pistillate and perfect flowers arranged in corymbs, spikes, racemes, or capitate. Receptacle
flat, concex or conic, not chaffy, usually foveolate. Pistillate flowers in several series, their
corollas filiform, minutely dentate or 3-4-lobed. Central flowers perfect, tubular, few, their
corollas 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles tailed. Achenes
oblong or obovate. terete or slightly compressed, not ribbed. Pappus a single series of cap-
illary bristles, sometimes thickened above. [Greek, referring to the wool.]
About 120 species, widely distributed. Type species: Gnaphalium luteo-album L.
1. Pappus-bristles distinct.
Tall, erect ; inflorescence corymbose, or paniculate.
Leaves sessile ; plant not viscid. _ 1. G. obtusifoluim.
Leaves sessile ; plant glandular-viscid. 2. G. Hcllcri.
Leaves decurrent ; plant glandular-viscid. 3- G. decurrens.
■15 1
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
I ow, diffuse; inflorescence mostly capitate ; pappus bristles distinct.
Floccose-woolly ; involucral bracts yellowish, ur white. 4. G.
Appressed-woolly ; involucral bracts becoming dark brown. 5. G.
Tufted low mountain herbs : heads few ; bracts brown ; pappus-bristles distinct. 6. G.
2. Slender, simple; heads spicate; pappus-bristles united at base.
s limar or lanceolate-spatulate, acute ; heads about 3" high ; northeastern.
Bracts dark brown ; stem leaves lanceolate-spatulate. 7. G.
I'.racts brownish tipped; stent leaves linear. 8. G.
la a\ es spatulate, obtuse or obtusish ; heads 2"~21//' high ; eastern and southern. y. G.
palustre.
uliginosum.
supinum.
norvcgicum.
sylvaticum.
purpureum.
2. Gnaphalium Helleri Britton
Everlasting. Fig. 4407.
G. Helleri Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 280. 1S93.
G. polyceplialum Helleri Ftrnald, Rhodora 10: 94. 1908.
Similar to the preceding species, corymbosely or
somewhat paniculately branched above, li°-2° high,
the stem and branches densely glandular-pubescent,
not tomentose. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile,
acuminate at both ends, green and hispidulous above,
white-tomentose beneath, the larger about 2' long
and 5" wide, the uppermost much smaller and nar-
rower; heads very numerous, corymbose or corym-
bose-paniculate, sessile or short-peduncled in the
clusters, about 2i" broad ; involucre oblong, or be-
coming campanulate, 3" high, its bracts bright white,
tomentose, the outer oblong, the inner linear-oblong,
all obtuse ; pappus-bristles distinct ; achenes glabrous.
In fields and woods, New York and New Jersey to
Virginia, Kentucky and Georgia. Sept.-Oct.
i. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Sweet or
White Balsam. Sweet or Fragrant Life
Everlasting. Fig. 4406.
Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Sp. PI. 851. 1753.
G. polyceplialum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 127. 1803.
Annual or winter-annual, fragrant; stem erect,
simple, or branched above, tomentose, l°-3° high.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile,
acute or acutish, or the lower obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, densely white-woolly be-
neath, glabrate and commonly dark green above,
1/-3' long, 2"-4" wide, the margins undulate; heads
in numerous corymbose or paniculate clusters of
1-5. about 3" high ; bracts of the involucre white,
or tinged with brown, oblong, thin and scarious.
obtuse, the outer woolly at the base; pappus-bris-
tles distinct, separately deciduous ; achenes glabrous.
In dry, mostly open places, Nova Scotia to Florida,
Manitoba. Kansas and Texas. Jamaica. Poverty-,
chafe- or balsam-weed. Old-field balsam. Indian-posy.
Feather-weed. Fussy-gussy. Rabbit-tobacco. Life-of-
man. Moonshine. Leaves of rosettes oblong. Aug.-Sept.
Heller's .*»., ;..^'"#* '*<:'<
3. Gnaphalium deciirrens Ives. Clammy Everlasting.
Winged Cudweed. Fig. 4408.
Gnaphalium deciirrens Ives, Am. Journ. Sci. 1 : 380. pi. I. 1819.
Annual or biennial, similar to the two preceding species, fra-
grant ; stem very leafy, glandular-viscid, corymbosely branched
above, 2°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or broadly linear, acutish
at the apex, densely white-woolly beneath, glabrate or loosely
woolly above, sessile and decurrent on the stem at the base,
l'-3' long, 2"-i" wide, or the lowest shorter and slightly spatu-
late; heads in several or numerous corymbose glomerules of
2-6. about 3" high; bracts of the involucre yellowish-white or
brownish, ovate, acutish or the inner lanceolate and acute, the
outer woolly at base ; pappus-bristles distinct ; achenes glabrous.
In open, moist or dry places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, West
Virginia ?, Ontario, British Columbia, Michigan, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Arizona. Sweet balsam. Balsam-weed. July-Sept.
Genus 45.
THISTLE FAMILY.
4. Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Western Marsh
Cudweed. Fig. 4409.
Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:
403. 1841.
Annual; diffusely branched from the base, densely
but loosely floccose-woolly all over, 2'-8' high. Leaves
sessile, oblong, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate,
obtuse or acutish, 6"-i2" long, 1V-3" wide; heads
about 2" high, several together in leafy-bracted glom-
erules ; involucre more or less woolly, its bracts linear
or lanceolate, acute, white or pale yellow ; pappus-
bristles distinct, separately deciduous.
In moist wet soil, Saskatchewan to Montana, western
Nebraska and New Mexico, west to British Columbia and
California. May- Aug.
5. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Low or
Marsh Cudweed. Wartwort. Mouse-
ear. Fig. 4410.
Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Sp. PI. 856. 1753.
Annual; diffusely branched from the base, or
the stems sometimes erect or ascending, ap-
pressed-woolly all over. 2'-8' high. Leaves sessile,
spatulate-linear, linear, or the lower oblanceolate
or spatulate and narrowed into petioles, all ob-
tuse or obtusish, generally mucronulate, l'-li'
long ; heads about 2" high, numerous in dense
leafy-bracted terminal glomerules; bracts of the
involucre oblong or oblong-lanceolate, brown, the
outer obtuse or obtusish and more or less woolly,
the inner acute ; pappus-bristles distinct, sepa-
rately deciduous.
In damp soil, Newfoundland to Virginia, west to
western Ontario. Saskatchewan, British Columbia and
Oregon, and Indiana. Also in Europe. July-Sept.
6. Gnaphalium supinum L. Dwarf Cudweed.
Fig. 441 1.
Gnaphalium supinum L. Syst. Ed. 2, 234. 1767.
Perennial, white-woolly, much tufted; stems sim-
ple, l'-3*' high. Leaves mainly basal, linear, acute,
narrowed at the base, sessile, 6"-l2" long, i"-2"
wide; heads few or several, capitate or short-spicate,
about 3" high ; flowers yellowish ; bracts of the invo-
lucre brown, glabrous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, acute ; pappus-bristles distinct, separately de-
ciduous.
Alpine summit of the White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire, and of Mt. Katahdin, Maine; Labrador and Green-
land, and on high mountains in Europe and Asia. Called
also mountain-cudweed. July-Aug.
i ( IMPOSITAE.
Vol. II]
7. Gnaphalium norvegicum thinner. Xor-
Fig. 4412.
wegian ( iudweed.
G. norvegicum Gunner, Fl. Norveg. 2: 105. .'772.
Perennial ; stem simple, 6-18' high. Leaves lan-
ceolate to spatulatc, elongated, acute, narrowed
at the base, woolly on both sides, or green and
glabrate above, 3'-6' long, 2"-s" wide, tin- lower
and basal ones petioled; beads about 3" high,
numerous in a more or less leafy spike, the lowest
often distant, solitary or glomerate in the upper
axils; bracts of the involucre ovate-oblong, dark
brown, or brown-tipped, glabrous or slightly
woolly, obtuse; pappus-bristles united at the base,
falling away in a ring; achenes bispidulous.
Mt. Albert. Gaspe, Quebec, north to Greenland and
Arctic America. Also in Europe. July-Aug.
8. Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. Wood
Cudweed. Chafweed. Owl's Crown.
Golden Motherwort. Fig. 4413.
Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. Sp. PI. 856. 1753.
Perennial; stem slender, simple, 6'-i8' high.
Leaves linear, acute, \'-2' long, \"-2l" wide,
or the lowest linear-spatulate. woolly beneath,
glabrous or glabrate above ; heads about 3"
high, numerous in a more or less leafy spike,
or the lowest solitary or glomerate in the
upper axils; bracts of the involucre linear-
oblong, obtuse, mostly glabrous, yellowish or
greenish with a brown spot at or just below
the apex; pappus-bristles united at the base;
achenes hispidulous.
New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island to
Quebec and northern Maine and New Hampshire.
Widely distributed in Europe and northern Asia.
June-Aug.
9. Gnaphalium purpureum L. Purplish
Cudweed. Fig. 4414.
Gnaphalium purpureum L. Sp. PI. 854. 1753.
Annual or biennial, simple and erect or branch-
ed from the base and the branches ascending, 2'-2°
high. Leaves spatulate, or the uppermost linear,
mostly obtuse, mucronulate, woolly beneath, usu-
ally green and glabrous or nearly so above when
old, sessile, or the lowest narrowed into petioles,
l'-2' long, 2"-6" wide; heads 2"-2i" high in a
terminal, sometimes leafy, often interrupted spike,
or the lowest ones distant and axillary; bracts of
the involucre yellowish brown or purplish, lan-
ceolate-oblong, acute or acutish, the outer woolly
at the base ; pappus-bristles united below; achenes
roughish.
In dry sandy soil, eastern Maine to Florida, Penn-
sylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Kansas and Texas.
Bermuda ; Jamaica ; Mexico. Far western plants for-
merely referred to this species prove to be distinct.
May-Sept.
Genus 46.
THISTLE FAMILY.
457
46. ADENOCAULON Hook. Bot. Misc. 1 : 19. 1830.
Perennial herbs, with broad alternate slender-petioled leaves, woolly beneath, and pani-
cled small 5-10-flowered heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate, composed of a
few herbaceous bracts. Receptacle nearly flat, naked. Corollas all tubular, 4-5-lobed. Mar-
ginal flowers pistillate, fertile. Central flowers perfect, sterile, the style undivided ; anthers
slightly sagittate at the Dase. Pappus none. Achenes obovoid or clavate, very obtuse, faintly
nerved, glandular above, longer than the bracts of the involucre. [Greek, gland-stem.]
Two species, natives of North America, Japan and the Himalayas. Only the following typical
one is known in North America.
i. Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Adenocaulon.
Fig- 4415-
Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Bot. Misc. 1 : 19. pi. 15- 1830.
Stem floccose-woolly, or at length glabrous, I°-3°
high, leafless and mostly paniculately branched above.
Leaves all basal or nearly so, deltoid-ovate, obtuse or
acute at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, coarsely
repand-toothed or lobed, thin, green and glabrous above,
densely and persistently white-woolly beneath, 2'-6'
long and broad, with slender narrowly margined peti-
oles; heads numerous, very slender-peduncled, small;
bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, ovate to lanceolate, re-
flexed in fruit, at length deciduous; achenes 3"-4"
long, i" thick, the upper part beset with nail-shaped
glands.
In moist woods, northern Michigan and Lake Superior to
British Columbia, Montana and California. May-July.
47. INULA L. Sp. PI. 881. 1753.
Perennial, mostly tomentose or woolly herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, and large
heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate,
its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer often foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex,
areolate or foveolate, not chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, their ligules 3-toothed. Disk-flowers
perfect, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles caudate.
Style-branches of the disk-flowers linear, obtuse. Achenes 4-5-ribbed; pappus of capillary
rough bristles in our species. [The ancient Latin name.]
About 90 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa, the following typical.
1. Inula Helenium I.. Elecampane.
Horseheal. Fig. 4416.
Inula Helenium L. Sp. PI. 8S1. 1753.
Stems tufted from large thick roots, simple
or rarely somewhat branched, 2°-6° high,
densely pubescent above. Leaves large, broadly
oblong, rough above, densely pubescent be-
neath, denticulate, the basal ones acute at each
end. long-petioled, io'-2o' long, 4'S' wide;
stem leaves sessile, or cordate-clasping at the
base, acute at the apex, smaller; heads solitary
or few, terminal, stout-peduncled, 2'-4' broad ;
involucre hemispheric, nearly i' high, its outer
bracts ovate, foliaceous, pubescent ; rays nu-
merous, linear; achenes '•glabrous, 4-sided.
Along roadsides and in fields. Nova Scotia to
Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina
and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Native
also in Asia. Scabwort. Horse-elder. Yellow star-
wort. Elfdock. Elfwort. Wild sunflower.
45s
COMPOS IT Al
Vol. III.
48. POLYMNIA L. Sp. PI. 926. 1753.
Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with opposite membranous lobed or
angled leaves, or the lower alternate, and mostly large eorymbose-paniculate heads of both
tubular aiul radiate yellow or whitish flowers, or rays sometimes wanting, lnvoluere hemi-
spheric or broader, of about 5 large outer braets, and more numerous smaller inner ones.
Receptacle chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, subtended by the inner involucral bracts,
the ligules elongated, minute, or none. Disk-flowers subtended by the chaffy scales of the
n eptacle, perfect, sterile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Ambers 2-toothed at the base.
Pappus none. Aebenes thick, short, turgid, glabrous. [From the Muse Polhymnia.|
About in species, natives of America. Only the following are known in North America. Type
species: Polymnia canadensis L.
Kays commonly 6" long or more, yellow; achenes strongly striate. 1. P. Uvedalia.
Rays commonly minute or up to 6" long, whitish, or none; achenes 3-ribbed. 2. P. canadensis.
i. Polymnia Uvedalia L. Yellow or Large-
flowered Leaf-cup. Fig. 4417.
Polymnia Uvedalia L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1303. 1763.
Rough-pubescent, stout, branched, 3°-io° high.
Leaves broadly ovate or deltoid, 3-nerved, abrupt 1\
contracted above the base, minutely cilia,te, more
or less pubescent on both sides, angulate-lobed, the
lower often 1° long and broad, petioled, the upper
sessile, somewhat clasping; heads few in terminal
clusters, peduncled, ii'— 3' broad; rays 10-15, com-
monly 6"-l2" long, linear-oblong, bright yellow,
3-toothed or entire; exterior bracts of the cup-like
involucre ovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliate, 4"-io" long ;
achenes slightly oblique and laterally compressed,
strongly striate, nearly 3" long.
In rich woods, New York to Indiana, Florida, Mis-
souri, Oklahoma and Texas. Bermuda. Yellow bears-
foot. July-Aug.
2. Polymnia canadensis L. Small-flowered
Leaf-cup. Fig. 4418.
Polymnia canadensis L. Sp. PI. 926. 1753.
Polymnia canadensis radiata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A.
1 : Part 2, 238. 1884.
P. radiata Small, Fl. S.E. U. S. 1239. 1903.
Rather slender, viscid-pubescent, at least above,
simple or branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves deltoid-
ovate to hastate, usually very thin, all petioled,
deeply angulate-lobed and the lobes dentate, or
the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, 4'-io' long, the upper-
most sometimes ovate and entire or merely den-
ticulate; heads few in terminal clusters, short-
peduncled or sessile, 4"-6" broad ; outer bracts of
the involucre ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acut-
ish, 2"-3" long ; rays small, minute or none, or
sometimes up to 6" long and 3-lobed, whitish or
yellowish ; achenes 3-angled. obovoid, obcom-
pressed, 3-ribbed, not striate.
In damp, rich shaded places, Vermont and Ontario
to Minnesota, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Tennessee
49. MELAMPODIUM L. Sp. PL 921. 1753-
Herbs, some species woody, with opposite entire or dentate leaves, and terminal peduncled
heads of both tubular and radiate, white or yellow flowers in our species. Involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts in 2 series, the 4 or 5'outer ones broad, often connate at the base, the inner
hooded, embracing or permanently surrounding the pistillate fertile ray-flowers. Receptacle
convex or conic, chaffy. Ray-flowers in I series, the rays spreading, 2-3-lobed or entire.
Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas with a narrowly campanulate 5-toothed limb, the
anthers entire at the base, the style undivided. Achenes obovoid. more or less incurved.
Pappus none. [Greek, black-foot, of doubtful significance, but the stem bases of the typical
species are dark-colored.]
and Arkansas. June-Sept
Genus 49.
THISTLE FAMILY.
459
About 35 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others
occur in the southwestern United States. Type species: Melampodium americanum L.
i. Melampodium leucanthum T. & G.
Plains Melampodium. Fig. 4419.
Melampodium leueanthui
1842.
T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 271.
Perennial, woody at the base, branched, canes-
cent, 4'-i2' high, the branches slender. Leaves
linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, sessile,
entire, or nearly so, canescent, 1/-2' long, 1V-3"
wide, obtuse or obtusish at the apex; heads J'-l'
broad, terminating the branches; peduncles slen-
der, 1-3' long; outer "bracts of the involucre ovate
or oval, obtuse, united below ; rays 5-9, cuneate-
oblong, white, 2-3-lobed, firm in texture, veiny,
persistent ; inner bracts turbinate or terete, hood-
ed, muricate, the hood wider than the body.
In dry soil, Kansas to Colorado, Arizona, Texas
and Mexico. June-Oct. Not distinguished, in our
first edition, from M. cinereum DC. of Texas and
northern Mexico.
50. ACANTHOSPERMUM Schrank, PI. Rar. Hort. Monac. pi. 53. 1819.
Annual rather coarse herbs, with pubescent foliage and erect or creeping stems, opposite,
broad, often leathery, toothed leaves, and radiate but inconspicuous heads, axillary to leaf-
like bracts. Involucre double, an outer one of flat herbaceous bracts, and an inner one of
several smaller bracts which become bur-like and fall away enclosing an achene at maturity.
Receptacle concave or convex. Ray-flowers few, in 1 series, the rays very small, yellowish,
concave or hooded. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile. Anthers entire at the base. Achenes
broadest above the middle, slightly curved. Pappus wanting. [Greek, thorn-seed, from the
prickly, bur-like fruits.]
About 3 species, natives of tropical America. Type species : Acanthospermum brasilium Schrank.
i. Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze.
Spiny-bur. Fig. 4420.
Melampodium australe Loefl. Iter. Hisp. 268. 1758.
A. xanthoides DC. Prodr. 5: 521. 1836.
A. australe Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI. 303, 1891.
Stems branching at the base, the branches prostrate or
creeping, J°-2° long. Leaves ovate, oval or rhombic, l'-l'
long, usually acute, serrate-dentate above the middle, cu-
neate at the base ; peduncles shorter than the subtending
leaves ; involucre campanulate, the bracts broadly ovate,
obtuse, l"-l4" long, uniformly prickly; disk-flowers with
corollas 1" long, puberulent; mature inner bracts of the
involucre forming a starfish-like bur, each lobe 4"-S" long,
densely beset with uniform blunt weak prickles.
In waste places and dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisi-
ana. June-Oct. Widely distributed as a weed in tropical re-
gions.
51. SILPHIUM P. Sp. PL 019- 1753-
Tall perennial herbs, with resinous juice, opposite whorled or alternate leaves, and large
corymbose or paniculate (rarely solitary) peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow
flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts imbricated in few series. Recep-
tacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers in 2 or 3
460
I 'i >.\11'()S1TAK.
\ I
series, pistillate, fertile, the ligules numerous, linear. Disk-flowers perfect but sterile, their
corollas tubular, 5-toothed, the style undivided. Anthers minutely 2-toothed or entire at tin-
base. Achenes broad, dorsally flattened. 2-winged, notched at the apex. Pappus none, or of
2 awns confluent with the wings of the achene. [Greek, from the resinous juice.]
U'out 1 2 species, nati\ es of North America, known as Rosin-weed or Rosin-plant. Type species :
Silphium Asteriscus L.
Stem leafy, the leaves opposite, alternate, or verticillate.
Leaves, or tluir petiole-bases, connate-perfoliate ; stem square.
Leaves not connate-perfoliate, sessile or petioled.
Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate; cauline sessile.
Leaves, or some of them, verticillate in 3's or 4's, petioled.
Most or all of the leaves alternate, entire or dentate.
L, aves all alternate, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, large.
Stem leafless or nearly so, scaly above ; leaves basal, large.
Leaves sharply serrate to pinnatifid; achenes obovate.
Leaves coarsely dentate ; achenes suborbicular.
1. 5. perfoliatum.
S. integrifolium.
S. trifoliatum.
S. Asteriscus.
S. laciniatum.
6. 5\ terebimhinaceum.
7. S. reniforme.
i. Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup-
plant. Indian-cup. Fig. 4421.
5. perfoliatum L. Sp. PL Ed. 2,
1 joi.
1/63.
Stem square, glabrous, or rarely some-
what hispid, branched above, or sometimes
simple, 4°-8° high. Leaves ovate or deltoid-
ovate, opposite, the upper connate-perfol-
iate, the lower abruptly contracted into
margined petioles, all thin, usually scabrous
on both sides, or pubescent beneath, coarse-
ly angulate-dentate, or the upper entire, the
larger 6'-i2' long, 4'-8' wide ; heads com-
monly numerous, 2-3' broad ; rays 20-30,
about 1' long and 2" wide; involucre de-
pressed-hemispheric, its outer bracts broad,
ovate, ciliolate, spreading or erect ; achenes
obovate, emarginate, sometimes 2-toothed.
In moist soil, southern Ontario to Minne-
sota, South Dakota, New Jersey. Georgia, Ne-
braska and Louisiana. Naturalized near New
York City, and elsewhere escaped from culti-
vation. Called also ragged-cup. July-Sept.
2. Silphium integrifolium Michx. Entire-
leaved Rosin-wood. Fig. 4422.
S. integrifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 146. 1803.
5\ speciosum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 341.
1 84 1.
Stem glabrous, rough or sometimes hirsute, co-
rymbosely branched above, 2°-5° high. Leaves ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, den-
ticulate or remotely dentate, rough above, pubescent
or glabrous beneath, those of the stem all closely
sessile, often half-clasping but not connate-perfol-
iate at the rounded base, 3'-s' long, 1-2' wide;
heads usually numerous, i'-a' broad; involucre
nearly hemispheric, its outer bracts ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute, spreading, ciliolate or pubescent ;
rays 15-25; achenes oval or obovate, 4"-5" long,
deeply emarginate.
On prairies, Ohio to Minnesota, south to Louisiana,
Nebraska, Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
Genus 51.
THISTLE FAMILY.
3. Silphium trifoliatum L. Whorled
Rosin-weed. Fig. 4423.
Silphium trifoliatum L. Sp. PI. 920. 1753.
Stem glabrous, sometimes glaucous, corym-
bosely branched at the summit, 4°~7° high.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the
middle ones almost always whorled in 3's or
4's, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
base and usually somewhat petioled, rough
or roughish above, pubescent or nearly gla-
brous beneath, entire or denticulate, z'-y long,
Y-iY wide; heads several or numerous, li-2'
broad ; involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts
ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, glabrous or
slightly pubescent, ciliolate ; rays 15-20 ; achenes
oval or obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate,
sharply 2-toothed.
In woods, Pennsylvania to Ohio, Ontario, Vir-
ginia and Alabama. July-Oct.
4. Silphium Asteriscus L. Starry Rosin-
weed. Fig. 4424.
Silphium Asteriscus L. Sp. PI. 920. 1753.
Stem hispid-pubescent, simple or branched above,
j°-4° high, usually purple. Leaves nearly all
alternate, ovate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute
or obtusish, sessile, somewhat clasping, or the
lower narrowed into short petioles, dentate, or
the upper entire, a'-s' long, i'-i' wide; heads
commonly few, l'-2' broad; rays 12-15; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts mostly hispid, ovate
to oblong, acute or obtuse, squarrose ; achenes
oval or obovate. narrowly winged, 2-toothed.
In dry soil. Maryland to Tennessee and Missouri,
south to Florida and Louisiana. June-Sept.
5. Silphium laciniatum L. Compass-
plant. Pilot- weed. Fig. 4425.
Silphium laciniatum L. Sp. PI. 919. 1753.
Rough or hispid, very resinous ; stem6°-i2°
high ; basal leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid,
long-petioled, i° long or more, the lobes ob-
long or lanceolate ; stem leaves alternate, ver-
tical, their edges tending to point north and
south, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, the
upper cordate-clasping at the base, gradually
smaller and less divided ; heads several or
numerous, sessile or short-peduncled, 2'-5'
broad, the peduncles bracted at the base ; rays
20-30, 1 '-2' long ; involucre pearly hemispheric,
its bracts large, rigid, lanceolate or ovate, very
squarrose ; achenes oval, about 6" long, the
wing broader above than below, notched at
the apex, awnless.
On prairies, Ohio to South Dakota, south to
Alabama, Louisiana and Texas. Turpentine-weed,
polar-plant, rosin-weed. July-Sep*.
46;
COMPOSITAE.
Vol III.
6. Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq.
Prairie Dock. Prairie Burdock.
Fig. 4426.
Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. I lort. Vind.
1: />'• 43- '77°-
S. pinnatifidum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 462.
1824.
Silphium terebinthinaceum pinnatifidum A.
Gray, Man. 220. 1848.
Stem glabrous or nearly so, branched
and scaly above, 4°-io° high. Leaves all
basal or nearly so, coriaceous, ovate, mostly
long-petioled, acute at the apex, cordate
at the base, rough on both sides, often 12'
long and 6' wide, sharply dentate, laciniate
orpinnatifid; heads numerous, 1*'— 3' broad,
borne on glabrous peduncles; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts ovate-oblong, erect,
glabrous or minutely pubescent; rays 12-20;
achenes obovate, narrowly winged, slightly
2-toothed and emarginate at the apex.
On prairies and in dry woods, southern On-
tario and Ohio to Minnesota, south to Georgia,
Iowa and Louisiana. Rosin-plant. July-Sept.
7. Silphium reniforme Raf. Kidney-
leaved Silphium. Fig. 4427.
Silphium reniforme Raf.; Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 34^- 1840.
.S. eompositum reniforme T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 :
276. 1842.
Stem scape-like, 3°-6° tall, glabrous or
nearly so, corymbosely branched above.
Leaves mostly basal, broadly ovate to reni-
form, 4'-i5' long, obtuse or abruptly point-
ed, coarsely dentate, deeply cordate at the
base, long-petioled ; heads numerous, about
1' broad, the peduncles glabrous; involucre
campanulate, the bracts ovate or broadly
oblong to narrowly oblong or oblong-spatu-
late, obtuse ; rays several, yellow ; achenes
suborbicular or orbicular-obovate, 3*" long,
the wings prolonged enough to form a shal-
low apical sinus.
In dry or stony soil, mountains of Virginia
and North Carolina. July-Aug.
Silphium eompositum Michx., a related
southern species with pedately parted leaves,
is reported as observed in southern Virginia.
52. CHRYSOGONUM L. Sp. PL 920. 1753.
Pubescent perennial herbs, with opposite and basal petioled leaves, and slender-peduncled-
axillary and terminal, rather large heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers. Invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series of 5, the outer large, obovate or spatulate, foliaceous,
the inner oval, firm, each subtending a pistillate ray-flower. Receptacle chaffy, each scale
subtending and partly enclosing a perfect but sterile tubular flower with a 5-tooth.ed corolla.
Anthers nearly entire at the base. Achenes obovate, compressed, their margins acute, not
winged, i-nerved on the back, 1-2-ribbed on the inner side. Pappus a short half-cup-shaped
crown. [Greek, golden-knee.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
Genus 52.
THISTLE FAMILY.
463
1. Chrysogonum virginianum L. Chryso-
gonum. Fig. 4428.
Chrysogonum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 920. 1753.
Chrysogonum virginianum dentatum A. Gray, Bot.
Gaz. 7:31. 1S82.
Perennial by rootstocks or runners, pubescent
or hirsute throughout, branched from the base,
or at first acaulescent, 3'-I2' high. Leaves ovate or
oblong, obtuse or acutish at the apex, the upper
sometimes subcordate at the base, dentate or
crenate-dentate, rather thin, i'-3' long, i'-z' wide,
the basal ones with petioles as long as the blade
or longer, those of the upper one shorter; pedun-
cles I '-4' long; heads l'-lj' broad; outer bracts
of the involucre obtuse or acute; rays about 5,
4"-7" long.
In dry soil, southern Pennsylvania to Florida and
Alabama. April-July.
53. BERLANDIERA DC. Frodr. 5: 517. 1836.
Perennial canescent or pubescent herbs, with alternate leaves and rather large, peduncled
solitary or corymbose heads of both tubular and radiate yellow-flowers. Involucre depressed-
hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in about 3 series, the outermost small, mostly oblong, the
second series broader, oval or obovate, the inner membranous, similar, reticulated when mature,
subtending the ray-flowers and exceeding the disk. Receptacle nearly flat, chaffy, the chaff
subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 5-12, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, tubular,
sterile, their corollas S-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style of
the tubular flowers undivided, hirsute. Achenes obovate, compressed, not winged, l-ribbed
on the inner side, the pappus obsolete, early deciduous or of 2 caducous awns. [Named
after J. L. Berlandier, a Swiss botanical collector in Texas and Mexico.]
About 8 species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico.
lexana DC.
Stem leafy ; leaves ovate to oblong, crenate.
Plant acaulescent, or nearly so ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid.
Type species : Berlandiera
1. B. texana.
2. B. lyrata.
i. Berlandiera texana DC. Texan
Berlandiera. Fig. 4429.
Berlandiera texana DC. Prodr. 5: 517. 1836.
Hirsute-pubescent throughout; stem erect,
branched above, or simple, 2°-3° high, leafy.
Leaves ovate, or the basal oblong, crenate,
acutish or obtuse at the apex, rounded or
cordate at the base, 2'~4' long, l'-z' wide, the
upper sessile, the lower petioled ; heads few
or several, l'-lj' broad, in a terminal corym-
bose-cymose cluster; peduncles \'-\¥ long;
inner bracts of the involucre twice as large
as the outer.
In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Arkansas
and Louisiana. July-Aug.
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
2. Berlandiera lyrata Benth. Lyre-leaved
I terlandiera. Fig. .1430.
Silphium Nuttaltianum Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 216.
Name only. 1827.
Berlandiera lyrata Benth. PI, llartw. 17. 1839.
Finely whitish-canescent, acaulcscent or sliort-
stemmed; scapes or peduncles slender, 3' -8' long,
bearing a solitary head, or rank 2. Leaves lyrate-
pinnatifid, obtuse, petioled, the terminal segment
usually larger than the lateral ones, the lower ones
very small, all obtuse, mostly erenate, sometimes
becoming green and glabrate above; head about i'
broad; inner bracts of the involucre much broader
than the outer, orbicular, or wider than long ; achenes
obovate, keeled on the inner face.
In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico.
54. ENGELMANNIA T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 283. 1841.
Perennial hirsute herbs, with alternate pinnatifid leaves, and corymbose slender-peduncled
rather large heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its
bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer linear, loose, hirsute, ciliate, the inner oval or
obovate, concave, appressed, subtending the ray-flowers. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the chaff
subtending and partly enclosing the disk-flowers. Rays 8-10, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers
about as many, tubular, perfect, sterile, the corolla S-toothed. Anthers minutely 2-dentate
at the base. Style of the tubular flowers undivided. Achenes obovate, compressed, not
winged, i-ribbed on each face. Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown. [Named for
Dr. Geo. Engelmann, 1809-1884, botanist, of St. Louis.]
A monotypic genus of the south-central United States.
i. Engelmannia pinnatifida T. & G. Engel-
mannia. Fig. 4431.
E. pinnatifida T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 283. 1841.
Stem usually branched above, i°-3° high. Basal
leaves slender-petioled, 4'-8' long, their lobes lanceo-
late or oblong, dentate or entire, obtuse or acutish ;
upper leaves smaller, sessile, less divided, the upper-
most sometimes entire, or with a pair of basal lobes;
heads usually numerous, about 1' broad; peduncles
l'-S' long; outer bracts of the involucre somewhat
in 2 series, the first linear, the second broadened at
the base.
In dry soil, Kansas to Colorado, Louisiana, Arizona
and North Mexico. Reported as found along railroads
in western Missouri. May-Aug.
55. PARTHENIUM L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753.
Perennial, mostly pubescent or canescent herbs, or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and
small corymbose or paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate white or yellow flowers.
Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, obtuse,
appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff membranous, sur-
rounding the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers about 5, pistillate, fertile, their ligules short, broad.
2-toothed or obcordate. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas 5-toothed, the style undi-
vided. Anthers entire at the base. Achenes compressed, keeled on the inner face, margined,
bearing the persistent rays on the summit. Pappus of 2-3 scales or awns. [Greek, virgin.]
About 12 species, natives of North America, Mexico, the West Indies and northern South America.
Besides the following, some 3 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type
species: Parthenium Hysterophorus L.
Genus 55.
THISTLE FAMILY.
465
Leaves 1-2-pinnatifid ; annual weed.
Leaves crenate-dentate, or somewhat lyrate ; perennials.
Stem glabrous, or pubescent or puberulent above ; rootstock
tuberous-thickened.
Stem hirsute or villous.
Stem leaves auricled, clasping at base; rootstock thick.
Stem leaves sessile, not auricled ; rootstock long, slender.
i. Parthenium Hysterophorus L. Santa Maria.
Fig- 4432-
P. Hysterophorus L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753.
Annual, strigose-pubescent or somewhat villous, usu-
ally much branched, i°-2*° high. Leaves ovate to ob-
long in outline, 1-2-pinnately parted into linear or lan-
ceolate toothed or pinnatifid segments, thin and flaccid;
heads numerous, 2V-3" broad; involucre saucer-shaped,
its bracts concave, the outer ones rhombic, the inner
broader; ray-flowers few; rays reniform, white, about
i" wide ; achenes obovate, about 1" long.
Waste and cultivated grounds, southern Pennsylvania to
Illinois, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Throughout tropical
America. July-Sept.
1. P. Hysterophorus.
2. P. integrifolium.
3. P. auriculatum.
4. P. hispidum.
2. Parthenium integrifolium L. Amer-
ican Fever-few. Prairie Dock.
Fig. 4433-
P. integrifolium L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753.
Stem stout, striate, finely pubescent with
short hairs, or glabrous below, corymbosely
branched above, l°-4° high. Rootstocks tuber-
ous thickened; leaves firm, ovate or ovate-
oblong, acute or acuminate, crenate-dentate
or somewhat lyrate at the base, hispidulous
and roughish on both sides, the lower and
basal ones petioled, often 12' long and 5' wide,
the upper smaller, sessile ; heads numerous
in a dense terminal corymb ; involucre nearly
hemispheric, about 3" high, its bracts firm,
the outer oblong, densely appressed-pubes-
cent, the inner broader, glabrous, or ciliate
on the margins ; rays white or whitish.
In dry soil, Maryland to Minnesota, south to
Georgia, Missouri and Arkansas. Cutting-almond.
Wild quinine. May-Sept.
3. Parthenium auriculatum Britton. Auri-
cled Parthenium. Fig. 4434.
P. auriculatum Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3:
521. 1898.
Rootstock an oval erect tuber twice as long as
thick; stem villous-pubescent, iA°-24° high. Leaves
rough above, villous, especially on the veins be-
neath, oval, ovate or oblong, irregularly crenate-
dentate, some or all of them laciniate or pinnatifid
at the base, the basal and lower slender-petioled
with petiole as long as the blade, or longer, the
upper with a sessile clasping auricled base, or
with margined clasping petioles; inflorescence
densely corymbose, its branches villous-tomen-
tose; bracts of the involucre densely canescent.
Mountains of Virginia.
3°
I OMPOSIT VE.
Vol. III.
4. Parthenium hispidum Kaf. Creeping
or Hairy Parthenium. Fig. 4435.
Parthenium hispidum Kaf. New Fl. N. A. 2: 35.
1836.
/'. rcpens Eggert, Cat. PI. St. Louis 16. 1891.
Similar to the two preceding species, but
lower, seldom over 2° high. Rootstocks slen-
der, forming runners; stem pilose or hispid
with spreading hairs; leaves hispid on both
sides, irregularly crenate, sometimes lyrate at
the base, the teeth rounded and obtuse; heads
fewer, slightly larger, in a small loose corymb;
outer bracts of the involucre proportionately
broader.
Barren rocky soil, Missouri to Kansas and
Texas. April- July.
56.
I/-58.
CRASSINA Scepin, Sched. Acido Veg. 42.
[Zinnia L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1221. 1759.]
Annual or perennal herbs, some species shrubby, with opposite, entire, or sparingly ser-
rate, mostly narrow and sessile leaves, and large or middle-sized heads of both tubular and
radiate flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, yellow, or variegated, persistent on the achene. Disk-
flowers perfect, fertile ; corolla cylindraceous, its lobes villous. Involucre campanulate to
nearly cylindric, its bracts obtuse, dry, firm, appressed. imbricated in 3 series or more, the
outer gradually shorter. Receptacle conic or cylindric, chaffy, the chaff subtending and
enwrapping the disk-flowers. Style-branches elongated, not appendages. Achenes of the
ray-flowers somewhat 3-angled, those of the disk flattened. Pappus of few awns or teeth.
[In honor of Paul Crassus, an Italian botanist of the sixteenth century.]
About 12 species, natives of the United States and Mexico. Type species: Chrysogonum peru-
vianum L.
i. Crassina grandiflora ( Nutt. ) Kuntze.
Prairie Zinnia. Fig. 4436.
Zinnia grandiflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II)
7: 348- 1841.
Crassina grandiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 331. 1891.
Perennial, woody at the base, tufted, much
branched, rough, 4'-6' high. Leaves rather rigid,
linear to linear-lanceolate, entire. 6"-lS" long,
ii" wide, or less, connate at the base, acute or
acutish, crowded ; heads numerous, peduncled,
terminating the branches, io"-i8" broad; rays 4
or 5, broad, yellow, rounded, or emarginate, their
achenes with a pappus of 2 or 4 awns; involucre
campanulate-cylindric, 3"-4" high; style-branches
of the disk flowers subulate.
In dry soil. Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Mexico
and Arizona. June-Sept.
57. HELIOPSIS Pers. Syn. 2: 473. 1807.
Perennial herbs (a tropical species annual), with opposite petioled 3-ribbed leaves, and
large peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Invo-
lucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong or lanceolate, imbricated in 2
or 3 series. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff enveloping the disk-flowers. Ray-
flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays spreading, the tube very short, commonly persistent on
the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, the tube short, the limb elongated, 5-toothed. Anthers
Genus 57.
THISTLE FAMILY.
467
entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with small hirsute append-
ages. Achenes thick, obtusely 3-4-angled, the summit truncate. Pappus none, or of 2-4
teeth, or a coroniform border. [Greek, sun-like.]
About 6 species, natives of America. Besides the following, two others occur in the southern
and southwestern United States. Type species : Heliopsis laevis Pers.
Leaves mostly smooth, or nearly so; pappus none, or of 2-4 stout teeth. 1. H. helianthoides.
Leaves rough ; pappus crown-like, or of 1-3 sharp teeth. 2. H. scabra.
i. Heliopsis helianthoides (L. ) Sweet.
Ox-eye. False Sunflower. Fig. 4437.
Buphthahnuin helianthoides L. Sp. PI. 904. 1753.
Heliopsis laevis Pers. Syn. 2 : 473. 1807.
Heliopsis helianthoides Sweet, Hort. Brit. 487.
1827.
Stem glabrous, branched above, 3°-5° high.
Leaves opposite, or rarely in 3's, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, acuminate at the
apex, usually abruptly narrowed at the base,
sharply and nearly equally dentate, smooth on
both sides, or roughish, 3'-6' long, I '—2 J ' wide;
heads long-peduncled. somewhat corymbose,
l¥-2t' broad; rays c/'-l2" long, persistent, or
at length decaying away from the achenes ;
bracts of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong,
obtuse or acutish, the outer commonly longer
than the inner; achenes glabrous, the summit
truncate; pappus none, or of 2-4 short teeth.
In open places, Ontario to New York, Florida,
North Dakota, Illinois and Tennessee. July-Sept.
2. Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Rough Ox-eye.
Fig- 4438-
Heliopsis scabra Dunal, Mem. Mus. Paris 5 : 56. pi. 4-
1819.
Heliopsis laevis var. scabra T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 303.
1842.
Similar to the preceding species, but stem
rough, at least above, simple or branched, 2°-4°
high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
sometimes acuminate, sharply dentate, rough on
both sides, firm, 2'-$' long, 1Y-2' wide, abruptly
narrowed at the base, short-petioled ; heads few,
or sometimes solitary, long-peduncled, 2'-2i'
broad; rays usually 1' long, or more; bracts of
the involucre canescent, oblong or linear-oblong;
achenes pubescent on the margins when young ;
pappus a short laciniate crown, or 1-3 sharp teeth.
Usually in dry soil, Maine to New York, New Jer-
sey, Manitoba, "British Columbia. Arkansas and New
Mexico. June-Sept. False sunflower.
58. VERBESINA L. Sp. PI. 901. 1753.
Erect or diffuse branching pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite leaves, and small
peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate whitish flowers. Involucre
hemispheric or broadly campanulate. its bracts imbricated in about 2 series, nearly equal, of
the outer longer. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy, the chaff awn-like, subtending the achenes.
Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas tubular,
4-toothed or rarely 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-
branches of the disk-flowers with obtuse or triangular tips. Achenes thick, those of the rays
3-sided or 4-sided, those of the disk compressed. Pappus none, or of a few short teeth.
[Name changed from Verbena.}
About 4 species, mostly of tropical distribution, the following typical.
46S
COMPOS I TAE.
Vol.111.
i. Verbesina alba L. Verba de tajo. Fig. 4431;.
Verbesina alba 1.. Sp. PI. 902. 1753.
Bclipta crecta'L. Mant. 2: 2S6. 1771.
Eclipta procumbent Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 129. 1803.
Eclipta alba Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 528. 1848.
Annual, rough with appressed pubescence, erect or
diffuse, 6'-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, denticulate
or entire, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower peti-
oled, l'-s' long, 2"-io" wide; heads commonly numer-
ous, 3"-6" broad, nearly sessile, or slender-peduncled ;
rays short, nearly white; anthers brown; achenes
4-toothed, or at length truncate.
Along streams, and in waste places, Massachusetts to Illi-
nois, Nebraska, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Naturalized
from the south in its northeastern range and widely dis-
tributed in warm regions as a weed. July-Oct.
59. TETRAGONOTHECA (Dill.) L. Sp. PI. 903. 1753.
Erect perennial mostly branched herbs, with opposite, sessile or connate-perfoliate, broad
dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre
depressed-hemispheric, its principal bracts 4, large and foliaceous, inserted in 1 series; inner
bracts 6-15, small, subtending the pistillate ray-flowers. Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff
concave, enwrapping the perfect fertile disk-flowers, the corollas of which are slender and
S-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-
flowers hispid, tipped with elongated appendages. Achenes thick, 4-sided, truncate at the
summit. Pappus none, or of several short scales. [Greek, 4-angled-case. referring to the
involucre.]
Four known species, natives of the southern United States and northern Mexico, the follow-
ing typical.
i. Tetragonotheca helianthoides L.
Tetragonotheca. Fig. 4440.
Tetragonotheca helianthoides L. Sp. PI. 903. 1753.
Yiscidly pubescent ; stem brancned or sim-
ple, l°-2i0 high Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong,
or somewhat rhomboid, thin, coarsely and un-
equally dentate, pinnately veined, acute at the
apex, narrowed at the sessile or somewhat
clasping base, 2'-6' long, I '-3' wide; heads
usually few, 1V-3' broad ; involucre 4-angled
in the bud, its principal bracts broadly ovate,
acute ; rays 6-10, strongly parallel-nerved, 2-3-
toothed : corolla-tube villous below; achenes
4-sided, or nearly terete; pappus none.
In dry soil. Virginia to Tennessee. Florida and
Alabama. May-June. Sometimes flowering again
in autumn.
Genus 60.
THISTLE FAMILY.
469
60. SPILANTHES Jacq. Stirp. Am. 214. />/. 126. 1763.
Annual or perennial branching herbs, with opposite, usually toothed leaves and rather
small, long-peduncled discoid and radiate heads, terminal, or in the upper axils, or rays
wanting in some species. Involucre campanulate, its bracts in about 2 series, herbaceous,
loosely appressed. Receptacle convex or elongated, chaffy, its chaff embracing the disk-
achenes and at length falling away with them. Ray-flowers yellow, or white, pistillate, some-
times wanting. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, their corollas tubular with an expanded 4-5-cleft
limb. Anthers truncate at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers long, sometimes
penicillate at the summit. Ray-achenes 3-sided, or compressed, those of the disk-flowers
compressed, margined. Pappus of 1-3 awns, or more. [Greek, spot- or stain-flower, not
significant.]
About 30 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Spilanthes urens Jacq.
i. Spilanthes repens (Walt.) Michx.
Spilanthes. Fig. 4441.
Anthemis repens Walt. Fl. Car. jit. 1788.
Spilanthes repens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 131. 1803.
S1. americana repens A. H. Moore, Proc. Am. Acad.
42 : 547. 1907.
Perennial, usually rooting at the lower nodes ;
stem slender, simple or branched, spreading or
ascending, 8'-2° long, pubescent, or nearly gla-
brous. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, petioled, acute
or acuminate at the apex, or the lower obtuse,
coarsely toothed, or nearly entire, I -3' long;
heads long-peduncled, solitary at the end of the
stem and branches, 6"-io" broad; bracts of the
involucre oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or
acute; rays 8-12, yellow; receptacle narrowly
conic ; achenes oblong, most of them roughened
when mature and hispidulous ; pappus of 1 or 2
very short awns, or none.
In moist or wet soil, Missouri to Texas, east to
South Carolina and Florida. June-Sept.
61. RUDBECKIA L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753.
Perennial or biennial (rarely annual), mostly rigid, usually rough or hispid herbs, with
alternate undivided lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and large long-peduncled heads of tubular
(mostly purple) and radiate (yellow) flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated
in 2-4 series. Receptacle conic or convex, with chaffy concave scales subtending or envelop-
ing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers neutral, the rays entire or toothed. Disk-flowers perfect,
fertile, their corollas 5-lobed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-mucronate at the base. Style-
branches tipped with hirsute appendages. Achenes 4-angled, obtuse or truncate at the apex.
Pappus coroniform, sometimes of 2-4 short teeth, or none. [In honor of Claus Rudbeck,
1630-1702, Swedish anatomist and botanist.]
About 30 species, natives of North America and Mexico. In addition to the following, some 20
others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species: Rudbeckia hirta L.
Disk globose or ovoid and purple or dark brown in fruit ; lower leaves entire or lobed.
Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided.
Plant more or less hirsute ; leaves thin ; chaff awned.
Plant scabrous ; leaves thick ; chaff blunt, pubescent at apex.
Leaves neither 3-lobed nor 3-divided.
Plants hispid ; style-branches subulate.
Stein leaves lanceolate to oblong : involucre shorter than the rays.
Stem leaves oval to obovate ; involucral bracts foliaceous, nearly as long as the rays.
4. R. Briltonii
Plants pubescent or glabrate ; style-branches obtuse.
Chaff merely ciliate.
Leaves denticulate or entire; rays 9"-i2" long.
Basal leaves narrowed at base.
Basal leaves cordate at base.
Leaves dentate or laciniate ; rays about 18" long.
Chaff canescent.
Disk elongated or cylindric in fruit, yellowish or gray.
Leaves very thick, shallowly toothed.
Leaves thin, pinnately divided or pinnatifid.
R. triloba.
R. subtomentosa.
3. R. hir:a.
R. fulgida.
R. nmbrosa.
R. speciosa.
8. R. grandiflora.
9. R. maxima.
10. R. laeiniata.
470
i i i.Ml'oSI I \K.
Vol.111.
i. Rudbeckia triloba L. Thin-leaved
( i me ili iwer. Fig. 4442.
Rudbeckia triloba L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753.
Stem somewhat pubescent and rough, rarely
glabrate, branched, - 5 high. Leaves thin,
i''iiL:h mi Ik, th sides, bright green, the basal
and lower ones petioled, some or all of them
3-lobed or 3-parted, the lobes lanceolate or ob-
long, acuminate, sharply serrate; upper leaves
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acumi-
nate nr acute, narrowed to a sessile base or
into short margined petioles, serrate or entire,
2-4 long, J'-i' wide; heads nearly 2' broad,
corymbed; bracts of the involucre linear,
acute; pubescent, soon reflexed ; rays 8-12,
yellow, or the base orange or brownish-purple;
disk dark purple, ovoid, about 6" broad; chaff
of the receptacle awn-pointed ; pappus a mi-
nute crown.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Georgia, west to
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Kansas and Louisi-
ana. Sometimes escaped from gardens to road-
sides. Brown-eyed susan. June-Oct.
Sweet
2. Rudbeckia subtomentosa rursh.
Cone-flower. Fig. 4443.
Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 575. 1814.
Densely and finely cinereous-pubescent and scabrous;
stem branched above, 2°-6° high. Leaves thick, some
or all of the lower ones deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted,
petioled, 3'— 5' long, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, dentate ; upper leaves, or some of them,
lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, sessile or nearly so ;
heads numerous, 2'-3' broad ; rays 15-20, yellow, or
with a darker base; disc subglobose, rounded, purple
or brown, 6"-8" broad ; bracts of the involucre linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, sweet-scented ; chaff
of the receptacle linear, obtuse or obtusish. pubescent,
or somewhat glandular at the apex ; pappus a short
crenate crown.
On prairies and along rivers, Illinois to Louisiana, Kan-
sas and Texas. July-Sept.
3. Rudbeckia hirta L. Black Eyed Susan.
Yellow Daisy. Fig. 4444.
Rudbeckia hirta L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753.
Hirsute or hispid throughout, biennial or some-
times annual; stems simple or sparingly branched,
often tufted, l°-3° high. Leaves thick, sparingly
serrate with low teeth, or entire, lanceolate or ob-
long, the lower and basal ones petioled, mostly ob-
tuse, 3-5-nerved, 2'-/ long, ¥-2' wide, the upper
sessile, narrower, acute or acutish ; heads commonly
few or solitary, 2'-4 broad ; rays 10-20, orange or
orange-yellow, rarely darker at the base ; bracts of
the involucre very hirsute, spreading or reflexed,
much shorter than the rays ; disk globose-ovoid,
purple-brown ; chaff of the receptacle linear, acute
or acutish, hirsute at the apex; style-tips acute;
pappus none.
Prairies and plains, Ontario to Manitoba, Florida,
Colorado and Texas. Widely distributed in the east as
a weed, north to Quebec. Races differ in pubescence
and in length and color of the rays. Nigger- or darkey-
head. Nigger- or poor-land daisy. Golden-jerusalem. Yel-
low ox-eye-daisy. English bull's-eye. Brown daisy or betty. Brown-eyed susan. May-Sept.
Rudbeckia monticola Small, of the southern Alleghanies, with broader, ovate, acute or acumi-
nate stem leaves, is recorded as extending northward into Pennsylvania.
Genus 6i.
THISTLE FAMILY
4. Rudbeckia Brittonii Small. Britton's
Cone-flower. Fig. 4445.
R. Brittonii Small, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 130. 1894.
Stem stout, hispid, erect, li°-22° high, simple,
grooved, leafy, at least below. Leaves serrate
or crenate-serrate, strigose-pubescent, the basal
ones ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-4' long, obtuse,
long-petioled ; stem leaves obovate to oval, often
with a lateral lobe, the petioles wing-margined;
uppermost leaves often ovate-lanceolate, sessile,
cordate; bracts of the involucre foliaceous, often
1' long or more; head 2'-3* broad; rays about 12,
2-lobed ; outer chaff oblanceolate, the inner linear,
acute, purple-tipped, fringed with jointed hairs;
style-tips slender, acute.
In woods, Pennsylvania to Virginia and Tennessee.
May-July.
5. Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. Orange or Bril-
liant Cone-flower. Fig. 4446.
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 251. 1789.
R. spathulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 144. 1803.
Rudbeckia missouriensis Engelm. ; Boynton & Beadle,
Biltmore Bot. Studies I : 17. 1901.
R. palustris Eggert ; Boynton & Beadle, loc. cit. 16. 1901.
Perennial ; stem hirsute, or strigose-pubescent,
slender, sparingly branched or simple, i°-3° high.
Leaves entire or sparingly serrate with distant teeth,
more or less hirsute or pubescent on both sides, the
basal and lower ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse,
2'-4' long, 3-nerved, narrowed into margined petioles,
the upper lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, ovate or obo-
vate, sessile, or slightly clasping at the base ; heads
few. i'-il' broad; bracts of the involucre oblong or
lanceolate. 3 "-8" long; rays 8-15, linear, bright yel-
low or with an orange base ; disk globose or globose-
ovoid, brown-purple, s"-y" broad ; chaff of the re-
ceptacle linear-oblong, glabrous, or ciliate at the
summit ; pappus a minute crown.
In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida,
west to Missouri and Texas. Consists of races differing
in pubescence and leaf-form. Aug.-Oct.
6. Rudbeckia umbrosa Boynton & Beadle.
Woodland Cone-flower. Fig. 4447.
Rudbeckia umbrosa Boynton & Beadle, Biltmore Bot.
Studies 1 : 16. 1901.
Pubescent, perennial; stems. lj°-3l° tall, striate,
simple or branched. Leaves thin, the basal and
lower cauline ones ovate, 2'-4i' long, coarsely ser-
rate, rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, acute
at the apex, the upper stem leaves diminishing in
size, short-petioled or subsessile, narrower and less
toothed than the lower ; heads mostly several, showy ;
rays 8-12, yellow or orange-yellow, 7"-io" long ;
bracts of the involucre oblong to linear-oblong,
5"— 7*" long, pointed ; disk somewhat depressed, 5"-
7§" wide, dark purple; chaff broad, densely ciliate
at the apex; pappus coroniform.
In moist soil and woodlands, Kentucky, Tennessee and
northwestern Georgia. Aug.-Sept.
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
7. Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth. Showy
( bne-flower. i'ig. 444&-
Rudbeckia aspera Pers. Syn. 2: 477. 1807?
R, speciosa VVendler. tnd. Sem. Hort. Marb. 1828.
Perennial, more or less hirsute or hispid; stem
branched above, i°-4° high. Leaves firm, slender-
petioled, 2'-s' long, 1-2' wide, dentate with low teeth,
acute or sometimes acuminate, 3-5-nervcd ; stem
leaves sessile or partly clasping, or narrowed into
broad margined petioles, laciniate or serrate, lanceo-
late to ovate, acuminate, often 6' long, the uppermost
smaller and sometimes entire; heads several, 2'-3'
broad ; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate,
acute; rays 12-20. r'-ii' long, bright yellow, usually
orange at the base; disk depressed-globose, s"-8"
broad, brown-purple ; chaff of the receptacle obtusish
or acute, ciliate or naked; pappus a short crown.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Michigan, south to Ala-
bama and Arkansas. Aug.-Oct.
Rudbeckia Sullivantii Boynton & Beadle has been
separated from R. speciosa on account of its broader
leaves, larger disk-flowers and larger achenes.
8. Rudbeckia grandifldra Gmelin.
Large-flowered Cone-flower.
Fig. 4449-
Rudbeckia grandiflora Gmelin ; DC. Prodr. 5 :
556. 1836.
Perennial; stem 1F-30 tall, scabrous or
hispid throughout. Leaves mainly on the
lower part of the stem, very rough on both
surfaces, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, 2.V-&
long, acute or acuminate at the apex, cu-
neate or more abruptly contracted at the
base, shallowly serrate or denticulate, the
petioles of the lower cauline and basal
leaves as long as the blades or longer;
heads large, solitary or few, showy ; rays
several, yellow, il'-li' long, drooping;
bracts of the involucre linear, acuminate ;
disk ovoid or ovoid-globose, i'-i' thick;
chaff obtuse, canescent ; pappus conspicuous,
crenate or toothed.
On dry prairies, Oklahoma to Louisiana and
Texas ; introduced into Missouri. June-Aug.
9. Rudbeckia maxima Nutt. Great Cone-
flower. Fig. 445°-
Rudbeckia maxima Xutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II)
7: 354. 1S41.
Perennial; stem 3°-o° tall, simple or branched
above, smooth, glaucous. Leaves oblong, oval,
or ovate, or pandurate, 2*'-8' long, mostly ob-
tuse, undulate, repand-denticulate or entire, the
upper sessile and partly clasping; heads large,
showy; rays several, yellow, 7"-2o" long; bracts
of the involucres linear or linear-lanceolate,
acute, short; disk cylindric to conic-cylindric,
1-2I' long; chaff abruptly short-pointed, pubes-
cent at the summit ; pappus conspicuous, den-
ticulate, accentuated at the angles.
In moist soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas.
June-Aug.
Genus 6i.
THISTLE FAMILY.
473
10. Rudbeckia laciniata L. Tall, or Green-
headed Cone-flower. Fig. 4451.
Rudbeckia laciniata L. Sp. PI. 906- 1753-
Perennial ; stem much branched, glabrous, or nearly
so, 3°-i2° high. Leaves rather thin, minutely pubes-
cent on the margins and upper surface, broad, the
basal and lower ones long-petioled, often 1° wide.
pinnately 3-7-divided, the segments variously toothed
and lobed ; stem leaves shorter-petioled, 3-5-parted
or divided, the uppermost much smaller, 3-lobed,
dentate or entire; heads several or numerous, 2Y-4'
broad; rays 6-10, bright yellow, drooping; bracts of
the involucre unequal; chaff of the receptacle trun-
cate and canescent at the apex ; disk greenish-yellow,
at length oblong and twice as long as thick or longer ;
pappus a short crown.
In moist thickets. Quebec to Manitoba, Idaho, Colo-
rado, Florida and Arizona. Thimble-weed. A double-
flowered form in cultivation is called golden-glow. July-
Sept.
A southern mountain race, lower, often only i" high,
with smaller heads, has been described as Rudbeckia
laciniata humilis A. Gray.
62. DRACOPIS Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 35: 273. 1825.46:400. 1827.
An annual caulescent herb, with smooth and glaucous foliage, and alternate broad thickish.
entire or slightly serrate, i-ribbed, clasping leaves. Heads radiate, showy. Involucre flat,
many-flowered, of few narrow, somewhat foliaceous bracts. Receptacle slender, with early
deciduous chaffy scales. Ray-flowers few, neutral, the rays yellow or often brownish-purple
at the base. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, brownish, their corollas 5-lobed. Style-branches
with small pubescent appendages. Achenes terete or nearly so, not angled, striate and
minutely transversely wrinkled. Pappus wanting. [Greek, dragon-like, referring to the
appendaged style-branches.]
A monotypic genus of the southeastern United States.
i. Dracopis amplexicaulis (Vahl) Cass.
Clasping-leaved Cone-flower. Fig. 4452.
Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Vahl, Act. Havn. 2 : 29. t>l. 4-
1783-
Dracopis amplexicaulis Cass.; DC. Prodr. 5: 558. 1836.
Annual ; glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous ;
stem branched, grooved, l°-2° high, the branches
ascending. Leaves entireor sparingly toothed, i-ribbed,
reticulate-veined, the lower oblong to spatulate, ses-
sile, the upper ovate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate,
acute, cordate-clasping; heads solitary at the ends of
the branches, long-peduncled, about 2' broad ; bracts
of the involucre few, lanceolate, acuminate ; rays
yellow, or sometimes brown at the base ; disk ovoid-
oblong, often becoming 1' high; achenes not angled,
obliquely attached to the elongated receptacle; chaff
at length deciduous.
In wet soil, Missouri to Oklahoma, Louisiana and
Texas. June-Aug.
63. RATIBIDA Rat. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 1818.
[Lkpachys Raf Journ. Phys. 89: 100. 1819.]
Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided or parted leaves, and long-peduncled
terminal heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the disk-flowers gray or yellow, becoming
brown, the rays yellow, or with brown bases, drooping or spreading. Involucral bracts in
2 or 3 series. Disk globose, oblong or cylindric. Receptacle columnar to subulate, the con-
cave chaff subtending or enveloping the disk-flowers, truncate, the tips inflexed, canescent.
Ray-flowers neutral. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with scarcely any tube.
171
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
Achenes short, flattened, sharp-margined, or winged, at length deciduous with the chaff.
Pappus with I or 2 teeth, or none. [Name unexplained.]
About 4 species, natives of North America. Type species: Rudbeckia columnaris Sims.
Style-tips lanceolate-subulate; leaf-segments lanceolate; rays 1 '-3' long. 1. R. pinnata.
tips short, blunt; leaf-segments linear, rays 3"— 15" long.
cylindric, at length 1' long or more; rays mostly as long, or longer. 2. R. columnaris.
Disk globose to short-oblong, about l// high; rays mostly short. 3. R. Tagetes.
i. Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. G ray-headed Cone-flower. Fig. 4453.
Rudbeckia pinnata Vent. Mort. Cels. pi. 71. 1800.
Lepachys pinnata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 314. [842.
Ratibida pinnata Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 410.
1897.
Rough and strigose-pubescent throughout ; stem
branched or simple, 3°-5° high. Leaves pin-
nately 3-7-divided, the basal ones sometimes 10'
long, petioled, the segments lanceolate, dentate,
cleft or entire, acute or acuminate; upper leaves
sessile or nearly so, the uppermost commonly
small and entire; bracts of the involucre linear
or linear-oblong, short, reflexed ; rays 4-10, yel-
low, 1 '-3' long. 3 "-9" wide, drooping; style-tips
lance-subulate; disk oblong, gray or becoming
brown, rounded, at length twice as long as thick;
chaff of the receptacle canescent at the summit;
achenes compressed, acutely margined, the inner
margin produced into a short tooth.
On dry prairies, Ontario and western New York to
Florida, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and Louisi-
ana. Adventive eastward to Massachusetts. June-
Sept.
2. Ratibida columnaris (Sims) D. Don. Long-headed or
Fig. 4454-
Rudbeckia columnaris Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1601. 1813.
Ratibida columnaris D. Don ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 :
361. 1838.
Lepachys columnaris T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 313. 1842.^
Lepachys columnaris var. pulcherrima T. & G. loc. cit.
1842.
Strigose-pubescent and scabrous ; stem slender,
usually branched, i°-2i° high. Leaves thick, pin-
nately divided into linear or linear-oblong, acute or
obtuse, entire dentate or cleft segments, the cauline
short-petioled or sessile, 2'~4' long, the basal ones
sometimes oblong, obtuse and undivided, slender-
petioled; bracts of the involucre short, linear-lan-
ceolate or subulate, reflexed ; rays 4-10, yellow,
brown at the base, or brown all over, 4"-IS" long,
drooping; disk gray, elongated-conic or cylindric,
blunt, at length 3 or 4 times as long as thick; chaff
of the receptacle canescent at the apex ; achenes
scarious-margined or narrowly winged on the inner
side ; pappus of 1 or 2 subulate teeth usually with
several short intermediate scales.
On dry prairies, Minnesota to Assiniboia, British Co-
lumbia, Montana, Nebraska, Texas, Mexico and Ari-
zona. Also in Tennessee. Brush. May-Aug.
Prairie Cone-flower.
Genus 63.
THISTLE FAMILY
3. Ratibida Tagetes (James) Barnhart.
Short-rayed Cone-flower. Fig. 4455.
Rudbeckia Tagetes James in Long's Exp. 2 : 68. 1823.
Lepachys Tagetes A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 103.
1856.
Ratibida Tagetes Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 100.
1897.
Rough-canescent ; stem l°-lj° high, usually
much branched, leafy. Leaves firm, pinnately
divided into 3-7 narrowly linear, mostly entire
segments; peduncles terminal, ¥-2' long; heads
1' broad, or less; bracts of the receptacle narrow,
deflexed ; rays few, mostly shorter than the glo-
bose to short-oval disk ; style-tips obtuse; achenes
scarious-margined ; pappus of 1 or 2 subulate
deciduous teeth, with no short intermediate teeth.
On dry plains and rocky hills, Kansas to Texas,
Colorado, Chihuahua, New Mexico and Arizona.
July-Sept.
64. ECHINACEA Moench, Meth. 591. 1794.
[Brauneria Neck. Elem. 1 : 17. Hyponym. 1790.]
Perennial erect branched or simple herbs, with thick black roots, thick rough alternate
or opposite, 3-5-nerved entire or dentate, undivided leaves, and large long-peduncled heads of
tubular and radiate flowers, the rays purple, purplish, crimson or yellow, the disk green or
purple, at length ovoid or conic. Involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate,
spreading or appressed, imbricated in 2-4 series. Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff carinate
and cuspidate. Ray-flowers neutral, or with a rudimentary pistil. Disk-flowers perfect, the
corolla cylindric, 5-toothed. Achenes 4-sided, obpyramidal. thick. Pappus a short dentate
crown. [Greek, referring to the spiny chaff of the receptacle.]
Four species, natives of eastern and central North America. Type species: Echinacea purpurea
( L. I Moench.
Rays purple, crimson, pink or white.
Leaves broad, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often toothed. 1. E. purpurea.
Leaves narrow, linear to lanceolate, entire.
Rays about 1' long, spreading. 2. E. angustifolia.
Rays 1 54 '-3' long, drooping. 3. E. pallida.
4. E. paradoxa.
Rays bright yellow, drooping.
i. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.
Purple Cone-flower. Black Sampson.
Fig- 4456.
Rudbeckia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753.
Echinacea purpurea Moench, Meth. 591. 1794.
Brauneria purpurea Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 334.
1894.
Stem glabrous, or sparingly hispid, usually
stout. 2°-5° high. Lower and basal leaves slen-
der-petioled, ovate, mostly 5-nerved, acute or
acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed or
rarely cordate at the base, commonly sharply
dentate, 3-8' long, l'-3' wide; petioles mostly
winged at the summit ; upper leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, sessile or nearly
so, often entire; rays 12-20, purple, crimson, or
rarely pale, 1 3'— 3' long, spreading or drooping.
In moist, rich soil, Pennsylvania to Alabama.
Georgia, Michigan, Kentucky, Louisiana and Arkan-
sas. Called also Red sunflower. July-Oct.
i oMPOSITAE.
Vou Til.
2. Echinacea angustifolia I )( . Narrow-
leaved Purple Cone-flower. Fig. 4457.
Echinacea angustifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 554. 1836.
Brauneria angustifolia Heller, Munlenbergia 1:
5. 1 900.
Stem hispid or hirsute, slender, often sim-
ple, I°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-
lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, hirsute, acute
and about equally narrowed at each end,
strongly 3-nerved and sometimes with an ad-
ditional pair of marginal less distinct nerves,
entire, 3' -8' long, 4"-i_»" wide, the lower and
basal ones slender-petioled, the upper short-
petioled or sessile; heads and flowers similar
to those of the preceding species, but the rays
usually shorter, spreading.
In dry soil, especially on prairies, Minnesota to
Saskatchewan, Nebraska and Texas. Confused
with the following species in our first edition.
June-Oct. Comb.
3. Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Britton.
Pale Purple Cone-flower. Fig. 4458.
Rudbeckia pallida Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7 :
-7. 1834.
Brauneria pallida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5:
Hi- 1894.
Similar to the preceding species, but often
taller, sometimes 3° high. Leaves elongated-
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire; rays
narrow, linear, elongated, drooping, l¥~3'
long, li"-3" wide, rose-purple or nearly
white.
In dry soil on prairies, Illinois to Michigan,
Alabama and Texas. May-July.
4. Echinacea paradoxa ( Norton) Brit-
ton. Bush's Cone-flower. Fig. 4459.
Brauneria airorubens Boynton & Beadle, Biltmore
Bot. Stud. 1: 11. 1901. Not Rudbeckia atro-
rubens Nutt.
Brauneria paradoxa Norton, Trans. Acad. St.
Louis 12 : 40. 1902.
Stem glabrous to somewhat hispid, i°-2i"
high. Leaves smooth or sparingly rough-
hairy, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the lower
ones petioled, sometimes 1° long, i'-l' wide,
3-5-nerved, the upper smaller and nearly ses-
sile; involucre about 1' high and broad, the
disk-flowers brown ; rays bright yellow, droop-
ing or somewhat spreading, 1J-2J' long.
Prairies and barren soil, Missouri to Texas.
June.
Genus 65.
THISTLE FAMILY.
477
65. BORRICHIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 130. 1763.
Fleshy, more or less canescent, branching shrubs of the sea-coast, with opposite entire
or denticulate, cuneate oblong spatulate or obovate, 1-3-nerved leaves, and terminal large
long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its
bracts slightly unequal, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the inner ones coriaceous. Receptacle
convex, chaffy, the chaff rigid, concave, subtending or enwrapping the disk-flowers. Ray-
flowers pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 5-toothed, the style-branches
elongated, hispid. Anthers dark-colored, entire at the base, or minutely sagittate. Achenes
of the ray-flowers 3-sided, those of the disk-flowers 4-sided. Pappus a short dentate crown.
[Named for Olaf Borrick, a Danish botanist.]
About 5 species, natives of America. In addition to the
following typical one, another occurs in South Florida.
i. Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. Sea Ox-eye.
Fig. 4460.
Buphthalmum frutescens L. Sp. PI. 903.
Borrichia frutescens DC. Prodr. 5 : 4S8.
1753-
1836.
Finely canescent, even when old ; stems terete, spar-
ingly branched, l°-4° high. Leaves mostly erect or
ascending, lanceolate, spatulate or obovate, obtuse or
acutish and mucronulate at the apex, fleshy, tapering
to the sessile base, somewhat connate, I '-3' long, 2"-7 '
wide; heads solitary or few. about 1' broad; rays 15-25,
rather short ; exterior bracts of the involucre ovate and
somewhat spreading, the inner ones and the chaff of
the receptacle cuspidate.
Sea-coast. Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also on the
coasts of Mexico and in Bermuda. April-Oct.
66. HELIANTHUS [Vaill.] L. Sp. PI. 904. 1753.
Erect, annual or perennial, mostly branched herbs, with opposite or alternate, simple
leaves, and large peduncled corymbose or solitary heads of both tubular and radiate flowers,
the rays yellow, the disk yellow, brown, or purple. Involucre hemispheric, or depressed, its
bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff sub-
tending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers neutral (in our species), the rays spreading, mostly
entire. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla tubular, the tube short, the limb 5-lobed.
Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with hirsute append-
ages. Achenes thick, oblong or obovate, compressed, or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus of
2 scales or awns, or sometimes with 2-4 additional shorter ones, deciduous. [Greek, sun-
flower.]
About 70 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, about 30 others occur in
the southern and western parts of North America, and hybrids may exist. Type species: Helianthus
animus L. ,
A. Annual species; disk brown or purple; heads large.
Leaves dentate ; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, strongly ciliate.
Leaves mostly entire ; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate
H. annuus.
canescent, sometimes ciliate.
H. petiolaris.
B. Perennial species.
* Disk purple or purple-brown.
Leaves narrowly linear or the lower broader, many of them alternate.
Stem rough ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. 3- H. angusttfolius.
Stem smooth ; leaves elongated-lanceolate. 4- "• orgyahs.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate, mainly opposite.
Leaves hispid, rather thin, abruptly contracted into winged petioles. 5. H. atrorubens.
Leaves firm in texture, gradually narrowed into petioles.
Leaves lanceolate; bracts acute or obtusish. 6. H. scaberrvnus.
Leaves rhombic-ovate to rhombic-lanceolate ; bracts acute or acuminate.
7. H. subrhomboideus.
** Disk yellow or yellowish; receptacle convex or conic.
t Leaves nearly all basal or near the base ; upper bract-like. 8. H. occidentalis.
tt Stem leafy ; leaves alternate or opposite.
1. Leaves prevailingly lanceolate and 3-8 times as long as wide.
a. Leaves glabrous on both sides ; heads i'-iH' broad. 9. H. laevigatas.
b. Leaves scabrous, at least on the upper surface.
Heads i'-iH' broad ; leaves thin ; stem glabrous. 10. H. microcephalus.
Heads lyi's^i' broad ; leaves firm, many of them often alternate.
Stem scabrous, scabrate or hispid ; leaves sessile or nearly so.
Leaves lanceolate, scabrous above, hirsute beneath, flat. 11. H. gigantcus.
4 7s
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
Leaves very scabrous on both sides.
Leaves elongated-lanceolate, conduplicate. pinnately-veined.
] leads numerous; leaves mostly alternate.
Heads only i or -• ; leaves, all but the upper, opposite.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, flat, 3 nerved.
Stem glabrous; leaves sessile by a truncate base. 1;
Stem glabrous ; leaves petioled.
Leaves lanceolate, firm, canescent and pale beneath. 1.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, thin, green on both sides. 11
2. Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong
a. Leaves sessile, or very nearly so.
Stem glabrous ; leaves divaricate.
Stem hirsute or hispid; leaves ascending.
Leaves cordate-clasping at the base.
Leaves narrowed from below the middle.
b. Leaves manifestly petioled.
Stem puberulent or glabrous.
Leaves membranous or thin, slender-petioled, sharply serrate.
Leaves firmer, shorter-petioled, less serrate or entire.
Bracts of the involucre much longer than the disk.
Bracts of the involucre about equalling the disk.
Stem hirsute, hispid, or scabrous.
Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, short-petioled.
Leaves, at least the upper, narrowed at the base.
Bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, appressed.
Bracts of the involucre lanceolate-acuminate, spreading.
Leaves villous-pubescent beneath.
Leaves scabrous or puberulent beneath.
12. H. Maximiliani.
.3. //. Dalyi.
1 (. //. subtuberosus.
17. H. divaricatus.
15. H. grosse-serratus.
16. H. Kellermani.
17. H. divaricatus.
H. mollis.
H. doronicoides.
20. H. decapetalus.
21. H. iracheliifolius.
22. H. strumosus.
23.
24-
26
//. hirsutus.
H. lae iflorus.
H. tomentosus.
H. tuberosus.
Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower.
Fig. 4461.
Helianthus annuus L. Sp. PI. 9°4- '753-
Helianthus lenticularis Dougl. Bot. Reg. pi. 126$.
1829.
Stem hispid or scabrous, stout, branched above, 3°-6°
high, or in cultivated races sometimes 15° high. Leaves
all but the lower alternate, broadly ovate, petioled,
3-nerved, dentate or denticulate, acute at the apex,
rough on both sides, sometimes pubescent beneath, the
lower cordate at the base, 3-12' long; heads in the wild
plant 3'-6' broad; disk dark purple or brown. io"-2-
broad ; involucre depressed, its bracts ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, usually long-acuminate or aristate, hispid-
ciliate; chaff of the flat receptacle 3-cleft ; achenes
obovate-oblong. appressed-pubescent, or nearly glabrous.
On prairies, etc.. Minnesota to North Dakota, Idaho, Mis-
souri, Texas and California. Recorded north to Saskatche-
wan. Much larger in cultivation ; an occasional escape in
the east. Gold. Golden. Larea-bell. Comb-flower. Itsflowers
yield honey and a yellow dye; its leaves fodder; its seeds,
an oil and "food ; and its stalks a textile fibre. July-Sept.
2. Helianthus petiolaris Xutt. Prairie Sun-
flower. Fig. 4462.
H. petiolaris "Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 115. 1821.
H. aridus Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 32: 127. i9°5-
Annual, similar to the preceding species, but smaller
and with smaller heads; stem strigose-hispid or hir-
sute. i°-3° high. Leaves all but the lowest alternate,
petioled, oblong, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, rough on
both sides, usually paler beneath than above, sometimes
canescent beneath, i'-3' long, entire, or denticulate, ob-
tuse or acutish at the apex, mostly narrowed at the
base; heads ii'— 3' broad; disk brown, mostly less than
10" broad ; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, densely canescent, some-
times hispid-ciliate, acute or short-acuminate; achenes
villous-pubescent. at least when young.
On dry prairies, Minnesota to Saskatchewan, Oregon,
Iowa, Missouri, Texas and California. Found rarely in
waste places farther east. Races differ in leaf-form, size
and pubescence. June-Sept.
Genus 66.
THISTLE FAMILY.
3. Helianthus angustifolius L. Xarrow-leaved
or Swamp Sunflower. Fig. 4463.
Helianthus angustifolius L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753.
Perennial by slender rootstocks ; stems branched above,
or simple, slender, rough or roughish above, often hir-
sute» below, 2°-J° high. Leaves firm, entire, sessile,
linear, slightly scabrous, rarely somewhat canescent be-
neath, 2'-f long, 2"~3" wide, the margins revolute when
dry, the upper ones all alternate, the lower opposite ;
heads usually few, sometimes solitary, 2'-$' broad; in-
volucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, scarcely squarrose, pubescent; receptacle
slightly convex; disk purple; chaff entire or 3-toothed ;
rays 12-20; achenes truncate, glabrous; pappus usually
of 2 short awns.-
In swamps. Long Island, N. Y., to Florida, Kentucky and
Texas, mainly near the coast. Aug.-Oct.
4. Helianthus orgyalis DC. Linear-leaved
Sunflower. Fig. 4464.
H. giganteus var. crinitus Nutt. Gen. 2: 177. 1818?
Helianthus orgyalis DC. Prodr. 5: 586. 1836.
Perennial by slender rootstocks ; stems glabrous,
branched near the summit, very leafy to the top,
6°-io° high. Leaves sessile, entire, linear or nearly
filiform, or the lowest lanceolate, remotely dentate
and short-petioled, rough with mucronate-tipped
papillae, especially on the lower surface, acuminate,
4/-16' long, i"--l" wide, the upper all alternate and
i-nerved, the lower commonly opposite ; heads nu-
merous, about 2 broad, terminating slender branches ;
involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-subu-
late to lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, ciliate ; disk
purple or brown ; receptacle convex, its chaff entire,
or toothed, slightly ciliate; rays 10-20; achenes ob-
long-obovate, glabrous, 2j"-3" long, 2-4-awned.
On dry plains. Missouri and Nebraska to Colorado
and Texas. Sept.-Oct.
5. Helianthus atrorubens L.
Hairy Wood Sunflower.
Fig. 4465.
Helianthus atrorubens L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753.
Perennial ; stems hirsute below, often minutely pu-
bescent above, branched at the summit, 2°-$" high.
Leaves hirsute on both sides, or canescent beneath,
mostly thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish, con-
tracted near the base into margined petioles, sometimes
subcordate, dentate or crenate-dentate, 4'-io' long, l'-4'
wide, the lower opposite, the upper few, distant, small,
mainly alternate; heads not numerous, slender-pedun-
cled, about 2' broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
oblong to obovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed ; disk
purple; recptacle convex, its chaff acute, entire, or
3-toothed; rays 10-20; achenes obovate, truncate, finely
pubescent, about 2" long; pappus usually of 2 lanceo-
late awns.
In dry woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Ohio, Mis-
souri, Arkansas and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct.
Purple-disk Sunflower.
4S0
( < (MPOSIT \l..
Vol.111.
6. Helianthus scaberrimus Ell. Stiff Sun-
flower. Fig. 441 (i 1.
//. scaberrimus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 423. 18J4.
//. rigidus Dcsf. Cat. Hurl. Paris, Ed. 3, 184. 1829.
Perennial; stems simple or little branched, hispid
or scabrate, i°-8° high. Leaves thick, coriaceous,
serrate or serrulate, very scabrous on both sides, 2'-j'
long, ¥-2' wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the
base, the lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the
upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-
petiolcd, all opposite, or the uppermost bract-like and
alternate ; heads solitary or few. 2 '-3' broad ; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or obtusish,
ciliate, appressed ; disk purple or brown ; receptacle
convex, its chaff obtuse; rays 15-25, light yellow;
achenes more or less pubescent, oblong-obovate ;
pappus of 2 broad scales or of 2-4 stout awns.
Prairies, Illinois to Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Georgia
and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
7. Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb.
Rhombic-leaved Sunflower. Fig. 4467.
Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 1 : 419. 1900.
Stem simple, sparingly hirsute, usually tinged
with red. Leaves opposite, firm, very scabrous.
3-nerved, slightly serrate, the basal ones broad-
ly ovate to obovate-spatulate, those of the
stem rhomboid-ovate to rhomboid-lanceolate,
short-petioled, 2-4' long, the uppermost very
small; heads 1-3, l'-lf in diameter; bracts
of the involucre oblong, acutish, densely white-
ciliate; disk purple.
Plains, Manitoba and Saskatchewan to South
Dakota, Nebraska, Montana and New Mexico.
Adventive, New Jersey to New Hampshire. July-
Sept. Included in H. scaberrimus in our first
edition.
8. Helianthus occidentalis Riddell.
Sunflower. Fig. 4468.
Few-leaved
1S36.
H. occidentalis Ridd. Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 13.
H. illinoensis Gleason, Ohio Nat. 5: 214. 1904.
H. occidentalis illinoensis Gates, Bull. Torr. Club 37: 81.
191 o.
Perennial; stems appressed-pubescent or sometimes
nearly glabrous, slender, mostly simple, i°-3° high.
Leaves mostly basal, or below the middle of the stem,
firm, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at
the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-5-nerved, serrulate
or entire, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, with
slender petioles about as long as the blades; stem usu-
ally bearing 1 or 2 pairs of small distant leaves; heads
several or solitary, 1Y-2Y broad; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, generally ciliate, appressed; receptacle
convex, its chaff acute; disk yellow; rays 12-15;
achenes truncate and pubescent at the summit; pappus
of 2 lanceolate-subulate awns.
In dry soil, Ohio to Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. Aug.-Sept.
Helianthus Dowellianus M. A. Curtis, which differs in being stouter, the stem leafy, the leaves
merely puberulent, and ranges from the District of Columbia to Georgia, appears to be a race
of this species.
Genus 66.
THISTLE FAMILY
g. Helianthus laevigatus T. & G. Smooth
Sunflower. Fig. 4469.
Helianthus laevigatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 330. 1342.
Stems slender, from a perennial root, simple or
little branched, glabrous, or somewhat glaucous,
2°-6° high. Leaves nearly all opposite, firm, gla-
brous, lanceolate, short-petioled, or the upper sessile,
serrulate or entire, pale beneath, acuminate, nar-
nowed at the base, 3'-6' long, V-iY wide, the mar-
gins sometimes roughish-ciliate ; heads few or soli-
tary, i'-iJ' broad; involucre campanulate, its bracts
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, ciliolate, the
tips of the outer ones spreading; rays 5-10; disk
yellow ; chaff linear ; achenes slightly pubescent at
the summit ; pappus of 2 lanceolate or ovate owns,
with or without 2 intermediate scales.
In dry soil, mountains of Virginia, West Virginia
and North Carolina. Aug. -Oct.
10. Helianthus microcephalus T. & G.
Small Wood Sunflower. Fig. 4470.
Helianthus parviflorus Bernh. ; Spreng. Syst. 3: 617.
1826. Not H.B.K. 1S20.
H. microcephalus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 329. 1842.
Stems slender, glabrous, branched above, or
rarely simple, 3°-6° high. Leaves thin or thin-
nish, petioled, most of them opposite, lanceolate,
or the lower ovate-lanceolate, rough above, canes-
cent or puberulent beneath, long-acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, serrulate, or the
lower serrate, 3'-/' long, i'-iA' wide; heads com-
monly several or numerous, l'-li' wide, borne
on slender, sometimes roughish peduncles; invo-
lucre campanulate, 4"-S" broad, its bracts lanceo-
late or ovate, acute or acuminate, ciliolate. the
tips of the outer ones spreading; chaff of the
receptacle oblong, entire, or 3-toothed ; rays 5-10 ;.
disk yellow ; achenes nearly glabrous ; pappus
usually of 2 subulate awns.
In moist woods and along streams, Pennsylvania to
Georgia, west to Ohio, Missouri and Louisiana. Tuly-
Sept.
11. Helianthus giganteus L. Tall, Giant or
Wild Sunflower. Fig. 4471.
Helianthus giganteus L. Sp. PI. 905. 1753.
Perennial by fleshy roots and creeping rootstocks ;
stems hispid or scabrous, at least above, branched near
the summit, or simple, 3°-i2° high. Leaves sessile or
short-petioled, firm, lanceolate, very rough above,
rough-pubescent beneath, serrate or denticulate, acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, many or all of
the upper ones alternate but sometimes all opposite,
2'-6' long, l'-i' wide ; heads usually several, mostly
long-peduncled, li'-2l' broad ; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts squarrose, lanceolate-subulate, hirsute or
ciliate, commonly as long as the diameter of the yel-
lowish disk; chaff of the receptacle oblong-linear,
acute; achenes oblong, glabrous; rays 10-20; pappus
of 2 subulate awns.
In swamps and wet meadows, Maine and Ontario to Sas-
katchewan, Florida, Louisiana and Colorado. Stem com-
monly purple. Aug.-Oct.
Helianthus ambiguus (A. Gray) Britton, differing in
having all but the uppermost leaves opposite and rounded
at the base, found on Long Island, New York, and recorded
from Georgia, appears to be a hybrid, with this species one of ita
parents.
4S2
I ( )MPl (SITAE.
Vol.111.
12. Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad. Maxi-
milian's Sunflower. Fig. 4472.
Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hurt. Goctt.
1835-
Perennial by fleshy roots and thickened rootstocks ;
stems stout, scabrous or hispid below, 2°-i2° high.
Leaves sessile or short-petioled, long-lanceolate, fold-
ing in drying, alternate or the lower opposite, very
rough en both sides, rigid, acuminate or acute at
both ends, denticulate or entire, 3'-/' long, k'-l\'
wide; heads few or numerous, 2'-3' broad on stout
densely rough-pubescent peduncles ; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose,
densely strigose-pubescent. often 9" long; disk yel-
lowish; rays 15-30; chaff linear, acute, pubescent
above ; achenes linear-oblong, glabrous or nearly so ;
pappus commonly of 2 lanceolate awns.
On dry prairies, Minnesota and Manitoba to Sas-
katchewan, Missouri, Nebraska and Texas. Locally
adventive eastward. Aug.-Oct.
13. Helianthus Dalyi Britton. Judge
Daly's Sunflower. Fig. 4473.
Helianthus DalyH Britton, Journ. N. Y. Bot.
Card. 2 : 89. 1901.
Perennial by a fusiform tuber l'-i3'
long; stem slender, simple, roughish, ap-
pressed-pubescent, about 2° high. Leaves
firm, conduplicate, drooping, finely rough-
pubescent on both sides, narrowly lanceo-
late, acuminate at both ends, distantly ser-
rate with low teeth, the larger about 4'
long and 7" wide, all opposite or the up-
permost alternate; heads usually solitary
and long-peduncled, rarely 2, about 3*'
broad ; involucral bracts narrowly lanceo-
late with long subulate tips; rays acute;
pappus 2 subulate awns; chaff of the re-
ceptacle pubescent at the acute apex.
On a dry bank. Sag Harbor, New York. Sept.
14. Helianthus subtuberosus Bourgeau.
Indian Potato. Fig. 4474.
H. giganteus subtuberosus (Bourgeau) Britton, in
Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 425. 1898.
. H. subtuberosus Bourgeau; Britton, Manual 993.
1 90 1.
Fleshy roots, thick and edible. Leaves thick,
more or less serrate, all or all but the upper dis-
tinctly petioled, sometimes all opposite. 2Y-5'
long, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at
the base, the petioles ciliate ; heads not very nu-
merous ; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acumi-
nate, densely pubescent and white-ciliate, about
8" long; rays r'-lf long.
Dry soil, Michigan and Minnesota to Saskatche-
wan, Montana and Wyoming. Aug.-Sept.
Helianthus Rydbergi Britton. of western Ne-
braska, differs by broader, ovate-lanceolate leaves,
rather abruptly narrowed at the base.
Genus 66.
THISTLE FAMILY.
483
15. Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens.
Saw-tooth Sunflower. Fig. 4475.
Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens, Sel. Sem. Hort.
Loven. 1839.
Perennial by fleshy roots and slender rootstocks;
stems glabrous, glaucous, branched above, 6°-io°
high, the branches usually strigose-pubescent. Leaves
long-lanceolate, slender-petioled, the upper alternate,
the lower opposite, long-acuminate, narrowed at the
base, sharply serrate, or merely denticulate, the up-
permost entire, rough above, densely puberulent or
canescent beneath, 4'S' long, i'-i' wide; heads sev-
eral or numerous, 1F-3' broad; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts squarrose, narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, hirsute; chaff linear-oblong, pubescent at
the summit, acute, often 3-toothed ; disk yellowish ;
rays 10-20, deep yellow ; achenes nearly glabrous ;
pappus of 2 lanceolate awns.
In dry soil, Maine to Long Island, Pennsylvania, On-
tario, Soutli Dakota, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Aug.-
Oct.
16. Helianthus Kellermani Britton
Kellerman's Sunflower. Fig. 4476.
Helianthus Kellermani Britton, Manual 994. 1901.
Stem 6°-io° high, very smooth, much branch-
ed above, the branches slender. Leaves nar-
rowly elongated-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
drooping, rather thin, distantly serrate with
very small teeth, long-acuminate at the apex,
attenuate at the base into short petioles or the
upper sessile, scabrate and sparingly pubes-
cent on both surfaces, pinnately veined, the
lower about 8' long and 7" wide; branches of
the inflorescence pubescent; bracts of the in-
volucre linear-lanceolate, about 7" long, and 1"
wide or less at the base, ciliate, long-acumi-
nate; rays golden-yellow, I -if long; chaff of
the receptacle linear.
Dry soil,
Sept.
licinity of Columbus, Ohio. Aug
17. Helianthus divaricatus L. Rough or
Woodland Sunflower. Fig. 4477.
Helianthus divaricatus L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753.
Perennial by slender rootstocks ; stem glabrous
throughout, or pubescent at the summit, slender,
2°-7° high. Leaves usually all opposite, divaricate,
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, dentate or den-
ticulate, 3-nerved, rough above, pubescent beneath,
sessile or nearly so by a truncate base, tapering
gradually to the long-acuminate apex, 3'S' long,
i'-ij' wide; heads few or solitary, about 2' broad,
borne on strigose-pubescent peduncles ; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, strigose or hirsute, the outer ones spreading;
disk yellow; rays 8-15; chaff of the receptacle
apiculate; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 short
subulate awns.
In dry woodlands, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba,
Nebraska, Florida and Louisiana. July-Sept.
•Is I
i i (MPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
18. Helianthus mollis Lam. Hairy Sun-
flower, Fig, 4478.
'Helianthus mollis Lara. Encycl. 3: 85. 1789.
Perennial ; stem stout, simple or sparingly' branched
above, denselj hirsute, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate,, closely sessile and somewhat clasp-
ing by a broad cordate base-, pinnately veined, 3-
nerved above the base, all opposite, or the upper
alternate, ascending, acute or acuminate, scabrous or
cinereous-pubescent above, densely and finely pubes-
cent beneath, serrulate. 2'-?' long, i'-jV wide; heads
solitary or few. 2-$' broad; involucre hemispheric.
its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, densely villous-ca-
nescent, somewhat spreading; disk yellow; rays 15-
25; chaff canescent at" the summit; mature achenes
nearly glabrous; pappus of 2 lanceolate scales.
In dry barren soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Geor-
gia, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
19. Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Oblong-
leaved Sunflower. Fig. 447').
Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Encycl. 3: 84. 1789.
Perennial by slender rootstocks ; stems stout, rough,
or finely rough-pubescent, branched above, 3°~7° high.
Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, or ovate, thick, ascend-
ing, serrate or serrulate, acute or acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at or below the middle to a sessile or
slightly clasping base, rough on both sides, or finely
pubescent beneath, 3-nerved, 4'-8' long. i'-2i' wide;
heads commonly numerous, 2-1 '-4' broad ; involucre
hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent
or hirsute, somewhat spreading; disk yellow; rays 12-
20, 4"-6" wide; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 subu-
late awns.
In dry soil. Ohio to Missouri and Arkansas. Recorded
from Michigan. Aug.-Sept.
20. Helianthus decapetalus L. Thin-leaved or Wild Sunflower. Fig. 4480.
Hlcianthus decapetalus L. Sp. PI. 905. 1753.
Perennial by branched, sometimes thickened root-
stocks ; stem slender, glabrous or nearly so, branched
above, i°-5° high; branches puberulent. Leaves
thin or membranous, 3'-8' long, I '-3' wide, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, the lower all opposite and slender-
petioled, the upper commonly alternate, all usually
sharply serrate, roughish above, finely but often
sparingly pubescent beneath, acuminate, the rounded
or truncate base decurrent on the petiole; heads nu-
merous, 2'-3' broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute, long-ciliate,
spreading, often longer than the yellow disk; rays
8-15, light yellow; chaff entire or 3-toothed, pubes-
cent at the apex; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2
subulate awns.
In moist woods and along streams. Quebec to Michi-
gan, Georgia, Tennessee and Missouri. Aug.-Sept.
Helianthus scrophulariaefolius Britton, from near
Woodlawn, New York, differing by laciniate-serrate
leaves, is probably a race of this species.
Genus 66.
THISTLE FAMILY
21. Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. Throatwort
Sunflower. Fig. 4481.
Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 7.
1768.
Similar to the following species, but the stem usually
roughish-pubescent above. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-
lanceolate, or lanceolate, 3-nerved, green both sides, but
darker above, generally rougher on the upper surface,
the lower ones sharply serrate; branches and peduncles
scabrous; heads several, 2i'-3i' broad; bracts of the
hemispheric involucre linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
ciliate and puberulent, longer than the yellow disk,
sometimes foliaceous, and 3 times its length.
In dry soil, Connecticut to Pennsylvania, North Carolina,
Ohio, Minnesota and Arkansas. Aug.-Sept.
22. Helianthus strumosus L. I 'ale-leaved
Wood Sunflower. Fig. 4482.
Helianthus strumosus L. Sp. PI. 905. 1753.
H. mollis Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2240. 1804. Not Lam. 1789.
H. macrophyllus Willd. Hort. Berol. pi. 70. 1806.
Perennial by branched, sometimes tuberous-thick-
ened rootstocks ; stem glabrous below, sometimes
glaucous, 3°-7° high, branched above, the branches
usually pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, rarely lanceolate, not membranous,
rough above, pale and somewhat puberulent or ca-
nescent beneath, serrate, serrulate, or nearly entire,
acuminate, contracted much below the middle and
decurrent on the petiole, 3-nerved above the base,
3'-8' long, i'-2i' wide, mostly opposite, the upper
often alternate; heads commonly several, 2V-4
broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, equalling or
a little longer than the diameter of the yellow disk;
rays 5-15; chaff pubescent; achenes nearly glabrous.
In dry woods and on banks, Maine and Ontario to
Minnesota, Georgia, Tennessee and Arkansas. July-
Sept. Races differ in leaf-form and texture. A hybrid
with H. decapctalus has been described.
23. Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Stiff-haired
Sunflower. Fig. 4483.
Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. 1820.
Helianthus hirsutus trachyphyllus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 :
329. 1842.
Perennial; stem densely hirsute, usually branched
above, stout, rigid, 2c-4° high. Leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or the upper lanceolate, rounded, truncate or
subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex, thick,
very rough above, rough-pubescent beneath, 3-nerved,
serrate or serrulate, 3'-o long, ¥-2' wide, short-
petioled, or the uppermost sessile, nearly all oppo-
site, the petioles of the lower ones i'-l' long; heads
usually several, 2'-3*' broad; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
ciliate, mostly puberulent, erect or somewhat spread-
ing, equalling or shorter than the yellow disk; rays
12-15; chaff obtusish, pubescent at the summit;
achenes oval, rounded at the summit, glabrous ;
pappus of I or 2 subulate awns.
In dry soil, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Wisconsin, Ne-
braska, West Virginia, Georgia and Texas. July-Oct.
4S6
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. lit.
24. Helianthus laetiflorus I'crs. Showy Sun-
flower. Fig. 4484.
Helianthus laetiflorus Pits. Syn. 2: 476. 1807.
Perennial; stem scabrous or hispid, leafy, 4°-8° high.
Leaves oval-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, shprt-peti-
oled, 3-nerved, rough on hoth sides, narrrowed at the
base, acute or acuminate at the apex, serrate or serru-
late, 4'-io' long, i'-li' wide, the upper often alter-
nate ; heads usually several, 2'-4' broad, mostly short-
pedunclcd ; bracts of the hemispheric involucre ovate-
lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, imbricated in only 2 or
3 series, ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous, appressed or
but little spreading, shorter than or equalling the yellow
disk; rays 15-25, showy; chaff of the receptacle entire,
or sometimes 3-toothed.
On prairies and barrens, Pennsylvania to Minnesota. Re-
corded as adventive in Massachusetts. Aug.-Sept.
25. Helianthus tomentosus Michx. Woolly
Sunflower. Fig. 4485.
H. tomentosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 141, 1803.
Perennial ; stem stout, hirsute or hispid, especially
above, branched. 4°-io° high. Leaves rather thin,
ovate, or the lower oblong, mostly alternate, 3-ribbed
above the base, gradually or abruptly contracted into
margined petioles, rough above, softly villous-pubes-
cent beneath, sparingly serrate, the lower often 1°
long and 4' wide ; heads commonly several or nu-
merous, 3'-4' broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
imbricated in many series, linear-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, squarrose, densely hirsute and ciliate,
usually longer than the broad yellowish disk; chaff
of the receptacle and lobes of the disk corolla pubes-
cent; pappus of 2 subulate awns.
In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Re-
ported from Illinois, probably erroneously. Aug.-Oct.
26. Helianthus tuberosus L.
choke. Earth Apple.
Terusalem Arti-
Fig. 4486.
Helianthus tuberosus L. Sp. PI. 905. 1753.
Helianthus tuberosus subeanescens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 :
Part 2, 2S0. 1884.
Perennial by fleshy thickened rootstocks, bearing
tubers; stems hirsute or pubescent, branched above,
6°-i2° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, rarely
ovate-lanceolate, firm, 3-nerved near the base, nar-
rowed, or the lower rounded, truncate or subcordate
at the base, acuminate at the apex, rather long-
petioled, scabrous above, finely pubescent or canes-
cent beneath, serrate, 4'S' long, 1*'— 3' wide, the up-
per alternate, the lower opposite ; heads several or
numerous, 2'-3i' broad ; involucre hemispheric, its
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute or ciliate, squar-
rose; disk yellow; rays 12-20; chaff of the receptacle
acute and pubescent at the summit ; achenes pubescent.
In moist soil. Nova Scotia and Ontario to Manitoba.
Georgia and Arkansas and Kansas. Often occurs along
roadsides in the east, a relic of cultivation by the abo-
rigines. Now extensively grown for its edible tubers.
Canada potato. Girasole. Topinambour. Sept.-Oct.
67. RIDAN Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 130. 1763.
[Actinomeris Nutt. Gen. 2: 181. 1818.]
Rough-pubescent, rather coarse, herbs with alternate or opposite, simple, more or less
toothed leaves, usually decurrent on the stem and branches, and corymbose, radiate or discoid
Genus 67.
THISTLE FAMILY.
4S7
heads. Involucre small, flattish, of few spreading or recurved narrow bracts. Receptacle
convex or conic, becoming globose, chaffy. Ray-flowers neutral, yellow or white, sometimes
wanting. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, embraced by the chaff. Anthers entire at the base.
Style-branches of the disk with acute appendages. Achenes flattened, more or less winged,
spreading in all directions on the globose receptacle. Pappus of 2 or 3 finally spreading
smooth awns, sometimes with 2-3 smaller awns or scales. [Name unexplained.]
Two species, of eastern North America, the following
typical.
Wing-
1. Ridan alternifdlius (L.) Britton.
stem. Yellow Iron weed. Fig. 4487.
Coreopsis altcrnifolia L. Sp. PI. 909. 1753.
Actinomeris squarrosa Nutt. Gen. 2 : 181. 1S18.
Actinomeris alternifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 575. 1836.
Verbesina alternifolia Britton ; Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club
20: 485. 1893.
Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrous, narrowly
winged, or wingless, simple, or branched near the
summit, leafy, 4°-9° high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate
or lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, serrulate or entire,
rough or roughish on both sides, gradually narrowed
to the sessile base, or short-petioled, 4'-i2- long,
i'-zi' wide, alternate, or the lower opposite and
slender-petioled ; heads numerous, l'-z' broad, co-
rymbose-paniculate; rays 2-10, yellow; involucre of
few lanceolate, at length deflexed bracts ; disk glo-
bose, yellow ; achenes broadly winged or nearly wing-
less, sparingly pubescent ; pappus 2 divergent awns.
In rich soil, New Jersey to Iowa, Kansas, Florida and
Louisiana. Winged ironweed. Aug.-Sept.
68. PHAETHUSA Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 425. 1791.
Perennial, pubescent or scabrous herbs (some tropical species shrubby), with alternate
or opposite dentate leaves often decurrent on the stem and branches, and corymbose or soli-
tary heads of both tubular and radiate yellow or white flowers, or the rays sometimes want-
ing. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle
convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff embracing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate or neu-
tral. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas with an expanded 5-Iobed limb,
usually longer than the tube. Style-branches of the disk-flowers with acute papillose append-
ages. Achenes flattened, or those of the ray-flowers 3-sided. Pappus of 2 (1-3) subulate
awns, sometimes with 2 or 3 intermediate scales. [The daughter of Helios.]
A large genus, mainly natives of the New World. Besides the following, about 6 others occur
in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Phaethusa americana Gaertn.
Involucre campanulate, 2"— 3" broad ; heads small, numerous.
Leaves alternate ; rays white. 1. P.virginica.
Leaves opposite ; rays yellow. 2. P. occidentalis.
Involucre hemispheric, j"-iz" broad; heads few, large. 3. P. helianthoides.
i. Phaethusa virginica (L.) Britton. Small
White or Virginia Crownbeard. Fig. 4488.
Verbesina virginica L. Sp. PI. 901. 1753.
Perennial ; stem densely puberulent, terete or winged,
simple or branched, 3°-6° high. Leaves usually thin,
alternate, ovate, roughish above, puberulent, canes-
cent or glabrate beneath, acute or acuminate at the
apex. 4'-io' long, i'-t,' wide, contracted at the base
into winged petioles, the uppermost sessile, lanceo-
late, smaller, often entire ; heads corymbose-panicu-
late at the ends of the stem and branches, numerous,
6"-Io" broad; involucre oblong-campanulate, 2"-3"
broad, its bracts narrowly lanceolate, erect, obtuse,
pubescent; rays 3-5, obovate, white, pistillate ; achenes
minutely pubescent, winged or wingless; pappus of
2 slender awns, or sometimes none.
In dry soil, Pennsylvania to Virginia, Illinois. Mis-
souri, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
48S
( OMPOSITAE.
Vol.111.
2. Phaethusa occidentalis (L.) Britton. Small Yellow Crownbeard. Fig. 4489.
Sicgcsbeckia occidental's L. Sp. PI. 900. 1753.
I'erbesina occidentalis Walt. Fl. Car. 213. 1788.
Phaethusa americana Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2 : 425. 1791.
V. Sicgcsbeckia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 134. 1803.
Perennial ; stem glabrous, or puberulent above,
usually much branched, narrowly 4-winged, 3°-7°
high, the branches also winged and pubescent.
Leaves thin, ovate, or the upper oblong, opposite,
minutely rough-pubescent on both sides, or gla-
brate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or con-
tracted below into slender margined or naked
petiole, serrate, 4'-io' long, i'-i¥ wide; heads
numerous, 6"-l2" broad, corymbose at the ends
of the stem and branches; involucre oblong-cam-
panulate, 2"-3" broad, its bracts lanceolate, ob-
tuse, erect, or the tips slightly spreading, pubes-
cent; rays 1-5, yellow, usually pistillate, rarely
none; achenes wingless; pappus of 2 slender, at
length divergent awns.
In dry thickets and on hillsides, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania to Illinois, Florida,
Alabama and Texas. Aug.-Oct.
3. Phaethusa helianthoides ( Michx.) Britton.
Sunflower Crownbeard. Fig. 4490.
Verbesina helian hoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 135.
1803.
Actinomeris helianthoides Nutt. Gen. 2: 181. 1S18.
Perennial; stem hispid or hirsute. 4-winged, usu-
ally simple. 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate or oval, ses-
sile, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, serrate or serrulate, rough or
appressed-hispid above, densely pubescent or canes-
cent beneath, 2 '-4' long, l'-li' wide, all alternate,
or the lower opposite ; heads solitary or few, 2'-$
broad; involucre hemispheric, about I' high, its
bracts lanceolate, acutish, canescent, appressed ; rays
8-1 5, pistillate or neutral, linear-oblong, yellow;
achenes scabrous or pubescent, broadly winged ;
pappus of 2 subulate awns.
On dry prairies and in thickets, Ohio to Georgia, west
to Iowa, Missouri and Texas. June-July.
69. XIMENESIA Cav. Icones 2 : 60. 1793.
Pubescent caulescent herbs, with alternate or sometimes opposite, simple, toothed or
somewhat laciniate leaves, and solitary or few, radiate, showy, peduncled heads. Involucre
rather flat, of narrow spreading bracts. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate,
fertile, numerous, the rays yellow. Disk-flowers numerous, perfect, fertile. Anthers some-
what sagittate at the base. Style-branches with slender pubescent appendages. Achenes
flat, winged. Pappus of short and straight awns. [In honor of Joseph Ximenes, a Spanish
apothecary and botanist.]
About 4 species, natives of America, the following typical.
Genus 69.
THISTLE FAMILY.
4S9
I. Ximenesia encelioides Cav. Golden Crownbeard. Fig. 4491.
Ximenesia encelioides Cav. Icon. 2: 60. pi. 178. 1793.
Verbesina encelioides A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 : Part 2, 288.
Annual; stem densely puberulent, much branched,
l°-2° high. Leaves deltoid-ovate or deltoid-lanceo-
late, thin, 2'-4' long, acuminate, acute or blunt at the
apex, coarsely dentate, or even laciniate, green and
minutely pubescent above, pale and densely canescent
beneath, all alternate, or the lowest opposite, nar-
rowed at the base into naked or wing-margined peti-
oles, which are often provided with dilated append-
ages at the base; heads several or numerous, 1/-2'
broad ; involucre hemispheric, about V high, its bracts
lanceolate, canescent; rays 12-15, bright golden yel-
low, 3-toothed ; achenes of the disk-like flowers obo-
vate, winged, pubescent, their pappus of 2 subulate
awns, those of the ray-flowers rugose, thickened,
often wingless.
In moist soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico,
and occasional in waste grounds farther east. Also in
Florida and widely distributed in warm regions as a
weed. Summer.
70. COREOPSIS L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753.
Anual or perennial, mostly erect herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and
large long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, or brown
at the base, or brown throughout, or pink. Involucre usually hemispheric, its bracts in 2
distinct series, all united at the base, those of the outer series commonly narrower and shorter
than the inner. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, chaffy, the chaff flat or concave. Ray-
flowers neutral. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tube and broader
S-toothed limb. Anthers mostly entire at the base. Style-tips truncate or subulate. Achenes
flat, orbicular to oblong, winged or wingless. Pappus of 2 short teeth, or a mere coroniform
border, or none. [Greek, bug-like, referring to the achenes.]
About 55 species, natives of America, South Africa and Australia, known as Tickseed. In
addition to the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type
species: Coreopsis lanceolata L.
1. Style-tips acute or cuspidate; outer involucral bracts about as long as the inner (except in
C. tripteris).
Leaves simple, or pinnately lobed ; achenes often with a callus on the incurved inner side.
Achenes with thin flat broad wings.
Leaves mostly near the base of the stem, the heads long-peduncled.
Glabrous, or sparingly hairy below.
Pubescent or hirsute.
Stem leafy to near the shorter-peduncled heads.
Pubescent or hirsute ; leaves entire or with a few lateral lobes.
Glabrous or very nearly so ; leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into narrow segments.
4. C. grandiflora.
Achenes with thick, involute narrow wings. 5. C. auricula a.
Leaves palmately 3-cleft or divided ; achenes without callus.
Leaves petioled. 3-divided into lanceolate segments, or the upper entire. 6. C. tripteris.
Leaves sessile.
Leaves rigid, deeply 3-lobed above the base. 7. C. palmata.
Leaves divided to the base.
Leaf-segments entire ; disk-flowers yellow. 8. C. major.
Leaf-segments 1-2-parted.
Disk-flowers yellow; leaf-segments linear-filiform. 9. C.verticillata.
Disk-flowers purple-brown ; leaf-segments 1 "-3" wide. 10. C. delphinifolia.
2. Style-tips truncate or obtuse; outer involucral bracts much shorter than the inner. [Genus
Calliopsis Reichb.]
Achenes broadly winged ; annual. n. C. cardaminefolia.
Achenes wingless.
Rays yellow with brownish bases ; annual with pinnately divided leaves. 12. C. tinctoria.
Rays rose-pink, rarely white; perennial with linear entire leaves. 13. C. rosea.
C. lanceolata.
C. crassifolia.
3. C. pubescens.
49°
COMPOS I TAE.
Vol. III.
i. Coreopsis lanceolata L. Lance-leaved
Tickseed. Fig. 4492.
Coreopsis lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 908. 1753.
Coreopsis lanceolata var. angustifolia T. & G. Fl. N.
A. 2 : 344. 1842.
Perennial; stem slender, glabrous, or sparingly
hispid near the base, l°-2° high. Leaves glabrous,
the lower and basal ones slender-petioled, spatu-
late or narrowly oblong, very obtuse, 2'-6' long,
entire, or with 1-3 lateral obtuse entire lobes;
stem leaves few, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate
or oblong, obtuse or acutish, usually quite entire;
heads few or solitary on elongated slender pedun-
cles, 1Y-2Y broad, showy; peduncles often 12'
long; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts
glabrous or ciliate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
the outer narrower than the inner, but nearly as
long ; rays 6-10, bright yellow, cuneate, 3-7-lobed ;
achenes oblong, broadly winged, about 1" long;
pappus of 2 short teeth.
In dry or moist soil, Ontario to Virginia, Michigan.
Illinois, Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. Escaped
from cultivation eastward. May-Aug.
2. Coreopsis crassifolia Ait. Thick-leaved
or Hairy Tickseed. Fig. 4493.
Coreopsis crassifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 253. 1789.
Coreopsis lanceolata var. villosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
2: 137. 1803.
Perennial; stem hirsute or villous-pubescent
below, ascending, little branched. 8-20' high.
Leaves rather thick, hirsute or pubescent, all
entire, the lower and basal ones petioled, oblong
to obovate-spatulate, mostly very obtuse, 1/-3'
long, 4"-io"_ wide; stem leaves few. short-peti-
oled or sessile, obtuse or acutish, narrower ; heads
few, l'-2' broad, borne on slender, puberulent pe-
duncles often i° long, similar to those of C. lan-
ceolata, as are the rays, involucral bracts and
achenes.
Dry soil, Illinois and Missouri to Kansas, Louisi-
ana, east to South Carolina and Florida. May-Aug.
3. Coreopsis pubescens Ell. Star Tick-
seed. Fig. 4494.
C. pubescens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga 2: 441. 1S24.
Perennial ; stem pubescent or puberulent. leafy,
little branched or simple, erect. 2°-4° high. Leaves
firm in texture, pubescent or glabrous, entire, or
some of them 3-5-Iobed or divided, the basal and
lower ones slender-petioled, obovate-oval, obtuse,
the upper short-petioled or sessile, broadly lan-
ceolate or oblong, acute or acutish, 2-3' long ;
heads few, i'-ii' broad, long-peduncled ; invo-
lucre depressed-hemispheric, glabrous, star-like,
its lanceolate obtuse or acute outer bracts nearly
as long as but much narrower than the ovate
inner ones; rays 8-10, yellow, cuneate, lobed at
the apex; achenes similar to those of the preced-
ing species or broader.
In dry woods. Virginia to Illinois and Missouri,
south to Florida and Louisiana. June-Aug.
Genus 70.
THISTLE FAMILY
4. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg. Large-
flowered Tickseed. Fig. 4495.
Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard.
2: pi. 175. 1825-27.
Perennial ; stem glabrous, usually branched
above, l°-3° high. Leaves, or most of them,
1-2-pinnately parted, or the lower entire and
slender-petioled ; segments of the lower stem
leaves oblong, obtuse, the terminal one larger
than the lateral; segments of most of the stem
leaves linear or even filiform, petioles ciliate;
heads commonly several, i'-2' broad, long-pedun-
cled ; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate,
narrower and mostly somewhat shorter than the
oval or ovate-lanceolate inner ones ; rays 6-10,
yellow, lobed ; achenes oblong, broadly winged
when mature, the projections on the inner face
usually large; pappus of 2 short scales.
In moist soil. Kansas and Missouri to Texas, east
to Georgia. May-Aug.
5. Coreopsis auriculata L. Running or
Lobed Tickseed. Fig. 4496.
Coreopsis auriculata L. Sp. PI. 908. 1753.
Perennial; stoloniferous ; stems weak, very slen-
der, decumbent or ascending, 6'— 15' long, little
branched, or simple, pubescent or hirsute, at least
below, mostly glabrous above. Leaves thin, en-
tire or pinnately 3-5-lobed or 3-5-divided, the
terminal segment entire and much larger than the
lateral ones, the lower and basal more or less pu-
bescent, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, with
slender pubescent petioles ; stem leaves few, peti-
oled or sessile, mostly obtuse; heads I'-r i' broad,
slender-peduncled ; outer bracts of the involucre
oblong to lanceolate, narrower than the mostly
ovate and acute inner ones ; rays 6-IO, cuneate,
about 4-toothed, yellow ; achenes oval, narrowly
winged, the wings involute and thick.
In woods, Virginia to Illinois, Kentucky, Florida
and Louisiana. May-Aug.
6. Coreopsis tripteris L. Tall Tickseed.
Fig. 4497-
Coreopsis tripteris L. Sp. PI. 908. 1753.
Perennial ; stem glabrous, much branched above,
4°-8° high. Leaves petioled, glabrous, or very
nearly so, firm, the lower all divided into lanceo-
late, entire, acute, rough-margined segments, which
are 2'-s' long, i'-l' wide and pinnately veined;
uppermost leaves lanceolate, entire ; heads numer-
ous, slender-peduncled. l'-li' broad; outer bracts
of the involucre linear, obtusish, much narrower
and somewhat shorter than the ovate-oval or ovate-
lanceolate, acute inner ones; rays 6-10, yellow, ob-
tuse, entire; achenes oblong to obovate, narrowly
winged, emarginate ; pappus none.
In moist woods and thickets, southern Ontario to
Pennsylvania. Wisconsin, Arkansas, Virginia, Florida
and Louisiana. July-Oct.
492
roMI'OSITAIi.
Vol. III.
i oreopsis major Walt. Fl. Car. 214. 1788.
( oreopsis scnifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 138. 1803.
Coreopsis Oemleri Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 435. 1824.
Coreopsis Stella a Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7 : 76. 1S34.
Coreopsis senifoiia var. stellata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2:
34-2- 1842.
Perennial ; stem pubescent or glabrous, branch-
ed above, 2°~3° high. Leaves sessile, more or
less pubescent, or glabrous, divided to the base
into 3, lanceolate, linear, ovate-lanceolate or ob-
long, acute, entire segments 2'-4' long, 2"-l2"
wide, which appear as if in verticils of 6; upper
and lower leaves (rarely all of them), undivided
and entire; heads several or numerous, slender-
peduncled, l'-2' broad; bracts of the hemispheric
involucre all united at the base, the outer ones
linear-oblong, obtuse, equalling or shorter than
the broader inner ones, all pubescent; rays 6-10,
yellow, oblong, entire; disk yellow; achenes ob-
long to elliptic, winged, ¥'-2 ' long; pappus of 2
short deciduous teeth.
In dry sandy woods, Virginia to Kentucky, Florida
and Alabama. July-Aug. Consists of several races,
differing in pubescence and in shape and width of the
leaf-segments.
7. Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Stiff Tick-
seed. Fig. 44'jN.
Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Gen. 2: 180. 1818.
Perennial; stems rigid, glabrous, simple, or
little branched, very leafy, i°-3° high. Leaves
sessile, 2' -3' long, palmately deeply 3-lobed at or
below the middle, or the uppermost entire, thick,
rigid, the lobes linear-oblong, obtusish, entire,
or with 1-3 lateral lobes, their margins rough ;
heads few or solitary, short-peduncled, I -2'
broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts some-
what united at the base, those of the outer series
narrower and nearly as long as the inner ones ;
rays 6-10, bright yellow, oblong or obovate, most-
ly 3-toothed ; achenes oblong, narrowly winged,
slightly incurved; pappus of 2 short tips, or none.
On dry prairies and in thickets, Indiana to Mis-
souri, Louisiana, Minnesota, Manitoba, Nebraska and
Texas. June-July.
8. Coreopsis major Walt. Wood or Greater
Tickseed. Fig. 4499.
9. Coreopsis verticillata L. Whorled
Tickseed. Fig. 4500.
Coreopsis verticillala L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753.
Perennial; stem stiff, much branched, slender,
leafy, i°-2° high. Leaves sessile, glabrous, 2-3-
ternately dissected into linear-filiform entire seg-
ments; heads numerous, i'-i*' broad; involucre
hemispheric, or short-cylindric in fruit, glabrous,
its outer bracts linear, obtuse, commonly some-
what shorter and much narrower than the ovate-
oblong inner ones; rays 6-10, yellow, spatulate-
oblong, obtuse ; disk dull yellow ; achenes oblong,
narrowly winged, 2" long; pappus of 2 short
teeth.
In dry soil, Maryland to South Carolina, Kentucky,
Nebraska and Arkansas. Apparently erroneously re-
corded from farther north. June-Sept.
Genus 70.
THISTLE FAMILY.
493
10. Coreopsis delphinifolia Lam. Lark-
spur Tickseed. Fig. 4501.
Coreopsis delphinifolia Lam. Encycl. 2: 108. 1786.
Perennial ; stem glabrous, branched above, rather
slender, l°-3° high. Leaves sessile, 1-2-ternately
partly into linear or linear-lanceolate segments,
which are 1-2' long, I "-3" wide; heads several
or numerous, li'-2' broad; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts glabrous, the outer linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, shorter than or equalling the ovate-oblong
inner ones; rays 6-10, yellow, entire ; disk brown;
achenes oblong to oval, narrowed at the base,
narrowly winged; pappus of 2 short teeth.
In dry woods, Virginia (according to Torrey and
Gray), North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama.
Aug.-Sept.
11. Coreopsis cardaminefolia ( DC.) T. & G.
Cress-leaved Tickseed. Fig. 4502.
Calliopsis cardaminefolia DC. Prodr. 5: 568. 1836.
C. cardaminefolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 346. 1842.
Annual; stem glabrous, branched, i°-2A° high.
Basal leaves petioled, 2--4' long, 1-2-pinnately' parted
into oblong or oval obtuse segments, the petioles
sometimes slightly ciliate; stem leaves distant, ses-
sile, or nearly so, pinnately parted into linear seg-
ments, or the uppermost entire ; heads 8"-i2" broad,
slender-peduncled ; involucre hemispheric, its inner
bracts brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or
obtusish, scarious-margined, much longer than the
lanceolate obtusish outer ones ; rays 4-8, yellow with
a brown base, 3-toothed ; achenes oval, l"-ii" long,
winged, smooth, or slightly papillose; pappus of 2
minute awns, or none.
In moist soil, Kansas to New Mexico, Louisiana and
northern Mexico. May-Oct.
Coreopsis Atkinsoniana Dougl., a northwestern
species, with linear leaf-segments and very narrowly
winged achenes, ranges eastward into North Dakota.
12. Coreopsis tinctdria Nutt. Golden Co-
reopsis. Garden Tickseed. Fig. 4503.
C. tinctoria Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 114. 1821.
Annual; stem glabrous, branched, l°-3i° high.
Leaves 1-2-pinnately divided into linear, obtusish,
mostly entire segments, or the uppermost linear and
entire, the lower petioled; heads slender-peduncled.
io"-i2" broad, or in cultivation much broader; invo-
lucre hemispheric, its inner bracts brown, ovate or
oblong, obtuse or acute, scarious-margined, 3-5 times
as long as the obtuse outer ones; rays 6-10, cuneate,
yellow with a brown base or brown all over ; achenes
linear or linear-oblong, about l" long, wingless; pap-
pus a mere border, or none.
In moist soil, Minnesota to Alberta, Nebraska, Louisi-
ana and Arizona. Escaped from gardens to roadsides
and waste places eastward. Wild flax. Nuttall's-weed.
May-Sept.
rSffifah
I'M
t OMl'OSITAE.
Vol. III.
13. Coreopsis rosea Xutt. Small Rose or Pink Tickseed. Fig. 4504.
1 oreopsis rosea Nutt. Gen. 2: 179. 1818.
Perennial by slender rootstocks ; stems at length
much branched, slender, strict, glabrous, 6-24' high.
Leaves opposite, linear, glabrous, entire, obscurely I-
nerved, l'-2i' long, i"-i" wide, sessile, or the lower
petioled ; heads slender-peduncled, several or numer-
ous, 6"-l2" broad; disk yellow; rays 4-8, pink or rose-
colored (occasionally white), oblong to obovate, slight-
ly 3-toothed or sometimes entire; inner bracts of the
hemispheric involucre ovate-oblong, acutish or obtuse,
glabrous, much longer than the lanceolate outer ones ;
achenes oblong or linear-oblong, thin, not winged,
nearly straight, slightly ribbed on the inner face; pap-
pus a very short truncate crown.
In open swamps, eastern Massachusetts to Georgia, near
the coast. July-Aug.
71. BIDENS L. Sp. PI. 831. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite serrate lobed divided or dissected leaves, or the
uppermost alternate, and mostly large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays
none, or rudimentary. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, distinct,
or slightly united at the base ; the outer often foliaceous and much larger than the inner.
Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Rays, when present,
neutral, mostly entire, yellow in our species. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubu-
lar, S-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches with short
or subulate tips. Achenes flat, or quadrangular, cuneate, oblong or linear, the outer ones
often shorter than the inner. Pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate awns, upwardly or down-
wardly barbed or hispid. [Latin, two-toothed, referring to the achenes.]
About 75 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 12 others occur
in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Bidens tripartita L.
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, undivided, rarely 3-5-Iobed or incised.
Rays present, large and conspicuous.
Rays large, longer than the involucral bracts.
Rays short, rarely as long as the involucral bracts.
Rays rudimentary, or none.
Heads nodding after flowering.
Heads persistently erect.
Pappus awns downwardly barbed.
Involucral bracts not foliaceous ; stem purple ; flowers orange. 3
Involucral bracts foliaceous ; stem straw-color ; flowers greenish yel
4
Pappus awns upwardly barbed ; involucre narrow. 5
Leaves, some or all of them, pinnately 1-3-parted or dissected.
Rays rudimentary, or none, or very short.
Achenes flat ; leaves, some or all of them, 1-3-divided.
Outer involucral bracts 4-8; achenes black or nearly black.
Leaves membranous ; heads 2"-^" high : awns short. 6
Leaves not membranous ; heads 5"— 7" high ; awns long. 7
Outer involucral bracts 10-16; achenes brown. 8.
Achenes linear ; leaves dissected. o
Rays large and conspicuous.
Achenes sparingly pubescent, not ciliate: pappus of 2 short teeth. 10
Achenes ciliate ; pappus 2-4 subulate teeth or awns.
Achenes cuneate, or linear-cuneate. 11.
Achenes obovate, very flat.
Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or ciliate, short. 12.
Outer bracts densely hispid, much longer than the inner. 13.
1. B. laevis.
2. B. cernua.
2. B. cernua.
B. connata.
!ow.
B. comosa.
B. bidentoides.
B. discoidea.
B. frondosa.
B. vulgata.
B. bipinnata.
B. coronata.
B. trichosperma.
B. aristosa.
B. mz'olticrata.
Genus 71.
THISTLE FAMILY.
495
1. Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P. Larger or Smooth Bur-Marigold. Brook Sun-
flower. Fig. 4505. '
Helianthus laevis L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753.
Bidens chrysanthemoidcs Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :
136. 1S03.
Bidens laevis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 29. 1888.
Bidens lugens Greene, Pittonia 4: 254. 1901.
Annual; glabrous throughout ; stems branch-
ed, erect or ascending, i°-3° high. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate, evenly serrate or serrulate,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the some-
times connate-perfoliate base, 3'-8' long, i'-l'
wide; heads numerous, short-peduncled, erect
in flower, often declined in fruit, I '-24' broad;
rays very showy, golden yellow; involucre
hemispheric, its outer bracts linear-oblong or
spatulate, equalling or exceeding the broader,
ovate or oblong, membranous inner ones,
shorter than the rays; rays 8-10, obovate-
oblong, obtuse ; achenes cuneate, truncate, 2"-
4" long, retrorsely hispid on the margins ;
pappus of 2-4 (usually 2), rigid downwardly
barbed awns, shorter than the achene.
In swamps and wet meadows, Massachusetts to Illinois, Kansas, Florida, Louisiana and Mexico.
Northern records of this species apply to Bidens cernua. Aug.-Nov.
Bidens elegans Greene, of southeastern Virginia, appears to be a narrow-rayed race of this
species.
2. Bidens cernua L. Smaller or Nodding Bur-Marigold. Fig. 4506.
Bidens cernua L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753.
Coreopsis Bidens L. loc. cit. 908. 1753.
Annual; stems glabrous, or hispid, usually erect,
branched, 3'-3° high. Leaves sessile and commonly
somewhat connate-perfoliate at the base, lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate, usually coarsely and sharply
serrate, glabrous, acuminate, 3' -6' long, i'-l' wide;
heads numerous, globose, short-peduncled, i'-l'
broad, nodding after or during flowering ; rays
6-10, short (3"-6"), or none; involucre depressed-
hemispheric, its outer bracts commonly ciliate,
often large, foliaceous and much exceeding the
broad, yellowish-margined membranous inner ones •.
achenes cuneate, 2" long, retrorsely hispid on the
margins; pappus of 2-4 (usually 4), downwardly
barbed awns, about half as long as the achene.
In wet soil, Nova Scotia to Hudson Bay and British
Columbia, North Carolina, Missouri and California.
Also in Europe and Asia. Consists of many races,
differing in size. Water-agrimony. Double-tooth. Pitch-
forks. July-Oct.
Bidens Eatoni Fernald, known only from brackish soil, along the Merrimac River, Mass., has
narrower heads and smaller achenes with awns either upwardly or downwardly barbed.
A plant, with all the leaves pinnately divided, growing in the vicinity of Minneapolis. Minn.,
described as Bidens connata pinnata S. Wats., may be a hybrid with B. aristosa.
[96
COMPOSIT \K
Vol. III.
3. Bidens connata Mulil. Purple-stemmed
Swamp Beggar-ticks. Fig. 4507.
nata Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1718. 1804.
Annual; glabrous throughout; stem erect, usu-
ally branched, 6'-8° high, purple. Leaves peti-
oled, lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, sharply and
coarsely serrate, thin. 2'-$' long, l'-i' wide, apex
innate, base tapering, the uppermost some-
times sessile, nearly entire and acutish, the lowi 1
sometimes with a pair of basal lobes, decurrent
on the petiole; heads several or numerous, pe-
duncled, h'-l¥ broad; involucre campanulate or
hemispheric, the outer bracts somewhat exceed-
ing the ovate-oblong, inner ones; rays none, or
1-5 and inconspicuous; disk-flowers orange;
achenes cuneate or obovate, hairy and tubercled.
or nearly glabrous, keeled, or angled, 2" -3" long,
the margins with either erect or retrorse hairs,
or both, the 2-4 pappus awns downwardly barbed,
half as long as the achene.
In swamps or moist soil, Rhode Island to Ontario,
Minnesota, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri
and Nebraska. Introduced into Europe. Cuckold.
Harvest-lice. Pitchforks. Aug. -Oct.
4. Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand.
Leafy-bracted Tickseed. Fig. 4508
B. connata var. comosa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 261. 1867.
B. comosa Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 436. 1897.
B. riparia Greene, Pittonia 4: 261. 1901.
B. acuta (Wiegand) Britton, Man. 1001. 1901.
Annual, glabrous; stem erect, branched, 6'-4i°
high, straw-colored. Leaves short-petioled, or sub-
sessile, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, coarsely ser-
rate with mostly smaller teeth than in B. connata,
tapering to each end, the petioles broadly margined :
heads several or numerous, 1"— ii" broad; outer
bracts of the involucre linear, spatulate or lanceo-
late, foliaceous, erect or spreading, often toothed.
2-4 times as long as the head; rays none; corollas
mostly 4-lobed, pale greenish yellow ; stamens and
style included; achenes larger, 3i"-sl" long, evenly
cuneate, very flat ; pappus awns commonly 3, down-
wardly barbed, somewhat shorter than the achene.
In wet soil, Massachusetts to Illinois, North Dakota,
New Jersey, West Virginia, Kentucky and Kansas.
Leaves thicker and paler than in B. connata. Aug.-Oct.
5. Bidens bidentoides (Nutt.) Britton
Swamp Beggar-ticks. Fig. 4509.
Trans. Am. Phil
Diodonta bidentoides Nutt
(II) 7: 361. 1841.
Coreopsis bidentoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2
B. bidentoides Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20
Soc.
339- 1842.
281. 1893.
Closely resembles B. connata, glabrous through-
out; stem branched, i°-4° high. Leaves similar,
lanceolate, sharply serrate, petioled, or the upper
sessile and entire, acuminate at the apex, nar-
nowed at the base ; involucre narrowly or be-
coming somewhat broadly campanulate. its outer
bracts linear, foliaceous, not ciliate, usually much
exceeding the oblong inner ones; rays none, or
rarely present and very short ; achenes linear-
cuneate, 3"-S" long, their sides and the 2 slender
pappus awns (rarely with 2 short intermediate
awns) upwardly barbed or hispid.
Muddy shores of the Delaware River and Bay in
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland.
Aug.-Oct.
Genus 71.
THISTLE FAMILY
Beggar-ticks.
6. Bidens discoidea (T. & G. ) Britton.
Small Beggar-ticks. Fig. 4510.
Coreopsis discoidea T. & G. FI. N. A. 2 : 339. 1842.
B. discoidea Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 2S1. 1893.
Annual, glabrous, slender, branching, erect, 2'-6°
high. Leaves membranous, very slender-petioled,
all the lower ones divided into 3 lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, dentate, acuminate segments
which are I -3' long; uppermost leaves commonly
rhombic-lanceolate and undivided ; heads usually
numerous, slender-peduncled, 2"-4" broad and
about as high ; involucre broadly campanulate or
hemispheric, its outer bracts mostly 4, usually
foliaceous and obtuse, usually much surpassing
the inner ones ; rays apparently always wanting ;
achenes flat, narrowly cuneate, upwardly strigose,
about 2" long ; pappus of 2 short, upwardly his-
pid, rarely downwardly barbed awns.
In swamps and wet places, Massachusetts to Vir-
ginia, Ohio, Michigan, Louisiana and Texas. July-
Sept
7. Bidens frondosa L
Stick-tight. Fig. 451 1.
Bidens frondosa L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753.
B. melanocarpa Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 405.
1899.
Annual ; stem erect, branched, glabrous, or
nearly so, often purplish, 2°-3° high. Leaves thin,
but not membranous, slender-petioled, pinnately
3-5-divided or the uppermost undivided, the seg-
ments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sharply
serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, usually slightly pubescent beneath, stalked,
2'-4' long, i'-l' wide; heads usually numerous,
long-peduncled, about 6" high, 5"-io" broad ; in-
volucre campanulate, becoming hemispheric, its
outer bracts 4-8, more or less foliaceous, often
much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate, scarious-
margined inner ones; rays none or rudimentary
and inconspicuous; disk-corollas orange; achenes
flat, narrowly cuneate, nearly black, z"-$" long,
ciliate, the two slender awns downwardly barbed,
or sometimes upwardly hispid.
In moist soil, often a weed in fields, Nova Scotia to Florida, British Columbia, Texas, Colorado
and California. Introduced as a weed into southern Europe. Rayless marigold. Beggar-lice.
Devil's-pitchfork. Stick-seed. Common bur-marigold.
Old-ladies clothes-pins. Cuckles. July-Oct.
8. Bidens vulgata Greene. Tall Beggar-ticks.
Fig. 4512-
Bidens vulgata Greene, Pittonia 4: 72. 1899.
B. frondosa puberula Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 408.
1899.
Taller, sometimes 9° high, glabrous or nearly so,
or crisp-pubescent above. Leaves pinnately 3-5-
divided, the veins straight and prominent ; heads
larger, 7"-i2" broad, stout-peduncled ; outer invo-
lucral bracts linear to linear-spatulate, ciliate, the
inner mostly ovate or narrowly triangular, pubescent
at apex ; ray-flowers usually present, small, yellow ;
achenes very flat, 3"-4*" long, 2"-z\" wide, brown
or greenish brown, the margins downwardly barbed
above, upwardly hairy below ; awns 2, half as long
as the achene or more, downwardly barbed.
In moist soil, Quebec to British Columbia, New York,
North Carolina, Missouri, Colorado and California.
Aug.— Sept. Included in the preceding species in our
first edition.
32
.|-»S
I I iMI'OSITAE.
Vol. III.
g. Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles.
Cuckolds. Fig. 4513.
Bidens bipinnata L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753.
Annual; stem quadrangular, erect, freely branch-
id. rather slender, i°-5° high. Leaves thin, acumi-
nate, petioled, 1-3-pinnately dissected into ovate or
oblong, toothed or lobed segments, the lower often
8' long; heads usually numerous, long-peduncled,
2"~4" broad ; involucre narrow, its outer bracts
linear, ascending, nearly as long as the broader erect
inner ones ; rays 3-4, yellow, short, sometimes none ;
achenes linear, 4-angled, slightly pubescent, narrowed
upward into a beak. 5"-o" long, the outer ones com-
monly shorter and thicker than the inner ; pappus
of 2-4 (usually 4), downwardly barbed, slightly un-
equal, spreading awns, much shorter than the achene.
In various situations, often a weed in cultivated fields,
Rhode Island to Florida, Ohio, Nebraska, Kansas and
Arizona. Introduced as a weed into southern Europe
and Asia. July-Oct.
10. Bidens coronata (L.)
Tickseed-Sunflower.
Fig.
Fisch. Southern
45 H-
Coreopsis coronata L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1281. 1763.
Coreopsis aurea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 252. i?89.
Bidens coronata Fisch.; Steudel, Norn. Ed. 2, 202. 1840.
Annual, glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem
branched, i°-3° high. Lower leaves petioled, 3-5
long, 3-divided, the terminal segment lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, serrate, much larger than the serrate
or entire lateral ones; upper leaves much smaller,
3-parted, 3-lobed or undivided, sessile or short-
petioled, entire or serrate; leaves rarely all undi-
vided; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, 1-2'
broad; involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts linear-
oblong, obtuse, equalling or slightly exceeding the
broader inner ones; rays 6-10, obtuse; achenes
broadly cuneate, slightly pubescent, I "-2" long; pap-
pus of 2 chaffy blunt divergent somewhat laciniate
teeth, rarely with 2 shorter intermediate ones.
In wet places, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. July
Sept.
11. Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton.
Tall Tickseed-Sunflower. Fig. 4545.
C. trichosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 139. 1803.
B. trichosperma Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 281. 1893.
Coreopsis trichosperma var. tenuiloba A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
1 : Part 2, 295. 1884.
Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba Britton, Bull. Torr. Club
20 : 281. 1893.
Annual or biennial, glabrous; stem tall, obscurely
quadrangular, much branched, 2°-5° high. _ Lower
leaves petioled, 4'-8' long, pinnately divided into 5-7
lanceolate or linear, acuminate, sharply serrate, in-
cised or nearly entire, sessile or short-stalked seg-
ments; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, 3-lobed,
3-divided, or entire and linear-lanceolate; heads nu-
merous, 1Y-2Y broad, long-peduncled; involucre
hemispheric, its outer bracts linear or spatulate,
sometimes ciliate, about the length of the broader
inner ones ; rays 6-19, obtuse, golden yellow, J"-i2"
long; achenes oblong-cuneate or the inner ones nar-
rower, hispid-pubescent and ciliate, 2"-4" long; pap-
pus of 2 short erect or divergent, upwardly hispid
teeth or short awns.
In swamps and wet meadows, Massachusetts to Georgia
Recorded from Ontario and Minnesota. Aug. -Oct.
Illinois to Michigan and Kentucky.
Genus 71.
THISTLE FAMILY.
499
12. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton. Western Tickseed-Sunflower.
Fig. 4516.
Coreopsis aristosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 140. 1803.
C. aristala Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2J53. 1804.
B. aristosa Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20 : 281. 1893.
Annual or biennial; stem much branched, i°-3°
high. Leaves thin, slender-petioled, pubescent
beneath, the lower ones pinnately 5-7-divided,
3'-6' long, the segments lanceolate, serrate, in-
cised or pinnatifid, acuminate, narrowed at the
base; upper leaves less divided, lanceolate, or
merely lobed, sessile or short-petioled ; heads nu-
merous, slender-peduncled, \'-2 broad; outer
bracts of the hemispheric involucre 8-10, linear
or spatulate. usually ciliate, not surpassing the
inner; rays 6-9, obtuse; achenes very flat, oblan-
ceolate or obovate, upwardly ciliate and strigose-
pubescent; pappus of 2, rarely 4, slender upward-
ly or downwardly, barbed awns, sometimes nearly
as long as the achene, rarely wanting.
In swamps and wet prairies, Ohio to Minnesota,
south to Louisiana and Missouri; southeastern Penn-
sylvania and Delaware. Aug.-Oct.
13. Bidens involucrata (Nutt.) Britton.
Long-bracted Tickseed-Sunflower.
Fig. 45I7-
Coreopsis involucrata Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7 : 74.
1834-
Bidens involucra'a Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 281.
1893.
Similar to the two preceding species, minutely
pubescent, i°-3° high, much branched. Segments
of the leaves narrower, linear-lanceolate, incised
or pinnatifid, long-acuminate; heads numerous,
1-2' broad, on slender usually hispid peduncles;
outer bracts of the hemispheric involucre 10-20,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, densely hispid and
ciliate. much exceeding the inner ones; rays
orange at the base ; achenes flat, ciliate and stri-
gose; pappus of 2 short teeth.
In swamps, Illinois to Kansas, Arkansas and Texas;
southeastern Pennsylvania and Delaware. July-Sept.
72. MEGALODONTA Greene, Pittonia 4: 270. iqoi.
Perennial aquatic herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, those of the submersed ones
filiformly dissected, those of the emersed ones serrate to laciniate, and solitary peduncled
showy heads with both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2
series, rather broad, distinct or nearly so, the outer ones smaller than the inner, often lax.
Receptacle chaffy. Rays neutral, yellow. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular,
S-toothed. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches with subulate tips.
Achenes nearly terete, truncate at both ends. Pappus of 3-6 long-subulate awns which are
retrorsely barbed, except near the base. [Greek, large-toothed, referring to the pappus awns.]
Two known species, the following typical, the other occurring in Washington State.
5°°
i OMP< (SITAE.
Vol. III.
i. Megalodonta Beckii i Torr.) Greene.
Water .Marigold. Fig. 4518.
s Beckii Torr.; Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 2:
135- lS-!-
M. Beckii Greene, Pittonia 4: 271. 1901.
M. nuJata Greene, ]oc. cit. 1901.
Stems simple, or little branched, 2°-8° long.
Submersed leaves sessile, l'-2' long, repeat-
edly divided into numerous capillary segments ;
emersed leaves few, sessile, opposite, or some-
times in 3's, lanceolate or oblong, acute, serrate
or laciniate, J'-li' long; heads solitary or few,
short-peduncled, i'-iJ broad; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts oval or oblong, obtusish,
glabrous, the outer somewhat shorter than the
inner; rays 6-10, obovate, or oblong, notched,
golden yellow; achenes nearly terete, $"-7"
long; pappus of 3-6 slender awns, downwardly
barbed above, smooth below, divergent, 6"-l2 '
long.
In ponds and streams, Quebec to New Jersey,
west to Manitoba and Missouri. Aug.-Sept.
73. THELESPERMA Less. Linnaea 6: 511. 1831.
Glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with opposite linear and undivided, or finely dis-
sected leaves, and long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays
wanting. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, of 2 distinct series of bracts, the outer
short, narrow and somewhat spreading, the inner united nearly to or beyond the middle into
a cup, their tips scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the 2-nerved broad white scarious
chaff subtending the disk-flowers and achenes. Ray-flowers, when present, neutral, the rays
yellow, entire or toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corolla with a slender tube and
S-toothed limb. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-tips acute. Achenes, some or
all of them, papillose on the back, oblong or linear, slightly compressed or terete, wingless.
Pappus of 2 retrorsely hispid awns or scales, or sometimes none. [Greek, nipple-seed.]
About 10 species, natives of the south central United States, Mexico and southern South Amer
ica. Type species : Thelesperma scabiousoides- Less.
Rays large ; pappus-awns shorter than the width of the achene.
Leaves not rigid, their segments filiform-linear ; annual or biennial.
Leaves rigid, their segments linear; perennial.
Rays inconspicuous, or none ; awns longer than the width of the achene ;
1. T. trifidum.
2. T. intermedium.
perennial.
3. T. gracile.
1. Thelesperma trifidum (Poir.) Brit-
ton. Fine-leaved Thelesperma.
Fig. 4519-
Coreopsis trifida Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2 :
353. 1811.
Thelesperma filifolium A. Gray, Kew. Journ. Bot.
1 : 252. 1849.
Thelesperma trifidum Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 9 : 182. 1890.
Annual or biennial; stem branched. l°-3°
high. Leaves numerous, not rigid. li'-2' long,
bipinnatehy divided into filiform or linear-
filiform segments; heads several or numerous,
12"— 15" broad; outer bracts of the involucre
about 8, subulate-linear, equalling or more
than half as long as the inner, which are
united not higher than the middle; rays 6-10,
somewhat spatulate, 3-lobed ; disk purple or
brown ; achenes linear-oblong, straight, or
slightly curved, the outer ones strongly papil-
lose ; awns of the pappus not longer than the
width of the summit of the achene.
In dry soil, South Dakota. Missouri and Ne-
braska to Colorado, Texas. Xew Mexico and north-
ern Mexico. June-Aug.
Genus 73.
THISTLE FAMILY.
5°'
2. Thelesperma intermedium Rydb.
Stiff Thelesperma. Fig. 4520.
Thelesperma intermedium Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club
27 : 631. 1900.
Perennial from a deep woody root and slen-
der rootstocks ; stem rigid, usually much
branched, Ic-l4° high. Leaves usually numer-
ous, 1V-2' long, bipinnately divided into entire,
rigid, linear segments, but less compound than
those of the preceding species; outer bracts of
the involucre lanceolate-subulate, usually much
shorter than the inner ones, which are united
to about the middle : rays and achenes similar
to those of the preceding.
In dry soil, on plains, Nebraska and Wyoming
to Colorado and New Mexico. In our first edition
included in T. ambiguum A. Gray, of the South-
west. June-Aug.
3. Thelesperma gracile (Torr.) A. Gray.
Rayless Thelesperma. Fig. 4521.
Bidens gracilis. Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 215.
T. gracile A. Gray, Kew. Journ. Bot. 1 : 252.
1827.
1849.
Perennial from a deep root; stem rigid, branched,
l°-3° high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves rigid,
erect or ascending, 2-3' long, pinnately or bipin-
nately divided into linear segments, or the upper
linear and entire; heads 6"-lo" broad; rays usually
none, sometimes present and 2"-3" long; outer bracts
of the involucre 4-6, oblong or ovate, mostly ob-
tuse, very much shorter than the inner ones, which
are united to the middle or beyond; disk yellow or
brownish ; outer achenes slightly papillose ; pappus
awns longer than the width of the summit of the
achene.
On dry plains, Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas,
northern Mexico and Arizona. May-Aug.
74. GALINSOGA Cav. Icon. 3: 41. 1794.
Annual branching herbs, with opposite, mostly petioled, dentate or entire leaves, and
small peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminal and in the upper axils.
Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, ovate, obtuse, mem-
branous, striate, nearly equal, or the outer shorter. Receptacle conic or elongated, its thin
chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers white or red, pistillate, fertile, the rays 4 or
5, short. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, the corolla S-toothed. Anthers minutely sagittate at
the base. Style-branches tipped with acute appendages. Achenes angled, or the outer ones
flat. Pappus of the disk-flowers of several short laciniate or fimbriate scales, that of the
ray-flowers of several or few short slender bristles, or none. [Named in honor of M. M.
Galinsoga, superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Madrid.!
About 5 species, natives of tropical and warm temperate America, the following typical.
5°-
C0MP0S1 I \l-..
Vol.111.
I. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galinsoga. Fig. 4522.
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Icon. 3: 41. pi. 281. 1794.
Galinsoga parviflora kispida DC. Prodr. 5: 677. 1836.
Slightly appressed-pubescent or hirsute, i°-3° high.
Leaves thin, ovate or deltoid-ovate, 3-nerved, 1' 3' long,
acute .a thr apex, mostly obtuse at the base, dentate,
the lower slender-petioled, the upper short-petioled or
sessile, and sometimes nearly or quite entire; heads
usually numerous, 2"-$" broad, slender-peduncled ;
bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly so. the outer
shorter; pappus of the disk-flowers 4-16. oblong to
spatulate, fimbriate obtusish or bristle-tipped scales,
somewhat shorter than or equalling the finely pubescent
obpyramidal achene.
In door-yards and waste places, Maine to Ontario, Oregon,
North Carolina, Missouri, Arizona, California and Mexico.
Bermuda; Jamaica. Naturalized from tropical America.
Introduced into Europe as a weed. June— Nov.
Galinsoga caracasana (DC.) Sch. Bip., similar to this
species but with reddish rays, and the pappus of the disk-
flowers only half as long as the achene, also tropical Ann r
ica. has been found in waste grounds in New Jersey and
Maryland.
75. ENDORIMA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 4: 195. 1819.
[Balduina Nutt. Gen. 2: 175. 1818. Not Baldwinia Raf. F. 1818.]
Perennial, caulescent, simple or branched, erect herbs, with alternate entire narrow punctate
leaves, and large terminal heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or those of the
disk purple. Involucre hemispheric, its small bracts imbricated in several series, appressed,
or with spreading tips, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, deeply honey-combed, chaffy,
the persistent chaff coriaceous or cartilaginous, laterally united, subtending the disk-flowers.
Rays large, neutral, toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers
sagittate at the base. Style-branches with truncate subulate tips. Achenes turbinate, silky-
villous. Pappus of 7-12 scarious nearly equal scales. [Greek, perhaps referring to the
immersion of the achenes in the honeycombed receptacle.]
Two known species, natives of the southwestern United States. Type species: Balduina uni-
flora Nutt. /V'N'V"\
i. Endorima uniflora (Nutt.) Barnhart. One-
headed Actinospermum. Fig. 4523.
Balduina uniflora Nutt. Gen. 2 : 175. 1818.
Actinospermum uniflorum Barnhart, Bull. Torn Club 24: 411.
1897-
E. uniflora Barnhart; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1283. 1903.
Stem stout, puberulent, simple, or with a few erect
branches, i°-3° high. Leaves thick, spatulate-linear or the
upper linear, sessile, erect or ascending, l'-2' long, the
lower 2"-?," wide; heads long-peduncled, solitary, 2-2Y
broad; bracts of the involucre ovate, acuminate, thick, their
tips at length spreading ; rays 20-30, cuneate, 3-4-toothed
at the truncate apex; disk 8"-I2" broad; chaff of the re-
ceptacle cuneate. truncate, very cartilaginous, more or less
united laterally, the summit eroded; achenes obconic ; pap-
pus of 7-9 oblong scales about as long as the achene.
In wet pine-barrens. Virginia (according to Torrey and Gray) ;
North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. July-Sept.
76. MARSHALLIA Schreb. ; Gmelin. Syst. 1208. 1791.
Perennial, often tufted, simple or branched herbs, with basal or alternate, entire leaves,
and large long-peduncled discoid heads of purple, pink or white, glandular-pubescent flowers.
Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in I or 2 series, herbaceous, narrow,
nearly equal. Receptacle convex or at length conic, chaffy, the scales narrow, rigid, distinct.
Rays none. Flowers all perfect and fertile, their corollas with a deeply 5-lobed or 5-parted
campanulate limb and a slender tube. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches
long, truncate. Achenes turbinate. 5-ribbed and 5-angled. Pappus of 5 or 6 acute or acumi-
nate, ovate or lanceolate-deltoid, nearly entire scales. [Named for Humphrey Marshall, of
Pennsylvania, botanical author.]
About 6 species, natives of the central United States. Type species: Marshallia Schreberi Gmel.
Genus 76.
THISTLE FAMILY.
503
Leaves ovate, oval, or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved.
Leaves linear, lanceolate, or the basal spatulate, or obovate.
Chaff of the receptacle linear ; leaves linear ; western.
Chaff of the receptacle broader; leaves obovate to lanceolate; eastern
i. Marshallia trinervia (Walt.) Porter. Broad-
leaved Marshallia. Fig. 4524.
Athanasia trinervia Walt. Fl. Car. 201. 1788.
Marshallia Schreberi Gmelin. Syst. 1208. 1791.
Marshallia latifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 519. 1814.
Marshallia trinervia Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 337. 1894.
Stem simple, or little branched, leafy to or beyond the
middle, l°-2° high. Leaves thin, those of the stem
ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, 2'-3' long,
9"-i8" wide; heads i'-l' broad, corolla purplish; bracts
of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid; chaff of
the receptacle subulate-filiform ; pappus scales lanceo-
late-acuminate from a triangular base; achenes gla-
brous when mature.
In dry soil, Virginia to Alabama and Mississippi. May-
June.
M. trinervia.
M. caespi osa.
M. grandiftora.
2. Marshallia caespitosa Xutt. Narrow-leaved
Marshallia. Fig. 4525.
Marshallia caespitosa Nutt. ; DC. Prodr. 5: 680. 1836.
Stems usually tufted and simple, sometimes sparingly
branched, leafy either only near the base or to beyond
the middle, 8'— 15' high. Leaves thick, mostly basal,
faintly 3-nerved, linear or linear-spatulate, obtuse, some-
times 4' long and 3" wide, the upper ones linear, acutish,
shorter ; head about 1' broad, borne on a peduncle often
10' long; corollas pale rose or white; bracts of the. invo-
lucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acutish; chaff of the
receptacle linear, or slightly dilated above; achenes vil-
lous on the angles ; scales of the pappus ovate, acutish,
equalling or longer than the achene.
Prairies and hills, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. May-
June.
3. Marshallia grandiflora Beadle &
Boynton. Large-flowered Marshallia.
Fig. 4526.
Marshallia grandiflora Beadle & Boynton, Bilt-
more Bot. Stud. 1: 7. 1901.
Stem simple, i°-2° high, leafy to above the
middle. Lower and basal leaves obovate to
oblong-lanceolate, tapering into petioles often
as long as the blade, obtuse or obtusish ;
upper leaves lanceolate, sessile, or more or
less clasping ; florets slightly larger than those
of .1/. trinervia, y"-\o" long; achenes larger,
2"-2i" long, pubescent.
Tn moist soil, Pennsylvania to West Virginia
and North Carolina. July-Aug.
Marshallia obovata (Walt.) Beadle & Boyn-
ton, a lower plant of the Southern States, with
obovate or spatulate leaves mainly basal, is re-
corded as extending northward to southwestern
Pennsylvania
< i )MI'( ISITAK.
Vol. 111.
77. PSILOSTROPHE DC. I'rodr. 7: 261. 1838.
I K'liuM ilia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 271. 1841.]
Branched annual or ptVennial woolly herbs, often nearly glabrous when old, with alter-
nate leaves, and middle-sized heads of both tubular and radiate yellow or orange flowers,
corymbose, or clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylindraceous, its bracts 4-10
in 1 series, narrow, equal, densely white-woolly, separate, but erect and connivent, commonly
with 1-4 scarious ones within, and occasionally a narrow outer one. Rays broad, becoming
papery and whitish, persistent, 5-7-nerved, 2-3-toothed, pistillate. Receptacle small, naked.
Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with a short proper tube and elongated cylindra-
ceous limb, 5-toothed, the teeth glandular-bearded. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base.
Style-branches of the disk-flowers capitellate. Achenes linear, striate. Pappus of 4-6 nerve-
less acute scales, glabrous or villous. [Greek, referring to the naked receptacle.]
About 7 species, natives of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Type species:
Psilostrophe gnaphalodes DC.
i. Psilostrophe villosa Rydb. Plains Psilo-
strophe. Fig. 4527.
P. villosa Rydb.; Britton, Manual 1006. 1901.
Perennial, branched, 6'-2° high, loosely white-
woolly. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, entire, den-
tate or rarely pinnatifid, mostly obtuse, 2'-4' long;
upper leaves sessile, or nearly so, smaller, linear to
spatulate, usually entire; heads several together in
the clusters, 4"-6" broad, short-peduncled ; rays few,
lemon-yellow, commonly as wide as long, with 2 or
3 broad teeth or lobes at the summit ; achenes gla-
brous, or sparingly pubescent ; pappus scales linear-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, shorter
than the disk-corollas.
In dry sandy soil, Kansas to Texas and Arizona. In-
cluded, in our first edition, in P. Tagetinae (Nutt.)
Kuntze. which has much larger yellow rays. June-Sept.
78. FLAVERIA Juss. ; Gmelin, Syst. 1269. 1791.
Glabrous or minutely puberulent, light-green, mostly annual herbs, with opposite sessile
entire or serrate leaves, and small i-several-flowered, usually sessile, oblong and densely
cymose-capitate heads of tubular, or both tubular and radiate yellow or yellowish flowers.
Involucre of 2-5 narrow, nearly equal, appressed bracts, sometimes with 1 or 2 additional
small exterior ones. Receptacle small, naked or setose. Ray-flower commonly only 1, pistil-
late, fertile, sometimes wanting. Disk-flowers 1-15. perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-toothed.
Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or
linear-oblong, 8-10-ribbed. Pappus none. [Latin, flaius, yellow, from its dyeing properties.]
About 7 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. In addition to the following. 3 others
occur in the southern United States. Type species: Flaveria chilensis Gmelin.
i. Flaveria campestris Johnston,
veria. Fig. 4528.
Pl£
Fla-
Flaveria campestris Johnston, Proc. Am. Acad. 39: 287.
1903-
Annual, glabrous, erect, i°-2° high, little branched.
Leaves linear or lanceolate, serrulate or entire, 3-nerved,
acuminate or acute at the apex, sessile by a broad and
somewhat clasping base, I '-2}' long, 2"-^" wide; heads
about 3" high, closely sessile in terminal glomerules or
these pedunculate from the upper axils; involucre of 3
oblong-lanceolate bracts, 2-5-flowered ; ray equalling or
longer than the breadth of the disk; achenes linear, gla-
brous, about li" long.
In alkaline soil, Missouri to Colorado, Texas and Mexico.
Aug.-Oct. In our first edition included in the Mexican F.
angustifolia (Cav.) Pers.
Genus 79.
THISTLE FAMILY.
505
79. HYMENOPAPPUS L'Her. ; Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2< 103. 1803.
Perennial or biennial, erect herbs, with angled stems, alternate or basal, mostly pinnatifid
or dissected leaves, and corymbose or solitary, small or rather large discoid heads, of white
or yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts 6-12 in 1 or 2
series, nearly equal, mostly appressed, colored, petal-like, the margins and apices scarious.
Receptacle small, naked. Rays none. Disk-flowers all perfect and fertile, their corollas with
slender tubes and reflexed or spreading campanulate 5-lobed limbs, the lobes, ovate. Anthers
entire at the base. Style-branches with short conic appendages. Achenes obovoid or obpyra-
midal, 4-5-angled, the faces usually prominently 1-3-nerved. Pappus of 10-20 thin obtuse
scales, sometimes very short or none. [Greek, membrane-pappus.]
About 7 species, natives of southern and central North America and Mexico. Type species :
Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Her.
Bracts of the involucre broadly ovate or oval, bright white. 1, H. carolinensis.
Bracts obovate to oblong, green or with white tips.
Heads numerous, 4"-6" broad ; biennials.
Achenes puberulent ; corolla white. 2. H. corymbosus.
Achenes densely villous.
Plant glabrate, or loosely woolly; corolla dull white. 3. H. tenuifolius.
Plant densely white-woolly ; corolla yellow. 4. H. flavescens.
Heads few, 6"— 12" broad; corolla yellow; perennial. 5. H. filifolius.
i. Hymenopappus carolinensis (Lam.) Porter
Fig. 4529-
Rothia carolinensis Lam. Journ. Hist. Nat. 1 ; 16. pi.
1. 1792.
Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Her. ; Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. 2 : 104. 1803.
Hymenopappus carolinensis Porter, Mem. Torr. Club
5: 338- 1894.
Biennial; stem woolly-pubescent or glabrate,
leafy below, corymbosely branched and nearly
naked above, 2°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves
petioled. 4'-6' long, 1-2-pinnately parted or deeply
pinnatifid into linear or oblong, obtuse or ob-
tusish lobes, more or less white-tomentose be-
neath, green and glabrate above ; upper leaves
few, smaller, sessile, less divided ; heads com-
monly numerous, corymbose. 6"-io" broad;
bracts of involucre oblong, ovate or oval, some-
times slightly obovate, thin, bright white, pu-
berulent or glabrate ; corolla-lobes about as long
as the throat, white ; achenes puberulent or pu-
bescent; pappus of very small nerveless scales,
shorter than the width of the top of the achene.
In dry sandy soil, Illinois to Texas, east to South
Carolina and Florida. March-June.
White-bracted Hymenopappus.
2. Hymenopappus corymbosus T. & G.
Corymbed or Smooth White Hymeno-
pappus. Fig. 4530.
Hymenopappus corymbosus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : Z72-
1842.
Biennial; stem glabrous, or nearly so. corymbosely
branched and nearly naked above, i°-2° high. Lower
and basal leaves petioled, 1-2-pinnately parted into
linear or nearly filiform, acute or acutish, glabrous
lobes, or somewhat tomentose beneath ; upper leaves
few, much smaller and less divided, or the upper-
most reduced to linear scales ; heads corymbose, nu-
merous, 4"-6" broad ; bracts of the involucre obo-
vate to oblong, puberulent, their tips greenish white;
corolla white, its lobes about as long as the throat;
achenes puberulent; pappus scales small, nerveless,
shorter than the width of the top of the achene.
On dry prairies, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas.
Summer.
506
COMPOSIT \i:
Vol. III.
3. Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh.
Woolly White Hymenopappus.
Fig- 4531-
Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh. Am. Sept. 742. 1S14.
Biennial; stem lightly tomentose, or at length
glabrate, I°-2° high, slender, Italy below, corym-
bosely branched and nearly naked above. Lower
and basal leaves petioled, 1-3-pinnately parted
into linear or filiform lobes, woolly pubescent be-
neath, at least when young-, upper leaves much
smaller and less compound ; heads numerous, co-
rymbose, 4"-6" broad ; bracts of the involucre
obovate-oblong, usually densely tomentose ; co-
rolla white, its lobes slightly shorter than the
throat ; achenes densely villous-pubescent ; pappus
of several oblong to ovate, ribbed or nerved scales,
which are about as long as the width of the top
of the achene or shorter.
On dry prairies, South Dakota to Nebraska, Kansas
and Texas. June-Sept.
4. Hymenopappus flavescens A. Gray.
Wo,olly Yellow Hymenopappus.
Fig- 4532-
Hymenopappus flavescens A. Gray. Mem. Am. Acad.
(II) 4: 97. 1849.
Biennial ; stem densely white-woolly, at least
when young, i°-2l° high, leafy, branched above.
Leaves 1-3-pinnately parted or divided into linear
segments ; heads numerous, usually larger than
those of the preceding species ; involucral bracts
obovate to ovate with greenish white margins ;
corolla yellow or yellowish, the lobes about equal-
ling the throat, achenes short-villous ; pappus scales
spatulate, shorter than the slender corolla-tube.
In sandy soil, Kansas to Texas. Arizona and north-
ern Mexico.
5. Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. Low
Tufted Hymenopappus. Fig. 4533-
Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:317. 1833.
Perennial from a deep woody root ; stems usually
tufted, woolly when young, sometimes glabrate when
old, densely leafy toward the base, usually naked or
nearly so and sparingly branched above, 6'-l8' high.
Leaves tomentose when young, the lower and basal
ones petioled, 1-3-pinnately parted or pinnatifid into
narro'wly linear, somewhat rigid lobes ; heads com-
monly few, 6"-i2" broad; bracts of the involucre
obovate-oblong, usually densely woolly, their tips
whitish ; corolla yellow or yellowish, its lobes much
shorter than the throat; achenes densely villous;
pappus scales costate, short.
On prairies and in dry rocky soil, Saskatchewan to
North Dakota, Montana, Nebraska and Colorado. June-
Sept.
Genus 80.
THISTLE FAMILY.
5°7
80. OTHAKE Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 73. 1836.
Erect rough, glandular or cinereous, branching annual herbs, with alternate, mostly entire
leaves, or the lower opposite, and corymbose or panicled heads of tubular or both tubular
and radiate pink or purple flowers. Involucre campanulate or obconic, its bracts in 1 or 2
series, narrow, herbaceous, nearly equal, or with a few exterior shorter ones, appressed,
usually colored. Receptacles small, flat, naked. Ray-flowers, when present, pistillate, fertile,
the rays 3-cleft. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and deeply
5-parted campanulate limbs. Anthers entire or emarginate at the base. Style-branches fili-
form, acutish, glandular-pubescent throughout. Achenes linear or narrowly obpyramidal,
quadrangular. Pappus of 6-12 lanceolate strongly costate scales, that of the outer achenes
often much shorter. [Greek, warty apex, referring to the callous-tipped leaves of some
species.]
About 6 species, natives of the south-central United States and Mexico ; in our first edition
referred to the genus Polypteris Nutt. Type species: Othake tenuifolium Raf.
Rays purple, deeply 3-lobed ; leaves lanceolate. i. O. sphacelatum.
Rays none ; leaves linear.
2. O. callositm.
i. Othake sphacelatum ( Xutt.) Rydb. Hooker's
Othake. Fig. 4534.
Stevia sphacelata Nutt. ; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 214. 1827.
Palafoxia Hookeriana T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 368. 1842.
Polypteris Hookeriana A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19 : 31.
1883.
0. sphacelatum Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 37: 331. 1910.
Annual; stem rather stout, glandular-pubescent and
viscid above, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, entire,
acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, rough on both
sides, the upper alternate, the lower opposite and slen-
der-petioled, 2'-4' long, 3"— 5" wide; bracts of the invo-
lucre 10-16, linear-lanceolate or spatulate, glandular-
hispid, the inner w:ith purplish tips; ray-flowers 8-10;
rays rose-purple, deeply 3-cleft. sometimes small, or
none ; achenes about 4" long and i" thick ; pappus scales
of the disk-flowers 6-8, lanceolate, awned, more than
half the length of the achene, those of the ray-flowers
as many, spatulate, obtuse, shorter.
In dry soil, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Mexico.
July-Sept.
2. Othake callosum (Nutt.) Bush. Rayless
Othake. Fig. 4535.
Sevia callosa Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 121. 1S21.
O. tenuifolium Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 74. 1836.
Poiypteris callosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19 : 3°- 1883.
O. callosum Bush, Trans. Acad. Sci. 14: 1 74- i9°4-
Annual, glandular, at least above; stem slender,
paniculately branched, I°-2° high. Leaves linear,
or linear-lanceolate, l'-2i' long, l"-24" wide, entire,
short-petioled, mostly alternate; heads discoid;
bracts of the top-shaped involucre 8-10, linear or
narrowly oblong, herbaceous, pubescent, about !'
long, their tips reddish ; corollas purple, deeply 5-
parted ; achenes narrowly obpyramidal, pubescent or
glabrous, nearly as long as the involucre ; pappus
scales obovate or nearly orbicular, rounded, or re-
tuse, or sometimes minute, or none.
In dry soil, Missouri to Texas and New Mexico.
June- Oct.
81. PICRADENIOPSIS Rydb.; Britton, Man. 1008. 1901.
Herbs more or less woolly, with opposite leaves, and small corymbose heads, of both
tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts in 1
or 2 series, herbaceous, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle small, nearly flat, naked.
foveolate. Ray-flowers in I series, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas
50S
i i )Ml'i (SITAE.
Vol.111.
with campanulate or cylindric, 5-cleft limb. Anthers entire or emarginate at the base. Style-
tips mostly truncate and obtuse. Achenes quadrangular, lunar or oblong. Pappus of several
scales, obtuse or truncate and scariousat the apex. [Named for its resemblance to Picradenia.]
1 wo known species, names of western North America, the following typical.
i. Picradeniopsis oppositifolia ( Xutt.)
kydb. Picradeniopsis. Fig. 4536.
Trichophyllum oppositifolinm Nutt.Gen.2: 167. 1818.
Bahia oppositifolium Xutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 376.
1842.
P. oppositifolia Rydb. ; Britton, Manual 1008. 1901.
Perennial, herbaceous; stem densely cinereous,
much branched, 4'-i2' high, very leafy. Leave-.
opposite, or the uppermost alternate, i'-ii' long,
palmately 2-5-parted into linear, obtuse or ob-
tttsish, entire segments, finely cinereous on both
sides; heads short-peduncled, 6"-c/' broad; invo-
lucre campanulate, or becoming hemispheric, its
bracts oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose ; rays
5-7. short ; achenes linear-oblong, glandular-pu-
bescent; pappus of 4-8 spatulate to lanceolate
scales with thickened bases.
On plains, especially in alkaline soil. South Da-
kota to Montana, Nebraska, Texas, Xew Mexico.
June— Sept.
82. TETRANEURIS Greene, Pittonia 3: 265. 1898.
[Actinella Xutt. (1818), not Pers. (1807), nor Actinea Juss. (1803).]
Branched or scapose, villous-pubescent or glabrous, bitter and aromatic punctate herbs,
with alternate or basal, often punctate leaves, and small or rather large, peduncled heads of
both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or rays rarely wanting. Involucre hemispheric,
campanulate or depressed, its bracts imbricated in 2-3 series, appressed. Receptacle convex
or conic, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, the rays 3-toothed, 4-nerved. Disk-flowers
perfect, fertile, their corollas with 4-5-toothed limbs. Anthers entire or minutely sagittate
at the base. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. Achenes turbinate, 5-10-
ribbed or angled, villous or pubescent. Pappus of 5-12 thin aristate. acuminate or truncate
scales. [Greek, four-nerved.]
About 18 species, natives of western North America and Mexico. Besides the following, some
12 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of the United States. Type species: Te.ra-
neuris acaulis (Pursh) Greene.
Stem leafy, branching; stem leaves linear; annual or biennial. 1. T. lincari folia.
Stems tufted, simple, scapose ; leaves basal ; perennials.
Leaves narrowly linear ; branches of the caudex slender. 2. T. stenophylla:
Leaves broader, linear to spatulate ; branches of the caudex short and thick.
Bracts of the involucre acutish.
Bracts of the involucre obtuse, rounded.
i. Tetraneuris linearifolia (Hook.) Greene.
Fine-leaved Tetraneuris. Fig. 4537.
Hymenoxys linearifolia Hook. Icon. pi. 146. 1837.
Actinella linearifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 ; 383. 1842-
T. linearifolia Greene, Pittonia 3: 369. 1S98.
Annual or perhaps biennial; stem usually diffusely
branched, finely hirsute, or glabrous, or woolly at
the base, slender, 6-15' high. Stem leaves narrowly
linear, sessile, i'-ii' long, 4"-l" wide; basal leaves
spatulate, often villous, much broader, obtuse, nar-
rowed into margined petioles; heads numerous,
slender-peduncled, 6"-8" broad; involucre broadly
campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse, pubescent,
distinct to the base, imbricated in about 2 series;
receptacle conic; rays 6-10, oblong; achenes pubes-
cent; pappus of 5 or 6 ovate awned scales.
In dry soil, Kansas to Louisiana, Texas and New
Mexico. May-Sept.
Genus 82.
THISTLE FAMILY
2. Tetraneuris stenophylla Rydb. Narrow-
leaved Tetraneuris. Fig. 4538.
Tetraneuris stenophylla Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 155.
1906.
Perennial with a branched caudex, the branches
often 3i' long, the upper portion covered with the
scarious bases of old leaves. Bases of the leaves
dilated, sparingly silky-villous ; blades narrowly lin-
ear, l'-lf long, about 1" wide, glabrous, conspicu-
ously punctate ; scape 2-4' high, minutely strigose ;
involucre S"~7" wide; bracts oval or oblong-acutish ;
rays about 5" long and 2" wide.
In dry soil, Kansas to Colorado and Mexico. Formerly
confused with T. scaposa (DC.) Greene.
Tetraneuris fastigiata Greene, of Kansas, differs by
the leaf-bases and involucre being more densely pubes-
cent ; it is known only from imperfect specimens, and
may not be distinct from T. stenophylla, over which it
has priority of publication.
3. Tetraneuris acaulis (Pursh) Greene.
Stemless Tetraneuris. Fig. 4539.
Gaillardia acaulis Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 743. 18 14.
T. acaulis Greene, Pittonia 3: 265. 1S98.
Actinella acaulis Nutt. Gen. 2 : 173. 1818.
Picradenia acaulis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 339.
1894.
T. simplex A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 28: 127. 1899.
Perennial with thick roots and a stout branched
caudex; scapes tufted, rather stout, or slender,
densely silky or tomentose, 2'-8' high. Leaves all
borne on the ends of the branches of the caudex,
linear-spatulate, entire, obtuse or obtusish. i's'
long, ii"— 3" wide, densely silky or villous; heads
p"-l8" broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
densely villous, acutish; rays 10-15; pappus of 5
or 6, ovate or oblong, awned scales.
In dry or rocky soil, North Dakota to Assiniboia,
Montana, Nebraska and New Mexico. May-Aug.
Tetraneuris scaposa (DC.) Greene, admitted into
our first edition as from Nebraska, is not definitely
known north of Texas.
4. Tetraneuris herbacea Greene. Eastern Tetra-
neuris. Fig. 4540.
T. herbacea Greene, Pittonia 3: 268. 1898.
Actinia herbacea Robinson, Rhodora 10: 68. 1908.
Perennial by a stout thick caudex ; scape stout, villous-
pubescent, especially above, 6'-8' high. Leaves linear-
spatulate, slightly fleshy, bluntish, strongly punctate, spar-
ingly loosely long-hairy, at least toward the base, 2'-3' long,
about 3" wide; heads nearly 2' broad; involucral bracts
oblong, obtuse and rounded at the apex, densely villous;
rays about 15; pappus scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, acute or
apiculate.
Southern Ontario, Ohio and Illinois. May-June.
83. HYMENOXYS Cass. Diet. Sci.
Nat. 55 : 278. 1828.
[Picradenia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 317. 1833.]
Pubescent herbs with branching stems and alternate entire or dissected leaves, the blades
or divisions narrow, usually linear or filiform, and relatively small, peduncled, radiate or
discoid yellow heads. Involucre turbinate to campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, appressed,
;io
« OMPi (SITAE.
Vol. 111.
rather broad, the outer connate .it I use. lui ;<. ptaclc Hat, t. aivcx or conic. Ray-flowers fertile,
the rays slmrt and broad, 3 lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, with 5 short loins. Vnthers
notched at the base, with rounded auricles. Style
branches truncate and penicillate. Achenes turbi-
nate, pubescent. Pappus of 5-8 acuminate or aristate
hyaline scales. [Greek, referring to the thin and
pointed pappus scales.]
Type species: Hymenopappus anthemoides Juss.
i. Hymenoxys odorata DC. Limonillo.
Fig. 4541-
Hymenoxys odorata DC. Prodr. 5: 661. 1836.
Actinella odora'a A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 101.
1849.
Picradenia odorata Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3:
449. 1898.
Philozera multiflora Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1861 : 459.
1862.
H. multiflora Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 157. 1906.
Annual ; stem much branched, puberulent, spar-
ingly hirsute or glabrous, i°-2° high, leafy. Leaves
1 '-2' long, 1-3-parted into filiform, entire, somewhat
pubescent segments about 1" wide ; heads commonly
numerous. 6' -to" broad; involucre campanulate, pu-
berulent, its outer bracts 6-9, lanceolate, keeled,
acute, united at the base; rays 7-10, cuneate.
In dry soil. Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Mexico
and southern California. April-July.
84. HELENIUM L. Sp. PI. 886. 1753.
Erect, mostly branching herbs, with alternate, mainly decurrent, punctate bitter entire or
dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow or brownish-
yellow flowers, or rays sometimes wanting. Involucre broad and short, its bracts in I or 2
series, linear or subulate, reflexed or spreading. Receptacle convex, subglobose or oblong,
naked. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the rays cuneate, 3-5-lobed. Disk-
flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas 4-5-toothed, the teeth glandular-pubescent. Anthers
2-toothed or sagittate at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers dilated and truncate at
the apex. Achenes turbinate, ribbed. Pappus of 5-8 entire, dentate or incised, acumirlate
or aristate scales. [The Greek name of some plant, from Helenus or Helena.]
About 24 species, natives of North and Central America. In addition to the following, some 18
others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Helenium autumnale L.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate ; rays fertile ; disk yellow. i. H. autumnale.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, mainly entire; rays neutral ; disk purple. 2. H. nudiflorum.
Leaves all linear-filiform, entire; rays fertile. 3- H. tenuifolnim.
1. Helenium autumnale L. False or
Swamp Sunflower. Fig. 4542.
Helenium autumnale L. Sp. PI. 886. 1753.
Helenium pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 287. 1789.
Helenium autumnale pubescens Britton, Mem.
Torr. Club 5 : 339. 1894.
Perennial ; stem puberulent or glabrous,
rather stout, narrowly winged by the decur-
rent bases of the leaves, corymbosely branched
above, 2°-6° high. Leaves firm, oblong, lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute
at apex, narrowed to the sessile base, pinnately
few-veined, 2'-s' long, Y-2' wide, dentate, den-
ticulate or entire, puberulent, glabrous or pu-
bescent, bright green ; heads numerous, i'-b'
broad, borne on long puberulent peduncles ;
bracts of the flattish involucre densely canes-
cent; rays 10-18, drooping, bright yellow,
equalling or longer than the globose yellow
disk, pistillate and fertile, 3-cleft ; achenes pu-
bescent on the angles; pappus scales ovate.
In swamps and wet meadows, Quebec to Flor-
ida, Manitoba, Oregon, Nevada and Arizona. Yel-
low-star. Ox-eye. Sneezeweed. Ascends to 2600 ft.
in Virginia. Aug.-Oct.
Genus 84.
THISTLE FAMILY.
511
2. Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. Purple-
head Sneezeweed. Fig. 4543.
Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II) 7: 3S4. 1841.
Leptopoda brachypoda T. & G. FI. N. A. 2 : 388.
1842.
Perennial ; stem mostly slender, puberulent at
least above, corymbosely branched near the sum-
mit, l°-3° high, narrowly winged by the decur-
rent leaf-bases. Stem leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, acute
or obtusish at the apex, ii'— 3' long, 2"-6" wide,
sessile; basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse,
more or less dentate, tapering into margined
petioles; heads several or numerous, i'-li' broad,
on slender or short-puberulent peduncles; rays
10-15 (sometimes wanting), drooping, yellow,
yellow with a brown base, or brown throughout,
3-toothed, neutral, or with rudimentary pistils,
sterile, equalling or exceeding the brown or
purple globose disk; pappus scales ovate, aristate.
In moist soil, Missouri and Illinois to Texas, east
to North Carolina and Florida. Also locally natural-
ized from Pennsylvania to Connecticut. June-Oct.
3. Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. Fine-
leaved Sneezeweed. Fig. 4544.
H. tenuifolium Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: 66. 1S34.
Annual; glabrous or minutely pubescent above;
stem slender, very leafy and usually much
branched, 8'-24' high. Leaves all linear-filiform,
entire, sessile, often fascicled, i'-ij' long, i" or
less wide; heads several or numerous, corym-
bose, c/'-l5" broad, borne on slender or filiform
peduncles; bracts of the involucre few, linear or
subulate, sometimes pubescent, soon reflexed ;
rays 4-8, fertile, 3-4-toothed, at length drooping,
longer than the globose disk; achenes villous;
pappus scales ovate, tipped with slender awns.
In moist soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida.
Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Naturalized in waste
places, northward to Massachusetts, and in Cuba and
Santo Domingo. Aug.-Oct.
85. GAILLARDIA Foug. Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris 1786: 5. />/. 1, 2. 1788.
Branching or scapose, more or less pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and
large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting. Involucre
depressed-hemispheric, or flatter, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, their tips spreading or
reflexed. Receptacle convex or globose, bristly, fimbrillate or nearly naked. Rays cuneate,
yellow, purple or parti-colored, neutral or rarely pistillate, 3-toothed or 3-lobed. Disk-flowers
perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and 5-toothed limbs, the teeth pubescent with
jointed hairs. Anthers minutely sagittate or auricled at the base. Style-branches tipped
with filiform or short appendages. Achenes turbinate, 5-ribbed, densely villous, at least at
the base. Pappus of 6-12, i-nerved awned scales, longer than the achene. [Named for M.
Gaillard de Marentonneau, a French botanist.]
About 15 species, natives of the south-central part of the United States, and Mexico, i in
southern South America. Type species: Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Called in Texas blanket-flower.
Stem leafy; style-tips with filiform hispid appendages.
Fimbrillae of the receptacle obsolete, or short. i. G. Inlea.
Fimhrillae subulate or bristle-like, mostly longer than the achenes.
Rays yellow; fimbrillae exceeding the achenes. 2. l7. aristata.
Rays purple, or red at base ; fimbrillae about equalling the achenes. 3. G. pulchella.
Leaves basal ; style-tips with short naked appendages ; rays none, or few. 4. G. sttaris.
I ( i.\ll'( (SITAE.
Vol. III.
i. Gaillardia lutea (.recnc. Yellow Gaillardia.
Fig- 4545-
Gaillardia lutea Greene, Pittonia 5: 57. 1902.
Stem roughish-puberulent or cinereous, usually branched.
1 2 high, the branches straight, nearly erect. Stem leaves
sessile, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, roughish-puberulent, acute
at the apex, narrowed to the base, 1-2' long, 2"-$" wide;
heads about 2' broad, peduncled ; bracts of the involucre about
equalling the yellow disk; rays 8-12, yellow; style-tips with
filiform hispid appendages; achenes villous at the base, or to
beyond the middle; fimbrillae of the receptacle short or none;
awns of the pappus slender.
In dry woods, Missouri to Texas. July-Sept. Included, in our
Irst edition, in G. lanceolata Michx., of the Southern States.
2. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Great-
flowered Gaillardia. Fig. 4546.
Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 573. 1814.
Perennial ; stem simple, or little branched,
hirsute or densely pubescent with jointed hairs.
l°-3° high. Leaves firm, densely and finely
pubescent, the lower and basal ones petioled,
nfilong or spatulate, laciniate, pinnatifid or en-
tire, mostly obtuse, 2-5' long; upper leaves ses-
sile, lanceolate, or oblong, or slightly spatulate,
smaller, entire or dentate, rarely pinnatifid ;
heads 1F-4' broad, long-peduncled ; bracts of
the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute;
rays 10-18, yellow; style-tips with filiform ap-
pendages ; fimbrillae of the receptacle mostly
longer than the achenes, which are villous at
least at the base.
On plains and prairies, Minnesota to Saskatche-
wan, British Columbia, Colorado, New Mexico and
Oregon. Adventive eastward. Leaves sometimes
all basal. May-Sept.
3. Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Showy
Gaillardia. Fig. 4547.
Gaillardia pulchella Foug
1786: 5. 1786.
Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris
Annual; diffusely branched at the base, the
branches ascending, 6'— 15' high, or larger in
cultivation, more or less hirsute or pubescent
with jointed hairs. Leaves lanceolate, oblong,
or the lower spatulate, 1—3' long, entire, den-
tate or sinuate-pinnatifid, all but the lowest
sessile; heads i'— 3' broad, long-peduncled.
bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate,
hirsute or pubescent; rays 10-20, red or purple
at the base, yellow toward the apex ; style-tips
with filiform hispid appendages; fimbrillae of
the receptacle equalling or scarcely longer than
the achenes, which are more or less villous,
or glabrous.
In dry soil. Nebraska and Missouri to Louisi-
ana, Mexico and Arizona. May-Sept.
Genus 85.
THISTLE FAMILY.
5'3
4. Gaillardia suavis (A. Gray) Britt. &
Rusby. Rayless Gaillardia. Fig. 4548.
Agassizia suavis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1: 49. 1846.
Gaillardia simpler Scheele. Linnaea 22: 160. 1849.
Gaillardia suavis Britt. & Rusby, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
7: 11. 1887.
Annual or biennial. Leaves in a basal tuft, or a
few near the base of the slender pubescent scape,
spatulate or obovate in outline, 2--6' long, pinnatifid,
dentate, or some of them entire; scape l°-2° high,
monocephalous; head about 1' broad with the odor
of heliotrope, globose in fruit ; rays none, or short
and pistillate, or a few of them longer and neutral ;
bracts of the involucre oblong or lanceolate, spar-
ingly pubescent ; fimbrillae of the receptacle obso-
lete; style-appendages short, naked; achenes densely
villous; pappus scales broad, their awns very slender.
In dry rocky soil, Kansas to Texas. April-June.
86. BOEBERA Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2125. 1804.
Erect or diffuse, branching, annual, or perennial, strong-scented, more or less glandular
herbs, with opposite, mostly finely dissected leaves, and small peduncled heads of both tubular
and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate or nearly hemispheric, its bracts in 1
series, united into a cup, with small additional outer ones. Receptacle flat, pubescent. Ray-
flowers pistillate, the rays short. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers
entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers hirsute, apicu-
late. Achenes narrowly obpyramidal, 3-5-angled, striate. Pappus of about 10 scales, parted
to beyond the middle into numerous capillary, bristle-like segments. [In honor of J. von
Boeber, a Russian botanist, died 1820.]
About 3 species, natives of the central United States and of Mexico, the following typical.
i. Boebera papposa (Vent.) Rydb. Fetid Mari-
gold. False Dog-fennel. Fig. 4549.
Tagetes papposa Vent. Hort. Cels. pi. 36. 1800.
Boebera chrysanthemoides Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2125. 1804.
Dysodia chrysanthemoides Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 29. 1816.
D. papposa Hitchc. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 503. 1891.
B. papposa Rydb.; Britton, Manual 10 12. 1901.
Annual, very leafy, glabrous or finely pubescent,
gland-dotted, much branched, 6'-l8' high, the branches
diffuse or erect. Leaves sessile, or short-petioled, i'-ii'
long, pinnately parted into linear or slightly spatulate,
sharply serrate or incised segments ; heads numerous,
short-peduncled, 3"~S" broad ; involucre campanulate.
of 8-10 appressed, oblong, obtuse, green or purplish,
glabrous or ciliate bracts, with several narrow shorter
outer ones; rays few, not longer than the width of the
disk; receptacle and achenes pubescent.
Along streams and roadsides, Ohio to Minnesota, Mon-
tana, Louisiana, Mexico and Arizona. Occasionally found
as a weed in waste places in the Eastern and Middle States,
and in Ontario. Prairie-dogweed. July-Oct.
87. THYMOPHYLLA Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 25. 1816.
[Hymenatherum Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 12. 1817.]
Annual or perennial herbs, some species low undershrubs, with gland-dotted foliage and
involucre, alternate or opposite leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate, mostly
yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts united into a cup. sometimes
with smaller outer ones. Receptacle naked, or fimbrillate, not chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate,
fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile. Style-branches truncate or blunt. Achenes striate.
Pappus of several or numerous scales or bristles. [Greek, thyme-leaf, not applicable to the
following species.]
About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the west-
ern parts of the L'nited States. Type species: Thymophylla setifolia Lag.
33
5' I
I i iMl'OSITAE.
Vol. 111.
i. Thymophylla aurea (A. Gray) Greene.
Thyme-leaf. Fig. 4550.
Lowellia aurea A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 91.
1849.
Hymenaherum aureum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19:
A-. 1883.
T. aurea Greene; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 453. 1898.
Annual, glabrous, 4'-i2' high, much branched; the
leaves and involucre with large oval oil-glands. Leaves
alternate, or the lower opposite, sessile or nearly so,
very deeply parted into 5-9 linear-filiform, mostly
entire, blunt segments ; heads numerous, corymbose,
6"-io" broad, terminating the branches; involucre
about 3" high, its bracts acute; rays about 12, 2V-3"
long ; pappus of 6-8 erose truncate scales, somewhat
longer than the thickness of the achene.
Kansas and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico.
June-Sept.
88. PECTIS L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10. 1221.
1759-
Annual or perennial, diffuse prostrate or erect, mostly glabrous herbs, gland-dotted and
strong-scented, with opposite narrow sometimes ciliate leaves, and small usually cymose
heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric, oblong or campanu-
late, its bracts in 1 series, narrow, keeled, distinct. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flowers
pistillate, the rays small, entire or 3-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas with expanded,
somewhat irregularly 5-cleft limbs. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-
flowers very short, obtuse. Achenes linear, slightly angled, striate. Pappus of several or
numerous scales, slender bristles or awns, sometimes with a few outer smaller additional
ones. [Latin, pecten, comb, referring to the pappus.]
About 75 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Besides the following, about 10
others occur in the southern and western parts of the United States. Type species : Pedis ciliaris L.
i. Pectis angustifolia Torr. Lemon-scented
Pectis. Fig. 4551.
Pedis angustifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 514. 1827.
Annual, much branched, 4-12' high, the branches
diffuse or ascending. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile,
obtusish, ¥-2' long, 1" wide or less, often ciliate with
a few bristles near the base ; heads several or numer-
ous, short-peduncled, about 3" broad ; involucre short-
cylindric or narrowly campanulate, its bracts about 8,
linear, acutish, partly enclosing the outer achenes; rays
few, 3-toothed. or entire; pappus a crown of 4-6 some-
what united short scales, with or without 2 slender
short awns.
In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Mexico and Ari-
zona. Plant with the odor of lemons. May-Oct.
89. ACHILLEA [Vaill.] L. Sp. PI. 898. 1753.
Herbs, mostly perennial, with erect leafy stems, finely
dissected, pinnatifid or serrate alternate leaves, and small
heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, corymbose at
the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre obovoid, or campanulate. its bracts appressed.
imbricated in few series, the outer shorter. Receptacle nearly flat or convex, chaffy, the mem-
branous chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white or
pink. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas yellow, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire
at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or obovate, slightly
compressed. Pappus none. [Named for Achilles.]
About 75 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, mostly of the Old World. Besides the
following, another, or perhaps 2 others, occur in northwestern North America. Type species :
Achillea santolina L.
Involucre broadly campanulate; leaves serrate. i. A. Ptarmica.
Involucre ovoid to cylindric ; leaves finely dissected.
Involucral bracts greenish-yellow; rays small.
Plant loosely woolly or nearly glabrous; inflorescence flat-topped. 2.
Plant densely woolly ; inflorescence convex. 3.
Involucral bracts black-margined ; rays large. 4.
A. Millefolium.
A. lanulosa.
A. borealis.
Genus 89.
THISTLE FAMILY
1. Achillea Ptarmica L. Sneezevvort. White
Tansy. Sneezewort- Yarrow. Fig. 4552.
Achillea Ptarmica L. Sp. PI. 898. 1753.
Perennial from horizontal or creeping rootstocks;
stem glabrous, or slightly pubescent, nearly or quite
simple, i°-2° high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,
sessile and slightly clasping at the base, acute at the
apex, regularly and closely serrate, sometimes pubes-
cent on the veins beneath, 1-2*' long. li"-3" wide;
heads not very numerous, s"-9" broad; peduncles pu-
berulent; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts
ovate-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, slightly tomentose;
rays 5-15, white, rather large.
In moist soil, Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Quebec
to Massachusetts and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of northern Asia. Go'ose-tongue. Wild, bastard-
or european pellitory. Fair-maid-of-France. Sneezewort-
tansy. July-Sept.
YarrOW ..
53-
2. Achillea Millefolium L.
Milfoil. Fig. 4553.
Achillea Millefolium L. Sp. PI. 899.
Perennial from horizontal rootstocks ; flow-
ering stems pubescent, or nearly glabrous, sim-
ple, or corymbosely branched above, i°-2°
high. Basal leaves, and those of the numerous
short sterile shoots, mostly petioled, sometimes
10' long and V wide, those of the stem sessile,
all narrowly oblong or lanceolate in outline
and finely dissected into narrow pinnatifid seg-
ments, tomentose, pubescent or nearly glabrous ;
heads numerous, 2"-3" broad, in terminal com-
pound dense, somewhat convex or nearly flat-
topped corymbs; involucre ovoid-cylindric, its
bracts oblong, obtusish, pubescent ; rays 4-6,
white, or often pink or purple, less than 2"
broad.
In various situations throughout eastern North
America, often occurring as a naturalized weed.
Native also of Europe and Asia. Old names, san-
guinary, thousand-leaf, nosebleed, old-man's-pep-
per, soldier's-woundwort, gordaldo. June-Nov.
3. Achillea lanulosa Nutt. Woolly Yar-
row. Fig. 4554.
Achillea lanulosa Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7:
1834.
36.
Similar to the preceding species, perennial by
rootstocks, l°-2l high, densely _ silky-woolly
nearly all over. Leaves deeply bipinnatifid into
narrow lobes and segments, those of the stem
mostly sessile ; inflorescence convex, 2'-4' broad ;
involucre oblong-cylindric, its bracts greenish-
yellow, with brownish margins ; rays l"-2i" broad,
white.
In dry soil, Quebec and Ontario to Michigan,
Yukon, south to Oklahoma, Mexico and California.
June-Sept. Locally naturalized eastward.
Achillea ligustica All., differing from A. Millefo-
lium by being stouter with loosely corymbose heads,
native of Europe, has been found in cultivated ground
near Tannersville, New York.
( dMI'OSITAE.
Vol. III.
4. Achillea borealis Bongard. Northern Yar-
row. Fig. 4555.
Achillea borealis Bongard, Veg. Sitch. 149. 1831.
More or less silky-woolly ; stem erect, 16' high or
less. Leaves deeply bipinnatifid into narrow crowded
lobes and segments, those of the stem few, sessiie
or nearly so, the ultimate divisions very small; co-
rymb dense, strongly convex, 2V broad, or less ; in-
volucre about 3" high, its bracts with broad black or
blackish margins; rays 10-20, white or pink, broadly
oblong or suborbicular, often 2i" broad.
In wet places, on hillsides and rocks, Newfoundland
to Quebec and Alaska. Summer. Rocky Mountain
plants referred to this species appear to be distinct
from it.
90. ANTHEMIS [Micheli] L. Sp. PL 893. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid or dissected, alternate leaves, and usually large
peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminating the branches, or heads
rarely rayless. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, scarious-margined,
appressed, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, conic or oblong, chaffy at least toward the
summit, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral,
the tube terete or 2-winged, the ray white or yellow, entire or 2-3-toothed. Disk-flowers
perfect, fertile, yellow, their corollas with 5-cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entire at the
base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong, angled, ribbed or striate.
Pappus none, or a short coroniform border. [Greek name of Camomile.]
About 60 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. Type species : Anthemis maritima L.
Rays white.
Rays neutral ; plant glabrous, or nearly so, fetid.' i. A. Cotula.
Rays pistillate ; plants pubescent
Annual ; chaff of the receptacle acute. 2. A. arvensis.
Perennial ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse. 3- A. nobilis.
Rays yellow; plant pubescent, or tomentose. 4- A. tinctoria.
i. Anthemis Cotula L. Mayweed. Dog's or Fetid Camomile.
Dillweed. Fig. 4556.
Anthemis Cotula L. Sp. PI. 894. 1753-
Manila Co nla DC. Prodr. 6: 13. 1837.
Annual, glabrous, or sometimes pubescent
above, glandular and with a fetid odor and
acrid taste, much branched, l°-2° high. Leaves
mostly sessile, i'-2' long, finely 1-3-pinnately
dissected into narrow, or almost filiform, acute
lobes ; heads commonly numerous, about 1'
broad ; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse
or obtusish, usually somewhat tomentose ; rays
10-18, white, at length reflexed. neutral, or
rarely with abortive pistils, mostly 3-toothed ;
receptacle convex, becoming oblong, its chaff
bristly, subtending the central flowers ; achenes
10-ribbed, rugose or glandular-tuberculate ;
pappus none.
In fields, waste places and along roadsides, all
over North America except the extreme north.
Naturalized from Europe, and widely distributed
as a weed in Asia, Africa and Australia. Other
names are mather, dog- or hog's-fennel, dog-finkle,
morgan. Dog-daisy. Pig-sty-daisy. Maise. Chig-
ger-weed. Balders. June-Nov.
Genus 90.
THISTLE FAMILY.
5'7
2. Anthemis arvensis L. Corn or Field Camomile. Fig. 4557.
Anthemis arvensis L. Sp. PI. S94. 1753-
Annual or sometimes biennial, not fetid; stem
finely pubescent, usually much branched, about
1° high, the branches decumbent or ascending.
Leaves sessile, 1-3' long, 1-2-pinnately parted
into linear or lanceolate acute lobes, less divided
than those of the preceding species and with
broader segments ; heads commonly numerous,
l'-lj' broad; bracts of the involucre oblong,
obtuse, usually somewhat pubescent, with broad
scarious margins; rays 10-18, white, pistillate,
spreading, mostly 2-toothed ; chaff of the obtuse
receptacle lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; achenes
oblong, obtusely 4-angled; pappus a mere border.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Virginia,
west to Michigan, Missouri, and on the Pacific coast.
Naturalized from Europe. May-Aug.
3. Anthemis nobilis L. Garden, Scotch,
White or Low Camomile. Fig. 4558.
Anthemis nobilis L. Sp. PI. 894. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent, aromatic, much branched,
6'-i8' high, the branches procumbent. Leaves
numerous, 1-2' long, finely and compactly dis-
sected into nearly filiform lobes and segments ;
heads about 1' broad; bracts of the involucre ob-
tuse, pubescent, their scarious margins broad ;
rays 12-18, white, spreading, pistillate, 2-3-toothed;
chaff of the conic receptacle broad, membranous,
obtuse; achenes oblong, obtusely 3-angled ; pappus
Sparingly escaped from gardens, Rhode Island to
Delaware, Michigan and Wyoming. Adventive from
Europe. June-Aug.
4. Anthemis tinctoria L. Yellow or Ox-
eye Camomile. Fig. 4559-
Anthemis tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 896. 1 753-
Perennial, pubescent or tomentose ; stem erect,
branched, l°-3° high, with nearly erect branches.
Leaves sessile, 1-3' long, pinnately divided, the
oblong segments pinnatifid into narrow acute
lobes; heads few or several, l'-li' broad; bracts
of the involucre oblong, obtuse, densely tomen-
tose ; rays 20-30, pistillate, usually 2-toothed,
bright yellow or sometimes paler; chaff of the
nearly hemispheric receptacle lanceolate, acumi-
nate, rather rigid ; achenes 4-angled, somewhat
compressed ; pappus a crown-like border.
In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to New
Jersey, and locally escaped from gardens. Adventive
from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept.
Anthemis aurea ( L.) DC, a species with small ray-
less heads, was found many years ago near St. Louis,
Missouri.
5'S
( ( )MI>i )SIT \K
Vol. 1 1 r.
91. CHRYSANTHEMUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 888. 1753.
Perennial or annual, mostly erect and branching herbs, with alternate, dentate, incised
or dissected leaves, and iarge, usually long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate
flowers, or rays rarely wanting. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, its bracts appressed,
imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked.
Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white, yellow or rose-colored, entire or toothed. Disk-
flower-, perfect, fertile, their corollas with terete or 2-winged tubes and 4-5-cleft limbs.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate, penicil-
late. Achenes angled or terete, 5-10-ribbed, those of the ray-flowers commonly 3-angled.
Pappus none, or a scaly cup. [Greek, golden-flower.]
About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution in the northern hemisphere. Besides the
following, 2 others occur in northwestern arctic America. Type species: Chrysanthemum coro-
narium L.
Heads large, few or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches.
Rays white.
Stem leaves linear-spatulate, pinnately incised ; weed.
Stem leaves cuneate-spatulate, toothed or lobed above ; arctic.
Rays yellow.
Heads numerous, small, corymbose ; plants ecsaped from gardens.
Leaves pinnatifid, the segments incised.
Leaves oblong, serrate. 5.
1. C. Leucanthemum.
2. C. arcticum.
C. segetum.
C. Parthcnitim.
C. Bahamita.
i. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L.
White-weed. White, Field or Ox-eye
Daisy. Fig. 4560.
C. Leucanthemum L. Sp. PI. 888. 1753.
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Fl. Fr. 2 : 137. 1778.
Perennial ; stems glabrous, or sparingly pu-
berulent, simple or little branched, i°-3° high,
often tufted, the branches nearly erect. Basal
leaves obovate, oblong, or spatulate, coarsely
dentate, incised or pinnatifid, narrowed into
long slender petioles ; stem leaves mostly sessile
and partly clasping, 1-2 long, linear-spatulate
or linear, pinnately incised or toothed, the up-
permost very small and nearly entire; heads
few or solitary, I '-2' broad, on long naked pe-
duncles ; rays 20-30, white, spreading, slightly
2-3-toothed ; bracts of the involucre oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse, mostly glabrous, with scari-
ous margins and a brown line within the mar-
gins ; pappus none.
In pastures, meadows and waste places, com-
mon throughout our area as a weed, but less
abundant in the south and west. Bermuda. Na-
turalized from Europe. Native also of Asia.
Other English names are dog-, bull-, butter-, big-,
midsummer-, moon-, horse-, poorland- or maudlin-daisy;
dutch morgan, moon-flower, moon-penny, great white ox-
eye, poverty-weed, white man's-weed, herb margaret ; bull s-
eye daisy. Sheriff-pink. Dog-blow. Rays rarely short and
tubular. Disk bright yellow. May-Nov.
2. Chrysanthemum arcticum L. Arctic Daisy.
Fig. 4561.
Chrysanthemum arcticum L. Sp. PI. 8S9. 1753.
Leucanthemum arcticum DC. Prodr. 6: 45. 1S37.
Similar to the preceding species, but somewhat fleshy,
lower, seldom over li° high. Leaves cuneate-spatulate,
li'-3' long, crenate or cleft at the apex, narrowed into
a long tapering entire base, or the lower into slender
petioles, slightly clasping at the base, the uppermost
few, small, linear and nearly entire; heads solitary or
few, long-peduncled, 1-2' broad; rays 20-30, white;
bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, brown, or with
broad brown scarious margins, usually pubescent;
pappus none.
Coast of Hudson Bay to Alaska. Also in arctic Europe
and Asia. Summer.
Genus 91.
THISTLE FAMILY.
5'9
3. Chrysanthemum segetum L. Yellow Ox-
eye. Corn Marigold. Fig. 4562.
Chrysanthemum segetum L. Sp. PI. S89. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, ll° high or less. Leaves oblong
to oblanceolate, the upper auriculate-clasping, the
lower petioled, dentate, incised, or nearly entire, 3'
long or less; heads about i¥ broad; involucral bracts
obtuse, scarious ; rays obovate, yellow, emarginate ;
pappus a mere margin.
Waste grounds. New York, New Jersey, and in ballast
about the seaports. Adventive from Europe.
Chrysanthemum coronarium L., also European, with
yellow rays and bipinnatifid leaves, has been found in
Ontario.
4. Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L.)
Pers. Common Feverfew. Feather-
few. Fig. 4563.
Matricaria Parthenium L. Sp. PI. 890. 1753.
C. Parthenium Pers. Syn. 2: 462. 1807.
Perennial ; stem puberulent or glabrate, much
branched, l°-2i° high. Leaves thin, the lower
often 6' long, petioled, or the upper sessile,
pinnately parted into ovate or oblong, pinna-
tifid or incised segments ; heads numerous, co-
rymbose, slender-peduncled, 6"-io" broad ;
bracts of the depressed involucre lanceolate,
rather rigid, keeled, pubescent, acute or acutish ;
rays 10-20, white, oval or obovate, spreading,
mostly toothed, long-persistent; pappus a short
toothed crown.
In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to
New Jersey, Ohio, and in California, mostly es-
caped from gardens. Naturalized or adventive
from Europe. Called also pellitory, wild camo-
mile. Rays variable in length. Summer.
5. Chrysanthemum Balsamita L. Cost-
mary. Mint Geranium. Fig. 4564.
C. Balsamita L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1252. 1763.
Pyrethrum Balsamita Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 2153. 1804.
Perennial, puberulent or
much branched, 2°-4° high
canescent ; stem
Leaves oblong,
obtuse, crenate-dent'ate, i'-2' long, those of the
stem mostly sessile, and often with a pair of
lateral lobes at the base ; heads numerous, co-
rymbose, slender-peduncled, 5"-8" broad, or
when rayless only 3" broad ; bracts of the in-
volucre narrow, obtuse, pubescent; rays 10-15,
white, spreading ; pappus a short crown.
Sparingly escaped from gardens, Ohio to Mich-
igan, Ontario and Nova Scotia. Native of the Old
World. Other English names are cost, alecost, ale-
coast. Summer.
■ ( iMl'OSITAE.
Vol. III.
92. MATRICARIA L. Sp. I'l. 890. 1753.
Annual or perennial, mostly erect herbs, similar to some species of the preceding genus,
with alternate leavi ected into liliform or narrowly linear segments and lobes, and
peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting in some species. Invo-
lucre hemispheric, its bracts appressed, imbricated in few series, the outer shorter. Recep-
tacle conic, elongated or hemispheric, naked. Rays, when present, white, pistillate and fertile.
Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, fertile, their corollas 4-5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire
at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate, penicillate. Achenes 3-5-ribbed.
1'appus none, or a coroniform border. [Latin, matrix, from its medicinal virtues.]
\l"nii zo sp< cies, natives of the northern hemisphere and South Africa. The following are the
only ones known to occur in North America. Type species: Matricaria inodora I..
Rays present, white.
Achenes obpyramidal, strongly 3-ribbi d.
Plant tall, much branched ; bracts of the involucre green.
Plant low, nearly simple, arctic ; bracts dark brown or black.
Achenes nearly terete, oblong, faintly 3-5-ribbed.
Rays none; achenes oblong, faintly nerved.
1 . M . inodora.
2. M. grandiflora.
3. M. Chamomilla.
4. M. matricarioides.
i. Matricaria inodora L. Scentless Camo-
mile. Corn Mayweed. Fig. 4565.
Matricaria inodora L. Fl. Suec. Ed. 2, 297. 1755.
Chrysanthemum inodorum
1763-
L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1253.
Annual ; stem usually much branched, glabrous,
or very nearly so throughout, i°-2° high. Leaves
numerous, sessile, 2-3-pinnately dissected into fili-
form lobes, the rachis somewhat dilated at the
base; heads several or numerous, terminating the
branches, i'-ii' broad; bracts of the involucre
lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, green with brown scari-
ous margins; rays 20-30, white, spreading; recep-
tacle hemispheric or ovoid; achenes obpyramidal
with three prominent ribs ; pappus a short entire
or 4-toothed crown.
In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Naturalized or
adventive from Europe. June-Sept.
2. Matricaria grandiflora (Hook.) Britton.
Arctic Camomile. Fig. 4566.
Chrysanthemum grandiflorum Hook, in Parry's 2d Voy. 398.
1825.
Pyrethrum inodorum var. nanum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 :
320. 1833.
M. grandiflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 340. 1894.
Perennial ; stem usually simple and monocephalous,
glabrous, 4-12' high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest
short-petioled, 1-2-pinnately dissected, i'-2*' long;
head not very long-peduncled, i'-a' broad; bracts of
the involucre ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous,
brown or nearly black, or with broad, brown, scarious
margins; rays 15-35. bright white, slightly 3-5-toothed
at the summit; receptacle hemispheric when mature.
Coast of Hudson Bay to Alaska. Reported from Lake
Huron. Summer.
Genus 92.
THISTLE FAMILY
3. Matricaria Chamomilla L. Wild or
German Camomile. Fig. 4567.
Matricaria Chamomilla L. Sp. PI. 891. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, much branched, l°-2° high.
Leaves aromatic, finely 2-3-pinnately dissected
into numerous linear lobes; heads numerous,
8"-l2" broad, slender-peduncled at the ends of
the branches; bracts of the involucre oblong,
obtuse, green, or with brownish margins ; rays
10-20, white, spreading; receptacle ovoid, be-
coming conic and hollow ; achenes nearly oblong,
or somewhat obovoid, faintly 3-5-ribbed ; pappus
none.
In waste places and on ballast, southern ftew York
to Pennsylvania. Adventive or fugitive from Eu-
rope. Horse-gowan, Summer.
4. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.)
Porter. Rayless Camomile. Wild
Marigold. 4568.
Santolina suave olens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 520.
1814. Not M. suaveolens L. 1755.
Artemisia matricarioides Less. Linnaea 6: 210.
1831.
Matricaria discoidea DC. Prodr. 6: 50. 1837.
Matricaria matricarioides Porter, Mem. Torr.
Club 5 : 341. 1894.
M. suaveolens Buchenau, Fl. Nord. Tief. 496.
1894.
Annual, glabrous ; stem very leafy, at length
much branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves 2-3-pin-
nately dissected into linear acute lobes ; heads
numerous. 3"-4" broad, peduncled ; bracts of
the involucre oval or oblong, green, with
broad white scarious margins, much shorter
than the ovoid yellow disk ; rays none ; recep-
tacle conic; achenes oblong, slightly angular,
faintly nerved ; pappus an obscure crown,
sometimes produced into 2 coriaceous oblique
auricles.
In waste places, in ballast and along railroads.
Missouri to Massachusetts and Maine. Adven-
tive from the Pacific coast. Naturalized as a
weed in northern Europe. May-Aug.
93. TANACETUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 843. 1753.
Erect, strongly aromatic herbs, our species perennials, with alternate, 1-3-pinnately dis-
sected or divided leaves, and numerous small corymbose heads of tubular flowers, or with
rays sometimes present and imperfectly developed. Involucre hemispheric, depressed, or cam-
panulate, its bracts appressed, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat or convex, naked.
Marginal flowers pistillate, fertile, their corollas 2-5-toothed or lobed, sometimes produced
into short rays. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and
entire at the base, their tips broad. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit.
Achenes S-angled or 5-ribbed, truncate or obtuse. Pappus none, or a short crown. [From
tanasie, old French for tansy; Greek, athanasia, immortality.]
About 30 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs
in California. Type species: Tanacetum vulgare L.
Glabrous, or nearly so; heads numerous, 3"— 5" broad. 1. T. vulgare.
Villous-pubescent ; heads few, 6"-S" broad. 2. T. Intronetise.
522
< uMl'i iSl I \l
Vol. III.
Tansy.
i. Tanacetum vulgare I..
Fig. 4569.
Tanacetum vulgare I.. Sp. PI. ^44. 1 753-
Tanacetum vulgare crispum DC. Prodr. 6: 128.
[837.
Stem stout, usually simple up to the inflo-
rescence, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent,
l-}°-3° high. Leaves pinnately divided into
linear-oblong, pinnatifid or incised, often crisp-
1 1 egments, the lobes acute, usually serrate;
lower segments of the leaves often smaller
than the others; basal leaves often ^1° long;
heads commonly numerous, 3 "-5" broad,
rather short-peduncled ; involucre depressed-
hemispheric, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, or the outer acute, slightly pubescent or
eiliate; receptacle flat; flowers yellow; mar-
ginal corollas with short oblique 3-toothed
limbs ; pappus a short crown.
Along roadsides, mostly escaped from gardens.
Nova Scotia and Ontario to Minnesota, Oregon,
Nevada, North Carolina and Missouri. Natural
ized or adventive from Europe. Bitter-buttons.
Hindheal. Ginger-plant. July-Sept.
2. Tanacetum huronense Nutt. Lake
Huron Tansy. Fig. 4570.
Tanacetum huronense Nutt. Gen. 2: 141. 1818.
Yillous-pubescent throughout, at least when
voung, less so when mature, i°-2° high. Leaves
2-pinnately divided, the lobes dentate or incised,
acute, the lower segments commonly smaller than
the others ; heads 1-8, 6"-8" broad, on very stout
pubescent peduncles; involucre depressed-hemi-
spheric ; marginal flowers with 3-5-lobed limbs,
often expanded into short rays; pappus a short
crown.
In moist soil, especially along streams or lakes,
New Brunswick to Hudson Bay. Maine, Lake Su-
perior, Alaska and Oregon. July-Sept.
94. ARTEMISIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI.
845- I753-
Odorous herbs or shrubs, often canescent or
tomentose, with alternate leaves, and small pendu-
lous or erect, discoid racemose spicate glomerate or paniculate heads of greenish or yellowish
flowers. Involucre ovoid, oblong, or broadly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few
series, the outer gradually shorter. Receptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked or pubes-
cent, not chaffy. Central flowers perfect, sometimes sterile, with abortive ovaries and undi-
vided style, sometimes perfect and fertile, with truncate style-branches; marginal flowers
usually pistillate and fertile, their corollas 2-3-toothed, or flowers all perfect and fertile in
some species. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, often tipped with subulate appendages.
Achenes obovoid or oblong, 2-ribbed or striate, rounded at the summit, usually bearing a
large epigynous disk. Pappus none. [Named for Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.]
About 225 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and southern South America. Besides
the following, some 40 others occur in the western parts of North America. ly"»
■misia vulgaris L.
* Marginal flowers pistillate; central flowers perfect, sterile.
a. Biennial or perennial herbs.
Leaves pinnately dissected into narrowly linear lobes.
Heads very numerous. 1" broad ; leaves mostly glabrous.
Heads 2" broad, in narrow panicles ; leaves silky-pubescent.
Heads few ; involucre brown, mostly pubescent.
lb ads numerous; involucre green, mostly glabrous.
Leaves linear, the lower sometimes 3-cleft or pinnately divided.
Leaves glabrous. 4-
Leaves finely and densely pubescent. 5-
b. Shrubby, silvery-canescent ; heads small and numerous. 6
Type species : Arte-
A. caudata.
A. borealis.
A. canadensis.
A. dracunculoides.
A. glauca.
A. filifolia.
Genus 94.
THISTLE FAMILY.
523
frigida.
Absinthium.
9. A. Abrotanum.
16. A. serrata.
17. A. longifolia.
ludoviciana.
mexicana.
gnaphalodes.
Bigelovii.
tridentata.
carta.
** Marginal flowers pistillate; central flowers perfect, fertile.
a. Receptacle villous-pubescent.
Leaf-segments linear-filiform, short ; native. 7. A
Leaf-segments oblong, or linear-oblong ; introduced. 8. A
b. Receptacle glabrous, or sparingly pubescent.
Leaves dissected, glabrous or pubescent, green, not tomentose.
Heads about 2" broad, numerous in panicled racemes ; perennial.
Heads about 1" broad, paniculate or spicate ; annuals.
Leaves finely 2-3-pinnately divided ; heads paniculate. 10. A. annua.
Leaves pinnately divided ; segments pinnatifid ; heads in leafy spikes. 11. A. biennis.
Leaves densely white-canescent or tomentose, at least beneath.
Leaves pinnatifid or dissected.
Heads 3"— 4" broad, racemose-glomerate; sea-beach plant. 12. A. Stellarian
Heads 1"— 2" broad, spicate-paniculate or racemose.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the segments mostly incised. 13. A. vulgaris.
Leaves finely dissected into short linear lobes. 14. A. Politico.
Leaves pinnately parted into 5-7 narrow entire segments. 15. A. kansana.
Leaves lanceolate or linear, serrate or entire, not pinnatifid.
Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, glabrous above.
Leaves linear, oblong, lanceolate or obovate, entire or lobed.
Leaves at length glabrous above.
Leaves linear, elongated, all entire..
Leaves various, at least the lower pinnately lobed or toothed
Involucre densely woolly; leaf-lobes broad. iS.
Involucre loosely woolly; leaf-lobes linear. 19.
Leaves shorter, oblong or lanceolate, tomentose both sides. 20.
Leaves cuneate, J/2' long, 3-toothed at the apex. 21.
*** Flowers all perfect and fertile; far western species.
Leaves cuneate, 3-toothed or 3-lobed. 22.
Leaves linear, entire. 23.
i. Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall or Wild
Wormwood. Fig. 4571.
Artemisia caudata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 129. 1S03.
Root biennial (sometimes perennial?) ; stems slender,
glabrous, tufted, strict, very leafy, 2°-6° high, at length
paniculately branched, the branches glabrous, or rarely
slightly pubescent, nearly erect. Lower and basal leaves
and those of sterile shoots slender-petioled, sometimes
a little pubescent, 3' -6' long, 2-3-pinnately divided into
narrowly linear, acute lobes, about 4" wide; upper leaves
sessile or nearly so, pinnately divided, or the uppermost
entire and short; heads about 1" broad, very short-
peduncled. very numerous in a large somewhat leafy
panicle, mostly nodding; bracts of the ovoid-campanu-
late involucre ovate, or the inner elliptic, glabrous ; re-
ceptacle hemispheric, naked ; central flowers sterile.
In dry sandy soil, abundant on sea-beaches, from Quebec
to Florida, west to Ontario, Indiana, Manitoba, south to
Nebraska and Texas. July-Sept.
2. Artemisia borealis Pall. Northern Worm-
wood. Fig. 4572.
Artemisia borealis Pall. Iter. 129. pi. hh, f. I. 1771.
Artemisia groenlandica Wormsk. Fl. Dan.pl. 1585. 1818.
Perennial. 5'— 15' high, densely silky-pubescent all
over, resembling small forms of the following spe-
cies. Leaves less divided, the basal and lower ones
petioled, l'-2i' long, the upper sessile, linear and
entire or merely 3-parted ; heads about 2" broad in
a dense terminal rarely branched thyrsus ; involucre
nearly hemispheric, its bracts brown or brownish,
pilose-pubescent or nearly glabrous ; receptacle con-
vex, naked ; disk-flowers sterile.
Quebec to Greenland, west through arctic America to
Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also
in northern Asia. Apparently erroneously recorded from
Maine. July-Aug.
5-4
t OMPOSITAL.
Vol. III.
3. Artemisia canadensis Michx. Canada Worm-
wood. Fig. 4573.
Artemisia canadensis Michx. FI. ISor. Am. 2: 129. 1803.
Root perennial (or sometimes biennial); stem pubes-
cent or glabrous, strict, simple or branched, i°-2° high,
the branches appressed and erect. Leaves usually pubes-
cent, but sometimes sparingly so. the basal and lower ones
petioled, 2-3' long, 2-pinnately divided into linear, acute
lobes which are shorter and broader than those of Arte-
misia caudata; upper leaves sessile, less divided; heads
short-peduncled, about 2" broad, commonly numerous in
a narrow virgate panicle, mostly spreading or erect, in
small forms the panicle reduced to a nearly or quite sim-
ple terminal raceme; involucre ovoid, its bracts ovate or
oval, green, glabrous or pubescent ; receptacle hemispheric ;
central flowers sterile.
In rocky soil, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, Maine, Ver-
mont, west along the Great Lakes to Minnesota and Manitoba
and to the Canadian Pacific coast. Sea- or wild-wormwood.
July-Aug.
Artemisia Forwoodii S. Wats., a taller plant of the Rocky
Mountain region, with somewhat smaller heads, ranges east-
ward into Nebraska.
4. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh. Linear-
leaved Wormwood. Fig. 4574.
A. dracunculoides Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. 742. 1814.
Perennial, glabrous ; stem somewhat woody, usu-
ally much branched. 2°-4° high, the branches nearly
erect. Leaves linear, 1'— 34' long, l"-2" wide, acute,
entire, or the lower and basal ones sometimes 3-cleft
or even more divided; heads very numerous, i"-ii"
broad, nodding, very short-peduncled, racemose-
paniculate ; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts
ovate or oblong, green, scarious-margined ; recep-
tacle hemispheric, naked ; central flowers sterile.
Dry plains and prairies, Manitoba to British Colum-
bia, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Texas, Chihuahua,
New Mexico and California. July-Nov.
5. Artemisia glauca Pall. Silky Worm-
wood. Fig. 4575.
A. glauca Pall.; Willd. Sp .PI. 3: 1831. 1804.
Artemisia dracunculoides var. incana T. & G. FI. N.
A. 2 : 416. 1843.
Perennial, similar to the preceding species;
stems strict, leafy, usually simple or little branch-
ed, l°-2° high, pubescent, tomentose or canescent,
or glabrous below. Leaves linear, 4'-24' long,
about 1" wide, entire, finely and densely pubes-
cent, obtuse or obtusish, or the lower or some-
times nearly all of them 3-cleft into linear lobes.
l'-li' long; panicle narrow, branched, its branches
nearly erect ; heads drooping, sessile, very numer-
ous, scarcely more than i4" long; involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts scarious-margined. obtuse ; re-
ceptacle naked; central flowers sterile.
Minnesota to North Dakota, Manitoba and Sas-
katchewan. June-Sept.
Genus 94.
THISTLE FAMILY.
535
6. Artemisia filifolia Torr. Silvery Worm-
wood. Fig. 4576.
Artemisia filifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 211. 1827.
Shrubby, finely silvery-canescent throughout ; stem
branched, i°-3° high, the rigid branches nearly erect.
Leaves 1/-2' long, nearly all 3-parted into filiform
entire segments less than I" wide, or the uppermost
undivided ; heads exceedingly numerous, about i"
broad, racemose-paniculate, very short-peduncled,
3-5-flowered ; involucre oblong, its bracts densely
canescent ; receptacle small, naked or slightly fim-
brillate; central 1-3 flowers sterile.
On dry plains, Nebraska to Utah, Wyoming, Nevada,
Texas, Mexico and Arizona. Wormwood-sage. July-
Oct.
8. Artemisia Absinthium L.
wood. Absinth. Fig. 4578.
Artemisia Absinthium L. Sp. PI. 848. 1753.
Shrubby, finely canescent; stem much branched,
2°-4° high. Leaves 2'-S' long, 1-3-pinnately divided
into numerous linear to obovate, obtuse lobes, the
lower long-petioled, the upper short-petioled or ses-
sile, the uppermost commonly linear and entire; heads
numerous, yellow, racemose-paniculate, drooping,
short-peduncled, 2"-2i" broad ; involucre hemispheric,
its outer bracts linear, the inner much broader, scari-
ous-margined ; receptacle pilose-pubescent; central
flowers fertile, the marginal ones pistillate, fertile or
sterile.
In waste places, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay to
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, western
Ontario, New York, North Dakota and Montana. Natu-
ralized or adventive from Europe, mostly escaped from
gardens. Old English names, madderwort, mugwort,
mingwort, warmot. Boys'-love. July-Oct.
7. Artemisia frigida Willd. Pasture Sage-
Brush. Wormwood Sage. Fig. 4577.
Artemisia frigida Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1838. 1804.
Perennial, woody at the base, densely silky-canes-
cent all over ; stem branched or simple, io'-2o' high.
Leaves h'-ii' long, ternately or 5-nately divided
into numerous short acutish mostly entire lobes
less than J" wide, the lower and basal ones petioled,
and often with a pair of entire or 3-cleft divisions
near the base of the petiole, the upper sessile and
less divided; heads rather numerous, racemose or
racemose-paniculate, short-peduncled, nodding, about
2" broad ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oblong,
canescent or tomentose; receptacle villous-pubes-
cent; central flowers fertile.
On dry plains and in rocky soil, Minnesota to Sas-
katchewan, Yukon, Idaho, Nebraska, Texas and Ari-
zona. Wild sage. July-Oct. _
Common Worm-
526
C ( »MP( IS] I \l
Vol. III.
Artemisia Abrotanum L. Southernwood. Fig. 4579.
Artemisia Abrotanum L, Sp. PI. 845. 1753.
Perennial, somewhat shrubby; stem puberulent or
glabrous, much branched, 2°-4° high, the branches
9hort, erect or ascending. Leaves glabrous or some-
what pubescent, ['-3' long, 1-3-pinnately parted into
linear obtuse entire lobes about 4" wide, or the upper-
most linear and entire, the lowest petioled ; heads sev-
eral-flowered, yellow, very numerous, nodding, race-
mose-paniculate, 2."-2\" broad; involucre nearly hemi
spheric, pubescent, its outer bracts lanceolate, acute,
the inner ones obovate; receptacle glabrous; central
flowers fertile.
In waste places, Massachusetts to western New York,
southern Ontario, and Nebraska. Adventive from con-
tinental Europe. Old English names, lad's-love, boys'-love,
slovenwood, old-man, sweet benjamin.
Artemisia procera Willd., a similar species, but with
glabrous involucre, is recorded as escaped from gardens at
Buffalo, N. Y.
10. Artemisia annua L. Annual Wormwood.
Fig. 4580.
Artemisia annua L. Sp. PI. S47. 1753.
Annual, glabrous throughout, much branched, 2°-S°
high. Leaves 2'-6' long, finely 2-3-pinnately dissected
into very narrow short, obtuse lobes, the lower and
basal ones slender-petioled, the upper sessile and less
divided, but none of them entire; heads very nu-
merous, about 1" broad, drooping, borne on very
slender peduncles of about their own length or less;
involucre hemispheric, glabrous, its bracts few, ovate
to oblong; receptacle glabrous; flowers commonly all
fertile.
In waste places, Ontario to New Hampshire, Virginia,
West Virginia, Tennessee, Kansas and Arkansas, a bad
weed in some places. Adventive or naturalized from
Asia. Summer.
11. Artemisia biennis Willd. Biennial Worm-
wood. Fig. 4581.
Artemisia biennis Willd. Phytogr. 11. 1794.
Annual or biennial, glabrous throughout; stem very
leafy, usually branched, i°-4° high, the branches nearly
erect. Leaves 1'— 3' long, 1-2-pinnately divided into
linear or linear-oblong, acutish, serrate or incised
lobes, the lowest petioled, the uppermost less divided
or rarely quite entire; heads about li" broad, not
drooping, sessile and exceedingly numerous in axillary
glomerules which are crowded, forming a compound
spicate inflorescence, the subtending leaves much ex-
ceeding the clusters ; involucre nearly hemispheric, its
bracts green, scarious-margined ; receptacle naked ;
central flowers fertile.
Native from Tennessee to Nebraska. Manitoba, British
Columbia and California, now widely distributed as a weed
from Manitoba to Nova Scotia, south to Missouri, Ken-
tucky and Delaware. Aug.-Oct.
Genus y4.
THISTLE FAMILY
12. Artemisia Stelleriana Bess. Beach
Wormwood. Fig. 4582.
Artemisia Stelleriana Bess. Abrot. 79. pi. 5. 1829.
Perennial, densely white-tomentose ; stem branch-
ed, l°-2i° high, bushy, the branches ascending.
Leaves obovate to spatulate, 1-4' long, pinnatifid
into oblong, obtuse, entire or few-toothed lobes,
the lower petioled, the upper sessile, all densely
tomentose beneath, but becoming green and gla-
brous above when old ; heads racemose-spicate or
racemose-glomerate, 3"-4" broad, not drooping;
involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts tomen-
tose, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; receptacle
naked ; central flowers fertile.
Sandy sea-beaches, Quebec to New Jersey ; Oneida
Lake, N. Y. Cultivated in gardens along the coast.
Native of northeastern Asia. Occurs also on the
coast of Sweden. Foliage similar to that of the dusty
miller, Cineraria maritima L. July-Aug.
Motherwort.
native of arctic America,
Green ginger. July-Oct.
Artemisia elatior (T. & G.) Rydb., a northwestern
species, with elongated acuminate leaf-lobes, ranges
eastward to Hudson Bay.
14. Artemisia pontica L. Roman or Hun-
garian Wormwood. Fig. 4584-
Artemisia pontica L. Sp. PI. 847. 1753.
Perennial ; stem branched, glabrous or canescent,
i°-3° high. Leaves 1V-2V long, 2-3-pinnately dis-
sected into short narrow lobes less than 1" wide,
canescent on both sides, or tomentose beneath, the
lower petioled and the petioles somewhat clasping
or auricled at the base, the upper mostly linear and
entire; heads numerous, l"-2" broad, drooping,
slender-peduncled ; involucre hemispheric, canes-
cent, its bracts oblong or obovate. obtuse, the outer
short, lanceolate; receptacle glabrous; central flow-
ers fertile.
Waste grounds, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Ohio and Colorado. Fugitive or adventive from
central Europe. July-Aug.
13. Artemisia vulgaris L. Common Mug-
wort. Fig. 4583.
Artemisia vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 84S. 1753.
Perennial ; stem glabrous or nearly so, much
branched, i°-3i° high. Leaves ''-4I' long, deeply
pinnatifid, into linear, oblong or somewhat spatu-
late, pinnatifid, toothed or entire lobes, densely
white-tomentose beneath, dark green and glabrous
above, the lower petioled and often with 1 or 2
pairs of small lateral divisions at or near the
base of the petiole, the upper sessile, the upper-
most sometimes linear and entire ; heads numer-
ous, erect, about 2" broad, in panicled, simple or
compound spikes; involucre oblong-campanulate,
its bracts oblong, obtusish, scarious-margined,
tomentose or glabrous ; receptacle naked ; central
flowers fertile.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Michigan,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georgia. Naturalized
from Europe. Native also of Asia. Reported as
Fellon-herb. Sailor's-tobacco. Wormwood. Bulwand.
i i iMl'OSITAE.
Vol 111.
15. Artemisia kansana Britton. Kansas Mug-
wort. Fig. 4585.
?A. Carruthii A. Wood, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 5: 51.
[876.
A. kansana Britton, in H r i 1 1 . tV Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 466. 1898.
Densely white-woolly all over; stem erect, much
branched, the branches strict, bearing very numerous
small heads forming a narrow dense panicle. Leaves
numerous, crowded, the lower pinnatcly divided into
3-7 narrowly linear revolute-margincd segments \"
wide or less, greenish above ; upper leaves mostly nar-
rowly linear and entire ; heads oblong-oval, sessile, or
very short-peduncled, erect, or somewhat spreading,
li" long; involucre very woolly, its bracts ovate-lan-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute ; receptacle naked.
Plains, Kansas to Colorado and New Mexico. Intro-
duced in Missouri. July-Sent.
16. Artemisia serrata Nutt. Saw-leaf
Mugwort. Fig. 4586.
Artemisia serra'a Nutt. Gen. 2: 142. 1818.
Perennial ; stem stout, tomentose or be-
coming glabrous, much branched. 5°-io° high.
Leaves lanceolate, 2-6' long. 3"-l2" wide,
densely white-tomentose beneath, dark green
and glabrous above, acuminate at the apex.
narrowed to a sessile base, or the lowest peti-
oled, sharply serrate or incised, or the upper
entire ; heads very numerous, greenish, erect,
about 1 J" broad, sessile or short-peduncled
in panicled spikes or racemes ; involucre ca-
nescent. its bracts oblong, or the outer ones
lanceolate; receptacle naked; central flowers
fertile.
Prairies. Illinois to Minnesota and Dakota.
Introduced on the Mohawk River, near Sche-
nectady, N. Y. Aug.-Oct.
17. Artemisia longifolia Nutt. Long-
leaved Mugwort. Fig. 4587.
Artemisia longifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 142. 1818.
Perennial ; stem densely white-tomentose,
branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate, elongated, entire, 2-5' long, l"-5"
wide, acuminate, tapering to a sessile base, or
the lower petioled, densely white-tomentose
on both sides, or becoming green and glabrate
above ; heads numerous, erect, spicate-panicu-
late. about 2" broad ; involucre tomentose. its
bracts narrowly oblong; receptacle naked;
central flowers fertile.
In dry rocky soil, western Nebraska to Minne-
sota, Idaho, Oregon and Saskatchewan. Aug.-
Sept.
Genus 94.
THISTLE FAMILY.
529
18. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Dark-
leaved Mugwort. Fig. 4588.
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Gen. 2: 143. 1818.
Perennial, 2°-4° high ; stem woolly, branched
above. Leaves linear to obovate, 3' long or less,
white-woolly beneath, at length dark green and
glabrous, or very nearly so above, the base com-
monly narrowly cuneate, at least the lower ones
pinnately lobed or toothed, their lobes lanceolate,
acuminate; upper leaves often linear and entire;
heads numerous, spicate-paniculate, i"-ii" broad;
involucre oblong, tomentose; receptacle naked;
central flowers fertile.
In dry soil, Missouri to Texas, Wyoming, Colorado
and Arizona. Aug.-Nov.
19. Artemisia mexicana Willd. Mexican Mug-
wort. Fig. 4589.
Artemisia mexicana Willd.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 490. 1826.
Perennial, less densely pubescent than A. ludoviciana,
2°-3S° high, often branched ; stem finely pubescent and
ultimately often floccose. Leaves ovate or orbicular in
outline on the lower part of the stem, 2'-3§' long,
densely white-tomentulose beneath, green above, the
lobes of the lower and the blades of the upper entire
ones linear to narrowly linear or nearly so; heads small
and numerous, usually inclined or nodding ; involucre
campanulate, loosely woolly, the pubescence sparse.
On prairies, hillsides and barrens. Missouri to Texas,
Arkansas and Mexico. Sept.-Oct.
20. Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. Prairie
or Western Sage. Cud-weed
Mugwort. Fig. 4590.
Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. Gen. 2 : 143. 1818.
Artemisia ludoviciana var. gnaphalodes T. & G. Fl.
N. A. 2: 420. 1843.
Perennial; stem white-tomentose, usually
much branched, 1 "-4° high. Leaves lanceolate
or oblong, I '-3' long, 2"-6" wide, entire, or
the lower somewhat toothed, or rarely few-
lobed, white-tomentose on both sides, acute or
acuminate, sessile or the lower narrowed into
short petioles ; heads numerous, spicate-panicu-
late, about ij" broad; involucre oblong, to-
mentose; receptacle naked; central flowers
fertile.
On prairies, plains, and dry banks, western On-
tario and Illinois to Alberta, Missouri, Texas and
Mexico. Locally established in waste grounds
from New Hampshire to Delaware. Far western
plants formerly referred to this species, which
consists of many races, are, apparently, distinct.
34
i ompi isn w-
Vol. IN.
21. Artemisia Bigelovii A. Gray. Kigelow's
Sage-Bush. Big. 4591.
Artemisia Bigelovii A. Gray, Pac. R. K. Rep. 4: no.
1856.
Perennial, shrubby, silvcry-cancscent throughout,
8'— 15' high, much branched, the branches erect. Leaves
narrowly cuneate, or oblong, obtuse, truncate, or
3-5-toothed at the apex, 5"-q" long, about 1" wide;
heads very numerous, about 1" broad, densely glom-
erate-spicate in a narrow virgate panicle, 2-5-flow-
ered, 1 or 2 of the marginal ones pistillate, the others
perfect and fertile; involucre short-oblong, canescent
or tomentose, its bracts obtuse; receptacle naked.
Kansas (according to Smyth) ; Colorado to Texas and
Arizona. Aug.-Oct.
22. Artemisia tridentata Xutt. Common
Sage-bush. Sage-brush. Sage-wood.
Mountain Sage. Fig. 4592.
Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(11)7:398. 1841.
Shrubby, silvery-canescent ; stem much branch-
ed, I°-I2° high. Leaves narrowly cuneate, i'-
li' long, 1 "-3" wide, sessile, 3-7-toothed at the
truncate apex ; heads very numerous. 5-8-flow-
ered, about ii" broad, sessile, or very nearly so,
in large dense panicles; involucre oblong, to-
mentose. its inner bracts oblong, the outer short,
ovate, all obtuse or obtusish; receptacle naked;
flowers all perfect and fertile.
On dry plains and in rocky soil, western Ne-
braska to Colorado, Utah and California, north to
Montana and British Columbia. July-Sept.
23. Artemisia carta Pursh. Hoary Sage-
bush. Fig. 4593.
Artemisia cana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 521. 1814.
Shrubby, densely white-canescent ; stem much
branched, l°-2*° high. Leaves linear, linear-
oblong or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, acute
at both ends. 1-2' long, lV-z" wide, usually
quite entire, rarely with 2 or 3 acute teeth or
lobes ; heads numerous, about ii" broad, glom-
erate or sometimes solitary in the axils of
the leaves, or crowded into a naked thyrsus
at the summit, 5-9-flowered ; involucre ob-
long, canescent, its inner bracts oblong or lan-
ceolate, obtuse, usually with 1-3 shorter outer
ones ; receptacle naked ; flowers all perfect and
fertile.
Plains, Nebraska and Colorado to North Da-
kota. Montana and Saskatchewan. July-Sept.
95. TUSSILAGO [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 865. 1753.
An acaulescent herb, more or less white-tomentose, with slender perennial rootstocks,
broad basal cordate, dentate or lobed, long-petioled leaves, and large solitary, monoecious
Genus 95.
THISTLE FAMILY.
53 1
heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers at the summit of a scaly scape, appearing
before the leaves of the season. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, its principal bracts in
a single series, equal, with or without a few shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked.
Ray-flowers in several series, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, the corolla
5-cleft, the style undivided and obtuse, lobed. Achenes of the ray-flowers linear, 5-10-ribbed.
Pappus copious, of numerous slender roughish
bristles, that of the sterile flowers shorter than
that of the fertile. [Latin, tussis, cough, for
which the plant was a reputed remedy.]
A monotypic genus of northern Europe and Asia.
i. Tussilago Farfara L. Coltsfoot.
Coughwort. Fig. 4594.
Tussilago Farfara L. Sp. PI. 865. 1753.
Scape slender, 3'-l8' high, bearing a solitary
large head at the summit. Leaves nearly orbicu-
lar, or broadly ovate-reniform, angulately lobed
and dentate, 3'-/ broad, green and glabrous above,
persistently white-tomentose beneath : head about
1' broad ; involucre campanulate ; rays bright yel-
low, numerous, linear.
In moist soil, on banks and roadsides, Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick to New Jersey, Pennsylvania
and Minnesota. Naturalized from Europe. Horse-
foot. Horse-hoof. Dove-dock. Sow-foot. Colt-herb.
Hoofs. Cleats. Ass's-foot. Bull's-foot. Foal-foot.
Ginger. Clay-weed. Butter-bur. Dummy-weed. April-
June.
96. PETASITES [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 1 1754.
Herbs with perennial thick horizontal rootstocks, broad, basal, petioled leaves, and scaly
scapes bearing racemose or corymbose heads of tubular or both tubular and radiate, white
or purplish, often dioecious or subdioecious flowers. Involucre campanulate to cylindric,
its bracts in I series, equal. Receptacle flat, or nearly so, not chaffy. Corolla of pistillate
flowers very slender, 2-5-toothed, truncate or sometimes with a ray, marginal, or composing
most of the head ; perfect but sterile flowers with a tubular 5-cleft corolla, the style undi-
vided. Anthers entire or minutely sagittate at the base. Fertile achenes linear, the pappus
of numerous capillary rough or barbellate bristles. [Greek, a broad-rimmed hat, referring
to the broad leaves of these plants.]
About 20 species, north temperate and subarctic. Type species : Tussilago Petasites L.
Flowers whitish, the pistillate radiate ; natives ; northern.
Leaves orbicular, 7-1 l-cleft nearly to the base.
Leaves deltoid-reniform, sinuate-lobed and toothed.
Leaves deltoid-ovate, repand-denticulate.
Flowers all rayless, purple ; introduced.
1. P. palmata.
2. P. trigonophylla.
3. P. sagiltata.
4. P. Petasites.
1. Petasites palmata (Ait.) A. Gray. Pal-
mate-leaf Sweet Coltsfoot. Fig. 4595.
Tussilago palmata Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 188. pi. 2. 1789.
Nardosmia palmata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 308. 1833.
P. palmata A. Gray, in Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1 : 407. 1876.
Scape very scaly, stout, 6'-24 high. Leaves nearly
orbicular in outline, 3'-l2' broad, deeply. 7-1 i-cleft
to much beyond the middle, green and glabrous
above, densely white-tomentose beneath, at least
when young, sometimes becoming glabrate, the lobes
oblong or obovate, acute, often somewhat cuneate,
sharply dentate or incised; heads mostly dioecious,
corymbose or racemose-corymbose, numerous, 4"-6"
broad ; flowers nearly white, fragrant, the marginal
ones of the pistillate heads radiate.
In swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Mas-
sachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Alberta.
Far western plants, formerly included in this species,
prove to be distinct. April-June. Butter-bur.
i i i\i Pi >S1 i \I
Vol mi.
2. Petasites trigonophylla ( rreene.
Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot. Fig. 4596.
Petasites trigonophylla Greene, Leaflets i: 180.
Scape very scaly, 3'-io' high. Leaves
deltoid-reniform to ovate-orbicular in out-
line, 2-6' long, irregularly lobed, green and
glabrous above, persistently whitc-tomen-
tose beneath, the lobes few-toothed; heads
corymbose, the inflorescence about 4' long ;
involucre campanulate ; flowers nearly
white, the marginal ones of the pistillate
heads radiate.
Wet grounds, Quebec, Minnesota and Sas-
katchewan. June-Aug.
Petasites frigida (L.) Fries, admitted, in
our first edition, as recorded from Lake Win-
nipeg, is a high boreal species, not known to
occur within our area.
3. Petasites sagittata ( Pursh 1 A. Gray.
Arrow-leaf Sweet Coltsfoot. Bitter-
bur. Fig. 4597.
Tussilago sagittata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 332. 1814.
Nardosmia sagittata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 307. 1833.
Petasites sagittata A. Gray, in Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Cal. 1 : 407. 1S76.
Scape and racemose-corymbose inflorescence
similar to those of the two preceding species.
Leaves deltoid-ovate to reni form-ovate, persist-
ently white-tomentose beneath, glabrous or nearly
so above, 4'-io' long, their margins sinuate-den-
ticulate, neither cleft nor lobed; involucre cam-
panulate; flowers nearly white, the marginal ones
of the pistillate heads radiate.
In wet grounds, Labrador to Hudson Bay, Manitoba
and Minnesota, west to British Columbia, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado. May-June.
4. Petasites Petasites (L.) Karst.
Butter-bur. Butterfly-dock.
Fig. 4598.
Tussilago Petasites L. Sp. PI. 866. 1753.
Petasites officinalis Moench. Meth. 568. 1704.
Petasites vulgaris Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 270. 1798.
P. Petasites Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 1062. 1880-83.
Scape very scaly. 6-15' high. Leaves orbicu-
lar or hastate-reniform, often 12' broad when
mature, rounded or pointed at the apex, repand-
denticulate all around, persistently white-to-
mentose beneath, green and mostly glabrous
above; heads 4"-6" broad, mostly dioecious,
in a dense raceme, the staminate ones smaller
than the pistillate; flowers pink-purple, fra-
grant, none of them radiate.
Tn cultivated and waste ground, eastern Penn-
sylvania and Massachusetts. Naturalized from
Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Batter-
or flea-dock. Bog- or poison-rhubarb. Eldin.
Gallon. Umbrella-leaves. Pestilence-wort. Ox-
wort. April.
Genus 97.
THISTLE FAMILY.
533
97. ARNICA L. Sp. PI. 884. 1753.
Erect, simple or little branched herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper rarely alternate,
and large, long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or rays wanting
in some species. Involucre turbinate or campanulate, its bracts in 1 or 2 series, narrow,
nearly equal. Receptacle flat, naked, fimbrillate or villous. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the
rays spreading, entire, or 2-3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla S-lobed, the
style with slender branches. Anthers entire or minutely 2-auriculate at the base. Achenes
linear, 5-10-ribbed, more or less pubescent. Pappus a single series of rough or barbellate,.
rigid, slender bristles. [Derivation uncertain, perhaps from Ptarmica.]
About 45 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, many others,
occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Arnica montana L.
Basal leaves ovate or oval, sessile; southern. i. A. acaulis.
Basal leaves oblong, lanceolate, or cordate-ovate, petioled.
Basal leaves cordate-ovate. 2. A. cordifolia.
Basal leaves not cordate, tapering to the petiole.
Leaves dentate.
Pappus brownish, plumose. 3.
Pappus white, barbellate.
Leaves entire or nearly so.
A. mollis.
4. A. chionopappa.
5. A. alpina.
i. Arnica acaulis (Walt.) B.S.P.
Leopard's-bane. Fig. 4599.
Doronicum acaule Walt. Fl. Car. 205. 17S8.
Arnica Claytoni Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 527. 1814.
Arnica nudicaulis Nutt. Gen. 2: 164. 1818.
Arnica acaulis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 30. 1888.
Glandular-hirsute; stem i°-3° high, bearing
several slender-peduncled heads at the sum-
mit. Basal leaves tufted, ovate or oval, obtuse,
narrowed to a sessile base, denticulate or en-
tire, 2'-5' long, i*'-3' wide; stem leaves 1-3
pairs, and some alternate, very small ones
above; heads l'-li' broad; bracts of the invo-
lucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acutish ; rays
12-15, commonly 3-toothed at the truncate
apex ; achenes pubescent when young, glabrous
or nearly so when mature.
In low woods, Delaware and southern Pennsyl-
vania to Florida. April-May.
2. Arnica cordifolia Hook. Heart-
leaf Arnica. Fig. 4600.
Arnica cordifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 331.
1833-
Villous or pubescent ; stem simple or
sparingly branched, glandular above, l°-2°
high. Basal and lower leaves ovate to
nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute, deeply
cordate at the base, dentate, l'-f long,
with slender sometimes margined petioles ;
stem leaves 1-3 pairs, ovate to oblong, ses-
sile or short-petioled, much smaller; heads
1-8, 2-3' broad ; bracts of the involucre
acute or acuminate, villous, 6"-io" long;
rays 12-16, toothed at the apex ; achenes
hirsute-pubescent, or glabrous at the base;
pappus barbellate, white.
Lake Superior to North Dakota, Yukon.
Montana, New Mexico and California. Re-
corded from western Nebraska. May-July.
551
i OMI'USI 1AI-.
Vol. III.
3. Arnica mollis Hook. 1 lair)- Arnica.
Fig. 4601.
Arnica mollis Hook. FI. Hor. Am. 1:33'- 1833-
\ illous-pubescent ; stem simple, or little
branched, I°-2$° high, bearing 1-6 heads at
the summit. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late, dentate or entire, acute or obtuse, 2-5'
long, 3"-9" wide, the lower and basal ones
narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile, and
usually somewhat connate by a broad or nar-
row ed base, those of the stem 3-5 pairs, usu-
ally with some alternate small ones on the
branches; heads l'-2' broad; bracts of the in-
volucre acute; rays 10-15, 3-toothed; achenes
hirsute-pubescent; pappus yellow-brown, plu-
mose.
Mountains of northern New York, New Hamp-
shire and Maine to New Brunswick, west to Lake
Superior, British Columbia and California, south
in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and Colorado.
Included, in our first edition, in the northwestern
A. Chamissonis Less. June-Aug.
4. Arnica chionopappa Fernald. White-plumed
Arnica. Fig. 4602.
Arnica chionopappa Fernald, Rhodora 7 : 148. 1905.
Stem 15' high or less, villous to the base. Leaves thin in
texture, the lower and basal ones ovate to lanceolate, acute,
narrowed at the base, sharply dentate with few teeth, peti-
oled, 2i'-4F long, the upper few pairs narrowly lanceolate,
entire, sessile; heads solitary or few, about i¥ broad; invo-
lucre villous, 4"-S" high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate; rays 10-15; pappus bright white, barbellate.
On wet cliffs, Quebec and New Brunswick. June-July.
Arnica gaspensis Fernald. from ledges in Gaspe County, Que-
bec, has creamy-white pappus, the involucre and peduncles
glandular-pubescent.
5. Arnica alpina ( L. ) Olin & Laden.
Mountain Tobacco. Arctic Leopard's-
bane. Arctic Arnica. Fig. 4603.
Arnica montana var. alpina L. Sp. PI. 884. 1753.
Arnica alpina Olin & Laden, Diss. 11. 1799-
A. angustifolia Vahl, Fl. Dan. pi. 15-4- 1814.
A. plantaginea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 527. 1814.
A. Sornborgeri Fernald, Rhodora 7 : 147. 1905.
Stem slender, 6'-is' high, villous or pubes-
cent, and glandular or glabrous below ; stem
simple, usually bearing but a single head, but
sometimes with 1-3 additional ones from the
axils of the upper leaves. Leaves lanceolate,
linear-oblong, or the lowest spatulate, thickish,
entire or denticulate, 3-nerved, the basal ones
petioled, those of the stem 1-4 pairs, sessile
or short-petioled, scarcely connate, the upper
pair usually much smaller than the lower ones;
heads about 2' broad; rays 10^15, 3-toothed;
achenes hirsute; pappus brownish.
Labrador to Greenland and the Arctic Sea,
Also in northern Europe. Races differ in pubes-
cence. Rocky Mountain plants formerly referred
to this species appear to be distinct. May-Sept.
Genus
THISTLE FAMILY.
535
98. HAPLOESTHES A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II ) 4: 109. 1849.
Perennial caulescent, partly woody and partly fleshy plants, with opposite narrow entire
leaves, the lower connate-sheathing, and corymhose heterogamous radiate heads. Invo-
lucre of few broad many-nerved bracts. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, naked. Ray-
flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays yellow, spreading or recurved. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers capitate-truncate.
Achenes narrow. 10-ribbed. Pappus of I series of slender scabrous bristles. [Greek, simple
garment, the involucre composed of few bracts.]
A monotypic genus of the south-central United States and Mexico.
i. Haploesthes Greggii A. Gray. Gregg's
Haploesthes. Fig. 4604.
Haploesthes Greggii A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II)
4: 109. 1S49.
Stems usually branched at the base, the branches
i°-2° tall, glabrous, striate, corymbose above.
Leaves fleshy, the lower ones connate and sheath-
ing the stem, narrowly linear or linear-filiform,
l'-2' long, entire ; heads short-peduncled, few to-
gether in cymes; involucres il"-2" high, the bracts
oval to orbicular, rounded at the apex, thin-mar-
gined; rays yellow, l"-2" long; achenes 1" long.
In saline and gypsum soil, Kansas and southern
Colorado to Texas and Mexico. April-Sept.
99. ERECHTITES Raf. Fl. Ludov. 65. 1817.
Erect, usually branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and (in our species) rather large
discoid many-flowered heads of whitish flowers, corymbose-paniculate at the ends of the
stem and branches. Involucre cylindric, swollen at the base, its principal bracts in I series,
linear, with or without some much smaller outer ones. Receptacle concave, naked. Marginal
flowers in 2-several series, pistillate, fertile, their corollas filiform, the limb 2-4-toothed.
Central flowers perfect, fertile ; corolla narrowly tubular, the limb 4-5-toothed, the style-
branches elongated, truncate or obtuse at the summit. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base.
Achenes linear-oblong, angled or striate. Pappus of copious capillary soft smooth white
bristles. [Ancient name of some groundsel. 1
About 12 species, natives of America and Australasia. The following typical one is the only
species known to occur in North America.
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
i. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf.
Fire-weed. Fig. 4605.
Senecio hieracifolius L. Sp. PI. 866. 1753.
/ . pre alt a Raf. Fl. Ludov. 65. 1817.
Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. DC Prodr. 6:
294. 1S37.
Annual, glabrous, or somewhat hir-
sute; stem striate, succulent, usually
branched, i°-8° high. Leaves thin, lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate and
often deeply incised, 2'-8' long, the
upper sessile or auriculate-clasping,
mostly acuminate, the lower usually nar-
rowed into petioles ; heads 6"-lo' long,
about 3" in diameter, the involucre con-
spicuously swollen at the base before
flowering, its bracts numerous, striate,
green, with narrow scarious margins;
pappus bright white.
In woodlands, thickets and waste places,
very abundant after fires, Newfoundland to
Florida, Ontario, Saskatchewan. Nebraska
and Texas. Also in Mexico, the West In-
dies and South America. Pilewort. July-
Sept.
100. MESADENIA Raf. New
Fl. N. A. 4: 78. 1836.
Tall perennial mostly glabrous herbs, with alternate petioled leaves and numerous, rather
small, corymbose, discoid heads of white, yellowish or pinkish flowers, all tubular and perfect.
Sap milky (at least in some species). Involucre cylindric or nearly so, its principal bracts
5, in I series, equal, usually with a few short outer ones. Receptacle fiat, not chaffy, with a
fleshy projection in the center. Corollas with somewhat spreading 5-cleft limbs, the lobes
usually with a mid-nerve. Style-branches conic or obtuse at the apex. Achenes oblong,
glabrous. Pappus of copious white scabrous bristles. [Greek, referring to the central pro-
jection of the receptacle.]
About 30 species, natives of North and Central America. Besides the following, 4 others occur
in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Type species: Mesadenia atriplici-
folia (L.) Raf.
Leaves thin, reniform or fan-shaped, lobed, or angulate-dentate.
Leaves green both sides, angulate-dentate. 1. M. reniformis.
Leaves glaucous beneath, green above, angulate-lobed. 2. M. atriplicifolia.
Leaves thick, green both sides, ovate or oval, entire, or repand. 3. M. tuberosa.
i. Mesadenia reniformis ( Muhl.)
Raf. Great Indian Plantain.
Wild Collard. Fig. 4606.
Cacalia reniformis Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3:
1753. 1804
Mesadeniareniformis Raf. New Fl. 4: 79. 1836.
M. rotundifolia Raf. New Fl. 4: 79. 1836.
Glabrous ; stem angled and grooved, 40-
to° high. Leaves thin, green both sides,
coarsely angulate-dentate with mucronate-
pointed teeth, the basal and lower reniform,
long-petioled, sometimes 2° wide, the upper
ovate or fan-shaped, mostly cuneate at the
base, the uppermost small and oblong; heads
numerous, mostly 5-flowered, about 2"
broad, in large compound corymbs ; invo-
lucre 3"-4" high, its bracts linear-oblong,
obtuse or acutish, scarious-margined, with
or without 1-3 minute outer ones.
In woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to
Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Ten-
nessee. July-Sept.
Genus ioo.
THISTLE FAMILY.
537
2. Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L.) Raf. Pale Indian Plantain. Fig. 4607.
Cacalia atriplicifolia L. Sp. PI. 835. 1753.
Senecio atriplicifolius Hook. FI. Bor. Am. I :
332- 1833.
Mesadenia atriplicifolia Raf. New Fl. 4: 79.
1836.
Stem terete, glabrous and glaucous,
3°-6° high. Leaves thin, angulate-lobed,
palmately veined, glaucous beneath, the
lower and basal ones slender-petioled,
sometimes 6' wide, the upper reniform,
fan-shaped, or triangular with a nearly
truncate base, the uppermost commonly
small, lanceolate or oblong and entire;
heads very numerous, about ii" broad,
in large, loose compound corymbs ; invo-
lucre 3"--l" high, its bracts linear-oblong,
scarious-margined, with or without 1-3
minute outer ones.
In woods, New Jersey to Indiana. Minne-
sota, south to Florida, Tennessee, Missouri
and Kansas. Recorded from Ontario. Called
also wild caraway. July-Sept.
3. Mesadenia tuberosa (Nutt.) Britton.
Tuberous Indian Plantain. Fig. 4608.
Cacalia tuberosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 138. 1818.
Mesadenia plantaginea Raf. New Fl. 4: 79. 1836.
Senecio Nuttallii Sch. Bip. Flora 27: 499. 1845.
M. tuberosa Britton in Britt. & Brown, 111. FI. 3:
474- 1898.
Glabrous and green throughout ; stem angled,
stout, 2°-6° high. Leaves thick, strongly 5-9-
nerved, the lower and basal ones oval, ovate,
or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, usually
quite entire, but sometimes repand, long-peti-
oled, narrowed at the base, or rarely subcordate,
4'-8' long, i'-3' wide; upper leaves ovate to
oblong or cuneate-obovate, sessile or short-peti-
oled, much smaller, sometimes toothed toward
the apex ; heads very numerous in a compound
corymb, about 2" broad, mostly S-flowered ;
involucre 3"-4" high, its bracts linear-oblong,
obtuse or obtusish, scarious-margined.
On wet prairies and in marshes, Ohio and west-
ern Ontario to Minnesota, Kansas, Alabama, Louisi-
ana and Texas. June-Aug.
101. SYNOSMA Raf.; Loud. Gard. Mag. 8: 247. 1832.
A perennial leafy herb, glabrous or very nearly so, with triangular or hastate, alternate
leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, and several or numerous, corymbose or corym-
bose-paniculate, discoid heads of white or pinkish flowers. Involucre nearly cylindric. its
principal bracts 12-15, linear, acute, usually with some subulate outer ones. Receptacle flat,
naked. Flowers perfect; corolla 5-lobed. Style-branches not appendaged. Pappus of very
numerous white soft capillary bristles. [Greek, perhaps signifying a fragrant composite.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
53«
COMI'OMTAK.
Vol. III.
i. Synosma suaveolens (L.) Raf. Sweet-scented Indian Plantain. Fig. 4609.
Cacalia suaveolens L. Sp. PI. 835
1753.
Senecio suaveolens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2:
Synosma suaveolens Raf. ; Loud. Gard.
1832.
328. 1821-24.
Mag. 8: 247.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem stri-
ate, 3°-5° high, leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves
triangular-lanceolate or hastate, sharply and irregu-
larly serrate, acuminate, 4'-lo' long, 2'-6' wide at
the base, the auricles sometimes with 1 or 2 lobes
on the lower side; petioles margined, or those of
the basal leaves naked and slender; uppermost leaves
sometimes merely lanceolate and sessile ; heads 2"-3"
broad in a usually large and compound corymb; in-
volucre 4"-6" high, its principal bracts linear, acute ;
heads 20-30-flowered.
In woods, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
Illinois, Minnesota, Florida. West Virginia and Ken-
tucky. Called also wild caraway. Aug.-Oct.
102. SENECIO [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 866. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs (some tropical species shrubby or even arborescent), with
alternate or basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate many-flowered heads, of both
tubular and radiate, or only tubular flowers, in our species yellow. Involucre cylindric or
campanulate, its principal bracts in 1 series, distinct, or united at the base, usually with some
shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, mostly naked, often honeycombed.
Rays, when present, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular,
the limb 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, or rarely slightly sagit-
tate. Style-branches of the disk-flowers usually recurving or spreading. Achenes terete,
or those of the marginal flowers somewhat compressed, 5-10-ribbed, papillose or canescent,
at least after wetting, and then usually emitting a pair of spiral threads. Pappus of numerous
slender or capillary, smooth or rough, mostly white bristles. [Latin, senex, an old man,
referring to the hoary character of some species, or to the white pappus.]
An immense genus of probably at least 1200 species, of very wide geographic distribution. In
addition to the following, many others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Our species known as Groundsel, Ragwort, or Squaw-weed. Type species : Senecio vulgaris L.
A. Annual or biennial species, with stems leafy throughout.
Rays none, or very short and inconspicuous ; introduced.
The short outer involucral bracts black-tipped; rays none. 1. S. vulgaris.
Tin- short outer involucral bracts not black-tipped, sometimes none; rays very short.
Plant sparingly pubescent. 2. -S". sylvaticus.
Plant densely viscid-pubescent. 3. 5. viscosus.
Rays large and conspicuous : native species.
Leaves pinnately divided ; heads 2"— 3" high.
Leaves sinuate-dentate or the lower entire ; heads 4"
B. Perennial species, mostly with rootstocks.
a. Stems woody at base; leaves linear, or pinnatifid with linear lobes; western species.
Leaves linear, entire or serrate, thin. 6. S. spartioides.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid into linear lobes, firm. 7. .S. Riddellii.
b. Stems wholly herbaceous ; leaves various.
* Heads very large; involucre 7"-io" high; boreal species.
Stem stout, leafy above; heads several, iJ^'-2' broad. 8. S. Pseudo-Arnica.
Stem slender; upper leaves few and small ; head mostly solitary, about 1' broad. 9. S.frigidus.
** Heads smaller: involucre 4"-7" high.
t Leafy up to the inflorescence ; stem leaves 2-3-pinnatifid ; introduced species.
10. 5". Jacobaea.
tt Leaves mostly borne on the lower part of the stem, the upper ones much smaller ; native species.
t Leaves and stems more or less persistently woolly or tomentose.
Low species, seldom over 1° high, with small oval-oblong to spatulate basal leaves.
Basal leaves angulate-dentate, oval. n. S. antennariifolius.
Basal leaves entire or sparingly toothed, oblong to spatulate. 12. 5. canus.
high.
4. 5". glabellas.
5. S. paluslris.
Genus 102.
THISTLE FAMILY.
539
Taller, up to 2j^° high; basal leaves ovate to oBlong-lanceolate.
Densely persistently tomentose ; stem-leaves mostly merely dentate. 13. 5". tomentosus.
Loosely tomentose, bcoming glabrate ; stem leaves mostly pinnatifid. 14. S. plattensis.
tt Plants glabrous, or nearly so, at least when mature, the stem sometimes tomentose at the base.
Basal leaves or some of them deeply cordate.
Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 15. 61. Robbinsii.
Basal leaves orbicular to ovate. 16. S. aureus.
None of the leaves cordate.
At least the stem-leaves lobed, laciniate, or pinnatifid ; pubescence, if any, woolly ; basal leaves
dentate or crenate.
Head rayless ; boreal species.
Heads radiate.
Basal leaves obovate to suborbicular.
Basal leaves oblong to spatulate.
Basal leaves oblong to lanceolate, dentate or crenate.
Involucre 4" high ; basal leaves sharply serrate.
Involucre 2 54"-3j4" high; basal leaves mostly crenate.
Heads few ; basal leaves mostly short.
Heads very numerous ; basal leaves long.
Basal leaves linear-cuneate, entire, or few-toothed at the apex.
All leaves entire or very nearly so ; pubescence, if any, of crisp hairs.
18.
discoideus.
obovatus.
19. 5\ Crawfordii.
20. 5. pauperculus.
2r. S. Smallii.
22. 5\ densus.
23. -S\ integerrimus.
i. Senecio vulgaris L. Common Ground-
sel. Fig. 4610.
■$k ,-
Senecio vulgaris L. Sp. PI.
1753-
Annual, puberulent or glabrate; stem hollow,
usually much branched, 6'— 1 5' high. Leaves pin-
natifid, 2'-6' long, the lower spatulate in outline,
petioled, obtuse, the upper sessile or clasping at
the base, more deeply lobed or incised, their seg-
ments oblong, dentate ; heads several or nuraer- C
ous in the corymbs, nearly 3" broad, 4"-6" high ; \
bracts .of the involucre linear, with few or sev-
eral subulate black-tipped outer ones; rays none;
achenes slightly canescent ; pappus white.
In cultivated ground and waste places, Newfound-
land to Hudson Bay, North Carolina, Minnesota,
Michigan, and west to the Pacific Coast. Bermuda.
Naturalized from Europe. Other names are grinsel,
simson, birdseed, chickenweed. April-Oct.
2. Senecio sylvaticus L. Wood Groundsel.
Fig. 461 1.
Senecio sylvaticus L. Sp. PI. 86S. 1753.
Annual, glabrous or puberulent ; stem usually much branch-
, ed, i°-2i° high, leafy. Leaves pinnatifid, oblong or lanceo-
late in outline, the segments oblong or spatulate, obtuse,
dentate, lobed or entire, or the uppermost leaves linear and
merely dentate ; heads several or numerous in the corymbs,
slender-peduncled, about 2" broad, 3"-4" high ; involucre
usually quite naked and swollen at the base ; rays very short
and recurved ; achenes canescent ; pappus white.
In waste places Newfoundland to Nova Scotia, Quebec and
Maine. Also on the coasts of California and British Columbia.
Naturalized or adventive from Europe. April-Sept.
I ' IMPOSITAE.
Vol. I i
3. Senecio viscosus L. Fetid or Viscous Groundsel.
Fig. 4612.
Senecio viscosus L. Sp. PI. 868. 1 753-
Annual, viscid-pubescent, strong-scented ; stem usually
much branched, i°-2° high. Leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, 1 4'— 3'
long, oblong or somewhat spatulate in outline, the segments
oblong or cuneate, dentate or incised ; lower leaves peti-
oled ; heads few in the corymbs, 3"-4" broad, mostly slen-
der-peduncled ; involucre nearly cylindric, 4"-$" high, its
bracts linear, acute, with 1-3 shorter outer ones; rays com-
monly about 20, very short, recurved and inconspicuous ;
achenes glabrous; pappus bright white, about one-third
longer than the involucre.
In waste places and on ballast near the coast, Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick and Quebec to North Carolina. July-Sept.
4. Senecio glabellus Poir. Butterweed. Cress-leaved Groundsel. Fig. 4613.
£■. lyratus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 120. 1803. Not L. 1753.
.S'. glabellus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 7: 102. 1806.
Senecio lobatus Pers. Syn. 2: 436. 1807.
Annual, glabrous throughout, or slightly woolly
when young, fleshy and tender; stem hollow, sim-
ple or branched, i°-3° high. Leaves 2'-io' long,
pinnately divided, the segments orbicular, oblong,
obovate or cuneate, obtuse, sinuate-dentate, entire or
lobed, the terminal segment usually larger than the
others; lower and basal leaves slender-petioled ;
heads numerous, 7"-io" broad, slender-peduncled
in terminal corymbs; involucre nearly cylindric, 25"
high, its bracts linear, acute, usually with no small
outer ones; rays 6-12; achenes minutely hispidu-
lous on some of the angles; pappus white, somewhat
longer than the involucre.
In swamps, North Carolina to Kentucky, Illinois, Mis-
souri, Arkansas, Florida, New Mexico and Mexico.
April-Sept.
5. Senecio palustris (L.) Hook. Marsh Fleawort. Pale Ragwort. Marsh
Groundsel. Fig. 4614
-sp- SSJS 4 JLXj -5~1, ... j&P Cineraria palustris L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 243. 1763.
Senecio palustris Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 334. 1833.
Annual or biennial, pubescent or glabrate ; stem
stout, simple, hollow, 6'-24' high. Leaves lanceo-
late, oblong or spatulate, entire, dentate, or lacin-
iate, acute or obtuse, ■z'-'f long, 3"-is" wide, or
the upper linear-lanceolate and small, those of
the stem sessile and somewhat auriculate-clasping,
the basal petioled ; heads numerous, 6"— 12" broad,
mostly short-peduncled in a large, rather dense,
terminal corymb; involucre cylindric, becoming
campanulate, 3"-4" high, its bracts linear, acute,
more or less pubescent, with no shorter outer
ones; rays 15-20 or more, pale-yellow; achenes
glabrous; pappus white, elongated, at length twice
the length of the involucre.
In swamps, Iowa and Wisconsin to Manitoba and
arctic America, west to Alaska. Reported from Lab-
rador. Also in Greenland, northern Europe and Asia.
June— Aug.
Genus 102.
THISTLE FAMILY.
54'
6. Senecio spartioides T. & G. Broom-like
Senecio. Fig. 4615.
Senecio spartioides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 438. 1843.
Woody at the base, usually branched, sometimes
shrubby, glabrous or nearly so, leafy, i°-6° high.
Leaves sessile, or the lowest petioled, 1'— 3' long,
linear, entire, or more or less serrate, not lobed ;
heads corymbose at the ends of the branches. l'-i'
broad, slender-peduncled ; involucre cylindric or
becoming campanulate, 4"— S" high, its bracts
linear, acute or acuminate, usually with some N
subulate exterior ones; rays 8-15; achenes ca-
nescent; pappus bright white.
Plains, in dry soil, Nebraska to Texas, Wyoming
and Arizona. June-Sept. This and the following
species were included in the description of the far
western -S\ Douglasii DC. in our first edition.
7. Senecio Riddellii T. & G. Riddell's
Senecio. Fig. 4616.
S. Riddellii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 444. 1843.
51. Fremontii (T. & G.) Rydb. ; Britton, Manual 1028.
1901. Not S. Fremontii T. & G.
Woody at the base, usually branched, some-
times shrubby, glabrous or nearly so, leafy, i°-6°
high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest petioled, thick,
li'-3i' long, pinnately parted into 3-9 linear or
filiform, entire segments, or the upper entire;
heads corymbose at the ends of the branches,
5"-io" broad, slender-peduncled ; involucre cylin-
dric or becoming campanulate, s"-8" high, its
bracts linear, acute or acuminate, usually with
some subulate exterior ones; rays 8-15; achenes
canescent ; pappus white.
Plains, in dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico.
June-Sept.
8. Senecio Pseudo-Arnica Less. Sea-beach
Senecio. Fig. 4617.
■ 1753. Not S\ mari-
Arnica maritima L. Sp. PI. 8
timus L.
Senecio Pseudo-Arnica Less. Linnaea 6: 240
1831
Perennial, somewhat fleshy; stem stout, mostly
simple, very leafy, 6-3° high. Leaves oblong-obo-
vate. lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, acute or
obtuse at the apex, 4'-8' long, \'-2' wide, densely
tomentose beneath, at least when young, repand-
dentate or denticulate, narrowed to a sessile and
partly clasping base, or the lowest into margined
petioles; heads solitary, or several (2-7) and co-
rymbose, stout-peduncled, li'-2' broad. 8"-io"
high ; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, mostly tomentose, common-
ly with several subulate spreading ones at the base;
rays 12-25, linear, 3-toothed, conspicuous; disk-
corollas 5-lobed ; achenes glabrous ; pappus dull.
On sea-beaches and rocks near the sea, Maine, New
Brunswick and the lower St. Lawrence to Labrador
and the Arctic Sea. Also in Alaska. July-Aug.
I I IMPOSITAE.
Vol.111.
9. Senecio frigidus Less. Arctic Senecio.
Fig. 4618.
Senecio frigidus Less. Linnaea 6: 239. 1831.
Perennial, more or less tomentose, or becoming
glabrous when old; stem slender, 6'-i2' high, bearing
a solitary head (rarely 2 or 3) t'-i' broad. Basal
and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, i'-2' long, peti-
oled, obtuse, repand-dentate or entire; stem leaves
oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, sessile,
mostly entire, smaller ; involucre broadly campanu-
late, about 7" high, its bracts lanceolate, acute, with
no exterior smaller ones; rays 10-16, 6"-io" long,
3-toothed, linear-oblong, or cuneate at the base;
achenes glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; pappus
white.
Labrador and arctic America to Alaska,
eastern Asia. Summer.
Also in north-
10. Senecio Jacobaea L. Tansy Ragwort.
Staggerwort. Fig. 4619.
Senecio Jacobaea L. Sp. PI. 870. 1753.
Perennial by short thick rootstocks, somewhat
woolly, or glabrous; stems stout, simple, or
branched above, 2°-4° high, very leafy. Stem
leaves 2-3-pinnatifid, 2'-8' long, the lower peti-
oled, the upper sessile, the lobes oblong-cuneate,
dentate or incised; basal leaves lyrate-pinna-
tifid ; heads very numerous, 6"-8" broad, short-
peduncled in large compact corymbs; involucre
narrowly campanulate, about 23" high, its bracts
linear-lanceolate, acute, green, or tipped with
black, usually with a few subulate outer ones ;
rays 12-15; achenes of the disk-flowers pubes-
cent, those of the rays glabrous; pappus white.
In waste places. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to
Maine and Ontario, and in ballast about New York
and Philadelphia. Adventive from Europe. Stave-
wort. Cankerweed Kettle-dock. St. James'-wort.
Felonweed. Fairies'-horse. Ragweed. Saracen's-com-
pass. July-Sept.
-'- 1>,
11. Senecio antennariifolius Britton.
paw Ragwort. Fig. 4620.
Cat's-
Senecio antennariifolius Britton, in Britt. & Brown. 111.
Fl. 3: 478. 1898.
Perennial, tufted in mostly large clumps; stems
slender, 8'-i8' high, loosely white-woolly. Leaves
nearly all basal, commonly numerous, oval to spatu-
late, angulately few-toothed or entire, mostly obtuse,
narrowed into a petiole as long as the blade or longer,
densely white-tomentose beneath, green and finally
glabrous above, l'-2l' long; stem leaves small, spatu-
late, laciniate. or the upper narrowly linear and en-
tire; heads several, corymbose, slender-peduncled,
rathed less than 1' broad; rays golden-yellow, showy ;
involucre 3" high, white-woolly ; achenes glandular-
pubescent.
Stony hillsides, mountains of Virginia and West Vir-
ginia. May-June.
Genus 102.
THISTLE FAMILY
12. Senecio canus Hook. Silvery Ground-
sel. Fig. 4621.
5. canus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 333. pi. 116. 1833.
S. Purshianus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:
412. 1841.
Perennial, densely and persistently white-
tomentose to the inflorescence ; stems slender,
usually tufted, 6'-i8' high. Basal and lower
leaves spatulate or oval, entire, or rarely some-
what repand, very obtuse, 1/-2' long, narrowed
into petioles ; upper leaves oblong or spatulate,
obtuse or acute, mostly sessile, smaller, entire
or dentate ; heads several or numerous, 8"-io"
broad, usually slender-peduncled; involucre
campanulate, or at first short-cylindric, about
5" high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, spar-
ingly tomentose, or glabrate, usually with no
exterior smaller ones ; rays 8-12 ; achenes gla-
brous, at least below ; pappus white.
In dry soil, Manitoba to North Dakota, Nebraska,
west to British Columbia and California. Recorded
from Minnesota. May-Aug.
13. Senecio tomentosus Michx. Woolly
Ragweed. Ashwort. Fig. 4622.
5. tomentosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 119. 1803.
Perennial, more or less densely and persistently
tomentose or woolly-canescent ; stems rather stout,
solitary, or sometimes tufted, i°-2}° high. Basal
and lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong or rarely
spatulate, long-petioled, erect, very obtuse. 2'-6'
long, ¥-2' wide, crenate-dentate. narrowed or
truncate at the base; stem leaves few and distant,
small, linear-lanceolate or spatulate, crenate or
rarely laciniate; heads several or numerous, co-
rymbose, mostly long-peduncled. 8"-io" broad;
involucre cylindric, or narrowly campanulate, its
bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, at
length glabrate, with or without a few small outer
ones; rays 10-15; achenes hispidulous, at least
on the angles ; pappus white.
In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Florida,
Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas. April-June.
14. Senecio plattensis Nutt. Prairie Rag-
wort. Fig. 4623.
S. plattensis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 413-
1841.
Perennial, similar to the preceding species, usu-
ally smaller-leaved, lower and less tomentose, or
becoming glabrate in age, seldom over ii° high.
Basal leaves oval, ovate or oblong, some or all of
them often more or less pinnatifid, with the termi-
nal segment much larger than the lateral ones,
crenulate or dentate, long-petioled ; stem leaves
mostly smaller than the basal ones, usually pin-
natifid ; heads several or numerous, compactly or
loosely corymbose, conspicuously radiate.
Indiana and Illinois to Ontario, North Dakota, Colo-
rado, Missouri and Texas. April-June.
Senecio pseudotomentosus Mackenzie & Bush, of
Missouri, differs in having the basal leaves mostly
•merely dentate.
i i IMPOSITAE.
Vol. 111.
15. Senecio Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins'
Squaw-weed. Fig. 4624.
Senecio Robbinsii Oakes; Rusby, Bull. Torr. Club 20:
19. 1893.
Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through-
out; stems slender, l°-2i° high. Basal leaves
long-petioled, lanceolate, obtuse or acute at the
apex, cordate, subcordate or truncate at the base,
usually thin, 2-4' long, V-iY wide, sharply den-
tate ; stem leaves mostly pinnatifid or lobed, at
least below the middle; heads several or numer-
ous, slender-peduncled in an open corymb, 8"-io"
broad; rays 6-12; achenes glabrous or pubescent;
pappus white.
In swamps and mountain meadows, Nova Scotia to
New Hampshire, Vermont and New York. June-
Sept.
16. Senecio aureus L. Golden Ragwort.
Life-root. Swamp Squaw-weed.
Fig. 4625.
Senecio aureus L. Sp. PI. 870. 1753.
Senecio pauciflorus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 529. 1814.
Senecio gracilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 529. 1814.
Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through-
out; stems rather slender, solitary or tufted,
6'-2j° high. Basal leaves cordate-ovate or
cordate-orbicular or reniform, crenate-dentate,
very obtuse and rounded, often purplish, i'-6'
long, with long slender petioles ; lower stem
leaves lanceolate or oblong, usually laciniate.
pinnatifid or lyrate, the uppermost small, ses-
sile, somewhat auriculate and clasping; heads
usually several, 8"-io" broad, 4"-$" high, slen-
der-peduncled in an open corymb; rays 8-12,
golden-yellow; achenes glabrous; pappus white.
In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to
Florida, Ontario, Michigan, Missouri and Texas.
Grandy-swallow. False-valerian. Root strong-
scented. Races differ in size of plant, size of
leaves and number of heads. May-July.
Senecio pseudaiireus Rydb. (S. semi-cordatus Mac-
kenzie & Bush), of the Rocky Mountain region, differing
by elliptic or broadly oblong basal leaves, ranges east-
ward into North Dakota and Missouri.
17. Senecio discoideus (Hook) Britton.
Northern Squaw-weed. Fig. 4626.
Senecio aureus var. discoideus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 :
333- iS33-
Senecio discoideus Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl.
3: 479. 1898.
Perennial, glabrous except for small tufts of wool
in the axils of the lower leaves; stem rather stout,
i°-2i° tall; basal leaves oval to ovate, obtuse, thin,
sharply dentate, abruptly narrowed into petioles
longer than the blade ; stem leaves few, small, more
or less laciniate; heads few or several, slender-
peduncled. corymbose : principal bracts of the invo-
lucre narrowly linear, 3"-S" long, the short outer
ones few or none; rays none; achenes glabrous.
In moist places. Labrador to Yukon, Quebec, Michi-
gan, Wyoming and British Columbia. June-Aug.
Genus 102.
THISTLE FAMILY
18. Senecio obovatus Muhl. Round-leaf
Squaw-weed. Fig. 4627.
Senecio obovatus Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1999. 1804.
Senecio Elliottii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 443. 1843.
5\ aureus var. obovatus T. & G. loc. cit. 442. 1S43.
S.rotundus (Britton) Small, FI. SE. U. S. 1304. 1903.
Perennial ; stems glabrous, or a little woolly at
the base, 0/-24' high. Leaves glabrous, rather thick,
the basal ones obovate with a cuneate base, subor-
bicular or broadly spatulate, very obtuse and round-
ed at the apex, i'-3h' long, ¥-2' wide, crenate-
dentate, often purplish; stem leaves commonly few
and sessile, spatulate to oblong, often incised or
pinnatifid; heads several, corymbose, 6"-8" broad,
about 3" high, slender-peduncled ; involucre nearly
cylindric, its principal bracts linear-lanceolate, 2"-$"
long, acute, usually with 1-3 small exterior ones ;
rays 8-12, usually conspicuous, sometimes fewer
and short ; achenes glabrous ; pappus white.
In moist soil on banks and in woods, Maine and Ver-
mont to Florida, Ohio, Michigan, Alabama and Texas.
Races differ in size, leaf-form, number and size or rays.
Apparently erroneously recorded from Nova Scotia and
Ontario. April-June.
19. Senecio Crawfdrdii Liritton. Crawford's
Squaw-weed. Fig. 4628.
Senecio Craivfordii Britton, Torreya 1: 21. 1901.
i". Balsamitae var. Crawfordi Greenman, Rhodora 10 : 69.
1908.
Perennial, glabrous, or with sparse woolly pubescence
below; stem slender, about 16' high. Leaves thick, firm,
the basal ones erect, the larger 8'-io' long, the blades
oval, oblong, or some of them narrowly obovate, mostly
not more than one-half as long as the slender petioles,
sharply and nearly equally serrate from the apex to the
entire cuneate base; stem leaves lanceolate or narrower,
mostly acuminate, incised-serrate, clasping, the upper
sessile, the lower petioled, the uppermost very small ;
heads 3-7 ; peduncles slender, bracted, rarely forked ;
involucre 4" high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, shorter than the white barbellate pappus ; rays
4"-S" long ; achenes linear, striate.
Wet meadows, southeastern Pennsylvania. May-June.
20. Senecio pauperculus Michx. Balsam
Groundsel. Fig. 4629.
Senecio pauperculus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 120.
1803.
Senecio Balsamitae Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 1999- 1804.
Senecio aureus var. Balsamitae T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 :
44^- 1843.
Perennial, often tufted ; stems slender, li'-2o'
high, woolly at the base and in the axils of the
lower leaves, or essentially glabrous. Basal leaves
slender-petioled, oblong, rarely slightly spatulate,
very obtuse, narrowed at the base, mostly thick,
crenate, or rarely dentate, often purplish. 1/-5'
long, 3"-6" wide, their petioles and sometimes
their lower surfaces persistently tomentose or
woolly, or glabrous throughout ; lower stem leaves
petioled, laciniate or pinnatifid, the upper sessile,
very small ; heads few or several, slender-pedun-
cled, 6"-io" broad; involucre about 3" high; rays
8-12; achenes hispidulous or glabrous; pappus
white.
In dry or rocky soil, Newfoundland to North Caro-
lina, Ontario, British Columbia, Alabama, Tennessee
and Nebraska. May-July.
35
546
COMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
21. Senecio Smallii Britton. Small's Squaw-
weed Fig 4630.
.V. aureus var. angustifolius Britton, Mem. Torr. Club
2: 39. 1890. Nut S. angustifolius VVilld. 1804.
5. Smallii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 132. 1893.
Similar to the preceding species but taller, grow-
ing in large clumps; stem ii°-2i° high, slender,
densely and persistently floccose-woolly at the base
and in the lower axils, or finally glabrate. Basal
leaves elongated-oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or
acute, long-petioled, crenate-dentate, 3'-6' long,
3"-i2" wide, at first tomentose, at length nearly
glabrous ; stem leaves several, deeply pinnatifid, or
the lower lyrate, the uppermost very small; heads
very numerous, 4"-5" broad, about 2*" high, slen-
der-peduncled, forming large corymbs; rays 8-10;
achenes hispidulous ; pappus white.
In meadows and thickets, southeastern Pennsylva-
nia to Florida and Alabama. May-June.
22. Senecio densus Greene. Western Squaw-
weed. Fig. 4631.
Senecio aureus var. cotnpactus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I : Part 2,
391. 1S84.
Senecio compactus Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 342. 1893.
Not T. Kirk.
Senecio densus Greene. Pittonia 4: 226. 1900.
Perennial ; stem usually tufted, low, rather stout,
6-12' high, woolly at the base and in the lower axils,
or glabrous. Basal leaves linear-cuneate, entire or
3-toothed at the apex, 1-3' long, 2"s" wide, thick,
slender-petioled, the petioles commonly woolly-mar-
gined; lower stem leaves often much larger and broader,
usually laciniate or pinnatifid, but sometimes similar to
the basal, the uppermost very small and sessile; heads
several, 8"-io" broad, short-peduncled in a compact co-
rymb; rays 10-15; achenes hispidulous; pappus white.
On dry plains, Manitoba to Nebraska, Colorado and Texas.
May-June.
23. Senecio integerrimus Nutt. Entire-
leaved Groundsel. Fig. 4632.
Senecio integerrimus Nutt. Gen. 2: 165. 1818.
Perennial, more or less pubescent when young,
glabrous or nearly so when old; stem stout. l°-4°
high. Leaves entire, or sparingly denticulate,
somewhat fleshy, the lower and basal ones oval
or oblong, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 3'-8'
long, l'-li' wide, petioled, the upper linear or
lanceolate, acute, the uppermost very small ; heads
numerous, corymbose, long-peduncled, 6"-io"
broad ; involucre nearly cylindric, 4"-S" high, its
principal bracts linear, acuminate, green, usually
with a few subulate outer ones ; rays 8-12, linear-
oblong; achenes nearly glabrous; pappus white.
Iowa and Minnesota to Manitoba, Saskatchewan
and Wyoming. June-July.
Senecio lugens Richards., of northwestern North
America, admitted in our first edition, is not defi-
nitely known to occur within our area.
Genus 103.
THISTLE FAMILY.
547
103. ARCTIUM L. Sp. PL 816. 1753.
Large coarse branching, rough or canescent, mostly biennial herbs, with broad alternate
petioled leaves, and rather large heads of purple or white perfect tubular flowers, racemose,
corymbose or paniculate at the ends of the branches. Involucre subglobose, its bracts rigid,
lanceolate, tipped with spreading or erect hooked bristles, imbricated in many series. Recep-
tacle flat, densely bristly. Corollas tubular with 5-cleft limbs. Filaments glabrous. Anthers
sagittate at the base. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed and 3-angled, ribbed, truncate.
Pappus of numerous short serrulate scales. [Greek, bear, from the rough involucre.]
About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia, readily distributed, their burs adhering to animals.
Type species : Arctium Lappa L.
Bracts of the involucre densely cottony ; heads corymbose.
Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or slightly woolly.
Involucre i' broad or more ; inner bracts equalling or exceeding the flowers.
Involucre 6"-a" broad ; inner bracts not exceeding the flowers.
A. foment osum.
A. Lappa.
A. minus.
i. Arctium tomentosum (Lam.) Schk.
Woolly or Cottony Burdock. Fig. 4633.
Lappa tomentosa 'Lam. Encycl. 1: 377. 1783.
Arctium tomentosum Schk. Bot. Handb. 3: 49. 1803.
Arctium Lappa var. tomentosum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 :
Part 2, 397. 1884.
Similar to the following species ; heads 8"-io"
broad, corymbose at the ends of the branches, mostly
long-peduncled ; bracts of the involucre densely cot-
tony, the inner ones erect and somewhat shorter
than the flowers.
In waste places, Massachusetts to southern New York.
Adventive from Europe. July-Aug.
2. Arctium Lappa L. Great Bur, Burdock or Clotbur. Fig. 4634.
Arctium Lappa L. Sp. PI. 81 6. 1753.
Lappa major Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2 : 379. pi. 162.
1802
Stem much branched, 4°-Q° high. Leaves thin, broadly
ovate, pale and tomentose-canescent beneath, obtuse,
entire, repand or dentate, mostly cordate, the lower
often 18' long; petioles solid, deeply furrowed; heads
clustered or subcorymbose, sometimes long-peduncled,
l'-li' broad; bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly
so, their spines all spreading, the inner ones equalling
or exceeding the flowers ; corolla-tube longer than the
limb.
In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to southern
New York, and locally in the interior. Not nearly as com-
mon as the next species in the Middle States. Naturalized
from Europe. Other names are cockle-bur, cockle-button,
cuckold-dock, hurr-bur, stick-button, hardock, bardane, beg-
gar's-buttons. July-Oct.
54-s
i OMPOSITAE.
Vol. III.
3. Arctium minus Schk. Common IStirdock.
Fig- 4635-
Arctium minus Schk. Bot. Handb. 3: 49. 1803.
Lappa minor DC. Fl. Fran. 4: 77. 1805.
Arctium Lappa \ar. minus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1 Part 2
397- 'ss4-
Smaller than the preceding species, seldom over
5° high. Leaves similar, the lower deeply cordate;
petioles hollow, not deeply furrowed ; heads numer-
ous, racemose on the branches, short-peduncled or
sessile, 6"-9" broad; bracts of the involucre glabrous
or slightly cottony, the spines of the outer ones
spreading, those of the inner erect and shorter than
the flowers; corolla-tube about as long as the limb.
In waste places, common nearly throughout our area,
extending west to Colorado. Naturalized from Europe.
Called also cuckoo-button. Leaves rarely laciniate or
pinnatifid. July-Nov.
104. CIRSIUM [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.
Erect, branching or simple, prickly herbs, some species acaulescent, with alternate or
basal, sinuate-dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, usually very spiny leaves, sometimes decurrent, and
large, many-flowered, solitary or clustered, discoid heads of purple, yellow or white, tubular,
perfect and fertile, or rarely dioecious flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts prickle-
tipped or unarmed, imbricated in many series. Receptacle flat or convex, bristly. Corolla-
tube slender, the limb deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose, or rarely glabrous. Anthers sagit-
tate at the base. Style-branches short or elongated, obtuse. Achenes obovate or oblong,
compressed or obtusely 4-angled. glabrous, smooth or ribbed. Pappus of several series of
slender, plumose bristles, connate at the base. [Greek, referring to the use of the thistle as
a remedy for swollen veins.]
Over 200 species, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some
50 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America and many hybrids have been
described. Type species : Carduus heterophyllus L.
3-
4-
t Outer involucral bracts, or all of them, strongly prickly-pointed
1. Leaves glabrous or hispid above, tomentose beneath.
All the bracts of the involucre tipped with prickles; naturalized weed. 1.
Outer bracts prickle-tipped, the inner merely acuminate : native species.
Branches leafy up to the heads ; involucral bracts firm or rigid.
Leaves undivided, lobed or dentate, rarely pinnatifid.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear segments.
Heads naked-peduncled, 1' high: involucral bracts thin.
2. Leaves tomentose on both sides, or becoming glabrous above
Leaves pinnately parted ; segments linear, entire or lobed.
Leaves pinnatifid into triangular or lanceolate dentate segments.
Outer bracts with spines less than one-half their length.
Leaf-lobes triangular ; flowers pink or purple.
Leaf-lobes linear-lanceolate to oblong.
Flowers yellow or cream-color. 7.
Flowers purple. 8.
Outer bracts with spines of nearly or quite their length. 9.
Leaves entire or undulate; outer pappus-bristles barbellate. 10.
3. Leaves green both sides, somewhat pubescent beneath.
Leaf-lobes acute : bracts of the involucre faintly nerved ; roots solid. 1 1.
Leaf-lobes blunt ; bracts with prominent glutinous midnerve ; root hollow. 12.
ft Bracts of the involucre not at all prickly-pointed, or scarcely so
Heads large, few, i'-4' broad ; flowers all perfect and fertile.
Heads involucrate by the upper very spiny leaves ; flowers usually yellow
Heads peduncled, naked, or with 1 or 2 bracts at the base ; flowers purple
Heads small, numerous, 1' or less broad.
Heads partly dioecious ; leaves not decurrent.
Heads not dioecious ; leaf-bases decurrent.
C. lanceolatum.
C. altissimum.
C. discolor.
C. virginianum.
western.
5. C. Pitcheri.
6. C. undulation.
C. fl tit tense.
C. Flodmani.
C. ochrocentrum.
C. nebraskense.
odoratum.
Hillii.
13. C. horriduhim.
14. C. muticum.
15. C. arvense.
16. C. paiustre.
Genus 104.
THISTLE FAMILY.
549
1. Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Common
Bur or Spear Thistle. Fig. 4636.
Carduus lanceolatus L. Sp. PI. 821. 1753.
Cirsium lanceolatum Hill, Herb. Brit. 1 : 80. 1769.
Cnicus lanceolatus Willd. Prodr. Fl. Berol. 259. 1787.
Biennial ; stem stout, branched, more or less to-
mentose, 3°-5° high, leafy to the heads. Leaves dark
green, lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, 3'-6'
long, or the lowest larger, decurrent on the stem and
branches, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, tipped with
stout prickles, the margins and decurrent bases
bristly, the upper surface strigose-pubescent or his-
pid, the lower brown-tomentose and midnerve pilose,
especially when young ; heads mostly solitary at the
ends of the branches, li'-2' broad, li'-2' high; bracts
of the involucre cottony, narrowly lanceolate, acumi-
nate, all tipped with slender, erect or ascending
prickles; flowers dark purple.
In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Georgia,
Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon and California. Natural-
ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Plume-, bank-
or horse-thistle, bell-, bird-, blue-, button-, boar-, bull- or
roadside-thistle. July-Nov.
2. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. Tall or Roadside Thistle. Fig. 4637.
Carduuse altissimus L. Sp. PI. 824. 1753.
Cnicus altissimus Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1671. 1S04.
Cirsium altissimum Spreng. Syst. 3: 373. 1826.
Biennial or perennial; roots often thickened;
stem pubescent or tomentose, stout, branched, leafy
to the heads, 3°-io° high. Leaves ovate-oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly clasping, spar-
ingly pubescent above, densely white-tomentose be-
neath, scarcely or not at all decurrent, acute, spinu-
lose-margined, entire, dentate with bristle-pointed
teeth or lobed, sometimes pinnatifid into oblong or
triangular-lanceolate segments, the lowest some-
times 8' long, narrowed into margined petioles, the
uppermost linear or lanceolate, much smaller;
heads about 2 broad, 1V-2' high, mostly solitary at
the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the invo-
lucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, firm with a dark,
slightly glandular spot or band on the beak, tipped
with short prickles, the inner linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, unarmed ; flowers light purple.
In fields and thickets, Massachusetts to Ohio, Min-
nesota, Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
Cirsium iowense Pammel, with slightly larger heads
and longer-tipped inner involucral bracts, appears to
be a northwestern race of this species.
3. Cirsium discolor ("Muhl.) Spreng. Field
Thistle. Fig. 4638.
Cnicus discolor Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 1670. 1804.
Carduus discolor Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818.
Cirsium discolor Spreng. Syst. 3: Z7Z- 1826.
Similar to the preceding species, but lower and
more leafy, seldom over 7° high. Leaves deeply pin-
natifid into linear, linear-lanceolate or falcate, prickly
toothed segments, white tomentose beneath, sessile,
the basal ones sometimes 12' long; heads \l'-2' broad,
about ii' high, usually involucrate by the upper
leaves, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches;
outer bracts of the involucre coriaceous, ovate,
slightly woolly, tipped with slender bristles, which
are longer than those of the preceding species; inner
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, unarmed; flowers light
purple or pink, rarely white.
In fields and along roadsides, New Brunswick to On-
tario, Georgia, Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. July-
Nov.
55°
•\v'1 ■;■'■■ ''
I i iMPOSITAE
Si
Vol. 111.
4. Cirsium virginianum ( I.. ) Michx. Vir
ginia Thistle.
Fig. 4639.
i arduus virginianus I.. Sp. PI. 824. 1 753-
Cirsium virginianum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 90. 1803.
us virginianus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 506. 1X14.
Biennial; stem slender, naked or scaly above,
pubescent or somewhat tomentose. simple or
branched, 2°-3*° high. Leaves oblong, oblong-
lanceolate, or the lowest slightly spatulate, ses-
sile, or somewhat clasping, not decurrent, acute
or acutish, spinulose-margined, entire, lobed or
pinnatifid into triangular-lanceolate lobes, the
lower sometimes 8' long and 2' wide, narrowed
into margined petioles, all pubescent or glabrate
above, and densely white-tomentose beneath ;
heads' long-peduncled, l'-li' broad, about 1' high;
outer bracts of the involucre not coriaceous, lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tipped with weak short
bristles, the inner ones very narrow and merely
acuminate; flowers purple.
In dry woods and thickets, Virginia to Kentucky,
Ohio, Florida and Texas. April-Sent.
5. Cirsium Pitcheri (Torr.) T. & G. Pitcher's Thistle. Fig. 4640
Cnicus Pitcheri Torr.; Eaton, Man. Ed. 5, 180. 1829.
Cirsium Pitcheri T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2 : 456- 1843.
Carduus Pitcheri Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 345. 1894.
Biennial, persistently white-tomentose throughout ;
stem stout, leafy up to the heads, usually branched,
I°-2° high. Leaves sessile, partly clasping or slightly
decurrent, pinnately divided into narrowly linear,
entire lobed or pinnatifid. acute sparingly prickly seg-
ments, 2"-3" wide, with revolute margins; basal
leaves often 12' long ; heads solitary or several and
racemose-spicate at the ends of the branches, about
1 J' broad ; outer bracts of. the involucre ovate-lan-
ceolate, sparingly pubescent and tomentose-ciliate,
glutinous on the back, tipped with short spreading
bristles, the inner narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or
sometimes tipped with weak prickles; flowers cream
color.
Shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior. June-
Aug.
6. Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng.
Wavy-leaved Thistle. Fig. 4641.
Cardans undulatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818.
Cirsium undulatum Spreng. Syst. 3: 374. 1826.
Cnicus undulatus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10 : 42. 1874.
Cnicus undulatus var. megacephahis A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 10 : 42. 1874.
Carduus undulatus megacephalus Porter, Mem. Torr.
Club 5: 345- I894-
Biennial, persistently and densely white-tomentose
throughout, or the upper surfaces of the leaves at
length green and glabrous ; stem stout, leafy, usually
branched, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate in outline, acute, sessile or decurrent, or
the lowest petioled, undulate, lobed or pinnatifid. the
lobes dentate, triangular, often very prickly; basal
leaves often 8' long; heads ii-3' broad, and nearly
as high, solitary at the ends of the branches; outer
bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
firm, glutinous on the back, tipped with short spread-
ing prickles, the inner ones lanceolate, acuminate;
flowers purple or pink.
On plains and prairies, Lake Huron to Assiniboia, Alberta. Kansas, New Mexico and Arizona.
June-Sept.
Gknus 104.
THISTLE FAMILY.
55'
7. Cirsium plattense ( Rydb.) Britton.
Prairie Thistle. Fig. 4642.
Carduus plattensis Rydberg, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 167.
pi. 2. 1895.
Perennial or biennial, the root thick and deep;
stem stout, simple, or little branched, li0-2i° tall,
densely white-felted. Leaves deeply pinnatifid,
white-tomentose beneath, green, loosely tomen-
tose, or glabrate above, the lower s'-f long, the
lobes lanceolate to oblong, acute, prickly tipped
and margined; upper leaves smaller and less di-
vided ; heads few, about 2' high and broad ; outer
bracts of the involucre lanceolate to ovate-lanceo-
late, firm, dark, tipped with a short weak spread-
ing prickle, the inner linear-lanceolate, unarmed,
tipped with a scarious reflexed erose appendage;
corolla yellow, its lobes linear; pappus of outer
flowers merely barbellate.
Sand hills, Nebraska, Colorado and South Dakota.
May-July.
8. Cirsium Flodmani (Rydb.) Britton.
man's Thistle. Fig. 4643.
Flod-
Carduus Flodmani Rydb. Mem.
1900.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1 : 451.
Stem rather slender, i'°-3° tall, loosely white-cottony,
usually more or less branched. Leaves deeply pinnatifid
into linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
toothed or entire segments, floccose and_ green above,
densely white-cottony beneath, the lower 6' long or less ;
heads lj-2' broad ; involucre campanulate, its linear
bracts tipped with yellow prickles; flowers reddish-
purple to rose.
Meadows and river bottoms. Iowa and North Dakota to
Saskatchewan, Nebraska and Colorado. Has been referred
to the western C. canescens. July-Sept.
9. Cirsium ochrocentrum A. Gray.
Yellow-spined Thistle. Fig. 4644.
Cirsium ochrocentrum A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad.
1 : 1 10. 1849.
Cuicus ochrocenlrus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19:
57- 1883.
Carduus ochrocenlrus Greene, Proc. Phil. Acad.
1892: 336. 1893.
Similar to Cirsium undulatum, but commonly
taller and more leafy, often 6° high, equally
white-tomentose. Leaves oblong-lanceolate in
outline, usually very deeply pinnatifid into tri-
angular-lanceolate, serrate or entire segments,
armed with numerous long yellow prickles ;
lower leaves often 6'-8' long ; heads about 2'
broad. i*'-2' high, solitary at the ends of the
branches; outer bracts of the involucre lan-
ceolate; tipped with stout yellow prickles of
nearly or quite their own length, the inner nar-
rowly lanceolate, long-acuminate; flowers pur-
ple (rarely white?).
On plains, Nebraska to Texas, Nevada and Ari-
zona. May-Sept.
552
i i i.MI'OSITAK.
Vol.. III.
10. Cirsium nebraskense Britton. Nebraska
Thistle. Fig. 4*45.
Cardans nebraskensis Britton, in Britt. & Brown 111 Fl
3: 487. 1898.
Stem densely white-woolly, apparently over i° high.
Leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate, white-woolly be-
neath, green and sparingly loosely woolly above, ir-
regularly slightly toothed or entire, the upper 3-6'
long, l'-i' wide, the margins prickly; heads solitary,
or few, short-peduncled, about lV high; outer bracts
of the involucre lanceolate, prickle-tipped, the inner
narrower with a reflexed acute scarious appendage;
pappus bristles of inner flowers plumose, of the outer
barbellate.
\\ 1 stern Nebraska and Wyoming. Summer.
11. Cirsium odoratum (Muhl.) Iiritton.
Pasture Thistle. Fragrant Thistle.
Fig. 4646.
Cnicus odoratus Muhl. Cat. 70. 1813.
Carduus pumilus Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818.
Cnicus pumilus Torr. Compend. 2H2. 1826.
Carduus odoratus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 345.
1894.
Biennial, more or less villous-pubescent ; stem
stout, simple or branched, leafy, i°-3° high; roots
thick, branched, solid ; stem leaves green both sides,
sessile and clasping, oblong or oblong-lanceolate in
outline, acute, 3-7' long, 1-2' wide, pinnatifid into
triangular, acute, dentate, prickly lobes. Basal
leaves petioled; heads solitary, terminal, 2-3'
broad, about 2 high, often involucrate by the
upper leaves; outer bracts lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, with a slight glutinous strip on the
back, glabrous or sparingly tomentose. tipped with
slender prickles, the inner narrow, long-acuminate ;
flowers purple, rarely white, fragrant; tips of the
pappus bristles usually spatulate.
In fields, Maine to Pennsylvania. Delaware and
West Virginia. July-Sept.
" i.wki/
12. Cirsium Hillii (Canby) Fernald.
Hill's Thistle. Fig. 4647.
Cnicus Hillii Canby, Gard. & For. 4: 101. 1891.
Carduus Hillii Porter, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 344. 1894.
Cirsium Hillii Fernald. Rhodora 10: 95. 1908.
Perennial, low, villous-pubescent or somewhat
woolly; stem leafy, simple or branched. l°-2°
high; root perpendicular, fusiform, slender and
hollow above, enlarged below, 8-12' long ; leaves
green both sides, mostly obtuse, lobed or pin-
natifid, the lobes mostly broad and rounded, den-
tate, spinulose or with some rather stout prickles,
the upper oblong, sessile and clasping, the lower
spatulate-oblong, narrowed at the base or the
lowest ones petioled and 6'-8' long; heads 2-3'
broad, about 2' high ; outer bracts of the invo-
lucre ovate-lanceolate, tipped with short bristles,
conspicuously glutinous on the back, the inner
narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate ; flowers pur-
ple ; pappus bristles slender-pointed or some of
them slightly spatulate.
Tn fields, western Ontario to Minnesota, south to
Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. June-July.
Genus 104.
THISTLE FAMILY
13. Cirsium horridulum Michx. Yellow Thistle.
Fig. 4648.
Carduits spinosissimus Walt. Fl. Car. 194. 1788. Not Cir-
sium spinosissimum (L.j Scop.
Cirsium horridulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 90. 1803.
Cnicus horridulus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 507. 1S14.
Biennial or perennial, somewhat woolly when young,
but becoming glabrate ; stem branched, leafy, 2°-5°
high. Leaves green both sides, lanceolate or oblong in
outline, sessile and clasping or the basal ones short-
petioled and somewhat spatulate, pinnatifid into trian-
gular or broader, spinulose-margined and prickle-tipped,
entire or dentate lobes; heads involucrate by the upper
leaves, 2'-^' broad, li'-2i' high; bracts of the involucre
narrowly lanceolate, roughish and ciliate, long-acumi-
nate, unarmed ; flowers pale yellow, yellowish, or occa-
sionally purple.
In moist or dry sandy soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, Flor-
ida and Texas. Ahundant along the edges of salt-meadows
in New York and New Jersey. May-Aug., or earlier in the
South.
wamp
89. 1803.
14. Cirsium muticum Michx.
Thistle. Fig. 4649.
Cirsium muticum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:
Cardans muticus Pers. Syn. 2: 386. 180;
Cnicus muticus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 506. 1S14.
Carduus muticus subpinnatifidus Britton, in Britt.
& Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 489- 1898.
Cnicus muticus alpicola Fernald, Ott. Nat. 1905:
166.
Biennial ; stem woolly or villous when young,
becoming glabrate, slender, striate, leafy, panicu-
lately branched above, 3°-8° high. Leaves dense-
ly white-tomentose beneath when young, some-
times becoming glabrous on both sides, deeply
pinnatifid into lanceolate or oblong, entire, lobed
or dentate, spiny segments usually tipped with
slender prickles, or sometimes merely lobed ;
basal leaves petioled, 4-8' long, those of the
stem sessile and smaller; heads about I*' broad
and high, solitary, terminal, naked-peduncled.
or with a few small bract-like leaves near the
base; outer bracts viscid, appressed, more or
less cottony, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the in-
ner linear-lanceolate, acute, all unarmed ; flowers purple.
In swamps and moist soil, Newfoundland to Florida, Saskatchewan and Texas.
July-Oct.
15. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle
Serratula arvensis L. Sp. PI. 820. 1753.
Cirsium arvense Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 126. 1772.
Carduus arvensis Robs. Brit. Fl. 163. 1777.
Cnicus arvensis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. Ed. 2, I: Part. 2,
130. 1804.
Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, forming patches,
nearly glabrous, or the leaves sometimes woolly be-
neath; stems striate, i°-3° high, branched above.
Leaves sessile, slightly clasping, but not decurrent,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into
very prickly, lobed or dentate segments, or sometimes
nearly or quite entire ; basal leaves sometimes peti-
oled, 5 '-8' long ; heads numerous, corymbose, dioe-
cious. 1' broad or less, nearly 1' high, purple or white,
staminate heads globose, corollas projecting; pistil-
late heads oblong-campanulate, corollas shorter, the
long pappus conspicuous ; outer bracts ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, appressed, tipped with short prickly points,
inner bracts of the pistillate heads linear, elongated.
In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Virginia,
British Columbia, Nebraska and Utah. In many places
a pernicious weed. Races differ in leaf-form and in
pubescence. Naturalized from Europe. Way- or cursed
thistle. Corn-, hard- or prickly-thistle. June-Sept.
Creeping Thistle. Fk
4650.
55 1
. i >.\i Pi iS] I \i
Vol. III.
Marsh Thistle.
16. Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop.
Fig. 4651.
( arduus palustris L. Sp. PI. 822. 1753.
Cirsium palustre Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 128. 1772.
Annual or biennial; stem little branched, 4°-5° high,
loosely floccose or glabrate and covered by the decur-
rent prickly margins of the leaves. Leaves pinnatifid,
lb. lower often 6'-8' long, linear-oblong in outline, the
segments lobed, loosely floccose beneath, spinulose;
heads usually many, rather less than 1' broad, densely
clustered, short-peduncled, the involucre ovoid, its bracts
with very short, prickly tips.
Woodlands, East Andovcr. New Hampshire, recorded as
thoroughly naturalized. Native of Europe and northern
Asia. Summer.
Cirsium canum (L.) Bieb., with larger, long-peduncled
heads, the decurrent leaf-bases merely ciliate, is recorded as
established in Massachusetts. Adventive from Europe.
105. CARDUUS [Vaill.] L. Sp. PI. 820. 1753.
Herbs resembling Cirsium in habit, usually annual or biennial, the leaves decurrent on
the stem and branches as spiny wings, the heads often nodding. Involucre ovoid to globose,
many-flowered, its bracts narrow', in many series. Receptacle copiously bristly, flat or convex.
Corolla-tube slender, the limb deeply 5-cleft. Filaments papillose-pubescent. Anthers sagit-
tate at the base and with slender auricular appendages. Style-branches obtuse. Achenes
mostly obovoid, sometimes angled or ribbed, glabrous. Pappus of many naked or merely
roughened bristles. [Ancient Latin name of these plants.]
About So species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Carduus nutans I..
Heads solitary at end of stem or branches, nodding. 1. C. nutans.
Heads usually several, crowded at ends of winged branches. 2. C. crispus.
i. Carduus nutans L. Musk Thistle. Plumeless Thistle.
Carduus nutans L. Sp. PI. 821. 175.1.
Biennial, branched, sparingly tomentose, 2°~3°
high. Leaves lanceolate in outline, deeply pinnatifid,
acuminate, 3'-6' long, the lobes triangular, very
prickly ; heads long-peduncled. solitary at the end
of the stem or branches, \Y-2Y broad, nodding, pur-
ple, rarely white, fragrant; involucre hemispheric, its
bracts in many series, lanceolate, long-acuminate, the
prominent mid-nerve prolonged into a prickle, or the
inner nerveless and awned ; pappus bristles io"-i'
long, white, very minutely barbed.
In waste places, District of Columbia, Pennsylvania
and New Jersey to New Brunswick, and in ballast about
the seaports. Naturalized or adventive from Europe.
Native also of Asia. Bank- or buck-thistle. Queen Ann's-
thistle. July-Oct.
Genus 105.
THISTLE FAMILY
2. Carduus crispus L. Curled Thistle. Welted
Thistle. Fig. 4653.
Carduus crispus L. Sp. PI. S21. 1753.
Biennial, somewhat tomentose ; stem much branch-
ed, densely prickly, 2°-4° high. Leaves lanceolate
in outline, with undulate and ciliate-spiny margins,
all sinuate-pinnatifid into broad, 3-lobed, toothed
segments, the teeth prickle-pointed ; heads several,
usually crowded at the ends of the winged branches,
1' broad or less, purple or white, sessile or short-
peduncled, or some of them rarely solitary and
slender-peduncled ; involucre ovoid, its bracts very
numerous, linear, the outer prickle-tipped and rigid,
the inner thinner and merely acuminate.
In fields and waste places, New Brunswick, Quebec,
Nova Scotia and Pennsylvania, and in ballast about the
seaports. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia.
July-Sept.
Carduus acanthoides L., which resembles this species,
but has larger hemispheric involucres, their outer bracts
not rigid, has been collected in ballast on waste grounds
about Atlantic seaports, and several other species of
Carduus have been found in ballast deposits.
106. MARIANA Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 19. 1762.
[Silybum Yaill. ; Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 116. 1763.]
Annual or biennial, simple or branched, nearly glabrous herbs, with large alternate clasp-
ing, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid. white-blotched leaves, and large discoid heads of purple
tubular flowers, solitary at the end of the stem or branches. Involucre broad, subglobose,
its bracts rigid, imbricated in many series, the lower ones fimbriate-spinulose at the broad
triangular summit, the middle ones similar but armed with huge spreading or recurved spines,
the inner lanceolate, acuminate. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the
limb expanded and deeply 5-cleft. Filaments monadelphous below, glabrous. Anthers sag-
ittate at the base. Style nearly entire. Achenes obovate-oblong, compressed, glabrous, sur-
mounted by a papillose ring. Pappus bristles in several series, flattish, barbellate or scabrous.
[St. Mary's thistle.]
A montypic genus of the Mediterranean region.
i. Mariana mariana ( L. ) Hill. Milk
Thistle. Fig. 4654.
Carduus marianus L. Sp. PI. 823. 1753.
Mariana mariana Hill. Hort. Kew. 61. 1769,
Silybum marianum Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2:
1802.
378.
Stem striate, glabrous or slightly woolly, little
branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
prickly, strongly clasping, the lower often 12'
long and 6' wide, the upper much smaller, scarce-
ly lobed, acute; heads about 2*' broad; spines of
the middle involucral bracts often li' long; pap-
pus bristles white, barbellate.
Escaped from gardens near Kensington, Ontario
(T. Walker, according to Macoun), in ballast and
waste grounds about the eastern seaports, south to
Alabama, and on the Pacific Coast from British Co-
lumbia to southern California, where it is naturalized.
Virgin Mary's-thistle, lady's-milk, holy thistle. June—
Aug.
107. ONOPORDON [Yaill.] L. Sp. PI. 827. 1753.
Coarse, branching or rarely acaulescent, tomentose herbs, with stout stems winged by
the decurrcnt bases of the alternate dentate or pinnatifid, prickly leaves, and large discoid
heads of purple violet or white flowers, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches. Invo-
lucre nearly globular, its bracts imbricated in many series, all tipped with long spines in our
species, the inner narrower than the outer. Receptacle flat, fleshy, honeycombed, not bristly.
556
i i i\in »i i \k.
Vol. 111.
Corolla-tube slender, the limb expanded and deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose. Anthers sagit-
tate .11 the base. Achenes obovate or oblong, 4-angled or compressed, smooth or corrugated.
Pappus bristles in several series, filiform, barbellate or plumose, united at the base. [Greek,
Vsses' thistle, the ancient name.]
About i-' species, natives oi the 1 Hd World, the following typical.
1. Onopordon Acanthium L. Cotton
Thistle. Scotch Thistle. Fig. 4*155.
Onopordon Acanthium L. Sp. PI. 827. 1753.
Biennial, white-tomentose all over ; stem usually
much branched, leafy, 3°-Q° high. Leaves oblong,
lobed and dentate, acute, very spiny, the lower
often 12' long; heads 1Y-2' broad, about \V high,
solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts
of the involucre ovate or oblong, minutely serru-
ate, tipped with long stout spreading spines ;
flowers pale purple ; achenes slightly corrugated ;
pappus bristles brownish, longer than the achene.
In waste places. Nova Scotia and Ontario to New
Jersey. Pennsylvania and Michigan. Naturalized
from Europe. Native also of Asia. Argentine. Asses',
oat or down-thistle. Queen Mary's-, silver- or musk-
thistle. July-Sept.
108. CENTAUREA L. Sp. PI. 909. 1753.
Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate entire dentate incised or pinnatifid leaves, and
large or middle-sized heads, of tubular purple violet white or rarely yellow flowers. Invo-
lucre ovoid or globose, its bracts imbricated in many series, appressed, fimbrillate, or dentate.
Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Marginal flowers usually neutral and larger than the central
ones, which are perfect and fertile, or flowers all perfect and fertile in some species. Corolla-
tube slender, the limb regular or oblique, 5-cleft or 5-lobed, the segments sometimes appearing
like rays. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short, somewhat connate, obtuse.
Achenes oblong or obovoid, compressed or obtusely 4-angled, usually smooth and shining,
obliquely or laterally attached to the receptacle, surmounted by a disk with an elevated mar-
gin. Pappus of several series of bristles or scales, rarely none. [Greek, of the Centaurs,
who were said to use it in healing.]
About 350 species, mostly natives of the Old World. Type species: Centaurea Centaiirium L.
Bracts of the involucre lacerate or fimbriate, not spiny.
Heads 2' broad or less ; achenes laterally attached ; introduced species.
Annual ; leaves entire.
Perennials or biennials, or C. maculosa annual.
Bracts of the involucre laciniate or entire.
Bracts of the involucre, or their tips, pectinate-fringed.
Lower bracts of the involucre pectinate-fringed to below the middle
Leaves entire or merely dentate.
Leaves pinnatifid.
Lower bracts of the involucre pectinate-fringed only at the tips.
Leaves entire, toothed, or the lower lyrate.
All but the upper leaves pinnatifid into linear segments.
Heads 2'-^' broad ; achenes obliquely attached ; native western species.
Bracts of the involucre tipped with stout spines.
Flowers purple ; stem wingless.
Flowers yellow ; stem winged by the decurrent leaf-bases.
Spines slender, purplish, 5" long or less, branched below.
Spines stout, yellow, 6"-io" long, with smaller ones at the base.
I.
C. Cyanus.
2.
C. Jacea.
e.
3-
4-
C. nigra.
C. Scabiosa.
5
6.
C. vochinensis
C. maculosa.
7-
C. americana.
8.
C. Calcitrapa.
9-
10.
C. tnelitensis.
C. solstitialis.
Genus 108.
THISTLE FAMILY.
557
i. Centaurea Cyanus L. Blue-bottle.
Corn Blue-bottle. Corn-flower.
Fig. 4656.
Cen'.aurea Cyanus L. Sp. PI. 911. 1753.
Annual, woolly, at least when young; stem
leafy, slender, branched, I°-2i° high, the branches
ascending. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,
mucronate, 3' -6' long, the basal and lower ones
mostly remotely dentate, the upper, or sometimes
all of them, entire; heads i'-ii' broad, on long
naked peduncles ; involucre campanulate, its bracts
greenish-yellow, or the inner with darker tips
and margins, appressed, fimbriate with scarious
teeth ; flowers blue, purplish, pink or white, the
marginal ones neutral with large radiant corolla-
limbs; achenes slightly compressed, or 4-angled ;
pappus bristles unequal, nearly as long as the
achene.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, and in bal-
last, Quebec to Ontario, western New York, Nebraska
and Virginia. Witches'-bells or -thimbles, corn-
centaury, corn-bottle or -binks. Brushes. Hurt-sickle.
Blue-bonnets. Blaver. Blue poppy. Bachelor's-but-
tons. Blue caps. Barbeau. French pink. July-Sept.
2. Centaurea Jacea L. B
Knapweed. Fi
rown or Rayed
4657-
Centaurea Jacea L. Sp. PI. 914. 1753.
Perennial, 2° high or less. Leaves entire or
denticulate, rarely lobed ; heads i'-ll' broad; in-
volucre globular to ovoid, its bracts closely im-
bricated, brown or with brown backs, the outer
ones pale brown with fimbriate appendages, the
middle ones lacerate, the inner entire or nearly
so, dark brown ; marginal flowers neutral with
enlarged radiant corolla-limbs; achenes obscurely
4-sided ; pappus none, or a minute crown.
In waste places, northern New York, Vermont and
Massachusetts, and in ballast about eastern seaports.
Also in British Columbia. Fugitive from Europe.
June-Sept.
3. Centaurea nigra L. Black Knapweed.
Horse-knops. Hardheads. Centaury.
Fig. 4658.
Cm aurea nigra L. Sp. PI. 911. 1753.
Perennial, scabrous or pubescent; stem stiff,
branched, i°-2° high. Lower and basal leaves
spatulate or oblong, acutish, entire, denticulate,
dentate or lobed. not pinnatitid, 3'-6' long, nar-
rowed into long petioles ; upper leaves oblong or
lanceolate, sessile, or partly clasping, entire or
nearly so; heads rarely 1' broad, bracted by the
small, uppermost leaves; involucre globose, its
bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, closely im-
bricated, tipped with brown fimbriate appendages,
or the uppermost merely lacerate ; flowers rose-
purple, all perfect, the marginal ones usually not
at all enlarged, or sometimes radiant ; achenes
slightly 4-sided; pappus none, or a ring of minute
scales.
In waste places and fields, Newfoundland to On-
tario, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Naturalized
from Europe. Among many other English names are
iron-head or -weed, club-weed, matfelon, hurt-sickle,
tassel, horse-knobs ; crop-, knob-, bole- or button-
weed ; loggerheads, lady's-cushion, blue-tops, hard-
weed, bullweed, sweeps, bachelor's-buttons. July-
Sept.
55 S
i OMPOS] i \i
Vol. III.
4. Centaurea Scabiosa L. Scabious Knapweed.
Greater Centaury. Fig. 4659.
C. Scabiosa I -. Sp. PI. 913. 1753.
Slightly pubescent or villous, perennial; stem simple
or branched, about 2° high. Leaves all pinnatifid, the
lower and basal ones petioled, often 6' long, the upper
sessile and much smaller; heads about 2' broad, on
bracted peduncles I '-4' long; involucre ovoid, its bracts
all pectinate to or below the middle, and blackish-mar-
gined, the outer ovate, the inner oblong ; corolla purple,
the outer ones enlarged and neutral; pappus of stiff
bristles, about as long as the achene.
Waste grounds and fields, Quebec and Ontario to Ohio.
Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept.
5. Centaurea vochinensis Bernh. Tyrol Knap-
weed. Fig. 4660.
C. vochinensis Bernh.; Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. 15: 15.
1S53.
Perennial, roughish, branched, 2° high or less. Leaves
firm in texture, the basal and lower ones dentate or
lyrate, 3-5' long, the upper lanceolate to oblong-lanceo-
late, few-toothed or entire; heads about ii' broad; in-
volucre ovoid-cylindric, about 8" high, its faintly nerved
bracts pectinate at the brownish tip, the lower short,
ovate, the upper elongated ; flowers rose-purple, the
margined ones radiant.
Waste grounds, Ontario to Massachusetts and southern
New York. Naturalized fror.i Europe. Aug. -Oct.
6. Centaurea maculosa Lam. Spotted Knap-
weed. Fig. 4661.
C. maculosa Lam. Encycl. 1: 669. 1783.
Annual or biennial, loosely floccose-pubescent or
glabrate, usually much branched, 2°s° high, the stiff
branches ascending. Leaves pinnatifid into linear
segments, or the upper linear and entire, the lower
up to 3' long ; heads peduncled, about 10" broad ;
involucre ovoid, its ribbed bracts pectinate only at
the black tip, the inner ones longer than the outer
and entire or merely erose; corollas white to purple,
the marginal ones radiant.
Waste grounds, Massachusetts to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. July-A'ig.
Genus 108.
THISTLE FAMILY.
559
7. Centaurea americana Nutt. American
Star Thistle. Fig. 4662. v
C. americana Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 2: 117. 1821.
Plectocephalus americanus Don, in Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Card. (II) pi. SI. 1831.
Annual, roughish ; stem stout, simple, or little
branched, 2°-6° high. Leaves entire or denticu-
late, the lower and basal ones spatulate or oblong,
2'-s' long, narrowed into petioles, the upper ob-
long-lanceolate, sessile, mucronate; heads solitary
at the much thickened ends of the leafy stem or
branches, very showy, 2-4 broad ; involucre
nearly hemispheric, its bracts ovate or lanceolate
with conspicuously pectinate appendages ; flowers
pink or purple, the marginal ones with enlarged
and radiant corolla-limbs; achenes somewhat
compressed, obliquely attached at the base ; pap-
pus of copious unequal bristles longer than the
achene.
Dry plains, Missouri and Arkansas to Louisiana,
Mexico and Arizona. May-Aug.
8. Centaurea Calcitrapa L. Star Thistle.
Fig. 4663.
Centaurea Calcitrapa L. Sp. PI. 917. 1753.
Annual, pubescent or glabrous, green ; stem
much branched, not winged, i°-i 2° high. Leaves
1-2-pinnatifid into oblong-lanceolate to linear,
serrulate-spinulose, dentate or entire mostly acute
lobes, the upper sessile and slightly clasping, the
lower and basal short-petioled, 4 '-7' long, the
uppermost somewhat involucrate at the bases of
the sessile heads which are about i' broad; invo-
lucre ovoid, its outer bracts ovate-oblong, tipped
with stout, spreading, yellowish spines which are
simple, or commonly with 2-6 bristles at the base;
flowers purple, none of them radiant; achenes
compressed or obscurely 4-sided; pappus none.
In waste places and ballast, southern New York
and New Jersey to Virginia. Also from British Co-
lumbia to California. Adventive or naturalized
from Europe. Called also caltrops, maize- or mouse-
thorn. Knop-weed. June-Oct.
9. Centaurea melitensis L. Rayless Winged
Centaury. Fig. 4664.
Centaurea melitensis L. Sp. PL 917. 1753.
Annual. i°-4° high, grayish-pubescent, much branched.
the stem and branches narrowly winged by the decur-
rent leaf-bases. Basal leaves lyrate, their lobes obtuse;
stem leaves few-lobed or entire, the upper ones 1' long
or less; heads sessile or nearly so; involucre about Y
thick, its principal bracts tipped by a slender purplish
divergent spine 5" long or less, which is often branched
below and with smaller spines at its base; flowers yel-
low, none of them radiant ; pappus scales unequal.
Waste and cultivated grounds, Georgia to Missouri, Ari-
zona, California and Oregon, and in ballast about the
Atlantic seaports. Naturalized or adventive from Europe.
Widely naturalized in South America. April-Sept.
( ( iM l'i ISITAE.
Vol. III.
10. Centaurea solstitialis L. Barnaby's
Thistle. Fig. 4665.
Centaurea solstitialis L. Sp. PI. 917. 175.5.
Annual, cottony-pubescent, branched, l°-2° high,
the stem and branches winged by the decurrent leaf-
bases. Basal leaves pinnatifid, often 6' long; stem
leaves lanceolate to linear, mostly entire, the upper
i'-l' long; involucre ovoid-globose, about V thick,
its principal bracts tipped by a stout, spreading or
reflexed yellow spine, 6"-io" long, with several
much smaller ones at its base; flowers yellow, none
radiant.
Waste and cultivated grounds, Massachusetts to New
York, Pennsylvania, Ontario and Utah, and in Cali-
fornia. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept.
109. CNICUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 826. 1753.
An annual herb, with alternate pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate leaves, the lobes or teeth
spiny and large sessile heads of yellow tubular flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches,
subtended by the upper leaves. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several series, the
..uter ovate, the inner lanceolate, tipped by long pinnately branched spines. Receptacle flat,
bristly. Achenes terete, striate, laterally attached, the horny margin 10-toothed at the sum-
mit • pappus of 2 series of awns, the inner fimbriate, the outer longer, naked; anther-append-
ages elongated, united to their tips. [Latin name of Safflower, early applied to thistles.]
A monotypic genus of the Old World.
i. Cnicus benedictus L. Blessed Thistle. Our Lady'; Thistle. Fig. 4666.
Cnicus benedictus L. Sp. PI. 826. 1 753-
Centaurea benedic a L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1296.
1763.
Hirsute or pubescent, much branched,
seldom over 2§° high. Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate in outline, rather thin, reticulate-
veined, 3 '-6' long, the upper clasping, the
basal and lower ones narrowed at the base
and petioled ; heads about 2' broad, sub-
tended by several large lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate leaves; bristles of the receptacle
soft, long; outer awns of the pappus alter-
nating with the inner.
In waste places, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick to Maryland, Pennsylvania. Ala-
bama and Michigan, and on the Pacific Coast.
Adventive from southern Europe. Holy- or
bitter thistle. Sweet-sultan. St. Benedict's-
thistle. May-Aug.
Echinops sphaerocephalus L., a tall spinose
plant, with large clusters of 1 -flowered invo-
lucres, the flowers white or bluish, occasionally
escapes from cultivation into waste grounds.
It is native of Europe.
SUMMARY.
Families.
Pteridophyta II
Spermatophyta
Gymnospermae 2
Angiospermae
M onocotyledones 32
Dicotyledones
Choripetalae 103
Gamopetalae _4<>
Total 194
Genera.
Species Figured
31
130
10
28
251
1 261
526
I77S
411
1472
1229
4600
General Index of Latin Genera and Species
[Classes, Families and Tribes in small capitals; genera in heavy face; synonyms in italics.
Heavy face figures indicate the volume ; other figures, the page. Varietal synonyms are indented.
Abama i 487
(Narthecium)
americana 487
Abies 62
balsamea 63
canadensis 61-2
caroliniana 62
Fraseri 63
Mariana 61
n igra 6 1
Picea 63
Tsuga 62
Abolboda 1 450
Abronia 2 33
californica 33
fragrans 33
micrantha 33
Abutilon 2 521
Abutilon 521
avicennae 521
Theophrasli 521
Acacia 2 330
angustissima 331
brachyloba 332
filicina 331
filiculoidcs 331
Acalypha 2 457
caroliniana 457
gracilens 457
ostryaefolia 457
virginica 457
Acamptoclados 1 230
sessilispicus 231
ACAXTHACEAE 3208,240
Acanthospermum 3459
australe 459
brasilium 459
xanthoides 459
ACERACEAE 2 494
Acer 2 494
barbatum 496
dasycarpum 494
carolinianum 495
Drummondii 496
eriocarpum 494
glabrum 497
interior 498
montanum 497
Negundo 498
pennsylvanicum 497
platanoides 494
Pseudo-Platanus 494
rubrum 495
Iridens 495
saccharinum 494,496
spicatum 497
stenocarpum 495
striclum 497
tripartitum 497
Acerates 3 34
angustifolia 34
auriculata 35
floridana 35
Acerates
1
Acuan
2 331
Agalinis
lanuginosa
3 35
(Desmanthus)
aspera
3 209
longifolia
34
illinoensis
332
Besseyana
211
viridiflora
34
leptoloba
332
fasciculata
210
Achillea
3 514
Adelia
2 728
Gattingeri
213
borealis
5i6
(Forestiera)
heterophylla
209
lanulosa
5I5
acuminata
72S
linifolia
209
ligustica
5i5
Adenocaulon
3 457
maritima
211
millefolium
515
bicolor
457
palustris
208
Ptarmica
515
Adiantum
1 3i
parvifolia
212
santolina
5i4
Capillus-Veneris 31
paupercula
210
Achroanthes
1 570
pedatum
31
purpurea
210
(Microstylis)
" aleuticum
31
Skinneriana
212
monophylla
5/1
Adicca
1 636
setacea
212
unifolia
S7i
(Pilea)
tenuifolia
211
Achyranthes
pumila
637
Agassicia
dichotoma
2 28
Adlumia
2 143
suaz' is
3 513
lanuginosa
2 7
cirrhosa
143
Agastache
3 11 1
Acnida
2 5
fungosa
143
(Lophanthus )
cannabina
2 5.6
Adnaria
2 695
anethiodora
1 12
floridana
6
Adonis
2 121
nepetoides
1 1 1
rusocarpa
6
annua
121
scrophulariaef olia 1 1 2
tamariscina
6
autinnnalis
121
Agave
" coucatenata
6
Adopogon
3 3°6
virginica
1 534
" prostrata
6
(Krigia)
Aggregatae
3 347
" subnuda
6
carolinianum
307
Agoseris
3 323
tuberculata
6
Dandelion
308
(Troximon)
Aconitum
2 96
occidentale
308
cuspidata 3
323-4
noveboracense
96
virginicum
307
glauca
3 32S
paniculatum
96
Adorium
2 643
parviflora
323
reclinatum
97
divaricatum
643
Agrimonia
2 266
uncinatum
97
tenuifolium
644
Brittoniana
268
Acorus
1 445
Adoxaceae
3 283
Eupatoria
266
Calamus
446
Adoxa
283
*' hirsuta
266
Acrostichum
Moschatellina
283
" mollis
267
alpinum
1 12
Aegilops
gryposepala
266
areo/atum
25
aromatica
1 225
hirsuta
266
hyperboreum
12
Aegopodium 2
653-4
microcarpa
267
ilvense
1 2
Podagraria
654
mollis
267
Marantae
1 35
Aeschynomene
2 392
parviflora
267
platyneuros
27
aspera
392
parviflora
268
polypodioides
36
hispida
393
pumila
267
Thelypteris
18
Sesban
376
rostellata
267
Actaea
2 89
virginica
393
striata
268
alba
90
Aesculaceae
2 498
Agropyron
1 283
arguta
90
Aesculus
49s?
biflorum
285
eburnea
90
arguta
499
cristatum
283
neglecta
90
austrina
500
caninum
285
racemosa
91
flava
499
dasystachyum
284
rubra
90
" purpurascens 499
Gmelini
289
" dissecta
90
glabra
499
novae-angliae
285
spicata
90
Hippocastanum 498
pseudorepens
283
Actinella
3 508
hybrida
499
pungens
284
acaulis
509
lute a
499
repens
283
linearifolia
50S
octandra
499
Richardsonii
285
odor at a
510
Pavia
500
Smithii
284
Actinomeris
486
Aethulia
spicatum
284
alternifolia
487
un i flora
3 355
subvillosum
284
helianthoides
4S8
Aethusa
2 645
tenerum
285
squarrosa
487
Cynapium
645
tetrastachys
284
see Riilan
3 486
Afzelia
3 205
unilaterale
285
Actinospermum
3 5°2
(Seymeria)
violaceum
285
(Baldwinia)
macrophylla
205
Agrostemma
2 61
uniflorum
502
Agalinis
3 208
coronaria
70
36
562
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vol. III.
Agrostemma
1 rithago 2 61
\ 1: 11 08-9
Agrostis 1 202
ides 1 99
alba 202-3
stata
da 193
altissima 206
" la.va 207
antecedens 207
aruclinoides 204
aspera 196
asperifolia 204
borealis 205
brevifolia 188
canina 205
clandestine 195
coarctata 203
compressa 1 200
cruciata 225
cryptandra I 199
diffusa 186
elata 206
Elliottiana 204
fiiiformis 185
geminata 205
hyemalis 207
" geminata 205
intermedia 206
juncea 198
lalifolia 202
longifolia 196
maritima 203
me.vicana 185
novae-angliae 207
oreophila 207
paludosa 205
pauci flora 186
perennans 206
pseudo-intermedia2o6
racemosa 1 186
rubra 205
" amcricana 205
rupestris 204-5
scabra 207
Scribneriana 206
serotina 198
Spica-venti 213
sobolifera 185
Schweinitzii 206
sylvatica 186
tenuiflora 186
Torreyana 200
virgiuica 197
vulgaris 203
Ailanthus 2 445
glandulosa 446
Aira 1 237
aquatica 245
alropurpurea 216
caespitosa 215
caryophyllea 2 1 4
coerulea 237
cristata 245
flexuosa 216
mehcoides 262
nitida 244
oblusata 244
pollens 244
praccox 215
purpurea 235
spicala 217
subspicata 217
Aizoaceae 2 341
Ajugeae 3 99
Ajuga 100
genevensis 101
reptans 101
Albizzia 2 331
julibrissin 331
Alchemilla 2 263
Alchemilla
Alopecurus
alpina
2 .■(. 4
afpinus
1 193
: 1 1
264
aristulatus
"
pratensis
-■''1
geniculatus
192
vulgaris
264
Wonspel 1
201
Aletris
I 51 1
myosuroidi s
192
aurea
5"
pratensis
191,3
farinosa
Si 1
At.mxaceae
2 41
Alisma
1 93
Alsine
2 41
arcuatum
94
( Stellaria)
brevipes
94
aquatica
42
cordifolia
96
borealis
46
Geyeri
94
" alpeslris
46
parvifiorum
94
crassifolia
46
Plantago
94
fontinalis
46
Plantago-aquatica 93
glauca
44
rostratum
95
graminea
45
tenellum
95
Holostea
44
subcordatum
94
humifusa
42
subulata
104
longifolia
45
superbum
94
Iongipes
45
Alismaceae
I 93
" Edwardsii
45
Alliaria
2 169
media
43
(Sisymbrium ir
Michauxii
55
part)
pub era
43
Alliaria
170
tennesseensis 44
Allionia
2 31
tennesseensis
44
(Oxybaphus)
uliginosa
43
albida
31
Alsine
2 52
Bodini
31
Althaea
2 513
bracteata
2 31
cannahina
5M
Bush ii
31
officinalis
514
comata
32
rosea
514
Carletoni
32
Altingiaceae
2 235
chersophila
31
Alyssum
2 153
glabra
31
alyssoides
154
hirsuta
32
arcticum
156
lanceolata
31
calycinum
154
linearis
31
incanum
153
nyctaginea
32
maritinnan
153
ovala
32
montanum
154
pilosa
3^
Amaranthaceae
2 I
violacea
31
Amaranthus
2 I
Allium
I 497
albus
3
alleghaniense
498
blitoides
3
canadense
499
caudatus
1. 2
carinatum
499
crispus
5
cernuum
498
ehloroslachys
2
Hellcri
500
deflexus
4
mutabile
500
graecizans
3
Nuttallii
500
hybridus
2
ornithogaloides
501
hypochondriac
1US 2
reticulatum
500
lividus
4
sativum
497
Palmeri
Sehoenoprasum
498
paniculatus
2
sibiricum
497
pumilus
5
stellatum
498
retroflexus
2 2
striatum
5°i
spinosus
3
tricoccum
497
tamariscinus
6
vineale
499
Torreyi
4
Allocarya
3 79
Amaryllidaceae
1 53i
(Eritrichiiini
Amaryllis
in part )
79
Atamasco
1 532
lithocarya
79
Amblogyne
2 4
scopulorum
79
Torreyi
4
Alnus
I 612
Ambrosiaceae
3 338
Alnobetula
612
Ambrosia
3 340
Alnus
613
acanthicarpa
342
crispa
612
artemisiaefolia
34i
glutinosa
613
bidentata
34i
incana
613
elatior
34i
japonica
614
integrifolia
34i
maritima
614
maritima
34°
Mitchelliana
612
psilostachya
342
mollis
612
tomentosa
3 343
noveboracensis
613
trifida
341
rugosa
6i3
" integrifolia
34i
serrulata
613
Amelanchier
2 291
viridis
612
alnifoha
293
vulgaris
613
Bartramiana
293
Alopecurus
I 191
Botryapium
292
agrestis
192
canadensis
292
Amelanchier
canadensis 2 292
oblongifolia 292
hum His 292
intermedia 292
laevis
nantucketensis 292
oligocarpa 293
rotundifolia 293
sanguinea 293
spicata 292
stolonifera 292
Amellus
spinulosus 3 379
villosus 374
Amianthium 1 489
leimanthoides 493
muscaetoxicum 489
Nuttallii 492
Ammannia 2 577
auriculata 2 578
coccinea 578
humilis 578-9
Koehnei 578
lalifolia 577
pedicellata 578
ramosior 579
Wrightii 578
Ammiaceae 2 619
Ammi
capillaceum 2 656-7
ma jus 657
Ammadenia 2 58
(Arenaria in part)
peploides 2 58
Ammophila 1 212
arenaria 212
arundinacea 212
Ammoselinum 2 652
(Apium in part)
Butleri 653
Popei 652
Amorpha 2 365
angustifolia 365
canescens 366
fruticosa 365
microphylla 366
nana 366
Ampelanus 3 36
albidus 36
Ampelopsis 2 509-10
arborea 510
cordata 509
heterophylla 510
quinquefolia 511
Veitchii 511
Amphiachyris 3 370
dracunculoides 370
Amphicarpa 2 418
monoica 418
Pitcheri 418
Amphicarpon 1 163
Amphicarpon 164
Pttrshii 164
Amphilophis 1 119
saccharoides 119
Amsinckia 3 84
intermedia 84
lycopsioides 84
Amsonia 3 20
Amsonia 20
salicifolia 20
Tabernaemonlana 20
Amygdalaceae 2 322
Amygdalus 2 330
persica 33°
Anacampseros
triphylla 2 20
Anacardiaceae 2 480
Anacharis
canadensis 1 105
Nuttallii 105
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
S63
Anagallis
2 716
arvensis
716
" coerulea
716
Ananthrix
decumbens
3 33
Anaphalis
3 453
margaritacea
453
nubigena
453
occidentalis
453
Anastrophus
I 125
compressus
1 -'5
furcatus
i^5
paspaloides
1 -'5
Anchistea
I 24
virginica
24
Andrachne
2 453
phyllanthoides
453
Telephioides
453
Andromeda
2 689
arborea
692
axillaris
687
baccata
696
calyculata
687
Catesbaei
688
coerulea
685
ferruginea
691
floribunda
690
glaucophylla
689
hypnoides
686
ligustrina
691
mariana
691
nitida
690
Polifolia
689
racemosa
689
recurva
688
spinulosa
688
taxifolia
685
tetragona
686
see Leucothoe
Pieris
Andropogon
1 "5
alopccuroides
113
ambiguus
225-6
argenteus
117
argyraeus
117
avenaceum
120
Belvisii
117
Cabinisii
117
chrysocomus
Il8
corymbosus
Il6
dissitiflorus
ll6
divaricatus
"3
Elliottii
117
furcatus
118
geminatus
118
glaucus
119
glomeratus
116
halepensis
121
Hallii
118
littoralis
115
macrourum
116
mississippiensis 117
nutans
120
paucipilus
119
provincialis
118
saccharoides
119
scoparium
"5
ternarius
117
tetrastachyus
116
Torreyanus
119
vaginatus
116
virginicus
116
Andkopogoneae j
107-8
Androsace
2 709
diffusa
709
maxima
709
occidentalis
709
Androstephium
I 50I
coeruleum
501
violaceum
501
Anemone
2 97
canadensis
99
Anemone
caroliniana 2 9S
coronaria 97
cylindrica 99
decapetala 98
dichotoma 99
globosa 98
Hepatica 101
hudsoniana 98
lancifolia 100
multifida 98
nemorosa 100
nudicaulis 106
Nuttalliana 102
parviflora 98
patens 102
pennsylvanica 99
Pulsatilla 102
quinquefolia 100
Richardsonii 100
riparia 99
thalictroides 102
trifolia 100
virginiana 99
Anemoneae 2 84
Anemonella 2 102
thalictroides 1 02
Anemopsis 1 577
Anethum 2 633
Foeniculuin 643
graveolens 634
Angelica 2 636
Archangelica 2 646
atropurpurea 637
Curtisii 635
hirsuta 637
triquinata 637
villosa 637
Angiospermae 1 68
Anisostichus 3 236
capreolata 237
Ann 011 a
triloba 2 83
Annonaceae 2 83
Anogra 2 598
(Oenothera in
part )
albicaulis 598
coronopifolia 598
Douglasiana 598
latifolia 599
Nuttallii 599
Nuttalliana 599
pallida 599
Anonymos
aquatic a 3 19
bracteata 2 394
carolinensis 3 89
cassioides 3 205
graminifolius 3 368
odoratissima 3 369
paniculatus 369
petiolata 2 731
rotundifolia 347
Anoplanthus 3 233
fasciculatus 234
uniftorus 233
Antennaria 3 448
alpina 449
alsinoides 451
angustata 449
aprica 452
arnoglossa 45°
campestris 452
canadensis 45°
carpathica 449
dimorpha 452, 3
dioica 3 448, 450
labradorica 449
margaritacea 452
microphylla 451
monocephala 450
Antennaria
neglecta
simplex
neodioica
Parlinii
parvifolia
petaloidea
plantaginifolia
propinqua
rupicola
solitaria
Anthemis
arvensis
aurea
Cotula
maritima
nobilis
repens
tinctoria
Anthoxanthum
giganteum
odoratum
Puelii
Anthriscus
Anthriscus
Cerefolium
sylvestris
vulgaris
Anthyllis
vulneraria
Anticlea
chlorantha
elegans
sibirica
Antiphylla
oppositifolia
Anthirrhinum
canadense
Cymbalaria
Elatine
Linaria
majus
minus
Orontium
repens
spurium
tenellum
Anychia
argyrocoma
canadensis
capillacea
dichotoma
divaricata
polygonoides
Anychiastrum
montanum
riparium
Apalanthe
Schiveinitzii
Apargia
autumnalis
incana
nudicaulis
hispida
Apera
spica-venti
Aphanes
arvensis
australis
Aphanostephus
arkansanus
skirrobasis
Aphora
hum His
mercurialina
Aphyllon
fascicii/atiim
" luteum
ludovicianum
uniftorum
Apiastrum
3 452
452
451
450
45i
45°
450-1
45°
451
450
3 5i6
5'7
517
516
5i6
517
469
517
1 171
1 113
171
171
2 629
629
629
630
629
2 359
360
1 491
491
491
491
2 215
216
3 178
177
175
176
177
178
176
179
178
3 !75
189
2 29
27
30
30
^9,3°
29
29
2 29
29
29
105
3 309
310
310
3'0
310
1 213
213
2 264
264
264
3 40i
401
401
2 457
456
3 233
234
234
235
233
2 652
Apiastrum
see Spermolepis
2 652
patens 652
Apios
Apios 2 418
Priceana 418
tuber osa 418
Apium 2 642
Ammi 660
divaricatum 65 1
echinatuni 652
graveolens 660
leptophyllum 660
patens 652
Petroselinum 642
Popei 652
Aplectrum 1 573
hyemale 574
Shortii 574
spicatum 574
Aplopappus 3 377
armerioides 379
ciliatus 377
divaricatus 380
Nuttallii 378
rubiginosus 378
spinulosus 379
Apocynaceae 3 19
Apocynum 3 21
album 22
androsaemifolium 21
cannabinum 22-3
" glaberrimum 22
" pubescens 23
divergens 21
hypericifolium 22
medium 21
Milleri 22
nemorale 22
pubescens 21
sibiricum 22
speciosum 21
urceolifer 22
Apogon
humilis 3 306
Aquilegia 2 92
brevistyla 93
canadensis 92
coccinea 92
ftaviflora 92
vulgaris 92-3
Arabidopsis 2 175
novae-angliae 176
Thaliana 176
Arabis 2 178
alpina 178, 180
arsenicola 179
brachycarpa 182
bulbosa 186
canadensis 182
Collensii 183
confinis 182
dentata 180
Douglassii 186
Drummondii 182
glabra 181
hirsuta 181
Holboellii 2 183
humifusa 179
laevigata 181
" laciniata 181
" Burkei 181
ludoviciana 179
lyrata 179
"occidentalis 179
ovata 181
patens 180
perfoliata 181
petraea 176
rctrofracta 183
rhomboidea 186
564
Arabis
■ ma
2 181
Thaliana
1/5
\ irginica
<:■>
viridis
181
Araceae
1 441
Aralia 2
617 18
hispida
618
nuiJicaiilis
618
ngata
6 1 8
" prolifera
618
racrmosa
617
siiinosa
6.7
Arbutus
alpina
694
I 'va-Ursi
693
Arceuthobium
m inn! urn
1 638
pusillum
638
Archangelica
2 636
atropurpurea
(>37
Gmelini
646
perigrina
646
Archemora
2 637
Arctagrostis
1 201
latifolia ,
201
Arctium
3 547
Lappa
547
minus
548
tomentosum
547
Arctostaphylos
2 693-4
alpina
694
Uva-Ursi
2 693
Arcloi ubra
59. 60
sajanensis
5 5
serpyllifolia
5-2
squarrosa
55
stricta
55
texana
2 56
thymifolia
4-2
verna
54
Arethusa
1 562
bulbosa
562
divaricata
560
ophioglossoides 560
spicata
57i. 4
trianthophora
562
verticillata
56i
seePogonia 1
467-8
Argemone
2 138
alba
139
albiflora
139
hispida
139
intermedia
139
mexicana
138-9
platyceras
139
Argentina
2 258
Anserina
258
Babcockiana
258
littoralis
25S
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN
Argentina
vulg* 2 258
Argyrolhamnia
hum His 2 457
mercurialina 456
Aria 2 291
Arisaema 1 442
atrorubens 44J
Dracontium 443
pusillum 442
Stewardsonii 443
triphyllum 44-;
Aristida 1 178
adscensionis 17.8
basiramea 179
Curtissii 179
desmantha 183
dichotoma 178
" Curtissii 179
dispersa 180
divaricata 183
fasciculata 180
Fendleriana 180
gracilis 181
" depauperata 181
intermedia 182
lanata 182
lanosa 182
longiseta 181
oligantha 181
purpurascens 182
ramosissima 179
" uniaristata 1 79
tuberculosa 183
Wrightii 180
Aristolochiaceae
1 641
Aristolochia 1 645
Clematitis 645
hastata 645
macrophylla 646
Nashii 645
rotunda 645
Serpentaria 645
Sipho 646
tomentosa 646
Armeria 2 2 1 8
vulgaris 218
Armoracia 2 162
Armoracia 163
rusticana 263
Arnica 3 533
acaulis 533
alpina 534
angustifolia 534
Chamissonis 534
chionopappa 3 534
Claytoni 533
cordifolia 533
gaspensis 534
maritima 541
mollis 534
montana 533
nudicaulis 533
plantagin'ea 534
Sornbergeri 534
Arnoseris 3 308
minima 309
piisiila 309
Aronia 2 290
(Pyrus in part)
alnifolia 293
arbutifolia 291
atropurpurea 291
melanocarpa 291
nigra 291
Arrhenatherum 1 220
avenaceum 1 220
elatius 220
Artemisia 3 522
Abrotanum 526
Absinthium 525
IG1 NERA
AND SPECIES. V01
111.
Artemisia
Asclepias
annua
3 526
lanuginosa
3 35
biennis
526
latifolia
27
Bigelovii
530
Meadii
28
borealis
523
nigra
36
cana
530
oblusifolia
27-8
canadensis
524
ovalifolia
31
capillifolia
356
perennis
31
Carruthii
528
paupercula
25
caudata
3 523
phytolaccoides
29
dracunculoic
es 524
pulchra
27
" incana
524
pumila
32
elatior
527
purpurascens
26
filifolia
525
quadrifolia
29
Forwoodsi
524
rubra
3 26
frigida
525
speciosa
30
glauca
524
stenophylla
34
gnaphalodes
529
Sullivantii
27
groenlandiea
kansana 528
longifolia 528
Ludoviciana 529
fnatricarioides 521
mexicana 529
pontica 3 527
procera 526
serrata 528
Stelleriana 527
tridentata 530
vulgaris 522. 527
Arum 1 442-3
Dracontium r 442
nepenthoides 442
triphyllum 442
virginicuin 444
Aruncus 2 247
(Spiraea in parti
Aruncus 2 247
Sylvester 247
Arundinaria 1 295
macrosperma 295
tecta 295
Arundo
arenaria 212
brevipilis 212
cinnoides 211
festucacea 262
Phragmites 232
tecta 295
seeCalamagrostis 207
Asarum r 642
acuminatum 642
arifolium 643,4
canadense 642
europaeum 642
grandiflorum 643
heterophyllum 644
macrantlmm 643
Memmingeri 644
reflexum 643
" ambiguum 643
Shuttleworthii 643
virginicuin 644
ASCLEPIADACEAE 3 23
Asclepias 24
amoena 26
amplexicaulis 28
arenaria 30
auriculata 35
Bicknellii 28
brachystephana 31
Cornuli 30
decumbens 25
Douglasii 30
exaltata 28-9
floridana 35
galioides 3 32
incarnata 26
intermedia 28
Jamesii 27
kansana 30
lanceolata 25
syriaca 24, 29-30
tuberosa 25
variegata 29
verticillata 32
viridiflora 34
viridis 23
Asclepiodora 3 33
decumbens 33
viridis 33
Ascyrum 2 528
Crux-Andreae
2 528, 535
hypericoides 2 528
stans 528
Asimina 2 83
triloba 83
Asparagus r 513
officinalis 514
Asperugo 3 84
procumbens 84
Asperula 3 266
arvensis 267
galioides 3 267
odorata 267
Aspidium 1 16-22
seeDryopteris
americanum 22
Asplenium 1 25-30
acrostichoides 30
angustifolium 28
Bradleyi 30
ebeneum 2-
ebenoides 26
Pilix-foemina 30
fontanum 29
montanum 29
parvuluni 27
pinnatifidum 27
platyneuron 27
pyenocarpon 28
resiliens 27
rhizophylla 26
Ruta-muraria 29
Sclopendrium 25
thelypteroidcs 30
Trichomanes 26-8
viride 28
Asprclla
Hystrix I 294
virginica 168
Aspris 1 214
caryophyllea 214
praecox 215
Aster 3 406
amellus 406
acuminatus 432
adscendens 421
amethystinus 418
angustus 434
annuus 440
anomalus 413
argenteus 423
azureus 414
bellidiflorus 428
Vol. III. GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
565
Aster
biflorus 3 425
capillaceus 414
carmesinus 4°9
choralis 4 1 4
Claytoni 3 4IQ
commutatus 4-7
concinnus 420
concolor 423
cordifolius 414
"laevigatas 415
coridifolius 428
corymbosus 3 409
curvescens 411
depauperatus 431
"parviceps 431
diffusus 426
divaricatus
409,410,432,433
Drummondii 415
dumosus 428
" coridifolius 428
" strictior 428
cricaefolius 434
ericoides 43°
" depauperatus 431
" parviceps 43 1
" pilosus 430
" platyphyllus 430
" Pringlei 430
" pusillus 43 1
" Randi 429
" villosus 430
exscapus 3 4°3
exilis 433
Faxoni 429
Fendleri 423
flexuosus 433
foliaceus 422
foliolosus 427
furcatus 410
glomeratus 410
gracilis 425
graminifolius 438
grandiflorus 424
Gravesii 4*8
Herveyi 425
hirsuticaulis 426
liirtcllus 415
humilis 3 443
ianthinus 412
incanopilosus 427
infirmis 444
junceus 421
junciformis 421
kentuckiensis 430
Kumleini 417
laevis 420
" amplifolius 3 420
" potomacensis 420
lateriflorus 426
Lindleyanus 415
" eximius 415
linariifolius 444
linifolius 433
longifolius 422
" villicaulis 3 422
longulus 421
Lowrieanus 415,419
lutescens 432
macrophyllus 411
ma jus 3 418
mwer 426
missouriensis 429
modestus 418
multiflorus 418,427
"commutatus 427
" exiguus 427
" stricticaulis 427
multiformis 413
nebraskensis 418
nemoralis 432
Aster
nemoralis
3 432
" Blakci
432
nobilis
413
novae-angliae
417
novi-belgii
421
" atlanticus
421
" Brittonii
421
" elodes
421
" litoreus
421
Nuttallii Fendleri 423
oblongifolius
417
" rigidulus
4i7
paludosus
43i
paniculatus 4.
:8, 430
parviceps
43i
patens
416
" gracilis
416
" phlogifolius
417
patulus
419
phlogifolius
417
phyllodes
422
polycephalus
3 427
polyphyllus
429
prenanthoides
419
" porrectifolius 419
Priceae
43°
Pringlei
430
ptarmicoides
432
pusillus
43i
puniceus
419
purpura tus
420
racemosus
4-'7
Radula
425
" biflorus
425
" strictus
425
ramulosus var.
427
roscidus
412
roscus
417
sagittifolius
416
salicifolius
428
" subasper
428
Saundersii
416
saxatilis
429
schistosus
419
Schreberi
411
sericeus
423
Shortii
414
solidagineus
4°5
spectabilis
424
stenophyllus
428
strictus
425
subasper
428
subulatus
433
surculosus
.424
tardinorus
419
tanacetifolius
435
tenebrosus
409
tenuifolius
433
tenuif alius
428
" bellidiflorus
428
tortif alius
406
Tradescanti
429
Tradescanti
427
turbinellus
426
umbellatus
443
" latif alius
443
" pubcns
443
inialaschensis
418
" major
418
undulatus
3 416
vernus
441
villosus
430
vimineus
427-9
" foliolosus
427
violaris
412
virgatus
420
viridis
409
Wilsoni
4i5
Astereae 3 3.
Astilbe
2 215
biternata
215
Astilbe
decandra 2 215
rivularis 215
Astragalus 2 378-90
aboriginorum 2 384
adsurgens 379
alpinus 382
bisulcatus 380
Blakei 382
caespitosus 386
campestris 390
canadensis 379
carnosus 377
carolinianus 2 379
caryocarpus 377
Cooperi 385
crassicarpus 377
distortus 382
Drummondii 381
elatiocarpus 383
elegans 384
elongatus 385
eucosmos 384
filifolius 386
flexuosus 385
frigidus amer. 2 385
gracilis 384
hyalinus 388
Hypoglottis 380
Jesupi 382
Kentrophyta 387
lotiflorus 383
melanocarpus 383
mcxicanus 377
microlobus 384
missouriensis 383
mollissimus 379
multiflorus 386
nebraskensis 383
neglectus 385
oroboides 384
Orobrychis 378
parviflorus 384
pectinatus 380
pic tus filifolius 386
plattensis 2 377
racemosus 381
Robbinsii 381-2
" Jesupi 382
sericoleucus 388
Shortianus 383
striatus 379
tcncllus 386
tcnnesseensis 378
trichocalyx 377
triphyllus 387
Atamosco 1 532
Atamasco 532
Atliainanta
chinensis 2 636
Athanasia
trincrvia 3 503
Atheropogon 1 227
apludoides 227
curtipendulus 228
oligostachyus 227
Athyrium 1 30
cyclosorum 30
Filix-foeminea 30
pycnocarpon 28
thelypteroides 30
Atragene 2 126
(Clematis in part)
americana 126
Atriplex 2 17
arenaria 19
argentea 18
canescens 19
expansa 18
hastata 18
hortensis 17
littoralis 18
Atriplex
Nuttallii
2 19
patula
18
rosea
18
volutans
18
Atropa
pkysalodes
3 I5S
Aveneae 1
108-9
Avena
I 21S
elatior
220
fatua
2I&
flavescens
217
Hookeri
219.
mollis
217
palustris
217
pennsylvanica
217
pubescens
219
pratensis americana
219
ptirpurascens
219
sativa
218
Smithii
219
spicata
220
sterilis
218
striata 216, 219
Torreyi
219
Axonopus
furcatus
I I2J.
Axyris
2 20>
amarantoides
Jff
Azalea 2
677-80
(Rhododendrc
n
in part)
arborescens
679
calendulacea
678
canescens
678
indica
677
lapponica
680
lutea
678
nudiflora
678
pilosa
682
procumbens
683
viscosa
679
Azolla
1 38
caroliniana
38
filiculoides
1 38
Baccharis
3 444
foetida
447
glomeruliflora
44 5
halimifolia
445
ivifolia
3 444
neglecta
445
salicina
445
viscosa
447
Wrightii
446
Bacopa
Monniera
192
rotundifolia
192
Bahia
oppositifolia
3 508
Balduina
3 5°2
uniflora
502
Baldwin ia
502
Ballota
3 "22
nigra
123
Balsaminaceae
2 440
Bambuseae 1
08, I I I
Baptisia
2 344
alba
346
australis
344
bracteata
345
leucantha
346
leucophaea
344-5
mollis
343
tinetoria
345
villosa
345
Barbarea
2 176
Barbarea
177
praecox
177
stricta
177
vulgaris
176-7
S66
IERAL [NDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vol. III.
Barbarea
v. arcuata 2 177
Mill. I 177
Bark li
grandi flora 3 3^5
Bartonia 3 16
. ntlis 2 566
decapetala 567-8
indra 3 17
lanceolata 3 17
nudu 2 567
ornata 2 568
paniculata 3 17
ten el I a 16
verna 17
nica 16
Barti 2 566
Bartsia 3 218
acuminata 215
alpina 219
( occinea 214
Odontites 219
\ iscosa 219
Bassia
hirsuta 2 16
/Ja/ii
vermiculata 2 23
Batodendron 2 698
andrachnaeforme 698
arborcimi 698
Batrachium 2 115
(Ranunculus
in part 1
circinatum 2 116
divaricatum 116
hederaceum 1 15, 6
longirostre 116
triehophyllum 116
Batschia
canescens 3 89
carolinensis 89
Beckmannia 1 228
erucaeformis 228
" it ni flora 228
Behen 2 64
vulgaris 64
Belamcanda 1 541
cliinensis 542
Bellis 3 401
integrifolia 402
perennis 401-2
Benthamidia 2 664
Benzoin 2 135
(Lindera)
aestivale 135
Benzoin 2 135
melissaefolium 136
Berberidaceae 2 126
Berberis 2 127
Aquifolium 128
canadensis 127
repens 128
sinensis 127
vulgaris 127
Berchemia 2 501
scandens 502
volubilis 502
Bergia 2 539
capensis 239
texana 539
Berlandiera 3 463
lyrata 464
texana 463
Berteroa 2 153
(Alyssum in part)
incana 153
mutabilis 153
Berula 2 655
angustifolia 655
erecta 655
Besseya
rubra 3 199
Betonica 3 12X
'achys in part)
malis 128
Betulaceai i 605
Betula 1 607
alba 608, 9
alleghanensis 610
Alnol r i' 1 j
alnus 613
coerulea 608
cordifolia 609
fonlinalis 610
glandulifera 611
glandulosa 611
Jackii 609
lenta 609
lutea 1 610
Michauxii 612
microphylla 610
nana 612
nigra 609
oceidentalis 610
papyracea 609
papyri fera I 609
" minor 609
pandula 608
populifera 608
pumila 611
Sandbergi 611
Bicuculla 2 142
(Dicentra)
canadensis 142
Cucullaria 141
cximia 143
Bidens 3 494-9
acuta 3 496
aristosa 495-6, 499
Becltii 500
bidentoides 3 496
bipinnata 498
cernua 495
chrysanthemoides 495
coniosa 496
connata 495-6
" pinnata 495
coronata 3 498
discoidea 497
Eatoni 3 495
elegans 495
frondosa 497
" puberula 497
gracilis 501
involucrata 499
laevis 3 495
lugens 495
melanocarpa 3 497
riparia 496
trichosperma 498
" tenuiloba 498
tripartita 494
vulgata 497
Bifora 2 647
anuricana 647
radians 647
Bigelovia
Engchnanni 3 277
graveolens t,j6
Hozvardi 376
nudata 375
uniligulata 3 392
BlGNONIACEAE 3 236
Bignonia 3 237
capreolata 237
Catalpa 238
crucigera 237
radicans 237
scinpcrvirens 2 730
tomentosa 3 189
Bistorta 1 671
vivipaia 671
Blechnuni
Z'irginicutn I 24
Blephariglottis 1 556
alliillora 556-7
blephariglottis 557
ciliaris 557
■L,;i 557
grandiflora 558
lacera 558
leucophaea 558
peramoena 559
psycodes 559
Blephilia 3 134
ciliata 134-5
hirsuta 135
nepctoides 135
Bletia
aphylla 1 577
Blitum 2 15
Bonus-Henricus 14
capitatum 15
chenopodioides 17
glaucum 10
Nuttallianum 17
rubruni 13
Bocconia
cordata 2 140
Boebera 3 513
chrysanthemoides 513
papposa 513
Boehmeria 1 637
cylindrica 637
ramiflora 637
scabra 637
Boltonia 3 403
asteroides 404
decurrens 405
diffusa 404
glaslifolia 403-4
latisquama 404
Bonamia
see Stylisma 3 41
Boottia 2 262
BORAOINACEAE 3 J 2
Borago 92
officinalis 92
Borrichia 3 477
frutescens 477
Botrychium 1 2-6
dissectum 5
graciie 6
lanceolatum 6
Lunaria 3
matricariae 5
matricariaefolium 4
matricarioides 5
neglectum 4
obliquum 5
occidentals 6
onondagense 4
rutaceum 5
rutacfolium 5
silaifolium 6
simplex 3
tenebrosum 4
ternatum vars. 5, 6
virginianum 6
Bouteloua 1 227
curtipendula 228
hirsuta 227
oligostachya 227
racemosa 228
Boykinia
aconitifolia 2 223
humilis 579
Brachiaria
digitarioides 1 137
obtusa 138
Brachyactis 3 434
(Aster in part)
angusta 434
ciliata 434
frondosa 434
Brachychaeta 3 400
Brachychaeta
cordata 3 401
sphacelata 401
Brachyelytrum 1 189
aristatum 190
" Engchnanni 190
1 1 ectum 190
Brachylobus
hispidus 2 161
Brachyris
dracunculoides 3 370
Brachystemon
see Koellia 3 14 1-5
Bradburya 2 417
virginiana 4 1 7
Bradleia 2 374, 418
frutescens 374
Bramia 3 192
indica 192
Monniera 192
rotundifolia 192
Brasenia 2 76
peltata 76
purpurea 76
Schreberi 76
Brassicaceae 2 146
Brassica 2 192
alba 191
arvensis 192
campestris 193
Eruca 192
japonica 194
juncea 193
Napus 194
nigra 193
oleracea 192-4
oriental is 175
perfoliata 1 75
Rapa 193
Sinapistrum 192
Brauneria 3 475
see Echinacea 475-6
atrorubens 476
angustifolia 3 476
pallida 476
paradoxa 476
purpurea 475
Braya
humilis 2 176
Breii'eria
see Stylisma 3 41
Brickellia
grandiflora 3 363
Briza 1 250
canadensis 263
Eragrostis 238
media 250
minor 251
Brisopyrum
see Distichlis 1 249
Bromeliaceae i 456
Bromus 1 274
arvensis 279
asper 275
breviaristatus 280
brizaeformis 280
ciliatus 276
commutatus 278
erectus 276
giganteus 273
hordeaceus 278
incanus 276
inermis 277
Kalmii 277
madritensis 275
maximus 275
mollis 278
patulus 279
Porteri 277
purgans 276
" latiglumis 276
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
567
Bromus
racemosus
rubens
Schroder!
secalinus
squarrosus
sterilis
tectorum
unioloides
Broussoneiia
papyrifera
Brunella
see Prunella
Bmnnichia
cirrhosa
Bryanthus
taxifolius
Buchloe
dactyloides
Buchnera
americana
canadensis
Buda
borealis
marina
minor
rubra
Bnettneria
fertilis
florida
Bulbilis
(Buchloe)
dactyloides
Bulliarda
aquatica
Bumelia
lanuginosa
lycioides
retusa
Bunias
Cakile
edentula
Buphthalmum
frutescens
helianthoides
Bupleurum
Odontites
rigidum
rotundifolium
BURMANMACEAE
Burmannia
biflora
disticha
Bursa
(Capsella)
Bursa-pastoris
pastoris
Bursliia
hit nil lis
Bulneria
Butomus
umbellatus
Buxaceae
Cabombaceae
Cabomba
aquatica
caroliniana
Cacalia
seeMesadenia3
Vernonia 3
arkansana
atriplicifolia
fasciculata
rcniforniis
suaveolens
tuber osa
Cactaceae
Cactus
ferox
fragilis
humifusus
1 278
275
280
274,278
279
275
274
280
1 632
3 "5
1 677
677
2 685
1 231
3 205
205
97
2 59
60
59
59
60
2 132
132
132
I 231
231
2 206
2 719
72O
719
719
2 195
196
3 477
467
2 639
639
639
2 634
1 546
1 547
547
547
2 157
158
158
2 615
2 132
1 104
2 480
2 75
2 76
76
76
536-7
3 5 °-3
35i
537
352
536
538
537
2 568
2 570
573
573
572
Cactus
nuiniillaris 2 570
niissoiiriensis 570
Opuntia 571
viviparus 571
Caenotus 3 442
Caesalpiniaceae
2 334-40
Caesalpinia 338
Falcaria 338
Jamesii 338
Cakile 2 195
americana 196
edentula 196
Calamagrostis 1 207
arenaria 212
brevipilis 213
breviseta 208
" debilis 208
canadensis 209
" acuminata 209
cinoides 211
confinis 210
gigantea 213
hyperborea 211
" americana 2 1 1
inexpansa 210
lacustris 208
labradorica 211
Langsdorfii 209
longifolia 212
Macouniana 210
neglecta 210
" borealis 2 1 o
nemoralis 209
Nuttalliana 211
perplexa 209
Pickeringii 208
Porteri 208
robusta 2 1 1
stricta 210
sylvatica 208
Calaniintha 3 138
Clinopodium 138
glabella Nuttallii 139
officinalis 139
Nuttallii 139
see Clinopodium
3 >37~9
Calamovilfa 1 212
brevipilis 213
gigantea 213
longifolia 212
" magna 212
Calceolaria 2 564
(Sole a)
verticillata 564
Calla 1 444
palustris 444
Callicarpa 3 99
americana 99
purpurea 99
Calligonum
canescens 2 19
Calliopsis
cardaminefolia 3 493
Callirhoe 2 516
alceoides 516
Bushii 5 1 7
digitata 2 517
involucrata 518
triangulata 517
Callitrichaceae 2 477
Callitriche 2 477
Austini - 477
autumnalis 478, 579
bifida 478
deflexa 477
heterophylla 478
palustris 477-8
terrestre 477
verna 478
Callitriche
vernalis 2 478
Calluna 2 694
vulgaris 694
Calochortus 1 507
elegans 507
Gunnisonii 508
Nuttallii 508
Calophancs 3 239
oblongifolia 240
Calopogon I 562
pulchellum 563
Caltha 2 85
flabellifolia 86
natans 86
palustris 85
radicans 85
Calycanthaceae 2 132
Calycanthus 132
fertilis 132
floridus 132
glaucus 132
laevigatus 132
Calycocarpum 2 130
Lyoni 130
Calymenia
pilosa 32
Calypso 1 572
borealis 573
bulbosa 573
Calystegia
sepium 3 46
" pubescens 46
spithamaea 47
Camassia 1 508
Fraseri 509
Camelina 2 157
microcarpa 157
sativa 157
sylvestris 157
Cammarum 2 87
hyemale 88
Campanula 3 294
americana 297
aparinoides 296
biflora 298
divaricata 297
flexuosa 297
glomerata 296
latifolia 3 294
linifolia var. 295
medium 296
patula 3 295
perjoliata 298
rapunculoides 295
rotundifolia 295
" Langsdorfiana 295
" velutina 295
Speculum 297
Trachelium 3 295
uliginosa 296
uniflora 294
Campanulaceae 3 293
Campsis
radicans 3 23
Camptosorus 1 25
rhizophyllus 26
Campulosus 1 224
(Ctenium I
aromaticus 225
Campylocera
leptocarpa 298
Cannabinaceae 633
Cannabis 1 633
sativa 634
Cantua
aggregata 3 60
longiflora 60
pungens 60
Capnoides 2 143-6
(Corydalis)
aureum 145
Capnoides
a. occidentale 2 145
campestre 145
crystallinum 2 146
curvisiliquum 145
flavulum 144
micranthum 144
montanum 145
sempervirens 144
Capparidaceae 2 196
Capraria
gratioloides 3 196
multifida pit
Caprifoliaceae 3 267
Caprifolium
Douglassii 279
gratum 27K
Capriola 1 222
(Cyiwdon)
Dactylon 222
Capsella
Bursa-pastoris 2 158
elliptica 158
Carara 2 166
coronopus 167
didymus 167
Cardamine 2 183
arenicola 185
bellidifolia 186
bulbosa 186
Clematitis 185
diphylla 188
Douglasii 186
flexuosa 184
heterophylla 188
hirsuta 184
"sylvatica 185
laciniata 187
ludoviciana 179
maxima 188
parviflora 185
purpurea 186
pennsylvanica 184
" Brittoniana 184
pratensis 183-4
rhomboidea 186
rotundifolia 187
spathulala 179
uniflora 189
virginica 179, 185
seeDentaria 2 187-8
Cardiospermum 2 501
Halicacabum 501
Carduaceae 3 347
Carduus 3 554
seeCirsium 548-53
acanthoides 555
crispus 555
marianus 554
nutans 553-4
pumilus 552
Carex 1 352
abacta 43 '
abbreviata 4:5
abdita I 394
abscondita 4°°
acutiformis 420
adusta 386
aenea 387
aestivaliformis 409
aestivalis 4°9
agglomerata 368
aggregata 368
alata 1 384
alba setifolia 396
albicans 392
albolutescens 385
" cumulata 385
albursina 401
alopecoidea 368
alpina 417
altocaulis 399
568
GEM k \1. INDEX OF LATIN
Carex
ambusta
ampti
amphigi na
annectens
aperta
I ps
" patulifolia
aquatilis
arcta
arctata
" Faxon!
a riil a
arenaria
argyrantha
aristata
\sa-< '.r.iyi
assiniboinensis
a th erodes
atlantica
atrata ovata
atratiformis
atrofusca
aurea
" celsa
austrina
australis
Backana
Backii
Baileyi
Barrattii
Bebbii
Bellardi
Bella-villa
Bickncllii
bicolor
Bigelovii
bipartita
blanda
Boottiana
bromoides
brunnescens
" gracilior
bullata
" Greenei
Bushii
Buxbaumii
caespitosa
camporum
canescens
" disjunct/}
" polystachya
" subloliacea
" vulgaris
capillaris
" elongata
capitata
Careyana
caroliniana
caryophyllea
castanea
cephalantha
cephaloidea
cephalophora
" angustifolia
" maxima
cherokeensis
chordorhiza
Collinsii
colorata
communis
" Wheeleri
comosa
compacta
complanata
concinna
concolor
conjuncta
conoidea
contigna
Cooleyi
costcllata
4.1-
406
373
369
4-'i
402
402
422
375
410
410
381
3"i
387
428
439
411
428
378
418
418
412
397
396
366
366
388
388
436
417
382
351
440
383
396
421
351
402
395
376
375
375
435
435
414
419
422
362
73-5
375
375
375
375
411
411
361
400
4[4
391
411
378
367
366
367
368
412
362
430
398
391
391
438
434
414
395
421
369
405
365
437
4U
Carex
Crawei 1 383, 4<>,|
Crawfordii .<*<>
" rigens
crinila 416,425
" minor 425
"simulant 425
crislata 381
cristatella 381
crus-corvi 371
cryptoc'arpa 424
curta brunnescens 37 5
cuspidala 423
Davisii 408
debilis 1 410
" prolixa 4 i o
" pubera 410
" Rudgei 410
decomposita 371
deflexa 393
" Deanei 393
" Farwellii 393
" media 393
delicatula 377
Deweyana 376
diandra 370
digitalis 401
" copulata 401
disperma 372
Douglasii 363
Drummondiana 390
durifolia 388
eburnea 396
echinata 365, 378
Eggcrtii 440
elachycarpa 377
Eleocharis 362
Einnionsii 392
Emoryi 423
exilis 376
extensa 1 429
Farwellii 393
festucacea 383
filifolia 390
fill f oralis 427
" lanuginosa 427
" latifolia 427
flacca 415
flaccosperma 407
flava 429-30
" cyperoides 429
" gram in is 430
" rectiroslra 430
" viridula 429
flaxilis 411
flexuosa 410
floridana 393
foenea 387
" ferruginea 384
" sabulonitin 385
" sparsiflora 386
" xerantica 385
folliculata 431
formosa 408
Frankii 438
Fraseri 44 1
Fraseriana 441
fulva 429
fulvescens 429
furcata 438
fusca 419
gigantea 1 441
glabra 409
glareosa 373, 4
glauca 415
glaucescens 420
glaucodea 406
Goodenowii 422
gracillima 407
" littmilis 407
grandis 441
granulans I 404
\ GENERA AXI) SPECIES. Vol.
III.
Carex
Carex
g. recta 1
404
lurida 1
436
" Shrineri
403
" exundans
4.<''
gravida
367
" flaccida
436
Grayi
439
macloviana
383
" hispidula
439
macrochacta
416
Grccnii
435
macrokolea
419
grisea
406
magellanica
417
" angustifolia
4 ofi
mainensis
432
" 11111 lira
406
marcida
362
" riguiii
406
maritima
424
gynandra
425
Meadii
398
gynocrates
361
mediterranca
366
ihilcana
403
membranacea
434
Halei 371
,44°
membranopacta
434
Halleri
417
mesochorea
366
Harperi
388
Michaitxii
43°
Hart ii
435
Michauxiana
43i
Hassei
396
microglochin
389
Haydeni 1
421
miliacea
407
Heleonastes
374
miliaris 431-2
heliophila
39i
" aurea
432
helvola
373
" major
432
heterostachya
404
mirabilis
382
hirsuta
414
" perlonga
382
hirta
428
misandra 1
413
hirtifolia 394
407
monile
433
Hitrhcockiana
405
" monstrosa
433
Hoppneri
423
Muhlenbergii 365-6
hormathodes
384
" austrinus
366
Houghtonii
427
" enervis
365
Howei
377
muricata
365
hyperborea
421
" cephaloidea
367
hystricina
437
muskingumensis
381
" Dudleyi
437
nardina
360
impressa
426
nebraskensis
423
incomperta
378
nigro-marginata
393
incurva
361
normalis
382
interior
377
norvegica
374
" capillacea
i77
novae-angliae
392
intumescens
439
oblita
409
" Fernaldii
439
Oederi
429
irrigua
417
" pumila
429
Jamesii
388
Olneyi
435
Jamesii
4-'3
oligocarpa
404
Joori
419
oligosperma
436
katahdinensis
405
oronensis
379
Kneiskerni
410
ovalis
385
Lachenalii
373
ovata
418
lacustris
425
oxylepis
408
laeviconica
428
pallescens
415
lagopina
373
paludosa
420
lagopodioides
380
panicea
397
lanuginosa 1
427
Parryana
41S
" kansana
427
pauciflora
389
lasiocarpa
427
paupercula
417
laxiculmis
401
" irrigna 1
417
laxiflora
402
" pallens
417
" divaricata
403
pedicellata
39i
" gracillima
402
" Wheeleri
39i
" latifolia
401
Peckii
392
" mutica
407
pedunculata
395
" latifolia
401
pennsylvanica
39i
" leptonervia
402
picta
395
" patulifolia
402
pinguis
386
" stylofiexa
403
plantaginea
399
" varians
402
platyphylla
400
Leavenworthii
367
podocarpa
416
Leersii
378
polygama
419
lenticularis
422 '
polystachya 375
,440
lepidocarpa
43°
polymorpha
399
leporina
385
polytrichoides
388
leptalea
388
Porteri
425
limosa
416
praecox
391
littoralis.
417
prairea
370
livida
397
prasina
407
longirostris
412
pratensis
386
louisianica
440
praticola
386
lupuliformis
440
projecta
38i
lupulina
440
pseudo-cyperus
437
" pedunculata
440
" americana
438
" polystachya
440
pseudo-helvola
374
Vol. III. GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
569
Carex
ptychocarpa
1 400
pubescens
394
pulla
432
pulicaris
352
Raeana
433
rariflora 1 416
recta 424
recurva 412
Redowskyana 361
retrocurva 401
retroflexa 364
retrosa 435
Richardsoni 396
rhotnalea 432
rigida 421
riparia 425-6
rosea 365
" radxata 365
roseoides 379
Rossii 392
rostrata 431,434
rotundata 434
rupestris 390
sabulosa 385
salina 423
saltuensis 399
Sartwellii 363
saxatilis 432
" tniliaris 432
" rhotnalea 432
scabrata 1 416
scabrior 370
Schweinitzii 437
scirpoides 377
" capillacea 377
scirpoidea 377, 390
scoparia 380
" condensa 380
scorsa 379
setacea 370
setifolia 396
Shortiana 419
Shriven 403
sicaefortnis 371
siccata 364
silicea 385
Smithti 414
sparganioides 368
sparsiflora 387
Sprengelii 412
squarrosa 438-9
stellulata 378
stettolepis 438
stenophylla 362
sterilis 377
sterilis 378
Steudelii 388
stipata 1 371
straminea 382
" brevior 383
" Crawei 383
" im'isa 384
" mirabilis 382
" moniliformis 385
striata 426
" brevis 426
stnatula 403
slricta 420-1
" angusta'a 420
" decora 421
styloflexa 403
stylosa 418
suberecta 384
subspathacea 423
subulata 430
subulosa 385
Sullivantii 407
supina 389
Swanii 413
sychnocephala 379
tenclla 372
Carex
ienera I 382
" Richii 384
tentaculata 436
*' gracilis 436
tenuiflora 372
tennis 410
teretiuscula 370
" prairea 370
" ratnosa 370
tetanica 1 398
" Canbyi 398
" Carteri 398
" Meadii 398
" IVoodii 398
texensis 364
tonsa 394
Torreyana 408,415
Torre yi 4 1 5
torta 421
tribuloides 380
" Bebbii 382
" cristata 381
" moniliformis 381
" reducta 381
triceps 414
" hirsuta 414
" Smith ii 414
trichocarpa 428
" aristata 428
" imberbis 428
" Deweyi 428
" turbinata 428
trisperma 372
" Billingsii 372
Tuckermani 435
typhina 439
typhinoides 439
umbellata 1 394
" tonsa 394
" vicina 394
utriculata 434
ursina 373
ustulata 412
J 'a/j/i'i 4 1 7
vaginata 399
" altocaulis 399
varia 392
" colorata 392
I'ai^jn' 433
rcniiilo minor 409
verna 391
verrucosa 419
vesicaria 432-3
vestita 426
" Kennedyi 426
virescens 413
" costata 413
'' Swatlii 413
viridula 429
vulgaris 422
" strictiformis 422
vulpina 369
vulpinoidea 369
Walteriana 426
Willdenovii 387
xanthocarpa 369
" v. annectens 369
xanthophysa 431
xerantica 386
xerocarpa 420
Carpinus 1 606
Bctulus 606
caroliniana 606
virgimana 606
Caruin 2 658
Carui 659
Carya 1 579
a/fro 581
amara 580
aquatica 581
microcarpa 583
Carum
olivaefortnis I 580
porcina 583
sulcata 582
tomentosa 582
see Hicoria 1 580-3
Caryophyllaceae 261
Cassandra 2 686
calyculata 687
Cassia 2 335
Chamaecrista 337
" robusta 337
fasciculata 337
fistula 335
marylandica 336
Medsgeri 336
nictitans 337
obtusifolia 335
occidentalis 336
Tora 335
Cassiope 2 685
hypnoides 686
tetragona 636
Castalia 2 79
(Nymphaea)
Leibergii 80
odorata 79
" minor 79
" rosea 79
pudica 79
pygmaea 80
tetragona 80
tuberosa 80
Castanea 1 615
dentata 615
pumila 616
vesca americana 6 1 =;
vulgaris 615
CastiJleja 3 214
acuminata 215
affinis minor 215
coccinea 214
fissifolia 214
indivisa 215
minor 215
pallida 3 215
septentrionalis 215
sessiliflora 216
Catabrosa 1 245
aquatica 245
Catalpa 3 238
bignonioides 238
Catalpa 238
cordifolia 238
speciosa 238
Cathartolinum 2 436
Berlandieri 439
catharticum 438
floridanum 438
medium 438
rigidum 439
striatum 437
sulcatum 439
virginianum 437
Caucalis 2 626
Anthriscus 626
nodosa 626
Caulinia
flexilis 1 90
guadalupensis 90
Caulophyllum 2 128
thalictroides 128
Ceanothus 2 504
amencanus 504
ovahs 505
ovatus 505
" pubescens 505
Cebatha 2 131
(Cocculus)
Carolina 131
Cedronella
cordata 3 113
Celastraceae 2 490
Celastrus 2 492
bullatus 493
scandens 493
Celeri 2 659-60
graveolens 660
Celosia
argentea 2 6
paniculata 8
Celtis 1 628
australis 628
canina 629
crassifolia 629
georgiana 630
mississippiensis 629
occidentalis 629
pumila 629
reticulata 630
Smallii 629
Cenchrus 1 166
carolinianus 167
echinatus 166
macrocephalus 167
racemosus \2\
tribuloides 167
Centaurea 3 556
americana 559
benedicta 560
Calcitrapa 559
Cyanus 557
Jacea 557
maculata 3 558
melitensis 559
nigra 557
scabiosa 558
solstitialis 560
vochinensis 558
Centaurium 3 1
calycosum 3
Centaurium 2
exaltatum 3
pulchellum 2
spicatum 2
texense 3
Centaurella
paniculata 17
verna 3 17
Centella 2 651
(Hydrocotyle
in part)
asiatica 651
repanda 65 1
villosa 651
Centrosema
virginianum 2 417
Centunculus 2 716
minimus 717
Cephalanthus 3 255
occidentalis 255
Cerastium 2 47
alpinum 49
aquaticum 42
arvense 49
" oblongifoliutn 49
" villosum 49
brachypodum 48
" coinpactum 48
cerastioides 5°
Fischerianuin 49
glomeratum 47
longipedunculatuin48
nutans 48
oblongifoliutn 49
semidecandrum 47
trigynum 50
triviale 48
velutinum 49
viscosum 47
vulgatum 47, 8
Cerasus 2 322
Besseyi 2 327
Mahaleb 328
570
GENERAL [NDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vol.111.
Ccrasus
pennsylvonica 2 328
pumila 2 326
chloa
1 280
iTOI'HYLLACEAE
2 73
Ceratophyllum 75
irsum 75
Cercis 2 334
canadi 335
Cercocarpus 2 27 t
floras -74
Ccrefolium 2 629
folium 629
( 'era
fluitans 1 126
Cereus
caespilosus 2 569
viridiflorus 569
" tubulosus 569
Chaenorrhinum 3 176
minus 176
Chaerophyllum 2 629
procumbens 629
" Shortii 629
reflexum 630
sativum 629
sylvestre 630
Teinturieri 630
texanum 630
Chaetochloa 1 164
(Setaria)
glauca 165
imberbis 165
italica 166
magna 166
occidentalis 165
versicolor 165
verticillata 164
viridis 165
Chaetopappa 3 403
astcroides 403
modesta 403
Chamaecistus 2 683
(Loiscleuria) 683
procumbens 683
serpyllifolia 683
Chamaecrista 2 337
depressa 337
fasciculata 337
nictitans 337
Chamaecyparis 1 65
sphaeroidea 65
thyoides 65
Chamaedaphne 2 686
(Cassandra)
calyculata 687
Chamaelirium 1 488
carolinianum 489
luteum 489
obovale 489
Chamaenerion 2 5S9
(Epilobium in pari 1
• angustifolium 590
latifolium 590
Chamaepericlymemim
2 664
canadense 664
suecicum 665
Chamaeraphis
glauca 1 163
italica 166
verticillata 164
viridis 165
Chamaerhodos 2 263
altaica 263
erecta Nuttallii 263
Nuttallii 263
Chamaesaracha 3 163
conioides 163
Coronopus 163
Chamaesaracha
sordida 3 163
Chamaesyce 2 462
albicaulis 2 466
Fendleri 465
Gcyrri 463
glyptospcrma 466
humistrata 467
lata 465
maculata 467
maritima 46-'
pulaloidea 464
" Nuttallii 464
polygonifolia 46 i
Preslii 468
Rafinesqui 467
serpens 464
serpyllifolia 465
stictospora 466
zygophylloides 464
Cheilanthes 1 33
alabamensis 34
dealbata 35
Feei 34
gracilis 34
lanosa 34
lanuginosa 34
micropteris 33
tomentosa 35
vestita 34
Cheiranthus
cheiranthoides 2 172
Cheirinia 2 172
aspera 173
cheiranthoides 172
inconspicua 172
repanda 173
Chelidonium 2 141
diphyllum 140
Glaucium 140
majus 141
Chelone 3 180
Digitalis 184
glabra 181
kirsuta 182
Lyoni 181
obliqua 181
Pentstemon 184
Chenopodiaceae 2 8
Chenopodium 2 9
album 10, 1 1
altissimum 23
ambrosioides 14
anthelminticum 14
Berlandieri 10
Bonus-Henricus 14
Boscianum 12
Botrys 14
capitatum 15
Fremontii 12
glaucum 1 o
humile 13
hybridum 13
incanum 10
leptophyllum 1 1
" subglabrum 1 1
maritimuni 24
multifidum 15
murale 13
oblongifolium 1 1
paganum 10
polyspermum 1 1
Scoparia 1 6
rubrum 9, 13
urbicum 12
viride 1 o
Vulvaria 1 1
Chimaphila 2 672
corymbosa 672
maculata 672
umbellata 672
Chimonanthus 2 132
Chiogenes 2 703
hispidula 704
japon 704
serpyllifolia 704
Chionanthus 2 728
virginica 728
■11 in
si 1 Sabbatia 3 5-6
Chlorideae 1 108-9
Chloris 1 225
curtipendula 228
elegans 225
monostachya 224
verticillata 225
Chondrilla 3 314
June 1 a 314
Ctiondrophora 3 375
(Bigclovia in part)
nauscosa 376
nudata 375
virgata 375
Chondrosea 2 223
Aizoon 222,
pyramidalis 223
Choeipetalae 1 577
Chrosperma 1 489
(Ainianthiuin)
muscaetoxicum 4S9
Chrysanthemum 3518
arcticum 518
Balsamita 519
coronarium 518
grandiflorum 520
inodorum 520
Leucanthemum 5r8
Parthenium 519
segetum 519
Chrysaspis 2 353
Chrysocoma
gigantea
graminifolia 3 398
nudata 375
Chrysogonum 3 462
peruvianum 466
virginianum 463
" dentatum 463
Chrysopogon 420
avenaceus 120
Chrysopsis 3 372
alba 432
angustifolia 374
camporum 374
falcata 373
ioliosa 374
gossypina 372, 3
graminifolia 373
hispida 375
mariana 374
Nuttallii 375
pilosa 375
pilosa 373
stenophylla 374
villosa 374
"hispida 375
Chrysosplenium 2 229
alternifolium 230
amcricanum 230
iowense 230
oppositifolium 229-30
Chrysothamnus 3 376
(Bigelovia in part)
graveolens 376
Howardi 376
nauseosa 3 376
pumilus 376
Cicendia
exalt at a 3 3
Cichoriaceae 3 304
Cichorium 305
Intybus 3°5
" divaricatum 305
Cicuta 2 657
Cicuta
bulbifera
2 6s8
maculata
658
virosa
657
" maculata
658
Cimicifuga
2 90
americana
92
cordifolia
9"
fOetida
90
pahnata
103
racemosa
91
" dissecla
91
Cineraria
maritima
3 527
palustris
54°
Cinna
1 202
arundinacea
202
glomerate
116
lateralis
116
latifolia
202
pendula
202
Circaea
2 610
alpina
2 611
intermedia
611
lutetiana
611
Cirsium
3 548
altissimum
549
arvense
553
canescens
551
canum
554
discolor
549
Flodmani
551
iowense
549
heterophyllus
548
Hillii
552
horridulum
553
lanceolatum
549
muticum
3 553
nebraskense
3 552
ochrocentrum
55i
odoratum
552
Pitcheri
550
palustre
3 5 54
plattense
551
undulatum
550
virginianum
55°
Cissus
2 510
Ampelopsis
5<>9
incisa
5io
stans
510
vitaginea
510
Cistaceae
2 539
Cistus
canadensis
540
Ledon
676
Citrullus
3 291
Citrullus
291
Cladium
1 347
mariscoides
348
effusum
348
jamaicense
348
Cladothrix
2 7
lanuginosa
7
Cladrastis
2 343
fragrans
343
lutea
343
tinctoria
343
Claytonia
2 37
caroliniana
38
Chamissoi
38
lanceolata
38
perfoliata
39
virginica
37
Clematideae
2 84
Clematis 2
121-2
Addisonii
123
Catesbyana
122
crispa
123
cylindrica
123
Douglassii
126
Fremontii
125
glaucophylla
124
Vol. III. GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
571
Clematis
1
Cogswellia
hirsutissima
2 102
daucifolia
2 632
ligusticifolia
122
foeniculacea
632
missouriensis
122
nudicaulis
631
ochroleuca
125
orientalis
631
ovata
125
villosa
632
Pitcheri
123
Coix
Scottii
126
dactyloides
I 111
sericea
125
Coloes'anthus
3 3°3
Simsii
123
( Brickellia >
versicolor
124
Cavanillesii
363
verticillaris
126
grandiflorus
363
virginiana
122
umbellatus
363
1'iorna
122, 4
Collinsia
3 188
viornoides
123
bicolor
188
vitalba
121
parviflora
189
Cleome
2 I96
tenella
189
dodccandra
199
verna
188
gynandra
196
violacea
188
integrifolia
. 197
Collinsonia
3 i53
lutea
197
canadensis
153
pinnata
2 169
Collomia
3 63
pungens
197
linearis
64
serrulata
197
micrantha
59
spinosa
197
see Gilia
59-64
Cleomella
2 198
Co/podium
angustifolia
198
latifolium
I 201
mexicana
198
Colutea
Clethraceae
2 666
arborescens
2 376
Clethra
2 667
Comandra
I 639
acuminata
667
livida
639
alnifolia
667
pallida
639
Clinopodium
3 138
Richardsiana
640
(inc. Calamin
ha)
umbellata
639-40
Acinos
3 "39
Comaropsis
Calamintha
139
fragarioides
2 269
glabrum
139
Comarum
2 25S
glabellum
139
palustre
258
incanum
139
COMMELINACEAE
1 457
Nepeta
138
Commelina
457
vulgare
138
agraria
457
Clintonia
1 5i4
caroliniana
457
borealis
514
communis
457-8
ciliata
5!5
crispa
458
umbellata
515
dubia
464
umbellulata
515
erecta
459
Clitoria
2 416
hirtella
459
mariana
417
longifolia
459
Ternatea
416
nudiflora
457
virginiana
417
virginica
458
Clypeola
Willdenovii
458
alyssoides
2 151
Compositae 3 347-560
maritima
153
Comptonia
1 585
Cnicus
3 560
asplenifolia
586
see Cirsium
3 554
peregrina
586
benedictus
560
CON'IFERAE
1 55
horridullts
553
Conioselinum
2 635
'lanceolatus
549
canadense
636
pumilus
552
chinense
636
Cnidoscolus
2 462
pumilum
636
humosus
462
tataricum
635
stimulosus
462
Conium
2 653
Cobresia
1 35i
maculatum
653
Cocculus
2 131
Conobea
3 '9i
carolinus
131
aquatica
191
Cochlearia
2 163
multifida
191
aquatica
164
Conocliniuin
Artnoracia
163
coelestinum
3 362
Coronopus
167
Conopholis
3 235
danica
163
americana
235
oblongifolia
163
Conostylis
officinalis
163
americana
1 535
Coeloglossum
I 552
Conringia
2 174
bracteatum
552
orientalis
■75
viride
552
perfoliata
175
Coelopleurum
2 645
Convallariaceae i 513
actaeifolium
646
Convallaria
1 522
Gmelini
646
biflora
521
Coelorachis
I I I I
bifolia
516
cylindrica
112
committal a
521
rugosa
112
majalis
5-'2
Cogswellia
2 631
majuscula
522
Convallaria
Polygonatum I 521
racemosa 515
stellata 516
tri folia 516
Convolvulaceae 3 40
Convolvulus 3 45
aquaticus 40, 1
arvensis 47
camporum 47
carolinus 44
fraternifolius 46
humislratus 41
incanus 47
interior 46
japonicus 46
panduratus 43
Pickeringii 41
purpureas 45
repens 46
sepium 45-6
" americanus 46
" fraterniflorus 46
" repens 46
spithamaeus 47
Conyaa
asteroides 3 4°6
bifoliata 406
lini folia 3 4°5
marylandica 3 447~8
Cooperia 1 532
Drummondii 533
Coprosmanthus
herbaceus 1 527
tamnifolius 527
Coptis 2 88
trifolia 88
Corallorhiza 1 574
Corallorhiza 574
innata 574
Macrae! 576
maculata 575
multiflora 575
Neottia 574
ochroleuca 576
odonthorhiza 565
striata 576
trifida 574
Wisteriana 575
Corema 2 479
Conradii 479
Coreopsis 3 489
alternifolia 487
aristata 499
aristosa 499
Atkinsoniana 3 493
aurea 498
auriculata 49 1
Bidens 495
bidentoides 496
cardaminefolia 493
coronata 3 498
crassifolia 490
delphinifolia 493
discoidea 497
grandiflora 491
lanceolata 489, 90
" angustifolia 490
" villosa 490
involucrata 499
major 3 492
" Oemleri 492
palmata 492
pubescens 490
rosea 494
senifolia 492
stellata 492
tinctoria 493
tripteris 49i
verticillata 492
trichosperma 498
" tenniloba 498
Coreopsis
trifida
see Bidens
3 500
3 494-50O
Coriandrum 2 646-7
sativum
Corispermum
hyssopifolium
microcarpum
nitidum
CORNACEAE
Cornelia
canadensis
florida
suecica
Cornucopiae
altissima
hiemalis
pcrennans
Cornus
alba
alternifolia
Amomum
asperifolia
Baileyi
canadensis
candidissima
circinata
Drummondii
fastigiata
femina
florida
Mas
obliqua
paniculata
Purpusi
Priceae
rugosa
sericea
stolonifera
stricta
suecica
unalaskensis
Coronilla
\ alentina
varia
Coronopus
Coronopus
didymus
CORRIGIOLACEAE
Corydalis
canadensis
glauca
647
2 660
2 664
664
664
665
1 206
207
206
2 660
662
663
661
662
662
664
663
661
662
663
663
664
660
661
663
661
661
661
661
662
663
665
664
2 39i
39i
392
2 166
2 167
167
2 26
143-6
142
144
see Capnoides
2 143-6
Corylus
americana
avellana
rostrata
Coryphantha
missouriensis
similis
vivipara
Cotinus
(Rhus in part)
americanus
cotinoides
Cotinus
Cotoneaster
Pyracantha
Cracca
(Tephrosia)
hispidula
spicata
villosa
virginiana
" holosericea
Crantzia
lineata
Crassina
(Zinnia)
grandiflora
607
607
607
607
570
5/0
57i
57i
484
48S
485
484
321
322
372
373
373
372
372
372
648
I 466
466
572
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vol. III.
Chassulaceae 2 205
Crataegus 2 294
acer. I 2 3 t<)
albicans 31S
alnorum 31 1
amara 309
anomala 316
apiifolia
apposita 309
arborescens 307
Arnoldiana 318
asc'cndcns 310
aspera 3 1 2
asperifolia 303
beata 2 314
Beckwithae 313
bedjordensis 314
berberidifolia 297
Bickm-llii 303
Biltmoreana 307
Bissellii 309
Blanchardi 304
blandita 310
Boyntoni 309
bracteata 3 1 2
Brainerdi 303
brevispina 321
Brownii 300
Buckleyi 309
Calpodendron 2 302
canadensis 318
Canbyi 299
campestris 303
Chapmani 302
chrysocarpa 306
coccinea 307, 317
" mollis 319
" oligandra 314
coccinioides 317
collina 301
coloradensis 301
compta 314
cordata 321
crudelis 310
Crus-galli 297, 302
cuneiformis 299
deltoides 2 313
denaria 298
Dewingii 301
dilalata 317
disjuncta 314
dispertna 299
dispessa 316
Doddsii 306
Douglasii 321
duracina 313
Bdsoni 2 311
o/i'/o 318
polybracteala 309
populifolia 308,315
populnea 312
porrecta 299
Porteri 3 z 5
premorsa 307
Pringlei 31 7
pruinosa 315
punctata 300
" brevispina 321
Pyracantlia 2 322
pyriformis 316
Reverchoni 298
roanensis 310
Robbinsiana 313
rotundata 306
rotundifolia 306
" Bicknellii 305
rubri folia 298
rubrisepala 298
rugosa 3 1 3
rustica 2 313
Saundersiana 301
scabrida
303
schizophylla 298
Schuettii 303
seqnax 313
slieridana 306
sih'icola 313
Smithii 320
sordida 301
speciosa 3 1 7
spathulata 320
Crataegus
spicata
nifera
Stonei
si raminea
submollis
suborbiculata
succulents
2 292
312
308
3<>9
319
30I
301
Talnalliana 2 318
tenuifolia 315
ti/iaefolia 319
lomentosa 302, 319
"punctata 300
uniflora 320
Vailiae 303
villipes 315
viridis 307
" nitida 307
Crepidium
glancum 3 326
Crepis 3 325
biennis 327
capillaris 327
glauca 326
intermedia 327
nttdicaulis 310
occidentalis 328
perplcxans 3 326
polymorpha 327
pulchra 325
riparia 3 326
runcinata 326
tectorum 325, 326
vircns 327
Cristaria
coccinea 2 519
Cristatella 2 198
erosa 198
Jamesii 198
Crocanthemum 2 539
canadense 540
carolinianum 539
corymbosum 541
majus 540
Crotalaria 2 346
"Ma 346
latifolia 346
OWjfo 347
Purshu 347
rotundifolia 347
sagittalis 347
" oralis 347
Croton 2 4j4
capitatus 454
glandulosus 454
I-indheimerianus 455
monanthogynus 2455
texensis 455
Tiglium 2 454
Crotonopsis 2 456
linearis 456
Cruciferae 2 146
Crunocallis 2 38
Chamissonis 38
Crypsis
schoenoides 1 190
sqtiarrosa 231
Cryptantha 3 79
(.Krjimtefcia in part)
crassisepala 80
Fendleri 80
glomerata 79
Cryptogramma 1 32
acrostichoides 32
Stelleri 32
Cryptotaenia
_ canadensis 2 630
Ctenium 1 224
americannm 225
Cubelium 2 563
( .So/ca )
concolor 564
Cucubalus
Behen
latifolius
niveus
stellatus
Cucumis
perennis
CUCI KBITACEAE
Cucurbita
foetidissima
Lagenaria
/V/\.
perennis
Cunila
glabella
Mariana
origanoides
pulegioides
Cnphea
petiolala
riscosissinia
Cupressus
disticha
imbricaria
thyoides
ClISCUTACEAE
Cuscuta
arvensis
Cephalanthi
chlorocarpa
compacta
Coryli
cuspidata
decora
densiflora
Epilinum
Epithymum
europaea
glomerata
Gronovii
indecora
inflexa
obtusiflora
paradoxa
Polygonorum
pulcherrima
rostrata
t en ut flora
Trifolii
vulgivaga
Cuthbertia
graminea
rosea
Cyclachaena
xanthiifolia
Cyclanthera
dissecta
pedata
Cycloloma
atriplicifolium
platyphyjlum
Cymbalafia
Cymbalaria
Cymbia
occidentalis
Cymbidium I
hycmale
odontorhizon
pulchellum
Cymophyllus
Fraseri
Cymopterus
acaulis
glomeratus
montantts
Cynanchum
{Vincetoxicum)
acutum
carolinense
hirtum
nigrum
obliquum
2 64
64
63
62
3 291
290
J 291
291
29 1
291
291
1 US
139
146
146
136
2 582
582
1 64
64
65
3 48
48
49
50
49
52
5°
51
50
48
48
49
48-9
52
5i
S°
50
49
52
49
50
51
5°
49
51
I 459
459
459
3 34i
3 292
293
3 292
2 16
16
16
3 i75
'75
3 308
308
574-5
574
575
563
1 441
441
2 644
644
644
645
3 36
36
38
38
36
38
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
573
Cynanchum
tuberosum 3 37
Vincetoxicum 36
Cynareae 3 35°
Cynoctonum 2 730
(Mitreola)
Mitreola 731
petiolatitm 731
sessilifolium 730
Cynodon
Dactylon I 222
Cynoglossum 3 7s
boreale 77
glomeratum 81
Morisoni 78
officinale 75-6
pilosum 78
virginianum 76
Cynomarathrum 2 632
Nuttallii 633
Cynosciadium 2 646
pinnatum 646
Cynosurus 1 251
aegyptius 229
coracanus 228
cristatus 251-2
indicus 229
virgatus 229
Cynoxylon 2 664
floridum 664
Cynthia 3 307
(Adopogon)
Dandelion 308
falcata 3 307
virginica 3°7
CVPERACEAE I 295
Cyperus i 297
acuminatus 302
aristatus 300
arundinaceus 340
Baldwinii 1 310
Bushii 302
cayennensis 309
calcaratus 302
compressus 300
cylindricus 308
dentatus 303
" ctenostachys 303
diandrus 298
" castaneus 298
" elongatus 298
dipsaciformis 307
echinatus 310
Engelmanni 306
erythrorrhizos 305
esculentus 297, 304
" angustispicatus 304
ferax 306
filicinus 299
tiliculmis 309
" macilentus 309
flams 309
flavescens 298
ftavicomus 300
fuscus 303
Gatesii 299
globulosus 310
Grayi 309
Halei 305
Hallii I 304
Haspan 303
Houghtoni 301
Hydra 304
hystricinus 308
inflexus 300
Iria 301
lancastriensis 307
macilentus 309
Michauxianus 305
microdontia 299
Nuttallii 299
ovularis 308
Cyperus
paniculatus 1 299
phymatodes 304
pseudovegetus 302
refractus 307
retrofractus 307
rivularis 298
rotundus 304
sabulosus 300
Schweinitzii 301
spatliaceus 340
speciosus 305
strigosus 306
" capitatus 306
" compositus 306
" robustior 306
Torreyi 308
Cypeipedieae 1 547
Cypripedium 1 548
acaule 55°
album 549
arietinum 548
bulbosum 573
Calceolus 548
candidum 549
birsutmn 549
parviflorum 550
passerinum 549
pubescens 550
reginae 549
spectabile 549
Cyrillaceae 2 485
Cyrilla 4«5
racemiflora 4^5
Cyrtorhyncha 2 11-
( Ranunculus in parti
ranunculina 1 1 7
Cystopteris I 14
bulbifera 15
fragilis 15
montana 15
Cytherea 1 572
bulbosa 573
Cytisus 2 350
rhombifolius 344
scoparius 350
Dactylis 1 251
glomerata 251
maritima 224
patens 223
striata 224
see Spartina 1 223-4
Dactyloctenium 1 229
aegyptium 229
aegyptiacum 229
Dalea 2 366
alopecuroides 267
enneandra 267
lanata 267
lanuginosa 367
laxiflora 367
obo'catifolia 366
parviflora 2 384
see Parosela 2 366-8
Petalostemon
2 368-71
Dalibarda 2 282
fragarioides 269
repens 282
violaeoides 282
Danthonia 1 220
Alleni 221
compressa 221
epilis 221
glabra 221
intermedia 222
sericea 221
spicata 220
Daphne 2 574
Gniduvm 574
Mezereum 574
Darbya 1 641
untbellulata 641
Darlingtonia 2 331
Dasiphora 2 262
fruticosa 262
riparia 262
Dasystephana 3 10
(Gentiana in part)
affinis 3 ii
Andrewsii 12
flavida 12
Grayi 13
latifolia 11
linearis 12
parvifolia 1 1
Porphyrio 14
puberula 1 1
rigida 1 1
saponaria 12
villosa 13
Dasystoma 3 205
(Gerardia in part)
attrca 206
calycosa 3 208
Druinmondii 207
flava 206
grandiflora 207
laevigata 207
pectinata 206
pedicularia 206
pubescens 206
quercifolia 208
" integrifolia 207
serrata 207
virginica 208
Datisca
hirta 2 481
Datura 3 l69
Metel 170
Stramonium 169
Tatula 169
Daucus 2 625
Carota 625
divaricatus 651
pusillus 625
Decamerium 2 695
Decodon 2 579
( Kesaea )
aquaticus 580
verticillatus 5S0
Decumaria 2 232
barbara 233
Delphinium 2 93
Ajacis 93-4
albescens 95
azureum 95
carolinianum 95
Consolida 93
exaltatum 94
Nelsoni 95
Nortonianum 95
Penardi 95
Treleasei 94
tricorne 96
urceolatum 94
virescens 95
Dendrium 2 682
(Leiophyllum I
buxifolium 682
Dendropogon 1 456
usneoides 456
Dennstaedtia 2 14
punctilobula 14
Dentaria 2 187
anomala 188
diphylla 188
furcata 187
heterophylla 188
incisifolia 188
laciniata 187-8
maxima 188
pentaphyllos 187
Dcntidia
nankinensis 3 154
Deringa 2 630
(Cryptotaenia )
canadensis 630
Deschampsia 1 215
atropurpurea
216
caespitosa
215
flexuosa
216
Descurainia
2 171
Hartwegiana
I/I
incisa
17 r
pinnata
171
Sophia
170
Desmanthus
2 331
brachylobus
332
leptolobus
33^
Desmodium
see Meibomia
394-402
acuminatum
2 396
canadense hirsut. 398
" longifolium
399
c Hi are
402
cuspidatum
399
humifusum
397
lineatum
396
Deyeuxia
see Calamagrostis
1 207
Macouniana
210
Dianthera
3 242
americana
242-3
lunnilis
243
lanceolata
243
ovata
243
Dianthus
2 73
Armeria
74
barbatus
75
caryophyllus
73
deltoides
74
prolifera
74
Saxifraga
7-
Diapedium
3 243
(Dicliptcra)
244
brachiatum
244
Diapensiaceae
2 705
Diapensia 2 70^-6
barbulata
706
lapponica
706
Diaperia
prolifera
3 44C'
Diarina
1 247
Diarrhena
americana
1 247
Dicentra
see Bicuculla
2 1 4 i-3
Dichondra
3 339
carolinensis
40
evolvulacea
40
repens
39,4°
Dichondra ceae
3 39
Dichromena
1 340
colorata
34i
latifolia
34'
leucocephala
340
Dicksonia
1 14
Dichrophyllum
2 468
marginatum
469
Dicksonia
pilosiuscula
I 14
punctilobula
M
Dicliptera
3 -'44
brachiata
244
Diclytra
see Bicuculla
2 14 i-3
DlCOTYLEDOXES
1 577
Didiplis
2 579
diandra
579
linearis
5 7''
Diclytra
i in ullaria
2 142
574
Gl m RAL tN] 'i \ OF LATIN GF.XKKA AM) SI 'la I l-'.S.
Vol. III.
Diervilla
3 283
Ditaxis
Dracopis
Echinocactus
i '■ ilia
mercurialina
2 456
amplexicaulis
3 473
s impsoni
2 57°
Lonicera
3 283
Dodecatheon
2 717
Droseraceae
2 202
Echinocereus
2 568
trifida
283
brachyc < ra
717
Drosera
2 203
caespitosus
569
eria
Hugeri
7"7
amei
203
viridifiorus
568-9
flora
3 435
Meadia
717
anglica
204
Echinochloa
I 133
Digitalis
3 -•"»
" Frenchii
-17
brevifolia
204
colona
134
purpurea
204
Doellingeria
3 443
filiformis
204
Crus-galli
133
Digitaria
I l-M
(Diplopappus)
intermedia
203-4
Walteri
'34
filiform is
122
amygdalina
443
linearis
204
Echinocystis
3 292
humifusa
123
humilis
443
longifolia
203-4
lobata
292
paspaloides
133
infirma
444
rotundifolia
203-4
Echinodorus
1 95
sanguinalis
123
ptarmicoides
432
" comosa
203
cordifolius
96
Dioclea
umbellata
443
tenuifolia
204
*' lanceolatus
96
multiflora
2 420
pnbcns
443
Drupaceae
2 320
parvulus
95
Diodia
3 256
Dolicholus
2 421
Dryas
2 273
radicans
96
256
erectus
422
chamacdrifolia
273
rostratus
96
virginiana
257
latifolius
421
Drummondii
274
tenellus
95
Diodonta
minimus
421
integrifolia
274
Echinopanax
2 619
bidentoides
3 496
simplicifolius
422
octopetala
273
horridum
619
DlOSCOREACEAE
I 535
tomentosus
421
tenella
274
Echinops
Dioscorea
I 535
Dolichos
2 417
Drymocallis
2 262
sphaerocephalus
paniculata
535
Catjang
425
agrimonioides
263
3 56o
sativa
535
Lablab
417
rubricaulis
263
Echinospermum
3 77
villosa
535
luteolus
424
Dryopteris
I 17
deflexum am.
3 79
Diospyros
2 720
polystachyus
423
acrostichoides
16
Lappula
77
Lotus
720
regularis
420
aculeata
17
Redozcslcii
78
virginiana
720
sinensis
4-5
Boottii
22
see Lappula
77-8
Diotis
Dondia
2 23
B rau 11 ii
17
Echites
lanata
2 20
(Suaeda)
Clintoniana
20
difformis
3 23
Diphylleia
2 128
americana
23
cristata
19
Echium
3 93
cymosa
129
calciformis
2 .24
dilatata
21
italicum
93
Diplachne
I 236
depressa
24
Dryopteris
23
vulgare
94
acuminata
237
linearis
^3
Filix-mas
21
Eclipta
fascicularis
236
maritima
24
fragrans
19
alba
468
maritima
237
Donia
• Goldiana
20
erecta
468
procumbens
237
ciliata
3 377
hexagonoptera
23
procumbens
468
rigida
231
squarrosa
37i
intermedia
I 21
Elaeagnaceae
2 575
Diplogon
3 372
Doronicum
Linneana
23
Elaeagnus
2 575
Diplopappns
3 443
acaule
3 533
Lonchitis
16
angustifolia
575
see Doellingeria 443
ramosum
440
marginalis
20
argentea
5/6
canescens
437
Do.xantha
noveboracensis
18
canadensis
576
cornifolius
444
capreolata
3 337
Phegopteris
23
Elatinaceae
2 537
hispidus
375
Draba
2 148
pittsfordensis
22
Elatine
3 538
linariifolius
444
alpina
152
Robertiana
24
americana
538
umbellatus
443
androsacea
149
simulata
19
brachysperma
538
Diplotaxis
2 194
arabisans
150
spinulosa
21
Hydropiper
538
mural is
194
" orthocarpa
150
Thelypteris
18
triandra
538
tenuifolia
194
aurea
152
Duchesnea
2 259
Elatinoides
3 175
DlPSACEAE
3 288
brachycarpa
151
(Fragaria in part)
(Linaria in part)
Dipsacus
3 288
caroliniana
149
indica
259
see Kickxia
175
fullonum
289
confttsa
150-1
Dulichium
I 34°
Elatine
176
" satiz'us
289
corymbosa
149
arundinaceum
340
spuria
175
laciniatus
289
crassifolia
152
spathaceum
340
Eleocharis
1 310
sylvestris
289
cuneifolia
149
Dupatya
I 455
acicularis
315
Dipteracanthus
fladnizensis
149
( Paepalanthus)
acuminata
318
biflorus
240
hirta
150
fiavidula
455
albida
317
ciliosus var.
parvi-
hispidula
149
Dupontia
I 261
atropurpurea
3'2
ftorus
242
incana
1 50- 1
Cooleyi
262
capitata
313
micranthus
241
megasperma
151
Fisheri
261
compressa
3i8
Dirca
2 574
micrantha
149
Dyschoriste
3 240
diandra
313
occidentalis
574
nemorosa
152
depressa
240
dispar
313
palustris
575
nivalis
150
oblongifolia
240
Engelmanni
314
Discanthera
pycnosperma
151
Dysodia
3 512
equisetoides
311
dissecta
3 293
ramosissima
151
chrysanthemoides 5 1 3
flaccida
312
Discoplenra
2 656
stylaris
I51
papposa
5i3
glaucescens
3i4
capillacea
657
verna
148
intermedia
318
Nuttallii
657
Dracaena
Eatonia
" Habereri
318
Disporum
1 517
borealis
1 5i4
see Sphenopholis
interstineta
311
{Prosartes)
umbellulata
515
1 243
macrostachya
3'4
lanuginosum
517
Dracocephalum
3 "6
Dudleyi
244
Macounii
318
pullum
517
cordatum
113
glabra
244
melanocarpa
317
trachycarpum
518
denticulatum
117
Pennsylvania!
244
microcarpa
316
Distegia
intermedium
117
pubescens
244
monticola
314
involucrata
3 282
Moldavica
1 14-5
robusta
244
mutata
311
Distichlis
1 249
Nuttallii
1 17
Ebexaceae
2 720
nitida
318
maritima
249-50
parviflorum
"4. 7
Echinacea
3 475
obtusa
313
spicata
250
spcciosum
116
angustifolia
476
" jejuna
313
stricta
250
virginianum
116
pallida
476
ochreata
312
Ditaxis
2 456
Dracontium
paradoxa
476
olivacea
3'2
fasciculata
456
foetidum
1 44 5
purpurea
475
ovata
313
humilis
457
Dracopis
3 473
Echinocactus
2 569
" Engelmanni
314
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
575
Eleocharis
palustris
" vigens
paucifiorus
pygmaea
quadrangulata
Robbinsii
rostellata
simplex
Smallii
tenuis
Torreyana
tortilis
tricostata
tuberculosa
Wolfi
Eleogenus
ochreatus
Elephantella
groenlandica
Elephantopus
carolinianus
nudatus
scaber
tomentosus
Eleusine
aegyptia
indica
mucronata
Ellisia
microcalyx
Nyctelea
Elodea
see Philotria
canadensis
I at if oli a
Elodes
campanulata
petiolata
virginica
Elsholtzia
cristata
Patrinii
Elymus
arenarius
australis
arkansanus
brachystachys
canadensis
" glabriflorus
" intermedins
condensatus
curvatus
diversiglumis
el y mo ides
glabriflorus
glaucifolius
glaucus
halophilus
hirsutiglumis
Hystris
jejunus
Macounii
robustits
sibiricus
" americanus
Sitanion
striatus
" Ballii
" villosus
virginicus
" jejunus
" submuticus
vulpinus
Elyna
Bellardi
spicata
Empetraceae
Empetrum
Conradii
nigrum
Endorima
i 314
3M
327
327
311
3"
319
316
315
318
316
316
317
316
315
3iz
3 222
222-3
3 353
354
354
353
354
I 228
229
229
230
3 67
67
1 104
104
105
105
2 537
537
537
537
3 154
154
154
1 2S8
288, 90
292
294
293
293
292
292
290
290
294
288
292
293
289
291
292
294
291
289
293
289
289
288
293
293
293
291
291
290
289
1 351
35i
351
2 478
2 479
479
479
3 5°2
Endorima
uniflora
Enemion
biternatum
Engelmannia
pinnatifida
Enslenia
albida
Entrema
arenicola 2
Epibaterium :
carolinum
pendulum
Epidendreae i
Epifagus '■
americana
Epigaea 2
repens
Epilobium s
adenocaulon
alpinum
" ma jus
anagallidifolium
angustifolium 5!
coloratum
densum
glandulosum
hirsutum
Hornemanni
lactiflorum
latifolium
lineare
molle
oliganthum
palustre
" lineare
paniculatum
spicatum
strictum
Epipactis 1
convallarioides
decipiens
latifolia
pubescens
repens ophioides
tesselata
viridiflora
Epiphegus 3
virgmiana
Equisetaceae
Equisetum
arvense
fluviatile
hyemale
laevigatum
limosum
littorale
palustre
pratense
robustum
scirpoides
sylvaticum
variegatum
Eragrostis
campestris
capillaris
capitata
caroliniana
curtipedicellata
Eragrostis
eryihrogona
Frankii
hirsuta
hypnoides
major
minor
oxylepis
pectinacea
" spectabilis
pilosa
poaeoides
" megastachya
3 502
2 89
89
3 464
464
3 36
179
131
131
131
548
236
236
692
692
590
593
59i
594
591
-90
593
592
593
590, 1
594
59i
59°
592
592
592
592
592
593
590
592
1 563
567
570
563
570
569
569
563
236
236
38
39
39
.39
41
42
4i
40
40
39
4i
42
40
42
238
241
239
243
240
242
240
239
239
239
243
241
240
242
241
241
240
240
241
41
Eragrostis
Purshii
refracta
reptans
seeundiflora
scssilispica
Weigeltiana
tenuis
tricliodes
Eranthis
hyemalis
Erechtites
hieracifolia
prealta
Erianthus
alopecnroides
brevibarbis
compactus
contortus
divaricatus
japonicus
saccharoides
Ericaceae
Erica
cinerea
Tetralix
vulgaris
Erigenia
bulbosa
Erigeron
acris
debilis
1 240
241
243
242
231
243
239,42
242
2 87-8
8S
3 535
536
536
1 "3
"3
114
114
114
113
113
114
2 675
2 694
694
694
694
2 653
653
3 435
436,4i
44
1 Droebachianus 441
440
436
440
439
437
448
442
438
400
442
3 439
441
3 438
436
437
438
441
439
373
439
3 437
440
440
440
437
3 44i
436
441
378
annuus
asper
Bellidiastrum
bellidif otitis
caespitosus
camphoratum
canadensis
canus
carolinianum
divaricatus
divergens
Droebachianus
flagellaris
glabellas
" mollis
hyssopifolius
nudicaulis
philadelphicus
pilosum
pulchellus
pumilus
ramosus
" Beyrichii
strigosus
subtrinervis
tenuis
uniflorus
vermis
Eriocarpurn
(Aplopappus in part)
grindelioides
rubiginosum
spinulosuiii
Eriocaulaceae
Eriocaulon
anceps
articulatum
compressum
decangulare
flavidulum
gnaphalodes
Parkeri
septangulare
umbellatum
Eriochloa
polystachya
punctata
Eriocoraa
378
378
379
I 453
I 453
455-6
454
454
455
455
454
454
454
455
I 124
124
124
I 173
Eriocoma
cuspidata I 174
Eriogonum 1 647
alatum 648
Alleni 649
annuum 651
brevicaule 651
campanulatum 651
cernuum 652
corymbosum 651
effusum 652
flavum 649
gnaphaloides 650
Gordoni 652
Jamesii 649
lachnogynum 650
Lindheimerianum
1 651
648
651
652
650
650
650
649
648
648
1 234
235
1 322
323
325
324
323
323
323
337
324
3^3
324
325
325
325
323
323
325
324
322-4
longifolium
micranthum
microthecum
multiceps
parviflorum
pauciflorum
sericeum
texanum
tomentosum
Erioneuron
pilosum
Eriophorum
alpinum
angustifolium
callithrix
capitatum
Chamissonis
" albidum
cyperinum
gracile
hudsonianum
opacum
paucinervium
polystachyon
" latifolium
russeolum
Scheuchzeri
tenellum
triquetrum
vaginatum
virginicum 326
" album 326
viridicarinatum 325
Eritrichium
calif omicum
" subglocliidiatum
3 79
crassisepalum 80
glomeratum 81
" hum tie 81
fulvocanescens 82
Jamesii 81
Erodium 2 430
cicutarium 430
crassifolium 430
moschatum 430
Erophila
vulgaris 2 148
Eruca 2 192
Eruca 192
sativa 192
Ervum 2 412
hirsutum 411
Lens 412
inultiflorum 386
tetraspermum 4 1 1
Eryngium 2 621
aquaticum 622
integrifoliuni 623
Leavenworthii 622
maritimum 621
prostratum 623
virginianum 622
57t> (
RAL INDEX 1 IF l. \ I IX GENERA
AND SPECIES. V
IL.III.
Eryngium
Eupatorium
Euthamia
Ficaria
2 117
yut caefolium
2 622
p. falcatum 3 357
leptocephala
3 399
Ficaria
' '7
Erysimum
2 173
resinosum 361
minor
500
ranunculoides
1 17
Alliaria
1-0
rotundifolium 360
Moseleyi
400
verna
■ '7
arkansanutn
173
" ovatum 360
Nuttallii
398
Ficus Carica
I 632
asperum
1/.?
Rydbergi 356
remota
400
Filago
3 446
Barbarea
'77
scandens 363
tenuifolia
400
germanica
446-7
cheiranthoidei
17-'
semiserratum 359
Eutoca
3 69
prolifera
3 446
446
inconspicHum
172
serotinum 357
Franklinii
69
pygmaea
lanceolatum
1/3
sessilifolium 359
Euxolus
2 4-5
FlLICES
1 1
officinale
■74
" Brittonianum 359
crispus
2 5
Filix
1 14
15
orientate
1-5
Torreyanum 358
dejlexus
4
bulbifera
parviflorum
17-'
teucriifolium 360
liz'itius
4
fragilis
15
15
perfoliatum
175
trifoliatum 357
pumilus
5
montana
pinnatum
2 171
urticaefolium 361
Evax
Filipendula
2 248
praecox
177
verbeniefolium 360
prolifera
3 446
denudata
249
repandum
173
" Saundersii 360
Evolvulus
3 4i
rubra
249
syrticolum
172
EUPHORBIACKAE 2 452
argenteus
42
1 linaria
249
virnum
177
Euphorbia 2 463
nummularius
41
Fimbristylis
1 319
Erythraea
3 i-3
see Chamaesyce
pilosus
42
acuminata
320
322
sei Centaurium i
2 462-8
autumnalis
calycosa
2
" Dichrophyllum 469
Fabaceae
2 34i
Baldwiniana
321
Centaurium
2
" Tithymalopsis 469
Fagaceae
1 614
capillaris
319
Douglasii
2
" Tithymalus 471
Fagopyrum
1 671
castanea
320
exaltata
2
albicaulis 466
esculeutum
672
congesta
321
pulchella
2
arenaria 464
Fagopyrum
672
Frankii
322
spicata
2
arundetana 476
tataricum
671-2
geminata
322
ramosissima
2
coroltata 469
Fagus
1 614
" brachyactis
322
texensis
2
cuphosperma 476
americana
615
interior
320
Erythronium i
505-6
dendroides 471
Castanea dentata 615
laxa
321
320
albidum
506
dentata 476
ferruginea
615
spadicea
americanum
506
Fendleri 465
grandifolia
615
puberula
321
angustatum
506
Geycri 463
pumila
616
Vahlii
321
bracteatum
506
glyptosperma 464
sylvatica
614
Fissipes
1 550
Dens-canis
506
heterophylla 477
Falcata
2 418
acaule
55°
mesachoreum
507
hexagona 468
(Amphicarpa
)
Flaveria
3 5°4
propullans
507
hirsuta 2 467
caroliniana
419
angustifolia
504
504
Eubotrys
2 688
humistrata 467
comosa
4i9
campestris
racemosa
689
hypericifolia 467-8
Pitcheri
419
chilensis
504
recurva
688
lata 465
Fatsia
Floerkea
2 441
Eulalia
maculate 467
horrid a
2 619
occidentalis
44'
japonica
I 113
marginata 469
Fedia
3 287-8
proserpinacoic
es 441
Eulophus
2 654
marylandica 476
see Valerianella .
Foeniculum
2 642
americanus
654
nicacensis 474
Fagopyrum
287
Foeniculum
643
Euonymus
2 490
ohiotica 475
patellaria
288
vulgare
643
americanus
491
petaloidea 464
nmbilicata
288
Forestiera
2 728
atropurpureus
491
polvgonifolia 463
Ferula
acuminata
• 728
europaeus
490,2
Preslii 468
canadensis
2 647
Forsteronia
oboyatus
491
Rafinesquii 467
foeniculacea
63-'
difformis
3 23
EUPATORIEAE
3 347
serpens 464
villosa
637
Fothergilla
2 234
Eupatorium
3 355
serpyllifolia 465
Festuca
1 268
aln ifolia
234
234
ageratoides
361
zygophylloides 464
altaica
273
Carolina
album
358
Euphrasia 3 217
brachyphylla
271
Gardeni
234
" subvenosum
358
americana 218
brevifolia
27 1
Fragaria
2 259
alternifolium
364
arctica 217
capillata
271
americana
26 r
altissimum
359
canadensis 218
confinis
273
australis
260
aromaticum
362
hirtella 217
decumbens
1 233
canadensis
259
boreale
361
lati folia 217
diandra
247
Grayana
260
Bruneri
356
Oakesii 218
elatior
272
indica
259
cannabinum
355
Odontites 219
fascicularis
236
multicipita
259
capillifolium
356
officinalis 218, 217
fluitans
266
terra-novae
260
coelestinum
362
Randii 218
gigantea
273
vesca
260
falcatum
357
" Farlowii 218
Kingii
273
virginiana
260
foeniculaceum
356
Williamsii 218
Myuros
269
" illinoensis
260
foeniculoides
356
Euploca
nutans
272
Frangula
glandulosum
358
convolvulacea 3 75
" pahtstris
272
caroliniana
2 503
grandiflorum
363
Eurotia 2 19
occidentalis
270
Franseria
3 342
hyssopi folium
358
lanata 20
octoflora
269
acanthicarpa
342
" laciniatuii!
358
Eurybia
ovina
269, 71
discolor
343
incarnatum
362
glomerata 3 410
" brevifolia
271
Hookeriana
342
lecheaefolium
358
Eustoma 3 7
" capillata
271
tomentosa
343
leucolepis
357
silenifolium 7
" duriuscula
271
Frasera
3 J4
linearifolium
358
Russellianum 8
pratensis
272
carolinensis
15
maculatum
3 356
Eustylis 1 541
rubra
270
Fraxinus
2 724
" amoenum
356
Euthamia 3 398
scabrella
273
americana
725
perfoliatum
361
{Solid ago in part)
sciurea
270
biltmoreana
725
" cuneatum
361
eamporum 398
Shortii
campestris
726
" truncalum
361
caroliniana 400
spicata
272
caroliniana
727
pilosum
360
fioribunda 399
tenella
269
Darlingtonii
7-5
pubescens
360
graminifolia 398
unioloides
280
excelsior
7-4
purpureum
356-7
gymnospermoides
Watsoni
273
lanceolate
726
" angustifolium 357
3 399
Festuceae 1
102-13
Michauxii
726
Vol. 111.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
577
Fraxinus
Galium
Gentiana
Geranium
nigra
a 727
kamtschaticum
3 261
clausa
3 !-
tenuifolia
3 211
Pennsylvania
726
labradoricum
264
crinita
9
" asperula
212
profunda
726
lanceolatum
260
decora
n
" macrophylla
21 1
platycarpa
727
latifolium
262
detonsa
9
tuberosa
208
pubescens
726
Litlellii
261
Elliottii
1 1
" viridis
212
quadrangulata
7^7
Mollugo
257,63
flavida
12
see Dasystoma 206-7
satnbucifolia
727
palustre
265
Grayi
13
Agalinis
208-14
1'iridis
726
parisiense
258
linearis
13
Geum
2 269
Fritillaria
1 505
parvi flora m
265
" lanceolata
13
agrimonioides
263
alba
508
pilosum
260
" latifolia
13
album
270
atropurpurea
505
" puncticulosum 260
lutea
8
" flavu in
270
pyrenaica
505
septentrionale
261
nesophila
9
canadense
270-1
Froelichia
2 7
spurium
259
ochroleuca
13
carolinianum
2-0
campcstris
2 7
sylvaticum
263
Porphyrio
14
ciliatum
273
floridana
2 7
tinctorium
263-4
procera
9
flavum
270
gracilis
2 8
" fili folium
263
propinqua
10
macrophyllum
271-2
Fuirena
I 337
"labradoricum 264
pubcrula
1 1
Peckii
272
hispida
338
Torreyi
260
pulchella
3 2
pulchrum
272
simplex
338
tricorne
259
purpurea
14
radiatum
272
squarrosa
338
trifidum
264
quinquefolia
10
" Peckii
272
" aristulata
338
" bi folium
265
" occidentalis
10
rivale
262
" pumila
338
" latifolium
263
quinqiieflora
10
strictum
271
umbellata
337
" pusillum
264
ramosissima
2
triflorum
273
FUMARIACEAE
2 141
triflorum
262
rigida
1 1
urbanum
269, 70
Fumaria
2 146
Vaillantii
259
rubricaulis
13
vernum
271
Cucullaria
142
verum
258
Saponaria
12
virginianum
270
eximia
143
>irgatum
260
" linearis
13
Gifola
3 446
fungosa
143
Wirtgeni
258
scaberrima
1 1
germanica
447
officinalis
146
Galpinsia
2 606
serrata
9
Gilia
3 59
parviflora
146
(Oenothera in
part)
spicata
3 2
acerosa
62
scmperz'irens
M3-4
Hartwegi
606-7
ventricosa
8
aggregata
60
interior
607
villosa
13
caespitosa
62
Gaertneria
3 342
lavendulaefolia 2 607
Geoprumnon
2 376
congesta
61
(Franseria)
Gamopetalae
2 666
crassicarpum
377
coronopifolia
60
acanthicarpa
342
Gaultheria
2 692
mexicanum
377
iberidifolia
61
discolor
343
procumbens
693
plattense
377
inconspicua
60
Gray:
343
Gaura
2 60S
tennesseense
378
laciniata
59
tenuifolia
342
biennis
608-9
Geraniaceae
2 425
linearis
64
tomentosa
343
coccinea
609
Geranium
2 426
longiflora
60
Gaillardia
3 5"
filipes
609
Bicknellii
428
minima
64
acaulis
5°9
glabra
609
carolinianum
428
pinnatifida
60
aristata
512
linifolia
6lO
cicutarntm
43°
pumila
61
lanceolata
512
ruarginata
609
columbinum
427
pungens
lutea
512
Michauxii
609
dissectum
429
" caespitosa
62
pulchella
511, 2
parviflora
608
maculatum
427
rigidula acerosa 62
simplex
5i3
Pitcheri
609
molle
429
rubra
60
suavis
513
sinuata
609
pratense
2 426
spicata
61
Galactia
2 419
villosa
6lO
pusillum
429
tricolor
61
glabella
420
Gaurella
2 604
pyrenaicium
427
Gillenia
mollis
420
canescens
605
Robertianum
426
stipulacea
2 248
pilosa
420
guttulata
605
rotundifolium
428
trifoliata
248
regularis
420
Gaylussacia
2 695
sibiricum
427
Ginkgo
volubilis
420
baccata
696
sylvaticum
426
biloba
I 67
Galax
2 706
brachycera
696
Gerardia
3 208
Ginseng
aphylla
707
buxifolia
695
aspcra
209
quinquefolium
2 618
Galega
dumosa
696
auriculata
3 213
trifolium
619
see Cracca 2
372-3
" hirtella
696
Besseyana
21 1
Gisopteris
Galeopsis
3 119
frondosa
695
crustata
209
palmata
I 9
Ladanum
119
resinosa
696
decemloba
212
Glabraria
2 134
Tetrahit
119
ursina
695
densiflora
214
geniculata
135
Galeorchis
I 551
Gelsemium
2 729
fasiculata
210
tersa
■35
spectabilis
551
nitidum
730
flava
206
Glandularia
Galinsoga
3 501
sempervirens
730
Gattingeri
213
bipinnatifida
3 97
caracasana
502
Gemmingia
I 541
grandiflora
207
carolinensis
97
parviflora
502
(Belatncanda)
541
" integriuscula
207
Glaucium
2 141
" hispida
502
(Pardanthus)
541
" serrata
207
flavum
141
Galium
3 257
chinensis
542
heterophylla
209
Glaucium
141
anglicum
258
Genista
2 349
intermedia
210
luteum
MI
Aparine
259
tinctoria
350
laevigata
207
Glaux
2 715
arkansanum
262
Gentianaceae
3 1
linifolia
209
maritima
716
asprcllum
265
Gentiana
3 8
Holmiana
212
Glecoma
3 1 13
bermudense
266
acuta
3 9
macrophylla
205, 1 1
hederacea
114
boreale
261
affin is
1 1
maritima
21 1
Gleditsia
2 338
circaezans
260-1
alba
12
parvifolia
212
aquatica
339
" glabellum
261
Amarella acuta
3 9
paupercula
210
monosperma
339
" lanceolatum
260
Andrewsii
12
pedicularia
3 206
triacanthos
338
" montanum
261
angustifolia
M
purpurea
208, 10
Glycerin
I 262
Claytoni
3 264
asclepiadea
10
racemulosa
210
seePanicularia
263-6
concinnum
265
calycina
3 5
quercifolia
208
Puccinellia
267
erectum
263
Catesbaei
12
setacea
212
Glycine
2 417
hispidulum
266
Centaurium
1, 2
Skinneriana
212
Apios
418
37
578
.,1 MERAL INDIA OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vm 111.
Glycine
leata
frutescetu
Calactia
monoica
Priceana
tomentosa
ellata
Glycyrrhiza
echinata
lepid
Gnaphalium
alpinum
carpathicum
cl. rum ns
dimorphum
germanicum
Helleri
luteo-album
2 419
419
374
419
419
41S
421
4-4
2 39]
391
391
3 453
449
440
454
453
447
454
453
margaritaceum 453
norvegicum 456
obtusifoliuxn 454
palustre 455
plantaginifolium 451
polycephalum 454
purpureum 456
supinum 455
sylvaticum 456
uliginosum 455
see Antennaria
3 449-53
Gomphrena
globose 2 8
interrupta 7
Gonolobus 3 36
laevis 36
macrophyllus 37
suberosus 3j
see Vincetoxicum 37
Gonopyrum
americanum 1 677
Goodyera I 569
seePeramium 569-70
Gordonia 2 527
Lasianthus 527
Gramixkaf. 1 107-295
Graphephorum 1 262
festucaceum 262
flexHOsnm 235-6
melicoideum 262
Gratiola 3 194
acuminata 193
aurea 195
dubia 196
Monniera 192
officinalis 194
pilosa 196
sphaerocarpa 194
virginiana 194
viscosa 195
Grindelia 3 371
graiuliflora 371
inuloides 371
lanceolata 371
in: da 371
squarrosa 371
" nuda 371
Grossulariaceae 2 236
Grossularia 2 239
cynosbati 239
hirtella 241
Grossularia 239
missouriensis 240
oxyacanthoides 240
reclinata 241
rotundifolia 241
setosa 240
Guilandina
dioica 2 340
Gutierrezia 3 369
Euthamiae 370
Gutierrezia
linearis 3 37°
linearifolia 370
Sarothrac- 37°
Gymnadenia 1 552
conopsi .1 553
Gymnadeniopsis 1 552
clavellata 553
integra 553
nivea 553
Gymnandra
Bullii 3 198
rubra 199
Gymnocladus 2 339
canadensis 340
dioicus 34°
Gymnopogon 1 225
ambiguus 225-6
brevifolius 226
racetnosus 226
Gymnospermae 1 55
Gymnostichum
Hystrix 1 294
Gypsophila 2 71-2
muralis 71
paniculata 72
repens 71
Gyrostachys 1 563
(Spiranthes) 563
cernua 565
gracilis 566
linearis 565
ochroleuca 565
odorata 565
parviftora 565
praecox 566
Romansoffiana 564
simplex 566
stricta 564
Gyrotheca 1 531
(Lachnanthes)
capitata 531
tinctoria 531
Habenaria 1 552
(inc. Orchis in part)
alba 557
blephariglottis 1 557
bracteata 552
Canbyi 557
ciliaris 557
clavellata 553
cristata 557
dilatata 554
fimbriata 558
fiava 552
grandiflora 558
holopetala 557
Hookeriana 556
hyperborea 554
integra 553
lacera 558
leucophaea 558
macrophylla 555
nivea 553
oblongifolia 556
obtusata 556
orbiculaa 555
peramoena 559
psycodes 559
tridentata 553
unalaskensis 555
virescens 552
viridis 552
Haemodoraceae i 530
Halenia 3 15
Brentoniana 3 15
deflexa 15
heterantha 15
Halerpestes 2 117
Cymbalaria 117
Halesia 2 722
Carolina 722
Halesia
tetraptera 2 722
Halimium 2 539
canadense 540
majus 540
Haloragidaceae 2 612
Hamamelidaceae
2 234
Hamamelis 2 234
virginiana 235
" Carolina 234
Ilamiltonia 1 641
oleifera 1 641
Haploesthes 3 535
Greggii 535
Harperella 2 659
nodosa 659
vivipara 659
Harrimanella 2 686
hypnoides 686
Stelleriana 686
Hartmannia 2 602
(Oenothera in part )
faux-gaura 603
speciosa 603
Hedeoma 3 135
ciliata 136
Drummondii 136
glabra 139
hirta 136
hispida 136
longiflora 136
pulegioides 136
Hedera
quinquefolia 2 511
Hedyosmos
origanoides 3 146
Hedyotis
see Houstonia
3 251-4
Hedysarum 2 392
acuminatum 396
alpinum amer. 392
americanum 392
boreale 392
canadense 401
ciliare 402
coronarium 392
lineatum 396
Mackenzii 392
marylandicum 400—2
nudiflorum 395
pedunculalum 364
rigidum 401
virginicum 393
volubile 420
see Meibomia
2 396-402
" Lespedeza 403-8
Heleastrum
paludosum 3 431
Heleboreae 2 84
Helenieae 3 349
Helenium 3 5 10
autumnale 510
" pubescens 510
montanum 510
nudiflorum 511
pubescens 510
tenuifolium 511
Heleochloa 1 190
itrypsis)
alopecuroides 190
schoenoides 190
Helianthemum 2 539
canadense 540
corymbosum 541
georgianum 540
majus 540
propinquum 540
Heliantheae 3 349
Helianthium 1 95
Helianthium
parvulum 1 95
tenellum 95
Helianthus 3 477
ambiguus 481
angustifolius 479
annuus 477~8
aridus 478
atrorubens 479
Dalyi 482
decapetalus 484-5
divaricatus 483
doronicoides 484
Dowellianus 480
giganteus 48 1
" crinitus 479
subtuberosus 482
grosse-serratus 483
hirsutus 3 485
" trachyphyllus 485
Kellermani 3 483
illinoiensis 480
laetiflorus 486
laevigatus 481
laevis 495
lenticularis 478
macrophyllus 485
Maximiliani 482
microcephalus 481
mollis 3 484-5
Nuttallii 484
occidentalis 480
orgyalis 479
parvifiorus 481
petiolaris 478
rigidus 480
Rydbergi 3 482
scaberrimus 480
scrophulariaefolius
3 484
strumosus 485
" macrophyllus 485
subrhomboideus 480
subtuberosus 482
tomentosus 486
tracheliifolius 485
tuberosus 486
" subcanescens 486
Heliopsis 3 466
helianthoides 467
laevis 467
scabra 467
Heliotropium 3 73
convolvulaceum 75
curassavicum 74
europaeum 73
indicum 75
spathulatum 74
tenellum 74
Helleborus 2 87
hyemalis 88
niger 87
oriental is 87
trifolius 88
viridis 87
Hclmintha
echioides 3 3"
Helonias 1 488
asphodeloides 488
bullata 488
graminea 490
Helopus I 124
Hemerocallis 1 496
flava 496
fulva 496
Hemianthus
micranthemoides
3 197
Hemicarpa 1 339
aristulata 340
Drummondii 339
Isolepis 339
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
579
Hemicarpa
intermedia i 340
micrantha 339
occidentalis 340
subsquarrosa 339
Hcndecandra
texensis 2 455
Hepatica 2 101
acuta 101
acutiloba 101
Hepatica 101
triloba 101
Heracleum 2 635
lanatum 635
Spondylium 635
Herpestis 3 192
amplexicaulis 193
Monniera 192
nigrescens 193
obovata 193
rotundifolia 192
Hesperaster
strictus 2 567
Hesperis 2 175
pinnatifida 178
matronalis 175
Heteranthera 1 463
dubia 464
graminea 464
limosa 464
peduncularis 464
reniformis 463
Heterotheca 3 372
Lamarckii 372
subaxillaris 372
Heuchera 2 224
americana 225-6
crinita 226
Curtisii 227
hirsuticaulis 227
hispida 227
lancipetala 226
longiflora 228
macrorhiza 226
parviflora 225
puberula 225
pubescens 228
Richardsonii 227
roseola 227
Rugelii 225
villosa 226
Hexaphoma
pctiolaris 2 221
Ilexalectris 1 576
aphyilus 577
spicata 577
squamosus $77
Hexastylis 1 643
arifolia 644
Memmingeri 644
Ruthii 644
Shuttleworthii 643
virginica 644
Hibiscus 2 523
incanus 524
lasiocarpus 525
militaris 525
Moscheutos 524
oculiroseus 524
opulifolius 524
palustris 524
syriacus 526
Trionum 523, 5
virginicus 523-5
Hicoria 1 579
alba 582
aquatica 581
borealis 583
carolinae-septen-
trionalis 581
cordiformis 580
Hicoria
Ho pea
glabra
1 583
tinctoria
2 721
" hirsuta
583
Hordeae 1
108, 11
" odorata
583
Hordeum
I 286
" villosa
584
jubatum
287
laciniosa
582
murinum
287
microcarpa
583
nodosum
286
minima
580
Pamnnlii
287
ovata
581
pratense
286
pallida
582
pusillum
286
Pecan
580
vulgare
286
sulcata
582
Hosackia
2 359
villosa
584
americana
359
Hieracium
3 328
bicolor
359
alleghaniense
33i
Purshiana
359
aurantiacum
334
Hottonia
2 709
barbatum
33°
diffusa
709
canadense
329
inflata
710
florentinum
332
Houstonia
3 250
floribundum
333
angustifolia
254
Greenii
332
calycosa
252
Gronovii
33i
ciliolata
253
longipilum
33°
coerulea
251
marianum
33i
lanceolata
3 252
molle
329
Linnaei minor
252
murorum 328-9
paniculatum 330
Pilosella 333
" peleterianum 333
praealtum 332
pratense 333
runcinatum 326
scabriusculum 3 330
scabrum 331
spathulatum 329
umbellatum 330
venosum 332
vulgatum 3 3-9
Hierochlo'e
see Savastana
1 i7'-3
borealis 172
HlI'POCASTANACEAE
I 498
Hippophoe
argentea 2 577
Hipposelinum 2 634
Levisticum 635
Hippuris 2 612
maritima 613
tetraphylla 613
vulgaris 612
Hoffmanseggia 2 338
Falcaria 338
Jamesii 338
stricta 338
Holcus 1 120
alpinus _ 1 73
halepensis 121
lanatus 214
laxus 248
odoratus 172
sorghum 120
striatus I 163
Holosteum 2 50
umbellatum 50
Homalobus 2 386
(Astragalus in part)
aboriginum 384
caespitosus 386
montanus 387
mitltiflorns 386
stipitatus 386
tenellus 386
Homalocenchrus 1 168
(Leersia) 168
lenticularis 169
oryzoides 169
virginicus 168
Honkenya 2 58
peploides 58
longifolia 253
minima 252
minor 252
patens 252
purpurea 252-3
" calycosa 252
" ciliolata 253
" longifolia 253
"pubescens 253
" tenuifolia 254
serpyllifolia 251
tenuifolia 254
Hudsonia 2 541
ericoides 541
tomentosa 542
" intermedia 542
Humulus 1 633
Lupulus 633
japonicus 633
Hutchinsia 2 158
petraea 158
procumbens 158
Hyacinthus
botryoides 1 510
racemosus 511
Hydactica 2 22a
foliosa 220
petiolaris --'
stellaris 221
Hydrangea 2 230, 1
arborescens 230
" kanawhana 231
cinerea 231
radiata 231
vulgaris 231
Hydranceaceae 2 230
Hydrastis 2 84
canadensis 85
carolinensis 103
Hydrocharitaceae
1 106
Hydrocharis
cordifolia 1 107
Spongia 107
Hydrocotyle 2 648
ambigua 649
americana 650
asiatica 651
australis 649
Canbyi 649
chinensis 648
interrupta 649
line at a 648
nutans 650
ranunculoides 650
repanda 651
Hydrocotyle
rotundifolia 2 650
umbellata 649
" ambigua 649
verticillata 649
vulgaris 648
Hydrolea
affinis 3 71
caroliniana 72
see Nama 3 71-2
Hydropeltis
purpurea 2 76
Hydrophyllaceae
3 65
Hydrophyllum 3 65
appendiculatum 66
canadense 66
macrophyllum 66
patens 66
virginicum 65
Hydrotrida 3 193
caroliniana 193
Hymenatherum
aureum 3 514
Hymenocallis 1 533
littoralis 533
occidentalis 533
Hymenolobus
divaricatus 2 158
Hymenopappus 3 505
anthemoides 510
carolinensis 505
corymbosus 505
filifolius 3 506
flavescens 506
scabiosaeus 505
tenuifolius 506
Hymenophyllaceae
Hymenoxys
lincarifolia
multiflora
odorata
Hyoscyamus
niger
Hyoseris
caroliniana
minima
virginica
Hypaelytrum
argenteum
Hypericaceae
Hypericum
adpressum
angulosutn
Ascyron
aureum
Bissellii
boreale
campanulatum
canadense
cistifolium
corymbosum
dehsiflorum
dolabriforme
Drummondii
ellipticum
galioides
gentianoides
graveolens
gymnanthum
Kalmianum
Lasianthus
maculatum
majus
mutilum
perforatum
pctiolatum
prolificum
pseudomaculatu
punctatum
I 8
509
509
S'O
5io
168
169
306
3°7
306
1 339
2 527
2 528
531
533
529
53i
532
534
537
534-6
532
533
530
532
536
532
53i
536
534
535
530
527
533
535
535
29. 33
537
530
m534
533
58o
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vol. 111.
Hypericum
pyramidatwn 2 520
Sarolhra 536
sphaerocarpum 532
subpeliolatum 533
virgatum 533
" ovalifolium 533
virginicvm 537
Hypochaeris 3 309
glabra 309
radicata 309
Hypopitys 2 674
americana 675
Hypopitys 675
lanuginosa 675
multiftora americana
675
Hypoporum
verticillatum 1 351
Hypoxis 1 534
erectum 534
hirsuta 534
Hyssopus 3 140
anisatus 112
ncpetoides III
officinalis 14°
seeAgastache 11 1-2
Hystrix 1 294
(Asprelld)
Hystrix 294
Ibidium 1 563
Beckii 566
cernuum 565
gracile 566
in.cv.rvvm 565
ovale 565
plantagineum 564
praecox 566
strictum 564
vernale 565
Ilex 2 486
Aqui folium 486
bronxensis 489
Cassine 487
coriacea 488
Dahoon 487
decidua 488
fastigiata 489
glabra 487
laevigata 489
lucida 488
mollis 488
montana 488
monticola 488
myrtifolia 487
opaca 486
verticillata 489
" padifolia 489
" tenuifolia 489
vomitoria 487
Uiamna 2 522
rcmota 522
Iucaceae 486
Ilicioides 2 490
mucronata 490
Illecebrum
Paronychia 2 26
Ilysantties 3 195-6
attenuata 196
dubia 196
gratioloides 196
" curtipedicellata 196
riparia 196
Impatiens 2 440
aural 441
Balsamina 440
biflora 440
fulva 440
noii-tangere 440
Ncrtoni 440
Impatiens
pallida 2 441
Imperatoria 2 6 |8
1 (struthium 638
Indigofera 2 371
leptosepala .572
tinctoria 371
Inula 3 457
divaricata 380
ericoides 434
falcata 373
gossypina 373
graminifolia 373
Helenium 457
mariana 374
suba.rillaris 372
villosa 374
Inuleae 3 348
Iodanthus 2 178
hesperidoides 178
pinnatifidus 178
Ionactis 3 444
linariifolius 444
Ionidium
lineare 2 564
polygalaefolium 564
Ionoxalis 2 431
violacea 43 l
Ioxylon 1 632
Ipomoea 3 43
Carolina 44
coccinea 43
commiitaia 44
hederacea 45
hederaefolia 43
lacunosa 44
leptophylla 44
Nyctelea 67
pandurata 43
pes-tigrinis 43
purpurea 4 5
Quamoclit 42
trichocarpa 44
Iresine 2 8
Celesioides 8
paniculata 8
Iridaceae 1 536
Irio 2 174
Iris 1 536
aphylla 539
Carolina 539
caroliniana 537
cristata 54°
cuprea 539
Duerinckii 539
foliosa 538
fulva 539
georgiana 537
germanica 536-9
gracilis 539
hexagona 537
Hookeri 53S
lacustris 54°
missouriensis 538
orientalis 540
prismatica 539
Pseudacorus 540
setosacanadensis 538
verna 541
versicolor 537
virginica 537, 9
Isanthus 3 104
(Trichostema in part)
brachiatus 104
coeruleus 104
Isnardia 2 585
(Ludwigia in part)
palustris 585
ISOETACEAE I 50
Isoetes 1 50
Braunii 51
Isoetes
ButUri 1 54
canadensis 53
Dodgei 53
Eatoni 53
echinospora 51
" Hoot In 51
muricata 51
ro bus ta 51
Engelmanni 53
" fontana 53
" gracilis 53
valid a 53
foveolata 52
" pleurospora 52
Gravesii 54
Harveyi 51
heterospora 50
hieroglyphics 51
lacustris 50
macraspora 50
melanopoda 54
riparia 52
saccharata 52
Tuckermani 51
" borealis 5 1
Isopappus 3 379
divaricatus 380
Isopyrum 2 88
biternatum 89
thalictroides 88
trifolium 88
Isotria 1 560
affinis 561
verticillata 561
Itea 2 233
virginica 233
Iteaceae 2 233
Iva 3 338
annua 338, 40
axillaris 339
ciliata 34°
frutescens 339
imbricata 339
oraria 339
xanthiifolia 340
Ixia
acuta 1 541
chinensis 542
Ixophorus I 164-5
seeChaetochloa 1 164
Jacksonia
trachysperma
2 199
Jasione
3 299
montana
299
Jatroplia
stiinitlosa
2 462
Jeffersonia
2 129
Bartonis
129
binata
129
diphylla
129
Juglandaceae
I 578
Juglans
I 578
alba
582
cinerea
579
nigra
579
regia
578
tomcntosa
582
see Hicoria 1
580-3
Juxcaceae
1 465
Juncoides
1 482
(Lunula)
arcticum
484
bulbosum
485
campestre
484-5
carolinae
483
confusa
484
hyperboreum
484
nemorosum
483
nivale
484
Juncoides
pan ltlorum 1 483
pilositin 483
spicatum 484
Juncus 1 465
acuminatus 481-2
" robustus 482
acutus 465
alpinus 478
" insignis 478
aristulatus 473
articulatus , 477
asper 479
balticus 468
biglumis 475
brachycarpus 479
brachycephalus 480
brevicaudatus 481
bufonius 469
bulbosus 477
caesariensis 479
campestris 485
canadensis 480
" coarctatus 481
castaneus 475
compressus 470
conglomeratus 467
debilis 481
dichotomus 472
" platyphyllus 470
diffusissimus 482
Dudleyi 470
effusus 467
Engelmanni 479
filiformis 467
Gerardi 223, 470
Greenei 472
gymnocarpus 468
interior 471
Leersii I 467
longistylis 474
maritimus 469
marginatus 473
" biflorus 473
" paucicapitatus 473
" setosus 474
megacephalus 480
militaris 477
monosliclius 470
nemorosus 483
nodatus 482
nodosus 1 478
" megacephalus 478
oronensis 472
parviflorus 483
pelocarpus 476
" subtilis 476
pilosus 482-3
polycephalus 479
repens 474
Richardsonianus 478
robustus 482
Roemerianus 468
scirpoides 480
secundus 47 l
setaceus 473
setosus 474
Smithii 468
spicatus 484
stygius 475
" americanus 475
subtilis 476
tenuis 470-1
Torreyi 478
trifidus 469
triglumis 476
validus 479
Vaseyi 471
Juniperus 1 65
communis 65, 6
" alpina 66
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
58l
Juniperus
c. depressa
1 66
horizontalis
67
nana
66
prostrata
67
Sabinaprocun
bens 67
scopulorum
66
sibirica
66
virginiana
66
Jussiaea
2 589
brachycarpa
587
decurrens
589
diffusa
589
repens
589
Justicia
brachiata
3 244
chinensis
244
Kallstroemia 2 442
hirsutissima 443
intermedia 443
maxima 443
Kalmia 2 683-4
angustifolia 683
Carolina 684
glauca 684
hirsuta 685
latifolia 683-4
" myrtifolia 684
polifolia 684
Ka'.miella 2 685
hirsuta 685
Kccrlia
skirrobasis 3 401
Kentrophyta 2 387
montana 387
viridis 387
Kickxia 3 175
Elatine 176
spuria 175
Knautia
arvensis 3 290
Kneiffia 2 599
Alleni 2 600
fruticosa 602
" pilosella 602
glauca 599, 602
linearis 600—1
linifolia 600
longipedicellata 600
Sumstinci 602
pumila 601
riparia 601
Kobresia 1 351
(inc. Elyna)
Bellardi 351
bipartita 351
caricina 351
elachycarpa 377
scirpina 351
Kochia 2 16
americana 16
atriplicifolia 16
Scoparia 16
Koeleria 1 245
cristata 245
gracilis 245
nitida 245
pcnusylvanica 244
Koellia 3 141
(inc. Pycnanthemum
and Brachystemum)
albescens 143
aristata 144
capitata 141-2
clinopodioides 143
flexuosa 142
hyssopifolia 143
incana 144
leptodon 142
montana 145
mutica 145
Koellia
pilosa 3 14-:
pycnanthemoides 144
verticillata 143
virginiana 142
Koelreuteria 2 501
paniculata 501
Koenigia I 647
islandica 647
Koniga 2 153
(Alyssum in part)
maritima 153
Korycarpus 1 247
(Diarrhe 11a)
arundinaceus 247
diandrus 247
Kosteletzkya 2 523
althaeifolia 523
virginica 523
Krameriaceae 2 340
Krameria 2 340
Ixine 340
lanceolata 340
secundiflora 340
Kiaunlna 2 373
(Wisteria) 373
frutescens 374
macrostachys 374
Krigia 3 306
amplexicaulis 307
caroliniana 308
Dandelion 308
occidentalis 308
oppositifolia 306
virginica 307
Krynitzkia 3 79
crassisepala 80
Fendleri 80
glomerata 81
Jamesii 81
sericea 81
Kuhnia 3 364
eupatorioides 364
" corymbulosa 364
glutinosa 364
Hitchcockii 364
suaveolcns 364
Kuhnistera 2 368
Candida 369
compacta 369
foliosa 371
oligochylia 369
multiflora 37°
pinnata 368
purpurea 370
tciutifotia 370
Kyllinga 1 296
cayennensis 309
maculata 339
ovularis 308
monocephala 296
pumila 296
Labiatae
3 99
Lachnanthes
tinctoria
I SJi
Lachnocaulon
1 455
anceps
456
Michauxii
456
Lacinaria
3 364
(Liatris)
acidota
366
cylindracea
365
elegans
366
graminifolia
368
Helleri
368
kansana
368
pilosa
368
punctata
366
pycnostachya
367
scariosa
367
Smallii
368
Lacinaria
spicata 3 367
squarrosa 365
" intermedia 365
Lactuca 3 317
acuminata 321
canadensis 320
" montana 320
campestris 320
e/ongata 319-20
floridana 321
hirsuta 319
integrifolia 320
ludoviciana 319
Morssii 320
pulchella 320
sagittifolia 320
saligna 318
sanguined 319
sativa 3 1 7
Scariola 3 1 8
Serriola 318
spicata 321
" integrifolia 321
Steelei 3'9
villosa 321
virosa 318
Lamiaceae 3 99
Larnium 3 121
album 122
amplexicaule 121
hispidulum 118
maculatum 122
purpureum 121
Laportea
canadensis 1 636
Lappa 3 547
major 547
minor 548
tomentosa 547
Lappago 1 121
see Nazia 1 121
raccmosa 121
Lappula 3 77
(Echinospermum)
americana 79
deflexa 79
echinata 77
floribunda 78
Lappula 77
Myosotis 77
Redou'skii 78
texana 78
virginiana 78
Lapsana 3 3°6
capillaris 327
communis 306
Larix 1 60
americana 60
laricina 60
Larix 60
Lathyms 2 412
decaphyllus 414
glaucifolius 415
incanus 41 5
latifolius 416
linearis 409
maritimus 413
myrtifolius 414
" macranthus 414
ochroleucus 415
ornatus 4 1 5
palustris 4J4
" linearifolius 4 1 4
polymorphus 414
pratensis 415
pusillus 416
sativus 412
tuberosus 416
venosus 4 1 3
Lauraceae 2 133
Laurus 2 133
Laurus
aestivalis 2 135
Benzoin 135
Borbonia 133
carolinensis 134
geniculata 135
melissaefolia 136
Sassafras 134
Lavauxia 2 603
(Oenothera in part)
brachycarpa 604
triloba 603-4
Watsonii 604
Leavenworthia 2 189
aurea 189
Michauxii 189
torulosa 189
uniflora 189
Lechea 2 542
intermedia 544
juniperina 545
Leggettii 544
major 540, 3
maritima 543
" interior 543
minor 542
moniliformis 544
novae-caesareae 542
racemosa 543
stricta 545
tenuifolia 544
thymifolia 542
Torreyi 544
villosa 543
Lecticula 3 230
resupinata 230
Ledum 2 676
Imxifolium 682
decumbens 677
groenlandicum 677
lati folium 677
palustre 677
" decumbens 677
Leersia 1 168-9
see Homalocenchrus
1 168
Legouzia 3 297
see Specularia 3 297
Leguminosae 2330,41
Leiophyllnm
bnxifo/ium 2 682
Leitneriaceae 1 586
Leitneria 586
floridana 586
Lemnaceae 1 446
Lemna 1 447
angolensis 447
cyclostasa 447
gibba 448
hyalina 448
minima 447
minor 448
" cyclostasa 447
paucicostata 448
perpusilla 448
" trinervis 448
polyrhiza 446
trisulca 447
valdiviana 447
Lemotrys
hyacinthina 1 509
Lentibulariceae 3 225
Leonticc
thalictroides 2 128
Leontodon 3 315
autumnale 310
carolinianum 324
erythrospermum 315
hostile 310
hirtum 310
hispidum 310
latilobum 315
582
GENERAL INDEX OJ LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vol. III.
Leontodon
aule 3 310
Tarax; ■ 315
Leonurus 3 119
Cardiaca 1 1 •> 20
Marrubiastrum 120
sibiricus 120
Lepachys 3 473
columnar!* 474
" pulcherrima 474
pinnata 474
Tagi 475
Lepargyraea 2 576
{Shepherdia)
argentea 576-7
canadensis 576
rotundifolia 576
Lepidanthus
phyllanthoides 2 453
Lepidium 2 164
apetalum 166
campestre 164
densiflorum 166
duly mam 167
Draba 165
intermedium 166
latifolium 164
medium 166
neglectum 166
procumbens 158
ramosissimum 166
ruderale 165
sativum 166
virginicum 165
Leptamnium 3 236
(Epiphegus)
virginianum 236
Leptandra 3 204
(Veronica in part)
virginica 204
Leptanthus
gramincus 1 464
oz'alis 464
seeHeteranthera 463
Leptasea 2 216-7
aizoides 216-7
Hirculus 216
tricuspidata 217
Leptilon 3 442
(Erigeron in part )
canadense 442
divaricatum 442
Leptocaulis
divaricatus 2 651
echinatus 652
patens 652
Leptochloa 1 229
attenuata 230
filiformis 230
mucronata 230
Leptodactylon 3 62
caespitosum 62
californicum 62
pungens 62
Leptoglottis 2 333
Leptoloma 1 124
cognatum 124
Leptopoda
brachypoda 3 5 1 1
Leptorchis
see Liparis 1 571-2
Leptoseris
sonchoides 3 3T4
Lepturus 1 282
filiformis 282
paniculatus 226
repens 282
Lespedeza 2 402
acuticarpa 405
angustifolia 407
Bicknellii 407
Brittonii 404
Lespedeza
capil 2 407
" v' 4°7
frutescens 406
hirta 407
" oblongifolia 407
leptostacliya 408
longifolia 407
Manniana 404
neglecta 405
Nuttallii 405
prairea 404
procumbens 403
repens 403
reticulata 406
sessiliflora 402
simulata 406
striata 408
Stuvei 405
" intermedia 406
velutina 407
violacea 404
" angustifolia 406
virginica 406
Lesquerella 2 154
{Vesicaria in part)
arctica 156
" Purshii 156
argentea 155
globosa 155
gracilis 155
Lescurii 154
ludoviciana 155
ovalifolia 156
spathulata 154
Leucanthemum
arcticum 3 518
vulgare 518
Leucelene 3 434
(Aster in part)
ericoides 434
Leucocrinum 1 496
montanum 496
Leucophysalis 3 162
grandiflora 163
Lcucopsidium
arkansanum 3 401
Leucothoe 2 687
axillaris 687
Catesbaei 688
elongata 689
racemosa 689
recurva 688
spinulosa 688
Levisticum 2 647
Levisticum 635
officinale 635
Liatris 3 364
see Lacinaria 3 364
cylindrica 365
graminifolia 368
" dubia 368
intermedia 366
odoratissima 369
paniculata 369
pumila 367
spicata 367
" montana 367
squarrosa 365
squarrulosa 367
LlGULIFLORAE 3 304
Ligusticum 2 647
actaeifolium 646
canadense 647
Levisticum 635
Scoticum 647-8
Ligustrum 2 729
vulgare 729
Lilaeopsis 2 648
(Crantaia I
lineata 648
Liliaceae 1 495
ilium
andinum
I 5°2
502
canad< nse
candiduni
5°3
502
carolinianum
Catesbaei
504
5°3
Grayi
lanceolatum
503
502
philadclphicum 502
superbum 503, 4
tigrinum 504
umbellatum 502
LlMNANTHACEAE 2 44 1
Limnaiitlwmiim
see Nymphoides
3 18-9
Limnia 2 39
perfoliata 39
sibirica 39
Limnobium 1 107
Spongia 107
Limnorchis 1 5 54
dilatata 554
fragrans 554
graminifolia 554
huronensis 554
hyperborea 554
media 554
major 554
Limnocharis
Spongia 1 107
Limodorum 1 562
(Calopogon)
praecox 566
tuberosum 562-3
unifolium 572
7-imonium 2 718
(Statice)
carolinianum 718
Limosella 3 197
aquatica 198
australis 198
calycina 192
tenuifolia 198
Linaceae 2 435
Linaria 3 176
canadensis 177
Cymbalaria 175
Elatina 176
genistaefolia 177
Linaria 177
minor 176
repens 178
spuria 175
striata 178
supina . 177
vulgaris 177
Lindera 2 135-6
Benzoin 135
melissaefolia 136
Lindcrnia
attenuata 197
Linnaea 3 275
americana 276
borealis 276
Linosyris
Hoivardi 3 376
Linum 2 435
arkansanum 439
Berlandieri 439
Boottii 439
catharticum 438
diffusum 437
floridanum 438
grandiflorum 436
humile 436
intercursum 438
Lewisii 436
medium 43^
perenne 436
rigiduni 439
simplex 439
Linum
striatum 2 437
sulcatum 439
usitatissimum 436
virginianum 438
Liparis 1 571
1 il i i folia. 572
Loeselii 572
Lipocarpha 1 339
maculata 339
Lippia 3 97
americana 97
cuneifolia 98
lanceolata 98
nodiflora 98
Liquidambar 2 235
asplenifolia I 586
peregrina 586
Styraciflua 2 235
Liquivitia
lepidota 2 391
Liriodendron 2 83
Tulipifera 83
Lisianthus
glaucifolius 3 8
Russellianus 8
Listera 1 567
auriculata 568
australis 568
convallarioides 567
cordata 568
reniformis 567
Smallii 567
Lithospermum 3 87
angustifolium 89
arvense 87
canescens 89
carolinianum 89
carolinense 89
hirtum 89
latifolium 88
liniarifolium 89
lycopsioides 84
officinale 87, 8
pilosum 88
tenellum 74
Torreyi 88
virginianum 90
Litsea
geniculate! 2 135
Littorella 3 250
lacustris 250
uniflora 250
Loasaceae 2 565
lobeliaceae 3 299
Lobelia 3 299
amoena 301
" glandulifera 301
Canbyi 3°4
cardinalis 300
Dortmanna 299, 300
elongata 301
glandulosa 302
gracilis 3°4
inflata 3°3
Kalmii 3°3
leptostachys 3°3
Nuttallii 304
paludosa 300
puberula 3°2
spicata 302
" hirtella 302
" parviftora 302
syphilitica 301
" ludoviciana 3°J
Lobularia 2 153
Loeflingia 2 60
hispanica 60
texana 60
I.OGANIACEAE 2 729
Loiseleuria
procumbens 2 683
Vol III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
583
1. 11. Ill Ml
italicum
multiflorum
perenne
temulentum
Lomatinm
orientate
villoswm
Lonicera
altissima
canadensis
Caprifolium
c Hi at a
coerulea
Diervilla
dioica
Douglasii
flava
glauca
glaucescens
grata
hirsuta
involucrata
japoniea
marylandica :
Morrowi ;
oblongifolia
parviflora
sempervirens
" hirsutula
Sullivantii
Symphoricarpos
tatarica
villosa
Xylosteum
Lophanthus ;
seeAgastache
anisatus
Lophiocarpus
Lophiola
americana
1 281
282
282
281
282
2 631
632
3 277
281
281
277,8
281
281
283
279
279
280
279
279
278
278
282
280
730
281
279
280
280
279
276
282
281
282
3 1 11
111,2
96-7
I 534
535
aurea 535
Lophotocarpus 1 96-7
(Sagittaria in part)
calycinus
depauperatus
maximus
spathulatus
spongiosus
LoRAXTHACEAE
Lorinseria
areolata
Lotus
americanus
corniculatus
sericeus
Lo-ivellia
aurea
Ludwigia
a la I a
alternifolia
" linearifolia
arcuata
cylindrica
decurrens
glandulosa
hirtella
linearis
palustris
polycarpa
rudis
sphaerocarpa
Ludwigiantha
97
97
97
98
97
638
I 24
25
358
359
359
359
(Ludwigia in part)
arcuata
brevipes
Lunaria
annua
biennis
rediviva
Lupinus
albus
3 5i4
2 586
587
586-8
^88
S85
587
589
587
588
588
585
587
586
586
585
585
586
190
190
191
190
347
347
Lupinus
Lysias
Malus
argenteus
2 348
orbiculata
1 555
Malus 2
289-90
argophyllits
348
Lysiella
1 556
Soulardi
289
decumbens
348
obtusata
556
sylvestris
290
ornatus glabra!
its 348
Lysimachia
2 710
Malvaceae
2 513
perennis
348
ciliata
713
Malva
2 514
" occidentalis
348
hybrida
714
Alcea
516
plattensis
348
lanceolata
7H
carohniana
523
pusillus
349
longifolia
714
coccinea
5i9
Luzula
Nummularia
712
crispa
5 1 5
seejuncoides
[ 482-5
producta
711
hederacea
521
Lychnis
2 68
punctata
711
involucrata
518
affinis
70, 68
quadriftora
714
moschata
515
alba
68
quadrifolia
711
parviflora
514
alpina
62
radicans
713
rotundifolia
5*5
apetala
7°
stricta
712
sylvestris
5!4
chalcedonies
68-9
terrestris
712
triangulata
517
coronaria
70
thyrsiflora
715
verticillata
5i5
dioica
69
vulgaris
711
Malvastrum
2 519
diurna
69
seeSteironema 712-4
angustum
519
Drummondii
70
Lythraceae
2 577
coccineum
5*9
Flos-cuculi
69
Lythrum
2 580
Mah'eopsis
Githago
61
alatum
58l
hispida
5!9
vespertina
68
Hyssopifolia
580
Mamillaria
Lycium
3 168
lanceolatum
58i
missouriensis
57°
afreum
168
lineare
581
Nuttallii
2 570
Barbarum
168
Parsonsia
582
similis
571
halimifolium
168
petiolatum
582
sulcata
57°
vulgare
168
Salicaria
580-1
vivipara
571
Lycopersicon
3 167
verticillatum
580
see Coryphantha "
esculentum
168
virgatum
58i
2 57°
Lycopersicon
168
Vulneraria
58l
Manfreda
I 533
Lycopodiaceae
1 42
virginica
534
Lycopodium
1 43
Machaeranthera
3 435
Manisuris
1 1 12
adpressum
45
sessiliflora
435
cylindrica
1 12
alpinum
46
tanacetifolia
435
rugosa
1 12
alopecuroides
45
Macleya
" Chapmani
112
annotinum
46
cordata
2 140
Marantaceae
I 546
apodum
49
Madura
Mariana
3 555
carolinianum
47
aurantiaca
I 632
mariana
555
chamaecyparissus 48
pomifera
632
Mariscus
1 347
clavatum
43. 7
Macounastrum
I 647
cylindricus
308
complanatum
47. 8
islandicum
647
echinatus
310
dendroideum
45
Macrocalyx
3 67
flavus
3°9
inundatum
44
(Ellisia)
jamaicensis
348
" Bigelovii
44
Nyctelea
67
mariscoides
348
lucidulum
44
Magnoliaceae
2 80
Marrubium
3 no
obscuruin
45
Magnolia
2 81
vulgare
1 10
porophilum
44
acuminata
82
Marshallia
3 S°2
pungens
45
auriculata
81
caespitosa
503
rupestre
49
Fraseri
81
grandiflora
5°3
sabinaefolium
47
glauca
82
latifolia
503
selaginoides
49
macrophylla
81
obovata
503
Selago
43
tripetala
82
Schreberi
502-3
sitchense
46
umbrella
82
trinervia
5°3
tristachyum
48
virgimana
82
Marsileaceae
I 36
Lycopsis
3 93
Mahonia
2 127
Marsilea
1 36
arvensis
93
repens
128
mucronata
37
virginica
87
Maianthemum
1 516
natans
38
Lycopus
3 MS
canadense
517
quadrifolia
37
americanus
148
Mairania
2 693
vestita
37
asper
148
alpina
694
Martyniaceae
3 239
communis
147
Malaceae
2 286
Martynia
3 239
europacus
146-8
Malachodendron
annua
239
integrifolius
147
ovatum
2 527
Iouisiana
239
lucidus
148
Malacothrix
3 314
proboscidea
239
membranaceus
147
californica
3i4
Maruta
rubellus
■47
sonchoides
3i4
Cotula
3 516
sessilifolius
147
Malapoenna 2
134-5
Matourea
sinuatus
148
geniculaia
135
nigrescens
3 i93
virginicus
146
Malaxis
1 57°
Matricaria
3 5-°
Lygodesmia
3 322
monophylla
57i
asteroides
404
juncea
322
paludosa
57i
Chamomilla
521
rostrata
322
spicata
570
discoidea
521
Lygodium
I 9
unifolia
571
glastifolia
404
palraatum
9
Malus
2 288
grandiflora
520
scandens
9
angustifoha
288
inodora
520
Lyoma
baccata
289
matricarioides
521
ligustrina
2 691
coronaria
288
Parthenium
5>9
Lysias
I 555
glaucescens
289
suaveolens
5 -'i
bifolia
555
ioensis
289
Matteuccia
I 1 1
Hookeriana
556
lancifolia
288
Struthiopteris
1 1
584
GENERAL INDIA OI- LATIN CENEKA AND SPECIES.
Vol. III.
Mayacaceae
i 450
Mayaca
1 45°
Vubleti
45°
ililis
45°
hauxii
450
! AE
1 107-8
Mazus
japonicus
1 191
Mecardonia
3 >93
acuminata
193
m at a
193
Weconopsis
diphylla
2 140
Medeola
I 522
\ iiL-iiiiana
523
Medicago
2 350
arabica
352
dcnticulata
35 1
falcata
351
hispida
351
lupulina
351
maculata
352
polymorpha
352
s.itiva
350-1
virginica
406
Meetiania
3 "2
cordata
113
Megalodonta
3 499
Beckii
500
nudata
500
Megapterium
2 605
(Oenothera in
part)
Fremontii 6o5
missouriense 605
Xuttallianum 605
oklahomense 606
Meibomia 2 394-402
{De smodium)
arenicola 396
bracteosa 399
canadensis 401
canescens 398
" hirsuta 398
Dillenii 400
floridana 400
glabella 397
grandiflora 396
illinoensis 401
laevigata 399
longifolia 399
marylandica 402
Michauxii 397
nudiflora 395
obtusa 402
ochrolcuca 397
paniculata 399
" Chapmani 399
" pubens 399
pauciflora 396
rhonibifolia 400
rigida 401
rotundifotia 397
sessilifolia 398
stricta 398
viridiflora 400
Melampodium 3 458
americanum 459
australe 459
cinereum 459
leucanthum 459
Melampyrum 3 224
americanum 224
arvense 224
latifolium 224
lineare 224
Melaxthaceae I 485
Melanthium 1 493
canadense 517
glaucum 491
hyhridum 494
laetum 489
Melanthium
latifolium 1 494
" longipedicellatum
494
mtlscaetoxicum 489
Parviflorum 495
racemosum 487
x irginicum 493
Ml I.ASTOMACEAE 2 582
Melica i 246
altissima 246
ciliata 246
mutica 246
" diffusa 246
" glabra 246
" parviflora 247
nitens 246
parvi flora 247
Porteri 247
Smithii 219
Melilotas 2 352
alba 352
altissima 353
indica 353
officinalis 352-3
vulgaris 352-3
Melissa 3 137
Acinos 139
Clinopodium 138
Nepeta 138
officinalis 137
pttlegioides 136
see Clinopodium 138
Melosmon 3 103
laciniatum 103
Melothria 3 291
pendula 292
Mexispermaceae 2 130
Menispermum 2 131
canadense 131
carolinum 131
Lyoni 130
Mentha 3 148
alopecuroides 151
aquatica 151
arvensis 152
borealis 152
canadensis 152
" glabrata 152
Cardiaca 152
citrata 150
crispa 151
gentilis 153
longifolia 150
Patrinii 154
piperita 149
rotundifolia 150
sativa 153
spicata 149
sylvestris 150
viridis 149
Mentzelia 2 566
albicaulis 566
aspera 566
aurea 566
dccapetala 568
laevicaulis 568
Hilda 567
oligosperma 566
ornata 568
Menyanthaceae 3 17
Menyanthes 3 17
nymphaeoides
2 76; 3 19
trachysperma 3 19
trifoliata 18
Menziesia 2 681-2
ferruginea 682
glabella 682
globularis 682
pilosa 682
taxifolia 685
2 460
460
460
Mercurialis
annua
perennis
Merimea
texana 2 =539
Meriolix 2 607
(Oenothera in part )
intermedia 608
serrulata 608
Mertensia 3 82
lanceolata 83
linearis 83
maritima 82
paniculata 83
pulmonarioides 82
virginica 83
Mesadenia 3 536
(Cacalia in part )
atriplicifolia 537
plantaginia 537
reniformis 536
rotundifolia 536
tuberosa 537
Mespilus
Amelanchier 2 297
apiifolia 320
arbutifolia 290-1
calpodendron 302
canadensis 293
carolitiiana 310
cordata 311
cornifolia 000
Cotoneaster 321
cuneiforniis 299
clliptica 299
flabellata 310
Phaenopyrum 321
pruinosa 315
pyracantha 322
rotundifolia 306
Micrampelis 3 291
{Echinocystis)
lobata 291
Micranthemum 3 197
micranthemoides 107
Nuttallii 197
orbiculatum 197
Micranthes 2 217
caroliniana 219
Geum 220
micranthidifolia 219
nivalis 218
pennsylvanica 219
semipubescens 217
texana 218
virginiensis 218
Microsteris 3 59
gracilis 59
micrantha 59
Microstylis I 570
monophylla 571
ophioglossoides 571
Mikania 3 362
hastata 363
scandens 363
Milium 1 173
amphicarpon 164
ciliatum 164
compressum 125
effusum 173
punctatum 124
pungens 174
racemosum 175
Milla
Millegrana
Radiola 2 440
coerulea 1 501
Milleria
angustifolia 3 504
Mimosaceae 2 330
Mimosa
angustissima 2 331
Mimosa
ftliculoides 2 331
illinoensis 332
Jntsia 334
microphylla 334
nilotica 330
Mimulus 3 189
alatus 190
Geyeri 1 9 1
glabratus [91
guttatus 190
Jamesii 191
Langsdorffii 190
moschatus 191
ringens 189, 90
Miscanthus 1 112
sinensis 112
Mitchella 3 255
repens 255
Mitella 2 228
diphylla 228-9
intermedia 229
nuda 229
oppositifolia 229
Mitreola 2 730
petiolata 731
Modiola 2 522
caroliniana 523
multifida 523
Moehringia 2 57
lateriflora 57
macrophylla 58
muscosa 57
Moenchia
erecta 2 50
Mohrodendron 2 722
carolinum 722
Moldavica 3 114
Moldavica 115
parviflora 114
Molinia 1 237
coerulea 237
Mollugo 2 35
verticillata 35
Momordica
cchinata 3 292
Monarda 3 131
aristata 134
Bradburiana 133
ciliata 135
citriodora 134
clinopodia 132
didyma 131
dispersa 134
fistulosa 1 3 1-2
" media 132
" rubra 132
hirsuta 135
media 132
mollis 133
pectinata 134
punctata 133
scabra 133
tenuiaristata 134
Monardclla
montana 3 145
Moneses 2 671
grandiflora 671
uniflora 671
Monniera 2 192
acuminata 193
amplexicaulis 193
caroliniana 193
Monniera 192
rotundifolia 192
MoNOCOTYLEDOXES I 68
Monolepis 2 17
chenopodioides 17
Nuttalliana 17
trifida 17
MONOPETALAE 2 666
MONOTROPACEAE 2 673
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
585
Monotropa
Hypopitys
lanuginosa
proccra
uniflora
Monotropsis
{.Schweinitsia)
odorata
Montia
Chamissonis
fontana
perfoliata
Morongia
(Schranhia)
angustata
microphylla
uncinata
MORACEAE
Morus
alba
nigra
papyrifera
rubra
Muhlenbergia
ambigua
brevifolia
capillaris
comata
cuspidata
diffusa
erecta
foliosa
glabriflora
glomerata
gracillima
mexicana
palustris
pungens
racemosa
Schreberi
" palustris
simplex
sobolifera
sylvatica
tenuiflora
umbrosa
Willdenovii
Mulgedium
acuminatum
ftoridanum
leucopacum
Munroa
squarrosa
Muscadinia
rotundifolia
Muscari
botryoides
racemosum
Muscaria
caespitosa
Muscnium
see Musineon
Musineon
divaricatum
Hookeri
tenuifolium
trachyspermum
Myagrum
argentcum
paniculatum
perfoliatum
sativum
Myosotis
arvensis
collina
Lappula
lax a
macrosperma
micrantha
palustris
scorpio:des
sitffruticosa
2 674
675
675
673
674
2 673
674
2 38
38
39
39
2 333
334
334
333
I 630
630
631
631
632
631
I 184
1S7
188
189
187
188
184
190
185
189
186
188
185
185
189
186
184
185
187
185
186
186
186
1S6
3 321
321
321
1 231
2 509
1 510
510
511
2 222
222
2 643
2 643
643
644
644
643
2 168
155
■59
168
157
3 85
86
86
77
85
87
86
85
85-6
81
Myosotis
Xarthecium
Niobe
verna
3 87
pubens
I
487
japonica
1 496
Z'irgiuiana
78
Nasmythia
Norta
2 174
virginica
87
articulata
1
454
altissima
174
versicolor
86
Nasturtium
2
159
I Ho
174
Myosurus
2
103
seeRadicula 2
159-62
Notaphoebe
minimus
103
lacustre
2
164
Borbonia
133
Shortii
i°3
natans
164
Nothocalais
Myricaceae
1
584
officinale
162
cuspidata
3 324
Myrica
I
584
terrestre
161
Nothoholcus
1 214
asplenifolia
586
Naumbergia
2
714
lanatus
214
carolinensis
585
{Lysimachia in part)
Notholaena
1 35
cerifera
585
guttata
-15
dealbata
35
Gale
584
thyrsiflora
715
nivea
35
Myriophyllum
2
614
Navarretia
3 t
Nothoscordum
I 501
alterniflorum
615
(Gilia in part)
bivalve
501
ambiguum
615
involucrata
64
pulchellum
501
Farwellii
616
minima
64
striatum
501
beterophyllum
616
Nazia
1
121
Nuphar
2 78
humile
615
(Tragus)
seeNymphaea
2 78-9
pectinatum
614
racemosa
121
Nuttallia
2 516
pinnatum
616
Neckeria
2
143
digitata
516
proserpinacoides
616
Ne-eragroslis
involucrata
5>S
scabratum
616
hypnoides
1
243
Nuttallia
2 566
spicatum
614
Weigeltiana
243
decapetala
568
tenellum
615
Negundo
nuda
567
verticillatum
614
aceroides
2
498
stricta
567
Myriopteris
Negundo
498
NVCTAGINACEAE
2 30
gracilis
I 34
Ncillia
Nyctelea
3 67
Myrrh is
opulifolia
2
-M4
Nyctelea
67
Clay t on i
2
627
Nelumbium
NVMPHAEACEAE
2 77
longistylis
628
lit/cum
2 7
Nymphaea
2 78
Myzorrhiza
speciosum
77
advena
78
ludoviciana
3
235
XeLTMROXACEAE
2 7
fraterna
78
Nelumbo
2 76
Kahniana
78
Nabalus
3
334
jamaicensis
77
lutea Kalmiant
78
(Prenanthes in part)
lutea
77
microphylla
78
albus
335
Nelumbo
77
Nelumbo
77
altissimus
335
uucifera
77
odorata
79
asper
337
Nemastylis
1
54i
" rosea
79
Boottii
337
acuta
54i
" minor
79
crepidineus
338
coelestina
54'
rubrodisca
7S
cylindricus
336
gemmiflora
541
sagittaefolia
79
integrifolius
335
Nemopanthus
2
490
tetragona
80
nanus
336
canadensis
490
tuber osa
80
racemosus
337
fascicularis
490
Nymphoides
3 18
" pinnatifidus
337
mucronata
490
(Limnanthemum 1
serpentarius
335
Nemophila
3 67
aquaticum
19
trifoliolatus
334,
microcalyx
67
flava
iS
virgatus
336
phacelioides
67
lacunosum
18
Naiadaceae
I 80
Neobeckia
2
163
nymphaeoides
19
Naias
I 89
aquatica
164
Nyssa
2 665
flexilis
90
Neopieris
2
690
aquatica
666
gracilis
89
mariana
691
biflora
666
gracillima
90
nitida
690
multiflora
665
guadalupensis
90
Neottia 1
564.
sylvatica
665,6
indica
90
pubescens
57°
u n i flora
666
major
89
see Ibidium
marina
89
Neottieae
1
547
Oakesia
2 479
recurvata
89
Nepeta
3
113
puberula
1 519
robusta
90
Cataria
113
sessilifolia
519
Nama
3 7'
Glechoma
114
Oakesiella
I 518
(Hydrolea)
hedcracea
114
Obolaria
3 15
affinis
71
Nephrodium
caroliniana
193
ovata
72
acrostichoides
[ 16
virginica
16
quadrivalvis
72
lanosum
34
Oceanorus
1 492
zeylanica
71
punctilobulum
14
leimanthoides
4 '13
Napaea
2
5i8
Nesaca
Ocimuni
dioica
5"8
verticillata
2
580
frutescens
2 154
hertnaphrodita
520
Neslia
2
158
Odontites
3 219
Narcissus
I
532
paniculata
'59
( Bartsia in part)
poeticus
532
Nestronia
1
641
Odontites
219
pseudo-narcissus
532
(Darbya)
Odostemon
2 127
Kardosmia
umbellula
641
aquifolium
128
palmata
3
53i
Nicandra
3
155
Oenanthe
sagittata
532
Nicotiana
3
170
ambigua
2 638
Nardus
stricia
1
28 r
axillaris
171
filiform is
638
281
longiflora
171
teretifolia
638
Xarthecium
rustica
170
Oenoplca
2 501
atnericanwm
1
487
tabacum
170
Oenothera
2 594
glutinosum
486
Niobe
1
496
albicaulis
50S ,,
ossifragum
487
coerulca
496
argillicola
596
5§6
GENERAL 1NIH \ OF LATIN GENF.RA \X1) SPFCIFS.
Vol. III.
Oenothera
2 594 5
brachycarpa 604
cues p. 60 1
chip; 596
ehrysanlha 601
coronopifolia 598
cruciala 594
Fremontii 606
frutii 602
" humifusa 6oo
glauca 602
grandiflora 595
guttulata 605
humifusa 597, 600
laciniata 597
Lamarckiana 595
latifolia 599
linifolia 600
linearis 601
lavendulaefolia toy
longipedicellata 600
macrocarpa 605
minima 597
missouriensis 605
muricata 595
Nuttallii 599
Oakesiana 596
pilosella 602
pallida 599
pinnatifida 598
pratensis 601
pumila 601
rhombipetala 597
serrulala 608
scapigera 603
sinuata 597
speciosa 603
strigosa 596
triloba 604
" parviflora 604
see Anogra 598
Kneiffia 599
Oldenlandia 3 254
angustifolia 254
coerulea 251
corymbosa 254
glomerata J54
minima 252
purpurea 253
uniflora 254
see Houstonia 250-4
Oleaceae 2 724
Oligoneuron
eanescens 3 397
O.NAGRACEAE 2 584
Onagra 2 594-6
see Oenothera
biennis 594
cruciata 594
Oakesiana 596
Onoclea 1 10
sensibilis 1 1
Struthiopteris 1 1
Ononis
ripens 2 353
Onopordon 3 555
Acanthium 556
Onosmodium 3 90
earolinianum 91
hispidum 90
hispidissimum 91
molle 91
occidentale 91
subsetosum 90
sylvestre 91
virginianum 90
Ou.vf/miiii
densum 1 33
Oonopsis 3 377
(Bigeloi'ia in part)
Oonopsis
1 Imanni 3 377
multicaulis ,577
Ophioglossaceai 1 1
Ophioglossum 1 i
ai 1 nariuin 2
Engelmanni 2
vulgatum 2
Ophiorhisa
Milreola 2 731
Ophrys 1 567
auriculata 568
australis 568
cernua 565
convallarioides 567
Corallorhiza 574
cordata 568
liliifolia 572
Loeselii 572
monopliyllos 571
ovata 567
Smallii 567
spiralis 563
Oplopanax
horrid um 2 619
Opulaster 2 243
(Physocarpa)
(Neillia )
australis 244
intermedins 244
opulifolius 244
Opuntia 2 571
arborescens 573
camanchica 572
fragilis 573
humifusa 572
macrorhiza 572
mesacantha 572
missouriensis 573
Opuntia 571
polyacantha 573
Rafinesquii 572
tortispina 572
vulgaris 571
Orchidaceae 1 547
Urchideae i 547
Orchis 1 550
blephariglotlis 557
braeteata 552
ciliaris 557
clavellata 553
cristata 557
dilatata 55"4
fimbriate! 558-9
/i-rsa 558
/fal'O 552
grandiflora 558
hyperborea 554
huronensis 554
integra 553
lacera 558
leucophaea 558
militaris 551
nivea 553
obtusata 556
orbiculata 555
psycodes 559
rotundifolia 551
speetabilis 551
tridental a 553
vircscens 552
Oreocarya 3 80
(Eritrichium and
Krinitckia in part )
fulvocanescens 82
glomerata 81
sericea 81
suffruticosa 80-1
Origanum 3 140
flexuosum 142
vulgare 140
Ornithogalum 1 509
Ornithogalum
arabicum 1 509
bivalve 501
hirsutum 534
nutans 510
umbellatum 509
I IROBANCHACEAE 3 233
Orobanche 234
americana 235
fasciculata 214
ludoviciana 235
major 234
minor 235
purpurea 234
ramosa 234
uniflora 233
virginiana 236
Orontium 1 445
aquaticum 445
Orophaca 2 3S7
(Astragalus in part )
argophylla 388
caespitosa 387
sericea 388
Orthocarpus 3 216
luteus 216
Oryzeae I 108
Oryzopsis 1 174
asperifolia 174-5
canadensis 174
cuspidata 174
juncea 174
melanocarpa 175
membranacea 174
micrantha 175
pungens 174
racemosa 175
Osmorrhiza 2 627-8
brevistylis 627
Claytoni 627
divaricata 628
longistylis 628
obtusa 628
see Washingtonia
627-8
OSMU.NDACEAE I 7 j
Osmunda i 7
cinnamomea 7
Claytoniana 8
interrupta 8
Ianceolata 6
Lunaria 3
matricariae 5
regalis 7
Struthiopteris 1 1
virginiana 6
Ostrya 1 606
Ostrya 606
virginiana 606
virginica 606
Othake 3 507
callosum 507
sphacelatum 507
tenuifolium 507
Otophylla 3 213
auriculata 213
densiflora 214
OXALIDACEAE 2 43O
Oxalis 2 430
Acetosella 431
Brittoniae 434
Bushii 433
corniculata 432
cymosa 435
A'i>" 433
grandis 435
Priceae 434
recurva 435
repens 432
™/a 433
striata 432
violacea 43 1
Oxybaphus
see Allionia
albidus
angustifolius
hirsutus
Oxycoccus
erythrocarpus
macrocarpus
Oxycoccus
polustris
Oxydendrum
arborcimi
Oxygraphis
Cymbalaria
" alp iua
Oxypolis
(Tiedemannia)
filiformis
longifolius
rigidus
Oxyria
digyna
1 eniformis
Oxytropis
arctica
" inflata
Belli
campestris
" coerulea
inflata
" johanensis
Lambcrti
montana
multiceps
podocarpa
sericea
splendens
Pachilonta
Pachylophus
(Oenothera in
caespitosa
Nuttallii
Pachypodiuin
integrifolium
Pachysandra
procumbens
Pachystima
Canbyi
Myrsinites
Padus
. melanocarpa
nana
virginiana
Paepalanthus
flaviditlus
Palafoxia
Hookeriana
Panax
(Aralia in part)
horriduin
quinquefolium
trifolium
Pancratium
earolinianum
occidentale ■
Paniceae
Panicularia
(Glyceria)
acutiflora
americana
angustata
borealis
brachyphylla
canadensis
distans
" airoides
elongata
fluitans
grandis
laxa
2 31
2 31
31
31
32
2 704
705
70s
704
T"4
2 691
692
2 117
"7
"7
2 637
638
638
63S
1 659
659
659
2 388
389
389
391
390
390
389
390
390
388
389
389
390
390
2 633
603
part)
603
603
2 169
480
480
2 492
492
492
2 328
329
329
329
329
1 455
3 507
2 618
619
618
619
I 533
533
I 108
I 262
266
265
267
266
266
263
268
268
264
266
265
263
Vol. I IT.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
587
Panicularia
nervata I 264
obtusa 264
pallida 265
septentrionalis 265
Torreyana 264
Panicum 1 134
aciculare 146
aculeatum 160
Addisonii 156
agrostoides 142
albemarlense 154
albomarginatum 148
am oroides 141
amarulum 141
amarum 141
" minor 141
anceps 142
angustifolium 146
annulum 150
Ashei 161
atlanticum 153
auburne 155
aulumnale 124
barbipulvinatum 139
barbulatum 149-50
Bicknellii 145
boreale 150
Boscii 162
Brittoni 148
Bushii 147
calliphyllum 158
capillare 139
" campestre 139
" flexile 1 40
" minor 140
" sylvaticum 140
carinatuni 137
ciliatum 145
clandestinum 162
Clutei 151
coerulescens 149
cognatum 124
colonum 134
columbianum 156
" thinium 156
Commonsianum 156
commutatum 161
condensum 142
consanguineum 146-7
Crus-galli I33~4
cryptanthum 160
Curtisii 137
Dactylon 1 222
debile 138
decoloratum 162
depauperatum 143
dichotomiflorum 138
dichotomum 149
" elatuin 149
diffusum 140
digitarioides 137
dissectum 127
diver gens 124
Eatoni 152
elongalum 143
ensifolium 148
Enslini 144
filiculme 1 54
filiforme J 22
fimbriatum 123
flexile 140
Gattingeri 130
geniculatum 138
gibbum 163
glahrum 123
glaucum 165
gravius 1 49
Helleri 158
lu-mitomon 137
hians 163
hirtellum 134
Panicum
hispidum 1
134
huachucae
153
" silvicola
153
im berbe
165
implicatum
154
involutum
143
Ischaemum
123
italicum
166
Joorii
161
languidum
153
lanuginosum
155
latifolium
162
laxiflorum
I46
leucothrix 1
152
Liebergii
157
Lindheimeri
152
lineare
123
Iinearifolium
M4
longifolium
i43
longipedunculatun
145
lucidum
i49
macrocarpon
162
malacophyllum
160
mattamuskeetense
151
meridionale
154
microcarpon
148
microcarpon
150
miliaceum 134
40
minus
140
mutabile
161
Nashianum
157
nervosum
161
neuranthum
146
nitidum 15
)— 2
nudum
124
obtusum
138
octonodum
151
oligosanthes
15s
oncola
154
Owenae
155
patulum
157
pauciflorum
158
paucipilum
151
pedunculatum
162
perlongum 1
144
philadelphicum
140
polyanthes
I48
Porterianuin
162
praecocius
154
proliferum
138
psammophilum
156
pseudo-pubescens
153
pubescens 15
3. 9
pubifolium
162
Ravenelii
159
roanokense
149
rostratum
142
sangninale
123
scabriusculum
160
scoparioides
153
scoparium
159
sco peri urn 15
8.9
" Liebergi
157
Scribnerianum
158
serotinum
122
sphaerocarpon
147
spretum
I52
stipitatum
143
striatum
163
strictum
143
strigosum
145
subvillosum
154
tennesseense
155
tenue 1
148
tsugetorum
157
vexrucosum
138
vertictllnlum
164
villosum
147
villosissimiun
153
Panicum
virgatum 1 141
" breviramosum 141
" cubense 141
"obtusum 141
viride 165
viscidum 159
Walteri 134, 162
Werneri 144
Wilcoxianum 159
Wrightianum 152
xalapense 146
xanthophysum 158
yadkinense 149
Papaveraceae 2 136
Papaver 2 136
alpinum 138
Argemone 138
dubium 137
nudicaule 138
radicatum 138
Rhoeas 137
somnifemm 136-7
Papilionaceae 2 341
Papyrius 1 632
papyrifera 632
Pardanthus 1 541
chinensis 542
Parietaria 1 637
officinalis 637
pennsylvanica 638
Parnassiaceae 2 211
Parnassia 2 212
asarifolia 214
caroliniana 212
grandifolia 212
Kotzebuei 213
palustris 212-3
parviflora 213
Paronychia 2 26
argyrocoma 27
depressa 28
diffusa 28
dichotoma 28
Jamesii 27-8
sessiliflora 28
Wardi 27
Parosela 2 366-8
(Dalea)
aurea 368
Dalea 367
enneandra 367
Jamesii 368
lanata 367
nana 368
obovatifolia 366
Parsonsia 2 582
(Cuphea)
petiolata 582
Parthenium 3 464
auriculatum 465
hispidum 466
Hysterophorus 464-5
integrifolium 465
repens 466
Parthenocissus 2510-1
quinquefolia 5 1 t
tricuspidata 511
vitacea 5 1 1
Paspalum 1 125
angustifolium 130
arundinaceum 132
australe 130
Boscianum 131
Bushii 128
ciliatifolium 128
" brevifolium 127
circulare 131
compression 125
dasyphyllum 130
debile 130
difforme 132
dilatatum
1 132
dissectum
127
distichum
133
Elliotlii
125
floridanum
132
" glabratum
132
fluitans
126
laeve
130
" pilosum
130
laeviglume
131
longipedunculatum
1 127
membranaccum 127
Michauxianutn 133
mucronatum 126
Muhlenbergii 129
ovatum 172
paniculatum 126
paspaloides 125
platycaule 125
plenipilum 130
praelongum 130
prostratum 128
psammophilum 128
pubescens 129
pubiflorum 131
" glabrum 131
purpurascens 131
remotum glabrum 131
sanguinale 123
setaceum 129
stramineum 127
supinum 130
tristachyon 125
virgatum 131
Walterianum 127
Paspalus
Boscianus I 131
furcatus 125
macrospermus 132
Passifloraceae 2 564
Passiflora 565
incarnata 565
lutea 565
Pastinaca 2 634
sativa 634
Paulownia 3 189
imperialis 189
tomentosa 189
Pectis 3 514
angustifolia 514
ciliaris 514
Pedicularis 3 219
auricuiata 221
canadensis 221
capitata 222
euphrasioides 220
flammea 222
Furbishiae 222
groenlandica 223
lanceolata 221
lapponica 220
palustris 221
parviflora 221
pedicellata 220
sylvatica 220
IVlassoviana ■ 221
Pediocactus 2 569
Simpsoni 570
Pellaea 1 33
atropurpurea 33
densa 33
glabella 33
gracilis 32
Peltandra 1 443
alba 443
sagittaefolia 444
undulata 444
virginica 444
Penthoraceae 2 211
Penthorum 2211
5 88
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vol.111.
Penthorum
si doidi - i :'ii
Pentstemon 3 182
acuminatus 186
albidus 1*4
angustifolius 187
calycosus 185
canescens 183
Cobaea 186
coeruleus 187
cristatus 183
I ligitalis 184
erianthera 183
glaber 187
gracilis 185
grandiflorus 186
Haydeni 187
hirsutus 182
laevigatUS 183-4
pallidas 183
Pentstemon 184
pubescens 182
tubiflorus 185
Peplis
americana 2 538
diandra 579
Pepo 3 291
foetidissima 291
Peramium 1 569
(Goodycra)
decipiens 570
Menziesii 570
ophioides 569
pubescens 570
repens 569
tessellatum 569
Perilla 3 15?
frutescens 154
" nanhinensis 154
ocimoides 154
" crispa 154
Perioloca
graeca 3 39
Peritoma
serrulata 2 197
Persea 2 133
Borbonia 133
carolinensis 133
" palustris 133
gratissima 133
Persea 133
pubescens 133
Persicaria 1 665
amphibia 666
Careyi 668
Hydropiper 670
hydropiperoides 669
lapathifolia 666
longistyla 667
Muhlenbergii 666
omissa 667
opelousana 669
orientalis 670
pennsylvanica 667
Persicaria 668
persicarioides 66S
portoricensis 667
punctata 670
robustior 670
setacea 669
tomentosa 667
Perularia 1 551
flava 552
Petalostemum 2 368
compactum 369
candidum 368, 9
foliosum 371
gracile 369
macrostachyus 369
multiflorum 370
oligophyllum 369
purpureum 370
Petalostemum
tenuifolium
villosum
violaceum
Petasites
( Nardosmid)
frigida
officinalis
palmata
Pi lasites
sagittata
trigonophylla
vulgaris
Petrorhagia
saxifraga
Petroselinum
hortense
sativum
Petroselinum
Petunia
axillaris
nyctaginiftora
parviflora
violacea
Peucedamtni
daucifolium
graveolens
Kingii
sativum
verticillatum
Phaca 2
aborigina
americana
argopliylla
astragalina
baetica
bisulcata
Bodini
caespitosa
elatiocarpa
elegans
elongata
flc.YUOSUS
frigida ameri-
cana
longifolia
I at i flora
neglecta
parviflora
peel in at a
Robbinsii
scricea
villosa
Phacelia.
bipinnatifida
Covillei
dubia
fimbriata
Franklinii
heterophylla
hirsuta
integrifolia
leucophylla
parviflora
Purshii
secunda
Phaethusa
americana
helianthoides
occidentalis
virginica
Phaiospcrma
Phalarideae
Phalaris
americana
arundinacea
" picta
canariensis
caroliniana
crucaeformis
intermedia
orysoides
Pharbilis
2 370
hederacea
3 45
371
purpurea
45
3-0
Pharnaceum
3 53i
mantimum
2 34
Phaseolaceae
2 34'
3 532
Phaseolus
2 422
532
angulosus
4 -'3
5."
diversifolius
423
532
helvolus
423-4
532
leiospermus
424
531
perennis
423
532
pnlystachyus
423
2 -2
itmhellatus
424
7 -
vulgaris
422
2 642
see Strophostyles
642
423-4
642
Phegopteris
642
calcarea
1 24
3 '/I
Dryopteris
23
171
hexagonoptera
23
171
Phegopteris
2?,
172
polypodioides
23
172
Robertiana
Phelipaea
34
2 632
lute a
3 234
633
Phellopteris
2 644
633
montanus
645
634
Philadelphus
2 231
657
coronarius
232
385-6
grandiflorus
232
384
inodorus
232
385
Ph ilosera
3 5'0
388
multi flora
Sio
382
Philotria
1 104
385
angustifolia
105
380
canadensis
i°5
386
minor
106
3S7
Nuttallii
I05
383
Phippsia
I 193
384
algida
193
38s
Phleum
I 190
3S5
alpinum
191
pratense
1 90- 1
385
schoenoides
190
386
Phlomis
3 "8
383
fruticosa
118
385
tuberosa
118
384
Phlox
3 53
380
amoena
55
381
amplifolia
54
388
argillacea
55
379
bifida
56
3 68
Brittonii
58
69
bryoides
58
70
Carolina
54
69
divaricata
56
71
Douglasii
59
69
" andicola
59
68
" longifolia
59
70
glaberrima
53. 5
68
Hoodii
58
68
Kelseyi
57
69
longifolia
59
70
maculata
54
68
" Candida
54
3 487
ovata
54
487
paniculata
53
488
pilosa
55
488
reptans
56
487
Stellaria
57
2 633
stolonifera
56
1 108
suaveolens
54
I 169
subulata
57
170
Phoradendron
1 639
169, 70
californicum
639
170
flavescens
639
I/O
Phragmites
1 232
170
communis
232
228
Phragmites
232
170
Phrvmaceae
3 244
16S-9
Phryma
244
Phryma
Leptostachya 3 245
Phyla 3 91
Phyllanthus 2 453
carolinensis 453
Niruri 453
obovatus 453
Phyllitis 1 25
Scolopendrium 25
Phyllodoce 2 685
coerulea 685
Phymosia 2 521
abutiloides 521
cuspidata 522
remota 522
Physalis 3 155
aequata 158
Alkekengi 156.162
angulata 158
barbadensis 157
" obscura 157
comata 161
grandiflora 163
hederaefolia 1 6 1
heterophylla 161
ixocarpa 158
Lagascae 157
lanceifolia 158
lanceolata 160
"laevigata 159
" hirta 160
lobata 162
longifolia 159
macrophysa 159
missouriensis 157
obscura 157
pendula 158
pennsylvanica 160-2
p h iladelph ica 1 5 9
peruviana 161
pruinosa 157
pubescens 156
pumila 160
rotundata 161
subglabrata 159
virginiana 160-1
" intermedia 160
viscosa 1 6 1-2
Physalodes 3 155
(Xicandra)
peruvianum 155
physalodes 155
Physaria 2 156
brassicoides 156
didymocarpa 156
Physocarpus 2 244
intermedins 244
missouriensis 244
Physostegia 3 116
denticulata 117
digitalis 1 16
intermedia 117
parviflora 1 1 7
virginiana 116
Phytolaccaceae 2 25
Phytolacca 2 25
americana 26
decandra 26
Picea 1 60
(Abies in part)
alba 61
australis 61
brevi folia 61
canadensis 61
mariana 61
nigra 61
rubens 61
rubra 6 1
Picradenia 3 510
aeaulis 509
odorata 510
Picradeniopsis 507
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
589
Picradeniopsis
oppositifolia 3 508
Picris 3 3 1 1
asplenioides 311
echioides 311
hieracioides 3 1 1
Picrococcus 2 697
Pieris 2 689
(Andromeda in part )
floribunda 690
formosa 690
mariana 691
nitida 690
Pilea 1 636
muscosa 636
pumila 637
Pilosella 2 175
tioz'ae-angliae 176
spathulata 3 332
Pimpinella 2 654
integerrima 639
magna 655
saxifraga 655
Pixaceae 1 55
Pinguicula 3 225
acutifolia 225
alpina 226
vulgaris 225-6
Pinus 1 56
Abies 60
alba 61
justralis 57
balsamea 63
Banksiana 58
canadensis 62
divaricata 58
cchinata 58
Fraseri 63
inops 58
laricina 60
mitts 58
nigra 61
palustris 57
pendula 60
Picea 63
ponderosa 57
pungens 59
resinosa 57
rigida 59
rubra 61
scopulorum 57
serotina 60
Strobus 56
sylvestris 56, 60
" divaricata 58
Taeda 59
virginiana 58
Piperia 1 554
unalaskensis 555
Pisum
maritimum 2 413
Planera 1 628
aquatica 628
Planodes
virginicum 2 179
Plantaginaceae 3 245
Plantago 3 245
arenaria 249
aristata 248
asiatica 245
borealis 247
cordata 247
decipiens 247
elongata 249
eriopoda 247
glabra 247
gnaphalioides 248
halophila 246
heterophylla 249
lanceolata 246
major 245
maritima 247
Plantago
media 3 246
patagonica
" aristata 248
"gnaphalioides 248
Purshii 248
pusilla 249
rhodosperma 248
Rugelii 246
sparsiflora 247
spinulosa 248
uniflora 250
virginica 248
Platanaceae 2 242
Platanus 2 .242
occidentalis 242
orientalis 242
Platanthera
holopetala 1 557
rotundifolia 551
see Habenaria 552-9
Plectocephalus
americanus 3 559
Pleiotaenia 2 633
Nuttallii 633
Pleurogyna 3 14
(Swertia)
rotata 14
Pleurophragr>\a
integrifolia 2 169
Pleuropogon 1 247
Sabinii 247-8
Pleuropterus 1 675
cordatus 675
Zuccarinii 676
Pluchea 3 447
bifrons 447
camphorata 448
foetida 447
petiolata 448
Plumbagixaceae 2717
Pneumaria 3 82
(Mertensia in part)
maritima 82
Poa 1 252
abbreviata 253
airoides 268
alpina 254
alsodes 257
andina 260
angustata 267
annua 253
aquatica 262
" aniericana 265
arachnifera 259
arida 260
autumnalis 257
brachyphylla 258
brevifolia 258
Buckleyana 260
caesia 254
" strictior 256
capillaris 239
capitata 243
caroliniana 240
cenisia 258
Chapmaniana 253
compressa 1 259
confusa 261
cristata 253
crocata 256
debilis 255
distans 267-8
elongata 264
eminens I 259
Eragrostis 240
fasciculate 258
flava 233
flexuosa 257
glauca 254
glumaris 259
h irsuta 239
Poa
hypnoides
interrupta
King ii
laevigata
laevis
laxa
maritima
memoralis
nervata
nitida
obtusa
pectinacea
pilosa
pratensis
1 243
242
273
260
260
1 254
267
256
264
245
269
241
240
252, 256
angustifolia 256
pratericola 260
pseudopratensis 1 255
refracta 24 1
seslerioides 23s
serotina 256
sylvestris 257
tenuifolia 260
tenuis 239
Torreyana 264
trichodes 242
triflora 256
trivialis 255
uniflora 198
Wolfii 258
Weigeltiana 243
Podalyria
australis 344
bracteata 2 345
mollis 343
Podophyllum 2 129
diphyllum 129
peltatum 130
Podostemaceae 2 205
Podostemum 2 205
ceratophyllum 205
Pogonia 1 559
affinis 561
divaricata 560
ophioglossoides 560
pendula 562
trianthophora 562
verticillata 561
Poinsettia 2 476
dentata 476
cuphosperma 476
pulcherrima 476
heterophylla 477
Polanisia 2 199
graveolens 199
trachysperma 199
Polemoniaceae 3 52
Polemonium 3 63
coeruleum 63
dubium 69
Nyctelea 67
reptans 63
van Bruntiae 63
Polycodium 2 697
melanocarpum 697
stamineum 697
Polygalaceae 2 446
Polygala 2 44 <>
acuti folia 447
alba 451
ambigua 449
brevifolia 448
corymbosa 447
cruciata 448
Curtissii 450
cymosa 447
fastigiata 450
incarnata 449
lutea 447
mariana 4^0
Nuttallii 450
paucifolia 452
Polygala
polygama 2 451
" abort wa 451
ramosa 447
sanguinea 449, 50
Senega 451
" latifolia 451
" tenuifolia 451
Torreyi 448
uniflora 452
verticillata 488
" ambigua 449
viridescens 449
vulgaris 446
Polygonaceae 1 646
Polygonatum 1 521
biflorum 521
commutatum 521
giganteum 521
Polygonella 1 676
aniericana 677
articulata 676
ericoides 677
parvifolia 676
Polygonum 1 659
acre 670
amphibium 666
arifolium 673
articulatum 676
atlanticum 663
aviculare 659, 61
" angustissimum 662
Bellardi 663
buxiforme 662
camporum 663
Careyi 668
cilinode 674
" erectum 674
Convolvulus 674
cristatum 675
cuspidatum 676
densiflorum 667
Douglasii 664
dumctorum 675
emersum 666
erectum 663
exsertum I 661
Fagopyrum 672
Fowleri 660
glaucum 660
Hartwrightii 666
Hydropiper 670
hydropiperoides 669
" Macouni 669
incarnatum 666
lapathifolium 666
" incanum 666
" nodosum 666
leptocarpum 661
littorale 662
longistylum 667
maritimum 660
mite 669
monspe/iense 661
Muhlenbergii 666
neglectum 662
opelousanum 669
orientate 670
pennsylvanicum 667
Persicaria 665, 6
persicarioides 668
portoricense 667
prolificum 662
provinciale 662
punctatum 670
" leptostachyum 670
" robustius 670
Rayi 660
ramosissimum I 663
"atlanticum 663
"prolificum 662
sagitlatum 673
59°
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vol. III.
Polygonum
scandens
i 674
selaceum
669
tataricum
tenue
664
tomentosum
667
triangulum
664
'ginianum
665
parum
671
Zuccarinii
676
Polymnia
3 458
canadensis
458
" radiata
458
Uvedalia
458
Polyotus
3 34
angustifolius 34
POLYPODIACEAE I 10
Polypodium i 35
bulbiferum 14, 5
calcareum 24
cristatum 19
dilatatum 21
Dryoptcris 23
Filix-foemina 30
Filix-mas 17, 21
fontanum 29
fragile 1 5
fragrans 19
hexagonopterum 23
incanum 36
intermedium 22
Lonchilis 16
marginale 20
montanum 15
noveboracense 18
oblusum 14
Phegopteris 23
polypodioides 36
Robertianum 24
spinulosum 21
vulgare 35, 6
Polypogon 1 201
monspeliensis 201
Polypremum 2 731
procumbens 731
Polypteris 3 507
callosa 507
Hookeriana 507
Polystichum 1 16
acrostichoides 16
" Schweinitzii 16
Braunii 17
Lonchitis 16
scopulinum 17
Polytaenia 2 632
Nuttallii 633
Pomaceae 2 286
Pomaria
glaiidulosa 2 338
PONTEDERIACEAE I 462
Pontederia 462
cordata 463
" angustifolia 463
lancifolia 463
litnosa 464
Populus I 587
acuminata 589
alba 587
anguiata 590
angustifolia 588
balsamifera 588
candicans 588
carolinensis 590
eoloradensis 589
deltoides 590
" occidentalis 591
dilatata 590
grandidentata 589
heterophylla 589
italica 590
monilifera 590
nigra 590
Populus
occidentalis 1 591
Sargentii 591
tremuloides 590
Porteranthus 2 248
(Gillenia 1
stipulatus 248
trifoliatus 248
PORTULACACEAE 2 35
Portulaca 2 39
grandiflora 41
neglecta 40
oleracea 39, 40
pilosa 40
retusa 40
triangularis 35
Portuna 2 689
fioribunda 690
Potamogeton 1 74
alpinus 77
americanus 77
amp'ifolius 76
" ovalifolius 76
angustifolius 79
" methyensis 79
bipleuroides 80
Claytonii 77
compressus 81-3
confervoides 81
crispus 81
dimorphus 86
diversifolius 85
epihydrus 77
" vars. 85
Faxoni 78
filiformis I 86
" Macounii 86
" occidentalis 86
flabellatus 87
fluitans 77
foliosus 82
Friesii 83
gemmiparus 85
gramineus 78
heterophyllus 78
" vars. 78
Hillii 82
hybridus 85
illinoensis 79
interior 86
interruptus 87
lateralis 84
lonchites 77
" noveboracensis 77
" connecticutensis 79
lucens 79
major 83
marinus 86
mysticus 80
natans 74, 5
niagarensis 82
noveboracensis 77
Nuttallii 77
Oakesianus 76
ob'usifolius 82
panormitanus 84
pauciflorns 82
pectinatus I 87
perfoliatus 80
" lanceolatus 80
" Richardsonii 80
piiuiatum 2 616
praelongis I 80
pulcher 76
pusillus 84
" vars. 83-6
Robbinsii 87
rufescens 77
rutilus 83
spathulaefonnis 78
Spirillus 86
" curvifolius 86
Potamogeton
trichoides
I 81
Tuckermani
81
\ arians
78
Vaseyi
83
" latifolius
83
Zizii
79
zosteracjolius
81
Potentilla
2 249
Anserina
258
argentea
253
arguta
263
bipinnatifida
257
canadensis
251
" pumila
251
canescens
254
caroliniana
251
collina
253
effusa
256
emarginata
255
frigida
255
fruticosa
262
inclinata
254
Hippiana
256
hirsula
253
intermedia
254
labradorica
253
leucocarpa
252
leucophylla
256
littoralis
257
maculata
254
miliegrana
252
minima
255
monspeliensis
253-4
multifida
2 256
nana
255
nemoralis
250
Nicolletii
252
nivea
255
norvegica
253
palustris
258
paradoxa
252
pectinata
257
pennsylvanica
257
" strigosa
257
pentandra
253
pilosa
254
procumbens
250
procumbens
261
pumila
251
Ranunculus
254
recta
254
reptans
250
rivalis
252-3
Robbinsiana
255
rubens
254
salisbrugensis
254
simplex
251
strigosa
257
sulphurea
254
supina
252
tridentata
262
Vahliana
255
Poteridium
2 265
annuum
265
Poterium
2 265
annuum
265
canadense
265
Sanguisorba
266
Prasium
purpureum
3 117
Prenanthes
3 334
see Nabalus 3 335-8
juncea
322
mainensis
337
pauciflora
312
runcinata
312
tenuifolia
312
Primulaceae
2 707
Primula
2 708
egaliksensis
709
farinosa
708
Primula
mistassinica 2 708
veris 708
Prinos
see Hex 2 486
Prionopsis 3 377
(Aplopappus)
ciliata 377
Prosartcs
lanuginosa 1 517
trachycarpa 518
Proserpinaca 2 613
intermedia 613
palustris 613
pectinacea 613
pectinata 613
Prosopis 2 332
glandulosa 333
juliflora 333
Prunella 3 115
(Brunella)
laciniata 115
vulgaris 115
Priinus 2 322
alleghaniensis 324
amcricana 32^
angustifolia 324
Avium ^27
Besseyi 327
cerasifera 325
Cerasus 327
Chicasa 324
cuneata 326
domestica 2 322, 326
gracilis 325
Gravesii 325
hortulana 324
" Mineri 324
insititia 326
Mahaleb 328
maritima 325
mollis 323
nana 329
nigra 323
Pennsylvania 328
pumila 326
serotina 329
" Smallii 329
sphaerocarpa 325
virginiana 329
Watsoni 324
P seder a 2 510
Pseudacacia
odorata 2 375
Pseudotaenidia 2 630
montana 631
Psilocarya 1 346
nitens 347
rynchosporoides $47
scirpoides 346-7
Psilostrophe 3 504
(Riddellia)
gnaphalodes 504
Tagetinae 504
villosa 504
Psoralea 2 360
argophylla 363
aurea 368
bituminosa 360
collina 362
cryptocarpa 363
cuspidata 363
Dalea 367
digitata 362
esculenta 363
fioribunda 361
hypogaea 364
incana 362
lanceolata 361
linearifolia 362
longifofia 386
macrorhica 363
Vol.111. GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
S9i
Psoralea
Pyrrhopappus
Quercus
Ranunculus
melilotoides
2 364
carolinianus
3 324
tridentata
1 622
obtusiusculus
2 107
micrantha
361
scaposus
325
triloba t
19. 17
ovalis
109
obtusiloba
361
Pyrularia
1 640
velutina
619
parviflorus
114
Onobrychis
365
oleifera
641
virens
625
parvulus
114
pedunculata
364
pubera
641
virginiana
625
pedatifidus
108
stipulata
364
Pyrus
2 287
Queria
2 30
pennsylvanicus
112
tenuiflora
361
arbiitifolia
290
canadensis
30
Philonotis
114
Ptelea
2 444
" atropurpurea 291
capillacea
30
Purshii
105
tomentosa
445
americana
287
Quinaria
2 510
pusillus
106
trifoliata
445
angustifolia
288
Quincula
3 162
pygmaeus
108
" mollis
445
baccata
289
(Physalis in part)
recurvatus
1 1 1
Pteridium
1 3i
Botryapiitm
292
lobata
162
repens
112, 3
aquilinum
pseudocauda
32
communis
288
reptans
107
turn 32
coronaria
288
Radicula
2 159
rhomboideus
109
caudatum
31
ioensis
289
aquatica
164
Sabini
108
Pteridophyta
1 1
Mains
288-90
curvisiliqua
162
sceleratus
1 1 r
Pteris
melanocarpa
291
hispida
161
septentrionalis
113
alabamensis
1 34
nigra
291
Nasturtium-aquat-
sicaeformis
113
aquilina
32
sanguinea
293
icum
162
trichophylhts
116
atropurpurea
33
see Sorbus
287
obtusa
160
Raphanus
2 194
Stelleri
32
Malus
288
palustris
161
Raphanistrum
195
Pterospora
2 673
Pyxidanthera
2 706
sessilifiora
162
sativus
194-5
Andromedea
673
barbulata
706
sinuata
160
Rapistrum
Ptilimnium
2 656
sphaerocarpa
161
rugosum
2 159
(Discopleura)
Quamasia
1 508
sylvestris
160
Ratibida
3 473
capillaceum
657
(Scilla)
Radiola
(Lepachys)
missouriense
657
esculenta
509
linoides
2 440
columnaris
474
Xuttallii
657
hyacinthina
509
Raimannia
2 596
pinnata
474
Ptiloria
1 X\2
Quamoclit
3 42
coronopifolia
598
Tagetes
475
(Stephanomeria)
coccinea
42,3
humifusa
597
Razoumofskya
1 638
pauciflora
312
Quamoclit
42
laciniata
597
(Arceuthobium
)
ramosa
312
vulgaris
42
rhombipetala
597
pusilla
638
tenuifolia
312
Quercus
I 616
Rajania ovata
1 677
Redfieldia
1 235
Puccinellia
I 267
acuminata
624
Ranunculaceae
2 84
flexuosa
236
(Glyceria in part)
alba
622
Ranunculus
2 104
Relbunium
airoides
268
Alexanderi
625
abortivus
1 10
bermudense
3 206
angustata
267
aquatica
621
" encyclus
no
Renaelmia
Borreri
268
bicolor
623
" Harveyi
109
usneoides
1 456
distans
267
borealis
618
" micranthus
I 10
Resedaceae
2 199
fasciculata
268
Brittoni
620
Alleni
109
Reseda
2 200
maritima
267-8
Catesbaei
616
acris
I I 1-2
alba
201
Pueraria
coccinea
619, 18
affinis
108
lutea
200
Thunbergiana
2 420
" tinctoria
619
alismaef alius
107
Luteola
200
Pulmonaria
digitata
617, 19
allegheniensis
I IO
odorata
200
see Mertensia
3 83
elipsoidalis
618
ambigens
107
Rhamnaceae
2 501
maritima
S2
jalcata
619
aquatilis
Il6
Rhamnus
2 5°2
Pulsatilla
2 102
" pagodaefolia 620
" caespitosus
Il6
alnifolia
503
(Anemone in
heterophylla
621
" capillaceus
Il6
caroliniana
503
part)
ilicifolia
I 620
" divaricatus
Il6
cathartica
502
hirsutissima
102
imbricaria
622
arvensis
115
Frangula
5°3
patens
102
laurifolia
621
auricomus
104
lanceolata
5°3
Pycnanthemuin
3 r4i
Leana
622
bulbosus
I 12
Rhexia
2 582
see Koellia
141-5
lyrata
623
cardiophyllus
108
aristosa
583
lanceolatum
142
macrocarpa
622-3
circinatus
Il6
ciliosa
584
linifolium
141
margaretta
622
Clintoni
"3
latifolia
583
Monardella
132
marylandica
620-2
Cymbalaria
117
mariana
583
Torreyi
143
Michauxii
624
delphinifolius
i°5, 17
petiolata
584
Tullia
144
minor
622
" terrestris
105
virginica
OOO
Pycraeus
Muhlenbergii
624, 5
eremogenes
1 1 1
Rhinanthus
3 223
sabulosus
1 300
nana
620
fascicularis
114
Crista-galli
223
Pyrethrum
nigra
I 621
Ficaria
117
major
223
Balsamita
3 519
" digitata
619
filiformis
107
minor
223
inodorumnanum S20
" tridentata
622
Flammula
107
virginicus
208
Pyrolaceae
2 667
obtusiloba
622
" rep tans
107
Rhodiola
2 206
Pyrola
2 668
olivaejormis
623
" intermedins
107
rosea
206-7
americana
668
pagodaefolia
620
Harveyi
109
Rhododendreae
2 676
asarifolia
670
palustris
617-22
hederaceus
116
Rhododendron
2 680
chlorantha
669-70
Phellos
621
hispidus
113
arborescens
679
elliptica
669
platanoidcs
623
hispidns
1 12
ca/endulaceum
678
grandiflora
668
prinoides
625
hyperboreus
2 105
canadense
680
incarnata
669
" rufescens
625
lacustris
I°5
canescens
678
maculata
672
Prinus
622-4
lapponicus
106
catawbiense
681
minor
670
Robur
616
limosus
I°5
ferrugineum
680
oxypetala
670
rubra
I 617
Macounii
I 12
lapponicum
680
rotundifolia
668
" nana
620
micranthus
I 10
maximum
681
41 puviila
668
" runcinata
617
missouriensis
105
nudiflorum
678
secunda
671
Rudkini
620
multifidus
105
Rhodora
680
uliginosa
669
Schneckii
618
" repens
105
viscosum
679
" pnmila
671
stellata
622
muricatus
I'5
Rhodora
2 679
a in hell til a
672
texana
618
nivalis
107
canadensis
680
uni flora
671
tinctoria
619
oblongifolius
106
Rhombolytrum
1 238
592
(,l NERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AN'D SPECIES.
\'oi.. III.
Rhombolytrum
Roripa
albescens
1
ainei
2 164
Rhus
24*1
Armoracia
■ 63
aroma
Rosai 1
2 24-'
nata
482
Rosa
2 282
tensis
482
acicularis
283
copallina
481
blanda
283
coriaria
481
brae i
286
cotinoides
485
canina
284
glabra
482
Carolina
285
" borealis
482
centifolia
282
hirta
481
cinnamomea
286
microcarpa
484
eglanteria
286
folia
484
Engehnanni
283
radicans
484
Fendleri
284
Toxicodendron
484
gallica
286
trilobata
483
hum His
285
typhina
481
lucida
285
venenata
483
micrantha
286
I 'ernix
483
nitida
285
Rhynchosia
2 421
parviflora
285
erecta
422
pratincola
284
latifolia
421
rubiginosa
286
reniformis
422
Sayi
283
simplicifolia
422
setigera
283
tomentosa
421
spinosissima
284
" monophylla
422
virginiana
285
" rolubilis
421
Woodsii
284
Rhynchospora
Rotala
2 579
see Rynchospora
ramosior
579
I 341
verticillaris
579
Ribes
2 236
Rot hia
amcricanum
238
carolinensis
3 505
cercum
238
Rottboellia
1 hi
Cynosbali
239
corrugata
1 12
" glabratum
239
cylindrica
1 12
floridum
238
filiformis
282
glandulosum
238
rugosa
I 12
gracile
24O
Roubieva
2 15
Grossularia
241
multifida
15
hirtellum
241
Rubacer
2 275
hudsonianum
2Z7
Rubiaceae
3 250
huronense
241
Rubus
2 275
inebrians
238
acaulis
278
lacustre
236
alleghaniensis
280
missouriensis
240
amcricamts
278
nigrum
237
arcticus
277
odoratum
239
argutus
280
oxyacanthoides
240
Baileyanus
280
" calcicola
241
canadensis
279
" lacustre
236
" roribaccus
281
pennsylvjnicuin 238
Chamaemorus
276
prostratum
238
columbianus
276
reclinatum
241
cuneifolius
278
rotundifolium
241
Dalibarda
282
rubrum
236, 7
Ensleni
281
" subglandulosum 237
frondosus
279
saxosum
241
fruticosus
275
setosum
240
hispidus
281
triste
237
" suberecta
279
( 'va-crispa
241
idaeus
277
vulgare
237
laciniatus
280
Ricinophylhtm
2 619
Millspaughii
279
Ricinus
2 460
montanus
280
communis
461
neglectus
2 277
Ridan
3 486
nigricans
279
alternifolia
487
nigrobaccus
280
Riddellia
nutkanus
276
Tagetinae
3 504
obovalis
281
Ripidium
occidentalis
277
japonicum
1 113
odoratus
276
Robertiella
2 425
parviflorus
276
Robertiana
426
parvifolius
278
Robertsonia
2 219
phoenicolasius
277
micranthidifolia 219
procumbens
281
Robinia
2 374
Randii
280
hispida
375
rubrisetus
281
pseudacacia
375
saxatilis
viscosa
375
" americanus
278
Roripa
2 159
" canadensis
278
seeRadicula 2159-62
setosus
279
(Nasturtium)
strigosus
277
Rubus
Rynchospora
triflorus
2 278
axillaris
1 344
trh ialis
281
" microcephalia
344
villosus
280
capillacea
343
" frondosus
279
" laeviseta
343
" liumifusus
280
cephalantha
344
" montanus
280
compressa
345
Rudbeckia
3 469
corniculata
342
ample.vieaulis
473
cymosa
345
angustifolia
476
etuberculata
331
aspcra
472
filifolia
344
atrorubens
476
fusca
344
Brittonii
471
glomerata
344
columnaris
474
gracilenta
345
fulgida
47i
inexpansa
346
grandiflora
472
Knieskernii
343
hirta 46c
macrostachya
342
laciniata
473
nitens
347
" humilis
473
oligantha
342
maxima
472
pallida
342
missouriensis
471
rariflora
344
monticola
470
scirpoides
347
pallida
476
Smallii
345
palustris
47i
Torreyana
346
pinnata
474
purpurea
475
Sabbatia
3 3
spathulata
471
angularis
5
speciosa
472
" angustifolia
5
subtomentosa
470
brachiata
5
Sullivantii
472
calycina
5
Tagetes
475
calycosa
5
triloba
470
campanulata
7
umbrosa
47i
campestris
6
Ruellia
3 240
chloroides
7
biftora
240
dodecandra
7
ciliosa
241
Elliottii
6
" parviflora
242
gracilis
7
" ambigua
242
lanceolata
4
oblongifolia
240
paniculata
4.6
parviflora
242
stellaris
6
pedunculata
242
Sacciolepis
I 163
strepens
241
gibba
163
" cleistantha
241
striata
163
tuberosa
241
Saecharum
1 113
Rumex
1 653
japonicum
113
Acetosa
654
polydactylon
"3
Acetosella
653
Sagina
2 51
altissimus
656
apetala
51
Brittannica
656
decumbens
5'
conglomeratus
657
"Smith ii
51
crispus
657
fontinalis
46
digynus
659
Linnaei
51
elongatus
657
nivalis
51
Engehnanni
654
nodosa
52
hastatulus
654
procumbens
51
Hydrotapathum
saginoides
51
" anwricanum
656
subulata
51
maritimus
659
virginica
3 16
mexicanus
655
Sagittaria
1 98
obtusifolius
657.8
ambigua
IOI
occidentalis
657
arifolia
99
orbiculatus
656
" stricta
99
pallidus
655
brevirostra
100
Patientia
653.6
calycina
96-7
persicarioides
659
" spongiosa
97
pulcher
658
cristata
102
salicifolius
655
cuneata
99
sanguineus
658
Eatonii
103
venosus
654
Engelmanniana 99
verticillatus
655
falcata
IOI
Ruppia
I 88
graminea
103
curviearpa
88
heterophylla
102
lacustris
88
lancifolia
IOI
maritima
88
latifolia
IOO
occidentalis
88
longiloba
IOI
RUTACEAE
2 443
longirostra
99
Ruta
445
lorata
104
graveolens
445
natans gracillinta 104
Rynchospora
1 34i
platyphylla
103
alba
343
pubescens
100
" macra
343
pusilla
104
aurea
34'
radicans
96
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
593
Sagittaria
rigida
I 102
sagittifolia
subulata
99
104
teres
102
variabilis
100
" diversifolia 100
" gracilis 99
Salicaceae 1 587
Salicornia 2 21
ambigua 22
Bigelovii 22
europaea 21
" prostrata 21
herbacea 21
mucronata 22
rubra 21-2
virginica 22
Salix 1 59i
aeutidens 596
adenophylla 597
alba 591.5
amygdaloides 593
anglorum 605
angustata 596
arctica 604, 5
argyrocarpa 603
atra 605
babylonica 595
balsamifera 596
Barclayi 603
Bebbiana 599
brachycarpa 604
Brownii 605
calcicola 602
callicarpaea 604
Candida I 598
chlorolepis 602
chlorophylla 600
coactilis 598
cordata 596
cordifolia 604
Cutleri 601
desertorum 604
discolor 599, 600
eriocephala 599
exigua 594
falcata 592
Fernaldii 603
fluviatilis 595
" exigua 594
fragilis 594
fuscescens 602
glauca 605
gracilis 599
groenlandica 605
glaucophylla 596
herbacea 601
humilis 600
interior 595
labradorica 605
laurentiana 599
latiuscula 603
liniarifolia 595
longifolia 595
longipes 593
Iucida I 593
lutea 596
luteosericea 594
Mackenziana 596
Macounii 605
missouriensis 596
myrtillifolia 601
myrtilloides 602
nigra 592
" falcata 592
" Wardi 593
obtusata 601
orbicularis 602
pedicellaris 602
pelhta 598
pentandra 594
Salix
perrostrata 1 599
petiolaris 598. 9
phylicifoiia 600
prinoides 599
purpurea 597
pyrifolia 596
reticulata 602
rostrata 599
sericea 598
serissima 594
squamata 600
stricla 604
subsericea 598
syrticola 597
tristis I 600
Uva-ursi 601
vacciniformis 605
vestita 603
viminalis 597
vitellina 595
Waghornei 604
Wardi 593
Wheeleri 595
Salomonia I 521
bi flora 521
commutata 521
Salpingia 2 606
Salsola 2 J4
caroiiniana 25
depressa 24
Kali 25
" rosacea 25
" tenuifolia 25
linearis 23
pestifer 25
salsa americana 23
Soda 24
Tragus 25
Salvia 3 128
azure a grand! flora 129
lanceolata 130
lancifolia 130
lyrata 129
officinalis 128
Pitcheri 129
pratensis 129
re flex a 130
Sclarea 131
urticifolia 130
Verbenaca 130
verticillata 130
Salviniaceae i 37
Salvinia 1 37
natans 38
Sambucus 3 268
canadensis 268
nigra laciniata 268
pubens 268
" dissecta 268
racemosa 268
Samolus 2 710
floribundus 710
Valerandi 710
americanus 710
Sanguinaria 2 140
canadensis 140
Sanguisorba 2 264
annua 265
canadensis 265
minor 266
officinalis 265
Sanguisorba 266
Sanicula 2 623
canadensis 624
europaea 623
gregaria 624
marylandica 623
Smallii 624
trifoliata 624
Santalaceae 1 639
Santolina
suave olens
3
521
Sapindaceae
2
500
Sapindus
2
500
acuminalus
500
Drummondii
500
marginatus
500
Saponaria
500
Saponaria
2 72
officinalis
73
Vaccaria
73
Sapotaceae
2
719
Sarcobatus
2 22
vermicularis
23
Sarothamnus
scoparius
2
35°
Sarothra
2
536
Drummondii
536
gentianoides
536
Sarraceniaceae
2
201
Sarracenia
2
201
flava
202
heterophylla
202
purpurea
201-2
Sassafras
2
134
officinale
134
variifolium
134
Sassafras
134
Satureia
3
137
hortensis
137
nepeta
138
origanoides
I46
Thymus virg.
142
virginiana
142
virginica
142
Saururaceae
1
577
Saururus
1
577
cernuus
578
Savastana
1
171
(Hierocloe)
alpina
173
hirta
171
Nashii
172
odorata
172
pauciflora
172
Saxifragaceae
2
214
Saxifraga
2
221
aconitifolia
223
aizoides
216-7
Aizoon
223
autuinnalis
217
caespitosa
222
caroiiniana
219
cernua
222
comosa
220
erosa
219
foliolosa
220
Forbesii
219
Geum
220
granulata
221
Grayana
219
Hirculus
216
leucanthetnifol
ia
2
>0-I
Michauxii
221
micranlhidifolia
219
muscoides
222
nivalis
218
opposiltfolia
216
pennsylvanica
219
rivularis
222
stellaris
221
Sullivantii
224
texana
218
tricuspidata
217
virginiensis
218
Scabiosa
3
289
arvensis
290
australis
290
succisa
290
Scandix
2
626
Cerefolium
629
Scandix
Pecten-Veneris 2 627
procumbens 62g
Schedonnardus 1 226
paniculatus 226
tcxanus 226
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Igi
Scheuchzeria i 93
palustris 93
Schizachyrium 1 115
littorale 115
scoparium 115
SCHIZAEACEAE I 9
Schizaea i 9
dichotoma 9
pusilla 9
Schizonotus 2 247
sorbifolius 247
Schoenus
albus 1 343
coloratus 341
corniculatus 342
effusus 348
Mariscus 347
mariscoides 348
rufus 332
see Rynchospora
1 341-6
Schmaltzia 2 482
aromatica 482
crenata 482
trilobata 483
Schollera I 463
graminea 464
Schrankia
aculeata 2 333
angustata 334
uncinata 333
Schwalbea 3 216
americana 217
Schweinitzia 2 673
caroiiniana 674
odorata 674
Scilla
esculenta 1 509
Fraseri 509
Scirpus 1 326
acicularis 315
acuminalus 318
americanus 330
" longispicatus 330
atrocinetus 337
atropurpureus 312
atrovirens 335
autuinnalis 322
caespitosus 328
californicus 332
campestris 333
Canbyi 331
capillaris 319
capitatus 313
castancus 320
Clintoni 328
cylindricus 331
cyperinus 337
debilis 329
divaricatus 336
equisetoides 31 1
Eriophorum 337
etuberculatus 331
Fernaldi 334
flaccidus 312
fluviatilis 333
georgianus 335
Hallii - 328
heterochaetus 332
hudsonianus 323
interior 333
intermedins 318
inter stinctus 311
lacustris 326, 331
lineatus 337
38
594
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vol. 111.
Scirpus
ngii I 337
maritimus
indricus 331
" fluviatilis 333
" macrostachyus 333
micranthus 339
microcarpus 1 335
nuicronatus 331
mutatus 311
nanus 327
nitens 347
novae-angliae 334
obtusus 3J3
occidcntalis 33-
1 ilneyi 33°
•' contortus 33°
ovatus 3!3
palhdus 335
paludosus 333
pains Iris 310, 314
pauciflorus 3-7
Peckii 336
pedicellatus 1 337
planifolius 328
polyphyllus 336
puberulus 321
pungens 33°
quadrangulatus 311
retrofractus 3°7
robustus 333
rostellatus 319
rubrotinctus 335
rufus 332
simpler 3>6
Smithii 329
spadiceus 320
stenophyllus 319
subtcrminalis 329
" terrestris 329
supintts Hallii 329
sylvaticus 334
" digynus 335
tenuis 318
Torreyi 330
tor tills 316
tuberculosus 316
Vahlii 321
validus 331
Wo//u 3IS
Scleranthus 2 30
annuus 30
Scleria 1 348
ciliata 350
flagellum-nigrorum
348
/(7J-0 350
oligantha 349
pauciflora 350
" Elliottii 350
reticularis 349
" obscura 349
" pubescens 350
setacea 350
Torreyana 350
triglomerata 349
" gracilis 349
verticillata 351
Sclerolepis 3 355
uniflora 355
verticillata 355
Scolochloa 1 261
festucacea 262
Scolopendrium
Scolopendrium 1 25
vulgare 25
SCROPHULARIACEAE
3 '72
Scrophularia 3 179
leporella 180
marylandica 179
neglecta 180
Scrophularia
nodosa 3 179
occidcntalis 180
Scutellaria 3 105
atnbigua 108
Brittonii [08
Bushii 109
campestris 108
canescens 106
cordifolia 107
Churchilliana 100
Drummondii 108
galericulata 109
hirsuta 107
hyssopifolia 107
incana 106
integrifolia 107
laevigata 106
lateriflora 106, 9
nervosa 110
ovalifolia 107
parvula 108
" mollis 1 08
peregrina 105
pilosa 107
resinosa 108
saxatilis 109
serrata 106
teucriifolia 1 1 0
versicolor 107
Wrightii 108
Sedum 2 207
acre 208
Fabaria 207
Nevii 210
Nuttallianum 208
pulchellum 209
pnrpureum 207
reflexum 209
Rhodiola 207
roseitm 207
Sieboldi 208
sparsiftorum 208
stenopetalum 209
stoloniferum 210
telephioides 208
Telephium 207
ternatum 210
Torreyi 208
triphyllum 207
Selagixellaceae 1 48
Selaginella 1 48
apus 49
rupestris 49
selaginoides 49
spinosa 49
Selenia 2 189
aurea 190
Selinum
acaule 2 644
canadense 636
Sempervivum 2 210
tectorum 21 1
Senebiera
Coronopus 2 167
didyma 167
Senecioneae 3 350
Senecio 3 538
antennariifolius 542
atriplicifolius 537
aureus 544
" angustifolius 546
" Balsamitae 545
" compactns 546
" discoideus 544
" obovatus 545
Balsamitae 545
" Crawfordii 545
canus _ 543
Crawfordii 545
densus 546
discoideus 544
Senecio
Douglassii 3 541
Elliottii 545
Fremontii 541
frigidus 542
glabellus 540
gra* His 544
hieracifolius 536
integerrimus 546
Jacobaea 542
lobaius 540
lugens 546
lyratus 540
Nuttallii 537
obovatus 545
palustris 540
pauciflorus 544
pauperculus 545
plattensis 543
Pseudo-arnica 541
pseudoaureus 544
pseudotomentosus
3 543
Purshianus 543
Riddellii 541
Robbinsii 544
rotundus 545
Smallii 546
spartioides 541
suavcolens 538
sylvaticus 539
tomentosus 543
viscosus 540
vulgaris 538~9
Serapias 1 563
Helleborine 563
viridiflora 563
Sericocarpus 3 405
asteroides 406
bifoliatus 406
conyzoides 406
linifolius 405
solidagineus 405
tortifolius 406
Serinia 3 306
(Apogon)
oppositifolia 306
Serpiciila I 105
angustifolia 105
occidcntalis 105
verticillata 105
Serratula
see Lacinaria 3 365
Vernonia 350-1
arvensis 553
Sesban 2 376
(Sesbania)
macrocarpa 376
Sesba}iia 2 376
Seseli
divarication 2 643
Sesleria
dactyloides I 231
Sesuvium 2 34
maritimum 34
pentandrum 34
Portulacastrum 34
sessile 34
Setaria 1 164
see Chaetochloa 164
Setiscapella 3 230
cleistogama 231
subulata 23 1
Scymcria
macrophylla 3 205
Shepherdia
argentca 2 576
canadensis 576
Sherardia 3 266
arvensis 266
Sibbaldia 2 261
procumbens 261
Sibbaldiopsis 2 261
tridentata 262
Sicyos 3 293
angulatus 293
lobatus 292
Sida 2 519
A but Hon 521
alnifolia 520
alceoides 516
Elliottii 520
hederacea 521
hermaphrodita 520
his pi da 519
Napaea 520
spinosa 520
stellata 522
Sideranthus 3 378
(Eriocarpum)
annuus 378
glaberrimus 379
grindelioides 378
spinulosus 378, 9
Sideritis 3 110
hirsuta 1 1 1
romana 1 1 1
Sidero.rylon 2 719
lanuginosum 720
Siegesbeckia 3 488
occidentalis 488
Sieglingia 1 232
albescens 238
decumbens 233
elongata 234
pilosa 235
purpurea 235
seslericides 233
stricta 234
Sieversia 2 272
anemonoides 2J2
ciliata 273
Peckii 272
radiata 272
Silene 2 62
acaulis 63
alba 63
anglica 62, 67
antirrhina 66
" divaricata 66
Armeria 66
caroliniana 65
conica 66
dichotoma 67
Drummondi 70
gallica 67
inflate 64
latifolia 64
. Menziesii 68
nivea 63
noctiflora 67
nocturna 67
nutans 64
ovata 63
pennsylvanica 65
racemosa 67
regia 65
rotundifolia 65
stellata 63
virginica 64
vulgaris 64
Silphium 3 459
Asteriscus 460-1
compositum 462
integrifolium 460
laciniatum 461
Nuttallianum 464
perfoliatum 460
reniforme 462
speciosum 460
terebmthinaceum 462
" pmnatifidum 462
trifoliatum 461
Silybum 3 555
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND
Silybum
marianum
3 555
SlMARUBACEAE
2 445
Sinapis
2 191
alba
191
arvensis
1 92
juncea
193
nigra
193
Sison
2 630
canadense
630
Sisymbrium
2 162
Alliaria
170
altissiuium
1/4
amphibium
159
" falustre
161
canescens
I-I
dentation
140
/in in if h sum
179
Hartivegianum
171
huniile
176
incisum
171
Irio
174
leiocarpum
1-4
murale
194
Nasturtium-
aquaticum
162
officinale
174
pannonicum
174
Sinapistrum
174
Sophia
170
sirictissimum
174
sylvestre
160
tenuifolium
194
Thalianum
176
soph ia
170
Sisyrinchium
I 542
albidum
543
anceps
545
angu st i folium
543
apiculatum
545
arenicola
544
atlanticum
545
Bermudiana
542
campestre
543-4
" kansanum
543
Farwellii
544
flaviflorum
543
gramineuin
545
graminoides
545
hastile
543
intermedium
544
montanum
543
mucronatum
544
Pringlei
543
septentrionale
543
strictum
545
versicolor
543
Sitanion
I 288
brevifolium
288
elymoides
288
longifolium
288
Sitilias
3 324
(Pyrrhopappus)
caroliniana
324
grandifiora
325
Sium
2 656
angustifolium
655
Carsoni
656
cicutaefolium
656
erectum
655
latifolium
656
lineare
656
longifolium
638
rigidum
637-8
Smilaceae
1 526
Smilacina
I 515
bifolia
5'7
see Vagnera
I 515-6
Smilax
1 526
aspera
527
Bona-nox
529
caduca
528
Smilax
ecirrhata
glauca
hast at a
herbacea
hispida
lanceolata
laurifolia
Pseudo-China
pulverulenta
quadrangularis
rotundifolia
spinulosa
tamnifolia
tamnoides
Walteri
Smyrnium
atropurpureum 2 639
528
528
529
527
529
S.io
53o
529
527
52S
528
528
527
529
53°
aureum
barbinode
cordatttni
integerrimttm
nudicattle
Solan aceae
Solanum
carolinense
citrullifolium
conioides
Coronopus
Dulcamara
elaeagnifolium
hetcrandrum
heterodoxum
Lycopersicon
Melongena
nigrum
rostratum
sisymbrii folium
Torreyi
triflorum
triquetrum
villosum
Solea 2
concolor
Solidago
alpestris
altissima
angustifolia
arguta
" scabrella
aspera
axillaris
bicolor
" concolor
Bigelovii
Boottii
caesia
" axillaris
calcicola
canadensis
" glabrata
" procera
" scabra
chrysolepis
cordata
corymbosa
Curtisii
" nwnticola
Cutleri
decumbens
Drummondii
Elliottii
elliptica
erecta
fistulosa
flexicaulis
Gillmani
gilvocanescens
Gattingeri
Gillmani
glaberima
graminif olia
641
640
642
640
637
3 i54
3 ifi4
165
166
163
163-4
167
165
166
166
168
167
164
166
167
166
165
167
165
563.4
564
3 380
385
395
389
393
393
390
382
383
384
385
39i
382
382
385
393
393
395
395
388
401
397
383
384
385
386
396
3 392
392
384
390
383
388
393
395
388
394
398
Solidago
gigantea 3
gracilis
Harrisii
gymnospermoides 399
hirsuta
hispida
Houghtonii
humilis Gillmani
incana
juncea
" ramosa
" scabrella
lanceolata
" minor
lateriflora
latifolia
leptocephala
Lindheimerana
linoides
longipetiolata
macrophylla 3
microphylla
minor
missouriensis
mollis
monticola
moritura
Moseleyi
Muhlenbergii
multiradiata
neglecta
nemoralis
" arenicola
" incana
odora
" inodora
ohioensis
pallida
patula
petiolaris
pilosa
procera
Pitcheri
polycephala
pubens
puberula
pulcherima
Purshii
Randii
racemosa
" Gillmani
retrorsa
Riddellii
rigida 3
rigidiuscula
rugosa
rupestris
Sarothrae
sciaphila
sempervirens
serotina
" gigantea
Shortii
sphacclata
speciosa
" angustata
" pallida
" rigidiuscula
squarrosa
stricta
tcnuifolia
thyrsoidea
tortifolia
uliginosa
ulmifolia
uniligulata
I'aseyi
virgata
virgaurea
" alpina
" Deanei
) SPECIES.
S9S
Solidago
394
v. Gillmani
3 388
382
" monticola
3S8
393
" Randii
388
399
" Redfieldii
388
384
" U'ardii
382
384
Sonchus
3 316
3, ,8
acuminatus
321
388
arvensis
316
396
asper
317
393
fioridanus
321
393
ludovicianus
319
393
oleraceus
316-7
398
pulchellus
320
400
spicatus
321
426
Sophia
2 170
383
{Sisymbrium in part )
3'!')
brachycarpa
171
385
Hartwegiana
171
392
incisa
171
395
intermedia
171
385
pinnata
171
39i
Sophia
170
400
Sophora
2 342
394
alba
344
396
alopecuroides
342
387
australis
344
3"4
sericea
342
400
tinctoria
345
393
villosa
345
386
Sophronanthe
3 195
392
hispida
195
395
pilosa
196
395
Sorbaria
396
sorbifolia
2 247
389
Sorbus
2 287
389
americana
287
397
aucuparia
287
387
domestica
287
39i
microcarpa
287
382
scopulina
287
39°
sitchensis
287
395
subvestita
287
394
sambucifolia
287
399
Sorghastrum
1 119
383
avenaceum
119
386
Linnaeanum
120
395
nutans
120
388
Sorghum
1 120
388
avenaceum
120
388
Halepense
120
388
Linnaeanum
120
39°
nutans
120
397
Sparganiaceae
1 69
397
Sparganium
1 69
387
acaule
72
390
americanum
70
393
androcladum
70
370
" flue/nans
73
389
angustifolium
73-4
389
chlorocarpum
71
394
diversifolium
72
394
erectum
69, 71
394
eurycarpum
70
401
fluctuans
73
387
hyperboreum
73
384
lucidum
71
387
minimum
74
387
multipedunculatum
382
72
386
natans
74
400
"angustifolium 73
385
" submuticum
73
390
simplex
70
387
" acaule
71
39i
" androcladum 70
392
" Nuttaliii
70
393
Sparganophorus
3 355
386
verticillatus
355
380
Spartina
I 2J2
385
alterniflora
224
388
caespitosa
223
596
GENERAL [NDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vol.111.
Spartina
cynosuroides
glabra
gracilis
juncea
Michauxiana
patens
polystaehya
Schreberi
stricta
" maritima
S part iu m
irium
Spathyema
foi tida
Spatularia
petiolaris
Specularia
biflora
leptocarpa
perfoliata
Spergula
arvensis
decumbens
nodosa
saginoides
sativa
Spergularia
media
rubra
salina
Spermacoce
diodina
glabra
tenuior
Spermatophyta
Spermolepis
divaricatus
echinatus
patens
Sphaeralcea
acerifolia
cuspidata
remota
stellata
Sphaerocarpus
Sphenopholis
nitida
obtusata
pallens
Spicsia
see Oxytropis
Spigelia
Anthelmia
marylandica
Spilanthes
americana
repens
urens
Spiraea
alba
Aruncus
" hermaphrodite
betulifolia
" corymbosa
callosa
chamaedrifolia
corymbosa
japonica
latifolia
lobata
opulifolia
prunifolia
rubra
salieifolia
" lanceolata
" latifolia
sorbifolia
tomentosa
stipulata
trifoliata
Ulmaria
224
224
223
223
222
224
Spiraea
virginiana
Ulmaria
Spiranthes
see Ibidium
Beckii
cernua
decip
gracilis
246
249
564
566
565
570
565
gramineapraecox 566
564
565
565
565
565
564
464
566
555
565
446
446
194
199
197
198
196
200
196
188
195
195
200
197
199
188
196
198
198
199
197
198
196
194
195
196
18S
19S
187
21M 1
200
198
194
197
3 99
123
124
127
125
127
126
124
128
126
127
3,8
126
124
126
125
126
125
126
127
127
126
169
169
169
493
224
lucida
neglecta
350
odor at a
I 444
ovalis
445
parvifiora
2 220
plantaginea
221
Romansoffiana
3 297
simplex
298
unalaskensis
298
vernalis
298
Spirodela 1
2 58
(Lemna in part)
59
polyrhiza
51
Sporobolus 1
52
(inc. 1' Ufa )
51
airoides
59
angustus
2 59
argutus
59
asper
60
asperifolius
59
attenuatus
3 256
brez'if alius
256
canovirens
256
clandestinus
256
compressus
I 55
confusus
2 651
cryptandrus
651
cuspidatus
652
Drummondii
651
ejuncidus
2 521
gracilis
522
heterolepis
522
indicus
522
junceus
522
longifolius
2 158
minor
I 243
neglectus
244
pilosus
244
Richardsonis
244
serotinus
simplex
388
texanus
2 730
Torreyanus
730
uniflorus
730
vaginaeflorus
3 469
virginicus
469
Stachveae
469
Stachys 3"
469
ambigua
2 244
annua
245
arenicola
arvensis
ta 21 5
aspera
247
atlantica
246
Betonica
246
1 incinnatensis
246
cordata
246
germanica 12
246
glabra
245
hyssopi folia
249
hispida
244
latidens
246
Nuttallii
249
palustris
244, 5
" aspera
245
" cordata
245
salvioides
247
tenuifolia
245
Stanleya 2
248
pinnata
248
pinnatifida
249
Staph yleaceae 2
Staphylea
Bolanderi
pinnata
trifolia
Statice
Armeria
caroliniana
Limonium
Steinchisma
hians
Steironema
ciliatum
intermedium
lanceolatum
longifolium
quadriflorum
radicans
tonsa
Stcllaria
see Alsine
biflora
cerastioides
Friesiana
groenlandica
Stenactis
Beyrich ii
Stenandrium
tuberosum
Stenanthium
angustifolium
gramineum
robustum
Stenophragma
Thaliana
Stenophyllus
493
493
493
493
71S
718
718
718
163
163
712
713
713
714
714
714
713
713
41
4i
55
5°
45
57
3 440
208
490
490
490
490
176
176
1 319
(Fimbristylis in part )
capillaris
Stenosiphon
linifolium
virgatus
Stenotus
319
610
610
610
379
(Aplopappus in part)
acaulis
armerioides
Stephanoineria
minor 3
runcinata
Stevia
callosa 3
sphacelata
Stewartia 2
Malachodendron
2
pentagyna
virginica
Stillingia 2
salieifolia
sylvatica
Stipa 1
avenacea
barbata
bicolor
canadensis
capillaris
comata
juncea
Macounii
membranacea
pennata
Richardsonii
spartea
virginica
\ iridula
Stocpelina
elegans
Stomoisia
comata
juncea
virgatula
Streptopus
amplexifolius
379
379
312
312
507
507
526
526
527
526
2 461
461
461
I 176
177
177
177
176
189
1/7
176
.76
173
176
176
176-7
177
176
3 366
366
3 231
23^
232
232
1 520
520
Streptopus
lanuginosus
longipes
oreopolus
roseus
Strophostyles
(Phaseolus in
ani/ulosa
helvola
missourii-nsis
pauciflora
peduncularis
umbellata
Struthiopteris
germanica
Stuartia
see Stewartia
Sturm ia
paludosa
Stylipus
vermis
Stylisma
aquatica
humistrata
Pickeringii
Stylophorum
diphyllum
Stylosanthes
biflora
" hispidissima
elatior
procumbens
racemosa
riparia
Styracaceae
Styrax
americana
grandifolia
officinalis
pulverulenta
Suaeda
americana
depressa
maritima
Richii
Subularia
aqviatica
Succisa
australis
Succisa
Sullivantia
Hapemanii
ohionis
Sullivantii
Svida
see Cornus
interior
Priceae
Swertia
difformis
deflexa
rotata
Sympetalae
Symphoricarpos
occidentalis
orbiculatus
pauciflorus
racemosus
Symphoricarpo:
z'ulgaris
Symphytum
asperimum
officinale
tuberosum
Symplocarpus
foetidus
Symplocaceae
Symplocos
martinicensis
tinctoria
Synandra
grandifiora
I 517
520
520
520
2 423
part 1
423
423
423
424
424
424
1 1 1
2 526
I 571
571
2 271
271
3 40
41
41
41
2 140
140
2 393
393
393
393
393
365
394
2 721
2 722
723
"23
722
723
2 23
23
24
24
24
2 159
159
3 290
290
290
2 223
224
224
224
2 661
661
662
661
3 6
15
14
2 666
3 276
277
277
276
276
5 277
277
3 92
92
92
92
1 444
445
2 721
3 118
118
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
597
Synandra
hispidula 3 118
Syndesmon 2 102
(Anemonella)
thalictroides 102
Syngonanthus 1 455
flavidulus 455
Synosma 3 537
(Cacalia in part)
suaveolens 538
Syntheris 198
Bullii 198
Houghtoniana 198
reniformis 198
rubra 199
Syntherisma 1 121
(Digitaria ;
Panicum, in part)
filiforme 122
fimbriatum 123
humifusum 123
Ischaemum 123
linearis 123
marginatum 123
praecox 121,3
sanguinale 123
serotinum 122
villosum 122
Syringa 2 724
vulgaris 724
Tabernaemontana
Amsonia 3 26
Taenidea 2 640
integcrrima 640
Tagetcs
papposa 3 513
Talinum 2 35
calycinum 37
parviflorum 36
rugospermum 36
teretifolium 36
Tanacetum 3 521
huronense 522
vulgare 521-2
" crispum 522
Taraxacum 3 315
see Leontodon 315
Dcns-leonis 315
erythrospermum 316
latilobum 315
officinale 315
Taraxacum 315
" alpinum 315
Taxaceae 1 67
Taxodium 1 63
ascendens 64
distichum 64
imbricarium 64
Taxus 1 67
baccata 67
brevifoha 67
canadensis 67
minor 67
Tecoma 3 237
radicans 237
stans 237
Tephrosia
seeCracca 2 372-3
Tetragonanthus 3 15
(Halenia)
de flex us 15
Tetragonia
expansa 2 34
Tetragonotheca 3 468
helianthoidcs 468
Tetraneuris 3 508
acaulis 509
fastigiata 509
herbacea 509
linearifolia 508
scaposa 509
Tetraneuris
simplex 3 509
stenophyllus 509
Tetranthera
geniculate, 2 135
Teucrium 3 101
boreale 103
botrys 104
canadense 102
fruticans 101
laciniatum 103
littorale 102
occidentale 103
Scorodonia 103
virginicunl 102
Thalesia 2 233
(Aphyllon)
fasciculata 234
" lutea 234
uniflora 233
Thalia 1 546
dealbata 546
geniculata 546
Thalictrum 2 118
alpinum 118
anemonoides 102
campestre 120
caulophylloides 119
clavatum 118
confine 120
coriaceum 119
Cornuti 121
dasycarpmn 120
dioicum 120
" coriaceum 1 19
foetidum 11S
occidentale 120
polygamum 121
purpurascens 120
" ceriferum 119
revolutum 119
venulosum 120
Thapsia
trifoliata 2 639
Thaspium 2 639
atropurpureum 639
aureum 639
" apertum 641
barbinode 640
" angustifolium 640
pinnatifidum 640
trifoliatum 639
" apterum 642
Walteri 640
Theaceae 2 526
Thelesperma 3 500
ambiguum 501
fili folium 500
gracile 501
intermedium 501
trifidum 500
Thelypodium 2 169
integri folium 169
pinnatifidum 178
Thcrmia
rhombifolia 2 344
Thermopsis 2 343
lanceolata 343
mollis 343
rhombifolia 344
Therofon 2 223
(Boyhinia)
aconitifolium 223
napelloides 22s
Thesium
umbcllatum I 640
Thlaspi 2 167
arvense 167-8
bursa-pastoris 158
campestre 164
perfoliatum 168
Thuja I 64
Thuja
occidentalis
Thymeleaceae
Thymophylla
aurea
setifolia
Thymus
Acinos
Serpyllum
vulgaris
Tiarella
biternata
cordifolia
Tiedemannia
filiformis
rigida
teretifolia
Tiliaceae
Tilia
alba
americana
canadensis
europaea
glabra
heterophylla
leptophylla
Michauxii
pubescens
Tillaca
aquatica
simplex
Tillaeastrum
aquaticum
Vaillantii
Tillandsia
usneoides
Tiniaria
cilinodis
Convolvulus
cristata
dumetorum
scandens
Tipularia
discolor
unifolia
Tissa
(Spergularia)
canadensis
marina
rubra
salina
Tithymalopsis
arundelana
corollata
Ipecacuanhae
marylandica
Tithymalus
arkansanus
commutatus
Cyparissias
Darlingtonii
Esula
falcatus
Helioscopia
Lathyrus
lucidus
missouriensis
obtusatus
Peplus
platyphyllus
robustus
Tofieldia
glutinosa
palustris
racemosa
Tordylium
Anthriscus
nodosum
Torilis
Anthriscus
nodosa
1 65
2 574
3 513
514
513
3 141
139
141
141
2 224
215
224
2 638
637
638
2 511
5"
SI3
512
512
511-2
512
512
512
513
512
2 206
206
206
2 206
206
206
I 456
I 673
674
674
675
675
674
1 573
573
573
2 59
60
59
60
60
2 469
470
469
470
470
2 471
473
475
474
474
473
475
473
47i
474
472
472
475
472
475
1 486
486
486
487
2 626
626
626
2 625
625
625
Tomentilla
rep tans
Torreya
grandiflora
T outer ea
stricta
Tovara
virginiana
Townsendia
exscapa
grandiflora
intermedia
sericea
Toxicodendron
crenatum
pinnatum
pubescens
radicans
Rydbergii
2 250
3 "8
2 567
567
1 664
665
3 402
403.
402
4°3-
402-3:
2 48J
4S2
483
484
484
484
Toxicodendron 484
vernix 483
vulgare 484
Toxicoscordion 1 491
gramineum 492
Nuttallii 492
Toxylon 1 631
{Madura)
pomiferum 633
Tracaulon 1 672
arifolium 673
sagittatum 673
Trachelospermum 3 23
{Ecliistes in part)
difforme 23
jasminoides 23
Trachynotia 1 2J3
cynosuroides 223
polystachya 223
Tradescantia 1 460
bracteata 460
brevicaulis 460
" villosa 460
flexuosa 462
montana 462
occidentalis 461
pilosa 462
reflexa 461
rosea 459
virginiana 460-1
Tragia 2 458
cordata 460
innocua 45^
macrocarpa 460
nepetaefolia 459
ramosa 459
stylaris 459
urens 459
urticaefolia 459
volubilis 458
Tragopogon 3 313
Dandelion 308
porrifolius 313
pratensis 313
z'irginicum 307-8
Tragus 1 121
Trapaceae 2 611
Trapa 611
natans 612
Trautvetteria 2 103
applanata 103
carolinensis 103
palmata 103
Triadenum 2 537
longifolium 537
petiolatum 537
virginicum 537
Triantha 1 486
glutinosa 486
racemosa 487
Tribulus 2 442
terrestris 442
Trichelostylis 1 322
593
GENERAL [NDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
Vol; III.
Trichelostylis
Triphora
1 561
1 'nania
Vaccaria
nata
i 322
pendula
562
" alba
3 432
vulgaris
2 73
Trichomanes
1 8
trianthophora
562
nia
1 389
Vacciniateae
2 694
Bosch ianum
8
Tripolium
microglochiti
389
Vaccinium
2 (MIS
crispum
8
angustum
3 434
Unifolium
1 516
album
3 281
radicans
8
Tripsacum
1 111
1 Maianthemum)
amoenum
2 700
Trichophyllum
cylindricum
1 12
(Smilacina in
part)
angustifolium
701
oppositifolium
3 S08
dactyloides
1 1 1
canadense
517
arboreum
698
Trichostema
3 104
monostachyum
1 1 1
Uniola
1 248
atrococcum
702
brachiatum
104
Tripterella
1 547
gracilis
248
brachycerum
696
dichotomum
104-5
coerulea
1 547
laxa
248
buxifolium
696
lineare
i°5
Tripteridium
2 33
latifolia
249
caesariense
701
Tricuspis
1 233
micranthum
33
paniculata
24S-9
caespitosum
699
-nata
234
Tripterocalyx
2 33
spicata
250
canadense
701
purpurea
235
micranthus
33
stricta
250
Const ablei
700
sesslcrioides
233
macranthus
33
Urachne
1 174
corymbosum
700
stricta
234
Trisetum
I 216
asperifolia
174-5
" atrococcum
702
Tridens
I 233
flavescens
217
micranlha
175
disomorphum
702
elongata
234
palustre
217
racemosa
175
Dobbini
701
flava
233
pennsylvanicum 217
Uralepis
dumosum
696
stricta
234
pratense
217
elongata
1 234
Elliottii
703
Trientalis
2 715
purpurnscens
219
pilosa
235
erythrocarpon
702
americana
715
spicatum
217
Urticaceae
1 634
frondosum
695
europaea
715
subspicatum
217
Urtica
634
hirtcllum
696
Trifolium
2 353
Triticum
canadensis
636
hispidulum
704
agrarium
354
see Agropyron
cap it at a
637
ligustrinum
691
arvense
355
1
283-5
chamaedryoides 636
macrocarpon
7<>5
aurcum
354
Trollius
2 S6
cylindrical
637
membranaceum
699
Beckwithii
356
americanus
87
divaricata
636
mucronatum
490
biflorum
393
europaeus
86
dioica
634. 5
myrtilloides
699
carolinianum
358
laxus
87
gracilis
635
Myrtillus
2 698
dubium
354
" albiftorits
87
Lyallii
635
myrsinites
7°3
erectum
422
Troximon
3 323
pumila
637
nigrum
702
hybridum
357
see Agoseris
3 323
urens
635
nubigenum
700
incarnatum
355
cuspidatum
324
Urticastrum
1 636
ovalifolium
700
medium
356
glaucum
323
(Laportca)
Oxycoccus
704
Melilotus
352-3
marginatum
324
divaricatum
636
" intermedium
704
minus
354
parvifioruin
323
Utricularia
3 226
pallidum
700
pratense
353, 5
Tsuga
1 62
biflora
227
pennsylvanicum 701
procumbens
354
canadensis
62
ceratophylla
230
" angustifolium 701
reflexum
357
caroliniana
62
clandestina
229
" nigrum
702
repens
358
Sieboldi
62
cleistogama
231
resinosum
696
simplicifolium
422
Tulipa
1 5°5
cornuta
231, 2
simulatum
700
stoloniferum
357
sylvestris
5°5
fibrosa
228
stamincum
697
virginicum
356
Tullia
3 144
fornicata
227
tenellum
703
Triglochin
I 91
pyenanthemoides 144
geminiscapa
229
uliginosum
699
elata
92
Tunica
2 73
gibba
227
vacillans
702
maritima
92
Saxifraga
72
Greenei
230
virgatum
7°3
palustris
91-2
Turritis
inflata
230
Vitis-Idaea
697
striata
02
see Arabis
2 178
" minor
230
" minus
697
triandra
92
stricta
182
intermedia
228
seeGaylussacia 695-6
Trigonella
2 359
Tussilago
3 53°
juncea
232
Oxycoccus
704-5
americana
359
Karfara
53i
53i
longirostris
227
Vagnera
1 5i5
Trilisa
{Liatris)
3 369
palmata
Petasites
macrorhiza
macrorhyncha
229
227
(inc. Smilacina
in part)
odoratissima
369
532
minor
228
amplexicaulis
5!5
paniculata
369
sagittata
532
personata
23~
racemosa
515
Trilliaceae
1 522
Typhaceae
1 68
pumila
227
stellata
5i6
Trillium
1 523
Typha
1 68
purpurea
226
trifolia
5i6
cernuum
523,6
angustifolia
69
radiata
229
Valerianaceae
3 284
declinatum
525
latifolia
68
resupinata
230
Valeriana
3 284
erectum
525
saceata
226
dioica
285
erythrocarpum
526
Udora
setacea
231
edulis
285
grandiflorum
525
verticillata
1 106
simplex
232
Locusta
286
nival e
524
Ulex
2 349
striata
228
" olitoria
286-
recurvatum
524
europaeus
349
subulata
231
" radiata
287
rhomboidcum
Ulmaceae
1 625
virgatula
232
officinalis
286
" grandiflorun
525
Ulrnaria
2 248
vulgaris
227
pauciflora
284
sessile
523
(Spiraea in part)
" americana
229
pyrenaica
284
undulatum
526
palustris
249
Uva-Ursi
2 693
septentrionalis
285
viride
524
rubra
248
Uva-Ursi
693
sylvatica
285
viridescens
524
Ulrnaria
249
Uvularia
1 518
uliginosa
285
Triodia
Ulmus
1 626
amplexifolia
520
Valerianella
3 286
albescens
I 238
alata
627
grandiflora
519
chenopodifolia
287
decumbens
233
americana
626
nitida
519
Locusta
286
Triosteum
3 274
campestris
626
perfoliata
5i8
longiflora
288
angustifolium
275
fulva
627
puberula
519
olitoria
286
aurantiacum
275
pubescens
627
sessilifolia
519
radiata
287
perfoliatum
275
racemosa
626
stenocarpa
287
Triplasis
1 235
serotina
627
Vaccaria
2 73
Woodsiana
288
americana
235
Thomasi
626
(Saponaria in
part)
Vallisneriaceae
1 104
purpurea
235
Umbelliferae
2 62O
Vaccaria
73
Vallisneria
1 106
Vol. III.
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES.
599
Vallisneria
spiralis
i 106
Vascya
I 184
comata
187
Veratrum
1 494
album
494
angustifolium 490
luteum 489
parviflorum 495
viride 494
Woodii 495
Verbascum 3 173
Blattaria 174
Lychnitis 174
phlomoides 174
Thapsus 173
virgatum 1 74
Verbenaceae 3 94
Verbena 3 94
ambrosiaefolia 97
angustifolia 96
Aubletia 97
bipinnatifida 97
bracteosa 95. 6
canadensis 96, 7
carolinensis 95
Drummondii 97
hastata 95
nodiflora 98
officinalis 94. 5
paniculata 95
pinnatifida 95
rigens 96
riparia 95
stricta 95. 6
urticifolia 95
Verbesina 3 467
alba 468
alternifolia 487
encelioides 489
helianthoides 488
occidcntalis 488
Siegesbeckia 488
virginica 487
Vernonieae 3 347
Vernonia 3 35°
altissima 352
" grandiflora 353
" marginata 352
arkansana 35 1
Baldwinii 353
corymbosa 35-
crinita 35 ■
Drummondii 353
fasciculata 352
glauca 35 '
illinoensis 353
interior 353
Jamesii 352
marginata 352
maxima 352
missurica 353
noveboracensis 351
" latifolia 351
" tomentosa 351
Veronica 3 199
agrestis 203
alpina 201
americana 200
Anagallis-aquatica
200
arvensis 202
Beccabunga 200
Buxbaumii 203
byzantina 203
Chamaedrys 201
hederaefolia 203
humifusa 202
longifolia 201
officinalis 199, 201
peregrina 202
scutellata 200
Veronica
serpyllifolia 3 202
Teucrium 201
Tournefortii 203
virginica 204
Wormskioldii 201
Vesicaria 2 155
arg.cn tea 155
arctica 156
didymocarpa 156
globosa 155
gracilis 155
Shortii 155
Vesiculina 3 226
purpurea 226
saccata 226
Viburnum 3 269
acerifolium 270
alnifolium 269
americanum 270
cassinoides 272
Demetrionis 272
ferrugineuin 274
dentatum 271
" pubescens 27 1
Lantana 274
lantanoides 269
Lentago 273
molle 272
nudum 273
" Claytoni 273
obovatum 274
Opulus 270
" eradiatum 270
pauciflorum 270
prunifolium 273
" ferrugineum 274
" globosum 273
pubescens 271
rufidulum 274
rufotomentosum 274
scabrellum 271
semitomentosum 271
Tinus 269
trilobum 270
venosum 272
" Canbyi 272
Vicia 2 4°8
americana 4°9
angustifolia 412
caroliniana 410
Cracca 4°9
hirsuta 411
linearis 4°9
ludoviciana 410
micrantha 410
Mitchelli _ 4"
narbonensis 412
oregana 4°9
parvi flora 410
sativa _ 4°8. 1 1
" angustifolia 41 2
Sepium 412
sparsifolia 409
t.trasperma 411
truncata 4°9
villosa 4°9
Vigna 2 424
Catjang 425
repens 425
sinensis 425
I "Ufa
see Sporobolus
1 194-200
Villarsia
aquatica 3 19
lacunosa 18
Vinca 3 20
major 20
minor 20
Vincetoxicum
(Gonolobus)
3 37
Vincetoxicum
Viola
Baldwinianum
3 39
j. emarginata
2 553
carolinense
38
" ox-ata
552
gonocarpos
37
Selkirkii
555
hirsutum
38
scptemloba
54s. 54
nigrum
36
septentrionalis
550
obliquum
38
sororia
549
Shortii
39
Stoneana
548
suberosum
37
striata
2 560
Violaceae
2 545
subvestita
56l
Viola
2 545
tenella
562
adunca
561
tricolor
563
affinis
551
triloba
548
amoena
556
" dilatata
548
arenaria
561
vagula
551
arvensis
563
venustula
551
atlantica
554
verticillata
564
blanda
555-6
viarum
552
" palustriform
is 556
villosa
550
" renifolia
555
vittata
557
Brittoniana
553-4
Walteri
562
canadensis
560
Viorna
2 122
Calceolaria
564
Addisonii
123
canina
562
crispa
123
" adunca
561
cylindrica
123
" puberula
561
flaccida
124
chinensis
558
Fremontii
125
concolor
564
glaucophylla
124
congener
548
ochroleuca
125
conjugens
552
ovata
125
conspersa
560
Pitcheri
123
cucullata
552
Ridgwayi
124
cuspidata
549
Scottii
126
delphinifolia
554
Siinsii
123
dentata
552
urnigera
122
domestica
548
versicolor
124
Egglestonei
547
Viorna
124
emarginata
2 553
Virgilia
eriocarpa
559
lutca
2 343
falcata
548
Viscaria
2 62
fimbriatula
552
alpina
62
hastata
558
vulgaris
62
hirsuta
558
Viscum
2 712
hirsutula
55°
flavescens
I 639
incognita
556
terrestre
2 712
" Forbesii
556
Vitaceae
2 505
labradorica
561
Vitis
2 505
lanceolata
557
aestivalis
506
lancifolia
558
" canescens
507
latiuscula
549
" bicolor
507
longipes
561
" cinerea
507
missouriensis
549
arborea
510
Muhlenbergii
560
Baileyana
508
" minor
561
bicolor
5°7
multicaulis
562
bipinnata
5io
nephrophylla
55i
cinerea
507
novae-angliae
55°
cordifolia
508
Nuttallii
558
" riparia
507
obliqua
548
incisa
Sio
odorata
2 558
indivisa
5°9
ovata
552
Labrusca
506
pallens
556
palmata
508
palmata
547
quinquefolia
511
palustris
555
riparia
507
papilionacea
548
rotundifolia
509
pectinata
553
rubra
508
pedata
547
rupestris
508
" bicolor
547
vinifera
505
" Hneariloba
547
virginiana
508
pedatifida
554
vulpina
5°7
pratincola
548
Vitis-Idea
2 697
primulifolia
557
Vitis-Idea
697
pubescens
559
Vleckia
punctata
561
see Agastache
3 in
Rafinesquii
562
anisata
112
renifolia
555
Volvulus
3 45
retusa
55i
spilhamaeus
47
rostrata
562
rotundifolia
556-7
Waldsteinia
2 268
rugulosa
559
Doniana
269
Rydbergii
559
fragarioides
269
sagittata
553
geoides
268
6oo
GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AXL) SPECIES
Waldsteinia
Woodwardia
parviftora
2 269
atigustifolia
I 25
Washingtonia
2 627
areolata
25
(Osmorrhica)
virginica
-4
i ] ivloiii
627
H'ulfenia
di\ aricata
628
lloughtoniana
3 198
longistylis
628
rubra
199
Ob!
628
Weigela
3 283
Xanthium
3 343
Willuglibaea
3 362
americanum
346
(Mikania)
canadense
346
ScanJets
363
commune
346
Windsoria
echinatum
345
stricla
1 234
fniticosum
34-'
pallida
265
glabratum
346
Wisteria
2 373
glanduliferum
345
frutescens
.5 74
inflexum
345
macrostachys
374
Macounii
345
spec\ sa
374
macrocarpum
see Kraunhia
374
" glabratum
346
Withania
maculatum
345
sordida
3 163
orientale
346
Wolffia
I 448
oviforme
345
brasiliana
449
pennsylvanicum 346
Columbiana
449
speciosum
344
floridana
449
spinosum
344
gladiata
449
strumarium
343. 6
papulifera
449
Xanthorrhiza
2 89
punctata
449
apiifolia
89
Wolffiella
I 449
simplicissima
89
floridana
449
Xanthoxalis 2
432-5
gladiata
449
Brittoniae
434
oblonga
449
Bushii
433
Woodsia
I 11
corniculata
431-2
alpina
12
cymosa
435
Cathcartiana
13
filipes
433
glabella
13
grandis
435
hyperborea
12
interior
434
ilvensis
12
Priceae
434
obtusa
14
recurva
434
oregana
13
rufa
433
scopulina
13
stricta
432
Xanthoxylum
Xerophy'llum
asphodeloidcs
setifoliwn
Ximenesia
encelioides
Xolisma
{Andromeda
part
foliosiflora
ligustrina
Xylosteum
involucratutn
oblongifolium
Xyeidaceae
Xyris
arenicola
caroliniana
communis
Congdoni
difformis
elata
fimbriata
nYxuosa
Jupacai
macrocephala
montana
pusilla
torta
Yucca
aloifolia
arkansana
angustifolia
baccata
filamentosa
glauca
443
487
488
488
488
; I
691
691
691
282
282
281
45°
45°
453
45i
452
452
452
452
453
45i
45i
452
45i
45i
512
513
512
Zanichelliaceae i 74
Zanichellia 1 88
intermedia 89
palustris 89
ECIES. Vol. III.
Zanthoxylum
2 443
americanum
444
carolinianum
444
Clava-Herculis
444
Zapania
cuneifolia
3 98
Zephyranthes
Atamasco
1 532
Zinnia
3 466
grandiflora
466
Zizania
1 168
aquatica
168
miliacea
167
palustris
168
Zizaniopsis
1 167
miliacea
167
Zizia
2 641
aurea
641
Bebbii
641
cordata
642
integerrima
640
pinnatifida
640
Zornia
2 394
bracteata
394
tetraphylla
394
ZOSTERACEAE
1 90
Zostera
91
marina
91
Zoysieae 1
107-8
Zygadenus
1 490
elegans
491
chloranthus
491
glaberrimus
491
glaucus
491
gramineus
492
helmanthoides
493
intermedins
491
Xnttallii
492
z-enenosus
492
Zygophyllaceae
2 44. •
Zygophyllidium
2 46S
hexagonum
468
English Index, including Popular
Plant Names.
[The heavy face figures I, 2, 3 indicate the volume; those following them, the page,
popular names, not printed in the text, are referred to the proper plant by
the number of the Illustration or Figure (fig.) in the Index.]
A few
Aaron's Beard 3 175
Aaron's Rod
2 207 ; 3 173
388
1 587
587
2 33
3 65
3 525
2 330
375
332
331
375
339
2
173
239
660
96-7
88
223
3 487
574
201
289
Abele
Abel-tree
Abronia
Abscess-root, Am
Absinth
Acacia
Bastard, False
Illinois
Prairie
Rose
Three-thorned
Acanthus Family
3
Ache
Aconite
Winter
Aconite Saxifrage
Actinomeris
Adam-and-Eve
Adam's-cup
-flannel 3
-needle
1 512.3;
-rod
Adder's-fern
-flower
-meat
-mouth
-Pogonia
Adder's-spear
Adder's-spit
Adder's Tongue
Family i i
Adder's-tongue
1 2, 506; 3 332
Engelmann's
Midland
Minnesota
Sand
White
Yellow
Adder's-violet
Adders-wort
Adonis-flower
African-rose
Agave
Agrimony
Britton's
Water
-bark
Ague-grass
-root
-tree
-W11 '1
627
173
2.36
2 69
44
571
560
1 2
32
2
507
5°7
2
506
506
3 57°
94
2 121
137
1 534
266-8
268
3 495
2 445
1 5"
511
134
3 10.361
Ailanthus Family
2 445
Ailanthus 445-6
2 4S9,
1
2
1
2
I 61
Airif
Aise-weed
Aiten
Alams
Albany-hemp
-beech-drops
Alder
American
Berry
Black
1 613;
Corn m on
Dwarf
European
False
Green
Hazel
Hoary
Mountain
Seaside
Smooth
Speckled
Spiked
Spotted
Striped
Tag
White
Witch
Alecoast, Alcost
Alehoof
Alexanders
Golden
Heart-leaved
Purple
Alfalfa
Alfilaria
Alfilarilla
Alkali-grass
Alkanet
Bastard
Alkekengi
All-bone
Alleghany Fringe
Aloe
Alleghany Vine
Alleluia
Allgood
All-heal 3 "
Alligator-tree
-bonnets
-pear
Allison, Sweet
White
Allocarya
Allseed
Allspice, Carolina
Wild
Almond, cutting
Earth
Aloe, False
3 259
2 654
1 66
590
636
2 673
612-4
613
2 504
504
613
503
613
489
3
1 613
613
612
614
613
613
2 667
235
489
I 6ll, 3
489, 667
233. 691
3 519
114
2 641
640-1
641
639
35i
43°
43°
1 250
3 87
87
162
2 44
M3
324
i43
350
14
5, 286
2 235
79
133
153
180
3 79
2 440
132
135
3 465
1 304
534
Aloe-root
Alpine Bistort
Alsike 2
Althaea, Shrubby
Alum-bloom
Alum-root 226
Common
Alyssum
Hoary
Small
Sweet
Yellow
Amaranth Family
Amaranth
Coast
Crisp-leaved
Dwarf
Globe
Green
Low
Palmer's
Prostrate
Purplish
Red
Spiny
Spleen
Thorny
Torrey's
5"
671
356
5^6
426
426
226
153
153
154
153
154
2 1
2 f 1660
4
2
3
4
3
3
2
3
4
Amaryllis Family i 53
Amber
Ambrose
Ambrosia, Tall
Ammania_
Ampelopsis
Amy-root
Anchusa, Amer.
Andromeda
Lyon's
Privet
Anemone, Canada
Carolina
Cut-leaved
False-rue
Long-fruited
Meadow-rue
Mountain
Northern
Prairie
Richardson's
Round-leaved
-headed
Rue
Small-flowered
Star
Tall
Wind-flower
Wood
Angel-eyes
Angelica 2
Hairy
2 533
14
3 34i
2 575
509-10
22, 81
f 3540
689
691
691
2 97
98
98
84,89
98
102
TOO
98
102
100
99
99
102
98
2 715
99
162
100
3 251
635-7
637
! 637
646
2 647
647
251
415
3 73
2 627
628
372
280
Angelica
High
Sea-coast
Angelica-tree
Angelico
Angel's-eyes
Angleberries
Angle-pod
Anise, Sweet
Anise-root
Appalachian Tea
2 48;
Apple Family
Apple
Buffalo
Crab
Devil's
2 94. 130;
Earth
Hog
Honeysuckle
Indian
Love
Mad
May
Mock
Osage
Peru
Prairie
Swamp
Thorn
White
Wild Balsam
Apple of Peru
Apple of Sodom
Apple-pie(smell)
Apple-root
April-fools
Arbor-vitae
Arbutus
Trailing
Archangel
Black-
Green
Red or Sweet
White
Arctagrostis
Arethusa
Argentina
Argentill
Arnica 3 315.
Arnica-bud
Aristida
Plains
Arrow arum
Arrow-bean
Arrow-grass Family
1 91
Arrow-grass 1 92
Arrow-head 98-102, 182
377
289
169
486
180
678
130
167
169
130
292
632
169
363
678
169
418
292
155
165
59i
469
2 102
1 6S
2 258
2 692
2 637
3 123
146-8
121
122
1 201
562
2 258
2 264
, 533-4
3 3'0
179-81
182
1 444
2 492
601
602
IS11 [NDEX. INCLUDING POPULAE PLANT NAMES. Vol.III.
Arrow-leaf 2 98, 100
Arrow oot ] iMili
1 546
Arrow-wood
2 504. 664 ; 3
Indian 2 441. <><>4
Arum Family i 44.5
Arum 1 444
Floating 445
Poison 444
Water 444
Arsenic, Wild 2 672
Artichoke, Jerusalem
3 486
Asarabacca I 642-3
Asa rum 642
Ash 2 725-8
Basket 727
Biltmore 725
Bitter 2 491
Black 2 498, 726-7
Blue 2 726-7
Brown 727
Cane 2 725
Carolina 727
Darlington's 725
Flowering 72S
Green 2 726
Hoop 1 629 ; 2 727
Maple 2 498
Michaux's 726
Mountain 2 287
Ox 719
Poison 2 483, 728
Pop. or Poppy 727
Prickly 2 444
Pumpkin 726
Red 726
Rim 1 629
River 2 726
Sea 2 444
Southern Prickly 444
Swamp 726
Wafer 2 445
Water 2 498, 726-7
White 2 725, 8
Yellow 2 343. 444
Ash-weed 2 654
-wort 3 543
Asp, Mountain 1 590
Quaking 590
White f 1440
Asparagus 1 514
Aspen, American
58". 590
Great, White 587
Large-toothed 589
Asphodel I 486-7
Bog 487
False 486-7
Lancashire 487
Scottish I 486
Ass-foot 3 531
Aster 3 406-35
Amethyst 418
Aromatic 417
Arrow-leaved 416
Bee-weed 415
Bernhardi's 3 410
Blue-Devil 415
Blue Wood 3 414
B'.L' 432
Broad-leaved 442
Bushy 4-8
Calico 426
Clayton's 410
Cornel 3 444
Creeping 424
Crimson-disk 409
Crooked-stem 419
Dense-flowered 427
Dewy-leaf 412
Aster
Dome-topped 3 4 1 1
Drummond's 415
Early Purple 3 419
Eastern Silvery 423
Fall 4 ' 5
Faxon's 429
Fendler's 423
File-blade 425
Flat-topped 3 443
Forking 410
Frost-weed 430
Golden 373
grass leaved 373
Great Northern 418
Hardy 417
Hairy-stemmed 426
Hervey's 425
Heath, Rose 434
White 430
Large-flowered 3 424
-bracted 422
-leaved 411
Late Purple 416
Leafy-bracted 422
Lilac-flowered 423
Lindley's 415
Long-leaved 422
Lowrie's 415
Low Rough 425
Low Showy 3 424
Many-rayed 413
Missouri 429
Mountain 432
Nail-rod 426
Nebraska 418
New England 417
New York 421
Northeastern 3 419
Panicled 428
Prairie 426
Price's 430
Pringle's 430
Purple 4t9
Early 3 419
Late 416
Seaside 424
Thin-leaved 417
Purple-stem 419
Rand's 429
Rayless 434
Red-stalk 419
Rice-button 3 428
Rose Heath 434
Rosemary 426
Rough 406, 25
Rush 421
Salt-marsh, Annual
433
Perennial 433
Savory-leaved 444
Schreber's 41 1
Seaside. Purple 3424
Serpentine 3 431
Short's 4'4
Showy, Low 424
Silkseed 3 406
Silky, Western 423
Silver-grass 373
Silvery, Western
3 423
Eastern 423
Sky-blue 4T4
Slender 425
Slim 433
Small-headed 3 431
Small White 427
Smooth 420
Narrow-leaved 420
Southern 420
Starved 426
Stately 413
Aster
Stiff 3 444
Swamp, Southern 431
Tall White 3 42S
Tansy 435
Thin-leaved Purple
417
Tradescant's 429
Tuber 425
Various-leaved 413,6
Violet-leaf 3 412
Violet Wood 412
Viscid 435
Wavy-leaved 416
Western 421
White
Flat-top 3 443
Small 427
Tall 42S
Upland 432
-Devil 3 426
White Heath 430
White Prairie 427
White-topped 405-6
White Wood 3 404
White Wreath 427
Whorled 432
Willow 428
Wood 409
Common Blue 414
Long-leaved 409
Violet 412
White 409
Asterworts 3 347
Asthma-weed 303
Astilbe 2 215
Atamasco Lily I 532
Atriplex 2 17-19
Aunt Jericho 3 637
Autumnal Hawkbit
3 3'0
Avens 2 270-2
Cream-colored 2 270
Drooping 272
Drummond's Mt. 274
Early Water 271
Entire-leaved 274
Large-leaved 2 271
Long-plumed 273
Mountain 274
Purple 2 272
Rough 270
Spring 271
Water 272
White 270
White Mt. 273
Yellow 2 271
Yellow Mountain 272
Awlwort, Water 2 159
Axeseed 392
Axewort 392
Axweed 654
Axyris 2 20
Aye-green 2 211
Azalea 2 683
Alpine 683
Clammy 679
Flame 678
Hoary 2 678
Mountain 678
Pink, Purple, 678
Smooth 679
Trailing 683
Tree, White, 679
Yellow 678
Azolla 1 38
Babies'-breath
1 510; 2 72; 3 263
-feet, -toes, -slip-
pers 2 452
Baccharis 3 445-6
Bachelor's-buttons
2 69, 1 1 1 ; 3305
wild 2 447 ; 3 557
-breeches 2 142
Backache-brake 1 308
-root 3 167
Back-wort 92
Bacon- weed 2 10
Badger 102
Baked-apple, -berry.
2 276
Bahia 3 508
Bairnwort 402
Bald Cypress I 64
Baldmoney 3 9
Bald Rush 1 347
Balders 3 516
Balewort 2 131
Ball Mustard 2 159
Ballogan 3 306
Balloon Vine 2 501
Balm, Basil 3 132, 9
Bee, Amer. 131,7
Calamint 139
Field 137
Fragrant 131
Garden 137
Lemon 137
Low 131
Moldavian 115
Ox, Horse- 153
Red 131
Balm-leaf 3 137
Balm-mint 3 137, 151
Balm-of-Gilead 1 588-9
-Fir 1 63
Balmony 3 181
Balsam
1 63; 2 440-1,474
Canada 1 63
He 61
Mountain 63
Old-field 3 454
She 1 63
Sweet, White, 3 454
Wild 2 440-1
Balsam Apple 3 292
Balsam Fir, Fraser's
1 63
Balsam-flowers 2 353
Balsam-Poplar 1 588
-weed 3 454
Bamboo-Vine 1 530
Redberry 530
Bamboo Brier 1 528
Banana. False 2 83
Baneberry 2 90
Bank-cress 195
Bannal 2 350
Banwort 3 402
Barbeau 557
Barbary-fig 2 571
Barberry Family 2 126
Barberry 2 127
Holly-leaf 2 128
Bardane 3 547
Bardock 3 547
Bergman's cabbage
2 193
Barley 1 286-7
Mouse, Way, Wild
287
Bartonia 3 lfi, 7
Bartsia, Alpine 3 219
Red 219
Base Vervain 201
Basil 3 137-42
cow 2 73
field, stone 3 137-8
wild 3 137-8, 144-6
Basil-balm 3 132,9
-thyme 3 138-9
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
603
Basil-weed 3 137
Bass, Bast, 1 331
Bass-wood 1 83,511-3
white 2 512
yellow 512
Bastard-Alkanet 3 87
-Boneset 3 35- 39
-Cress 2 164
-Elm 1 629
-Gentian 3 9
-Hellebore 1 563
-Hemp 3 119
-Horehound 123
-Jasmine 3 168
-Pennyroyal 3 105
-Pimpernel 2 717
-Rocket 2 192
-Toad-flax 1 640
Bast-tree 2 512
Bath-flower I 525
Batter-dock 1 75 ; 3 532
Battlefield-flower 2 563
Bay 2 82, 113
Dwarf 2 574
Holly 527
Loblolly 527
North Carolina 81
Red 133
Rose 2 590, 680
Swamp 2 134
Sweet 82, 133
Tan 2 527
White 82, 133
Bayberry Family 1 584
Bavberry 1 585
Tallow 585
Baybush 5§4
Bay Galls 2 133
Beach-pea 2 4T3
-plum 326
Bead-ruby 1 517
Beak-sedge 1 341-6
Beaked Rush 1 342-7
Beam Tree 2 290
Bean, Blackeyed 425
Buffalo 377
China 2 425
Hyacinth 2 417
Indian 3 238
Magoty-boy 237
Sacred 2 77
Smoking 3 238
Water 2 77
Wild Kidney 423
Bean (Wild)
2 418, 23-4
Bean-tree 3 238
Bean-trefoil 3 18
Bean-vine 2 423
-weed 1 674 ; 3 226
-berry 2 488, 705
red 2 572-3, 693-4
Bear-bind 1 674 ; 3 47
-grass
1 67, 512-3; 2 542
-corn 1 494
-tongue 1 S14
Beard-grass
1 1 13-9, 129, 201
-tongue 3 182-7
cobea 3 186
Foxglove 184
Funnel form 185
Gray 183
Hairy 182
Hayden's 187
Large-flowered 186
Large Smooth 187
Longsepaled 185
Pale-blue 183,7
Sharp-leaved 186
Slender 185
Beard-grass
Smooth 1 184
White-flowered 1S4
Bearded-joint 1 150
Bear's-bilberry 2 693
Bear's-foot 2 264
yellow 3 458
-grape 2 693
-moss 1 513 ; f 1279
-pawroot 1 21
-thread 1 513
Beaumont-root 3 204
Beaver-lily 2 78
-poison 2 658
-root 2 78
-tree 82
-wood 1 629
Bedeguar 2 284, 6
Bed-flower 3 258
Bed's-foot 3 138-9
Bed-straw 3 258-67
Arkansas 3 262
Asperula 267
Clayton's 264
Coast 266
Corn 259
Fragrant 262
Great Hedge 263
Hairy 260
Lady's 258
Our 258
Marsh 3 263-4
Northern 261
Pointed 265
Purple 262
Rough 265
Shining 265
Small 264
Southwestern 260
Sweet-scented 262
Three-flowered 262
Wall 3 258
White 263
Wood 3 263
Yellow 258
Bee-balm 3 131, 7
-tree 2 5!2
Beech Family i 614
Beech, American 615
Blue 1 606
Dutch 587
Red, White 615
Water 1 606 ; 2 242
Beech-drops 3 236
Albany 2 673
Carolina 674
False 67s
Beech-fern 1 23
-wheat 672
Beefsteak plant
3 154,221
Beef-suet tree 2 577
Bee's-nest-plant 625
Bee-plant
Rocky Mt. 2 197
-tree 5 12
Beet, wild 2 602
Beetlebung 2 665
Beetle-weed 2 707
Beeweed 3 4 '4-5
Beewort 1 446
Beggars'-lice
2401 ; 378,259,497
-buttons 3 547
-needles 2 627
Beggar-ticks 2 266,
396; 3 78,496-7
Swamp 3 496
Beggar-weed I 661
Behen 2 64
Belia, Low 3 303
Belia, High 3 301
Belene 3 168
Bellbind 46
Bellbine 47
Bell Flower Family
3 293
Bellflower 3 294-7
American Red 3 42
Arctic 295
Bedstraw 296
Clustered 296
Creeping 295
Clasping 298
European 295
Marsh 295-6
Nettle-leaved 3 295
Panicled 297
Round-leaved 295
Slender 296
Tall 297
Bellis 3 402
Bells 2 92
Bell-tree 2 722
Bell-ware 1 91
Bellwort 1 518-9
Mealy 518
Belly-ache weed 3 383
Benjamin, Red 525, 6
Sweet 3 526
White 1 526
Benjamins 1 525-6
Benjamin bush 2 135
Bennels I 232
Bennert 2 655 ; 3 402
Bennet Herb 2 270-1
Bennet Pimpernel
2 631
-Weed I 192
Bent-grass 1203-7,213
Sea 1 363
Benzoin-gum 2 135
Berbine 3 95
Bergamot 3 132-3
-herb, or -mint 3 150
Prairie 3 134
Purple, Wild, 132
Bergia, Texas 2 539
Berry-alder 2 504
-tree 2 241
Besom 2 350, 694
Beth-flower, -root, 1 525
Betony 3 128
Head 3 221
Paul's 3 148, 201-2
Wild 2 273
Wood 3 128, 146, 221
BiberiH-1 2 266
Biddy's Eyes 2 563
Bigbloom 2 81
Bilberry 2 292 ; 3 273
Bog 2 699
Burren 2 693
Dwarf 699
Great 699
Oval-leaved 7°°
Red 2 697
Tall 2 700
Thin-leaved 699
Bilsted 2 235
Bindweed 16741342-6
Black 1 674
Blackbird 1 674
Blue 3 167
Bracted 3 46-7
Climbing 1 674
Corn or Ivy 674
False 3 42
Fringed Black 1 674
Great 46
Hedge 3 46
Hoary 3 47
Ivy 1 674
Bindweed
Knot
1 674
Low
3 47
Short-stalked
46
Small
47
Trailing
46
Upright
47
Birch Family i
605-13
Birch
1 605
Alpine
612
American
I 608
Black-
609-10
Blue
608
Bolean
609
Bog
2 503
Broom
608
Canoe
I 609
Cherry
609-10
Dwarf 1
611-12
Glandular
611
Gray
608, 10
Low
611
Mahogany
609
Mountain
609
Old Field
608
Paper
609
Pin or Poverty 60S
Red
609
River
609
Running
2 704
Sandberg's
611
Scrub
I 616
Silver
609-10
Spice
609
Swamp
610
Sweet
609-10
Water
609, 10
Western Red
610
White
608-9
Yellow, South
em 610
Bird-brier
2 284
-bell
3 335
-seed 1 170 ; 3
245.539
-weed
1 661
-vetch
2 409
Bird-on-the-wing 2 4
In-the-bush
2 139
Bird's-bread
2 208
-eggs
2 64
-eye 2 51,
121,359,
716;
5 201-3
Red 2
69, 426
White
2 43-4
Bird's-foot Trefoil 359
Bird's-nest
2 625,
534, 674
Giant
673
Yellow
2 675
Bird's-nest-plant 2 625
Bird's-pepper
2 165
Bird's-tongue
166]
; 2 716
Birth-root
1 525
Birthwort Family
1 641
Birthwort
1 645
Upright
645
Biscuit-leaves
528
Biscuits
2 202
Bishop-weed
2 654
Mock
2 657
Bishop's-cap
2 229
-elder
654
-wig
180
-wort
3 128
Bistort, Alpine
1 671
Bite-tongue
670
Bitter-ash
2 473
I limbing
2 493
-flower
51 1
False or Shrubby 493
Blaver 2 13
• ; 3 557
Bitter-trefoil
3 18
Blazing Star
-weed 3341,390,442
1 489. 511 ;
3 365-7
-worm
18
Bleaberry
2 699
Black Alder
Bleeding-heart,
Wild
1 613; 2489,504
2 143
Black-a-moor
1 68
Blephilia
3 1 35-6
Blackberry 2
278-81
Blind-eyes
2 137
[ la iley's
2 280
Blinks
2 39
Bristly
279
Blister-flowers
2112
Creeping
281
-plant
1 1 1
Dwarf red
278
-weed
1 12
High Bush
280
-wort
2111
Hispid
281
Blite
2 14
23-4
2 15
Knee-high
27S
Sea
Leafy-flowerec
279
Strawberry
Low
27S
Blood-leaf
2 8
Low Bush
281
-root
2 140
Low Running
281
-staunch
3 442
Millspaugh's
279
Bloodstrange
I 101
Mountain
280
Bloodwort Family
Kunning Swan
Sand
Tall
Blackberry lily
Black-bur
Black-cap
1 68,484
p 281
278
280
1 542
2 271
2 277
1 530
Bloodwort
1 65S ; 2 266 ; 3 2
Mouse 3 2,12,
Striped 332
Bloody Warrior 3 214
-noses 11 304
-caps
Dogwood
Black-eyed Susan
485
2 504
525
Bloomfell
Blooming Sally
2 359
2 59°
Black-flower
Black-grass
1 493
2 351
Bloomy-down
Blowball
2 75
3 3i5
Black-head Grass
485
Blue-ash
2 724
Black-gum
-haw 2 720 ;
2 665
3 233
Blue Beech
Blue Bell
1 606
-heart
1 668
I 5 10 ; 2 1
^3; 365
-jacks
-laurel
3 246
2 527
Blue Bells 3 83
of Scotland
, 200, 95
3 295
-lime-tree
2 512
Blue-bonnet
3 557
-linn
82
-bottle 1 51c
; 3 557
-moss
I 456
-buttons
290
-nonesuch
2 35i
-caps
290. 557
-root
3 204
-cups
3 290
-sampson
475
-curls 3
105. 115
-sanicle
2 623
-eyes
2 137
Black-seed
2 351
-flag
1 537-9
-snake-root
2 624
-ginsing
2 128
-snap
2 696
-jessamine
2 123
Black-walnut
1 579
-tops
3 557
Blackweed I
71, 341
Blueberry 2
128, 698
Black-wheat
3 223
Black
702
Black-wort
92
Bog
2 699
Bladder-campion
2 64
Canada
701
-ketmia
2 525
Dwarf
701
Bladdernut Family
Early
7°3
2 493
Elliott's black 702
Bladder-nut
493
High-bush
700
Bladder-pod 2
154-6
Low
700
Bladderwort Fa
MILY
Low black
702
3 225
Low-bush
701
Bladderwort 3
226-32
Mountain
700
Closed
3 231
New Jersey
2 701
Fairy-wand
232
Pale
70O
Fibrous
3 228
Small black-
7°3
Flat-leaved
22S
Southern black 703
Greater
229
Sugar
701
Hidden-fruitec
229
Swamp
700
Horned
232
Tall
700
Humped
227
Blueberry-root
2 128
Lesser
228
Blue buttons
3 292
NAMES,
Vol. III.
Blue IK \ ils 3 94, 415
Blue eye 3 201
Blui 1 yed-Babies 3 251
-grass i 543-5 ; 3 251
-sand 1 544
-Mary I 543; 3 188
Blue-flag I 537-9
Slender 1 541
Blue-hearts 3 205
Blue-joint, see Grass
Blue Mountain Tea 389
Blue-pipe 2 724
-sailors 3 305
Blue-stem, see Grass 94
Blue-tangles 2 695
-thistle 3 94
-weed 94
Bluets 3 251-2
Clustered 254
Bob's-root 2 364
Bog-asphodel 1 487
Bog-bean 3 18
Bogberry 704
Bog-bilberry 2 699
-birch 2 503
-hop 2 207 ; 3 18
-leaves 2 207
-myrtle 3 18
-nut 3 18
-onion 1 7, 442
Bog Rush 348, 467
(Many Junci so
called)
False 344
Water 348
Bog-strawberry 2 258
Bog-violet 3 226
Bogwort 704
Bokhara-clover 2 352
Bolder or Boulder 331
Bole-wort 2 657
-weed 3 557
Bolgan-leaves 3 306
Boltonia 4°4-5
Bonaparte's Crown
2 474
Bone-flower 3 402
Boneset 3 92
Bastard 359
Blue 362
Climbing 3 363
Deerwort 361
False 364
Prairie 3 364
Purple 357
Resin 361
Spotted 356
Tall 357
Upland 359
Bonewort 3 402
Bongay 2 498
Bonnets 2 78
Alligator 79
-blue 3 557
Bonny Rabbits 3 178
Boor- or Bore-tree
3 268
Boots 2 85
Borage Family 3 72
Borage 3 93
Bottle Brush
1 39, 40 ; 2 294, 612
Bottle-grass 2 355
Bottle-rush 294
Bouncing-bet 2 73
Bountry 3 268
Bowel-hive 2 264
Bowman's- root
2 248, 469 ; 3 204
Bow-wood 1 632
Box Family 2 480
Box 3 255
Box, Flowering 2 697
Mountain 693
Wild Running 3 255
Box-berry 2 693; 3 255
-elder 2 498
-thorn 3 168
Box-wood 2 292, 664
False M,|
Boys' Love 3 525-6
Boys and Girls 2 142
Brake, Bracken 1 7, 32-3
Backache 30
Buckhorn 7
Cane- 295
Hog 32
Knotty 21
Braken, Lady 32
Osmond 7
Rock 36
Royal 7
Stone 36
Swamp 7
Sweet 21
Winter 33
Bramble. Mt. 2 276
Arctic 278
Horse 2 284
Strawberry-leaved
278
Brank 1 672
Bread-and-butter
1 528; 3 177
Bread-root 1 7, 264
Indian 2 363
Missouri 363
Breakstone 2 51
Breast-weed I 578
Breeches-flower 2 142
Breeches, Kitten 142
Little-boy's 142
Brere-rose 2 284
Breweria 3 41
Brick-timber 2 490
Bride's Laces 1 170
Brideweed 3 177
Bridewort 2 249
Brier, Bramble 2 284
Bird or Hip 284
Sensitive 2 333
Brier-berry 2 27S
Brier Rose 284
Bright-eyes 3 251
Brinton Root 3 204
Broad-leaf 3 245
Brome I 273-80
Briza-like 280
Field 279
Rye 278
Short-awned 280
Soft 278
Wild 280
Brook-bean 3 18
-flower 3 65
-grass 1 116
Brooklime 2 162; 3200
Brook-mint 3 150
Brook Sunflower 495
Brookweed 2 710
Broom 2 350
Base or Dyer's 350
Clover 345
Green, Scotch, 350
Indigo 345
Sweet 392
Thorn or Prickly 349
Yellow 345
Broom-brush 2 530
-corn, Wild 232
-cypress 2 16
Broom Crowberry 2479
Broom-grass 118
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
605
Broom-rape Family
3 233
Broom-rape 3 233-5
Naked, Pale, 233
Broom-sedge 1 116,182
-weed 3 37
Brotherwort 3 141
Brown Betty 470
-dragon 442
Brown-eyed Susan
3 470
Brownwort 3 115
Bruise-wort
2 73, 141 J 3 402
Brunella 3 ' ' 5
Brushes 474, 557
Bubby-bush
2 132; 3 277
Buck-bean Family
3 '7-8
Buck-bean 3l8
Buckberry 2 697
Seedy 691
Buckbush 3 277
Buckeye Family 2 498
Buckeye 498-500
Big, Fetid, 2 499
Large 499
Little 500
Ohio 2 499
Purplish 499
Red S00
Southern 500
Sweet, Shrubby, 499
Western 499
Buckhorn Brake 1 7
Buck's-beard 3 3U
Buck's-grass 1 47
Bucks-horn
I 47 ; 2 167 ; 3 247
Buck-thorn Family
2 501
Buckthorn 2 502-3
Alder 2 503-4
Alder leaved 2 503
Carolina 2 503, 719
Lance-leaved 2 603
Purging 501
Southern 7'9
Woolly 720
Buckwheat Family
1 646
Buckwheat 1 672
Climbing false 674
Crested 674
Hedge 675
Rough tartary 672
Buffalo-berry 2 576-7
-apple, -bean 2 377
-bur 3 l66
-nut 1 641
-pea 2 377
-weed 3 34 1
Bugbane, Amer. 2 92
False 103
Bugle 3 I01
Bitter 148
Brown 101
Erect 1 01
Bugle-weed 3 146-7
Bitter 3 M8
Sweet 146
Bugle-wort 3 '46
Bugloss 3"
Sea 62
Small 93
Small Wild 84
Viper's 94
Bugseed 2 21
Bugweed 21
Bullace 2 326
Bull-berry 2 576
Bull-brier
Bull-dogs
-flower
-nettle
-nut
-thistle
Bullock's-eye
Bull's-eye
English
Bull's-foot
Bullpates
Bullpoll
Bull-rattle
Bull-segg
Bullweed
Bullwort
Bulrush
1 529
3 J78
2 85
3 165
1 582
3 552
3 518
470
3 53i
1 215
215
2 64,8
1 68
3 557
2 657
I 330-7
Bog 1 331
Leafy 336
Pole or Pool 1 331
Bulwand 3 527
Am.-great 331
Bumblebee-root I 525
Bumelia 2 719
Bunchberry 2 664
Bunch-evergreen 1 45
bunch-flower
Family i 485
Bunch-flower 1 493-4
Black 493
Crisped 494
Bunch-grass, see Grass
Bunch-Pink 2 75
-Plums 2 664
Bunk 2 653 ; 3 305
Bur 3 547
Buffalo 3 166"
Button, Clot,
3 346. 547
Canadian 3 76, 346
Cockle 547
Common 548-9
Creeping 1 47
Ditch, Sea, Sheep,
3 346
Great 3 547
Hurr 3 547
Prickly 1 615
Sand 1 167
Small Sheep 3 77
Spiny 459
Bur-chervil 2 629
-clover 2 352
-heart 2 352
Bur-reed Family i 69
Bur-reed I 69
Branching 70
Floating 73
Green-fruited 71
Nuttall's 70
Small 74
Simple-stemmed 73
Stemless 72
Bur-weed 3 344-6
Burdock 3 346
Prairie 3 462, 547-8
Burhead 3 96
Creeping 96
Upright 96
Burmaxnia Family
1 546
Bur-marigold 3 495_7
Burnet. Am. Gt. 2 265
-salad 2 266
Garden 266
Burnet-rose 716
Burning-bush 491
Burnt-weed 2 590
Burnut, Ground 2 442
Burn-wood Bark 2 485
Burren Myrtle 2 694
Burton 1 584
Burseed 3 77
Bursting-heart 2 491
Bush-Clover 2 402
Brittoms 404
Creeping 403
Hairy 407
Intermediate 406
Japan 408
Mann's 404
Narrow-leaved 407
Nuttall's 405
Prairie 408
Round-headed 407
Sharp-fruited 405
Slender 406
Stuve's 405
Trailing 403
Wand-like 406
Bush-Honeysuckle
3 283
Tartarian 282
-pea 2 343
Butcher's Prick-tree
2 492, 504
Butter-bur 3 531-2
Butter-and-Eggs 3 177
Butter-cresses 2 11 1-2
Buttercup 2 104-17
see Crowfoot
2 109-17
Allen's 109
Arctic 105
Bristly 112
Bulbous 1 1 2
Bundle-rooted 114
Creeping 113
Early 114
Figwort 1 1 7
Hairy H4
Harvey's 109
Heart-leaved 108
Hispid 113
Lapland 106
Macoun's 112
Marsh 113
Meadow 2 85, 111
Missouri 2 106
Northern 108
Nuttall's 117
Pigmy 108
Pursh's 105
Running 2 251
Snow 107
Spotted-leaf 117
Swamp 113
Tall in
Tufted 114
Butter Daisy 11 1-3
Butter-flowers 2 112
Great 85
Butter-print 2 521
-rose 1 1 1
Butterfly-dock 3 532
-banners 2 142
-pea 2 417
-weed 3 25
Butternut I 579
Butterweed 2 521 ;
3 320,442, 540
Butterwort 3 225-6
Button-ball 2 242
-bush 3 255
Button-Snakeroot
2 622; 3 366-8
Dense 3 367
Dotted 366
Hairy 367
Large 367
Loose-flowered 368
Mountain 3 365
Prairie 367
Slender 366
Button-Snakeroot
Small 3 368
Buttons, Beggars 3 547
Button-tree 3 253
Button-weed
2521 ; 3 288, 556-7
Button-wood 2 242
-Shrub 3 255
Buzzies 3 548
Cabbage 2 193
Bargeman's 193
Clubfoot 445
Meadow 445
Skunk 445
Swamp 445
Water 2 79
Cabomba 2 76
Cactus Family 2 568
Cactus 569-72
Plains 2 569
Prickly-pear 571
Russian 25
Tree 2 573
Cadlock 573, 193, 5
Calabazilla 3 291
Calais, false 324
Calamint 135-45, '52
Field, Lesser 135,41
Low, Slender 3 139
Water 152
Calamint-balm 139,41
Calathian violet 3 12
Calfkill 1 214
Calf-snout 3 178
Calico bush 2 684
-wood 2 722
Calla, Wild 444
Caltrop Family 2 442
Caltrop, Greater 2 443
Hirsute 443
Land 442
Water 2 612
Caltrops 3 559
Calypso 1 575
Camass, Death 492
Eastern 509
Nuttall's 492
Camel's-foot 550
Cammock 2 533 ; 3 516
Camomile 2 121
Arctic 3 520
Corn or Field 517
Dog's or Fetid 516
German 3 521
Garden or Low 517
Rayless 3 52i
Red 2 t2i
Scentless 3 520
Scotch or White 517
Wild 3 5i9, 21
Yellow or Ox-eye 517
Campion 2 63-4
Bladder 64
Meadow 69
Moss 63
Red 6;
Red Alpine 2 62
Rnse 71
Snowy 63
Starry 63
Western White 63
White 68
Camp-root 2 271
Canada-balsam 1 63
-pest 3 8
-potato 3 486
-root 3 25
-snake-root 1 642
-tea 2 693
Canadian Bur 3 76
Canary Grass I 170
600
I NGLISH IXni'.X. LWLl'DIXG I'oI'l'LAR I'LAXT NAMES. Vol.111.
Canary Grass
Southern i 170
Wild 170
Canary-vine 2 143
Canby's Mountain
Lover 2 492
Cancer-drops 3 236
-jalap 2 26
-root 3 233-4
weed 1 1
-worl 3 175
Candleberry 1 585
Candles, Swamp 2 712
Candle tree 3 23S
Candlewick 1 68 ; 3173
lock 2 78
Cane I 295
Giant 295
Maiden 121
Saitch 295
Sedge 446
Switch 295
Cane-brake 295
Can-hoop 2 489
Canker-blooms 2 284
-lettuce 668
-root 2 88, 718 ; 3 176
-rose 2 284
-weed 3 335, 542
-wort 3 1 s
Canna-down 1 324
Canoe-wood 2 83
Canterbury-bells
3 295-6
Cape Gooseberry 3 161
Dwarf 156
Caper Family 2 196
Caper, Wild 471
Caper-bush 471
Capers 2 85
Capmint 3 139
Capon's-tail 2 93
-grass 269
Caraway 2 659
Wild 3 537-8
Carberry 2 241
Cardinal-flower 3 300
Blue 301
Careless 2 2
Carizzo 212
Carnation-grass
1 397.415.28
Carpenter's-herb
3 101, 15
-square 3 179
-weed 1 1 5
Carpet water 2 230
Carpet-grass 1 125
Carpet Weed Family
2 34
Carpet-weed 35
Carrion-flower 527
Carrot Family 2 619
Carrot, Wild 2 625
American 625
Carrot-weed 3 341
Carries 2 659
Case-weed 158
Cashes 2 653
Cassandra, Dwarf 687
Cassena 489
Evergreen 489
Cassia, Dwarf 2 337
Cassiope 2 686
Castor-bean 461
Castor-oil Plant 461
Catalpa 3 238
Hardy 238
Western 238
Catawba 3 238-9
Tree 238
Cat-berry 2 490
1 11 ii r 1 5-'S
Catchfly, Corn 2 66
Dover 2 64
English 67
Forked 67
rden 66
Limeworl 66
Lobel's 2 66
Night-flowering 67
Nodding 2 64
Nottingham 64
Round-leaved 65
Royal 65
Sleepy 66
Small-flowered 67
Striate 66
Sweet William 2 66
Catch-weed 3 84, 259
Cat-gut 2 372
Cat-locks 324
Cat-mint, Catnep 3 113
Cat-o'nine-tails 1 68
Cat-peas 2 409
Cat-tail Family i 68
Cat-tail, -flag 1 68-9
-tree 2 492
-whin 2 284
-whistles 1 40
Cat's-clover 2 350
-cradles 3 246
-ear 3 309, 331
-eye 3 201-3, 93
-faces 2 563
-foot 3 114,450-2
-milk 2 473
-paws 3 452
-tail 1 39 ; 2 612
Blue 3 94
Cedar 1 65-7
Carolina 66
False White 65
Feather-leaf 65
Ground 542
Post 65
Indian 607
Red I 67
Shrubby Red 67
Southern White 65
Swamp 65
White 65
Celandine 2 117,21,41
Greater 2 141
Brook 440
Lesser 2 117
Wild 440-1
Celandine Poppy 2 140
Celery, Wild
1 106 ; 2 660
Water 1 1 06 ; 2 1 1 1
Celery-seed 1 658
Cenizo 2 19
Centaury 251; 3558-9
American 3 1-3
Buckley's 3 3
Corn 3 5
European 2 557
Ground 2 450
Tall 3 3
Texan 3 3
Western 3 3
Winged 559
Cercocarpus 2 274
Cereus 2 569-71
Chaerophyllum 629
Chadlock 2 192
Chafe-weed
447,454.456
Chaff-seed 3 217
Chaff -weed 2 717
Chain-fern 1 24
Netted 25
Chair-maker's rush 330 |
lesaracha 3 163-4
Charlock 2 191-2 ; 3 195
Cheat 2 157
Si e * irass
Pine 2 59
Checkerberry
2 693; 3 255
1 heese-rennet 3 258
Cheeses, Cheese-flower
2 515
Doll, Dutch, Fairy
515
Cheese-bowl 2 137
Cheese-cake 2 514
Cheese-flower 2 514
Chenile 3 168
Cherry, Appalach. 2326
Bird 328
Bessey's 2 327
Black-merry 327
Cabinet 329
Choke 329
Western 329
Crab 2 327
Dwarf 326
Egriot 327
Fire 328
Gean 327
Ground 3 156-63
Indian 2 292, 503
Mahaleb 328
May 291
Mazard 327
Merry 327
Perfumed 328
Pigeon or Pin 328
Red 327
Rum 2 329
Sand 2 326
Sour 327
Sweet 327
Western Sand 327
Whiskey 329
Wild 3 160, 327, 9
Rocky Mt. 329
Wild Black 2 329
Wild Red 328
Winter 2501; 3 162
Cherry-pie 2 591
Cherry-tomato 3 168
-wood 270
Chervil, Bur 2 629
Garden 2 629
Hemlock 626
Needle 627
Rough 626
Spreading 629
Sweet 627
Teinturier's 2 630
Wild 630
Chess, see Grass
Chestnut, Am. 1 615
Water 2 612
Chicken-berry
2 693; 3 255
-fighters 2 547
Chicken's-toes 2 21
Chickenweed
2 43; 3 539
Chickweed 2 41
Allbone 2 44
Alpine 49
Barren 49
Blinking 39
Clammy . 48
Common 43
Field 49
Forked 29, 30
Germander 3 203
Gravel 2 30
Great 2 43
Indian 2 35
Chickweed, Ivy 3 203
Jagged 50
Larger Mouse-.
Low 42
Marsh 43
Meadow 49
Mouse-ear 2 42-7
Small 47
Spring 47
Nodding 48
Red 2 716
Sea 58
Short-stalked 48
Silver 2"j
Slender-forked 30
Star 2 43
Star-flowered 715
Starwort 50
Tennessee 44
Water 2 39, 42
Water, Mouse-ear
2 40
-Wintergreen 2 715
Chicory Family 3 304
Chicory 3 305
Chicot 2 340
Chigger-weed 3 516
Childing Cudweed 447
Daisy 3 402
-Pink 2 74
-Sweet William 74
Children's-bane 658
Chimney-pinks 2 73
-sweeps 3 246, 485
China-root, Amer. or
False 1 529
China-tree, Wild 2 500
Chinks 693
Chinquapin I 616
Chittam-wood 2 485
Chittim-wood 719
Chive garlic 1 497
Chives 497
Chloris 1 225
Chocolate, Indian 2 272
Chocolate-flower 426
-root 2 270, 2
Choke-berry 2 290-1
-cherry 329
-dog Strangle 3 36
Red 290
Choke-pear 2 290-1
-vetch 3 234
Chowley 2 425
Chris-root 2 87
Christmas Evergreen
1 49
-flower 2 S8
-rose 2 87
Christmas-green I 48
Christopher, Herb
17; 2 90 ; 3 128
Church-brooms 289
Churnstaff 2 473
Cicely, Fool's 645
Rough 626
Sweet 627-8
Cicely-root 627
Cinnamon-wood 2 134
Cigar-tree 3 238
Indian 238
Cinquefoil 2 250-7
Arctic 255
Branched 256
Bushy 252
Coast 257
Common 251
Cut-leaved 256
Diffuse 252
Downy 254
Five-stamened 253
Glandular 253
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
607
Cinquefoil
Hoary
Nicollet's
Northern
Marsh
Plains
Prairie
Purple
Robbins'
Rough
2 253
252
254
258
257
257
258
255
253
254
262
Rough-fruited
Shrubby
Silvery 253
Snowy 255
Tall 263
Three-toothed 262
Wood 250
Woolly 256
Cissus 2 510
Citronella 3 153
Civet 1 498
Clabber-spoon 2 417
Clammy Honeysuckle
2 679
Clammy-weed 2 199
Clamoun 684
Clapwort 3 235
Clary, Wild Clary
3 1 30-1
Vervain 130
Claver-grass 3 259
Claver 2 359
Claytonia 2 37
C.layweed 3 531
Cleareye 3 13 r
CUarweed I 637
Cleats 3 531
Cleavers 3 259
Dyer's 264
Yellow 258
see Bedstraw 3 259
Cleever-wort 3 259
Clematis 2 122-6
Addison Brown's 123
Curl-flowered 2 123
Dwarf 2 125
Fremont's 2 125
Marsh 123
Mountain 126
Scott's 126
Silky 125
Sim's 123
Whorl-leaved 126
Cleome 2 197
Prickly 2 197
Cleomella 2 198
Cliff-brake 1 32-3
Climath 2 484
Climbing Bittersweet
2 493
Climbing False Buck-
wheat 1 674
Climbing Fern
Family i 9
Climbing-Fern 9
-fumitory 2 143
-hempweed 3 363
-sailor 175
Cling-rascal 259
Clintonia 1 514-5
Clock 3 246
Cloistered Heart 3 12
Clot-bur 3 344-5. 547
Spiny 344
Clothier's Brush 3 289
Clotweed 344
Cloud-berry 2 276, 80
Clove-strip 2 589
Clover 2 351-8
see Bush-clover
2 402-8
Alsatian 357
Clover, Alsike
Beckwith's
Bitter
Bokhara
Brazilian
2 357
356
3 5
352
35i
Broad-leaved 355
Buffalo 357
Bur 2 352
Burgundy 2 351
Bush 403-8
California 2 352
Carnation 2 355
Cabul 352
Calf 355
Carolina 358
Cat's 359
Chilian 351
Cow 356
Crimson 2 355
Dutch 358
Dusty 407
French 355
Giant 356
Hare's-foot 355
Hart's 353
Heart 352
Honeysuckle 355.8
Hop 2 351-4
Horned 351
Honey 352
Italian 355
Japan 408
King's 353
Lady's 2 431
Least Hop 2 354
Low Hop 354
Mammoth 356
Marsh 3 18
Meadow 355
Old-field 355
Pea-vine 356
Pin 2 430
Plaster 353
Prostrate Mt. 356
Prairie 2 368-71
Purple 355
Pussy 355
Rabbit-foot 355
Red 355
Running Buffalo 357
Sleeping 2 431
Smaller Hop 2 354
Snail 351
Spotted 352
Stone 355
Swedish 357
Sweet, White 2 352
Yellow 353
Tree 352
White 358
Wild 4°8
Winter 3 255
Yellow 2 354
Zig-zag 356
Clover-broom 345
Clown's All-heal 3 125
-heal 125
-woundwort 3 125
Club-Moss Family
1 47-8
Club-moss I 43-7
Alaskan 46
Alpine 46
Box 44
Carolina 47
Cedar-like 47
Chapman's 45
Dwarf 1 49
Fox-tail 45
Interrupted 46
Lloyd's or Rock 44
Marsh 44
Club-moss, Prickly 1 49
Savin-leaved 46
Shining 44
Stiff 46
Tree-like 45
Upright 43
Club-rush 1 327-34
Chairmaker's 330
Dwarf 327
Hedge-hog 308
Red 332
River 333
Sea 333
Wood 1 334
Club-weed 3 557
Cluckies 2 92
Clump-head grass 337
Clump-foot 1 445
Cluster-berries 679
Coakum 2 26
Cocash 3 419
-weed 3 544
Cock's-head
2 380; 3 425
Cockle 2 6i, 73
Cockle-bur
2 266; 3 346,547
Sea 3 346
Cockle-button 3 547
Cocks 246
Cockscomb, Red 2 2
Yellow 2 23
Cocksfoot 1 251 ; 2 93
Cock-sorrel 1 654
Cockspur, see Thorn
2 297
Coco-grass 304
Cod-head 3 181
Codlings and cream
2 591
Coe-grass 469
Coffee, Magdad 2 336
Negro 336
Wild 3 275
Coffee-bean, Am. 2 340
Coffee-nut 2 340
-plant 2 585
-senna 2 336
-tree, Kentucky 2 340
-weed 3 305, 335-6
Cohosh 89-90
Black 90- 1
Blue 90, 128
Red 90
White 9°
Cojote, Chili 3 291
Coleseed 2 193
Colewort, Hare's 3 3 17
Colic-root 1 511, 35.
642; 3 365-7
-weed 2 142-4, 264
-wort 2 264 13217
Collard 1 44s ; 3 536
Collinsia 3 l88
Collinson's Flower 153
Collomia 3 63-4
Colt-herb S3 1
Coltsfoot
2 85, 707; 3 531-2
False 1 642
Heart 1 642
Sweet 3 531-2
Colt's-tail 442
Columbine 2 92-3
Feathered 2 120
Columbo, Amer. 3 1 5
Coma 2 719
Comandra 1 640
Comb (Dak.) 476
Comb-flower 478
Comfrey 3 92
Middle 101
Comfrey, Rough 3 92
Wild 3 76-7
Compass-plant 461
Saracen's 542
Cone-flower 542
Brilliant 471
Britton's 3 471
Bush's 476
Clasping-leaved 473
Gray-headed 474
Great 472
Green-headed 473
Large-flowered 472
Long-headed 474
Orange 471
Prairie 3 474
Purple 475-6
Short-rayed 475
Showy 472
Sweet 470
Tall 473
Thin-leaved 470
Woodland 471
Congo-root 2 364
Conifers i 55-67
Conobea 3 191
Conquer-John 1 521
Conquerors 2 498
Consound 3 67, 92
Consumption-weed
2 668
Continental-tea 2 676
-we«d 3 177
Convulsion-weed or
-root 2 674
Coolweed 1 637
Coolwort 2 224
Cooper 1 553
Copal-balsam 2 235
Copalm 235
Copper-leaf 2 668
Coral-and-Pearl 2 90
Coral-berry 3 277
Coral Evergreen 1 47
Coral-root 1 574-7
Crested 577
Small, Late, 575
Wister's 575
Cord-grass 1 223-4
Fresh-water 223
Coreopsis, Golden 3493
Coriander 2 264, 647
Cork-elm 1 626
Corkscrew-plant 1 566
Cork-wood Family
1 586
Cork-wood 586
Corn, Haver 1 218
Saracen's 672
Squirrel, Turkey
2 142
Wild 1 5U
Corn-campion 2 61
-bind I 674; 3 47
-binks 3 577
-blue-bottle 577
-bottle 577
-centaury 577
-cockle 2 61
-flag 1 540
-flower 3 577
-grass I 162
-gromwell 3 87
-heath I 672
-kale 3 192
-lily 3 47
-Mayweed 520
-poppy 2 137
-pink 610
-root 140
-rose 61
-salad 3 286-8
6o8
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Vol.IIL
Corn spurry 2 59
Saracen's
Cornel 2 661-5
Ahrrn.iU-lea\ ed 663
Bailey's 662
Bluebi rry
Dwarf ''I
Lapland 665
Low 2 664
Northern Dwarf 665
Panicled 663
Price's 661
Red osier 2 661-2
Rough-leaved 662
Round-leaved 661
Silky 2 661
Stiff 663
Waxberry 2 662
While 663-4
Cornelian Tree 2 664
Cornstalk-weed 1 79
Coronilla 2 392
Copper-leaf 2 668
Corpse-plant 2 624
Corydalis 2 144-6
Golden 2 145
Pale 2 144
Plains 2 145
Yellow 144
Cost 3 519
Costmary 519
Cottagers 204
Cotton, Wild 3 22, 30
Cotton-grass I 322-26
Hare's-tail 1 324
Cotton-gum 2 666
-rose 3 447
-rush, -grass 1 322-6
-seed tree 3 445
-tree 1 590
-weed 2 453, 521
Cottonwood
1 588-91 ; 2 512
Big I 590
Black 588-9
Narrow-leaved 588
River 589
Swamp 589
Western 591
Willow 588
Yellow 1 590
Couch-grass 203, 283
Black 192
False 283
Cough-root 1 526
Coughweed 3 531
Cough wort 53 1
Cowbane 2 638
Spotted 658
Cow-basil 2 73
Cowbell 2 64
Cowberry
2 258,697; 3 255
Cow-cress 2 164
-grass 1 661 ; 2 355-6
-herb 2 73
-itch 3 237
-lily 2 85
-parsnip 2 635
-plant 681
-quake I 256 ; 2 59
-rattle 2 68
-tongue 1 5 '4
-wheat 3 224
Cowslip
1 51": 2 51. "4, 440
American 2 85, 717
Spring 2 85
Virginia 3 83
Cow's-lungwort 3 173
-tail 442
-wort 221
( low thwi ■ T T
3 '20
Crab Apple
2 288-9
American
289
Fragrant
Iowa
289
Silurian
289
Southern 289
Sweet-scented 289
Western 289
Wild 289
Crab Tree 2 288
Wild 288
Crab-grass 1 661
Little I 122; f 280
Sprouting 138
see Grass
Crab-stock 290
Cracker-berry 2 664
Crackers 696
Crain 2 117
Crake-berry 2 479
-needles 627
Cramberry 2 704
Crambling rocket 2 200
Cramp-bark 3 40, 220
Cranberry, European
2 704
High-Bush 3 270
Hog 2 479, 693
Marsh 704-5
Mountain 2 693, 7
Rock 697
Small 704
Upland, Wild 697
Cranberry-tree
2 243; 3 270
Crane-willow 3 255
Crane's-berry 2 704
Crane's-bill 2 427—9
Bicknell's 428
Carolina 428
Culver-foot 429
Cut-leaved 429
Dove's-foot 429
Long-stalked 427
Pigeon-foot 429
Round-leaved 428
Siberian 2 427
Small-flowered 429
Spotted 426
Starlights 429
Wild 426
Crap 1 672
Crape-myrtle 2 580
Crashes 2 162
Craw-berry 704
Crawley-root 575
Crazy-Bet 2 85
Crazy-weed 2 379
Colorado 2 390
Stemless 390
Woolly 379
Cree-turnip 2 363
Creek-grass 1 77
Creek-stuff 223
Low 224
Upland 223
Creek-thatch I 223
Creeper 2 51 1 ; 3 46
Japanese 54
Creeping-bur 1 47
-Charlie 2208; 3 114
-hemlock 1 6y
-Jack 2 208
-Jennie 1 47-8;
2 209 ; 3 292
-Juniper 1 67
-Mitchella 3 255
Creeping Snowberry
2 704
Cress, see Peppergrass
2 165
Alpine 2 186
American 177
Hank 177
Bastard 2 164, 8
Belle-Isle 177
Bermuda 177
Bitter 184-5
Brown 2 162
Bulbous 2 186
Cow 164
Dock (succory) 3 306
Early Winter 2 177
Field 164
Garden 166
Golden 166
Hoary 165
Lamb's 2 184
Land 177, 184
Mouse-ear 2 176
Penny 168
Purple 2 185
River 164
Rock 2 179-83
Rocket 177
Round-fruited 161
Sessile-flowered 162
Spring 2 186
Swine's 2 167
Thale 176
Tower 181
Town 2 166
Wall 176
Wart 2 167
Water 161,185-7,192
Winter 177
Yellow 160-1, 177
(see Watercress)
2 160-3
Crested dwarf Iris
1 540
Crinkle-root 2 188
Cristatella, James' 198
Crocus (N. C.I 2 692
Prairie, Wild 2 102
Croneberry 704
Crop-weed 3 557
Cross, Herb-of-the 3 95
Cross-of-Jerusalem
2 69
Cross, Knight's 69
Maltese 69
Crosstoes 2 359
Cross-vine 3 237
Crossweed 2 194
Crosswort 2 71 1 ; 3 361
Croton 2 454-5
Lindheimer's 2 455
Crouper-bush 3 255
Crowberrv Family
2 47S
Crowberry 479,693,704
Black 479
Brown 479
Plymouth 479
Crow-corn 1 511
Crowd-weed 2 192
Crow-flower 2 69, 192
Crowfoot Family 2 84
Crowfoot 1 45. 48, 85,
99, 104-17, 187;
2 426
Biting in
Bristly 112
Celery-leaved 2 111
Corn 115
Cursed 1 1 1
Ditch in
Dwarf 106
Hooked 1 1 1
Ivy-leaved 116
Kidney-leaved no
Marsh 1 1 1
Crowfoot
Mountain 2 107, 10
Musk 3 283
Prairie 2 109
Rock iI0
Rough 1 1 1
Rough-fruited 108
Seaside 1 1 7
Small-flowered 1 14
Smooth no
Spiny-fruited 115
Water 2 105, in,
Wood 3 283
see Buttercup 104-17
Crowfoot-grass 123
Crownbeard 3 487-8
Golden 489
Small Yellow 488
Sunflower 488
Virginia 487
White 487
Crown-of-the-field 261
Crow-needles 627
Crow's-nest 2 625
Crow-pea 412, 79
-poison 1 489
Crowtoes 2 187, 359
Crow-victuals 3 114
Crystal-wort 2 101
Cuckle-bur 3 346
Cuckles 497
Cuckolds 44
Gill-over-the-Ground
3 "4
Gilliflower
Cuckoo
2 69
Dame's
2 196
Marsh
2 69
Mock
72
Night-scented
2 175
Queen's, Rogu
e's 175
Sea
718
Winter
2 175
Gilliflower-grass 415.39
Gill-run-over
3 "4
Gilt-cups
2 112
Ginger 1
642-3
2 208-9 !
3 S3i
Green
3 527
Indian
1 642
Southern Wik
1 644
Wild 1 225, 642, 646
Ginger-berry
1 642 ;
2 693
Ginger-plant
3 522
-root
3 53i
Ginseng Family 2 616
Ginseng
01»
Blue
2 128
Dwarf
618
Horse
2 275
Gipsy-flower
3 76
-herb
148
-rose
290
-weed
201
-wort
3 147
Gipsy-Combs
3 289
Girasole
486
Glasswort
2 21-2
Jointed
21
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
613
Glasswort
Prickly 2 25
Glen-pepper 2 1-64
-weed 164
Glidewort 3 !I9
Globe-flower
2 87; 3 255
Spreading 2 87
Swamp 87
Globe-mallow 522
Maple-leaved 522
Sharp-fruited 2 522
Gloden 3 478
Glory-less 283
Goat's-beard 2 247
Dwarf 3 308
False 2 215
Virginia 3 3°7
Yellow, Purple 313
Goat-foot 2 654
Goat's-rue 372~3
God's-eye 3 201
Goggles 2 85, 241
Gold 3 478
Gold-and-silver-plant
2 191
Gold-balls 2 113
Gold-chain 2 208
Gold-cups 112
-flower 373
-knops 111-113
-thread 2 88
-weed 2 115
Gold-of-pleasure 2 157
Golden Alexanders
2 639-41
Golden Aster 3 373-5
Cottony 373
Grass-leaved 373
Hairy 374
Hispid 375
Maryland 374
Nuttall's 375
Sickle-leaved 373
Stiff-leaved 374
Golden-bush 376
-club 445
-coreopsis 3 493
-corydalis 2 145
-cup "7
-currant 2 239
-flower 3 518, 539
Ground 3 373
-glow 3 473
-guineas 2 117
-Jerusalem 3 470_I
-knops 2 112
-meadow-parsnip 640
-motherwort 3 456
-moss 2 208
-oak 3 208
-osier 1 584
Goldenpert 3 195
Golden Ragwort 544
Golden Rod 3 380-398
Alpine 385
Anise-scented 389
Beach 389
Blue-stemmed 3 382
Mountain 389
Bog 387
Broad-leaved 383
Boott's 39i
Bushy 398-400
Canada 393
Cutler's 385
Curtis' 383
Cut-leaved 393
Double 395
Downy 3 386
Downy Ragged 382
Drummond's 396
Golden Rod
Dwarf 3 395
Early 393
Elliott's 392
Elm-leaved 391
European (Rand's)
388
False 4QI
Few-rayed 3 392
Field 395
Flat-top 398
Fragrant 3 398
Gattinger's 395
Gilman's 388
Gray 395
Ground 396
Hairy 3 384
Hard-leaved 397
High 395
Houghton's 3 398
Large-leaved 385
Late 3 394
Lindheimer's 385
Minaret 386
Missouri 3 384
Mountain 384
Noble 387
Northern, Ohio
286, 397
Pale 383
Pine Barren 390
Plume 393
Pyramid 390, 392-4
Ragged 3 382
Rand's 388
Rayless 375~6
Fetid 376
Riddell's 397
River-bank 388
Rock 393
Rough-leaved 39 1
Salt-marsh 389
Sea-side 389
Shadowy 389
Sharp-toothed 393
Showy 3 387
Short's 394
Slender 3 384
-fragrant 4°°
-showy 387
Small-headed 399
Spreading 391
Stiff 397
Stout Ragged 382
Swamp 3 387. 392
Sweet 389
Tall 3 395
Tall Hairy 390
True 389
Twisted-leaf 3 39o
Velvety 396
Viscid 399
Wand-like 386
Western Rough 396
Bushy 399
White 383
Willow-leaf 386
Woodland 382
Wreath 382
Wrinkle-leaved 390
Yellow-top 380-393
Zig-zag 383
Golden-saxifrage 2 230
-seal 1 515; 2 85
-star, Maryland 3 374
-trefoil 2 1 01
-willow-herb 7 ' !
Good-bye-summer (pur-
ple asters, N. C.)
Good King Henry 2 14
Good Morning Spring
2 37
Gools 2 85
Good Friday Grass 485
Gooseberry Family
2 236
Gooseberry 697-8
Bristly 2 240
Cape 3 157, 161
Eastern Wild 2 241
Garden 241
Hawthorn 240
Illinois 240
Low wild 241
Missouri 2 240
Northern 240
Prickly Wild 2 239
Slender 240
Smooth 240-1
Swamp 2 236
Wild 239
Gooseberry-pie 2 591
Gooseberry Family
2 8
Goosefoot 2 95
Bosc's 12
City 12
Cut-leaved 15
Feather Geranium 14
Fremont's 12
Good King Henry 14
Jerusalem Oak 14
Many-seeded 1 1
Maple-leaved 13
Mealy 2 10
Mercury 14
Narrow-leaved n
Nettle-leaved 13
Mexican Tea 15
Oak-leaved 10
Perennial 14
Red 13
Sea 23
Stinking 2 10
Turnpike Geranium
2 14
Upright 1 2
White 2 10
Goose-grass 1 229, 661 ;
2 258; 3 259,428
Great 3 84
Lesser 259
Goose-tansy 2 258
-tongue 3 137, 5!5
Gopher-wood 2 343
-berry 696
Gordoldo 3 5*5
Gorse 2 349
Gosling 102
Gosling-grass 3 259
-weed 259
Gosmore 3°9
Go-to-bed-at-noon 3 1 3
Gourd Family 3 290
Gourd, Missouri 291
Gout-weed, -wort 2 654
Gowan, Ewe 3 4°2
Horse 521
Ling 328
May 4°2
Meadow 2 85
Milk or Witch 3315
Open or Water 2 85
Yellow
2 1 1 1-3; 3 3i5
Grama, see Grass
Grape Family 2 505
Grape
Arroyo 2 507
Ashy 507
Bear's 693
Blue 507
Bull 507
Bullace 509
Grape, Catawba 2 506
Chicken 508
Concord 506
Downy 507
False 511
Fox 2 506, 508-9
Frost 507-8
Isabella 2 506
Missouri 508
Mountain 508
Muscadine 509
Oregon 2 128
Plum 506
Possum 508
Rocky Mountain
2 128
Riverside 507
Salt 2 25
Sand 508
Scuppernong 509
Sea 2 25
English 21
Small 2 506
Southern Fox 509
Sugar 508
Summer 506
Sweet-scented 507
Winter 2 507-8
Grape-fern, Little 1 3
Cut-leaved 5
Eaton's 4
Hitchcock's 3
Lance-leaved 6
Leathery 6
Rattlesnake 6
Ternate 5
Virginia 6
Wood's 4
Grape-flower 510-1
-hyacinth 1 510-11
-root 2 128
Grapewort 2 90
Grass Family
1 107-295
Grass [of the Andes]
220
Ague 5 1 1
Alkali 250
Aristida 1 179-80
Arrow 1 9-. '82
Bahama -'-'2
Barley 1 286-7
Little 286-7
Squirrel-tail 287
Wall 287
Barnacle 9*
Barn 1 133
Barnyard 133
Beach 212,249
Bear 1 167,512; 2542
Beard 1 11 3-9,79, 201
Annual 1 201
Broad-leaved
1 226
Broom 1 1 5
Bushy 116
Forked 118
Indian 116
-joint 1 15°
Naked 126
Purple 180
Sea-coast 115
Short-leaved 226
Silvery 117
Torrey's 119
Triple-awned 180
Woolly 113
Beckman's 228
Bengal f 394
Bennet-weed I 192
Bent 1 203, 213
Black 141
614
ENGLISH [NDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Vol.III,
Grass.Bcnt.Browm 205
Crei ping 203
I >ense-flow'd 1 203
Dog 205
Elliott's 204
Marsh 203
Narrow 240
New England 207
Purple 213
Red zos
Reed 209.211-12
Rhode Island 206
Rock 204
Rough-leaved 204
Sea 1 363
Sea-shore 212
Silky 213
Spider 204
Tall 206
Twin 205
Upland 206
Way 287
White 203
Wind 213
Bermuda 222
Big Blue-stem 118
Bird 255, 661
-seed 170
Bitter 5"
Black 2 35i ;
1 275,470
-bent 141
-couch 1 192
Black-head 485
Black-oat 1 177
-quitch 203
Black-seed 197
Blow-out
177, 236, 242
Blubber 1 278
Blue I 397. 543
Colorado 283
English 259, 81
Kentucky 256
Oregon 260
Texas 259
Blue-eyed
1 251,543-5
Blue-joint
1 1 15, 118, 209, 283
Big 115
Northern 209
Blue-stem 115,209
Big n8
Bushy 116, 120
Little 115
Bonnet 203
Bottle 2 165, 355
Bottle-brush 294
Bottle-rush 294
Bowel-hive 2 264
Bride's-laces 1 169
Bristle, Green 165
Glaucous 165
Rough 1 64
Brome I 274-280
Awnless 280
Briza-like 1 280
Corn 279
Downy 274
Field 279
Fringed 276
Hairy 275-6
Hungarian 277
Rescue 280
Smooth-rye 218
Short-awned 280
LIpright 276
Wild 280
Brook 1 16
Broom 1 15, 1 18
Grass, Broom-corn.
Wild 1 232
43
Buffalo 1 227. 231
Bull 223. 278
Hull-poll 215
Bullpati-s 215
Bunch I 15. 174.
177. '99, 290
Buffalo 373
Early 244
Feather 176
Greater I 373
Bur 167
Small 167
Burdock 121
Button 220
Burden's 203
Calf-kill 214
Canary 170
Reed 170
Southern 170
Wild 170
Candy 241
Cane 1 222
Maiden 121, 137
Switch 295
Cane-brake 295
Capon's-tail 269
Carnation
1 397,415.428, 560
Carpet 1 125
Catch-fly 169
Catstail 190-1
Alpine 191
Meadow 191
Rush 190
Causeway 253
Cheat 1 276, 282
Pine 2 59
Chess 1 275, 283
Compact 275
Field I 279
Kalm's 277
Soft 278
Southern 280
Swamp 276
Wild 277
Wood 276
Claver 3 259
Clump-head I 337
Cock 278
Cocksfoot 251
Cockspur 1 133
Coe 469
Coco 304
Corn 162,213
Cord- 1 223-4
Fresh-water 223
Slender 224
Cotton- I 322-6
Hare's-tail 1 324
Couch 203, 283
Black 192
False I 283
Cow 1 661 ; 2 355-6
Cow-quake 1 256
Crab 1 123
2 21 , 229, 661
Diffuse 1 124
Flat 125
Fringed. Large 123
Little 122
Small 123
Sprouting 138
Texas 226
Creek 1 281
Creek-stuff 223-4
-thatch 223
Crested-hair 245
Crop 229
Croup 266
( ir.iss
Crowfoot 1 123, 229
Cuckoo 4ss
Cuba 1 2 1
Curly I 9
Cut, Rii e 169
Cypress 298
Dare 281
Darnel I 281
Bearded, Poison,
282
Red 281
Dart 214
Deer 2 583
Deer-tongue 162
Dennet 1 293
Devil's 3 133, 314
Dew I 203, 251
Burden's, Monkey's
or Summer 1 203
Ditch 1 88
Dithering 250
Dodder 1 250
Dog 283, 382
Dog-bent 205
Dog-wheat 285
Dog's-tail 1 229-252
Crested 252
Dog's-tooth 222, 285
Doob 222
Door 661
Dover 1 272
Dragge, Drawke 282
Drake 1 218
Drop-seed
184-9, 197-200
Drunk 282
Duck 256
Dudder 31
Earning 3 226
Eaton's 244
Eel • 1 91
Green 2 116
Egyptian 1 229
-millet 121
English Blue 1 259
Ever 1 281
Evergreen 220, 272
Everlasting 1 124
Fairy 250
Faitour's 2 573
False 1 169
False Buffalo 232
False Oat 217
False Red-top I 256
Feather 1 177,214,
230, 286
Macoun's 1 176
Richardson's 176
Feather-bunch 176
Sedge "9
Felon 2 638
Fescue 1 269-73
Great 273
Fiddle 2 590
Hard 1 271
Prickle 1 262
Tall or Meadow
272
Fine John 1 205
Fine-top 1 203
Finger 1 122-3
Hairy 123
Late-flowering 122
Slender 122
Smooth 123
Finger-comb 229
Fiorin 203
Fire 2 264
Flote 1 192; 2265-6
Fly-away 1 207
Fool-hay 207
Grass, Fowl 1 264
Fowl-meadow
1 207, 256, 264
Fox 223
Fox-tail 1 164-5
Alpine 193
Branching 225
Bristly 164
Brown 164 .
Floating 192
Giant 166
Green 165
Marsh 192
Meadow 193
Perennial 165
Slender 192
Short-awned 192
Water 1 192
Yellow 165
French 2 365
Frisky Meadow 1272
Frog 2 21,469
Furze Top 1 205
Gallow 1 634
Gama 1 111
Gilliflower 397,415
Good Friday 484
Goose 1 229, 267, 428,
661 ; 2 258; 3 84,
259
Grama 1 227
Black 227
Blue 227
Common 227
Side Oats 228
Tall 228
Grape-vine 138
Great Goose 3 84
Green 1 256
Hair 1 214-6
Crested 245
Early 215
Long-awned 1 189
Mountain 216
Rough 207
Silvery 214
Tufted 215
Water 1 245
Wavy 2 1 6
Wood 216
Hair-Dropseed 199
Hard 251, 282
Hassock 1 214
Haver 275, 278
-corn 218
Heather 1 233
Hedgehog 167
Marsh 430
Hendon Bent 252
Herd's 191,203
Hever 218,220
Hirse 1 14°
Holy 172
Alpina 173
Arctic 172
Hooded 278
Hungarian 166
Hunger 192
Indian 1 120,237
Indian-Beard 116
Indian-Doob 222
Indian Rice I 168
-millet 174-5
Iron 1 39i
Ivray 282
Jockey 250
Johnson 1 121,280
Joint 133
Bearded 150
Pitted 112
Wrinkled 1 1 2
June 220, 256
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING
Grass, June
Prairie I 245
Kentucky-blue 256
Knob 3 153.245
Knot 1 133
2 30, 83, 660
-root 1 185
Koeler's 3 245
Lace 1 239
Lady 17°
Ladies'-hair 250
-laces 170
Lavender 237
Leghorn Straw 252
Lemon 225
Leptochloa 230
Lob or Lop 278
London Lace 170
Louisiana 125
Love 1 239-43
Clustered 242
Frank's 239
Hair-like 242
Hairy creeping 243
Low 240
Meadow 241
Purple 241
Pursh's 1 240
Short-stalked 242
Small tufted 240
Smooth creeping
243
Stout 1 239
Strong-scented 241
Tiny 239
Lyme 290
Maiden-cane 121
-hair 250
Manna 263-6
Poland 266
Manna-croup 266
Maram 212
Marl 2 355-6
Marram-Sea 290
Marsh 223-4
Smooth Salt.
Tall 1 223-4
Marsh-hedgehog 430
Mat 281
-reed 281
-weed 212
May 253
Meadow
253.25S-7,264
-fescue 1 272
-spear 264
Melic 237,246-7
Merlin's 50
Mesquite I 227-8
Bristly 227
Early 231
Hairy 227
Honey 2 333
Prairie 333
Side-oats 228
Velvet 214
Vine 138
Milk 3 286
Millet, see Millet 286
Molinia 1 237
Purple 237
Money 3 223
Monkey's 1 203
Moor
2 203, 233, 237,487
Mountain Rice 174-5
Mouse 1 214
Mouse-tail I 192,269
Munro's 232
Myrtle 446
Nard 281
Natural 1 255 ; 2 351
Grass, Needle 1 177,180
Needle and Thread
177
Neale 282
Nimble Will 1 184
Nonesuch, White 281
Nut 1 304
Oat, see Oat-grass
1 120, 218-22
Black 177
Downy 217
False 217
Marsh 217
Golden 1 217
Poor 218
Purple 219
Tall 217
Wild 120, 176, 249
Yellow 217
Oats 218
Sea-side 249
Old White-top 214
Old Witch 139
Onion 1 220
Orange 2 536
Orchard 1 251
Painted 170
Panic, see Panic
1 137-63
Pearl 220, 250
Penny 3 223
Pepper 1 543
Phippsia 193
Pigeon
1 121, 165; 3 95
Pin 2 430
Pink 1241,391,415
Pitchfork 1 129
Plume 1 87, 1 13-4
Japanese 1 114
Pond 1 283
Pony 210
Poor oat 218
Porcupine 177
Poverty 1 178,318
2 355. 47°. 479.
541-2
Long-awned 1 183
Southern 194
Prairie I 195-6,
199, 231, 240
-Chloris 1 225
-June 1 245
-Rush 188
Prickle 121
Prim 171
Purple
I 209; 2 352, 358
Quake, Quaking
1 250-1, 2S9
Tall 1 263
Quick Quack 283
Quickens 283
Quitch 283
Black 203
Rancheria 1 290
Randall 272
Range 1 138
Rat-tail 191
Rattlesnake 263
Ray, Red 1 115, 281
Redfield's 236
Red-stem 115
Red-top 203
Bunch I 260
False 256, 260
Northern 204
Tall 233
Wild 141
Reed 1 170, 208-13
Common. Bog 232
Dutch, Pole 232
j POPULAR
PLANT
NAMES.
615
Grass, Reed
Grass, Soft
1 214
Indian
1 202
Meadow, Woolly
Mat
1 281
1 214
Salt
223
Soldier's Feath
er 191
Southern
170
Sour, see Sour
Sweet, Wood 202
1
653-4
Reed-bent
212
Southern Reed
170
Reed-canary
170
Sow
2 167
-meadow
265
Snake 2 44
3 85
Rescue
280
Sparrow
1 514
Rib
3 246
Spart
224
Ribbon
1 170
Spear
253-6i
Rice
174-5
Alpine
254
Rice-cut
169
Arctic
258
Ripple
3 246
Buckley's
260
Rot 1 214
; 3 226
Bunch
260
Rush 1 1 88, 194-9
Flexuous
257
Rush-cat Vtail 1 190
Large-flowered 259
Russia
266
Meadow
1 264
Rye
281
Mountain
254
Awned
1 282
Prairie
260
Giant
290
Sea
267
Italian
282
Short-leavec
258
Perennial
28 I
Smooth
1 260
Western
290
Southern
240
Wild
28S-94
Sylvan
257
Ryle, Sturdy
I 282
Tufted
261
St. Mary's
120
Weak
255
Salem
214
Wolf's
257
Salt 199,
223, 230
Spike I
248-9
Clustered
236
Marsh
250
Fine-top
I 199
Spiked
92
Rush
223
Spires 170, 212, 232
Salt-marsh
223
Spring
171
Salt-meadow
223-4
Spurt
333
Sand 1 235,
250, 676
Squirrel-tail
287
Big
I 212
Squitch 2
59,283
Sand-bur
167
St. Mary's
121
-dropseed
199
Stagger
1 532
Sand-reed
212
Star 1 251,
463-4.
Sand-spur
167
5n. 534;
3 267
Satin
184-6
Star-eyed
1 543
Saw
I 348
Strep
3 226
Scorpion
3 85-6
Stroil
1 283
Scratch
1 673
Sturdy
283
Scutch
222
Swamp
197
Cane
295
Sweet s
1, 197.
Scurvy 2 177 ; 3 373
266, 2
68, 446
Sea
1 88;
Sweet-vernal
171
2 21
691, 718
Swine's
I 661
English
2 21
Switch
1 141
-Marram
1 290
Sword
170
-meadow
267
Syrian
121
Sea-oats
249
Tare
282
-reed, -sand 212
Tassel
I 88
-spur
Sedge- I
Seneca
Serpent
267
1 1 g, 446
Terrell
Texas Blue
Thatch
291
259
141
172
671
Thin
Tall
I 206
206
Sesame
in
Three-awned
I 178
Shakers
250
Three-toothed
234
Shave
41
Three-fork
223
Shear
283
Tickle
139
Sheep's-fescue I 271
Timothy
191
Shelly
1 2H3
California
170
Shining
2 120
Mountain
191
Shore
3 250
Rush-like
190
Shore-husk
1 190
White
214
Side-oats
228
Wild
186
Sickle 1
425,673
Tine
2 409
Silk 1
177.207
Toad
I 469
3 373
Tongue 2 43
165-6
Silky
1 174
Toothache
1 225
Silver
3 373
Triple-awned
179-83
Simpson's
137
Forked
179
Six-weeks
253
Long-awned
181
Slender
I 230
Sea-beach
183
Slough
282, 283
Slender
181
Small Cane
295
Western
183
Smut
197
Woolly
182
Snake 2 44 ; 3 85
Tumble-weed
I 139
6i6
■ i 1SII [NDEX, [N( l.i DIM, POP! LAE PLANT NAMES. Vol. III.
Grass. Turin f 686
Turkey 3 259
Turkey-foot 118
Turtle I 91
Tussocks 203
Twin .'"'>
Twin-spike 224
Twitch 283
Black 271
Butter 220
1 Inion 220
Water 203
Two-prnny 2 712
Umbrella 1 337-8
Union 248
Vanilla 1 172
Nodding 172
Velvet 214
-mesquite 214
Vernal-grass
Long-awned 171
Swul 171
Vine-mesquite 138
Wag- wanton 250
Wart 2 473
Water 1 245 ; 2 162
Large 1 132
Water Oats 168
Twitch 203
Way 661
Way-bent 287
Well 2 162
Wheat I 284-5
Bearded 285
Coast 1 284
Dog 285
False 283
Western 284
Whip 349
White I 168
Whites 214
White Top 203,214
White-rush 223
Whitlow 2 147-52
Whorl, Water 1 245
Wickens 283
Widgeon 1 91
Wild-canary 1 170
-ginger 225
-Oat 1 120,218-22
-Rye 288-94
-Timothy 186
Willow 1 666
Wind 213
Windlestraw 213-8
Windmill 225
Winter 409
Wire 1 115, 122,
138, 184, 198,
222, 226, 229,
259, 47°, 661,
f 262
Wire-bent I 280-1
Witch 139, 280
Barbed 139
Gattinger's 139
Old 139
Spreading 138
Wood, Wiry 140
Wobsqua 1 141
Wood 120, 185
Meadow- 256
Purple 262
Wool 337
Wrack 1 81.91
Yard 1 229
Yellow 487
Yellow-eyed 451-3
Yellow-top 210
Yorkshire-fog 214
Grass-flower 1543:237
Grass-of-the-Andes 220
t ,r.'l" -I i '.ii nassns
2 2 I 2-4
Grass-pink 1 563 ; 2 74
Grass-poly 2 580
-weed 1 91
-wrack 91
Gravel-plant 2 692
Gravel-root 3 357
-weed 283
Graveyard-weed 2 474
Gray-beard tree 728
-feather 3 367
Graymile 3 88
Greasewood 2 23
Greek Valerian 3 63
American 63
Creeping 63
Green-berry 2 693
Green-brier 1 528
Fiddle-shaped 529
Green-dragon 443
-ginger 3 527
-osier 2 663
-sauce 1 654
-sorrel 654
-weed,or-wood 2 350
Grig 694
Grim-the-Collier 3 334
Grinsel 539
Grip, Grip-grass 1 259
Gromwell, Amer. 3 88
Corn 87
False 90-1
Woolly 88
Ground-berry 2 693
-burnut 442
-cedar 1 48 ; 2 542
-centaury 2 450
Ground-Cherry 3 156
Barbadoes 157
Clammy 161
Cut-leaved 158
Hillside 161
Lance-leaved 158
Large-bladder 159
Large White 163
Long-leaved 159
Low 160
Low Hairy 156
Mexican 158
Missouri 158
Peruvian 161
Prairie 160
Purple-flowered 162
Round-leaved 161
Smooth 159
Stellate 3 162
Tall Hairy 157
Virginia 160
White-flowered 163
Ground-Fir 1 in
-hele 3 201
-hemlock 1 67
-holly 2 67
-ivy 3 114
-laurel 2 692
-lemon 2 130
-lily 1 526
-moss 1 306
Ground-nut 2 542
Dwarf 618
Ground-pea 2 418
Ground-pine 1 45, 47-8
2 536, 586; 3 102
Festoon 47
Ground-plum 2 377
-raspberry 2 85
Ground-squirrel-pea
2 129
Ground-vine 3 276
Groundsel 439-46
Balsam 545
< iroundsel
Common 3 539
Cress-leaved 540
Entire-leaved 3 546
Fetid 540
Marsh 540
Silvery 543
Viscous 540
Wood 539
Groundsel-bush 3 445
-tree 445
Grouseberry 2 693
Grundy-Swallow 3 544
Guelder-rose, Wild 270
Maple-leaved 270
Gum, Black 2 665-6
Cotton 2 666
Red 235
Sour 2 665-6
Spruce-tree 1 61
Star-leaved 2 235
Sweet 235
Tupelo 666
Water 2 666
White 2 235
Gum-Elastic 720
Gum-plant 367,92,371
Gum-tree 2 665
Spruce 1 61
Yellow 2 665
Gun-bright 1 41
Gutierrezia 3 370
Gutter-tree 2 662
Gutweed 3 316
Gymnopogon 1 225-6
Gypsophyll 2 71-2
Hackberry 1 629-30
Hackmatack I 60, 66
Hacmack 60
Hagweed 2 350
Hail-, Hair-, weed 3 49
Hair-fern f 62
Hair Grass
1 189, 207, 214-6
Hairhoof, Sweet 3 267
Hairhound 123
Hairif 259
Hammer-sedge 1 428
Hammerwort 1 638
Handsome Harry 2 583
Harbingerof Spring 653
Hardhack 1 607 ; 2 262
Purple 2 245
Spice 2 245
Hardheads 3 557
Hardock 547
Hardweed 557
Harebell 3 295
Arctic 294
Hare's-beard 3 173
-ear 2 175,639
Hare's-foot Fern I 8
Hare's-tail 324
Hartford-fern 1 9
Hart's-eye 2 634
Hartshorn-bush 1 7
-plant 2 102
Hart's-thorn 2 502
-tongue i 25
Harvest-bells 3 12
-lice 3 496
-lily 3 46
Hathorne 2 319
Haver-corn 1 218
Haw (see Thorn)
2 297-321
Barberry-leaved
2 297
Biltmore 307
Black- 2720:3273-4
Dotted 2 300
Haw, Downy 2 319
Parsley 320
Pear 302
Poplar-leaved 308
Possum 2 488 ; 3 273
Red 2 297, 302, 7,
17, 21
Scarlet 317
Shawnee 3 273
Small-fruited 2 320
Summer 310
I r> ' 2 307, 19
Yellow 310
Hawkberry 2 327
Hawkbit 3 310, 328, 332
Hawk's-beard 3 325-8
Gray 328
Hawkweed
3 3ii, 328-32
Canada 329
Early 332
F'eld 333
Golden Mouse-ear
n , 334
Green s 332
Gronovius' 331
Hairy 331
Long-bearded 330
Maryland 332
Mouse-ear 333
Narrow-leaved 330
Orange 334
Panicled 330
Rough 331
Tawny 334
Vein-leaf 332
Wall 329
Hawthorn 2297,317-9
English 319
Haw-tree 319
Ha> -fever weed 3 341
Hayhofe 3 114
Haymaids 114
Hay-plant 267
Hazel, Black 1 607
Snapping 2 235
Witch 235
Hazel-nut 1 607
Beaked 607
He-huckleberry 2 485
Headache 2 137-8
-plant 2 102
Head-flower 3 255
-Betony 221
Headsman 3 246
Heal-all 1 514, 555
3 U5,i79
High 2 221
Heal-bite 2 154
-dog 154
Healing-blade
2 21 1, 245
-herb 3 92, 246
Heart-clover 2 352
-leaf 1 643-4; 2 35-^
Heart-of-the-earth
3 "5
Heart-pea 2 501
-seed 501
-trefoil 2 352
Hearts 2 431
Heartsease
1 666, 8; 2 563
Heart's-pansy 2 563
Heartweed 1 668
Heartwort 2 353
Heath Family 675
Heath 2 479, 542; 3 295
American 541
Blackberried 2 479
Corn 1 672
Cross-leaved 2 694
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
6l7
Heath, Mountain 2 685
Scotch 694
Heath-bells 3 295
Heathberry 2 479
Heath-cypress 1 46
-grass 233
Heather 2 694
Beach, False 542
Monox 479
Heavenward Tree 446
Hedge-bells 3 47
-burs, Wild 3 259
-Dead-nettle 121
-garlic 2 170
Hedgehog Cereus
568, 629
-thistle 57°
Hedge-hyssop 3 192-6
Hedge-lily 3 46
Hedge-maids 114
Hedge-mustard 2 174
Fine-leaved 170
Hedge-nettle 3 124-7
-parsley 2 526
Hedge-peak 284
Hedge-plant 1 632
-strawberry 2 260
-taper 3 173
-thorn 2 319
-weed 2 1 74
Hedysarum 2 392
Heliotrope 3 73~5
Bindweed 75
Garden, Hardy 2 86
Indian 75
Seaside 74
Slender 74
Summer 2 86
Wild 74
Hellebore I 489 ; 2 87
American White
1 494
Bastard 563
Big 494
False 1 494-5
Green 2 87
Swamp 1 494
Winter 2 88
Wood's False 1 495
Helleborine 1 563
Hellroot 3 235
Hellweed 2 115
Helmet-flower 3 105
-pod 2 129
Hemlock 62
Bulb-bearing 2 658
Carolina 62
Creeping 67
Ground 67
Lesser, or Small 645
Poison 2 653
Southern 1 62
Spotted 2 658
Water 658
Hemlock-Chervil 2 626
Hemlock-spruce 62
Hemp Family i 633
Hemp I 634 ; 2 5, 6
Albany 636
American 2 521
Bastard 3 119
Indian 2 521
Nettle 3 119
Water 2 5, 6
Wild 3 119, 341 (
Hemp Dead-nettle 119
Hemp-nettle, Red 119
Common 1 19
Hempweed, Climbing
3 363
Hen-and-chickens
2 21 1 ; 3 402
Henbane, Black 3 169
Yellow 162
Henbit 2 121-3
Small 203
Henbit Dead-nettle
1 121-3
Hen-plant 3 245-6
Hens 2 560
Hep- or Hip-tree 2 284
Herb-bane 3 235
-barbara 2 177
-bennet 2 270-1
-Christopher I 7 ;
2 90, 249 ; 3 128
-gerard 2 654
-grace 3 95, 192
-holy 3 95
-impious 3 447
-ivy 2 167
-John 533
-margaret 3 402,518
-mercury 2 460
Herb-of-the-Cross 3 95
Herb-robert 2 426
-sherard 3 266
-sophia 2 170
-twopence 2 212
-trinity 2 101, 563
-wicopy 101 ; 2 590
-William 2 657
Hercules' Club
2 444,617
Heron's-bill 2 430
Heuchera 2 225-8
Hexastylis 1 643-4
Hickory 1 580-4
Big Shag-bark 1 582
Bitter 580
Bitter-nut I 580
Bitter Pig-nut 580
Black 582
Brown, or Broom 583
Bullnut 582
Fragrant I 582
Hardbark 582
King-nut 1 582
Mocker-nut 582
Northern 583
Pale 582
Pecan 1 580
Pig 580
Pig-nut 1 583
Red 582, 583
Redheart 581
Scurfy 584
Shag-bark 1 581
Southern 581
Shell-bark 1 581
Big 582
Thick, or Western
1 582
Small-fruited 1 583
Soft-shell 580
Swamp 580-1
Sweet 581
Upland 581
Water 1 581
White 581-3
White-heart I 582
Hickory Poplar 2 83
Hieble 2 61S
High-belia 3 301
High or Hig Taper
3 173
High- water shrub 3 339
Hillberry 2 693
Hills-of-snow 2 31
Hillwort 3 141
Hindheal 2 14; 3 522
Hip-brier, -rose 2284-6
-tree 2 284-5
Hippo, Wild 2 469
Hippo, Indian 2 248
Hippophae 2 576
Hirse 1 140
Hive-vine
2 392,397; 3 255
Hoarhound, Black 123
Base 126
Bastard 123
Common 110
Fetid 123
Marsh 148
Water 147-8
White 110
Wild 360-2
Hoarwort 3 447
Hobble-bush 269
Hoffmanseggia 2 338
Hog-apple 1 130
-bean 3 169
-bed 1 48
-bite 3 3M
-cranberry 2 479
Hog Peanut 2 419
-physic 3 3°°
Hog's-bean 3 169
-fennel 2 638 ; 3 516
-potatoe 1 492
Hogweed
2 626; 3 341, 356
Hogwort 2 454
Hollard 1 613
Hollow-root 3 283
Holly Family 2 486
Holly, American 486
Dahoon 2 487
Deciduous 488
Emetic 487
Ground 2 672
Large-leaved 2 488
Meadow 488
Mountain 488
Swamp 2 488
White 486
Wild 2 490
Holly-bay 2 527
Hollyhock 514
Sea 524
Holy-hay 2 351
-herb 3 95
-rose, Marsh 2 689
Homewort 2 21 1
Honesty 2 191
Honewort 2 630
Honey 339. 352
Honey-balls 3 255
Honey-blobs 2 241
Honey-bloom 3 21
-locust 2 339
-lotus 352
-mesquite 2 333
-plant 3 137
-shucks 2 339
-talks 2 358
Honeysuckle Family
3 267
Honeysuckle 2 92, 359
3 -'78-83
Bush 3 282-3
Chinese 280
Cinnamon 2 679
Clammy 2 679
Coral 3 280
Crimson 279
Douglas' 3 279
Early 2 678
Fly 3 281-2
Glaucous 3 279
Ground 2 359
Hairy 3 278
Italian 270
Japanese 280
Garden Fly 282
Honeysuckle
Perfoliate 3 278
Purple 2 678
Scarlet Trumpet
3 280
Small Yellow 3 279
Smooth 2 679
Sullivant's 3 279
Swamp 2 678-9
Tartarian Bush 3 2S2
Trumpet 3 280
White 2 679
Wild 2 609-10, 678
Yellow 2 679
3 279, 280
Honeysuckle Apple
2 678
-clover 3 565, 568
Honey-sweet 249
Hoodwort 106, 531
Hoofs 3 245
Hook-heal 3 115
-weed 115
Hoop-ash 1 629 ; 2 727
Hoopkoop-plant 2 408
Hoopwood 2 489
Hop or Hops 1 633
Bog 2 18
Japanese I 633
Wild 2 122; 3 128
Hop-clover 2 354
-hornbeam 1 606
Hop-tree 2 445
-trefoil 2 354
-vine. Devil's 1 528
Hornbeam, Am.
1 606, 665
Swamp 2 665
Horn-bine 665-6
-pine, -pipe, 665
Horned Clover 351
Horned Rush 1 342
Horn-weed 2 75
Hornwort Family
2 75
Hornwort 75
Horse-balm 3 153
Horse-blobs 2 85
-bramble 2 284
Horse-brier 1 528
-cane 3 34 '
Horse-chestnut 2 498
American 498
Horse-elder 3 457
-foot 3 53i
Horse-fleaweed 2 345
Horsefly-weed 2 345
Horse-gentian 3 275
-ginseng 275
-gold 2 1 1 1- 1 2,
103, 105
Horse-gowan 3 521
Horse-heal 457
-hoof S31
-knobs, -knop 557
Horse-laurel 2 681
-lily 2 78
Horse-mint 3 i3t-3,
136, 150
European 150
Ohio 135
Stone 146
Sweet 146
Water 1 5 1
Horse-nettle 3 165
Horse-pipes 1 39-4°
-radish 2 163
-savin 1 66
Horse-sorrel 1 653
Horse-sugar 2 721
Horse-tail Family 1 38
Horse-tail 1 39-41
6i8
ENGLISH [NDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Vol. III.
orse-tail
Cornfield
I 39
Field
39
Marsh
40
Meadow
39
Rough
41
Shon
I 40
Swamp
40
Thicket
39
Water
41
Wood
40
orsi thyme
1 138
Horse-weed 3 153, 341
Low, Purple 3 442
Hosh-kawn 1 512
Houn.l bene
Hound's-berry 110
Hound's-tongue
3 76. 369
House-leek 2 208-9, 21 1
Houstonia 3 251-4
Hove 3 114
Huckleberry Family
2 694
Huckleberry 2 695-7
Black 2 696
Blue 7°2
Box 696
Bush 696
Dwarf 696
He 2 485
High-bush 696
Southern Black 700
Squaw 697
Strawberry 701
Tree 2 698
Huckleberry Lily 1 502
Hudsonia 2 541
Hunger-flower 150
Hunger-weed 2 115
Hungry-vine 1 528
Huntsman's Cup 2 202
Hurr-bur 3 547
Hurt-sickle 557
Huskroot 1 5H
Hutchinsia 2 158
Hutton-weed 3 289
Hyacinth I 510-1
-bean 2 417
Grape 1 sl0~l
Starch- 511
Wild 1 509; 2 142
Hydrangea Family
2 230
Hydrangea 2 230
Ashy 231
Snowy 231
Wild 231
Hyeble 2 618
Hymenocallis 1 533
Hymenopappus 3505-6
Hyssop 3 140, 192
Anise 3 II2
Garden 140
Giant 3 11 1-2
Hedge 192-6
Prairie 3 142
Water 193
Wild 3 95
Hyssop Hedge-nettle
3 123
Loosestrife 2 580
Iceland-moss 2 210
-poppy 2 138
Ice-leaf 3 173
-plant, Amer. 2 674
Illinois-nut 1 580
Impudent-lawyer 3 177
Indian-apple 2 130
-arrow 491
-arrow-wood 664
Indian-balm 1 525
hark 2 82
-bean 3 238
-beard-grass 1 116
-black-drink 2 4S0
-boys and girls 2 142
-bread-root 363-4
-cedar I 607
-cherry 2 292, 503
-chickweed 2 35
-chief 2 717
-chocolate 2 292
-cucumber-root 1 523
-cup 2 201 ; 3 460
-currant 277
-doob 1 222
-dye 2 85
-elm 1 627
-fig 2 57i
-fog 2 209
-ginger 1 642
-grass 1 120
-gravel-root 3 357
Indian-hemp 2 521 ; 3 3
Black 3 22
White 3 26
Indian-Hippo 2 248
-ice-root 2 85
-lettuce 668
-mallow 2 520
-millet 1 174
-moccasin 1 550
-mozamize 2 287
-paint 215; 3 88
Red 2 140
Yellow 85
Indian-physic 2 181, 248
-pine 2 159
-pink 2 452, 640 ;
3 42. 214-5
Indian-pipe Family"
2 673
Indian-pipe 674
-pitcher 2 201
-plantain 3 536-8
-poke 1 494-5
-posy 3 453. 4. 82
-potato 2 418
-puccoon 3 89
-red-root I 531
-root 2 617
-sage 3 361
-shamrock 1 525
-shoe 1 550
-soap-plant 2 500
-strawberry 2 15
-thistle 3 289
-tobacco 3 170,451
-turmeric 2 85
Indian-turnip 1 442
Brown's 443
Three-leaved 442
Indian-wickup 2 590
Indians, Red 3 214
Indian's Dream 1 33
Indian's Plume 3 131
Indigo, Wild 2 344-6
False, Bastard, 2 365
Blue False 344
Dwarf False 366
Fragrant False 2 366
Prairie 2 346
White False 2 345
Indigo-broom 2 34s
-plant 372
-weed 2 345
Infant's-breath 263
Inkberry 2 26, 487
Shining 2 488
Ink-root 2 718
Innocence 3 188,251
Insane-root 169
lodanthus 2 178
Ipecac, Am. 2248,470
248
Milk 469
Spurge, White 2 470
Wild 2 27 ; 3 21
Wood 3 275
Iresine 2 8
Iris Family i 536
Iris 1 540-1
Crested 540
Dwarf 540-1
Spring 541
Irish-daisy 3 315
-mahogany 1 613
Iron-head 3 557
-weed 95.351-3,487
Devil's 3 220, 557
Iron-wood
1 606 ; 2 485
Southern 2 435, 719
Ironwort 3 119, tio-i
Isabella-wood 2 133
Isopappus 3 380
Itch-weed 1 494
Itea 2 233
Ivory Plum 2 693, 704
Ivray 1 282
Ivy, American 2 511
Big-leaved 684
Climbing 2 484
Coliseum 3 175
Five-fingered 2 511
Five-leaf 5 1 1
Ground 3 114
Kenilworth 175
Poison 2 484
Three-leaved 484
Spoonwood 2 683
Ivy-berry 693
-bush 2 684
-chickweed 3 203
-flower 2 101
-weed 3 175
Jack-by-the-hedge2 170
Jack-in-the-pulpiti 442
-in-the-bush 2 170
-in-trousers 2 92
Pecks 442
Jack-straws 3 246
Jackson-vine 3 168
Jacob's-ladder 1 527;
2 493; 3 63, 177
American 1 527
Jacob's-staff 3 173
-sword 540
Jalap, Cancer 2 26
Wild 3 43
Jamestown-weed 3 169
lily 169
Japanese-creeper 2 511
Jasmine, Am. 343.168
Bastard 3 168
Carolina 2 730
Red 3 42
Jaundice-berry or -tree
2 127
Javril, Sweet 628
Jenny 2 712
Jenny Wren 2 426
Jersey Tea 2 504
Jerusalem-oak 2 14
-artichoke 3 486
-sage 11S
-star 313
Jessamine 3 168
Bastard 168
Blue 2 123
Red 3 42
Water 194
Yellow 730
Jesuit's-bark 3 339
-Water-nnt 2 612
Jewel-weed Family
2 440
Jewel -wrid 2 440-1
Speckled 440
Jewels, Speckled 440
Jew's-harp-plant I 526
Jew's Ear 3 168
Jimson-weed 3 169
Joan Silver-pin 2 137
Job's-tears 1 515
Wild 3 90
Joe Pye Weed 3 357
Spotted 356
Johnny-jump 2 717
Johnny-jumper 2 563
Johnny-jump-up
2 547,63
-smokers 273
Johnswort I 533
False 2 536
Joint-grass 1 133
-vetch 2 393
-weed 1676-7; 2612
Jointed-charlock 2 195
Joseph's-flower 3 313
Jove's-flower 2 73
-fruit 2 136, 720
Joy, American 2 511
Joy-leaf 3 335
Juba's-bush 8
Judas-tree, Am. 334-5
Red 235
June-berry 291-2
-flower 560
-plum 292
Jungle-rice I 134
Juniper 61, 5-6
Creeping 67
Low, Red 66
Juniper-bush 66
-tree 629
Juno's-tears 3 95
Jupiter's-beard 2 211
Jupiter's-staff 3 173
Justice-weed 3 357-8
Jute, American 2 521
Kale, Corn or Field 192
Kalmia 2 684
Kedlock 2 19 1-2
Kelp 2 28
Kelpwort 2 25
Kemps, Kempseed
3 246
Sea 247
Kentucky Mahogany
2 41
-moss 2 41
Kerlock 2 19 1-2
Ketmia, Bladder 2 525
Kettle-dock 3 542
Kicking-colt 2 440
-horse 44°
Kidney-bean, Wild
2 428
Kidney-bean Tree 374
Kidney-root 3 357
-wort 2 221
Kill-cow 318
-kid 2 683
-wart 2 141
-wood 581
King-cups 2 85, 112
-devil 3 332
-nut 1 581-2
-of-the-meadow 3357
Kings-clover 2 352-3
-crown 353
-cure 672
-cure-all 2 595
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
619
King's-fern 1 7
Kinnikinnic 2 661,93
Kino-root, Am. 2 426
Kiss-me 2 563
Kiss-me-Dick 2 474
Kisses 2 563
Knap 2 355
-bottle 2 64
Knapweed 3 557-9
Knawel 2 30
Knight-cross 2 69
Knit-back 3 92
Knob-, or -knot-grass
1 153; 3 '53
Bird's 1 661
Coast 660, 663
German 2 30
Japanese 1 676
Knob-root 3 '53
Knotweed 1 153.663-5
Biting 670
Bushy 663
Shore 662
Spotted 668
Virginia 665
Knout-berry 2 276
Kochia 2 16
Koeleria 245
Konigia, Seaside 2 153
Korycarpus 1 247
Kosteletzkya 2 523
Krameria Family 340
Krameria 34°
Kraut-weed 2 192, 195
Kudzu-vine 42°
Kyllinga 1 296
Labrador 2 617
Labrador Tea 677
Lace-button 3 44°
-flower 2 625
Lad's Love 3 526
Ladies'-eardrop 2 440
-cushion 3 557. 7 18
-mantle 2 264
-pocket 2 440
Ladies'-slipper 1 548-
50; 2 440, 452
Downy 1 55°
Pink or Purple 550
Ram's-head 548
Stemless 55°
Yellow 550
Lady's-smock 2 184
-sorrel 3 432-3
-tobacco 433
Ladies' Tresses 1 564-6
Drooping 565
Lady
Eleven-o'clock 2 574
Laurel 1 5°6
Ten-o'clock 506
Lady-by-the-gate 2 72
Lady-fern 1 3°
-finger, -glove 3 204
-laurel 2 574
-thimbles 3 204-95
Lady-never-fade 3 453
-belt 2 249
Lady's-clover 431
-comb 627
-cushion
2 719; 3 557
-finger 2 359-6o, 415
-delight 2 563
-hair I 250
-laces 170
-lint 2 44
-mantle 2 264
-milk 3 555
-needlework 2 626
-nightcap 3 46
Lady's-purse 2 158
-shoes 2 93
-shoes-and-stockings
2 359
-thimble 3 295
-thumb 1 668
Lake-iris 540
Lakeweed 670
Lamb-kill 2 680, 6S3
-lily 1 486
-mint 3 149
-sucklings 2 358
Lambs 2 498
Lamb's-cress 184
-foot 3 245
-lettuce 3 246, 286-7
-quarters
1 525 ; 2 10, 18
-succory 3 308
-tails 1 47
-tongue
1 506; 3 152, 246
Land-cress 2 177, 184
Langdebeef 3 311
Lap-love 47
Larch, American 1 60
Black or Red 60
Larea-bell 3 478
Larkspur 2 94-6
Azure or Blue 95
Nelson's 95
Prairie 95
Rocket 2 94
Trelease's 94
Laurel Family 2 133
Laurel 2 680-1
American 684
Bay 82
Bee 681
Big, Big-leaf 681
Black 2 527
Deer 681
Dog 688
Dwarf 2 683
Florida 721
Great 2 681
Ground 2 692
Hairy 685
Horse 2 681
Lady 2 574
Mountain 681,684
Pale 684
Sheep 683
Small 684
Spurge 574
Swamp 82, 527, 684
White 82
Wood 2 684
Laurel Magnolia 2 82
Lavender 2 718
Lavender-thrift 7 '8
Lawyers 2 284
Sea, Seaside 7'8
Lead-plant 2 366
Leaf-cup 3 458
Leather-bush 2 575
-flower (see Cle-
matis) 2 123-6
-leaf 2 687
Leather-wood 575
Southern 485
Leavenworthia 189
Leaver-wood 575
Ledum-oil 2 676
Leechwort 3 246
Leek, Wild 1 497
Sour 653
Three-seeded 497
LiH'ks 2 207
Leitneria 1 586
Lemon. Wild 2 130
Ground 130
Lemon-balm
3 137
-lily
1 496
-lobelia
3 137
-monarda
3 134
-walnut
1 579
Lentil
2 412
Water
I 448
Leopard-flower
I 542
Leopard's-bane
3 533-4
Leptochloa
1 229
Lesquerella
2 154
Lettuce 3
318-20
Arrow-leaved
3 320
Blue
320-1
Canker
2 668
False ;
320-1
Florida
3 321
Hare's
317
Hairy Wood
319
Indian
2 668
Lamb's ;
237-8
Liverwort
2 668
Prickly
3 3i8
Red Wood
319
Spanish
2 39
Steele's Wild
319
Tall
3 320
Tall Blue
321
Tall White
335
Western
319
White 3 31
8, 35-7
Wild
2 668
Willow
3 3i8
Wood
3 3i9
Leucocrinum
1 496
Leucothoe 2
687-9
Lever-wood
1 607
Liberty-tea
2 711
Licorice, Amer.
2 391,419
Wild
2 618
Torrey's 3
260, 1
Licorice-root
2 391
Life-everlasting
3 453
Fragrant or Sweet
. 454
Life-lasting
I 4406
Life-of-man 2 207, 287,
617; 3 2
83,454
Life- root
3 544
Lilac
2 724
Summer
2 175
Lilaeopsis
2 648
Lily Family
I 495
Lily
I 502
Asa-Gray's
1 503
Atamasco
532
Beaver
2 78
Blackberry
I 542
Butterfly
I 508
Canada
1 5°3
Carolina
504
Clinton's
514
Conval
522
Corn
3 47
Cow 2
78, S5
Day
1 496
Dog, Horse
2 78
Dwarf Tiger
1 542
Easter, Fairy,
532
Field
503
Flag, Liver,
537
Flame
502
Frog
2 78
Glade
502
Great Yellow
2 77
Ground
1 526
Gunebo
2 568
Harvest
3 46"
Hedge
46
House
2 78
Huckleberry
1 5°3
Lily, Jamestown 3 169
Lamb I 486
Lemon 496
Little Water 76
Liver 1 537
Mariposa 508
May 1 522
Meadow 503
Nodding 5°3~4
Northern 514
Philadelphia 502
Plantain 496
Pond 2 78-80
Prairie 1 533 ; 2 568
Red 1 502
Rock 2 92, 102
Sand 1 496
Southern Red 1 503
Snake 537
Spider 461
Spring 506
Swamp 532, 78
Straw 519
Tiger 1 502,4
Dwarf 542
Wild 502, 4
Toad 2 79
Trinity 1 525
Trout 506
Turk's-cap
1 504; 2 77
-head 1 504
Water 1 444 ; 3 19
Western Red 1 502
White 525
White Water 2 79
Wild Orange 502
Wild Yellow 1 503
Wood 1 502-3,
522 ; 2 670
Yellow 1 506
Day 1 496
Pond 2 78
Lily-bind 3 46
Lily-of-the-valley
Family i 513
Lily-of-the-valley
517-22
False I 5 '7
Wild 514-17.599
Lime Tree 2 83, 512
Black 414, 512
Limewort-catchfly 2 66
Limonillo 3 510
Lin 2 512
Linaria 3 '77
Lind, White 512
Linden Family 2 511
Linden, American 512
Ling 2 674
Wire 479
Ling-berry 697
-gowans 3 333
Linn 2 82-3
Black, Yellow, 2 82
Southern 2 512
White 512
Linseed 2 436
Lint 437
Fairy 2 438
Lady's 44
Lint-bells 2 436
Lin-tree 512
Lion's-ear 3 120
-foot 2 64 ; 3 335-6
-mouth 3 198, 204
-heart 3 116-17,335-6
-snap 3 178
-tail 49,315
Lip-fern 1 34
Lipocarpha 339
Liquidamber 2 235
620
ENGLISH INDHX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Vol. ID
Liquorice 2 391
See l.icoricc 4'9
Little-good 2 473
Lull. -boy's Breeches
2 141
Liltle-pollom 452
-washerwoman 3 251
Littlewale 88
Live-forever 2 207-8
Wild 208
Live-long 2 207
Liver-berry 1 520
-leaf 2 101
-lily I 537
-moss 2 101
Liverwort, Noble 2 101
Heart 101
Three-leaf 101
Lizard's-tail Family
1 577
Lizard's-tail 578
Loasa Family 2 565
Lobelia Family 3 299
Lobelia 3 299-304
Bladder-pod 303
Brook 303
Canby's 3°4
Downy 302
Glandular 302
Great 3°i
Kalm's 3°3
Long-leaved 301
Nuttall's 3°4
Pale-spiked 302
Red. Southern 300, 1
Spiked 303
Swamp, Water, 300
Loco-vetch, Colorado
2 390
Loco-weed 2 347
Palibine's 39i
Stemless 39°
Woolly 379
Locust, Black 2339,375
Bristly, or Moss 2375
Clammy 375
Green 375
Honey 339.375
Pea-flower 375
Post, or White 375
Red-flowering 375
River 2 365
Rose-flowering 375
Swamp 2 339
Sweet, Water, 339
Thorn 339
White 375
Yellow 2 343, 375
Locust-tree 375
Loeflingia. Texan 2 60
Logania Family 729
Loggerheads 3 557
London Lace 1 170
-pride 2 73-5
-tuft 75
Long-beard 1 456
-moss 456
Long-purples 2 586
Longshucks 1 59
Loosestrife Family
2 577
Loosestrife 580-5
Bastard 585
Bulb-bearing 2 712
Creeping 712
False 2 583,587
Fringed 2 713
Golden 711
Hyssop 580
Lance-leaved 714
Linear-leaved 714
Purple 581
Loosestrife
Southern
Spiked
Spotted
Swamp
Trailing
Tufted
2 713
581
711
580
7'3
714
Whorl, d 2 711
Yellow 711
Wing-angled 581
Lophiola 1 435
Lophotocarpus 1 97-8
Lopseed Family 3 244
Lopseed 3 244
Lord-and-ladies f 114
Lotus, American 2 77
Honey 2 352
Indian 77
Lotus-tree 2 720
Lousewort 3 220-2
Marsh, Swamp 221
Louseberry 2 492
3 206, 221-5
Lovage, Scotch 2 635
Love-apple 3 168
-grass 1 239
-entangled 2 208
-in-a-chain 209
-in-winter 672
-in-idleness 563
Loveman 3 259
Love-me 85
Lover's Pride 1 668
Love roses 3 270
Love-vine 2122; 352
Love's test 3 451
Low-belia 3 3°3
Lucerne 2 351
Ludwigia 586-9
Ludv/igiantha 585-6
Lungwort 3 82-3
Bullocks 173
Cow's 3 173
French. Golden, 329
Sea 82
Smooth 82
Tree 83
Lupine 2 348~9
False 2 344
Low 349
Perennial 2 348
Silvery 348
Wild 348
Lustwort 2 203
Lychnis, Arctic 2 70
Evening 2 68
Nodding 7°
Scarlet 69
Lygodesmia 3 322
Lyre-tree 2 83
Macounastrum 1 647
Mad-apple 3 l69
Madder Family 3 250
Madder 263
Blue Field 266
Wild 3 263
Mad-dog Weed
1 94; 3 106
Madderwort 3 250, 525
Madnep 2 634
Madweed 3 IQ6
Mad Woman's Milk
2 473
Madwort 2 153, 157
German 3 84
Magnolia Family 280
Magnolia, Fraser's 81
Ear-leaved 81
Great-leaved 81
Large, Long-leaved
81
Magnolia, Laurel 2 82
Mountain 82
Small, Swamp, 82
Magotty Boy Bean 2 337
Mahaleb 328
Mahogany, Irish 1 613
False 2 133
Kentucky 340
Mountain I 609
Mahonia, Trailing 2 128
Maidenhair
I 28, 29, 31, 36
Black or True 1 31
-berry 2 704
-cane 1 121, 127
-tears 2 64
Maid's-hair 3 258
Maize 3 516
Thorn ? 554
Malice 2 515
Mallow Family 2 513
Mallow
Blue 2 515
Bristly-fruited 523
Common 5*4-5
Country 514-5
Curled 5 1 5
Dwarf 515
European 515
False 519-20
Glade 518
Globe 521-2
High 514
Indian 2 520-1
Low 515
Marsh 514
Musk- 515
Poppy 5l6-7
Prairie 5 '9
Rose 524-5
Running 515
Swamp 524
Venice 525
Vervain 515
Virginia 520
Water 524
Whorled 515
Mallows. Blue 2 5 '5
False 520
Indian 520
Maltese Cross 2 69
Mandrake, Wild
2 130, 61 1
Manna-grass 1 263-6
Manna. Poland 266
Man-of-the-earth 3 43
Man-root 3 43-4
Man's Motherwort
2 461
Maple Family 2 494
Maple 494
Ash-leaved 498
Bark 497
Bird's-eye 496
Black 496
Black Sugar 496
Carolina 495
Creek 494
Curled 496
Cut-leaved ^ 498
Drummond's 496
Dwarf 497
Goose-foot 497
Hard 495-6
Low 497
Moose 497
Mountain 497
Narrowfruit 495
Northern 494
Norway 2 494-8
Red 1 639; 2 495
Red-river 2 498
Maple. River 2 494
Rock 496
Rocky-Mountain 497
Scarlet 495
Shoe pin 495
Shrubby 497
Silver 494
Silver-leaf 494
Soft 2 494, 5, 7
Striped 497
Sugar 496-8
Swamp 494, 5, 7
Sweet 496
Sycamore 494
Water 495"7
White 494-5
Marble-flower 2 137
March 2 660
Mardling 448
Mare's Tail 1 41;
2612-3; 3430,442
Margaret, Herb 3 402
Marguerite 402
Marigold 3 519
Bur 495, 7
Fetid 3 513
Marsh 2 85-6
Rayless 3 497
Water 500
Wild 521
Mariposa Lily 1 508
Marjorum, Pot 3 140
Wild 140
Markery 2 14
Markry 484
Mark-weed 484
Marl-gress 256
Marram I 212
-sea-grass 290
Marrube 3 110-1
Marsh-beetle 1 68
-berry 2 704
-clover 3 18
-elder 3 339"4»
-fleawort 540
-five-finger 2 258
-fleabane 3 447-8
Fetid 447
Spicy 448
-gentian 3 12-3
-gilliflower 2 69
-grass I 223
-hoarhound 3 148
-holy-rose 2 689
-lousewort 3 221
-mallow 2 514
-marigold 2 85-6
-milkwort 448
-parsley 660
-pennywort 649
-pestle 168
-pink 3 6-7
-root 2 718
-rosemary 2689,718
-samphire 21
-tea 677
-trefoil 3 '8
-turnip 1 442
-valerian 3 285
-weed 1 40
Marshallia 3 502-3
Marshlocks. Purple
2 258
Marshwort 704
Marsilea Family i 36
Marsilea 37
Martinoe 3 239
Marvel no
Masterwort
2 635-8,654-7
Imperial 638
Matfelon 3 557
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
621
Mather 3 516
Matrimony-plant or
-vine 2 191
Matse 3 168, 516
Matweed, Sea 1 212
Maul 2 514
Maw-seed 137
May 2 319
May-apple 2 130
-blob 85
-blossoms 1 522
-bush 2 319
-cherry 218,91
Mayflower 2 37, 98,
100-2, 84, 218, 678,
692
May-gowan -3 402
May-grass 1 253
May-lily 522
-pear 2 292
-pops 565
-rose 3 270
-star 2 715
-wings 452
Mayaca Family i 450
Mayaca 45°
Mayweed 3 516
Corn 520
Mazard 2 327
Mead-sweet 249
Meadow-beauty
Family 2 581
Meadow-beauty 583-4
Meadow-bouts 2 85
-buttercups 85
-cabbage 1 445
-cup 2 202
-fern or -bur
1 584, 586
-gowan 2 85
Meadow-grass 1 253-7
Annual 253
Arctic 267
Common 256
Dwarf 253
Flat-stemmed 259
Fowl 255-6, 264
Frisky 1 272
Grove 257
Prairie 255
Reed 265
Round-stalked 255
Rough-stalked 255
Sea 267-8
Short-stalked 239
Slender, or Spread-
ing 268
Torrey's 268
Water 265
Wavy 254
Wood 256
Meadow-nuts 2 258
Meadow-parsnip 2 639
Early, Golden, 641
Meadow-pink
1 558; 2 74
-queen 2 249
Meadow-rue 118-21
Arctic, Dwarf 118
Cohosh 119
Early 121
Fall 121
Mountain 118
Slender 118
Tall or Purplish 120
Veiny 120
Waxy 1 1 9
Wind-flower 2 102
Meadow-scabish 3 419
Meadow-sweet
2 245, 248-9
American 245
Meadow-sweet
Birch-leaved 2 246
Meadow-wort 2 249
Meakin 2 614
Meal-berry 2 693
-plum 693
Mealy Starwort 1 511
Mealy Tree 3 271
Mecha Meek 3 43
Mechoacanna 3 43
Medaddy-bush 3 281
Medic 2 351-2
Black or Hop 351
Purple 351
Toothed 2 351
Spotted 352
Medlar 2 292
Meehania 3 113
Meeting-houses 2 92
Melampodium 3 458-9
Melanthium 1 493
Melilot, White,
Yellow 2 353
Melilot-trefoil 2 351
Melmot-berries 1 66
Mentzelia 2 566-8
Menziesia 2 682
Mercury, Black 484
English 2 14
Herb 460
Scotch 3 204
Three-seeded 2 457
Mercury-weed 458
Mermaid-weed 2 613
Merry, Black Merry
327
Mesquite, Prairie
(see Grass) 2 333
Mexican-poppy 2 138
-rose 2 41
-tea 14
Mexico-seed 2 461
Mezereum Family
2 574
Mezereon 574
American 2 575
Micranthemum 3 197
Midsummer-men 2 207
Mignonette Family
2 199
Mignonette 2 200-1
Mile 2 660
Milfoil 3 5i5
Hooded 3 226
Water 2 116,615-16;
3 228
Milk-go wan 3315
-grass 286
-ipecac 2 469
-maid 184
-pea 420
-purslane 467-9
Milk-vetch 2 377-87
Alpine 382
Arctic 385
Ascending 379
Bent 382
Blake's 382
Canadian 379
Carolina 379
Cooper's 385
Drummond's 381
Flexile 385
Hoary 388
Indian 384
Long-leaved 386
Loose-flowered 386
Low 383
Missouri 383
Narrow-leaved 380
Platte 2 377
Pretty 384
Milk-vetch
Prickly 2 387
Purple 380
Racemose 381
Robbins' 381
Sessile-flowered 387
Short's 383
Silvery 388
Slender 384
Tennessee 378
Tufted 386
Two-grooved 380
Milkweed Family
3 23-35
Milkweed 2 467, 469 ;
3 25-9,317,321,335
Auricled 3 35
Bedstraw 32
Blunt-leaved 28
Broad-leaved 27
Common 30
Creeping 3 25
Decumbent 3 33
Dwarf 31
Few-flowered 3 25
Florida 35
Four-leaved 29
Green 34
Hairy 27
Intermediate 28
Low 32
Marsh 357
Mead's 3 28
Narrow-leaved 34
Oblong-leaved 33
Oval-leaved 31
Poke 29
Purple 26
Red 26
Running 3 38
Sand 30
Short-crowned 31
Showy 30
Sullivant's 27
Swamp 26
Tall 29
Thin-leaved 31
Trumpet 310-
Wandering 3 21
White 29
Whorled 32
Woolly 35
Yellow 3 25
Milkwort Family
2 446
Milkwort, Bitter 2 451
Cross-leaved 2 448
Curtiss' 45°
Dwarf 452
Field 2 449
Fringed 452
Loose-spiked 449
Low Pine-barren 447
Marsh 44S
Maryland 45°
Nuttall's 45°
Orange 447
Pink 2 449, 451
Purple 2 449
Racemed 45 1
Sea 716
Short-leaved 448
Tall Pine-barren 447
White 2 451
Whorled 448
Yellow 447
Milky Tassel 3 3>7
Millet 1 121
Broom-corn 1 140
Brown 140
Cat-tail 166
Dotted 1 124
Millet, Egyptian 1 121
Evergreen 121 ; f 276
German, Golden 166
Hungarian 166
Indian 174-5
Italian 166
Seaside 133
Tall 173
White 2 352
Wild 165, 174
Yellow 2 353
Mill-mountain 2 438
Mimosa Family 2 330
Mimosa 332
Mingwort 3 525
Minnie Bush 2 682
Mint Family' 3 99
Mint
American Wild 3152
Apple 150
Balm 3 135, 151
Bergamot 3 150
Brandy 149
Brook 150
Brown 149
Cat 113
Common 149
Corn 152
Creeping Whorled
3 152
Crisped-leaved 151
Cross 151
Curled 1 5 1
Dog 138
Downy Whorled 152
European 150
Field 152
Fish 1 50- 1
Garden 149
Horse 3 131, 134-5.
146, 150
European 150
Ohio 135
Lamb 3 149
Mackerel 149
Marsh Whorled 152
Mountain
3 131, 138, 142-5
Our Lady's 3 149
Patagonia 150
Pepper 3 149
Round-leaved 150
Small-leaved 152
Spear 3 149, 152
Squaw 3 !36
Stone 146
Water 150-1
Whorled I53
Wild 3 150
Woolly 151
Missionary-weed 3 334
Mire-blobs 2 85
Mist 72
Mist-flower 3 362
Mistletoe Family
1 638-9
Mistletoe 1 638-9, 711
Missey-moosey 2 2S7
Mitchella 3 255
Mitrewort 2 229, 731
False 2 224
Moccasin Flower 1 550
Yellow 550
Mock-apple 3 292
-Bishop's-weed 2 657
-gilliflower 2 73
Mock-orange 2 231-2;
3 292,719, 7-^3
Mocker-nut 1 582
Modesty 2 525. 639
Moehringia 2 57-8
Mohawk-weed I 518
622
ENGLISH INDEX, INCLI DING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Vol.III.
Moldavian Bald 3 115
Mole-plant, -tree 2 471
Molinia 1 237
Monarda, Brad.
3 131. '33-4
Money-grass 3 223
-plant 2 191
Moneywort 2 712
Prairie 714
Monkey-flower 3 190-1
Monkey-nut Tree 2 512
Monkey's Face 2 56
Monk's-bead 3 315
Monkshood 296-7,142
Trailing 97
Monk's Rhubarb 1 656
Monniera 3 192-3
Monolepis 2 17
Mouth-flower 3 17
Moon-fern 1 3
Moon-flower 318,518
Moon-fruit Pine 1 44
Moon-penny 3 5 18
Mooxseed Family
2 130
Moonseed 2 131
Red-berry 2 131
Moonshine 3400,453-4
Moonwort 1 3
Cut-leaved 5
Hemlock-leaved 6
Underwood's 4
Moor 2 694
Moor-berry 704
-grass 1 487 ; 2 203
Moorwort 2 689
Moose-bush, -berry
3 269
Moose-Elm 1 627
-misse 2 287
-wood 497. 575
Morass-weed 2 75
Morel 3 164
Petty 2 617 ; 3 164
Morgan 3 516
Dutch 518
Morgeline 3 203
Mormon-weed 2 521
morxixg-glory
Family 3 40
Morning-glory 3 44-5
Bush 44
Dwarf 47
Ivy-leaved 3 45
Pink 3 44
Red 43
White 44
White Star 44
Morocco, Red 2 121
Mortification-root
2 514
Moschatel Family
3 283
Moschatel 3 283
Moss, Black 1 456
Club 1 43-7
Cypress 1 46
Dwarf Club 49
Fir 1 43
Floating 38
Florida I 456
Flowering
2 209, 706 ; 3 57
Golden 2 208
Ground I 306
Hanging 456
Iceland 210
Irish 2 474
Kentucky 2 41
Long 1 456
Mountain 1 49 ; 2 209
Pixie 706
Prickly Club 1 49
Moss, Rock 2 209
Rose 2 41,519
Running, Snake 1 40
Spanish 456
Stag Horn I 49
Tree 1 43 ; 2 474
Wall 2 208
Moss-berry 2 704
-bush 686
-campion 2 63
-crop 1 324, 326
-locust 2 375
-milion (melon) 704
-phlox 3 58
-pink 3 58, 63
-plant 2 686
-rose 2 519
Mossy Stonecrop 2 208
Mother-of-thousands
3 i75
-of-thyme 3 139, 141
-of-wheat 3 203
Mother's-heart 2 158
Motherwort
3 I20>357.527
Golden 3 456
Hoarhound 120
Man's 2 461
Siberian 3 120
Mountain Ash 2 287
Elder-leaved 287
Mountain Avens, see
Avens
-bramble 2 276
-fringe 143
-joy 3 140
-laurel 2 681, 684
-lover 492
-mahogany 1 609
-moss 208
Mountain-mint 3 131
Awned 144
Basil 143
Hairy 142
Hoary M4
Hyssop 143
Narrow-leaved 142
Short-toothed 145
Southern 144
Thin-leaved M5
Torrey's 143
Virginia 142
White-leaved 145
Mountain-rice 1 174-5
-nut 3 80
-snow 2 469
-sweet 5°4
-tea 2 693
Mouse-ear 2 48, 101 ;
3 85, 128,455
Spring 2 47
Virginia 3 78
Water 42
-chickweed 47" 8
Mouse-ears 2 101
Mouse-ear Cress 2 176
Mouse-milk 473
Mouse-tail
1 192, 269 ; 2 103
Little 2 103
Mouse-thorn 3 5 59
Mouth-root 2 88
Moxie-berry 704
Muckweed
Curly I 81 ; 2 10
Mud-flower 3 197
-plantain 1 463-4
-purslane 2 538
-weed, or -wort 3 198
Mugget, Mugwet. 267
Mugwort 3 525-9
Common 527
\1 ugwort
Cudweed 3 529
Dark-leaved 529
Kansas 528
Long-leaved 528
Mexican 529
Prairie 529
Saw-leaf 528
Western 529
Muhlenbergia I 184
Mulberry Family 630
Mulberry I 631 ; 2 276
Bermuda 3 99
French 99
Otaheite 1 632
Paper 632
Mullen 3 173-4
Moth 3 174
Sage-leaf 3 118
Mullen-pink 2 61,71
Musk 2 515
Wild 2 430
Musk-crowfoot 3 283
-flower 191
-plant 2 515 ; 3 191
-root 3 283
Muskrat-weed 2 121
Musquash-root 2 658
-poison 2 658
-weed 2 121
Musineon 2 643-4
Mustard Family 2 146
Mustard 2 174
Ball 2 159
Black 2 193, 195
California 2 174
Corn 192
Dish 168
False 199
Garlic 169
Hedge 169, 170, 174
Indian 2 193
Mithridate 164
Orange 173
Poor Man's 170
Tansy 171
Tower 181
Treacle 172, 175
White 191
Wild 192, 195
Wormseed 172
Myagrum 2 157, 168
My Lady's Belt 2 249
Myriad-leaf 2 614
Myrtle 3 20
Bog 1 584; 3 18
Burren 2 693
Burton 1 584
Candleberry 585
Crape 2 580
Dutch, Moor 1 584
Running 3 20
Sand 2 682
Sweet 1 446
Wax 585
Myrtle-flag 446
-grass, -sedge, 446
Mysterious Plant 2 574
Naias 1 89-90
Nail-rod 426
Nailwort 2 28, 148, 158
Naked-weed 3 314
Kama 3 71-2
Nanny-berry 3 273
-bush 273
-plum 273
Nap-at-noon
1 509; 3 313
Nape 2 193
Napoleons 2 355
Natural-grass 2 351
Nature's-mistake 2 664
Navarretia 3 64
Navelwort 2 614,649
Navew, Wild 2 193
Necklace-poplar 1 590
Necklace-weed 2 90
Neckweed
1 634; 3 202
Needle-chervil 2 627
-and-thread I 513
Neale 282
Negro-vine 3 38
Nelumbo, Amer 2 77
Nemastylis 1 541
Nemophila 3 67
Nep 3 1 1 3
Nerve-root 1 549-50
Water 3 26, 38
Neslia 2 159
Nest-root 2 674
Nestronia 1 641
Nettle Family i 634
Nettle 1 635-7
Bee 3 1 19, 122
Blind 119-22
Bull 165
Burning 1 635
Canada 636
Day 3 121-2
Dead, Dog, Dumb
119-22
Deaf 121
Dwarf 1 635
False 637
Flowering 3 119
French 121
Great 1 635
Hemp 3 119
Horse 165
Sand 2 462
Slender I 635
Small 635
Spurge 2 462
Stinging
1 635; 3 92, 119
Stingless I 367
Tall Wild 1 635
Texas 3 166
Weak 1 636
Wood 636
Nettle-potato 2 461
Nettle-tree 1 629
Networt 57°
New Jersey Tea 2 504
Nickar-tree 34°
Nigger-head
1 528; 3 47°
Nigger-weed 357
Nightshade 3 164-7
American 2 26
Beaked 3 l66
Bindweed 2 611
Bitter 3 167
Black 164
Climbing 3 167
Cut-leaved 3 165
Deadly 164
Enchanter's 2 611
Fetid 3 l68
Garden 164
Melon-leaved 166
Prickly 166
Silver-leaved 165
Three-leaved 1 523
Torrey's 3 l66
Viscid 167
Woody 167
Nimble Kate 293
Nimble-weed 2 100
Ninebark 2 244
Ninety-knot 1 661
Nipple-wort 3 306
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
623
Nipplewort
Dwarf 3 309
Noble-pine 2 672
Nit-weed 2 536
Noah's Ark 1 550
Nondo 2 647
None-so-pretty
2 66,563; 3 453
Nonesuch 2 69.351
Black 2 351
White 1 281
Noon-flower 3 313
Noontide 313
Nosebleed
I 525; 3214, 515
Notholaena 1 35
Nuns 3 251
Nurse-garden 290
Nut-grass 1 304, 306
Nut-rush 1 349-51
Nuttallia 2 567
Nuttall's-weed 3 493
Nyctelea 3 67
Nymph, Water 2 79
Oak
1 617-25
Barren
620
Bartram
621
Basket
624
Bear
620
Bitter
620
-bush
620
Black 1 61
7, 618, 619
Dwarf
620
Black-jack
620, 621
-scrub
620
Blue
623
Box-white
622
Brash
1 622
Bur
623
Champion
617
Chestnut
1 624-5
Dwarf
625
Rock-
624
Swamp
624
White
624
Yellow
624
Chinkapin
624-5
Cow
624
Duck
621
Dyer's
619
Eliott's
620
Golden
3 208
Gray's
1 618
Hill's
618
Holly
2 486, 620
Iron
1 620, 622
Jack
620, 622
Jerusalem
1 14
Laurel
621, 622
Lea
622
Live
625
Mossy-cup
623
Mountain
624
Over-cup
623
Peach
621
Pin
617, 624
Poison
2 484
Possum
1 621
Post
1 622
Punk
621
Quercitron
619
Red
1 617, 619
Rock
624
Rock Chestnut 624
Rough, Ro
lgh White
622
Running White 625
Sand Jack
621
Scarlet
619
Schneck's
618
Scrub
620, 623-4
Scrub-chestnut 625
Oak, Shingle 1 622
Shrub 624
Spanish 617,619
Spanish-water 619
Spotted 619, 621
Stave 622
Swamp 617, 621, 623
-chestnut 625
-Spanish 617
-white 623
-post 623
Sweet 585
Tan-bark 624
Turkey 619, 622
Water 621
Water White 623
White 1 622
Mossy-cup 623
Willow 621
Yellow 618,624
-chestnut 624
Yellow-bark 619
Oak-fern 1 23
Oat 1 120,217—19,
518-19
False 217
Haver, or Poor
218, 220
Hooker's 219
Pearl 220
Purple 219
Sea, or Seaside 249
Smith's 219
Wild 218
Oat-grass 1 177,218
Black 177
Common 220
Downy 217
Evergreen 220
False, or Golden
217, 220
Tall 1 217, 570, 641
Tennessee 220
Wild 120, 220-2
Oats. Wild 1 211,218
Obedient-plant 3 116
Oceanorus I 493
Ocymum 3 144
Ohio Cucuma 2 85
Oil-nut I 579
Oil-plant 2 461
-seed, Siberian 157
Olcott-root 1 658
Old Goose 550
Old Maid's-bonnets
2 348
-pink 66, 73
-root 617
Oldenlandia 3 254
Old Field-sweet 3 426
Old Ladies' Clothes-
pins 3 497
Old Man 3 526
Old Man's-bear 2 728
-flannel 3 '73
-night-caps 426
-pepper 3 5r5
-root 2 617
-Virginia 3 426
Oleander, Wild 2 580
Oleaster Family
2 575
Oleaster-tree 2 576-7
Wild 576-7
Olive Family 2 724
Olive, Spurge 574
Olive-tree 576
Bell, or Wild 722
One-berry 1 629 ;
2 693; 3 255
One-blade 1 517
One-leaf 517
I Onion, Wild 1 498-500
Onion
Orchis, Yellow
1 552
Alleghany 1
498
Oregon-grape
2 128
Bog
442
-tobacco
3 285
Nodding
498
Oreocarya
3 S1-2
Prairie
498
Organs, Organy
Shore
498
3 1
10, 140
Ooler 1
613
Orpine Family
2 205
Oonopsis 3
377
Orpine, American
Open Gowan
2 85
207-8
Opium, Wild 3
320
Garden
207
Opossum-tree 2
235
Orthocarpus, Yellow
Opuntia
573
3 216
Orache
2 18
Oryzopsis
I 174
Orange, Spring
723
Osage
632
Mock-
719
Osage-orange
632
Wild 2 444
617
-apple
632
-blossom 1
525
Osier
595-7
Orange-flower Tree
White
2 6S9
2
232
Ostrich-fern
I 1 1
Orange-grass
536
Oswego Tea
3 Mi
-mustard
173
Othake
507
Orange-root
2 85
Our Lady's-mint
149
Climbing
493
-bedstraw
254
Orchid Family i
547
-thistle
560
Orchis 551-9
Owler
1 613
Bog 1 554
556
Owl'sCrown 3447,456
Bracted Green
552
O.xadoddy
204
Crane-fly
575
Oxalis 2
430-2
Crested Yellow
557
Ox-balm
3 153
Dwarf
556
Ox-eye 3 5 10, 5
18,467
Feather-leaved
557
Great-white
3 5i8
Fen
572
Sea
477
Flaming
559
Ox-eye Daisy 3470,518
Fringeless Purp
e
Oxford-weed
175
559
Ox-tongue, Bristly
Gay
551
3 3"
Great Purple
559
Ox-wort
3 532
Greenish
552
Oxypolis
2 638
Green Wood
552
Oxytrope
2 389
-fringed 1
558
Arctic
389
Green Rein
552
Showy
390
Hooker's
556
Silvery
390
Heal-all
555
Tufted
389
Leafy Green
554
Yellow
390
Long-bracted
552
Oyster-plant 3
82,313
Meadow Pink
550
-root
315
Northern Bog
556
-green
554
Paddock-pipes
-small
556
1 40, 41 ;
2 612
-white
554
Padelion
One-leaved
556
2 264 ;
3 214
Pink Fringed
559
Paint-brush
2 530
Prairie White-
Paint-root
1 53i
fringed
558
Painted Cup 3
214-16
Preacher-in-the-
Pale
215
Pulpit I
551
Palma Christi
2 461
Purple
55'
Palmillo
512
Purple-fringed
558
Palsy-wort
2 85
Early
558
Panicum, Panic-
jrass
Smaller
559
1 138
Ragged 550
558
American
156
-fringed
558-
Ashe's
161
Rein
553
Barbed
150
Green
552
Beaked
142
Round-leaved
555
Bicknell's
145
Small
55i
Bitter
141
Showy
551
Blunt
138
Small Pale Green
552
Bog
142
-two-leaved
556
Bosc's
1 162
Southern White
552
Broad-leaved
164
Yellow 1 552-3
Bush's
i47
Spring
55i
Clute's
151
Tall White Bog
554
Commons
156
Tattered-fringe
558
Dense
142
Three-toothed
553
Dwarf
144
Tubercled
552
Early-branching 154
Two-leaved
Eaton's
152
Large
555
Eight-jointed
151
Small
556
Few-flowered
158
White-fringed
.557
Flat-stemmed
142
Western-green
ish
Forked
149
558
Gaping
163
Yellow-fringed
557
Gibbons
163
I ■!.
ENGLISH INDEX, ENCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Vol. III.
Panicum
Grisebach's
Hairy
! ie mlock
Kunth's
1 ,ax-flowered
Liebi
Lindheimer's
Long-leaved
Long-stalked
Loose
Low, Stiff
146
'5J
157
147
146
157
152
143
■44
133
156
Low, White-haired
144
Matting 154
Narrow 000
Narrow-leaved 146
Nash's 157
Northern 15°
Owen's 155
Porter's 000
Purple 151
Ravenel's 159
Red-top 142
Ringed 150
Rough-hairy 145
Roughish 152
Round-fruited 1 147
Scribner's 158
Slender 158
-stemmed 154
Small-fruited 148
Small-leaved 148
Soft-leaved 160
Spotted-sheath 149
Spreading 138
Starved 143
Stiff-hairy 153
Tall-flat 143
-fringed 161
-rough 160
-swamp 160
Tennessee 155
Variable 161
Velvety I 159
Warty 138
Werner's 144
White-edged 148
White-haired 153
Wilcox's 159
Wiry 140
Wood 140
Woolly 155
Pansy 2 547, 562-3
Pawpaw, North Am.
2 83
Paper-mulberry 1 639
Papoose- root 2 12S
Paradise-plant 574
Paraguay (false) 3 272
Parilla, Yellow 2 131
Parosela 2 367-8
Golden 368
Low 368
Pink 367
Slender 367
Woolly 367
Parsley 2 632-3
Beaked 629, 630
Carrot-leaved 632
Common 641
Dog 630, 633, 645
False, Fools 2 645
Garden 641
Hairy 632
Hemlock 636
Horse 634
Marsh 2 660
Poison 653
Sand 652
Sea 648
Spotted 653
White-flowered 631
Parsley, Wild 2 641
Parsley-breakstone
2 16 1
■ pic rl 30, .'64
-vlix 264
Parsnip 2 625, 634
Wild 2 634,658
Cow 635
Meadow 641
Water 655-6
Wild 2 634, 658
Parthenium
Auricled 3 465
Creeping 446
Hairy 466
Partridge-berry 2 693,
704; 3 255
Mountain 698
Partridge-pea 2 337
-vine 3 255
Paspalum 1 126-133
Bosc's 131
Bush's 128
Ciliate-leaved 128
Field 130
Florida 132
Joint-grass 133
LeConte's 132
Long-stalked 127
Many-haired 130
Muhlenberg's 129
Prostrate -128
Pubescent 129
Round-flowered I 131
Slender 129
Smooth-scaled 131
Straw-colored 127
Tall 132
Walter's 127
Water 126
Yellow-haired 130
Pasque-flower 2 102
Passion Flower
Family 2 564
Passion Flower 565
Passions 1 656
Passion-vine 2 565
Patience, Garden 1 656
Paulownia 3 189
Paul's Betony
3 201-2, 204, 148
Pauson 2 140
Pea Family 2 341
Pea, Beach 413
Bird-egg 386
Buffalo 377. 409
Bush 343-4
Butterfly 417
Canada 4°9
Cat 409
Cow 425
Craw, or Mouse 415
Crow 412,479
Everlasting
2 413-14,416
Ground-squirrel 129
Heart 501
Hoary 372
Meadow 415
Milk 420
Myrtle-leaved
Marsh 4 '4
Partridge 2 337
Potatoes 418
Rabbit 372
Sea-side, Sea 413
-everlasting 413
Scurfy 360-1
Sensitive 337
Squirrel, Ground
129, 418
Trailing 2 418
Turkey 142,372
Pea, Veiny 2 413
Wild 347, 414
Wild, Sweel 372
Yellow 344
Pea-nut 394
Hog, or Wild 419
Pitchers 419
Pea-tree 2 376
Pea-vine 419
Peach Family 322
Peach 2 330
Peachwort 1 668
Pear 2 287, 292
Choke 288
Juice 292
May 292
Prickly 571-2
Swamp Sugar 292
Wild 292
-indian 292
Pearl-grass I 250
Pearls of Spain 51 1
Pearl-plant 3 87-8
Pearlwort 2 51-2
Knotted 52
Pearly Everlasting
3 45i
Peatweed 2 580
Pebble-vetch 2 41 1
Pecan I 580
Bitter 581
Pectis 3 514
Pedicularis 3 220-3
Peg-wood 2 492
Pellas 515
Pelican-flower 1 645
Pellitory
I 638; 3 5!5-5i9
Bastard, Wild or
European 3 515, 519
Pellitory of Spain 2 638
Pencil-flower 393_4
Pencil-tree 3 445
-wood I 66
Penny-cress 2 168
Penny-flower 191
-hedge 170
Penny-john 533
Penny-grass 3 223
Penny Mountain 141
Pennyroyal
3 136, 152, 142
American 136
Bastard 104, 108
Drummond's 136
False 104
Mock, Rough 136
Wild 152
Penny-post 2 650
Pennywort 3 15, 175
Marsh 648-50
Pepper, Poor Man's
2 208
Birds 165
Glen 164
Old-man's 3 5' 5
Water 1 669
Wild 2 504, 526, 574
Pepper and Salt 2 653
Pepper-bush 667
Sweet 667
Water 691
Pepper-crop 2 208
Pepper-grass 1 545 ;
2 164, 166
English 2 164
Garden 166
Golden 166
Narrow-leaved 165
Roadside 165
Town 166
Wild 165-6
Pepperidge 2 665
Pepper-bush 2 127
Peppermint 3 149
Pepper-planl
1 670 : 2 158
Pepper-root 2 187-8
-turnip 1 442
-vine 2 510
-wood 444
Pepperwort I 37
European 1 37
Hairy 37
(see Peppergrass)
2 164
Perilla 3 154
Periwinkle 20
Small 20
Persian-berry 2 504
Persicaria, persicary
1 666
Biting 670
Bristly 669
Carey's 668
Common 668
Dense-flowered 667
Dock-leaved 666
Lady's Thumb 668
Long-styled 667
Opelousas 669
Pale 1 666
Pennsylvania 667
Slender Pink f 1632
Southwestern 668
Swamp 666
Water 666
Persimmon 2 720
Pestilence-wort 3 532
Peters-Staff 173
Petty Morel 2 617
Petunia 3 171
Peucedanum 2 632
Pewterwort 1 41
Phacelia 3 68
Coville's 70
Crenate-leaved 6S
Franklin's 69
Fringed 71
Hairy 70
Loose-flowered 69
Mountain 71
Pursh's 70
Silky 68
Small-flowered 69
Pheasant's-eye 2 121
Phippsia 1 193
Phleum, Mountain 191
Phlox Family 3 52
Phlox 3 53
Britton's 58
Chickweed 57
Cleft 56
Crawling 56
Downy 55
Douglas' 59
Garden 53
Hairy 3 55
Hood's 58
Kelsey's 57
Large-leaved 54
Moss 58
Mountain 54
Prairie 54
Smooth 55
Wild Blue 56
Wood's 2 73
Yellow 2 173
Phthisic-weed 2 585
Phyllanthus 2 453
Physalis 3 156
Physic, see Indian
Picac 2 469
Pickaway-anise 2 445
Pick-cheese 2 514
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
625
Pickerel Weed
Family i 462
Pickerel Weed
1 463 ; 2 1 16
Pickpocket 2 158
Pick-purse 2 59, 158
Pick-tree 2 617
Pickle-plant 2 21
Picradenia 3 508-10
Picris 3 3"
Picry 2 484
Pie-marker 2 521
Pie-print 2 521
Pigeon-berry 2 26,
278, 292, 618,
663; 3 255
-foot 2 429
-grass 3 95. l65
-root 2 38
-tree 2 617
Pigmy-weed 2 206
Pig-nut 1 583
Bitter 580
Little, Small 583
Woolly 584
Pig-potato 2 638
-root 1 543
Pigsty-daisy 3 516
Pig-tail 3 -59
Pigweed
2 2, 10, 13, 40, 590
Rough 2 -
Slender 2
Winged 2 16
Pilewort 2 112. 117 ;
3 i/9. 536
Pilot-weed 3 461
Pimentary 137
Pimpernel, Bennet
2 631,655
Bastard 2 717
Blue 3 106
False 2717; 3 196-7
Mountain 2 631
Red, or Scarlet 2 716
Sea 58
Virginia 631
Water 2 710; 3 200
Yellow 2 640
Pimpernelle 2 266
Pin-ball 3 255
Pin-clover 2 430
-grass 43°
Pincushion 3 290,451
-flower 290
-shrub 2 492
-tree 2 270
Pine Family i 55
Pine 1 56-63
Banks' or Black 58
Black-norway 59
Bastard 59
Blister 63
Bull 1 57,58
Canadian 1 57
Candlewood 59
Carolina 58
Cat 61
Cedar 58
Cornstalk' 59
Deal 56
Fat 57
Festoon 47-8
Field 2 541
Fir 1 63
Florida 57
Foxtail 59
Frankincense 59
Gambier Parry's 57
1 Georgia 1 57
/lv -pitch, -yellow 57
Gray 1 58
Pine, Ground 1 47,48;
2 536; 3 102
Hard 1 57, 59
Hart 57
Hickory 59
Hudson Bay 58
Indian 59
Jack 58
Jersey, Labrador,
1 58
Loblolly 59
Long-leaved 57
-pitch, -yellow 57
Long-straw 57, 59
Long-shucks 59
Moon-fruit 1 44
Nigger 58
Noble 2 672
Northern 1 56
Northern Scrub 1 58
Norway 57
Black- 58
Old-field 59
Pitch 57, 58-9
Southern 57
Western 57
Pond 60
Prairie 57
Prickly 59
Prince's 2 672
Red 1 57
River 58
Rock 57,58
Rosemary 59
Running I 47
Sap 59,675
Scotch 60
Sweet 00
Scrub 58
Shore 58
Short-leaved 58-9
Shortschat 1 58
Short Shucks 1 58
Slash 58, 59
Soft 1 56
Southern 1 57
-hard or -heart 57
-mountain 59
-pitch 5 7
-yellow 57
Spiral 45
Spruce
56, 62, 58, 61-2
Swamp 59
Table-Mountain 59
Texas Yellow 57
Torch 59
Turpentine 57
Virginia 1 59 ; f 139
Western-pitch 57
Weymouth 56
White 56
Yellow 1 57. 59
Yellow-norway 59
Yellow-pitch 57
Yew 61
Pine-Apple Family
456
Pine-broom 1 57
Pine-barren Beauty
2 706
Pine-cheat 2 59
Pine-drops 2 673
-sap 2 674
Pine-tulip 672
-weed 2 536
Pink Family 2 61
Pink, Bearded 1 563
Boston 2 73
Bunch 74
Carolina 730
Childing 2 74
Chimney 2 73
Pink, Corn 2 61
Cushion 63
Deptford 74
Drummond's 2 70
Dutch 2 200
Election 3 678
Fire 2 64
French
266,75; 3 559
Grass 2 74, 563
Ground 2 73 ; 3 57
Hedge 2 73 ;
3 42,214
Indian 2 64, 69, 452,
73°; 3 42
Maiden 2 74
Marsh 3 6-7
Meadow 1 558;
2 69, 74, 679
Menzies' 2 68
Mice 2 65
Moss 63; 3 57
Mountain
2 692; 3 .57
Mullein 2 61,71
Old Maid's 2 61, 73
Proliferous 74
River 2 678
Rock 2 37
Rose 3 S
Saxifrage 3 72
Sea 2 64 ; 36
Sheriff 3 5i8
Swamp 1 488, 563 ;
2 678
Wax 2 41
Wild 1 562;
2 65, 74; 3 5"
Winter 2 692
Pink-bloom 3 5
-grass 1241,415,391
-needles 2 430, 625
Pink-purse 59
Pink-root 2 730
-siris 2 331
Pinks, Old Maid's 66
Wax 4 1
Pinkster-flower 678
Pink-weed 1 661, 668
Pinweed 2 43°, 542-5
Pipe-plant 674
Pipe-privets 724
Piperidge-bush 2 127
Spotted 672
Piperia I 555
Pipe-stem 2 690
Pipe-tree 724
Pipe-vine I 646, 724
Woolly 1 646
Pipewort Family 453
Pipewort 454-6
Hairy 456
Yellow 455
Pipsissewa 2 672
Spotted 672
Piskies, Pixie 2 44, 706
Pismire f 4560
Pissabed 2 112
Pistachis 235
Pitcher-plant
Family 2 207
Pitcher-plant 2 207
Pitchforks 3 495"7
Plane-tree Family
2 242
Plane-tree 242
Planer-tree 1 628
Plantain Family
3 245
Plantain 3 245-9
Buck, Buckhorn 246
Common 3 245
Dwarf 248
Plantain
Dooryard 3 245
English 246
Greater 245
Heart-leaved 247
Hoary 246
Indian 3 536-8
Large-bracted 248
Lance-leaved 246
Long 246
Many-seeded 249
Mud 1 463
Narrow 246
Net-leaf 57°
Pale 3 246
Petty 439
Poor Robin's
3 332,439
Pursh's 248
Rattlesnake 1 569-70
Ripple 3 246
Robert's 3 439
Robin's 439
Rose 439
Round-leaf 245
Rugel's 3 246
Sand 249
Saline 247
Sea, or Seaside 247
Slender 249
Snake 3 246, 322, 332
Spotted 1 570
Sweet-scented 3 475
Water 1 98 ; 3 247
Wayside 245
White 1 569;
3 248,451
White Dwarf 3 248
Plantain Shore-weed
3 -5o
Pleurisy-root 5
Pleurogyne 3 14
Pleuropogon I 247
Ploughman's-wort
3 448
Plum Family 2 325-6
Plum 322
Beach 2 325
Bullace 2 326
Bunch 664
Canada 2 323
Chickasaw 2 324
Date 720
Dog 1 5'5
Earth 2 376
Garden 326
Wild 2 324
Goose 2 323
Grave's Beach 2 325
Ground 377
Hog 2 323-4
Horse 2 323
Ivory 2 693
Larger Ground 377
Low 325
Native 2 323
Porter's 2 324
Red 2 323
Sand 2 325
Seeded 720
Thorn 297,302,317
Wild 2 323-4
Wild Goose 324
Wild Red 323
Wild Yellow 323
Winter 720
Plum-bog 2 278
-granite 323
Plum-grape 2 506
Plumbago Fam. 2 718
Plume-grass 1 113
Pocan-bush 2 26
40
6z6
ENGLISH INDI'.X, INt'l.l 01NG POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Vol.III.
Pogonia I 560-1
Adder's-moutb 560
Nodding 562
rled 561
Poison-ash 2 483
-arum I 444
berry 2 90 ; 3 167
-dogwood 2 483
-elder 483
-flag I 537
-flagroot 537. 539
-flower 3 167
-hemlock 2 653
-ivy 483
-oak 483-4
-parsley 2 653
-rhubarb 3 47°
-snakeweed 2 653
-sumac 2 483
-tobacco 3 169
-tree, or -wood 2 483
-vine 2 483
Poke-root 1 494
Poke-weed Family
2 25
Poke, Pokeweed 26
Indian 1 494-5
Polar-plant 3 461
Pole-cat Weed 445
Pole, or Pool-rush 331
Polk-weed 445
Pollom, Red 2 693
Polly Mountain 3 139
Polypody I 35
See Fern
Polypremum 2 731
Polypteris 3 507
Polytaenia 2 633
Pomegranate 323
Pomme Blanche 2 363
Pond-bush 2 135
-dogwood 3 255
-grass 1 87
-spice 2 135
Pond-lily 2 78-80
Arrow-leaved 79
Red-disked 78
White 79-80
Sweet-scented 79
Yellow 78
Pondweed Family i 74
Pondweed 1 75-87
Alga-like 81
Blunt-leaved 82
Choke 105
Clasping-leaved 80
Common Floating 75
Curled-leaved 81
Curly 81
Eel-grass 1 81
Faxon's 78
Fennel-leaved 87
Filiform 86
Fries' 83
Grass-wrack 81
Hill's 1 82
Horned 89
Illinois 79
Inland 86
Interrupted 87
Large-leaved 76
I eafy 82
Long-leaved 77
Mystic Pond 80
Northern 77
Nuttall's 77
Oakes' 76
Opposite-leaved I 84
Rafinesque's 85
Robbins' 87
Shining 79
Slender 83
Pondweed
Small 1 84
Spatulate-leayed 7S
Spiral 86
Spottrd 76
Tassel 88
Thread-like 85
Various-leaved 78
Vasey's 83
White-stemmed 80
Ziz's 79
Pond Spice 2 137
Pool-blossom 3 18
Pool-root, -wort 3 362
Poor Annie 1 494
Poor-land Weed 3 256
Jan's Leaf 2 211
Poor Man's-mustard
2 170
-pepper 2 164, 208
-rhubarb 2 120
-soap 2 245
-weather-glass 2 716
Poor-Robin
2 69; 3 259
Poor Robin's-plantain
3 285, 388
Pop-dock, or -glove 204
Pop-weed 3 204, 220
Poplar I 587-591
American 590
Aspen 587
Balsam I 588
Berrybearing 590
Black 1 590
-Italian 590
Blue 2 83
Cat-foot 590
Carolina 588, 590
Downy 1 589
Hickory 2 S3
Lombardy 1 590
Necklace 590
Old English 590
Ontario 588
River 590
Rough-bark 588
Silver-leaf
1 587; 2 512
Swamp 589
Trembling 1 590
Tulip 2 83
Water 590
White 1 587, 589,
590; 2 83
Y\ illow . 590
Yellow 2 83
Poppy Family 2 136
Poppy 2 64, 136-9
Arctic 138
Blue 3 557
Celandine 140
Corn, Field, Red, 137
Frothy 2 64
Garden, Opium, 137
Iceland 138
Leafy- white 139
Long-fruited 138
Mexican 139
Pale 138
Plume 140
Prickly 139
Rough-fruited 138
Sea 141
Smooth-fruited 137
Spattling 64
Thorn 139
White Prickly 2 139
Yellow 140
Yellow Horned 141
Poppy-mallow 2418-19
Pops 3 204
Portulaca 2 39-41
Showy 4 1
Possum -haw
2 488; 3 273
Possum-wood 720
I'n i.wo Family 3 154
Potato, Canada 486
Cree 2 363
Dakota 2 418
Hog's 1 492
Indian 2 418 ; 3 482
Nettle 2 461
Pig 4'8
Prairie 2 363
Prickly 3 166
Wild 2 37
Wild Sweet 3 43
Potato-pea 2 418
-vine, Wild 3 43
Potereum 2 265
Plains 265
Pot-herb, White 3 286
Poukenel 627
Poverty 2 51
Poverty-grass 541
Poverty-weed 2 59 ;
3 451.453,454. 518
-plant 542
Powder-horn 2 48
Prairie-apple 363
-acacia 331
-anemone 102
-bergamot 3 134
-burdock 3 462
Prairie-clover
2369-371
Hairy 371
Purple, or Violet 370
Silky 370
-dock 462
Prairie-dog Weed
3 5i3, 195-6
Prairie-grass
I 195-6, 199, 231
-fire 3 -!4
-grub 2 445
-hyssop 3 142
-indigo 2 346
-lily I 533J 2 568
-mesquite 2 333
-mimosa 2 332
-money-wort 714
-pine 3 3^7
-potato 2 363
-rocket 2 172-3
-rose 283
-sage 302
-senna 33^
-smoke 2 102, 273
-tea 2 455
-turnip 363
-weed 262
-zinnia 3 466
Preacher-in-the-pulpit
1 442 ; f 1 1 1 1
Pretty Nancy 2 66
Pricket 208
Prickly-ash 444, 617
Yellow 444
Prickly-.back 3 289
Prickly-bur 1 615
Prickly-thistle 3 553
-elder 2 617
Prickly-pear 2 571-2
-poppy 138
Prick Madam 2 208-9
-timber 2 492
Prick-tree, Butcher's
2 492
Prickwood 492
Pride-of-Ohio 2 717
Pride-weed 3 442
Priest's Crown 315
Prim 2 729
Pkimrose Family 707
Primrose 2 286, 708
Bird's-eye 2 70S
Dwarf Canadian 708
Fremont's 2 606
Greenland 709
Hartweg's 607
Lavendar-Ieaved 607
Mealy 708
Missouri 605
Mistassini 2 708
Oblong-leaved 607
Oklahoma 606
Scapose 602
Short-podded 604
Showy , 603
Spotted 2 605
Three-lobed 604
Tooth-leaved 608
Tree 595
Primrose-willow 2 589
Primwort 729
Prince's-feather 2 2
Prince's-pine 2 672
Print 729
Prinopsis 3 377
Privet 2 691, 729
Procession-flower
2 449
Pry f 1033
Psoralea 2 360
Digitate 362
Few-flowered 361
Lance-leaved 361
Large-bracted 363
Large-stipuled 364
Many-flowered 361
Narrow-leaved 362
Nebraska 362
Sainfoin 365
Silver-leaf 363
Small-flowered 360
Ptiloria 3 312
Puccoon, Gmelin's 3 89
Hairy, Hoary 3 89
Indian 89
Red 2 140
White 140
Yellow 84 ; 3 89
Puccoon-root 2 140
Puck's-foot 2 130
Puff-ball 501 ; 3 315
Puke-weed 3 308
Pulsatilla Amer. 2 102
Pumpkin, Wild 3 291
Purging-root 2 469
Purple-grass, or Wort
2 358
-rocket 2 590
Purplewort 2 258
Purslane Family 2 35
Purslane, Pussley 40
Black 467
French 41
Garden 41
Hairy 4°
Marsh 2 585
Milk . 467
Mud 537
Notched 40
Sea 34
Spotted 467
Water 579
Western 2 40
White 469
Pursley, Milk 469
Black-spotted 467
Purvain 3 95
Pussies, Pussy cats
2 355
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
627
Pussy-toes 3 45 I
Putty-root 1 574
Pyracanth 2 322
Pyramid-flower, or
-plant 3 15
Pyxie 2 706
Quafodil 1 493
Quaker-bonnets
2 34S; 3 -5i
-ladies 3 251
Quaker-lady
2 245; 3 251
Quarter-vine 3 237
Queen Anne's-lace
2 625
Queen-of-the-meadow
245; .3 357
Queen-of-the-prairie
2 249
Queen-weed 634
Queen's-delight 2 461
-gillyflower 175
Queen's-root 2 461
Quercitron 1 619
Quick 1 283 ; 2 319
Quick-beam 2 287
Quick-in-the-hand
2 441
Quickset 2 319
Quicksilver-weed 2 120
Quick-thorn 319
Quill-fern 1 18
Quillwort Family
1 50
Quillwort 46-8
Black-based 54
Braun's 51
Butler's 54
Dodge's 53
Eaton's 53
Engelmann's 53
Grave's 54
Lake 5°
Pitted 52
Sugary 52
Tuckerman's 51
Warty 5 '
Quince-star 2 321
Quinine, Wild 3 465
Quinine-flower 3 6
Quinine Tree 2 445
Quinsy-berry 2 237-8
Quitch 3 204
Quitch-grass 1 283
Quital 3 204
Quiver-leaf I 590
Quobsque-weed 1 400
Rabbit-berry 2 577
-brush 3 370, 376
-flower 177, 204
-meat 121
-pea 2 372
-root 618
-tobacco 3 454
Rabbit's-mouth 178
Raccoon-berry 2 130
Radical-weed 3 165
Radish, Wild 2 195
Garden 195
Horse 163
Ragged-cup 3 460
-Jack 2 69
-Robin 69
-sailor . 1 670
Ragweed Family 3 338
Ragweed 3 341-2
Woolly 543
Ragwort 540
Cat's-paw 542
Golden 544
Ragwort, Prairie 3 543
Tansy 54-
Rainbow-weed 2 581
Raisin, Wild 3 273
Raisin-tree 2 237
Rampion, Large 2 595
Ramps 1 497
Ram's-claws 2 113
-head 1 548
-tongue 3 246
Rancheria-grass 1 290
Rancid 3 177
Ranstead 177
Rantipole 2 625
Rape 2 193-5
Summer 2 193
Rapper-dandies 2 693
Raspberry 2 276-7
Arctic. Cuthbert 277
Black, Black-cap 277
Canadian 276
Carolina 277
Flowering 276
Purple 276
Gladstone 276
Gregg 277
Ground 2 85
Hansell 277
Hilborn 277
Mountain 276
Purple, Wild 277
Rose-flowering 276
Running 27S
Virginia 276
White-flowering 276
Wild Red 277
Ratsbane 1 570; 2 672
Rat-stripper 2 492
Rat-tail 3 246
Rattan-vine 2 502
Rattle 3 3^0-3
Bull 2 64,68
Cow 68
Penny, Yellow 3 223
Red 223
Rattle-bags 2 64 ; 3 223
Rattle-box
2 347; 3 223, 588
-bush 2 344-5
-nut 2 77, 91
-root 91
Rattler-tree 1 587
Rattle-snake-bite 2 221
-fern 1 6
Rattle-snake-herb 2 90
-flag 2 622
-leaf 1 570
-master 1 534 ;
2 622; 3 406, 367,
365
-plantain 1 569-70
-creeping-root 569
-root 1 526;
2 91,451 ; 3 335-8
-weed 1 57° »
2 451, 622
Rattle-top 2 91
Heart-leaved 91
Mountain 2 92
Rattle-weed 2 91
Canadian 379
Red-bay 2 133
-berry 2618, 622
-benjamin I 525
-Betty 3 300
Red-berry, Swamp
2 704
-Bird's-eye 2 69, 426
-bud 2 335
-brush 661-2
-camomile 121
-cedar 1 66-7
Red-cedar
Rocky Mt. 1 66
Shrubby 67
-gum 2 235
-Indian-paint 140
-Indians 3 214
-ink-plant 2 26
Red-knees 1 670
-morocco 2 121
-pollom 693
-puccoon 661
-rattle 3 221
-robin 2 69. 426
-rod 69, 270
-root 1 531, 634 ;
2 2. 140, 270, 718
Carolina 1 531
Indian 531
Red-rot 2 203
-Sally 258
Red-shanks 1 654;
2 420, 666, 668, 670
Red-top 1 203
see Grass
Red-weed I 653, 668 ;
2 26, 137
-willow 2 661
Redberry 2 90, 618
-bamboo 1 530
-snakeroot 2 90
Redfieldia I 235
Reed ' 295
see Grass
Reed-bent 1 212
Reed-grass I 207-11
Bog 210
Common 232
Giant 213
Indian 232
Labrador 211
Lake 208
Langsdorf's 1 209
Long-leaved 212
Macoun's, Narrow
210
Northern, Nuttall's
21 1
Pickering's 208
Porter's 2 208
Salt 223
Sea 1 212
Short-haired 213
Southern 179
Wood, or Sweet
202, 209
Reed-Mace, Great 1 68
Lesser 69
Resurrection-plant 1 49
Rheumatism-root 1535 ;
2 129, 612 ; 3 22
-weed 3 21
-wood 21
Rhineberry 2 502
Rhododendron 681
Rhubarb
Bog, or Poison 3 532
Monk's 656
Poor Man's 2 120
Rhodora 680
Rhynchosia 2 421-2
Rib-grass, -wort
3 246-8
Rice, Indian 1 168
Canada 168
False, White, 168
Jungle 1 134
Water, Wild 168
Rice's-cousin 1 169
Rice-cut-grass 169
Rich-leaf 3 153
Rich-weed I 637 1291;
3 153, 34i,36i
Rignum 3 133
Rim-ash 1 629
Ripple-grass 3 246
River-bush 255
River-weed Family
2 205
River-weed 205
Road-weed 000
Roanoke-bell 3 83
Robert's-plantain 439
Robin, Robins 2 69
Robin-run-away
282; 3 114
Robin's-plantain
3 332,439
Rock-bells 2 92
Rock-berry 693
-brake 1 32, 36
Rock-cress 2 176
Arctic 179
Low, Northern 179
Lyre-leaved 179
Virginia 179
Rock-lily 2 92
-plant 208
Rock-rose Family
2 539
Rock-rose 540
Rock-weed
2 426 ; 3 267
Rocket
Bastard 2 192
Crambling 200
Dame's 175
Dyer's 200
False 178
Garden 192
Italian 200
Prairie 172-3
Small-flowered 172
Purple 2 178, 590
Sand 194
Sea, American 196
Scrambling 174
Sweet 175
Wall 194
Winter, or Wound
177
Yellow
2 200, 177, 711
Rocket-cress 2 179, 183
Rocky Mountain-
grape 2 128
Rogation-flower 449
Rogue's-gilliflower 175
Roman-plant 2 14
-willow 724
-wormwood
2 144; 3 34i
Romeria 2 20
Roosters 547
Rooster-heads 2 717
Rope-bark 575
Rope-wind 3 45
Rosa-solis
1 487; 2 203
Rose Family 2 242
Rose 283
African 137
Arkansas 284
Bramble 284
Brere, Brier 2S4
Burnet 716
Canker 137,284
Christmas 87
Cinnamon 286
Climbing 283
Common
-wild 285
Corn 2 61. 137
Cotton 3 447
628
ENGLISH l.\I)K.\, l.WI.UHM, l'OI'l'LAR PLANT NAMES. Vol.III.
Dog 2 284
I (war) wild 283
Early-wild 283
ptian, Gipsy
Evergreen 286
Hip 284-6
Kitchen 286
Low 285
Mallow 2 524
Maple leaf, Guelder
3 270
Marsh-holy 2 689
Meadow 283
Mexican 2 41
Michigan 283
Noble 3 76
Northeastern 2 283
Pale 283
Pasture 2 85
Prairie, Prickly 283
Rock 2 530, 539-40
Rosin 533
Scotch 284
Sensitive 2 333
Shining 285
Smooth 283
Snowdon 207
Sun 539-4°
Swamp, Sweetbrier
285
Wild 283-5
Wind 138
Woods' 284
Rose-acacia 2 375
Rose-bay 590,681
Ground 589
Lapland 680
Mountain 681
Wild, or Dwarf 681
Rose-blush 283
Rose-campion 2 70
Rose-mallow 524-5
Rosemary
Marsh 2 6S9, 718
Maryland 3 426
White 430
Wild 2 689
Rose-moss 41
Rose-noble 3 75
Rose-of-Plymouth 6
Rose-of-Sharon 536
Rose-petty 3 439
Rose-pink 3 5
-pogonia 1 560
Rose-willow 2 661
Rosewort, Roseroot 207
Rosin-plant
3 462; 2 207
-rose 2 533
-tree, White 1 57
-weed 3 460-1, 374
-wood 375
Rosita 3 80
Rosy-bush 2 245
Rotala 579
Rot-grass 121413226
Roubieva 2 15
Rough-root 3 367
-weed 125
Round-dock 2 514
Round-heart 639
-root 3°4
-rush 1 467
-wood, -tree 2 287
Roving-sailor 3 175
Rowan-berry 2 287
Rowan-tree 2 287
American 287
Dog 3 270
Royal-bracken 1 7
Royal-fern Family
1 7
Royal-fern 1 7
Royal ' 'smond 7
Rue Anemone 2 102
False 2 89
Meadow 118-20
Rue Family 2 443
Rue 2 445
Ruellia 3 241-2
Long-tubed 241
Short-tubed 241
Runch 2 192
Running-pine I 47
-moss 1 47
Ruppia 1 88
Rush Family i 465
Rush 467-485
Aglet-head 314
Awl-leaved 473
-petaled 474
Bald 1 347
Baltic 468
Bass 331
Bayonet 477
Beaked 1 342-7
Black 331
Black-grass 470
Bog 1 348,467
Bolder, Boulder 331
Bottle 294
Brown-fruited 476
Bulbous 477
Bulrush 1 326-327
Canada 480
Candle 467
Chair-maker's 330
Chestnut 475
Club 327-9
Clustered Alpine 475
Common 467
Cotton 323-6
Cotton-grass 323-6
Creeping 474,476
Diffuse 482
Dudley's 470
Dutch 41
False Bog I 344
Forked 472
Glomerate 462
Grass-leaved 473
Large 473
Greene's 472
Hare's-tail 324
Hard 467
Highland 469
Horned 1 342
Inland 471
Jointed 477
Knotted 478
Knotty-leaved 4S1
Long-styled 474
Maine 472
Many-headed 479
Mat 331
Moor 475
Narrow-panicled 481
New Jersey 479
Nut 349-51
Pennsylvania 468
Pin 467
Pith 467
Pole, or Pool 331
Richardson's I 478
Roemer's 468
Round 467
Scirpus-like 480
Scouring 41
Sea 469
Sea-club 335
Secund 471
Sedge 446
Sharp-fruited 481
Short-fruited 479
Rush, Slender I 470
Small-headed 480
Spart 477
Spike 311-19
Staff 467
Stout 482
Sweet 446
Thread 467
Three-flowered 476
Three-square 330
Toad 469
Torrey's 478
Tule 331
Twig I 348
Two-flowered 475
Vasey's 471
Water 467
Water-bog 348
Weak 481
White 223
Wood 1 483-5
Yard 470
Yellow-flowering 451
(see Bulrush) 330-7
(see Clubrush)
327-34
Rush-garlic 497
-nut 304
Russia-grass 266
Russian thistle 2 25
Rutland Beauty 3 46
Rye, Wild,
1 281, 288-94
Rye-grass, see Grass
Sabbatia 3 3-7
Branching 2-4
Coast 5
Elliott's 6
Lance-leaved 4
Narrow-leaved 5
Prairie 6
Square-stemmed 5
Sabino-tree 1 64
Sacred-bean Family
2 76
Sacred-bean 2 76
Saddle-tree 2 83
-leaf 83
Safflower 3 560
Sage
Indian 3 361
Jerusalem 118
Lance-leaved 130
Lyre-leaved 129
Meadow 129
Mountain 3 530
Nettle-leaved 130
Pitcher's 129
Tall 129
Western 3 529
White 2 20
Wild 3 129, 130, 525
Wood 3 101
Wormwood 3 525
Sage-brush 2 19;
3 525-30
Pasture 3 525
Sage-bush 530
Sage-of-Bethlehem 149
Sage-leaf 3 118
Sage-willow
1 598; 2 581
-wood 3 530
Sagittaria 1 101-4
Sailor, Climbing 3 175
Sailor's-knot 2 426
-tobacco 3 527
Sainfoin 2351, 401
St. Andrew's Cross 528
St. Anthony's Turnip
St. Bennett's herb 2 653
St. George's herb 3 286
St. James'-weed 158
-wort 3 542
St. John's Wort
Family 2 527
St. John'swort 2 530
Bedstraw 531
Bushy 530
Canadian 536
Clasping-leaved 535
Common 533
Copper-colored 533
Corymbed 533
Creeping 531
Dense-flowered 530
Drummond's 536
Dwarf 535
Elliptic-leaved 532
False 536
Giant, Great 2 529
Kalm's 530
Large-spotted 534
Larger Canadian 535
Larger Marsh 537
Marsh 537
Mountain 534
Northern 534
Pale 532
Round-podded 532
Shrubby 2 530
Slender 535
Spotted 533-4
Small-flowered 535
Straggling 532
Virgate 533
St. Joseph's Wand
3 186
St. Peter's Wort 2 528
Salad Tree 335
Salfern Stone-seed 387
Sally-bloom 2 590
Sally, Creeping 712
Wandering 712
Salmon-berry 2 276
Saloop 2 134
Salsify, Meadow 3 313
Salt-grass 1 250
Rush 223
Salt-grape 2 25
Salt-meadow Grass
1 223
Salt-of-Lemons 2 431
Salt-rheum weed 3 181
Saltweed 1 469 ; 2 18
Saltwort 221,25
Black 2 716
Salvinia Family 137
Salvinia 38
Samphire, Marsh 2 21
Jamaica 477
Sampson's Snake-root
2 364; 3 I2. U
Sanctuary 3 2
Sand-bur 1 167;
3 t66, 342
-cherry 2 291
-grass 1212;
2 80, 250, 676
Sand-myrtle 2 682
-nettle 2 462
-parsley 2 652
-reed 1 212
-spine 2 461
-spur 167
-spurry 2 59, 60
Northern 60
Salt-marsh 59
-star [sedge] 363
-vine 3 36
Sandalwood Family
1 639
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
629
Sandweed
2 59
Sandwort 2
52-60
Arctic
54
Beach
56
Bed
59-60
Blunt-leaved
2 57
Fendler's
54
Fringed
53
Hooker's
53
Large-leaved
58
Mountain
57
Pine-barren
55
Pitcher's
56
Purple
60
Rock
55
Sea-beach
58
Seaside
59
Showy
57
Siberian
55
Slender
53
Texan
56
Thyme-leaved
52
Vernal
54
Sang
2 618
Sanghara-nut
2 612
Sangree-root, or
Sangrel
I 6"45
Sanguinary
3 5i5
Sanicle
2 624
American
2 226
Black
623
False
2 229
Great
2 264
Indian, White,
3 361
Yorkshire
3 226
Santa Maria
3 465
Sapodilla Family
2 719
Saracen's corn,
jr
wheat
1 672
-compass
3 542
Sarah
1 526
Sardian Nut
615
Sarsaparilla 1 5
28-30 ;
2 506-7
Big
1 646
Bristly 1 5
29,618
False
618
Rough
2 618
Texas, or Yellow 1
Virginia
2 618
Sassafras, Swamp 2 82
Sassafras-tree
134
Satin
2 191
Satin-flower 2 4.
,190-1
-grass
I 184-6
Satin-pod
2 190
-walnut
2 235
Sauce-alone
2 I7O
Savin
I 66
Horse
66
Red
66
Savory, Summer
3 137
Saw-grass
1 348
Saw-wort
3 367
Saxifrage Family
2 214
Saxifrage 2 216-
-23,230
Aconite
223
Alpine-brook
222
Bulbous
222
Burnet
655
Clustered Alpine 218
Drooping
222
Early
2l8
Foliose
220
Golden
230
Gray's
219
Iowa
230
Kidney-leavec
220
Lettuce
219
Livelong
223
Saxifrage
Michaux's 2 221
Mountain 216
Nodding 222
Pennsylvania 219
Purple 216
Sengreen 217
Spring 218
Starry 221
Swamp 219
Texan 218
Three-toothed 217
Tufted 222
Yellow Marsh 216
Yellow Mountain 217
Scabby-head 2 626
Scabious 3 290
Sweet 439-4°
Scabish 2 595, 602 ;
3 419
Scabwort 3 457
Scaldweed 3 51
Scammony, Wild 3 43
German 3 46
Scarb-tree 2 290
Scarlet-berry 3 167
-lightning 2 69
-lychnis 69
Schedonnardus I 226
Scheuchzeria 93
Schizaea 9
Schizonotus 2 247
Sclerolepis 3 355
Scolochloa 1 262
Scoke 2 26
Scorpion-grass 3 85-7
Early 87
Field 86
Marsh, Mouse-ear, 85
Spring 3 86-7
Yellow and Blue 86
Scotch-cap 2 277
Scotch-mercury 3 204
Scouring Rush 1 41-2
Scrambling Rocket
2 174
Scratch-grass
1 675; 3 259
-weed 3 259
Screw-auger I 565
Screw-stem 3 16
Scrofula-plant
2 540; 3 '79
-root 1 508
-weed 57°
Scrub-oak, see Oak
-bush 3 430
Scurfy-pea 2 360, 361
Scurvish 2 595
Scurvy-senvie 2 193
Scurvy-grass
2 163, 177 ; 3 373
Danish 2 163
-weed 163
Sea-ash 2 444
-beach 1 141
Southern 141
Smaller 141
-bent 363
Sea-blite 2 23
Annual 24
Low 24
Western 24
Sea-bugloss 3 82
-burdock 345-6
Sea-chickweed 2 58
-gilliflower 718
-goosefoot 2 23
Sea-grape 2 25
English 2 21
Sea-grass 1 88, 91 ;
2 21, 718
Sea-grass
Sedge, Crawe's 1
3°4
English
2 21
Crawford's
380
-hay
1 91
Creek
224
-hollyhock
2 524
Creeping 1
362
-kemps
247
Crested
381
-lavender
2 718
Curved
361
-lovage
648
Cuspidate
424
-lungwort
3 82
Cyperus-like
437
-Mat-weed
1 212
Cypress-swamp
419
-milkwort
2 716
Dark Green
409
-Ox-eye
3 477
Brown
412
-parsley
2 648
Davis'
408
-pea
413
Deep-green
394
-pimpernel
58
Dense Long-beak
379
-pink 2 64, 7 1
8; 36
Dewey's
376
-purslane 2
34,58
Douglas'
363
-reed
1 212
Drooping
407
-rocket
2 196
Drooping Wood
410
-Sand-grass
1 212
Dry-spiked
364
-Sand-reed
1 212
Eastern
378
-sedge
446
Emmons'
392
-thrift 2
25. 718
False Summer
409
-trifoly
2 716
False Uncinia
389
-wrack
1 91
Falkland Island
383
Sealwort
1 521
Farwell's
393
Seaver-wood
2 575
Fernald's Hay
387
Sedge Family
1 295
Fescue
383
Sedge I 352-441
Few-flowered
389
Alpine
417
Few-fruited
3°4
Loose-flowered 416
Few-seeded
436
Arctic Hare's-
foot
Fibrous-rooted i
39i
373
Field
405
Assiniboia
411
Fox
309
Aroostook
377
Fox-tail
368
Awl-fruited
371
Fragile
434
Awned
428
Frank's
438
Back's
388
Fraser's
441
Bailey's
436
Fringed
425
Barratt's
417
Glaucescent
406
Beak I
341-6
Glomerate
368
Beaked
434
Golden-fruited I
397
Bear
373
Goodcnough's
422
Bebb's
382
Graceful
407
Bent
403
Grass-like
397
Bicknell's
383
Gray
406
Bigelow's
421
Gray's
439
Black
418
Greater Prickly
365
Black-edged
393
Green
429
Bladder
439
Greenish-white
385
Blunt Broom
380
Hairy-fruited
428
Bog
417
Hairy
428
Boott's
395
Hair-like
411
Bristle-leaved
396
Hammer
428
Bristle-stalkec
388
Handsome
408
Bristly
438
Hare's-foot
385
Bristly-spiked
37°
Hart Wright's
426
Broad-leaved
400
Hasse's
396
Broad-winged
384
Hay
387
Brome-like
376
Hayden's
421
Broom 115, 18
Heath-
415
Brown
419
Heavy
367
Browned
386
Hidden-fruited
424
Brownish
375
Hillside
364
Bur-reed
368
Hirsute
414
Bush's
414
Hitchcock's
4<>5
Button
435
Hoary
375
Capitate
361
Hop
440
Carey's
400
Hop-like
440
Carnation-grass
Hoppner's
423
397,415.42s
Houghton's
427
Carolina
414
Howe's
377
Cat-tail
439
Hudson Bay
374
Cherokee
412
Inflated
433
Chestnut
411
Inland
377
Clustered
Involute-leaved
362
1 362, 373-5
James'
388
Field
362
Lake-bank
4-5
Coast
376
Large
44i
Collins'
430
Large-paniclcd
371
Common
422
Larger Straw
382
Great
425
1 .1 ,l\ i 1U\ it 1 if S
367
Lesser
420
Lenticular
422
630
ENGLISH [NDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Vol.III.
LesserCommon i 420
1 I 'anicled 370
Li 1 i 'rickly 365
Little Prickly 378
Livid 397
Long 431
Long-beaked 4 1 2
Long-bractcd 429
Long stalked 395
Loose flowered 402
Loose-flowered
alpine 416
Low Northern 395
Louisiana 44"
Magellan 417
Maine 432
Marsh 420
Marsh Straw 1 384
Meadow 3S6, 404
Mead's 397
Moosehead Lake 432
Midland 366
Mt. Katahdin 405
Mud 416
Muhlenberg's 365
Muskingum 381
Myrtle 446
Nard 1 360
Narrow-leaved 406
Nebraska 423
Necklace 381,433
New England 392
Nodding 425
Northeastern 431
Northern 393
Bog 361
Northern Clustered
373, 375
Northern Meadow
386.
Norway 374
Orono 379
Oval-headed 366
Pale ^ 415
Parry's 418
Pennsylvania 391
Pink-leaf 397
Plantain-leaved 399
Pointed Broom 380
Porcupine 437
Prairie 37°
Prairie Straw 384
Prickly I 365
Greater 365
Prickly-bog 378
Pubescent 394
Purplish-tinged 398
Rae's 433
Raven's-foot 37 l
Reflexed 364
Retrorse 435
Ribbed 413
Richardson's 396
Rock 390
Rough 4ID
Round-fruited 434
Russet 432
Sallow 436
Salt-marsh 423
Sand 363
Sartwell's 363
Schweinitz's 437
Scirpus-like 390
Sea 1 363
Seabeach 385
Seaside 424
Sharp-scaled 408
Sheathed 399
Short-leaved 413
Short's 419
Silvery 375
Sedge, Slender 1 427
Sli rider stalked 410
Slender \\ nod 401
Sniddle (Sedge) 420
Soft box 369
Soft-leaved 372
Southern 366
Glaucous 420
Sparse-flowered 372
Spreading 401
Squarrose 438
Star, or Stare 422
Shriver's 403
Stellate 365
Straw 3S2
Striate 403
Summer 409
Swamp 420
Swan's 413
Sweet 446 ; f 1 1 19
Tawny 429
Texas 364
Thicket 400
Thin-fruited 407
Thin-leaved I 367
Thread-leaved 390
Three-fruited 372
Torsets, or Turrets
422
Torrey's 4' 5
Tuckerman's 435
Tufted 422
Tussock 420
Twisted 421
Two-edged 402
Umbel-like 394
Variable 399
Variegated 418
Velvet 426
Vernal 391
Walter's 426
Water 422
Weak Arctic 389
Weak Clustered 374
Stellate 379
White-bear 401
White-edged 410
White-scaled 386
-tinged 392
Whitish 375
Willdenow's 1 387
Winter-grass
(Sedge) 409
Woodland 402
Wood's 398
Woolly 427
Yellow 430
Small 430
Yellow-fruited 369
Yellowish 431
Sedge-cane, -rush 446
See-bright 3 131
Seed-box 2 588
Selaginella Family
1 48
Selaginella
Creeping, Low 1 49
Rock 49
Selenia 2 190
Self-heal 3 "S
Seneca Snakeroot 2 451
Senecio, Arctic 3 542
Broom-like 541
Riddell's 541
Sea-beach 541
Senega-root 2 451
Sengreen 2 21 1
-saxifrage 2 216
Senhalanac 2 4S2
Senna Family 2 334
Senna, American 336
Coffee 336
Senna, Low 2 335
Prairie 337
Sickle -'35
Wild, Medsger's 336
Sensitive-brier 333-4
-fern 1 1 1
-Joint-vetch 2 393
-pea 337
-plant 2 333-4.
337, 393
Bastard 2 393
-rose 333
Senvie 2 191-2
Serpent-grass 1 671
Serinia 3 306
Serpentary 1 645
Serpent's-tongue 1 2
Service-berry 2 292-3
Service-tree 2 287,292
American 287
Sesame-grass 1 1 1 1
Sesban 2 376
Setwell 3 286
Seven-barks 2 231
-sisters 2 473-5
Shad-bush 2 292
-flower 2 148,692
Shag-bark 1 581-2
Big 582
Little 583
Southern 581
Shakers 250
Shame-face 2 426
-vine 2 333
Shamrock 1 525 ;
2 351,358,431
True (?) 2 354
Water 3 18
Shave-grass Weed 1 41
Shave-weed 41
Shavings 728
Shawnee-wood 3 238
-haw 3 273
Sheath-flower 3 303
Sheep-berry 3 273
-bine 3 47
-bur 345
Sheep-bur. Small 3 77
Sheep-foot 2 359
Sheep-laurel 6S3
-lice 3 76
Sheep-noses 2 260
Sheep-poison 2 683
Sheep-root, -rot 3 226
Sheep-sorrel 1 653 ;
2 683-4
Poison 2 432
Sheep's-bib 3 299
Sheep's-gowan 2 358
Sheepweed 2 73, 521 ;
3 226
Shell-bark 1 581-2
Big, Thick 582
Western 582
Shell-flower 3 181
Shepherd's Clock 2 716
-club 3 173
-delight 2 716
-needle 2 627
-purse, -bag, -pouch
158
-staff 3 289
-Weather-glass 2 716
Sherard, Herb 3 266
Sheriff-pink 518
Shield-fern 1 18-22
-root 21
Shining-grass 2 120.440
Shin-leaf 2 669-71
Shin-wood I 67
Shittim-wood 2722,720
Shoe-make 2 482
Shoes-and-Stockings,
Lady's 2 359
Shoe strings 2 366
Devil's 2 372
Shoo Fly 2 345
Shouting Star 2 717
Shore-grass, -weed
3 250
Short-husk, Bearded
I 189
Short-shucks 1 58
Shotbush 2 618
Shovel-weed 158
Shrub Yellow-root 89
Shrubby Althaea 2 526
-fern 586
-trefoil 2 445
Shunis 2 648
Sibbaldia 2 261
Siberian Oilseed 2 157
Sickle-grass 1 425, 673
Sickle-pod 2 182
Sickle-senna 335
-weed 1 670
-wort 3 101,115
Sida 2 520-1
Side-saddle Flower 202
Sieglingia 1 234-8
Silk, Virginia 3 30
Silk-grass 1 177, 513 ;
3 373
Silk-plant 246
-tree 2 331
Silk-weed 3 30
Rose, or Swamp 3 26
-seed 3 406
Silky -grass 1 174
Silphium 3 462
Silver-beard 117
Silver-bell tree 2 722
Silver-berry 576
-button 453
-chain 2 375
-chickweed 27
-feather 2 258
-fir, American 1 63
-grass 3 373
Silverhead 2 27
Silver-leaf 2 81, 577,
245,440; 3 453
Silver-pin, Joan 2 136
Silver-rod 2 245,
440-1 ; 3 383
-weed 2 121, 440-1 ;
3 383
Simon's-weed 3 179
Simpler's-joy 95
Simpson's-grass 1 137
Simson, Simpson 539
Single-delight 2 671
Sink-field 251
Siris, pink 331
Sisymbrium, Tall 2 175
Sitfast 113
Skedge, Skedgwith 291
Skedlock 195
Skegs
Water, Yellow 1 540
Skeleton-weed 3 3*4
Skevish 439
Skewer-wood 2 492
Skiver-wood 492
Skrew-stem 3 ■£
Skull-cap 105
Blue 105
Britton's 108
Bush's 109
Downy 3 IQ6
European 109
Hairy, Heart-leaved
107
Hyssop 107
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
631
Skull-cap
Large-flowered 3 107
Larger 107
Little 108
Mad-dog 106
Marsh 109
Resinous 108
Rock 109
Showy 106
Side-flowering 106
Small 108
Veined no
Skunk-bush 2 483
-cabbage
1 445 ; 2 202
Skunk-currant 238
-weed 445,455
Sleek-leaf 2 682
Sleeping-beauty 431
Sleepy Dick 1 509
Stink-weed
2 580; 3 300
Slippers 2 441
Slipper-root 1 550
-weed 2 440
Slippery-elm 1 627
Sloe 3 273
Alleghany 324
Slovenwood 3 526
Slunkweed 357
Smallage 2 660
Small-pox plant 202
Smartweed 1 670
Dotted, or Water 670
Smelling-stick 2 134
Smick-smock 184
Smiddy-leaves 14
Smilax Family i 526
Smilax 527-8
Smoke-tree, Wild 2 485
Smoking-bean 3 238
Snaffles 221
Snag-tree 2 665
Snake-berry 2 90 ;
3 167, 255
-bite 1 526; 2 140
-flower 2 44, 68;
3 94, 122
-gentian 3 335
-grass 2 44; 3 85
-head 3 181
-leaf 1 5°6
-lily 537
-milk 2 469
-moss 1 47
Snake-mouth 1 560
Whorled 561
Snake-pipes I 39, 40
Snake-root 1 506 ;
2 90, 623-4 ; 3 544
Black 1 645 ;
291, 623, 684
Button 2 622, 366-8
Canada 1 642
Clustered 2 624
Coltsfoot 1 642
Corn 622
De Witt's- 3 336
Evergreen 452
Heart 1 642
Heart-leaved 2 91
Large-fruited 624
Poison 2 653
Redberry 90
Sampson 3 12, 13
Samson's- 2 364
Seneca 451
Short-styled 624
Southern I 642
Thermon 2 63
Vermont 1 642
Virginia 1 645
Snake-root
White 3 361-2;
1 642
\\ hite-berry 2 90
Wild 3 114
Snake-head 181
Snake-grass 85
Snake's-tongue 1 2
Snake-weed 1 644, 670 ;
2 658
Black 1 644
Poison 2 653
Saugrel 1 645
Snapberry 3 277
Snap-dragon 293,440;
3 176-9
Corn 3 179
Snap-Jack 2 44
Snappers 2 44, 64
Snap-weed 135,440-1
Snap-wood 135
Sneezeweed 3 510-11
Sneezewort 515
-tansy, -yarrow 5 1 5
Sniddle 420
Snow-ball, Little
3 270,255
Wild 2 504
Snovvberry 3 276
Creeping 2 704
Snow-blossom 2 728
-drift 1 280
Snowdon-rose 2 207
Snow-drift 153
Snowdrop 722
Yellow 1 506
Snowdrop-berry 3 276
Snowdrop Tree 2 722
Snowdrops 2 100
Snowflake 2 75
Snowflower tree 728
Snow-on-the-mountain
2 469
Snowy-campion 63
-Hydrangea 2 231
Soap, Poor-man's- 245
Indian 500
Soapberry Family
2 500
Soap-berry 500
-plant, Indian 500
-root 2 73
Soap-weed 1 S1^
Soapwort 3 12; 2 73
-gentian 2 73
Soapwort, White 69
Soldier-buttons 85
Soldiers 2 69, 284,
581; 3 78
Soldier's-cap 2 142
-plume 1 559
-woundwort 3 515
Solentine 2 440
Solomon's-seal
1 515-17,521,556
Dwarf 1 521
False 5 '6
Great, or Giant 521
Hairy 521
Small, or Zigzag 515
Smooth 521
Star-flowered 516
Three-leaved 516
Two-leaved 517
Soopoo-Ialia 2 576
Sophora, Silky 342
Sorrel 1 653-4
Cock, English 654
Cow 653
Engelmann's 654
Field, Gentleman s
653
Sorrel, Green, or
Meadow 1 654
Horse 653, 656
Ladies' 2 432
Meadow 1 654
Mountain 653, 659
Red 653
Sheep 1 653 ; 2431-2
Toad's 653 ; 2 432
Wood 653-4; 2 431
Sorrell-tree 2 691
Sour-, or Sow-berry 704
Sour-bush 3 99
Sour-dock 1653-4,659
-grass 653-4
Sour-grass, Lady 2 432
Sour-gum 2 665-6
-leek 1 653
-trefoil, -trifoly 2431
-wood 691
Southernwood 3 526
Sow-bane 2 13
-berry 704
-foot 3 53i
-grass 2 167
Sow-thistle 3 316-17
-tit 2 260, 280
Spangles 5°4
Spanish-bayonet 1 512
-dagger 5 1 2
Spanish-lettuce 2 39
Spanish needles 3 498
Sparkleberry 2 698
Sparrow-grass 1 514
-tongue 1 661
Spart 477
Spatter-dock 2 78
Spattling-poppy 2 64
Spear-grass
1 253, 261, 267
Alpine 254
Arctic 258
Buckley's 260
Bunch 1 260
Chapman's 253
Flexuous 257
Glaucous 254
Large-flowered 259
Low 253
Meadow 267-8
Mountain 254
Northern 256
Prairie 260
Sea 267
Short-leaved 258
Smooth 260
Southern 240
Sylvan 257
Tufted 26 1
Weak 25s
Wolf's 258
Spearmint 3 149, 153
Spearwort 2 106-7
Speckled-jewels 2 440
Speedwell
Alpine 3 201
Buxbaum's- 203
Byzantine 203
Common 201
Corn 202
Field 203
Garden 203
Germander 3 201
Ivy-leaved 203
Marsh 200
Procumbent 203
Purslane 202
Skull-cap 200
Tall 3 204
Thyme-leaved 3 202
Upland 201
Wall 202
Speedwell
Water 3 200
Wormskold's 201
Speerhawk 3 328
Sperage 514
Spermolepis 2 651-2
Spice
Pond 2 135
Spice-berry 693
-bush
2 132. 135-6, 617
-hardhack 2 245
-wood 2 135
Spider-flower 2 197
-lily 461
Spiderwort Family
1 457
Spiderwort 459-62
Spignet 2 617
Spike-grass
1 92, 236, 248-9
Spikenard 1 515; 2617
American 2617
False 1 5 '5
Ploughman's
3 83,445
Small 2 618
Wild 1 515
Spikenard-tree 2 617
Spike-rush I 311-19
Aglet-headed 314
Angled 311
Beaked 3'9
Black-fruited 317
Blunt 313
Bright Green 312
Capitate 313
Creeping 314
Engelmann's 314
Flat-stemmed 318
Knotted 3 1 '
Large-tubercled 316
Least 315
Matted 1 3'8
Needle 3'5
Ovoid 3*3
Pale 312,314
Purple 312
Robbins' 31 <
Slender 318
Small's 315
Three-ribbed 3>7
Torrey's 316
Twisted 3'6
White 317
Wolfs 315
Spilanthes 3 469
Spinach, French 2 13
Strawberry 2 15
Wild 2 10, 14
Spindle-tree 2 491-2
Spingel 2 643
Spink 2 74, 184
Spiny-bur 459
Spiraea 2 246-9
Spiral-pine 1 45
Spires 1 170,212,232
Spirit-weed 1 531
Spleen-amaranth 2 22
Spleenwort 1 26
See Fern
Spleenwort-bush 1 586
Spool-wood 609, 6S4
Spoonflower, Arrow-
leaved 444
Spoonhunt 2 684
Spoonhutch 2 681
Spoonwort 163
Spoon-wood 2 512
Spoonwood-ivy 683
Spotted-alder 2 235
-eyebright 467
632
ENGLISH INDEX. INCLUDING l'Ol'CLAK 1'l.AXT NAMES. Vol. III.
Spring Beauty
2 37
-8, 101
White-leaved
38
Spring-cowslip
2 8S
-lily
1 506
Springwort
2 471
Spruce
1 60-1
Black
61
Blue
61
Cat
61
1 louble
61,63
1 .inn tree
61
Hemlock
62
Red
1 61
• Single
61,63
Skunk
61
Swamp
1 61
White
1 61
Spruce-gum tree
1 61
Spruce-pine
1 61
Spurge Family
2 452
Spurge 2
463-74
Alleghany Mt.
2 480
Angled
468
Anne Arundel
2 470
Arkansas
2 473
Black-
2 467
Blooming
469
Blotched
467
Blunt-leaved
472
Broad-leaved
472
Caper
2 471
Cypress
474
Darlington's
474
Fendler's
465
Flowering
469
Garden
474
Kairy
2 467
Spreading
2 467
Hoary
465
Geyer's
463
Ipecac
2 470
Knotweed
463
Large Spotted
468
Leafy
473
■Maryland
2 470
Myrtle
2 471
Narrow-seedec
466
Nicaean
474
Petty
475
Prairie
2 464
Quack salver's
474
Reticulate-seeded
472
Ridge-seeded
466
Round-leaved
464
Spreading
464
Rocky Mountain 475
Seaside
463
Shore
2 463
Spotted
2 467
Sun
2 473
Thyme-leaved
465
Tinted
475
Toothed
476
Upright Spotted 468
Variegated
469
Various-leaved
477
Wart
2 473
Warted
2 472
Warty
2 476
White-flowerec
463
White-margine
d 469
-stemmed
466
Spurge-flax
574
-ipecac
470
-laurel
2 574
Spurge Nettle
2 462
Spurge Olive
574
Spurry 2
52, 59
Corn
59
Knotted
. 52
Spurry, Sand 2 55
Spurt-grass 1 333
Spurtwort 3 266
Squash-berry 270
Squatmore 2 141
Squaw-berry 697
-bush 2 661-2 ; 3 270
-drops 3 233
-flower I 525
-huckleberry 2 697
-mint 3 136
-plum 255
-root 2 128; 3 235
-vine 3 255
Squaw-weed 3 544-6
Crawford's 545
Northern 544
Robbins' 544
Round-leaf 545
Small's 546
Swamp 544
Western 546
Squirrel-corn 2 142
-cup 1 01
-ear 1 569
-pea, Ground 2 129
-shoes I 550
-tail 287
Staff-tree Family
2 490
Staff-tree 493
-vine 493
Stag-bush 3 273
Stag's-head 1 594
Stagger-bush 2 691
-grass I 532
-weed 2 143
-wort 3 542
Staghorn 2 481
Staghorn-moss 1 47
Stammer-wort 3 341
Stanleya 2 169
Starchwort 442
-hyacinth 1 511
Star-bloom 730
-chickweed 2 43
-eyed grass
1 543; 2 715
Star-flower 1 509, 534,
543; 244,251
Star-grass, see Grass
Star-leaved Gum 2 235
Star-of-Bethh In 111
I 509-10; 2 534;
3 251
Star-quince 2 321
-root 1 511
Stare 1 363
Starlights 2 429
Starry Campion 63
Starveacre 2 115
Star-violet 3 252-4
Starwort, Bog 2 43
Drooping 1 489
Glaucous 2 44
Greater 2 44
Lesser 44
Mealy 1 511
Mountain 2 57
Pine 444
Sandpaper 444
Water 2 477
Yellow 3 45 7
Starworts 3406-35,444
Stavewort 3 542
Stedfast 2 461
Steel-weed 3 430
Steep-grass 3 226
Steeple-bush 2 245
Stenanthium 1 490
Stenophyllus 319
Stenosiphon 2 610
Stenotus 3 379
Stepmother 2 563
Stevia 3 361
Stewartia 2 526-7
Stick-a-back 3 259
Stick-button 547
Stickle-back 259
Stickseed 2 266 ;
3 77-9,487,497
Stick-tight 3 77-8, 497
-weed 2 266 ;
3 341,426
Old Virginia 3 426
Stinging-bush 2 462
-nettle 1 633
Stipa 1 176-7
Stitchwort, Bog 2 43
Fleshy 46
Greater 2 44
Lesser 45
Long-leaved 45
Long-stalked 45
Marsh 43
Northern 46
Swamp 43
Water 46
Stonccrop, Biting 2 208
Crooked Yellow 209
Ditch 210
Mossy 208
Narrow-petaled 209
Nevius' 210
Nuttall's 208
Reflexed 2 209
Three-leaved 210
Torrey's 208
Virginia, Wild 210
Stone-mint 3 146
-root 153
-rue 1 29
-seed, Salfern 3 87
-weed 1 661
Storax Family 2 721
Storax 723
Stork 's-bill 430
Stramonium 3 156, 169
Strangle-tare
2 4" ; 3 235
Strangle-weed 3 48
Straw-bell 1 518
Strawberry 2 259-261
American-wood- 261
Barren 251,253,269
Bog 258
Dry 269
European-wood- 260
Gray's 260
Hedge 260
Indian 215, 259
Mock 259
Mountain 259
Northern-wild 2 259
Scarlet, Virginia,
259, 260
Southern dry- 269
Wild 251
Yellow 259
Strawberry-blite 2 15
-bush tree 132, 491
-spinach 2 1 5
Strawberry-shrub
Family 2 132
Strawberry-shrub
2 132 ; 3 39
-tassel 2 449
-tomato
3 157-8, 161-2
-tree 2 491
Straw-lilies 1 519
Stub-wort 2 431
Stud-flower 1 488
Styptic-weed 2 336
Succory, Gum
3 314,306
Dwarf Hog s, or
Swine's 309
Lamb 309
Wild 305
Succory Dock-cress
306
Suck-bottle 3 122
Suckles 2 355
Suckling, Yellow 354
Lamb 358
Sugar-berry
1 529 ; 2 291
Sugar Maple 2 496
-pear 291-2
Sugar-plums 355, 292
Sugar-tree 496
Sullivantia 224
Sultan, Sweet 3 560
Sumac Family' 2 480
Sumac, Araer. 481
Black 481
Chinese 446
Climbing 484
Common, Dwarf 48 1
Elder-leaved 287
Fragrant 482
Hairy 481
Ill-scented 483
Mountain 481
Pennsylvania 2 482
Poison 483
Scarlet, Sleek 482
Smooth 481-2
Staghorn 481
Swamp 4S3
Sweet-scented 482
Trailing 484
Upland 481-2
Velvet 481
Virginia 2 481
White 482
Summer-cypress 2 16
-lilac 175
-savory 3 1 37
-snowflake 1 5°9
Sundew Family 2 202
Sundew 203-4
Sun-dial 348
Sundrops 2 600-2
Sunflower 716
Brook 3 495
Common 478
False 467,510
Few-leaved 480
Garden 47S
Giant 481
Hairy 484
Hairy Wood- 479
Judge Daly's- 482
Kellerman's- 483
Linear-leaved 479
Maximilian's- 482
Xarrow-leaved 479
Oblong-leaved 484
Pale-leaf wood- 485
Prairie 478
Purple-disk 479
Red ' 3 475
Rhombic-leaved 480
Rough 483
Saw-tooth 4S3
Small wood 481
Smooth 481
Showy 486
Stiff 480
Stiff-haired 485
Swamp 479,510
Tall 481
Throatwort 485
Thin-leaved 4S4
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
633
Sunflower
Thick-seed
3 491-8,498-9
Wild 3 457,478,
481, 484
Woodland 483
Wooly 486
Sun-plant 2 41
-rose 539
-weed 473
Supple-jack 502
Susan
Black-eyed 3 470
Brown-eyed 470
Suterberry 2 444
Swallow-wort 141
Black 3 36
Orange 3 25
Silky 30
Swamp-apple 2 678
-berry 2 278
-brake I 7
-cabbage 445
-candles 2 712
-fern 18
-globeflower 2 87
-hornbeam 2 665-6
-lily 1 578
-pink 488
-redberry 563
-robin 1 444 ; 2 699
-spruce 1 61
-tea 2 677
-tupelo 666
-wood 2 575 ; 3 255
Swan-weed 3 4 19
Sweat-root 65
Sweat-weed 2 514
Sweating-weed 2 525
Sweeps 1 485; 3 557
Sweet-allison 2 153
-alyssum 153
Sweet-bay 2 82, 633
-bean 339
-Benjamin 3 526
-berry 273
-Betties 2 132
-birch 1 610 ; 2 704
-Betty 2 73, 132
Sweet-brier 2 285
-broom 392
-bubby 2 1 32
-bush 1 586
-cane 446
Sweet-cicely 2 627-9
Hairy 627
Sweet-clover 2 352-3
-fern 1 586
-ferry 586
Sweet-flag 1 446
False 540
Sweet-gale 584
Canada 586
Sweet-grass 1 91, 197,
646; 3 267
Sweet-gum 2 235
-hairhoof 3 267
-hay 2 249
Sweetheart 208
Sweethearts 3 259
Sweet-jarvil 2 627-8
Sweet-johns 2 75
SWEET-LEAF FAMILY
2 721
Sweet-leaf 721
-Mary 2 131 ; 3 137
-myrtle 1 446
-oak 585
-pea, Wild 2 372
-pepper-bush 2 667
-potato, Wild 3 43
-rocket 2 175
Sweet-root,
-rush 1 446
-scabious 3 439
-scented-shrub 2 132
-sedge 1 446
-shrub 2 132
-slumber 140
-Sultan 560
-Susan 2 66
-tree 496
-walnut 1 581
Sweet-william 2 69, 75 ;
3 42, 556
Barbadoes 3 42
Childing 2 74
Mock 66
Old-field 3 426
Wild 2 73; 3 54
Sweet-willow 1 584
Sweet-wilson 2 218
Swine-cress 167
Swine's-bane 2 13
Swine-grass 1 661
Swinies 3 317
Switch-grass 1 141
Sword-flag 540
-grass 170, 330
Sycamore
1 628 ; 2 242
False 2 242
Synandra 3 118
Syndaw 2 264; 3 170
Synthyris 3 198
Bull's 198
Western 199
Syrian-tobacco 3 170
Syringa 2 231-2
Tacamahac 1 588
Tag-alder 611
Talinum 2 36-7
Tallow-bayberry 1 585
-root 575
-shrub 585
Tamarack 1 60
Tan-bay 2 527
Tangleberry, Blue 695
Tangle-foot, -legs 3 269
-tail 2 208
Tank 634
Tansy 3 522
Dog's 2 258
Goose 2 258
Lake Huron 3 522
Sneezewort, or
White 3 5i5
Wild 2 258; 3 341
Tansy-mustard 2 171
Tansy-ragwort 3 522
Tape-gsass Family
1 104
Tape-grass 106
Taper hedges
Hig-high 3 173
Tar-fitch, Yellow 2 415
Tar-weed 582 ; 3 371
Tare 1 282 ; 2 41 1-12
Tare-grass 1 282
-vetch 415
Tarrify 2 172
Tassel, Milky 3317
-flower, Red 370
White 369
Tassel-grass, Sea- 1 88
Tassel-pondweed 1 88
-weed 3 341
Tawkin 445
Tea Family 2 526
Tea, Appalachian 2 487
Blue-mountain 3 389
Canada 693
Carolina 2 487
Tea, Continental 2 677
Labrador 677
Liberty 7 1 1
Marsh 677
Mexican 2 14
Mountain 693
New Jersey 2 504
Oswego 3 132
Paraguay (False)
272
Prairie 2 455
South Sea 2 489
Swamp 677
Walpole 2 504
Wild 2 366
Teaberry 2 241,693;
3 255
Tea-plant 3 272
Tear-thumb 1 673
Teasel Family 3 288
Teasel, Common 289
Card, Draper's, 289
Fuller's, Wild, 289
Teil, Tile 2512
Ten-o'clock-lady 1 509
Tench-weed 1 75
Tentwort 29
Tetter-wort 2 141
Thale-cress 2 175
Thalia 1 546
Thaspium 2 639
Thatch 1 141
Creek 1 223-4
Thick-stamen,
American 2 480
Thimble-berry
2 276-7, 280
-flower 3 115
Thimble-weed
3 99. 37°. 473
Thimbles 3 204, 295
Fairy 204
Witches 3 204
Thistle Family 3 347
Thistle 3 549-56
Argentine 556
Asses' 555-6
Bank 3 549, 554
Barnaby's 560
Bell, Bird, Button, 549
Bitter 560
Blessed 3 560
Blue 94, 549
Boar 549
Bull 549. 552
Buck 554
Briery 2 622
Bur 3 549
Canada, Corn, 3 553
Card 289
Common, Bur 3 549
Cotton, Down, 556
Creeping, Cursed,
553
Curled 555
Down 556
Field 3 549
Flodman's 3 551
Flowering 2 139
Fragrant 3 552
Fuller's 289
Hard 3 553
Hare's 3 317
Hedgehog 2 570
Hill's 3 552
Holy 3 555. 560
Horse 3 3 18, 549
Indian 3 289
Jamaica 2 139
Marsh 3 554
Milk 3 316-17, 555
Thistle
Musk 3 554, 556
Nebraska 3 552
Oat 556
Our Lady's 560
Pasture 3 552
Pitcher's 550
Plume 549
Plumeless 554
Prairie 3 551
Prickly 553
Queen Ann's 3 554
Queen Mary's 556
Roadside 549
Russian 2 25
St. Benedict's 3 560
Scotch, Silver, 556
Sow, Swine, 316-17
Spear, Tall, 549
Star 559
American 559
Swamp, Way, 553
Virgin Mary's 3 555
Virginia 550
Water 2S9
Wavy-leaved 550
Way 553
Welted 555
Yellow 2 139; 3 553
-spined 3 551
Thorn 2 297-321
See Haw 297-321
Alleghany 2 309
Arnold's 318
Asa Gray's 31 1
Ashe's 300
Beadle's Yellow 309
Beckwith's (Miss)
313
Bicknell's 305
Black 3 273 ;
2 302, 326
Blanchard's 304
Bosc's 310
Boynton's 309
Brainerd's 303
Brown's 300
Buck 326
Bush 316
Canadian 318
Canby's 299
Caughuawaga 301
Chapman's-hill 301
Christ's 322
Cockspur 297
Common 302
Dog 284
Douglas' 321
Downy 319
Dunbar's 314
Dwarf 320
Edson's 311
Eggert's 3 1 7
Egyptian 322
Emerson's 319
Evergreen 322
Fernald's 304
Fire 322
Fretz's 313
Fruitful 299
Gattinger's 314
Globose 302
Grove 304
Gruber's 312
Haw 2297,317,319
Heart-leaved 321
Hedge 321
Jack's 306
Jesup's 312
Jones' 300
Kellogg's 31S
Lange's 307
634
LISH [NDEX, [N( I. r DING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Vol. III.
Thorn
Large-fruited 2 300
Long spined 301
Macauley's 305
Maine's 313
Maize 3 569
2 299
Manila's Vineyard
2 298
May 319
Missouri 314
Mouse 3 559, 3'4
Ashe's 2 300
Narrow-leaved 320
Newcastle 297
\ , w river 302
Oakes' 305
Oblong-leaved 316
Ovate-leaved 306
Palmer's 298
Padus-leaved 308
Parsley-leaved 320
Pear 302
Pick's 308
Pin 297
Poplar-leaved 308
Prairie 3°3
Pringle's 3>7
Red-fruited 3'9
Reverchon's 298
Roan Mountain 310
Rough-leaved 312
Round-leaved 306
Scarlet 317
Shining 307
Small-fruited 320
Southern 307
Stone's 308
Tatnall's 2 318
Thin-leaved 315
Tree 3°7
Vail's (Miss) 303
Variable 311
Virginia 321
Washington 321
Waxy-fruited 315
White
300, 302, 317, 319
Woolly 316
Thorn-apple 2 297, 302,
317 ; 3 169. 170
-bush 2 297, 317
Red 317
-locust 339
-plum 297, 302, 317
-poppy 139
Thorough-grow 3 361
-stem 361
Thorough-wax 2 639 ;
3 361
Thoroughwort 2 639 ;
3 357-6i
Common, Hairy
360, 361
Hyssop-leaved 358
Large-flowered 3 363
Late-flowering 357
Pink 362
Rough 360
Round-leaved 360
Small-flowered 359
Tall 359
Torrey's 358
White 358
White-bracted 357
Vervain 360
Thousand-leaf 3 515
Thread-foot 2 205
-and-needle 1 513
Three-birds 562
Three-leaved Ivy 2 484
-nightshade 1 523
Three-seeded Mercury
2 357-8
Three square 1 330
Thrift 2 718
American 717
Euro] 718
Lavender 2717
Sea 718
Throat-root
2 270; 3 204
Throat-wort
2 272; 3 367
Through-grow 3 361
Thrumwort 1 94
Thunder-flower
2 44,68, 137
-plant 2 j 1 1
Thyme 3 113, 139, 141
Basil 139
Creeping 141
Field, Horse 138
Mother of 141
Mountain 139
Shepherd's 141
Virginia 142
Wild 141
Thyme-leaf 3 514
Tickle-grass 1 139
Tickle-weed 494
Tickseed 2 395-402 ;
3 490-4
Cress-leaved 3 493
Garden 493
Greater 492
Hairy 490
Large-flowered 491
Larkspur 493
Lance-leaved 490
Leafy-bracted 496
Lobed. Running, 491
Pink, Rose, 494
Star 490
Stiff 492
Tall 491
Thick-leaved 490
Whorled, Wood, 492
Tickseed Sunflower
3 491-8
Tick-trefoil 2 395"4°3
Canadian 399, 401
Cream-flowered 397
Dillen's 400
Few-flowered 396
Hairy, Small-leaved
2 402
Hoary 398
Illinois 401
Large-bracted 399
Naked-flowered 395
Panicled 399
Point-leaved 396
Prostrate 397
Rhomb-leaved 2 400
Rigid, Showy, 401
Round-leaved 397
Sand 2 396
Sessile-leaved 2 398
Smooth 399
Smooth Small-
. leaved 402
Stiff 398
Trailing 397
Velvet-leaved 400
Tick-weed 3 136
Tiger-lily 1 502-4, 542
Tiger's-mouth 3 178
Timothy 1 191
Wild 186
see Grass
Tine-grass 2 409
Tine-tare 411
-weed 4"
Tinker's-weed
3 275
Tread-softly
Tipsin, Tipsinna
2 363
3 165;
2 462
Tiresome-weed
1 91
Treasure-of-love
2 208
Tisswood 2 1
13, 722
Tree-beard
1 456
Tithymal
473
Tree-fern
I 7
Titi, Red, White
2 485
-moss
1 43
Toad-flax
Tree-of-heaven
2 446
1 640 ; 3
175-7
Trefoil
Bastard
1 640
(see Clover) 2
402-8
Blue
3 '77
Bean
3 18
Broom-leaved
177
Bird's-foot
2 359
Ivy-leaved
175
Bitter
3 18
Pale-blue
178
Black, Great
2 351
Round-leaved
3 i75
Golden
2 101
Sharp-pointed
176
Heart
352
Wild
i77
Hop, Least
354
Yellow
177
Marsh
3 18
Toad-grass
1 469
Melilot
2 351
-lily
2 79
Shamrock
354
-pipe, Tadpipe
1 39
Shrubby
445
-root
2 90
Sour
43i
Toad's mouth
3 178
Spanish
2 35'
Toadspit
448
Water
3 18
Toad's tail
1 47
White
2 358
Tobacco
3 170
Wild, Yellow
354
Indian ij
0.4SL
Triantha
1 486
303. 1
7o,45i
Trick-madam
2 209
Ladies
3 453
Trickle
188
Long-flowered
171
Trifoly, Sea
715
Mountain
534
Sour
43i
Oregon
285
Trilisa
3 369
Poison
3 l69
Trillium
Rabbit
454
Red, Purple,
1 525
Real
170
Trinity
461
Sailor's-
527
Herb-
3 101
Syrian, Wild 303, 170
Trinity-violet
2 563
Woman's
45i
Trip-madam
209
Tobacco-wood
2 235
Trip-toe
3 269
-root
3 285
Troll-flower
2 87
-weed
354
Trompillo
3 166
Tofieldia
I 487
Trout-flower
506
Tom Thumb
2 4i5
-lily
506
Tomatillo
3 158
True-love
1 525
Tomato
168
Trumpet, Devil's
3 l69
Cherry
168
Trumpet-ash
237
Husk
Strawberry
3 157,.161
161
Trumpet-creeper
Family 3 236
Trumpet-creeper 237
-2, 414
Trumpet-flower
237-8
Tongue, Devil's
2 572
Evening
2 730
Tongue-grass
Trumpet-honeysuckle
2 43
, 165-6
3 280
Wild
164
Scarlet
280
Toothache-grass
1 225
Trumpet-leaf
2 202
-tree 2 444, 61
-milkweed
3 3i9
Tooth-cup
579
Trumpet-vine
237
Toothroot
187
-weed 356
-7-319
Toothwort
158
Trumpets 2 202
; 3 319
Purple-flowered
Yellow
2 202
187-8
Tube rose, Wild
1566
Toper's plant
266
Tuber-root
3 25
Topinambour
3 486
Tule
1 33i
Torches
173
Tulip-tree
2 83
Tormentil, Trail
ng
Tulip, Wild
505
2 250
Tulip poplar
83
Torrets
1 422
Tumble-weed
1 139;
Tory-weed
3 76
2 3, 16, 21,
99,36i
Touch-and-heal
2 533
Tunhoof
3 "4
Touch-me-not
Tunica
2 72
184, 440-1
Tupelo 1 639;
2 665
Wild
440
Large
2 666
Tow-cok
425
Southern
666
Tower-cress
181
Swamp, Water 666
Tower-mustard
181
Turin-grass
1 686
Townsendia 3 4°2-3
Turkey-beard
488
Toywort
2 158
-berry
3 277
Tragia
459-60
-claw
1 575
Traveller's-joy
122
-corn 2 142-3
-delight
418
-grass
3 259
Treacle-mustarc
-oak 1 619,622
72. 175
-pea 2
42,653
Treaclewort
168
-pod
175
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
635
Turkey-troop 1 670
Turmeric, Indian
2 85, 140
Turmeric-root 85
Turnip 193
Cree, Dakota, 363
Marsh 442
Pepper 442
Prairie 363
St. Anthony's 2 112
Wild 442
Turnpike-geranium 14
Turnsole 473 ; 3 75
Turpentine-weed 3 461
Turrets I 422
Turtle-bloom 3 181
-grass 1 91
Turtle-head 3 18 1-2
Tussocks 1 203
Tvvay-blade 567-8, 572
Twi-foil 568
Twigwithy 597
Twin-berry 3 255
-flower 3 276
-grass 1 206
-leaf 2 129
-sisters 3 276
Two-eyed berries
255,276
Twisted stalk
1 520, 566
Two-lips 550
Two-penny grass 2712
Ulim
Umbrella-leaf
-grass
-leaves
Umbrella-tree
2 81
Fraser's
Silver-leaf
Umbrella-wort
31
Uncinia
Unicorn-plant
Family
Unicorn-plant
False
Unicorn-root, or
4:
Universe-vine
Unlucky-tree
349
129
338
3 532
-2, 663
81
-2, 663
1 389
3 239
239
1 489
-horn
<9, 511
2 693
1 58
Valerian Family
3 284
Valerian 3 63, 284-6
American 1548,550;
3 63, 284-5
Cat's, Common 3 286
Creeping, Great 63
Edible 3 285
False 544
Garden, or Great 286
Greek 65
Marsh 2S5
Northern 285
Swamp 285
Wild 1 550; 3 284-6
Vandal-root 3 286
Vanilla, Carolina 369
Vanilla-grass 1 172
Vanilla, Nodding 172
Vanilla-leaf, -plant
3 369
Varnish-tree, False
2 446
Vegetable-hair 1 456
-oyster 3 313
-satyr 1 552
Velvet-leaf 2 521
■plant 173
Velvet-weed
2 521
Violet, Dog,
Velvets
547
American 2
560'
Venus'-bath
3 289
Dog's-tooth 1
506
-buskin
1 548
White, Yellow
506
-comb
2 627
Early Blue
-hair
1 31
2 553.560
547
-cup
3 289
English
558
-looking-glass
298
Field 5
5 1-3
-pride 251
253-4
Fringed
552
-sock
1 548
Garden
563
Veratrum
494-5
Great-spurred
555
Verbena
3 94-7
Green
564
Vervain Family
94
Hairy ^ 559
55°
Vervain 95-7
3 '30
Hairy Yellow
559
American
95
Halberd-leaved
Base
201
Yellow
558
Blue
95
Hand-leaf
547
European, False 95
Hens 2
560
Hoary
96
Hood-leaf
547
Mallow
2 515
Hooded Blue
548
Prostrate
3 96
Hooked
561
Vetch, American
2 409
Horse, Horse-shoe,
Bird, Blue
409
547
Bush
412
Kidney-leaved
555
Carolina
410
Lance-leaved
257
Choke
3 234
Larkspur
554
Common
2 41 1
Le Conte's- 2
551
Cow
409
Long-spurred
562
Hairy
411
Long-stem purple 548
Kidney
360
March
558
Milk
377-88
Marsh
555
Narrow-leavec
Marsh Blue
552
American
2 409
Meadbw Blue
548
Louisiana, Pal
; 410
Missouri 2
549
Pebble
411
New England
550
Purple
409
Nodding
564
Sensitive Joint- 393
Northern
550
Slender
411
Nuttall's
558
Smaller Common 412
Ovate-leaved
552
Small-flowerec
410
Pale
560
Spring, Tare
411
Pansy 2 562-4
Tufted
409
Plains
552
Wild
359
Prairie
554
Vetchling
Yellow
558
Cream-colored
2 415
Primrose-leaved
557
Low
416
Prostrate Blue
562
Marsh
414
Rattlesnake's-
Pale
415
1 506; 2
552
Prairie
414
Round-leaved 2
557
Showy
415
Rydberg's-
559
Yellow
415
Sand _ 547,552
561
Viburnum 3
273-4
Selkirk's-
555
Naked, Sweet
273
Smoothish Yello
w
Vincetoxicum
3 37-9
559
Vine, Wild
2 506
Southern Wood
550
Alleghany
143
Southern Coast
554
Canary, Cypress 143
Snake
547
Enslen's, or Sand
Spear-leaved
558
3 36
Spade-leaf
553
Pepper
2 510
Stepmother
563
Wild
2 506
Striped
560
Wild potato
3 43
Star 3 2
52-4
Vinegar-tree
2 482
Stone's
548
Violet Family
545-64
Sweet
558
Violet
545-64
American 560
556
Adder's
1 570
Sweet-white 2
556
Alpine
2 561
Northern
556
Arrow-leaved
553
Large-leaved
556
Beaked
562
Three-lobed
548
Bird's-foot
547
Triangle-leaved
553
Blue
548-9
Trinity
563
Bog 551
; 3 226
Velvets
547
Calathian
3 12
Water
557
Canada
2 560
Western blue
551
Canker
562
Wood 54^9
Chicken-fighters 547
Whorl-leaf
564
Coast
554
Wooly blue
549
Common-blue
548
Yard f
2927
Crowfoot
547
Yellow 2
557
Cut-leaved
553
Viper's-bugloss
3 94
Damask, Dame
's-
-herb, -grass
94
2 175
Virginia-creeper 2
5ii
Virginia-silk 3 30
Virginia Willow
Family 2 233
Virginia Willow 233
Virgin's Bower
122, 374
Purple 126
Wafer Ash 445
Wahoo 1 626-7 ;
2 49i, 5t2
Wait-a-bit 1 528
Wake-robin
1 442, 523-6
Dwarf White 524
Early, Green I 524
Ill-scented 529
Nodding 526
Painted 526
Prairie 524
Purple 525
Showy 524
Virginia 444
Walking-fern, -leaf 126
Wall-cress 2 175
see Rock-cress
Wall-flower, Western
2 173 ; 3 21
Wallink 3 200
Wall-moss 2 208
Wall-pepper 208
-rue 1 29
-rocket 2 194
Walnut Family
1 578-81
Walnut 579
Black, Lemon 579
Satin 2 235
Sweet 581
White 579
Walpole-tea 504
Wandering-jenny 2712
Wandering-jew 3 175
-milkweed 3 21
-Sally 2 712
Wankapin 77
Warlock 193- 5
Warmot 3 525
Wart-cress 2 167
-grass 473-5
-lesser 167
-weed 473
-wort 141, 167, 473 ;
3 455
Watches 2 202
Water-agrimony 3 495
-archer I 99
-arum 444
-awlwort 2 159
-bean 77
-beech 1 606 ; 2 242
-blinks 2 39
-blobs 85
-cabbage 79
-calamint 3 152
-caltrop 2 612
-can 78
-carpet 230
-celery 1 106; 2 1 1 1
-chestnut 2 612
-chickweed 2 478
-chinkapin 77
Water-cress 2 186, 197
American 186
Creeping Yellow 160
Lake 164
Marsh, Yellow 161
Mountain 1 Si .
Round-leaved 186
True 162
Water-crowfoot
White, stiff 2 116
636
I M.I.ISII [NDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Vol.III.
Water-crowfoot
\ i How 105, (
Water-cup 202
-dock 445
-dragon 1 44-4 ■ 2 s5
-dropwort 2 638
-elm 1 626-8
-eryngo 2 622
-feather 616, 710
-fennel 478
-fern 1 7
Water-flag 537
Yellow 54°
Water-gladiole 3 300
-goggles, -gowan 2 85
-grass 1 133;
2 162, 649
Large 1 132
-gum 2 666
-hemlock 658
-lump 2
-hickory 581
-hoarhound 3 147-8
-hyssop 193
-jessamine 194
Water-leaf Family
3 65
Water-leaf 26; 3 65-6
-lentils 1 448
Water-lily Family
2 77
Water-lily 1 444 ; 3 19
Great Yellow 277
Little 76
Sweet-scented 79
Tuberous 80
White 79-80
Small 80
Water-lily-tree 81
Water Marigold 3 500
Water-milfoil
Family 2 612-15
Water-milfoil
116, 614-16
Hooded 3 220
Water-melon 291
-navelwort 2614,649
-nerve-root 3 26
Water-nut Family
2 61 1-12
Water-nut 2 77
Jesuit's 2 613
Swimming 2 612
Water-nymph 2 79
-oats 1 168
Water-Parsnip 2 655
Carson's 656
Creeping 655
Cut-leaved 2 655
Hemlock 656
Lesser 655
Narrow-leaved 655
Water-pennywort
2 648-50
-pepper 1 670
-pimpernel 2 710
Water Plantain-
Family 1 93
Water-plantain
1 94; 3 247
Dwarf 1 95
-poplar 1 590
-purslane 2 579, 585
-rice 168
-rush 1 467
-seg, -skegs 540
-shamrock 3 18
-shield 2 75-6
Water-shield
Family 2 75
-spike (any Potamo-
geton) 1 74-87
Water
speedwell 3 200
-stargrass 1 464
V, • ' 1 Stabwort
Family 2 477
Water-starwort 477-8
-target 76
-thyme 1 105
-torch 1 68
-trefoil 3 18
-tupelo 2 666
-violet 710
-weed I 105-6
Nuttall's 105
-willow 3 243
Waterwort Family
2 537
Waterwort 2 538
Water-yarrow 710
Waxberry 1 585 ; 2 276
Wax-bush 2 582
-dolls 2 146
Wax-myrtle 1 585
Wax-pinks 2 41
-plant 2 66
Wax-weed 2 582
Wax-work 3 493
Roxbury 2 49
Way-bread 3 245
Wayfaring Tree
269, 274
Way-grass 1 661
Waythorn 2 502
Weathercock 2 440
Weather-glass 2 716
Welcome-to-our-House
2 474
Weld 2 200
Well-grass 2 162
Western Dropwort
2 248
Wlh at
Black 224
Cow 3 224
Wheat-grass 1 284-5
Wheat, Saracen's 1 672
Whin 2 349
Cat 284
Dyer's 350
Whip-grass 1 349
Whipporwill 550
-boots 2 202
-shoe 1 549-5°;
2 202
Whip-tongue 3 257
Whistle-wood 2 497,512
White-Alder Family
2 666
White-alder 2 667
-topped Aster
3 405-6
White Allison 2 180
-apple 418
-arrow-arum I 444
White-ash Herb 2 654
White-bark 1 587
-bay 2 82, 133
-beads 2 90
-Ben 2 64
-Benjamin 1 526
-berry 2 90
-flow 148
-bush 2 667, 691
-cankerweed 3 335
-cap 2 245
-coolwort 2 224
-daisy 3 518
-Devil 426
-fringe 2 728
-gum 235
-hearts 2 142
-hellebore, Am. 1 494
White-heart Hickory
1 582
White Man's-foot
3 245, 246
-weed 518
U lute-oak 1 622-3
Box 1 622
Mossy-cup 623
Rough 622
Running 625
Swamp 623
Water 623
White-osier 2 688
-robin 2 68
-root 3 25
-rosin-tree 1 57
sagi 2 20
-soapwort 2 69
-thorn 300
-top 3 440
-walnut 1 579
-weed 3 518
-wood
283,511-12, 691
Whites 1 214
Whitlow-grass 2 148-52
Alpine 152
Arctic 149-50
Branching 151
Canescent 151
Carolina 149
Golden 152
Hoary 150
Rock-cress 150
Short-fruited 151
Twisted 150
Vernal 148
Wedge-leaved 149
Wood 152
Whitlow-wort 2 27-8
Whitten-tree 3 270
Whorl-leaf 2 564
Whorlywort 204
Whortleberry Bears
2 693
Bog 699
Blue 695
Great 7°°
Red 2 697
Squaw 697
Wickakee 3 214
Wick, Wicken
1 283 ; 2319
Wicke 2 691
Wickup 2512,575,592
Indian 590
Wicky 2 683
Wicopy 2 575, 590
Herb 590
Widow's Cress 2 209
Wild-pink 1 562
-brier 2 284
-hippo 2 469
Tube-rose 565
Wilding-tree 290
Wilgers 1 597
Willow Family i 587
Willow 591-605
Almond-leaf 593
Arctic 604
Ausier 597
Autumn 594
Balsam 1 596
Barclay's 603
Basket 1 597
Bay 2 590
Bay-leaved 1 594
Beaked 1 599
Bearberry 601
Bebb's 599
Bitter 597
Black 592-3
Willow, Black
Scythe-leaf 1 592
Blooming 2 590
Blunt-leaved I 601
Bog 1 599, 602
Brittle 594
Broad-leaved 596
Brown's 605
Bush 600
Button 3 255
Common 595
European 595
Crack 494
Crane 3 255
Dark Long-leaf 1 599
Desert .604
Diamond 596
Drooping 595
Duck 595
Dwarf 601
Dwarf-gray 600
Flowering 2 590
French 2 590
Furry I 597
Garb 595
Glaucous 599
Glossy 593
Golden Osier
595; f 1459
Green-scaled 602
Ground 1 604, 666
Hairy 603
Heart-leaved 596
Herb-like 601
Hoary 598
Huntingdon 595
Livid 599
Long-leaf 595
Low-bush 600
Missouri 596
Narrow-leaf 595
Net-veined 602
Northern 605
Osier 1 595, 597
Peach-leaved 593
Persian 2 590
Prairie I 600, 604
Primrose 2 589
Purple 1 597
Pussy 592
Red I 595 ; 2 661
Red-wood 1 594
Ring 595
River-bank 595
Roman 2 724
Rose 1 597 ; 2 661
Sage I 598, 600 ;
2 581
Sandbar 1 595
Satiny 598
Scythe-leaved 592
Shining 593
Shrub 595
Silky 598
Silver 599, 603
Slender 594, 599
Snap 594
Stag's head 594
Swamp 592, 594
Sweet 584
Tea-leaved 600
Twig Withy 597
Varnished 594
Velvet-osier 597
Virginia 2 233
Waghorne's 1 604
Ward's 1 593
Water 3 243
Weeping I 595
Whipcord 597
White I 595
Wilger's 597
Vol. III. ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES.
637
Willow
Wrinkle-leaf 602
Yellow f 1459
Willow-grass 1 666
Willow Herb 2 591-5
Alpine 2 591
Bay 590
Broad-leaved 2 590
Downy 2 592
French 590
Golden 711
Great 590
Great Hairy 591
Hooded 3 109
Hornemann's 2 593
Linear-leaved 592
Marsh 592
Milk 580-1
Night 595
Northern 593
Panicled 593
Purple 581
Purple-leaved 2 593
Purple-veined 593
Pimpernel 597
Soft 592
Spiked 590
Swamp 580, 592
Yellow 711
Willow-Oak 1 621
Willow-weed
I 666-8; 2 581
-wood 2 581
Willow-wort 2 711
Wind 3 47
Wind-berry 2 697
Wind-flower
102, 100, 158, 122
Red 98
Wind-root 3 25
-rose 2 137
Windles 3 246
Windlestraw 1 213, 218
Wine-berry
2 237, 241, 277, 697
-tree 287
Wing-seed 445
-stem 3 487
Wink-a-peep 2 716
Winterberry 487-9
Winter-bloom 235
Winter-brake 1 33
Winter-cherry
501 ; 3 162
-clover 3 255
-cress 2 177
-fat 20
Winter-grass 1 409
-Gilliflower 2 175
WlNTEHGREEN FAMILY
667
Wintergreen 668-72
Bitter 672
Bog 669
Chickweed 715
Creeping 693
Wintergreen
False 2 668
Flowering 452
Greenish-flowered
669
Larger 668
Lesser 670
Liver-leaf 2 670
One-flowered 671
One-sided 671
Pear-leaved 668
Round-leaved 668
Serrated 670
Sharp-petaled 670
Shin-leaf 669-70
Spicy 693
Spotted 672
Spring 693
Winter-pink 2 692
-plum 720
-rocket 177
-sweet 3 140
-weed 2 43 ; 3 203
Wire-grass 1 470, 661
Wire-ling 2 479
-weed 1 661
Wise-weed 3 426
Wistaria 2 373-4
Witch-alder 2 234
-gowan 3 315
-grass, see Grass
-hobble, -hopple,
269-70
Witch Hazel Family
2 234
Witch Hazel 235
-wood 2S7, 492
Witches'-bells
3 295,557
-gowan 2 87
-milk 612
-money-bags 207
-pouches 158
-thimbles 3 204, 557
Withe-rod 3 271-2
Naked 273
Withe-wood 271,273
With-wind 47
Withy-twig I 597
Woad, Wild 2 200
Woad- waxen 350
Wobsqua-grass 1 141
Wode-whistle 2 653
Wolf berry 3 2"j"j
Wolffia 1 449
Wolffiella 1 449
Wolf-foot 3 145-6
Wolf-peach 167
Wolf's-bane 2 88, 96-7
Trailing 97
Wolf's-claws 1 47
Wolf's-milk 2 473
Woman's-tobacco 451
WoodBetony 3128,146
Woodbind 46
Woodbine 2 122, 51 1 ;
3 46, 278-9
American 3 278
Carolina Wild 2 730
Fragrant 3 278
Rough 278
Small 279
Wood-brooms 3 289
-cinquefoil 2 250
-cress, Yellow 161
-flower 100
Wood-lily I 502, 522 ;
2 601, 670
-nep 2 657
-rip, -rowel 3 267
Woodland-beauty 2 262
Woodruff, Sweet 3 267
Wood-rush 1 483-5
Wood Sorrel Family
2 431-5
Wood-sorrel 432-5
Purple 431
Yellow 433-5
Wood-sour 2 127,431
Wood-sower 431
Wood-wax 350
Woodsia. see Fern I 12
Wool-grass 337
Woolen 3 173
Woolly Pipe-vine 1 646
World's Wonder 2 73
Worm-grass 2 730
Worm-seed 172
Wormweed 199
Wormwood 3 523-7
Annual 526
Beach 527
Biennial 526
Canada 524
Common 525
Hungarian 527
Linear-leaved 524
Northern 3 523
Roman 2 144 ; 3 527
Sea 3 341, 524
Silky 524
Silvery 525
Tall 523
Wild 523-4
Wormwood-sage 3 525
Wound-rocket 2 177
Woundwort 3 124-7
Clown's 125
Corn or Field 127
Downy 129
Soldiers 515
Wrack 1 91
Wren's-flower 2 426
Wulfenia 3 198-9
Wymote 2 514
Yam Family i 535
Yam-root, Wild 535
Yankapin 2 77
Yarr 259
Yarrow 3 575-6
Yarrow
Water 2 710
Yaupon 487
Yaw-root 462
Yellow-bark 1 619
-ash 2 343
-balm 711
-bells 1 506
-cress, hispid
2 1 60- 1
-eye 85
-dock, see Dock 1 657
Yellow-eyed Grass
Family i 450
Yellow-eyed Grass
1 451-3
Yellow-flower 2 192
-gum-tree 665
-ladies'-slipper 1 550
-moccasin-flower 550
-pine 58
-puccoon 2 85
-rocket, see Rocket
711
-rod 3 380-98
-root 88-9
-shrub 89
Yellow-seed 2 164
-skegs 1 540
-snow-drop 1 506
-star-grass 534
-star 3 510
-starwort 3 457
-suckling 2 354
-tops 3 380-98, 393
Yellow-weed (any
Golden Rod) 2 i 12,
200 ; 3 380-98, 386,
395
Yellow-wood 1 632;
2 343,485,721
American 2 343
Kentucky 264
Prickly 444
West Indian 444
Yellow-wort, Parsley-
leaved 2 89
Yellows 1 550
Yerbadetayo 3 468
Yew Family i 67
Yew, American 67
Dwarf 67
European 67
Oregon 67
Yorkshire-fog 214
-sanicle 3 226
Youth-wort 2 203
Zannichellia 1 88-9
Zeus'-wheat 2 720
Zinnia, Prairie 3 466
Zizaniopsis I 167
Zizia, Bebb's 2 641
Zornia 394
Zygadenus 1 491
New York Botanical Garden Library
QK117.B7 1913c.3v.3 gen
Britton, Nathaniel/An Illustrated flora
3 5185 00124 5263