*X FA OF FC." TRY - 11/ m I , . ^ LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO 4, .' h *1 AN Illustrated Flora OF THE Northern United States, Canada AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102D Meridian BY NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Botany in Columbia University, and Director-in-Chief of the New York Botanical Garden and HON. ADDISON BROWN President of the Torrey Botanical Club THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT Chiefly prepared by Professor Britton, with the assistance of Specialists in several Groups; the Figures also drawn under his Supervision IN THREE VOLUMES Vol. Ill APOCYNACEAE TO COMPOSITAE DOGBANE TO THISTLE 0- NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1898 Copyright 1S98 BY Charles Scribner's Sons 1 10 1 The New Era Printing Companv Lancaster, Pa. Contents of Volume III. Preface to Vol. III. iv Abbreviations of the Names of Authors vi General Key of Orders and Families viii 17. Apocynaceae 18. asclepiadaceae 19. convolvulaceae 20. cuscutaceae 21. polemoniaceae 22. hydrophyllaceae 23. boraginaceae 24. verbenaceae 25. Labiatae 26. solanaceae Gamopetalae (continued) 1 27. Scrophulariaceae 142 4 28. I,ENTIBULARIACEAE 188 19 29. Orobanchaceae 194 27 30. BlGNONIACEAE 198 3i 31. Martyniaceae 200 5 43 32. ACANTHACEAE 20I 50 32*. Phrymaceae 205 69 33. Plantaginaceae 205 74 34. RUBIACEAE 211 124 35. Caprifoliaceae 227 1-493 36. Adoxaceae 242 37. Valerianaceae 243 38. Dips ace ae 247 39. cucurbitaceae 249 40. Campanulaceae 252 41. ClCHORIACEAE 26l 42. Ambrosiaceae 292 43. compositae 298 ENGLISH FAMILY NAMES. Petals wholly or partly united, rarely separate or wanting (continued) 17- 18. Dogbane Family i Milkweed Family 4 19. Morning-Glory Family 19 20. Dodder Family 27 21. Phlox Family 31 22. Water-Leaf Family 43 23. Borage Family 50 24. Vervain Family 69 25. Mint Family 74 26. Potato Family 124 Appendix Summary Glossary 494-521 521 522-526 34- 35- 27. Figwort Family 28. Bladderwort Family 29. Broom-Rape Family 30. Trumpet-Creeper Family 31. Unicorn Plant Family 32. Acanthus Family 32*. Ldpseed Family 33. Plantain Family Errata General Index of Latin Names English Index and Popular Plant Names 142 188 194 198 200 201 205 205 1-493 Madder Family 211 Honeysuckle Family 227 36. Moschatel Family 242 37. Valerian Family 243 38. Teasel Family 247 39. Gourd Family 249 40. Bell-Flower Family 252 41. Chicory Family 261 42. Ragweed Family 292 43. Thistle Family 298 526 527-555 556-588 SYMBOLS USED. 0 is used after figures to indicate feet. / is used after figures to indicate inches. ff is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch. / over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel. > over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of the vowel. In the Metric System The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches. The decimetre = 3.94 inches. The centimetre = § of an inch, or 4 J lines. The millimetre = 2^ of an inch, or \ a line. 2^ millimetres = 1 line. very nearly. Preface to Volume III. WITH the publication of the concluding volume of the Illustrated Flora, the authors desire to express their appreciation of the favor with which the previous volumes have been received. Volume III, it is believed, will be found no less useful than the pre- ceding ones; and from the difficulties presented to the student by the great family of Com- posites, which occupies about one-half of the present volume, this may prove to be the most helpful of all. The number of species figured in the whole work is 4162, comprising 177 Families and 1 103 Genera. Eighty-one of these species, mostly western, being new determinations or new discoveries, made while the work has been going through the press and too late for in- sertion in their proper places, are figured in the Appendix (pp. 484 to 521 ). These bring up to January, 1898, it is believed, all well established species within our area. The cuts are numbered consecutively throughout the work, except those in the Appendix, which are re- ferred to their proper places by giving to each the number of the previously figured species to which it is most closely allied, with the addition of the letter a, b or c, etc., for distinction. As respects the admission of new species, the aim has been to pursue a conservative course, and to admit those only that upon continuous observation appear to bear the requi- site tests of constancy and persistency in their distinguishing characters. In an illustrated work, however, devoted to the reproduction of what is found in nature, it is better to err in illustrating too many forms, rather than in giving too few. A general Key of the Orders and Families, prepared by Dr. Britton according to the method followed in the Keys to the genera and species, will be found at the beginning of the volume, preceded by a table of abbreviations of the names of botanical authors cited. At the close is a glossary of the special botanical terms here used, followed by a complete General Index of all the Latin names, including synonyms, used throughout the work. This general Key has been elaborated on the natural method, dividing the two subking- doms of plants described in the work into Classes, Sub-classes, Orders and Families success- ively. The Orders are not described in the work itself, but their principal distinguishing characters are given in this key. The natural method adopted necessitates a considerable number of exceptions to statements, owing to the varying degree of development of floral organs in the derivation of plants from their ancestors; these exceptions are either noted under the headings or indicated by cross-references. In using this key, or any of the keys to genera or to species, the student will often find, in the analysis of a plant that it does not provide all the information necessary for its deter- mination; this is generally owing to the incomplete condition of the specimen collected; it may be in flower, while the characteristic differences between it and others are only to be found in the fruit, or vice versa ; or the species may be dioecious, or polygamous, when its other organs, perchance the characteristic ones, must be sought on another individual, and there are various other causes for incompleteness. It is therefore earnestly recommended that collections be carefully made, seeking to reduce as far as possible this more or less neces- sary incompleteness. Where satisfactory material can not be obtained, it will usually be found possible to reach the desired analysis by following out two or more lines of the key, and by comparing the results reached with the descriptions to determine the family, genus or species. The illustrations provide an almost indispensable aid in such cases. For the general English Index at the end of this volume, Judge Brown has compiled a list of all the popular names of the plants belonging to our area, so far as obtainable, both general and local, including also most of the English names of our plants that have been heretofore used by botanical authors, as well as most of the older and the more modern Eng- lish popular names of plants common to our area and to England. Hundreds of these lat- ter names were brought to this country by the early English colonists, some of which are still current here that are now disused there. A considerable number of the popular names are given in the text in connection with the leading English name, or in the notes. Several thousand others, which could not appear in the text, are printed in the Index in italics. These are referred to the. proper plant by the number of the illustration or figure (f ). The list includes in all about 10,000 different plant- names, and upwards of 12,000 references to the illustrations. It embraces all our plant- Vol. III.] PREFACE. V names commonly used by pharmacists, druggists, horticulturists and plant-collectors, or likely to be met with in botanical or current literature.* No similar compilation of American plant-names has been hitherto published. Many of them are not to be found in any general dictionaries. To the mass of the people, this Index, in connection with the references to the illustrations, will afford the readiest means of plant-identification, and to them it is practically indispensable for that purpose. These names are full of interest, from their origin, history and significance. As observed in Britten and Holland's work cited in the notes below, " they are derived from a variety of languages, often carrying us back to the early days of our country's history, and to the vari- ous peoples who as conquerors or colonists have landed on our shores and left an impress on our language. Many of these old world words are full of poetical association, speaking to us of the thoughts and feelings of the old world people who invented them; others tell of the ancient mythology of our ancestors, of strange old medicinal usages, and of superstitions now almost forgotten." Most of these names suggest their own explanation. The greater number are either de- scriptive or derived from the supposed uses, qualities or properties of the plants; many refer to their habitat, appearance or resemblance real or fancied to other things; others come from poetical suggestion, affection or association with saints or persons. Many are very graphic, as the western name, Prairie Fire (Castilleia coccinea) ; many are quaint or humorous, as Cling- rascal (Galium Aparine) or Wait-a-bit (Smilax rotundifolia); and in some the corruptions are amusing, as Aunt Jerichos (N. Eng. ) from Angelica. The words Horse, Ox, Dog, Bull, Snake, Toad are often used as a prefix to denote size, coarseness, worthlessness or aversion. Devil or Devil's is used as a prefix for upwards of 40 of our plants, mostly expressive of dis- like or of some traditional resemblance or association. A number of names have been con- tributed by the Indians, such as Chinquapin, "Wicopy, Pipsissewa, Wankapin, etc.; while the term Indian, evidently a favorite, is applied as a descriptive prefix to upwards of 80 dif- ferent plants. There should be no antagonism in the use of scientific and popular names, since their purposes are quite different. Science demands certainty and universality, and hence a single universal name for each plant. For this the Latin has been adopted, and the Latin name should be used, when only scientific objects are sought. But the vernacular names are a part of the growth and development of the language of each people. Though these names are sometimes indicative of specific characters and hence scientifically valuable, they are for the most part not at all scientific, but utilitarian, emotional or picturesque. As such, they are invaluable; not for science, but for the common intelligence, and the appreciation and enjoy- ment of the plant world. These names, in truth, reflect the mental attitude of each people, throughout its history, toward the plant kingdom; and the thoughts, suggestions, affections or emotions which it has aroused in them. If these are rich and multitudinous, as in the Anglo-Saxon race, so will the plant-names be also. Usually the most common or the favorite plants have a variety of names; but this is noticeably otherwise with the Asters and the Golden-rods, of which there are about 120 species within our area, the common names of which, considering their abundance and vari- ety, are comparatively few. The Golden-rods, without distinction, are also known as Yellow- weed ox Yellow-tops ; the Asters are called also Frost-weed, Frost-floivers, Good-bye Summer and by the Onandaga Indians, " It brings the Frost." A few like Aster ericoides have sev- eral interesting names, but most of the species in each genus resemble each other so much that not a quarter of the species have suggested to the popular apprehension any distinctive name; while other less showy plants, like the Pansy ( Viola tricolor}, the Marsh Marigold (Calt/ia palustris), the Spotted Touch-me-not (Impatiens biflora), Bluets (Houstonia coeru- lea) and others, have a score of different names. The Index shows the extent to which the same popular name has been applied to differ- ent plants, which is the only cause of confusion; and this confusion will usually be removed by the use of the Index with a reference to the illustrations. New York, June*2o, 1898. *In compiling this list, reference has been made to numerous general and special botanical works, to our state and local Floras, to Hobbs' Botanical Handbook (pharmaceutical), to Beal's, Scribner's and Pammel's works on Grasses, to Sudworth's Arborescent Flora, to Britten and Hol- land's Dictionary of English Plant Names (London, 1886), and to the valuable papers of Mrs. F. D. Bergen on Popular Plant Names in the Botanical Gazette for 1892, p. 365; for 1893, p. 420; for 1894, p. 429, and for 1896, p. 473. Prof. E. S. Burgess has also supplied about 100 popular names not before noted that are in use at Martha's Vineyard and in Washington, D. C. ; and Mrs. Horner, of Georgetown, Mass., and Miss Bartlett, of Haverhill, Mass., have each contributed some. Abbreviations of the Names of Authors. A. Benn. Bennett, Arthur. A. Br. Braun, Alexander. Adans. Adanson, Michel. Ait. Alton, William. Ait./. Aiton, William Townsend. All. Allioni, Carlo. Anders. Andersson, Nils Johan. Andr. Andrews, Henry C. Andrz. Andrzejowski, Anton Lukianowicz. Angs. Angstrom, Johan. Ard. Arduino, Luigi. Am. Arnott, George Arnold Walker. Aschers. Ascherson, Paul Friedrich August. A ubl. Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusee. Aust. Austin, Coe Finch. Bab. Babington, Charles Cardale. Bald. Baldwin, William. Baill. Baillon, Henri. Bartl. Bartling, Friedrich Gottlieb. Bart. Barton, William P. C. Bartr. Bartram, John. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois, A.M. F.J. Be nth. Bentham, George. Benth. & Hook. Bentham, George, and Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Berch. Berchtold, Friedrich von. Bernh. Bernhardt, Johann Jacob. Bess. Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. Bieb. Bieberstein, F. A. M. von. Bigel. Bigelow, Jacob. Bisch. Bischoff, Gottlieb Wilhelm. Biv. Bivona-Bernardi, Antonio. Boeckl. Boeckeler, Otto. Boehm. Boehmer, Georg Rudolf. Boiss. Boissier, Edmond. Borck. Borckhausen, Moritz Balthazar. Brack. Brackinridge, William D. Brew. Brewer, William Henry. B. S. P. Britton, N. L. ; Sterns, Emerson Alex- ander; Poggenburg, Justus. Brot. Brotero, Felix de Avellar. Buck. Buchenau, Franz. Buck/. Buckley, Samuel Botsford. Burgsd. Burgsdorff, Friedrich August Ludwig von. Carr. Carriere, Elie Abel. Casfi. Caspary, Robert. Cass. Cassini, Henri. Cav. Cavanilles, Antonio Jose. Celak. Celakowsky, Ladislav. Cerv. Cervantes, Vicente. Cham. Chamisso, Adalbert von. C. & S., Cham. & Sch. Chamisso and Schlech- tendahl. Chapm. Chapman, Alvan Wentworth. Chois. Choisy, Jacques Denis. Clairv. Clairville, Joseph Philippe de. Clayt. Clayton, John. Cogn. Cogniaux, Alfred. Coult. { Dips. ) Coulter, Thomas. Coult. Coulter, John Merle. C. & R. Coulter, J. M. and Rose, Joseph Nelson. Dart. Darlington, William. Davenp. Davenport, George Edward. DC. De Candolle, Augustin Pyiamus. A. DC. De Candolle,\\lphonse. Dec. Decaisne, Joseph. Desf. Desfontaine, Rene Louiche. Desr. Desroussoux. Desv. Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin. Dicks. Dickson, James. Dielr. Dietrich, David Nathanael Friedrich. Dill. Dillen, John Jacob. Dougl. Douglas, David. Drej. Drejer, Saloman Thomas Nicolai. Dryand. Dryander, Jonas. Dufr. Dufresne, Pierre. Dumort. Dumortier, Barthelemy Charles. Eat. Eaton, Amos. Eat. & Wr. Eaton, Amos, and Wright, John. Eberm. Ebermaier, Karl Heinrich. Ehrh. Ehrhart, Friedrich. Ell. Elliott, Stephen. Endl. Endlicher, Stephen Ladislaus. Engelm. Engelmann, George. Esch. Escholtz, Johann Friedrich. Fabr. Fabricius, Philipp Konrad. Fisch. Fischer, Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von. F. <5f M. Fischer and Meyer, C. A. Foug. Fougeroux, Auguste Denis. Forsk. Forskal, Pehr. Forst. Forster, Johann Reinhold, and George. Fresen. Fresenius, Johann Baptist Georg Wolf- gang. Froel. Froelich, Joseph Aloys. Gaert. Gaertner, Joseph. Gaerin.f. Gaertner, Carl Friedrich. Gal. Galeotti, Henri. Gaud. Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles. Gey. Geyer, Carl Andreas. Gill. Gillies, John. Ging. Gingins de Lassaraz, Frederic Charles Jean. Glox. Gloxin, Benjamin Peter. Gmel. Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. Gmel. J. F. Gmelin, Johann Friedrich. Gooden. Goodenough, Samuel. Gren. & Godr. Grenier, Charles, and Godron, D. A. Grev. Greville, Robert Kaye. Griseb. Grisebach, Heinrich Rudolf August. Gronov. Gronovius, Jan Frederik. Guss. Gussone, Giovanni. Hack. Hackel, Eduard. Hall. Haller, Albeit von. Hamilt. Hamilton, William. Harlm. Hartman, Carl Johann. Hassk. Hasskarl, Justus Carl. Hausskn. Haussknecht, Carl. Haw. Haworth, Adrian Hardy. HBK. Humboldt, Friedrich Alexander von; Bonpland, Aime and Kunth, Carl Siegesruund. Hegelm. Hegelmaier, Friedrich. Hell. Hellenius, Carl Niclas. Heist. Heister, Lorenz. Herb. Herbert, William. Hitch. Hitchcock, Albert Spear. Hochst. Hochstetter, Christian Friedrich. Hoffm. Hoffman, Georg Franz. Hoffmg. Hoffmansegg, Johann Centurius. Hoi I. Hollick, Arthur. Hook. Hooker, William Jackson. H. & A. Hooker, W. J., and Arnott, George A. Walker. Hook. f. Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Hornem. Homemann, Jens Wilken. Huds. Hudson, William. Irm. Irmisch, Thilo. Jacq. Jacquin, Nicolas Joseph. Juss. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent. A.Juss. Jussieu, Adrien de. Kdrst. Karsten, H. Kl. Klotsch, Johann Friedrich. Kuehl. Kuhlwein. L. Linnaejs, Carolus, or Carl von Linne. L. f. Linne, Carl von (the son). ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. Vll L'Her. L'Heritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis. Laest. Laestadius, Lars Levi. Lag. Lagasca, Mariano. Lam. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet. Lamb. Lambert, Aylmer Bourke. Leavenw. Leavenworth, Melines C. Ledeb. Ledebour, Carl Friedrich von. Lehm. Lehmann, Johann Georg Christian. Le Peyr. Le Peyrouse, Philippe. Lepech. Lepechin, Iwan. Lesp. &Thev. Lespinasse, G., and Theveneau, A. Less. Lessing, Christian Friedrich. Lestib. Lestiboudois, Francois Joseph. Light/. Lightfoot, John. Lilj. Liljeblad, Samuel. Lindl. Lindley, John. Lodd. Loddiges, Conrad. Loefl. Loefling, Pehr. Lois. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, Jean Louis Au- guste. Loud. Loudon, John Claudius. Lour. Loureiro, Juan. MacM. MacMillan, Conway. Marsh. Marshall, Humphrey. Mars. Marsson, Theodor. Mart. Martens, Martin. Mart. & Gal. Martens, Martin, and Galeotti, Henri. Maxim. Maximowicz, Carl Johann. Med. Medicus, Friedrich Cassimir. Meisn. Meisner, Carl Friedrich. Mer. Merat, Francois Victor. Mert. & Koch. M. & K. Mertens, Franz Karl, and Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph. Mett. Mettenius, George Heinrich. Mey. Meyer, Ernst Heinrich Friedrich. Michx. Michaux, Andre. Michx. f. Michaux, Francois Andre. Mill. Miller, Philip. Millsp. Millspaugh, Charles Frederic. Mitch. Mitchell, John. Mont. Montagne, Jean Francois Caniille. Moric. Moricand, Moise Etienne. Moq. Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. Muell. Arg. Miiller, Jean, of Aargau. Muench. Muenchhausen, Otto von. Muhl. Miihlenberg, Heinrich Ludwig. Murr. Murray, Johann Andreas. Neck. Necker, Noel Joseph de. Nestl. Nestler, Christian Gottfried. Nutt. Nuttall, Thomas. Ori. Ortega, Casimiro Gomez. Pall. Pallas, Peter Simon. Pari. Parlatore, Filippo. P. Br. Browne, Patrick. Pers. Persoon, Christian Hendrik. Planch. Planchon, Jules Emile. Poir. Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. Poll. Pollich, Johann Adam. Pourr. Pourret, Pierre Andre. P. Br. Brown, Robert. Raf. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Constantino Samuel. Redf. & Rand. Redfield, John H., and Rand, Edward S. Reich enb. Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Lud- wig. Retz. Retzius, Anders Johan. Richards. Richardson, John. Roem. Roemer, Johann Jacob. R. & S. Roemer, J. J., and Schultes, Joseph August. Roem. & Us/. Roemer, J. J., and Usteri, Paulus. Rostk. Rostkovius, Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb. Rotlb. Rottboell, Christen Fries. Roxb. Roxburgh, William. R. c2f P. Ruiz, Lopez Hipolito, and Pavon, Josef. Rupr. Ruprecht, Franz J. Rvdb. Rydberg, Per Axel. St. Hil. St. Hilaire, August de. Salisb. Salisbury, Richard Anthony. Sarg. Sargent, Charles Sprague. Sartw. Sartwell, Henry P. Sav. Savi, Gaetano. Schk. Schkuhr, Christian. Schlecht. Schlechtendal, Diedrich Franz Leon- hard von. Schleich. Schleicher, J. C. Schleid. Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. Schrad. Schrader, Heinrich Adolph. Schreb. Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von. Schull. Schultes, Joseph August. Sch. Bip. Schultz Bipontinus, Karl Heinrich. Schum. Schumacher, Christian Friedrich. Schzvein. Schweinitz, Lewis David von. Scop. Scopoli, Johann Anton. Scribn. Scribner, Frank Lamson. Scribn. & Ryd. Scribner, F. L., and Rydberg, P. A. Ser. Seringe, Nicolas Charles. Seub. Seubert, Moritz. Sheld. Sheldon, Edmund P. Shuttlzv. Shuttleworth, Robert. Sibth. Sibthorp, John. Sieb. & Zucc. Siebold, Philipp Franz von, and Zuccarini, Joseph Gerhard. Soland. Solander, Daniel. Spreng. Sprengel, Kurt. Steud\ Steudel, Ernest Gottlieb. Stev. Steven, Christian. Sudiv. Sudworth, George B. Sw. Swartz, Olof. 5. Wats. Watson, Sereno. Thuill. Thuillier, Jean Louis. Thunb. Thunberg, Carl Peter. Thurb. Thurber, George. Torr. Torrey, John. Torr. & Sclnv. Torrey, J., and Schweinitz, L. D. Torr. & Hook. Torrey, John, and Hooker, Wil- liam Jackson. Touru. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. Trail. Trattinnick, Leopold. Trel. Trelease, William. Traut. Trautvetter, Ernest Rudolph. Trin. Trinius, Karl Bernhard. Trin. df Rupr. Trinius, Karl, and Ruprecht, F-J. Tuckerm. Tuckerman, Edward. Turcz. Turczaninow, Nicolaus. Undenv. Underwood, Lucien Marcus. Vail I. Vaillant, Sebastien. Veil. Velloso, Jose, Marianno de Conceicao. Vent. Ventenat, Etienne Pierre. Vill. Villars, Dominique. 11 "ah I. Wahlenberg, Georg. Wahlb. Wahlenberg, Pehr Friedrich. W. & K. Waldstein, Franz Adam von, and Kitalbal, Paul. Wallr. Wallroth, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm. Walp. Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. Walt. Walter, Thomas. Wang. Wangenheim, Friedrich Adam Julius von. Wats. & Coult. Watson, Sereno, and Coulter, John Merle. Web. Weber, Friedrich. Wedd. Weddell, H. A. Wein m. Weinmann. if 'oider. Wenderoth, George Wilhelm Franz. Weltst. Wettstein, R. von. Wie;g. Wiggers, Friedrich Heinrich. Willd. Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. Jl'iium. Wimmer, Friedrich. Wisliz. Wislizenus, A. With. Withering, William. U 'otfg. Wolfgang. Woodv. Woodville, William. Wonnsk. Wormskiold, M. von. Wr. Wright, John. Wutf. Wulfen, Franz Xavier. General Key to the Orders and Families. Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA. i: 1-48. i& Spores developing into flat or irregular prothallia, which bear the reproductive organs (anthf.ridia and archegonia ) ; flowers and seeds none. 1 . Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne on the back of a leaf, in spikes or panicles, or in special conceptacles. Order i. Filicales. -K- Spores all of one sort and size (isosporous families!. j Vernation erect or inclined; sporanges in spikes, or panicles, opening by a transverse slit. Fam. 1. Ophio^lossaceae. i: i. t t Vernation coiled; sporanges reticulated, usually provided with a ring (annulus). Sporanges opening vertically. Sporanges panicled, with a rudimentary ring; marsh ferns. Fam. 2. Osmundaceae. 1:4. Sporanges sessile on a filiform receptacle; leaves filmy, translucent. Fam. 3. Hymenophyllaceac. 1: 6. Sporanges ovoid, in panicles, or spikes, provided with an apical ring:. Fam. 4. Schisaeaceae. 1:7. Sporanges opening transversely, provided with a vertical ring; borne in sori on the back or margin of a leaf. Fam. 5. Polypodiaceae. 1:8. ■X- tt Spores of two sizes ( microspores and macrospores ). Plants rooting in the mud: leaves 4 foliolate, or filiform. Fam. 6. Marsileaceae. 1: 33. Plants floating; leaves entire, or 2 lobed. Fam. 7. Solviniaceae. I: 34. 2. Spores produced in sporanges, which are clustered underneath the scales of a terminal cone-like spike; stems jointed, rush-like. Order 2. Equisetales. One family. Fam. 8. Equisetaceae. 1:35. 3. Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne in the axils of scale-like or tubular leaves. Order 3. LycopodialeS. Spores all of one sort and size. Fam. 9. Lycopodiaceae. 1: 39. Spores of two sizes (microspores and macrospores). Leaves scale-like, 4-many-ranked, on branching stems. Fam. 10. Selaginellaceae. 1:44. Leaves tubular, clustered on a corm-like trunk; aquatic or mud plants. Fam. 11. Isoetaceae. 1: 45_ Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA. x: 49- Microspores (pollen-grains) developing into a tubular prothallium (pollen-tube); macrospores (embryo-sac) developing a minute prothallium, and, together with it, remaining enclosed in the macrosporange (ovule) which ripens into a seed. Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. 1:49-61. Fruit a cone, with several or numerous scales, sometimes berry-like by their cohesion. Fam. 1. Pinaceae. 1:49. Fruit (in our genus) a fleshy integument nearly enclosing the seed. Fam. 2. Taxaceae. 1:61. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Ovules enclosed in an ovary. 1:61. Subclass 1. Monocotyledones. i: 62-481. Embryo with i cotyledon; stem with no distinction into pith, wood and bark; leaves mostly parallel-veined. 1. Carpels r, or more, distinct (united, at least partially, in Family 4, Scheuchzeriaceae, where they are mostly united until maturity, and Family 6, Vallisneriaceae, aquatic herbs, with monoecious or dioecious flowers); parts of the flowers mostly unequal in number. •rf Inflorescence various, not a true spadix. t Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales (glumes); our species aquatic or marsh plants. % Endosperm mealy or fleshy; perianth of bristles or chaffy scales; flowers monoecious, spicate or capitate. Order 1. Pandanales. Flowers spicate, terminal. Fam. 1. Typhaccae. 1:62. Flowers capitate, the heads axillary to leaf-like bracts. Fam. 2. Sparganiaceae. i: 63. X % Endosperm none, or very little; perianth corolla-like, or herbaceous, or none. Order 2. Naiadales {Fluviales). Perianth, if present, inferior; carpels mostly distinct. Perianth-segments, when present, herbaceous. Carpels distinct; aquatic herbs. Fam. 3. Naiadaceae. 1:65. Carpels united until maturity; bog plants; flowers racemed or spiked. Fam. 4. Scheuchzeriaceae. 1:82. Perianth of 2 series of segments, the outer (sepals) green, the inner (petals) mostly white. Fam. 5. Alisniaceae. 1:84. Perianth superior; carpels united. Fam. 6. Valltsneriateae. 1:92. Vol. III.] GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. IX j t Flowers in the axils of dry chaff y scales (glumes), arranged in spikes or spikelets. Order 3. GRAMINALES i < ,'lnmi/lorae). Fruit a caryopsis (grain); stems (culms) mostly hollow in our species. Fam. 7. Gratnineae. 1:94. Fruit an achene; stems (culms) solid. Fam. 8. Cvpc raceae. 1: 234. (Order 4. Principes, including only the family Palmaceae, Palms and Order 5, Synanthae, including only the family Cyclanthaceae, are not represented in our territory.) 4fr -X- Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a spathe ; or plants minute, floating free, the flowere few or solitary on the margin or back of the thallus. Order 6. Arales {Spathiflorae). Large herbs, with normal foliage and well-developed spadix. Fam. 9. Araceae. 1:360. Minute floating thalloid plants. Fam. 10. Lemnaceae. 1:365. 2. Carpels united into a compound ovary ; parts of the usually complete flowers mostly in 3's or 6's. ■K- Seeds with endosperm, f Flowers regular, or nearly so (corolla irregular in Commelina). X Endosperm mealy; ovary superior. Order 7. Xyridales ( Farinosae). a. Ovary i-celled. Aquatic moss-like leafy herbs; flowers solitary. Fam. 11. Mayacaceae. 1:367. Erect rush-like herbs; flowers in terminal scaly heads or spikes. Fam. 12. Xyridaceae. 1:368. Mud or aquatic herbs, the flowers subtended by spathes [Heteranthera in Pontederiaceae 1: 379). b. Ovary 2-3-celled (except in some Pontederiaceae). Flowers very small, densely capitate, monoecious or dioecious. Fam. 13. Eriocaulaceae. 1:371. Flowers perfect. Epiphytes; leaves scurfy. Fam. 14. Bromeliaceae. 1:374. Terrestrial or aquatic herbs; leaves not scurfy. Perianth of 2 series of parts, the outer (sepals) green, the inner (petals) colored. Fam. 15. Commelinaceae. 1:374. Perianth 6-parted. Fam. 16. Pontederiaceae. 1:379. % X Endosperm fleshy or horny; ovary superior or inferior. Order 8. Liliales. a. Ovary superior (except in Aletris, in the Liliaceae, and some species of Zygadenus'va. the Melanthaceae). Perianth -segments distinct, green or brown, not petal-like; herbs with grass-like leaves and small flowers. Fam. 17. Juncaceae. 1:381 Perianth-segments distinct, or partly united, at least the inner petal-like. Fruit a capsule (except in Yucca baccata, where it is large, fleshy and indehiscent). Capsule mostly septicidal; plants rarely bulbous. Fam. 18. Melanthaceae. 1:399 Capsule loculicidal (septicidal in Calochortus); plants mostly bulbous. Fam. 19. Liliaceae. 1:410 Fruit a flesli3' berry. Erect herbs: tendrils none; flowers perfect. Fam. 20. Convallariaceae. 1:427 Vines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect; flowers dioecious, in axillary umbels. Fam. 21. Smilaceae. 1: 438 b. Ovary inferior, wholly or in part. Stamens 3, opposite the inner corolla-segments. Fam. 22. Haemodoraceae. 1: 442 Stamens 6 in our species. Erect perennial herbs; flowers perfect. Fam. 23. Amaryllidaceae. 1:445 Twining vines; flowers dioecious. Fam. 24. Dioscoreaceae. 1:446 Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 25. Iridaceae. 1: 447 t t Flowers very irregular; ovary inferior. Order 9. Scttaminales. One family represented in our territory. Fam. 26. Marantaceae. 1: 454 7v tt Seeds without endosperm, very numerous and minute ; ovary inferior. Order 10. Orchidales {Microspermae) Flowers regular; stem-leaves reduced to scales. Fam. 27. Burmanniaceae. 1: 455 Flowers vitj' irregular. Fam. 28. Orchidaceae, 1:456 Subclass 2. Dicotyledoxes. i: 482 Embryo normally with 2 cotyledons; stems differentiated into pith, wood and bare; leaves mostly net- veined. Series 1. Choripetalae. i: 482 to 2: 547. Petals distinct to the base, or wanting (exceptions noted Vol. 1: 482). A. Petals none, except in Portulacaceae and in most Caryophyllaceae, which are herbs with leaves nearly always opposite, the seeds with endosperm, and in the pistillate flowers of the walnuts (Juglans). 1. Calyx none (except in the Juglandaceae, which are trees with odd pinnate leaves). Marsh herbs with perfect flowers in nodding spikes. Order 1. Piperales. One family only. Fam. 1. Saururaceae. 1:482. Trees or shrubs; staminate flowers, and sometimes also the pistillate, in aments. Leaves odd-pinnate; fruit a nut enclosed in a hu-k. Order 2 JuglandaleS. One family only. Fam. 2. Juglandaceae. 1: 483. Leaves simple. Fruit 1 -seeded. Order 3. Myricales. Ovule erect, orthotropous. Fam. 3. Myrtcaceae. 1: 487. Ovule laterally attached, ascending, amphitropous. Fam. 4. Leitneriaceae. 1:489. Fruit many-seeded; seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end. OrdeT 4. Salicales. One family only. Fam. 5. Salicaceae. 1:490. x GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 2. Calyx present. 4f Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments. Order 5. FAGALES. Both staminate and pistillate flowers in aments. Fam. 6. Betidaceae. 1:506. Pistillate flowers subtended by an involucre, which becomes a bur or a cup in fruit. Fam. 7. Fagaceae. 1:513. ■X- •& Flowers not in aments (in ament-like spikes in Morus), but variously clustered, rarely solitary. a. Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous (sometimes perfect in Ulmus); ovary superior, 1 -celled. Order 6. Urticales. Fruit not an achene: trees, shrubs or herbs; ovule pendulous. Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milky. Fam. 8. Ulmaceae. 1:523. Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap; or opposite-leaved herbs or herbaceous vines. Fam. 9. Moraceae. 1: 527. Fruit an achene; herbs with small clustered greenish flowers; ovule erect or ascending. Fam. 10. Urticaceae, z: 530. (Order 7, Proteales, extensively developed in the southern hemisphere, is not represented in our area.) b. Flowers dioecious, or perfect; ovary inferior, at least in part. Ovary i-celled. Order 8. Santalales. Tree-parasites, with opposite leaves or scales; fruit a berry. Fam. 11. Loranthaceae. 1: 534. Root-parasites, or shrubs; leaves alternate in our genera; fruit a drupe, or nut. Fam. 12. Santalaceae. 1: 536. Ovary several- (usually 6-) celled; flowers perfect. Order 9. Aristolochiales. One family in our area. Fam. 13. Aristolochiaceae. 1:537. C. Flowers mostly perfect in our genera (dioecious in some species of Rumex in Polygonaceae, monoecious or dioecious in some Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae ) ; ovary superior. | Embryo straight, or nearly so; fruit an achene. Order 10. PolygonaleS. One family. Fam. 14. Polygonaceae. 1: 541. f Embryo coiled, curved, or annular; fruit not an achene. Order 11. Chenopodiales {Centrospermae). Fruit a utricle (see also last genera of Caryophyllaceae). Flowers bractless, or, if bracted, the bracts not scarious; sepals green, or greenish. Fam. 15. Chenopodiaceae. 1: 569. Flowers bracted, the bracts, and also the sepals mostly scarious. Fam. 16. Amaranthaceae. 1: 586. Fruit fleshy, enclosing several carpels; a berry. Fam. 17. Phytolaccaceae. I: 593. Fruit an anthocarp, the persistent base of the corolla-like calyx enclosing: a utricle. Fam. 18. Nyctaginaceae. 1:594. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves, or teeth (utricular in Anychia, Paronychia and Scleranthus of the Caryophyllaceae). Capsule 2-several-celled: petals none. Fam. 19. Aizoaceae. 1:597. Capsule i-celled; petals mostly present. Sepals 2. Fam. 20. Portulacaceae. 2: 1. Sepals 5 or 4, distinct or united. Fam. 21. Caryophyllaceae. 2: 6. B. Petals present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae — aquatic herbs with whorled dissected leaves; in. many Ranunculaceae; in Calycocarpum — a dioecious vine of the Menispermaceae; in Laura- ceae — alternate-leaved aromatic trees and shrubs; in Podostemaceae — aquatic herbs, the sim- ple flowers involucrate; in Liquidambar — a tree, with palmately-lobed leaves and capitate flowers of the Hamamelidaceae; in Sanguisorba — herbs with pinnate leaves of the Rosaceae; in Xanthoxylum — trees with pinnate leaves of the Rutaceae; in Euphorbiaceae; in Callitrich- aceae, Empetraceae and Buxaceae; in some of the Aceraceae and Rhamnaceae; in Thymele- aceae, Elaeagnaceae, and in some species of Ludzuigia in Onagraceae and of Nyssa in Cor- naceae). I. Ovary superior, free from the calyx (partly or wholly inferior in some Saxifragaceae, in Grossulariaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pomaceae and Loasaceae). 1. Carpels solitary, or several or distinct (united in some Nymphaeaceae); stamens mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals ; sepals mostly distinct. Order 12. Raxales. ■75- Aquatic herbs ; floating leaves peltate, or with a basal sinus. Carpels 3, or more; petals large; floating leaves not dissected. Fam. 22. Nymphaeaceae. 2:41. Pistil 1 ; petals none ; leaves whorled, all submersed and dissected. Fam. 23. Ceratophyllaceae. 2: 46. •Sf ¥r Land or marsh plants (some Ranunculaceae aquatic). Stamens numerous; sepals distinct; petals present (except in some Ranunculaceae and in Calyco- carpum of the Menispermaceae). Receptacle not hollow; leaves alternate (except in Clematis). Flowers perfect (except in some species of Clematis and Thaliclrum). P'ruit aggregate, cone-like; trees; sepals and petals in 3 series, or more, of 3. Fam. 24. JMagnoliaaac. 2: 47. Fruit not aggregate, the carpels separate, at least when mature. Anthers not opening by valves; pistils usually more than 1. Sepals 3; petals 6; shrubs or trees. Fam. 25. Anonaceac. 2:49. Sepals 3-15: petals (when present) about as many; our species herbs or vines (Xanikorrhiza. shrubby). Fam. 26. Ranunculaceae. 2:50. Anthers opening by valves (except in Podophyllum ); pistil 1 Fam. 27. Berbcridaceae. 2: S9. Dioecious climbing vines with simple leaves; fruit drupaceous. Fam, 28. Menispermaceae. 2: 93. Receptacle hollow, enclosing the numerous pistils and achenes; opposite-leaved shrubs. Fam. 29. Calvtautliaceae. 2: 94. Stamens 9 or 12, in 3 or 4 series of 3; anthers opening by valves; aromatic trees or shrubs with no petals, more or less united sepals, and 1 pistil. Fam. 30. Lauraceae. 2: 95. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. XI 2. Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary; stamens hypogynous; sepals mostly distinct. •$f Plants not insectivorous. Order 13. Papaveraees {Rhoea dales). Sepals 2 (very rarely 3 or 4); endosperm fleshy. Fam. 31. Papaveraccae. 2: 98. Sepals or calyx-segments 4-8; endosperm none. Capsule 2-celled by a longitudinal partition, usually 2-valved, rarely indehiscent; sepals and petals 4. Fam. 32. Cruciferae. 2: 108. Capsule 1 -celled, of 2-6 carpels. Sepals and petals 4, regular, or petals irregular; capsule of 2 carpels, 2-valved. Fam. 33. Capparidaceae. 2: 154. Sepals and petals 4-8, irregular; capsule of 3-6 carpels, 3-6-valved at the top; disk large. Fam. 34. Resedaccae. 2: 158. vr -Jf Insectivorous plants, secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and scapose flowers. Order 14. Sarraceniales. Ovary 3-5-celled; leaves hollow. Fam. 35. Sarraceniaceac. 2: 159. Ovary i-celled; leaves circinate in unfolding, the blade flat. Fam. 36. Droseraceae. 2: 160. 3. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or sometimes united; stamens mostly perigynous or epigynous; sepals mainly united or confluent with the concave receptacle. Order 15. Rosales. ■& Small aquatic fleshy herbs, with a spathe-like involucre, and a 2-3-celled capsule; perianth none. Fam. 37. Podostcmaceac. 2: 163. Jf 4f Land or rarely swamp plants without an involucre. t Endosperm present, usually copious and fleshy. Carpels as many as the calyx-segments; stamens as many or twice as many; more or less fleshy herbs. Fam. 38 Crassulaceae. 2: 163. Carpels fewer than the calyx-segments, mostly 2 (ovary 1 -celled in Parnassia). Herbs, or opposite-leaved shrubs. Fam. 39. Saxifragaceae. 2: 169. Alternate-leaved shrubs or trees; styles 2. Fruit a i-celled berry. Fam. 40. Grossulariaceae. 2: 187. Fruit a 2-celled woody or hard capsule. Fam. 41. Hamamelidaceae. 2: 192. ft Endosperm none, or very little (copious in Opulaster, shrub of the Rosaceae). J Trees with broad leaves and small monoecious capitate flowers. Fam. 42. Plalanaceae. 2: 194. % % Flowers perfect (dioecious in Aruncus and in species of Fragaria of the Rosaceae ; in Gleditsta and Gymnocladus of the Caesalpiniaceae, and rarely in some Papilionaceae). a. Flowers regular. Pistils usually several or numerous (one only in Cercocarpus and sometimes in species of Alche- milla and Sanguisorba). Carpels distinct, sometimes adnate to the calyx, ripening into follicles or achenes. Fam. 43. Rosaceae. 2: 194. Carpels united, enclosed by the calyx-tube and adnate to it, the fruit a pome. Fam. 44. Pomaceae. 2: 232. Pistil only 1. Ovary 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe; leaves simple. Fam. 45. Drupaceae. 2:246. Ovary several-ovuled; fruit a legume; leaves 2-3-pinnate. Fam. 46. Mimosaceae. 2:254. b. Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in Gleditsta and Gymnocladus, trees of the Caesalpiniaceae). Fruit a legume ; upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud ; leaves compound, mostly stip- ulate. Fam. 47. Caesalpiniaceae. 2: 256. Fruit spiny, indehiscent; leaves simple, exstipulate. Fam. 48. Kt'ameriaceae. 2: 261. Fruit a legume or loment; upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud; leaves compound (sometimes i-foliolate), stipulate. Fam. 49. Papilionaceae. 2:262. 4 . Carpels united into a compound ovary; sepals mostly distinct. -£■ Stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as the sepals. t Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer, and opposite them, or more numerous. X Ovules pendulous, the raphe toward theaxis of the ovary. Order 16. Geraniales. Stamens more than one; land plants. Flowers regular, or nearly so; petals present, usually as many as the sepals. Herbs, the leaves not punctate; flowers perfect. Leaves not pinnately compound. Capsule at length splitting into its 5 carpels; leaves lobed or dissected. Fam. 50. Geraniaceae. 2: 340. Capsule 2-5-celled, not splitting into its carpels. Stamens 2-3 times as many as the petals; leaves 3-foliolate in our species. Fam. 51. Oxalidaceae. 2: 344. Stamens as many as the petals; leaves entire. Fam. 52. Linaceae. 2: 348. Leaves pinnately compound. Fam. 53. Zygophyllaceae. 2: 351. Our species trees or shrubs with compound leaves, often punctate; flowers dioecious or polygamous. Leaves punctate. Fam. 54. Rutaceae. 2: 352. Leaves not punctate, but the bitter bark with oil-sacs. Fam. 55. Simarubaceae. 2: 354. Flowers very irregular; petals 3; stamens usually 8; low herbs. Fam. 56. Polygalaceae. 2: 355. Flowers regular, often apetalous, small, monoecious or dioecious; carpels mostly 3; herbs or low shrubs, mostly with milky juice. Fam. 57. Enphorbiaceae. 2: 361. Stamen only 1; perianth none; styles 2; small aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants with opposite en- tire leaves. Fam. 58. Callitrichaceae. 2:381. % X Ovules pendulous, with the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or ascending. Order 17. Sapindales. a. Flowers regular, or nearly so (except in Hippocastanaceae, which are trees or shrubs with digitately compound leaves). Petals none (or 3 in Empetrum); flowers monoecious or dioecious; leaves evergreen. Stamens mostly 3; low heath-like shrubs. Fam. 59. Empetraceae. 2: 383. Stamens 4-7; our species an herb with broad leaves and spiked flowers. Fam. 60. Buxaceae. 2: 384. xii GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Petals present; leaves deciduous, except in Cyrillaceae and some Ilicaceae. Low annual herbs, with pinnately divided leaves, the stamens twice as many as the petals. Fam. 61. Limnanthaccae. 2: 385. Trees or shrubs, or rarely herbaceous vines. Ovary i-celled (in ours); fruit a small drupe. Fam. 62. Anacardiaceae. 2: 385. Ovary 2-several-celled. Leaves simple, pinnately veined. Seeds not arilled. Fruit dry; flowers racemed, perfect. Fam. 63. Cyrillaceae. 2: 3*9. Fruit a small drupe; flowers not racemed, mostly polygamo-dioecious; ovules pendulous. Fam. 64. Ilicaceae. 2: 390. Seeds aiilled; ovules erect; capsule fleshy. Fam. 65. Celastraceae. 2:393. Leaves simple and palmately veined, or compound. Leaves opposite. Fruit a bladdery 3-lobed capsule. Fam. 66. Staphyleaceae. 2: 396. Fruit of 2 winged samaras. Fam. 67. Aceraceae. 2:396. Fruit a leathery capsule; flowers irregular; leaves digitately compound. Fain. 68 Hippocastanaceac. 2: 400. Leaves alternate; fruit various. Fam. 69. Sapindaceae. 2:402. b. Flowers very irregular, the posterior sepal large, saccate; succulent herbs, the capsule elastically dehiscent. Fam. 70. Balsaminaccae. 2: 403. t t Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate with them, opposite the petals when these are present; ovules erect. Order 18. Rhamxales. Shrubs, small trees, or vines; petals 4 or 5, or none; fruit a drupe or capsule. Fam. 71. Rhamnaceae. 2: 404. Vines, climbing by tendrils, rarely shrubs; petals caducous; fruit a berry. Fam. 72. Vilaceae. 2: 407. •rf vr Stamens usually very numerous ( except in some Hypericaceae, in Elatinaceae, Violaceae and Passifloraceaej; disk inconspicuous or none, t Sepals valvate; placentae united in the axis of the capsule. Order 19. Malvales. Stamens in several sets; anthers 2-celled; embryo straight. Fam. 73. Tiliaceae. 2:413. Stamens monadelphous; anthers i-celled; embryo curved. Fam. 74. Malvaceae. 2: 415. t t Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or convolute (except in Loasaceae, in which the calyx-tube is adnate to the ovary); placentae mainly parietal, sometimes united in the axis. Order 20. Parietales. Sepals distinct, mostly persistent. Endosperm little or none. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, and large solitary axillary flowers. Fam. 75. Theaceae. 2: 426, Herbs or low shrubs with opposite, rarely verticillate leaves. Leaves punctate or black-dotted, exstipulate. Fam. 76. Hvpericaceae. 2: 427 Leaves stipulate; minute or small marsh or aquatic herbs with axillary flowers. Fam. 77. Elatinaceae. 2: 437 Endosperm copious. Flowers regular, but the 2 outer sepals smaller; stamens numerous; ovules orthotropous. Fam. 78. Cistaceae. 2: 439 Flowers irregular, some often cleistogamous; stamens 5; ovules anatropous. Fam. 79. Violaceae. 2: 445 Sepals more or less united into a gamosepalous calyx. A fringed crown in the throat of the calyx; our species vines; stamens 5; ovary free from the calyx. Fam. 80. Passtfloraceae. 2: 457 No crown; our species herbs; stamens numerous; ovary adnate to the calyx. Fam. 81. Loasaceae. 2: 458, II. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, wholly, or in part (except in Lythraceae and our Melasto- maceae, where it is usually merely enclosed by it, and in Thymeleaceae and Elaeagnaceae, which are shrubs or trees, with no corolla). 1. Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems, the leaves very small, or none; calyx-segments and petals very numerous. Order 21. Opuxtiales. One family. Fam. 82. Cactaceae. 2: 460. 2. Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy nor spiny; calyx-segments and petals (when present) rarely more than 5. Petals none in our species; shrubs or trees; ovary i-ovuled. Order 22. Thymeleales. Leaves green; seed pendulous. Fam. 83. Thymeleaceae. 2:465. Leaves silver-scurfy; seed erect. Fam. 84. Elaeagnaceae. 2:466. Petals present (except in some Haloragidaceae, which are small aquatic herbs). Ovules several or numerous in each cavity of the ovary (except in Haloragidaceae and Trap- aceae). Order 23. Myrtales {Myrtiflorae). Land or marsh plants, or, if aquatic, submerged leaves not dissected. Calyx-tube merely enclosing the ovary, but free from it, except at the base. ) Anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Fam. 85. Lythraceae. 2: 468. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Fam. 86. Melastomaceae. 2: 473. Calyx-tube almost wholly adnate to the ovary. Fam. 87. Onagraceae. 2: 475. Aquatic or amphibious herbs, the submerged leaves dissected (except in Hippuris, which has whorled narrowr leaves and only 1 stamen). Petioles of the broad floating leaves inflated; flowers rather large, white. Fam. 88. Trapaceae. 2: 500. Leaves most sessile; petioles, if present, not inflated; flowers small, greenish; seeds with 1 coat. Fam. S9. Haloragidaceae. 2: 500. Ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Order 24. Umbellales ( Umbellifiorae). Stamens 5; styles 2-5, rarely united; flowers umbellate or capitate. Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe. Fam. 90. Araliaceae. 2: 505. Fruit dry when mature, splitting into two mericarps. Fam. 91. Umbelliferae. 2: 508. Stamens 4; style 1; stigma 1; shrubs and trees; flowers not umbellate. Fam. 92. Cornaceae. 2: 542. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. xni Series 2. Gamopetalae. 2:548103:493. relals more or less united. (See exceptions noted on page 548, Vol. 2. ) A. Ovary superior (except in Vacciniaceae and Symplocaceae, in which it is partly or wholly inferior. ) I. Stamens mostly free from the corolla, or adnate merely to its base (at the sinuses of the corolla in Diapensia and Pyxidanlhcra of the Diapensiaceae), as many as the lobes and alternate with them, or twice as many. Order 1. Ericales. Stamens free from the corolla, or merely annate to its base, not united into a tube. Ovary superior; fruit a capsule, or rarely drupaceous. Corolla essentially polypetalous. Ovary 3-eelled; shrubs; leaves deciduous. Fam. 1. Clethraceae. 2: 548 Ovary 4-5 celled; low, mostly evergreen perennials. Fam. 2. Pyrolaceae. 2:549 Corolla distinctly gamopetalous (except in Monotropa and Hypopilys of the Monotropaceae and Ledum of the Ericaceae). Herbaceous saprophytes without green leaves. Fam. 3. Jfonotropaceae. 2: 554 Shrubs with normal, often evergreen leaves. Fam. 4. Ericaceae. 2: 556 Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, forming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Fam. 5. Vacciniaceae. 2: 573 Stamens borne at the sinuses of the corolla, or united in a iolobed tube. Fam. 6. Diapensiaceae. 2: 582 II. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and opposite them, or twice as many, or more Herbs. Order 2. Primulales. Style 1 ; fruit a capsule. Fam. 7. Primulaceae. 2:584 Styles 5; fruit an achene or utricle. Fam. 8. Plumbaginaceae. 2: 594 Shrubs or trees. Order 3. Ebenales. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Fam. 9. Sapotaceae. 2: 595 Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, or more. Styles 2-8; flowers mostly monoecious or dioecious. Fam. 10. Ebenaceae. 2:596 Style 1, simple or lobed; flowers mostly perfect. Stamens in several series. Fam. n. Symplocaceae. 2:597 Stamens in 1 series. Fam. 12. Styracaceae. 2:598 III. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or fewer, and alternate with them (In our species of Fraxinus and Adelia of the Oleaceae there is no corolla). * Corolla not scarious, nerved. f Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae, and in Gentianaceae and Menyanthaceae, in which the ovary is compound, with 2 cavities, or rarely more, or with 1 cavity and 2 placentae); flowers regular; stamens mostly adnate to only the lower part of the corolla; leaves mostly opposite. Order 4. Gentianales (Contortae). a. Stamens (usually 2), fewer than the corolla-lobes, or corolla none; our species trees or shrubs. Fam. 13. Oleaceae. 2:600. b. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes; mostly herbs. Stigmas distinct; juice not milky; ovary 1, compound. Ovary 2-celled; leaves stipulate, or their bases connected by a stipular line. Fam. 14. Loganiaceae. 2: 604. Ovary i-celled; leaves not stipulate. Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate; corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Fam. 15. Gentianaceae. 2: 606. Leaves basal or alternate; corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud; marsh or aquatic herbs. Fam. 16. Menyanthaceae. 2: 621. Stigmas united; juice milky; ovaries 2 in our species. Styles united; stamens distinct; pollen of simple grains. Fam. 17. Apocynaceae. 3: 1. Styles distinct; stamens mostly monadelphous; pollen-grains united into waxy masses. Fam. 18. Asclepiadaceae. 3: 4. It Ovary 1, compound (2-divided in Dichondra of the Convolvulaceae; in Boraginaceae and Labi- atae mostly deeply 4-lobed around the style) flowers regular or irregular; stamens mostly adnate to the middle of the corolla-tube or beyond; leaves opposite or alternate. Order 5. Polemoxiales ( Tubiflorae). a. Corolla regular (irregular in Echium of the Boraginaceae). Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as separate nutlets at maturity. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled; style 1, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted; mostly twining vines. Leaves normal. Fam. 19. Convolvulaceae. 3: 19. White or yellowish parasitic vines, the leaves reduced to minute scales. Fam. 20. Cuscutaceae. 3: 27. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, linear; herbs, not twining. Fam. 21. Polemoniaceae. 3:31. Ovary i-celled (2-celled in Nama); style I, 2-lobed, or 2-parted; herbs, not twining. Fam. 22. Hydrophyllaceae. 3: 43. Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed {Heliotropium)\ carpels separating as nutlets. Fam. 23. Boraginaceae. 3: 50. b. Corolla irregular, more or less 2-lipped (regular in Solanaceae, in Mentha and Lycopus of the Labiatae, and nearly or quite so in Verbena and Callicarpa of the Verbenaceae). 1 . Carpels 1-2-seeded. Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled, the style apical; carpels separating into 1 -seeded nutlets. Fam. 24. Verbenaceae. 3: 69. Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening into i-seeded nutlets. Fam. 25. Labiatae. 3: 74. xiv GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Aeanthaceae). I Fruit a berry, or more commonly a capsule which is 1-2-celled, 2-valved, circumscissile, or irregularly bursting, not elastically dehiscent. Placentae axile. Ovary 2-celled, or rarely v5-celled. Flowers regular; fertile stamens 5 (4 in Petunia); fruit a berry or capsule. Faru. 26. Solanaceac. 3: 124. Flowers more or less irregular; fertile stamens 2 or 4 (5 in Verbascum ) ; fruit a capsule. Fam. 27. Scrophu lariaceae. 3: 142. Ovary i-celled; marsh or aquatic herbs with flowers on scapes. Fam. 28. Lentibulariaceae. 3: 188. Placentae parietal. Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, the leaves reduced to scales, not green; ovary i-celled. Fam. 29. Orobancliaceae. 3: 194. Trees, vines, shrubs, or herbs, the foliage normal. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; capsule 2-celled; seeds winged in our gfenera. Fam. 30. Bignoniaceae. 3: 198. Opposite-leaved herbs; capsule i-celled in our genus; seeds wingless. Fam. 31. Marty niaceae. 3: 200. t Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent; opposite-leaved herbs; placentae axile. Fam. 32. Aeanthaceae. 3: 201. o. Ovary and fruit 1 -celled with 1 erect orthotropous ovule and seed; herb with spicate flowers and reflexed fruits. Fam. 32*. Phrymaceae. 3: 205. ■& 4f Corolla scat ions, nerveless. Order 6. Plantaginales. Herbs with small spicate or capitate flowers; one family. Fam. 33. Plantaginaceae. 3: 205. B. Ovary inferior. I. Anthers distinct. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer in Linnaea of the Capri- foliaceae), or twice as many; ovary compound, with 1 ovule or more in each cavity; leaves opposite, or verticillate. Order 7. Rubiales. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Leaves always stipulate, usually blackening in drying. Fam. 34. Rubiaccae. 3:211. Leaves usually exstipulate, not blackening in drying. Fam. 35. Capri foliaceae. 3: 227. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes; low herb with ternately divided leaves. Fam. 36. Adoxaceae. 3: 242. Stamens mostly fewer than the corolla-lobes; ovary i-celled with 1 pendulous ovule, or 3-celled with 2 of the cavities without ovules. Order 8. Valerianates {Aggregalae). Ovary 3-celled; 2 cavities empty. Fam. 37. Valcrianaceae. 3:243. Ovary i-celled; flowers densely capitate, involucrate. Fam. 38. Dipsacaceae. 3: 247. II. Anthers united (except in Campanula and Legouzia of the Campanulaceae, in Ambrosiaceae, and in Kuhnia of the Compositae. Order 9. Campanulales {Campanulatae). Flowers not in involucrate heads; juice mostly milky. Endosperm none; flowers monoecious or dioecious; our species vines. Fam. 39. Cucurbitaceac. 3: 249. Endosperm present, fleshy; flowers perfect. Fam. 40. Campanulaceae. 3: 252. Flowers in involucrate heads. Flowers all expanded into rays (ligulate); juice milky. Fam. 41. Cichoriaceae. 3:261. Flowers all tubular, or the outer expanded into rays; juice very rarely milky. Stamens distinct, or nearly so. Fam. 42. Ambrosiaceae. 3: 292. Stamens united by their anthers into a tube around the style (except in Kuhnia). Fam. 43. Compositae. 3: 298. ILLUSTRATED FLORA. Vol. hi. Family 17. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 299. 1836. Dogbane Family. Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly with an acrid milky juice, with simple opposite alternate or verticillate exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted cymose solitary or paniculate flowers. Calyx inferior, persistent, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Corolla gamopeta- lous, its lobes convolute in the bud and often twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; anthers linear-oblong, or sagittate, 2-celled ; pollen-grains simple, often glutinous. Ovary superior, or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct carpels, or i-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled; ovules few or numerous, anatro- pous or amphitropous; style simple, or 2-divided; stigma simple. Fruit usually of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds often appendaged by a coma; endosperm fleshy, not copious; embryo straight; cotyledons flat or concave; radicle terete, usually shorter than the cotyledons. About 130 genera and 1050 species, very widely distributed, mostly in tropical regions. Leaves alternate; erect herbs. 1. Amsonia. Leaves opposite; vines or herbs. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. 2. Vinca. Flowers small, cymose. Erect or diffuse herbs; corolla campanulate. 3. Apocynum. High-climbing vines; corolla funnelform. 4. Trachelosperrmim. i. AMSONIA Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788. Perennial herbs, with alternate membranous leaves, and rather large blue or bluish flow- ers, in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acumi- nate. Corolla mostly salver-form, the tube cylindric, but somewhat dilated at the summit, villous within, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla, included; anthers ovate or oblong. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels, connected at the top by the filiform style; ovules in 2 rows in each cavity, numerous; stigma appendaged by a re- flexed membrane. Fr*uit of 2 erect cylindric several-seeded follicles. Seeds cylindric or ob- long, obliquely truncate at each end, not appendaged. [Named for Charles Amson of South Carolina.] About 8 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. i. Amsonia Amsonia (L,.) Britton. Amsonia. (Fig. 2893.) Tabernaemontana Amsonia L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 308. 1762. Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788. A. Amsonia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 262. 1894. Glabrous or nearly so, simple, or branched above, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceo- late or lanceolate, entire, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sometimes pubescent be- neath, 2/-5/ long, Yz'-i' wide; petioles 2//-4// long; flowers thyrsoid-cymose, numerous; pedi- cels bracteolate at the base; calyx about \" long, its segments subulate; corolla 6//-o// long, beaked by the convolute limb in the bud, its lobes linear and about as long as the tube; fol- licles 2/-4/ long, about 2// thick, attenuate at the apex, glabrous; seeds papillose. In moist soil, southern Pennsylvania to Illinois and Kentucky, south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. v April-July. APOCYNACEAE. [Vol. III. 2. VINCA L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753. Erect or trailing herbs, some species slightly woody, with opposite leaves, and large soli- tary blue pink or white axillary flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acuminate. Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, or expanded above, pubescent within, the lobes con- volute, at least in the bud, oblique. Stamens included. Disk of 2 glands, alternate with the 2 carpels. Ovules several in each carpel; style filiform; stigma annular, its apex penicillate. Follicles 2, erect or spreading, cylindric, several-seeded. Seeds oblong-cylindric, truncate at each end, not appendaged. [.The Latin name. ] v About 12 species, one native of tropical America, A, occurring in Florida, the others of the Old World. i. Vinca minor L. Periwinkle. Myrtle. (Fig. 2894.) Vinca minor L. Sp. PL 209. 1753. Perennial, trailing, glabrous; stems 6/-2° long. Leaves oblong to ovate, entire, firm, green both sides, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, i/-2}4/ long, ^2/-i/ wide; flowers not numerous, solitary in some of the axils, blue, c/'-is" broad; pe- duncles slender, Yz'-tYz' long; calyx very deeply parted, the segments subulate-lanceolate, glabrous, about i^/ long; corolla-tube expanded above, as long as or slightly longer than the ob- ovate, nearly truncate lobes; anther-sacs with a broad connective; follicles few- seeded. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and woods, On- tario to southern New York and New Jersey. Native of Europe. Leaves shining. Also called Running Myrtle. Feb.-May. 3. APdCYNUM L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753. Perennial branching herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and small white or pink flowers in terminal and sometimes axillary corymbed cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments acute. Corolla campanulate, the tube bearing within 5 small triangular appendages alternate with the stamens, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; anthers sagit- tate, connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; stigma ovoid, obtuse, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, elongated, terete. Seeds numerous, small, the apex tipped with a long coma. [Greek, dog-bane.] About 8 species, of the north temperate zone. Branches divergent; corolla-tube longer than the calyx, its lobes revolute. 1. 'A. androsaemi/olium. Branches erect or ascending; corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, its lobes nearly erect. Leaves and cymes glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Leaves petioled, narrowed at base, or the lower obtuse or subcordate. 2. A. cannabinum. Leaves mostly cordate-clasping or obtuse at the base, nearly sessile. 3. A. hypericifolium. Whole plant, including the cymes, densely pubescent. 4. A. pnbescens. i. Apocynum androsaemifolium ~L,. Spreading Dogbane. Honey-bloom. (Fig. 2895.) Apocynum androsaemifolium L- Sp. PI. 213. 1753. Rootstock horizontal; stem i°-4° high; branches broadly spreading, mostly glabrous. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, gla- brous above, pale and usually more or less pubes- cent beneath, 2/~4/ long, i/-2^/ wide; petioles 2//-4// long; cymes loose; pedicels 2//~3// long, subulate-bracted at the base; flowers about 4" broad; calyx-segments shorter than the tube of the pinkish corolla; corolla-lobes revolute; fol- licles about 4/ long, narrowed at the apex. In fields and thickets, Anticosti to British Colum- bia, south to Georgia, Nebraska and Arizona. As- cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Called also Bitter-root. June-July. Vol.. III.] DOGBANE FAMILY. 2. Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. Amy-root. (Fig. 2896.) Apocynum cannabinum L,. Sp. PI. 213. 1753- Root deep, vertical, soon branching. Stem ex- tensively branched, the branches erect or ascend- ing, glabrous or nearly so, more or less glaucous. Leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, glabrous above, sometimes pubescent beneath, 2/-6/ long, }4/~3/ wide; petioles i//-6// long, or sometimes none; cymes dense; pedicels short, bracteolate at the base; flowers 2}i//~3)4// broad; calyx -segments nearly as long as the tube of the greenish-white corolla; corolla -lobes nearly erect; follicles similar to those of the preceding species. In fields and thickets. Anticosti to British Columbia, Florida and Lower California. June-Aug. Apocynum cannabinum glaberrimum DC.Prodr.8:439. 1844. Glabrous; leaves smaller, oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, or sometimes rounded at the base, seldom over 2%' long and 10" wide, distinctly petioled. On river-shores and similar situations; range apparently nearly of the type, but more abundant northward. 3. Apocynum hypericifolium Ait. Clasping-leaved Dogbane. (Fig. 2897.) Apocynum hypericifolium Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 304. 1789. Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium A. Gray, Man. 365. 1848. Glabrous, often glaucous; stem i°-2° high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong, oblong-lan- ceolate to oval, i/-3/ long, yx'-\%' wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cordate-clasping, rounded, truncate, or the upper narrowed at the base, very short-petioled, or sessile, the primary venation forming broad angles with the midvein; cymes many-flowered, dense to loose; pedicels mostly not longer than the flowers, bracteolate; calyx-segments about the length of the corolla-tube, lanceolate, acute; corolla-lobes nearly erect; follicles 2/~3^/ long. In dry soil, or along streams, Ontario to British Columbia, Ohio, Illinois and New Mexico. June-Aug. 4. Apocynum pubescens R. Br. Velvet Dogbane. (Fig. 2898.) Apocynum pubescens R. Br. Mem. Wern. Soc. 1: 68. 1811. Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens A. DC. Prodr. 8: 44.0. 1844. "Whole plant, including the pedicels and calyx, densely velvety -pubescent. Branches ascending; leaves oval to elliptic, obtuse or acute at the apex, strongly mucronate, obtuse or obtusish at the base, the veins impressed in the pubescence of the lower surface; petioles i//-2// long; cymes dense; calyx-segments about as long as the tube of the corolla, lanceolate, acute; corolla appar- ently purple, its lobes erect; fruit not seen. Original from "Virginia, herb. Mitchell." The only specimen seen by us was collected by Dr. C. C. Parry in Polk Co., Iowa, July, 1867. APOCYNACEAE. [Vol. III. 4. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire, Jard. Fleur. i: pi. 61. 1851. Twining woody vines (some exotic species nearly erect shrubs), with opposite entire deciduous leaves, and small yellow greenish or white flowers in terminal and axillary com- pound cymes. Calyx small, deeply 5-parted, glandular within, the segments narrow. Cor- olla funnelform or salverform, the tube nearly cylindric, expanded above, the lobes convo- lute, more or less twisted. Stamens included, or short exserted; anthers sagittate, acuminate, connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk of 5 glandular lobes. Ovary of 2 carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; style slender, its apex thickened below the narrow ring of the ovoid stigma. Follicles much elongated, slender. Seeds linear, not beaked, long-comose at the apex. [Greek, neck-seed, but the seed is not beaked.] About 6 species, natives of eastern Asia and North America. The following is the only known North American species. i. Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) A. Gray. Trachelospermum. (Fig. 2899.) Echites difformis Walt. Fl. Car. g8. 1788. Forsteronia difformis A. DC. Prodr. 8: 437. 1844. T. difforme A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 85. 1878. A high-climbing vine, the stems Y^ in diameter or more, the twigs pubescent or glabrous. Leaves thin, ovate, oval or lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rarely rounded at the base, 1 ^2 '-3' long, yzf-2' wide; petioles 2//-4// long; peduncles slender, shorter than the leaves; pedicels and branches of the cj me bracteolate at the base; flowers yellow or cream-color, 4//-5// long; lobes of the corolla ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube; follicles very slender, 5 '-9/ long, scarcely 1" thick. In moist woods and along streams, Delaware to Florida, Texas and Mexico, mostly near the coast. June-Aug. Family 18. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 302. 1836.* Milkweed Family. Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky juice, with opposite alternate or verticillate exstipulate leaves, and mostly umbellate perfect regular flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate in the bud. Corolla campanulate, urceolate, rotate or funnelform, 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the segments commonly reflexed. A 5-lobed or 5-parted crown (corona) between the corolla and the stamens and adnate to one or the other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, usually near its base; filaments short, stout, mostly monadelphous, or distinct; anthers attached by their bases to the filaments, introrsely 2-celled, connivent around the stigma, or more or less united with each other; anther-sacs tipped with an infiexed or erect scarious membrane, or unappendaged at the top, sometimes appendaged at the base; pollen coherent into wax}'' or granular masses, one or rarely two such masses in each sac, connected with the stigma in pairs or fours, by 5 glandular corpuscles alternate with the anthers. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels; styles 2, short, connected at the summit by the peltate discoid stigma; ovules numerous in each carpel, mostly anatropous, pendulous. Fruit of 2 several-many-seeded follicles. Seeds compressed, usually appendaged by a long coma; endosperm cartilaginous, mostly thin; embryo nearty as long as the seed; cotyledons flat. About 220 genera and 1900 species of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant in tropical or warm-temperate regions. Erect or decumbent herbs. Corona-hoods each with an incurved horn within; leaves mostly opposite. 1. Asclepias. Corona-hoods prominently crested within; leaves alternate. 2. Asclepiodora. Corona-hoods unappendaged or with a thickened crest-like keel; leaves opposite or alternate. 3. Acerates. Twining vines. Corolla-lobes erect; corona-lobes 1-2-awned. Corolla rotate. Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane; pollen-masses pendulous. Anthers merely tipped; pollen-masses horizontal. 4. Ampelanus. 5. Cynanchum. 6. Vincetoxicum. * Text revised by Miss Anna Murray Vail. Vol. ill.] MILKWEED FAMILY. I. ASCLEPIAS L, Sp. PI. 214. 1753. Perennial erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite verticillate or rarely alternate entire leaves, and middle-sized or small flowers in terminal or axillary umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, usually small, the segments or sepals acute, often glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments mostly valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column gener- ally present. Corona of 5 concave erect or spreading hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate incurved horn, either included or exserted. Filaments connate into a tube; anthers tipped with an inflexed membrane, winged, the wings broadened below the middle; pollen- masses solitary in each sac, pendulous on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Follicles usually thick, acuminate. Seeds comose in all but one species. [Dedi- cated to AEsculapius.] About 85 species, mostly natives of the New World: besides the following some 25 others occur nnttiprn utiH mpttpm Mnrtli A.«ipnVa Known as Milkweed, Silkweed, or Swallow-wort. in southern and western North America. -X- Corolla and corona orange ; leaves alternate or opposite i. A. tuberosa. 2. A. decumbens. A. A. A. A. A. lanceolata. rubra. purpurascens. incarnata. pulchra. Stem erect or ascending; leaves nearly all alternate. Stems reclining; leaves, at least the upper, opposite, oblong or oval. ■K- -X- Corolla bright red or purple ; leaves opposite. Flowers 4"-6" broad; corona-hoods 2"-t," high. Leaves lanceolate or linear; hoods oblong, obtuse. 3. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; hoods lanceolate. 4. Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-oblong; hoods oblong, acutish. 5. Flowers 2"-$" broad; corona-hoods i"-i%" high. Plant nearly or quite glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 6. Plant pubescent; leaves oblong. 7. ■X- -X- vr Corolla greenish, purplish, yellowish or white ; leaves opposite or verticillate. Leaves ovate, oblong, ovate-lanceolate, obovate or orbicular. Plants glabrous throughout, or minutely pubescent above. Leaves sessile, clasping or very short-petioled. Peduncles of the solitary or several umbels short. Leaves ovate-oblong; hoods 2-auriculate at the base Leaves nearly orbicular; hoods truncate. Peduncle of the usually solitary umbel elongated. Leaves cordate-clasping, wavy-margined. Leaves sessile, flat; horn not exceeding the hood. Leaves manifestly petioled. Corolla greenish; umbels loose, the pedicels drooping. Corolla white; umbels dense. Corolla pink; some of the leaves verticillate in 4's. Plants, at least the lower surfaces of the leaves, canescent or tomentose. Follicles tomentose, covered with soft spinose processes. Corona-hoods obtuse, short. Corona-hoods elongated, lanceolate. Follicles with no spinose processes, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves wavy-margined; corolla-segments 4"~5" long. 17. A. arenaria. Leaves flat; corolla-segments 2" -3" long. 18. A. ovalifolia. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Leaves thick, short-petioled; inflorescence woolly. 19. Leaves thin, slender-petioled; inflorescence downy. 20. Leaves mostly verticillate in 3's-6's, narrowly linear. 21. Leaves scattered, densely crowded, filiform-linear. 22. 10. n. 12. 13- 14. 15- 16. 17. 18. A. Sullivantii. A. latifolia. A. obtusifolia. A. Meadii. A. exaltata. A. variegala. A. quadrifolia. A. A. Syriaca. speciosa. A. brachy Stephana. A. perennis. A. verticillata. A. pumila. i. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly- weed. Pleurisy-root. (Fig. 2900.) Asclepias tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753. Hirsute-pubescent; stems rather stout, simple, or branched near the summit, ascending or erect, very leafy, i°-2° high, the milky sap scanty. Leaves usually all alternate, lanceo- late or oblong, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded or cordate at the base, sessile or short-petioled, 2/-6/ long, 2"- I2r/ wide; umbels cymose at the ends of the stem or branches, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than the leaves; pedicels pubescent, Yz'-\' long; corolla-segments oblong, obtuse, about 3// long, greenish orange; corona-column about y2" long; hoods erect, oblong, bright orange, or rarely yellow, 2-3 times as long as the stamens, slightly longer than the filiform horns; fruiting pedicels decurved; follicles nearly erect, finely pubescent, 4/-5/ long. In dry fields, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Texas and Arizona. June-Sept. Called also Wind-root, Orange-root. ASCLEPIADACEAE. [Vol, III. 2. Asclepias decumbens L,. Decum- bent Butterfly-weed. (Fig. 2901.) Asclepias decumbens L. Sp. PI. 216. 175.3. Asclepias tuberosa var. decumbens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 184. 1814. Hirsute-pubescent; stems decumbent, 2°-3° long, the ends ascending or erect. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, oblong or elliptic, obtuse at the apex, narrowed and often inequilateral at the base, xf-j/ long, Yz'-iyl' wide, the upper opposite, the lower commonly alternate, the up- permost very small; umbels several or numerous, many-flowered, racemose along the branches, one usually in each of the upper axils; pedun- cles stout, short; pedicels slender, somewhat • j pubescent, about ^' long; corolla-segments ob- long, acutish, dark orange, about 3" long; column about Y^" high, the hoods erect, ob- long, orange, slightly longer than the subulate horn; follicles more slender than in the last. In dry fields, Illinois and Ohio to North Caro- lina and Florida. June-Aug. 3. Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Few- flowered Milkweed. (Fig. 2902.) Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 105. 1788. A. paupercula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 118. 1803. Nearly glabrous throughout; stem slender, usually simple, naked above, 2°-4° high. Leaves opposite, distant, linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, acuminate, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, 4/-io/ long, 2//-7// wide, roughish on the margins, the primary nerves widely spreading; umbels few- flowered, solitary or 2-4 at the summit; peduncles about equalling the slender puberulent pedicels; corolla-segments oblong, 4//-5// long, deep red; column thick, about \" high; hoods obovate or ob- long, obtuse, orange, 2-toothed near the base, nearly twice the length of the anthers and longer than the subulate incurved horn; anther-wings notched at the base; fruiting pedicels decurved; follicles erect, minutely puberulent, fusiform, about &f long. In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Southern forms with greatly elongated leaves may be distinct. June-Aug. 4. Asclepias rubra L. Red Milkweed. (Fig. 2903.) Asclepias rubra L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753. Nearly glabrous throughout; stem usually sim- ple, i°-4° high. Leaves opposite, rather distant, short-petioled, ovate, lanceolate or the lower some- times oblong, rounded or subcordate at the base, gradually acuminate, rather firm, 3 '-8' long, r/- 2/ wide, the primary nerves wide-spreading; um- bels 1-4, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than or equalling the upper leaves; pedicels slender, downy, %.'-\' long; corolla-segments and hoods lanceolate-oblong, purplish red, or the hoods orange-red, 2>//~A// long; horns of the hoods very slender, nearly straight; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the follicles erect, spindle-shaped, glabrous, about 4' iong- In moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. The plant of tbe south- ern States {A. laurifolia Michx.), may be distinct. June-July. Vol. III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. 5. Asclepias purpurascens L,. Purple Milkweed. (Fig. 2904.) Asclepias purpurascens L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753. Stem stout, puberulent or glabrous, usually sim- ple, 2°-4° high, leafy to the top. Leaves ovate, elliptic or oblong, petioled, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, nearly glabrous above, finely tomentose beneath, 3/-8/ long, I ^'-3' wide, the primary nerves very wide- spreading; umbels many-flowered, borne in several of the upper axils, or sometimes soli- tary; peduncles stout; pedicels slender, puberulent, i/-i^/ long; corolla deep purple, its segments ob- long, about 3" long; column very short and thick; hoods oblong or ovate, nearly twice as long as the anthers, pale red or purple, the horns broad at the insertion, short-subulate and incurved at the apex; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the downy follicles nearly erect, 4/-5/ long. In dry fields and thickets, eastern Massachusetts to Virginia, west to southern Ontario, Minnesota and Kan- sas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Catskills. June-Aug. 6. Asclepias incarnata I,. Swamp Milkweed. (Fig. 2905.) Asclepias incarnata L. Sp. PL 215. 1753. Glabrous, or puberulent above; stem slender, branched above, or rarely simple, 2°-4° high, leafy to the top. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, obtuse or sometimes subcordate at the base, 3/-6/ long, %r-\%f wide, the primary nerves not wide-spreading; petioles 3//-6// long; umbels usually numerous, corymbed, many-flowered; pedicels pubescent, 5//-io// long; corolla red or rose-purple, rarely white, its lobes oblong, about 7." long; column more than one-half as long as the obtuse pink or purplish hoods; horns in- curved, longer than the hoods; anther-wings entire, or obscurely notched at the base; fruit- ing pedicels erect or incurved ; follicles erect, 2/~3^/ long, sparingly puberulent. In swamps, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory, Tennessee, Kansas and Louisiana. As- cends to 3000 ft. in West Virginia. July-Sept. 7. Asclepias oulchra Ehrh. Hairy Milkweed. (Fig. 2906.) Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. ; Willd. Sp. PI. i : 1267. 1798. A. incarnata var. pulchra Pers. Syn. 1: 276. 1805. Similar to the preceding species and perhaps intergrading with it where the two grow together; stem stout, tomentose-pubescent, usually branch- ed, 2°-3K° high, leafy to the top. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, acuminate or some of them obtusish at the apex, subcordate, rounded, ■or the upper narrowed at the base, puberulent or glabrous above, pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 3/-5/ long, y2'-2' wide; petioles usually stout and short; flowers similar to those of A. in- carnata, but the corolla commonly lighter red or pink, rarely white; peduncles and pedicels to- mentose; fruiting pedicels erect or incurved; fol- licles erect, finely and densely pubescent, 2/-3/ long\ In moist fields and swamps, Maine to Minnesota, south to Georgia July-Sept. ASCLEPIADACEAE. [Vol. III. 8. Asclepias Sullivantii Engelm. Sul- livant's Milkweed. (Fig. 2907.) A. Sullivantii Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 366. 1848. Glabrous throughout; stem stout, simple, or sometimes branched above, 2°-4° high, leafy to the top. Leaves thick, sessile, or on petioles less than i// long, oblong or ovate-oblong, usu- ally obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, sub- cordate, rounded or slightly clasping at the base, 4/-6/ long, 1%'-$' wide, the primary nerves very wide-spreading; umbels terminal and some- times also in the upper axils, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla- seg- ments oval-oblong, 5//-6// long, purplish; col- umn very short and thick; hoods oval, obtuse or truncate, gibbous at each side near the base, longer than the anthers and the subulate in- curved horn ; follicles erect, glabrous, 2>,~A/ l°ng, usually with blunt processes near the apex. In moist soil, Ohio to Minnesota, Nebraska, Mis- souri and Kansas. July-Sept. g. Asclepias latifolia (Torr. ) Raf. Broad- leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2908.) Asclepias obtusifolia var. latifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 117. 1826. Asclepias latifolia Raf. Atl. Journ. 146. 1832-33. A. famesii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 162. 1859. Minutely puberulent when young, glabrous when old; stem stout, usually simple, i°-2^° high, very leafy. Leaves very thick, oval to orbicular, sessile or nearly so, commonly broadly emarginate and mucronulate at the apex and cordate or subcordate at the base, 4/-6/ long and nearly as wide, primary nerves very wide-spreading; umbels 2-4, many- flowered, short-peduncled in the upper axils or rarely terminal; pedicels slender, canescent, nearly i/ long; corolla-segments ovate, acute, 4//-6// long, greenish; column short and thick; hoods truncate, about equalling the anthers, the horn projecting from a short crest over the edge of the stigma; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, ovoid, acutish, 2/-3/ long, about i/ thick. On dry plains, Kansas to Colorado, Texas and Arizona July-Sept. 10. Asclepias obtusifolia Michx. Blunt-leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2909.) A. obtusifolia Michx. Fl. Bor Am. 1: 115. 1803. Nearly glabrous, pale green, somewhat glau- cous; stem stout, erect or ascending, 2°-3° high. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, oblong or ovate- oblong, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, tfs' long, i'-iJ^' wide; margins wavy-crisped; primary nerves wide-spreading; umbel many-flowered, usu- ally solitary on the long terminal peduncle, rarely with a second shorter-peduncled one at its base; pedicels slender, downy, about 1/ long; corolla-segments oblong, greenish-pur- ple, about \" long; column thick; hoods pink, nearly truncate and toothed at the summit, shorter than the subulate incurved horn, longer than the anthers; follicles erect on the stout decurved fruiting pedicels, downy, 4/-6/ long. In dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Maine to Florida, west to northern New York, Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia, May-Aug. Vol.. III.] MILKWEED FAMILY ii. Asclepias Meadii Torr. Mead's Milk- weed. (Fig. 2910.) A. Meadii Torr.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, Add. 704. 1856. Nearly glabrous throughovit, pale green or glau- cous; stem simple, or rarely branched above, i°-2° high. Leaves opposite, sessile, flat, mostly distant, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or the lower ob- long, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, the margins scabrous; umbel solitary, terminal, several- flowered, borne on a peduncle 3/-6/ long; corolla-seg- meats greenish yellow, ovate, acute, 3//-4//long; col- umn very short, thicker than high; hoods ovate, pur- plish, nearly twice as long as the anthers, rounded and truncate at the summit, longer than the subulate in- flexed horn, with a small tooth at each side on the inner infolded margin; follicles erect on decurved pedicels, minutely puberulent, narrow, 4/~5/ long. In dry soil, southern Illinois to Iowa. June-Aug. In th Carolin ickets an a. June d woods, Aug. 12. Asclepias exaltata (L,.) Muhl. Poke or Tall Milkweed. (Fig. 291 1.) A. Syriaca van exaltata L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 313. 1762. Asclepias exaltata Muhl. Cat. 28. 1813. A. phytolaccoid.es Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 180. 1814. Nearly glabrous throughout, with two opposite lines of pubescence on the usually simple stem, 3°-6° high. Leaves opposite, thin or membranous, oval, ovate or oblong, acuminate at both ends, 4/-o/ long, i^/~4/ wide, the lower sometimes obovate, obtuse, shorter; petioles )i'-\' long; peduncles \f- y long; umbels usually several; pedicels slender, drooping or spreading, i/-2/ long, puberulent; cor- olla green-purple, the segments ovate or oblong, obtusish, 3//-4// long; column short; hoods white or pink, slightly shorter than the anthers, much shorter than the subulate horn, at the summit trun- cate and entire or erose, with 1 or 2 slender teeth on each of the inner margins; follicles erect on the de- flexed pedicels, downy, long-acuminate, 4/-6/ long. Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 5500 ft. in North 13. Asclepias variegata L, Asclepias variegata L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753. Stem glabrous below, pubescent above when young, simple, i°-3° high. Leaves opposite, thick, oval, ovate, oblong or the lower somewhat obovate, obtuse and cuspidate or acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, dark green above, pale beneath, 3/-6/ long, i/-3/ wide, the middle ones sometimes verticillate in 4's; petioles 3//-i2// long; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely 1 or 2 in the upper axils, densely many- flowered; peduncles i/-2/ long; pedicels K/-IK/ long, erect or ascending, usually densely puberu- lent; corolla-segments ovate or oval, about 3" long, white, or purple near the base; column very short and thick, purplish; hoods globose- obovoid, obtuse, spreading, longer than the an- thers, about equalling the semi-lunate horizon- tally pointed horn; follicles downy, erect on the deflexed fruiting pedicels, 4/-5/ long. In dry woods or thickets, Connecticut, southern New York to Illinois, south to Florida, Arkansas and Louisiana. June-July. White Milkweed. (Fig. 2912.) ASCLEPIADACEAE. [Vol. III. 14. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Four-leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2913.) A. quadrifolia Jacq. Obs. Part 2, 8. pi. jj. 1767. Stem slender, simple, i°-2° high, usually leaf- less below. Leaves thin, sparingly pubescent on the veins beneath, ovate to lanceolate, 2/-6/ long, ^4/-2}4/ wide, acute or acuminate, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, or the lowest pair much smaller, obovate and obtuse, the upper and lower opposite, the middle ones usually verticillate in 4's; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely in the upper axils; peduncles slender, j4/-2^2/ long; pedicels about 1/ long; corolla pink or nearly white, its lobes lanceolate-ob- long, 2//-3// long; column short; hoods white, obtuse at the apex, broadly 2-toothed above the base, twice as long as the anthers and the incurved horn; follicles erect on the erect fruit- ing pedicels, 3 '-5' long, glabrous. Woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Min- nesota, North Carolina and Arkansas. May-July. 15. Asclepias Syriaca L. Common Milkweed. Silkweed. (Fig. 2914.) Asclepias Syriaca L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753. Asclepias Cornuti Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 564. 1844. Stem stout, usually simple, 3°-5° high, finely pubescent at least above. Leaves oblong, oval or ovate, densely pubescent beneath, soon glabrous above, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse, narrowed or subcordate at the base, 4/-9/ long, 2/-4^/ wide, the primary nerves wide- spreading; petioles stout, 3//-8// long; umbels several or numerous; peduncles pubescent or tomentose, l1/*'-^' long; pedicels i/-2/ long; corolla green-purple, its segments oblong-lanceo- late, 3//-4// long; column short and thick, the hoods ovate-lanceolate with a tooth on each side, longer than the anthers and the incurved horn; follicles 3/-5/ long, erect on recurved pedicels, tomentose and covered with short soft processes. In fields and waste places. New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina and Kansas. Leaves rarely lanceolate. June-Aug. 16. Asclepias speciosa Torr Showy Milkweed. (Fig. 2915.) Asclepias speciosa Torr. Ann. Lye N. Y. 2: 218. 1826. A. Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 53. pi. 152. 1834. White-tomentose or canescent all over, or gla- brate below, pale; stem simple, stout, i°-2^ high. Leaves thick, broadly ovate or oval, obtuse and cuspidate or acute at the apex, subcordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, petioled, 3/-8/ long, 2/-4/ wide; peduncles \'-if long; umbels several or rarely solitary, many-flowered; pedicels stout, 9//-iS// long; corolla purple-green, its seg- ments oblong or ovate-oblong, 4//-6// long, tomen- tose on the outer face; column very short or none; hoods lanceolate, 5//-7// long, obtusish, expanded and wTith 2 blunt teeth below, the apex ligulate, 5-7 times as long as the anthers; horn short, in- flexed; follicles erect or spreading on the recurved fruiting pedicels, j/-^ long, densely woolly and covered with soft spiuose processes. In moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Kansas, Utah and California. May-July. Vol.. III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. II 17. Asclepias arenaria Torr. Sand Milkweed Asclepias arenaria Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 162. 1859. Densely tomentose-canescent all over, stems simple, ascending or erect, stout, i°-2° high. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-margined, thick, obtuse or retuse and cuspidate at the apex, trun- cate, subcordate, obtuse, or rarely some of them narrowed at the base, 2/-4/ long, i%'-2>' wide, the angle of the primary nervation broad; um- bels densely many-flowered, short-peduncled or sessile; corolla greenish- white, its segments oval-oblong, 4//~5// long; column i//-2// high; hoods oblong, truncate at each end, oblique at the apex, longer than the anthers, with a broad tooth on each side within; horn semi-lunate with an abruptly incurved subulate apex; follicles puberulent, 4/-5/ long, erect on the decurved fruiting pedicels. T On sand-bars and hills along rivers, Nebraska and Colorado to Mexico and New Mexico. June-Sept. 18. Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. Oval- leaved Milkwort. (Fig. 2917.) Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 567. 1844. Finely tomentose all over; stem simple, usually slender, erect, io'-2° high. Leaves oval, ovate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 2/-3/long, y2'-\%.' wide, short-petioled, the upper surfaces becoming glabrate at maturity; umbels solitary or few, many-flowered; peduncles short; corolla greenish- white or purplish, its seg- ments ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2//~3// long; column very short; hoods oval-oblong, nearly twice as long as the anthers, bearing a large acute tooth on each of the inner margins; horn subulate, in- curved over the stigma; follicles ascending on the reflexed fruiting pedicels, pubescent. In woods and on prairies, Illinois to Minnesota, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory. June-July. 19. Asclepias brachystephana Engelm. Short-crowned Milkweed. (Fig. 2918.) Asclepias brachystephana Engelm.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 163. 1859. Puberulent when young, soon glabrate; stems clustered, often branched, spreading or ascend- ing, 6'-i2/ long. Leaves mostly opposite, lance- olate or linear-lanceolate, thick, long-acuminate at the apex, rounded, subcordate or narrowed at the base, 2/~5/ long, 2//-6// wide, or the lowest shorter; petioles i//-4// long; umbels several, ter- minal and axillary, few-flowered; peduncles short; pedicels densely woolly, equalling or longer than the peduncles; corolla greenish-purple, its seg- ments about 1" long; column very short or none; hoods ovate, obtuse, shorter than the anthers, the short erect-incurved horn slightly exserted; fol- licles erect on the spreading or decurved fruiting pedicels, downy or hoary, acuminate, 2/~3^/ long. In dry soil, Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth), Wyoming to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. June-Aug. 12 ASCLEPIADACEAE. [Vol.. III. 20. Asclepias perennis Walt. Thin- leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2919.) Asclepias perennis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788. Puberulent above, glabrous below; stem slen- der, simple or branched, erect, sometimes slightly woody at the base, i°-3° high. Leaves thin, opposite, lanceolate, oblong or ovate- lanceolate, slender-petioled, acuminate or acute at both ends, 2/-6/ long, %,-t/ wide, glabrous or very nearly so; umbels solitary, or several and corymbose; peduncles i/-2/ long; pedicels very slender, %'-if long; flowers very small, white; corolla-segments oblong, \"-i" long; column about %" high; hoods oval, erect, en- tire, about as long as the anthers, shorter than the subulate-filiform incurved horn; follicle's glabrous, erect on the erect fruiting pedicels; seeds 5//-6// long, 3 VJ'-aV-." wide, very thin, destitute of coma. On river-shores and in wet places, North Carolina to southern Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. May-Aug. 21. Asclepias verticillata I,. Whorled Milkweed. (Fig. 2920.) Asclepias verticillata L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753. Roots fascicled ; stem slender, simple or branched, pubescent in lines at least above, very leafy, i°- 2%° high. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, verti- cillate in 3's-7's or some of them alternate, gla- brous or very nearly so, their margins narrowly revolute; umbels usually numerous, many-flow- ered; peduncles slender, %'-!}&' long; pedicels almost filiform, shorter than the peduncles; cor- olla greenish white, its segments oblong, \]/2"-2" long; column about x/z" high; hoods white, ob- long, entire, about equalling the anthers, much shorter than the subulate incurved horn; follicles erect on the erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle-shaped, glabrous, 2/-3/ long. In dr3' fields and on hills, Maine and southern On- tario to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Mexico and New Mexico. July-Sept. 22. Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail. Low Milkweed. (Fig. 2921.) Asclepias verticillata var. pumila A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 71. 1S76. Stems \f-\o' high, tufted from a woody root. Leaves very numerous, crowded, some- times obscurely whorled, filiform- linear, i/-2/ long, smooth or minutely roughened, the mar- gins revolute; umbels 2-several, short-pedun- cled, few-flowered; pedicels filiform, puberu- lent, 3//-4// long; corolla greenish white, its segments oblong, 1 y,"-2" long; column short; hoods white, erect, oblong, entire, equalling the anthers, shorter than the slender incurved horn; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle-shaped, i>^/-2/ long, finely puberulent. Dry plains, South Dakota to Arkansas, Colo- rado and New Mexico. Vol. III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. 13 2. ASCLEPIODORA A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 66. 1876. Erect or decumbent perennial herbs, similar to Asclepias, with alternate or opposite en- tire leaves, and rather large flowers in terminal solitary or corymbed umbels. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla rotate, its segments spreading. Hoods oblong, inserted over the whole of the very short corona-column, curved upward, obtuse, crested within, at least in the up- per part, slightly longer than the anther; at the sinuses between the hoods a small lobe or appendage, alternate with the anther-wings, simulating an inner crown. Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane, their wings horny, narrowed below, sometimes angled above the middle. Pollen-masses pendulous, pyriform, longer than their caudicles. Follicles ovoid or oblong, acuminate, with or without soft spinose processes, erect or ascending on the de- curved or twice bent fruiting pedicels. Seeds comose. [Greek, gift of AEsculapius.] Five or six species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate; umbels usually more than one, corymbose. 1. A. viridis. Stem rough-puberulent; leaves lanceolate or linear, acuminate; umbels solitary. 2. A. decumbens. i. Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A. Gr. Oblong-leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2922.) Asclepias viridis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788. Asclepiodora viridis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 66. 1876. Stem erect, glabrous or puberulent above, rather stout, simple, i°-2° high. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, ob- tuse and mucronulate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short-peti- oled, 2^/-5/ long, J^'-i^' wide; umbels 2- 4, or sometimes solitary; peduncles i^/-2/ long; pedicels slender, about y2' long; co- rolla globose- ovoid in the bud, greenish, its segments, when expanded, oblong, obtuse or acute, 4//-6// long, 2-3 limes as long as the purplish or violet entire-margined hoods; anther- wings narrow, scarcely angled above; fruiting pedicels twice bent; follicles ascend- ing, puberulent, 2/-3/ long, sometimes with soft spinose projections. In dry soil, Illinois and Kansas to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. May-July. 2. Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt. ) A. Gray. Decumbent Milk- weed. (Fig. 2923.) Ananthrix decumbens Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 202. 1833-37. Asclepiodora decumbens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 66. 1876. Stems decumbent or ascending, rough- puberulent, rather stout, io'-2° long. Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, glabrous above, puberulent, at least on the veins, beneath, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3/-7/ long, 2//-8// wide; umbel solitary, many-flowered; pe- duncle i/-5/ long; pedicels rather stout, Y^'-i' long; corolla depressed-globose in the bud, greenish, its segments, when ex- panded, ovate or broadly oval, somewhat longer than the hoods; hoods purple, ob- tusely 3-lobed on the ventral margins, about 3//long, their tips incurved; anther-wings broad, angled above; follicles nearly erect on the recurved fruiting pedicels, t/-\' long, puberulent, at least when young, with or without soft projections. In dry soil, Kansas, to Texas and Mexico, west to Utah and New Mexico. April- June. 14 ASCLEPIADACEAE. [Vol.. III. A. viridiflora. A. angustifolia. A. Floridana. A. auriculata. A. lanuginosa. (Fig. 2924.) 3. ACERATES Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 316. 1817. Perennial herbs, similar to Asclepias, with alternate or opposite thick leaves, and green or purplish flowers in terminal or axillary and short-peduncled or sessile umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, the segments acute, glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-cleft, the seg- ments valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column very short. Corona of 5 involute-con- cave or somewhat pitcher-shaped hoods, neither horned nor crested within or in one species having a small interior crest and usually a few small processes at the base of the anther- wings, forming an obscure inner crown. Pollen-masses solitaiy in each sac, oblong, pendu- lous. Stigma 5-lobed. [Greek, without horn, referring to the crown.] About 7 species, natives of North America. Umbels sessile, or very nearly so, mostly axillary. Leaves oval to linear; hoods entire at the apex. i. Leaves narrowly linear; hoods 3-toothed. 2. Umbels, at least the lower, distinctly peduncled. Plants glabrous, or nearly so; umbels usually several; leaves narrow. Hoods obtuse, entire; column J4" long; stem roughish puberulent. 3. Hoods emarginate; column very shoit; stem glabrous. 4. Plant hirsute; umbel solitary, terminal; leaves ovate to oblong. 5. i. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Green Milkweed. Asclepias viridiflora Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5:360. 1808. Acerates viridiflora Eaton, Man. Ed. 5, 90. 1829. Puberulent or tomentulose, at least when young; stems simple, reclined or ascending, rather stiff, i°-3° high. Leaves slightly rough, alternate or opposite, thick, oval, oblong or ovate, l'-jf long, ^/-2/ wide, short-petioled, the margins usually undulate; umbels several, or rarely solitary, axil- lary, densely many-flowered, sessile or very nearly so; pedicels very slender, tomentose, 4//-8// long; flowers green; corolla-segments narrowly oblong, 2//-3// long; column very short or none; hoods lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, minutely 2-auricled at the base; mass of anthers longer than thick; an- ther-wings tapering below, semi-rhomboid above; follicles puberulent, i'-a/ long. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Massachusetts to south- ern Ontario and the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Texas. June-Sept. A. viridiflora Ivesii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 265. 1894. Asclepias lanceolata Ive.c, Am. Journ. Sci. 1: 252. 1819. Not Walt. 1788. Acerates viridiflora var. lanceolata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 99. 1878. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2' -5' long, Vf'-i" wide. Range of the type, often with it. Acerates viridiflora linearis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part. 1, 99. 1878. Leaves elongated-linear; stem low; umbels often solitary. Minnesota and Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, Louisiana and New Mexico. 2. Acerates angustifolia (Nutt.) Dec. Narrow-leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2925.) Polyolus angustifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 201. 1833-37. A. angustifolia Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 522. 1844. Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 72. 1876. Stems mostly several together, erect, straight, i°-2° high, puberulent above, glabrate below. Leaves opposite, or some of the lower alternate, sessile, narrowly linear, 2/~5/ long, glabrous, the revolute margins and the thick midvein rough beneath; umbels 10-15-flowered, short-pedun- cled or subsessile, axillary, usually numerous; pedicels puberulent; corolla-segments oblong, greenish; hoods white, not exceeding the an- thers, 3-toothed at the apex, the acute middle tooth merely a prolongation of the thickened crest-like midvein, shorter than the obtuse lat- eral ones; anther-wings notched at about the mid- dle; follicles slender, erect, about 3' long or more. On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. Vol. III.] MILKWEED FAMILY 3. Acerates Floridana (Lam.) Hitchc. Florida Milkweed. (Fig. 2926.) Asclepias Floridana Lam. Encycl. 1: 284. 1783. Acerates longifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 317. l8l7- Acerates Floridana A. S. Hitclic. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 508. 1891. Rough-puberulent; stems slender, simple or little branched, erect or ascending, i°-3° high. Leaves linear or rarely linear-lanceolate,- acute or acuminate, short-petioled, 2/-S/ long, 1 y2"- 6" wide, commonly rough-ciliolate on the mar- gins and midrib; umbels several or solitary, peduncled, usually many-flowered; peduncles y/_T5'/ long; pedicels slender, hirsute, %'-\' long; corolla greenish white, its segments nar- rowly oblong, about i,f long; column short but distinct; hoods oblong, obtuse, entire, shorter than the anthers; anther-wings narrowed to the base; follicles densely puberulent, 4/-5/ long. In moist soil, Ohio to southern Ontario and Min- nesota, south to North Carolina, Florida and Texas. June-Sept. 4. Acerates auriculata Engelm. Auricled Milkweed. (Fig. 2927.) Acerates auriculata Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 160. 1859. Asclepias auriculata Holzinger, Bot. Gaz. 17: 125. 1892. Stem glabrous, often glaucous, sinuous above, rarely branched below, usually stout, i°-3° high. Leaves narrowly linear, gla- brous, short-petioled, 3/-8/ long, ^//-2^// wide, becoming leathery, the rough mar- gins not re volute; umbels commonly several, densely many-flowered, peduncled; pedun- cels 2//-l/ long, pubescent; pedicels slender, pubescent; flowers greenish white tinged with dull purple; corolla-segments oblong, 1"- 2 J^" long; column short, but distinct; hoods yellow, often with a purplish keel, entire, or emarginately truncate at the apex, not ex- ceeding the anthers, the involute margins spreading at the base into broad auricles; follicles 2/-3/ long, curved. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. June-Sept. 5. Acerates lanuginosa (Nutt.) Dec. Woolly Milkweed. (Fig. 2928.) Asclepias lanuginosa Nutt. Gen. 1: 168. 1818. Acerates lanuginosa Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 523. 1844. Hirsute all over; stems erect, slender, simple, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short-petioled, i/-4/ long, 4//-i5// wide; umbel solitary, terminal, densely many-flowered, peduncled; peduncle stout, densely hirsute, Yz'-iYz' long; pedicels slender, puberulent or hirsute; corolla greenish, its seg- ments oblong, about 2^" long; column none; hoods purplish, oblong, obtuse, entire, with a flat fold or auricle on the infolded lower ventral margins, shorter than the anthers; anther-wings broadest below the middle. On prairies, northern Illinois to Minnesota and Wyoming. June-Aug. i6 ASCLEPIADACEAE. [Vol.. III. 1894. 4. AMPELANUS Raf.; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 314. [Exslknia Nutt. Gen. 1: 164. 1S18. Not Raf. 1817.] Perennial twining herbaceous vines, with petioled opposite cordate thin leaves, and small whitish flowers in axillary peduncled cymes. Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within, the segments lanceolate. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes slightly contorted, nearly erect. Crown nearly sessile, of 5 membranous truncate lobes, each appendaged by a simple or 2-cleft awn. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla, the filaments connate into a short tube; anthers terminated by an indexed membrane; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, ellipsoid, pendulous. Stigma conic, slightly 2-lobed. Follicles thick, acuminate. Seeds comose. [Greek, vine-like.] Three species, natives of America. i. Ampelanus albidus (Nutt.) Britton. Sand Vine. (Fig. 2929.) Enslenia albida Nutt. Gen. I: 164. 1818. A. albidus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 314. 1894. Stem sparingly puberulent, at least above, high- climbing, slender. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, gradually acuminate, deeply cordate, palmately veined, glabrous or very nearly so, entire, 3/~7/ long, \l/z'-^' wide; petioles \f-\f long; cymes usually numerous, rather densely flowered; pe- duncles stout, 3//-2/ long; flowers 2//~3// long; corolla-segments lanceolate, acute, about twice as long as those of the calyx and slightly exceeding the 2 cleft awns of the corona-lobes; follicles erect on the ascending fruiting pedicels, 4/-6/ long, glabrous when mature. Along river-banks and in thickets, southern Penn- sylvania to Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 5. CYNANCHUM L> Sp. PI. 212. 1753. [Vincetoxicum Moench, Meth. 717. 1794. Not Walt. 1788.] Perennial twining herbaceous or slightly woody vines (some species erect herbs), with opposite or rarely verticillate or alternate leaves, and small yellowish green or purplish flow- ers in axillary cymes. Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the segments spreading, somewhat twisted. Crown cup-like, entire, 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes not appendaged. Stamens attached to the base of the corolla, their fila- ments connate into a tube; anthers appendaged by an inflexed membrane. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous. Stigma flat or conic. Follicles acuminate, glabrous. Seeds comose. [Greek, dog-strangling, alluding to its poisonous qualities.] About 100 species, natives of warm and temperate regions of both the Old World and the New. Be- sides the following, 2 native species occur in the southeastern United States. i. Cynanchum nigrum (I,.) Pers. Black Swallow-wort. (Fig. 2930.) Asclepias nigi-a L. Sp. PI. 216. 1753. Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench, Meth. 317. 1794. Cynanchum nigrum Pers. Syn. 1: 274. 1805. Twining, or at first erect, stem slightly puber- ulent, slender, 2°-5° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, thin, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, pinnately veined, petioled, 2/-5/ long, >^/-2>^/ wide, glabrous, or puberulent beneath; petioles 2//-i2// long; ped- icels i>2//~3// long; flowers dark purple, about 2^// broad; crown fleshy, 5-lobed; follicles on nearly straight fruiting pedicels, about 2.' long, glabrous. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Massa- chusetts to Pennsylvania and Ohio. Introduced from Europe. June-Sept. Vol. III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. 17 6. VINCETOXICUM Walt. Fl. Car. 104. 1788. [Gonolobus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 119. 1803.] Twining or trailing perennial vines, with opposite usually cordate leaves, and rather large purple brown white or greenish flowers in axillary umbel-like cymes or fascicles. Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft, mostly 5-glandular within. Corolla rotate, very deeply 5- parted, the tube very short, the segments convolute in the bud. Corona (crown) annular or cup-shaped, entire, lobed or divided, adnate to the corolla. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, the filaments connate into a tube; anthers not appendaged, merely tipped, borne along or just under the margin of the flat-topped stigma, the sacs more or less trans- versely dehiscent. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, horizontal or nearly so. Follicles thick, acuminate, smooth, angled or tuberculate. Seeds comose. [Greek, subduing poison.] About 75 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Crown annular, io-crenate; follicles angled, not wart}-. Corolla about twice as long as the calyx. Corolla 3-4 times as long as the calyx. Crown cup-shaped, about as high as the anthers; follicles warty. Flowers purple to dull yellow. Corolla-segments oblong, ^"-4" long. Corolla-segments linear or linear-oblong, 5" -7" long. Crown merely crenate. Crown toothed or lobed. Crown 5-lobed, with a subulate 2-cleft tooth in each sinus. Crown 10-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner and longer. Flowers white. 4- 5- 6. V. suberosum. V. gonocarpos. V. hirsutum. V. obliquum. V. Carolinense. V. Shortii. V. Baldwinianum. i. Vincetoxicum suberosum (L,. ) Britton. Coast Vincetoxicum. (Fig. 2931.) Cynanchum suberosum L. Sp. PI. 212. 1753. G. suberosus R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2: 82. 1S11. V. suberosum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 266. 1894. Stem pubescent or glabrous, slender, twining. Leaves thin, 2/-5/ long, i/~3/ wide, ovate or ovate- oval, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, cor- date at the base, the sinus shallow, open; petioles Yz'-i' long; cymes commonly few-flowered; pe- duncles X/-l/ l°ng» pedicels 'y^'-i' long, fleshy, nearly glabrous; corolla brown-purple, broadly conic in the bud, its segments lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acute, pubescent or granulose within, 3//-4// long, about twice as long as the calyx; crown an annular fleshy undulately io-crenate disk; follicles glabrous, 3-5-angled, when young fleshy, when mature dry and spongy, 4/-6/ long, 1/ in diameter or more. In thickets, Virginia to Florida, mainly near the coast. May-July. 2. Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt. Large-leaved Angle-pod. (Fig. 2932.) Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt. Fl. Car. 104. 1788. G. macrophyllus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 119. 1803. Gonolobus laevis var. mac?'Ophyllus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 103. 1878. Glabrous or pubescent, stems slender, climbing high. Leaves broadly ovate, thin, 3/-8/ long, 2/-6/ wide, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, the sinus narrow or the rounded auricles over- lapping; petioles i/-4/ long; cymes few-flowered; peduncles 1 '-3' long; pedicels rather stout, glabrous or nearly so; corolla conic in the bud, its segments lanceolate, 4//~5// long, 3-4 times as long as the calyx; crown alow obtusely undulate disk; follicles glabrous, similar to those of the preceding species but usually shorter. Along rivers and in moist thickets, Virginia to South Carolina, west to Indiana, Missouri and Texas. i8 ASCLEPIADACEAE. [Vol.. III. Vincetoxicum gonocarpos laevis (Michx.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5: 266. 1894. Gonolobus laevis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 119. 1803. Usually glabrous; sinus of the leaves open. Near Washington, D. C, Kansas (according to B. B. Sm3'th), south to Mississippi and Texas. 3. Vincetoxicum hirsutum (Michx.) Brit- ton. Hairy Vincetoxicum. (Fig. 2933.) Gonolobus hirsutus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 119. 1803. V. hirsutum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 266. 1894. Stem downy, slender. Leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, downy, if-\r long, i/-2 Vzr wide, the sinus narrow, or the lobes sometimes overlapping; petioles slender, pubescent, %f-2.f long; peduncles usually about equalling the petioles, sometimes longer; umbels few-several- flowered; corolla brown-purple to greenish yellow, ovoid in the bud, its segments oblong, very obtuse, 3//~4// long, minutely puberulent without, about 4 times as long as the densely pubescent calyx; crown cup-shaped, fleshy, about as high as the anthers, the margin 10-crenate; follicles lanceolate, 3/-5/ long, muricate, puberulent; seeds entire. In thickets, Maryland to Florida, west to Tennessee. July-Aug. 4. Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq.) Britton (Fig. 2934.) Cynanchum hirtum L. Sp. PI. 212. 1753? Cynanchum obliquum Jacq. Coll. 1: 148. 1786. G. obliquus R. Br.; R. & S. Syst. 4: 64. 1820. V. obliquum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 266. 1894. Stem puberulent or hirsute, slender. Leaves pubescent, broadly ovate, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base with an open or closed sinus, 2/-8/ long, i^/-6/wide; petioles rather stout, pubescent, \f-/\? long; umbels slen- der-peduncled, few-flowered; pedicels very slen- der, i/-2/ long; corolla narrowly conic in the bud, red-purple within, greenish and minutely pubescent without, its segments elongated-lin- ear, obtuse, 6-7 times as long as the hirsute calyx; crown cup-shaped, as high as the an- thers, fleshy, its margin 10-crenulate, the inter- mediate crenulations sometimes 2-dentate; fol- licles ovoid-lanceolate, 2/-3/ long, muricate. In thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio, south to Vir- ginia and Kentucky. July-Aug. Large-flowered Vincetoxicum. 5. Vincetoxicum Carolinense (Jacq.) Brit- ton. Carolina Vincetoxicum. (Fig. 2935.) Cynanchum Carolinense Jacq. Coll. 2: 228. 1788. G. Caroiinensis R. Br.; R. & S. Syst. 6: 62. 1820. V. Carolinense Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 265. 1894. Stem hirsute. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base with a narrow or closed sinus, 3/-7/ long, 2/-5)^/ wide, pubescent, at least beneath; petioles hirsute, i^/-4/long; peduncles 2/-4/ long; pedicels very slender, i/ long or more; corolla brown-pur- ple, oblong-conic in the bud, puberulent without, its segments linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, ob- tusish, 5//-6// long, 5-6 times longer than the hir- sute calyx; crown cup-shaped, scarcely fleshy, 5- lobed, with a subulate longer 2-cleft erect tooth in each sinus; follicles muricate. In thickets, Virginia to Missouri, south to South Carolina and Louisiana. May-July. Vol. III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. 19 6. Vincetoxicum Shortii (A. Gray) Britton. Short's Vincetoxicum. (Fig. 2936.) Gonolobus obliquus var. Shortii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 104. 1878. G. Shortii A. Gray, loc. cit. Ed. 2, 404. 1886. V. Shortii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 266. 1894. Stem pubescent, or hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base and when old with a narrow or closed sinus, 4/-7/ long, ij^'-sj^' wide; peti- oles stout, pubescent, i^/-3/long; peduncles usually longer than the petioles; cymes sev- eral-flowered; pedicels i/ long or more; cor- olla oblong-conic in the bud, dark crimson- purple, its lobes linear, 5//-7// long, 5-7 times as long as the hirsute calyx; crown cup- shaped, fleshy, as high as the anthers, its margin about 10-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner and longer, emarginate or 2-parted, the others broader, thicker, with an obscure internal crest or ridge below the summit; fol- licles warty. In thickets, Pennsylvania to eastern Kentucky and Georgia. Flowers with the odor of the Straw- berry-shrub. June -Aug. 7. Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum (Sweet) Britton. Baldwin's Vincetoxicum. (Fig. 2937.) Gonolobus Baldwinianus Sweet; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 104. 1876. Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 265. 1894. Stem pubescent, or hirsute. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, acute, or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, 3/-6/ long, or more; petioles hirsute, \'-2f long; peduncles 6//- i2// long, usually longer than the pedicels; cymes several-many-flowered; corolla white, or cream- color, the lobes thin, oblong, or becoming spatulate, 4//-5// long; crown thin, the 5 broader lobes quad- rate, emarginate, or obscurely toothed; in their sinuses a pair of very slender linear-subulate teeth of more than double their length, much surpassing the stigma. Missouri and Arkansas to Georgia. May-June. Family 19. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 394. 1799. Morning-glory Family. Herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, the stems twining, ascending, trailing or erect, with alternate exstipulate entire dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and regular perfect axillary cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx inferior, 5-parted or 5-divided, usually persistent, the segments or sepals imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, salverform, campanulate, tubular or rarely subrotate, the limb 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, all anther-bearing, the filaments filiform, or dilated at the base, equal or unequal; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or none. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cavity, or falsely 4-6-celled with a single ovule in each cavity, entire or 2-4-divided; styles 1-3, terminal, or arising from be- tween the ovary- divisions; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of 2-4 distinct carpels, in our species. Seeds erect, the testa villous, pubescent or glabrcms; embryo plaited or crumpled; cotyledons foliaceous; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous, usually scanty. About 40 genera and 900 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the tropics# 20 CONVOLVULACEAE. [Vol. III. Ovary 2-divided, the carpels 2-ovuled; creeping herbs. Ovary entire, 2-4-celled; style simple, cleft or divided. Style 2-cleft or 2-divided. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. Style 2-divided to the ovary, each division 2-cleft. Style entire up to the stigma. Stigma or stigmas capitate or globose. Corolla salverform; stamens and style exserted. Corolla fuimelform or campanulate; stamens and style included. Stigmas 2, filiform to oblong. 1. Dichondra. 2. Breweria. 3. Evolvulus. 4. Quamoclit. 5. Ipomoea. 6. Convolvulus. 1776. i. DICHONDRA Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 39. pi. 40. Prostrate or creeping slender annual (sometimes perennial ?) silky-pubescent or glabrous herbs, with nearly orbicular cordate or reniform petioled entire leaves, and very small soli- tary axillary peduncled flowers. Sepals nearly equal, oblong or spatulate. Corolla open- campanulate, deeply 5-lobcd, the lobes induplicate in the bud. Stamens shorter than the corolla; filaments filiform. Ovary villous, deeply 2-parted, each lobe 2-celled; styles 2, sim- ple, arising from the bases of the ovary-lobes; stigmas capitate. Fruit of 2 pubescent 2- valved or indehiscent 1-2-seeded capsules. [Greek, two-grained, referring to the capsules.] About 5 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwest. i. Dichondra evolvulacea (Iy. f. ) Britton. Dichondra. (Fig. 2938.) Sibthorpia evolvulacea 1,. Suppl. 288. 1781. Dichondra repens Forst. Fl. Inst. Aust. Prodr. 2. 1786. D. evolvulacea Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 268. 1849. Somewhat pubescent, or glabrous ; stems almost filiform, creeping, rooting at the nodes, d'-2° long. Leaves orbicular to reniform, deeply cordate, x/i'-\Yz' in diameter, palmately veined; petiole often much longer than the blade; flowers i//-2// broad; peduncles filiform; sepals obtuse, spatulate or obovate; corolla yellow to white, shorter than the sepals, its lobes ovate to oblong; capsule 1" high or less. In moist or wet places, Virginia to Texas and Mexico, near the coast. Widely distributed in South America and in the Old World, especially in the southern hemisphere. 2. BREWERIA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. I: 487. 18 10. Herbs, mostly perennial and procumbent, with entire short-petioled or sessile leaves, and 1-5-flowered axillary peduncles; flowers white, purple, pink, or yellow. Sepals acute or obtuse. Corolla campanulate or funnelform-campanulate; limb plaited, 5-angled or slightly 5-lobed. Stamens included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 2-celled; style 2-cleft or 2-parted; stigmas capitate. Capsule globose to ovoid, 2-celled, 2-4-valved. Seeds 1-4, glabrous or pubescent. [Named for Samuel Brewer, a correspondent of Dillen.] About 30 species, widely distributed in warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in Florida and 1 in Texas. Sepals acute or acuminate; leaves oblong, elliptic or linear. Corolla white; filaments pubescent; plant pubescent or puberulent. 1. B. humistrata. Corolla purple; filaments glabrous; plant silky-tomentose. 2. B. aquatica. Sepals obtuse; leaves narrowly linear. 3. B. Pickeringii. I. Breweria humistrata (Walt.) A. Gray. Southern Breweria. (Fig. 2939.) Convolvulus humistratus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788. Stylisma humistrata Chapm. Fl. S. States, 346. i860. Bonamia humistrata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. ^^JS // Breweria humistrata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 217. 1S78. Pubescent or puberulent; stems slender, i°-2° long, simple, or with a few long branches. Leaves elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or ovate-oblong, obtuse and mu- cronulate or some of them emarginate at the apex, subcordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, JS^'-l/ wide, i/-2/ long; petioles i//-3// long; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves, 1-7-flowered, minutely bracted at the summit; sepals glabrous or puberulent, oblong, acuminate, 2//~3// long; corolla white, 6//-8// long; filaments pubescent; style 2-cleft; capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous, about as long as the calyx. In dry pine barrens, Virginia to Florida and Louisi- ana. May-Aug. Vol. III.] MORNING-GLORY FAMILY 2. Breweria aquatica (Walt.) A. Gray. Water Breweria. (Fig. 2940.) Convolvulus aquaticus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788. Stylisma aquatica Chapm. Fl. S. States, 346. i860. Bonamia aquatica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Breweria aquatica A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 217. 1878. Finely and densely silky-tomentose, branched, the branches long and slender. Leaves oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at both ends, mucronate or emarginate at the apex, sometimes subcordate at the base, ^/-i^/long, 2//-8// wide; peduncles 1-3-flowered, longer than the leaves, minutely bracted at the summit ; sepals densely tomentose, oblong, acute or acuminate, about 2" long; corolla purple or pink, 5//-7// long; filaments gla- brous; style 2-parted nearly to the base. In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Missouri to Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. May-Aug. 3. Breweria Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray. Pickering's Breweria. (Fig. 2941.) Convolvulus Pickeringii M. A. Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1: 129. 1837. Stylisma Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2. 335. 1856. Bonamia Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Breweria Pickeringii A.. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2; Part 1, 217. 1878. Stem pubescent or puberulent, very slender, simple or branched, i°-2° long. Leaves puberulent or gla- brous, narrowly linear, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, \'-2)/2' long, ^//-2// wide; peti- oles very short; peduncles slender, about as long as the leaves, with 1 or 2 linear bracts at the summit which are usually longer than the pedicels and calyx; sepals pubescent or hirsute, ovate to oval, obtuse, about 2// long; corolla white, about i/ long; filaments nearly glabrous; style 2-cleft; capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent, longer than the calyx. In dry pine barrens, New Jersey to North Carolina; Illinois to Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug. 3. EVOLVULUS L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 391. 1762. Erect or diffuse branching, mostly silky-pubescent or pilose, annual or perennial herbs, with small usually entire leaves, and solitary axillary racemose or paniculate small blue pink or white flowers. Sepals nearly equal, acute or obtuse. Corolla funnelform, campan- ulate or rotate, the limb plaited, 5-augled or 5-lobed. Stamens included, or exserted; fila- ments filiform; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary entire, 2-celled; style 2-divided to the base, or near it, each division deeply 2-cleft ; stigmas linear-filiform. Capsule globose to ovoid, 2-4-valved, 1-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, unrolling.] About 85 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the southern United States. i. E volvulus pilosus Nutt. Evolvulus. (Fig. 2942.) Evolvulus argenteus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 187. 1814. Not R. Br. 18 10. Evolvulus pilosus Nutt. Gen. 1: 174. 1818. Perennial, densely silky-pubescent or villous; stems ascending or erect, 3 '-9/ high, very leafy. Leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate or spatulate, 3"- 9/7 long, i//—2>// wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base; flowers solitary in the axils; peduncles 2-bracted at the base, recurved in fruit, l//-2// long; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla funnelform-campanulate, purple or blue, 3//-6// broad; capsule i^//-2// in diameter, about as long as the sepals. On dry plains, Nebraska to Mexico and Arizona. MayJJuly. 22 CONVOLVULACEAE. [Vol. III. 4. QUAMOCLIT Moench, Meth. 453. 1794. Twining herbaceous vines, with petioled entire lobed or piunately parted leaves, and cymose racemose or solitary peduncled axillary flowers. Sepals 5, herbaceous, equal, acuminate, mucronate or appendaged. Corolla salverform (scarlet in the following species), the tube narrow, somewhat dilated above, shorter than the spreading 5-lobed limb. Sta- mens and style more or less exserted; stigma capitate; ovary 2-celled or falsely 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit usually 4-celled and 4-seeded. [Greek, dwarf kidney-bean.] About 10 species, of warm aud tropical regions, only the following in North America. Leaves pinnately parted into very narrow segments. i. Q. Quamoclit . Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angulate-lobed. 2. Q. coccinea. i. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton. Cypress Vine. Indian Pink. (Fig. 2943.) Ipomoea Quamoclit L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753. Q. vulgaris Choisy in DC. Prodr. 9: 336. 1845. Annual, glabrous; stem slender, twining to a height of io°-2o°. Leaves ovate in outline, petioled, or nearly sessile, 7.,-']f long, pinnately parted nearly to the midvein into narrowly linear entire segments less than 1" wide; pe- duncles slender, commonly much longer than the leaves, 1-6 flowered; pedicels i/ long or more, thickening in fruit; sepals oblong, obtuse, usually mucronulate, t."-^" long; corolla scar- let, salverform, \'-\l/2f long, the tube expanded above, the limb nearly flat, the lobes ovate, acutish; stamens and style exserted; ovary 4- celled; ovule 1 in each cell; capsule ovoid, 4- valved, about 5" high, twice as long as the sepals. In waste and cultivated ground, Virginia to Flor- ida, Kansas and Texas. Sparingly escaped from gardens farther north. Naturalized from tropical America. July-Oct. Called also American Red Bell-flower and Sweet William of the Barbadoes. 2. Quamoclit coccinea (L,.) Moench. Small Red Morning-glory. (Fig. 2944.) Ipomoea coccinea L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753. Quamoclit coccinea Moench, Meth. 453. 1794. Annual, glabrous, or puberulent, stem twin- ing to a height of several feet or trailing. Leaves ovate to orbicular, deeply cordate, long-acuminate, 2/-6/ long, entire or angulate- lobed, slender-petioled; peduncles few-several- flowered, usually not longer than the leaves; sepals oblong, obtuse, about 2" long, subulate- appendaged; corolla salver- form, io//-2o// long, the limb obscurely 5-lobed; stamens and style slightly exserted; ovary 4-celled with 1 ovule in each cell; capsule globose, 4-valvcd, 3//-4// in diameter. Along river-banks and in waste places, southern Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Ohio, Missouri, Texas and Arizona. Naturalized from tropical America, or native in the Southwest. A hybrid of this species with the preceding is sometimes cultivated. July-Oct. 5. IPOMOEA L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753- Twining trailing ascending or rarely erect herbs, annual or perennial, with large showy axillary solitary or cymose flowers. Sepals equal or unequal. Corolla funnelform or cam- panulate, the limb entire, 5 angled or 5-lobed, the tube more or less plaited. Stamens equal or unequal, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base; anthers ovate, oblong, or linear. Ovary entire, globose or ovoid, 2-4-celled, 4-6-ovuled; style filiform, included; stigmas 1 or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule globose or ovoid, usually septifragally 2-4-valved, 2-4-seeded. [Greek, worm like.] About 350 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in southern and western North America. Known as Morning-Glory or False Bindweed. Vol. III.] MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled); stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves cordate: stems trailing or twining. Perennial from an enormous root; corolla 2' -3' long. Annual; roots fibrous; corolla 4." -6" long, white. Annual; corolla i'-ilA' long, pink or purple. Leaves linear; stems ascending or erect. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3; leaves cordate. Leaves entire; corolla d-2%' long. Leaves deeply 3-lobed, corolla i'-i%' long. I. Ipomoea pandurata (L,.) Meyer Convolvulus panduratus L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753- I. pandurata Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 100. 1818. Perennial from an enormous fleshy root, gla- brous or puberulent; stems trailing or feebly climbing, 2°-i2° long. Leaves broadly ovate, cor- date, acuminate at the apex, 2/-6/ long, slender- petioled, entire, sometimes contracted in the mid- dle, or some of the later ones rarely angulate-den- tate or 3-lobed; peduncles 1-5-flowered, much elongated in fruit; sepals oblong, obtuse or acut- ish, 6//-8// long, glabrous; corolla funnelform, white, or with pinkish purple stripes in the throat, 2/~2,/ long, the limb 5-lobed; ovary 2-celled; cap- sule ovoid, 2-valved, 2-4-seeded, the seeds densely woolly on the margins and pubescent on the sides. In dry soil, in fields or on hills, Ontario to Connec- ticut and Florida, Michigan, Kansas and Texas. Oc- curs rarely with double flowers. Called also Man-of- the-Earth and Mecha-Meck (Indian). May-Sept. 23 1. /. pandurata. 2. /. lacunosa. 3. /. Carolina. 4. /. leptophylla. 5. /. purpurea. 6. /. hederacea. Wild Potato Vine. (Fig. 2945.) 2. Ipomoea lacunosa I,. Small-flowered White Morning-glory. (Fig. 2946.) Ipomoea lacunosa L. Sp. PI. 161. 1753- Annual, pubescent or hirsute, rarely glabrous; stem twining, 2°-io° long. Leaves slender- petioled, broadly ovate, cordate, acute or acum- inate at the apex, entire, angled or 3-lobed, 2/~4/ long, the lobes acute; peduncles 1-3-flowered, shorter than the leaves; pedicels slender; sepals oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pu- bescent or ciliate, about 5" long; corolla fun- nelform, 6//-io// long, white, or the limb pur- ple; ovary 2-celled; stigma capitate; capsule globose, 2-valved, shorter than or about equal- ling the sepals. In moist soil, Pennsylvania to South Carolina, west to Illinois, Missouri and Texas. July-Sept. 3. Ipomoea Carolina (L,.) Pursh. Small- flowered Pink Morning-glory. (Fig. 2947.) Convolvulus Carolinus L. Sp. PI. 154. 1753- Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 258. 1817. Ipomoea commutata R. & S. Syst. 4: 228. 1819. Ipomoea Carolina Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 145. 1814. Similar in habit to the preceding species, but the leaves usually more lobed; peduncles often longer than the leaves, 1-3-flowered; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or ciliate; corolla i/-i^/long, pink or purple; capsule gla- brous or pubescent. Kansas (according to Holzinger) to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. CONVOLYULACEAE. [Vol. III. 4. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. Bush Morning-glory. (Fig. 2948.) Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. in Frem. Rep. 95. 1845. Perennial from an enormous root, which some- times weighs 25 lbs., glabrous throughout; stems erect, ascending or reclining, rather stout, 2°-4°'' long, much branched. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, acute, 2/-5/ long, l//-3// wide; petioles very short; peduncles stout, nearly erect, usually shorter than the leaves, 1-4-flowered; pedicels shorter than the peduncles; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 3//-4// long, or the outer shorter; corolla funnelform, purple or pink, about 3' long, the limb scarcely lobed; capsule ovoid, acute, 8//-i2// long, 2-celled, much longer than the sepals; seeds pubes- cent. In dry soil, Nebraska and Wyoming, south to Texas and New Mexico. May-July. 5. Ipomoea purpurea (L,.) Roth. Morning-glory. (Fig. 2949.) Convolvulus purpureas P. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 2:9. 1762. Ipomoea purpurea Roth, Bot. Abh. 27. 1787. Annual, pubescent; stem retrorsely hairy, twining or trailing, 4°-io° long. Leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate, acute or acuminate, 2r- \f wide, slender-petioled ; peduncles slender, 1-5-flowered, often longer than the petioles; se- pals lanceolate or oblong, acute, pubescent or hirsute near the base, 6//-S// long; corolla fun- nelform, blue, purple, pink, variegated or white, i'-2y2' long; ovary 3-celled (rarely 2-celled); stigmas 3 (rarely 2); capsule depressed-globose, about 5// in diameter, shorter than the sepals. In waste places, commonly escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Nebraska aud Texas. There is a double-flowered form in cultivation. Adventive or naturalized from tropical America. July-Oct. 6. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Ivy- leaved Morning-glory. (Fig. 2950.) Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Icon. Rar. pi. j6. 1781. Annual, pubescent; stem twining or climbing to a height of 2°-5°, slender, retrorsely hair}-. Leaves ovate-orbicular in outline, long-petioled, deeply 3-lobed, cordate at the base, 2/-5/ long, the lobes ovate, acuminate, entire, or the lateral ones sometimes rcpand or dentate; peduncles 1-3- fiowered, much shorter than the petioles; flowers opening in early morning, soon closing; sepals lanceolate with long linear often recurved tips, densely hirsute below, sparingly so above, &"-i2,r long; corolla funnelform, the tube usually nearly white, the limb light blue or purple, i/-i/^/ long; ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3; capsule depressed-glo- bose, 3-valved, about as long as the lanceolate portion of the sepals. In fields and waste places, Pong Island to Florida, west to Pennsylvania, Nebraska and Mexico. Natu- ralized or adventive from tropical America. July-Oct. Vol. III.] MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. 25 6. CONVOLVULUS L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753- Herbs (the following species perennials with slender rootstocks) with trailing, twining or erect stems. Leaves entire dentate or lobed, mostly cordate or sagittate and petioled. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, large, pink, purple or white. Sepals nearly equal or the outer larger, the calyx bractless or with a pair of bracts at its base. Corolla funnel- form or campanulate, the limb plaited, 5-angled, 5-lobed, or entire. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 1-2- celled, 4-ovuled; style filiform; stigmas 2, filiform, oblong, or ovoid. Capsule globose or nearly so, 1-4-celled, 2-4-valved. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, to roll together, or entwine.] About 175 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the follow- ing-, some 10 others occur in the southern and western United States. Calyx with 2 large bracts at the base, which enclose it. (Genus Volvulus Medic. ) Stems trailing or climbing. Stems 3°-io° long; leaves hastate, the auricles often dentate. Stems i°-3° long; leaves sagittate, the auricles rounded, entire. Stem erect or ascending; flowers white; bracts not cordate. Calyx not bracted; peduncle bracted at the summit. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves entire, auriculate. Canescent; leaves with 2-4 basal lobes. 1. 2. 3- 4- 5- C. septum. C. repens. C. spithamaeus. C. C. arvensis. incanus. i. Convolvulus sepium L. Hedge or Great Bindweed. Rutland Beauty. (Fig. 2951.) Convolvulus septum L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753. Convolvulus sepium var. Americanus Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 732. 1804. Calystegia sepium R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 483. 1810. Glabrous or pubescent; stems extensively trailing or twining, 3°-io° long. Leaves slender-petioled, triangular in outline, has- tate, 2/-5/ long, acute or acuminate at the apex, the basal lobes divergent, usually acute, angulate dentate or entire; petioles Yz'-z' long; peduncles i-flowered, longer than the leaves; flowers pink with white stripes or white throughout, about 1' long; bracts at the base of the corolla, large, ovate, acute or obtuse, cordate; stigmas oblong. In fields and thickets, usually in moist soil, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Minne- sota, Utah and Nebraska. Also in Europe and Asia. The plants of eastern North America perhaps constitute several species. June-Aug. Old names, Bell-bind, Woodbind, Lily-bind, Lady's Nightcap and Hedge Lily. Convolvulus Japonicus Thunb. Fl. Jap. 85, 1784, a species with narrow hastate leaves and smaller pink flowers, cultivated in a double-flowered form, has in this form escaped from cultivation from southeastern New York to the District of Columbia and Missouri. 2. Convolvulus repens L. Trailing Bindweed. (Fig. 2952.) Convolvulus repens L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753- Calystegia sepium var. pubescens A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Convolvulus sepium var. repens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 215. 1878. Pubescent or tomentose; stem trailing or twining, i°-3° long, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves ovate or oblong, petioled, i/-2/ long, obtuse, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, sagittate or cordate at the base, en- tire, the basal lobes rounded, scarcely or not at all divergent; petioles yi'-V long; peduncles 1- flowered, equalling or longer than the leaves; flowers white (sometimes pink?) about 1' long; calyx enclosed by 2 ovate acute or obtusish slightly cordate bracts; stigmas oblong. In dry fields, Virginia to Florida, west to Dakota and Texas. May-Aug. 26 CONVOLVULACEAE. [Vol. III. 3. Convolvulus spithamaeus L. .Up- right Bindweed. (Fig. 2953.) Convolvulus spithamaeus L- Sp. PI. 158. 1753. Calvstegia spitliamaea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 143. 1814. Volvulus spithamaeus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 447. 1891. Pubescent, or glabrate; stem erect or ascend- ing, straight, or the summit sometimes feebly twining, 6/-i2/ high. Leaves oval, short- petioled or the uppermost sessile, usually ob- tuse at both ends, sometimes acutish at the apex and subcordate at the base, i/-2/ long, ^/-iX/ wide; peduncles i-flowered, longer than the leaves; flowers white, nearly if long; calyx enclosed by 2 large oval acutish bracts which are narrowed at both ends and not cor- date at the base; stigmas oblong, thick. In dry sandy or rocky fields or on banks, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-Aug. 4. Convolvulus arvensis ~L,. Small Bindweed. (Fig. 2954.) Convolvulus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753. Glabrous, or nearly so; stems trailing or decum- bent, very slender, i°-2^° long, simple or branched. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate or ob- long, entire, obtusish and mucronulate or acutish at the apex, sagittate or somewhat hastate at the base, i/-2/ long, the basal lobes spreading, acute; peduncles 1-4-flowered (commonly 2-fiowered), shorter than the leaves; 1-3-bracted at the summit, usually with another bract on one of the pedicels; sepals oblong, obtuse, 1%." long; corolla pink or nearly white, 8//-i2// broad; calyx not bracted at the base; stigmas linear. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Kansas. Nat- uralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. May- Sept. Old names, Hedge -bells, Bearbind, Corn-Lily, Wind, Bellbine, Corn-bind, Lap-love, Sheep-bine. 5. Convolvulus incanus Vahl. Hoary Bindweed. (Fig. 2955.) Convolvulus inca?ius Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 23. 1794- Finely and densely canescent, pale, or some- times greener; stems procumbent or trailing, usually branched, i°-3° long. Leaves rather short-petioled, lanceolate, ovate to linear in out- line, usually with 2-4 divergent lobes at the base, or the lower pair of lobes reflexed, other- wise entire or irregularly dentate, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, i/-2/ long; peduncles 1-2-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves, minutely bracted at the summit; pedi- cels 3//-6// long; sepals oblong, obtuse or mu- cronulate, about 3// long; corolla white to rose- color; stigmas narrowly linear; capsule globose, about as long as the sepals. In waste places near Lincoln, Neb. (according to Webber). In dry soil, Kansas and Arkansas to Arizona, Mexico and Texas. Also in southern South America. April-Aug. Vol.. III.] DODDER FAMILY. 27 Family 20. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort, Anal. Fam. 20. 1829. Dodder Family. White or yellow slender parasites, dextrorsely twining, the leaves reduced to minute alternate scales. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed or 5 -parted (rarely 4-lobed or 4-parted), or of 5 distinct sepals. Corolla campanulate, ovoid, urceolate or cylindric, 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes imbricated in the bud, the tube bearing as many fimbriate or crenulate scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these sometimes obsolete. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted in the throat or sinuses above the scales, short- exserted or included; filaments short or slender; anthers short, ovate or oval, obtuse, 2 -celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary globose to oblong, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; styles 2, terminal, separate, or rarely united below; stigmas linear or capitate. Capsule globose or ovoid, circumscissile, irregularly bursting or indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous, globose or angular; embryo linear, terete, curved or spiral, its apex bearing 1-4 minute alternate scales, endosperm fleshy; cotyledons none. 1. CUSCUTA L. Sp. PI. 124. 1753. Characters of the family. The filiform twining stems are parasitic on herbs and shrubs by numerous minute suckers. The seeds germinate in the soil and the plantlet attaches it- self to its host, its root and lower portion soon perishing. The subsequent nutrition of the parasite is apparently wholly through its suckers. Indications of a small amount of coloring matter, possibly chlorophyll, have been observed in one species. [Name from the Arabic] About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Known as Dodder, or Strangle-weed. 4f Corolla-scales crenulate ; stigmas slender ; capsule circumscissile. Scales crenulate above, not incurved. ■ 1. C. Epilinum. Scales crenulate all around, strongly incurved. 2. C. Epithymum. •Jf -Jf Corolla-scales fringed; stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent. Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx. Flowers very nearly sessile; corolla persistent at the base of the capsule. Corolla-scales ovate, fringed all around; calyx-lobes obtuse. 3. C. arvensis. Corolla-scales abortive, or of a few processes: calyx-lobes acutish. 4. C. Polygonoruvi. Flowers distinctly pedicelled; corolla enclosing or capping the capsule, or at length deciduous. Tips of the corolla-lobes incurved or reflexed. Scales ovate, fringed all around; capsule enclosed by the corolla. 5. C. indecora. Scales abortive, or of a few slender processes; corolla capping the capsule. 6. C. Coryli. Corolla-lobes spreading or recurved. Scales small, irregularly fringed; capsule depressed-globose. Scales long, fringed mainly above; capsule pointed. Corolla ilA" long; capsule globose, short-pointed. Flowers 2"-^" long; capsule oval, long-pointed. Sepals separate, subtended by similar bracts. Flowers cymose, pedicelled; scales short; bracts entire. Flowers closely sessile in dense clusters; bracts serrulate. Bracts few, broad, appressed; styles as long as the ovary. Bracts numerous, narrow, their tips recurved; styles longer than the ovary. 12. C. paradoxa. i. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe. Flax Dodder. (Fig. 2956.) Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe, Archiv. Apoth. 8: 54. 1824. Cuscuta densiflora Soyer-Willem. Act. Soc. L,inn. Paris, 4: 281. 1826. Stems very slender, yellow or red; flowers ses- sile in dense clusters, yellowish white, about \l/>." long. Calyx hemispheric, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute, as long as the corolla-tube; corolla short, cylindric, becoming urceolate, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, its scales short, erect, less than one-half the length of the tube, 2- cleft or emarginate, crenulate above, the crenula- tions not extending to the base; stigmas linear-fili- form; capsule circumscissile, the withering corolla borne on its summit. On flax, Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylva- nia. Introduced from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Aug. 7. C. Cephalantlii. 8. C. Gronovii. q. C. rostrata. 10. 11. C. cuspidata. C. compacta. 28 CUSCUTACEAE. [Vol. III. 2. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. Thyme Dodder. Lesser or Clover Dodder. (Fig. 2957.) Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. in L. Syst. Ed. 13, 140. 1774. Cuscuta Trifolii Bab. Phytol. I: 467. 1843. Stems filiform, red; flowers sessile in small dense clusters, pinkish, about i// long. Calyx variable, 4-5-lobed, more than one-half the length of the cylindric corolla-tube, the lobes acute ; corolla 4-5-lobed, the lobes erect, about one-half as long as the tube, acute, its scales strongly incurved, crenulate nearly or quite to the base; stigmas fili- form; capsule circumscissile, capped by the wither- ing corolla. On clover, Ontario (according to Fowler); Alder Lake, N. Y., on Aster lateriflorus; Sellersville, and Susquehanna Co., Pa. Introduced from Europe, where it occurs on thyme, clover and other low plants. July- Sept. 3. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Field Dodder.. (Fig. 2958.) Cuscuta arve?isis Beyrich; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 77. As synonym. 1834. Plant pale yellow; stems filiform, the flowers nearly sessile in small clusters. Calyx broad, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, obtuse; corolla nearly campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, as long as the tube, their tips reflexed, its scales large, ovate, as long as or longer than the tube, densely fringed all around with short irregular pro- cesses; stamens not exserted; style shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule depressed-globose, indehiscent, the wither- ing corolla and usually the stamens per- sistent at its base. On various herbs and low shrubs, New York to Manitoba and the Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Texas, Mexico and California. Also in South America. July-Aug. 4. Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Smart- weed Dodder. (Fig. 2959.) Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 342. pi. 6. f. 26-29. 1842. C. chlorocarpa Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 350. 1S48. Plant orange-yellow ; stems slender but rather coarse; flowers sessile or nearly so in dense clusters. Calyx short, 4-5 lobed, the lobes ovate-oblong, acute or acutish; lobes of the corolla 4 or 5, triangular-ovate, acute, mostly as long as the tube, the scales usually obsolete, wanting, or consisting of only 2 or 3 slender processes on each side of the attached lower portion of the filament; filaments mostly slender; styles shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule globose, the withering corolla persistent at its base. On Polygonums and other herbs, Minnesota to Arkansas in the Mississippi Valley. Also in Pennsylvania and Delaware. Range probably more extensive. July-Sept. Vol. III.] DODDER FAMILY. 5. Cuscuta indecora Choisy. Pretty Dodder. (Fig. 2960.) Cuscuta indecora Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 278. pi. 3. f.5- 1841. C. pulcherrima Scheele, Linnaea, ax: 750. 1848. Cuscuta decora Choisy; Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 1: 501. 1859. Stems rather stout; flowers \yz" long, pedicelled in loose cymes, more or less papillose. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute, mostly shorter than the corolla- tube; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes triangular, minutely crenulate, spreading, nearly as long as the tube, their tips inflexed; scales ovate, erect, irregularly fringed with short processes all around; sta- mens slightly exserted, or included; stigmas capitate; capsule oblong, acute, enveloped by the withering corolla. On various herbs and low shrubs, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico, in several forms. Also in the West Indies and South America. Corolla white; stigmas often yellow or purple. June-Aug. 6. Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Hazel Dodder. (Fig. 2961.) Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 337. /. 7-1 1. 1842. Cuscuta inflexa Engelm. Trans. St. I,ouis Acad. 1:502. 1859. Stems coarse; flowers about i// long, pedi- celled in loose, or rather dense cymes. Calyx 4_5-lobed, the lobes triangular or triangular- lanceolate, acutish, about as long as the corolla-tube; corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes minutely crenulate, nearly erect, triangular, acute, about as long as the tube, their tips inflexed; scales small, oval, obtuse, often with only a few processes on each side; stamens scarcely exserted; styles shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule oblong, pointed, enveloped or at length capped by the withering corolla. On the hazels and other shrubs or tall herbs, Connecticut to Virginia, west to Nebraska and Arkansas. July-Aug. 7. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. But- ton-bush Dodder. (Fig. 2962.) Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 336. pi. 6. f. 1-6. 1842. Cuscuta tenuiflora Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 350. 1848. Plant yellow, stems rather coarse ; flowers about l// long, short-pedicelled, clustered; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla- tube; corolla cylindric-campanulate, its lobes ovate, obtuse and rounded, spreading, one-half the length of the tube or less; scales about as long as the lobes, fringed mainly toward the apex with ir- regular processes; stamens included; styles slender, about as long as the ovary, shorter than the ripe capsule; stigmas capitate; capsule depressed-glo- bose, \%" in diameter, surrounded or capped by the withering, at length deciduous corolla. On shrubs and tall herbs, Pennsylvania to Minne- sota and the Northwest Territory, south to Texas and Arizona. July-Aug. 3Q CUSCUTACEAE. [Vol. III. 8. Cuscuta Grondvii Willd. Grono- vius' Dodder. L,ove-vine. (Fig. 2963.) C. Gronovii Willd.: R. & S. Syst. 6: 205. 1820. Cuscuta vulgivaga Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 338. pi. 6 /, 12-16. 1842. Stems yellow to orange, slender, high-climb- ing; flowers usually short-pedicelled, num- erous in dense cymes. Calyx not bracted, its lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla campanulate, about i^'Mong, the lobes ovate, obtuse, rounded, spreading, nearly as long as the tube, the scales narrow, equalling or longer than the tube, thickly fringed about the summit and sparingly along the sides with long slender processes; styles slender, not as long as the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule globose, short-pointed or pointless, 1%" in diameter, enveloped or capped by the withering de- ciduous corolla. On herbs and low shrubs. Nova Scotia to Man- itoba, Florida and Texas. Variable. July-Aug. g. Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. Beaked Dodder. (Fig. 2964.) Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. ; Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 225. 1845. Stems coarse, yellowish white; flowers larger than in any of our other species, loosely cymose, pedicelled. Calyx gamo- sepalous, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate-triangular, shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla cam- panulate, 2//-3// long, white, its lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about as long as the calyx-lobes; scales narrow, sometimes spatu- late, shorter than the tube, heavily fringed at the summit and sparingly along the sides with long slender processes; stamens in- cluded; styles slender, about as long as the flask-shaped ovary; stigmas capitate; cap- sule oval, long-beaked. On herbs and shrubs, Maryland to South Car- olina and Georgia in the Alleghanies. July-Sept. 10. Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Cus- pidate Dodder. (Fig. 2965.) Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 224. 1845. Plant yellowish; stems slender; flowers in loose panicled cymes, about \l/tf/ long. Calyx of 5 distinct entire sepals, shorter than the corolla-tube, with 2-4 similar bracts at its base and often others on the pedicels; sepals orbicu- lar to lanceolate, cuspidate, mucronate or acum- inate; corolla nearly salverform, its lobes trian- gular-lanceolate or oblong, acute or cuspidate, spreading, about one-half the length of the tube; scales narrow, usually less than one-half as long as the tube, fringed all around with short irre- gular processes; stamens not exserted; styles very slender, longer than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule bearing the withered corolla on its summit. On coarse herbs, Nebraska to Missouri and Texas. July-Sept. Vol. III.] DODDER FAMILY. ii. Cuscuta compacta Juss. Compact Dodder. (Fig. 2966.) Cuscuta compacta Juss.; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 281. /. 4. f. 2. 1841. Plant yellowish white, stems rather stout; flowers about 2" long, closely sessile in dense clusters. Calyx of 5 (rarely 4) distinct oval crenulate obtuse sepals, subtended by 3-5 sim- ilar rhombic-orbicular appressed serrulate bracts; corolla salverform, persistent, the tube cylindric, its 5 (rarely 4) lobes oblong or ovate, obtuse, spreading, much shorter than the tube, the scales narrow, one-half the length of the tube, fringed with numerous long processes; stamens included; styles slender, shorter than or as long as the ovary; capsule oblong, envel- oped or capped by the withering corolla. On shrubs, Ontario to southern New York and Alabama, west to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. 12. Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Glom- erate Dodder. (Fig. 2967.) Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820. Cuscuta glomerata Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 184. pi. 4. f. 1. 1841. Lepidanche compositarum Engelrn. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 344. / 30-35. 1842. Plant yellowish white, stems slender; flow- ers sessile, i-^// long, exceedingly numerous in dense confluent clusters covering portions of the stem of the host-plant. Calyx of 5 distinct concave oblong obtuse serrulate sepals, subtended by 8-15 narrower serrulate much imbricated bracts with recurved tips; corolla tube oblong-cylindric, its lobes ob- long-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, ob- tuse, spreading or recurved, persistent; scales copiously fringed at the summit and sparingly along the sides with numerous long pro- cesses; styles 2-4 times as long as the ovary; capsule capped by the withering corolla. On tall herbs, mainly Compositae, Ohio to Minnesota, Missouri and Texas. July-Sept. Family 21. POLEMONIACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 3: 645. 1805. Phlox Family. Herbs, some species slightly woody, with alternate or opposite entire lobed or dissected leaves. Flowers perfect, corymbose-capitate, cymose or paniculate, regular, or nearly regular. Calyx inferior, tubular or campanu- late, 5-cleft, the lobes or teeth slightly imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, saucer-shaped, campanulate or rotate, the limb 5-parted, the lobes contorted. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; filaments slender or filiform; anthers ovate, oblong or linear, versa- tile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, mostly 3-celled; ovules 2-00 in each cavity, amphitropous; style simple, filiform; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds various, some- times winged, sometimes enveloped in mucilage and emitting spiral tubes when wetted; endosperm present; embryo straight; cotyledons flat; radicle inferior. About 10 genera and 200 species, most abundant in Western America, a few in temperate Europe and Asia. Calyx distended and at length ruptured by the ripening capsule. Corolla salverform; leaves opposite, entire. 1. Phlox. Corolla funnelform, tubular, salverform or campanulate; leaves alternate or opposite. 2. Gilia. 32 POLEMONIACEAE. Calyx not distended nor ruptured by the capsule; leaves alternate. Calyx-teeth herbaceous, not spinulose-tipped. Stamens declined; leaves pinnate. Stamens straight and leaves entire in our species. Calyx-teeth spinulose-tipped; leaves pinnatifid. [VOL. III. 3. Polemonium. 4. Collomia. 5. Naverretia. i. PHLOX L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753. Perennial or rarely annual, erect or diffuse herbs, with opposite entire leaves, or some of the upper ones alternate, and large blue purple red or white flowers, in terminal cymes or cymose panicles. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-ribbed, 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acuminate, mostly scarious-margined and the sinuses commonly scarious. Corolla salver- form, the tube narrow, the limb 5-lobed; lobes obovate, orbicular or obcordate, spreading. Stamens straight, short, unequally inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary oblong or ovoid, 3- celled; style usually slender; ovules 1-4 in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, 3-valved, at length distending and rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds ovoid, wingless or narrowly winged, not emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, flame.] About 30 species, natives of North America and Russian Asia. Besides the following some 14 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Leaves flat, ovate, oblong, lanceolate or linear. Cymes panicled; flowers short-pedicelled or sessile. Calyx-teeth subulate; leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute; leaves lanceolate or ovate, acuminate. Cymes corymbose, simple, or flowers scattered. Flowering stems erect or ascending, simple. Plants glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate or oblong; calyx-teeth acute. Leaves lanceolate or linear; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate. Plants pubescent, hirsute or villous. Stems erect or ascending; no prostrate sterile shoots. Leaves linear or lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. Leaves linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, nearly erect. Stems ascending or reclining; sterile shoots prostrate. Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate. Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots obovate. Stems diffusely branched, usually creeping; leaves narrow. Corolla-lobes cleft to or about the middle. Corolla-lobes cleft only at the apex. Corolla-lobes rounded; western. Leaves subulate, fascicled or crowded; plants low. Stems creeping or ascending; flowers cymose; eastern. Densely tufted; flowers mostly solitary; western. Leaves densely white-woolly, 1" long; plant moss-like. Leaves less woolly or merely ciliate, 2" -6" long. Corolla-tube shorter than or equalling the calyx. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. 1 1. P. P. P. P. Paniculata. mactilata. ovata. erlaberrima. P. pilosa. P. amoena. P. divaricala. P. re plans. P. bifida. P. Stellaria. P. Kelseyi. 12. P. subulala. 13. P. bryoides. P. P. Hoodii. Douglasii. i. Phlox paniculata L. Garden Phlox. (Fig. 2968.) Phlox paniculata L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753. Stem erect, stout or slender, simple or branched above, glabrous or puberulent, 20- 6° high. Leaves thin, sessile or short-petioled, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, or the uppermost subcordate, 2/-6/ long, Yz'-T-Yz' wide; flowers short-pedicelled in compact paniculate cymules, the inflores- cence often i2/ long; calyx-teeth subulate, glabrous, puberulent or glandular, more than one-half as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple or white, its lobes broadly obovate, rounded, entire, shorter than its tube; capsule oval, obtuse, slightly longer than the ruptured calyx- tube. In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Illinois and Louisiana. Freely escaped from gardens in the north and east. July-Sept. Vol. III.] PHLOX FAMILY. 33 2. Phlox maculata L. Wild Sweet- William. (Fig. 2969.) Phlox maculata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753- Phlox suaveolens Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 206. 1789. Stem slender, erect, simple, or branched above, glabrous or puberulent, usually flecked with purple, i^°-3° high. Leaves lanceo- late or the upper ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, rather firm, long-acuminate, sessile, rounded or subcordate at the base, 2'-$' long, widest just above the base, the lowest sometimes linear-lanceolate; flowers short-pedicelled, the compact cymules forming an elongated nar- row thyrsoid panicle; calyx-teeth triangular- lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, about one- fourth the length of the tube; corolla pink or purple, rarely white, its lobes rounded, shorter than the tube; capsule similar to that of the preceding species. In moist woods and along streams, New Jersey to Florida, west to Minnesota and Tennessee. Occasionally escaped from gardens further north. P. maculata var. Candida Michx. {P. suaveolens Ait. ) is a form with white flowers and unspotted stem, occurring with the type. June-Aug. -==%f^ 3. Phlox ovata L,. Mountain Phlox. (Fig. 2970.) Phlox ovata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753. Phlox Carolina L- Sp. PI. Fd. 2, 216. 1762. Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stems sim- ple, slender, ascending from a decumbent base, i°-2° high. Leaves rather firm, the upper ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a rounded or subcordate base, acute at the apex, i/-2/ long, the lower and basal ones longer, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute at both ends, narrowed into slender often margined petioles; flowers short-pedicelled in corymbed or sometimes sim- ple cymes; calyx-teeth lanceolate or triangular- lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of the tube; corolla pink or red, its lobes obovate, rounded, entire. In woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Alabama, mostly in the mountains. May-Aug. 4. Phlox glaberrima L,. Smooth Phlox. (Fig. 2971.) Phlox glaberrima L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753. Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem simple, slender, erect or ascending, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, rather firm, mostly i-nerved, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, ly^'-^' long, 2//-6// wide, sessile, or the lowest linear or ob- long, obtusish, shorter, and short-petioled ; flowers short-pedicelled, the cymules corymbed; calyx- teeth subulate-lanceolate, one-third to one-half the length of the tube ; corolla commonly pink, its lobes obovate, rounded, or obcordate, longer than the tube. In open woods and on prairies, Virginia to Wiscon- sin, south to Florida and Kentucky. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Broad-leaved southern forms approach the preceding species. May-July. 34 POLEMONIACEAE. [Vol. III. 5. Phlox pilosa L. Downy Phlox. (Fig. 2972.) Phlox pilosa I,. Sp. PI. 152. 1753. Soft downy or hairy, often glandular; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, slen- der, i°-2° high. Leaves linear or lanceolate, spreading or divaricate, long-acuminate, xf-j/ long, i^//-4// wide, sessile, the base nar- rowed or rounded; cymules corymbed; flow- ers short-pedicelled; calyx glandular, viscid, its teeth setaceous-subulate, longer than the tube; corolla pink, purple, or white, its lobes obovate, entire, the tube usually pubescent; capsule shorter than the calyx. In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, New Jersey, Florida, Akansas and Texas. April-June. 6. Phlox amoena Sims. Hairy Phlox. (Fig. 2973.) Phlox amoena Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1308. 1810. Usually quite hairy; stems simple, slender, as- cending, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves linear-oblong, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, nearly erect, J^/-iJ^/ long, iX//-2>^// wide, the lowest much shorter; flowers very nearly sessile in a dense terminal simple or somewhat compound cyme, which is subtended by the uppermost pair of leaves; calyx hirsute, its teeth subulate, as long as or shorter than the tube; corolla pink or white, its lobes obovate, entire or rarely emarginate, shorter than the glabrous tube. In dry soil, Virginia to Tennessee, Florida and Georgia. April-June. 7. Phlox divaricata L,. Wild Blue Phlox. (Fig. 2974.) Phlox divaricata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753- Finely viscid-pubescent; stems ascending or diffuse, slender, producing creeping or ascend- ing leafy shoots from the base. Leaves of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate, obtuse, i/-2/ long, those of the flowering stems lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, mostly acute or acutish; flowers pedicelled in open corymbed cymules, faintly fragrant; calyx-teeth subu- late, longer than the tube; corolla bluish, its lobes obcordate, emarginate or entire, not very much longer than the tube ; capsule oblong-globose, about 2" high. In moist woods, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania, Florida. Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascends to 3700 ft. in Virginia. Sometimes called Wild Sweet William. April-June. Vol. III.] PHLOX FAMILY 8. Phlox reptans Michx. Crawling Phlox. (Fig. 2975.) Phlox repians Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 145. 1803. Hirsute or pubescent; stems slender, diffuse, producing sterile creeping leafy shoots from the base. Leaves of the sterile shoots obovate, obtuse at the apex, i/~3/ long, narrowed at the base into petioles; flowering stems 4/-8/ high, their leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute or ob- tuse, smaller; flowers in a simple or barely.com- pound cyme, slender-pedicelled; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, as long as the tube or longer; corolla pink, purple, or violet, its lobes rounded, mostly entire, about one-half the length of the tube; capsule subglobose, \%.,f high. In woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Ken- tucky, mainly in the mountains. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. April-June. g. Phlox bifida Beck. 10. Phlox Stellaria A. Gray. Chick weed Phlox. (Fig. 2977.) Phlox Stellaria A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 252. 1870. Glabrous or puberulent; stems diffuse, somewhat woody, much branched, the branches nearly erect, 3/-8/ high. Leaves all linear, or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute, i/-2/ long, \f,-\yzff wide; flowers in simple cymes or solitary in the axils, slender-pedi- celled; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate, short- er than the tube; corolla pale blue or nearly white, its lobes cuneate, 2-lobed at the apex, nearly as long as the tube. On cliffs, southern Illinois and Kentucky. April-May. Cleft Phlox. (Fig. 2976.) P. bifida Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 11: 170. 1826. Puberulent or pubescent; stems diffuse, somewhat woody, much branched, slender, often i° long, the branches erect or ascend- ing, 4/-8/ high. Leaves of sterile shoots linear, sessile, i/-2/ long, \."-2.ff wide, acute, those of flowering branches linear- oblong or lanceolate, much shorter; flowers in simple cymes or solitary in the axils, slender-pedicelled; pedicels 3//-i2// long; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, somewhat longer than the tube; corolla pale purple, its lobes shorter than the tube, cuneate, 2-3- cleft to about the middle into linear or oblong obtuse diverging segments; capsule oblong-globose, \,f-\%f/ high. In dry places, Indiana to Tennessee and Michigan. April-June. 36 POLEMONIACEAE. [Vol.. III. ii. Phlox Kelseyi Britton. Kelsey's Phlox. (Fig. 2978.) Phlox Kelseyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 225. 1892. Many-stemmed from a woody root, the stems spreading, creeping, or ascending, sometimes 8/ long, glabrous, or slightly pu- bescent above, very leaf}'. Leaves oblong, or linear-oblong, sessile, glabrous, or nearly so, 3//-i2// long, i//-2// wide, or the upper longer and narrower, thick, rigid, the apex spinose-mucronate, the revolute margins cil- iate; flowers sessile, or short-peduncled; pe- duncles and calyx somewhat glandular- pubescent, or glabrous; calyx-teeth subulate, as long as the tube, or longer; corolla-tube somewhat exceeding the calyx, the limb about 8" broad, blue or lilac, the obovate- cuneate lobes rounded or truncate. North Dakota to Nebraska and Montana. May-June. 12. Phlox subulata L,. Ground or Moss Pink. (Fig. 2979.) Phlox subulata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753- Pubescent or becoming glabrate, evergreen; stems tufted, forming mats, diffuse, much branched, the branches 2/-6/ long. Leaves subulate-linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-ob- long, acute or acuminate, 4//-io// long, )/z"-\" wide, spreading, ciliate, rigid, commonly fasci- cled at the nodes; flowers in simple cymes, slender-pedicelled; calyx-teeth subulate from a broader base, about as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple or white, its lobes obcor- date or entire, shorter than the tube; capsule oblong, nearly 2" high. In dry sandy or rocky soil, southern New York to Florida, west to Michigan and Kentucky. Ascends to 3500 ft. in West Virginia. April-June. 13. Phlox bryoides Nutt. Moss Phlox. (Fig. 2980.) Phlox bryoides Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) i: 153. 1848. Depressed, shrubby, moss-like, densely branched from a deep woody root, forming compact tufts 2/-3/ high. Leaves minute (about \" long), closely imbricated in 4 ranks, copiously white- woolly, triangular-lanceolate, pale, acute, the mar- gins infolded; flowers solitary and sessile at the ends of the branches, about lyi" long; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx, its lobes broadly cuneate, entire. On dry hills, western Nebraska and Wyoming. May-July. Vol. III.] PHLOX FAMILY. 37 14. Phlox Hoodii Richards. Hood's Phlox. (Fig. 298 r.) Phlox Hoodii Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 733. pi. 28. 1823. Densely tufted and branched from a woody root, 7.f-\' high. Leaves imbricated, erect, rigid, subu- late, mucronate, somewhat woolly or ciliate, be- coming glabrate, 2//-6'/ long; flowers solitary and sessile at the ends of the branches, about 5" long; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, longer than the tube; tube of the corolla shorter than or equalling the calyx, its lobes obovate, entire. In dry sandy or rocky soil, Manitoba to the North- west Territory, south to western Nebraska and Wyo- ming. May-July. 15. Phlox Douglasii Hook. Douglas' Phlox. (Fig. 29S2.) Phlox Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 73. pi. ijS. 1834- Similar to the preceding species; leaves pu- bescent or glabrous, less imbricated, sometimes spreading, rigid, usually fascicled at the nodes, 4//-7// long. Flowers solitary and sessile or short-pedicelled at the ends of the branches, 5//-S// long; calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the tube; tube of the purple or white corolla longer than the calyx, its lobes obovate, entire. Dry soil, Nebraska and Montana to Utah, Cali- fornia and British Columbia. May-July. Phlox Douglasii andicola Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 269. 1894. Phlox Douglasii longifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 254. 1870. Not P. longifolia Nutt. Leaves longer, 8"- 12" long, less fascicled at the nodes. Range of the type. 2. GILIA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per. 25. pi. 4.. 1794. Herbs with opposite or alternate, entire pinnatifid palmatifid or dissected leaves. Flow- ers small or large, solitary, cymose, capitate, thyrsoid, or paniculate. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the sinuses usually scarious. Corolla funnelform, tubular, campanulate or rarely salverform, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, oblong, or obovate. Stamens equally or unequally inserted on the corolla, included or exserted. Ovary oblong or ovoid, 3-celled; ovules solitary or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 3-celled, at length distending and rupturing the calyx. Seed-coat commonly mucilaginous when wetted, in some species emitting spiral thread-like tubes. [Named for Philip Gil, a Span- ish botanist.] About 75 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 48 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Leaves entire. Flowers paniculate. Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate. Leaves pinnately divided, pinnatifid or palmatifid. Leaves palmatifid into 5-7 rigid subulate segments. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided, the segments linear, not rigid. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate or corymbose-paniculate. Corolla i'-2' long; plants i°-4°"tall. Flowers paniculate, white. Flowers narrowly thrysoid, red. Corolla 3" -5" long, violet or blue. Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate. Flowers in dense or capitate cymes, or heads. Flower-clusters leafy-bracted. Perennial; corolla-tube not longer than the calyx. Annual; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx. Clusters bractless; corolla campanulate. 1. G. gracilis. 6. G. spicata. 2. G. pungens. 3. G. longijlora. 4. G. aggregata. 5. G. pinnatifida. 6. G. spicata. 7. G. congesta. 8. G. pumila. 9. G. tricolor. 38 POLEMONIACEAE. [Vol. III. i. Gilia gracilis Hook. Entire-leaved Gilia. (Fig. 2983.) Gilia gracilis Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 2Q24. 1829. Collomia gracilis Dougl. in Benth. Bot. Reg. pi. 1622. 1833- Annual, pubescent, at length corymbosely much branched, 2/-6/ high, the branches asceuding. Lower and basal leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse, commonly opposite and nearly sessile, the upper linear or lanceolate, sessile, %f-xf long, i//-2// wide, opposite or alternate, entire; cymes 1-5-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, usually longer than the tube; corolla 4//-6// long, the tube yellowish, nar- row, equalling or slightly longer than the calyx, the lobes purple or violet, short; ovules 2-3 in each cav- ity; capsule oblong, obtuse, as long as or longer than the calyx-tube; seeds mucilaginous wThen wet. In dry or moist soil, western Nebraska, Colorado and New Mexico to British Columbia and California. April-Aug. 2. Gilia pungens (Torr.) Benth. Sharp- leaved Gilia. (Fig. 2984.) Canlna pungens Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 26. 1826. Gilia pungens Benth. in DC. Prodr. 9: 316. 1845. Shrubby, rigid, puberulent, glabrate, or somewhat viscid, usually much branched, 4/-8/ high. Leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, sessile, 3//-6// long, palmately divided into 3-7 subulate rigid awl-shaped segments, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, sometimes densely imbricated; flowers solitary, or 2-3 together, sessile at the ends of the branches, 8//-i2// long; calyx-lobes subulate, as long as the tube, or shorter; corolla pink or white, funnelform, the tube longer thau the calyx, the limb 5-lobed; ovules 8-10 in each cell; seeds not mucilaginous when wetted. Tn dry rocky soil, Arizona to Colorado, Wyoming, Cali- fornia and British Columbia. [Not definitely known from within our area.] Plant fragrant in drying. May-July. Gilia pungens caespitosa (Nutt.) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 268. 1870. Leptodaclylon caespitosum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. (II.) 1: 157. 1848. Low, densely tufted, 2' -3' high; leaves much imbricated; flowers smaller. Nebraska (Nuttall, Rydberg). Probably a distinct species. 3. Gilia longifldra (Torr.) Don. White-flowered Gilia. (Fig. 2985.) Cantua longiflora Torr. Ann. Lye. 2: 221. 1827. Gilia longiflora Don, Gard. Diet. 4: 245. 1838. Collomia longiflora A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 261. 1870. Annual, glabrous, paniculately branched, i°-2° high. Leaves all alternate, sessile, i/-2^/ long, pinnately divided into linear-filiform segments or the uppermost entire; flowers numerous, white, paniculate, about 2' long; calyx-teeth triangular- lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the tube; corolla salverform, its tube narrow, 4 or 5 times as long as the orbicular or ovate, rounded or pointed, spread- ing lobes; stamens unequally inserted; ovules S-12 in each cell; capsule narrowly oblong, exceeding or equalling the calyx; seed-coat mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Arizona. May-Sept. Gilia coronopifolia Pers., a related species with less spreading corolla-lobes, is commonly cultivated, and rarely escapes from gardens. Scott's Bluffs, Vol. III.] PHLOX FAMILY. 39 4. Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng. Scarlet Gilia. (Fig. 2986.) Canlua aggregata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 147. 1814. Gilia aggregata Spreng-. Syst. 1: 626. 1825. Biennial, pubescent or puberulent; stem sim- ple or sparingly branched, 2°-4° high, leafy at least below. Leaves alternate, the basal often tufted, mostly petioled, i'-$f long, pinnately parted into narrowly linear segments; inflores- cence narrowly thyrsoid-paniculate, often 12' long; flowers sessile or very nearly so in small peduncled clusters, scarlet or red; corolla tubu- lar-funnelform, the tube l'-l#' long, slightly thicker upward, the limb cleft into ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate spreading or re- curved lobes; stamens unequally or about equally inserted in the throat; ovules numerous; seeds mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. In dry soil, western Nebraska (according- to Coulter) to Texas and Mexico, west to British Columbia and California. June-Aug. 5. Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. Small- flowered Gilia. (Fig. 2987.) Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. ; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 276. 1870. Biennial or perennial from a deep root, much branched, viscid-glandular, 6/-2° high. Leaves thick, pinnatifid, the basal tufted, i/-3/ long, the segments linear-oblong, sometimes toothed, obtuse or acutish, 2//-6// long, those of the stem alternate, smaller, the uppermost minute and entire; flowers very numerous, small, panicu- late, some sessile, some petioled; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate to ovate; corolla salver form, 3"-5" long, the limb violet or blue, its white tube longer than the calyx and its obovate lobes ; stamens exserted; seeds not mucilaginous nor emitting spiral threads when wetted. In sandy soil, western Nebraska and Wyoming- to New Mexico. Perhaps includes two species. Has been mistaken for G. inconspicua. June-Aug. 6. Gilia spicata Nutt. Spicate Gilia. (Fig. 2988.) Gilia spicata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II. 156. 1848. 1: Perennial, woolly-tomentose; stems erect, rather stout, simple, solitary, or 2-4 from the woody root, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves alternate, narrowly linear, entire, or pinnately parted into 3-5 linear segments, i/-2/ long; flowers in an elongated narrow spicate thyrsus, sessile in small clusters, purplish, 4//-6// long; tube of the corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx, consider- ably longer than the ovate-oblong lobes; calyx-lobes acuminate; anthers equally inserted in the throat. In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming and Utah. May-Aug. 4o TOLEMONIACEAE. [Vol.. III. 7. Gilia congesta Hook. Round- headed Gilia. (Fig. 2989.) Gilia congesta Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 75. 1834. Gilia iberidifolia Benth. in Hook. Kew. Journ. Bot. 3: 290. 1 851. Perennial by a deep root, woolly-tomentose, at least when young, branched from the base or also above, 3/-i8/ high. Leaves mostly petioled, ^2/-2/ long, pinnately divided into 3-9 narrowly linear sharp-pointed segments, or the uppermost entire; flowers white, densely capitate-clustered, 2//-3// long, the clusters bracted by the upper leaves, %'-\r broad, sometimes corymbed; calyx- lobes awn-like; corolla-tube about the length of the calyx, slightly longer than the oval lobes; filaments equally inserted in or below the sinuses of the corolla; ovules 1-4 in each cavity. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to California, north to Montana and Oregon. May-Aug. 8. Gilia pumila Nutt. (Fig. 2990.) Low Gilia. Gilia pumila Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) 1:156. 1848. Annual, branched from the base and some- times also above, woolly at least when young, 3/-S/ high. Leaves alternate, thick, %'-\' long, pinnately divided into linear mucronulate sometimes lobed segments, or the uppermost entire; flowers in dense or at length looser sim- ple or compound cymes, sessile; corolla 3//-4// long, its tube about 3 times the length of the lobes and twice as long as the calyx; calyx- lobes awn-like; stamens inserted in or below the sinuses of the corolla, somewhat exserted; ovules 5 or 6 in each cavity. In dry soil, western Nebraska to Texas, west to Nevada and New Mexico. April-June. 9. Gilia tricolor Benth. Tricolored Gilia. (Fig. 2991.) Gilia tricolor Benth. Bot. Reg. pi. 1622. 1833. Annual, viscid-puberulent, at least above; stems slender, commonly branched, 6/-2° high. Leaves alternate, slender-petioled, or the upper sessile, 2-3-pinnately divided into narrowly linear acute segments; lowest leaves sometimes 6' long; flowers short-pedicelled, $"-7" long, in terminal peduncled simple cymes; calyx-lobes triangular- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, often purple-mar- gined; corolla campanulate-fuunelform, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its tube yellowish, short, the throat brown-purple, the oval to orbicular lobes lilac or violet; stamens equally inserted at the sinuses; ovules several in the cavities; seeds mucilaginous and ernittiug spiral threads when wetted. Escaped from gardens to roadsides at Lincoln, Neb. (according to Webber). Native of California. April- May. Vol. hi.] PHLOX FAMILY. 41 3. POLEMONIUM I,. Sp. PI. 162. 1753. Perennial or rarely annual herbs, with alternate pinnate membranous leaves, and mostly large cymose-paniculate or thyrsoid flowers. Calyx herbaceous, not angled nor ribbed, campanulate, 5-cleft to about the middle, accrescent in fruit, the segments lanceolate or ovate, entire, erect or counivent over the capsule. Corolla tubular-campanulate or tubular- funnelform, rarely rotate, blue, white, or yellow, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens about equally inserted near the base of the corolla, declined, the filaments slender, often pilose at the base. Ovary ovoid; ovules few or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, 3 valved. Seeds wingless, or narrowly winged, mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. About 15 species, natives of the cooler parts of the north temperate zone. Besides the follow- ing, some 10 others occur in the western parts of North America. 1. P. Van Brnntiae. 2. P. reptans. Anthers exserted; flowers 8"-io" broad; stem erect. Anthers included; flowers 5" -6" broad; stem reclining. i. Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton. American Jacob's L,adder. (Fig. 2992.) Polemonium coerulenm A. Gray, Man. Ed. 4, App. 1863. Not L. 1753- Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 224. pi. iji. 1892. Rootstock stout, horizontal, clothed with fibrous roots. Stems erect, glabrous below, somewhat glandular-pubescent above, i^°-2^° high, leafy to the top; leaflets of the lower leaves 15-19, short-stalked or sessile, ovate or lanceolate, acute, Yx'-'i-Yz' long, those of the upper fewer, the upper- most leaves 3-5-foliolate or simple; cymose clus- ters panicled or solitar}-, rather loosely 3-5-flow- ered; pedicels 2//-4// long; flowers bluish-purple, 8//-io// broad; corolla-lobes rounded; calyx 5- lobed to about the middle, much enlarged in fruit, the lobes acute; stamens exserted; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity. In swamps and along streams, Vermont and north- ern New York to Maryland. Differs from the Old World P. coeruleum L,. in its stout rootstocks, more leafy stem, exserted stamens, and rounded corolla- lobes. May-July. 2. Polemonium reptans L,. Greek Valerian. (Fig. 2993.) Polemonium reptans L. Syst. Ed. 10, no. 1. 1759. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, usually not more than i° high; stems weak, slender, at length reclining or diffuse, the rootstock short. Leaflets oblong, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate-ob- long, ^/-i_J^/ long, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foli- olate or simple; flowers blue, 5//-S// broad; calyx 5-lobed, its lobes obtuse or acute; stamens not exserted; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity. In woods, New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. April- May. 4. COLLOMIA Nutt. Gen. i: 126. 1818. Annual or rarely perennial herbs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and purple white or reddish capitate or cymose flowers. Calyx obpyramidal or cup-shaped, 5-cleft, scarious in the sinuses, accrescent in fruit, not distended by nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, its 42 POLEMONIACEAE. [Vol. III. lobes lanceolate or triangular, entire, erect, the sinuses often at length enlarged into a revo- lute lobe. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, the limb 5-lobed, spreading, the lobes obtuse. Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, mostly straight, the filaments unequal. Ovules 1 or few in each cavity. Capsule oval to obovoid. Seeds of most species mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, gluten, referring to the glutinous seeds when wetted.] About 10 species, natives of western America. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western United States and British Columbia. i. Collomia linearis Nutt. Narrow- leaved Collomia. (Fig. 2994.) Collomia linearis Nutt. Gen. 1: 126. 1818. Gilia linearis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 223. 1882. Annual, viscid-puberulent; stem erect, leafy, sim- ple or branched, slender, 3'-l8' high. Leaves linear-oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, en- tire, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, i/-2^/ long, iX//-6// wide; flowers 5//-7// long, numerous in terminal capitate leafy-bracted clusters; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute; corolla light purple or nearly white, the tube very slender, longer than the calyx, the lobes i//-2// long; capsule at maturity about as long as the calyx. In dry soil, Manitoba to Minnesota and Nebraska, west to British Columbia, Arizona and California. Also in New Brunswick. May-Aug. 5. NAVARRETIA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per. 20. 1794. Annual glabrous or viscid-pubescent herbs, with alternate spinose-piunatifid leaves, or the lowest entire, and numerous small flowers in dense terminal bracted clusters. Calyx prismatic or obpyramidal, the tube 5-angled, 5-cleft, not accrescent in fruit, not distended by nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, the sinuses scarious, the lobes mostly unequal, erect or spreading, spiny-tipped, entire, or often toothed. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, 5-lobed, the lobes oval or oblong. Stamens straight or declined, equally inserted in or below the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules solitary, few or several in each cavity. Capsule 1-3-celled, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds mostly mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [In honor of Navarrete, a Spanish physician.] About 24 species, natives of western America. Besides the following, some 22 others occur in the western United States. i. Navarretia minima Nutt. Small Navarretia. (Fig. 2995.) Navarretia minima Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) 1:160. 1848. Gilia minima A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 269. 1870. Depressed, tufted, somewhat pubescent; stem usually branched, \f-?f high. Leaves sessile, %f— 1/ long, i-2-pinnatifid into almost filiform rigid acicular segments; flowers about 2r/ long, white (?), densely capitate; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, mostly toothed, about as long as the tube and equalling the corolla, the sinuses more or less white-pubes- cent; calyx-tube about equalling the indehiscent 1-6-seeded capsule. Tn dry soil, Nebraska and South Dakota to Washing- ton and Arizona. Summer. Vol. III.] WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 43 Family 22. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 271. 1836. Water-leaf Family. Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal, rarely opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid cymes, spikes or racemes, or rarely solitary. Calyx inferior, deeply cleft or divided, the sinuses sometimes appendaged. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, salverform, campanulate, or rotate. Stamens 5", inserted on the tube or base of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes; filaments filiform; anthers ovate, oblong, or linear, mostly versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or none. Ovary superior, 2-celled, or i-celledwith 2 placentae; styles 2, separate, or partly united; stigmas small, terminal; ovules few or numerous, anatropous or amphitropous. Capsule 1-2 -celled, mostly loculicidally 2-valved, rarely sep- ticidally or irregularly dehiscent. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular, usually pitted, rugose or reticulated; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous; embryo small; cotyledons half-terete or plano-convex. About 17 genera and 160 species, mostly natives of western North America. Styles united below; ovary i -celled; leaves mostly lobed or dentate. Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud; placentae dilated. Stamens exserted. i. Hydrophyllum. Stamens not exserted. Sinuses of the calyx appendaged. 2. Calyx much enlarged in fruit, its sinuses not appendaged. 3. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud; placentae narrow. 4. Styles distinct to the base; ovary 2-celled; leaves entire. 5. Nemophila. Macrocalyx. Phacelia. Nama. 1. H. Virginicum. 2. H. macrophyllum. 3. H. appendiculalum. 4. H. Canadense. i. HYDROPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 146. 1753. Perennial or biennial herbs, with large lobed pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves, and rather large, white blue or purple flowers, in terminal or lateral peduncled more or less scorpioid cymes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments lanceolate or subulate, the sinuses naked or appendaged. Corolla tubular-campanulate or campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes con- volute in the bud, each with a linear appendage within, which extends to the base of the corolla and is incurved into a groove. Stamens 5, exserted; filaments pilose below or at the base; anthers linear or oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled, hispid-pubescent; placentae fleshy, dilated so as to nearly fill the cavity, free from the ovary-wall except at the top and bottom, each enclosing 2 ovules; styles united nearly to the summit. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4, globose-obovoid. [Greek, water- leaf, referring to the supposed cavity for water in each leaf.] About 6 species, natives of North America. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnatifid or pinnately divided. Calyx not appendaged in the sinuses or scarcely so. Plant sparingly pubescent; leaf-segments acute. Plant villous-hirsute; leaf-segments blunt. Calyx with a reflexed appendage in each sinus. Leaves palmately 5-9-lobed. 1. Hydrophyllum Virginicum L. Virginia Water-leaf . (Fig. 2996.) H. Virginicum L- Sp. PI. 146. 1753. Perennial by scaly rootstocks ; stems slender, glabrous or nearly so, simple or sparingly branched, ascending or erect, rather weak, i°-3° long. Lower and basal leaves long-petioled, &'-\o' long, pinnately divided into 5-7 oblong ovate or ovate- lanceolate acute or acutish sharply toothed or incised segments i/-2/ long, glabrous or with few scattered hairs; upper leaves simi- lar, short-petioled, smaller, with fewer seg- ments; cymes slender-peduncled, simple or forked, dense or at length open; flowers white or violet purple, darkest at high alti- tudes, short-pedicelled; pedicels strigose- pubescent; calyx-segments narrowly linear, hispid, spreading, the sinuses not appen- daged; corolla about 4" long; capsule glo- bose, nearly 2" in diameter. In woods, Quebec to Alaska, south to South Carolina, Kansas and Washington. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. May-Aug. 44 HYDROPHYLLACEAE. [Vol. III. 2. Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. Large-leaved Water-leaf. (Fig. 2997.) Hydrophyllum ■macrophyllum Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 7: in. 1834. Perennial by scaly rootstocks, villous-hir- sute all over; stem rather stout, 2°-3° high. Lower leaves long-petioled, 8'-i2' long, deeply pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 7-13 oval or ovate obtuse coarsely dentate segments i/-3/ long; upper leaves similar, smaller, shorter- petioled and with fewer segments; cymes long- peduncled, simple or forked, very dense; pe- duncles stout; pedicels short; flowers nearly white; calyx cleft to below the middle, its lobes lanceolate, erect, white-hispid, the sinuses not appendaged; corolla 5//-6// long; anthers ob- long; capsule globose, densely white-hispid, about \y2" in diameter, enclosed by the calyx. In rich woods, Ohio to Alabama, west to Illinois and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. 3. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. Appendaged Water-leaf. (Fig. 2998.) Hydrophyllum appendicitlatum Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 134. 1803. . Biennial, rough-hairy all over; stems slender, sim- ple or usually branched, weak, i°-2° long, somewhat viscid above. Lower and basal leaves long-petioled, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 5-7 ovate or oval, acute or obtusish, irregularly dentate or in- cised, membranous segments; upper leaves smaller and shorter-petioled, ovate to orbicular, variously lobed, the lobes acute and dentate; cymes loose, branched, the slender pedicels \"-\o" long; calyx parted to near the base, enlarging in fruit, the seg- ments triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, with a short refiexed appendage in each sinus; corolla violet or purple, 6//~7// long; stamens little exserted; capsule about i^// in diameter. In woods, Ontario to North Carolina, west to Minne- sota and Kansas. May-June. 4. Hydrophyllum Canadense L,. Broad-leaved Water-leaf. (Fig. 2999.) H. Canadense L. Syst. Ed. 10, no. 1. 1759. Perennial by scaly rootstocks; stems rather slender, commonly simple, glabrous or nearly so, i°-2%° high. Leaves nearly orbicular, cor- date, sparingly pubescent, at least above, pal- mately 5-9-lobed, the lower long-petioled, often 12' broad, occasionally with 1 or 2 pairs of small segments on the petiole; upper leaves smaller, but usually 6/-*]' broad; lobes ovate, acuminate, dentate; peduncles shorter than the leaves; cymes dense or becoming loose, simple or forked; pedicels short, nearly glabrous; calyx cleft nearly to the base, its segments linear-lanceolate, acute, nearly or quite glabrous, sometimes with a minute tooth in each sinus; corolla campanulate-rotate, white to purplish anthers linear-oblong; capsule 2" in diameter. In woods, Massachusetts and southern New York to North Carolina, west to Illinois. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. Voi,. III.] WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 45 • 2. NEMOPHILA Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 2: 179. 1822. Annual diffuse pubescent slender and fragile herbs, with alternate or opposite mostly piunatifid or lobed leaves. Flowers white, blue, or variegated, solitary, peduncled, lateral or terminal. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, with a reflexed or spreading appendage in each sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate-campanulate, mostly longer than the calyx, us- ually with 10 small appendages within at the base, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens included; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovar.y i-celled with placentae similar to those of Hydro- phyllum; styles partly united; ovules 2-12 on each placenta. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4 in our species. [Greek, grove-loving.] About 10 species, natives of North America, mostly Californian. I. Nemophila microcalyx (Nutt.) F. &M. Small-flowered Nemophila. (Fig. 3000.) Ellisia microcalyx Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 191. 1833-37. Nemophila microcalyx F. & M. Sert. Petrop. 1846. Stems very slender, diffuse, branched, 2/-i5/ long. Leaves membranous, petioled, i/-2/^/ long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 obovate cuneate or oblique obtuse 2-3-dentate or -lobed, approximate or confluent segments, the upper all alternate, the lowest opposite; peduncles slender, 4//-i2// long, opposite the leaves, shorter than or equalling the petioles; flowers white or blue, lyi"- 2." long; appendages in the sinuses of the calyx minute; calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit; ovules 2 on each placenta; corolla-appendages obsolete or none; anthers oval; capsule about \l/z" in dia- meter, much longer than the calyx, 1-2-seeded. In woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. April-June. 3. MACROCALYX Trew, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 2: 330-332. pi. 7./. 1. 1761. [ELUSiA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. Not Syst. Ed. 10. 1759.] Annual hirsute or pubescent branching slender herbs, with opposite or alternate, pin- nately divided or 1-3-pinnatifid leaves, and solitary or racemose small white or bluish flow- ers. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, spreading, much enlarged in fruit, destitute of appendages in the sinuses. Corolla campanulate or nearly cylindric, shorter than or slightly exceeding the calyx, usually with 5 minute appendages on the tube within, its lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens included; anthers oval or oblong. Ovary i-celled; styles united below; ovules 2-4 on each of the placentae, which are similar to those of the two preceding genera. [Greek, large calyx.] About 3 species, natives of North America. i. Macrocalyx Nyctelea (L,. ) Kuntze. Nyctelea. (Fig. 3001.) Ipomoea Nyctelea L,. Sp. PI. 160. 1753. Polemonium (?) Nyctelea I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 231. 1762. Ellisia Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. M. Nyctelea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 434. 1891. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent; stem several times forked, 4/-i2/ high. Leaves pinnately divided, petioled, 2/-4/ long, ovate-oblong in outline, the upper alternate, the lower opposite, the segments oblong or lanceolate, dentate, en- tire or lobed; peduncles slender, i-flowered, op- posite the leaves; calyx in flower about 2// long, about equalling the corolla, enlarging, widely spreading and becoming 8//-i4// broad in fruit, its lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; fruit at length pendulous; capsule globose, 2//~3// in diameter. In moist soil, New Jersey to Minnesota and the Northwest Territory, south to Virginia, Nebraska and Missouri. April-July. 46 HYDROPHYLLACEAE. [Vol.. III. 4. PHACELIA Juss. Gen. PI. 127. 1789. Annual or rarely perennial, mostly hirsute hispid or scabrous herbs, with alternate en- tire dentate lobed pinnatifid or dissected leaves, the lowest rarely opposite, and blue purple violet or white flowers in terminal scorpioid cymes or racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, somewhat enlarging in fruit; sinuses not appendaged. Corolla catnpanulate, nearly rotate, tubular or funnelform, the tube sometimes appendaged within, opposite the lobes, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens exserted or included, attached near the base of the corolla; anthers mostly ovate. Ovary i-celled, the 2 placentae narrow, affixed to the walls; styles united be- low; ovules 2 or several on each placenta. Capsule i-celled, or falsely nearly 2-celled by the intrusion of the placentae, 2-valved. Seeds usually reticulated. [Greek, a cluster, re- ferring to the clustered flowers of some species.] About 80 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, some 50 others occur in the western parts of North America. Corolla-lobes entire. Corolla manifestly appendaged within, between the stamens. Leaves entire. Leaves erenate-dentate. Leaves pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the segments incised. Racemes loose; pedicels slender; ovules 2 on each placenta. Racemes dense; pedicels short; ovules numerous. Appendages of the corolla inconspicuous or none. Filaments pubescent; calyx-lobes oblong. Puberulent; flowers 4" -5" broad. Hirsute; flowers 6" -7" broad. Filaments glabrous; calyx-lobes linear. Corolla nearly rotate, its lobes fimbriate. Lobes of the leaves and calyx acute. 8. P. Purshii. Lobes of the leaves and calyx obtuse. 9. P. fimb?-iata. P. leucophylla. P. integrifolia. P. bipinnatifida. P. Franklinii. P. P. P. dubia. hirsuta. Covillei. i. Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Frem. Rep. 93. 1845. Perennial by a stout rootstock, pale, densely silky- pubescent, the hairs appressed or ascending. Stem simple or branched, i°-i^° high; leaves lanceo- late to oblong, entire, pinnately veined, 2/-4/ long, 4//-i2// wide, the lower long-petioled, the upper ses- sile or nearly so; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes very dense, nearly straight and i/-3/ long when expanded; flowers sessile, very numerous, about 4// high; calyx-lobes hispid, oblong-lanceo- late or linear, somewhat shorter than the white or bluish, 5-lobed corolla; corolla-appendages conspicu- ous, in pairs between the filaments; filaments ex- serted glabrous; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule ovoid. In dry soil, South Dakota to Idaho and western Ne- braska. May-Aug. The species has been taken for P. heterophylla Pursh, of the far west, which has spreading brown hairs, some of the leaves usually pinnatifid, and pilose filaments. Silky Phacelia. (Fig. 3002 < » . 1 1 1 1 - l. '*. ) 2. Phacelia integrifolia Torr. Crenate- leaved Phacelia. (Fig. 3003.) P. integrifolia Torr. Ann. Lye N. Y. 2: 222. pi. j. 1827. Annual or biennial; stem erect or ascending, rather stout, very leafy, commonly branched above, viscid-hirsute, 6/-2° high. Leaves finely strigose- pubescent, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, irre- gularly erenate-dentate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, i/-2)4/ long, petioled or the uppermost sessile; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes dense, 2/-4/ long when expanded; flowers sessile, about 4" long; calyx-segments ob- long, acute; corolla tubular-campanulate, white or blue, its tube longer then the calyx; filaments gla. brous, exserted; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule ovoid, obtuse. In saline soil, western Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth), Colorado to Mexico, Utah and Arizona. April- Sept. Vox.. III.] WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 47 (Fig. 3004.) 3. Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Loose-flowered Phacelia Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 134. pi. 16. 1803. Biennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem erect, usually much branched, glandular-viscid above, i°-2° high. Leaves slender-petioled, 2/-5/ long, pin- nately divided or deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 ovate or oblong acute or acutish, dentate or incised seg- ments, or these again pinnatifid; flowers blue or violet, 6//-8// broad, numerous, slender-pedicelled in loose racemes, the inflorescence only slightly scorpioid; pedicels 4//-io// long, recurved in fruit; calyx-segments linear; appendages of the rotate- campanulate corolla in pairs between the stamens, conspicuous, villous on the margins; filaments pilose, exserted; ovules 2 on each placenta; cap- sule globose. In moist thickets and along streams, Ohio to Illi- nois, south to Alabama. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. April-June. 4. Phacelia Franklinii (R. Br.) A. Gray. Franklin's Phacelia. (Fig. 3005.) Entoca Franklinii R. Br. App. Frank. Journ. 51. pi. 2j. 1823. Phacelia Franklinii A. Gray, Man. Fd. 2, 329. 1856. Annual, villous-pubescent; stem erect, &-&' high, simple, or corymbosely branched at the summit. Leaves \yi'-j/ long, pinnately parted into 7-15 linear or linear-oblong acute entire dentate or incised segments; flowers blue or nearly white, short-pedicelled in dense scor- pioid racemes; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acute; longer than the tube of the rotate-cam- panulate corolla; appendages of the corolla free at the apex; anthers scarcely exserted; fila- ments glabrous, or nearly so; styles united nearly to the summit; ovules numerous on each placenta; capsule ovoid, acute. Western Ontario and Minnesota to British Colum- bia and Idaho. Summer. 5. Phacelia dubia (L-.) Small. Small-flowered Phacelia. (Fig. 3006.) Polemonium dubium L. Sp. PI. 1753. Phacelia parviflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 140. 1814. Phacelia dubia Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 303. 1894. Annual, puberulent or glabrate, branched from the base, the branches very slender, erect or as- cending, 5/-i2/ high. Lower and basal leaves peti- oled, i/-2/ long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 oblong obtuse entire or dentate segments, or rarely merely dentate, or even entire; upper leaves much smaller, sessile, less divided; flowers light blue or white, racemose, 4//-5// broad; racemes 5- 15-flowered, elongated in fruit; pedicels 3//~7// long; calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-lanceolate; co- rolla rotate-campanulate, the appendages obsolete; filaments pubescent; anthers slightly exserted; ovules 4-8 on each placenta; capsule globose, i^// in diameter, 6-12-seeded; fruiting pedicels ascending. In moist soil, Pennsylvania to Georgia, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April-June. 48 HYDROPHYLLACEAE. [Vol. III. 6. Phacelia hirsuta Nutt. Hairy Phacelia. (Fig. 3007.) Phacelia hirsuta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 191. 1834-37. Phacelia parviflora var. hirsuta A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 321. 1875. Similar to the preceding species but usually stouter and larger, hirsute-pubescent. Leaves petioled, pinuatifid or deeply pinnately divided into 5-9 oblong obtuse usually entire segments, or the upper 3-5-lobed or entire, sessile; ra- cemes rather dense, scorpioid when unfolding; flowers blue, f>"-f broad; calyx-segments ob- long-lanceolate, hirsute; corolla rotate-cam- panulate, its appendages short; ovules 3-4 on each placenta; stamens scarcely exserted; cap. sule globose, 4-8-seeded. In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia, west to Missouri and Texas. April-June. 7. Phacelia Covillei S. Wats. Coville's Phacelia. (Fig. 3008.) Phacelia Covillei S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 360. 1890. Annual, similar to the two preceding species, branched from the base, pubescent; branches very slender, weak, 6/-i2/ long. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or pinnately di- vided into 3-7 oblong or obovate, obtuse seg- ments; racemes only 1-5-flowered; pedicels filiform, 6//-iS// long; calyx-segments linear, elongating in fruit; corolla tubular-campanu- late, about 3// long and broad when ex- panded; filaments glabrous; anthers not ex- serted; appendages of the corolla obsolete; capsule globose, i^//-2// in diameter; fruit- ing pedicels recurved. Along the Potomac River above Washington, D. C. April-May. 8. Phacelia Purshii Buckl. Pursh's Phacelia. (Fig. 3009.) Phacelia Purshii Buckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 171. 1843- Annual, pubescent; stem erect, usually much branched, 6/-i8/ high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, i>2/~3/ long, pinnately parted or pin- natifid into 9-15 oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtusish, entire or sometimes incised segments; upper leaves sessile, with fewer segments; ra- cemes strongly i-sided, 10-20-flowered, much elongated in fruit; pedicels 3//-i2// long; calyx- segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; corolla 5//-6// broad, blue or white, nearly rotate, not appendaged within, its lobes fimbriate; filaments slightly exceeding the corolla; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule globose-ovoid. In moist woods or thickets, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Alabama and Missouri. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April- June. Vol. III.] WATERLEAF FAMILY. 49 g. Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fringed or Mountain Phacelia. (Fig. 3010.) Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 134. 1803. Annual, sparingly pubescent; stems simple or branched, ascending or diffuse, 6/-2o/long. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, i'-&/ long, pin- nately divided into 5-9 orbicular obovate or oblong obtuse dentate or entire segments; upper leaves sessile, their segments oblong or lanceolate, acute; clusters loose, 3-1 2- flowered; pedicels \"-\$,f long; flowers 4//-5// broad, white; calyx-segments linear to spatulate, obtuse; corolla rotate-cam- panulate, not appendaged within, its lobes strongly fimbriate; filaments pilose, about equalling the corolla; ovules 2 on each placenta ; capsule de- pressed-globose, 2// in diameter. In woods, mountains of Virginia to Alabama. May-June. 5. NAMA L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753. [Hydrolea L. Sp. Pi. Ed. 2, 328. 1762.] Perennial herbs, some tropical species shrubby, with alternate entire leaves, sometimes with spines in their axils, and blue cymose-clustered or racemose flowers. Calyx-segments distinct to the base, ovate or lanceolate. Corolla rotate-campanulate, not appendaged within, 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments filiform, dilated below; anthers sagittate. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-celled); ovules numerous in each cavity, on fleshy adherent placentae; styles 2, rarely 3, slender or filiform, distinct to the base; stigma capitellate. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally or irregularly dehiscent. [Greek, a stream, referring to the habitat.] About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regions of both the Old World and the New. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. Leaves lanceolate; flowers mostly in axillary clusters. Glabrous, or very nearly so, throughout; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 1. N. affinis. Villous, at least above, and on the calyx; sepals lanceolate. 2. N. quadj'ivalvis. Leaves ovate; flowers mostly in terminal clusters; sepals villous. 3. X. ovata. i. Nama affinis (A. Gray) Kuntze. Smooth Nama. (Fig. 301 1.) Hydrolea affinis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 370. 1867. Xama affinis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 435. 1891. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, with or without slender spines in the axils; stems ascending, i°-2}40 high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, petioled, acute or acuminate at both ends, 2/-5/ long, \"-W wide; flowers 6//~7// broad, short- pedicelled, in rather dense peduncled leafy-bracted axillary clusters; sepals ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate, about equalling the corolla; capsule 2" in diameter when mature, somewhat longer than the styles, shorter than the sepals. In wet places, southern Illinois to Mis- souri, Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug. 5° HYDROPHYLLACEAE. [Vol. III. 2. Nama quadrivalvis (Walt.) Kuntze. Hairy Narna. (Fig. 3012.) Hydrolea quadrivalvis Walt. Fl. Car. no. 1788. Hydrolea Caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. n 177. 1803. Nama quadrivalvis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 435. 1891. Similar to the preceding species, but pubes- cent, at least above, and on the calyx, with spreading hairs, usually bearing slender spines in the axils; stem ascending, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, gla- brous, or sparingly pubescent, petioled,' 2/-5/ long, 3//-8// wide; lower petioles J^long/or more; flowers in axillary clusters; sepals lan- ceolate, or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the corolla; capsule 2//~3// in diam- eter, longer than the styles, about the length of the sepals. In wet soil, southeastern Virginia to" Florida and Louisiana. June-Aug. 3. Nama ovata (Nutt.) Britton. Ovate-leaved Nama. (Fig. 3013.) Hydrolea ovata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 196. 1833-37. N. ovata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 272. 1894. Stem erect or nearly so, i°-3° high, usually branched near the summit, puberulent, or somewhat hirsute, at least above, usually spine-bearing in most of the axils. Leaves ovate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, puberulent, or glabrous, short-petioled, or the upper almost sessile, x'-iyi' long, ^'-i*^' wide, acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base; flowers in terminal clusters, often i7 broad, or more; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, very villous, shorter than the corolla, longer than the capsule; styles longer than the sepals. In wet soil, Georgia to Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. May-Sept. Family 23. BORAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 274. 1836. Borage Family. Annual biennial or perennial herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees. Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite or verticillate, exstipulate, mostly entire and hispid, pubescent, scabrous or setose. Flowers perfect, usually regular, mostly blue, in one-sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes, or sometimes scat- tered. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed, 5 -cleft, or 5 -parted, usually persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, mostly regular and 5-lobed, sometimes crested or appen- daged in the throat, rarely irregular, its lobes imbricated, convolute, plicate or induplicate in the bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; filaments slender or short; anthers 2 -celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, entire, or 5-lobed, or none, commonly inconspicuous. Ovary superior, of 2 2-ovuled carpels, entire, or the carpels commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear as of 4 i-ovuled carpels; style simple, entire or 2-cleft in our genera; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit mostly of 4 1 -seeded nutlets, or of 2 2-seeded carpels. Endosperm fleshy , VOI,. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 51 copious, or none; embryo straight or curved; cotyledons mostly flat or plano- convex; radicle short. About 85 genera and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution. ■& Ovary entire or 2-4-grooved; style terminal. 1. Heliolropium. ■Jt re- Ovary 4-divided or deeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the center. Flowers regular. Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. Nutlets spreading or divergent, covered by the prickles. 2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets erect or incurved, the prickles on their backs or margins. 3. Lappula. Nutlets unarmed. Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacle, sometimes just above their bases. Fruiting calyx not greatly enlarged nor membranous. Corolla small, usually white; receptacle conic or elongated. Annuals; calyx nearly closed in fruit; inflorescence naked or bracteolate. Lowest leaves mostly opposite; calyx persistent. 4. Allocarya. Leaves all alternate; calyx at length deciduous. 5. Cryptanthe. Perennials or biennials; calyx-segments more or less spreading in fruit; inflor- escence leafy. 6. Oreocarya. Corolla tubular- funnelform, mostly blue; receptacle flat or convex. Maritime; nutlets fleshy, smooth and shining. Not maritime: nutlets wrinkled when mature and dry. Fruiting calyx much enlarged, membranous, veiny. Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their very bases. Scar of attachment small, flat. Corolla salverform or funnelform, its lobes rounded, spreading. Racemes not bracted; corolla-tube short. Racemes bracted; corolla-tube cylindric, usually slender. Corolla tubular, its lobes erect, acute. Scar of attachment large, concave. Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate; anthers erect in a cone. Flowers irregular. Stamens included; throat of the corolla closed by scales. Stamens exserted; throat of the corolla dilated, open. Pneumaria. Mertensia. Asperugo. 10. Myosotis. 1 1 . Lithosperm u m . 12. Onosmodium. 13. Symphytum. 14. B or ago. 15. Lycopsis. 16. Echium. i. HELIOTROPIUM L,. Sp. PL 130. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly entire and petioled leaves, and small blue or white flowers, in scorpioid spikes, or scattered. Calyx-lobes or -segments lanceolate or lin- ear. Corolla salverform or funnelform, naked in the throat, its tube cylindric, its lobes imbricated, plicate or induplicate in the bud, spreading in flower. Stamens included; fila- ments short, or none. Style terminal, short or slender; stigma conic or annular. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating into 4 i-seedcd nutlets, or into 2, 2-seeded carpels. Ovary entire, or 2-4-grooved. [Greek, sun-turning, i. e., turning to or with the sun.] About 115 species, widely distributed in warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the fol- lowing, some 9 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The species are called Turnsole. Fruit 4-lobed, each lobe becoming a i-seeded nutlet. Flowers in scorpioid spikes. Plant rough-puberulent; leaves oval. 1. H. Europaeum. Glabrous, fleshy; leaves linear or spatulate. 2. H. Curassavicum. Flowers solitary, terminating short branches. 3. H. tenellum. Fruit 2-lobed, or of 2 carpels. Style elongated; flowers large, scattered, white. 4. H. convolvulaceum. Style very short; flowers blue, in scorpioid spikes. 5. H. Indicum. 1. Heliotropium Europaeum L. European Heliotrope. (Fig. 3014.) Heliolropium Europaeum L- Sp. PI. 130. 1753. Annual, much branched, rough-puberulent, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves oval, i/-2/ long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, pinnately veined; flowers white, i//-2// broad, in dense i-sided scorpioid, bractless spikes; terminal spikes in pairs, the lateral ones commonly solitary, becoming i/~3/ long in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate to linear- lanceolate, shorter than the corolla-tube; anthers dis- tinct, obtuse; stigma-tip long-conic; fruit depressed- globose, pubescent, 4-lobed, at length separating into 4 nutlets. In waste places, southern New York and Pennsylvania to Florida. Adventive or naturalized from Furope. June-Oct. 52 BORAGINACEAE. [Vol.. III. 2. Heliotropium Curassavicum L,. Sea-side Heliotrope. (Fig. 3015.) Heliotropium Curassavicum L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753. Annual (or southward perennial?), fleshy, glabrous throughout, more or less glaucous, branched, diffuse, the branches 6/-i8/ long. Leaves oblanceolate, linear, linear-oblong, or spatulate, entire, very inconspicuously veined, i/-2/ long, ij^//-3// wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into petioles, or the upper sessile, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled in the axils; scorpioid spikes densely flowered, bract- less, mostly in pairs; flowers about 1" broad; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute; corolla white with a yellow eye or changing to blue; stigma umbrella-shaped; anthers acuminate; fruit glo- bose, at length separating into 4 nutlets. On sandy seashores, Virginia to Texas and Mex- ico. In dry saline soil from Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to Nebraska and Texas. On the Pacific Coast from Oregon to Mexico. Widely distributed in saline and maritime soil in South America and the Old World. In ballast about the northern seaports. May-Sept. 3. Heliotropium tenellum (Nutt.) Torr. Slender Heliotrope. (Fig. 3016.) LWiospermum tenellum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 188. 1833-37. H. tenellum Torr. in Marcy's Rep. 304. pi. 14. 1853. Annual, strigose-canescent; stem erect, slender, panicu lately branched, commonly leafless below, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves linear, entire, Yzf-\%f long, j//_2// wi(3e) narrowed at both ends, sessile, or the lower petioled; flowers white, about 2^2// long, sessile at the ends of short lateral branches, bracted by 1 or 2 leaves; calyx-segrnents unequal, the 2 or 3 larger ones about as long as the corolla; corolla- tube canescent, slightly longer than the limb, its lobes entire; anthers obtuse; stigma subulate-tipped ; fruit depressed, 4-lobed, strigose-pubescent, separ- ating into 4 i-seeded nutlets. In dry soil, Kentucky to Kansas, south to Alabama, Texas and New Mexico. April-Aug. 4. Heliotropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) A: Gray. Bindweed Heliotrope. (Fig. 3017.) Euploca convolvulacea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5=189. I833-37- H .convolvulaceum A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 0:403. 1857. Annual, strigose-canescent, usually much branch- ed, 6/-i5/ high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, %'-!%' long; flowers numerous, fragrant, very short-peduncled, terminal and lateral, mostly solitary and opposite the leaves; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, equal; corolla white, stri- gose, 8//-io// long, about 6V broad, its tube narrowed at the throat, longer than the calyx and the angulate-lobed limb; anthers inserted on the tube of the corolla, slightly cohering by their tips; style filiform; stigma with a tuft of bristly hairs; fruit 2-lobed, pubescent, each lobe splitting into 2 i-seeded nutlets. In dry sandy soil, Nebraska to Texas, Utah, and Mexico. July-Sept. (Fig. 3018.) Vol. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 53 5. Heliotropium Indicum L,. Indian Heliotrope. Heliotropium Indicum L,. Sp. PI. 134. 1753- Annual, more or less hirsute or hispid; stem commonly branched, i°-3° high. Leaves ovate or oval, obtuse or acute at the apex, obtuse rounded or subcordate at the base, 2r-6/ long, i/-3^/ wide, repand or undulate, borne on mar- gined petioles ft'-ity long; flowers blue, 2//-3// broad, sessile in terminal dense bractless usually solitary scorpioid spikes which become 3'-6' long in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, shorter than the strigose corolla-tube; style very short, deciduous; fruit deeply 2-lobed, glabrous, the lobes divergent, each finally splitting into 2 nutlets, each of which is ribbed on the back. In waste places, North Carolina to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. Naturalized from India. Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Widely distrib- uted in warm regions as a weed. May-Nov. 2. CYNOGLOSSUM h. Sp. PI. 134- J753- Hirsute or hispid (rarely glabrous) mostly tall herbs, with alternate entire leaves, the basal long-petioled, and purple blue or white flowers in panicled, more or less scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, enlarged and spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube short, the throat closed by 5 scales opposite the imbri- cated rounded lobes. Stamens included; filaments short; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary deeply globed, separating into 4 diverging nutlets in fruit; style mostly slender. Nutlets oblique, flat or convex above, attached laterally to the convex or conic receptacle, covered with short barbed prickles. [Greek, dog's tongue.] About 75 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in western North America. Stem leafy to the top; flowers reddish, purple or white; nutlets flat. 1. C. officinale. Stem leafless above; flowers blue; nutlets convex. 2. C. Virginicum. i. Cynoglossum officinale L,. Hound' s-tongue. Gipsy Flower. (Fig. 3019.) Cynoglossum officinale L. Sp. PI. 134. 1753- Biennial, pubescent; stem erect, leafy to the top, stout, usually branched, ij4°- 30 high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slender-petioled, sometimes obtuse, 6/-i2/ long, 1 '-3' wide; upper leaves lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate, sessile, or the uppermost clasping; racemes several or numerous, bractless or sparingly bracted, simple or branched, much elongated in fruit; pedicels 3//-6// long; calyx-segments ovatedanceolate, acute; corolla reddish-purple or rarely white, about 4" broad; fruit pyramidal, about 5" broad, each of the 4 nutlets form- ing a side of the pyramid, flat on their upper faces, margined, splitting away at maturity, but hanging attached to por- tions of the subulate style. In fields and waste places, Quebec and On- tario to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Kansas. Often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Dog's-tongue, Rose Noble. May-Sept. 54 BORAGINACEAE. [Vol. in. 2. Cynoglossum Virginicum L. Wild Comfrey. (Fig. 3020.) Cynoglossum Virginicum L. Sp. PI. 134. 1753- Perennial, hirsute; stem usually sim- ple, leafless above, stout, iy2°-2}4° high. Basal and lower leaves oval or oblong, 4/-i2/ long, obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed into petioles; upper leaves ob- long, or ovate-lanceolate, sessile and clasping by a cordate base, acute, nearly as large, or the one or two uppermost quite small; racemes 2-6, corymbose, bractless, long-peduncled; flowers blue, about 5" broad; calyx-segments oblong- lanceolate, obtuse; fruit depressed, \" broad, the nutlets convex on the upper face, not margined, separating and fall- ing away at maturity. In woods. New Brunswick to western Ontario, south to Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. April-May. 3^ 5 h fa 3. LAPPULA Moench, Meth. 416. 1794. [Echinospermum Sw. ; Lehni. Asperif. 113. 1818.] Annual or perennial rough-pubescent or canescent erect branching herbs, with alternate narrow entire leaves, and small or minute blue or white flowers, in terminal bracted or bractless racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla salver- form or funnelform, the tube very short, the throat closed by 5 scales, the lobes obtuse, spreading, imbricated in the bud. Stamens included; filaments very short. Ovary 4-lobed; style short. Nutlets 4, erect or incurved, laterally attached to the receptacle, at length separating, the margins or backs armed with stout often flattened barbed prickles, the sides usually papillose or tuberculate. [Diminutive ot the Latin lappa, a bur.] About 40 species, mostly natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, several others occur in western North America. Racemes bracted; fruiting pedicels not deflexed. , Prickles in 2 rows on the margins of the nutlets, distinct. Prickles in 1 row on the margins, more or less confluent. Racemes bracted only at the base; fruiting pedicels deflexed. Stem leaves ovate-oblong, the basal cordate; fruit globose. 3. L. Virginiana. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or linear; fruit pyramidal. Flowers 3"~5" broad; fruit about 3" broad. 4. "" broad; fruit about 2" broad. 5. Flowers i"-2' L. Lappula. L. Texana. L. Jloribunda. L. Americana. Lappula Lappula (L.) Karst. European Stickseed. Burseed. (Fig. 3021.) Myosotis Lappula L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753. Lappula Myosotis Moench, Meth. 417. 1794. Echinospermum Lappula Lehm. Asperif. 121. 1818. Lappula Lappula Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 979. 1880-83. Annual, pale, leafy, hispid or appressed-pubes- cent, branched, i°-2° high, the branches erect. Leaves linear, linear-oblong or the lowest spatu- late, sessile or the lower narrowed into petioles, ascending or erect, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, >2/-i^/ long; racemes leafy -bracted, more or less i-sided; pedicels very short, stout, not de- flexed in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, be- coming unequal and spreading; corolla blue, about \" broad; fruit globose-oval, \x/2" in diam- eter; the nutlets papillose on the back, the mar- gins,armed with 2 rows of slender distinct prickles. In waste places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jersey and Nebraska. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. May-Sept. Vol. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 55 2. Lappula Texana (Scheele) Britton. Hairy Stickseed. (Fig. 3022.) Cynoglossum pilosiim Nutt. Gen. 1. 114. 1818. Not R. & P. 1794. E. Texanum Scheele, Linnaea, 25: 260. 1852. Echinospermum Redowskii var. cupulalurn A. Gray in Brewer & Wats. Bot. Cal. i : 530. 1876. Lappula Texana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 273. 1894. Annual, similar to the preceding species, 6/-2° high, paniculately branched, the branches ascend- ing or erect. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, mostly obtuse, the lower narrowed into petioles; racemes leafy -bracted; pedicels short, not deflexed in fruit; flowers about l// broad; nutlets papillose-tubercu- late on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat, usually more or less confluent bristles, or these united into a cup. In dry soil, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Texas and Ari- zona. Nutlets with nearly distinct bristles and others with bristles united into a cup sometimes occur on the same fruit. April-Aug. Lappula Virginiana (L.) Greene. Virginia Stickseed. (Fig. 3023.) -*\ JVTirncn/ic TS-i l'crill-7/7 17/7 T. .^r* PI TIT T*?c? Myosolis Virginiana L- Sp. PI. 131. 1753. Cynoglossum Morisoni DC. Prodr. 10: 155. 1846. E. Virginicum Lehm. Asperif. 120. 1818. Lappula Virginiana Greene, Pittonia, 2: 182. 1891. Biennial, pubescent; stem paniculately branched, 2°-4°high, the branches slender, spreading. Basal leaves (seldom present at flowering time) ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate, long-petioled, mostly obtuse; stem leaves ovate-oblong or oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, petioled, 3/-8/ long, 1/-4/ wide, the uppermost smaller, sessile; racemes very slender, divergent, bracted at the base, the bracts similar to the upper leaves; pedicels slender, short, recurved in fruit; corolla nearly white, about \" broad; fruit glo- bose, nearly 2" in diameter; nutlets covered on the margins and usually also on the back by the slender distinct flattened barbed prickles,the backs commonly also more or less papillose. In dry woods and thickets, New Brunswick to west- ern Ontario and Minnesota, Alabama, Louisiana and I Nebraska. Called Beggar's-ticks or -lice. June-Sept. 4. Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. Large-flowered Stickseed. (Fig. 3024.) Echinospermum floribundum Lehm. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 84. pi. 164. 1834. Lappula floribunda Greene, Pittonia, 2: 182. 1891. Biennial or perennial, rough-pubescent; stem stout, paniculately branched, 2°-5° high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves oblong, ob- long-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 2/-4/ long, 2//-io// wide, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, or the lower narrowed into petioles; ra- cemes numerous, erect or nearly so, very densely flowered, bracted at the base, many of them in pairs; pedicels 2//-4// long, reflexed in fruit; flowers blue, 3//-5// broad; fruit pyramidal, about 3" broad; nutlets keeled, papillose- tuberculate on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat prickles, which are sometimes confluent at the base. Western Ontario and Minnesota to British Colum- bia, south to New Mexico and California. June -Aug. 56 BORAGINACEAE. [Vol,. III. 5. Lappula Americana (A. Gray) Rydberg. Nodding Stickseed. (Fig. 3025.) Echinospcrmum deflexum var. Americanum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 224. 1882. Lappula Americana Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 294. 1897. Annual, rough-puberulent; stem slender, erect, paniculately branched, i°-3° high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong or ob- long-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at both ends, 2'-\' long, 2^//-6// wide, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; racemes slender, many-flow- ered; pedicels slender, 2//-4// long, deflexed in fruit; corolla white or bluisb, about \" broad; fruit pyramidal, about 2" broad; nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate on the back, rarely with a few prickles on the keel, the margins armed with a single row of flat prickles. In thickets, Manitoba and North Dakota to British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 4. ALLOCaRYA Greene, Pittonia, 1: 12. 1887. Mostly annual low herbs, with linear entire leaves, the lowest often opposite, and small flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Pedicels thickened at the summit, persistent. Calyx 5-divided, persistent, the segments narrow. Corolla salverform, white, yellow in the throat. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided; style short. Nutlets crustaceous, smooth, or rough, attached at their base or below the middle to the receptacle, the scar of attachment concave or raised. [Greek, different nuts.] About 25 specie?, natives of western North America. i. Allocarya scopulorum Greene. Mountain Allocarya. (Fig. 3026.) Eritrichium Calif ornicum var. subglochidialum A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 526. In part. 1876. Allocarya scopulorum Greene, Pittonia, 1: 16. 1887. Somewhat succulent pubescent, with scat- tered stiff appressed hairs, branched, the slen- der spreading branches i/-8/ long. Leaves 6//- i8// long, i//-l)4// wide, sessile or very short- petioled, flowers about \" broad, distant, borne in most of the axils, very short-pedicelled; floral bracts similar to the leaves, but shorter; calyx segments linear-lanceolate; nutlets reticu- late on the back, lightly grooved on the ventral side. Western Nebraska to Montana, Wyoming and Colorado. June-Sept. 5. CRYPTANTHE Lehm. Sem. Hort. Hamburg. 1832. [Krynitzkia F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 7: 52. 1841.] Low annual setose or hispid branched herbs, with narrow alternate entire leaves, and small mostly white flowers, in scorpioid bractless or bracteolate spikes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, at length deciduous from the spike, the lobes or segments erect, mostly connivent in fruit. Corolla small, funnelform, usually with 5 scales closing the throat, the lobes imbri- cated in the bud. Stamens included; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided; style short; stigma capitellate. Nutlets erect, rounded on the back, not keeled,, the margins obtuse, acute or wing-margined, attached laterally to the conic or elongated receptacle, the scar of attach- ment mostly longer than broad. [Greek, hidden-flowered.] About 50 species, natives of North and South America, mostly of the western United States. Nutlets, at least some of them, with short processes. 1. C. crassisepala* All four nutlets smooth and shining. 2. C. Fendleri. Vol. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 57 Cryptanthe crassisepala (T. &G.) Greene. Thick-sepaled Cryptanthe. (Fig. 3027.) Eritrichium crassisepalum T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep. 2. 171. 1854. Krynitzkia crassisepala A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 268. 1885. Cryptanthe crassisepala Greene, Pittonia, 1: 112. 1887. Densely hispid, at length much branch- ed, 3/-6/ high. Leaves linear, or linear- spatulate, j^'-l^' long, sessile, or the lower narrowed into petioles; spikes very densely flowered; flowers about 2" broad, sessile, bracteolate, the bractlets slightly longer than the calyx; fruiting calyx 3" long, closing over the fruit, its segments linear, obtusish, their midribs much thickened; fruit of 3 finely muricate nut- lets, and 1 larger smooth and shining nut- let about \" long, attached to the recep- tacle from the base to near the middle. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Ne- braska, Kansas, Texas and New Mexico. June-Aug. 2. Cryptanthe Fendleri (A. Gray) Greene. Fendler's Cryptanthe. (Fig. 3028.) Krynitzkia Fendleri A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 268. 1885. Cryptanthe Fendleri Greene, Pittonia, 1: 120. 1887. Erect, hispid; stem slender, paniculately branched, 6/-i5/ high. Leaves linear, or the lowest linear-spatulate, i/-2>^/ long; spikes slender, bracteolate only at the base; flow- ers sessile, \f/-^'f broad; fruiting calyx nearly closed, its segments linear, leaf-like, herbaceous, about 2// long; nutlets 4, all alike, brown, smooth and shining, less than \" long, attached to the receptacle from the base to about the middle. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Washing- . ton, south to Nebraska and Arizona. June-Aug 6. OREOCARYA Greene, Pittonia, 1: 57. 1887. Perennial or biennial hispid or strigose-pubescent herbs, mostly with thick woody roots, alternate or basal narrow leaves, and small white racemose-paniculate or densely thyrsoid flowers. Calyx very deeply 5-parted or 5-divided, the segments lanceolate, more or less spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla funnelform or salverform, mostly crested in the throat, 5-lobed. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided; style mostly short. Nutlets 4, later- ally attached to the receptacle, not keeled, their margins acute or winged. [Greek, moun- tain nut.] About 9 species, natives of western North America and Mexico. Inflorescence racemose-paniculate; nutlets smooth. Inflorescence thyrsoid or thyrsoid-glomerate; nutlets rough. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, little longer than the lobes. Densely rough-hairy, 6'-i8' high. ^Silvery appressed-pubescent, 3'-6' high. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times as long as the lobes. 1. O. suffrnticosa. 2. O. glomerala. 3. O. sericea. 4. O. fulvocanescens. 58 BORAGINACEAE. [Vol.. III. i. Oreocarya suffruticdsa (Torr.) Greene. Shrubby Oreocarya. (Fig. 3029.) Myosotis suffruticosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 225. 1827. Eritrichium Jamesii Torr. in Marcy's Rep. 294. 1353- Krynitzkia Jamesii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 278. 1885.' Oreocarya suffruticosa Greene, Pittonia, 1: 57. 1887. Perennial, rather stout, branched from the base and sometimes also above, strigose-pubes- cent or somewhat hirsute, 5/-i2/ high. Upper leaves linear, ^/-i/ long, the lower oblanceo- late, somewhat longer, obtuse or acute; racemes slender, panicled ; pedicels about 1" long ; calyx canescent and somewhat hispid, the seg- ments slightly spreading, or erect in fruit; bractlets longer than the fruiting calyx; corolla I/^//-3// broad; its tube about equalling the calyx; nutlets smooth, nearly \" long, shining, closely fitting together, triangular, acute-mar- gined, nearly as wide as high. In dry soil, western Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas and Arizona. May- Aug. 2. Oreocarya glomerata (Pursh) Greene. Clustered Oreocarya. (Fig. 3030.) Cynoglossum glomeratnm Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 729. 1814. Eritrichium glomeratum DC. Prodr. 10: 131. 1846. Kry?iitzkia glomerata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 279. 1885. O. glomerata Greene, Pittonia, 1: 58. 1887. Perennial or biennial, densely hispid; stem erect, stout, simple or branched, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves spatulate or the upper linear, obtuse, i/-2^/ long, the basal commonly tufted; in- florescence of thyrsoid clusters, the short dense lateral spike-like clusters mostly longer than the subtending bracts; calyx densely bristly; corolla 3//~5// broad; fruit pyramidal, the nut- lets triangular-ovate, acute, acutely margined, papillose on the back. In dry soil, Manitoba to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Nebraska, New Mexico and Utah. May-Sept. 3. Oreocarya sericea (A. Gray) Greene. Low Oreocarya. (Fig. 3031.) Eritrichium glomeratum var. humile A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10:61. 1874. Not E. humileDQ. Krynitzkia sericea A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 279- 1885. Oreocarya sericea Greene, Pittonia, 1: 58. 1887. Perennial, low, tufted from the woody root; stems usually simple, 3/-6/ high, silvery ap- pressed-pubescent, or hirsute above. Leaves linear-spatulate, y2'-\' long, i//-i-^// wide, ob- tuse or acutish, imbricated on the short sterile shoots and at the bases of the flowering stems; inflorescence thyrsoid or glomerate, usually short; calyx densely hispid; corolla 2//-3// broad, its tube not longer than the calyx; style short; nutlets acutely margined, acute, papillose on the back. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Nebraska and Utah. May-Sept. Vol. ill.] BORAGE FAMILY. 59 4. Oreocarya fulvocanescens (A. Gray) Greene. Tawny Oreocarya. (Fig. 3032.) Eritrichium fulvocanescens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 61. 1874. Eritrichium glomeratum var. (?) fulvocanescens S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 243. pi. 2j, f 7. 1871. Oreocarya fulvocanescens Greene, Pittonia, x: 58. 1887. Perennial, tufted, similar to the preceding species but deusely strigose or hirsute. Leaves spatulate, or oblanceolate, obtuse, the lower and basal ones V.' V-il/2' long; inflorescence of thyrsoid clusters; calyx densely setose with yellowish hairs; corolla about 1" broad, its tube longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times the length of the lobes; style filiform; nut- lets acutely margined, tuberculate on the back. In dry soil, western Nebraska (according to Web- ber), Wyoming to Nevada and New Mexico. May-Aug. 7. PNEUMARIA Hill, Veg. Syst. 7: 40. pi. 37. 1764. A perennial fleshy glabrous glaucous diffusely branched herb, with alternate entire leaves, and small blue pinkish or white flowers in loose terminal leafy-bracted racemes. Calyx-lobes triangular-ovate or lanceolate, somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla tubular- campanulate, crested in the throat, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, slightly spread- ing. Filaments scarcely exserted. Ovary 4-divided; style slender. Nutlets erect, fleshy, attached just above their bases to the somewhat elevated receptacle, smooth, shining, acutish-rnargined, becoming utricle-like when mature. A monotypic genus of sea-beaches of the north temperate zone. i. Pneumaria maritima (L,.) Hill. Sea Lungwort. Sea Bugloss. Oyster Plant. (Fig. 3033.) Pulmonaria maritima L. Sp. PI. 136. 1753. Pneumaria maritima Hill, Veg. Syst. 40. pi. jj. f j. J764- Mertensia maritima S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 354. 1821. Pale green, the branches spreading or ascending, 3/-i5/ long. Leaves thick, ovate, obovate, or oblong, 1/-4/ long, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, the lower and basal ones contracted into margined petioles, the uppermost smaller; flow- ers blue or nearly white, about 3" long, all pedi- celled; pedicels very slender, $"-\%" long; calyx shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla with a crest in the throat opposite each lobe; nutlets about as long as the calyx-lobes when mature. "* On sea-beaches, L,ong Island (?), Massachusetts to Newfoundland and Greenland, Oregon to Alaska. Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 8. MERTENSIA Roth, Catal. Bot. i: 34. 1797. Perennial glabrous or pubescent herbs, with alternate sometimes punctate leaves, and rather large blue purple or white flowers, in panicles, cymes, or racemes. Calyx-lobes lan- ceolate or linear, little enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped, crested or unappendaged in the throat, its lobes obtuse, imbricated, little spreading. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, included, or scarcely exserted; filaments flattened, or fili- form; anthers oblong or linear, obtuse. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets erect, coriaceous, wrinkled when mature, attached above their bases to the convex or nearly flat re- ceptacle. [In honor of Prof. C. F. Mertens, a German botanist.] About 14 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the western part of North America. The species are called Smooth Lungwort. Corolla trumpet-shaped, not crested in the throat, the limb barely 5-lobed. 1. M. Virginica. Corolla, funnelform-campanulate, crested in the throat, the limb manifestly 5-lobed. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 2. M. paniculata. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute. 3- M. lanceolala. 6o BORAGINACEAE. [Vol. III. i. Mertensia Virginica (L.) DC. Vir- ginia Cowslip. Tree Lungwort. Blue-bells. (Fig. 3034.) Pulmonaria Virginica L. Sp. PI. 135- 1753- Mertensia Virginica DC. Prodr. 10: 88. 1846. Glabrous; stem erect, or ascending, simple or sometimes branched, i°-2° high, rather stout. Leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, pinnately veined, obtuse at the apex, 2/~5/ long, the up- permost sessile, the lower narrowed into mar- gined petioles; racemes short, corymb-like; ped- icels 2//-6// long; flowers blue-purple, very showy, about i/long; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceo- late, obtusish, 1" long or less; corolla trumpet- shaped or nearly salverform, its tube cylindric, a little expanded above, longer than the 5-lobed plaited limb, pubescent at the base within, not crested in the throat; disk with two opposite lin- ear lobes; filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers; nutlets not shining, rounded. In low meadows and along streams, southern On- tario to New Jersey and South Carolina, Minnesota, Nebraska and Kansas. March-May. 2. Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) Don. Tall Lungwort. (Fig. 3035.) P. paniculata Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 181. 1789. Cf^l ^ k f°j>} /) Mertensia paniculata Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 318. 1838. Roughish-pubescent, dark green; stem erect, branched above, iK°-3° high, the branches slender. Leaves thin, pinnately veined, those of the stem ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2r-5r long, the lower narrowed into slender petioles; basal leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base; racemes several-flowered, panicled; pedi- cels filiform, 4//-io// long; flowers purple-blue, 6//-7// long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; cor- olla tubular-campanulate, crested in the throat, the tube about twice as long as the calyx and exceeding the 5-lobed limb; filaments flattened, slightly longer than the anthers; style filiform, usually somewhat exserted; nutlets rounded. In woods or thickets, Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Michigan, Nebraska, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. July-Aug. 3. Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC. Lance-leaved Lungwort. (Fig. 3036.) P. lanceolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 729. 1814. Mertensia lanceolata DC. Prodr. 10: 88. 1846. Glabrous or somewhat hirsute; stem simple or branched, slender, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves papil- lose, indistinctly veined, light green, the upper lanceolate, acute, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, the lower oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 3/-4/long, narrowed into margined peti- oles; racemes few -flowered, usually panicled; flowers blue, $"-&' long; pedicels $"-7" long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, or acutish; cor- olla tubular-campanulate, the tube longer than the calyx and longer than the 5-lobed limb, hairy at the base within, the throat crested; filaments a little longer than the anthers; style filiform, scarcely exserted. In thickets, western Nebraska to Manitoba, Wyoming and New Mexico. June-Aug. Vol.. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 6l /V>; 9. ASPERUGO L. Sp. PI. 138. 1753. An annual rough-hispid procumbent herb, with alternate entire leaves, or the upper- most sometimes opposite, and small blue or nearly white flowers, short-pedicelled and 1-3 together in the upper axils. Calyx campanulate, unequally 5-cleft. much enlarged and folded together in fruit, the lobes incised-dentate. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments very short. Ovary 4-divided; style short; stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, granular-tuber- culate, keeled, laterally attached above "the middle to the elongated-conic receptacle. [Latin, rough, referring to the leaves.] A rnonotypic genus of Europe and Asia. i. Asperugo procumbens L,. German Madwort. Catchweed. (Fig. 3037.) Asperugo procumbens L- Sp. PI. 138. 1753. Stems slender, branched, diffusely procumbent, 6/-i8/ long, very rough with stiff bristly hairs. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, ^/-i>^/ long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles; flowers very short-pedicelled, about i// broad, blue, the pedicels recurved in fruit; fruiting calyx dry and membranous, strongly veined, 4//-6// broad; nut- lets obliquely ovoid. In waste places and ballast, southern New York, New Jerse y, Delaware and Pennsylvania. Also in Min- nesota. Adventive from Europe. Called also Small Wild Bugloss and Great Goose-grass. May-Aug. 10. MYOSOTIS L. Sp. PL 131. 1753. Low annual biennial or perennial, more or less pubescent, branching, diffuse or erect herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small blue pink or wmite flowers in many-flowered elongated bractless more or less i-sided racemes, or these sometimes leafy at the base. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes narrow, spreading or erect in fruit. Corolla salverform, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud, rounded, the throat crested. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers obtuse. Ovary 4-divided, style fili- form. Nutlets erect, glabrous or pilose, attached by their bases to the receptacle, the scar of attachment small, flat. [Greek, mouse-ear.] About 35 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 1 or 2 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Called Forget-me-not and Scorpion-grass. Hairs of the calyx all straight; perennial swamp or brook plants. Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; corolla 3"-4" broad. 1. M. pahcstris. Calyx-lobes as long as the tube; corolla 2"-^" broad. 2. M. laxa. Hairs of the calyx, or some of them, with hooked tips; annuals or biennials. Fruiting pedicels longer than the calyx. Fruiting pedicels not longer than the calyx. Calyx-lobes equal; corolla yellowish, changing to blue. 4. M. versicolor. Calyx-lobes unequal; corolla white. 5. M. Virginica. Myosotis palustris (L. ) Lam. Forget-me- not. Mouse-ear Scorpion- grass. (Fig. 3038). Myosotis scorpioidesvzx. palustris~L, Sp. PI. 131. 1753. Myosotis palustris L,am. Fl. Fr. 2: 283. 1778. Appressed-pubescent, perennial, with slender rootstocks or stolons; stems slender, decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 6/-i8/ long. Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, i/~3/ long, 2//-6// wide, those of the stem sessile or very nearly so, or the lower petioled; racemes loosely many-flowered; pedicels longer than the calyx; calyx with straight appressed hairs, it lobes equal, triangular-ovate, acute, shorter than the tube, spreading in fruit; corolla blue with a yellow eye, the limb flat, 3//-4// broad; nutlets angled and keeled on the inner side. In brooks and marshes, Nova Scotia to southern New York and Pennsylvania. Escaped from cultiva- tion. Native of Europe and Asia. Called also Marsh Scorpion-grass, Snake-grass and Love-me. May-July. 3. M. arvensis. BORAGINACEAE. [Vol. III. 2. Myosotis laxa Lehm. Smaller Forget-me-not. (Fig. 3039.) Myosotis laxa Lehm. Asperif. 83. 1818. Myosotis palustris var. laxa A. Gra}', Man. Ed. 5, 365. 1867. Perennial, appressed-pubescent, similar to the preceding species; stems decumbent, spreading, rooting at the nodes, 6/-2o/ long. Leaves ob- long, oblong-lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse; racemes very loosely many-flowered; pedicels spreading, much longer than the fruiting calyx; hairs of the calyx straight, appressed, its lobes equal, ovate-lanceolate, acutish, spreading in fruit, quite as long as the tube; corolla blue with a yellow eye, its limb concave, about 2/r broad; nutlets convex on both the inner and outer sides. In wet muddy places, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Virginia and Tennessee. Also in Europe. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 3. Myosotis arvensis (L,. ) Lam. Field Scorpion-grass, or Mouse-ear. (Fig. 3040.) Myosotis sco rpioides var. arvensis 1,. Sp. PI. 131. 1753- Myosotis arvensis Lam. Fl. Fr. 2: 283. 1778. Annual or biennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem erect, branched, 6/-i8/ high. Basal and lower leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, petioled or sessile; stem leaves mostly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, yi'-^/i' long, i"-i/' wide; racemes loosely flowered; fruiting pedicels longer than the calyx; hairs of the calyx, or some of them, with minutely hooked tips, the lobes equal, erect, or con- nivent in fruit, triangular-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla blue or white, the limb concave, \"-\%" broad; nutlets convex on the outer side, somewhat keeled on the inner. In fields, New Brunswick to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to West Virginia. Perhaps not indigenous. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 4. Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) Reichenb. Yellow and Blue Scorpion-grass. (Fig. 3041.) M. arvensiswas. (?) versicolor Pers. Syn. 1: 156. 1805. Myosotis versicolor Reichenb. Fl. Exc. 1:341. 1830. Smith, Engl. Bot. A 4S0? Annual, hirsute-pubescent, often much branch- ed from the base, and sometimes also above; stems slender, erect or ascending, 4/-i2/ high. Leaves oblong, obtuse or obtusish, sessile, or the lower spatulate and narrowed into mar- gined petioles; racemes slender, sometimes bracted at the base; pedicels shorter than the fruiting calyx, erect; calyx equally 5-cleft, the lobes equal, linear-lanceolate, erect or connivent in fruit, longer than or equalling the tube, the hairs or some of them with minutely hooked tips; corolla pale yellow changing to violet or blue, its limb about \" broad; nutlets convex on the outer, slightly keeled on the inner side. In fields and along roadsides, southern New York to Delaware. Naturalized from Europe. May-July. Vol. III.] BORAGE FAMILY 5. Myosotis Virginica (L,.)B.S.P. Spring or Early Scorpion-grass. (Fig. 3042.) Lycopsis Virginica L. Sp. PI. 139. 1753. Myosotis verna Nutt. Gen. 2: Add. 1818. Myosotis Virginica B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 37. 1888. Annual or biennial, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, erect, branched, ^'-\^r high, the branches erect. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, sessile, 3//-i2// long, obtuse, or the lower spatulate and narrowed into short petioles; racemes usually bracted at the base, strict; pedicels ascending or erect, or slightly spreading at the apex, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx somewhat 2-lipped, unequally 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acute, longer than the tube, connivent in fruit, very hispid, the hairs, or most of them, with minutely hooked tips; corolla white, the limb ij^7' broad or less; nutlets convex on the back, slightly keeled and margined on the inner side. On dry hills and banks, Maine and southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. April-June. n. LITHOSPERMUM I,. Sp. PI. 132. 1753. Annual or perennial, erect branching or rarely simple, pubescent hirsute or hispid herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small or large, white yellow or blue flowers in leafy-bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments or lobes narrow. Corolla fun- nelform or salverform, 5-lobed, naked, pubescent or crested in the throat, the lobes entire or erose-denticulate, the tube sometimes pubescent at the base within. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided; style slender, or fili- form; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Nutlets 4, or fewer, erect, white, smooth and shining, or browTn and wrinkled, attached by their bases to the nearly flat receptacle, the scar of attach- ment not concave. [Greek, stone-seed, from the hard nutlets.] About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, a few in South America and Africa. Be- sides the following, some 7 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Corolla white or yellowish, its tube shorter than or equalling the calyx; flowers distant. Nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted; annual or biennial. 1. L. arvense. Nutlets white, smooth and shining; perennials. Leaves lanceolate, acute; nutlets ovoid. 2. L. officinale. Leaves ovate, acuminate; nutlets globose-ovoid. 3. L. latifolium. Corolla dull yellow, its tube longer than the calyx; leaves lanceolate; flowers dense. 4. L. pilosum. Corolla bright yellow, its tube much longer than the calyx; flowers dense. Corolla-lobes entire; flowers all complete. Hispid-pubescent; corolla-tube bearded at the base within. 5. L. Gmelini. Hirsute, somewhat canescent; corolla-tube not bearded at the base within. 6. L. canescens. Corolla-lobes erose-denticulate; later flowers cleistogamous. 7. L. angustifolium. i. Lithospermum arvense L,. Bastard Alkanet. Corn Grom well. (Fig. 3043.) Lithospermum arvense L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753. Annual or biennial, appressed-pubescent; stem erect, usually branched, 6/-2o/ high. Leaves bright green, lanceolate, linear or linear-oblong, sessile or the lowest short-petioled, mostly ap- pressed, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, indistinctly veined, %'-!%' long, ^//_y/ wj(je) the uppermost smaller; flowers sessile or very nearly so in the spikes, becom- ing distant, white, about 3// long; calyx-seg- ments linear-lanceolate, longer than or equal- ling the corolla-tube; corolla funnelform, puber- ulent in the throat; nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted, glabrous, about \" high, convex on the back, keeled on the inner side, one-third to one-half the length of the calyx-segments . In waste places and fields, Quebec to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia and Kansas. Natural- ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Pearl-plant and Salfern-stoneseed. May-Aug. 64 BORAGINACEAE. [Voi,. III. 2. Lithospermum officinale L. Gromwell. (Fig. 3°44-) Lithospermum officinale L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753. Perennial, finely puberulent; stem usually much branched, 2°-4° high, leafy. Leaves lan- ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, few-veined, sessile, \%f- 4/ long, 3//-i2// wide, the upper surface rough; flowers yellowish-white, about 2" long, sessile; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, about equal- ling the corolla-tube; corolla funnelform, crested in the throat; style about as long as the stamens; nutlets, when mature, white, smooth, shining, about 1%" high, ovoid, obtuse, more than one- half as long as the calyx-segments, seldom all ripening. In fields and waste places, Ontario to southern New York, west to Minnesota. Plant grayish. Nat- uralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Graymile, Littlewale and Pearl-plant. May- Aug. 3. Lithospermum latifolium Michx. American Gromwell. (Fig. 3045.) Lithospermum latifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 131. 1803. Perennial, rough-puberulent; stem branched, 2°_3° high, the branches long and slender. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at tlie apex, pinnately veined, 2/-5/ long, i/-2/ wide, or the uppermost smaller; flowers yellow- ish white or pale yellow, 2//-3// long, few, soli- tary, distant; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, about as long as the corolla; corolla funnelform, crested in the throat; style shorter than the stamens; nutlets white, shining, globose-ovoid, about 2" long, more than one-half as long as the calyx-segments. In dry thickets and fields, Ontario and western New York to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Arkansas. May. 4. Lithospermum pildsum Nutt. Woolly Gromwell. (Fig. 3046.) Lithospermum pilosum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: 43- 1834. . , . Lithospermum Torreyi Nutt. loc. cit. 44. 1834. Perennial from thick roots, hirsute, rather pale green; stems usually stout and clustered, very leafy, S'-iS' high. Leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, 2/-4/ long, 2//-5// wide, gradually acu- minate to the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, indistinctly veined; flowers dull yellow, very numerous and crowded in a terminal leafy thyr- sus; calyx-segments densely hirsute, shorter than the cylindric corolla-tube; corolla-sal verform, the throat puberulent below each lobe; style longer than the filaments; nutlets ovoid, acute, white, shining, about 2// long. Western Nebraska (according to Williams), Mon- tana to the Northwest Territory, British Columbia and California. May-July. Vol. Ill J BORAGE FAMILY. 65 Hairy or Gmelin's 5. Lithospermum Gmelini (Michx. ) A. S. Hitchcock Puccoon. (Fig. 3047.) Batschia Carolinensis Gmel. Syst. 2: Part 1, 315. 1791. Not Lithospermum Carolinianum Lam. 1791. Batscliia Gmelini Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 130. 1803. Lithospermum hirtum Lehtn. Asperif. 305. 1818. L. Gmelini A. S. Hitchc. Spring Fl. Manh. 30. 1894. Perennial, hispid-pubescent, or scabrous; stems usually clustered, rather stout, simple, o'r branched above, i°-2G high, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2/~3/ long, the lowest commonly reduced to appressed scales, the uppermost oblong; flowers 6//-8// long, in dense short terminal leafy racemes, dimorphous; pedicels i//~3// long; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than the tube of the orange-yellow salverform corolla; corolla-lobes en- tire, rounded, the throat crested, the tube bearded at the base within by 10 hirsute teeth; nutlets white, shining, about 2" high, ovoid, very much shorter than the calyx-segments. In dry woods, western New York to Florida, Minne- sota, Colorado and New Mexico. April-June. 6. Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon. (Fi Batschia canescens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 14. 1803 3048.) : 130. pi. Lithospermum canescens Lehm. Asperif. 305. 1818. Perennial, hirsute, somewhat canescent, at least when young; stems solitary or cluste simple or often branched, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or linear, obtuse or acu- tish at the apex, sessile by a narrowed base, %'■ ■yYz' long, 2//-5// wide, the lowest often re- duced to appressed scales; flowers about 6/r long, sessile, numerous in dense short leafy racemes, dimorphous; calyx-segments linear- lanceolate, shorter than the tube of the orange- yellow salverform corolla; corolla crested in the throat, its lobes rounded, entire, its tube glandu- lar but not bearded at the base within; nutlets white, smooth, shining, acutish, much shorter than the calyx-segments. In dry soil, Ontario to western New Jersey and Alabama, west to the Northwest Territory, Kansas and Arizona. April-June. 7. Lithospermum angustifdlium Michx. Narrow-leaved Puccoon. (Fig. 3049.) L. angustifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 130. 1803. Perennial by a deep root, strigose-pubescent and scabrous; stem branched, 6/-2° high, the branches erect or ascending. Leaves linear, sessile, acute or acutish, ^/-2/long, i^//-2/J^// wide; flow- ers of two kinds, in terminal leafy racemes; corolla of the earlier ones salverform, about i/ long, bright yellow, the tube 3-5 times as long as the linear-lan- ceolate calyx-segments, the lobes erose-denticulate, the throat crested, the base of the tube not bearded within; later flowers (sometimes all of them) much smaller, pale yellow, cleistogamous, abundantly fer- tile, their pedicels recurved in fruit; nutlets white, smooth, shining, ovoid, \)/2"-2'f high, more or less pitted, keeled on the inner side. In dry soil, especially on prairies, Manitoba to Illi- nois, Kansas and Texas, west to British Columbia, Utah and Arizona. April-July. 5 66 BORAGINACEAE. [Vol.. III. 12. ONOSMODIUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 132. 1803. Perennial stout hispid or hirsute branching herbs, with alternate entire strongly veined leaves, and rather small yellowish or greenish white proterogyuous flowers, in terminal leafy- bracted scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla tubular or tubular-funnelform, 5-lobed, the lobes erect, the throat not appendaged, the sin- uses slightly inflexed, the tube with a glandular 10-lobed band within at the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla, included; filaments short. Ovary 4-parted; style filiform, exserted. Nutlets 4, or commonly only 1 or 2 perfecting, ovoid, sometimes sparingly pitted, shining, smooth, white, attached by the base to the nearly flat receptacle, the scar of attachment small, flat. [Greek, like onosma, or ass-smell.] About 6 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southwestern United States. Leaves acute; stem hirsute. Plant green; hairs long and shaggy; nutlets ovoid, i%" long. i. O. Carolinianum. Plant pale; hairs shorter and soft; nutlets ovoid-globose, 2" long. 2. O. molle. Leaves obtuse; stem appressed-hispid. 3. O. Virginianum. Onosmodium Carolinianum (L,am.) DC. (Fig. 3050.) Shaggy False Gromwell. Lithospertnum Carolinianum Lam. Tabl. En- cycl. 1: 367. 1791. Onosmodium Carolinianum DC. Prodr. 10: 70. 1846. Spreading-hirsute with rough bristly hairs; stem stout, usually much branched, i°-3° high, the branches ascending. Leaves lan- ceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the ses- sile base, 5-9-ribbed, 2/-4^/ long, J^'-i^' wide; flowers very numerous and crowded; pedicels i//-2// long in fruit; calyx-segments linear, acute, somewhat shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla yellowish-white, pubes- cent outside, about 5" long, its lobes triangu- lar-lanceolate, acute, about one-half as long as the tube; nutlets obtuse, about 1^" long. In dry fields or thickets, or on banks, Ontario and western New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. May-July. Onosmodium molle Michx. Soft-hairy False Gromwell. (Fig. 3051.) Onosmodium molle Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1. 133. pi. 15. 1803. Onosmodium Carolinianum var. molle A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 206. 1878. Similar to the preceding species, but usu- ally lower, i°-2° high, canescent, at least when young, pale green, the pubescence soft and shorter, that of the leaves appressed. Leaves smaller, ovate-lanceolate, ^/-2/ long, sessile; corolla-lobes usually less than one- half the length of the tube; nutlets larger, globose-ovoid, fully 2" high. On prairies, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to Illinois, Kansas, Texas and Utah. May-July. Vol. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 67 3. Onosmodium Virginianum (L,.) DC, Virginia False Gromwell. (Fig. 3052.) Lithospermum Virginanum L- Sp. PI. 132. 1753. Onosmodium Virginianum DC. Prodr. 10: 70. 1846. Densely appressed-hispid with stiff hairs; stem rather slender, usually branched above, i°-2^° high. Leaves oblong, oval, or oblong-lanceolate, ob- tuse, sessile, i/~3/ long, or the lower oblanceolate, acutish and narrowed into petioles; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla cylindric or nearly so, yellowish-white, about \" long, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, nearly as long as the tube, strigose without; nutlets ovoid, obtuse or obtusish, l"-l long. In dry thickets or on hillsides, New England to Flor- ida, Pennsylvania, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 13. SYMPHYTUM L, Sp. PI. 136. 1753. Erect coarse rough hairy perennial branching herbs, with thick mucilaginous roots, al- ternate entire leaves, those of the stem mostly clasping, the uppermost tending to be op- posite, the lower long-petioled. Flowers yellow, blue, or purple, in terminal simple or forked scorpioid racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla tubular, slightly dilated above, 5-lobed, the lobes short, the throat with 5 crests below the lobes. Stamens 5, included, in- serted on the corolla-tube; filaments slender. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets 4, obliquely ovoid, slightly incurved, wrinkled, inserted by their bases on the flat receptacle, the scar of the attachment broad, concave, dentate. [Greek, grow-together, from its supposed healing virtues.] About 15 species, natives of the Old World. 1. Symphytum officinale I,. Comfrey. Healing-herb. (Fig. 3053.) Symphytum officinale L. Sp. PI. 136. 1753. Roots thick, deep; stem erect, branched, 20- 30 high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, pinnately veined, ^f-io' long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed into margined petioles, or the uppermost smaller and sessile, decurrent on the stem; petioles of the basal leaves sometimes i2/long; flowers numerous, in dense racemes or clusters; pedicels 2//-4// long; calyx-segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, much shorter than the corolla; corolla yellowish or purplish, 6//-io// long; nutlets brown, shining, slightly wrinkled, 2." high. In waste places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Maryland. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. Called also Back- or Black-wort, Bruisewort, Knit-back, Boneset. 14. BORAGO L. Sp. PI. 137. 1753. Hirsute or hispid annual or biennial branching herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and showy blue flowers, in terminal loose leafy racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla rotate, the tube very short, the throat closed by scales, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated, acute. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments dilated below, nar- rowed above into a slender appendage; anthers linear, erect, and connivent into a cone. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle, the scar of attachment large, concave. [Middle Latin, hurra, rough hair, allud- ing to the foliage.] Three species, natives of the Mediterranean region. BORAGINACEAE. [Vol. III. I. Borago officinalis L,. Borage. (Fig. 3054.) Borago officinalis L- Sp. PI. 137. 1753. Stem erect, branched, i°-2>£0 high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong to obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, 2/-5/ long, narrowed into margined petioles, or the upper smaller, ovate-lanceo- late, sessile or partly clasping; flowers 8//- io// broad, pedicels rather stout, \y2'-2' long, spreading or recurving; calyx-seg- ments lanceolate, nearly erect in fruit; corolla bright blue, the lobes ovate-lanceo- late; the cone of anthers darker, about 3" long; nutlets 2" high. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Pennsylvania. Native of southern Europe. June-Sept. 15. LYCOPSIS L. Sp. PI. 138. 1753. Annual bristly-hispid branched erect or diffuse herbs, with alternate leaves, and small blue or bluish flowers, in dense leafy-bracted terminal spike-like scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla slightly irregular, salverform, the tube curved, the limb somewhat un- equally 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, imbricated, the throat closed by hispid scales. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments short; anthers obtuse at each end. •Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets 4, wrinkled, erect, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle, the scar of attachment concave. [Greek, wolf-face.] J About 4 species, natives of the Old World. i. Lycopsis arvensis L. Small Bugloss. (Fig. 3055.) Lycopsis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 139. 1753- Stem erect or ascending, at length divergently or diffusely branched, i°-2° high, the branches becoming procumbent. Leaves lanceolate, nar- rowly oblong or the lower oblanceolate, obtuse, i/-2/ long, undulate or dentate, sessile, or the lower narrowed into petioles, the upper much smaller and acute or acutish; flowers numerous, crowded, 2"-^" broad, very short-pedicelled; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the curved corolla-tube; nutlets shorter than the calyx. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Onta- rio, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June- Sept. 16. ECHIUM L. Sp. PI. 139. 1753 Biennial or perennial mostly bristly-hirsute branching herbs, with altern rather large blue violet or rarely white flowers, in leafy-bracted scorpioid 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla tubular-funnelform, irregular, the 5-lobed, the lobes rounded, spreading, the throat not appendaged. Stamens down on the tube of the corolla, unequal, at least the longer ones exserted; der, dilated at the base; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 4-divided; style fili the summit. Nutlets 4, erect, ovoid, rugose, attached by their bases to the the scar of attachment not concave. [Greek, a viper.] About 30 species, natives of the Old World. ate leaves, and spikes. Calyx limb unequally 5, inserted low filaments slen- form, 2-cleft at flat receptacle, Vol. III.] i. Echium vulgare L. BORAGE FAMILY. Vip^r's Bugloss. Blueweed. (Fig. 3056.) Echium vulgare L. Sp. PL 140. 1753. Bristly-hairy, biennial; stem erect, at length much branched, i0-2^0 high. Leaves oblong, linear-ob- long, or linear- lanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire, 2'- 6/ long, sessile, or the lower and basal ones nar- rowed into petioles; flowers bright blue, varying to violet purple, 8//-i2// long, numerous in short 1- sided spikes, forming a narrow thyrsus; calyx-seg- ments much shorter than the corolla; limb of the corolla oblique, the lobes very unequal. In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to Vir- ginia, west to Ontario and Nebraska. A troublesome weed in some sections of the North. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-July. Called also Viper's-herb, Viper's-grass, Snake-flower, Blue-thistle. Family 24. VERBENACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 1: 245. 1805. Vervain Family. Herbs, shrubs or some tropical genera trees, with opposite verticillate or rarely alternate leaves, and perfect more or less irregular, or sometimes regular flowers, in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx in- ferior, mostly persistent, usually 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla gamopetalous, regular, or 2-lipped, the tube usually cylindric and the limb 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely only 2, or as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally de- hiscent. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled (rarely 8-10-celled), composed of 2 carpels, each carpel with 2 anatropous or amphitropous ovules, thus in 4-celled ovaries 1 ovule in each cavity; style terminal, simple; stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit dry, sep- arating at maturity into 2-4 nutlets, or a drupe containing the 2-4 nutlets. Endosperm little or none, or rarely fleshy; embryo straight. About 70 genera and 1200 species, of wide geographic distribution in temperate and warm regions. Flowers in heads or spikes; ovary 2-4-celled; fruit of 2 or 4 erect nutlets; ours herbs. Corolla-limb 5-lobed, regular or nearly so; nutlets 4. 1. Verbena. Corolla-limb 4-lobed, 2-lipped; nutlets 2. 2. Lippia. Flowers in axillary cymes; shrubs; fruit drupaceous. 3. Callicarpa. i. VERBENA L. Sp. PI. iS. 1753. Herbs (some exotic species shrubby), mostly with opposite leaves, and variously colored bracted flowers, in terminal solitary corymbed or panicled spikes. Calyx usually tubular, 5-angled, more or less unequally 5-toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube straight or somewhat curved, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped or regular. Stamens 4, didynamous, or very rarely only 2, included; connective of the anthers unappen- daged, or sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4-celled; ovule 1 in each cavity; style usually short, 2-lobed at the summit, one of the lobes stigmatic. Fruit dry, mostly enclosed by the calyx, at length separating into 4, i-seeded linear or linear-oblong crustaceous smooth papillose or rugose nutlets. [Latin name of a sacred herb.] About 100 species, natives of America, or a single one indigenous in the Mediterranean region. Besides the following, some 13 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Flowers 2" -5" long, in narrow spikes; anthers unappendaged. Spikes filiform or slender; bracts shorter than the flowers. Spikes filiform; fruit scattered ; corolla usually white. Leaves incised or pinnatifid; diffuse annual; fruit short. Leaves serrate (rarely incised); erect perennial; fruit oblong. Spikes slender; fruits densely imbricated; corolla blue. Plants glabrous or sparingly rough-pubescent; corolla 2"-$" long. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, petioled. Leaves linear or spatulate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse and sessile. Plants densely soft-pubescent; corolla 4" -5" long. Spikes thick, dense; bracts longer than the flowers. Flowers 7" -12" long, in short dense elongating spikes; connective of the longer stamens appendaged. Corblla-limb 6"-io" broad; bracts mostly shorter than the calyx. 7. V. Canadensis. Corolla-limb 4"-5" broad; bracts equalling or exceeding the calyx. 8. V. bipinnatifida. 3- 4- 5- 6. V. officinalis. V. urticifolia. V. hastata. V. angustifolia. V. stricta. V. bracteosa. VERBENACEAE. [Vol. III. I. Verbena officinalis L. European Vervain. Herb-of- the- Cross. Ber- bine. (Fig. 3057.) Verbena officinalis L. Sp. PI. 20. 1753. Annual; stem 4 sided, slender.glabrous or near- ly so, ascending or spreading, diffusely branched, i°-3° high. Leaves minutely pubescent, the lower deeply incised or 1-2 pinnatifid, ovate, ob- long, or obovate in outline, I'^'long, narrowed into margined petioles, the teeth acute; upper leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; spikes several or numerous, filiform, at length 4/~5/ long; fruits less than i// high, scattered along the spikes, not at all imbricated; bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the 5-toothed calyx; corolla purplish or white, the limb i//-2// broad. In waste and cultivated ground, Maine to Florida and Texas. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from the Old World. Sometimes a troublesome weed. Called Holy-herb, Enchanter's-plant, Juno's- tears, Pigeon 's-grass, Simpler's Joy. June-Sept. White or Nettle-leaved Vervain. (Fig. 3058.) 1753- 2. Verbena urticifolia L Verbena urticifolia L. Sp. PI. 20. Perennial, usually pubescent; stem slender, strict, erect, 4-sided, paniculately branched above, 3°-5° high, the branches upright. Leaves ovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, all petioled, or the upper- most sessile, serrate-dentate all around, thin, acute or acuminate, mostly rounded at the base, i^'S' long; spikes numerous, filiform, erect, or spreading, at length 4/-6/ long; fruits oblong, scattered, not at all imbricated, about \" high; bracts ovate, acu- minate, shorter than the calyx; corolla white or pale purple, its limb about i// broad. In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Hybridizes with V. bracteosa, V. hastata and V. stricta. June-Sept. Verbena urticifolia riparia ( Raf . ) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 276. 1894. Verbena riparia Raf.; Small & Heller, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: 12. 1892. Leaves incised, sometimes 3-cleft near the base; flow- ers blue. River-banks, New Jersey to North Carolina. 3. Verbena hastata L,. Blue Vervain. Wild Hyssop. (Fig. 3059.) Verbena hastata L- Sp. PI. 20. 1753. Verbena paniculata Lam. Encycl. 8: 548. 1808. Perennial, roughish-puberulent ; stem erect, strict, 4-sided, usually branched above, 3°-7° high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, serrate or incised-dentate with acute teeth, 3/-6/ long, the lower sometimes hastately 3-lobed at the base; spikes numerous, panicled, slender, usually peduncled, 2' -6' long; fruits densely imbricated on the spikes, \"-\Yz" high; bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, its limb about i^// broad. In moist fields, meadows and in waste places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Nebraska and New Mexico. H3rbridizes with V. stricta and V. bracteosa. June-Sept. Verbena hastata pinnatifida (Lam.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 276. 1894. Verbena pinnatifida Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 57. 1791. Leaves deepty incised or pinnatifid. Occasional in the range of the type. Vol. HI.] VERVAIN FAMILY. 71 4. Verbena angustifolia Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain. (Fig. 3060.) Verbena angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 14. 1803. Perennial, roughish-puberulent or pubes- cent ; stem slender, simple or branched, 4-sided above, i°-2° high. Leaves linear, spatulate or lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, cuneate at the base and tapering into short petioles, serrate or serrulate, veiny, \l/z'-2/ long, 2//-5// wide; spikes mostly solitary at the ends of the branches, usually peduncled, slender, dense, 2/-5/ long; fruits overlapping or the lower somewhat distant, 1 \/." high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or shorter than the calyx; corolla purple or blue, about 3" long, its limb about as broad, the lobes obovate or oblong. In dry fields, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Minnesota, Illinois and Arkansas. Hybridizes with V. stricta and V. bracteosa. June-Aug. 6. Verbena bracteosa Michx. Large-bracted Vervain. (Fig. 3062.) V. bracteosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 13. 1803. Perennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem 4-sided, much branched from the base, the branches decumbent or ascending, slender, 6/-i5/ long. Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate in out- line, pinnately incised or pinnatifid, i/-3/ long, more or less cuneate at the base and narrowed into short petioles, the lobes mostly dentate; spikes sessile, stout, dense, becom- ing 4/-6/ long in fruit; bracts conspicuous, linear-lanceolate, rather rigid, longer than the flowers and fruits, the lower ones often incised; corolla purplish blue, about 2" long. On prairies and in waste places, Minnesota and Illinois to Alabama and Florida, west to British Columbia, Arizona and California. Hybridizes with V. Canadensis. May-Aug. 5. Verbena stricta Vent. Hoary or Mullen-leaved Vervain. ( Fig. 306 1 . ) Verbena stricta Vent. Descr. PI. Jard. Cels. pi. 5j. 1800. Verbena rigens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 14. 1803. Perennial, densely soft-pubescent all over; stem stout, obtusely 4-angled, simple, or branched above, strict, very leafy, i°-2^° high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, very short-petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, prominently veined, incised-serrate or laciniate, 1/-4/ long; spikes solitary, or several, mostly sessile, dense, stout, becoming 6/-i2/ long in fruit; fruits much imbricated, 2//-2^// high; bracts lan- ceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the calyx; corolla purplish blue, 4//~5// loug, its limb nearly as broad. In dry soil, Ohio to Minnesota, Nebraska and Wyoming, south to Tennessee, Texas and New Mexico. Naturalized as a weed further east. Hybridizes with V. bracteosa. June-Sept. 72 VERBENACEAE. [Vol. III. 7. Verbena Canadensis (X.) Britton. Large-flowered Verbena. (Fig. 3063.) Buchnera Canadensis L- Mant 88. 1767. Verbena Aublelta Jacq. Hort. Vind. 2: 82. pi. 176. 1772. Glandularia Carolmensis J. G. Gmel. Syst. 2: 920. 1796. Verbena Canadensis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 276. 1894. Perennial, pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, usually branched, 8/-i5/ high, the branches ascending. Leaves membranous, ovate in outline, petioled, i/-3/ long, trun- cate or broadly cuueate at the base, irre- gularly pinnately incised, often 3-cleft, the lobes dentate; spikes peduncled, solitary at the ends of the branches, dense, short and capitate when in early flower, becom- ing 2/-4/ long in fruit; bracts linear-subu- late, mostly shorter than the calyx; calyx- teeth filiform-subulate; corolla io//-i2// long, blue, purple, white or in cultivation variegated, its limb 6//-io// broad, the lobes oblong or obovate, emarginate or ob- cordate; fruit 2'i^//-^)/, high. In dry soil, Illinois to Tennessee and Flor- ida, west to Kansas, Mexico and New Mexico. This and the next the source of many garden and other hybrids. May-Aug. 8. Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Small-flowered Verbena. (Fig. 3064.) Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 123. 1821. Glandularia bipinnatifida Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 184. 1833-37. Perennial, producing suckers, hirsute or hispid; stems rather stout, mostly branched, erect, 6/-iS/ high. Leaves firm, petioled or the uppermost sessile, broadly ovate in outline, deeply 1-2-pinnatifid into linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute lobes and segments; spikes peduncled or sessile, solitary at the ends of the branches, thick, dense, at first short and capitate, becoming 2/~4/ long in fruit; bracts linear-subulate, mostly shorter than the calyx; calyx-teeth filiform-subulate; corolla 6//-o// long, pur- ple or lilac, the limb 4//~5// broad, the lobes emarginate or obcordate; fruit l%,f-2." high. On dry plains and prairies, Nebraska to Texas and Chihuahua, west to Colorado and Arizona. May-Sept. 2. LIPPIA L, Sp. PI. 633. 1753. Perennial herbs, or shrubs, with opposite, sometimes verticillate, or rarely alternate leaves, and small bracted flowers, in axillary or terminal, mostly peduncled spikes or heads. Calyx small, membranous, ovoid, campanulate or compressed and 2-winged, 2-4-toothed or 2-4-cleft. Corolla-tube straight or incurved, cylindric, the limb oblique, spreading, some- what 2-lipped, 4-cleft, the lobes broad, often refuse or eroded. Stamens 4, didynamous, in- cluded or exserted; anthers ovate, not appeudaged, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style short; stigma oblique or recurved. Fruit dry, with a mem- branous exocarp, at length separating into 4 nutlets. [Named in honor of Auguste Lippi, 1678-1703, a French naturalist.] About 100 species, most abundant in tropical and subtropical America, a few African. Besides the following, about 6 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Leaves spatulate, 2-8-toothed above; peduncles little exceeding the leaves. 1. L. cuneifolia. Leaves sharply serrate; peduncles much longer than the leaves. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly acute. 2. L. lanceolata. Leaves spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse. 3. L. nodiflora. Vol. III.] VERVAIN FAMILY. 73 i. Lippia cuneifolia (Torr.) Steud. Wedge-leaved Fog-fruit. (Fig. 3065.) Zapania cuneifolia Torr. Ann. Lvc. N. Y. 2: 234. 1S27. Lippia cuneifolia Steud.; Torr. in Maud's Rep. 293. pi. 17. 1853. Pale, minutely puberuleut with forked hairs or glabrous, diffusely branched from the woody base; branches terete, slender, rigid, procum- bent, somewhat zigzag, with short erect branch- lets at the nodes. Leaves linear-cuneate, ses- sile, obscurely veined, rigid, i/-i}4/ long, 2//~y/ wide, with 2-8 sharp teeth above the middle or rarely entire, acutish at the apex; peduncles shorter than or somewhat exceeding the leaves; head at first globose, becoming cvlindric and 6//-S// long; bracts cuneate, abruptly acuminate from the truncate or retuse summit; calyx flat- tened, 2-cleft, the lobes 2 toothed or emarginate; corolla-tube longer than the calyx ; fruit oblong. On plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas> Mexico and Arizona. May-Aug. 2. Lippia lanceolata Michx. Fog- fruit. (Fig. 3066.) L. lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 15. 1803. Green, glabrous, or very sparingly pubes- cent with forked hairs; stems slender, weak, procumbent or ascending, sometimes rooting at the nodes, simple, or little branched, i°-2° long. Leaves thin, oblong, ovate, or oblong- lanceolate, pinnately veined, short-petioled, acute or subacute at the apex, sharply serrate to below the middle, narrowed to the some- what cuneate base, i/-3/ long, 3//-i5// wide; peduncles slender, some or all of them longer than the leaves; heads at first globose, be- coming cylindric and about y2' long in fruit; bracts acute; calyx flattened, 2-cleft; corolla pale blue, scarcely longer than the calyx; fruit globose. In moist soil, New Jersey to Illinois and Kan- sas, south to Florida, Texas and northern Mexico. Also in California. June-Aug. 3. Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx. Spat- ulate-leaved Fog-fruit. (Fig. 3067.) Verbena nodiflora L- Sp. PI. 20. 1753. Lippia nodiflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 15. 1803. Minutely and rather densely puberulent with short appressed hairs, creeping, or some of the branches ascending, i°-3° long. Leaves thickish, spatulate, oblanceolate, or obovate, 6"-2%' long, 3//-i2// wide, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed into a long or short cune- ate entire base, sharply serrate above the mid- dle ; peduncles slender, \'-W long, much longer than the leaves; heads at length cylin- dric and 5//-i2// long, 3//-4// thick; calyx flattened, 2-cleft; corolla purple to white. In wet or moist soil, Georgia to southern Mis- souri, Florida and Texas. Also in California, Central America, the West Indies, and apparently the same species in the warmer regions of the Old World May-Sept. 74 VERBENACEAE. [Vol. III. 3. CALLICARPA L. Sp. PI. in. 1753. Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves, and small blue purple or white flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short, campanulate, 4-toothed (rarely 5-toothed), or truncate. Corolla-tube short, expanded above, the limb spreading, 4-cleft (rarely 5-eleft), the lobes equal, imbri- cated in the bud. Stamens 4, equal, exserted; anthers ovate or oval, their sacs parallel. Ovary incompletely 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, laterally attached, amphitropous; style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, much longer than the calyx, containing 1-4 nutlets. [Greek, handsome fruit.] About 35 species, the following of southeastern North America, the others Asiatic, African and of tropical America. i. Callicarpa Americana L. French Mulberry. (Fig. 3068.) Callicarpa Americana L,. Sp. PI. in. 1753. A shrub, 2°-5° high, the twigs, petioles and young leaves stellate-scurfy, the mature leaves glabrous or nearly so, and glandular-dotted. Twigs terete ; leaves thin, ovate, pinnately veined, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, crenate-dentate nearly to the entire base, 3/-6/ long, i}4/-3/ wide; cymes many-flowered, short-peduncled; pedicels very short; calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube; corolla pale blue, about i^//long; fruit violet- blue, globose, i)4// in diameter, very conspicu- ous in autumn. In moist thickets, Virginia to Florida, Alabama, Arkansas and Texas. June-July. Family 25. LABIATAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. Mint Family. Aromatic punctate herbs, or shrubs (a few tropical species trees), mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; stipules none. Flowers irregular, perfect, variously clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose, usually bracteo- late. Calyx inferior, persistent, regular or 2-lipped, 5-toothed or 5-lobed (rarely 4-toothed), mostly nerved. Corolla with a short or long tube, the limb 4-5- lobed, mostly 2-lipped, regular in a few genera; upper lip 2-lobed, or sometimes entire; lower lip mostly 3-lobed. Stamens borne on the corolla-tube, typically 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2 with or without staminodia, rarely equal; fila- ments separate, mostly slender, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers 2-celled, introrse, or confluently 1 -celled, or sometimes of a single sac. Disk usually present, fleshy. Ovary 4-lobed, or 4-parted, superior, each lobe or division with 1 mostly anatropous ovule; style arising from the centre of the lobed or parted ovary, 2-lobed at the summit. Fruit of 4 i-seeded nutlets. Seed erect (trans- verse in Scutellaria^); endosperm scanty, or usually none; embryo mostly straight; radicle short, inferior. About 160 genera and 3000 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. The family is also known as Lamiaceae. The foliage abounds in volatile oils. A. Ovary 4-lobed, the style not basal ; nutlets laterally attached. Corolla-limb very irregular, apparently i-lipped, or the other lip very short; stamens exserted. Dpper lip of .corolla short, truncate. 1. Ajuga. Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, or all the lobes united into the lower lip. 2. Teucrium. Corolla-limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Corolla-lobes spreading; stamens short-exserted. 3. Isantlms. Corolla-lobes declined; stamens long-exserted. 4. Trichostema. B. Ovary 4-parted, the style basal ; nutlets basally attached. -X- Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. 5. Scutellaria. ■X- -X- Calyx not gibbous on the upper side. Stamens and style very short, included in the corolla-tube. 6. Marrubium. Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY. 75 Stamens longer, not included in the corolla-tube. t Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; lips unlike, the upper concave. (a. ) Anther-bearing stamens 4. Posterior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the anterior. Anther-sacs parallel or nearly so. Tall erect herbs; posterior stamens declined, anterior ascending. Trailing herb; stamens all ascending under upper lip of corolla. Anther-sacs divergent. Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothed, not 2-lipped; plant erect. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, or unequally 5-toothed. Trailing herb; calyx unequally 5-toothed. Erect herbs; calyx 2-lipped. Posterior pair of stamens shorter than the anterior. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, closed in fruit. Calyx 3-10-toothed, not distinctly 2-lipped, open in fruit. Calyx membranous, inflated in fruit, faintly nerved. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, or 5-lobed. Calyx 4-lobed. Calyx not membranous, not inflated in fruit, distinctly 5-10-nerved. Style-branches very unequal. Style-branches equal, or nearly so. Anther-sacs transversely 2-valved. Anther-sacs not transversely 2-valved, parallel or divergent. Nutlets 3-sided, truncate. Calyx-teeth not spiny-tipped. Calyx-teeth spiny-tipped. Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. Calyx with a spreading 5-toothed limb. Calyx-limb not spreading. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx; anther-sacs divergent. 20. St achy s. Corolla-tube exserted; lower petioles very long; anther-sacs parallel. 21. Betonica. 7- 8. Agastachc. Meehania. 9- Xepeta. 10. 11. Glecoma. Dracocephalu »/ 12. Prunella. 13- 14- Physostegia. Synandra. 15- Phi 0 mis. 16. Galeopsis. 18. 17- Lamium. Leonurus. 19. Ballota. Connective of the anther very none, at the other. Connective very short, the anther-sacs confluent. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. (b. ) Anther-bearing stamens 2. long, bearing a perfect sac at one end, and rudimentary one, or 22. Salvia. 23- 24. Monarda. Blephilia. f f Corolla 2-lipped, or regular; upper lip, when present, flat, or only slightly concave. (a.) Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters, or these forming terminal spikes. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens curved, often converging, or ascending under the upper lip of Anther-bearing stamens 2. Anther-bearing stamens 4. Corolla-tube upwardly curved, exserted. Corolla-tube straight. Calyx 10-nerved, campanulate, about equally 5-toothed. Calyx mostly 13-nerved, tubular, 2-lipped. Stamens straight, often diverging. Calyx 15-nerved. Calyx 10-13-nerved. Anther-bearing stamens 4. Anther-sacs divergent. Calyx equally 5-toothed; erect herbs. Calyx 2-lipped; creeping herbs. Anther-sacs parallel. Anther-bearing stamens 2. Corolla regular, 4-5-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2; plants not aromatic. Anther-bearing stamens 4; aromatic fragrant herbs. the corolla. 25. Hedeoma. 26. Melissa. 27. Satureia. 28. Clinopodium. 29. Hyssopus. 30. Origanum. 32. Thymus. 31. Koellia. 33. Cunila. 34. Lycopus. 35. Mentha. (b.) Flowers in terminal panicled racemes or spikes; corolla 2-lipped. Anther-bearing stamens 2; lower lip of corolla long, fimbriate; native. 36. Collinsonia. Anther-bearing stamens 4; lower lip of corolla not fimbriate; introduced. Flowers racemose. 37. Perilla. Flowers densely spiked. 38. Elshollzia. i. AJUGA L. Sp. PI. 561. 1753. Annual or perennial, often stoloniferous herbs, mostly with dentate leaves, and rather large verticillate-clustered flowers in terminal spikes, or in the upper axils. Calyx ovoid or campanulate, io-many-n,erved, 5 toothed or 5-lobed, the teeth or lobes nearly equal. Corolla- limb 2-lipped, the upper lip short, truncate or emarginate, the lower spreading, with 2 small lateral lpbes and a much larger emarginate or 2-cleft middle one. Stamens 4, didynamous, somewhat exserted beyond the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anther- 76 LABIATAE. [Vol. III. sacs divergent, only slightly confluent at the base. Ovary not deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ob- ovoid, rugose-reticulate. [Greek, without a yoke; from the secmiug absence of the upper lip of the corolla.] About 40 species, natives of the Old World. i. Ajuga reptans L. Bugle. (Fig. 3069.) Ajuga reptans L,. Sp. PI. 561. 1753. Perennial, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, producing slender creeping stolons some- times i° long; stem erect, rather stout, 6/-i5/ tall. Basal leaves tufted, obovate, rounded at the apex, creuate or undulate, i/-3/ long, tapering into margined petioles; leaves of the stem oblong or oblauceolate, much smaller, sessile or nearly so, those of the stolons mostly petioled; upper flower-clus- ters, often forming a short spike, the lower commonly distant and axillary; corolla blue or nearly white, about l/z' long. In fields, Quebec and Maine to southern New York, locally naturalized from Europe. Old names, Brown Bugle, Middle Comfrey, Carpen- ter's Herb, Sicklewort. May-June. 2. TEUCRIUM L,. Sp. PL 562. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with dentate entire or laciniate leaves, and rather small pink white or purplish flowers, in terminal bracted spikes or heads, or verticillate in the upper axils. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 10-nerved, equally or unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short, the limb irregularly 5-lobed, the 2 short upper lobes oblong, declined or erect, the lateral lobe declined, more or less united with the upper ones, the lower lobe broader, also declined, Stamens 4, didynamous, exserted between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent, confluent at the base. Ovary 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets obovoid, rugose-reticulated. [Named from the Trojan king, Teucer.] Over 100 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the follow- ing, 2 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. 1. T. Canadense. 2. T. occidentale. Calyx canescent, its upper teeth obtuse. Calyx villous, its upper teeth acutish. I. Teucrium Canadense L,. American Germander or Wood Sage. (Fig. 3070.) Teucrium Canadense L,. Sp. PI. 564. 1753. Teucrium Virginicum L,. Sp. PI. 564. 1753. Perennial, pubescent or canescent; stem stiff, erect, simple or somewhat branched, rather slender, i°-2° tall. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate at the apex, irregularly dentate, mostly narrowed at the base, short-petioled, i^/-5/ long, ^4/-2/wide; spike usually dense, becom- ing 6/-i2/ long in fruit, its lower bracts some- times foliaceous; upper bracts commonly not longer than the calyx; flowers 6//-io/'' long, very short-pedicelled; calyx canescent or short pubescent, about 3" long in fruit, its three upper teeth obtuse or subacute. In moist thickets or along marshes, New Bruns- wick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas, Texas and northern Mexico. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY. 77 2. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray. Hairy Germander. (Fig. 3071.) Teucrium occidentale A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 349. 1878. Perennial, villous or pubescent; stem erect, rather stout, usually much branched, i°-3° high, the branches ascendiug. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lauceolate, thin, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply dentate, mostly rounded at the base, usually sleuder-petioled, i/~3^/ long, y^- ly^' wide; spikes dense, becoming 3/-8/ long in fruit; bracts lanceolate-subulate or the lower some- times larger; calyx and axis of the spike villous- pubescent, the 3 upper calyx-teeth acute or acutish; corolla 4//-6// long. In moist soil, Ontario to eastern Pennsylvania, Wis- consin, Nebraska, New Mexico and California. Appa- rently intergrades with the preceding species. July- Sept. 3. ISANTHUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 3. pi. 30. 1803. An annual erect finely viscid-pubescent much-branched herb, with narrow entire or few- toothed leaves, and small blue flowers in loose axillary cymes. Calyx broadly campanulate, 10-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth lanceolate. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, enlarged into the throat, the limb nearly equally 5-cleft into obovate somewhat spread- ing lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, incurved-ascending, not longer than the corolla, the anterior pair slightly the longer; anther-sacs divergent at maturity. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style minutely 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets rugose-reticulated. [Greek, equal-flower, the corolla-lobes being nearly equal.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Isanthus brachiatus(X.) B.S.P. False Pennyroyal. (Fig. 3072.) Trichostema brachiatum L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753. Isanthus coeruleus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 4. pi. jo. 1803. /. brachiatus'&.S.V. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 44. 1888. Stem slender, much branched, 6/-2o/ tall, the branches spreading. Leaves ob- long or elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire, or with a few sharp teeth, 3-nerved, short-petioled, I/-2' long, 2//-6// wide; axillary cymes 1-3-flowered; pedi- cels very slender, some of them as long as the fruiting calyx; calyx-lobes acute or acuminate, longer than or equalling the tube; corolla 2//-3// long, the fruiting calyx 3" long- In sandy soil, especially along streams, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas. July-Sept. 4. TRICHOSTEMA L,. Sp. PI. 598. 1753- Annual or perennial erect branching herbs, some western species shrubby, with lanceo- late oblong or linear entire or slightly repand leaves. Flowers small, or middle-sized, pink, blue, purple, or white, paniculate, or in axillary loose or dense cymes. Calyx campanulate, very unequally 5-lobed in our species, the lobes ovate or lanceolate. Corolla-tube slender, exserted or included, the limb somewhat oblique and deeply 5-cleft into oblong more or less declined segments. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, curved, the anterior pair the longer, the filaments filiform, spirally coiled in the bud, long-exserted; anther-sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets obovoid, reticulated. [Greek, hair-stamen, referring to the slender filaments.] About 8 species, natives of North America. Leaves'oblong or lanceolate; plant minutely viscid-pubescent. i. T. dichotomum. Leaves linear; plant puberulent or glabrous. 2. T. hneare. 78 LABIATAE. [Vol. III. i. Trichostema dichotomumL. Blue Curls. Bastard Pennyroyal. (Fig. 3073.) Trichostema dichotomum L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753. Annual, minutely viscid-pubescent; stem slen- der, rather stiff, much branched, 6/-2° high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, membranous, ob- tuse or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, i/~3/ long, 3//-io// wide, the upper gradually smaller; flowers paniculate, 6//-c// long, borne 1-3 together on 2-bracteo- late peduncles; calyx oblique, very unequally 5- lobed, the 3 upper lobes much longer and more united than the 2 lower ones; corolla blue, pink or rarely nearly white, the limb longer than the tube; stamens blue or violet. In dry fields, Maine to Florida, west to Pennsyl- vania, Kentucky and Texas. The lateral flowers be- come inverted by torsion of the pedicels. July-Oct. 2. Trichostema lineare Nutt. Narrow- leaved Blue Curls. (Fig. 3074.) T. brachiatum Lam. Encycl. 8: 84. 1808. Not L. 1753. Trichostema lineare Nutt. Gen. 2: 39. 1818. Puberulent or glabrous, not viscid or scarcely so; stem very slender, at length widely branched, 6'- i8/ high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear, obtuse or subacute, sessile or very short-petioled, Yz'-i' long, i//-2// wide, sometimes with smaller ones or short leafy branches in their axil-; flowers very similar to those of the preceding species, sometimes larger. In sandy fields and dry pine barrens, Connecticut and Long Island to Georgia and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. Slightly, but apparently constantly different from the preceding. July-Aug. 5. SCUTELLARIA L. Sp. 598 1753- Annual or perennial bitter herbs, some species shrubby. Flowers blue to violet, in terminal or axillary bracted mostly secund spike-like racemes, or solitary or 2-3 together in the axils. Calyx campanulate, gibbous, 2-lipped, the lips entire, the upper one with a crest or protuberance upon its back and often deciduous in fruit, the lower one persistent. Corolla much exserted, recurved-ascending, dilated above into the throat, glabrous within, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip arched, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading or deflexed, its lateral lobes small and somewhat connected with the upper, its middle lobe broad, sometimes emar- ginate, the margins mostly recurved. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair somewhat the shorter, their anthers 2-celled, ciliate; anthers of the lower pair of stamens i-celled, also ciliate. Style unequally 2-cleft at the apex; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets subglobose or depressed, papillose or tuberculate, borne on a short or elongated gynobase. [Latin, a dish, from the appendage to the fruiting calyx.] About 100 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 11 others oc- cur in the southern and western parts of North America, all known as Skullcap, or Helmet-flower. vr Nutlets wingless, very slightly elevated on the short gynobase. Flowers 3" -5" long, in axillary and sometimes terminal racemes. I. Flowers 6"-i5" long, in terminal often panicled racemes. Plant glabrous or very nearly so; leaves broad. 2. Plants pubescent, puberulent or pilose. Leaves all except the floral crenate or dentate, broad. Canescent, not glandular; corolla canescent. 3. Densely glandular-pubescent; corolla puberulent. 4. Pubescent below, glandular above; corolla nearly glabrous. 5. Leaves all except the lowest entire, narrow. 6. Flowers solitary in the axils or sometimes also in terminal bracted racemes. Annual, villous, branched from the base. 7- Perennial from a thick woody root. 8, 5. lateriflora. S. serrata. S. incana. S. cordi/olia. S. pilosa. S. integrifolia. S. Drummondii. S. resinosa. Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY. 79 Fibrous-rooted; perennial by rootstocks or stolons. Flowers 2" -4" long. Plant glabrous, or slightly pubescent. Plant densely pubescent all over. Flowers 8"-i.V long. Minutely and densely glandular-pubescent, resiniferous. Glabrous or merely slightly puberulent. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, cordate, obtuse. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acute. 9. 5". par vula. 10. 5". campestris. 1 1. S. Brillonii. 12. S. saxatilis. 13. S. galericulala. ■& -Sfr Nutlets membranous-winged, elevated on the slender gynobase; flowers axillary .S. nervosa. I. Mad-dog Scutellaria lateriflora L, Skullcap. (Fig. 3075.) Scutellaria lateriflora L- Sp. PI. 598. 1753. Perennial by slender stolons, glabrous through- out or puberulent above; stem slender, leafy, erect or ascending, commonly branched, S'-z0 high. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, thin, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, coarsely dentate-serrate, obtuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, i/~3/ long, the upper grad- ually smaller, the uppermost sometimes entire; racemes narrow, secund, axillary or often also termi- nal and leafy -bracted, several-many-flowered; flow- ers 3//-5// long; calyx short; corolla blue, varying to nearly white, its lips about equal, one-fifth as long as the tube; nutlets borne on a very short gynobase. In wet places, Newfoundland to Ontario and British Columbia, south to Florida, New Mexico and Washing- July- Sept. Called also Madweed or Hoodwort. 2. Scutellaria serrata Andr. ton. Showy Skullcap. (Fig. 3076.) Scutellaria serrata Andr. Bot. Rep. pi. 494. 1809. 6"". laevigata Aiken; Faton, Man. Ed. 6, 333. 1833. Perennial, glabrous, or puberulent above; stem slender, erect, simple or branched, i°-2° high. Leaves ovate or elliptic, slender-petioled, acute at the apex, narrowed, or the lowest rounded or sub- cordate at the base, crenate or dentate, 2/-4/ long, the uppermost reduced to small floral bracts; racemes almost always simple and terminal, loosely flowered, the flowers opposite; fruiting calyx about 3" long; corolla 1/ long, blue, min- utely puberulent, its tube narrow, gradually ex- panded above into the throat, its rather narrow upper lip shorter than the lower; nutlets borne on a short gynobase. In woods, southern New York and Pennsylvania to North Carolina, west to Illinois and Kentucky. One of the handsomest of the American species. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-June. 3. Scutellaria incana Muhl. Downy Skullcap. (Fig. 3077.) Scutellaria incana Muhl. Cat. 56. 1813. Scutellaria canescens Nutt. Gen. 2: 38. 1818. S. serrata Spreng. Syst. 2: 703. 1825. Not Andr. 1S09. Perennial, finely and densely whitish downy, or the upper surfaces of the leaves glabrous; stem rather strict, erect, usually much branched above, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, rather firm, slender-petioled, acute at the apex, crenate- dentate, narrowed, rounded or the lower subcor- date at the base, 3/~4^/ long; racemes terminal, usually numerous and panicled, several-many-flow- ered; fruiting calyx \l/z'-2' long; corolla o/'-io" long, canescent; upper lip of the corolla slightly longer than the lower; gynobase very short. In moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Illinois, south to North Carolina and Alabama. June-Aug. 8o LABIATAE. [Vol.. III. 4. Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Heart- leaved Skullcap. (Fig. 3078.) Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Cat. 56. 1813. Scutellaria versicolor Nutt. Gen. 2: 38. 1818. Perennial, densely glandular-pubescent; stem erect, usually stout, i°-3° high, often simple. Leaves prominently veined, sleuder-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate-dentate all around, 2/-4/ long, all but the uppermost cordate at the base; racemes terminal, narrow, solitary or panicled; bracts ovate, mostly entire, commonly longer than the pedicels; fruiting calyx nearly 3" l°ng; cor- olla puberulent, io//-i2// long, blue with the lower side lighter or white, its tube narrow, its throat moderately dilated, its lateral lobes about as long as the upper lip; gynobase short. In woods and thickets, especially along streams, Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Wisconsin, Arkansas and Texas. June-Aug. 5. Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Hairy Skullcap. (Fig. 3079.) Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:11. 1803. Scutellaria ovalifolia Pers. S}Tn. 2: 136. 1807. Perennial, stem slender, simple or branched, hairy or downy below, glandular-pubescent above, i°-2_^° high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, petioled, obtuse, or the upper subacute at the apex, crenate, i/-3/ long, narrowed or rounded at the base or the lower subcordate; racemes terminal, solitary or panicled, some- times also in the upper axils; bracts oblong or spatulate, entire, longer than the pedicels; fruiting calyx about 3" long; corolla blue, 6//- 8" long, minutely puberulent or glabrous, its lower lip and lateral lobes somewhat shorter than the arched upper one; gynobase short. In dry sandy woods and thickets, southern New York and Pennsylvania to Michigan, Florida and Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. May-July. • Scutellaria pilosa hirsuta (Short) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 379. 1878. 5\ hirsuta Short, Transjd. Journ. Med. 8: 582. 1836. Stouter, sometimes 3° high, hirsute; leaves larger, coarsely crenate. Virginia and Kentucky. 6. Scutellaria integrifolia ~L,. Larger or Hyssop Skullcap. (Fig. 3080.) Scutellaria integrifolia L. Sp. PI. 599. 1753. Scutellaria hyssopifolia L. Sp. PI. 599. 1753- Perennial, hoary with a minute down; stem slender, erect, rather strict, simple or branched, 6/-2° high. Leaves thin, linear to oblong, pet- ioled, or the upper sessile, obtuse at the apex, entire, i/-2/ long, 2//-6// wide, or the lower ovate, lanceolate or nearly orbicular, obtuse and sometimes subcordate at the base, often crenate- dentate or incised; racemes solitary or several, terminal; bracts linear-oblong, subacute, longer than the pedicels; fruiting calyx 2//~3// long; corolla blue or whitish underneath, io//-i5// long, its large lips nearly equal; gynobase short. In fields, woods and thickets, Connecticut and Rhode Island- to West Virginia, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Variable. May-Aug. Vol.. III.] MINT FAMILY. 7. Scutellaria Drummondii Benth. Drummond's Skullcap. (Fig. 3081.) Scutellaria Drummondii Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 441. 1834. Annual, or perhaps biennial, from a rather deep straight root, villous-puberulent or pu- bescent, the branches t/-%' long. Leaves ovate, oblong, or obovate, entire, or the lower sparingly crenulate, 4//-i2// long, obtuse or acutish, narrowed at the base, the upper ses- sile, the lower petioled, the uppermost gradu- ally smaller; flowers solitary in the axils, short- peduncled ; fruiting calyx about 2" long ; corolla blue, or the tube nearly white, 4//-5// long, pubescent, the lower lip violet, spotted, longer than the upper; gynobase short. 81 Kansas (according to Smyth), Texas and Mex- ico. April-June. 8. Scutellaria resinosa Torr. Resin- ous Skullcap. (Fig. 3082.) Scutellaria resinosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 232. 1827. Scutellaria Wrightii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 370. 1872. Perennial from a thick woody root, minutely canescent or puberulent and usually resiniferous; stems rather slender, rigid, tufted, leafy, ascend- ing, 6'-io/ high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, entire, obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 3//-6// long; flowers solitary in the axils; fruiting calyx nearly 3" long; corolla violet or nearly white, very pubescent, 6//-8// long, its tube narrow and lips nearly equal; gynobase short. On dry plains, Nebraska and Kansas to Texas. May-Aug. 9. Scutellaria parvula Michx. Small Skullcap. (Fig. 3083.) Scutellaria parvula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: u. 1803. Scutellaria ambigua Nutt. Gen. 2: 37. 1S18. Glabrous, or sparingly puberulent, some- times slightly glandular, perennial by slen- der tuberous-thickened rootstocks; stems erect or ascending, very slender, usually branched, 3/-i2/ tall. Leaves ovate, oval or lanceolate, or the lower nearly orbicular, en- tire and sessile, or the lower sparingly den- tate and petioled, 3//-i2// long; flowers soli- tary in the axils; fruiting calyx about 1" long; corolla 2//-4// long, violet, pubescent; gynobase short. In moist sandy soil, Quebec to Ontario and Minnespta, south to New Jersey, Florida, Ne- braska and Texas. April-July. LABIATAE. [Vol.. III. 10. Scutellaria campestris Britton. Prairie Skullcap. (Fig. 3084.) Scutellaria parvula var. mollis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 Part i, 380 1878. Not 5. mollis R. Br." Scutellaria campestris Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 283. 1894. Pubescent, often densely so, perennial by tuberous thickened rootstocks. Stems diffuse, or ascending, branched, 4/-i2/ long, rather stouter than those of the preceding species. Leaves ovate, or the lower almost orbicular, en- tire, or dentate, s^-io" long, obtuse at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, the lower short-petioled, the upper sessile; flowers solitary in the axils; corolla 3//-5// long, violet or pur- ple, pubescent; gynobase short. In dry sandy or gravelly soil, North Carolina to Illinois, Iowa and the Indian Territory. April-July. 11. Scutellaria Brittonii Porter. Britton' s Skullcap. (Fig. 3085.) Scutellaria resinosa A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part I, 381. 1878. Not Torr. 1827. Scutellaria Brittonii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 177. 1894. Perennial by tuberous-thickened rootstocks, viscidly glandular, pubescent or puberulent, branched from the base; stems erect, 4/-S' high, leafy. Leaves oblong or oval, sessile and entire or the lowest short-petioled and slightly crenu- late, obtuse at the apex, rather prominently veined on the lower surface, 6//-i2// long, the upper scarcely smaller; flowers solitary in the axils; pedicels mostly shorter than the calyx; corolla pubescent, blue, io//-I5// long, the tube narrow below, enlarged above into the throat; gynobase short. Nebraska (according to Coulter), Colorado and Wyoming. June-July. 12. Scutellaria saxatilis Riddell. Rock Skullcap. (Fig. 3086.) Scutellaria saxatilis Riddell, Suppl. Cat. PL Ohio, 14. 1836. Perennial by filiform stolons, glabrate or sparingly puberulent; stem slender, weak,. ascending or reclining, simple or branched, 6/-i2/ long. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, thin, coarsely crenate, obtuse at the apex,. cordate at the base, i/-2/ long, or the lower nearly orbicular, and the upper lanceolate, subacute and entire; flowers solitary in the upper axils, or clustered in a terminal leafy - bracted loose raceme; bracts longer than the pedicels; fruiting calyx about 2" long; corolla light blue, very nearly glabrous, 8//-lo// long; gynobase short. On moist banks and in thickets, Delaware to southern Virginia, west to Ohio and Tennessee. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May -July. Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY 83 13. Scutellaria galericulata I,, Hooded Willow-herb. Marsh Skullcap. (Fig. 3087.) Scutellaria galericulata L. Sp. PI. 599. 1753. Perennial by filiform stolons, not tuber- bearing, puberulent or pubescent; stem erect, usually branched, i°-3° high. Leaves oblong- lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, acute at the apex, dentate with low teeth or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the base, i/-2^/ long, the up- permost usually much smaller and bract-like; flowers solitary in the axils; peduncles shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, puberulent, nearly or quite i/ long, with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat; gyuobase short. In swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, the mountains of North Carolina, Ohio, Nebraska, Arizona and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 14. Scutellaria nervdsa Pursh. Veined Skullcap. (Fig. 3088.) Scutellaria nervosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 412. 1814. Scutellaria teucriifolia J. E. Smith in Rees' Cycl. 32: no. 15. 1816. Perennial by filiform stolons; stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, erect, slender, simple or sometimes branched, S'-2° high. Leaves thin, glabrous, or sometimes decidedly pu- bescent, the lower slender-petioled, nearly orbicular, crenate, often subcordate at the base, the middle ones larger, ovate, i/-2/ long, sessile or nearly so, obtuse or acute, coarsely dentate or crenate, the upper lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, commonly entire; flowers solitary in the axils; fruiting calyx about 2" long; corolla blue, 4//~5// long, puberulent, the lower lip longer than the concave upper one; nutlets membranous- winged, borne on a slender gynobase. In moist woods and thickets, New York and New Jersey to Illinois, south to North Carolina and Missouri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-Aug. 6. MARRUBIUM L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753. Perennial branching mostly woolly herbs, with petioled dentate rugose leaves, and small white or purplish flowers in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, regularly 5-10-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, or the alternate ones shorter, acute or aristate, spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire or emar- ginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its broader middle lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, the posterior pair the shorter; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Style 2-cleft at the summit, the lobes short. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name Middle Latin, its meaning uncertain.] About 40 species, natives of the Old World. 84 LABIATAE. [Vol. III. i. Marrubium vulgare L. White Hoarhound. (Fig. 3089.) Marrubium vulgare L. Sp. PI. 583. 1753. Stem erect, stout, woolly, especially be- low, i°-3° high, the branches ascending. Leaves oval, broadly ovate or nearly orbicu- lar, rugose-veined, obtuse at the apex, cren- ate-deutate, rounded, narrowed or subcor- date at the base, i/-2/ long, rough, whitish above, woolly beneath; petioles Vzf-\' long, usually exceeding the flowers; clusters all ax- illary, densely many-flowered; flowers whit- ish; calyx-teeth usually 10, subulate, more or less recurved, glabrous above, woolly below. In waste places, Maine and Ontario to Minne- sota and British Columbia, North Carolina, Ten- nessee, Texas and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Old names, Houndbene, Marrube, Marvel. AGASTACHE Clayt; Gron. Fl. Virg. 88. 1762. [Vleckia Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 308. 1808.] [LophanThus Benth. Bot. Reg. 15: under//. 12S2. 1S29. Not Adans. 1763.] Tall erect perennial herbs, with serrate, mainly ovate, petioled leaves, and yellowish pur- plish or blue flowers, verticillate-clustered in thick dense or interrupted bracted terminal spikes. Calyx narrowly campanulate, somewhat oblique, slightly 2-lipped, 5-toothed, the teeth of the upper lip somewhat larger than those of the lower, or all about equal. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the tube as long as the calyx; upper lip erect, 2-lobed; lower lip spieading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe broader than the lateral ones and crenulate. Stamens 4, all anther- hearing, didynamous, the upper pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, their sacs nearly parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, many spikes.] About 4 species, natives of North America. Besides the following, another occurs in the western part of the United States. Glabrous or very nearly so, stout; corolla greenish -yellow. i. A. nepetoides. Pubescent, stout; corolla purplish ; leaves green both sides. 2. A. scrophulariaefolia. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender; corolla blue; leaves pale beneath. 3. A. anethiodora. 1. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Catnep Giant-Hyssop. (Fig. 3°90-) Hyssopus nepetoides L. Sp. PI. 569. 1753. Lophanthus nepetoides Benth. Bot. Reg. under pi. 12S2. 1829. Vleckia nepetoides Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 89. 1836. A. nepetoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 511. 1891. Glabrous, or slightly puberulent; stem stout, 2°-5° high, branched, at least above. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, cordate or the upper narrowed at the base, mostly thin, coarsely dentate, 2/-6/ loi.g; spikes 3'-i8' long, usually very dense; petioles of the lowest leaves often 2' long; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate; calyx-teeth oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, some- times purplish; corolla greenish yellow, about A," long, scarcely exceeding the calyx. In woods and thickets, Vermont and On- tario to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Kentucky. July-Sept. Vol $5 2. Agastache scrophulariaefdlia (Willd. ) Kuntze Figwort Giant- Hyssop. (Fig. 3091.) Hyssobus scrophulariaefolius Willd. Sp. PI. 3:48. 1801. Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius Benth. Bot. Reg. under pi. 12S2. 1829. Vleckia scrophulariaefolia Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 89. 1836. Agastache scrophitlariaefolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 511. 1891. Similar to the preceding species, but commouly taller, the stem, petioles aud lower surfaces of the leaves more or less pubescent. Leaves nearly identical with those of V. nepctoides in size and outline; spike sometimes interrupted, 3/-i8/ long; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate; calyx-teeth lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, very acute or sometimes acuminate, whit- ish or purplish; corolla purplish, 5//-6// long, considerably exceeding the calyx. In woods and thickets, Connecticut to Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and Kentucky. Plant strong-scented. July-Oct. 3. Agastache anethioddra (Nutt.) Britton. Fragrant Giant- Hyssop. (Fig. 3092.) Hyssopus anethiodorus Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813. Hyssopus anisatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 27. 1818. Lophanthus anisatus Benth. Bot. Reg. under /. 12S2 1829. Vleckia anisata Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 89. 1836. Vleckia anethiodora Greene, Mem. Torr. Club, 5, 282. 1894. Glabrous, or minutely puberulent; stem rather slender, leafy, usually branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate or triangular- ovate, firm, mostly short-petioted, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate, ob- tuse or sometimes subcordate at the base, sharply serrate, green above, pale and appearing glaucous beneath, 2/~y long, anise-scented; spikes dense or interrupted, seldom 6' long; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate; calyx-teeth ovate to lanceolate, acute, purple; corolla blue, 4"- 5r/ long, somewhat exceeding the calyx. On prairies and plains, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, south to Illinois and Nebraska. Juty-Sept. 8. MEEHANIA Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, ai: 32. 1894. A low pubescent spreading or decumbent herb, with long-petioled cordate leaves, trail- ing leafy stolons, and large blue flowers in terminal secund bracted spikes. Calyx campan- ulate, ]5-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth all lanceolate, acute, the 3 upper longer than the 2 lower. Corolla much exserted, puberulent without, pubescent within, the tube narrow at the base, gradually widely ampliate into the throat, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed, arched, the lobes ovate, obtuse; lower lip about equalling the upper, spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emarginate, broader than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther- bearing, included, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair longer than the lower; anthers 2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style equally 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets oblong, smooth. [Named for Thomas Meehau, of Philadelphia, botanist and horticulturist.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 86 LABIATAE. [Vol. III. i. Meehania cordata (Nutt.) Britton. Meehania. (Fig. 3093.) Dracocephahim cordatum Nutt. Gen. 2: 35. 1818. Cedronella cordata Benth. Lab. 502. 1834. Meehania cordata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 33- pi- 173- 1894. Flowering stems ascending, 3 '-8' high; stolons very slender, leafy throughout, some- times 20 long. Leaves all broadly ovate or ovate-orbicular, thin, obtuse or subacute at the apex, crenate all around, cordate at the base, sparingly pubescent with scattered hairs on both surfaces, or nearly glabrous beneath, green on both sides, i/-2/ long, the basal sinus broad; spikes i/~4/ long; bracts ovate or ob- long, acute, membranous, the lower sometimes crenulate and surpassing the calyx; bractlets small, lanceolate; calyx about 5" long, puber- ulent, its longer teeth about one-half the length of the tube; corolla \'-\)i' long, showy. In rich moist woods and thickets, southwestern Pennsylvania to Tennessee and North Carolina. May-July. 9. NEPETA L,. Sp. PI. 570. 1753. Herbs, with dentate or incised leaves, and mostly white or blue rather small flowers in verticillate clusters, usually crowded in terminal spikes, or axillary and cymose. Calyx tubular, somewhat oblique at the mouth, 15-nerved, usually incurved, 5-toothed, scarcely 2 lipped, but the upper teeth usually longer than the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spread- ing, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, all anther bearing, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair the shorter; anthers 2-celled, the sics divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, com- pressed, smooth. [Ancient Latin name of catnep.] About 150 species, natives of Europe and Asia. i. Nepeta Cataria L. Catmint. Cat- nep. Nep. (Fig. 3094.) Nepeta Cataria L. Sp. PI. 570. 1753. Perennial, densely totneutulose-canescent, pale green; stem rather stout, erect, branched, 2°_3° high, the branches straight, ascending. Leaves ovate to oblong, petioled, acute at the apex, coarsely crenate-dentate, mostly cordate at the base, \f—j/ long, greener above than be- neath; flower-clusters spiked at the ends of the stem and branches, the spikes i'-s' long; bracts small, foliaceous; bractlets subulate; calyx densely puberulent, its teeth subulate, the upper about one-half the length of the tube; corolla nearly white, or pale purple, dark-dotted, puber- ulent without, 5//-6// long, its tube a little longer than the calyx, the broad middle lobe of its lower lip crenulate. In waste places, New Brunswick and Quebec to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Kansas. Natural- ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Nov. 10. GLECOMA I,. Sp. PI. 578. 1753. Low diffuse creeping herbs, with long-petioled nearly orbicular or reniform crenate leaves, and rather large blue or violet flowers in small axillary verticillate clusters. Calyx oblong-tubular, 15-nerved, oblique at the throat, not 2-lipped, unequally 5-toothed. Cor- olla-tube exserted, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate; the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, emarginate, the side lobes small. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY. 87 Ovary deeply 4-parted. not exserted, the upper pair the longer; anther-saes divergent Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek name for thyme, or pennyroyal.] About 6 species of Europe and Asia. i. Glecoma hederacea L,. Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground. Field Balm. (Fig. 3095.) Glecoma hederacea L. Sp. PI. 578. 1753. " N. Glechoma Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 485. 1834. N. hederacea B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 43. 1888. Perennial, pubescent,the creeping stems leafy, sometimes iS/ long, the branch- es ascending. Lower petioles commonly longer than the leaves; leaves green both sides, y2,f-\Yz' in diameter; clusters few- flowered, the flowers 7//-io// long, short- pedicelled; bractlets subulate, shorter than the calyx; calyx puberulent, its teeth acute or lanceolate-acuminate, about one- third as long as the tube; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx; upper pair of stamens much longer than the lower. In waste places, woods and thickets, New- foundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas. Old names, Ale- hoof, Cat's-foot, Gill, Gill-ale, Gill-go-by-the- ground, Hayhofe, Haymaids, Hove, Tun- hoof, Creeping Charlie. March-May. 11. DRACOCEPHALUM L. Sp. PI. 594. 1753. Perennial herbs, with dentate entire or incised leaves, and blue or purple flowers in axillary and terminal bracted clusters, the bracts pectinate in our species. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, straight or incurved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth much larger than the others, or 2-lipped with the 3 upper teeth more or less united. Corolla expanded above, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger than the lateral ones, sometimes 2-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair longer than the lower; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate; style 2-cleft at the summit; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, dragon-head.] About 35 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known in North America. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; clusters mostly terminal, dense Corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; clusters mostly axillary. 1. D. parviflorum. 2. D. Moldavica. i. Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. American Dragon-head. (Fig. 3096.) D. parviflorum Nutt. Gen. 2: 35. 1818. Annual or biennial, somewhat pubes- cent, or glabrous; stem rather stout, usu- ally branched, 6/-2° high. Leaves lan- ceolate, ovate, or oblong, slender petioled, serrate, or the lower incised, acute or ob- tuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, thin, x'-if long; clusters dense, many-flowered, crowded in dense terminal spikes, and sometimes also in the upper axils; bracts ovate to oblong, pectinate with awn-pointed teeth, shorter than or equalling the calyx; pedicels i//-2// long; upper tooth of the calyx ovate-oblong, longer than the narrower lower and lateral ones, all acuminate; corolla light blue, scarcely longer than the calyx. In dry gravelly or rocky soil, northern New York and Ontario to Minnesota and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and New Mexico. May-Aug. LABIATAE. [Vol,. III. 2. Dracocephalum Moldavica L. Moldavian Dragon-head. (Fig. 3097. ) Dracocephalum Moldavica L- Sp. PI. 595. 1753- Annual, puberulent; stem erect, usually widely branched, !°high. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, den- tate or somewhat incised, obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, i/-2/ long, 2//-6// wide; clusters loose, few-flowered, commonly numerous, mostly axillary; bracts narrowly ob- long, usually shorter than the calyx, deeply pectinate with aristate teeth; pedicels 2//~4// long; calyx slightly curved, the 2 lower teeth somewhat shorter than the 3 broader equal upper ones; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx. In a canon near Spring View, Neb. Also in northern Mexico. Introduced from central Europe. June-Aug. 12. PRUNELLA L. Sp. PI. 600. 1753. Perennial simple or sometimes branched herbs, with petioled leaves, and rather small clus- tered purple or white flowers, in terminal and sometimes also axillary dense bracted spikes or heads. Calyx oblong, reticulate-veined, about 10-nerved, deeply 2-lipped, closed in fruit; upper lip nearly truncate, or with 3 short teeth; lower lip 2-cleft, its teeth lanceolate. Corolla- tube inflated, slightly narrowed at the mouth, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip entire, arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the lower pair the longer; filaments of the longer stamens 2-toothed at the summit, one of the teeth bearing the anther, the other sterile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Origin of name doubtful; often spelled Brunella, the pre-Linnaean form.] About 5 species, of wide geographic distribution. Only the following occur in North America. Leaves entire or crenate. 1. P. vulgaris. Leaves pinnatifid or deeply incised. 2. P. laciniata. i. Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal. Heal-all. (Fig. 3098.) Prunella vulgaris L- Sp. PI. 600. 1753. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem slen- der, procumbent or ascending or erect, usu- ally simple, but sometimes considerably branched, 2/-2° high. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, rather thin, entire or crenate, i/-4/long, the lowest commonly shorter and sometimes subcor- date; spikes terminal, sessile or short-pedun- cled, very dense, Yz'-\' long in flower, be- coming 2/-4/ long in fruit; bracts broadly ovate-orbicular, cuspidate, more or less cili- ate; corolla violet, purple, or sometimes white, 4//-6// long, about twice as long as the purplish or green calyx; calyx-teeth often ciliate. In fields, woods and waste places throughout nearly the whole of North America. Natural- ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Pos- sibly native in northern British America. Other names are Thimble-flower, All-heal, Brown- wort, Carpenter's-herb, Hook-heal, Heart-of- the-earth, Sicklewort, Blue-curls. Mav-Oct. Vol.. III.] 2. Prunella laciniata Iy. Cut leaved Self-heal. (Fig. 3099.) MINT FAMILY Prunella vulgaris var. laciniata L- Sp. PI. 600. 1753- Prunella laciniata L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 837. 1763. Brunella vulgaris var. pinnatifida Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12:411. 1848. Similar to the preceding species, but the stem leaves pinnatifid, lobed, or incised, the basal ones often entire or merely crenulate. Vicinity of Washington, D. C. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Regarded by many au- thors as a variety of P. vulgaris, but the pinna- tifid leaves appear to be a constant character. Summer. 13- PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 504. 1834. Erect perennial glabrous or puberulent herbs, with serrate dentate or entire leaves, and large or middle-sized bractcd purple violet, pink or white flowers in terminal spikes, or spike-like racemes. Calyx campanulate or oblong, membranous, swollen and remaining open in fruit, faintly reticulate-veined and 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla much longer than the calyx, its tube gradually much enlarged upward, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip concave, rounded, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the lower pair the longer; filaments pubescent; anthers all alike, 2-celled, the sacs nearly par- allel, the margins of their valves commonly spinulose or denticulate. Ovary 4-parted. Nut- lets ovoid-triquetrous, smooth. [Greek, bellows-covering, from the inflated fruiting calyx.] About 5 species, natives of North America, known as False Dragon-head or Lion's-heart. Flowers 1' long, or more; leaves firm. Spike dense, many-flowered; leaf-serrations very acute. 1. Spike loose, few-flowered; leaf-serrations blunt. 2. Flowers 5" -7" long; leaves thin. Spike loose; 4'-8' long; leaves few and distant. 3. Spike dense, I '-4' long; stem leafy. 4. P. Virginiana. P. denticulata. P. intermedia. P. parviflora. Physostegia Virginiana (L.) Benth. False Dragon-head. Plant. Lion's Heart. (Fig. 3100. ) Obedient D. Virginianum L. Sp. PI. 594. 1753- Dracocephalum speciosum Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. pi. gj. 1825. P. Virginiana Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 504. 1834. Stem erect or ascending, rather stout, simple or branched above, i°-4° tall. Leaves firm, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate or serrulate, narrowed at the base, the upper all sessile, 2/-5/ long, 2//-7// wide, the lowest petioled; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the calyx; spikes dense, becom- ing 4/-8/ long in fruit, many-flowered; flow- ering calyx campanulate or somewhat turbi- nate, its teeth ovate, acute, about one-half as long as the tube; fruiting calyx oblong, 4"- 5// long, the teeth much shorter than the tube; corolla pale purple or rose, i/ long or more, often variegated with white, tempo- rarily remaining in whatever position it is placed. In moist soil, Quebec to the Northwest Ter- ritory, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Perhaps escaped from gardens eastward. July-Sept. 9o LABIATAE. [Vol. III. 2. Physostegia denticulata (Ait.) Britton. Few-flowered Lion's Heart. (Fig. 3101.) Prasium purpureum Walt. Fl. Car. 166. 1788? Dracoccphalum denticulatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 317. 1789. Physostegia Virgimana var. denticulata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1. 383. 1878. Physostegia denticulata Britton Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 284. 1894. Stem slender, ascending or erect, simple, or little branched, i°-2° high. Leaves firm or rather thin, oblong, linear-oblong, or oblanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenu- late, obtusely dentate, or entire, if-jf long, 2//-6// wide, the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled; spike loosely few-several-flowered; bracts lanceo- late, little longer than the fruiting pedicels; flower- ing calyx oval-campanulate, its teeth acute, about one-third as long as the tube; fruiting calyx oblong, ?,"-\" long; corolla rose-pink, nearly or quite 1/ long. In moist soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. June- Aug. 3. Physostegia intermedia (Nutt.)A. Gray. Slender Lion's Heart. (Fig. 3102.) Dracocephalum intermedium Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 187. 183^-37- Physostegia intermedia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 371. 1872. Stem very slender, usually quite simple, i°-3° high. Leaves usually few pairs, remote, thin, mostly shorter than the internodes, narrowly lanceolate or linear, acute or acuminate at the apex, repand-denticulate, little narrowed at the base, all sessile, or the lowest petioled, 2/~3/ long, 2//-4// wide; spikes very slender, remotely many-flowered, 4/-8/ long in fruit; lower bracts often nearly as long as the campanulate calyx; calyx-teeth acute, shorter than the tube; fruit- ing calyx broadly oval, 2//-2>£// long; corolla much dilated above, 5//-7// long. On prairies, western Kentucky (according to Gray), Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas. May-July. 4. Physostegia parviflora Nutt. Purple or Western Lion's Heart. (Fig. 3103.) Physostegia parviflora Nutt.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 434. As synonym. 1848. Stem rather stout, usually simple, i°-3° high, Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate, acute, acuminate or the lower ob- tuse at the apex, sharply serrate or dentate, somewhat narrowed at the base, all sessile or the lowest petioled, 3 '-4' long, 3//-lo// wide; spikes densely several-many-flowered, i/-4/ long; bracts ovate or ovate-lauccolate, acute, shorter than the calyx; flowering calyx cam- panulate, its teeth ovate, obtuse or subacute, about one-third as long as the tube; fruiting calyx globose-oblong, 1"-$" long; corolla pur- ple, 6" long. In moist soil, Minnesota to Nebraska, west to British Columbia and Oregon. June-Aug. Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY. 9' 14. SYNANDRA Nutt. Gen. 2: 29. 1818. An annual or biennial, somewhat hirsute, simple or little branched herb, with long-peti- oled ovate cordate crenate leaves, and large white flowers in a terminal leafy-bracted spike. Calyx campanulate-oblong, membranous, deeply 4-cleft, inflated in fruit, faintly aud irregu- larly veined, the lobes narrowly lanceolate, the two upper shorter than the lower. Corolla much longer than the calyx, its tube narrow below, much expanded above, 2-lipped; upper lip concave, entire; lower lip spreading, -3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; filaments villous; anthers glabrous, 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, the contiguous ones of the upper pair of stamens sterile and connate. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style unequally 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, sharply angled. [Greek, stamens-together.] A monotypic genus of southeastern North America. i. Synandra hispidula (Miehx.) Britton. Synandra. (Fig. 3104.) Lamium hispidulum Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 4. 1803. Svnandra grandiflora Nutt. Gen. 2: 29. 1818. Torreva grandiflora Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 3: 356. 1818. 6'. hispidula Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 285. 1894. Stem rather slender, erect or ascending, weak, I°_2^° long, striate. Leaves thin, the lower and basal ones broadly ovate, or nearly orbicular, pal- mately veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, the blade 2/-4/ long, and com- monly shorter than the petiole; floral leaves ses- sile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the flowers solitary in their axils, the uppermost leaves very small; calyx hirsute, its lobes about as long as the tube; corolla i'-i)^' long, showy, the lower lip with purple lines. Along streams and in wet woods, Ohio and Illinois to southwestern Virginia and Tennessee. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-June. 15. PHLOMIS L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753. Tall perennial herbs, or shrubs. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-10-nerved, the limb mostly equally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube usually with a woolly ring within, shorter than or exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, arched or sometimes keeled, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer and their filaments with hooked appendages at the base; anther-sacs divergent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style subulate, 2-cleft at the summit, one of the lobes smaller than the other. Nutlets ovoid, glabrous, or pubescent above. [Greek, mullen, in allusion to the thick woolly leaves of some species.] About 50 species, natives of the Old World. i. Phlomis tuberosa L. Jerusalem Sage. (Fig. 3105.) Phlomis tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 586. 1753. Herbaceous from a thickened root; stem stout, purplish, glabrous or loosely pubescent above, usu- ally much branched, 3°-6° tall, the branches nearly erect. Lower leaves triangular-ovate, long-petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, coarsely dentate or incised-dentate, rather thick, deeply cordate at the base, strongly veined, s'-io' long, 3/-6/ wide; upper leaves lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, truncate or sometimes narrowed at the base, the uppermost (floral) very small; clusters densely many-flowered; bractlets subulate, ciliate-hirsute or nearly glabrous; calyx 5//-6// long, its teeth setaceous with a broader base, spreading; corolla io//-i2// long, pale purple or white, twice as long as the calyx, densely pu- bescent, and the margins of its upper lip fringed with long hairs. In waste places, south shore of Lake Ontario. Nat- uralized from southern Europe. June-Sept. 92 LABIATAE. [Vol. III. 16. GALEOPSIS L. Sp. PI. 579- 1753- Erect annual branching herbs, with broad or narrow leaves, and rather small yellow red purple or mottled verticillate-clustered flowers in the upper axils, or forming terminal dense or interrupted spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, spinulose. Corolla-tube narrow, the throat expanded, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe obcordate or etnarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely 2-valved, the inner valve ciliate, the outer smooth, larger. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, slightly flattened, smooth. [Greek, weasel-like.] About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Plant puberulent; leaves linear or lanceolate. i. G. Ladanum. Plant hispid; leaves ovate. 2. G. Tetrahit. I. Galeopsis Ladanum L. Red Hemp- Nettle. Iron wort. (Fig. 3106.) Galeopsis Ladanum L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753- Puberulent ; stem slender, erect, much branched, 6/-iS/ high, the branches ascend- ing. Leaves linear, oblong, or lanceolate, mostly short-petioled, acute at both ends, dentate, or nearly entire, i/-2/ long, 2//-8// wide; flower-clusters mainly axillary, distant; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate, shorter than or equalling the tube; corolla 6//-8// long, red or purple to white and variegated, twice the length of the calyx. In waste places and on ballast, New Brunswick to Michigan and New Jersey. Adventive or natu- ralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. July- Oct. 2. Galeopsis Tetrahit L,. Hemp-Nettle. Hemp Dead Nettle. (Fig. 3107.) Galeopsis Tetrahit L- Sp. PI. 579- 1753- A coarse and rough-hairy herb, the stem rather stout, branched, i°-3° high, swollen under the joints. Leaves ovate, membranous, slender-peti- oled, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, coarsely dentate, 2/-5/ long, 1/2/-2%/ wide; flower-clusters axillary, dense, or in a short leafy-bracted spike; calyx-teeth needle-pointed, bristly, as long as or longer than the tube; corolla 8//-i2// long, pink or pale purple variegated with white, about twice the length of the calyx. In waste places, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to North Carolina and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Old names, Bee-, Dog-, or Blind-nettle, Stinging Nettle, Nettle-, Wild-, or Bastard-hemp. June-Sept. 17. LEONURUS L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753. Tall erect herbs, with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves, and small white or pink flowers verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular campanulate, 5-nerved, nearly regular and equally 5-toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate or aristate. Tube of the corolla in- cluded or slightly exserted, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave or nearly flat, entire; lower lip spreading or deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, the anterior pair the longer, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, the sacs mostly parallel. Ovary deeply 4 parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. [Greek, lion's-tail.] About 10 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Lower leaves palmately 2-5 cleft, the upper 3-cleft. 1. L. Cardiaca. Leaves deeply 3-parted, the segments cleft and incised. 2. Leaves coarsely dentate or incised-dentate. 3. L. Sibiricus. L. Marrubiaslrnm. Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY. 93 i. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Mother- wort. (Fig. 3108.) Leonurus Cardiaca L,. Sp. PI. 5S4. 1753. Perennial, pubernlent; stem rather stout, strict, commonly branched, 2°-5° tall, the branches straight and ascending. Leaves membranous, slender-petioled, the lower nearly orbicular, palmately 3-5-cleft, v'-if broad, the lobes acuminate, incised or dentate; upper (floral) leaves narrower, oblong-lanceo- late or rhombic, 3-cleft, or the uppermost merely 3-toothed; flower-clusters numerous, exceeded by the petioles; calyx-teeth lanceo- late, subulate, somewhat spreading, nearly as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple or white, o//_-// long, its tube with an oblique ring of hairs within, its upper lip slightly concave, densely white-woolly without, the lower lip mottled; anther-sacs parallel. In waste places, especially about dwellings, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, Minnesota and Nebraska. Naturalized from Europe. Native al- so of Asia. Also called Cowthwort. June-Sept. 2. Leonurus Sibiricus L. Siberian Motherwort or Lion's-tail. (Fig. 3109.) Leonurus Sibiricus L. Sp. PL 584. 1753. Biennial, puberulent or glabrate; stem stout, branched, 2°-6° high, the branches slender. Leaves long-petioled, deeply 3-parted into ovate or lanceolate, more or less cuneate, acute or acuminate deeply cleft and incised segments, the lobes lanceolate or linear, acute; lower leaves sometimes 6' wide, the uppermost linear or lanceolate, slightly toothed or entire; clus- ters numerous, dense, usually all axillary; calyx campanulate, 3" long, glabrous or mi- nutely puberulent, its bristle-shaped teeth slightly spreading, shorter than the tube; cor- olla purple or red, densely puberulent without, 4//-6// long, its tube naked within, the upper lip arched; anther-sacs divergent. In waste and cultivated soil, southern Pennsylva- nia and Delaware. Naturalized from eastern Asia. Widely distributed in tropical America as a weed. May-Sept. 3. Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Hoarhound Motherwort or Lion's-tail. (Fig. 31 10.) Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753. Biennial, puberulent or pubescent; stem stout, branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves peti- oled, ovate or ovate- oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, coarsely crenate or incised-dentate, i/-3/ long, y2'- T-Yz' wide, the upper narrower; flower-clus- ters dense, numerous, axillary; calyx finely puberulent or glabrate, its bristle-shaped somewhat spreading teeth mostly shorter than the tube; corolla nearly white, glabrate, about \" long, its tube scarcely exceeding the calyx, naked within, its lower lip ascending. In waste places, New Jersey (according to S. Watson), southern Pennsylvania and Delaware. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. 94 LABIATAE. [Vol. III. 18. LAMIUM L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753. Annual or perennial nijS.ly diffuse herbs, with creuate dentate or incised, usually cordate leaves, and rather small flowers, verticillate iu axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx tubular- campanulate, about 5- nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth equal or the upper ones longer. Tube of the corolla mostly longer than the calyx, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip concave, erect, usually entire, narrowed at the base; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe emarginate, con- tracted at the base, the lateral ones sometimes each with a tooth-like appendage. Stamens 4, didynatnous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, often hirsute on the back. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth or tuberculate. [Greek, throat, from the rin- gent corolla.] About 40 species, natives of the Old World, known as Dead-Nettie or Hedge Dead-Nettie. Upper leaves sessile or clasping. 1. L. am pie xi caul e. Leaves all petioled. Flowers red or purple. Corolla 6"-9" long; leaves not blotched. 2. L. purpureum. Corolla io"-i2" long; leaves commonly blotched. 3. L. macula turn. Flowers white. 4. L. album. 1. Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit. Greater Henbit. Henbit Dead- Nettle. (Fig. 31 1 1.) Lamium amplexicaule L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753. Biennial or annual, sparingly pubescent; stems slender, weak, branched from the base or also from the lower axils, slender, ascending or decumbent, 6/-i8/ long. Leaves orbicular or nearly so, coarsely cren- ate, y&'-ity wide, rounded at the apex, the lower slender- petioled, mostly cordate at the base, the upper sessile and more or less clasping; flowers rather few in axillary and terminal clusters; calyx pubescent, its teeth erect, nearly as long as the tube; corolla purplish or red, 6//-8// long, its tube very slender, the lateral lobes of its lower lip very small, the middle one spotted; upper lip somewhat pubescent. In waste and cultivated ground, New Bruns- wick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Flor- ida and Arkansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Feb. -Oct. 2. Lamium purpureum L. Red Dead Nettle. (Fig. 31 12.) Lamium purpureum L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753. Annual, slightly pubescent, branched from the base and sometimes also above; stems stout or slender, decumbent, 6'-iS/ long. Leaves crenate or crenulate, the lower orbicular or broadly ovate, slender- petioled, rounded at the apex, cordate at the base, the upper ovate, short-petioled, sometimes acute at the apex, Yz'-\ll' long; flowers in axillary and terminal clusters; calyx teeth narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, slightly longer than the tube, spreading, at least in fruit; corolla pur- ple-red, rarely exceeding yz' long, its tube rather stout, the lateral lobes of its lower lip reduced to 1 or 2 short teeth, its middle lobe spotted; upper lip very pubescent. In waste and cultivated soil, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania. Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. Old names, Red or Sweet Archangel, Day-, Dog-, French-, or Deaf-nettle, Rabbit-meat. April-Oct. Vol. III.] 3. Lamium maculatum L. MINT FAMILY. Spotted Dead Nettle. (Fig. 31 13.) 95 Variegated Dead Nettle. Lamium maculatum L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 809. 1763- Perennial, somewhat pubescent; stems mostly slender, commonly branched, de- cumbent or ascending, S'-i^0 long. Leaves creuate or iucised-crenate, all petioled, usually longitudinally blotched along the midrib, broadly ovate or trian- gular-ovate, acute or obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, i/-2/ long, or some of the lower ones much smaller and nearly orbicular; clusters few- flowered, mainly axillary; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, as long as or longer than the tube, spread- ing; corolla io//-i2// long, purple-red, its tube short, contracted near the base, with a transverse ring of hairs within, the lat- eral lobes of its lower lip very small. Along roadsides, escaped from gardens, Maine to Virginia. Native of Europe and Asia. May-Oct. 4. Lamium album L. White Dead Nettle. (Fig. 3114.) Lamium album L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753. Perennial, pubescent; stems decumbent or ascending, rather stout, simple or branched, i°-i)40 long. Leaves ovate, crenate, dentate or incised, all petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, i/~3/ long, or the lower shorter and obtuse; clusters mostly axillary; calyx-teeth very slender, subu- late, spreading, usually longer than the tube; corolla white, about i' long, its tube short, stout, contracted near the base, with an oblique ring of hairs within, the lateral lobes of its lower lip each with a slender tooth. In waste places, Ontario to Virginia. Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Natu- ralized or adventi ve from Europe. Old names, White Archangel, Day-, Blind-, Dumb-, or Bee-nettle, Snake-flower, Suck-bottle. April- Oct. 19. BALLOTA L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753. Perennial pubescent or tomentose herbs, some species shrubby, with dentate or crenate leaves, and small bracted flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-funnelform, 10-nerved, 5-10-toothed, the teeth dilated at the base, or sometimes connate into a spreading limb. Corolla-tube about as long as the calyx, provided with a ring of hairs within, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emarginate or obcordate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent at maturity. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-clelt at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [The Greek name.] About 30 species, natives of the Old World, most numerous in the Mediterranean region. 96 LABIATAE. I. Ballota nigra L. Black or Fetid Hoar- hound. (Fig. 3115.) Ballota nigra L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753. Herbaceous, puberulent or pubescent, ill-scented; stem usually branched, erect, i^°-3° high, its hairs mostly reflexed. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, or the lower nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse at the apex, coarsely dentate, thin, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the base, i/-2' long; clusters numer- ous, several- flowered, dense; bractlets subulate, somewhat shorter than the calyx; calyx about 4" long, its teeth lanceolate, sharp bristle-pointed, spreading in fruit; corolla 6//~9// long, reddish-pur- ple to whitish, its upper lip pubescent on both sides; nutlets shining. In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to Pennsylva- nia. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. Old names, Black Archangel, Hairhound, Henbit. 20. STACHYS L. Sp. PI. 580. 1753. Annual or perennial glabrous pubescent or hirsute herbs, with small or rather large pur- ple yellow red or white flowers, loosely verticillate-clustered in terminal dense or interrupted spikes, or also in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campanulate, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal in our species. Corolla purple in our species, its tube narrow, not exceed- ing the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe broader than the lateral ones, sometimes 2-lobed. Sta- mens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer, sometimes deflexed or twisted after anthesis; anthers contiguous in pairs, 2-celled, the sacs mostly divergent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the summit into subulate lobes. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. [Greek, a spike, from the spicate inflorescence.] About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution in the north temperate zone, a few in South America and South Africa. Besides the following, some 12 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Leaves narrowed at the base, linear to lanceolate. Stem glabrous; leaves entire, or nearly so. Stem retrorsely hirsute; leaves serrulate. Leaves cordate or truncate at the base, lanceolate to ovate. Stem glabrous or very nearly so. Stem hirsute. Leaves all very short-petioled, lanceolate. Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate. Plant dark green; leaves firm; petioles 3" -18" long. 5. 5. aspera. Plant light green; leaves membranous; petioles %'-2' long. 6. 5. cordata. Leaves ovate, obtuse; diffuse annual. 7. 5". arvensis. i. Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. Hyssop Hedge Nettle. (Fig. 31 16.) 5. paluslrisWa.lt. Fl. Car. 162. 1788. Not L. 1753. 5. hyssopifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 4. 1803. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so throughout, sometimes slightly hirsute at the nodes; stem slender, usually branched, erect or diffuse, i°-i^° long. Leaves thin, linear or linear-oblong, acute at both ends, or the uppermost rounded at the base, short- petioled or sessile, entire, or sparingly den- ticulate with low teeth, i/-2/ long, \Yz"-\" wide, the uppermost reduced to short floral bracts; clusters few-several- flowered, forming an interrupted spike; calyx glabrous or slightly hirsute, i"-}," long, its teeth lanceo- late-subulate, nearly as long as the tube; co- rolla about 7" long, light purple, glabrous. In moist fields and thickets, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Michigan and Virginia. July- Sept. 1. .S. hyssopifolia. 2. 5. ambigua. 3. 5. tenuifolia. 4. S. palustris. Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY 2. Stachys ambigua (A. Gray) Britton. Dense-flowered Hedge Nettle. (Fig. 31 17. ) Stachys hyssopifolia var. ambigua A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 387. 1878. 3". ambigua Britton, Mern. Torr. Club, 5: 285. 1894. Perennial; stem slender, erect, retrorsely his- pid, at least below, simple or sparingly branched, i°-2° high. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, pubescent or glabrate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2//-io// wide, if-jf long, serrulate; clusters in a terminal rather dense spike, and usually also in the upper axils; calyx more or less hirsute, 2/^// long, its lanceolate-subulate teeth more than one-half as long as the tube; corolla as in the preceding. In moist soil, eastern Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Illinois and Kentucky. July-Aug. 3. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Smooth Hedge Nettle. (Fig. 3118.) Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 100. 1801. S. glabra Ridd. Suppl. Cat. Ohio PL 16. 1836. 3". Cincifmaiensis Kuntze,~Rev.Gen.'Pl. 531. 1891? Perennial; stem quite smooth, or slightly scabrous on the angles, slender, erect or as- cending, usually branched, i°-2^° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate-lanceo- late, slender-petioled, thin, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, sharp- ly dentate or denticulate, dark green, 2/-5/ long, )4/-2/ wide; clusters several or numer- ous in terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils; calyx glabrous, or sparingly hirsute, 2// long, its teeth triangular-ovate to lanceolate, acute, one-half as long as the tube or more; corolla about 6''/-8// long, pale red and purple. In moist fields and thickets, New York to Illi- nois, North Carolina and Louisiana. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. 4. Stachys palustris L,. Hedge Nettle. Marsh or Clown's Woundwort. (Fig. 31 19.) Stachys palustris L- Sp. PI. 580. 1753. Perennial, hirsute or pubescent all over; stem erect, strict, simple or somewhat branch- ed, commonly slender, and retrorse-hispid on the angles, i°-4° high. Leaves firm, lanceo- late, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or very short-petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, truncate, cordate or subcordate at the base, 2/~5/ long, %f—\f wide, crenulate or dentate; flowe&clusters forming an elongated interrupted spike, sometimes also in the upper axils; flowers 6-10 in a whorl; calyx pubescent, its subulate teeth more than one-half as long as the tube; corolla purplish to pale red, purple spotted, 6//-8// long, its upper lip pubescent. p" In moist soil, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory and Oregon, south to southern New j York, Illinois, Michigan, and in the Rocky Moun- ; tains to New Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia, j June-Sept. Old names, Clown's Heal or All-heal, : Cock-head, Dead Nettle, Rough Weed. June-Sept. ! 98 LABIATAE. [Vol. III. 5. Stachys aspera Michx. Rough Hedge Nettle or Woundwort. (Fig. 3120.) Stachys aspera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 5. 1803. Stachys hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 407. 1814. .S. patustrisvar. aspera A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 317. 1856. Perennial, rough hairy; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, 2°-4° high, commonly retrorse- hispid on the angles. Leaves firm, oblong, oblong- lanceolate, or ovate-oblong.crenate-dentate, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate, rounded or cor- date at the base, 2/-6/ long, Yz'-^yi' wide, the lower slender-petioled, the upper short-petioled; spike terminal, mostly interrupted; clusters sometimes also in the upper axils; calyx about 3" long, hirsute or glabrate, its teeth triangular-lanceolate, acumi- nate, about one-half as long as the tube; corolla red-purple, about %f long, its upper lip pubescent. In moist soil, Ontario to Florida, Minnesota and Louisiana. Ascends to 5300 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. 6. Stachys cordata Riddell. Light-green Hedge Nettle. (Fig. 3121.) Stachys cordata Riddell, Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 15. 1836. Stachys Nuttallii Shuttw.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 469. 1848. Stachys paluslris var. cordata A. Gray, Man. Fd. 2, 317. 1856. Perennial, hirsute, pale green; stem slender, weak, mostly simple, ascending or reclining, 2°-3° long. Leaves membranous, flaccid, ovate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute or the lowest obtuse at the apex, nearly all of them cordate at the base, dentate or crenate all around, long-peti- oled, 3' -6' long, if-tf wide, the lowest petioles nearly as long as the blades; spike interrupted; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate, about half the length of the tube; corolla purplish, pubescent or puberulent, about 5" long. In woods and thickets, Ohio to North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug. 7. Stachys arvensis L,. Corn or Field Woundwort. (Fig. 3122.) Stachys arvensis L. Sp. PI. Fd. 2, 814. 1763. Annual, hirsute; stem very slender, diffusely branched, decumbent or ascending, 3/-2° long. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, thin, long-petioled, obtuse at the apex, crenate all around, cordate or the upper rounded at the base, about i/ long; lower petioles commonly as long as the blades; clusters 4-6-flowered, borne in the upper axils and in short terminal spikes; calyx about 3" long, its teeth lan- ceolate, acuminate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla purplish, 3//-5// long. In waste places, Maine, Massachusetts, and in bal- last about the eastern seaports. Naturalized from Europe. July-Oct. 21. BETONICA L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, similar to Stachys. Lower leaves very long-petioled. Verti- cils many-flowered, in terminal spikes. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, 5-10-nerved. Corolla purple, the tube exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip concave; Voi,. III.] MINT FAMILY. 99 lower 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens and pistil as in Stachys, but the anther-sacs parallel in some species. Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. [The classical Latin name of Wood Betony.] Ten species, or more, natives of Europe and Asia. i. Betonica officinalis L. Betony. Wood Betony. (Fig. 3123.) Betonica officinalis L. Sp. PI. 573. 1753. • Stachys Betonica Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 532. 1834. Perennial, pilose or glabrate, deep green; stem slen- der, erect, usually simple, i°-3° tall. Leaves oblong or ovate, obtuse at the apex, crenate all around, firm, cordate or truncate at the base, the basal and lower ones very long-petioled, the blades 3/-6/ long, the the upper distant, short-petioled or nearly sessile; lower petioles 1^-4 times as long as the blades; spike short, dense; bracts ovate, mucronate, about as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth acicular, half as long as the tube or more; corolla-tube exserted. In a thicket at Newton, Mass. Fugitive from Europe. Also called Bishop's wort and Wild Hop. July-Sept. 22. SALVIA L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753. Herbs, or some species shrubs, with clustered usually showy flowers, the clusters mostly spiked, racemed, or panicled. Calyx ovoid, tubular or campanulate, mostly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; upper lip usually concave, sometimes arched, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft or 3-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2 (the posterior pair wanting or rudimentary); filaments usually short; connective of the anthers transverse, linear or filiform, bearing a perfect anther-sac on its upper end, its lower end dilated, capi- tate or sometimes bearing a small or rudimentary one. Ovary deeply 4- parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth, usually developing mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted. [Latin, salvus, safe, from its healing virtues.] About 500 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions, ing, some 25 others occur in southern and western North America. Leaves mostly basal, only 1-3 pairs on the stem. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or repand; upper corolla-lip short. Leaves crenulate; upper lip arched, longer than the lower. Stem leafy, bearing several pairs of leaves. Leaves narrowly oblong, or lanceolate. Corolla io"-i5" long, its tube exserted. Corolla 4" -6" long, its tube not exserted. Leaves ovate, or broadly oval. Upper corolla-lip short, not exceeding the lower. Leaves merely crenate or crenulate; fruiting calyx spreading. Leaves pinnatifid, sinuate or incised; fruiting calyx defiexed. Upper lip of corolla arched, longer than the lower. i. Salvia lyrata L. Lyre-leaved Sage. (Fig. 3124.) Salvia lyrata L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753. Perennial or biennial, hirsute or pubescent; stem slender, simple, or sparingly branched, erect, i°-3° high, bearing 1 or 2 distant pairs of small leaves (rarely leafless), and several rather distant whorls of large violet flowers. Basal leaves tufted, long-petioled, obovate or broadly oblong, lyrate-pinnatifid or repand-dentate, thin, 2,/-8/ long; stem-leaves similar, or narrower and entire, sessile, or short-petioled; clusters about •6-flowered; calyx campanulate, the teeth of its upper lip subulate, those of the lower longer, aristulate; corolla about 1/ long, the tube very narrow below, the upper lip much smaller than the lower; filaments slender; anther-sacs borne on both the upper and lower ends of the con- nective, the lower one often smaller. In dry, mostly sandy woods and thickets, New Jersey to Florida, west to Illinois, Arkansas and Texas. Corolla rarely undeveloped. May-July. Besides the follow- 5. 5. 5. S. 5. S. lyrata. pratensis. Pitcheri. lanceolata. urticifolia. verbenaca. Set area. IOO LABIATAE. [Vol. III. 3. Salvia Pitched Torr. Sage. (Fig. 3126.) Salvia Pitcher i Torr.; Benth. L,ab. 251. 1833. Salvia azurea var. grandiflora Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 302. 1848. Perennial, downy; stem stout, branched or simple, erect, 2°-5° high; branches nearly erect. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, dentate to en- tire, sessile, or narrowed at the base into short petioles, firm, 2/-5/ long, 2//-8// wide, the up- permost reduced to small bracts; clusters in long dense terminal spikes, or the lower ones distant; calyx oblong-campanulate, densely and finely woolly, about 3" long, its upper lip •entire, obtuse, the lower with 2 ovate acute teeth; corolla blue, finely pubescent without, if long, its lower lip broad, sinuately 3-lobed, longer than the concave upper one; lower ends of the connectives dilated, often adherent to each other, destitute of anther-sacs. On dry plains, Missouri, Kansas and Colorado to Texas. Introduced into Illinois. July-Sept. 2. Salvia pratensis L,. Meadow Sage. (Fig. 3125.) Salvia pratensis L- Sp. PI. 25. 1753. Perennial, pubescent or puberulent; stem erect, rather stout, simple or little branched, sparingly leafy. Basal leaves long-petioled, ovate, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, irregularly crenulate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or cor- date at the base, thick, rugose, i'-*]' long; stem leaves much smaller, narrower, commonly acute, sessile or nearly so; clusters spicate, the spike elongated, interrupted; calyx campanu- late, glandular-pubescent, the teeth of the up- per lip minute, those of the lower long, subulate; corolla purple, minutely glandular, its upper lip strongly arched, mostly longer than the lower; lower end of the connective with a small or imperfect anther-sac. Atlantic Co., N. J. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. May-July. Pitcher's 4. Salvia lanceolata Willd. L,ance-leaved Sage. (Fig. 3127.) Salvia lanceolata Willd. Enum. 37. 1809. Annual, puberulent or glabrous; stem leafy, usually much branched, erect or diffuse, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, petioled, mostly obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base, creuulate-dentate or entire, i/-2/ long, 2//~5// wide, the upper reduced to lanceolate-subulate, rather per- sistent bracts; flowers mostly opposite, but sometimes 3-4 together in the terminal spike-like racemes; pedi- cels shorter than the campanulate calyx; calyx i"-^' long, its upper lip ovate, entire, the lower 2-cleft, the teeth ovate, mucronate; corolla blue (?) about 4// long, its lower lip narrow, twice as long as the upper; lower ends of the connectives dilated. On plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. May-Sept. Voi,. III.] MINT FAMILY. IOI 5. Salvia urticifolia L. Nettle-leaved Sage. (Fig. 3128.) Salvia urticifolia L. Sp. PL 24. 1753. Perennial, pubescent, puberulent or nearly glabrous; stem glandular above, rather slender, ascending or erect, i°-2° high. Leaves thin, ovate, 2/-4/ long, irregularly dentate or.crenate- dentate, usually acute at the apex, abruptly contracted below into margined petioles; clus- ters several flowered, in terminal interrupted spikes; bracts early deciduous; calyx oblong- campanulate, about 3" long, the upper lip mi- nutely 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, its teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading in fruit; corolla puberulent without, 6//-8// long, blue and white, the lower lip broad, 3-lobed, twice as long as the upper; lower ends of the connectives dilated. In woods and thickets, Maryland to Kentucky, south to Georgia and Louisiana. April-June. 6. Salvia verbenaca L,. Wild Sage. Wild Clary. (Fig. 3129.) Salvia verbenaca L. Sp. PI. 25. 1753. Perennial; stem glandular-pubescent, erect, simple or sparingly branched, 1 °-2° high. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, coarsely and irregularly incised-dentate or pinnatifid.petioled, or the uppermost sessile, the lower 3/-8/ long, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, nearly glabrous, the upper acute, much smaller; floral bracts broadly ovate, short; clusters several- flowered in elongated terminal interrupted spikes; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx deflexed in fruit, z"-\" long, its upper lip re- curved-spreading, with 3 minute connivent teeth, the lower one with 2 lanceolate acuminate mucronate teeth; corolla blue, about \" long, its upper lip nearly straight, scarcely longer than the lower; lower ends of the connectives dilated and adnate to each other. In waste places, Ohio to South Carolina. Natural- ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. 7. Salvia Sclarea L,. Clary. Clear- eye. See-bright. (Fig. 3130.) Salvia Sclarea L. Sp. PI. 27. 1753. Biennial or annual, glandular-pubescent; stem stout, erect, 2°-3^° high. Leaves broadly ovate, rugose, acute or obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, irregularly dentate- crenate or denticulate, the lower long-petioled, 6'-%' long, the upper small, short-petioled or sessile; clusters several-flowered, numerous in terminal spikes; bracts broad, ovate, acumin- ate, commonly longer than the calyx, pink or white; calyx campanulate, deflexed-spreading in fruit, 4//-5// long, its lips about equal, the teeth all subulate-acicular; corolla blue and white, about 1/ long; upper lip arched, laterally compressed, longer than the lower one; lower portions of the connectives dilated. In fields, Pennsylvania, escaped from gardens, Naturalized from Europe. The mucilage of the seeds used to clear specks from the eye. June-Aug. 102 LABIATAE. [Vol.. III. 23. MONARDA L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753. Perennial or annual erect aromatic herbs, with dentate or serrate leaves, and rather large white red purple yellowish or mottled flowers, in dense capitate clusters, mostly bract- eate and bracteolate, terminal and sometimes also axillary, the bracts sometimes brightly colored. Calyx tubular, narrow, 15-nerved, nearly or quite equally 5-toothed, mostly villous in the throat. Corolla glabrous within, usually puberulent or glandular without, the tube slightly dilated above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect or arched, emarginate or entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger or longer than the others. Anther- bearing stamens 2, ascending, usually exserted, the posterior pair (staminodia) rudimentary or wanting; anthers linear, versatile, 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the apex; nutlets ovoid, smooth. [In honor of Nicolas Monardes, a Spanish physician and botanist of the sixteenth century.] About 10 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Flower-clusters solitary, terminal (rarely also in the uppermost axils). Leaves manifestly petioled, the petioles commonly slender. Corolla scarlet, i}£'-2' long; bracts red. Corolla white, pink, or purple, i'~i%' long. Leaves membranous; corolla slightly pubescent, io"-i2" long. Leaves thin or firm; corolla pubescent, \'-\%' long. Pubescence spreading; leaves thin. Corolla cream-color, pink, or purplish. Corolla or bracts deep purple or purple-red. Pubescence short, canescent; leaves firm, pale. Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled. Flower-clusters both axillary and terminal. Cal5Tx-teeth triangular-lanceolate; corolla yellowish, mottled. Calyx-teeth subulate-aristate; corolla white or purple, not mottled. M. didyma. M. Clinopodia. M. fistulosa. M. media. M. sea bra. M. Bradburiana. M. punctata. M. citriodora. i. Monarda didyma L,. Oswego Tea. American Bee Balm. (Fig. 3 131.) Monarda didyma L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753. Perennial; stem stout, simple or branched, villous pubescent, at least at the nodes, or gla- brate, 2°-3° high. Leaves thin, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, petioled, dark green, usually with some villous pubescence beneath and short scat- tered hairs above, acuminate at apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, 3/-6/long, i/~3/ wide; lower petioles often 1/ long; flower- clusters almost always solitary, terminal; bracts commonly red; calyx incurved, nearly or quite glabrous without, slightly hirsute in the throat, its teeth subulate, nearly erect, about as long as thediameter of the tube; corolla scarlet, \%'-2.f long, sparingly puberulent; stamens exserted. In moist soil, especially along streams, New Brunswick (?) to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia. Ascends to 5200 ft. in North Carolina. Called also Fragrant Balm, Mountain Mint and In- dian's Plume. July-Sept. 2. Monarda Clinopodia L,. Basal Balm. (Fig. 3132.) Monarda Clinopodia L- Sp. PI. 22. 1753. Pycnanthemum Monardella Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 8. pi. 34. 1803. Perennial; stem slender, simple, or with few long ascending branches, glabrous or slightly villous, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, membranous, bright green, mostly slen- der-petioled, more or less villous on the veins be- neath and puberulent above, acuminate at the apex, rounded, narrowed or rarely subcordate at the base, sharply serrate, 2 '-4' long, >^/-2/ wide; clusters solitary, terminal; bracts pale or white; calyx curved, nearly glabrous without, somewhat hirsute in the throat, its teeth subulate, slightly spreading, about as long as the diameter of the tube; corolla yellowish-pink, slightly pubescent, IO"-I2' long; stamens exserted. In woods and thickets, Ontario to Georgia and Ken- tucky. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug Vou III.] MINT FAMILY. 103 3. Monarda fistulosa L. Wild Berga- mot. (Fig. 3133.) Monarda fislulosa L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753. Monarda mollis L. Amoen. Acad. 3: 399. 1753. Monarda fistulosa var. mollis Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 317. In part. 1833. Perennial, villous-pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, usually branched, 2°-3° high. . Leaves thin but not membranous, green, usually slen- der-petioled, lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lanceo. late, acuminate at the apex, serrate, rounded, narrowed or sometimes cordate at the base, \%'- 4/ long, %/-2yz/ wide; clusters solitary and terminal, or rarely also in the uppermost axils; bracts whitish or purplish; calyx puberulent or glabrous, densely villous in the throat, its subu- late teeth rarely longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla pubescent, especially on the upper lip, yellowish-pink or purplish, i/-i>^/ long; stamens exserted. On dry hills and in thickets, Maine and Onta- rio to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. 4. Monarda media Willd. Purple Bergamot. (Fig. 3134.) Monarda media Willd. Enum. 32. 1809. Monarda fistulosa var. rubra A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 374. 1878. M. fistulosa var. media A. Gray, loc. cit. 1878. Perennial, sparingly hairy or glabrate; stem stout, commonly branched, 2°-3^° high. Leaves thin, but not membranous, dark green, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, or the uppermost lanceolate, slender-petioled, acuminate at the apex, sharply toothed, us- ually rounded at the base, 3/-5/ long, I'-if wide; flower-clusters terminal, solitary, large; bracts deep purple, very conspicuous; calyx curved, glabrous, or very nearly so, slightly villous in the throat, teeth slightly spreading; corolla purple or purple-red, about ij^' long, its upper lip pubescent; stamens exserted. Tn moist thickets, Maine to Pennsylvania and Virginia, along the mountains. June-Aug. 5. Monarda scabra Beck. Pale Wild Bergamot. (Fig. 3135.) Monarda scabra Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 260. 1826. Monarda fistulosa var. mollis Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 317. In part. 1883. Perennial; stem slender, puberulent at least above, usually branched, i°-2^° high. Leaves thick or firm, pale, usually short-petioled, acum- inate or acute at the apex, rounded, narrowed or cordate at the base, sharply or sparingly ser- rate, canescent or puberulent, rarely nearly gla- brous, sometimes with a few scattered spread- ing hairs on the veins or petiole, i/-2>/4/ long, Yz'-x' wide; flower-clusters terminal, solitary; bracts green or slightly pink, calyx puberulent, often hairy at the summit, densely villous in the throat, its short subulate teeth nearly erect; corolla yellowish or pink, about i%' long, pubes- cent, sometimes glandular; stamens exserted. On prairies and plains, mostly in dry soil, North- west Territory and British Columbia to Nebraska, Missouri, Texas and Arizona. June-Aug. 104 LABIATAE. [Voiv. III. 6. Monarda Bradburiana Beck. Bradbury's Monarda. (Fig. 3136.) Monarda Bradburiana Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 260. 1826. Perennial, sparingly villous or glabrate; stem slender, often simple, i°-2° high. Leaves rather thin, bright green, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, or very nearly so, or partly clasping by the cordate or subcordate base, acuminate at the apex, serrate, if-ZlAr long; flower-clusters solitary and terminal; bracts green or purplish; calyx glabrous out- side, hirsute within and narrowed at the throat, its teeth long, bristle-pointed, diver- gent, longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla pink or nearly white, about 1/ long, its upper lip pubescent or puberulent, the lower commonly purple-spotted; stamens exserted. On dry hills or in thickets, Illinois to Ala- bama, west to Missouri and Kansas. May-July. 7. Monarda punctata L,. Horse-mint. (Fig. 3137. ) Monarda punctata L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753. Perennial, usually rather densely pubescent or downy; stem usually much branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, serrate with low teeth, or nearly entire, usually acute at both ends, green, manifestly pet- ioled, i/-3/ long, 2//-7// wide, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; flower-clusters axil- lary and terminal, numerous; bracts white or purplish, conspicuous, acute; calyx puberulent, villous in the throat, its teeth short, triangular- lanceolate, acute, not longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla yellowish, purple-spotted, about 1/ long, the stamens equalling or slightly surpassing its pubescent upper lip. In dry fields, southern New York to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Texas. July-Oct. 8 Lemon 1816. (ii.) Monarda citriodora Cerv. Monarda. (Fig. 3138.) M. citriodora Cerv.; Lag. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2. Monarda aristata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 5: 186. 1833-37. Annual, puberulent; stem stout, simple or branched, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly sharply serrate or serrulate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the Monarda clinopodioides A. Gray, a related bracts, and hirsute calyx with erect broader teeth, may occur in southern Kansas base, if-2>' long, 2//-6// wide; flower-clusters axillary and terminal, several or numerous; bracts white or purple, conspicuous, awned at the tip, the awns becoming recurved; calyx- tube nearly glabrous, the throat densely villous, the teeth bristle-pointed, barbed, divergent or spreading, nearly half as long as the tube; corolla pink or nearly white, not spotted, nearly or quite glabrous, io//-I2// long; stamens not exserted. On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Mis- souri, Texas and Arizona. Naturalized in Tennes- see (according to Gray). June-Sept. Texan species, with a slender stem, green or greenish Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY. IC5 24. BLEPHILIA Raf. Journ/ Phys. 89: 98. 1819. Perennial hirsute or pubescent erect herbs, with axillary and terminal dense glomerules of rather small purplish or bluish flowers, or the glomerules in terminal more or less inter- rupted spikes. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, not villous in the throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-toothed, the teeth all aristate or those of the lower lip subulate. Corolla glabrous within, the tube expanded above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrower than the lateral ones. Anther-bearing (anterior) stamens 2, ascending, exserted or included; posterior stamens reduced to filiform staminodia, or none; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, somewhat confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, eyelash, from the fringed calyx-teeth.] Two species, natives of eastern North America. Pubescence short; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, slightly serrate. i. B. ciliata. Pubescence villous; leaves ovate or ovate -lanceolate, sharply serrate. 2. B. hirsuta. i. Blephilia ciliata (L/.) Raf. Downy Blephilia. (Fig. 31 39.) Monarda ciliata L,. Sp. PI. 23. 1753. Blephilia ciliala Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 98. 1819. Stem puberulent, or with some short-villous pubescence above, commonly simple, i°-2° high. Lower leaves and those of sterile shoots ovate or oval, slender-petioled, crenate-denticulate, i/-2/ long, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, mostly acute, longer and narrower, nearly entire; flower-clusters in a term- inal spike and in the uppermost axils; outer bracts ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, usually purplish, pinnately veined, ciliate; calyx hirsute, the teeth of the upper lip about one-third longer than those of the lower; corolla purple, villous-pubescent, $"-6" long; stamens exserted or included. In dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Michi- gan and Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Missouri. June-Aug. 2. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. Hairy Blephilia. (Fig. 3140.) Monarda hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 19. 1814. Blephilia nepetoides Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 98. 1819. Blephilia hirsuta Torr. Fl. U. S. 27. 1824. Stem villous-pubescent, usually branched, i^°-3° high. Leaves membranous, ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, slender-petioled, i'-\r long, or the lower shorter and broader; flower- clusters axillary, or in a short terminal spike; outer bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long- acuminate, hirsute; calyx-tube nearly glabrous, its teeth very villous, those of the upper lip much ex- ceeding the lower; corolla pubescent, pale purple, rather conspicuously darker-spotted, 4//-5// long. In woods and thickets, Vermont to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Sept. 25. HEDEOMA Pers. Syn. 2: 131. 1807. Annual or perennial, strongly aromatic and pungent herbs, with small entire or crenu- late leaves, and small blue or purple flowers in axillary clusters, these crowded into terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, villous in the throat, the mouth mostly con- tracted in fruit, gibbous on the lower side at the base, or nearly terete, 2-lipped, or nearly equally 5-toothed, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Perfect stamens 2, as- cending under the upper lip, their anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Sterile stamens (staminodia) 2, minute, or none, very rarely anther-bearing. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit, glabrous. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, sweet smell.] io6 LABIATAE. [Vol.. III. About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in the south- ern and southwestern States. Sometimes called Mock Pennyroyal. Teeth of the upper lip of the calyx triangular; leaves serrate. 1. H. pulegioides. Teeth of both lips of the calyx subulate; leaves entire. Calyx-teeth all nearly equal; annual. 2. H. hispida. Teeth of the lower lip nearly twice as long as the upper; perennial. 3. H. Drummondii. i. Hedeoma pulegioides (L,.) Pers. American Pennyroyal. (Fig. 3141.) Melissa pulegioides L. Sp. PI. 593. 1753. Cunila pulegioides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 30. 1762. Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. Syn. 2: 131. 1807. Annual; stem very slender, erect, much branched, finely soft-pubescent, 6/-i8/ high, the branches as- cending. Leaves ovate to obovate-oblong, petioled, sparingly serrate, mostly obtuse at the apex and nar- rowed at the base, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, thin, Yz'-T-Yi.' long, 2//-8// wide, the upper smaller; clusters few-flowered, axillary, rather loose; pedicels pubescent, shorter than or equalling the calyx; calyx pubescent, gibbous, oblong-ovoid in fruit, its 3 upper teeth triangular, acute, not exceeding the 2 subu- late hispid lower ones; corolla purple, about 3" long; rudimentary stamens manifest, capitate at the sum- mit, or rarely anther-bearing. In dry fields, Cape Breton Island to Ontario and Min- nesota, south to Florida and Nebraska. Also called Tick-weed and Squaw-mint. July-Sept. 2. Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Rough Pennyroyal. (Fig. 3142.) Hedeoma hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 414. 1814. Hedeoma hirta Nutt. Gen. 1: 16. 1818. Annual; stem erect, branched, slender, 3/-S/ high, pubescent, the branches erect-ascending, very leafy and copiously flowered. Leaves linear, entire, firm, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, blunt or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base, more or less hispid-ciliate but otherwise mostly glabrous, Yz'-\f long, about 1" wide, the lower much shorter and smaller; clusters axillary, numerous, crowded, several-flowered; pedicels pubescent, shorter than the calyx; bracts subulate, very hispid, about equalling the calyx; calyx oblong, gibbous, hispid, its teeth all subulate, nearly equal in length, up- wardly curved in fruit, about one-half as long as the tube, the 2 lower ones somewhat narrower and more hispid than the upper; corolla about 3//long, bluish-purple; sterile stamens rudimentary or none. On drv plains, Illinois to the Northwest Territory, Louisiana, Arkansas and Colorado. May-Aug. 3. Hedeoma Drummondii Beuth. Drum- mond's Pennyroyal. (Fig. 3143.) H. Drummondii Benth. I,ab. Gen. & Sp. 368. 1834. H ciliata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) 1: 183. 1847. Perennial from a woody base, with an ashy down nearly all over; stems much branched, slender, erect, 6/-i8/ high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong or linear, entire short-petioled or sessile, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, 5//-io// long, \"-2.%,,f wide, the lowest shorter; clusters axillary, loosely few-flowered; pedicels puberulent, about one-half as long as the calyx and equalling or longer than the subulate bracts; calyx cylindric oblong, hirsute, slightly gibbous, its teeth all subulate, upwardly curved and connivent in fruit, the 2 lower nearly twice as long as the 3 upper; corolla purple, 4//-6// long; sterile stamens rudimentary or none. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico. April-Aug. Voi,. III.] MINT FAMILY. 107 26. MELISSA L. Sp. PI. 592. 1753. Leafy branching herbs, with broad dentate leaves, and rather small white or yellowish axillary clustered somewhat secund flowers. Calyx oblong-campanulate, deflexed in fruit, 13-nerved, nearly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-parted. Corolla exserted, its tube curved-ascending, enlarged above, naked within, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emarginate; lower lip 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, connivent and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, their sacs divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the sum- mit, the lobes subulate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, bee.] About 4 species, natives of Europe and western Asia. i. Melissa officinalis L. Garden or Lemon Balm. Bee-balm. (Fig. 3144.) Melissa officinalis L- Sp. PI. 592. 1753. Perennial, pubescent; stem rather stout, erect or ascending, i°-2^° high. Leaves ovate, petioled, mostly obtuse at both ends, sometimes cordate, pinnately veined, coarsely dentate or crenate-dentate, i/-2>^/ long. Flowers several in the axillary clusters; pedicel shorter than the calyx; calyx about 3" long, the teeth of its lower lip slightly exceeding those of the upper; corolla white, 5//-7// long. In waste places, thickets and woods, Maine to Georgia and West Virginia. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Plant lemon-scented. Called also Balm-leaf, Honey-plant, Pimentary, Balm-mint. June-Aug. 27. SATUREIA L. Sp. PI. 567. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with small entire leaves, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and bracted purple flowers in dense terminal or axillary clusters. Calyx campanulate, mostly 10-nerved, 5-toothed, naked or rarely villous in the throat. Corolla-limb 2 lipped, the upper lip erect, flat, entire or emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, con- nivent under the upper lip of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets oblong or oval. [The classical Latin name of the plant.] About 18 species, the following introduced as a garden herb from Europe, one of doubtful affinity in Florida, the others of the Mediterran- ean region. i. Satureia hortensis L. Savory. Summer Savory. (Fig. 3145.) Satureia hortensis L. Sp. PI. 568. 1753. Annual, puberulent; stems erect, slender, much branched, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, short-petioled, entire, acute at both ends, Yz'-^/z' long, i//-2// wide; clus- ters 3//-5// in diameter, terminal and in many of the upper axils; bracts linear, small, minute, or wanting; calyx about equalling the corolla- tube, somewhat pubescent, its teeth subulate, about as long as the tube, ciliate; corolla little longer than the calyx; stamens scarcely ex- serted. In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to Pennsylvania, west to Nevada. Naturalized or ad- ventive from Europe. July-Sept. 28. CLINOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 587. 1753. [Calamintha Moench, Meth. 408. 1794.] Herbs, or low shrubs, with entire or sparingly dentate leaves, and rather large flowers variously clustered. Calyx tubular or oblong, mostly gibbous at the base, about 13-nerved, io8 BABIATAE. [Vol. III. 2-lipped, naked or villous in the throat, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla usually expanded at the throat, the tube straight, mostly longer than the calyx, the limb 2-lippcd; upper lip erect, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, somewhat con- nivent in pairs, the longer mostly exserted; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style glabrous, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, bed-foot, the flowers likened to a bed-castor.] About 50 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southeastern United States and in California. The genus has recently been included in Satureia by Briquet (Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fain. 4: Abt. 3a, 296). 7f Flower-clusters dense, axillary and terminal, setaceous-bracted. 1. C. vulgare. -X- -X- Flower-clusters loose, axillary, or forming terminal thyrses ; bracts small. Plants pubescent; introduced species. Clusters peduncled; calyx not gibbous; upper leaves very small; perennials. Beaves %'-z.' long; corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx. 2. C. Nepeta. Beaves 1/-2' long; corolla at least twice as long as the calyx. 3. C. Calamintha. Clusters sessile; calyx very gibbous; plant leafy, annual. 4. C. Acinos. Plants glabrous; native species. Beaves linear or the lower spatulate, entire; corolla 4" long. 5. C. glabrum. Beaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate; corolla 6"-y" long. 6. C. glabellum. i. Clinopodium vulgare L,. Field or Wild Basil. Basil-weed. (Fig. 3146.) Clinopodium vulgare B. Sp. PI. 587. 1753. Melissa Clinopodium Benth. Bab. Gen. & Sp. 393. 1834. Calamintha Clinopodium Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 233. 1848. Perennial by tshort creeping stolons, hirsute; stem slender, erect from an ascending base, usually branched, sometimes simple, i°-2° high. Beaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petioled, obtuse or acut- ish, entire, undulate or crenate- dentate, rounded, truncate or sometimes narrowed at the base, thin, i/-2}i/ long; flowers in dense axillary and terminal capitate clusters about \' in diameter; bracts seta- ceous, hirsute- ciliate, usually as long as the calyx- tube; calyx pubescent, somewhat gibbous, the setaceous teeth of its lower lip rather longer than the broader ones of the upper; corolla purple, pink, or white, little exceeding the calyx-teeth. In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to West Virginia, Minnesota and Manitoba, south in the Rocky Moun- tains to Colorado. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Per- haps introduced eastward. Native of Europe and Asia. Called Stone Basil, Bed's-foot, Horse Thyme. June-Oct. Clinopodium Nepeta (L.) Kuntze. Field Balm. (Fig. 3147.) I/esser Calamint. Melissa Nepeta B- Sp. PI. 593. 1753. Calamintha Nepeta Bink & Hoffmansg. Fl. Port. 1: 14. 1809. Clinopodium Nepeta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891. Perennial from a woody root and short rootstocks, villous or pubescent; stem rather stout, at length much branched, the branches nearly straight, ascending. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, obtuse or acute, crenulate with few low teeth, rounded or narrowed at the base, the lower Yz'-v' long, the upper much smaller and bract-like; flowers few in the numerous loose peduncled axillary cymes, forming an almost naked elongated thyrsus; bracts very small, linear; calyx not gibbous, villous in the throat, about \%f/ long, the teeth of its lower lip twice as long as those of the upper; corolla light purple or almost white, about 4" long. In fields and waste places, Maryland to North Caro- lina, west to Kentucky and Arkansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. Vol. hi.] MINT FAMILY. 109 3. Clinopodium Calamintha (L,.) Kuntze Capmint. (Fig. 31^-) Melissa Calamintha L- Sp. PI. 593. 1753- Calamintha officinalis Moench, Meth. 409. 1794. Clinopodium Calamintha Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 515- 1891. Perennial by creeping rootstocks, pubes- cent or hirsute; stem slender, branched, i°- 2%° high. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, obtuse at both ends or subacute at the apex, dentate or crenate-dentate, i/-2/ long and nearly as wide; inflorescence as in the pre- ceding species, but commonly more leafy; peduncles of the lower flower-clusters usually longer than the petioles; calyx not gibbous, villous in the throat, 2//-3// long, the teeth of the lower lip twice as long as those of the upper; corolla purplish, 6" -7" long. "Inclined to escape from cultivation in a few places " (according to Gray). Native of Europe and Asia. Mountain Mint. June-Aug. Calamint. Calamint Balm. 4. Clinopodium Acinos (L,.) Kuntze. Basil Thyme. Basil Balm? (Fig. 3149.) Thymus Acinos L- Sp. PI. 591. 1753. Melissa Acinos Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 389. 1834. Cal. Acinos Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 230. 1848. Clin. Acinos Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 513. 1891. Annual, pubescent; stems branched from the base, very slender, &-W high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, petioled, acutish at both ends or the lower obtuse, crenulate or entire, 4//-8// long; flowers about 6 in the axils, the clusters sessile; bracts shorter than the pedicels; calyx gibbous on the lower side, rough-hairy, longer than its pedicel, contracted at the throat, its subulate teeth somewhat unequal in length; co- rolla purplish, 1^-2 times as long as the calyx. Tn waste places, New York and New Jersey. Ad- ventive from Europe. Called also Mother-of-thyme, Polly Mountain. May-Aug. 5. Clinopodium glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze (Fig. 3150.) Hedeoma glabra Nutt. Gen. 1: 16. 1818. Cal. Nuttallii Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 230. 1848. Calamintha glabella var. Nuttallii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 307. 1856. Clin, glabrum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891. Perennial, glabrous, stoloniferous; stem very slender, at length much branched, erect or as- cending, 4/-i2/ high. Leaves of the flowering branches linear, entire, very short-petioled or sessile, mostly obtuse at the apex, obscurely veined, 4//-9// long, yi,r-\ff wide, the margins slightly revolute; lower leaves and those of the stolons shorter and broader, distinctly petioled; flowers 1-4 in the axils; bracts minute; pedicels filiform, mostly longer than the calyx; calyx not gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring within, its lower teeth somewhat longer than the upper; corolla purple, about \'f long. On rocks and banks, western New York and southern Ontario to Illinois and Minnesota, south to Missouri and Texas. May-Aug. Low Calamint or Bed's-foot. no LABIATAE. [Vol,. III. Clinopodium glabellum (Michx.) Kuntze. Slender Calamint or Bed' s- foot. (Fig. 315 1.) Cunila glabella Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 13. 1803. Calamintha glabella Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 230. 1848. Clinopodium glabellum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891. Perennial, stoloniferous, glabrous; stems weak, spreading or decumbent, at length freely branched, elongated, slender, W-2? long. Leaves membranous, oblong, short- petioled, obtuse or the uppermost subacute at the apex, narrowed to a cuneate base, dis- tinctly serrate with low teeth, i/-2/ long, 2//-8// wide, the lowest and those of the stolons sometimes proportionately broader and shorter; axils 2-5-flowered; pedicels fili- form, commonly twice as long as the calyx; bracts minute; calyx not gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring within, its teeth nearly equal; corolla purplish, 6//-7// long. On river banks, Kentucky and Tennessee. Rare and local. May-July. 29. HYSSOPUS L. Sp. PI. 569. 1753. A perennial erect herb, the stem somewhat woody at the base, with narrow, entire leaves, and small bracted purple or blue flowers, in dense clusters in the upper axils, and forming elongated terminal more or less interrupted spikes. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, about equally 5-toothed, not hairy in the throat. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, the 2 longer ones exserted, divergent; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, somewhat 3-sided, nearly smooth. [Greek, an aromatic herb.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. I. Hyssop. Hyssopus officinalis I,. (Fig. 3152.) Hyssopus officinalis E Sp. PI. 569. 1753. Stems usually several together from the woody base, slender, strict, puberulent, simple or branched, i°-3° high, the branches upright or ascending. Leaves linear to oblong, sessile or very nearly so, firm, acute at both ends or the lower obtuse at the apex, puberulent or glabrate, faintly veined, i}4/-2/ long, l//-3// wide, sometimes with smaller ones or short leafy branches in their axils; spike sometimes 1 -sided, dense, %,—i/ broad; pedicels short, puberulent; outer bracts as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth, lanceolate, acute, one-fourth to one-third as long as the tube; corolla 4//-5// long, its tube exceeding the calyx. Along roadsides and in waste places, Ontario and Maine to North Carolina, and on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. 30. ORIGANUM L, Sp. PI. 588. 1753. Perennial branching herbs, some species shrubby, with rather small crenate-dentate or entire leaves, and small bracted pink or purple flowers, in dense terminal glomerules. Calyx ovoid or campanulate, villous in the throat, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed or more or less 2-lipped. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower longer, spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Style 2-cleft at the summit; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth. [Greek, mountain-joy.] About 30 species, natives of the Old World. Voi-. III.] MINT FAMILY. 0 high. Leaves at the apex, i. Origanum vulgare L,. Wild Marjoram. Organy. (Fig. 3*53- ) Origanum vulgare L- Sp. PI. 590. 1753- Perennial from nearly horizontal rootstocks, villous or hirsute; stem erect, slender, i°-2^ ovate, petioled, obtuse or subacute rounded or subcordate at the base, crenate or entire, \'-\y2' long, often with smaller ones, or short leafy branches, in their axils; flower-clusters often 2/ broad; bracts purplish, ovate or oval, about equalling the nearly regularly 5-toothed calyx; corolla pink, purple or nearly white, longer than the calyx, the upper lobe broad; all four stamens, or the two longer, exserted. In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Organs, Pot Marjoram. July-Sept. 31. KOELLIA Moench, Meth. 407. 1794. [Brachystemon and Pycnanthemum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 5, 7. 1803.] Perennial erect, mostly branched, glabrous cinereous canescent or pubescent herbs, with small white or purple-dotted flowers, in terminal or sometimes also axillary capitate glom- erules or cymose clusters. Calyx ovoid, oblong or tubular, 10-13-nerved, equally or more or less unequally 5-toothed, not villous in the throat, the 2 upper teeth sometimes united be- low. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, nearly equal, or the lower pair a little longer; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style slender. Nutlets smooth, pubescent, or roughened. [Named for J. L. C. Koelle, a German botanist of the eighteenth century.] About 14 species, natives of North America. Besides the following, i occurs in California and 1 or 2 in the southern States. The species apparently intergrade, and are thus difficult of discrimi- nation. Mostly very fragrant. Sometimes called Basil, the proper name of Calaminth or Ocymum. •& Leaves prevailingly linear, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Calyx-teeth ovate-triangular, acute, one-fourth as long as the tube. 2. K. Virginiana. Calyx-teeth subulate, lance-subulate or bristle-tipped. Leaves linear or lanceolate; calyx-teeth subulate or lanceolate Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire. Leaves lanceolate, entire, or usually serrate. Bracts appressed, erect; clusters dense. Hirsute or pilose; leaves mainly entire. 3. Puberulent or glabrate; leaves mostly denticulate. 4. Bracts spreading; clusters loose. 5. Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute ; calyx-teeth awn-like. 6. K. hyssopifolia •& ■& Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Calyx-teeth bristle-tipped or subulate. Bracts appressed ; clusters dense; calyx-teeth bristle-pointed Bracts spreading; clusters loose ; calyx-teeth subulate. Calyx-teeth about one-half as long as the tube. Calyx-teeth as long as the tube. Calyx-teeth triangular, triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate. Bracts spreading; clusters loose; calyx-teeth short. Bracts appressed; clusters dense. Bracts canescent; leaves firm, acute. 11. Bracts ciliate or villous; leaves membranous, acuminate. 12. i. Koelliaflexuosa(Walt.) MacM. Narrow-leaved Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3154.) Satureja Thymus Virginicus L. Mant. 2: 409. 1771. Not .S. Vitginica L. 1753- Origanum fle.ruosum Walt. Fl. Car. 165. 1788. Pycnanthemum linifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 409, 1814. Koellia flexuosa MacM. Met. Minn. 452. 1892. Stem slender, stiff, nearly glabrous throughout, Ij4°~ 2)4° high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous or the uppermost puberulent, sessile, or the lower very short-petioled, i/-2/ long, yif,-x%,f wide, rather firm, often with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules dense, terminal, cymose, 3//~5// broad, canescent; bracts appressed, acuminate, or subu- late-tipped, not longer than the clusters; calyx cylin- draceous, canescent, its teeth subulate and rigid, equal or nearly so, 3-4 times longer than broad, about one-third as long as the tube; corolla pubescent or nearly glabrous, its tube longer than the calyx. In fields and thickets, Massachusetts to Florida, Ontario, Minnesota and Texas. Little fragrant. July-Sept. 1. A", flexuosa. K. pilosa. K. verticillata. K. clinopodioides. 7. K. aristata. 8. A", incana. 9. K. pyenanthemoides. 10. K. albescens. K. mutica. K. montana. 112 LABIATAE. [Vol.. III. Koellia Virginiana (L.) MacM. Virginia Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3155.) Satureja Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 567. 1753. P. lanceolatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 409. 1814. Koellia Virginiana MacM. Met. Minn. 452. 1892. Stem strict, rather stout, glabrous or pubescent, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, fragrant, very short-petioled or sessile, firm, entire, acuminate at the apex, rounded or nar- rowed at the base, glabrous, or somewhat puberu- lent beneath, or the uppermost densely canes- cent, i/-2/ long, 2//-5// wide.often with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules dense, 4//-6// in diameter, terminal, cvmose, canescent; bracts appressed, rigid, acute, acuminate or subulate- tipped, not exceeding the clusters; calyx cylin- draceous, or expanded above, canescent, its teeth triangular-ovate, equal or nearly so, acute, little longer than wide, about one-fourth as long as the tube; corolla pubescent without, purple-spotted, its tube longer than the calyx. In dry fields and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Nebraska. Virginia Thyme, Prairie Hyssop. July-Sept. 3. Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton. Hairy Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3156.) Pycnanlhemum pilosnm Nutt. Gen. 2: 23- 1818. Pycnanthemum muticum var. pilosum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 355. 1878. Koellia pilosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 279. 1894. Pubescent, at least above, i°-2^° high. Leaves lanceolate, very short-petioled or sessile, entire or very sparingly denticulate, i/-2/ long, 3//-6// wide, firm, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, commonly with smaller ones, or short leafy shoots in their axils; glomerules dense, num- erous, terminal, cymose, villous or hirsute-canes- cent, about 4// in diameter; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or exceeding the clusters; calyx cylindraceous, narrow, canescent, its teeth lanceolate-subulate, equal, about 3 times as long as wide and one-fourth to one-third the length of the tube ; corolla pubescent, its tube little longer than the calyx. On prairies and in dry woods, Ohio to Georgia, west to Missouri and Arkansas. July-Sept. 4. Koellia verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze. Torrey's Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3157.) Brachystemon verticillatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 6. pi. 31. 1803. P. Torreyi Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 329. 1834. Koellia verticillata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pi. 520. 1891. Puberulent, glabrate or pubescent; stem slen- der, \0-2yz° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong- lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (rarely ovate-lan- ceolate), short-petioled or sessile, serrulate or entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 1/-3' long, T/'-vtf' wide, the uppermost sometimes canescent; flower-clus- ters dense, canescent, 5//-6// broad, terminal, cy- mose and commonly also in some of the upper axils; bracts appressed, lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or longer than the clusters; calyx ca- nescent, its teeth subulate or lance-subulate, 2-3 times as long as wide, one-fourth to one-third as long as the tube; corolla pubescent, its tube rather exceeding the calyx. In dry fields and thickets, Rhode Island to Vir- ginia, west to Missouri. July-Sept. Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY. 113 5. Koellia clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze. Basil Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3158.) Pycnanthemnm clinopodioides T. & G.; A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 45. 1842. Koellia clinopodioides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Pubescent or puberulent; stem slender, I "-2 high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather thin, short-petiolcd, sharply serrate, or the upper entire, i)4/-3/ long, 5//-i2// wide, none of them canescent; flower-clusters loose, terminal and axillary, about i/ broad; bracts linear-acuminate or subulate-tipped, not exceeding the clusters, some or all of them spreading; calyx finely canescent or gla- brate, its teeth subulate, sometimes with a few long hairs, slightly unequal, about one-fourth the length of the tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx. In dry soil, southern New York and Pennsylvania to eastern Tennessee. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Sept. 6. Koellia hyssopifolia (Benth.) Britt. Hyssop Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3159.) P. hyssopifolium Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 329. 1834. Pycnanthemnm aristatum var. hyssopifolium A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 354. 1878. K. hyssopifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 279. 1894. Puberulent or glabrate; stem slender, stiff, i°-3° high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or lanceolate-oblong, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, obtuse or subacute at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, entire or denticulate, ^/-i^/ long, 2//-6// wide, glabrous or minutely canes- cent; flower-clusters dense, minutely canescent, not at all villous, terminal and cymose, and usually also in the upper axils, often 1/ broad; bracts linear-oblong, narrowed at each end, terminated by an awn almost as long as the body; calyx cylindraceous, glabrous or very nearly so, prominently nerved, its teeth bristle- pointed, slightly widened below, nearly as long as the tube; corolla-tube not longer than calyx. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida. June-Aug. 7. Koellia aristata (Michx.) Kuntze. Awned Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3160.) Pycnanthemnm aristatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 8. pi. 33. 1803. Koellia aristata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Similar to the preceding species; stem slender, stiff, minutely canescent, i^°-2^° high. Leaves ovate, or some of them ovate-lanceolate, short- petioled, sharply serrate, serrulate, or the upper entire, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, \'-if long, 4//-i2// wide, the uppermost usually minutely canescent; inflorescence as in the pre- ceding species; bracts longawned, appressed, the awn about one-third the length of the body; calyx canescent, its teeth equal, bristle-pointed, widened below, one- third to one-half as long as the tube; corolla-tube about equalling the calyx. In dry pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. July-Sept. 8 ii4 8. LABIATAE. [Vol. m. Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze. Hoary Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3161.) Clinopodium incanum L. Sp. PI. 588. 1753. Pvcnanthemum incanum Michx. Fl. Bor. Ani.2:7. 1803. Koellia incana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Stem pubescent, or glabrous below, stout, i^°-3° high. Leaves thin, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, peti- oled, acute at the apex, sharply serrate or serrulate, white-canescent beneath, puberulent or glabrous above, \)&'-j/ long, Yl'-^A' wide, or the upper- most smaller and sometimes canescent on both sides; clusters loose, terminal and in the upper axils, i/-i%/ broad, canescent, the flowers some- times secund on their branches; bracts linear, or the outer broader, canescent or slightly villous, spreading, mostly shorter than the clusters; calyx canescent, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth subulate, somewhat unequal, the longer one-fourth to one- half as long as the tube, rarely villous; corolla- tube equalling or longer than the calyx. to Ontario, Ohio Aug.-Oct. Dry thickets and hillsides, Maine and Florida. Also called Wild Basil, 9. Koellia pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Kuntze Mint. (Fig. 3162.) Tullia pycnanthemoides Leavenw. Am. Journ. Sci. 20: 343. pi. 5. 1830. P. Tullia Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 328. 1834. K. pycnanthemoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Stem rather stout, pubescent nearly to the base, 2°-3° high. Leaves membranous, petioled, mostly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, pubescent beneath, puberulent or glabrate above, lYz'sY' long, Yz'-iyz' wide, the lower green, the upper smaller and white-canescent on both sides; clusters loose, villous and canescent, terminal and axil- lary, i/-2/ broad, the flowers often secund; bracts linear-oblong, acuminate or subulate-tipped, spreading, mostly shorter than the mature clus- ters; calyx-teeth very unequal, subulate, densely villous, the longer about equalling the tube; corolla-tube not exceeding the calyx. In dry woods and on hills, Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. Southern Mountain- 10. Koellia albescens (T. &G.) Kuntze. White-leaved Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3163.) P.albescensT.&G ;A. Gray, Am Journ. Sci. 42: 45. 1842. Koellia albescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Stem slender, soft-pubescent nearly to the base, i°-2° high. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, peti- oled, acute or subacuminate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, sharply serrate or nearly entire, i'-zY*' lonS. /^/_IX/ wide, white- canescent beneath, green above, or the upper canes- cent on both sides; clusters loose, terminal and axillary, densely canescent, not at all villous, at length about 1/ broad; bracts linear, or the outer broader, spreading, sometimes exceeding the clus- ters; calyx densely canescent, its teeth triangular, obtuse or acute, slightly unequal, one-fifth to one- fourth as long as the tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, southern Virginia to Missouri and Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept. Vol. hi.] MINT FAMILY. l'5 164.) 11. Koellia mutica (Michx.) Britt. Short-toothed Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3 Brachystemon mulicum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 6. pi. 32. 1803. Koellia mutica Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 145. 1894. Stem stiff, puberuleut, or glabrous below, \°-2)/z° higb. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, firm, acute at the apex, rounded or some- times subcordate at the base, sharply serrate or serru- late, ij&'s' long, y2'-\y2' wide, the lower mostly glabrous, the uppermost white-canescent on both sides, much smaller; flower-clusters capitate, dense, terminal, cymose, often also in the upper axils, pubes- cent or canescent, 4//-6// broad; bracts appressed, lan- ceolate-subulate or the outer broader; calyx pubescent, its teeth nearly equal, triangular-ovate or triangular- lanceolate, not much longer than wide, about one-fifth as long as the tube; corolla-tube exceeding the calyx. In sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and Florida, west to Missouri. July-Sept. 12. Koellia montana (Michx.) Kuntze. Thin- leaved Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3165.) Pycnanthernum montamim Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 8. 1803. Monardella montana Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 331. 1834. Koellia montana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Stem slender, glabrous or nearly so throughout, 2°-3° high. Leaves distinctly petioled, membranous, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, sharply ser- rate, 2/~5/ long, Yz/-2/ wide, none of them canescent; flower-clusters rather dense, terminal and in the upper axils, Yz'-\' broad; bracts appressed, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acuminate, not exceeding the fully developed clusters, bearded more or less with long hairs; calyx tu- bular, glabrous or puberulent, or villous above, its teeth triangular-subulate, equal, one-fifth to one-fourth as long as the tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx. In woods, mountains of southern Virginia to Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama. July-Sept. 32. THYMUS I,. Sp. PI. 590. 1753. Perennial herbs, or low shrubby creeping plants, with small mostly entire leaves, and small purple flowers clustered in terminal glomerules, or in the axils of the leaves. Calyx ovoid, villous in the throat, 10-13-nerved, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect-spreading, 3-toothed, the lower 2-toothed, its teeth long and slender. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, more or less didynamous, mostly ex- serted; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divergent. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth. [Greek, incense.] About 50 species, natives of the Old World, mostly European. i. Thymus Serpyllum L,. Wild or Creeping Thyme. Mother of Thyme. (Fig. 3166.) Thymus Serpyllum L. Sp. PI. 590. 1753. Stems more or less pubescent in lines, very slender, procumbent, tough, much branched, 4/-i2/ long, com- monly forming dense mats. Leaves oblong or ovate- oblong, petioled, obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, entire, glabrous, or sometimes ciliate, 2//-5// long; bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller; flowers numerous in verticillate clusters crowded in dense short terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils; calyx distinctly 2-lipped, the tube usually pubescent and the teeth ciliate; corolla longer than the calyx. In thickets, woods, and along roadsides, Nova Scotia to southern New York and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. Old English names, Brotherwort, Hillwort, Penny Mountain, Shep- herd's Thyme. n6 LABIATAE. [Vol.. III. 33. CUNILA I,. Syst. Ed. 10, 1359. 1759. Perennial branching herbs, or low shrubs, with dentate or entire leaves, and rather small purple or white flowers. Calyx tubular-ovoid, 10-13-nerved, villous in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, longer than the calyx, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-bearing stamens 2, long-exserted, straight, the poster- ior pair rudimentary, or wanting; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style slender, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth; scar of attachment basal and small. [Latin name of some plant.] About 15 species, natives of America. The following is the only one known in North America. i. Cunila origanoides (L,. ) Britton. Stone Mint. Sweet Horse-Mint. American Dittany. (Fig. 3167.) Saticreia origanoides L. Sp. PL 568. 1753. Cunila Mariana L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1359. 1759. Hedyosmos origanoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 520. 1891. Cunila origanoides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 278. 1894. Stem slender, stiff, branched, glabrous, or pubes- cent at the nodes, erect, S'^o' high, the branches as- cending. Leaves ovate, sessile or very short-petioled, acute at the apex, sharply serrate, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, yi'-iji' long, densely punc- tate; flowers nearly yt' long, numerous in terminal loose cymose clusters; corolla purple-pink, one-half as long as the stamens; posterior pair of stamens usually rudimentary. In dry woods and thickets, southern New York to Florida, west to Ohio and Georgia. Plant very aromatic. Aug-Sept. 34. LYCOPUS L. Sp. PI. 21. 1753. Herbs, perennial by slender stolons or suckers, with erect or diffuse stems, petioled or sessile leaves, and small white or purple flowers, bracted and verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx campanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-5-toothed, not bearded in the throat, the teeth obtuse or acute. Corolla funnelform-campanulate to cylindric, equalling or longer than the calyx, the limb nearly equalty 4-cleft, or one of the lobes broader and emarginate. Perfect stamens 2, anterior, the posterior pair rudimentary, or altogether wanting; anther- sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style slender, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets truncate at the summit, narrowed below, trigonous, smooth. [Greek, wolf-foot.] About 10 species of the north temperate zone. Only the following known in North America. Calyx-teeth mostly 4, ovate, shorter than the nutlets. Calyx-teeth mostly 5, lanceolate or subulate, longer than the nutlets. Bracts minute; corolla twice as long as the calyx. Leaves sessile. Leaves narrowed into a manifest petiole. Bracts lanceolate or subulate; corolla not twice as long as the calyx. Leaves pinnatifid or deeply incised. Leaves merely coarsely dentate or serrate (lower rarely incised). Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate. Leaves ovate, coarsely dentate. i. Lycopus Virginicus L. 1. L. Virginicus. 2. L. sessilifolius. 3. L. rubellus. 4. L. Americanus. 5. L. lucidus. 6. L. Europaeus. Bugle- weed. Bugle-wort. (Fig. 3168.) Lycopus Virginicus L. Sp. PL 21. 1753. Perennial by long filiform leafy sometimes tuber- bearing stolons, glabrous or puberulent; stem slender, erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6/-2° high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acumin- ate at the apex, sharply dentate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, petioled, or the upper sessile, i)4/~3/ long, Yz'-\Yzf wide; bracts short, oblong; calyx-teeth 4, or sometimes 5, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or sub- acute; corolla about i// broad, nearly twice as long as the calyx, or longer; rudimentary posterior stamens minute; nutlets longer than or about equalling the calyx. In wet soil, Labrador to British Columbia, south to Flor- ida, Alabama, Missouri and Nebraska. Sometimes called Wood Betony. Leaves often purple. Stem usually thick- ened at the base. Variable. Probably includes several species. July-Sept. Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY 2. Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray. Sessile-leaved Water Hoarhound. (Fig. 3169.) Lycopus Europaeus var. sessilifolius A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 345. 1867. Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 285. 1870. Glabrous, or puberulent above, perennial by stolons and suckers; stem simple, or at length branched, erect, i°-2° high. Leaves ovate-lan- ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, closely sessile, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, some- what narrowed at the base, i/-2/ long; bracts very small, acute; calyx-teeth usually 5, subulate, rigid, nearly as long as the tube; corolla twice as long as the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens oval; nutlets shorter than the calyx. In wet soil, Loi? Inland, N. Y., to Florida, near the coast. Aug.-Cc^. 3. Lycopus rubellus Moench. Stalked Water Hoarhound. (Fig. 3170.) Lycopus ncbellus Moench, Meth. Suppl. 146. 1802. Lycopus Europaeus var. integrifolius A. Gray, Man. Fd. 5, 346. 1867. Glabrous or minutely puberulent, perennial by leafy stolons; stem erect or ascending, sim- ple or at length freely branched, i°-3° high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or narrower, acuminate at the apex, sharply dentate, nar- rowed or cuneate at the base, 2/-5/ long, yzr- 1%' wide, usually tapering into a conspicu- ous petiole; bracts minute, acute or acuminate; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, herbaceous, one- half as long as the tube or more; corolla longer than the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens oval or oblong; nutlets much shorter than the calyx. In wet soil, southern New York to Florida, Ohio, Arkansas and Louisiana. July-Oct. 4. Lycopus Americanus Muhl. Cut- leaved Water Hoarhound. ( Fig. 3171.) L. Americanus Muhl.; Bart. Fl. Phil. Prodr. 15. 1815. Lycopus sinualus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 26. 1817. Lycopaeus Europaeus var. sinualus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 346. 1867. Puberulent or glabrous, perennial by suckers; stem stiff, erect, simple or branched, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, petioled, acuminate at the apex, incised, pinnati- fid or the uppermost merely serrate, 2/-4/ long; bracts subulate, the outer ones sometimes ex- ceeding the calyx; calyx-teeth triangular-subu- late, cuspidate, rigid; corolla little exceeding the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens thick- ened at their tips; nutlets much shorter than the calyx. In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south t® Florida, Texas, Utah and California^ June-Oct. n8 LABIATAE. [Vol. III. 5. Lycopus lucidus Turcz. Western Water Hoarhound. (Fig. 3172.) L. lucidus Turcz.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 178. 1848. Lycopus lucidusv&r. Americanus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 286. 1870. Pubescent or glabrate, perennial by stolons; stem usually stout, erect, strict, leafy, simple, or some- times branched, i°-3° high. Leaves oblong-lan- ceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sessile, or very short- petioled, 2/-6/ long, J^/-i^/ wide, sharply serrate with acute ascending teeth; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate-subu- late, the outer ones often as long as the flowers; calyx-teeth 5, subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla little longer than the calyx; rudi- mentary stamens slender, thickened at the tips; nutlets much shorter than the calyx. In wet soil, Minnesota to Kansas, west to British Co- lumbia, California and Arizona. Also in northern Asia. July-Sept. 6. Lycopus Europaeus L. Water or Marsh Hoarhound. Gipsy-wort. Gipsy-herb. (Fig. 3173.) Lycopus Europaeus L. Sp. PI. 21. 1753. Puberulent or pubescent, perennial by suck- ers; stems stout, at length widely branched, i°-2^° high. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, or the upper sometimes sessile, coarsely dentate, or the lower incised at the base, i/-3/ long, Yz'-l' wide; bracts subulate-lanceolate, the outer shorter than or equalling the flowers; calyx-teeth subu- late-spinulose; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens obsolete; nutlets shorter than the calyx. In waste places, southern New York to Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 35. MENTHA L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753- Erect or diffuse odorous herbs, with simple sessile or petioled mostly punctate leaves, and small whorlcd purple pink or white flowers, the whorls axillary or in terminal dense or interrupted spikes. Calyx campanulate to tubular, 10-uerved, regular, or slightly 2-lipped, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, the limb 4-cleft, somewhat irregular, the posterior lobe usually somewhat broader than the others, entire or emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, erect, included or exserted, sometimes imperfect; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel. Ovary 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name used by Theophrastus; from the nymph Minthe.] About 30 species, natives of the north temperate zone. The more or less characteristic odors of the species change during the progress of the life of the plant. The following occur in North America. ■X- Whorls of flowers in terminal spikes, or some in the upper axils. Plants glabrous or very nearly so. Spikes slim, narrow, mostly interrupted; leaves sessile, or nearly so. Spikes thick, mostly dense, at first short; leaves petioled. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute. Leaves ovate, obtuse, or the upper acute, subcordate. Plants villous, hirsute or canescent, at least at the nodes. Spikes slim or narrow, often interrupted. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute. Leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse, reticulated beneath. Spikes thick (6"), dense, elongated or short. Leaves sessile; spikes i'~3 long; plant canescent. Leaves distinctly petioled, or the uppermost sessile; spikes short. Leaves simply serrate. Leaves mostly incised, the margins crisped and wavy. -:;- -X- Whorls of flowers all axillary. Leaves crenate-dentate; calyx teeth triangular, short. i. M. spicata. 2. M. piperita. 3. M. citrala. 4. M. longifolia. 5. M. rotandifolia. 6. M. alopecuroides. 7. M. aquatica. 8. M. crispa. 9. M. arvensis. Vol. ill.] MINT FAMILY. 119 Leaves sharply serrate; calyx-teeth subulate. Calyx-teeth ciliate, the tube glabrous; leaves ovate. Calyx densely or sparsely pubescent all over. Leaves ovate, pubescent on both sides; hairs of the stem reflexed. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, nearly or quite glabrous. 10. M. genlilis. 11. M. sativa. 12. M. Canadensis. I. Mentha spicata L,. Spearmint. Lady's Mint. (Fig. 3174.) Our Mentha spicata L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753. Mentha spicata var. viridis L. loc. cit. 1753- Mentha viridis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 804. 1763. Glabrous, perennial by leafy stolons; stem erect, branched, i°-i^° high. Leaves lanceolate, ses- sile or short-petioled, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the largest about iyzf long; whorls of flowers in ter- minal narrow acute usually interrupted spikes, which become 2/-4/ long in fruit, the one terminat- ing the stem surpassing the lateral ones; bracts subulate-lanceolate, ciliate, some of them usually longer than the flowers; calyx campanulate, its teeth hirsute or glabrate, subulate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla glabrous. In moist fields or waste places, Nova Scotia to Onta- rio, Minnesota and Utah, south to Florida and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Other names are Garden-, Brown- or Mackerel-Mint, Sage o Bethlehem. July-Sept. 2. Mentha piperita L. Peppermint. (Fig. 3175O Mentha piperita L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753. Perennial by subterranean suckers; stems gla- brous, mostly erect, branched, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, petioled, dark green, acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, rather firm, sharply serrate, glabrous on both sides, or pubes- cent on the veins beneath, the larger i^/~3/ long, \'-\y2' wide; whorls of flowers in terminal dense or interrupted spikes, which are thick and obtuse, and become i/-3/ long in fruit, the middle one at length overtopped by the lateral ones; bracts lance- olate, acuminate, not longer than the flowers, or the lower occasionally foliaceous; calyx tubular-cam- panulate, glabrous below, its teeth subulate, usu- ally ciliate, one-half as long as the tube or more; corolla glabrous; style occasionally 3-cleft. In wet soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Naturalized from Europe. Lamb- or Brandy-Mint. July-Sept. 3. Mentha citrata Ehrh. Bergamot Mint. (Fig. 3176.) Mentha citrata Ehrh. Beitr. 7: 150. 1792. Perennial by leafy stolons, glabrous throughout; stem weak, branched, decumbent or ascending, i°- 20 long. Leaves petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-or- bicular, obtuse or the upper acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, sharply serrate with low teeth, the larger about 2' long, \'-\x/z' wide; whorls of flowers in terminal dense thick ob- tuse spikes, and commonly also in the "uppermost axils; spikes scarcely more than 1/ long in fruit; calyx glabrous, its teeth subulate, one-half as long as the tube, or longer; corolla glabrous. In wefrsoil, Staten Island, N. Y., and Ohio. Adven- tive from Europe. July-Sept. 120 LABIATAE. [Vol. III. 4. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse Mint. (Fig. 3177.) Mentha spicala var. longifolia Iv. Sp. PI. 576. 1753. Mentha longifolia Huds. Fl. Angl. 221. 1762. Mentha sylveslris L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 804. 1763. Perennial by suckers, canescent or puberulent nearly all over; stems mostly erect, branched, or simple, i°-2}40 bigh. Leaves lanceolate, ovate- lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or very short-petioled, acute at the apex, usually rounded at the base, sharply serrate, I'-g long, w- -\%' wide, sometimes glabrous above; whorls 5. Mentha rotundifolia (L,.) Huds Mentha spicala var. rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753- Mentha rotundifolia Huds. Fl. Angl. 221. 1762. Perennial by leafy stolons, canescent or tomentose-puberulent, somewhat viscid; stems ascending or erect, simple or branch- ed, usually slender, i^°-2^° high. Leaves elliptic, or ovate-oblong, short-petioled, or sessile and somewhat clasping y the sub- cordate or rounded base, obtuse at the apex, crenate-serrate with low teeth, i/-2/ long, 9//-i5// wide, more or less rugose-reticu- lated beneath; whorls of flowers in terminal dense or interrupted spikes which elongate to 2/-4/ in fruit; bracts lanceolate, acumin- ate, commonly shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth setaceous, usually about one- half as long as the tube; corolla puberulent. In waste places, Maine to North Carolina, Texas and Mexico. Called also Apple Mint, Horse Mint, Wild Mint. July-Sept. of flowers in terminal narrow dense or inter- rupted acute spikes, which become 2/-5/ long in fruit; bracts lanceolate-subulate, the lower equal- ling or longer than the flowers; calyx tomentose or canescent, its teeth subulate, one-half as long as the campanulate tube; corolla puberulent. In waste places, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Brook- or Fish-Mint, and formerly Water-Mint. July-Oct. Round-leaved Mint. (Fig. 3178.) 6. Mentha alopecuroides Hull. Woolly Mint. (Fig. 3179.) Mentha alopecuroides Hull. Brit. Fl. 221. 1799. Perennial by suckers, white-woolly; stem stout, leafy, erect or ascending, simple or branch- ed ij4°-2,° high. Leaves broadly oval, sessile, or partly clasping by a subcordate or rarely rounded base, obtuse at the apex, sharply and rather coarsely serrate, pinnately-veined, the lower 2/-3/ long, iJ^-2' wide ; spikes rather thick, dense, stout, obtuse, 2/-3/ long in fruit; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the flowers; calyx- teeth setaceous, one-half as long as the campan- ulate tube, or more; corolla pubescent. Along roadsides, southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. July-Oct. Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY. 121 7. Mentha aquatica L. Water Mint. Fish Mint. (Fig. 3180.) Mentha aquatica L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753. Perennial by suckers, hirsute or pubescent, rarely glabrate; stem stout, erect, leafy, usually branched, i^°-2^° high, its hairs reflexed. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, acute, subacute or the lower obtuse at the apex, rounded, subcor- date or rarely narrowed at the base, sharply ser- rate, the larger i^/-3/ long and nearly as wide; whorls of flowers in terminal dense short thick rounded spikes, and usually also in the upper axils; spikes seldom more than i/ long in fruit; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the flowers; calyx hirsute, its teeth lanceolate-subulate or triangular- lanceolate, one-third to one-half as long as the nearly cylindric tube; corolla sparingly pubescent. In wet places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Aug. -Oct. Corn Mint. 3182.) 1753- 9. Mentha arvensis L,. Field Mint. (Fig. Mentha arvensis L. Sp. PL 577. Perennial by suckers, pubescent or gla- brate; stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6/-2° high, slender. Leaves ob- long-lanceolate, oval or ovate, petioled, acute at the apex or the lower obtuse, creuate-ser- rate with bluntish teeth, mostly narrowed at the base, i/-2^/ long, %'-\f wide, the upper not much smaller than the ower; whorls of flowers all axillary, usually about equalling the petioles; calyx pubescent, campanulate, its teeth triangular, about as long as the width of their base, acute or sometimes ob- tuse, one-third as long as the tube. In dry waste places, New Brunswick, north- ern New York to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Florida/ Also in California and Mexico. Nat- uralized from Europe. Called also Lamb's- tongue and Wild Pennyroyal. July-Sept. 8. Mentha crispa L,. Crisped-leaved, Curled or Cross Mint. (Fig. 3 1 8 1 . ) Mentha crispa L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753. Mentha aquatica var. crispa Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 177- i833- Sparingly pilose pubescent at least at the nodes, petioles and veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves; stem rather weak, usually much branched, i^0-30 long. Leaves distinctly petioled, or the uppermost sessile, ovate in outline, mostly acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, their margins crisped, wavy and incised, or the uppermost merely sharply serrate; whorls of flowers in dense thick rounded terminal spikes, which become i'-iJ^' long in fruit; calyx sparingly pubescent or glabrous, its teeth subulate, more than one-half as long as the campanulate tube; corolla glabrous. In swamps and roadside ditches, southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Aug.-Oct. 122 LABIATAE. [Vol. III. 10. Mentha gentilis L. Creeping or Downy Whorled Mint. (Fig. 3183.) Mentha gentilis L. Sp. PI. 577. 1753- Perennial by suckers; stem rather stout, as- cending or erect, branched, puberulent with short reflexed hairs, i°-2° high. Leaves ovate or oval, short- petioled, sparingly pubescent with scattered hairs on both surfaces, often blotched, pinnately veined, acute at both ends, sharply serrate, the larger il/2/-2/ long, the upper sometimes much smaller than the lower; whorls of flowers all axillary; pedicels glabrous; calyx campanulate, glabrous below, its teeth subulate, ciliate, one-half as long as the tube; corolla glabrous. In waste places and along streams, Maine to northern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Aug. -Oct. 11. Mentha sativa L. Marsh Whorled Mint. (Fig. 3184.) Mentha sativa L- Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 805. 1763. Perennial by suckers; stem ascending, usu- ally widely branched, densely pubescent with sometimes reflexed hairs, i°-3° long. Leaves ovate, short-petioled, pubescent on both sides, acute at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, sharply serrate, the larger i/-2/ long, the upper sometimes much smaller; whorls of flowers all axillary, commonly surpassing the petioles; calyx campanulate, pubescent all over, its tri- angular-subulate teeth one-half as long as the tube; pedicels pubescent or glabrous. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 12. Mentha Canadensis L,. American Wild Mint. (Fig. 3185.) Mentha Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 577- J753- Mentha borealis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 2. 1803. Mentha Canadensis var. glabrata Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 173. 1848. Perennial by suckers; stem more or less pu- bescent with spreading or scarcely reflexed hairs, or glabrate, erect, simple, or branched, usually slender, 6/-2/^° high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, slender- petioled, acute at the apex, or the lower obtuse, sharply serrate, narrowed to a somewhat cuneate acute or obtuse base, glabrous or very sparingly pubescent, the larger 2'-$' long, ^/-i/ wide; whorls of flowers all axillary, often shorter than the petioles; calyx oblong-campanulate, densely or sparingly pubescent all over, its teeth one- fourth to one-third as long as the tube. In moist soil. New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Virginia, Nebraska, New Mexico and Nevada. Variable. Odor like Pennyroyal. July-Oct. Vol. III.] MINT FAMILY. 123 36. COLLINSONIA L. Sp. PI. 28. 1753. Tall perennial aromatic herbs, with large membranous petioled leaves, and terminal loose panicled racemes of small yellowish mostly opposite flowers. Calyx campanulate, short, 10-nerved, 2-lipped, declined in fruit, usually pubescent in the throat; upper lip 3-toothed; lower 2-cleft. Corolla much longer than the calyx, obliquely campanulate, 5-lobed, 4 of the lobes nearly equal, the 5th pendent or declined, fimbriate or lacerate, much larger, appearing like a lower lip. Anther-bearing stamens 2, not declined, much exserted, coiled before anthesis; bases of the filaments connected by a woolly ring; anthers 2-celled, or the sacs at length partially confluent. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets smooth, globose. [Named for Peter Collinson, 1693-1768, an English botanist, and correspondent of Linnaeus.] Two or 3 species, natives of eastern North America. i. Collinsonia Canadensis L,. Horse-balm. Citronella. Rich-weed. (Fig. 3186.) Collinsonia Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 28. 1753. Stem stout, erect or ascending, branch- ed, 2°-5° high, glabrous, or glandular- pubescent above. Leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, obtuse or sometimes cordate at the base, the lower slender-petioled, 6/-io/ long, the upper nearly sessile, much smaller, all coarsely dentate; racemes numerous, in terminal panicles sometimes i° long; pedicels ascending, 3//-6// long in fruit, subulate-bracteolate at the base; flowers lemon-scented; calyx-teeth subulate, those of the lower lip much longer than those of the upper; corolla light yellow, 5//-7// long; anther-bearing stamens 2, the upper pair rudimentary; fruiting calyx promi- nently ribbed, 3//-4// long. In moist woods, Maine and Ontario to Wis- consin, south to Florida and Kansas. Root large, thick, woody. Called also Horse-weed and Stone-root. July-Oct. 37. PERILLA Ard.; L. Gen. PI. Ed. 6, Add. 578. 1764. Annual herbs, with petioled purple or discolored leaves, and small flowers in loose bracted racemes. Calyx campanulate, 10-nerved, 5 cleft, nearly regular in flower, enlarging, declined and becoming 2-lipped in fruit, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, the throat not bearded. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, the throat obliquely campanulate, the limb 5-cleft, the lower lobe slightly the larger. Stamens 4, nearly equal, or the posterior pair shorter, erect, divergent; anthers 2-celled. Style deeply 2-cleft; ovary 4-parted. Nut- lets globose, reticulated. [The native name in India.] One or 2 species, natives of Asia. i. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. Perilla. (Fig. 3187.) Oct mum frutescens L. Sp. PL 597. 1753. Perilla ocimoides L. Gen. Ed. 6, Add. 578. 1764. Perilla frutescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 277. 1894. Purple or purple-green, sparingly pubes- cent; stem stout, erect, much branched, i°-3° high, leafy. Leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, coarsely dentate, 3/-6/ long and nearly as wide; racemes terminal and axillary, many-flowered, 3/-6/ long; pedicels spreading, i)4//-2// long in fruit; calyx minute in flower, much enlarged, gibbous at the base and densely pilose-pu- bescent in fruit; corolla purple or white, \%" long, with a woolly ring within. In waste places, escaped from gardens, south- ern New York to Illinois. Native of India. July-Oct. 124 LABIATAE. [Vol.. III. Perilla frutescens Nankinensis (Lour.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 277. 1894. Dentidia Nankinensis Lour. Fl. Cochin. Ed. Willd. 448. 1793. Perilla ocimoides var. crispa Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 164. 1848. Leaves crisped and incised. Escaped from gardens, New Jersey to West Virginia. 38. ELSHOLTZIA Willd. in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 11:3. 1790. Herbs, with thin mostly petioled leaves, and small or minute clustered flowers, in ter- minal bracted spikes. Calyx campanulate or ovoid, 10-nerved, scarcely oblique, enlarging in fruit, not bearded in the throat, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal. Corolla-tube little longer than the calyx, straight, or a little curved, the limb oblique, or slightly 2-lipped, 4-lobed; upper lobe erect, concave, emarginate, the 3 others spreading. Stamens 4, diver- gent, didynamous, ascending, exserted, the upper pair shorter; anthers 2-celled, or the sacs more or less confluent. Style 2-cleft at the summit. Ovary 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid or ob- long, tuberculate, or nearly smooth. [Named in honor of J. S. Elsholtz, a Prussian botanist.] About 20 species, natives of Asia. i. Elsholtzia Patrinii (Lepech.) Kuntze. Elsholtzia. (Fig. 3188.) Mentha Palri?iiili,epech. Nov. Act. Petrop. 13:336. 1802. E. crista/a Willd. in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 11: 3. 1790. Elsholtzia Patrinii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 517. 1891. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems weak, erect or ascending, at length widely branched, i°-2° high. Leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenate-dentate, l/-3/ long; spikes terminal, very dense, i/-3/ high, about yi' thick; flowers several in the axils of each of the broadly ovate membran- ous green reticulated mucronate bracts; calyx hir- sute, shorter than the bract; corolla i// long, pale purple. Notre Dame du Lac, Temiscouata Co., Quebec. Naturalized from Asia. july-Aug. Family 26. SOLANACEAE Pers. Syn. 1: 214. 1805. Potato Family. Herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical species trees, with alternate or rarely opposite, exstipulate entire dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and perfect regular or nearly regular cymose flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, mostly 5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, rotate, campanulate, funnelform, salverform or tubular, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the tube, all equal and perfect in the following genera, except in Petunia, where 4 are didynamous and the fifth smaller or obsolete; anthers 2-celled, apically or longi- tudinally dehiscent. Disk present, or none. Ovary entire, superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5-celled); ovules numerous on the axile placentae, anatropous or amphitropous; style slender, simple; stigma terminal; fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds numerous, the testa sometimes roughened; embryo terete, spiral, curved, or nearly straight; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons semiterete. About 70 genera and 1600 species, widely distributed, most abundant in tropical regions. •X- Fruit a pulpy berry; corolla plicate, its lobes generally induplicate. Anthers unconnected, destitute of terminal pores, dehiscent. Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated. Fruiting calyx 5-angled and deeply 5-parted; ovary 3-5-celled. 1. Physalodes. Fruiting calyx 5-lobed, not parted, 10-ribbed, often 5-10-angled, reticulated, wholly enclosing the berry; ovary 2-celled. Corolla open-campanulate, yellowish or whitish, often with a dark center; seeds with a thin margin, finely pitted. 2. Physalis. Corolla flat-rotate, violet or purple: seeds thick, rugose -tuberculate. 3. Ouincula. Fruiting calyx somewhat enlarged, but closely fitted to the fruit, thin, obscurely veiny, open at the mouth. Corolla rotate, whitish ; lobes of fruiting calyx much exceeding the berry. 4. Lencoph vsalis. Corolla rotate, whitish, sometimes tinged with purple; fruiting calyx not exceeding the berry. 5. Chamaesaracha. Anthers connivent or slightly connate; fruiting calyx not enlarged. Anthers short or oblong, opening by a terminal pore or short slit in our species. 6. Sold 11 km. Anthers long, tapering from base to summit, longitudinally dehiscent. 7. Lycopersicon. •X- -X- Fruit a nearly dry berry; corolla campanulate, little or not at all plicate, its lobes imbricated. 8. Lycinm. Vol. III.] POTATO FAMILY. 125 ■X- ¥r vr Fruit a capsule ; corolla funnelform. Capsule circumscissile toward the top, which separates as a lid; corolla irregular. 9, Capsule opening' by valves. Capsule generally prickly. 10. Capsule not prickly. Flowers paniculate or racemose; stamens nearly uniform in length. 11. Nicoliana. Flowers solitary; stamens very unequal. 12. Petunia. Hyoscyamus. Dalura. i. PHYSALODES Bpehm. in Ludwig, Def. 42. 1760. [Nicandra Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 219. 1763.] An annual erect branching glabrous herb, with alternate petioled thin sinuate-dentate or lobed leaves, and large light blue peduncled nodding flowers, solitary in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, inuch inflated in fruit, its segments ovate, connivent, cordate or sagittate at the base, strongly reticulated. Corolla broadly campanulate, plicate in the bud, slightly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla near its base; filaments filiform, di- lated and pilose below; anthers oblong, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-5- celled; style slender; stigma 3-5-lobed. Berry globose, nearly dry, enclosed in the calyx. [Greek, Physalis-like.] A monotypic Peruvian genus. i. Physalodes physalodes (L. ) Brit- ton. Apple-of-Peru. (Fig. 3189.) Alropa physalodes L. Sp. PI. 181. 1753. Physalodes Peruvia?ium Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 452. 1891. P. physalodes Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 287. 1894. Stem angled, 2°-5° high. Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate but blunt-pointed, narrowed at the base, 3/-S/ long, \'-\' wide; petioles longer than the peduncles; flowers i/-i}4/ long and broad; corolla-limb almost entire; fruiting calyx i/-i_^/ long and thick, its segments acute at the apex, their basal auricles acute or cuspi- date; berry about %f in diameter, loosely sur- rounded by the calyx. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Nova Sco- tia to Ontario, south to Florida. Adventive from Peru. Plant with the aspect of a large Physalis. Leaves similar to those of Strarnonizim. July-Sept. 2. PHYSALIS L. Sp. PL 182. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes a little woody below, with entire or sinuately toothed leaves. Peduncles slender, in ours solitary from the axils of the leaves. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, 5-angled, or prominently 10-ribbed and reticulate, wholly inclosing the pulpy berry, its teeth mostly connivent. Corolla yellowish or whitish, often with a darker brownish or purplish center, open-campanulate, or rarely campanulate-rotate, plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; anthers oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit. Style slender, somewhat bent; stigma minutely 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flattened, with a thin edge, finely pitted. [Greek, bladder, referring to the inflated calyx.] The number of recognized species is about 50. The actual number is, however, much larger. Two species are of European origin, and about half a dozen are natives of India and Australia, the rest are American; 34 occur in the United States. •X- Annuals with branched fibrous roots. t Plants more or less pubescent (except P. Barbadensis obscura). Fruiting calyx sharply 5-angled, more or less acuminate at the summit and sunken at the base; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) lanceolate or acuminate, as long as the tube or longer. Leaves ovate, oblique, acute or acuminate, subentire at the base; upper part repand or suben- tire; fruiting calyx small and short; stem slender, diffuse, sharply angled. 1. P. pubescens. Leaves cordate, oblique, strongly sinuate to the base; stem stout, obtusely angled; fruiting calyx rounded. 2. P. pruinosa. Leaves cordate, scarcely oblique, more or less abruptly acuminate, acutely reparid dentate; stem tall, acutely angled; fruiting calyx larger, long-acuminate. 3. P. Barbadensis. Fruiting calyx obtusely or indistinctly 5-10-angled; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) triangular, generally shorter than the tube. 4. P. Lagascae. f | Plants glabrous, or the upper part sparingly beset with short hairs, or a little puberulent when young; fruiting calyx obtusely 5-10-angled, not sunken at the base. Corolla yellow, sometimes with the center a little darker but never brown or purple. Peduncles generally much longer than the fruiting calyx; leaves sinuately toothed or subentire. 5. P. lanceifolia. Peduncles scarcely exceeding the fruiting calyx; leaves sharply dentate. 6. P. angitlata. * Text contributed by Mr. P. A. Rydberg. 126 SOLANACEAE. [Vol. III. Corolla yellow, with a brown or purple centre. Peduncles short, scarcely as long as the flowers, which are 5"-8" in diameter; calyx-lobes broadly triangular. 7. P. ixocarpa. Peduncles longer than the flowers, which are 8"-i2" in diameter; calyx-lobes lanceolate-trian- gular. 8. P. Philadelphica. •& vfc- Perennial by rootstocks. t Pubescence not stellate (although in P. pumila of branched hairs). Pubescence on the leaves none, on the upper part of the stem and the calyx sparse and short, if any. Fruiting calyx ovoid, nearly filled by the berry, scarcely sunken at the base. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, usually thin. 8. P. Philadelphica. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear. 9. P. longifolia. Fruiting calyx pyramidal, very much inflated and deeply sunken at the base; leaves broadly ovate, usually coarsely dentate. 10. P. tnac?'Ophysa. Pubescence sparse, consisting of flat, sometimes jointed, and in P. pumila branched hairs; in P. Virginiana sometimes a little viscid. Fruiting calyx ovoid, scarcely angled and scarcely sunken at the base; leaves thick, obovate or spatulate to rhomboid, subentire. Leaves obovate or spatuiate ; hairs all simple. 11. P. lanceolata. Leaves broader, often rhomboid; hairs on the lower surface branched. 12. P. pamila. Fruiting calyx pyramidal, more or less 5-angled and deeply sunken at the base; leaves ovate to lanceolate, generally more or less dentate. 13. P. Virginiana. Pubescence dense, short, more or less viscid or glandular, often mixed with long flat jointed hairs. Leaves large; blade generally over 2' long and more or less cordate. 14. P. heterophylla. Leaves less than 2' long, rounded ovate or rhombic, scarcely at all cordate at the base; calyx, peduncles and younger branches with long white flat and jointed hairs. 15. P. coma/a. Leaves small, i'-i%' in diameter, nearly orbicular, sometimes a little cordate at the base, not coarsely toothed; stem diffuse or prostrate. 16. P. rotundala. t t Pubescence dense, cinereous, beautifully stellate. 17. P. viscosa. i. Physalis pubescens L,. Low Hairy Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3190.) Physalis pubescens L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753. Stem generally diffuse or spreading, much branched, angled, often a little swollen at the nodes, villous-pubescent or sometimes nearly glabrous; leaves thin, i/-2/^/ long, ovate, acute or acuminate, at the base oblique, slightly cor- date and generally entire, upward repand-den- ticulate or entire, pubescent, sometimes becom- ing nearly glabrous except along the veins; peduncles short, i//-2// long, or in fruit about 5//; calyx-lobes narrow but not with a subulate tip; corolla 3//-5// in diameter, yellow with dark centre; anthers usually purplish; fruiting calyx membranous, io//-i5// long, pyramidal, ovoid-acuminate, more or less retuse at the base. In sandy soil, Pennsylvania to Florida and Cali- fornia; also in Mexico, Central and South America and India. Called also Dwarf Cape Gooseberry and Strawberry Tomato. July-Sept. 2. Physalis pruinosa L. Tall Hairy Ground- Cherry. (Fig. 3 191.) Physalis pruinosa L- Sp. 184. 1753. P. pubescens Dunal, in DC. Prod. 13: part 1, 446. 1852. Also American authors in part. Stout, generally erect, and more hairy than the preceding and the two following species; stem obtusely angled, finely villous or somewhat viscid; leaves firm, \yif-&f long, finely pubescent, ovate, cordate, gen- erally very oblique at the base, and deeply sinuately toothed with broad and often ob- tuse teeth; peduncles \,,-2,f long, in fruit about fff\ calyx villous or viscid; lobes as long as the tube, narrow but not subulate- tipped; corolla 2//-4// in diameter; anthers yellow, or tinged with purple; fruiting calyx a little firmer and more pubescent than in the preceding, reticulate, \o"-\^n long, ovoid, cordate; berry yellow or green. In cultivated soil, Massachusetts to Iowa, Missouri and Florida. July-Sept. Vol. III.] POTATO FAMILY. 3. Physalis Barbadensis Jacq. Barbadoes Ground- Cher ry Physalis Barbadensis Jacq. Misc. 2: 359. 1781. Stem stouter than in P. pubesccns, tall and erect or widely spreading, acutely 3-4- angled, pubescent, viscid, or sometimes nearly glabrous; leaves \l/if~ iy2' long, ovate or heart-shaped, acute, or abruptly acuminate, sharply repand-dentate, pubescent with short hairs; peduncles short, i^//-2// long, but in fruit sometimes io//; calyx generally densely viscid- hirsute, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, but not subu- late-tipped; corolla 2^//-5// in diameter; anthers generally purplish; fruiting calyx longer than in the two preceding species, i/-i^/ long, acuminate and reticulate, retuse at the base. Sandy soil, North Carolina, southern Illinois and Mexico, the West Indies and South America. July-Sept. Physalis Barbadensis obscura (Michx. ) Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club. 4: 327. 1896. Physalis obscura Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 149. 1803. Greener; perfectly glabrous, or sometimes minutely pubescent, when it grades into P. Barbadensis proper. The distribution is about the same as that of the species. 4. Physalis Lagascae R. flowered Ground-Cherry. & S. Small- (Fig. 3193.) Physalis Lagascae R. & S. Syst. Veg. 4: 679. 1819. P. minima Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1: 563. 1820. Not L. 1753. Stem spreading, often zigzag, branched, stri- ate, or slightly angled, villous with short hairs. Leaves y^'s}^' long, ovate, oblique and cuneate, obtuse, or cordate at the base, acute but not acuminate, repandor sinuately dentate, hairy, at least on the veins; peduncles }i//-2l/2// long, erect, in fruit 2^//-5// refiexed, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx villous, lobes shorter than the tube, triangular; corolla i-^//-4// in dia- meter, yellow, generally with a dark centre, an- thers generally yellow; fruiting calyx 7//-io// long, round-ovoid, nearly filled by the berry, scarcely sunken or commonly rounded at the base. Native of Mexico, the West and Fast Indies; per- haps only introduced in the United States. Mis- souri and Kansas to Arkansas and Indian Territory. July-Sept. 5. Physalis lanceifolia Nees. Lance- leaved Ground- Cherry. (Fig. 3194.) Physalis lanceifolia Nees, I,innaea, 6: 473. 1831. P. angulata Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Peruv. 2: 43. 1799. Not L. 1753- Erect,generally i}4° high, branched; stem angled, glabrous; leaves in the typical form lanceolate, sub- entire or slightly toothed; calyx cylindrical-cam- panulate, its lobes broadly triangular, shorter than the tube; peduncles filiform, about i/ long, erect with nodding flower, in fruit l%/-2/ long and re- flexed; corolla 3//-4// in diameter, campanulate, yellow, without a dark spot; anthers yellow, more or less tinged with purple; fruiting calyx about io// long, rounded ovoid, indistinctly 10-angled and purple veined, nearly filled by the berry. Illinois to Texas, California and southward. Also in Mexico and Peru. In the eastern plant the leaves are broader than in the typical form, and sometimes with sharper teeth. July-Sept. 128 SOLANACEAE. [Voi,. III. 6. Physalis angulata L. Cut-leaved Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3195.) Physalis angulata I<. Sp. PI. 183. 1753. Erect, i^°-3° high, glabrous; stem angular; leaves ovate, with more or less cuneate base, somewhat sinuately toothed with long-acumi- nate teeth; blades 2/-2}£/ long, on slender peti- oles i/-2/ long, thin, the veins not prominent; peduncles slender, \o"-\$" long, erect, in fruit often reflexed but seldom exceeding the fruiting calyx in length; calyx smooth, lobes triangular to lanceolate, generally shorter than the tube; corolla 2j^//-5// in diameter; anthers more or less purplish tinged; fruiting calyx about 1%' long, ovoid, not prominently 5-10-angled, sometimes purple-veined and at last nearly filled by the yellow berry. In rich soil, North Carolina to Illinois, the Indian 0 s \ i Territory, Texas, Central America, Brazil and the •*■ \i/ West Indies. Also in India. July-Sept. 7. Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Tomatillo. Mexican Ground- Cherry. Straw- berry Tomato. (Fig. 3196.) Physalis ixocarpa Brot.; Horneman, Hort. Hafn. Suppl. 26. 1819. P. aequata Jacq. f.; Nees, I i/-iI4/ in diameter, pyramidal to ovoid-conic, indistinctly 10-angled, deeply sunken at the base; berry small, in the center of the calyx. In rich soil, Texas to Kansas and Arkansas. May- July. ir. Physalis lanceolata Michx. Rare Prairie Ground- Cherry Physalis lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 149. 1803. Physalis Pennsvlvanica var. la?iceolata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 382. 1867. Perennial; rootstock apparently as a rule slender and creeping; stem about ij^° high, first erect, later spreading or diffuse, only slightly angled, sparingly hirsute with flat hairs. Leaves broadly ob- lanceolate or spatulate, tapering into the petiole, acute or obtuse, nearly always entire, rarely wavy, but never sinuately toothed, thickish, sparingly hairy with short hairs; peduncles 5//-io// long, in fruit reflexed; calyx strigose or villous, rarely gla- brous, its lobes triangular-lanceolate; corolla dullish yellow with a brownish center, about S// in diam- eter; fruiting calyx round-ovoid, not sunken at the base, indistinctly 10-angled; berry yellow or green- ish yellow. On dry prairies, common west of the Missouri River, extending eastward to Illinois and the Carolinas. July- Sept. 9 (Fig. 3200.) 13° SOLANACEAE. [Vol.. III. 12. Physalis pumila Nutt. Low Ground- Cherry. (Fig. 3201.) Physalis pumila Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 193- 1834. Physalis lanceolata var. hirta A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 68. 1874. Perennial from a slender rootstock, i^°-3° high; stem obscurely angled. Leaves thick, broadly ovate to oblong, acute at both ends and somewhat rhom- boid, the lower often obtuse and obovate, gener- ally much larger than in the preceding; blades 2/-4/ long, entire or seldom sinuate, on petioles io//-I5// long, strigose with many-branched hairs especially on the lower surface; peduncles 5//-io// long, in fruit refiexed and 1 V,r -2' long; calyx densely hirsute, not stellate-pubescent, its lobes tri- angular, generally a little shorter than the tube; corolla yellow with brown center, S//-io// in diam- eter; fruiting calyx usually more elongated than in the preceding, i^/-2/ long, oblong-ovoid, a little sunken at the base, indistinctly 10-angled. Plains, Missouri to Colorado ana Texas. July-Sept. 13. Physalis Virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground-Cherry Physalis Virginiana Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768. Physalis lanceolata Roem. & Sch. Syst. Veg. 4: 673, and American authors mainly. Not Michx. 1803. Physalis Pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 382. 1867. Not L. 1753. Perennial; rootstock thick and somewhat fleshy; stem i^°-3° high, erect, dichotomously branched, somewhat angular, more or less strigose-hairy with fiat hairs, sometimes a little glandular, or in some forms nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ta- pering to both ends, i>^/-2/^/ long, generally more or less sinuately dentate, often yellowish green; pe- duncles 5//-ro// long, generally erect, in fruit curved but scarcely refiexed; calyx strigose, hirsute, or at least puberulent, its lobes triangular or broadly lan- ceolate, nearly equalling the tube; corolla sulphur- yellow with purplish spots, %'-if in diameter; anthers yellow; fruiting calyx pyramidal -ovoid, 5 -angled, sunken at the base; berry reddish. Rich soil, especially in open places, New York to Mani- toba, Florida and Louisiana. July-Sept. Very variable. Physalis Virginiana intermedia Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 345. 1896. Leaves very thin and subentire, gradually tapering into winged petioles; pubescence young plant somewhat viscid. Perhaps a distinct species. Indiana to Alabama and Texas. Nees. Clammy Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3203.) Physalis viscosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 157. 1814. Not L 1753- Physalis heteropliylla Nees, Linnaea, 6: 463. 1831. Physalis Virginiana A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 235. 1878. Not Mill. 1768. Perennial from a slender creeping rootstock, i}4°-2>° tall, at first erect, later generally decumbent and spreading, viscid and glandular, and villous with long spreading jointed flat hairs; leaves large, blade generally over 2' long, usually broadly cordate, often acute but very rarely with an acumination, thick, more or less sinuately toothed, or sometimes subentire; calyx long- villous, lobes triangular, gen- erally shorter than the tube; corolla 8//-io//in diam- eter, greenish yellow with a brownish or purplish center; anthers mostly yellow; berry yellow. In rich soil, especially where the surface has been disturbed, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Florida, Colorado and Texas. The most common of our species, and extremely variable, perhaps includes several dis- tinct species. in the 14. Physalis heterophylla Vol. III.] POTATO FAMILY. 131 Physalis heterophylla ambigua (A. Gray) Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 349. 1896. Physalis Virginica var. ambigua A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 65. 1874. Physalis Virginiana var. ambigua A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 235. 1878. Physalis ambigua Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 287. 1895. Tall and generally upright, very long-villous, scarcely at all viscid; flowers commonly larger; anthers mostly purplish. Vermont to Iowa and Tennessee. Physalis heterophylla nyctaginea (Dunal) Rydberg; Chapman, Fl. S. States, Ed. 3, 324. 1897. Physalis obscura Torr. Fl. N. & M. U. S. 233. 1824. Not Michx. 1803. Physalis nyctaginea Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 1, 440. 1852. Leaves usually dark green and of a firm texture, more or less acuminate at the apex, often sub entire, and pubescent mainly on the veins of the lower surface. Rhode Island to Iowa and Louisiana. Physalis Peruviana L. , a native of South America, is cultivated for its fruit in all warm and temperate regions, and often escapes. It resembles P. heterophylla, but differs in the leaves, which have a long distinct acumination, and in the pubescence, which is shorter, denser, and not at all viscid. Known as Cape Gooseberry, Strawberry Tomato, Peruvian Ground Cherry and Husk Tomato. 15. Physalis comata Rydberg. Hillside Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3204.) Physalis comata Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 306. 1895. Perennial, erect, about 1%° high; pubescence fine and short, that on the calyx, peduncles and upper branches mixed with long white flat jointed hairs. Like P. heterophylla Nees {P. Virginiana Gray, not Mill. ), but leaves smaller, blade not over 2' long, round-ovate, scarcely at all cordate at the base, about 2' long, thin, somewhat repand-dentate, or nearly entire; petioles as long as the leaves; peduncles as long as the fruiting calyx, or longer; corolla greenish yellow, with brown center, 6//-io// in diameter; fruiting calyx of thin texture, round- ovoid, somewhat 10-angled, scarcely sunken at the base. Hillsides of Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and Texas. Rare. 16. Physalis rotundata Rydberg. Round-leaved Ground- Cherry. (Fig. 3205.) Physalis hederaefolia Holzinger, Cont. U. S. Nat. Heib. 1: 212. 1892. Not Gray. Physalis rotundata Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 352. 1896. Diffuse and spreading, zigzag, generally dicho- tomously much branched, from a perennial rootstock, densely and finely viscid-pubescent, usually more glandular than the preceding. Leaves nearly orbicular with more or less cordate base, i/-i%/ in diameter, with small teeth; peti- oles short, more or less winged; peduncles short, in fruit scarcely more than half the length of the calyx; corolla 8" in diameter, greenish yellow with a brownish center; fruiting calyx ovoid, slightly angled, scarcely sunken at the base. Dry plains, South Dakota to Texas and New Mex- ico. July-Sept. 132 SOLANACEAE. [Vol.. III. 17. Physalis viscosa L,. Stellate Ground- Cherry. (Fig. 3206.) Physalis viscosa I,. Sp. PI. 183. 1753. Physalis Pennsylvanica L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1670. 1763. Perennial from a slender creeping rootstock ; stems slender, creeping, with a dense ashy stellate pubes- cence, or in age rarely glabrate. Leaves elliptic, oval or ovate, obtuse, thinish, entire or undulate, in the typical South American form often cordate at the base, but rarely so in our plant; peduncles yi'- 1/ long; calyx stellate-pubescent, its lobes triangular, generally shorter than the tube; corolla greenish yel- low with a darker center, 8//-io// in diameter; fruit- ing calyx io//-I5// long, round-ovoid, scarcely sunken at the base; berry orange or yellow. On sea beaches, or in sand near the coast, Virginia (?); North Carolina to the Argentine Republic. Physalis Alkekengi L-, Strawberry Tomato, Winter Cherry, is a native of Europe and Asia, often cultivated for its fruit and sometimes escaped from cultivation. The flowers are whitish, limb more distinctly 5-lobed; leaves broadly deltoid, acute at both ends, repand or angulately toothed. 3. QUINCULA Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832. A low and diffuse somewhat scurfy herb, with a stout perennial root. Leaves from sinu- ate to pinnatifid, somewhat fleshy. Peduncles most commonly in pairs from the axils of the leaves, sometimes solitary, or in fascicles of 3-5. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit in- flated, sharply 5-angular and reticulate, enclosing the fruit, the lobes connivent. Corolla flat-rotate, pentagonal in outline, veiny, violet or purplish. Anthers opening by a longitud- inal slit. Seeds comparatively few, kidney-shaped, somewhat flattened, with thick margins, rugose-tuberculate. [Name unexplained.] A monotypic genus of central North America. i. Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. Purple- flowered Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3207.) Physalis lobata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 226. 1827. Quinctila lobata Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832. Perennial, low, spreading or prostrate, more or less scurfy-puberulent; stem obtusely angled and striate, much branched. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate to oblong, sinuately toothed, or pinnatifid with rounded lobes, or rarely subentire, cuneate at the base, thickish and veiny, tapering into margin- ed petioles; peduncles \'-i' long, in fruit reflexed; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the tube; corolla purplish, \o"-\$" in diameter; anthers yel- low, tinged with purple; fruiting calyx about as wide as long, sharply 5-angled, sunken at the base. On high plains, Kansas to California and Mexico. May-Sept. 4. LEUCOPKYSALIS Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 365. 1896. A tall erect viscid and villous annual, with entire leaves, the blade decurrent on the petiole. Peduncles generally in fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, at first a little inflated, but soon filled by and closely fitted to the berry, thin, neither an- gled nor ribbed, faintly veiny, open at the mouth, the lobes exceeding the fruit. Corolla rotate, white, sometimes tinged with purple and generally creamy or yellow in the center, the limb plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments long and slender; anthers oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit. Style and stigma as in Physalis. Seeds kid- ney-shaped, flattened, punctate. [Greek, white Physalis.'] A monotypic genus of northern North America. Vol. in.] POTATO FAMILY. 133 i. Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Rydberg. Large White-flowered Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3208.) Physalis grandiflora Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: GO. 1834. Leucophysalis grandiflora Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 366. 1896. Erect, tall, lj^°-3° high; stem some- what angled, striate, more or less villous. Leaves large, 4/-8/ long, ovate to lanceo- late-ovate, generally acute and entire, somewhat decurrent on the petiole, more or less villous and viscid, especially on the veins of the lower surface; peduncles sev- eral from each axil, short, %'-%' long, villous; calyx villous; lobes lanceolate, equalling the tube; corolla large, \%'- \yzr in diameter, rotate, white with a more or less yellowish center; filaments slender; anthers short, yellow, often tinged with purple; fruiting calyx ovoid, early filled by the berry. Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence val- ley to Saskatchewan and Minnesota; accord- ing to Gray, "springing up in new clearings. " May-July. 5. CHAMAESARACHA A. Gray, Bot. Cal. i: 540. 1876. Perennials, with entire to pinnatifid leaves, the blade decurrent on the petiole. Pedun- cles solitary, or in fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5 lobed, in fruit some- what enlarged, but not bladdery-inflated, close-fitting to the berry, thin, not angled nor ribbed, and faintly if at all veiny, open at the mouth, not exceeding the berry. Corolla rotate, white or cream-colored, often tinged with purple, the limb plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments long and slender; anthers oblong, opening by longitu- dinal slits; style and stigma as in Physalis. Seeds kidney-shaped, flattened, rugose-favose or punctate. [Ground-Sarac/ia, the latter a genus named in honor of Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine botanist.] An American genus, consisting of half a dozen species, natives of Mexico and the southwest- ern United States. Pubescence dense, puberulent and hirsute. i. Pubescence sparse, puberulent or stellate, hirsute (if at all) only on the calyx. 2. C. conioides. C. Corotwpus. i. Chamaesaracha conioides (Moricand) Britton. Hairy Chamaesaracha. (Fig. 3209.) Solatium conioides Moric. ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 1, 64. 1852. Chamaesaracha sordida A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 540. 1876. Chamaesaracha conioides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 287. 1895. Much branched from a perennial base, at first up- right, at length spreading, cinereous-puberuleot with short branched somewhat glutinous or viscid hairs, generally also viscidly hirsute or villous with long and branched hairs, especially on the calyx; leaves ob- lanceolate to obovate-rhombic, usually acutish and tapering into a short petiole, generally deeply lobed, but varying from subentire to pinnatifid; calyx lobes triangular, generally acutish; corolla about l/2' in diameter, white or ochroleucous, or sometimes violet- purplish; berry 2y2f,-\,/ in diameter. In dry clayey soil, southern Kansas to California and Mexico. May-Sept. 134 SOLANACEAE. [Vol,. III. 2. Chamaesaracha Coronopus (Dunal) A. Gray. Smoothish Chamae- saracha. (Fig. 3210.) Solatium Coronopus Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 1, 64. 1852. C. Coronopus A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 540. 1876. Branched and diffuse from a perennial base; stem obtusely angled; pubescence on the stem and leaves more or less roughish pruinose or stellate, often scarcely any; on the calyx stellate or sometimes hirsute. Leaves linear or lanceo- late, tapering at the base, more or less sinuately lobed, occasionally subentire, sometimes pin- natifid; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; corolla white or ochroleucous, the appendages of the throat often protuberant; berry 2-^//-4// in diameter, nearly white. In clayey soil, Kansas to Utah, California and Mexico. Variable. May-Sept. 6. SOLANUM L. Sp. PI. 184. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent, sometimes climbing. Flowers cymose, umbel- liform, paniculate, or racemose, white, blue, purple, or yellow. Calyx campanulate or rotate, mostly 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the tube very short. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short; anthers linear or oblong, acute or acuminate, connate or connivent into a cone, the cells dehiscent by a term- inal pore, or sometimes by a short introrse terminal slit, or sometimes also longitudinally. Ovary usually 2-celled; stigma small. Berry mostly globose, the calyx either persistent at its base or enclosing it. [Name, according to Wettstein, from so/amen, quieting.] About 900 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in tropical America. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western United States. ■X- Glabrous or pubescent herbs, not prickly. Plants green; pubescence simple, or some of it stellate; flowers white. Leaves repand or entire; ripe berries black. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; ripe berries green. Plant silvery stellate-canescent; flowers violet. •Jf -X- Stellate-pubescent and prickly herbs. Berry not enclosed by the calyx; perennials. Hirsute; leaves ovate or oblong, sinuate or pinnatifid. Densely silvery-canescent; leaves linear or oblong, repand or entire. Pubescent; leaves ovate, 5-7-lobed. Berry invested by the spiny calyx; annuals. Plant densely stellate-pubescent; corolla yellow. Plant glandular-pubescent, with few stellate hairs; corolla violet. -X- -X- -X- Climbing vine, not prickly; leaves hastate or 3-lobed. i. Solanum nigrum L,. Black or Garden Nightshade. Morel. (Fig. 3211.) Solanum nigrum L. Sp. PI. 186. 1753. Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent with simple hairs, green; stem erect, branched, i°-2^° high. Leaves ovate, petioled, more or less inequi- lateral, i/-3/long, entire, undulate, or dentate, thin, acute, acuminate or acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base; peduncles lateral, umbel- lately 3-10-flowered, >2/-i>^/ long; pedicels 3//~7// long; flowers white, 4//-5// broad; calyx-lobes ob- long, obtuse, spreading, much shorter than the corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; filaments somewhat pubescent; anthers obtuse; berries black when ripe, smooth and glabrous, globose, 4//-5// in diameter, on nodding peduncles. In waste places, commonly in cultivated soil, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Texas. Widely distributed in nearly all countries as a weed. Called also Duscle, Hound's-berry. July-Oct. 1. 2. 4- .S. nigrum. S. trifloriim. S. elaeagnifolium. 3. 5. Carolinense. 4. 5". elaeagnifolium. 5. S. Torreyi. 6. 5". rostratum. 7. 5". heterodoxum. 8. 5". Dulcatnara. Vol. III.] POTATO FAMILY 2. Solanum trifldrum Nutt. Cut- leaved Nightshade. (Fig. 3212.) Solatium triflorum Nutt. Gen. 1: 128. 1818. Annual, sparingly pubescent with simple hairs, or glabrous; stem branched, i°-3° high. Leaves pinnatifid, or some of them pinnately lobed, acute at the apex, petioled, i'-\' long, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, entire or dentate, the sinuses rounded; peduncles lateral, 1 -3 -flowered, ffl-i' long; pedicels 3//~7// long, reflexed in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, shorter than the corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla white, 4//~5// broad; anthers obtuse; berries green when mature, globose, smooth and glabrous, about 5" in diameter. On prairies and in waste places, western Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to Nebraska and Arizona. May-Oct. 3. Solanum Carolinense Horse-Nettle. (Fig. 3213.) Solanum Carolinense L- Sp. PI. 184. 1753. Perennial, green, finely stellate-pubescent with 4-8-rayed hairs; stem erect, branched, i°-4° high, the branches, petioles, midveins and sometimes the lateral veins of the leaves armed with straight subulate yellow prickles. Leaves oblong or ovate, repand, lobed, or pin- natifid, 2/-6/ long, the lobes obtuse or acutish; petioles 3//-io// long; flowers cymose-race- mose, appearing terminal, but really lateral, as is manifest in fruit; pedicels 3//~7// long, recurved in fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, about one-half the length of the corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; anthers elongated; berries orange-yellow, smooth and glabrous, 8//-io// in diameter. In dry fields and in waste places, southern On- tario to Connecticut and Florida, west to Illinois, Nebraska and Texas. Called also Apple of Sodom. May-Sept. 4. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. Silver-leaved Nightshade. (Fig. 3214.) 5". elaeagnifolium Cav. Icon. 3: 22. pi. 24J. 1794. Perennial, densely and finely stellate-pubes- cent, silvery-canescent all over; stem branched, i°-3° high, armed with very slender sharp prick- les, or these wanting. Leaves lanceolate, ob- long, or linear, petioled, \'-\' long, ^"-xi" wide, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, repand-dentate or entire; flowers cymose, 8//-i2// broad, violet or blue; peduncles short and stout, appearing terminal, but soon evidently lateral; calyx- lobes lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, acute; anthers linear; ovary white- tomentose; berries globose, yellow or darker, smooth and glabrous, 4//-6// in diam- eter. On dry plains and prairies, Kansas to Texas and Arizona. May-Sept. SOLANACEAE. [Vol. III. 5. Solanum Torreyi A. Gray. Torrey's Nightshade. (Fig. 3215.) SI Torreyi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 44. 1862. Perennial, hoary with a stellate pubescence of 8-12-rayed hairs, more or less armed with small subulate prickles. Leaves ovate in outline, 3'- 6' long, sinuately 5-7-lobed, the lobes entire or undulate, obtuse; cymes appearing terminal, soon evidently lateral, branched, loosely several- flowered; flowers showy, large; calyx-lobes ovate, abruptly long-acuminate, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla violet, i/-i>^/ broad, its lobes ovate, acute; berry globose, smooth and glabrous, \' or more in diameter, yellow when ripe. On dry plains and prairies, Kansas to Texas. 6. Solanum rostratum Dunal. Sand Bur. Beaked Nightshade. (Fig. 3216.) Solatium rostratum Dunal, Sol. 234. pi. 24. 1813- Solanum heterandrum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 156. fit. 7. 1814. Annual, densely stellate-pubescent with 5-8-rayed hairs, usually copiously armed with yellow subulate prickles; stem erect, branch- ed, \°-2%° high. Leaves ovate or oval in outline, irregularly pinnately 5-7-lobed or l-2-pinnatifid, 2/-5/ long, petioled, the lobes mostly oblong, obtuse; flowers racemose, yellow, about x' broad; racemes lateral; pedi- cels stout, 3//-6// long, erect both in flower and fruit; calyx densely prickly, surround- ing and wholly enclosing the berry, the prickles becoming as long as the fruit, or longer; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate; corolla about 1/ broad, slightly irregular, its lobes ovate, acute; stamens and style de- clined, the lowest stamen longer with an incurved beak; fruit, including its prickles, i' in diameter or more. On prairies, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico. Occasional in waste places as a weed, Ontario to New Jersey, adventive from the west. May-Sept. The original food of the Colorado beetle or potato-bug. 7. Solanum heterodoxum Dunal. Melon-leaved Nightshade. (Fig. 3217.) Solanum heterodoxum Dunal, Sol. 235. pi. 25. 1813. Solanum citrnllifolium Braun, Ind. Sem. Frib. 1849. Annual, glandular-pubescent, or a few 4-5-rayed hairs on the leaves, copiously armed with slender yellow subulate prickles, diffusely branched, i°-3°' high. Leaves irregularly bipinnatifid, resembling in outline those of the watermelon, 2/-6/ long; racemes lateral, several-flowered; flowers I'-ljS^' broad, violet; stamens and style declined; lowest anther violet, larger than the four other yellow ones; corolla somewhat irregular, its lobes ovate, acuminate; fruit similar to that of the preceding species. In dry soil, Kansas (according to Smyth), toTexasr Mexico and New Mexico. July-Sept. Vol. III.] 8. Solanum Dulcamara L. POTATO FAMILY. 137 Nightshade. Blue Bindweed. Fellonwort. Bittersweet. (Fig. 3218.) Solanum Dulcamara L> Sp. PI. 185. 1753. Perennial, pubescent with simple hairs or gla- brate, stem climbing or straggling, somewhat woody below, branched, 2°-8° long. Leaves petioled, ovate or hastate in outline, 2/-4/ long, \'-7.y2' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, usually slightly cordate at the base, some of them entire, some with a lobe on one side near the base, some deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided, with the terminal segment much the largest; cymes compound, lateral; pedicels slender, articulated at the base, spreading or drooping; flowers blue, purple, or white, 5//-7// broad; calyx-lobes short, oblong, obtuse, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla deeply 5-cleft, its lobes triangular- lanceolate, acuminate; berry oval or globose, red. In waste places or in moist thickets, sometimes appearing as if indigenous, New Brunswick to Min- nesota, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Kansas. May- Sept. Old names are Woody Night- shade, Poison-flower, Poison- or Snake-berry. Nat- uralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Solanum triquetrum Cav., a Texan and Mexican nearly glabrous herb, scarcely climbing, with somewhat ridged stems, 3-lobed deltoid-cordate or hastate leaves, lateral few-flowered cymes and globose red berries, is reported from Kansas. 7. LYCOPERSICON Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 7. 1759. Annual, or rarely perennial, coarse branching or feebly climbing herbs, with 1-2-pinnately divided leaves, and lateral irregular raceme-like cymes of small yellowish flowers opposite the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, or rarely 6-parted, the segments linear or lanceolate. Corolla rotate, the tube very short, the limb 5-cleft or rarely 6-cleft, plicate. Stamens 5 (rarely 6), inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments very short; anthers elongated, connate or connivent, introrsely longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled; style simple; stigma small, capitate. Berry in the wild plants globose or pyriform, much modified in cultivation, the calyx persistent at its base. [Greek, wolf-peach. ] About 4 species, natives of South America- i. Lycopersicon Lycopersicon (L. ) Karst. Tomato. Love Apple. Cherry Tomato. (Fig. 3219.) Solatium Lycopersicum 1,. Sp. PI. 185. 1753. L. esculentum Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8. 1768. Lycopersicum Lycopersicum Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 966. 1880-83. Viscid-pubescent, much branched, i°- 30 high, the branches spreading. Leaves petioled, pinnately divided, 6/-i8/ long, the segments stalked, the larger 7-9, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, dentate, lobed or again divided, 2/-4/ long, with several or numerous smaller, sometimes very small ones interspersed; clusters sev- eral-flowered; peduncles i/-3/ long; flow- ers 5//-8// broad; calyx-segments about equalling the corolla; berry the well- known tomato or love-apple. Escaped from cultivation and occasionally spontaneous from southern New York and Pennsylvania southward. June-Sept. 8. LYCIUM L. Sp. PI. 191. 1753. Shrubs, or woody vines, often spin}-, with small alternate entire leaves, commonly with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and white greenish or purple, axillary or terminal, soli- 133 SOIvANACEAE. [Vol,. III. tary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanulate, 3-5-lobed or -toothed, not enlarged in fruit, persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnelform, salverform, or campanulate, the tube short or slender, the limb 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5 (rarely 4), exserted, or included; filaments filiform, sometimes dilated at the base; anther sacs longi- tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Berry glo- bose, ovoid, or oblong. [Named from the country Lycia. ] About 75 species, widely distributed in temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, introduced from Europe, some 17 native species occur in the western parts of North America. i. Lycium vulgare (Ait. f. ) Dunal. Matrimony Vine. Box-thorn. (Fig. 3220.) Lycium Barbarum var. vulgare Ait. f. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 2:3. 1811. Lycium vulgare Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 1, 509. 1852. Glabrous, spiny or unarmed; stems slender, climb- ing or trailing, branched, 6°-25° long, the branches somewhat angled, the spines, when present, slender, about %.' long. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or spatu- late, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed into short petioles, firm, /^/-i^/ long, 2//-4// wide; flowers 2-5 together in the axils, or solitary; peduncles fili- form, spreading, 6//-i2// long; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, or obtuse, iy2f/ long; corolla funnelform, pur- plish changing to greenish, 4//-6// broad, its lobes ovate-oblong; stamens slightly exserted; berry oval, orange-red. In thickets and waste places, escaped from gardens, Ontario to Virginia, west to Minnesota and Kansas. Introduced from Europe. May- Aug. 9. HYOSCYAMUS L. Sp. PL 179. 1753. P'rect coarse viscid-pubescent narcotic annual biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and large nearly regular flowers, the lower solitary in the axils, the upper in a more or less i-sided spike or raceme. Calyx urn-shaped or narrowly campanulate, 5-cleft, striate, enlarged and enclosing the capsule in fruit. Corolla funnel- form, the limb somewhat oblique, 5-cleft, the lobes more or less unequal, spreading. Stamens declined, mostly exserted; filaments filiform; anthers oblong or ovate, their sacs longitudi- nally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, circum- scissile above the middle. [Greek, hog-bean.] About 15 species, natives of the Mediter- ranean region. i. Hyoscyamus niger L,. Black Henbane. Hog's-bean. (Fig. 3221.) Hyoscyamus niger L,. Sp. PI. 179. 1753. Annual or biennial, villous and viscid, of an ill odor; stem stout, i°-2^° high. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or oblong in out- line, 3/-7/ long, acute or acuminate at the apex, sessile, or the upper clasping the stem, irregularly lobed, cleft or pinnatifid; flowers very short-pedicelled, i/-2/ broad; calyx- lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla greenish-yellow, strongly reticulated with purple veins, its lobes ovate, obtusish; capsule globose-oblong, about 5" high. In waste places. Nova Scotia to Ontario, New York and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Fetid Nightshade, In- sane-root, Belene, Chenile. June-Sept. Vol.. III.] POTATO FAMILY. 10. DATURA L-. Sp. PI. 179. 1753. 139 Annual or perennial erect tall branching narcotic herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, with alternate petioled entire sinuate-dentate or lobed leaves, and large solitary erect short-peduncled white purple or violet flowers. Calyx elongated-tubular or prismatic, its apex 5-cleft or spathe-like, in the following species circumscissle near the base which is per- sistent and subtends the globose ovoid prickly capsule. Corolla funnelform, the limb plaited, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, acumipate. Stamens included or little exserted; filaments filiform, very long, inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled; style filiform; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved from the top, or bursting irregularly. [The Hindoo name, dhatura.] About 12 species, of wide geographic distribution. The following are introduced weeds. Glabrous or very sparingly pubescent; leaves lobed, calyx prismatic. Stem green; flowers white; lower prickles of the fruit shorter. i. D. Stramonium. Stem purple; flowers lavender or violet; prickles about equal. 2. D. Tatula. Finely glandular-pubescent; leaves entire; calyx tubular. 3. D. Metel. i. Datura Stramonium L,. Stramonium Thorn-Apple. (Fig. Jamestown or Jimson-weed. 3222.) Datura Stramonium L- Sp. PI. 179. 1753- Annual, glabrous or the young parts spar- ingly pubescent; stem green, stout, i°-5° high. Leaves thin, ovate in outline, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 3/-8/ long, irregularly sinuate- lobed, the lobes acute; petioles 1/-4/ long; flowers white, about 4/ high, the limb i^'- 2/ broad; calyx prismatic, less than one-half the length of the corolla; capsule ovoid, densely prickly, about i' high, the lower prickles commonly shorter than the upper. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas. Natur- alized from tropical regions, probably from Asia. June-Sept. Called also Fire-weed, and Dewtry. 2. Datura Tatula L,. Purple Thorn- Apple. Purple Stramonium. (Fig. 3223.) Datura Tatula L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 256. 1762. Similar to the preceding species but us- ually a little more pubescent; stem com- monly more slender, i°-5° high, purple; leaves almost like those of D. Stramonium, but rather darker green or with a tinge of purple; flowers about \' high, the limb about 2f broad, lavender colored or violet, or the tube nearly white; capsule densely prickly, all the longer prickles about equal. In fields and waste places, Ontario to Min- nesota, south to southern New York, Florida and Texas. Naturalized from tropical America. May-Sept. 140 SOLANACEAE. 3. Datura Metel L,. [Voi,. III. Entire-leaved Thorn-Apple. (Fig. 3224.) Datura Metel L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753. Annual, densely and finely glandular-pu- bescent; stem stout, much branched, 4°-8° high. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at the apex, inequilateral, rounded or subcordate at the base, 4/-io/ long, entire or merely undu- late; petioles i'-$f long; flowers white, 6' -7' high, the limb 3/-4/ broad; calyx tubular, about one-half as long as the corolla; capsule globose or ovoid-globose, obtuse, prickly and pubescent, i'-i^' in diameter. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Rhode Island to Florida. Native of tropical America. July-Sept. n. NICOTIANA L,. Sp. PI. 180. 1753. Annual or perennial viscid-pubescent acrid narcotic herbs or shrubs, with large alternate entire or slightly undulate leaves, and rather large white yellow greenish or purplish flowers, in terminal, often bracted, racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate or ovoid, 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform, salverform, or nearly tubular, the tube usually longer than the limb, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments fili- form; anthers ovate or oblong, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2 -celled (rarely 4- celled); style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, or sometimes 4-valved at the sum- mit. Seeds very numerous, small. [Named for John Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who sent some species to Catherine de Medici, about 1560.] About 50 species, mostly natives of America. the southern and western United States. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in Corolla 1' long, the tube cylindric; calyx-lobes triangular. Corolla 4'-6' long, the tube very slender; calyx-lobes linear. i. Nicotiana rustica L,. Wild Tobacco. (Fig. 3225.) Nicotiana rustica L. Sp. PI. 180. 1753. Annual; stem rather slender, 2°-4° high. Leaves broadly ovate, thin, entire, slen- der-petioled, 2/-8/ long, i/-6' wide; peti- oles yz'sYz' long; flowers greenish-yel- low, about 1/ long, panicled; pedicels 3//-6// long, rather stout; calyx lobes broadly triangular, acute, shorter than the tube; corolla-tube cylindric, some- what enlarged above, the lobes short, ob- tuse, slightly spreading; capsule globose, glabrous, about 5" in diameter, 2-valved, longer than the calyx. In fields and waste places, escaped from gardens, Ontario to Minnesota, south to south- ern New York and Florida. Cultivated by the Indians. Leaves greenish when dry. June-Sept. 1. N. rustica. 2. N. longiflora. Vol.. III.] POTATO FAMILY. 141 (Fig. 3226.) 2. Nicotiana longifldra Cav. Long-flowered Tobacco Nicoliana longiflora Cav. Descr. PI. 106. 1802. Annual, minutely rough- puberulent and viscid; stem erect, slender, branched, i%°-2>° high. Basal leaves ovale-lanceolate (or broadly oblanceolate), ob- tuse, 6'-io' long, i/-3/ wide, tapering into slender winged petioles; stem leaves linear or lanceolate, ses- sile, 2/~4/long; flowers in terminal racemes, short-pedi- celled, 4/-6/ long; calyx oblong, pubescent, its narrow lobes nearly as long as the tube; corolla white or pur- plish, viscid, the tube slender, i//-ij^// in diameter, expanding above, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; capsule oblong, about equalling the calyx-lobes. Near Harrisburg and Easton, Pa. Escaped from gar- dens. Native of South America. Aug.-Oct. 12. PETUNIA Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris, 2: 215. pi. 47. 1803. Viscid-pubescent annual or perennial branching herbs, with entire leaves, and axillary orterminal soli- tary white violet or purple flowers (in cultivation sometimes variegated). Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5 parted, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the limb plicate, spreading, slightly irregular. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, 4 of them didynamous, perfect, the fifth smaller or obsolete; filaments slender; anthers ovoid, 2- lobed. Disk fleshy. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; style filiform; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves entire. Seeds small, the testa rugose. [Petun, an Indian name of tobacco.] About 12 species, natives of South America. Corolla white, its tube cylindric. Corolla violet-purple, its tube campanulate. Petunia axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P. White Petunia. Nicotiana axillaris Lam. Encycl. Petunia nyctaginiflora Juss. Ann. 47. f. 2. 1803. Petunia axillaris B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 38. 1888. Very viscid; stem stout, about i° high. Leaves ovate to obovate, obtuse or blunt- pointed at the apex, sessile, or the lower narrowed into short margined petioles, 3'- 4/ long, i/-2/ wide; peduncles slender, 2/-4/long, often longer than the leaves; calyx-segments linear-oblong, obtuse; corolla white, its tube cylindric, slightly en- larged above, i/-i>^/ long, 3-4 times as long as the calyx, its limb abruptly spreading, about 2/ broad, the lobes rounded. In waste places, escaped from gardens, southern New York and Pennsylvania. Native of southern Brazil. July- Sept. I. I. 2 p. p. axillaris violacea. (Fig- 3227.) 4: 480. 1797. Mus. Paris, 2: 215. pi. 2. Petunia violacea Lindl. Violet Petunia. (Fig. 3228.) Petunia violacea L,indl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1626. 1833. Similar to the preceding species, but usually rather lower, and the stem slender. Leaves ovate or obovate, all but the uppermost petioled, mostly obtuse, i/-2>£/ long; peduncles slender, i/-2/ long; calyx-segments linear, subacute, or obtuse; corolla violet-purple, its tube campanu- late, 9//-i5// long, the limb less abruptly spread- ing, i'-iJ^' broad, the lobes subacute. In waste places, escaped from gardens, southern New York and Pennsylvania. Native of southern Brazil and Paraguay. June-Sept. Petunia parviflora Juss., a prostrate pubescent an- nual, v^ith small linear to spatulate leaves, and a funnelform corolla 4"-5" long, is.abundant on bal- last about the eastern seaports. 142 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [VOL. III. Family 27. SCROPHULARIACEAE L,indl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 288. 1826. FlGWORT Family. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite or alternate exstipulate leaves, and perfect mostly complete and irregular flowers (corolla wanting in one species of Synthyris). Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided, or some- times split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or segments valvate, imbricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 2-lipped, or nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous, or nearly equal, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs equal, or unequal, or sometimes confluent into one. Disk present or obsolete. Pistil 1, entire or 2-lobed; ovary superior, 2-celled, or rarely i-celled; ovules mostly numerous, rarely few, anatropous or amphitropous, borne on axile placentae; style slender, simple; stigma entire, 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit mostly capsular and septi- cidally or loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous, the testa reticulated, pitted, striate, ribbed, or nearly smooth; endosperm fleshy; embryo small, straight or slightly curved; cotyledons little broader than the radicle. About 165 genera and 2500 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions. 1. Anther-bearing stamens 5 ; corolla rotate ; leaves alternate. 1. Verbascum. 2. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4 ; leaves opposite, verticillate or alternate. vc Corolla spurred, saccate or gibbous on the lower side at the base. Corolla spurred at the base. Leaves palmately 3-5-veined. 2. Cymbalaria. Leaves pinnately veined. Flowers solitary in the axils. 3. Elatinoides, Flowers in terminal racemes. 4. Linaria. Corolla saccate or gibbous at the base. 5- Antirrhinum. rk -K- Corolla neither spurred, saccate nor gibbous on the lower side, t Anther-bearing stamens 4, the fifth sterile or rudimentary. Sterile stamen a scale adnate to the upper side of the corolla. 6. Scrophularia. Sterile stamen elongated, longer or shorter the than others. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, the lobes of the lower lip flat. Sterile stamen shorter than the others; seeds winged. 7. Chelone. Sterile stamen about equalling the others; seeds wingless. 8. Pentstemon. Corolla 2-cleft, declined; middle lobe of the lower lip conduplicate. 9. Collinsia. | f Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, or 2 sterile, or 2 only. a. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; large Asiatic tree. 10. Paalozunia. b. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; herbs; corolla 2-lipped; stamens not enclosed in upper lip of corolla. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. 11. Mimulus. Calyx 5-paited, not prismatic. Calyx-segments equal; leaves pinnatifid in our species. 12. Conobea. Calyx-segments unequal, the upper one the largest. 13. Monniera. C. Stamens 4, 2 anther-bearing and 2 sterile, or 2 only; corolla obviously 2-lipped. Calyx 5-parted ; upper lip of corolla present. Sterile filaments short or none. 14. Gratiola. .Sterile filaments slender, 2-lobed. 15. Ilysanthes. Calyx 4-toothed; upper lip of corolla obsolete; low mud plant. 16. Micranthemum. d. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla nearly regular; flowers on scapes. 17. Limosella. e. Stamens 2 only; corolla rotate, salverform, tubular, or none. Leaves alternate; flowers spicate; corolla 2-3-lobed or none. 18. Wulfenia. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or verticillate; corolla 4-lobed. Corolla rotate; capsule obcordate or emarginate, compressed. 19. Veronica. Corolla tubular- funnelform; capsule ovoid, not compressed. 20. Leptandra. f. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla campanulate, salverform or funnelform, scarcely 2-lipped. Leaves alternate; flowers in 1 -sided racemes. 21. Digitalis. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. Corolla salverform; flowers in a long spike. 22. Buchnera. Corolla campanulate or funnelform. Stamens nearly equal; calyx-lobes as long as the tube. 23. Afzelia. Stamens strongly didynamous, unequal; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. Anthers awned at the base ; corolla yellow. 24. Dasystoma. Anthers awnless; corolla purple, pink or rarely white. 25. Gerardia. g. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. Ovules several or numerous; capsule many-seeded. Anther-sacs dissimilar, the inner one pendulous by its ap;x; leaves mostly alternate. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower. 26. Castilleja. Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer than the lower. 27. Orthocarpus. Anther-sacs similar and parallel; leaves mostly opposite. Calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, 5-toothed. 28. Schzcalbea. Calyx not bracteolate, 4-5-toothed, or cleft or split. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, its margins recurved; calyx4-cleft. 29. Euphrasia. Margins of the upper lip of the corolla not recurved. Calyx scarcely or not at all inflated in fruit; galea entire. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft; capsule straight. Seeds spreading, numerous. 30. Bartsia. Voi.. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 143 Odontites. Pedicularis. Rhinanlhus. Melampyrum. Seeds pendulous, few. 31 Calyx split on the lower side or on both sides; capsule oblique. 32 Calyx ovoid, much inflated and veiny in fruit. 33 Ovules only 1 or 2 in each cell of the ovary; capsule 1-4-seeded; leaves opposite. 34. i. VERBASCUM I,. Sp. PI. 177. 1753- Biennial or rarely perennial, mostly tall and erect herbs, with alternate dentate pinnati- fid or entire leaves, and rather large yellow purple red or white flowers, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. or 5-parted. Corolla flat-rotate or slightly con- cave, 5-lobed, the lobes a little unequal, the upper exterior, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, unequal, all anther-bearing; filaments of the 3 upper stamens, or of all 5, pilose; anther-sacs confluent into one. Ovules numerous; style dilated and flattened at the summit. Capsule globose to oblong, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded, the valves usually 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds rugose, not winged. [The Latin name of the great mullen; used by Pliny.] About 125 species, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, another is naturalized in the western United States. Plants densely woolly; flowers in dense terminal spikes, or spike-like racemes. Leaves strongly decurrent on the stem. i. V. Thapsus. Leaves not decurrent, or but slightly so. 2. V. phlomoides. Leaves white-tomentose beneath; flowers in large terminal panicles. 3. V. Lychnitis. Plant glabrous or sparingly glandular; flowers racemose. 4. V. Blattaria. i. Verbascum Thapsus L-. Great Mullen. Velvet or Mullen Dock. (Fig. 3229.) Verbascum Thapsus L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753. Erect, stout, simple or with some erect branches, densely woolly all over with branched hairs; stem 2°-7° high, wing-angled \>y the bases of the decurrent leaves. Leaves oblong, thick, acute, narrowed at the base, dentate or den- ticulate, 4/-i2/ long, the basal ones borne on mar- gined petioles; flowers yellow, 8//-i2// broad, sessile, numerous in dense elongated spikes rarely branched above; stamens unequal, the three upper shorter with white hairy filaments and short anthers, the two lower glabrous or nearly so with larger anthers; capsule about 3// high, slightly longer than the woolly calyx. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Minne- sota, Florida and Kansas. Often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Among some 40 English names are Hedge-, Hig- or High-taper, Candlewick, Cow's Lungwort, Aaron's- rod or -flannel, Feltwort, Hare's-beard, Jacob's-, Jupiter's- or Peter's-staff, Ice-leaf, Torches, Plannel- or Blanket-leaf, Woolen, i. e., Mullen. June-Sept. 2. Verbascum phlomoides L. Clasping-leaved Mullen. (Fig. 3230.) Verbascum phlomoides L- Sp. PI. 1194. 1753- Stem rather stout, usually simple, i°-4° high. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, crenate, crenulate, or entire, woolly-tomen- tose on both sides, sessile or somewhat clasping, or slightly decurrent on the stem, or the lower often petioled with truncate or subcordate bases; flowers yellow, or cream-color, i/ broad or more, usually in a solitary elongated tomentose spike-like ra- ceme; pedicels clustered, shorter than the calyx; stamens as in V. Thapsus; capsule 4//-5// long,exceeding the tomentose calyx. Eastern Massachusetts. Adventive or fugi- tive from Europe or eastern Asia. June-Aug. 144 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol III. 3. Verbascum Lychnitis L,. White Mullen. (Fig. 3231.) Verbascum Lychnitis L- Sp. PI. 177. 1753. Stem angled, rather stout, paniculatelv branched above, 2°-4%° high, densely covered, as well as the lower surfaces of the leaves, with a white canes- cent nearly stellate pubescence. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate, 2/~7/ long, the upper acute, sessile, but not decurrent on the stem, the lower obtuse or acute at the apex and narrowed into margined petioles; flowers in a large terminal panicle, racemose on its branches, white or cream-color, 5//-6// broad, nearly sessile; pilose hairs of the 3 shorter filaments white; capsule about 2" high, equalling or exceeding the calyx. In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Reported from Kansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. Its down once used for lighting, hence Lichnitis, lamp. 4. Verbascum Blattaria L. Moth Mullen. (Fig. 3232.) Verbascum Blattaria L. Sp. PI. 178. 1753. Stem erect, strict, slender, terete, glabrous or sparingly glandular-pubescent, usually quite sim- ple, 2°-6° high. Leaves oblong, ovate or lan- ceolate, dentate, laciniate, or pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, the upper j4/-2yi/ long, truncate or cordate-clasping at the base, the lower and basal ones sessile or somewhat petioled, sometimes i° long, seldom present at flowering time; raceme i°-2° long, loose; pedicels spreading, ]4.f-\' long, bracted at the base; corolla yellow or white, about i/ broad, with brown marks on the back; filaments all pilose with violet hairs; capsule depressed-glo- bose, 3// in diameter, longer than the calyx. In fields and waste places, Quebec to Florida, west to Minnesota and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Nov. Said to repel the cockroach (Blatla), whence the name Blattaria ; frequented by moths, hence Moth Mullen. 2. CYMBALARIA Medic. Phil. Bot. 2: 70. 1791. Perennial creeping or spreading herbs, with long-petioled, mostly lobed, palmately veined leaves, and solitary axillary white to violet flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular, 2- lipped, short-spurred; upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed; throat nearly or quite closed by the palate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included, the filaments filiform. Style very slender. Capsule dehiscent by 2 terminal 3-toothed pores. Seeds numerous, small. [From the Greek for cymbal.] About 9 species, natives of the Old World. i. Cymbalaria Cymbalaria (L.) Wettst. Kenilworth or Coliseum Ivy. (Fig. 2333.) Antirrhinum Cymbalaria L- Sp. PI. 612. 1753- Linaria Cymbalaria Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 17. 1768. Cymbalaria Cymbalaria Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl. Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891. Perennial, glabrous; stem trailing, branched, often ' rooting at the nodes, 3/-i2/ long. Leaves slender-peti- oled, reniform-orbicular, palmately 3-5-veined, 3-5- lobed, }i'-\' in diameter, the lobes broad and obtuse; petioles usually as long as the blade; flowers axillary, solitary, blue or lilac, 4//-5// long; peduncles slender, recurved, shorter than the petioles; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute; palate yellowish; capsule globose, several-seeded; seeds rugose, wingless. Waste places and roadsides, adventive from Europe, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and in seaport ballast. Other English names are Ivy-leaved Toadflax, Ivy-weed, Climbing or Roving Sailor, Aaron 's-beard, Wandering Jew, Mother-of-thousands,Oxford-weed, Pennywort. June-Aug. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 145 1. E. spur/a. 2. E. Elatine. (Fig. 3234.) 3. ELATINOIDES Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891. [Elatine Moench, Meth. 524. 1794. Not L. 1753.] Mostly annual spreading or creeping herbs, with pinnately veined, short-petioled entire toothed or lobed leaves, and solitary axillary white yellow or variegated flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular, spurred, 2-lipped, the throat closed by the palate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments filiform. Capsule subglobose, or ovoid, opening by 1 or 2 terminal slits, pores, or valves. Seeds nu'merous, ovoid, mostly rough or tubercled. [Greek, resembling Elatine.] About 25 species, natives of the Old World. Leaves ovate-orbicular, cordate or rounded at the base. Leaves hastate. i. Elatinoides spuria (L.) Wettst. Round-leaved Toad-Flax. Antirrhinum spurium L. Sp. PI. 613. 1753. I.niaria spuria Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 15. 1768. Elatinoides spuria Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b. 58. 1891. Annual, pubescent all over; stems prostrate, branch- ed or simple, 3 '-2° long. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-orbicular, entire, or sometimes dentate, mu- cronulate at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, ^'-I'in diameter; petioles i//-2// long; flowers soli- tary in the axils, small; peduncles filiform, very pubescent, often much longer than the leaves; calyx- segments ovate, acute at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, one-half as long as the corolla; corolla yellowish with a purple upper lip, the spur curved, about as long as the tube; capsule subglobose, shorter than the calyx; seeds rugose, not winged. In waste places and ballast, southern New York to North Carolina. Adventive from Europe. This and the next called also Cancerwort and Female Fluellin. June- Sept. 2. Elatinoides Elatine (L.) Wettst. Sharp- pointed Fluellin or Toad- Flax. (Fig. 3235.) Antirrhinum Elatine L. Sp. PI. 612. 1753. Linaria Elatina Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 16. 1768. Elatinoides Elatine Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b. 58. 1891. Annual, pubescent; stems prostrate, usually branched, slender, 6r-2° long. Leaves short-peti- oled, ovate, Yz'-i' long, acute or acutish at the apex, triangular, hastate, truncate, or subcordate at the base, the basal auricles divergent, acute; petioles \,f- 3" long; flowers solitary in the axils, about 3" long; peduncles filiform, glabrous, or somewhat hairy, usu- ally longer than the leaves; calyx-segments narrow- ly lanceolate, acute; corolla yellowish, purplish be- neath, its spur slender, straight, declined; capsule subglobose, shorter than the calyx; seeds wingless. In sandy waste places, Canada; New York to North Carolina. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Canker-root. June-Sept. 4. LINARIA Juss. Gen. PI. 120. 1789. Herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with alternate entire dentate or lobed leaves, or the lower and those of sterile shoots opposite or verticillate, and yellow white blue purple or variegated flowers, in terminal bracted racemes or spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, spurred at the base, or the spur rarely obsolete, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, covering the lower in the bud, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate often nearly closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included; filaments and style filiform. Capsule ovoid or globose, opening by 1 or more mostly 3-toothed pores or slits below the summit. Seeds numerous, wingless or winged, angled or rugose. [Latin, linum, flax, which some species resemble.] About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the Old World. Besides the following, another occurs in southern Florida. The corolla, especially the terminal one of the raceme, occasionally has 5 spurs and is regularly 5-lobed, and is then said to be in the Peloria state. 10 146 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. Flowers yellow, 8"-i5" long. Leaves linear; flowers I2"-I5' Leaves lanceolate; flowers 8"- Flowers blue to white, 3"-6" long. Spur of corolla filiform, curved; native species. Spur of corolla short, conic; European adventive species. ' long; seeds winged. -10" long; seeds wingless. 1. L. Linaria. 2. L. genistaefolia. 3. L. Canadensis. 4. L. repens. i. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. Ranstead. Butter-and-Eggs. Yellow Toad-Flax. (Fig. 3236.) Antirrhinum Linaria L. Sp. PI. 616. 1753. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. S. no. 1. 1768. Linaria Linaria Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 947. 1880-83. Perennial by short rootstocks, pale green and slightly glaucous; stems slender, erect, very leafy, gla- brous, or sparingly glandular-pubescent above, simple or with few erect branches, i°-3° high. Leaves linear, sessile, entire, acute at both ends, mostly alternate, %/-iy2/ long, i//-ij^// wide; flowers densely race- mose, light yellow, \f-\%' long, the spur of the erect corolla somewhat darker, the palate orange-colored; pedicels 2//~4// long, nearly erect; calyx-segments ob- long, acutish, about i}4// long; spur subulate, nearly as long as the body of the corolla; middle lobe of the lower lip shorter than the other two; capsule ovoid, the seeds rugose, winged. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Virginia and Nebraska. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Native also of Asia. June-Oct. Called also Bride- weed, Flaxweed, and Eggs and Bacon. Widely distributed intemperate regions as a weed. 2. Linaria genistaefolia (L.) Mill. Broom- leaved Toad-Flax. (Fig. 3237.) Antirrhinum genistaefolium L. Sp. PI. 616. 1753- Linaria genistaefolia Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 14. 1768. Similar to the preceding species but more glaucous and usually paniculately branched; stem rather stout, i°-3° high; leaves lanceolate, sessile, i/-3>^/ long, 2//-6// wide, acute or acuminate at the apex; flowers yellow, loosely racemose, 8//-io// long; pedicels short; spur of the corolla nearly as long as the tube; capsule ovoid; seeds wingless. Sparingly established on the northern part of New Vork Island; station now nearly or quite obliterated. Natural- ized or adventive from continental Europe. June-Aug. 3. Linaria Canadensis (L.) Dumont. Blue or Wild Toad-Flax. (Fig. 3238. ) Antirrhinum Canadense L. Sp. PI. 618. 1753. Linaria Canadensis~DwxnonX., Bot. Cult. 2: 96. 1802. Biennial or annual, glabrous, green, sometimes flesh}'; flowering stems erect or ascending, very slender, simple, or branched, 4/-2j4° high, the sterile shoots spreading or procumbent, very leafy. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, \,f-\§" long, ^//-i// wide, entire, sessile, those of the sterile shoots, or some of them, usually opposite; flowers 3//-4// long, in slender long racemes; pedicels 2//~3// long, erect and appressed in fruit, minutely bracted at the base; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, about as long as the capsule; spur of the corolla filiform, curved, as long as the tube or longer; palate a white convex 2-ridged projection; capsule opening by 2 apical valves, each valve becoming 3-toothed; seeds angled, wingless. In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota, Oregon, Texas and California. Also in Central and South America. A dwarf form with no corolla'is frequent. May-Sept. Voi,. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 147 4. Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Pale- blue Toad-Flax. (Fig. 3239.) Antirrhinum repens L- Sp. PI. 614. 1753. Linaria repens Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8. no. 6. 1768. Linaria striata DC. Fl. France, 3: 586. 1805. Glabrous, perennial by a horizontal or creeping rootstock; stem erect, or the base decumbent, 8/-30/ high, usu- ally branched, the branches slender. Leaves linear, entire, short-petioled or sessile, ^4/-2/ long, i//-2// wide, nar- rowed to both ends, the lower crowded, sometimes whorled, the upper more scattered; flowers in slender terminal elongating racemes; pedicels 2//-5// long; bracts narrowly linear, acute; corolla nearly white, but striped with blue or purple, about 6//r long; spur short, conic; capsule subglobose; seeds wrinkled, wingless. Newfoundland, and in ballast about the Atlantic seaports. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 5. ANTIRRHINUM L. Sp. PI. 612. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, or the lower and those of sterile shoots opposite, and mostly large red purple yellow or white flowers, in terminal racemes, or soli- tary in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, gib- bous, or saccate, but not spurred at the base, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate nearly or quite closing the throat. Sta- mens 4, didynamous, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the summit. Style filiform. Capsule ovoid or globose, opening by chinks or pores below the summit. Seeds numerous, oblong, truncate, rugose or smooth, not winged. [Greek, nose-like] About 40 species, natives of Europe, Asia and western North America. Besides the following introduced species, some 18 others inhabit the western United States. Flowers i'-i'A' long; cal3'x-segments ovate, much shorter than the corolla. Flowers 5"~7" long; calyx-segments linear, as long as the corolla. 1. A. majus. 2. A. Orontium. i. Antirrhinum majus L. Great Snap- Lion' s-mouth. (Fig. 3240.) dragon. Antirrhinum majus L- Sp. PI. 617. 1753. Perennial, glabrous below, usually more or less glandular-pubescent above; stem branched or simple, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, lin- ear or oblong-lanceolate, entire, short-peti- oled, acute at both ends, rather firm, glabrous, i/-3/ long, i//-5// wide; flowers racemose, pur- plish-red (of a variety of colors in cultivated forms), i'-i^' long; pedicels rather stout, 3"- 6// long, erect in fruit; calyx-segments oval to ovate, obtuse, 2//~3// long; capsule obliquely ovoid, 4//-5// high, opening by 2 pores just be- low the summit or at length apically 2-valved, much longer than the calyx. In waste places, sparingly escaped from gar- dens in the Atlantic States. Adventive from Eu- rope. Other English names are Rabbit's Mouth, Bonny Rabbits, Calf-snout, Dragon's- Tiger's- Dog's- or Toad's-mouth, Bulldogs. June-Sept. 148 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. 2. Antirrhinum Orontium L,. Lesser Snapdragon. (Fig. 3241.) Antirrhinum Orontium L- Sp. PI. 617. 1753- Annual, glabrous or pubescent; stem erect, simple, or branched, slender, about i° high. Leaves narrowly linear, or the lower linear- spatulate, almost sessile, narrowed at both ends, i/-2/ long, i//-2// wide; flowers soli- tary in the upper axils, purple, mostly dis- tant, 5//-7// long; peduncles shorter than the flowers; calyx-segments linear, somewhat unequal, as long as the corolla, elongated in fruit so as much to exceed the pubescent capsule. In fields and waste places, New England and New York. Also on Vancouver Island. Ad- ventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. 6. SCROPHULARIA I,. Sp. PI. 619. 1753. Perennial strong-smelling herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with mostly opposite large leaves, and small purple greenish or yellow proterogynous flowers, in terminal pani- cled cymes or thyrses. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments or lobes mostly obtuse. Corolla irregular, the tube globose to oblong, not gibbous nor spurred at the base, the limb 5-lobed, the 2 upper lobes longer, erect, the lateral ones ascending, the lower spreading or reflexed. Stamens 5, 4 of them anther-bearing and didynamous, declined, mostly included, their anther-sacs confluent into one, the fifth sterile, reduced to a scale on the roof of the corolla tube. Style filiform; stigma capitate or truncate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehis- cent. Seeds rugose, not winged. [Named for its repute as a remedy for scrofula.] About 120 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in southern Europe. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the western United States. Corolla dull outside; sterile stamen deep purple. 1. S. Marylandica. Corolla shining outside; sterile stamen greenish yellow. 2. 5. leporella. i. Scrophularia Marylandica L. Maryland Figwort, Heal-all or Pilewort. (Fig. 3242.) Scrophularia Marylandica L,. Sp. PI. 619. 1753. Scrophularia nodosa var. Marylandica A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 258. 1878. Glabrous below, somewhat glandular-pu- bescent above; stem slender, 4-angled with grooved sides, usually widely branched, erect, 3°-io° high. Leaves membranous, slender-petioled, usually puberuleut beneath, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the base, 3/-i2/ long; flowers greenish-purple, 3//-4// long, very numerous in the nearly leafless thyrses; bractlets mostly opposite, pedicels slender, ascending, 4//-i2// long; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about the length of the tube; corolla green, dull without, brownish purple and shining with- in, little contracted at the throat, the two lateral lobes slightly spreading, the upper lip erect, its lobes short, rounded; capsule sub- globose, with a slender tip; sterile stamen deep purple. In woods and thickets, New York to Kansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. The ranges of this and the following species are not yet definitely deter- mined. July-Sept. Vol. hi. J FIGWORT FAMILY. 149 2. Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. Hare Figwort. (Fig. 3243.) Scrophularia leporella Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 317. 1896. Stem puberulent below, viscid-glandular above, sharply 4-angled with flat sides, 3°-8p tall, simple, or somewhat branched. Leaves short- petioled, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, but some- times subcordate, glabrous on both sides when mature, usually iucised-dentate, 2/-io/ long; flowers 4//-5// long, in elongated narrow thyrses; bractlets mostly alternate; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, or acute; corolla contracted at the throat, green to purple and shining without, dull within, the two lateral lobes erect; lobes of the upper lip often narrowly oblong; sterile stamen greenish yellow; capsule ovoid-conic. In woods and along roadsides, Connecticut to Minnesota, Virginia and Nebraska. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 7. CHELONE L,. Sp. PL 611. 1753. Perennial, mostly glabrous branched or simple herbs, with opposite serrate petioled leaves, and large white red or purple flowers, in terminal and axillary dense spikes. Calyx 5-parted, bracted at the base, the segments ovate or lanceolate. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip concave, emarginate or entire, exterior in the bud; lower lip spreading, woolly within, 3-lobed, its lateral lobes sometimes longer than the middle one. Stamens 5, included, 4 of them antheriferous, didynatnous, the fifth sterile, smaller; filaments slender, woolly; anthers woolly, cordate. Style filiform; stigma small, capitate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, compressed, winged. [Greek, tortoise, the head of which the corolla resembles.] Three species, natives of eastern North America. Corolla white; bracts not ciliolate. i. C. glabra. Corolla red or rose-purple; bracts ciliolate. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. 2. C. obliqua. Leaves ovate, acuminate; mountain plant. 3. C. Lyoiii. i. Chelone glabra L. Snake- head. Turtle-head. (Fig. 3244.) Chelone glabra L- Sp. PI. 611. 1753. Stem slender, erect, obtusely 4-sided, simple or sometimes branched, strict, i°- 30 high, the branches erect. Leaves lan- ceolate, sharply serrate with low ap- pressed teeth, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, short-petioled, 3/-6/ long, %/-i%/ wide, the principal veins about 10 on each side of the mid vein; flow- ers white or faintly pink, about i' long; bracts glabrous, not ciliolate; calyx-seg- ments ovate-oblong,obtuse; capsule ovoid, obtuse, about y2' high, twice as long as the calyx. In swamps and along streams, Newfound- land to Florida, west to Manitoba and Kansas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Called also Shell-flower, Cod-head, Bitter- herb and Balmony. Lower leaves sometimes broadly oval. July-Sept. SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol.. III. 2. Chelone obliqua L. Red Turtle-head. (Fig. 3245.) Chelone obliqua L- Syst. Ed. 11, no. 4. 1767. Stern slender, ascending, i°-2° high, usually branched, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong, or broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled, sharply serrate with somewhat spreading teeth, or laciniate, 2/-6/ long, iZ' wide; petioles 2//-6// long; principal veins about 10 on each side; flowers red or rose- purple, about i/ long; bracts and calyx-seg- ments ciliolate and usually puberulent; capsule similar to that of the preceding species. In wet thickets and along streams, Virginia to Illi- nois, south to Florida. July-Sept. 3. Chelone Lyoni Pursh. Lyon's Turtle- head. (Fig. 3246.) Chelone Lyoni Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 737. 1814. Stem slender, erect or nearly so, simple or branched, i°-3° high. Leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base; 3/-7/ long, \'-\' wide, usually slender-petioled, sharply serrate with divergent teeth, the principal veins 8-10 on each side; flowers red or rose-purple, about i/ long; bracts and calyx-segments ciliolate and puberulent. In swamps and wet thickets, mountains of Virginia (?) ; North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia. July-Sept. 8. PENTSTEMON Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 511. 1789. Perennial herbs, mostly branched from the base only, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves, or the upper occasionally alternate, and large, usually showy, blue purple red or white flowers, in terminal thyrses, panicles, or racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, more or less enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 5, included, 4 of them antheriferous and didynam- ous, the 5th sterile, as long as or shorter than the others; anther-sacs divergent orcounivent. Style filiform; stigma capitate. Capsule ovoid, oblong, or globose, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, angled or even, wingless. [Greek, five stamens.] About 100 species, natives of North America and Mexico. • ■5f More or less pubescent or glandular, at least the calyx and pedicels. Corolla \'i'-ili' long; leaves entire, serrate, or denticulate. Stem pubescent or puberulent nearly or quite to the base. Thyrsus open, panicle-like. Corolla densely bearded in the throat: stem leaves lanceolate. Corolla scarcely bearded in the throat; stem leaves ovate. Thyrsus narrow, raceme-like or spike-like. Corolla-tube abruptly enlarged; sterile filament densely woolly. Corolla-tube gradually enlarged; sterile filament slightly bearded. Only the inflorescence, or pedicels, or calyx pubescent. Thyrsus open, panicle-like. Stem leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate. Corolla white, abruptly enlarged, i'-i1/' long. Corolla purplish, gradually enlarged, 8"-io" long. Stem leaves linear-lanceolate. Thyrsus narrow, interrupted; calyx viscid. Corolla 2' long, the tube much enlarged above; leaves dentate. ■X- -X- Completely glabrous throughout, mostly glaucous. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, ovate, obovate, or orbicular. Stem leaves rounded, clasping; flowers 2' long. Stem leaves acute or acuminate; flowers o/'-is" long. Corolla c/'-io" long; stem leaves lanceolate. Corolla I'-xM.' long; stem leaves mostly oblong. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; flowers densely thyrsoid. Rracts lanceolate, small; flowers 6"-8" long. Bracts ovate, acuminate, large; flowers 1' long or more. 1. P. hirsutus. 2. P. canescens. P. cristatus. P. albidus. 5. P. Digitalis. 6. P. Pentstemon. 7. P. gracilis. 8. P. tubiflorus. 9. P. Cobaea. 10. P. grand ijl or its. 11. 12. 13- 14. P. acuminatum. P. g I abet: P. angustifolius. P. Haydeni. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 151 1. Pentstemon hirsutus (L,.) Willd. Hairy Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3247.) Chelone hirsuta L. Sp. PI. 6n. 1753. P. pubescens Soland. in Ait.Hort. Kevv. 3: 360. 1789. Pentstemon hirsutus Willd. Sp. PL 3: 227. 1801. Stem slender, erect, downy nearly or quite to the base, i°-3° high. Leaves puberulent or glabrous, denticulate or the uppermost ■entire, the basal oblong or ovate, obtusish at the apex, i'-^/?.' long, yz'-i' wide, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile, lanceolate, mostly acuminate, sessile or slightly clasping; inflorescence thyrsoid, rather loose, glandular- pubescent; pedicels mostly short; corolla pur- plish or violet, the tube gradually dilated above, 2-grooved on the lower side, about io// long, the throat nearly closed by the villous palate -at the base of the lower lip; sterile filament densely bearded for about one-half its length. In dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario and Manitoba, south to Florida, Minnesota and Texas. May-July. 2. Pentstemon canescens Britton. Gray Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3248.) Pentstemon laevigatus var. canescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 2: 30. 1890. P. canescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 291. 1894. Densely and finely canescent or puberulent, or the leaves sometimes nearly glabrous; stem rather stout, i°-3° high. Leaves denticulate, the lower and basal ones oval, obtuse, nar- rowed into long margined petioles, the next 1 or 2 pairs contracted below the middle and somewhat fiddle- shaped, $'-& long, the upper ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, clasping; thyrsus elongated, open, glandular-pubescent, leafy -bracted below; pedicels very short; calyx- segments lanceolate, acuminate; corolla purple or nearly white, about i/ long, slightly or not at all bearded in the throat; sterile filament slightly bearded for about one-third its length; capsule ovoid, glabrous, longer than the calyx. In dry woods, Virginia.West Virginia and North Carolina, in and near the mountains. May-June. 3. Pentstemon cristatus Nutt. Crested Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3249.) Pentstemon cristatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 52. 1818. Puberulent below, glaudular-villous and vis- cid above; stem rather stout, leafy, S'-iS' high, Leaves firm, entire or repand, the lower and basal ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 2/-4/ long, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile or somewhat clasping, acute or acuminate; thyrsus dense, narrow, leafy -bracted; flowers almost sessile; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, villous when young; corolla about i/ long, rather abruptly dilated above, red or pur- ple, its lower lip villous within; sterile filament densely long-bearded. On plains, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to Nebraska and Nevada. May-July. SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. 4. Pentstemon albidus Nutt. White- flowered Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3250.) Pentstemon albidus Nutt. Gen. 2: 53. 1818. Stem puberulent below, densely glandular- pubes- cent above, rather stout, 6/-io/ high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblong, obtusish, mostly entire, the upper lanceolate or oblong, sessile, den- ticulate, acute or acuminate, i^/-2^/ long, 3//-6//' wide; thyrsus narrow, raceme-like, leafy-bracted, interrupted; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate,, viscid, one-half as long as the corolla-tube; corolla white or nearly so, 8//-io// long, funnelform, the tube gradually dilated upward, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed, the lobes spreading; sterile fila- ment slightly bearded with short hairs. On dry plains, South Dakota to Colorado, Nebraska and Texas. June-Aug. 5. Pentstemon Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Foxglove Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3251.) Chelone Digitalis Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2: pi. 120. 1825-27. Pentstemon Digitalis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)S: 181. 1833-37. ... Pentstemon laevigatas var. Digitalis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 268. 1878. Glabrous, except the glandular-pubescent in- florescence; stem rather stout,2°-5° high. Lower and basal leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acut- ish, entire or repand, 2/-7/ long, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves ovate, lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, sessile and more or less cordate-clasping at the base, acuminate, sharply denticulate; thyrsus open, many-flowered; pedi- cels i//~3// long; calyx-segments lanceolate; corolla white, i'-iX' long, the tube abruptly dilated, the limb moderately 2-lipped, the throat open; sterile filament bearded above. In fields and thickets, Maine and New York to Illinois, south to Virginia and Arkansas. Doubtless escaped from cultivation in its northeastern range. May-July. 6. Pentstemon Pentstemon (L,.) Britt. Smooth Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3252.) Chelone Pentstemon L- Sp. PL Ed. 2, 850. 1763. Pentstemon laevigatas Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 300. 1789. Pentstemon Pentstemon Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 291. 1894. Glabrous, except the somewhat glandular- pubescent inflorescence; stem slender, 2°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, 3/-5/ long, narrowed into mar- gined petioles, denticulate; upper leaves ses- sile or slightly clasping, acute, oblong, or lanceolate, denticulate; thyrsus open, usually many-flowered; flowers nearly sessile; calyx- segments lanceolate, acute, short; corolla purple or purplish, 8//-io// long, the tube gradually enlarged above, the throat wide open, scarcely or not at all bearded; sterile filiment thinly bearded for about one-half its length, or more densely bearded above. In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Flor- ida, west to Kentucky and Louisiana. Occa- sionally escaped from cultivation further east. May-July. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 153 (Fig. 3253.) 7. Pentstemon gracilis Nutt. Slender Beard-tongue Penlsiemon gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 52. 1818. Glabrous or very nearly so up to the glandu- lar-pubescent inflorescence; stem slender, strict, 6/-i8/ high. Basal and lower leaves linear-ob- long or spatulate, mostly obtuse, denticulate, or entire, i/-3/ long, narrowed into margined peti- oles; upper leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate or the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate, denticu- late; thyrsus open, several-mauy-flowered; pedi- cels 2//-4// long; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla purple, 9//-i2// long, its tube gradually enlarged above, its throat wide open; sterile filament bearded for about one-half its length; capsule one-third longer than the calyx. On moist prairies, Manitoba to Minnesota and Missouri, west to the Northwest Territory and Colorado. May-July. 8. Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Fun- nelform Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3254.) Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 181. 1833-37- Glabrous, except the viscid-pubescent calyx and pedicels; stem slender, strict, 2°-3^° high, leafless above. Leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceo- late, i/-4/ long, obtusish or acute, the basal narrowed into broad margined petioles, the upper sessile or clasping, entire or merely un- dulate; thyrsus narrow, interrupted, the clusters several-flowered; pedicels i//-3// long, calyx- segments ovate, acuminate, short, striate-nerved; corolla nearly funnelform, white or purplish, less than i/ long, nearly as broad when ex- panded, its tube gradually enlarged, the limb nearly equally five-lobed, the lobes spreading; sterile filament short bearded above; capsule ovoid, acute, about twice as long as the calyx. In moist soil, Missouri and Kansas to Arkansas. May-July. 9. Pentstemon Cobaea Nutt. Cobaea Beard- tongue. (Fig. 3255. ) Pentstemon Cobaea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (11)5:182. 1833-37. Stem stout, densely and finely pubescent be- low, glandular- pubescent above, i°-2° high. Leaves oblong to ovate, firm, 3/-5/ long, den- tate, the lower mostly glabrous and narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile or cordate-clasping, usually pubescent; thyrsus short, several-many-flowered, open; flowers about 2/ long; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, 5//-7// long; corolla purple, puber- ulent without, glabrous within, its tube narrow up to the top of the calyx, then abruptly di- lated and campanulate, the limb obscurely 2- lipped, the lobes short, rounded, spreading; sterile filament sparingly bearded; capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent, reticulate-veined, as long as the calyx. On dry prairies, Kansas to Texas. May-July. 154 SCROPHULARIACKAK. [Vol. III. io. Pentstemon grandiflorus Xutt. L,arge- flowered Beard-tongue. (Fig.3256.) P. grandiflorus Nutt. in Fras. Cat. 1813. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stem stout, 2°-4° high. Leaves all entire and ob- tuse, the basal ones obovate, narrowed into broad petioles, those of the lower part of the stem sessile, oblong or oval, \/-2l/4./ long, the upper nearly orbicular, cordate-clasping, shorter; thyrsus open, leafy-bracted, the bracts orbicular, cordate; pedicels 2//-6// long; flowers nearly 2' long; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, 3//-4// long; corolla laven- der-blue, the tube rather abruptly dilated above the calyx, the limb somewhat 2-lipped; sterile filament incurved, villous and capitate at the summit; capsule acute, 8//-io// high, three times as long as the calyx. On prairies, Illinois to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to Kansas. June-Aug. 11. Pentstemon acuminatus Dougl. Sharp-leaved Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3257. ) Pentstemon acuminatus Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 12S5. 1829. Glabrous and glaucous; stem rather stout, strict, 6'-2° high, leafy. Leaves firm, entire, the lower and basal ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse or acute, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile or clasping, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2/-3/ long; thyrsus narrow, sometimes i-sided, usually, leafy-bracted below; pedicels becoming 4//-8// long in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, 2//-3// long; corolla blue, q/'-io" long, its tube rather gradually dilated, the limb 2-lipped; sterile filament bearded along the dilated sum- mit; capsule acute, twice as long as the calyx. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Nebraska and Texas, west to Oregon and New Mexico. May-Aug. 12. Pentstemon glaber Pursh. Large Smooth Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3258.) Pentstemon glaber Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 738. 1814. Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; stem ascend- ing or erect, rather stout, leafy, i°-2° high. Leaves entire, firm, the basal and lower ones narrowed into petioles, the middle ones ob- long or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, the upper lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, scarcely clasping; thyrsus narrow', elongated, densely many-flowered; pedicels 3//-7// long in fruit; calyx segments ovate-lanceolate, scari- ous margined, abruptly acuminate, 3//-4// long, their margins commonly eroded; corolla blue or purple, i/-ij^/ long, rather abruptly ex- panded above the calyx, the limb somewhat 2- lipped, the lobes rounded; sterile filament bearded at the slightly enlarged summit; cap- sule narrowly ovoid, acute, about twice as long as the calyx. In moist soil. South Dakota to Nebraska and Arizona, west to Oregon and California. May-Aug. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 155 13. Pentstemon angustifolius Pursh. Pale-blue Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3259-) Pentstemon angustifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 738. 1814. Pentstemon coeruteus Nutt. Gen. 2: 52. 1818. Glabrous and glaucous; stem slender, erect, leafy, 6' '-15' high. Leaves all linear, or linear-lanceolate, entire, the lower nar- rowed into petioles, obtusish at the apex, the upper sessile, acute, i^'-^^'long, i^//-2// wide; thyrsus narrow, spike-like, mostly dense; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; pedi- cels very short; calyx-segments linear-lan- ceolate, acuminate, 2//~3// long; corolla blue, or nearly white, S//-lo// long, the tube gradually enlarged, the limb some- what 2-lipped; "sterile filament bearded at the summit. In dry soil, western Nebraska to North Dakota and Montana. May-July. 14. Pentstemon Haydeni S. Wats. Hayden's Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3260.) Pentstemon Haydeni S. Wats. Bot. Gaz. 16: 311. 1 891. Glabrous, not at all glaucous or slightly so; stem decumbent, simple or branched, leafy, i°-2° high. Leaves linear or elongated-lan- ceolate, entire, sessile and slightly clasping, acute, acuminate, or the lowest obtusish at the apex, 2/-5/ long, i//~5// wide; thyrsus nar- row, dense; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large, cordate-clasping, acute, or acuminate; fruiting pedicels 2//~3// long; calyx-segments lanceolate, striate-nerved, acuminate, 3//-5// long; corolla blue, i/ long or more, the tube broadly dilated above the calyx, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; capsule acute, twice as long as the calyx. In moist soil, Nebraska, Kansas and Wyoming. 9. COLLINSIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil, i: 190. pi. 9. 1817. Winter-annual herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and blue pink white or varie- gated flowers, verticillate, or solitary in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla irregular, the tube short, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, the lobes erect or recurved; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or drooping, flat, the middle one con- duplicate, keel-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and the filiform style. Stamens didy- namous. Corolla with a gland on the upper side of the tube near the base. Filiments fili- form; anther-sacs confluent at the apex. Stigma small, capitate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or globose, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds few, large, peltate concave on the inner side. [Named for Zaccheus Collins, botanist, of Philadelphia, 1764-1831.] About 15 species, natives of North America. Corolla 5"-8" long, the throat shorter than the limb. Leaves, at least the lower, ovate or oblong; corolla-lobes notched. 1. C. verna. Leaves lanceolate; corolla-lobes obcordate. 2. C. violacea. Corolla 2"-3" long, the throat longer than the limb. 3- C. parviflora. 156 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. I. Collinsia verna Xutt. Blue-eyed Mary. Innocence. Collinsia. (Fig. 3261.) Broad-leaved C. verna Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil, i: 190. pi. o. 1817. Glabrous or puberulent; stern slender, weak, 6'-2° long, simple or branched. Leaves thin, opposite, the lower broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse at the apex, rounded, narrowed or sub- cordate at the base, crenate or entire, slender- petioled; middle leaves sessile or cordate-clasp- ing, ovate or oblong, obtuse, dentate, i/-2/long, floral leaves ovate to spatulate, mostly acute, dentate or entire; upper whorls 4-6-flowered; corolla 6//-8// long, its throat equalling or shorter than the calyx, its lower lip blue, the upper purple or nearly white, the lobes emargi- uate or truncate; capsule globose, 2^£//-3// in diameter, shorter than the linear calyx-lobes. In moist woods and thickets, western New York to Wisconsin, south to Pennsylvania, Kentucky and the Indian Territory. April-June. 2. Collinsia violacea Nutt. Violet or Narrow-leaved Collinsia. (Fig. 3262.) Collinsia violacea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: i/9- 1833-37. Similar to the preceding species, stem slender, erect, usually branched, 6/-i5/ high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather thick, en- tire or denticulate, obtuse or obtusish, the lower opposite, petioled, the middle similar, sessile, \'~ 2/ long, 3//-5// wide, the floral linear or linear- lanceolate, opposite or verticillate; upper whorls 2-5-flowered; corolla 5//-6// long, violet, its lobes obcordate or emarginate; capsule globose, about 2" in diameter, shorter than the lanceolate acute calyx-lobes. Kansas (according to Holzinger) and Arkansas. 3. Collinsia parviflora Dougl. Small-flowered Collinsia. (Fig. 3263.) Collinsia parviflora Dougl.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1082. 1827. Puberulent, at length diffusely branch- ed; stems very slender, 3/-i5/ long. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly ob- tuse at the apex and narrowed at the base, y2/-i/ long, entire, or sparingly toothed, the lower opposite, petioled, the floral ses- sile, opposite or verticillate; upper whorls 2-6 flowered; pedicels commonly longer than the flowers; corolla 2//~3// long, about twice as long as the calyx, blue or whitish, the throat longer than the limb; capsule globose, \',-\yz'f in diameter, lit- tle shorter than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. In moist places, Ontario to British Colum- bia, south to Michigan, Colorado, Arizona and Utah. April-June. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 157 10. PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zucc. Fl. Jap. i: 25. pi. 10. 1835. A large tree, with the aspect of Catalpa, with broad opposite entire or 3-lobed, petioled pubescent leaves, and large violet flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx deeply 5 cleft, the lobes short. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, enlarged above, the 5 lobes spreading, somewhat unequal. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anther-sacs divaricate. Style slender, slightly thickened toward the summit, stigmatic on the inner side. Capsule coria- ceous, ovoid, acute, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, striate, winged. Flowers ex- panding before the leaves appear. [Named for Anna Paulowna, daughter of the Czar Paul I.] A monotypic Japanese genus. i. Paulownia tomentosa (Thimb.) Baill. Paulownia. (Fig. 3264.) Bignonia tomentosa Thutib. Fl. Jap. 252. 1784. Paulownia imperialis Sieb. & Zuec. Fl. Jap. 1: 27. 1835. Pauloivnia tomentosa Baill. Hist. PL 9: 434. 1888. A tree with thin flaky bark, reaching a maximum height of about 700 and a trunk diameter of 4°, the branches stout, spreading. Leaves broadhy ovate, 6'- 15' long, 4/-S/ wide, long-petioled, canescent on both sides when young, glabrate above when old, the peti- oles terete; flowers about 2}&' long, numerous in large erect terminal panicles; pedicels stout, densely tomen- tose; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes thick, tomentose; co- rolla slightly irregular, puberulent without; capsule 2' high, i/ in diameter. Escaped from cultivation in southern New York and New Jersey and in the southern States. May-July. 11. MIMULUS L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753. Erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite mostly dentate leaves. Flowers axillary, soli- tary, peduncled, pink, violet, or yellow, usually showy. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth usually the largest. Corolla irregular, its tube cyliudric with a pair of ridges on the lower side within, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect or reflexed, 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the corolla- tube; anther-sacs divergent, or sometimes confluent at the summit. Style filiform; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule oblong or linear, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, enclosed by the calyx. [Diminutive of mimus, a mimic actor.] About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western United States and British Columbia. Corolla violet, or rarely white; eastern species. Leaves sessile, clasping; peduncles longer than the calyx. Leaves petioled; peduncles shorter than the calyx. Corolla yellow; western; two species adventive in the East. Plants glabrous or glabrate. Erect; branches spreading; leaves ovate; flowers 1' long. 3. Diffuse; leaves nearly orbicular; flowers about 6" long. 4. Plant villous and viscid, diffuse, musk-scented. 5. 1. M. ringens. 2. M. alatus. M. guttata s. M. James//. M. moscliatiis. Mimulus ringens Monkey-flower. Iv. Square-stemmed (Fig. 3265.) Mimulus ringens L- Sp. PI. 634. 1753- Glabrous, perennial by rootstocks; stem erect, 4- sided or somewhat 4-winged, usually much branch- ed, i°-3° high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or ob- long-lanceolate, pinnately veined, acuminate or acute at apex, serrate, auriculate-clasping at the base, or the lower merely sessile, 2/~4/ long, /J^/-i/ wide ; peduncles slender, i/-2/ long in fruit, 2-4 times as long as the calyx; calyx teeth lanceolate- subulate; corolla violet, rarely white, about i/ long, the throat narrow, exceeding the calyx, the lower lip puberulent within at the base; fruiting calyx ob- long, W-W long; seeds oblong, minute, slightly reticulated. In swamps and along streams, Nova Scotia to Vir- ginia, Tennessee, Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. As- cends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. is8 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Voi.. III. 3. Mimulus guttatus DC. Yellow Monkey-flower. (Fig. 3267.) Mimulus guttatus DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 127. 1818. Perennial by stolons, glabrous or puber- ulent; stem rather stout, simple or branch- ed; branches spreading. Leaves ovate to obovate, dentate or denticulate, obtuse at the apex, rounded, narrowed or cordate at the base, \f-jf long, the lower short-peti- oled, the upper smaller, sessile or clasping ; peduncles shorter than or equalling the flowers; calyx oblique; corolla yellow, 1/- 2f long, the lower lip bearded at the base, often blotched with red or purple; fruiting calyx about yzf long; seeds longitudinally striate. In wet meadows, Norfolk, Conn, and south- ern New York. Introduced from California. Summer. 2. Mimulus alatus Soland. Sharp- winged Monkey-flower. (Fig. 3266. ) Mimulus alatus Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 361. 1789. Similar to the preceding species, glabrous; stem sharply 4-augled, the angles more or less winged. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or ob- long, acute or acuminate at the apex, dentate- serrate, narrowed at the base, petioled, 2's' long, o/'-iS" wide ; petioles #'-i' long, nar- rowly margined; peduncles stout, shorter than the calyx; corolla violet, about 1/ long; calyx- teeth short, broad, abruptly mucronulate; seeds smooth. In swamps, Connecticut to Illinois, south to Georgia and Texas. June-Sept. 4. Mimulus Jamesii T. & G. James' Mimulus. (Fig. 3268.) Mimulus Jamesii T. & G.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 371. 1846. Perennial by stolons, glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, creeping, diffusely branched, root- ing at the nodes, 6/-i8/ long. Leaves broadly ovate, orbicular or broader, very obtuse, denticu- late or entire, membranous, truncate, subcordate, or rarely narrowed at the base, palmately veined, short-petioled or the upper sessile, ,'4 /-i/ in di- ameter; peduncles slender, longer than the calyx in fruit; calyx oblique, scarcely toothed, z"-\" long at maturity; corolla yellow, 4//-6// long, the lower lip bearded at the base within, the throat broad; seeds nearly smooth. In brooks and swamps, Ontario to Nebraska and Mexico, west to Montana and Arizona. May per- haps include two species. June-Sept. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 159 5. Mimulus moschatus Dougl. Musk-plant. (Fig. 3269.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1118. Musk-flower. Mimulus moschatus Dougl.; 1827. Perennial, villous-pubescent, viscid, musk-sccnted; stems creeping and ascending, branched, slender, 6'- I2/ long. Leaves ovate or oblong, short-petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, denticulate, rounded or subcor- date at the base, i/-2/ long, 5//-i2// wide; peduncles slender, longer than the calyx; flowers 1/ long or less; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acuminate; corolla yellow, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. In wet places, Locust Valley, Long Island; Middle Grove, Saratoga Co., N. Y.; Alma, N. B. (according to Macoun). Adventive from the Pacific Coast. June-Sept. 12. CON OB E A Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 639. pi. 258. 1775. Herbs, with opposite pinnately parted pinnatifid incised or serrate leaves, and small blue or white peduucled flowers, solitary or two together in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, equal. Corolla irregular, the tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip emar- ginate or 2-lobed; lower lip3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included; filaments filiform; anther-sacs parallel, not confluent. Style incurved at the summit; stigma 2-lamel- late. Capsule globose, oblong or linear, septicidally dehiscent, the valves entire or 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, oblong, striate. [Guiana name.] About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States. i. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. Conobea. (Fig. 3270.) Capraria multifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 22. pi. 33. 1803. Conobea multifida Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 391. 1846. Annual, finely viscid-pubescent; stem at length diffusely branched, 4/-8/ high, very leafy. Leaves petiolcd, l/>'-\' long, pinnately parted into 3-7 linear or linear-oblong obtuse entire or incised seg- ments; flowers greenish-white, 2//-2 1/// long, 1755- mostly solitary in the opposite axils, about as long as their filiform peduncles; calyx-segments linear- subulate, slightly shorter than the corolla; capsule narrowly ovoid, glabrous, about equalling the calyx; seeds longitudinally striate. Along streams and rivers, Ohio to Iowa and Kansas, south to Kentucky and Texas. Introduced along the Delaware below Philadelphia. June-Sept. 13. MONNIERA P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 269. pi. 28. f. 3. [HERPESTIS Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 3: 186. pi. 214. 1805.] Erect diffuse or prostrate herbs, with opposite entire serrate, or, in some aquatic species, dissected leaves, and small yellow blue white or variegated peduncled flowers, mostly soli- tary in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, the upper segment the broadest. Corolla irregular or nearly regular, the tube cylindric, the limb more or less 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anther-sacs parallel or divergent. Style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally or loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous. [Named for Louis Guillaume le Monnier, 1713-1799, professor of botany in the Jardin du Roi, Paris.] About 60 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. In addition to the following, 2 others occur in the southern United States. Corolla almost regular, 5-lobed; leaves spatulate. 1. Corolla manifestly 2-lipped. Stem erect; leaves serrate, not clasping, black in drying. 2. Stem creeping or ascending; leaves entire or crenulate, clasping. Leaves ovate, punctate. 3. Leaves obovate or orbicular, not punctate. 4. M. Monniera. M. acuminata. M. Caroliniana. M. rotundifolia. i6o SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Voi,. III. i. Monniera Mon niera (L,. ) Brittoii. Monnier's Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3271.) Gratiola Monniera L. Cent. PI. 2: 1756. Limosella calycina Forsk. Fl. AEg. Arab. 112. 1775. Herpeslis cuneifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 418. 1814. Herpestis Monniera H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2:366. 1817. M. Monniera Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5^292. 1894. Perennial, glabrous, fleshy; stem creeping, rooting at the nodes, branched, 6/-i8/ long. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-obcordate, sessile, rounded at the apex, entire, or sparingly den- ticulate, 3//-]o// long, \"-2y2" wide; peduncles mainly in alternate axils, slender, 2-bracteolate at the summit, in fruit longer than the leaves; flowers pale blue, about 5" long; upper calyx- segment ovate, acute; corolla obscurely 2- lipped; stamens nearly equal; stigma slightly 2-lobed; capsule ovoid, acute, shorter than the calyx. On shores, near the coast, Maryland to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Widely distributed in tropical regions of both the Old World and the New. June- Oct. 272.) 2. Monniera acuminata (Walt. ) Kuntze. Purple Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3 Graiiola acuminata Walt. Fl. Car. 61. 1788. Matourea nigrescens Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1. 173- 1835. Herpestis nigrescens Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 56. 1836. M. acuminata Kuntze, Rsv. Gen. PI. 463. 1891. Perennial, glabrous; stem erect, branched above, i°-2° high, very leafy. Leaves oblong or oblong lanceolate, serrate, at least above the middle, short-petioled or sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base, i/-2/ long, faintly veined; peduncles in alternate and opposite axils, ascendiug, in fruit longer than the leaves, not bracteolate at the summit; flowers 5//-6// long, purple; upper calyx-segment lanceolate, acute; corolla 2- lipped, the lower lip longer than the upper; sta- mens approximate in pairs; capsule oblong, 4- valved, 2>//-4// high, about equalling the calyx. In wet soil, Maryland to Florida and Texas, near the coast. Plant blackening in drying. June-Sept. 3. Monniera Caroliniana (Walt.) Kuntze. Blue Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3273.) Obolaria Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 166. 1788. M. amplexicaulis Mich". Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 22. 1803. Herpestis amplexicaulisVursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 418. 1814. M. Caroliniana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 463. 1891. Perennial by stolons, more or less pubescent, fleshy; stems creeping and ascending, rooting at the lower nodes, 6/-2° long, simple, or sparingly branched, leafy. Leaves ovate to oval, sessile and clasping by a subcordate base, obtuse at the apex, parallel-veined, punctate, entire, the margins cilio- late or naked; peduncles shorter than the leaves; usually shorter than the calyx; upper calyx-seg- ment ovate, cordate; flowers blue, 4//~5// long, eph- emeral; disk 10-12-toothed; stamens approximate in pairs. In wet pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 161 4. Monniera rotundifolia Michx. Round-leaved Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3274. ) Monniera rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 22. 1803. Herpestis rotundifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 418. 1814. Perennial by stolons, succulent; stems creeping and spreading, branched or simple, villous-pubescent, i°-2° long. Leaves obo- vate or orbicular, palmately veined, entire, or slightly undulate, narrowed to a sessile or clasping base, Yzf-\f broad, glabrous, not punctate; peduncles stout, shorter than the leaves, solitary or 2 together in the axils, longer than the flowers; flowers blue, 3//-4// long; upper calyx-segment oval; corolla 2- lipped, longer than the calyx; stamens ap- proximate in pairs; stigma 2-lobed; disk ob- solete; capsule oblong, obtuse, \%,f high, at length 4-valved, shorter than the calyx. On muddy shores, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Tennessee and Texas. Also in California (?) June-Sept. 14. GRATIOLA L. Sp. PL 17. 1753. Erect or diffuse glabrous glandular-pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite entire or dentate leaves, and yellow or whitish peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Peduncles 2-bracteolate at the summit in the following species. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, slightly unequal. Corolla irregular, its tube cyiindric, its limb more or less 2-lipped; upper lip entire, emarginate, or 2-cleft; lower lip 3-lobed. Perfect stamens 2, the anterior pair wanting, or represeuted by rudiments; filaments filiform; anther-sacs distinct, transverse and separated by a broad connective, or parallel and contiguous. Style filiform; stigma di- lated, slightly 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidally and septicidally dehiscent, ovoid or globose, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, longitudiually and transversely striate. [Latin, grace or favor, from its reputed healing properties.] About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution in temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in southern and western North America. Plants glabrous or glandular; anther-sacs transverse, separated. Sterile filaments minute or none. Glandular-puberulent; flowers 4" -5" long; capsule ovoid. 1. Glabrous; flowers 7" long; capsule globose. 2. Sterile filaments 2, slender, capitate at the summit. Leaves lanceolate, entire or remotely denticulate. 3. G. aurea. Leaves ovate or oblong, sharply serrate. 4. G. viscosa. Plant hirsute; anther-sacs parallel, contiguous. 5. G. pilosa. i. Gratiola Virginiana L. Clammy- Hedge- Hyssop. (Fig. 3275.) Gratiola Virginiana L- Sp. PI. 17. 1753- Annual; stem erect, at length widely branch- ed, glandular puberulent, at least above, 3/-i2/ high. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, ses- sile, narrowed to both ends, denticulate, i/-2/ long, 2//-5// wide, glabrous or nearly so; pedun- cles slender, glandular, shorter than or equalling the leaves; flowers 4//-5// long; bractletsaslong as the calyx, or longer; calyx about one-half as long as the yellowish corolla-tube; limb of the corolla short, white; sterile filaments minute or none; authcr-sacs transverse, separated by a broad connective; capsule broadly ovoid, 2" high, as long as the calyx. In wet places, Quebec to British Columbia, south to Florida, ^Texas and California. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-Oct. II G. Virginiana. G. sphaerocarpa. l62 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Voi,. III. 2. Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. Round- fruited Hedge Hyssop. (Fig. 3276.) Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:14. 1816. Annual, glabrous; stem ascending, or erect, rather stout, simple, or branched, 6/-i2/ high. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, sessile, den- tate or denticulate, 3-5-nerved, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, i/-2/ long, 3//- 8// wide; peduncles stout, little or not at all lon- ger than the calyx; bractlets about equalling the calyx; calyx-lobes linear; calyx nearly one- half as long as the corolla; flowers about 7" long ; corolla-tube yellow, the limb paler; anther-sacs broad, transverse; sterile filaments wanting; cap- sule globose, 3// in diameter. In wet places, southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Illinois, Texas and Mexico. June -Sept. 3. Gratiola aurea Muhl. Goldenpert. Golden Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3277.) Gratiola aurea Muhl. Cat. 2. 1813. Annual, glandular-puberulent,above, orgla- brate; stems decumbent, creeping or ascend- ing, simple or branched, 4/-i2/ long, some- what 4-sided. Leaves lanceolate, )4/-i/ long. i//~3// wide, sparingly denticulate, scarcely narrowed to the sessile and somewhat clasp- ing base; peduncles filiform, in fruit equalling or longer than the calyx; corolla bright yel- low, 6//-7// long, 3 times as long as the calyx; sterile filaments 2, capitate at the summit; an- ther-sacs of the fertile stamens broad, trans- verse; capsule globose-ovoid, shorter than or equalling the calyx. In sandy wet places, Quebec and Ontario to New Jersey and Florida. June-Sept. \. Gratiola viscosa Schwein. Viscid Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3278.) Gratiola viscosa Schwein.; LeConte, Ann. Lye. . N. Y. 1: 106. 1823. Annual; stem weak, finely viscid-pubescent, slender, commonly simple, 6/-iS/ long. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute at the apex, sessile, cor- date-clasping at the base, yif-i' long; pedun- cles slender, shorter than or exceeding the leaves; bractlets and calyx-segments foliaceous, entire or dentate, one-third to one-half as long as the yellow or purplish corolla; flowers 5//- 6// long; sterile filaments 2, capitate at the sum- mit; anther-sacs of the fertile stamens trans- verse, separated by the broad connective; cap- sule subglobose, shorter than the calyx. In brooks and swamps, Kentucky to Georgia and North Carolina, in and near the mountains. May-Sept. Vol. in.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 163 5. Gratiola pilosa Michx. Hairy Hedge- Hyssop. (Fig. 3279.) Gratiola pilosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 7. 1803. Perennial (?), hirsute; steins slender, erect, strict, simple, or branched, 6/-2° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate or denticulate, sessile, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, %/-i/ long; flowers nearly or quite sessile, commonly nu- merous, about \" long; corolla purplish or white, slightly longer than the calyx and bract- lets; sterile filaments 2, capitate at the summit; anther-sacs of the fertile stamens parallel, con- tiguous; capsule oblong-conic, acuminate, about the length of the calyx, or shorter. In dry soil, southern New Jersey to Arkansas and Texas. May-Aug. 15. ILYSANTHES Raf. Ann. Nat. i 1820. Annual or biennial glabrous slender branching herbs, with opposite, mostly dentate and sessile leaves, and small purplish peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Peduncles not bracteolate. Calyx 5-parted, the segments linear. Corolla irregular, the tube somewhat ex- panded above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, erect; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spread- ing. Fertile stamens 2, included, their anther-sacs divergent; sterile stamens 2, 2-lobed, one of the lobes capitate, glandular, the other glabrous, shorter. Style slender; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule oblong or ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, wrinkled. [Greek, mud-flower.] About 10 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southeastern United States. Peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx-segments shorter than the capsule. 1. I. gratioloides. Peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-segments mostly as long as the capsule, or longer. 2. /. allenuata. i. Ilysanthes gratioloides (%.) Benth. Long-stalked False Pimpernel. (Fig. 3280.) CaprariagralioloidesL,.Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 876. 1763. Ilysantlies riparia Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820. Ilysanthes gratioloides Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 419. 1846. Stem slender, mostly erect, at length dif- fusely branched, 3/-8/ long. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or the lower obovate, sessile, or slightly clasping at the base, remotely denticulate or entire, obtuse or acutish at the apex, thickish, 3-7-nerved, yz'-\f long, the upper ones commonly much smaller; peduncles slender, considerably exceeding the leaves; flowers 3//-5// long; calyx-seg- ments linear, about one-half the length of the corolla, shorter than the capsule; cap- sule narrowly ovoid-oblong, bluntish.2^-3" high; seeds \f/ long, reddish, the ends usu- ally truncate. In wet places, New England to Florida, west to Ontario, Minnesota and Texas. Also on the Pacific Coast. Said to occur in northeastern Asia, in South America, and to be naturalized in Europe. Lower leaves sometimes short-peti- oled. July-Sept. SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. 2. Ilysanthes attenuata (Muhl.) Small. Short-stalked False Pimpernel. (Fig. 3281.) Lindernia attenuata Muhl. Cat. 59. 1813. Ilysanthes gratioloides curtipedicellata Bush, Bull. Torr. Club, 21 : 494. 1894. /. attenuata Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 297. 1896. Stem erect or ascending, 3/-i6/ long, the branches spreading. Leaves oblong to ovate, or sometimes obovate, %f-\%f long, thinnish, ob- tuse, serrate with a few low teeth, 3-5 -nerved, nar- rowed into short petioles, or sessile; peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-segments linear- subulate, as long as the capsule, or longer; cor- olla 2//-6// long; capsule narrowly ovoid, about 1" long, pointed; seeds slightly curved, l}i/,-2// long, yellowish brown, the ends usually rounded. In wet places, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Missouri. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. May-Oct. 16. MICRANTHEMUM Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 10. pi. 12. 1803. Creeping or ascending, branched small leafy annual glabrous herbs, with opposite obo- vate oval or orbicular sessile entire leaves, and minute white or purplish short-ped uncled flowers, solitary in the axils. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5-parted. Corolla very irregular, the tube short, the upper lip shorter than the lower, or wanting, the lower 3-lobed, spreading or ascending, the middle lobe the largest. Stamens 2, anterior; filaments short, somewhat dilated or appendaged at the base; anthers small, their sacs distinct, parallel, or slightly divergent. St) le short; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globose, 2-celled by a membranous parti- tion or becoming i-celled. Seeds.numerous, minute. [Greek, small flower.] About 16 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. i. Micranthemum micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst. Nuttall's Micran- themum. (Fig. 3282.) Hemianthusmicranthemoides'NuX.t. Journ. Acad. Phil. 1: 119. pi. 6. 1817. Micranthemum Nuttallii A.Gray,Man. Fd. 5, 331. 1S67. Micranthemum micranthemoides Wettst. in Fngl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b. 77. 1891. Somewhat fleshy; stem filiform, creeping, the branches ascending, y^'-ity high. Leaves obo- vate to oval, obtuse, \"-2x/2ff long; flowers about yi" long, borne on peduncles of about the same length; calyx campauulate in flower, obovoid in fruit, 4-lobed, usually split along one side; pedun- cles recurved in fruit; upper lip of the corolla nearly obsolete; middle lobes of the lower lip longer than the lateral ones; appendages at the bases of the stamens nearly as long as the fila- ments; stigma of 2 subulate lobes; capsule obo- void-globose, x/2f' in diameter, as long as the calyx. In tidal mud, New Jersey to Florida. Also in Cuba. Aug.-Oct. 17. LIMOSELLA I,. Sp. PI. 631. 1753. Low glabrous succulent floating or creeping, tufted annual herbs(or perennial by stolons?), with filiform stems rooting at their nodes, basal slender-petioled entire leaves, and filiform i-flowered scape-like peduncles, the flowers small, white, pink, or purple. Calyx campauu- late, 5-lobed. Corolla nearly regular, open-campanulate, the tube short, the limb 5-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, scarcely exserted; filaments short; anther-sacs con- fluent. Style short; stigma capitate. Ovary 2-celled at the base, i-celled above. Capsule globose or oblong, becoming i-celled, many-seeded. [Greek, mud seated.] About 6 species, of wide geographic distribution. Leaves expanded above into an oblong or linear-oblong blade. i. L. aqualica. Leaves filiform-linear, with little or no distinction between blade and petiole. 2. L. tcnuifolia. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 165 1. Limosella aquatica L. Mudweed. Mudwort. (Fig. 3283.) Limosella aquatica L. Sp. PI. 631. 1753. Leaves l/~5/ long, the blade oblong, linear-oblong, or spatulate, obtuse, one- fourth or one-third as long as the filiform petiole. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, arising with the petioles from the base of the plant or from nodes of the creeping or floating stem; corolla pink or white, about \" broad, scarcely longer than the calyx; calyx lobes ovate, acute or acutish, about the length of the tube; stamens inserted high up on the corolla- tube; filaments somewhat longer than the anthers; capsule globose or oblong-glo- bose, obtuse, Jj^// high, longer than the calyx. On muddy shores and in brooks, Labrador and Hudson Bay to the Northwest Territory, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Also in Europe, Australia and South America. June-Aug. 2. Limosella tenuifolia Hoffm. Narrow-leaved Mudwort. (Fig. 3284.) Limosella tenuifolia Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 29. 1804. Limosella australis R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 443. 1810. Similar to the preceding species, but usually smaller, the leaves seldom over i^y high, linear- filiform, with no distinction between blade and petiole, or sometimes slightly expanded toward the apex. In brackish mud, Labrador to New Jersey. Also in Furope, Australia and South America. The plant is very closely related to the preceding spe- cies, and is regarded by many authors as a variety of it. But its local geographic distribution is considerably different, and the leaf-characters as given above appear to be constant. Summer. 18. WULFENIA Jacq. Misc. 2: 60. pi. S. 1781. [Synthyris Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 454. 1846.] Perennial herbs, with thick rootstocks, simple erect stems, large petioled basal leaves, those of the stem much smaller, alternate, sessile, or clasping, bract-like. Flowers small, pink or purple, in terminal dense elongated spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-5-parted, the segments oblong or linear. Corolla oblong or campanulate, 2-4-lobed, or parted, or wanting, the lateral lobes, when present, exterior in the bud. Stamens 2 (occasionally 4), posterior, in- serted on the corolla, or on the outer side of the hypogynous disk, exserted; filaments slen- der; anther-sacs parallel or divergent, not confluent. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate. Capsule compressed, obtuse, or emarginate, many-seeded, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, oval, or orbicular. [Named for Rev. Francis Xavier Wulfen, botanical author, died 1S04.] About 10 species, natives of North America and Furope. Corolla present, usually 2-lobed. Corolla none. 1. W. Houghloniana. 2. W. rubra. 1 66 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. i. Wulfenia Houghtoniana (Benth. ) Greene. Houghton's Wulfenia. (Fig. 3285.) Synthyris Houghtoniana Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 454. 1846. Wulfenia Houghtoniana Greene, Erythea, 2: 83. 1894. Pubescent; stem stout, i°-2l/i° high. Basal leaves ovate or orbicular, rounded at the apex, truncate, cor- date or reuiform at the base, crenulate all around, 2/~5/ long, 5-7-nerved, petioled, the petiole usually shorter than the blade; stem leaves small, y2'-\' long, sessile or slightly clasping, crenulate, obtuse, or acute, pass- ing gradually into the bracts of the dense spike; flowers greenish yellow, 2//~3//long; corolla present, variously 2-4-lobed (commonly 2-lobed), somewhat longer than the calyx, its lobes obtuse, the stamens inserted on its base; spike much elongated in fruit; capsule emargin- ate, slightly exceeding the calyx. On dry prairies, Indiana to Minnesota, Michigan and Iowa. May-July. ,0 2. Wulfenia rubra (Hook.) Greene. Western Wulfenia. (Fig. 3286.) Gvmnandra rubra Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 103. pi. 172. 1838. Synthyris rubra Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 455. 1846. Wulfenia rubra Greene, Erythea, 2: 83. 1894. Similar to the preceding species but lower, pubes- cent or tomentose, seldom over i° high. Basal leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed, truncate or cordate at the base, 1%.'-^' l°ng. crenulate, petioled, indistinctly nerved; stem leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, crenulate, or entire, %,-\r long; spike very dense, i/-2/ long in flower, 2/-5/ long in fruit, its bracts purplish; corolla none; stamens in- serted on the outer side of the hypogynous disk; cap- sule little compressed, emarginate, slightly longer than the calyx. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Nebraska, west to British Columbia and Utah. May-June. 19. VERONICA L. Sp. PI. 9. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs (some exotic species shrubs or trees), with opposite and alter- nate, rarely verticillate leaves, and mostly small blue purple pink or white flowers, terminal or axillary, racemose, spicate, or solitary. Calyx mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5-parted, the segments oblong or ovate. Corolla rotate, its tube very short, deeply and more or less un- equally 4-lobcd (rarely 5-lobed) the lower lobe commonly the narrowest. Stamens 2, diver- gent, inserted on either side and at the base of the upper corolla-lobe; anthers obtuse, their sacs confluent at the summit; filaments slender. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma capitate; ovules few or numerous in each cavity. Capsule more or less compressed, some- times very flat, emarginate, obcordate, or 2-lobed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds smooth or rough, flat, plano-convex, or excavated on the inner side. [Named for St. Veronica.] About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 3 others occur in northwest America. -;;- Flowers racemose in the axils of the leaves, bracteolate. Glabrous, or minutely glandular above (No. 3 rarely hairy); brook or swamp plants. Leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate; capsule compressed. Stem leaves sessile, parti y clasping, serrulate or entire. 1. V. All the leaves petioled, serrate. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; capsule very flat. Pubescent, dry soil plants; leaves crenate or dentate. Leaves oval or obovate, petioled; pedicels shorter than the calyx. Leaves ovate, nearly or quite sessile; pedicels longer than the calyx. -;;- -;:- Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, or solitary in the axils Flowers in terminal spikes. Leaves all sessile; capsule elliptic, emarginate. 6. Lower leaves petioled: capsule orbicular, obcordate. 7. Flowers solitary in most of the axils; peduncles shorter than the leaves. Erect; glabrous or glandular; capsule emarginate. 8. Diffuse; pubescent; capsule obcordate. 9. 4 nagallis-aquatica. 2. V. Americana. 3. V. scut el lata. 4- 5- V. officinalis. V. Chamaedrys. V. alpina. V. serpyllifolia. J', percgrina. V. arvensis. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 167 Flowers solitary, in the axils; peduncles as long as the leaves, or longer. Leaves ovate or oblong, crenate or dentate. Corolla not longer than the calyx; capsule narrowly emarginate. 10. V. arrest is. Corolla longer than the calyx; capsule broadly emarginate. 11. V. Bysantina. Leaves orbicular, or broader, 3-5-lobed or -crenate. 12. V. hederaefolia. i. Veronica Anagallis-aquatica L,. Water Speedwell. Water Pimpernel. (Fig. 3287.) I'eronica Anagallis-aquatica L. Sp. PI. 12. ■ 1753. Perennial by stolons or leafy shoots developed in autumn; stem rather stout, glabrous, or glandular- puberulent above, erect or decumbent, often root- ing at the lower nodes, usually branched, i°-3° high. Leaves of sterile autumn shoots orbicular to obovate, obtuse, serrulate, narrowed into mar- gined petioles, those of the flowering stems ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, sessile and more or less clasp- ing or the lowest short-petioled, serrulate or en- tire, j}i/-Y long, )i'-2' wide; racemes peduncled, borne in most of the axils, 2'-*,' long; bractlets shorter than or exceeding the pedicels; flowers blue, or purplish striped, 2" broad; capsule com- pressed, not very flat, nearly orbicular, 2-lobed, emarginate, i^// high; seeds flat. In brooks and swamps, Nova Scotia to British Co- lumbia, south to eastern Virginia, Nebraska and New Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. The plant of the Atlantic Coast appears as if introduced. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-Sept. 2. Veronica Americana Schwein. American Brooklime. (Fig. 3288.) Veronica Americana Schwein.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 468. 1846. Similar to the preceding species, perennial by sto- lons or leafy shoots, glabrous throughout; stem de- cumbent, usually branched, rooting at the lower nodes, 6/~3° long. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceo- late, all distinctly petioled, sharply serrate, truncate, rounded, or subcordate at the base, obtuse or acutish at the apex, \'-^' long, %/-i/ wide; racemes pedun- cled, borne in most of the axils, loose, elongated, sometimes 6/ long; bractlets shorter than the pedi- cels; flower bine or nearly white, usually striped -with purple, 2ff broad; capsule nearly orbicular, compressed, but not very flat, emarginate, \%" high; seeds flat. In brooks and swamps, Anticosti to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Nebraska, New Mexico and California. Ascends to 2600 ft. in the Catskills. April-Sept. 3. Veronica scutellata L. Marsh or Skull- cap Speedwell. (Fig. 3289). Veronica scutellata L. Sp. PI. 12. 1753. Glabrous, or very sparingly pubescent, rarely quite hairy, perennial by leafy shoots or stolons; stems slen- der, decumbent.or ascending, leafy,simple or branched, commonly rooting at the lower nodes, 6'-2° high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile and slightly clasping, remotely denticulate, acute, if— 2/ long, \"- 3// wide; racemes borne in nearly all the axils, or only in the alternate ones, equalling or longer than the leaves; bractlets much shorter than the filiform spread- ing pedicels; flowers blue, 2//~3// broad; capsule broad- er than high, very flat, deeply emarginate at the sum- mit, slightly so at the base, 2//-2^// broad; seeds flat. In swamps, Labrador to British Columbia, south to southern New York. Minnesota and California. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 1 68 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. 4. Veronica officinalis L,. Common Speed- well. Fluellin. (Fig. 3290.) Veronica officinalis L- Sp. PI. n. 1753. Perennial by stolons, pubescent all over; stem as- cending, s'-io' high. Leaves oblong, oval, or obo- vate, petioled, Vz'-if long, obtuse at the apex, serrate, narrowed into the petioles ; racemes spike-like.narrow, dense, elongated, often borne only in alternate axils, much longer than the leaves; subulate bractlets and the calyx longer than the pedicels; flowers pale blue, 2//-3// broad; capsule obovate-cuneate, compressed, broadly emarginate, 1" high, i^*" broad; seeds numerous, flat. In dry fields and woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. As- cends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia. Appears, in most places, as if introduced. Called also Paul's Betony, Ground-hele and Upland Speedwell. May- Aug. 5. Veronica Chamaedrys L,. Germander Speedwell. (Fig. 3291.) Veronica Chamaedrys L. Sp. PI. 13. 1753. Perennial; stem ascending, simple or branch- ed, slender, pubescent in two lines, 4/-i2/ high. Leaves ovate, sessile, or very nearly so, pubescent, truncate, rounded or cordate at the base, incised-dentate, obtuse at the apex, l/2/-il/i/ long; racemes borne in oppo- site or alternate axils, ped uncled, more or less pubescent, loose, 2/-6/ long; pedicels filiform, longer that the calyx and usually longer than the bractlets; flowers light blue, 3//-4// broad; capsule obcordate, narrowed at the base; seeds numerous, flatfish. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia and Quebec to southern New York and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Other English names are Blue Eye, Eyebright, Angel's Eyes, God's Eye, Bird's Eye, Cat's Eye, Base Vervain, Forget- me-not. May-July. 6. Veronica alpina L,. Alpine Speed- well. (Fig. 3292.) Veronica' alpina L. Sp. PI. 11. 1753. Perennial, pubescent or nearly glabrous; stems ascending or erect, slender, usually simple, 2/-i2/ high. Leaves oblong, ovate, or elliptic, sessile, mostly rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire, Yzf-\f long; flowers in a short narrow raceme at the end of the stem, light blue, 2//~3// broad; pedicels shorter than the calyx in flower, much shorter than the bractlets, 2//-3// long in fruit; capsule ellipsoid or slightly obovoid, moderately compressed, emarginate, 2//-3// high; seeds nu- merous, flattish. Labrador; mountains of Quebec and New England to Alaska, south in the Rock3' Mountains to Colorado and in the Sierra Nevada to Nevada. Summer. Vol.. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY 7. Veronica serpyllifolia L,. Thyme- leaved Speedwell. (Fig. 3293.) Veronica serpyllifolia L. Sp. PI. 12. 1753. Perennial, puberulent or glabrous; stems slender, decumbent, branched, the branches ascending or erect, 2'-io' high. Leaves all opposite and petioled, or the uppermost sessile, oblong, oval, or ovate, %f-Yz' long, crenulate or entire; flowers in short spicate racemes at the end of the stem and branches; pedicels equalling or longer than the calyx, usu- ally shorter than the bractlets; corolla pale blue with darker stripes,sometimeswhite,about2//broad; capsule broader than high, broadly obcordate or emarginate at the summit, about \" long, about equalling the calyx; seeds flat, numerous. In fields and thickets, Labrador to Alaska, south to Georgia, New Mexico and California. Also in Europe, Asia and South America. Ascends to 2600 ft. in the Catskills. April-Aug-. 8. Veronica peregrina L,. Purslane Speed- well. Neckweed. (Fig. 3294.) Veronica peregrina L,- Sp. PI. 14. 1753. Annual, glabrous, or glandular-puberulent; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, 3/-i2/ high. Leaves oblong, oval, linear or slightly spatulate, 3//-io// long, obtuse or acutish, the lowest opposite, short-petioled, or sessile, broader than the upper and usually denticulate,the upper alternate,sessile, mostly entire, each with a short-pedicelled flower in its axil; flowers nearly white, about i// broad; pedicels much shorter than the calyx; capsule nearly orbicular, ob- cordate, usually a little shorter than the calyx, \,r- \]/z" high, many-seeded, the seeds flat. In moist places, and common as a weed in cultivated soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Mexico and California. Also in Central and South Amer- ica, and distributed as a weed in the Old World. May- Oct. g. Veronica arvensis L. Corn or Wall Speedwell. (Fig. 3295.) Veronica arvensis L- Sp. PI. 13. 1753- Annual, pubescent; stem slender, at first sim- ple and erect, at length much branched and diffuse, 3/-io/ long. Lower leaves ovate or oval, opposite, obtuse at both ends, crenate or crenulate, 2//-6// long, the lowest petioled; upper leaves sessile, alternate, ovate or lanceo- late, acute or acutish, commonly entire, each with a short pedicelled minute flower in its axil; pedicels shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, or nearly white, i// broad or less; capsule broadly obovate, obcordate, \" high. In fields, woods and waste places and in culti- vated soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Also in Ber- muda. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. March-Sept. 170 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. Procumbent, (Fig. 3296.) 10. Veronica agrestis L. Field or Garden Speedwell, {t lg. Veronica agrestis L. Sp. PI. 13. 1753. Annual, pubescent; stems creeping or procum- bent, very slender, branched, $'-&' l°ng. the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, obtuse at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, crenate, all short-peti- oled, or the uppermost sessile, the lowest opposite, the upper alternate and each with a slender-pe- duncled small blue flower in its axil; peduncles equalling or longer than the leaves; corolla not exceeding the calyx; capsule broader than high, compressed, but not very flat, narrowly emarginate at the summit, i// high, 2// broad; seeds few, hol- lowed out on the inner side. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to New Jer- sey and Louisiana. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Other English names are Germander Chickweed and Winter-weed. May-Sept. 11. Veronica Byzantina (Sibth. & Smith) B.S P. Buxbaum's Speedwell. Byzantine Speedwell. (Fig. 3297.) Veronica agrestis var. Bvsantina Sibth. & Smith, Fl. Graec. 1: pi. S. i"8o6. V. BuxbanmiiTenore:, Fl. Nap. 1: 7. pi. 1. 1811. V. Byzantina B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 40. 1888. Annual, pubescent; stems diffusely branched, spreading or ascending, 6/-i5/ long. Leaves ovate or oval, short-petioled, obtuse or acut- ish, sometimes narrowed at the base, crenate- dentate or somewhat incised, 4//-i2// long, the lowest opposite, the upper all alternate and each with a slender-peduncled rather large blue flower in its axil; peduncles filiform, as long as the leaves or longer; corolla exceed- ing the calyx, 3//~4// broad; capsule twice as broad as high, 3" broad, with a wide and shallow emarginatiou at the summit; seeds few or sev- eral, hollowed out on the inner side. In waste places, Nova Scotia to southern New York. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Also called Bird's Eye and Cat's Eye. May-Sept. 12. Veronica hederaefolia L. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. (Fig. 329S.) Veronica hederaefolia L. Sp. PI. 13. 1753. Annual, pubescent; stems slender, diffusely branched, 3/-i8/ long. L&aves orbicular or broader, truncate or subcordate at the base, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-crenate, petioled, %./-i/ in diameter, the lower opposite, the upper all alternate and with slender peduncled small blue flowers in their axils; peduncles filiform, often longer than the leaves; corolla 1" broad, scarcely longer than the calyx; capsule little compressed, 2-lobed, broader than high, shorter than the densely ciliate sepals, 2-4- seeded; seeds excavated on the inner side. In thickets, fields and waste places, southern New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Nat- uralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. April-Oct. Other names are Ivy-Chickweed, Mother-of- Wheat, Small Henbit, Winter-weed, and Morgeline. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 20. LEPTANDRA Nutt. Gen. i: 7. 171 1818. Tall stout erect perennial herbs, with verticillate or opposite leaves, and small minutely bracted white' or blue flowers, in dense peduncled spike-like racemes, terminal, or in the upper axils. Calyx 4-parted, short. Corolla tubular, or salverform, nearly regular, 4-lobed, the tube cylindric, longer than the lobes. Stamens 2, exserted, inserted low down on the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers obtuse, short. Style about as long as the stamens, stigma minute. Capsule narrowly ovoid, scarcely compressed, not emarginate nor obcor- date, 4-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous, oval, minutely reticulated. [Greek, slender stamens, referring to the filaments.] Two species, i native of eastern North America, the other of northeastern Asia. i. Leptandra Virginica (L.) Nutt. Culver' s-root. (Fig. 3299.) Veronica Virginica L- Sp. PI. 9. 1753. Leptandra Virginica Nutt. Gen. 1:7. 1818. Stem glabrous, or very nearly so, simple, strict, 20- 7° high. Leaves verticillate in 3's-9's or some of the uppermost opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, long-acuminate at the apex, sharply serrulate, narrowed at the base, pinnately veined, gla- brous both sides, or pubescent beneath, 3/-6/ long, %f- i/wide; spike like racemes several or rarely solitary, 3'- 9' long, very dense, the terminal one first developing; pedicels and bractlets about as long as the calyx; calyx- segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla tubular, white or bluish, 2" long; capsule ovoid-oblong, i//-i^4// long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. In meadows, moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Alabama, Missouri, and Ne- braska. Ascends to 2700 ft. in Virginia. Called also Black-root and Culver's Physic. June-Sept. 21. DIGITALIS L. Sp. PI. 621. 1753. Tall biennial or perennial herbs, the stems simple, or branched at the base, with alter- nate dentate or entire leaves, and large showy purple yellowish or white flowers, in long ter- minal commonly 1 -sided racemes. Calyx 5 -parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla de- clined, somewhat irregular, the tube contracted above the ovary, then rather abruptly expanded, longer than the 4-5-lobed slightly 2-lipped limb; upper lip broadly emarginate or 2-cleft; lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest, the lateral ones exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, mostly included; anthers approximate in pairs. Style slender; stigma 2 lobed. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, rugose. [Latin, digilale, the finger of a glove, which the flowers resemble.] About 20 species, natives of Europe and Asia. i. Digitalis purpurea L. Purple Fox- glove. Thimbles. Fairy Cap. (Fig. 3300.) Digitalis purpurea L. Sp. PI. 621. 1753. Usually biennial, pubescent; stem stout, erect, 2°-5° high. Basal and lower leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6/-io/ long, slender petioled, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, dentate; upper leaves similar, smaller, sessile; racemes i° long or more, dense, i-sided; flowers purple, i^/-2/ long, drooping; upper calyx-segment narrower than the four other foliaceous ones; corolla spotted within. Cape Breton Island, apparently naturalized from Europe (according to Macoun); sparingly escaped from cultivation. June-Aug. Among some 60 Eng- lish names are Folk 's-glove [by corruption Fox- glove], i. e., Fairy 's-glove, Fairy-thimbles, -fingers, -weed, Fairy Bells, Pop-dock or glove, Rabbit's- flower, Cottagers, Lion's Mouth, Scotch Mercury, Throatwort, Lady-fingers, -glove, -thimble. 172 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. 22. BUCHNERA L. Sp. PI. 630. 1753. Erect, perennial or biennial, simple or branched, strict hispid or scabrous herbs, black- ening in drying the lower leaves opposite, the upper sometimes alternate. Flowers rather large, white, blue, or purple, in dense terminal bracted spikes, the lower commonly distant. Calyx tubular, or oblong, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, its tube cylindric, somewhat curved, its limb deeply and nearly equally 5-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes ex- terior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous; anther-sacs confluent into 1. Style slender, thickened or club-shaped above; stigma small, entire or emarginate. Capsule oblong or ovoid, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, reticulated. [Named for J. G. Buchner.] About 30 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, another oc- curs in the southern United States. i. Buchnera Americana L,. Blue-hearts. (Fig. 3301.) Buchnera Americana L,. Sp. PI. 630. 1753. Hispid aud rough; stem slender, stiff, i°-2%° high. Leaves usually all opposite, prominently veined, the lowest obovate or oblong, obtuse, narrowed into very short petioles, the middle ones oblong or oblong-lan- ceolate, dentate, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, the upper lanceolate or linear-lan- ceolate, entire or nearly so; spike peduncled, 6/-io'/ long in fruit, the flowers mostly opposite, nearly 1/ long; bractlets shorter than the calyx; calyx strigose; corolla purple, its lobes obovate, obtuse, 3//-4// broad; capsule ovoid, slightly oblique, 4" high, a little longer than the calyx. In sandy or gravelly soil, New Jersey to western New York and Minnesota, south to Virginia, Louisiana and Ar- kansas. June-Sept. 23. AFZELIA J. G. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 927. 1796. [Seymeria Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814.] Erect stout branched annual or perennial herbs, mostly with opposite leaves, at least the lower r-2-pinnately parted or dissected, and yellow flowers solitary in the axils, or in ter- minal bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla slightly irregular, campanulate or rotate, the tube short, broad, the limb 5-lobed, the lower lobe ex- terior in the bud. Stamens 4, slightly unequal, scarcely or not at all exserted; filaments short, villous, at least near the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel, distinct. Style short or slender. Capsule globose or ovoid, acute and more or less compressed at the summit. Seeds numerous, reticulated. [Named for Adam Afzelius, 1750-1812, botanical professor at Upsala. ] About 10 species, natives of North America, Mexico and Madagascar. Besides the following, 4 others inhabit the southern United States. i. Afzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Kuntze. Mullen Foxglove. (Fig. 3302.) Seymeria macrophylla Nutt. Gen. 2: 49. 1818. Gerardia macrophylla Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 205- 1835- A. macrophylla Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 457. 1891. Annual (?), puberulent or glabrate; stem sparingly branched, or simple, 4°-6° high. Lower leaves loug-petioled, pinnately parted, 6/-i5/ long, their segments lanceolate, coarsely dentate, irregularly incised, or pinnatifid; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile, oblong or lanceo- late, x'-jf long, entire, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, each with a sessile flower in its axil; flowers 5"-7" long; calyx- lobes lanceolate or ovate, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla light yellow, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, woolly in the throat; style short, club-shaped; capsule globose-ovoid, 3//-4// high, twice as long as the calyx. In moist thickets and along streams, Ohio to Iowa and Nebraska, south to Kentucky and Texas. Aug.-Oct. Vol.. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 173 24. DASYSTOMA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 99. 1819. Large erect simple or branched, glandular-puberulent, pubescent or glabrous, annual or perennial herbs, partly parasitic on the roots of other plants, with opposite or some alternate leaves, and large showy yellow flowers, in terminal mostly leafy-bracted racemes or panicles. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed, the lobes longer than or equalling the tube, sometimes foliaceous. Corolla slightly irregular, funnelform, or campanulate- funnelform, the tube villous or pubescent within, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, villous or pubescent; filaments slender; anthers all alike, their sacs distinct, parallel, awned at the base. Style filiform. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, longer than the calyx. [Greek, thick or hairy mouth, referring to the corolla.] Six species, natives of eastern North America. Plant glandular-pubescent; corolla pubescent without. i. D. Pedicularia. Puberulent, cinereous or glabrous; corolla glabrous without. Cinereous-puberulent. Leaves entire, dentate, or some of the lower pinnatifid, firm. 2. D.flava. Leaves all pinnatifid, thin. 3. D. grandijlora. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout. Leaves entire, or the lowest dentate or incised. 4. D. laevigata. Leaves, at least all but the uppermost, pinnatifid. 5. D. Virginica. i. Dasystoma Pedicularia (L. ) Benth. Fern-leaved or Lousewort False Foxglove. (Fig. 3303.) Gerardia Pedicularia L. Sp. PI. 6ri. 1753. Dasystoma Pedicularia Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10:521. 1846. Annual or biennial, glandular-pubes- cent, viscid, and with some longer hairs; stem rather slender, much branched, leafy, i°-4° high. Leaves sessile, or the lower petioled, 1-2-pinnatifid, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, usually broad- est at the base, i/-3/ long, the segments incised or crenate-dentate; pedicels slen- der, ascending, mostly longer than the calyx, i/-2/ long in fruit; calyx-lobes ob- long, foliaceous, usually incised or pin- natifid, 3//-4// long, corolla i'-i j^' long, pubescent without, the limb about 1/ broad; capsule pubescent, 5//-6//long, its beak flat. In dry woods and thickets, Maine and On- tario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. Aug.-Sept. 2. Dasystoma flava Downy False Foxglove. Gerardia flava L. Sp. PI. 610. D. pubescens Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 520. Dasystoma flava Wood, Bot. & Flor. 230. (L.) Wood. (Fig. 3304.) 1753- 1846. i873- Perennial, downy, grayish; stem strict, erect, simple, or with a few nearly erect branches, 20- 40 high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, firm, entire, or the lower sinuate- dentate or sometimes pinnatifid, 3/-6/ long, short- petioled, the lobes obtuse; the upper much smaller and sessile, passing into the bracts of the raceme; pedicels stout, usually shorter than the calyx even in fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate, en- tire, about as long as the tube; corolla i^4/-2/ long, glabrous outside, its tube much expanded above; capsule 8//-io// long, pubescent, twice as long as the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, eastern Massachusetts to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to southern New York, Georgia and Mississippi. July-Aug. 174 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol.. III. 3. Dasystoma grandifldra (Benth. ) Wood. Western False Foxglove. (Fig. 3305.) Gerardia grandiflora Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 206. 1835. D. Drummondii Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 520. 1846. D. grandiflora Wood, Bot. & Flor. 231. 1873. Perennial, cinereous-puberulent and roughish; stem much branched, very leafy to the top, 2°-3° high, the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves short-petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceo- late in outline, all pinnatifid or deeply incised, 2'- 4/ long, the lobes acute or obtuse, serrate, or nearly entire; upper leaves smaller, sessile; pedicels, even in fruit, shorter than the calyx; calyx-lobes oblong or ovate, dentate or entire, about as long as the tube; corolla i^/-2/ long, glabrous without, its tube much expanded above. In dry woods and^thickets, Minnesota and^Wiscon- sin to Tennessee and Texas. July-Aug. 4. Dasystoma laevigata Raf. Entire- leaved False Foxglove. (Fig. 3306.) Gerardia laevigata Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820. Dasystoma quercifolia var. integrifolia Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 520. 1846. Dasystoma laevigata Raf.; Chapm. Fl. S. States, Ed. 2, 636. 1883. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so, not glaucous; stem strict, simple, or sparingly branched, i°-3° high, the branches ascending. Leaves usually all petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, ij^-4/ long, entire, or the lowest dentate or incised; pedicels shorter than the calyx, or in fruit longer; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, equalling or shorter than the tube; corolla glabrous without, i'-i^' long, the limb fully as broad, the tube much expanded above; capsule glabrous, twice as long as the calyx. In dry thickets, Pennsylvania to Michigan, south to Georgia. July-Aug. 5. Dasystoma Virginica (L,. ) Britton. Smooth False Foxglove. (Fig. 3307. ) Rhinanthus Virgiuiciis L. Sp. PI. 603. 1753. Gerardia quercifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 423. pi. 19. 1 8 14. D. quercifolia Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 520. 1846. D. Virginica Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 295. 1894. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous; stem strict, rather stout, usually branched, 3°-6° high, the branches ascending. Leaves usually all peti- oled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, the lower 1-2-pinnatifid, \f-W long, the upper pin- natifid or deeply incised, the lobes lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire, or dentate; fruiting pedi- cels longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, about equal- ling the tube; corolla ij^/-2/ long, glabrous outside, its tube not widely expanded above; capsule glabrous, twice as long as the calyx. In dry or moist woods, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Illinois. July-Sept. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 175 25. GERARDIA L. Sp. PI. 610. 1753. Erect branching annual or perennial herbs, some South American species shrubby, mainly with opposite and sessile leaves. Flowers showy, usually large, purple, violet, yel- low, red, or rarely white, racemose, or paniculate, or solitary and axillary. Calyx campanu- late, 5-toothed, or 5-lobed. Corolla somewhat irregular, campanulate, or funuelform, the tube broad, short, or elongated, the limb 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped, the lower lobes exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments more or less pubescent; anthers 2-celled, their sacs obtuse or mucronate at the base, style filiform. Capsule globose or ovoid, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds numerous, mostly angled. [Named for John Gerarde, surgeon and botanist, author of the Herbal (1597) died 1612.] About 40 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern United States. Most of the species blacken in drying. 4f Flowers pedicelled ; anthers all alike. Pedicels in flower shorter than the calyx, or but 1-2 times as long. Corolla io"-i3" long. Calyx-teeth minute; root perennial. Calyx-teeth triangular, lanceolate or oblong, acute; annuals. Leaves very scabrous, filiform; capsule oblong. Leaves slightly scabrous, linear; capsule globose. Corolla 5" -8" long. Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, acute. Calyx-teeth broad, short, obtuse. Pedicels in flower 2-6 times as long as the calyx. Leaves linear, spreading or ascending; capsule globose. Leaves %"-i" wide, M'-i'A' long; pedicels spreading. 1. G. linifolia. 2. G. aspera. 3. G. purpurea. G. paupercula. G. maritima. Leaves i"-2" wide, iH's' long; pedicels ascending. Leaves subulate, short, nearly erect; capsule oblong ■Sf -X- Flowers sessile ; anthers of the shorter stamens smaller. Leaves lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, entire or nearly so. 9 Leaves pinnately divided into 3-7 linear-segments 6. G. teuuifolia. 7. G. Besseyana. 8. G. Skmneriafia. to. G. aariculala. G. densiflora. i. Gerardia linifolia Nutt. Flax-leaved Gerardia. (Fig. 3308.) Gerardia linifolia Nutt. Gen. 2:47. 1818. Perennial, glabrous and smooth; stem branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves narrowly linear, i/-2/ long, \"-\]/2" wide, erect, the upper much smaller and subulate; pedicels erect, in flower equalling or a little longer than the calyx, longer in fruit; calyx campanulate, truncate, its teeth minute; corolla purple, about i' long, narrower than that of the two following species, villous within, the lobes ciliate; filaments and anthers densely villous; anther-sacs mucronate at the base; capsule globose, i"-t/' in diam- eter, but little longer than the calyx. In moist pine barrens, Delaware to Florida. Also in Cuba. Aug.-Sept. 2. Gerardia aspera Dougl. Rough Purple Gerardia. (Fig. 3309.) G. aspera Dougl.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 517. 1846. Annual, i°-2° high, hispidulous-scabrous with rough stiff short whitish hairs, branched, the branches nearly erect. Leaves narrow y linear, \f-i]/zf long, less than i// wide, erect or ascending; pedicels equal- ling or becoming longer than the turbinate calyx; calyx-teeth triangular-ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, one-fourth to one-third as long as the tube; corolla deep purple, about i/ long, nearly or quite glabrous within, very pubescent without, the lobes ciliate; filaments villous; anthers all alike, obtuse at the base; capsule oblong, 2>//~A// tiigli, considerably longer than the calyx. On dry plains and prairies, Indiana to South Dakota, south to Missouri and Arkansas. Aug. -Oct. 176 SCROrHULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. Gerardia purpurea L,. Large Purple Gerardia. (Fig. 3310.) Gerardia purpurea L- Sp. PI. 610. 1753. Annual, glabrous, smooth, or roughish; stem slender, branched, i°-2^0 high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves narrowly lin- ear, usually widely spreading, iZ-i^' long, about l// wide, sometimes with smaller ones fas- cicled in their axils; flowers racemose on the branches, purple (rarely white), about \' long and broad; pedicels shorter than or but little longer than the campanulate calyx, even in fruit; calyx-teeth triangular -lanceolate or ovate- oblong, acute, one-third to one-half the length of the tube; corolla much expanded above, villous or nearly glabrous within, the lobes ciliolate; an- thers all alike, the sacs mucronulate at the base; filaments villous; capsule globose, 2"-$" in diameter, longer than the calyx. In moist fields and meadows, Maine and south- ern Ontario to Florida, mostly near the coast. Aug.-Oct. 4. Gerardia paupercula (A. Gray) Britton. (Fig. 3311.) Gerardia purpurea var. paupercula A. Gray, Syn. 2: Part 1, 293. 1878. Gerardia intermedia Porter; A. Gray, loc. cit. As synonym. 1878. G. paupercula Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 295. 1S94. Annual, glabrous and smooth or very nearly so; stems strict, branched above, S'-iS' high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves narrowly linear, Yz'-x' long, ty'-x" wide, spreading or ascending; pedicels equalling the calyx, or longer in fruit; calyx campanulate, its teeth about one-half the length of the tube, triangular- lanceolate, acute, or acuminate; corolla 6//-io// long, rose purple, its limb about as broad, some- what villous in the throat within, the lobes cili- ate; stamens very villous; anther-sacs mucronu- late at the base; capsule globose-oblong, 3" high, longer than the calyx. In bogs and low meadows, Quebec to New Jersey, west to Manitoba and Wisconsin. July-Sept. Small-flowered Gerardia. 5. Gerardia maritima Raf. Sea-side or Salt-marsh Gerardia. (Fig. 3312.) Gerardia maritima Raf. Med. Rep. (II) 5: 361. 1808. Annual, smooth and glabrous, fleshy; stem erect, usually branched, 4/-i6/ high, the branches as- cending. Leaves linear, thick, %f-\' long, \" wide or less, obtuse, spreading, the uppermost very small and subulate, scarcely longer than the pedicels; pedicels in flower shorter than or equalling the calyx, about twice as long in fruit; calyx teeth broad, short, obtuse; corolla rose-purple, 5//~9// long, glabrous, the limb about as broad; anther-sacs mucronulate at the base, capsule globose-oblong, 2//-3// high. In salt marshes, Maine to Florida and Louisiana. Juljr-Aug. The southern plant has larger flowers than the northern. Flowers before the upland species. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 177 6. Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. Slender Gerardia. (Fig. 3313.) Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 79. 1794. Annual, glabrous; stem very slender, pauicu- lately branched, 6'-2^ bigh, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves very narrowly linear, acute, y2'-\%r\ow^ ^"-i" wide, spread- ing; pedicels mostly equalling or longer than the flowers; calyx campanulate, its teeth very short, pointed; corolla light purple, spotted, rarely white, 6//-9// long, vertically compressed when fully expanded, minutely puberulent, or glabrous; anther-sacs mucronate at the base; capsule globose or slightly obovoid, 2"-2l/2,'/ in diameter, longer than the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, Quebec to Georgia, west to western Ontario, Illinois and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. Gerardia tenuifolia asperula A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 4: 153. 1879. Leaves scabrous on the upper surface, linear-fili- form: corolla not compressed. On dry hills and banks, Ontario to Indiana and Missouri. 7. Gerardia Besseyana Britton. Bessey's Gerardia. (Fig. 3314.) Gerardia tenuifolia var. macrophylla Benth.Comp. Bot. Mag. 1:209. 1835. Not G. macrophylla Beuth. Gerardia Besseyana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 295. 1894. Annual; stem glabrous, rather stout, strict, branched, i°-2° high, the branches ascending or nearly erect. Leaves linear, i/-2/ long, i//-2// wide, scabrous, acute, ascending; pedicels as- cending, longer than the flowers; calyx cam- panulate, its teeth triangular-subulate, one-third to one-half the length of the tube; corolla pur- ple, 5//-6// long; capsule globose, 2//~3// in di- ameter, exceeding the calyx. On dry hills and prairies, Iowa to Nebraska and Colorado, south to Louisiana and Kansas. July- Sept. 8. Skin- 1847. i860. Gerardia Skinneriana Wood, ner's Gerardia. (F"ig. 3315.) Gerardia Skinneriana Wood, Classbook, 408. Gerardia parvifolia Chapm. Fl. S. States, 300. Annual, roughish; stem strict, striate, branched, or sometimes simple, 6'-iS' high, very slender, the branches erect or ascending. Leaves setaceous, as- cending or commonly erect and appressed, ^/-i/ long, yz" wide or less, the uppermost minute; pedi- cels longer than the calyx, scarcely longer than the flowers, 2-4 times the length of the capsule; calyx- teeth minute; corolla light purple, 5//-6// long and about as broad, glabrous without, its lobes ciliolate; capsule oblong, 2//-3// high, considerably longer than the calyx. In dry sandy woods and thickets, eastern Massachu- setts to Florida, west to Minnesota, Iowa and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. 12 i78 SCROPHULARIACEAK. [Yot,. IIL Gerardia auriculata Michx. Auricled Gerardia. (Fig. 3316.) G. aariculala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 20. 1803. Annual, scabrous; stem slender, simple, or branched above, hirsute, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sessile, mostly rounded and 2-lobed at the base, or quite entire, i/-2/ long, the basal lobes oblong or lanceolate, obtusish, short; flowers solitary in the upper axils, sessile, purple, 8//-io// long; calyx 5-cleft, its lobes lanceolate, acute, slightly unequal, as long as or longer than the tube; corolla densely pu- berulent outside, glabrous within; filaments glabrous; anthers of the shorter stamens smaller than those of the longer; anther-sacs obtuse at the base; capsule oval-oblong, about ]4.' high, a little shorter than the calyx. In moist open soil, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Kansas. Adventive at Woodbridge, N. J. July-Sept. 10. Gerardia densiflora Benth. Cut- leaved Gerardia. (Fig. 3317.) G. densiflora Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 206. 1835. Annual, scabrous and short-hispid; stems stiff, erect, branched, or simple, i°-2j£° high, very leafy. Leaves sessile, ovate in outline, ascend- ing, about \' long, pinnately parted nearly to the midvein into 3-7 narrowly linear acute rigid segments less than \" wide; flowers \'- iX/ long, rose-purple, sessile in the upper axils; calyx 5-cleft, its lobes linear, acuminate, ciliate, about as long as the tube; corolla glabrous both outside and within; filaments glabrous or vil- lous; anthers of the shorter stamens smaller than those of the longer; capsule about %' high, shorter than the calyx. On dry prairies, Kansas to Texas. Aug. -Oct. 26. CASTILLEJA Mutis; L.f. Suppl. 47. 1781. Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, with alternate leaves, and red yellow purple or white flowers, in dense leafy-bracted spikes, the bracts often brightly colored and larger than the flowers. Calyx tubular, laterally compressed, cleft at the summit on the upper side, or also on the lower, the lobes entire or 2-toothed. Corolla very irregular, its tube not longer than the calyx, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip (galea) arched, elongated, concave or keeled, laterally compressed, entire, enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther-sacs oblong or linear, unequal, the outer one attached to the filament by its middle, the inner one pendulous from its apex. Style filiform; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds reticulated. [Named for Cas- tillcjo, a Spanish botanist.] About 40 species, mostly natives of the New World. In addition to the following, about 21 others occur in the western parts of North America. -X- Plants villous-pubescent. Bracts broad, dilated, lobed, or entire. Stem leaves deeply and irregularly cleft into narrow segments. 1." ' C.Tcoccinea. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, or rarely with a few lobes. 2/ C. indivisa. Bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, entire. 2>\C- minor. ■X- -X- Plants glabrous, woolly at the summit, or cinereous-puberulent. Glabrous, or tomentose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, niostty entire. 4. C. acuminata. Cinereous-puberulent, pale; stem leaves cleft. 5. C. sessiliflora. Voi,. III.] FIG WORT FAMILY. I. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet Painted-cup. brush. (Fig. 3318.) Bartsia coccinea L. Sp. PI. 602. 1753. Castilleja coccinea Spreng. Syst. 2: 775. 1825. Annual or biennial, villous-pubescent; stem rather slender,simple,or with few erect branches, i°-2° high. Leaves sessile, parallel-veined, the basal oblong, obovate, or linear, tufted, mostly entire, I'-^f long, those of the stem deeply 3-5-cleft into linear obtusish segments, the bracts broader and shorter, 3-5-lobed or cleft, bright red or scarlet, conspicuous; flowers ses- sile, io//-i2// long, usually not exceeding the bracts; calyx cleft both above and below into 2 dilated entire or refuse oblong and obtuse lobes, sometimes scarlet; corolla greenish-yellow, its tube shorter than the calyx, its upper lip much longer than the lower; capsule oblong, acute, 5"-6" long. In meadows and moist thickets, Maine and Onta- rio to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Tennessee, Kan- sas and Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Bracts and calyx rarely yellow. May-July. 179 Indian Paint- 2. Castilleja indivisa Engelm. Entire- leaved Painted-cup. (Fig. 3319.) Castilleja indivisa (Engelm.) Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 255. 1845. Winter-annual; stem villous pubescent, usually simple, 8/-i8/ high. Leaves sessile, parallel- veined, linear to linear-lanceolate, 1/-4/ long, I/^//-3// wide, entire, or rarely with 2-4 lateral lobes; no tuft of basal leaves; bracts dilated, obo- vate to spatulate, bright red; flowers sessile, about 1/ long or less, not longer than the bracts; calyx cleft as in the preceding species, and corolla similar. In sandy soil, Kansas to Texas. Spring. 3. Castilleja minor A. Gray. Small- flowered Painted-cup. (Fig. 3320.) Castilleja affinis var. minor A. Gray, Bot Mex. Bound. Surv. 119. 1859. Castilleja minor A. Gray, in Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1:573. 1876. Annual, villous-pubescent; stem slender, strict, simple, or with 1 or 2 erect branches, i°-2*4° high. Leaves all linear-lanceolate and entire, parallel-veined, sessile, acuminate, 2/~3/ long, the bracts similar, smaller, red or red-tipped; very narrow, equalling or longer than the short- pedicelled flowers; calyx green, cleft on both sides to about the middle, the lobes lanceolate, acute, entire, or 2-toothed; corolla yellow, 6//- io// long, its upper lip much longer than the small lower one; capsule oblong, acute, 6//-8// long. In moist soil, Montana and western Nebraska to New Mexico, west to Nevada and Arizona. May-July. i8o SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. 4. Castilleja acuminata (Pursh) Spreng. L,ance-leaved Painted-cup (Fig. 3321.) Bartsia acuminata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 429. 1814. Castilleja acuminata Spreng. Syst. 2: 775. 1825. Castilleja septenlrionalis Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 925. 1825. Castilleja pallida var. septenlrionalis A. Gray, in Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1: 575. 1876. Perennial, glabrous, or loosely tornentose above; stems slender, commonly clustered, 6/-2° high, usually simple. Leaves sessile, 3-5-nerved, mostly quite entire, the lower linear, the upper lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, some- what narrowed at the base, 2'-4' long; bracts oblong, oval, or obovate, obtuse, dentate, or en- tire, yellowish, greenish-white or purple, as long as the sessile flowers; calyx cleft on both sides to about the middle, the lobes lanceolate, usually again 2-cleft; corolla 6//-8// long, its upper lip 2-4 times as long as the lower; capsule oblong, 6"-8" high. In moist soil, Labrador to Alaska, the mountains of New England, Ontario, Minnesota, the Black Hills, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and to British Columbia. June-Aug. 5. Castilleja sessilifldra Pursh. Downy Painted-cup. (Fig. 3322.) Castilleja sessilijlora Pursh, Am. Sept. 738. 1814. Perennial, cinerous-puberulent all over; stems stout, simple, or branched from near the base, 6/-i5/ high, densely leafy. Leaves sessile, i/-2/ long, the lowest commonly linear, obtuse and entire, the others laciniate into narrow, entire or cleft segments; bracts green, similar to the upper leaves, shorter than the sessile flowers; calyx deeper cleft on the lower side than on the upper, its lobes linear-lanceolate, acute; corolla yellowish, \yzf long, the upper lip about twice as long as the lower, the lobes of the latter linear; capsule oblong-lanceolate, acute, 6//-8// long. On dry prairies, Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, south to Illinois, Nebraska, Wyoming and Texas. May-July. 27. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. Gen. 2: 56. 1818. Annual or rarely perennial herbs, mostly with alternate leaves, and yellow white or pur- plish flowers, in bracted usually dense spikes, the bracts sometimes brightly colored. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 4-clcft, or sometimes split down both sides. Corolla very irregular, the tube slender, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip little if .any longer than the 3-lobed 1-3-saccate lower one. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs dissimilar, the outer one affixed by its middle, the inner pendulous from its upper end, com- monly smaller. Style filiform; stigma entire. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds reticulated. [Greek, erect-fruit.] About 30 species, natives of America, mostly of the western United States, 1 or 2 Andean. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 181 i. Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. Yellow Orthocarpus. (Fig. 3323.) Orlhocarpus luteus\$ixM.. Gen. 2:"^j. 1818. Annual, rough-pubescent" or puberulent; stem strict, erect, branched above, or simple, 6/-iS/ high, densely leafy. Leaves erect or ascending, linear or lanceolate, entire, or sometimes 3-cleft, i/-i}4/ long, i//2// wide, sessile, long-acuminate; bracts of the dense spike lan- ceolate, broader and shorter than the leaves, entire or 3-cleft, acute, green, mostly longer than the flowers; flowers bright yellow, 4//~5// long; calyx-teeth acute, shorter than the tube; corolla about twice as long as the calyx, puberulent without, its upper lip ovate, ob- tuse, about as long as the saccate 3-toothed lower one; capsule about as long as the calyx tube. On dry plains and prairies, Manitoba to Minnesota and Nebraska, west to British Columbia and California. July- Sept. 28. SCHWALBEA L-. Sp. PI. 606. 1753. A perennial erect finely pubescent and minutely glandular, simple or sparingly branched, leafy herb, with sessile entire 3-nerved leaves, and rather large yellowish-purple flowers in a terminal bracted spike. Calyx tubular, somewhat oblique, 10-12-ribbed, 2 bracteolate at the base, 5 -toothed, the upper tooth much the smallest, the 2 lower ones partly connate; corolla very irregular, the tube cyliudric, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip arched, concave, entire; lower lip somewhat shorter, 3-lobed, 2-plaited. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending within the upper lip of the corolla; anther sacs equal. Style filiform. Capsule oblong, many-seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose reticulated testa. [Named for C. G. Schwalbe, of Holland, who wrote ("1719) on Farther India.] A rnonotypic genus of eastern North America. Schwalbea Americana L. seed. (Fig. 3324.) Chaff- Schwalbea Americana L. Sp. PI. 606. 1753. Stem slender, strict, i°-2° high. Leaves ob- long or ovate-oblong, entire, acute at both ends, i/-i^/ l°ng. 2//-8// wide, the upper gradually smaller and passing into the bracts of the rather loose spike; flowers very nearly sessile, \'-i%' long, longer than the bracts; bractlcts at the base of the calyx linear, shorter than its tube; corolla- tube slightly exceeding the lower lobes of the calyx, these connate to near their apices; capsule enclosed by the calyx. In wet sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, near the coast. May-July. 29. EUPHRASIA I,. Sp. PI. 604. 1753. Annual or perennial low mostly branched herbs, parasitic on other plants, with opposite dentate or incised leaves, and small blue yellow or white flowers in terminal leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx not bracteolate at the base, campanulate or tubular, 4-cleft (rarely 5-cleft with one of the lobes much smaller than the others). Corolla very irregular, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, scarcely concave, 2-lobed, its margins recurved; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spreading, its lobes either emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anther-sacs equal and parallel, mucronate at the base. Cap- sule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, longitudinally ribbed. [Greek, delight.] > About no species, natives of temperate and cold regions of both the northern and southern hemispheres. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern North America. 182 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Bracts, and usually the leaves, glandular. Neither bracts nor leaves glandular, but usually pubescent. Spikes elongated; bracts sharply toothed; plant 4'-io' high. Spike short, capitate; bracts bluntly toothed; plant i'-2' high. [Vol. III. 1. E. latifolia. 2. E. Americana. 3. E. Oakesii. i. Euphrasia latifolia Pursh. Glandular Eyebright. (Fig. 3325.) Euphrasia latifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 430. 1814. Annual; stem erect, simple, or with a few erect branches from near the base, pubescent with crisped hairs, 2' '-"]' high. Leaves ovate to obovate, obtuse, 2-5-toothed on each side, the teeth sharp or blunt; spike i/-4/ long, the bracts imbricated, at least above, broadly oval to orbicular, cuneate at the base, sharply toothed, glandular-pubescent beneath or also on the margins; calyx-teeth acute; corolla 3//-4// long, lilac, or variegated; capsule oblong- elliptic, ciliate on the margins, and more or less pubescent or pilose, about as long as the calyx. Greenland to Hudson Bay and New Brunswick. Also in northern Europe. Summer. Euphrasia Americana Wettst. Eyebright. (Fig. 3326.) Hairy Euphrasia Americana Wettst. Mon. Euph. 127. 1896. Annual, pubescent with crisped hairs; stem often at length much branched, 4/-io/ high. Leaves sessile, ovate to oval, obtuse or acutish at the apex, 3-5-toothed on each side, 3" -6" long, ij£"-4K" wide, the teeth acute; bracts cuneate or obtuse at the base, dentate, pubescent, not glandular, slightly shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 3//-4// long, purplish or nearly white, its lobes emarginate; capsule narrow, cune- ate, 2//-3// high, about equalling the calyx. In fields and on hills, Maine and New Brunswick to Newfoundland, western Ontario and Michigan, perhaps extending further west. Summer. Euphrasia officinalis L. is not known from North America. 3. Euphrasia Oakesii Wettst. Oakes' Eyebright. (Fig. 3327.) Euphrasia Oakesii Wettst. Mon. Euph. 142. 1896. Stem erect or ascending, very slender or filiform, simple, i/-2/ high, somewhat pubescent. Stem leaves 2 or 3 pairs. Bracts and leaves orbicular or broadly oval, narrowed or nearly truncate at the base, 2//-3// long, obtuse, pubescent, not glan- dular, with 2-5 blunt teeth on each side; spike short, capitate, only 3//-5// long, the bracts densely imbricated; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short; corolla l%"-2" long, purplish; capsule oblong-elliptic, ciliate, longer than the calyx. White Mountains of New Hampshire. Voi,. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. I83 30. BARTSIA L. Sp. PI. 602. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, partly parasitic on the roots of other plants, with opposite leaves, and purple pink red or yellow flowers, in terminal leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx cam- panulate or tubular, 4-toothed or 4-eleft. Corolla very irregular, the tube straight or re- curved, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire, the margins not recurved; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anther-sacs similar, parallel. Capsule globose, oblong, or ovoid, loculicidally dehis- cent, several-many-seeded. Seeds horizontal, striate, or ribbed. [Named for John Bartsch, a Prussian botanist, died 1738.] About 6 species of the northern hemisphere. Only the following is known to occur in North America. I. Bartsia alpina L. Alpine Bartsia. (Fig. 3328.) JJartsia alpina L. Sp. PI. 602. 1753. Perennial by short rootstocks, pubescent; stem erect, leafy, simple, or rarely with 1 or 2 short branches, 4/-io/ high. Leaves sessile, ovate, or ovate- oblong, crenate-dentate, obtuse or acutish, rounded and sometimes slightly clasping at the base, Jfc'-i/ long; bracts similar, smaller, mostly shorter than the flowers; spike i/-2/ long; flowers S^-io" long, some- times borne also in the upper axils; calyx 4-cleft nearly to the middle; corolla purple, its tube much longer than the calyx; anthers pubescent, at least on the back; capsule ovoid-oblong, equalling or longer than the calyx. Labrador to Greenland and the Arctic Sea. Also in Europe. Summer. 31. ODONTITES Gmel. Fl. Sib. 3: 213. 1768. Annual erect herbs, half parasitic on the roots of other plants, with small opposite leaves, and yellow or red flowers in terminal bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla with a narrow tube and a strongly 2-lipped limb, the upper lip concave, entire, or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending; anther-sacs similar. Cap- sule mostly subglobose, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds few, pendulous. [Greek, referring to its supposed value as a cure for toothache.] About 20 species, mostly natives of the Mediterranean region. i. Odontites Odontites (L.) Wettst. Red Bartsia. (Fig. 3329.) Red E3'ebright. Euphrasia Odontites L. Sp. PI. 604. 1753. Bartsia Odontites Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2268. 1778. Odontites Odontites Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 102. 1891. Annual, appressed-pubescent, roughish ; stem slender, at length much branched, 6/-i5/ high, the branches erect or ascending. Leaves sessile, lan- ceolate, or oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, serrate with low distant teeth, slightly nar- rowed at the base, ^/-i_^/long, i//-3//wide; spikes slender, becoming 2/~5/ long in fruit, somewhat i-sided; bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller; flowers numerous, 4//-5// long; calyx 4-cleft; cor- olla red or pink, its tube somewhat longer than the calyx; anthers slightly pubescent; capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx. In fields and waste places, coast of Maine to Nova Scotia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. 1 84 SCROPHULARIACKAE. [Vol,. III. 32. PEDICULARIS L. Sp. PI. 603. 1753. Herbs, with alternate opposite or rarely verticillate, pinnately lobed cleft or pinnatifid leaves, and yellow red purple or white flowers, in terminal spikes or spike-like racemes. Calyx tubular, cleft on the lower side or sometimes also on the upper, or 2-5-toothed. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the tube cylindric, the upper lip (galea) laterally compressed, concave or conduplicate, sometimes beaked; lower lip erect or ascending, 3-lobed, the lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle one the smallest. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending within the upper lip of the corolla; anthers approximate in pairs, their sacs transverse, equal, parallel, obtuse or rarely mucronate at the base. Capsule compressed, oblique or curved, beaked, many-seeded, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds reticulate, pitted, striate or ribbed. [Latin, pertaining to lice, long supposed to breed lice in sheep that feed on these plants.] About 125 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, some 25 others inhabit the western parts of North America. Mostly known as I_ousewort; a few red-flowered species are called Red Rattle. -;;- Galea produced into a filiform beak 6"-8'' long. -X- %r Galea short-beaked or beakless. Beak of the galea conic, decurved, 1" long. Beak of the galea very short, or none. Annuals or biennials; stems leafy, freely branching; northern. Puberulent; upper leaves crenulate, lower pinnatifid. Glabrous or very nearly so; leaves all pinnatifid. Perennials; stems leafy, simple (rarely branched in No. 6). Corolla yellow, or the galea red; plants 6' -3° high; eastern species. Leaves pinnately lobed; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx:. 5. P. lanceolala. Leaves pinnately parted; capsule lanceolate, 3 times as long as the calyx. 6. P. Canadensis. 7. P. Furbishiae. 1. P. Groenlandica. 2. P. Lapponica. 3. P. euphrasioides. 4. P. parviflora. Lower leaves pinnately divided; capsule ovate. Galea crimson or purple; plant 1/-4' high; arctic. Perennial; stem scapose, or 1 -leaved; flowers capitate; arctic. 8. P.flammea. 9. P. capitata. Long- 1. Pedicularis Groenlandica Retz. beaked Pedicularis. (Fig. 3330.) P. Groenlandica Retz. Fl. Scand. Ed. 2, 145. 1795. Perennial, glabrous; stem simple, erect, i°-i}40 high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate in outline, acute or acuminate, pinnately parted or the lower pinnately divided into lanceolate acute crenulate or incised segments, the upper sessile, the lower slender-peti- oled, 2/-6/ long; spike l/-6/ long, very dense; calyx 5-toothed, nearly as longas the corolla-tube, the teeth short, acutish; corolla red or purple, the galea pro- duced into a filiform beak 6//-8// long, which is de- curved against the lower lip and upwardly recurved beyond it; body of the corolla 2/^//~3// long; capsule obliquely ovate, about 3" long. In wet soil, Labrador, Greenland and Hudson Bay to- the Northwest Territor}' and British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Summer. 2. Pedicularis Lapponica L,. Lapland Pedicularis. (Fig. 3331.) Pedicularis Lapponica L. Sp. PI. 609. 1753. Perennial, puberulent; stems simple, or sparingly branched, leafy, 4/-8/ high. Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled, alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, Yz'-iYi' long, pinnately incised into numerous ap- proximate oblong serrulate lobes; spike short, the flowers almost capitate, light yellow, 6//-7// long; calyx cleft on the lower side, 2-toothed on the upper; galea erect, arched, tipped by an abruptly spreading or recurved conic beak about \" long. In open places, Labrador and Greenland to the Arctic Sea. Also in Arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. Pedicularis pedicellata Bunge, an Alaskan species is re- corded by Bunge from Labrador. It is distinguished from the above by its scapose stem, deeply pinnatifid leaves and pedicellate lower flowers. We have not seen specimens from the eastern side of the continent. Vol. III.] FIGYVORT FAMILY. 185 3. Pedicularis euphrasioides Steph. Eyebright Pedicularis P. euphrasioides Steph. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 204. 1801. Biennial or annual, puberulent; stem branched, 6/-i5/ high, the branches ascending. Lower leaves petioled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline, 7.'-\' long, 4//-S// wide, pinnatifid into oblong ob- tuse crenate-deutate segments; upper leaves sessile, linear or linear-oblong, smaller, merely crenulate; flowers in a short terminal spike and solitary in the upper axils; calyx cleft on the lower side, 2-3- toothed on the upper, shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla yellow, or the galea purplish, about 6// long; galea as long as the tube, tipped with a very short truncate beak, minutely 2-toothed on the lower side at the apex; capsule apparently shorter than the calyx. Labrador to Greenland, the Arctic Sea, Alaska and British Columbia. Also in northern Asia. Summer. Pedicularis parviflora J. E. Smith. Purple Pedicularis. (Fig. 3333-) P. parviflora J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop. 1814. Pedicularis Wlassoviana Stev. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 6: 29. pi. p, f. 1. 1823. Pedicularis pahtstris var. Wlassoviana Bunge; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 3: 283. 1847-49. Biennial or annual, glabrous throughout, or the petiole-bases ciliate; stem erect, much branched, i°-2° high. Leaves i/-2/ long, alternate, or some of them opposite, oblong- lanceolate in outline, all pinnatifid into ob- long crenate or incised segments; flowers in terminal rather loose spikes and solitary in the upper axils, 7//-8// long; calyx 2 cleft, the lobes with an incised crested border; corolla purple, its tube twice as long as the calyx, the lip much shorter, the galea arched at the top, not beaked, blunt, bearing a pair of minute teeth below its summit; capsule obliquely ovate, twice as long as the calyx when mature. Labrador to Alaska, south to Quebec, the North- west Territory and Oregon. Summer. Pedicularis paliistris L , which differs from this in its larger flowers and apiculate galea, is re- ported from Newfoundland and Labrador; it is widely distributed in Europe and Asia. It is known as Red Rattle, Cow's-wort and Marsh Lousewort. 5. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Swamp Lousewort. (Fig. 3334.) Pedicularis la nceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2- 18. 1803. Pedicularis auriculala Smith in Rees' Cyclop. 1814. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem stout, simple, or branched above, i°-3° high, the branches erect. Leaves alternate and opposite, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 2/-5/ long, pinnately lobed, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the lobes oblong, obtuse, short, crenate-dentate, the margins cartilaginous; spikes short; calyx 2-lobed, the lobes with foliaceous margins; corolla yellow, S//-io// long, the galea arched, terminated by a very short truncate beak, the lower lip erect-ascending; capsule ovate, little exceeding the calyx, about 5" high. In swamps, Ontario to Connecticut and Virginia, west to Manitoba, Minnesota, Ohio, Michigan, and Nebraska (according to Williams). Aug. -Oct. i86 SCROrHULARIACEAE. [Vol,. III. 6. Pedicularis Canadensis L. Wood Betony. I/Dusewort. (Fig. 3335.) Pedicularis Canadensis L,. Mant. 86. 1767. Perennial, hirsute, pubescent, or glabrate be- low; stems commonly tufted, ascending or erect, 6'-i&' high, simple. Leaves alternate or some of them opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 3'- 5/ long, all but the uppermost slender-petioled, pinnately parted into oblong obtuse incised or dentate lobes; flowers spicate, the spike short in flower, s/-8/ long in fruit, the lower bracts usually foliaceous, the others small; calyx cleft on the lower side; 2-3-crenate on the upper, oblique; corolla yellow.or reddish (rarely white) 7//-io// long, the tube much longer than the calyx, the galea arched, incurved, not beaked, minutely 2-toothed below the apex; capsule lanceolate, oblique, 7//-8// long, 1" wide, about 3 times as long as the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Mani- toba, south to Florida, Kansas, Colorado and North Mexico. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Called also High Heal-all, Beefsteak plant. April-June. 7. Pedicularis Furbishiae S. Wats. Miss Furbish's Pedicularis. (Fig. 3336.) Pedicularis Furbishiae S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 375. 1882. Perennial, pubescent, at least above; stem strict, simple, 2°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, alternate, or some of them opposite, the lower loug-petioled, 4/-6/ long, pinnately divided into ovate or oblong, pinnatifid or incised segments, the upper sessile, pinnately parted or lobed; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes entire or dentate; narrow, somewhat unequal; cor- olla yellow, 7//-9// long, the galea arched, trun- cate, not beaked, 2-cuspidate at the apex; capsule ovate. In swamps and along streams, Maine and New Brunswick. July-Sept. 8. Pedicularis flammea L,. Red- tipped Pedicularis. (Fig. 3337.) Pedicularis flammea I,. Sp. PI. 609. 1753. Perennial, glabrous or somewhat woolly; stem simple, 2/~4/ high, with several linear-ob- long, pinnately parted leaves. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, i/-i)4/ long, the uppermost sessile, the lobes ovate or ob- long, incised-serrate; flowers about 6// long, pedicelled in a short spike-like raceme, longer than the narrow bracts; calyx 5-toothed, the teeth lanceolate, acute, unequal; corolla-tube and the lower lip greenish yellow, the galea slightly arched, very blunt, much longer than the lower lip, its summit crimson or purple; capsule'lanceolate, 6//-S//long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; fruiting pedicels 3//-5// long. Labrador to Greenland, west to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe. Summer. Vol. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. I87 g. Pedicularis capitata Adams. Capitate Pedicularis. (Fig. 3338.) Pedicularis capitata Adams, Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 5: 100. 1817. Perennial, pubescent or glabrous; stem scapose, leafless, or I-leaved, i/-5/ high. Leaves slender-petioled, often shorter than the scape, pinnately divided, the segments ovate or ob- long, incised; flowers several in a capitate cluster at the end of the scape, i/-i>^/ long; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes foliaceous, incised or crenate; corolla described as white; galea scarcely broadened above, slightly curved, very obtuse, twice as long as the lower lip; capsule oblong, a little longer than the calyx, beaked on the outer side near the summit. Hudson Bay to Alaska. Summer. 33. RHINANTHUS I,. Sp. PI. 603. 1753. Annual erect mostly branched herbs, with opposite leaves, and yellow blue violet or variegated flowers, in terminal i-sided leafy-bracted spikes, or solitary in the upper axils. Calyx compressed, 4-toothed, much inflated, membranous and conspicuously veiny in fruit. Corolla very irregular, 2-lipped, the upper lip (galea) compressed, arched, minutely 2-toothed below the entire apex, the lower lip 3-lobed, shorter, the lobes spreading. Stamens 4, didy- namous, ascending under the galea; anthers pilose, the sacs obtuse at the base, transverse, distinct. Capsule orbicular, flat, loculicidally dehiscent, several-seeded. Seeds nearly or- bicular, winged. [Greek, nose-flower, from the beaked corolla.] About 3 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. i. Rhinanthus Crista-Galli L,. Rattle. Rattle-box. Yellow or Penny Rattle. (Fig. 3339. ) Rhinanthus Crisia-galli L. Sp. PI. 603. 1753. Rhinanthus minor Lhrh. Beitr. 6: 44. 1791. Glabrous, or pubescent above; stem slender, usu- ally branched, 6/-i8/ high, the branches erect or ascending. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, coarsely serrate-dentate, acute or obtuse, i/-2/ long, 2//-4// wide; bracts broader, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, incised-dentate, the teeth acu- minate or subulate-tipped; flowers yellow, 6//-S// long; corolla-tube longer than the calyx, commonly with a purple spot on one or both lips; ruiting calyx ovate- orbicular, 4//-6// in diameter; capsule orbicular, or broader, nearly as broad as the calyx, very flat, not oblique. Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska and Oregon, south to Quebec, the White Mountains of New Hamp- shire, Ontario and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico; on the Atlantic Coast from Rhode Island to New Brunswick. Common in northern Europe and Asia. Called also Rattle-bags, Penny-grass. June-Aug. 34. MELAMPYRUM L. Sp. PI. 605. 1753. Annual branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small white yellow violet or variegated flowers, solitary in the upper axils, or in terminal bracted spikes. Calyx 4-toothed, the 2 upper teeth somewhat the longer. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, the tube narrow, gradually enlarged above, the upper lip compressed, obtuse or emarginate with a groove behind the margins, or these recurved or with a tooth on each side; lower lip spreading or ascending, 3-toothed, 2-grooved beneath. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip; an- ther-sacs distinct, parallel, obtuse or mucronulate at the base. Capsule flat, oblique, loculi- cidally dehiscent, 2-4-seeded. Seeds smooth, strophiolate. [Greek, black wheat.] About 10 species, all of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known in North America. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the floral 2-4-toothed at the base. r. M. lineare. Leaves ovate, all entire. 2. M. latifolium. i88 SCROPHULARIACEAE. i. Melampyrum lineare Lam. Melampyrum lineare Lam. Encycl. 4: 22. 1797. M. Americanum Michx. PI. Bor. Am. 2: 16. 1803. Fuberulent; stem slender, obscurely 4-sided above, at length widely branched, 6'-il/2° high. Leaves lanceolate or lineardanceolate, short- petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, nar- rowed, obtuse, or the upper truncate at the base, 1/-2 yi' long, i^//-6// wide, the lower all en- tire, the upper floral ones ovate or lanceolate, with 2-6 bristle-pointed teeth near the base; flowers short-peduncled, 4//-6// long; calyx about one-third the length of the coi-olla, its subulate teeth longer than its tube; corolla white or whitish, puberulent, the lower lip yellow; capsule 4//-5// long, about 1" wide, twice as long as the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Kentucky and Minnesota. Ascends 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-Aug. Narrow-leaved Cow-Wheat. [Vol. III. (Fig. 3340.) 2. Melampyrum latifolium Muhl. Broad- leaved Cow-Wheat. (Fig. 3341.) Melampyrum latifolium Muhl. Cat. 57. 1813. Similar to the preceding, widely branched, i°-i^° high; but the leaves all entire, short-petioled, the lowest small, spatulate, obtuse, the middle ones lan- ceolate or ovate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, 2/~3/ long, the floral ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter, acute, mostly rounded at the base; corolla purple, veiny. In dry woods, Delaware (according to Muhlenberg); Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee. June-Aug. Family 28. LENTIBULARIACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 686. 1847.* BUDDERWORT FAMILY. Aquatic plants, or terrestrial on moist ground, with the leaves basal and tufted, or borne on floating branching stems, or reduced to minute scales. Scapes erect. Flowers solitary or racemose, perfect, irregular, the pedicels bracteolate. Calyx inferior, 2-5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip usually erect, con- cave, or the sides plicate, entire, or 2-lobed, interior in the bud; lower lip larger, spreading or reflexed, 3-lobed, with a palate projecting into the throat and a nectariferous spur beneath. Stamens 2; anther-sacs confluent into 1. Ovary superior, ovoid or globose, i-celled; ovules numerous; style short, or none; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit a capsule, irregularly bursting, or dehiscent by valves. Seeds anatropous, rugose, reticulated, or bristle-bearing; endosperm none. About 4 genera and 180 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions, both of the Old World and the New. Aquatic or bog plants; foliage often dissected and bladder-bearing. Terrestrial; leaves basal, tufted, entire. 1. Utricularia. 2. Pinguicula. i. UTRICULARIA L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753. Herbs floating free in the water, or rooting in the mud, the aquatic species with stems usually bearing finely divided leaves and covered with minute bladders; marsh species with a few bladder-bearing leaves or rootlets under ground. Bladders contracted at the mouth, closed by an operculum and furnished with a few projecting bristles. Flowers racemose or solitary at the summits of slender scapes, the pedicels 2-bracteolate. Calyx deeply 2-lobed, *Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong. Vou III.] BL ADD KR WORT FAMILY. 189 the lobes equal or nearly so. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip usually erect and entire, the lower larger, 3-lobed, spurred at the base and with a promiuent palate, commonly bearded in the throat. Capsule many-seeded. [Latin, utriculus, a bag, or little bladder.] About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern United States. •;:- Scapes rooting in the mud; leaves entire; bladders usually few or none. Scapes stout, strict, 1-10-flowered; flowers yellow, 4" -10" broad. Flowers 8"-io" broad; spur 6" long. Flowers 4"-5" broad; spur 3" long. Scape filiform, 2-bracted above; flower solitary, purple. Scape filiform, the raceme zig-zag; flowers 1-10, yellow. Scape filiform; flowers minute, cleistogamous. 1. U. cornuta. 2. U. juncea. 3. U. resupinata. 4. U. subulata. 5. U. cleistogama. Jf -X- Branches and finely divided leaves floating, or creeping on the mud, bladder-bearing. t Scape bearing a whorl of leaves with inflated petioles. 6. U. inflala. f t Scape leafless, or with a few minute scales. Leaves verticillate; corolla purple. Leaves crowded, 2-3 pinnately divided; corolla yellow, large. Leaves scattered, dichotomously divided. Cleistogamous flowers among the leaves. No cleistogamous flowers. Bladders mainly or entirely on leafless branches. Leaf-segments linear, flat. Leaf-segments capillary. Bladders among the leaves. Flowers 2-8; spur usually reduced to a short protuberance. Flowers 1-2; spur shorter than the lower lip, conic, gibbous. Flowers 1-3; spur oblong, as long as the lower lip. 7. U. purpurea. 8. U. vulgaris. 9. U. clandeslina. 10. U. intermedia. 11. U. fibrosa. 12. U. minor. 13. U. gibba. 14. U. biflora. i. Utricularia cornuta Michx. Horned Bladderwort. (Fig. 3342.) Utricularia cornuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 12. 1803. Scape stout, strict, 3/-i4/ high, with or without a few scattered scales, rooting in the mud. Stems and branches root-like, sometimes with a few entire leaves and few bladders, or several; flowers 1-6, yellow, fra- grant; pedicels i//-2// long; corolla 8//-io// broad when expanded; lower lip large, somewhat galeate, the sides strongly reflexed, with a prominent palate which pro- jects inwardly and is pubescent at the throat; upper lip smaller, obovate; spur ]/zf long, acute, curved; seeds black, rugosely pitted. On borders of ponds, or in bogs, Newfoundland to On- tario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. June- Aug. 2. Utricularia juncea Vahl. Rush Bladder- wort. (Fig. 3343-) Utricularia juncea Vahl, Enum. 1: 202. 1805. Scape rather stout, strict, 6/-i6/ high, rooting in the mud, bearing few or several minute scales. Leaves not seen; flowers 3-10, bright yellow; pedicels i//long, or less; cor- olla 4//-5// broad when expanded, the lower lip obovate, pointed, mainly composed of the palate, the upper little smaller, obovate, emarginate; spur linear-subulate, slightly curved, or straight, about 3" long. In bogs, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Also in the West Indies and South America. July-Aug. 190 LENTIBULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. 3. Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene. Reversed Bladdenvort. (Fig. 3344.) Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene; Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 3, 10. 1840. Scape filiform, 2/-j/ high, 2-bracted near the flower, arising from creeping rooting shoots which rise i/-2/ above the ground and bear a few branches and bladders. Flower solitary, purple, resting transversely upon the summit of the scape and so appearing resupinate; cor- olla 3//~5// long, the limb deeply 2-parted, remote from the conic spur. In sandy bogs and borders of ponds, Maine to Florida, west to Michigan. Rare and local. July-Aug. 4. Utricularia subulata L. Tiny or Zig-zag Bladderwort. (Fig. 3345.) Utricularia subulata L,. Sp. PI. 18. 1753. Utricularia setacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 12. 1803. Scape filiform, i/-8/ high, the racemes zig-zag. Leaves few, entire, they and the bladders seldom found; pedicels 2//-6// long, slender; flowers 1-10, yellow; corolla 2//-3// broad, the lower lip 3-lobed, the upper smaller, ovate; spur conic, appressed to the lower lip and equalling it in length, or shorter. In wet, sandy soil, Nantucket to Florida, west to Texas, Mexico and Arkansas. Also in Cuba. March-Aug. 5. Utricularia cleistogama (A. Gray) Brittou. Closed Bladderwort. (Fig. 3346.) T'lricularia subulata var. cleistogama A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 317. 1878. U. clandestina Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 12. 1889. Scape hair-like, i/~3/ high, 1-2-flowered. Stems root- like, sparse, sending a few minute simple shoots above ground; bladders minute, seldom seen; flowers on short bracted pedicels; corolla }4//-i,/ broad, strictly cleistoga- mous, spurless, the lips nearly equal, the lower varying from purplish to yellow, the upper white; seeds dark ru- gosely pitted, scarcely X" in diameter; capsule globose. In wet soil, eastern Massachusetts and in the pine-barrens of New Jersey. August. 6. Utricularia inflata Walt. Swollen Bladder- wort. (Fig. 3347.) Utricularia inflata Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788. Utricularia ceratophylla Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 12. 1803. Scapes stout, 3/-2o/ high, bearing a whorl of 5-9 leaves at about the middle. Branches long, floating, crowded with dichotomously divided leaves and cov- ered with bladders; leaves of the scape finely dissected, their petioles cylindric, inflated, dilated upward, %'- ■2' long; flowers 2-10, yellow, about o/' broad; upper lip of the corolla broadly ovate, obscurely lobed or crenate, the lower 3-lobed; spur conic, emarginate, ap- pressed to the lower lip and about one-half its length ; capsule nodding in fruit. In ponds, Canada (according to Pursh); Maine to Florida and Texas, near the coast. March-Aug. Vol. III.] BLADDERWORT FAMILY. 191 7. Utricularia purpurea Walt. Pur- ple Bladderwort. (Fig. 3348.) Utricularia purpurea Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788. Utricularia saccata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 21. 1816. Scape i/-6/ high, naked, or bearing a few scales, 1-4-fiowered. Branches floating, long, with numerous dichototnous capillary leaves in verticils of 4's and 5's and many large bladders; corolla violet-purple, 3//-8// broad, the lower lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes sac- cate; upper lip truncate, emarginate; spur nearly conic, appressed to the lower lip and one-half its length, or more. In ponds, Maine to Florida, near the coast; also in Indiana. May-Aug. 8. Utricularia vulgaris L. Greater Bladderwort. Hooded Water-Mil- foil. Pop- weed. (Fig. 3349.) Utricularia vulgaris E. Sp. PI. 18. 1753. Utricularia macrorhiza I,e Conte, Ann. Lvc. N.Y.i. -73. 1824. Scapes stout, naked, or with a few broad scales, 3/-i4/ high. Leaves 2-3-pinnately divided, usually much crowded, the seg- ments setaceous; branches floating, some- times i°long, the leaves sometimes 6//~7// long with numerous bladders; flowers 3-20, racemose, yellow; pedicels 4//-8// long, re- curved in fruit; corolla %' broad or more, the sides of the lips reflexed; palate promi- nent; upper lip nearly entire, the lower slightly 3-lobed and longer than the conic blunt or acutish, somewhat curved spur. In brooks and ponds, Newfoundland to Florida, west to British Columbia and California, throughout nearly the whole of North America. Also in Europe, Asia, Cuba and Mexico. June-Aug. The plant, like others of the genus, is often prop- agated by winter buds. 9. Utricularia clandestina Nutt. Hid- den-fruited Bladderwort. (Fig. 3350.) U. clandestina Nutt.; A. Gray, Man. 287. 1848. Utricularia striata Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 29. 1843. Not Le Conte, 1824. Scape slender, 2/-5/ high, arising from long floating branches. Leaves scattered, repeatedly forked, the divisions capillary, bearing numerous bladders. Flowers of two kinds; those of the scape 3-5, complete, those among the leaves strictly cleistogamous, numerous, their pedicels reflexed in fruit; corolla of the upper complete flowers yellow, spreading, 4//-5// broad when expanded, the lips nearly equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed; spur shorter than the lower lip, thick, obtuse, approximate to it. In shallow ponds, New Brunswick to New Jersey, near the coast. July. ig2 LENTIBULARIACEAE. [Vol. III. 10. Utricularia intermedia Hayne. Flat-leaved Bladderwort. (Fig. 3351.) Utricularia intermedia Hayne in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1: 18. 1800. Scape capillary, i'-\o' high, naked, or -with a few scales. Branches floating, 2/-6/ long; leaves %'-%f long, more or less scattered, 2- ranked, repeatedly dichotomous, the segments linear, flat, Y%,f wide or less, the margins bristly- serrulate. Bladders, with rare exceptions, borne on leafless branches; flowers 1-5, yellow; corolla ]/2' broad, its lower lip broad with a large palate and exceeding the upper; spur conic, sub acute, nearly as long as the lip, to which it is appressed. In shallow water along the margins of pools and ponds, Cape Breton to British Columbia, south to New jersey, Minnesota and California. Also in Europe. The plant is commonly propagated by the velvety-looking winter buds, which are buried in the mud at its base. June-Aug. 11. Utricularia fibrosa Walt. Fibrous Bladderwort. (Fig. 3352.) Utricularia fibrosa Walt. El. Car. 64. 1788. Utricularia striata Le Conte, Ann. Eye N. Y. 1:75. 1824. Utricularia bipartita Chapm. Fl. S. States, 283. i860. Scape slender, naked, or with very few minute scales, 3/-i2/ high. Leaves scat- tered, dichotomously divided, small or sometimes scarcely any, the segments cap- illary; bladders often on leafless branches, sometimes none; flowers 1-6, yellow; cor- olla 4//-6// broad, the lips nearly equal, broad, the upper undulate or 3-lobed, the middle lobe striate; spur nearly linear, ob- tuse, ascending, nearly equalling or some- times exceeding the lower lip. In shallow ponds and swamps, Long Island to Florida and Louisiana, mostly in pine barrens. June-July. 12. Utricularia minor L. Lesser Bladderwort. (Fig. 3353. ) Utricularia minor L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753. Scapes slender, 2/-y/ high. Branches floating, short; leaves much scattered, dichotomously divided, the divisions few and setaceous; blad- ders borne among the leaves, few, often none, the largest not over \" long; flowers i-to, pale yellow, racemose; corolla 2"-^" broad, ringent, the upper lip smaller than the lower; spur usu- ally reduced to a blunt broad protuberance, shorter than the lips; pedicels reflexed in fruit. In shallow ponds and in bogs, Greenland and Labrador to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Arkansas, Utah and California. Also in Europe. June-July. Vol. III.] BLADDER WORT FAMILY. 193 13. Utricularia gibba L,. Humped Bladdenvort. (Fig. 3354.) I "tricularia gibba L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753. U.fornicata Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: 76. 1824. U. minorloxx. Fl. N. Y. 2: 21. 1843. Not L. 1753. Scapes filiform, I/-5' high, arising from sparing- ly leafy, floating or creeping branches. Leaves root-like, in the mud or just above it, usually deli- cate, the divisions ofteu only 1 or 2, capillary; b'adders few and minute, borne among the leaves, the largest about ]/z" long, or often none; flowers 1 or 2, yellow; corolla 3//-4// broad, its lips round- ed, broad, entire, or undulate, about equal; spur thick, conic, ascending, gibbous at the base, ob- tuse, shorter than the lips. In shallow water, or in mud on the borders of ponds and pools, Ontario to Michigan, south to Alabama and Illinois. July-Aug. 14. Utricularia biflora Lam. Two-flowered Bladderwort. (Fig. 3355.) I 'tricularia biflora Lam. 111. i: 50. 1791. Utricularia longirostris Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: 76. 1824. Scapes filiform, 2/-5/ high, arising from long float- ing branches. Leaves scattered, their divisions few, finely capillary, often copiously bladder-bearing; flowers 1-3, yellow; corolla 4//-6// broad, the lips rounded, nearly equal; spur narrowly oblong, blunt, curved upward, equalling the lower lip. In shallow water on the margins of ponds, Eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Illinois, south to Louisiana and Texas. 2. PINGUICULA L. Sp. PI. 17. 1753. Acaulescent herbs, with fibrous roots, naked fi-flowered circinate scapes, and basal tufted entire leaves, the upper surface covered with a viscid secretion to which insects ad- here, aud are captured by the involution of the sensitive'leaf-margins. Calyx 4-5-parted, or 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-partcd, the upper 2-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft; base of the corolla saccate and contracted into a nectariferous spur. Cap- sule 2-valved or 4-valved. Seeds oblong, wrinkled ox ± reticulated. [Latin, pinguis, fat, the leaves seeming greasy to the touch.] About 30 species, of wide geographic distribution, chiefly in temperate and cold regions. Be- sides the following, 4 others are found in the southern United States. Scapes villous, 1/-2' high; leaves oval, 3"-6" long. 1. P. villosa. Scapes glabrous or minutely downy; leaves ovate or elliptic, 1/-2' long. 2. P. vulgaris. i. Pinguicula villosa L,. Hairy Butterwort. (Fig. 3356.); Pingu icu la" villosa L. Sp. PI. 17. 1753. Pinguicula'acutifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 11. 1803. ffl Scapes slender, villous, t/-2' high. Leaves 3 or 4, oval, obtuse, 3//-6//klong, 2//-3// wide, sessile, orpetioled; petioles short," villous; flowers 2" broad; corolla pale violet with a yellowish-striped jthroat, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2 parted, the lower larger, 3-parted, the tube abruptly contracted into a straight linear or oblong blunt spur \yzf/-iff long, r Labrador and [Hudson Bay to Alaska. Also in Greenland. Summer. 13 194 LENTIBULARIACEAE. [Voi,. III. 2. Pinguicula vulgaris L. But- terwort. Bog or Marsh Violet. (Fig- 3357-) Pinguicula vulgaris L- Sp. PI. 17. 1753. Scapes glabrous, or minutely puberu- lent, 2/-6/bigb. Leaves 3-7 in a rosette at the base of the scape, greasy to the touch on the upper surface, ovate to lanceolate, obtuse, i/-2/ long, 3//-io// wide, short-petioled, or sessile; corolla violet-purple, 3//-4// broad when expand- ed, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, larger, the tube gradually contracted into an acute or obtuse nearly straight spur 2//-4// long; capsule glo- bose ovoid, longer than the calyx. On wet rocks or in gravelly rivulet beds, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Vermont, northern New York, Minnesota and British Columbia. Also in Greenland, Europe and northern Asia. Other English names are Beanweed, York- shire Sanicle, Sheep-root or -rot, Rot-grass, Sheep-weed, and Steep- or Earning-grass, from its use in curdling milk. July-Aug. Pinguicula alpina L- is reported to have been collected in Labrador but not sufficiently authenti- cated. It may be known by its recurved obtuse conic spur, not one-half as long as the lower lip of the corolla. Family 29. OROBANCHACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 287. 1836. Broom-rape Family. Erect, simple or branched, brown yellowish purplish or nearly white root- parasites, the leaves reduced to alternate appressed scales, the flowers perfect, irregular (rarely cleistogamous), sessile in terminal bracted spikes, or solitary and peduncled in the axils of the scales. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, 4-5- toothed, 4-5 -cleft, or split nearly or quite to the base on one or both sides. Corolla gamopetalous, more or less oblique, the tube cylindric, or expanded above, the limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, a fifth rudimentary one occasion- ally present; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel, equal. Ovary superior, 1 -celled, the four placentae parietal; ovules numerous, anatrop- ous; style slender; stigma discoid, 2-lobed, or sometimes 4-lobed. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, reticulated, wrinkled or striate; embryo minute; cotyledons scarcely differentiated. About 11 genera and 200 species of wide geographic distribution, mcstly in the northern hemis- phere. Flowers all complete and perfect. Calyx 2-5-toothed. Calyx about equally 5-cleft; no bracts on pedicels nor calyx. 1. Thalesia. Calyx unequally toothed, or split on both sides; flowers bracted. 2. Orobanche. Calyx spathe-like, split on the lower side, 3-4-toothed on the upper. 3. Conopholis. Lower flowers cleistogamous, fertile; upper complete, mostly sterile. 4. Leptamniam. i. THALESIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 267. 1818. [Anoplanthus Endl. Icon. Gen. PI. 12. pi. 72. 1838.] [Aphyixon A. Gray, Man. 290. 1848.] Glandular or viscid-pubescent simple-stemmed herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered scales, and long-peduncled yellowish white or violet, complete and per- fect bractless flowers. Calyx campanulate or hemispheric, nearly equally 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acuminate. Corolla oblique, the tube elongated, curved, the limb slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip erect-spreading, 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes all nearly equal. Stamens included; anther-sacs mucronate at the base. Ovary ovoid; placentae equidistant, or contiguous in pairs; style slender, deciduous; stigma peltate, or transversely 2-lamellate. [Dedicated to Thales.] About 3 species, natives of North America. Stem very short; peduncles 1-4, erect; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 'acuminate. 1. T. uniflora. Stem erect, 2' -5' high; peduncles several; calyx-lobes broad, acute. 2. T.fasciculata. Vol. III.] BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. 195 1. Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton. Pale or Naked Broom-rape. One-flowered Broom-rape. Cancer-root. (Fig. 3358.; Orobanchc uniflora L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753- Anoplanthus uniflorus Endl. Icon. Gen. PI. 12 pi. 72. 183S. Aphvllon unifiorum T. &G.; A. Gray, Man. 290. 1848. T. uniflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 298.^ 1S94. Stem usually less than 1/ long, nearly sub- terranean, beariug several ovate-oblong scales and 1-4 slender erect scape-like glandular- puberulent naked i-flowered peduncles $'-W high. Calyx campanulate, pubescent, glandu- lar, 4//-5// high, less than one-half the length of the corolla, its lobes as long as the tube or longer, lanceolate, acuminate; corolla white or violet, puberulent without, 8//-l2// long, the curved tube about 3 times as long as the limb, the short lobes oval or obovate, obtuse; placentae nearly equidistant; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx. In woods and thickets, parasitic on the roots of various herbs, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Virginia, Ohio, Texas and California. April-June. 2. Thalesia fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton. Clustered or Yellow Cancer- root. (Fig. 3359-) Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. Gen. 2: 59. 1818. Anoplanthus fasciculatus Walp. Rep. 3: 480. 1844-45- Aphyllon fasciculalum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 312. 1878. Thalesia fasciculata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 298. j 1894. Stem erect, 2/-4v high, densely glandular- pubescent, bearing several scales and 3-15 naked i-flowered peduncles 1/-4/ long. Calyx glandular, broadly campanulate, 3"- 5" high, about one-third the length of the corolla, its lobes triangular-lanceolate or tri- angular-ovate, acute, equalling or shorter than the tube; corolla nearly i/ long, pur- plish-yellow, puberulent without, the curved tube 3 times as long as the limb, the lobes oblong, obtuse, the limb more manifestly 2-lipped than in the preceding species; cap- sule ovoid to globose. In sandy soil, parasitic on the roots of various plants, northern Indiana to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Arizona and California. April-Aug. Thalesia fasciculata lutea (Parry) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 298. 1894. Phelipaea lutea Parry, Amer. Nat. 8: 214. 1874. Aphyllon fasciculalum var. luteum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 312. 1878. Whole plant light yellow. Western Nebraska and Wyoming. 2. OROBANCHE L-. Sp. PI. 632. 1753. Glandular-pubescent, erect simple or branched, reddish yellowish violet or nearly white herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered scales, and spicate or racemose, complete and perfect, bracted and sometimes bracteoiate flowers. Calyx split both above and below, nearly or quite to the base, the divisions 2-cleft or rarely entire, or more or less unequally 2-5-toothed. Corolla oblique, strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included; anther-sacs mostly mucronate at the base. Placentae equidistant, or approximate in pairs. Style slender, commonly per- sistent until after the dehiscence of the capsule; stigma peltate to funnelform, entire, or later- ally 2-Iamellate. [Greek, Choke- Vetch.] About 90 species, natives of the Old World and western America, Besides the following some 6 others occur in the western parts of North America. 196 OROBANCHACEAE. Calyx 4-toothed; stems mostl3- branched. Calyx split on both sides; stem simple. Calyx 5-cleft;*stem simple. [VOL. III. 1. O. rainosa. 2. O. minor. 3. O. Ludoviciana. i. Orobanche ramosa L. Hemp or Branched Broom-rape. (Fig. 3360.) Orobanche ramosa I„. Sp. PI. 633. 1753. Plant yellowish; stem rather slender, branched, or rarely simple, s'-ijj' high, the scales few and distant, 2//-j// long. Spike loosely many-flowered, denser above than below, the lowest flowers short- pedicelled; bracts usually 3, the longest about equal- ling the calyx ; calyx 4-toothed, the teeth triangular- ovate, acute, or acuminate, about as long as the tube; corolla 5" -9" long, the tube yellow, slightly constricted above the ovary, the limb bluish. Parasitic on the roots of hemp and tobacco, Kentucky. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Summer. 2. Orobanche minor J. E. Smith. Lesser or Clover Broom-rape. Herb- bane. (Fig. 3361.) O. minor J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 422. 1797. Plantyellowish brown; stem rather stout, sim- ple, 4/-20/ high; lower scales numerous, ovate- oblong, the upper lanceolate, acute, scattered, 3//-io// long. Spike dense, or the lower flowers separated, 3/-8/ long; bracts lanceolate, equal- ling or longer than the flowers; flowers 5" -9" long; calyx split both above and below, each of the lateral segments 2-cleft, the teeth lanceolate- subulate; corolla-tube yellowish, scarcely con- stricted above the ovary, the limb bluish. Parasitic on the roots of clover, New Jersey to Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. Called also D^vil's-root and Hell-root. May-July. 3. Orobanche Ludoviciana Nutt. Louis- iana Broom-rape. (Fig. 3362.) Orobanche Ludoviciana Nutt. Gen. 2: 58. 1818. Aphyllon Liidovicianum A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 585. 1876. Stems stout, simple, solitary or clustered, viscid- puberulent, 4/-i2/ high, scaly. Flowers 6//-8// long, very numerous in dense terminal spikes, 1-2-bracted under the calyx; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the corolla-tube, or shorter; corolla 2-lipped, pur- plish, its tube narrow, about twice as long as the limb; anthers woolly; capsule ovoid-oblong, shorter than the calyx. In sandy soil, Illinois to the Northwest Territory, south to Texas, Arizona and California. June-Aug. 3. CONOPHOLIS Wallr. Orobanch. 78. 1825. An erect stout simple glabrous, densely scaly, light brown herb, parasitic on the roots of trees, with yellowish flowers 2-bracteolate under the calyx, in a thick dense bracted spike, the Vol. hi.] BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. 197 bracts similar to the scales of the stem. Calyx oblique, deeply split on the lower side, 3-4- toothed on the upper. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the tube slightly curved, the upper lip concave, nearly erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3dobed. Stamens exserted; anther- sacs bristly pubescent. Placentae about equidistant; stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid-globose. [Greek, signifying a scaly cone.] Two known species, one of eastern North America, tlie other Mexican. i. Conopholis Americana (L*. f.) Wallr. Squaw-root. (Fig. 3363.) Orobanche Americana I,, f. Suppl. 88. 1767. Conopholis Americana Wallr. Orobanch. 78. 1825. Plants 3/-io/ high from a thickened base, light brown, usually clustered, covered all over with stiff imbricated scales. Upper scales lanceolate or ovate, acute, 6//-io// long, the lowest much shorter; flowers about y2' long, exceedingly numerous in the dense spike which is 6//-io// thick; corolla pale yellow, somewhat exceeding the calyx; anthers sagit- tate; capsule ovoid-globose, 4//-5// high. In rich woods at bases of trees ( Canada? ) ; Maine to Michigan, south to Florida. Called also Can- cer-root and Earth Club. April-Aug. 4. LEPTAMNIUM Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 267. Feb. 1818. [Epifagus Nutt. Gen. 2: 60. 1818.] An erect slender glabrous, purplish or yellowish, rather stiff branching herb, parasitic on the roots of the beech, with few small scattered scales, and sessile dimorphous flowers, dis- tantly spicate on the branches, the lower cleistogamous, abundantly fertile, the upper com- plete but mostly sterile. Calyx short, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla of the upper flowers cylindric, slightly flattened laterally, the tube much longer than the 4-lobed limb, the upper lobe concave, larger than the 3 lower ones; stamens not exserted; anther-sacs mucronulate at the base; style filiform, 2-lobed; ovary with an adnate gland on the upper side near the base. Corolla of the lower flowers minute, not unfolding, borne like a hood on the summit of the ovoid ovary; style very short; placentae contiguous in pairs; capsuleat length 2-valved at the summit. [Greek, referring to the small calyx.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Leptamnium Virginianum (L-.) Raf. Beech-drops. (Fig. 3364.) Orobanche Virginia na L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753. Epifagus Americana Nutt. Gen. 2: 60. 18] 8. Epiphegus Virginiana Bart. Comp. Fl. Phil. 2: 50. 1818. Leptamnium Virginianum Raf.; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 314. 1878. As synonym. Plant 6'-2° high from a thick scaly base, the roots brittle, fibrous. Stem paniculately branched, the branches straight, ascending; scales very few and small; corolla of the upper flowers 4//-5// long and 1" thick, striped with purple and white, the limb not at all spreading; stamens about as long as the corolla; style slightly exserted; lower flowers \%" long, the corolla resembling the calyptra of a moss; capsule 3" high, some- what oblique and compressed, many-seeded. In beech woods, New Brunswick to Florida, west to Ontario, Michigan, Missouri and Louisi- ana. Called also Cancer-root. Aug.-Oct. 198 BIGNONIACEAE. [Vol. III. Family 30. BIGNONIACEAE Pers. Syn. 2: 168. 1807. Trumpet- creeper Family. Trees, shrubs or woody vines, a few exotic species herbs, with opposite (rarely alternate) compound or simple leaves, and mostly large and showy, clus- tered terminal or axillary, more or less irregular flowers. Calyx inferior, gamo- sepalous. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, campanulate, or tubular, 5-lobed, somewhat 2 -lipped, at least in the bud. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4, in- serted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or cup-like. Ovary sessile or stalked, mostly 2-celled; placentae parietal, or on the partition-wall of the ovary; ovules very numerous, horizontal, anatropous; style slender; stigma terminal, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, loculicidally, septifragally or septicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, transverse, winged in our genera; endosperm none; cotyledons broad and flat, emarginate or 2-lobed; radicle short, straight. About 60 genera and 500 species of wide geographic distribution in tropical regions, a few in the north and south temperate zones. Leaves compound; anther-bearing stamens 4; our species vines. Calyx-limb undulate; capsule flattened parallel with its partition-wall. 1. Bignonia. Calyx 5-toothed; capsule compressed at right angles to its partition-wall. 2. Tecoma. I,eaves simple; anther- bearing stamens mostly 2; trees. 3. Catalpa. i. BIGNONIA L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753. Woody vines, with opposite 2-3-foliolate leaves, the terminal leaflet usually reduced to a tendril (some tropical species with decompound or even simple leaves), and large flowers in axillary cymes or terminal panicles. Calyx campanulate, the limb merely undulate, truncate or slightly 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla much expanded above the calyx, the limb some- what 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, included, inserted near the base of the corolla; anther-sacs glabrous, divergent. Capsule linear, flat- tened parallel with the thin partition, septifragally dehiscent, the margins of the valves more or less thickened. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows on both margins of the partition, winged, much broader than high, the wing entire, or erose at the end. [Named after the Abbe Biguon, 1662-1743, librarian to Louis XV.] About 150 species, natives of America. The following'is the only one known in the United States. i. Bignonia crucigera L. Tendrilled Trumpet-flower. Cross-vine. (Fig. 3365.) Bignonia crucigera L. Sp. PI. 624. 1753. Bignonia capreolala L. loc. cit. 1753. A glabrous woody vine, often climbing to the height of 4o°-6o°, the stems sometimes 4/ in diam- eter, exhibiting a conspicuous cross in the trans- verse section. Leaves petioled, commonly with small simple stipule-like ones in their axils, 2-folio- late, terminated by a branched tendril; leaflets stalked, oblong or ovate, entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, pinnately veined, 3/-7/ long; cymes numerous, short-peduncled, 2-5- flowered; pedicels i/-2/ long; calyx membranous; corolla 2' long, orange and puberulent without, yellow within; capsule 5/-7/ long, 8//-io// broad, very flat, each valve longitudinally i-nerved; seeds broadly winged laterally, narrowly winged above and below, \]/2' broad. In moist woods, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana, north to Ohio and southern Illinois. Called also Quar- ter Vine. April-June. 2. TECOMA Juss. Gen. 139. 1789. Climbing woody vines with aerial rootlets, or erect shrubs, with opposite pinnately compound or sometimes simple leaves, and large showy red or orange flowers, in terminal corymbs, racemes, or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate, somewdiat unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube elongated, enlarged above the calyx, narrowly campanulate, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Anther- bearing stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs divergent, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Capsule elongated, slightly compressed at right-angles to the partition, loculicidally and septicidally dehiscent. Seeds in 1, 2 or several rows on each side of the margins of the partition, winged, the wing translucent. [From the Aztec name Tecomaxochitl.] Vol. in.] TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY. 199 4o°, About 80 species, natives of warm and temperate regions of both the Old World and the New. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. i. Tecoma radicans (L,.) DC. Trumpet-flower. Trumpet-creeper. (Fig. 3366.) Bignonia radicans L. Sp. PI. 624. 1753. Tecoma radicans DC. Prodr. 9: 223. 1845. A woody vine, climbing to the height-of 20 or prostrate if meeting no support. Leaves petioled, odd-pinnate, not tendril-bearing, 8/-i5/ long; leaf- lets 7-1 1, ovate to lanceolate, short-stalked, sharply serrate, reticulate-veined, glabrous, or pubescent on the veins beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, i)4/~3/ long; flowers corym- bose, short-pedicelled; corymbs 2-9-flowered; calyx coriaceous, about r/ long; corolla scarlet, 2j4/ long, the tube veined within, 3 times as long as the limb; anther-sacs glabrous; stigma spatulate; capsule stalked, 4/-6/ long, io" in diameter, narrowed at both ends, little flattened, ridged above and below by the margins of the valves: seeds in several rows on each surface of the partition, broadly winged laterally, the wing eroded. In moist woods and thickets, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas, north to Illi- nois. Escaped from cultivation further north. Called also Trumpet-vine and Trumpet-Ash. Aug.-Sept. i. CATALPA Scop. Introd. 170. 1771. Trees, or some exotic species shrubs, with opposite or rarely verticillate simple petioled leaves, and large showy white or mottled flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs. Calyx closed in the bud, splitting irregularly or into 2 lips in opening. Corolla-tube campanulate or obconic, oblique, expanded above, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes all spreading, their mar- gins crisped. Anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; an- ther-sacs glabrous, linear or oblong, divergent; sterile stamens (staminodia) 3, short (or oc- casionally 4 perfect didynamous stamens and 1 stamiuodium). Disk obsolete. Ovary sessile, 2-celled; ovules in 2-several rows on the sides of the partition. Capsule elongated-linear, terete, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, the large lateral wings dissected into capillary processes. [The American Indian name of the first species below.] About 7 species, the following in eastern North America, 2 in eastern Asia, 2 or 3 in the West Indies. Corolla thickly spotted within, i'-i1" long, the lower lobe entire. 1. C. Catalpa Corolla little spotted, 2' long, the lower lobe emarginate. 2. C. speciosa. 1. Catalpa Catalpa (I,.) Karst. Catalpa. Indian Bean. Candle-tree. Bean-tree. (Fig. 3367. ) Bignonia Catalpa L. Sp. PI. 622. 1753. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788. Catalpa Catalpa Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 927. 1880-83. A tree, with thin flaky bark, reaching a maximum height of about 6o° and a trunk diameter of 40, the branches spreading. Leaves strong-scented, broadly ovate, entire, or 3-lobed, acute or acuminate at the apex, densely pubescent beneath, becoming gla- brous above, obtuse at the base, 6/-i2/ long, the lobes, when present, acuminate; petioles stout, nearly as long as the blade; flowers white, numerous, mottled with yellow and purple within, i/-i^/ long, in large terminal erect panicles; corolla-tube campanulate, the lower lobe entire; capsules io/-i3/ long, 4//-5// thick, thin-walled, drooping. In woods in the Gulf States. Escaped from cultiva- tion northward as far as Pennsylvania and southern New York. Wood brown, soft, weak, durable in con- tact with the soil. Weight per cubic foot 28 lbs. June-July. 200 BIGNONIACEAE. [Vol. III. 2. Catalpa speciosa Warder. Catawba Tree. Larger Indian Bean. (Fig. 3368.) Catalpa speciosa Warder; Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 5: 1. 1880.' : ■' Catalpa cordifolia Duham. Nouveau, 2: pi. 5. 1802. Not Moench, 1794. A tree, with thick rough bark, reaching a maximum height of 1200 and a diameter trunk of 4)4°, similarto the preceding species. Leaves not unpleasantly scented, broadly ovate.commonly entire.long-acuminateat tbe apes; panicles few-flowered; corolla faintly mottled within, the tube obconic, the limb only slightly oblique, the lower lobe emar- ginate; capsule thick-walled, io/-2o/ long, nearly io// in diameter. In woods, southern Illinois to Tennessee, west to Missouri and Arkansas. Wood brown, softf weak, durable. Weight per cubic foot 26 lbs. May-June. Family 31. MARTYNIACEAE Link, Handb. 1: 504. 1829. Unicorn-plant Family. Herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper sometimes alternate, and perfect irregular flowers, racemose in our species. Calyx inferior, 4-5-cleft or 4-5- parted or sometimes split to the base on the lower side. Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, the tube oblique, often decurved, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal, the 2 upper ones exterior in the bud. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or the posterior pair sterile; anthers 2 -celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae expanded into broad surfaces, or 2-4-celled by the intrusion of the placentae or by false partitions; ovules numerous or few in each cavity of the ovary, anatropous; style slender; stigma 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit various in the different genera. Seeds oblong or orbicular, compressed, wingless or narrowly winged; endosperm none; embryo large; cotyledons fleshy, flat; radicle short and straight. Three genera and 10 species, mainly tropical. i. MARTYNIA L. Sp. PI. 618. 1753. Coarse diffusely branched glandular-pubescent and viscid strong-scented herbs, with oppo- site or alternate long-petioled leaves, and large violet purple whitish or mottled flowers in short terminal racemes. Calyx 1-2-bracteolate at the base, campanulate, inflated, unequally 5-cleft, deciduous. Corolla funnelform-catnpanulate, oblique, decurved, the 5 lobes nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 4 in our species; anthers gland-tipped, their sacs divergent. Ovary i-celled, the 2 parietal placentae intruded and expanded in the center of the cavity into broad surfaces bearing the ovules in 1 or 2 rows. Fruit an incurved beaked loculicidally 2-valved capsule, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, the endocarp fibrous, woody, crested below or also above, gelled by the extension of the placentae. Seeds numerous, tuberculate. [Named for John Martyn, 1693-1768, professor of botany at Cambridge, England.] About 8 species, natives of America. era United States. Besides the following, 2 others occurMn the southwest- Vol. III.] UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY. 20I i. Martynia Louisiana Mill. Unicorn-Plant. Double-claw. (Fig. 3369.) M. Louisiana Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 3. 1768. Martynia proboscidea Glox. Obs. 14. 1785. Annual, densely glandular-pubescent all over; stem stout, much branched, the branches pros- trate or ascending, i°-3° long. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, rounded at the apex, cordate at the base, repand, undulate or entire, 3/-i2/ in diameter, the petiole stout, mostly longer than the blade; bractlets at the base of the calyx ob- long or linear, deciduous; calyx somewhat cleft on the lower side; racemes several-flowered; pedicels slender; corolla whitish or yellowish, mottled with purple or yellow within, i%f-if long, the limb nearly as broad, the lobes obtuse; stamens all anther-bearing; fruit strongly curved, 4/-6/ long when mature, the beak longer than the body, splitting into 2 elastically di- verging segments, the endocarp crested on the under side only. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Maine to New Jersey and North Carolina. Native in the Mississippi Valley from Iowa and Illinois south- ward. July-Sept. Elephant's Trunk. Family 32. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 1: 236. 1805. Acanthus Family. Herbs, or some tropical genera shrubs or small trees, with opposite simple exstipulate leaves, and irregular or nearly regular perfect flowers. Calyx in- ferior, persistent, 4-5-parted or 4-5-cleft, the sepals or segments imbricated, equal or unequal. Corolla gamopetalous, nearly regularly 5-lobed with the lobes convolute in the bud, or conspicuously 2-lipped. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or 2 only; anthers mostly 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally de- hiscent. Disk annular, or cup-like. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2-10 in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; style filiform, simple; stigmas 1 or 2. Capsule dry, 2-celled, loculicidally elastically 2-valved. Seeds globose or orbicular, not winged, borne on curved projections (retinacula) from the placentae, the testa close, mostly roughened, often developing spiral threads and mucilage when wetted. Endosperm in the following genera none; cotyledons flat, commonly cordate. About 175 genera and 1800 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions of the Old World and the New. Corolla convolute in the bud, nearly regular; stamens 4. Ovules 2 in each cavity; capsule 2-4-seeded. 1. Calophanes. Ovules 3-10 in each cavity; capsule 6-20-seeded. 2. Ruellia. Corolla imbricated in the bud, strongly 2-lipped; stamens 2. Lower lip of the corolla 3-eleft; flowers bracted. not involucrate. 3. Dianthera. Lower lip of the corolla entire or 3-toothed; flowers involucrate. 4. Diapedinm. i. CALOPHANES Don; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. (II). pi. 181. 1833. Erect or procumbent perennial herbs or shrubs, with entire leaves (smaller ones some- times fascicled in their axils), and blue or purple, rather large, bracted flowers, axillary, soli- tary or clustered. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes setaceous. Corolla funnelform, the tube slightly curved, enlarged above, or cylindraceous, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, the lobes rounded, sinistrorsely convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, in- cluded, all anther-bearing in our species; anther-sacs mucronate at the base. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary; summit of the style recurved; stigma simple, or of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong, linear, narrowed at the base, 2-4-seeded. Seeds flat, orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. [Greek, beautiful appearance.] About^o species, of wide distribution in warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. 202 ACANTHACEAE. [Vol. III. i. Calophanes oblongifolia (Michx.) Don. Calophanes. (Fig. 3370.) Ruellia biflora L. Sp. PI. 635. 1753? R. oblongifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 23. 1803. Calophanes oblom?ifolia Don; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. (II) pi. 181. 1833. Dipteracanlhus biflorus Nees, Linnaea, 16: 294. 1842. Rootstocks horizontal, slender. Stems slender, erect, simple, or branched below, pubescent or puberulent, obtusely 4-angled, 6/-i5/ high, rather stiff. Leaves ascending or erect, oblong or oval, rounded at the apex, somewhat narrowed at the base, very short- petioled, or sessile, pubescent or glabrate, W-\§" long; flowers commonly solitary in the axils; calyx-segments filiform, hirsute, exceeding the oblong obtuse bractlets; cor- olla blue, or mottled with purple, S//-i2// long, slightly 2-lipped, its tube enlarged above; capsule oblong, about one-half the length of the calyx; anther-sacs mucronate- aristate at the base. In sandy pine barrens, Virginia to Florida, mainly near the coast. June-Sept. 2. RUELLIA L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753. Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mostly pubescent, with entire or rar«ly dentate leaves, and large violet blue white or yellow flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils, or cymose in ter- minal panicles. Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube usually narrow, slightly enlarged above, the limb spreading, 5 lobed, the lobes obtuse, mostly nearly equal, sinistrorsely convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, in- cluded or exserted; anther-sacs not mucronate at the base. Ovules 3-10 in each cavity of the ovary; apex of the style recurved; stigma simple, or of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong or club-shaped, compressed or terete, 6-20-seeded. Seeds compressed, ovate or orbicular, at- tached by their edges to the retinacula. [Named for I. Ruel or de la Ruelle, 1474-1537, an early French herbalist.] About 200 species, mainly of tropical America, a few in Africa, Asia and Australia. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Flowers sessile or nearly so. Calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the capsule. Calyx-segments filiform-linear, much exceeding the capsule. Flowers peduncled; peduncle with two large bracts at the summit. 1. R. she pens. 2. R. ciliosa. 3. R. pednnculala. i. Ruellia strepens L. Ruellia strepens L,- Sp. PI. 634. 1753. Glabrate, or somewhat pubescent; stem erect, slender, simple, or branched, 4-sided, i°-4° high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, petioled, acute or sub- acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3/-6/ long; petioles 2//-io// long; flowers solitary or several together in the axils; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than the corolla- tube, slightly pubescent or ciliate, 8//-i2// long, Yz"-\'r wide; corolla blue, ij^-2'long, the limb nearly as broad, the tube about as long as the throat and limb; capsule club- shaped, longer than or equalling the calyx. In dry woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. May-July. Ruellia strepens micrantha (Engelm. & Gray) Brittun. Dipteracanlhus micranthus Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Xat. Hist. 5: 257. 1845. Ruellia strepens var. cleislantha A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 327. 1878. Flowers mostly cleistogamous; leaves often narrower. Range of the type. Smooth Ruellia. (Fig. 337 r. ) VOI,. III.] ACANTHUS FAMILY. 203 2. Ruellia ciliosa Parsh. Hairy Ruellia. (Fig. 3372.) Ruellia ciliosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 420. 1814. Similar to the preceding species, but hir- sute or pubescent, at least above; stem erect, or ascending, rather stout, \°-2%° high. Leaves hairy, ciliate oblong, oval, or ovate* sessile or short-petioled, obtuse or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base, i/4/~i/ long; flowers clustered or solitary in the axils, sometimes cleistogamous; calyx-seg- ments filiform, hirsute, io//-I2// long, about %" wide; corolla blue, i^/-2/ long, the tube equalling or longer than the obconic throat and nearly regular limb; capsule shorter than the calyx. In dry soil, southern New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania,to Florida, west to Michigan, Nebraska and Louisiana. Perhaps includes several species. June-Sept. Ruellia ciliosa parviflora (Nees) Britton. Dipteracanlhus ciliosus va.r. parvi/loriisNees, Linnaea, 16: 294. 1842. Ruellia ciliosa var. ambigua A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 326. 1878. Glabrous or nearly so throughout, or the calyx pubescent; leaves often manifestly petioled. Virginia to Alabama. 3. Ruellia pedunculata Torr. Stalked Ruellia. (Fig. 3373.) Ruellia pedunculata Torr.; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 326. 1878. Finely pubesceut; stem erect, i°-2j4° tall, the branches spreading. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acum- inate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, the larger 2/-3/ long; pe- duncles slender, spreading, i'-?,' long, with 2 leaf-like bracts at the summit which subtend a solitary flower, or 2 or 3 slender-pedicelled ones with pedicels similarly bracted; calyx-segments awn- like, equalling the narrow corolla-tube, or shorter; corolla funnelform, i^/-2/ long; capsule about io//long, puberulent, longer than the calyx. In dry soil, Missouri to Arkansas and Louisiana. June-Sept. 3. DIANTHERA L. Sp. PI. 27. 1753. Herbs, mostly perennial, with entire or rarely dentate leaves, and small or large very ir- regular flowers, variously clustered or solitary in the axils. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla-tube slender, short or elongated, curved or nearly straight, the limb conspicuously 2-lipped ; upper lip interior in the bud, erect or ascending, concave, entire, or 2-dentate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, inserted on the throat of the corolla, not exceeding the upper lip; anther-sacs ovate or oblong, slightly divergent, not mucronate,separa- ted by a rather broad connective. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary; style slender; stigma entire, or 2-lobed. Capsule contracted at the base into a long stipe, about 4-seeded. Seeds flat, orbicular or ovate, the placentae not separating from the walls of the capsule. [Greek, double anthers.] About( 100 species, native of tropical America, a few in tropical Asia and Africa. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Flowers capitate, the heads dense, at length oblong. i. D. Americana. Flowers in loose spikes. 2. D. ovata. 204 ACANTHACEAE. [Vol. III. I. Dianthera Americana L,. Dense -flowered Water Willow. (Fig. 3374-) Dianthera Americana L. Sp. PI. 27. 1753. Perennial, glabrous; stem erect, grooved and angled, slender, usually simple, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, gradually acuminate, 3/-6/ long, 3"- 8/r wide, entire, narrowed at the base into short petioles, or sessile; flowers violet, or nearly white, capitate-spicate at the ends of slender axillary peduncles which are shorter than or equal the leaves; bractlets linear- subulate, shorter than the flowers; corolla 5//-6v long, its tube shorter than the lips, the base of the lower lip rough and palate- like; capsule 6V long, exceeding the calyx, its stipe about the length of the slightly compressed body. In water and wet places, Ontario and Michi- gan to Georgia and Texas. May-Aug. 2. Dianthera ovata Walt. Doose-nowered Water Willow. (Fig. 3375.) Dianthera ovata Walt. Fl. Car. 6$. 1788. Dianthera humilis Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 230. Name only. 1845. Perennial, glabrous; stem ascending or erect from a horizontal base, slender, 6/-20/ high, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves short-petioled, or sessile, ovate, oblong, oval, lanceolate, or linear, i/-3/ long, 2//-iS// wide; flowers in loose slender-peduncled axillary spikes, which become V-if long; peduncles shorter than or but little exceeding the leaves; calyx-segments narrowly linear, much longer than the bracts and bractlets; corolla pale purple, 4//-5// long; capsule about 67/ long. In wet soil, especially along streams, southern Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. June-Aug. 4. DIAPEDIUM Konig; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 189. 1806. [DicupTERA Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 267. 1807. J Erect or diffuse branched pubescent or glabrous herbs, with entire petioled leaves, and blue red or violet flowers, subtended by involucres of 2-4 distinct or connate bracts, the in- florescence mostly cymose or spicate, the involucres subtending 1 flower or several. Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes linear or subulate. Corolla-tube slender, slightly enlarged above, the limb conspicuously 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, interior in the bud, entire or 2-3-toothed; lower lip spreading, entire or 3-toothed. Stamens 2; anther-sacs parallel, sometimes unequal, separated by a narrow connective. Style filiform; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule flattened, ovate or suborbicular, sessile or stipitate, 2-4-seeded. Placentae separat- ing elastically from the walls of the capsule. Seeds compressed, nearly orbicular. About 60 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. voi,. in.] ACANTHUS FAMILY. 20: i. Diapedium brachiatum (Pursh) Kuntze. Diapediutn. (Fig. 3376.) Justicia brachiata Pursh, PI. Am. Sept. 13. 1814. Dicliptera brachiata Spreng. Syst. 1: 86. 1825. Diapedium brachiatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 485. 1 891. Annual (?), glabrate, or pubescent; stem slender, 6-grooved, erect, much branched, i°- 20 high. Leaves ovate, membranous, long, petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, 3' -6' long, i/-3/ wide; inflorescence paniculate, the involucres 1-4-flowered, each of 2 oblong or obovate, obtuse or mucronate, opposite bracts; corolla S'/-i2// long, pink or purple, the lips about as long as the slender tube; upper lip 2-3- toothed, the lower entire; capsule oblong, 2"- 3" high, a little longer than the involucre, the valves slightly divergent in dehiscence, the placentae curving upward and remaining attached to their summits. In moist thickets, Kansas (according- to Smyth); Indian Territory to Texas, Florida and North Carolina. July-Oct. Family 32. PHRYMACEAE Schauer in DC. Prodr. Lopseed Family. An erect perennial herb with divaricate branches, opposite membranous simple leaves, and small irregular purplish flowers, distant in slender elongated spikes. Calyx cylindric, 2-lipped; upper lip 2 -cleft, the teeth setaceous; lower lip much shorter, 3-toothed, the teeth subulate. Corolla-tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, emargiuate; lower lip larger, spreading, con- vex, 3-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary ob- lique, i-celled; ovule 1 , orthotropous, ascending; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Calyx reflexed in fruit, enclosing the dry achene, becoming prominently ribbed, closed and its teeth hooked at the ends. Cotyledons convolute; radicle superior. Consists of the following: i. PHRYMA L. Sp. PI. 601. 1753. Amonotypic genus of eastern North America, east- ern and central Asia. 1. Phryma Leptostachya L. Lopseed. (Fig. 3377-) Phryma Leptostachya L. Sp. PI. 601. 1753. Puberulent; stem somewhat 4-sided, sometimes constricted above the nodes, branched above, the branches slender, elongated, divergent. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, very thin, coarsely dentate, 2/-6/ long, the lower petioled, the upper often nearly sessile; spikes very narrow, 3/-6/ long; flowers about 3" long, mostly opposite, distant, borne on very short minutely 2-bracteolate pedicels, at first erect, soon spreading, the calyx, after flowering, abruptly reflexed against the axis of the spike. In woods and thickets, Canada to Minnesota, south to Florida and Kansas. June-Aug. Family ^ PLANTAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 267. 1836. Plantain Family. Annual or perennial, mostly acaulescent or short-stemmed, rarely stolonifer- ous herbs, with basal, or, in the caulescent species, opposite or alternate leaves, and small perfect polygamous or monoecious flowers, bracteolate in dense ter- minal long-scaped spikes or heads, or rarely solitary. Calyx 4-parted, inferior, persistent, the segments imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or mem- 206 PLANTAGINACEAE. [Vol,. III. branous, mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2 (only 1 in an Andean genus), inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; filaments filiform, exserted or included; anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, superior, i-2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled. Style filiform, simple, mostly longitudinally stigmatic. . Ovules i-several in each cavity of the ovary, peltate, amphitropous. Fruit a pyxis, circumscissile at or below the middle, or an indehiscent nutlet. Seeds i-several in each cavity of the fruit; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons narrow; radicle short, mostly straight. Three genera and over 200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Flowers in terminal spikes or heads; fruit a pyxis. i. Plantago. Flowers monoecious, the staminate solitary, peduncled, the pistillate sessile among the linear leaves; fruit indehiscent. 2. Littorella. i. PLANTAGO L. Sp. PI. 112. 1753. Acaulescent or short-stemmed herbs, the scapes arising from the axils of the basal or al- ternate leaves, bearing terminal spikes or heads of small greenish or purplish flowers (flowers solitary in a few exotic species). Calyx-segments equal, or two of them larger. Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, or constricted at the throat, the limb spreading in authesis, erect, spreading or reflexed in fruit, 4-lobed or 4-parted. Stamens 4 or 2. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled ; ovules i-several in each cavity. Fruit a membranous pyxis,mostly 2-celled. Seeds various, sometimes hollowed out on the inner side. [The Latin name.] Over 200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of North America. Known as Plantain, Ribwort or Road-weed. % Stem acaulescent; flowers spicate or capitate at the ends of scapes. Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit, not closed over the top of the pyxis. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong. Seeds several or many in each pyxis. Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle. 1. P. major. Pyxis oblong, circumscissile much below the middle. 2. P. Rugelii. Seeds 2-4 in each pyxis. Leaves all narrowed at the base, parallel- ribbed. Seeds excavated on the inner side. Seeds fiat or but slightly concave on the inner side. Capsule equalling or a little longer than the calyx. Spike very dense; leaves pubescent. 4. 3. P. lanceolata. Lower flowers scattered ; leaves glabrous or very nearly so. 5. 6. P. media. P. eriopoda. P. sparsiflora. P. cordata. 8. P. maritima. 9- 10. P. Pur ski i. P. aristata. 11. P. Virginica. 12, P. P. elongata. heterophylla. 14. P. arenaria. (Fig. 3378.) Capsule twice as long as the calyx. Leaves, or some of them, cordate; veins starting from the midrib. Leaves linear or filiform. Leaves fleshy; plant maritime. Leaves not flesl^; plants not maritime. Spike densely tomentose; bracts usually not longer than calyx. Plant green and glabrate; bracts much longer than the calyx. Corolla-lobes erect and closed over the top of the pyxis. Leaves spatulate to obovate; stamens 4. Leaves linear-filiform; stamens 2. Capsule about 4-seeded, slightly exceeding the calyx. Capsule 8-20-seeded, twice as long as the calyx. vr -X- Stem erect, leafy; flowers capitate at the ends of axillary peduncles. i. Plantago major L. Common, or Greater Plantain Pla?itago major L- Sp. PI. 112. \K1753. Perennial, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; rootstock short, thick, erect; scapes longer than the leaves. Leaves spreading or ascending, long-petioled, mostly ovate, obtuse or acutish, narrowed, rounded or cordate at the base, entire, or coarsely dentate, i/-io/ long, 3-11-ribbed; scapes 2/~3° high; spike linear-cylindric, us- ually very dense, commonly blunt at the sum- mit, 2/-io/ long, z"-\" thick; flowers perfect, proterogynous; sepals broadly ovate to obovate, scarious on the margins, one-half to two-thirds as long as the ovoid obtuse or subacute, 5-16- seeded pyxis, which is circumscissile at about the middle; corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed on the summit of the pyxis; stamens 4. In waste places, nearly throughout North Amer- ica. Naturalized from Europe, or perhaps indige- nous in the far North and on salt meadows. Small leaves are occasionally borne near the bases of the spikes, and the spikes are rarely branched. The salt meadow plant may be distinct. May-Sept. Old names, Bird-seed, Broad-leaf, Hen-plant, Lamb's-foot, Waybread, Healing-blade, Dooryard Plantain. Vox,. III.] PLANTAIN FA MI! V 207 Rngel's 2. Plantago Rugelii Dec. Plantain. (Fig. 3379.) Plantago Rugelii in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 1, 700. 1852. Similar to the preceding species, the spikes less dense, at least toward the base, usually long-at- tenuate at the summit, sometimes 5" thick. Sepals oblong, prominently keeled on the back, the mar- gins green or scarious; pyxis oblong-cylindiic, 1"- 3" long, twice as long as the sepals, circumscissile much below the middle and entirely within the calyx, 4-10 seeded; corolla-lobes spreading or rc- flexed on the summit of the pyxis; stamens 4. In fields, woods and waste places, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Petioles commonly purple at the base. Usually bright- er green and with thinner leaves than P. major. This species, or the preceding one, was known to the In- dians as "White Man's Foot." June-Sept. English Plantain. Plantago lanceolata L. Ribwort. Rib-grass. Snake Plantain. (Fig. 3380.) Plantago lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 113. 1753- Perennial or biennial, more or less pubescent; rootstock short, erect, with tufts of brown hairs at the bases of the leaves. Leaves narrowly ob- long-lanceolate, mostly erect, shorter than the scapes, entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, gradually narrowed into petioles, 3-5-ribbed, 2/- I2/ long, 3//-i2// wide; scapes slender, chan- nelled, sometimes 2%° tall; spikes very dense, at first short and ovoid, becoming cylindric, blunt and J&'-tf l°ng in fruit. 4//-6// thick; flowers perfect, proterogynous; sepals ovate, with a nar- row green midrib and broad scarious margins, the two lower ones commonly united; corolla glabrous, its tube very short; filaments white; pyxis oblong, very obtuse, 2-seeded, slightly longer than the calyx, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds deeply excavated on the face. In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Florida and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe; native also of Asia. Sepals rarely metamorphosed into small leaves April-Nov. Old names, Blackjacks, Jack-straws; Dog's-rib, Cocks. Kemps, Le e ch wort, Ram' s-tongue, Rattail, Windles, Long Plantain, Ripple-grass, Kempseed, Headsman, Hen-plant, Clock, Chimney-sweeps. 4. Plantago media L. Hoary Plantain. (Fig. 3381.) Plantago media L. Sp. PI. 113. 1753. Perennial, intermediate in aspect between P. major and P. lanceolata, the short rootstock clothed with brown hairs among the bases of the leaves. Leaves spreading, ovate, broadly oblong or elliptic, obtuse or acute at the apex, entire, or repand-den- tate, densely and finely canescent, 5-7-ribbed, nar- rowed at the base into margined, usually short petioles; scapes slender, much longer than the leaves, i°-2° tall; spikes very dense, cylindric and \f-lf long in fruit, about 3" thick; flowers perfect, white; sepals all distinct, oblong, with a narrow green midrib and broad scarious margins; corolla glabrous; stamens pink or purple; pyxis oblong, ob- tuse, about as long as the calyx, 2-4-seeded, the seeds merely concave on the face; stamens 4. In waste places, Maine, Rhode Island, Ontario and New York. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. May-Sept. Old names, Fire-leaves, Fire-weed, Lamb's Lettuce, Lamb's Tongue, Healing Herb. 208 PLANTAGINACEAE. [Vol. III. Plantago e riopoda Torr. Saline Plantain. (Fig. 3382.) Plantago glabra Nutt. Gen. i: ioo. 1818? Plantago eriopoda Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 237. 1827. Perennial, succulent; rootstock long, usually densely covered with long brown hairs among the bases of the leaves. Leaves oblong, oblong lanceo- late, or oblanceolate, entire, or repand-dentate, acute at the apex, narrowed into petioles, 5-9 rib- bed, 3/-i2/ long, y2.'-\Yz' wide, glabrous or very nearly so; scapes stout, more or less pubescent, longer than the leaves, &-\W high; spikes i/-5/ long, dense above, the lower flowers scattered; flowers perfect; sepals distinct, oblong-obovatewith a narrow green midrib and broad scarious margins; corolla glabrous, its lobes spreading or reflexed; pyxis ovoid-oblong, very obtuse, one-third longer than the calyx, 2-4-seeded, circumscissile below the middle; seeds nearly flat. In maritime or saline soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, California and the Northwest Territory. June-Sept. 6. Plantago sparsifldra Michx. South- ern Plantain. (Fig. 3383.) Plantago sparsi/lora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 94. 1803. Perennial, pubescent, or glabrate; scapes very slender, sometimes 2° tall, much longer than the leaves. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, s'-io' long, j^/-i/ wide, 5-7-ribbed, acute or acuminate at the apex, entire, narrowed into slightly mar- gined petioles; spikes loosely flowered, sometimes i° long; flowers perfect; sepals oblong or oval, rather rigid, with a broad green midrib and nar- row scarious margins; corolla glabrous, its lobes not erect over the fruit; pyxis oblong, 2}4// long, twice as long as the calyx, 2-seeded; seeds convex on the back, slightly concave on the face. In sandy dry soil, North Carolina to Florida and in southern Illinois. 7. Plantago cordata L,am. Heart-leaved Plantain. Water Plantain. (Fig. 3384.) Plantago cordata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 338. 1791. Perennial, glabrous, purple-green; rootstock short, very stout. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, pinnately veined, obtuse or acute at the apex, entire or dentate, rounded, abruptly narrowed, or cordate at the base, often \o' long; petioles stout, margined above; scapes stout, lon- ger than the leaves; spikes loosely flowered, sometimes i° long, with interrupted clusters; flowers perfect; sepals ovate to obovate, obtuse, green; corolla-lobes spreading; pyxis ovoid- globose, obtuse, circumscissile at or slightly below the middle, 1-4-seeded; seeds not exca- vated on the face. In swamps and along streams, New York to Ala- bama, west to Missouri and Louisiana. March-July. Vol. III.] PLANTAIN FAMILY. 209 3385-) 8. Plantago maritima L. Sea or Seaside Plantain Plantago maritima L. Sp. PI. 114- l753- Plantago decipiens Barneoud, Mon. Plantag. 16. 1845. Annual, biennial, or perennial, fleshy; root- stock stout or slender, sometimes with tufts of whitish hairs among the bases of the leaves. Leaves linear, glabrous, very obscurely nerved, sessile, or narrowed into short margined petioles, 2/-io/ long, entire, or with a very few small teeth, \'f-2yz" wide; scapes slender, more or less pubes- cent, longer than or equalling the leaves; spikes dense, linear-cylindric, blunt, i/-5/ long; flowers perfect; sepals ovate-lanceolate to nearly orbicular, green, somewhat keeled ; corolla pubescent with- out, its lobes spreading; pyxis ovoid-oblong, ob- tuse, 2-4-seeded, circumscissile at about the mid- dle, nearly twice as long as the calyx; seeds nearly flat on the face. In salt marshes and on sea-shores, Labrador to New Jersey, and on the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Califor- nia. Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. Called also Buckshorn, Gibbals, Sea Kemps. June-Sept. 9. Plantago Purshii R. & S. Pursh's Plantain. (Fig. 3386.) Plantago Purshii R. & S. Syst. 3: 120. 1818. Plantago gnaphalioides Nutt. Gen. 1: 100. 1818. Plantago Patagonica var. gnaphalioides A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 269. 1856. Annual, woolly or silky all over, pale green; scapes slender, 2/-i5/ tall, longer than the leaves. Leaves ascending, linear, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed into margined petioles, 1-3 -nerved, iYz'f-\" wide, entire, or very rarely with a few small teeth ; spikes very dense, cylindric, obtuse, i/~5/ long, about 3" in diameter, exceedingly woolly; bracts rigid, equalling or slightly exceeding the flowers; flowers perfect but heterogonous, many of them cleistogamous ; sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious- margined; corolla-lobes broadly ovate, spread- ing; stamens 4; pyxis oblong, obtuse, i%" long, little exceeding the calyx, 2-seeded, circumscis- sile at about the middle; seeds convex on the back, deeply concave on the face. On dry plains and prairies, Illinois and western Ontario to British Columbia, south to Texas and northern Mexico. May-Aug. 10. Plantago aristata Michx. L,arge- bracted Plantain. (Fig. 3387.) Plantago aristata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 95. 1803. Plantago Patagonica var. aristata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 269. 1856. Annual, dark green, villous, or glabrate; scapes stout, erect, 6/-i8/ tall, exceeding the leaves. Leaves linear, acuminate at the apex, entire, nar- rowed into slender petioles, sometimes prominently 3-ribbed, \yz"-\" wide; spikes very dense, cylin- dric, i/-6/ long, pubescent but not woolly; bracts puberulent, linear, elongated, ascending, the lower often 10 times as long as the flowers; flowers very similar to those of the preceding species; pyxis 2- seeded; the seeds concave on the face. On dry plains and prairies, Illinois to Louisiana and Texas, west to British Columbia and New Mexico. Also widely adventive as a weed in the eastern States from Maine to Georgia, its eastern natural limits now diffi- cult to determine. May-Oct. 14 2IO PLANTAGINACEAE. [Vol. III. ii. Plantago Virginica L. Dwarf or White Dwarf Plantain. (Fig. 3388.) Plantago Virginica L,. Sp. PI. 113. 1753. Annual or biennial, pubescent or villous; scapes erect, slender, i/-i8/ high, much longer than the leaves. Leaves spatulate or obovate,obtuse or acu- tish, thin, entire, or repand-denticulate, narrowed into margined petioles, or almost sessile, varying greatly in size, 3-5-nerved, ascending or spreading; spikes very dense, or the lower flowers scattered, linear-cylindric, obtuse, 3" -4" thick, usually \'-&f long, but in dwarf forms reduced to 2-6 flowers; flowers imperfectly dioecious; corolla-lobes of the fertile plants erect and connivent on the top of the pyxis, those of the sterile widely spreading; sta- mens 4; pyxis oblong, about as long as the calyx, appearing beaked by the connivent corolla-lobes, 2-4-seeded. In dry soil, Connecticut to Florida, west to Illinois, Missouri, Arizona and northern Mexico. March-July. Plantago occidentalis Dec. (P. Virginica var. longi- folia A. Gray), of the Southwest, with larger leaves, longer spikes and larger flowers may be specifically distinct. It is reported from Missouri. 12. Plantago elongata Pursh. Slender Plantain. (Fig. 3389.) Plantago elongata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 729. 1814. Plantago pusilla Nutt. Gen. 1: 100. 1818. Annual, puberulent; scapes filiform, 2/-y/ high, longer than the linear-filiform, mostly entire, blunt- pointed obscurely i-nerved leaves. Leaves about y2" wide; spikes slender, linear, rather loosely flowered, >^/-3/ long, i>^//-2// thick; flowers im- perfectly dioecious, or polygamous; sepals oblong, obtuse, about as long as the bract, scarious-mar- gined; corolla-lobes of the more fertile plants be- coming erect over the pyxis; stamens 2; pyxis ovoid-oblong, obtuse, one-fourth to one-third longer than the calyx, about 4-seeded, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds nearly flat on both sides. In dry sandy soil, southern New York to Virginia and Louisiana, west to Illinois, Oregon, Utah and Texas. April-Aug. 13. Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Many- seeded Plantain. (Fig. 3390.) Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 177- 1833-37. Annual, similar to the preceding species, but glabrous or slightly puberulent; scapes ascending or spreading, equalling or exceeding the leaves, 2/-io/ long. Leaves narrowly linear or filiform, the larger about 2" wide, entire or often with several distant small teeth or linear lobes; spikes loose, linear, ^/~5/ long; sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-mar- gined, mostly shorter than the bract; corolla-lobes in the more fertile plants becoming erect over the pyxis; stamens 2; pyxis oblong, subacute, about twice as long as the calyx, 7-30-seeded, circumscis- sile rather below the middle; seeds somewhat angled, scarcely concave on the face. In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida, west to' Ala- bama, Texas and southern California. April-July. Vol. III.] PLANTAIN FAMILY. 211 14. Plantago arenaria \V. & K. Plantain. (Fig. 3391.) Sand Plantago arenaria W. & K. PI. Rar. Hung, i: 51. pi. 51. 1802. Annual, pubescent, somewhat viscid; stem simple, or commonly becoming much branched-, leafy, 3/-i5/ high. Leaves opposite, or whorled, narrowly linear, entire, sessile, i/~3/ long, about \" wide; peduncles axillary, often umbellate at the ends of the stem and branches, slender, as long as the leaves or longer; heads of flowers conic, oval, or subglobose, 5//-io// long, about 5" thick; lower bracts acute or acumi- nate; calyx- lobes unequal; corolla-lobes ovate to lan- ceolate, acute; capsule 2-seeded. Dayton, Ohio. Adventive or fugitive from central Europe. Summer. 2. LITTORELLA L> Mant. 2: 295. 1771. A low perennial succulent herb, with linear entire basal leaves and monoecious flowers, the staminate solitary or two together at the summits of slender scapes, the pistillate sessile among the leaves. Sepals 4. Corolla of the staminate flowers with a somewhat urceolate tube, and a spreading 4-lobed limb. Corolla of the pistillate flowers urn-shaped, 3-4-toothed. Staminate flowers with 4 long-exserted stamens, their filaments filiform, the anthers ovate. Pistillate flowers with a single ovary and a long-exserted filiform style. Fruit an indehiscent i-seeded nutlet. [Latin, shore.] A monotypic genus of Europe and northern North America. i. Littorella uniflora (L.) Rushy. Plan- tain Shore-weed. Shore-grass. (Fig. 3392.) Plantago uniflora L. Sp. PI. 115. 1753- Littorella lacustris L. Mant. 2: 295. 1771. Littorella uniflora Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 301. 1894. Tufted, usually growing in mats; leaves bright green, I/-3' long, }i//-i// wide, spreading or as- cending, mostly longer than the scapes of the stam- inate flowers, which bear a small bract at about the middle; sepals lanceolate, mostly obtuse, with a dark green midrib and lighter margins, sometimes only 3 in the fertile flowers; stamens conspicuous, 4//-6// long; corolla-lobes ovate, subacute; pistil- late flowers very small; nutlet about \" long. Borders of lakes and ponds, Maine and Vermont to Nova Scotia and Ontario. July-Aug. Family 34. RUBIACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. Madder Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple, opposite or sometimes verticillate, mostly stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimorphous or trimorphous, regular and nearly symmetrical flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb var- ious. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, club-shaped, campanulate, or rotate, 4-5-lobed, often pubescent within. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or throat; anthers mostly linear- oblong. Ovary 1-10-celled; style short or elongated, simple or lobed; ovules 1-00 in each cavity. Fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe. Seeds various; seed- coat membranous or crustaceous; endosperm fleshy or horny (wanting in some exotic genera); cotyledons ovate, cordate, or foliaceous. 212 RUBIACEAE. [Vol. III. Houstonia. Oldenlandia. Cephalanthus. Mitchella. 5. Spermacoce. 6. Diodia. 7. Galium. 8. Sherardia. 9. Aspertila. 1. /f. coerulea. 2. //. serpyllifolia. About 355 genera and 5500 species of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant in tropical regions. Known as Madderworts. -"- Leaves opposite, stipulate (sometimes verticillate in No. 3).' Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary; herbs. Top of the capsule free from the ovary; seeds few, peltate. Capsule wholly adnate to the ovary; seeds minute, angular. Ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Shrubs; flowers in dense globular heads. Low evergreen herbs; flowers 2 together, their ovaries united. Herbs; flowers axillary, nearly sessile, distinct. Capsule separating into 2 dehiscent carpels. Capsule separating into 2 (or 3) indehiscent carpels. ■& -$f Leaves appearing verticillate; herbs (some of the leaves rarely opposite in No. 7) Corolla rotate; calyx teeth minute or none. Corolla funnelform. Flowers in involucrate heads. Flowers in panicles. i. HOUSTONIA L,. Sp. PI. 105. 1753. Erect or diffuse, usually tufted herbs, with opposite entire often ciliate leaves, and small blue purple or white, mostly dimorphous flowers. Calyx-tube globose or ovoid, 4-lobed, the lobes distant. Corolla funnelform or salverform, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate, the throat gla- brous or pubescent. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2-celled. Style slender; ovules numerous in each cavity; stigmas 2, linear. Capsule partly inferior, its summit free from the calyx, globose-didymous, or emarginate at the apex, loculicidally dehiscent above. Seeds few or several in each cavity, peltate, more or less concave, not angled. Seed-coat reticulate or roughened; endosperm horny; embryo club-shaped. [Named in honor of Dr. William Houston, botanist and collector in South America, died 1733.] About 25 species, natives of North America and Mexico. •5£ Plants i'-7' high ; peduncles i-flowered. t Peduncles filiform, i'-2^' long. Erect; leaves obovate or spatulate, narrowed into petioles. Diffuse or spreading; leaves nearly orbicular. f f Peduncles 3"-i8" long, stouter. Calyx-lobes narrow, about equalling the capsule. Calyx-lobes broad, much exceeding the capsule. ■Sf -X- Plants 4'-i8' high ; flowers cymose. Leaves broad, ovate, or ovate -lanceolate. Leaves oblong or spatulate, ciliate. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, not ciliate. Leaves filiform or narrowly linear. Flowers loosely cymose on filiform pedicels ; leaves not fascicled. Flowers densely cyniose on very short pedicels; leaves usually fascicled i. Houstonia coerulea L,. Bluets. Innocence. (Fi Houstonia coerulea L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753. Hedyolis coerulea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 286. 1833. Oldenlandia coerulea A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 174. 1856. Erect, 3/-7/ high, glabrous, or nearly so, perennial by slender rootstocks and form- ing dense tufts. Lower and basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, about 6" long; sometimes hirsute or ciliate, narrowed into a petiole, the upper oblong, sessile; flowers solitary on filiform terminal and axillary peduncles; corolla salverform, violet, blue, or white with a yellow center, 4//-6// broad, its tube slender and about the length of the lobes; capsule didy- mous, compressed, about 2// broad and broader than long, the upper half free from the calyx and shorter than its lobes. In open grassy places, or on wet rocks, Nova Scotia to Quebec, New York and Michigan, south to Georgia and Alabama. April-July, or producing a few flowers through the summer. Called also Quaker Ladies, Quaker bonnets, Venus' Pride. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- lg- H. minor. II. minima. H. purpurea. H. ciliolata. H. longifolia. H. tenuifolia. H. angustifolia. 3393-) Vol. III.] MADDER FAMILY. 213 Houstonia serpyllifolia Michx. Thyme-leaved Bluets. (Fig. 3394.) Houstonia serpyllifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:85. 1803. Hedyotis serpyllifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 39. 1841. Perennial; stems prostrate or diffuse, slender, glabrous, 4/-io/ long. Leaves or- bicular or broadly oval, abruptly petioled, 3//-4// long, sometimes hispidulous; or those of the flowering stems narrower, distant; flowers on terminal and axillary filiform peduncles; corolla usually deep blue, 4//-6// broad, its Uibe rather shorter than the lobes; capsule similar to that of the preceding species but usually slightly larger, nearly as long as the calyx. High mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to South Carolina and east Tennes- see. May. 3. Houstonia minor (Michx.) Britton. Small Bluets. (Fig- 3395-) minor Michx. Fl. Houstonia Linnaei var. Bor. Am. 1: 35. 1803. Houstonia patens EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 191. 1821. Houstonia minor Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 302. 1894. Annual, glabrous or nearly so, branched from the base, i/-6/ high. Lower and basal leaves oval or ovate, 5//-6// long, narrowed into petioles often of their own length, the upper narrower and sessile; peduncles axillary and terminal, diver- gent, 3//-iS// long, i-flowered; corolla violet-blue or purple, 3//-4// broad, its tube about equalling the lobes; capsule compressed, didymous, 2l/2//-2>" broad, its upper part free from the calyx and about equalling or exceeding the subulate lobes. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas. March-April. 4. Houstonia minima Beck. (Fig- 3396.) Least Bluets. Houstonia minima Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 262. 1826. Hedyotis mi?iimaT. SlQ-'FLN. A. 2: ^S. In part. 1841. Oldenlandia minima A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 173. 1856. Annual, spreading or diffuse, \'-iy?.' high, roughish. Lower and basal leaves oval or ovate, with petioles shorter than or equalling the blade, the upper oblong, sessile; pe- duncles axillary and terminal, rather stout, 3//-l2// long; flowers 4//-5// broad; corolla violet or purple, the tube longer than the lobes; capsule didymous, compressed, about 3// broad, its upper part free from the calyx and considerably exceeded by the lanceolate foliaceous lobes. In dry soil, Missouri (and Illinois?) to Arkansas and Texas. March-April. 214 RUBIACEAE. [Vol. III. Houstonia purpurea L. Large Houstonia. (Fig. 3397.) Houstonia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753. Hedyotis purpurea T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 40. 1841. Oldenlandia purpurea A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 173. 1856. Perennial, stout, erect, tufted, branched or simple, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 4/-i8/ high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, or the lower ones short-petioled, 3-5-nerved and pinnately veined, ob- tuse or acute, Yz'-i' long, 3//-i5// wide, the margins often ciliate; flowers in terminal cymose clusters; pedi- cels i//-4// long; corolla purple or lilac, funnelform, 2/r-/\/f long, the tube at least twice as long as the lobes; capsule compressed-globose, i^// broad, somewhat didymous, its upper half free and considerably shorter than the subulate-linear calyx-lobes. In open places, Maryland to Kentucky, Georgia and Alabama, especially in the mountains. May- Sept. Houstonia purpurea pubescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 125. 1894. Whole plant densely pubescent. Virginia. Houstonia purpurea calycosa A. Gray, Syn. Flor. 1 : Part 2, 26. 1878. Leaves lanceolate or narrower, firm; calyx-lobes subu- late, 2" -4" long. North Carolina to Georgia, Alabama and' Missouri. Perhaps specifically distinct. 6. Houstonia ciliolata Torr. Fringed Houstonia. (Fig. 3398.) Houstonia ciliolata Torr. Fl. N. U. S. 1: 173- l824- Houstonia purpurea var. ciliolata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 212. 1867. Perennial, tufted, erect or ascending, 4'-7r high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, thick, i-nerved, obo- vate or oblanceolate, obtuse, 6//-io// long, their mar- gins conspicuously ciliate; stem leaves oblong or ob- lanceolate, sessile or nearly so; flowers in corymbed cymes; pedicels filiform, i//-4// long; corolla funnel- form, lilac or pale purple, about 3" long, the lobes about one-third the length of the tube; capsule little compressed, obscurety didymous, \%,f wide, over- topped by the linear-lanceolate calyx lobes. > On rocks and shores, Maine (?), Ontario to Michigan, south to Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky and Arkansas. May-Aug. 7. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Long- leaved Houstonia. (Fig. 3399.) Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 226. pi. 49. f 8. 1788. Houstonia purpurea var. longifolia A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 212. 1868. Perennial, usually tufted, erect, glabrous, $'-10' high. Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, ob- tuse, not ciliate, very short-petioled; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, i-nerved, 6//-i2// long, \"-2y2r/ wide; flowers in corymbed cymes; corolla pale purple or nearly white, 2.%,f- 3" long, its lobes about one-third the length of the tube; capsule little compressed, globose-ovoid, about i// in diameter, its upper half free and much exceeded by the subulate calyx-lobes. In dry open places, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Missouri. May-Sept. Vol.. III.] MADDER FAMILY. 215 8. Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt. Slender- leaved Houstonia. (Fig. 3400.) Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt. Gen. 1: 95. 1818. Houstonia purpurea van tenuifolia A. Gray, Syn. Flor. 1: Part 2, 26. 1878. Perennial, somewhat tufted, very slender and widely branching, erect, glabrous, 6'-i° high, some- times finely pubescent below. Basal and lowest stem leaves ovate or oval, obtuse, petioled, 4//-6// long; upper leaves narrowly linear or filiform, blunt- pointed, 6//-i5// long, %' '' '-1%' 'r wide; flowers in loose corymbose cymes; pedicels filiform, 2//-6// long; corolla purple, narrow, 2//~3// long, its lobes short; capsule compressed-globose, didymous, about 1" in diameter, its upper half free and only slightly ex- ceeded by the subulate calyx-lobes. In dry soil, Virginia to Ohio, North Carolina and Ten- nessee. May-July. 9. Houstonia angustifolia Michx. Nar- row-leaved Houstonia. (Fig. 3401.) Houstonia angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 85. 1803. Oldenlandia angustifolia A. Gray, PI. Wright. 2: 68. 1853. Perennial by a deep root, erect, stiff, glabrous, usually branched, i°-2° high. Leaves linear, 6"- i8// long, i//-2// wide, or the lowest narrowly spat u- late, usually with numerous smaller ones fascicled in the axils, or on short axillary branches; flowers in terminal dense cymose clusters; pedicels short; cor- olla white or purplish, between funnelform and sal- verform, about 2// long, its lobes shorter than the tube; capsule compressed-obovoid, \%ff wide, its sum- mit free and scarcely exceeded by the calyx-lobes. In dry open places, Illinois to Kansas and Texas, east Tennessee and Florida. May-July. 2. OLDENLANDIA L. Sp. PI. 119. 1753. Erect or diffuse slender herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary or terminal, soli- tary or clustered, white or pink flowers. Calyx-tube obovoid or subglobose, the limb 4- toothed. Corolla rotate or salverform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled; ovules [numerous in each cavity; style slender, 2-lobed. Capsule small, ovoid, top-shaped, or hemispheric, wholly adnate to the calyx-tube, loculicidally dehiscent at the summit, several or many-seeded. Seeds angular, not peltate; endosperm fleshy; embryo club-shaped. [Named for;H. B. Oldenland, a Danish botanist.] About 175 species, mostly of tropical distribution, most abundant in Asia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern States and i in New Mexico. i. Oldenlandia uniflora L. Clustered Bluets. (Fig. 3402.) Oldenlandia uniflora L. Sp. PI. 119. 1753. Oldenlandia glomerata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 83. 1803. Weak, usually tufted, more or less hirsute-pubescent, diffuse or ascending; stems i'-is' long. Leaves short - petioled or sessile, mostly thin, entire, 3-5-nerved, ovate, oblong, or oval, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, %'-!' long; flowers sessile or nearly so, white, about \" broad, terminal and axillary, clustered or sol- itary; calyx-hirsute, hemispheric in fruit, the ovate or oval lobes erect and nearly equalling the tube. In low grounds, southern New York to Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. Root annual. June-Sept. 2l6 RUBIACEAE. [Vol.. III. 3. CEPHALANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 95. 1753- Shrubs, or some tropical species small trees, with opposite or verticillate short-petioled entire leaves, and terminal or axillary, densely capitate, bracteolate small white or yellow flowers. Calyx- tube obpyramidal, its limb with 4 obtuse lobes. Corolla tubular-funnelform, with 4 short erect or spreading lobes. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla, fila- ments very short; anthers oblong, 2-cuspidate at the base. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous; style filiform, exserted; stigma capitate. Fruit dry, obpyrami- dal, 1-2-seeded. Endosperm cartilaginous; cotyledons linear-oblong. [Greek, head-flower. ] About 6 species, natives of America and Asia. The following is the only one known to occur in North America, unless the southwestern and Mexican plant proves to be distinct. i. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button-bush. Button- tree. Honey- balls. Globe-flower. (Fig. 3403.) Cephalanthus occidentalis L,. Sp. PI. 95. 1753- A shrub 3°-i2° high, with opposite or verti- cillate leaves and branches, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Leaves petioled, ovate or oval, entire, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 3/-6/ long, x'-zYz' wide; peduncles i/-3/ long; heads globose, about i' in diameter, the re- ceptacle pubescent; flowers sessile, white, 4//-6// long; style very slender, about twice the length of the corolla; calyx-tube pro- longed beyond the ovary. In swamps, and low grounds, New Brunswick to western Ontario and California, south to Florida, Texas and Arizona. Also in Cuba. Also called Pond Dogwood, Buttonwood Shrub. June-Sept. 4. MITCHELLA!,. Sp. PL in. 1753. Creeping herbs, with opposite petioled, entire or undulate, evergreen leaves, and white axillary or terminal peduncled geminate dimorphous flowers, their ovaries united. Calyx- tube ovoid, the limb 3-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Corolla funnelform, usually 4-lobed, the lobes recurved, bearded on the inner side. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its throat; filaments short and style exserted, or filaments exserted and style short. Ovary 4-celled; stigmas 4, short, filiform; ovules 1 in each cavity, erect, anatropous. Fruit composed of 2 united drupes usually containing 8 roundish nutlets. Seed erect; cotyledons short, obtuse; embryo minute. [Named after Dr. John Mitchell, botanist and correspondent of Linnaeus in Virginia.] Two species, one North American, the other Japanese. i. Mitchella repens L,. Partridge-berry. Twin-berry. (Fig. 3404.) Mitchella repens I,. Sp. PI. 11 1. 1753. Stems slender, trailing, rooting at the nodes, 6/-i2/ long, branching, glabrous, or very slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate-or- bicular, petioled, obtuse at the apex, rounded or somewhat cordate at the base, 3//-io// long, pinnately veined, dark green, shining; peduncles shorter than the leaves, bearing 2 sessile white flowers at the summit; corolla 5//-6// long; drupes red (rarely white), broader than high, 2"- 4" in diameter, persistent through the winter, edible. In woods, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to western Ontario, Minnesota, Arkansas and Texas. April-June, sometimes flowering a second time in the autumn. Called also Hive- or Squaw-vine, Checker-berry, Deer-berry, Fox- or Box-berry, Partridge- vine and Winter Clover. Leaves often whit- ish-veined; flower-buds pink. Ascends 50ck> ft. in Virginia. Vol. 111.] MADDER FAMILY. 217 5. SPERMACOCE L,. Sp. PI. 102. 1753. Herbs, with 4-sided stems, opposite pinnately veined stipulate leaves, and small white flowers, in dense axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx-tube obovoid or obconic, its limb 4- toothed. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers oblong or linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style slender; stigma capitate, or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, didymous, of 2 dehiscent carpels, or one dehiscent, the other indehiscent. Seeds oblong, convex on the back; endosperm horny; embryo central; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, seed-point, from the sharp calyx-teeth sur- mounting the carpels.] Two species, natives of America. i. Spermacoce glabra Michx. Smooth Button-weed. (Fig. 3405.) Spermacoce glabra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 82. 1803. Glabrous, decumbent or ascending, rather stout; stems io/-20/ long. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, petioled, or the uppermost sessile, x'-if long, 4//-i2// wide, acute at each end, the margins rough; corolla pubescent in the throat, about i^'long, scarcely exceed- ing the ovate-lanceolate acute calyx teeth; stamens and style included; capsule obovoid, about 1" long, glabrous; seeds black, punctate. On river-banks and in wet soil, southern Ohio and Ken- tucky to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America. June-Sept. 6. DIODIA L,. Sp. PI. 104. 1753. Decumbent or ascending branching herbs, with opposite, mostly sessile, entire conspicu- ously stipulate leaves, and small axillary white lilac or purple flowers. Calyx tube obconic or obovoid, the limb 2-4-lobed (sometimes 1-6-lobed), often with minute teeth between the lobes. Corolla funnelform or salverform, mostly 4-lobed. Stamens usually 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers versatile, oblong-linear, exserted. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-4-celled); ovules 1 in each cavity; style filiform, simple, or 2-cleft; stigmas 2. Fruit crustaceous or somewhat fleshy, oblong, obovoid, or subglobose, 2-celled, finally separating into 2 indehiscent carpels. Seed oblong, convex on the back; endosperm horny; cotyledons foliaceous; embryo straight. [Greek, thoroughfare, where the species are frequently found.] About 35 species, mostly American. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern States. Leaves linear-lanceolate; style entire; stigmas capitate. 1. D. teres. Leaves lanceolate or oval; style 2-cleft; stigmas filiform. 2. D. Virginiana. i. Diodia teres Walt. Rough Button-weed. (Fig. 3406.) Diodia teres Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788. Spermacoce diodina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 82. 1803. Rigid, usually rough, much branched from near the base, the branches prostrate or ascending, 4-sided above, 4/~30/ long. Leaves linear or linear-lanceo- late, very rough, Yi'-iYz' long, l%"-2ff wide, acute, the margins revolute when dry; flowers lilac or pur- ple, 2//-3// long, usually solitary in the axils; style entire; stigmas capitate; fruit obovoid or top-shaped, hispid, about 1" high, the usually 4 persistent calyx- lobes ovate to lanceolate. In dry or sandy soil, Connecticut to Florida, west to Illinois, Missouri, Texas, New Mexico and Sonora. July-Sept. 218 RUBIACEAE. [Vol.. III. 2. Diodia Virginiana L. Larger Button- weed. (Fig. 3107.) Diodia Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 104. 1753. Hispid-pubescent or glabrate, much branched from near the base, the branches procumbent or ascending, i°-2° long. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oval, nar- rowed at the base, acute, or the lowest ob- tuse at the apex, i/-3/ long; flowers 1 or 2 in each axil, about 6/7 long, the corolla-tube very slender; fruit somewhat fleshy, but becoming dry, hirsute or glabrous, oval, 3//-4// high, furrowed, crowned with the 2 or 3 persistent lanceolate calyx-lobes. In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Flor- ida, west to Arkansas and Texas. June-Aug. 7. GALIUM L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently verti- cil late leaves, and small white green yellow or purple flowers, mostly in axillary or termi- nal cymes or panicles, the pedicels usually jointed with the calyx. Flowers perfect, or in some species dioecious. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed, or none. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed). Stamens 4, rarely 3; filaments short; anthers ex- serted. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity. Styles 2, short; stigmas capitate. Fruit didymous, dry or fleshy, smooth, tuberculate, or hispid, separating into 2 indehiscent car- pels, or sometimes only 1 of the carpels maturing. Seed convex on the back, concave on the face, or spherical and hollow; endosperm horny; embryo curved; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, milk, from the use of G. verum for curdling.] About 225 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 27 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The leaves are really opposite, the in- tervening members of the verticils being stipules. ■& Fruit dry, smooth, hispid or roughened. t Annuals, (except No. 1.) 1. Flowers yellow; leaves narrowly linear. 1. G. verum. 2. Flowers white or greenish white. a. Fruit smooth and glabrous. 2. G. Mollugo. b. Fruit bristly, tubercled or papillose. Flowers in axillary cymules, or panicled. Fruit granular or tubercled, not bristly. Fruit slightly granular, or smooth, %" broad; pedicels not recurved; stem very slender. 3. G. Parisiense. Fruit granular-tubercled, ilA" broad: fruiting pedicels recurved; stem stout. 4. G. tricorne. Fruit densely bristly-hispid. Cymes few-flowered; leaves 1'-$' long; fruit fully 2" broad. 5. G. Aparine. Cymes mostly several-flowered; leaves %'-i' long; fruit smaller. 6. G. spurium. Flowers solitary in the axils, subtended by 2 foliaceous bracts; fruit bristly. 7. G. virgatum. t t Perennials. 1. Fruit bristly-hispid (or becoming glabrous in no. 12). a. Leaves in 4's, i-nerved. 8. G pilosum. b. Leaves in 4's, 3-nerved. Leaves lanceolate, oval, or ovate; flowers in open cymes. Ipper leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 9. G. lanceola/um. Upper leaves ovate, oblong, oval, ovate-lanceolate or obovate, obtuse. Corolla usually hirsute; plant mostly pubescent; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate. 10. G circaezans. Corolla glabrous; plant little pubescent; some leaves obovate. 11. Leaves linear to lanceolate; flowers in terminal panicles. 12. C. Leaves in 6's. 13. 2. Fruit smooth and glabrous (warty in no. 15). a. Flowers brown-purple. Leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved; fruit smooth. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, i-nerved; fruit warty. b. Flowers white, yellowish, or greenish. Endosperm of seed annular in cross-section. Corolla 4-parted, its lobes acute; stems smooth, or nearly so. Corolla mostly 3-parted, its lobes obtuse; stems minutely retrorse-hispid. Pedicels slender, rough; leaves mostly in 4's. 17. G. trifidum. Pedicels rather stout, smooth; leaves mostly in 5's and 6's. 18. G. Clayton 1. G. k'a m Iscli a I ic u m . G boreale. G. triflorum. 14. G. latifolium. 15. G. Arkansanum. 16. G tinctorium. Vol. III.] MADDER FAMILY. 219 Endospern of seed lunate in cross-section. Leaves obtuse. Leaves acute, or cuspidate. Stem nearly or quite smooth. Stem strongly retrorse-hisgid. •5f -X- Fruit fleshy, resembling a double berry. 19. G. palustre. 20. G. concinnnm 21. G. asprellum. 22. G. hispidulum. I. Galium verum L,. Yellow Bedstraw. Lady's Bedstraw. (Fig. 3408.) Galium verum L. Sp. PI. 107. 1753. Perennial from a somewhat woody base, erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6/-2i/2 ° high. Stems smooth or minutely roughened; leaves in 6's or 8's, narrowly linear, 4//-i2// long, about >^// wide, rough on the margins, at length deflexed; flowers yellow, the cymes in dense narrow panicles; fruit usually glabrous, less than \" broad. In waste places and fields, Ontario, eastern New England, southern New York and New Jersey. Adven- tive or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. May-Sept. Called also Cheese-rennet, Curdwort, Bed- flower, Fleawort, Maids' Hair and Yellow Cleavers. 2. Galium Mollugo L-. Wild Madder. White, or Great Hedge Bedstraw. (Fig. 3409. ) Galium Mollugo L- Sp. PI. 107. 1753. Glabrous or nearly so throughout. Stems erect, or diffusely branched, i°-3° long; leaves in 6's or 8's, oblanceolate or linear, cuspidate at the apex, 6//-i5// long, i//-2// wide, sometimes roughish on the mar- gins; flowers small, white, very numerous in terminal panicled cymes; pedicels filiform; fruit smooth and glabrous, nearly x" broad. In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Ad- ventive or naturalized from Europe. Called also Whip- tongue. May-Sept. 3. Galium Parisiense L,. Wall Bedstraw. (Fig. 3410.) Galium parisiense L. Sp. PI. 108. 1753. Galium Anglicum Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 69. 1778. Annual, erector ascending, very slender, much branch- ed; stem rough on the angles, o'-ia7 high. Leaves in verticils of about 6 (4-7), linear or linear-lanceolate, cuspidate, minutely scabrous on the margins and mid- rib, 2//-4// long; cymes several-flowered, axillary and terminal on filiform peduncles; flowers minute, greenish- white; fruit glabrous, finely granular, less than %,f wide. Along roadsides, Virginia. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 220 RUBIACEAE. [Vol. III. 4. Galium tricorne Stokes. Rough-fruited Corn Bedstraw. (Fig. 34 11.) Galium tricorne Stokes; With. Bot. Arr. Brit. PI. Ed. 2, 1: 153- 1787- Rather stout, decumbent or ascending, 6/-i2/ high, simple, or little branched. Stem rough with reflexed prickles; leaves in 6's or 8's, linear or narrowly ob- lanceolate, i' long or less, i>^//-2// wide, rough on the margins and midrib; peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves; pedicels thickened and curved down- ward in fruit; cymes axillary, usually 3- (1-3-) flow- ered; fruit tuberculate or granular, not hispid, 4//-5// broad. In waste places or cultivated fields, eastward (accord- ing- to Gray); Ontario, and in ballast about the eastern seaports. May-Aug. 5. Galium Aparine L,. Cleavers. Goose- grass. Cleaver-wort. (Fig. 3412.) Galium Aparine L,. Sp. PI. 108. 1753. Annual, weak, scrambling over bushes, 2°-5° long, the stems retrorsely hispid on the angles. Leaves in 6's or 8's, oblanceolate to linear, cuspidate at the apex, \r~2/ long, 2//s// wide, the margins and midrib very rough ; flowers in 1-3 - flowered cymes in the upper axil s ; peduncles 5//-i2// long; fruiting pedicels straight; fruit 2//-3// broad, densely covered with short hooked bristles. In various situations, New Brunswick to Ontario, south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. Apparently naturalized from Europe. Widely distributed in temperate regions as a weed. May-Sept. Among some 70 other English names are Catchweed, Beggar-lice, Burhead, Clover-grass, Cling-rascal, Scratch-grass, Wild Hedge-burs, Hairif or Airif,Stick-a-back or Stickle-back, Gosling-grass, Gosling- weed, Turkey-grass, Pigtail, Grip or Grip-grass, Eoveman. Sweethearts. Galium spurium L,. L,esser-Goose- grass or Cleavers. (Fig. 3413.) Galium spurium L. Sp. PI. 106. 1753- Galium Vaillanlii DC. Fl. France. 4: 263. 1805. Galium Aparine var. Vaillantii Koch, Fl. Germ. 330 1837- Similar to the preceding species but smaller, the stem equally rough-angled. Leaves smaller, 1 ' in length or less, linear-oblong or slightly oblanceolate, cuspi- date-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib; cymes 2-9-flowered; fruit i//-i}4,// broad, usually less hispid, sometimes smooth, or nearly so. In low grounds, Ontario to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and to California. Also in Europe, or the American plant may be distinct from the European. Called also Smooth-fruited Corn Bedstraw. May-Aug. Vol. III.] MADDER FAMILY. 221 7. Galium virgatum Nutt. Southwest- ern Bedstraw. (Fig. 3414.) Galium virgatum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 20. 1841. Annual, 4/-i2/ high, usually hispid, some- times nearly glabrous; stem very slender^ 4-an- gled, branched from the base, or simple. Leaves in 4's, oblong or linear-oblong, 2 ^"-5" long, \" wide, or less, obtuse or acutish; peduncles axillary, i-flowered, less than \" long, recurved in fruit; flower white, subtended by 2 large ob- long to lanceolate bracts which closely resemble the leaves; fruit about \" in diameter, covered with slender barbed bristles. Greene Co., Mo., probably introduced from the south; Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas. April- June. 8. Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw. (Fig. 3415.) Galium pilosum Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 145. 1789. Galium Bermudense L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753? Perennial, more or less hirsute-pubescent; stems ascending, branched, i°-2^° long. Leaves in 4's, oval or oval-ovate, punctate, 1- nerved, obtuse, or obscurely 3-nerved at the base, mucronulate,6//-i2// long, 3//~5// wide, the lower usually smaller; peduncles axillary and terminal; cymes numerous but few-flow- ered; pedicels i//-6//long, flowers yellowish- purple; fruit dry, densely hispid, nearly z" in diameter. In dry or sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Indiana, south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug. Galium pilosum puncticulosum (Michx.) T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 24. 1841. Galium puncticulosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 80. 1803. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves smaller, ciliate. Southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Perhaps a distinct species. 9. Galium lanceolatum Torr. Tor- rey's Wild Liquorice. (Fig. 3416.) Galium circaezans var. lanceolatum Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. 23. 1819. Galium lanceolatum Torr. Fl. U. S. 168. 1824. Galium Torreyi Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 56. 1824. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, the stems minutely roughened, simple or often branched, i°-2° high. Leaves in 4's, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acutish or acuminate, 3-nerved, more or less ciliate on the margins and nerves, \'-2yz' long, 5//-n// wide, the lower smaller and obtuse or obtusish; cymes rather few- flowered, loose, widely branched; flowers ses- sile or very nearly so; corolla glabrous, yellow- ish green to purple, its lobes acuminate; fruit dry, hispid with long hairs, 2." -2.%" broad. In dry woods, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. 222 RUBIACEAE. [Vol. III. 10. Galium circaezans Michx. Wild Liquorice. Cross- Cleavers. (Fig. 3417. ) G. circaezans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 80. 1803. Perennial, more or less pubescent, branch- ed, i°-2° high. Leaves in 4's, oval, oval- lanceolate or ovate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 3 -nerved, 6//-i8// long, 4//-8// wide, usually somewhat pubescent on both surfaces, the lower smaller; cymes divari- cately branched; flowers sessile or nearly so, greenish; corolla hirsute without, its lobes acute; fruit hispid, similar to that of the preceding species, at length deflexed. In dry woods, Quebec and Ontario to Minne- sota, Florida, Kansas and Texas. May-July. Galium circaezans glabellum Britton, Mem. Torn Club, 5: 303. 1894. Foliage nearly or quite glabrous; corolla gla- brous. New York. 11. Galium Kamtschaticum Steller. Northern Wild Liquorice. (Fig. 3418.) Galium Kamtschaticum Steller; R. & S. Mant. 3: 186. 1827. Galium Littellii Oakes, Hovey's Mag. 7: 179. 1841. Galium circaezans var. montanum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 24. 1841. Similar to the preceding species, but weak, smaller, stems 4/-i5/ long. Leaves in 4's, broadly oval, orbicular, or obovate, thin, 3-nerved, ob- tuse, mucronulate, 6//-i8// long, 4//-i2// wide, glabrate, or pubescent with short scattered hairs on the upper surface and on the nerves beneath, sometimes ciliate; flowers few, all on pedicels 2//-6// long; corolla glabrous, yellowish-green, its lobes acutish; fruit hispid, 2" broad. In mountainous regions, Quebec, northern New England and northern New York. Also in north- eastern Asia. Summer. 12. Galium boreale L-. Northern Bedstraw. (Fig. 3419.) Galium boreale L. Sp. PI. 108. 1753. Galium septentrionale R. & S. Syst. 3: 253. 1818. Erect, perennial, smooth and glabrous, strict, simple, or branched, leafy, i°-2^° high. Leaves in 4's, lanceolate or linear, 3-nerved, obtuse or acute, \'-2l/z' long, i//-3// wide, the margins sometimes ciliate; panicles terminal, dense, many-flowered, the flowers white in small compact cymes; fruit hispid, at least when young, some- times becoming glabrate when mature, about 1" broad. In rocky soil or along streams, Quebec to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Nebraska, New Mexico and Cali- fornia. Also in Europe and northern Asia. May-Aug. Vol. III.] MADDER FAMILY. 223 13. Galium triflorum Michx. Sweet- scented or Fragrant Bedstraw. (Fig. 3420.) Galium triflorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 80. 1803. Perennial, diffuse, procumbent, or ascending, glabrous or nearly so, shining, fragrant in dry- ing, the stems and margins of the leaves'some- times a little roughened. Leaves in 6's, nar- rowly oval or slightly oblanceolate, i-nerved, cuspidate at the apex, narrowed at the base, i/-3^/ long, 2//-6// wide; peduncles slender, terminal and axillary, often exceeding the leaves, 3- flowered or branched into 3 pedicels which are 1-3-flowered; flowers greenish; fruit ij£//-2// broad, hispid with hooked hairs; seed almost spherical, the groove obsolete. In woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Ala- bama, Louisiana, the Indian Territory, Colorado and California. Also in northern Europe, Japan and the Himalayas. June-Aug. 15. Galium Arkansanum A. Gray. Arkansas Bedstraw. (Fig. 3422.) Galium Arkansanum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 80. 1883. Similar to the preceding species but usually lower, the leaves linear- lanceolate, 6//-i2// long, i//-3// wide, the lateral nerves obscure or none, the midrib sometimes pubescent be- neath, and the margins ciliate; fruiting pedi- cels roughish, 3//-i2// long; flowers brown- purple, the numerous cymes loosely several- many-flowered; fruit glabrous, warty, some- what fleshy, each carpel \,,-\%'r in diameter. Southern Missouri and Arkansas. June-July. 14. Galium latifolium Michx. Purple Bedstraw. (Fig. 3421.) Galium latifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 79. 1803. Perennial, erect, smooth and glabrous, branched, i°-2°high. Leaves in 4's, lanceo- late, 3-nerved, acuminate at the apex, narrow- ed or rounded at the base, i/-2/ long, 4//-8// wide, the midrib sometimes pubescent be- neath, the margins minutely roughened, the lower smaller and sometimes opposite ; pe- duncles axillary and terminal, slender, but usually shorter than the leaves; flowers pur- ple; cymes loosely many-flowered, the pedi- cels slender, 2//-6// long, smooth or very nearly so; fruit smooth, slightly fleshy, 2" broad, usually only one of the carpels devel- oping. In dry woods in mountainous regions, Penn- sylvania to Georgia. May-Aug. 224 i6. RUBIACEAE. [Vol. Ill- Galium tinctdrium L,. Stiff Marsh Bedstraw. Wild Madder. (Fig. 3423.) Galium tinctorium L,. Sp. PI. 106. 1753. Galium trifidum var. latifolium Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. States, 78. 1826. Galium obtusum Bigelow, Fi. Bost. Ed. 2, 55. 1824. Perennial; stem erect, 6'-i^ high, rather stiff, branched almost to the base, the branches com- monly solitary, strict (not irregularly diffuse), several times forked; stem 4-angled, nearly gla- brous; leaves commonly in 4's, linear to lanceo- late, y^-i' long; broadest below the middle, ob- tuse, cuneate at the base, dark green and dull, not papillose, i-nerved, the margins and midrib rough- ish; flowers terminal in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicels slender, not much divaricate in fruit; corolla white, large, l//-i^f// broad, 4-parted, its lobes oblong, acute; disk large; fruit smooth; seed spherical, hollow, annular in cross-section. Damp shady places, wet meadows and swamps, Canada to North Carolina and Tennessee, west to Michigan, Nebraska and Arizona. May-July. Galium tinctorium filifolium Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 397. 1897. More slender than the type and often more diffuse; leaves almost filiform, 1" wide or less, not broader below the middle, strongly cellular-papillose; inflorescence more open; pedicels slender; bracts minute; flowers in 2's or 3's; corolla larger. Sandy places in swamps, Virginia to Florida, along the coast. Galium tinctorium Labradoricum Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 398. 1897. Low and strictly erect, 2'-io' high; branches few, ascending, mostly from the upper nodes; stem as in the type; leaves small, 3"-4" long, linear, reflexed; flowers large. In sphagnous bogs, Connecticut, New York and Wisconsin to Labrador. 17. Galium trifidum I,. Small Bedstraw. Small Cleavers. (Fig. 3424.) Galium trifidum L,. Sp. PI. 105. 1753. G. trifidum var. pusillum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 209. 1867. Perennial by slender rootstocks, very slender and weak; stem ascending, i6/ long or less, much branched and intertangled; stem sharply 4-angled, rough; branches commonly in 2's; leaves in 4's, linear-spatulate, 2^2//-7// long,obtuse, cuneate at the base, i-nerved,dark green and dull on both surfaces, scarcely papillose, the margins and midrib retrorse-scabrous; flowers small, on lateral or terminal pedicels which are capillary and much longer than the leaves, commonly two at each node or three terminal; corolla very small, white, %" long, trifid, its lobes broadly oval, very obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed spherical and hollow, annular in cross-section. Sphagnous bogs and cold swamps, Maine to southern New York, Ohio, Nebraska, Colorado and northward. Summer. 18. Galium Claytoni Michx. Clayton's Bedstraw Galium Claytoni Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1; yc Galium tinctorium Bigelow, Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 54. 1824. Perennial; stem erect or ascending, more diffuse when old, 6'-2° high; stem slender or sometimes quite stout, sharply 4-angled, more or less rough, the diffuse branches in 2's; leaves of medium size, 4//-8// long, commonly in 5's or 6's, linear-spatulate or spatu- late-oblong, obtuse, cuneately narrowed into a short petiole, rather firm in texture, scabrous on the mar- gin and midrib, dark green and dull above, not papil- lose, discolored in drying; flowers in clusters of 2's or 3's, terminal, provided with 1 or 2 minute bracts; pedicels straight, in fruit strongly divaricate, glabrous and rather stout; corolla minute, white, 3-parted, the lobes broadly oval, obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed spherical and hollow, annular in cross-section. Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to North Caro- lina, Michigan, Missouri and Texas. May-July. Vol. in.] MADDER FAMILY. 225 19. Galium palustre Iy. Marsh Bedstraw Galium palustre I*. Sp. PI. 105. 1753. Galium trifidum var. bifolium Macoun, Cat. Can. Plants, 202. 1884? Perennial, stem erect and rather slender, about 16' high ; internodes very long (middle one ly^'-if long) ; short branches mostly in 2's. Stem sharply 4-angled, glabrous or a" little rough; leaves in typical specimens rather small, in 2's to 6's, linear-elliptic to spatulate, cuneate at the base, obtuse, 3//-S// long, i//- 2" wide, the rather firm margins and the midrib slightly scabrous, not papillose; flowers numerous in terminal and lateral cymes; brac- teoles in the inflorescence minute; pedicels in flower ascending, \%"-2yz" long, in fruit strongly divaricate; corolla large, white, i/'- T-U" broad, 4-parted, the lobes oblong, acute; disk almost obsolete; fruit glabrous; endosperm of the seed grooved on the inner face, in cross- section lunate. In damp shady or open places along roadsides and ditches, or in the margins of swamps. New- foundland, Prince Edward Island and Quebec, to Massachusetts and New York. Also in Europe. (Fig. 3426.) 20. Galium concinnum Torr. Gray. Shining Bedstraw. (Fig. 3+27.) & Galium parviflorum Raf. Med. Rep. (II) 5: 360. 1808? Galium concinnum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 23. 1841. Perennial, glabrous, shining, usually much branched, the angles of the stem and edges of the leaves minutely scabrous. Leaves usu- ally all in 6's, linear or sometimes broader above the middle, narrowed at the base, blunt-pointed, or minutely cuspidate, 4//-6// long, xf,-\%,f wide, green in drying; pedun- cles filiform; pedicels short; flowers minute, white, numerous in open cymes; fruit small, glabrous; endosperm deeply grooved. In dry woodlands, western New Jersey to Vir- ginia, west to Minnesota and Arkansas. June- Aug. 21. Galium asprellum Michx. Rough Bedstraw. (Fig. 3428.) Galium asprellum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 78. 1803. Perennial, weak, much branched and reclining on bushes, or sometimes erect; stem retrorsely hispid, 2°-6° long. Leaves in 6's or 5's, or those of the branches rarely in 4's, narrowly oval or slightly oblanceolate, cuspidate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, sometimes so much so as to ap- pear petioled, 4//-8// long, i//-2// wide, their margins and midribs rough; cymes terminal and axillary, several-many-flowered; flowers white; fruit smooth and glabrous, about i// broad; endo- spernf with a'shallow groove. In moist soil,. Newfoundland to western Ontario, south to ^ North Carolina, Illinois, Wisconsin and Nebraska^ Called also Pointed Cleavers. Ascends to 3500 ft. in the Adirandacks. June-Aug. 15 226 RUBIACEAE. [Vol. III. 22. Galium hispidulum Michx. Coast Bedstraw. (Fig. 3429.) Galium hispidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:79. 1803. Perennial, much branched, hirsute, hispid or nearly glabrous, i°-2° high. Leaves in 4's, i-nerved, oval, mucronate, rather thick, 3//-io// long, i>^//-4// wide, the margins more or less revolute in drying; flowers few, terminating the branchlets, white; pedicels 3//-4// long, rather stout, becoming deflexed in fruit; fruit fleshy, minutely pubescent, about 2// broad. In dry or sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Georgia. May-Aug. 8. SHERARDIA L,. Sp. PI. 102. 1753. Slender annual procumbent or diffuse herbs, with verticillate spiny-pointed leaves, and small nearly sessile pink or blue flowers, in terminal and axillary involucrate heads. Calyx- tube ovoid, its limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnelform, 4-5- lobed, the tube as long as the lobes or longer. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers linear-oblong, exserted. Ovary 2-celled; style 2-cleft at the summit; ovules 1 in each cavity. Fruit didymous, the carpels indehiscent. Seed erect. [Named for Dr. Win, Sherard, 1659-1728, patron of Dillenius.] A monotypic genus of the Old World. i. Sherardia arvensis 1^. Madder. Herb Sherard. (Fig. 3430. ) Blue Field Spur wort. Sherardia arvensis L. Sp. PI. 102. 1753. Tufted, roughish, stems numerous, prostrate, ascending, or decumbent, 3/-io/ long. Leaves in 4's, 5's or 6's, the upper linear or lanceolate, acute and sharp-pointed, rough-ciliate on the margins, 3//-8// long, i//-2// wide, the lower often obovate, mucronate; flowers in slender- peduncled involucrate heads, the involucre deeply 6-S-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, sharp- pointed; corolla-lobes spreading ; fruit crowned with the 4-6 lanceolate calyx-teeth. In waste places, Ontario and eastern Massachu- setts. Also in Bermuda. Adventive from Europe. June-July. 9. ASPERULA L,. Sp. PI. 103. 1753. Erect or ascending branching perennial herbs, with 4-angled stems, verticillate leaves, and small white pink or blue flowers in terminal or axillary, mostly cymose clusters. Calyx- tube somewhat didymous, the limb obsolete. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, in- serted on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style 2-cleft. Fruit globose-didymous, the carpels indehiscent. Seed ad- herent to the pericarp; endosperm fleshy; embryo curved. [Latin diminutive of asper, rough, referring to the leaves.] About 80 species, natives of the Old World. Vol. III.] MADDER FAMILY. 227 1. Asperula odorata L,. Sweet Woodruff. (Fig. 3431.) Asperula odorala L. Sp. PI. 103. IJ53- Stems erect, slender, smooth. Leaves usually in 8's (6's-9's), thin, oblong-lanceolate,- acute or obtuse, mucronate, 1- nerved, roughish on the margins, 6//-i8// long, the lower smaller, often obovateoroblanceolate; peduncles terminarand axillary, slender; cymes several-flowered; flow- ers white or pinkish, \%r' long; pedicels \"-i" long; fruit very hispid, about \" broad. In waste places, New Brunswick, N. J. Fugitive from Europe. Other English names are Hay-plant, Mugwet or Mugget, Rockweed, Sweet Hairhoof, Woodrip, "Woodrowel, Star-grass, and Sweet-grass. May-July. Asperula arvensis L. , another European species, with terminal capitate flowers, and linear obtuse leaves, has been found in waste places on Staten Island. 2: 593- I799- Family 35. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. Tabl. Honeysuckle Family. Shrubs, trees, vines, or perennial herbs, with opposite simple or pinnate leaves, and perfect, regular or irregular, mostly cymose flowers. Stipules none, or sometimes present. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, rotate, campanulate, funnelform, urn-shaped, or tubular, the tube often gibbous at the base, the limb 5-lobed, sometimes 2- lipped. Stamens 5 (very rarely 4) , inserted on the tube of the corolla and alter- nate with its lobes; anthers oblong or linear, versatile. Ovary inferior, 1-6- celled; style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-5-lobed, the lobes stigmatic at the summit; ovules anatropous, 1 or several in each cavity. Fruit a 1-6-celled berry, drupe, or capsule. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular; seed-coat mem- branous or crustaceous, smooth or cancellate; embryo usually small, placed near the hilum; radicle terete; cotyledons ovate. About 10 genera and 260 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere, a few in South America and Australia. Corolla rotate or urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes; style deeply 2-5-lobed ; shrubs or trees. Leaves pinnate; drupe 3-5-seeded. Leaves simple; drupe i-seeded. Corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped; style slender. Erect perennial herbs; leaves connate. Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers long-peduncled, geminate. Shrubs or vines. Fruit a few-seeded berry. Corolla short, campanulale, regular, or nearly so. Corolla more or less irregular, tubular or campanulate. Fruit a 2-celled capsule; corolla funnelform. 1. Sambucus. 2. Viburnum. Triosteum. Linnaea. Sympho} -ica rfios. Lonicera. Diervilla. i. SAMBUCUS L. Sp. PI. 269. 1753. Shrubs or trees (or some exotic species perennial herbs), with opposite pinnate leaves, serrate or laciniate leaflets, and small white or pinkish flowers in compound depressed or thyrsoid cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla rotate or slightly campanulate, regular, 3-5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers oblong. Ovary 3-5-celled; style short, 3-parted; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe berry-like, containing 3-5, i-seeded nutlets. Endosperm fleshy; embryo nearly as long as the seed. [Latin name of the elder.] About 20 species, of wide geographic distribution, in western North America. Cyme convex; fruit purplish black. Cyme thyrsoid-paniculate, longer than broad; fruit red. In addition to the following, 3 others occur 1. 5". Canadensis. 2. 5". pubens. 228 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Vol. III. i. Sambucus Canadensis E. American Elder. Sweet Elder. (Fig- 3432.) SanibucHS Canadensis^. Sp. PI. 269. 1753. A shrub, 4°-io° high, glabrous or very nearly so throughout, the stems but lit- tle woody, the younger ones with large white pith. Leaflets 5-1 1, usually 7, ovate or oval, acuminate or acute at the apex, short-stalked, glabrous above, sometimes slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, 2/s/ long, sharply ser- rate, sometimes stipellate; cymes con- vex, broader than high ; flowers white, about 1%" broad; drupe deep purple or black, nearly 3" in diameter; nutlets roughened. In moist soil, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Manitoba, Kansas, Texas and Arizona. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Called also Elder-blow, Elder-berry. The flowers and fruit have strong medicinal properties. Leaves heavy- scented when crushed, those of young shoots often stipulate. June-July. 2. Sambucus pubens Michx. Red-berried Elder. (Fig. 3433.) Sambucus pubens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: i8r. 1803. A shrub, 2°-i2° high, the twigs and leaves commonly pubescent; stems woody, the younger with reddish-brown pith. Leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate at the apex, often narrow- ed and usually inequilateral at the base, 2/-5/ long, not stipellate, sharply serrate; cymes thyrsoid, longer than broad; flow- ers whitish, turning brown in drying; drupe scarlet or red, 2//-3// in diameter; nutlets very minutely roughened. In rocky places, New Brunswick to Brit- ish Columbia, Georgia, Colorado and Cali- fornia. Fruit rarely white. April-May. Called also Mountain Elder. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Sambucus pubens dissecta Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 304. 1894. Leaflets laciniate. Lake Superior and Pennsylvania. Sambucus nigra laciniata (Mill.) DC., a cut-leaved variety of the related European species, has been found at Cape May, N. J., perhaps escaped from cultivation. 2. VIBURNUM E. Sp. PI. 267. 1753. Shrubs or trees, with entire dentate or lobed, sometimes stipulate leaves, and white or rarely pink flowers in compound cymes, the outer flowers sometimes radiant and neutral. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, its limb short, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate or short-campanu- late in our species, regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; an- thers oblong, exserted. Ovary 1-3-celled; style short, 3-lobed or 3-parted; ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe ovoid or globose, sometimes flattened, i-seeded. Seed com- pressed; endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [The ancient Latin name.] About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 5 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. ■X- Outer flowers of the cyme large, radiant; drupe red. Leaves doubly serrate, pinnately veined. 1. V. alnifolium. Leaves 3-lobed, palmately veined. 2. V. Opulus. ■5fr ■& None of the flowers radiant; drupe blue or black (red in no. 3). 1. Leaves palmately veined, or 3-ribbed. Cymes %'-i' broad, the rays short; drupe red. 3. V. pauciflorum. Voi.. 1 1 1. J HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 229 9- 10. 12. 13- 14. American Warfaring Tree. Cymes \%'-2%' broad, the ray.* slender; drupe nearty black. 2. Leaves pinnately veined. a. Leaves coarsely dentate, the veins prominent beneath Leaves very short-petioled, pubescent. 5. Petioles 3"-2o" long. Leaves glabrous, or with tufts of hairs in the axils beneath. 6. Leaves pubescent beneath, the pubescence more or less stellate. Drupe globose-ovoid; eastern. 7. Drupe oblong, twice as long as thiek; western. 8. b. Leaves entire, crenulate, or serrulate, the veins not prominent Cymes manifestly peduncled. Peduncle shorter than the cyme; leaves crenulate. Peduncle equalling or longer than the cyme; leaves mostly entire. Cymes sessile, or nearly so. Leaves slender-petioled, large. Leaves prominently acuminate. Leaves obtuse, or merely acute. Leaves and scarcely winged petioles glabrous, or nearly so. Veins of lower leaf-surfaces and winged petioles tomentose Leaves nearly sessile, obovate, small. i. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Hobble-bush (Fig. 3434.) V. alnifolium Marsh. Arb. Am. 162. 17S5. Viburnum lantanoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 179. 1803. A shrub, with smooth purplish bark, sometimes reaching a height of io°, widely and irregularly branching, the branches often procumbent, the young- est twigs scurfy. Leaves orbicular, or very broadly ovate, strongly pin- nately veined, short-acuminate or acute at the apex, usually cordate at the base, finely stellate-pubescent, or at length glabrous above, scurfy with stellate pubescence on the veins be- neath, finely serrate all around, 2>/-S/ broad; petioles J^'-iK' long; cymes sessile, 2>/S/ broad, the exterior flow- ers usually radiant and neutral, about 1/ broad; drupes red, becoming purple, ovoid-oblong, 5" -6" long; stone 3- grooved on one side, 1 -grooved on the other. In low woods, New Brunswick to North Carolina, western New York and Michi- gan. Leaves of shoots from cut stumps thin, ovate, coarse^- toothed. May-June. 4. V. aceri/oli ion. ]r. pitbescens. V. dentation. V. mo lie. V. Demctrionis. V. cassinoides. V. nudum. 11. V. Lentago. J', prunifolium. J', rufotovientosum. V. obovalum. 2. Viburnum Opulus L,. Cran- berry-tree. Wild Guelder-rose. High Bush-cranberry. (Fig. 3435.) Viburnum OfrulusL,. Sp. PI. 268. 1753. V. trilobum Marsh. Arb. Am. 162. 1785. A shrub sometimes 120 high, with nearly erect smooth branches. Leaves broadly ovate, sometimes broader than long, gla- brous, or with scattered hairs above, more or less pubescent on the veins beneath, rather deeply 3-lobed, rounded or trun- cate and 3-ribbed at the base, the lobes divergent, acutninate, coarsely dentate; petioles ^/-i/ long, glandular above; cymes peduncled, 3/-4/ in diameter, the exterior flowers radiant, neutral, y2f-\f broad; drupes globose, or oval, 4//-5// in diameter, red, very acid, translucent; stone orbicular, flat, not grooved. In low grounds. New Brunswick to Brit- ish Columbia, south to New Jersey, Michi- gan and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia- Among many English names are Marsh-, Rose-, or Water-elder, White Dogwood, Whit- ten-tree, Dog Rowan-tree, Gaiter-tree or Gat- 230 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Voi.. III. ten, Cherry-wood, May Rose, Squaw-bush, Cramp-bark. In cultivation, the Snowball. June-July. 3. Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie. Few-flowered Cranberry-tree. (Fig. 3436.) Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 17. 1841. Viburnum Opulus var. eradiatum Oakes, Hovey's Mag. 7: 183. 1841. A straggling shrub, 2°-6° high, with twigs and petioles glabrous or nearly so. Leaves broadly oval, obovate, or broader than long, 5-ribbed, truncate or somewhat cordate at the base, mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes above the middle, coarsely and unequally dentate, glabrous above, more or less pu- bescent on the veins beneath, 1 ^/~3/ broad ; cymes peduncled, short-rayed, J^'-i/ broad; flowers all perfect and small; drupes glo- bose to ovoid, light red, acid, 4//-5// long; stone flat, orbicular, scarcely grooved. In cold mountain woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Pennsylvania, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and to Washington. June-July. 4. Viburnum acerifolium L,. Maple-leaved Arrow- wood. Dockmakie. (Fig. 3437.) V. acerifolium L- Sp. PI. 268. 1753. A shrub, 3°-6° high, with smooth gray slender branches, and somewhat pubescent twigs and petioles. Leaves ovate, orbicular, or broader than long, cordate or truncate at the base, pubes- cent on both sides, or becoming gla- brate, 2/-5/ broad, mostly rather deeply 3-lobed, coarsely dentate, the lobes acute oracuminate; petioles ^/-i/long; cymes long-peduncled, i>2/-3/ broad; flowers all perfect, 2"-^" broad; drupe nearly black, 3//-4// long, the stone lenticular, faintly 2 -ridged on one side and 2- 'grooved on the other. In dry or rocky woods, New Brunswick to North Carolina, west to Ontario, Michi- gan and Minnesota. May-June. 5. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy-leaved Arrow-wood. (Fig. 3438.) Viburnum dentatum var. pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 372. 1789. V. pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 202. 1814. A branching shrub, 2°-5° high with straight and slender gray branches. Leaves sessile, or on petioles less than 3" long, ovate or oval, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, coarsely dentate, l^/-3/ long, densely velvety-pubescent be- neath, glabrous, or with scattered hairs above, or rarely glabrate on both surfaces; cymes pe- duncled, lYz'-iYi' broad, the flowers all per- fect; drupes oval, nearly black, about 4// long; stone slightly 2-grooved on both faces. In rocky woods, Quebec and Ontario to Mani- toba, south, especially along the Alleghanies to Georgia and to Illinois, Iowa and Michigan. June- July. A form of this species, or a related plant, with petioles %' long or more, occurs in Missouri. Vol. in.] HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 231 6. Viburnum dentatum L, Viburnum dentatum L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753. A shrub with slender glabrous gray branches, sometimes reaching a height of 150. Twigs and petioles glabrous; pet- ioles 3//-i2// long; leaves ovate, broadly oval or orbicular, rounded or slightly cor- date at the base, acute or short-acumi- nate at the apex, prominently pinnately veined, coarsely dentate all around, \%.f~ 3' broad, glabrous on both sides, or some- times pubescent with simple hairs in the axils of the veins beneath; cymes long- peduncled, 2/-3/ broad; flowers all per- fect; drupe globose-ovoid, about 3" in diameter, blue, becoming nearly black; stone rather deeply grooved on one side, rounded on the other. In moist soil, New Brunswick to Ontario, south along the mountains to Georgia and to western New York, Michigan and Minnesota. Called also Mealy-tree. May-June. Arrow- wood. (Fig. 3439.) 7. Viburnum molle Michx. Soft- leaved Arrow- wood. (Fig. 3440.) Viburnum molle Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 180. 1803. Similar to the "preceding species but the twigs, petioles, rays of the cyme and lower surfaces of the leaves more or less densely stellate-pubescent; petioles short and stouter; leaves usually larger, crenate or dentate, com- monly somewhat pubescent above; drupe glo- bose-ovoid, blue, 4" in diameter, its stone similar to that of V. dentatum. Eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey, near the coast, south to Florida and Texas. Said to bloom later than V. dentatzim. 8. Virburnum Demetridnis Deane & Robinson. Demetrio's Viburnum. (Fig. 344i •) Viburnum Demetrionis Deane & Robinson, Bot. Gaz. 22: 167. pi. 8. 1896. A shrub about 120 high, the older twigs ash gray, or at length grayish black and rough with lenticels, the bark exfoliating. Bud- scales acutish, ciliolate; leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, short-acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, 3/-5/ long, coarsely dentate, glabrous and bright green above, soft-pubescent and paler be- neath, some of the pubescence stellate; peti- oles 8//-2o// long, channeled; stipules linear- filiform, 2//-5// long; cymes terminal, pedun- cled, 4-7-rayed, glandular-puberulent; calyx- teeth ciliate; drupe oblong, obtuse at both ends, about 5" long and 2)£// broad, much flattened, with 2 grooves when dry. Bluffs, Benton Co., Missouri. Flowers not "seen nor'described 232 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Voi,. III. Viburnum cassinoides L,. Withe-rod." Appalachian Tea. (Fig. 3442.) Viburnum cassinoides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 384. 1762. Viburnum nudum var. cassinoidesT. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 14. 1 841. A shrub, 2°-i2° high, with as- cending gray branches, the twigs somewhat scurfy, or glabrous. Leaves ovate or oval, thick, pin- nately veined, narrowed or some- times rounded at the base, acute or blunt-acuminate at the apex, i/-3/ long, generally crenulate, rarely entire, glabrous or very nearly so ou both sides; pedun- cle shorter than or equalling the cyme; drupe pink, becoming dark blue, globose to ovoid, 3//-5// long; stone round or oval, flattened. In swamps and wet soil, New- foundland to Manitoba and Minne- sota, New Jersey and the mountains of North Carolina. June-July. 10. Viburnum nudum I,. Larger Withe-rod. (Fig. 3443.) Viburnum nudum L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753. Viburnum nudum var. ClaytoniT. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 14. 1841. Similar to the preceding species, but usu- ally a larger shrub, sometimes 150 high. Leaves oval, oval-lanceolate, or obovate, en- tire or obscurely crenulate, mostly larger (sometimes 0/ long), narrowed at the base, acute or obtuse at the apex, more promi- nently veined, sometimes scurfy on the upper surface; peduncle equalling or exceeding the cyme. In swamps, Long Island 1o Florida, west to Kentucky and Louisiana. Blooms a little later than the preceding species. bic foot. Fruit sweet, edible. 11. Viburnum Lentago L. Nanny-berry. Sheep-berry. Sweet Viburnum. (Fig. 3444.) Viburnum Lentago L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753. A shrub, or often a small tree, some- times 300 high, and with a trunk di- ameter of io'. Winter buds acuminate, glabrous; leaves slender-petioled, ovate, mostly rounded at the base, acuminate at the apex, 2/-4/ long, glabrous on both sides, or rarely a little pubescent beneath, sharply serrulate; petioles often broadened and wavy-margined, o//-i2// long; cyme sessile, several-rayed, 2/~5/ broad; drupes oval, bluish-black with a bloom, 5//-6// long; stone very flat, circu- lar or oval. In rich soil, Hudson Bay to Manitoba, south to New Jersey, along the Alleghanies to Geor- gia, and to Indiana and Missouri. Wood orange -brown, hard; weight 45 lbs. to the cu- May. Fruit ripe'jn'.October. Called also Nanny-bush, Black Thorn. Vol. hi.] honeysuckle; family. 233 12. Viburnum prunifdlium L,. Black Haw. Stag-bush. Sloe. (Fig. 3445.) Viburnum prunifolium L. Sp. PI. 268. 1753. A shrub or small tree somewhat similar to the preceding species; but the winter buds smaller, less acute, often reddish-pubescent. Leaves shorter-pctioled, ovate or broadly oval, obtuse or acutish but not acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, i/-3/ long, finely serrulate, glabrous or nearly so; petioles rarely margined; cyme sessile, several-raved, 2' -4/ broad; drupe oval, blu- ish-black and glaucous, 4//-5// long; stone very flat on one side, slightly convex on the other, oval. In dry soil, Connecticut to Florida, west to Michigan, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, red- dish-brown; weight per cubic foot 52 lbs. April- June. Fruit ripe in September, sweet and edible. Viburnum prunifolium globosum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club. 20: 70. 1893. Drupe globose, about 3' in diameter; cytnes smaller; flowers expanding before the leaves. New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. 13. Viburnum rufotomentosum Small. Southern Black Haw. (Fig. 3446.) Viburnum prunifolium var. ferrugineum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 15. 1841. Not V. ferrugineum Raf. 1838. Viburnum rufotomentosum Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 410. 1896. A small tree, becoming 200 high. Leaves elliptic to obovate, mostly obtuse at the apex, finely and sharply serrate or serrulate, narrowed or obtuse at the base, the veins brown-tomen- tose beneath; petioles 3//-8// long, winged, brown-tomentose; cymes large, sessile, or very short-peduncled, the principal rays 3-5, mostly 4; flowers 2>,/~2>%// broad; drupe oval, 5//-7// long, blue with a bloom; seed nearly orbicular. In woods and thickets, Virginia to Illinois, Florida and Texas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Vir- ginia. April-May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. 14. Viburnum obovatum Walt. Viburnum. (Fig. 3447.) Small Viburnum obovatum Walt. Fl. Car. 116. 1788. A shrub, 2°-8° high, the twigs, petioles and rays of the cyme slightly pubescent, or at length glabrate. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate or spat- ulate, obtuse or retuse at the apex, short-peti- oled, glabrous or very nearly so on both sides, entire, or obscurely crenate toward the apex, small, }&'-!}&' long; cymes sessile, 3-5-rayed, i/-2/ broad; drupe oval, black, 3"-4" long; stone lenticular, slightly furrowed on both sides. In swamps and along streams, Virginia (accord- ing to Gray) to Florida near the coast. April-May. 234 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Vol. III. 3. TRIOSTEUM h. Sp. PI. 176. 1753. Perennial herbs, with simple terete stems and opposite connate-perfoliate or sessile leaves narrowed below the middle. Flowers axillary, perfect, solitary or clustered, sessile, yellow- ish, green, or purplish, 2-bracted. Calyx-tube ovoid, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes elongated, persistent and sometimes foliaceous in our species. Corolla-tube narrow or campauulate, gibbous at the base, the limb oblique, unequally lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla- tube; filaments very short; anthers linear, included. Ovary 3-5-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style filiform; stigma 3-5-lobed. Drupe coriaceous, orange or red, enclosing 2-3 (rarely 4-5) i-seeded nutlets. Endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Greek, three-bone, from the 3 bony nutlets.] Five known species, the following- of eastern North America, two Japanese, one Himalayan. Leaves ovate or oval; flowers purplish. i. T. perfoliatum. Leaves lanceolate or oval -lanceolate; flowers yellowish. 2. T. angushfolium. i. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian. (Fig. 3448.) Triosteum perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. 176. 1753. Stem erect, stout, finely glandular-pubes- cent, or sometimes hirsute, i°-\° high. Leaves ovate to broadly oval, 4/-Q/ long, 2'- 4' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, ab- ruptly or gradually narrowed at the base, sessile, or connate-perfoliate, soft-pubescent beneath, somewhat hairy above, the margins entire or sinuate; bracts linear; corolla pur- plish-brown, 6//-io// long, viscid-pubescent, about the length of the calyx-lobes; filaments bearded; drupe 4//-6// long, obovoid-globose, orange-red, densely and finely pubescent; nutlets usually 3. In rich soil, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Alabama, Kentucky and Kansas. Called also Fever-root, Wild or Wood Ipecac, Tin- ker's-weed, Wild Coffee, Horse-Ginseng, White Gentian. Ascends 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 2. Triosteum angustifolium I,. Yellow or Narrow-leaved Horse- Gentian. (Fig. 3449.) Triosteum angustifolium L- Sp. PL 176. 1753. Resembling the preceding species, but the stem slender and hirsute-pubescent, i°-3° hi . Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, 3/-5/ long, Yz'-iyi' wide, rough-pubescent, tapering to the sessile base, or the lower smaller, obtuse and spatulate; corolla yellowish, 6//-7//long; flowers commonly solitary in the axils. In rich soil. Connecticut and Long Island, to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Alabama, Illinois and Louisiana. May- Aug. 4. LINNAEA L. Sp. PI. 631. 1753. Creeping, somewhat woody herbs, with opposite evergreen petioled obovate or orbicular leaves, and perfect pink or purplish flowers borne in pairs at the summit of elongated ter- minal peduncles. Calyx-tube ovoid, the limb 5-lobed. Corolla tubular-campanulate, regu- lar, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricate. Stamens 4, inserted near the base of the corolla-tube, didy- namous, included. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cavities with several abortive ovules, the other with 1 perfect pendulous ovule. Fruit nearly globose, 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, the other with a single oblong seed. Endosperm fleshy; embryo cylindric. [Named by Grono- viusfor Linnaeus, with whom the plant was a favorite.] A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. Vol. III.] HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 235 i. Linnaea borealis L. Twin-flower. Ground-vine. (Fig. 3450.) Linnaea borealis L- Sp. PI. 631. 1753- Branches slender, slightly pubescent, trailing, 6/-2° long. Petioles i//-2// long; leaves ob- scurely crenate, thick, 3//-io// wide, sometimes wider than long; peduncles slender, erect, 2- bracted at the summit, 2-rlowered (or rarely proliferously 4-flowered); pedicels filiform, 3"- \o" long, 2-bracteolate at the summit; flowers nodding, 4//-6// long, fragrant; ovary subtended by a pair of ovate glandular scales which are conniventover the fruit or adnate to it. In cold woods, mountains of Maryland, New Jer- sey, Long- Island, north to Newfoundland, west through British America to Alaska and Vancouver, south to Michigan, in the Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 5. SYMPHORICARPOS Juss. Gen. 211. 1789. Shrubs, with opposite deciduous short-petioled simple leaves, and small white or pink, perfect flowers, in axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube nearly globular, the limb 4-5- toothed. Corolla campanulate or salverform, regular, or sometimes gibbous at the base, 4- 5-lobed, glabrous or pilose in the throat; stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cavities containing several abortive ovules, the other two each with a single suspended ovule; style filiform, stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit an ovoid or globose 4- celled 2-seeded berry. Seeds oblong; endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Greek, fruit borne together, from the clustered berries.] About 10 species, natives of North America and the mountains of Mexico. Known as St. Peter's-wort. Fruit white ; style glabrous. Stamens and style included; clusters usually few-flowered. Erect shrub; leaves i'-2' long; clusters several-flowered. Diffuse shrub; leaves Jz'-i' long; clusters 1-2-flowered. Stamens and style somewhat exserted; clusters many-flowered. Fruit red; style bearded. Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Snowberry S. racemosus. S. pauciflorus. S. occidentalis. S. Symphoricarpos. I. (Fig. 3451. ) Symphoricarpos racemosus Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 107. 1803. Michx. planted and sometimes escaped from cultivation. Sept. An erect shrub, °-4° high, gla- brous or nearly so, the branches slender. Petioles about 2// long; leaves oval, obtuse at each end, sometimes a little pubescent be- neath, i/-2/ long, entire, undulate, or those of young shoots sometimes dentate; axillary clusters few-flow- ered, the terminal one mostly in- terruptedly spicate; corolla cam- panulate, about 3" long, slightly gibbous at the base, bearded with- in; style glabrous; stamens and style included; berry snow-white, globose, loosely cellular, 3//~5// in diameter. In rocky places and on river shores, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south o Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Minne- sota and in California. Commonly Called also Snowdrop-berry, Egg-plant. June- CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Vol. III. 2. Symphoricarpos pauci- florus (Robbins) Britton. Low Snowberry. (Fig. 3452-) Symphoricarpos racemosus var. pauci- florus Robbins; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5. 203. 1867. Symphoricarpos pauciflorus Britton, " Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 305. 1894. A low spreading diffusely branched shrub, 6'-io/ high. Leaves broadly oval to orbiculate, entire, softly pu- bescent, esp3cially along the veins, beneath, 6//-i2// long; flowers 1"-$" long, solitary in the upper axils and 2 or 3 in the terminal spike; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, bearded within ; stamens and glabrous style included; berry oval when young, becoming globose, white, 2//-3// in diameter. In rocky places, Ontario and Vermont to western New York and Pennsylvania, west to South Dakota, British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado. June-July. 3. Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Wolfberry. (Fig. 3453.) Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 285. 1833. Similar to .S. racemosus but stouter, with larger leaves I/-3' long, more or less pubescent beneath, entire, or often undu- late-crenate; petioles 2"-$" long; axil- lary clusters spicate, many- flowered, 6//- 12" long; corolla campanulate, 3// long, lobed to beyond the middle; stamens and glabrous style somewhat exserted; berry nearly globular, white, 4//-5// in diameter. Michigan and Minnesota to British Colum- bia, Kansas and Colorado. June-July. 4. Symphoricarpos Symphori- carpos (Iv.)MacM. Coral-berry. In- dian Currant. (Fig. 3454.) Lonicera Symphoricarpos L. Sp. PI. 175- 5. orbiculata Moench, Meth. 503. 1794. Symphoricarpos vulgaris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 106. 1803. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos MacM. Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 15. 1892. A shrub, 2°-5° high, the branches erect or ascending, purplish, usually pubescent. Petioles i//-2// long; leaves oval or ovate, entire or undulate, mostly obtuse at each end, glabrous or nearly so above, usually soft-pubescent beneath, i'-iJ^' long; clus- ters dense, many-flowered, at length spi- cate, shorter than the leaves; corolla campanulate, sparingly pubescent within, pinkish, about 1" long; style bearded; sta- mens included; berry purplish red, ovoid-globose, \W-l" long. Along rivers and in rocky places, banks of the Delaware in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to western New York and Dakota, and south to Georgia and Texas. Also sparingly escaped from cultivation farther east. Fruit persistent after the leaves have fallen. July. Vol. III.] HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 6. LONICERA L. Sp. PI. 173. 1753- 237 Erect or climbing shrubs, with opposite mostly entire leaves; flowers spicate, capitate or geminate, usually somewhat irregular. Calyx-tube ovoid or nearly globular, the limb slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, funnelform, or campanulate, often gibbous at the base, the limb 5-lobed, more or less oblique, or 2 lipped. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity, pen- dulous; style slender; stigma capitate." Berry fleshy, 2-3-celled or rarely i-celled, few- seeded. Seeds ovoid or oblong with fleshy endosperm and a terete embryo. [Named for Adam Lonitzer, 152S-1586, a German botanist.] About 100 species, natives of the north temperate zone, a few in tropical regions, following, some 8 others occur in the western parts of North America. Besides the -::- Climbing or trailing vines; flowers in heads, or interrupted spikes; upper leaves connate-perfoliate. I. L. Caprifolium. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower entire. Corolla glabrous within. Corolla pubescent within. Leaves pubescent, at least beneath; corolla yellow. Leaves pubescent on both sides, at least when young, ciliate; corolla slightly gibbous at base. 2. L. hirsuta. Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath; corolla-tube strongly gibbous at the base. 3. L. glaucescens. Leaves glabrous on both sides, very glaucous beneath. Corolla greenish yellow, the tube somewhat gibbous. Corolla-tube z"~5" l°ng; filaments hirsute at the base. Corolla-tube 5" -7" long; filaments nearly glabrous. Corolla bright yellow or orange, its slender tube not gibbous. Corolla tubular, the short limb nearly equally 5-lobed. L. dioica. L. Sullivanlii. L,. flava. L. sempervirens. •5fr ¥: Climbing vines; flowers in pairs on short axillary peduncles. 8. L. Japoiiica. -,'- -a- vr Shrubs; flowers in pairs on axillary bracted peduncles. Bracts of the peduncle subulate, linear, minute, or none. Leaves rarely cordate, more or less pubescent, or ciliate. Leaves pale, or glaucous, thick, strongly reticulate-veined. Peduncles shorter than the flowers; fruit blue; leaves ciliate. Peduncles equalling the flowers; fruit red; leaves not ciliate. Leaves bright green, thin, ciliate, not strongly reticulate; fruit red. Leaves pale, densely pubescent beneath, even when old. Leaves cordate, glabrous. Bracts of the peduncle broad, foliaceous. 9. L. coerulea. 10. L. oblongifolia. 11. L. cilia/a. 12. L. Xylosteum. 13. L. Tatarica. 14. L. involucrata. i. Lonicera Caprifolium L,. Italian, or Perfoliate Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3455.) L. Caprifolium L. Sp. PI. 173. 1753. Lonicera grata Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 231. 1789. Caprifolium gratum Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 161. 1814. Climbing high, glabrous and some- what glaucous. Upper one to three pairs of leaves connate-perfoliate, glaucous beneath, the others sessile or short-petioled, oval or obovate, all rounded at the base, entire; flowers in terminal capitate sessile clusters; corolla glabrous within, i/-i^/ long, purple without, the limb white within, strongly 2- lipped; upper lip 4-lobed, the lower one narrow, reflexed; tube slightly curved, not gibbous; stamens and style much exserted; berries red. Thickets, southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Michigan and in the southern States. Escaped from cultivation and naturalized. Na- tive of Europe. Called also American, or Fragrant Woodbine. May-June. 238 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Vol. III. 2. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3456.) L. hirsuta Eaton, Man. Ed. 2, 307. 1818. Twining, the branches hirsute-pubes- cent. Upper one or two pairs of leaves connate-perfoliate, the others oval or ovate, short-petioled or sessile, softly pu- bescent beneath, dark green and appress- ed-pubescent above, ciliate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 2/-3j^/ long; flowers ver- ticillate in short terminal interrupted spikes; corolla pubescent within, about i/ long, viscid-pubescent without, orange- yellow, the tube slender, somewhat gib- bous'at the base, the limb strongly 2-lip- ped, about as long as the tube ; stamens and style exserted, filaments hirsute below. In woodlands, Vermont and Ontario to Manitoba, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan. Called also Rough Woodbine. June-July. 3. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Douglas' Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3457.) Lonicera Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 282. 1833. Not CaprifoliumDoitglasii'L.ind.. 1830. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 90. 1897. Similar to the preceding species, the branches glabrous. Leaves glabrous above, pubescent, at least on the veins, beneath, i^/-2/ long, chartaceous-margined, not cil- iate, usually only the upper pair connate- perfoliate; flowers verticillate in a short terminal interrupted spike; corolla yellow, changing to reddish, pubescent or puberu- lent without, pubescent within, \f long, or less, the tube rather strongly gibbous at the base, the 2-lipped limb shorter than the tube; stamens nearly glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; style hirsute; both exserted. Ontario to Saskatchewan, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Nebraska. May-June. tains to North Carolina, and to Ohio and Michigan, leaves of young shoots are sometimes connate-perfoliate 4. Lonicera dioica L. Smooth- leaved or Glaucous Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3458-) Lonicera dioica L,. Syst. Ed. 12, 165. 1767- L. glauca Hill, Hort. Kew. 446. pi. 18. 1769. L. parviflora Lam. Encycl. 1: 728. 1783. Glabrous throughout, twining or shrub- by, 3°-io° long. Leaves very glaucous beneath, i}4/~3/ long, the upper connate- perfoliate, oval, obtuse, the lower sessile or short-petioled, narrower; flowers sev- eral in a terminal cluster, yellowish green and tinged with purple, glabrous without, pubescent within, the tube 3//-4// long, gibbous at the base, scarcely longer than the 2-lipped limb; stamens hirsute below, exserted with the style; berries red, 3"- 4// in diameter. In rocky and usually dry situations, Quebec to Manitoba.south, especially alongthe nioun- Ascends to 3500 ft. in North Carolina. All the Small Yellow Honeysuckle. May-June. Vol. III.] HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 239 5. Lonicera Sullivantii A. Gray. Sullivant's Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3459.) Lonicera Sullivantii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 76. 1883. Similar to the preceding species, very glaucous. Leaves oval or obovate, glau- cous and commonly pubescent beneath, obtuse; flowers larger than those of the preceding species, the tube 5//-7// long, slightly exceeding the limb, pale yellow; stamens usually nearly glabrous; fruit yellow, 2>" in diameter. In woodlands, Tennessee, Ohio and west- ern Ontario (?) to Wisconsin and Manitoba. May-June. 6. Lonicera flava Sims. Yellow Honey- suckle. (Fig. 3460.) Lonicera flava Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 131S. 1810. Twining to a height of several feet, or trailing, glabrous. Leaves broadly oval, or elliptic, entire, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, green above, glaucous beneath, the pairs subtending flow- ers connate-perfoliate; flowers bright orange-yel- low, fragrant, in a terminal interrupted spike; corolla i'-iJ^7 long, the slender tube pubescent above within, not gibbous at the base, the limb strongly 2-lipped, about half as long as the tube; filaments and style glabrous, exserted; fruit about 3// in diameter. North Carolina to Kentucky, Georgia and Alabama. April-May. 7. Lonicera sempervirens L. Trumpet or Coral Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3461.) Lonicera sempervirens L. Sp. PI. 173. 1753- Glabrous, high climbing, evergreen in the South. Leaves oval, obtuse, i'-^,' long, or the lower ones smaller, narrower and acutish, the up- per pairs connate-perfoliolate, all conspicuously glaucous and sometimes slightly pubescent be- neath, dark green above; flowers verticillate in terminal interrupted spikes; corolla scarlet or yellow, \,-\%f long, glabrous, the tube narrow, slightly expanded above, the limb short and nearly regular; stamens and style scarcely ex- serted; berries scarlet, about 3" in diameter. In low grounds, or on hillsides, Connecticut to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas. April-Sept. 240 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Vol. III. 8. Lonicera Japonica Thunb. Japanese or Chinese Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3462.) Lon icera Japonica Thunb. Fl. Jap. 89. 1784. Pubescent, climbing high or trailing. Leaves all short-petiolcd, ovate, entire, V- 3/ long, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, dark green and glabrous above, pale and usually sparingly pubescent beneath; flowers in pairs from the upper axils, pe- duncled, leafy-bracted at the base, white or pink, fading to yellow, pubescent without, the tube nearly i/ long, longer than the strongly 2-lipped limb; stamens and style exserted; berries black, }/'-d/f in diameter. Freely escaped from cultivation, southern New York and Pennsylvania to North Caro- lina and West Virginia. Naturalized from eastern Asia. June-Aug. g. Lonicera coerulea L. Blue or Mountain Fly-Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3463.) Lonicera coerulea L- Sp. PI. 174. 1753- Erect, shrubby, i°-3° high, the twigs some- times slightly pubescent. Leaves oval or obovate, i'-i%' long, very obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, thick, conspicuously reticulate- veined, pale and more or less pubescent beneath, glabrous above, at least when mature, ciliate on the margins; flowers in pairs in the axils, short- peduncled, subulate-bracted, yellow, 6//-8// long, corolla pubescent, or glabrate, the tube gibbous at the base, the limb nearly regular, its lobes oblong, equalling or slightly exceed- ing the tube; ovaries of the two flowers be- coming united and forming an oblong or nearly globose, bluish-black 2- eyed berry, about lyi" in diameter. In low grounds, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Rhode Island, Pennsylvania.Wisconsin and California. Also in Europe and Asia. June. 10. Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fly- Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3464.) Xylosteum oblongifolium Goldie, Kdinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 323. 1822. Lonicera oblongifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 284. pi. 100. 1833. Similar to the preceding species. Leaves oval-oblong, \'-2' long, reticu- late-veined, glabrous or nearly so on both sides when mature, downy-pu- bescent when young, not ciliate; flow- ers in pairs on long slender peduncles; corolla yellow, or purplish within, 8//- o/' long, gibbous at the base, deeply 2-lipped; bracts at the summit of the peduncle minute or none; ovaries re- maining distinct, or becoming more or less united, the berries red or crimson. In swamps, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan. May-June. Vol. III.] HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY ii. Lonicera ciliata Muhl. American Fly Honeysuckle. Vaccinium album L. Sp. PI. 350. 1753. Not L. alba L. Lonicera ciliata Muhl. Cat. 23. 1813. Shrubby, 3°-5° liigb, the twigs glabrous. Petioles 2//~3// long, very slender; leaves thin, bright green on both sides, ovate, or sometimes oval, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, villous-pu- bescent beneath when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature, but the margins strongly ciliate; flowers in pairs from the axils, about 8" long; peduncles long-filiform; bracts very small, subulate; corolla-limb nearly regular, its lobes short; berries sepa- rate, ovoid, light red, about 3" in diameter. In moist woods, Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick to Manitoba, south to Connecticut, Penn- sylvania and Michigan. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Catskills. May. 12. Lonicera Xylosteum L. Fly Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3466.) Lonicera Xylosteum L- Sp. PI. 174. 1753. A shrub, 3°-7° high, the foliage densely ap- pressed-pubescent when young. Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, entire, short-petioled, rather pale green, obtuse, or the upper acute at the apex, obtuse, subcordate or narrowed at the base, glabrous above when mature, persistently pubescent beneath, i'-tJ long; petioles 2//-4// long; peduncles axillary, 2-flowered, 4//-8// long, about as long as the flowers, or longer; flowers yellowish white; bracts linear-subulate; berries scarlet. Escaped from cultivation in New York, tive of Europe and Asia. May-June. Na- 13. Lonicera Tatarica L. Tartarian Bush-Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3467.) Lonicera Tatarica L- Sp. PI. 173. 1753. A glabrous shrub, 5°-io° high. Leaves ovate, rather thin, not conspicuously retic- ulate-veined, I'-if long, acute or obtusish at the apex, cordate at the base, not ciliate; flowers in pairs on slender axillary pedun- cles; corolla pink to white, 7//-S// long.the tube gibbous at the base, the limb irregu- larly and deeply 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped; peduncles 1/ long; bracts linear, sometimes as long as the corolla-tube; stamens and style scarcely exserted; berries separate, red. Escaped from cultivation, Ontario and Ver- mont to ^southern New York, New Jersey and Kentucky. May. Native of Asia. 242 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Vol.. III. 14. Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks. (Fig. 3468.) Involucred Fly- Honeysuckle. Xylosteum involucratum Richards. App. Frank. Journ. Ed. 2, 6. 1823. Lonicera involucrata Banks; Richards, loc. cii. 1823. A glabrate or pubescent shrub, 3°-io° high. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, oval, orobovate, 2/-6/ long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, more or less pubescent, at least when young; peduncles axillary, i/-2/long, 2-3-flowered; bracts folia- ceous, ovate or oval, often cordate; bractlets also large, at length surrounding the fruit; flowers yellow; corolla pubescent, funnel- form, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; lobes short, little spreading; stamens and style slightly exserted ; berries separate, globose, or oval, nearly black, about 4" in diameter. In woodlands, Quebec to western Ontario and Michigan, west to British Columbia and Alaska, south to Arizona, Utah and California. June- July. 7. DIERVILLA Moench, Meth. 492. 1794. Shrubs, with opposite leaves, and yellow axillary and terminal cymose or solitary flow- ers. Calyx-tube slender, elongated, narrowed below, the limb with 5 linear persistent lobes. Corolla narrowly funnelform, the tube slightly gibbous at the base, the limb nearly regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla; anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numer- ous in each cavity; style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit a linear-oblong capsule, narrowed or beaked at the summit, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed coat minutely reticu- lated; endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Named for Dr. Dierville, who brought the plant to Tournefort.] Two species, the following and one in the mountains of the southern States. The Japanese and Chinese Weigelas, often referred to this genus, are here regarded as distinct. Diervilla Diervilla (I,.) MacM. 1. Bush Honeysuckle. (Fi Lonicera Diervilla I_. Sp. PI. 175. 3469- ) 1753- 492. 79\- Diervilla trifida Moench, Meth. D. Diervilla MacM., Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 15! 1892. A shrub, i°-\° high, glabrous or nearly so throughout, with terete branches. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or oval, acuminate at the apex, usually rounded at the base, 2/~5/ long, irregularly crenulate and often slightly ciliate on the margins; peduncles terminal, or in the upper axils, slender, 1-5-flowered; flowers about 9" long; corolla more or less pubescent both without and within, regular or slightly irregu- lar, 3 of its lobes somewhat united; capsule gla- brous, linear-oblong, slender, beaked, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. In dry or rocky woodlands, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina and Michigan. Called also Gravel-weed. May-June. Family 36. ADOXACEAE Fritsch; Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Abt. 4, 170. 1891. Moschatei, Family. Glabrous slender herbs, with scaly or tuberiferous rootstocks, basal and op- posite ternately compound leaves, and small green flowers in terminal capitate clusters. Calyx-tube hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, its limb 2-3-toothed. Corolla rotate, regular, 4-6-lobed. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted in pairs on its tube; filaments short; anthers peltate, 1 -celled. Ovary 3-5-celled; style 3-5 -parted; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit a small drupe with 3-5-nutlets. Endosperm cartilaginous. The family contains only the following monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. Vol. III.] MOSCHATEL FAMILY. i. ADOXA L. Sp. PI. 367. 1753. Characters of the family. [Greek, without glory, i. e., insignificant.] I. Adoxa Moschatellina L. Musk- root. Hollow-root. Moschatel. (Fig. 3470.) Adoxa Moschatellina L- Sp. PI. 367. 1753. Stems simple, weak, erect, 3/-6/ high, bearing a pair of opposite ternate leaves usu- ally above the middle. Basal leaves 1-4, long-petioled, ternately compound, the seg- ments broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse, thin, 3-cleft or 3-parted, the lobes obtuse and mucronulate; head 3//~4// in diameter, com- posed of 3-6 flowers; corolla of the terminal flower 4-5 lobed, those of the others usually 5-6-lobed, drupe green, bearing the persist- ent calyx-lobes above the middle. In shaded rocky places, Arctic America, south to Iowa and Wisconsin and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Eu- rope and Asia. Other English names are Bul- bous Fumitory, Glory-less, Musk Crowfoot or Wood Crowfoot. Odor musky. May. Family $7. VALERIANACEAE Batsch, Tabl. Aff. 227. Valerian Family. 243 1802. Herbs with opposite leaves, no stipules, and usually small perfect or poly- gamo-dioecious flowers, in corymbed panicled or capitate cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb inconspicuous or none in flower, often becoming prominent in fruit. Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, somewhat irregular, its tube narrowed, and sometimes gibbous or spurred at the base, its limb spread- ing, mostly 5-lobed. Stamens 1-4, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, usually exserted. Ovary inferior, 1-3-celled, one of the cavities contain- ing a single anatropous ovule, the others empty. Fruit indehiscent, dry, con- taining a single suspended seed. Endosperm little or none; embryo straight; cotyledons oblong. About 9 genera and 275 species of wide distribution, most abundant in the northern hemisphere. Fruit 1 -celled; persistent calyx-lobes becoming awn-like; tall herbs. Fruit 3-celled; calyx-lobes minute or none; low herbs. Valeriana. Valerianella. 1. VALERIANA L. Sp. PI. 31. 1753. Perennial strong-smelling mostly tall herbs, the leaves mainly basal and the cymose flowers paniculate in our species. Calyx-limb of 5-15 bristle-like plumose teeth, short and inrolled in flower, but elongated, rolled outward and conspicuous in fruit. Corolla funnel- form or tubular, usually more or less gibbous at the base, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens commonly 3. Style entire, or minutely 2-3-lobed at the summit. Fruit com- pressed, i-celled, i-nerved on the back, 3-nerved on the front. [Name Middle Latin, from valere, to be strong.] About 175 species, mostly in the temperate and colder parts of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, 5 others occur in southern and western North America. Corolla-tube very slender, 6" -10" long; basal leaves cordate. Corolla-tube i"~3" long; basal leaves not cordate. Leaves thick, parallel-veined, entire, or the segments not dentate. Leaves thin, reticulate -veined, the segments dentate. Lotoer leaves spatulate, often entire; plant glabrous. All the leaves pinnately divided; plant pubescent, especially a the nodes. 1. V. pauciflora. 2. V. edulis. V. sylvatica. V. officinalis. 244 VALERIANACEAE. [Vol. III. i. Valeriana paucifldra Michx. Large-flowered Valerian. (Fig. 3471.) V.paucijlora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 18. 1803. Rootstocks slender, usually horizontal. Stem glabrous, erect or ascending, i°-3° high, often sending out runners froni the base; leaves thin, the basal ones slender- petioled, simple, or sometimes with a pair of small leaflets on the petiole, broadly ovate, cordate, acute at the apex, the mar- gins crenate or dentate; stem leaves pin- nately 3-7-divided, the terminal segment larger than the others; cymes terminal, clustered; flowers few or numerous; co- rolla pink, its tube very slender, 6//-io// long; bracts linear; fruit oblong or oblong- lanceolate, about 3// long, glabrous or puberulent; bristles of the calyx at length elongated and plumose. In moist soil, Pennsylvania to West Vir- ginia, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. Call- ed also American Wild Valerian. May-June. 2. Valeriana edulis Nutt. Edible Valerian. Tobacco-root. (Fig. 3472.) V. edulis Nutt. in T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 48. 1841. Erect,i°-4° high, from a deep fusiform car- rot-shaped root. Stem glabrous, or nearly so, the young leaves commonly more or less pubescent and the older ones finely cil- iate, sometimes glabrous; basal leaves spat- ulate or oblauceolate, thick, 3/-i2/ long, ■2"-\o'f wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into a margined petiole, parallel-veined, en- tire or with a few obtuse entire lobes; stem leaves few, sessile, pinnately-parted into linear or lanceolate segments; flowers yel- lowish-white, small (2") polygamo-dioe- cious, paniculate, the inflorescence at length widely branching; bracts lanceolate, short; fruit narrowly ovate, glabrous or nearly so, 1" long, at length exceeded by the plumose calyx-teeth. In wet open places, Ontario to British Columbia, south to Ohio, Wisconsin, and in the Rocky Mount- tains to Arizona and New Mexico. Called also Oregon Tobacco ; the root cooked for food. May- Aug. 3. Valeriana sylvatica Banks. Wood or Swamp Valerian. (Fig. 3473.) Jraleriana sylvatica Banks; Richards. App. Frank. Journ. Ed. 2, 2. 1823. Valeriana dioica Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 727. 1814. Not I,. 1753. Erect, glabrous or very nearly so through- out, 8" high. Rootstocks creeping or ascending; basal leaves thin, petioled, oblong or spatulate, obtuse, entire, or with a few obtuse lobes, reticulate-veined, 2/-io' long, 3//-i8// wide; stem leaves 2-4 pairs, petioled, pinnately parted into 3-13 ovate to lanceo- late, dentate or rarely entire, acute or obtuse segments; inflorescence cymose-pauiculate, at length loosely branched; flowers pink or nearly white, 3//-4// long; bracts linear-lan- ceolate; fruit ovate, glabrous, 1%" long. In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Colum- bia, south to Vermont, New York, Ontario, Michigan and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona. Also in northeastern Asia. Called also American Wild Valerian. May-Aug. Vol. III.] VALERIAN FAMILY. 245 4. Valeriana officinalis I,. Garden or Great Wild Valerian. Vandal-root. (Fig. 3474.) Valeriana officinalis L. Sp. PI. 31. 1753. Erect, 2°-5° high, more or less pubes- cent, especially at the nodes. Leaves all pinnately parted into 7-25 thin reticulate-veined lanceolate acute or acuminate segments, sharply dentate, or those of the upper leaves entire, usu- ally with some scattered hairs beneath; flowers pink or nearly white, about 2// long; inflorescence of several rather compact corymbed cymes; bracts linear- lanceolate, rather large; fruit glabrous, ovate, about \y2" long. Escaped from gardens to roadsides in New York and New Jersey. Native of Eu- rope and Asia. Old names Cats' Valerian, Setwell, Cut-heal, All-heal. June-Aug. 2. VALERIANELLA Poll. Hist. PI. Palat. i: 29. 1776. Annual dichotomously branched herbs, the basal leaves tufted, entire, those of the stem sessile, often dentate, the flowers in terminal, compact or capitate, in our species corymbed or panicled cymes. Corolla small, white, blue, or pink, nearly regular. Calyx-limb short or obsolete in flower, in fruit various, not divided into filiform plumose segments, often none. Corolla-tube narrowed at the base, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 3; style minutely 3-lobed at the summit. Fruit 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, and in our species about as large as the fertile one. [Name a diminutive of Valerian.] About 50 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in the Mediterranean region. Besides the following, 8 others occur in the western parts of North America. Corolla funnelform, the short tube not longer than the limb or about equalling it. Fruit flattened, twice as broad as thick. i. Fruit triangular-pyramidal. 2. Fruit oblong-tetragonal or ovoid-tetragonal, grooved. Groove of the fruit broad and shallow. 3. Groove of the fruit narrow. 4. Fruit globose or saucer-shaped. 5. Corolla salverform, the slender tube much longer than the limb. 6. V. Locusla. V. chenopodifolia. V. radiata. V. stoiocarpa. V. Woodsiana. V. longiflora. i. Valerianella Locusta (L,.) Bettke. European Corn Salad. (Fig. 3475.) Valeriana Locusla and var. olitoria L. Sp. PI. 33. 1753- Valerianella olitoria Poll. Hist. PI. Palat. 1: 30. 1776. Valerianella Locusla Bettke. Amm. Val. 10. 1826. Glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes, 6/-i2/ high, usually branched from the base and repeatedly forked. Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, rounded and obtuse at the apex, \%'- ■2' long, 3//-5// wide, entire; upper stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, usually dentate; peduncles short; cymes 3"- 6" broad, almost capitate; bracts lin- ear or linear-oblong; corolla blue, about \" long; fruit flattened, rounded on the edges, l// long, glabrous, twice as broad as thick, depressed-orbicular in outline, the two empty cavities smaller than the fertile one, which has a corky mass at its back. In was^e places, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania to Virginia and Louisiana. Naturalized from Europe. The leaves are cultivated and used for salad under the name of Fetticus. Called also White Pot-Herb, Lamb's Lettuce, Milk Grass. April-July. 246 VALERIANACEAE. 2. Valerianella chenopodifolia (Pursh) DC. (Fig. 3476.) [Voi,. III. Goose-foot Corn Salad. Fedia chenopodifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 727. 1814. Valerianella chenopodifolia DC. Prodr. 4: 629. 1830. Fedia Fagopyrum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 51. 1841. Glabrous, 1 °-2° high. Leaves entire.or the basal and lower ones repand, spatulate, ob- tuse; upper stem leaves oblong or lanceo- late, i/~3/ long; cymes dense, W-W broad, at length slender-peduncled; bracts lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate; corolla white, about i// long; fruit triangular-pyramidal, 2." long, i// thick, glabrous or minutely pubescent, the two empty cavities narrower [ than the fertile one but about as deep. In moist soil, western New York to Virginia, west to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May-July. 3. Valerianella radiata (L,.) Dufr. Beaked Corn Salad. (Fig. 3477.) Valeriana Locnsta var. radiata L- Sp. PI. 34. 1753. Fedia radiata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 118. 1803. Valerianella radiata Dufr. Hist. Val. 57. 1811. Glabrous, or minutely pubescent below, 6/- l8' high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, entire, the upper lanceolate, usually dentate; cymes 4//-6// broad, dense; bracts small, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; corolla white, i7'' long; fruit narrowly ovate-tetragonal, finely pubescent or sometimes glabrous, i// long, j4" thick, the empty cavities as thick as or thicker than the beaked fertile one and separa- ted from each other by a broad shallow groove. In moist soil, New York to Florida, west to Michigan, Missouri and Texas. Called also Lamb's Lettuce. May-July. 4. Valerianella stenocarpa (Engelm. ) Krok. Narrow-celled Corn Salad.. (Fig. 3478.) Fedia stenocarpa Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 6: 216. 1857. Valerianella stenocarpa Krok, Kongl. Svensk. Akad. Handl. 5: 64. 1866. Similar to the preceding species and perhaps better regarded as a variety ot it. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, slightly smaller, glabrous or sometimes pubes- cent; sterile cavities not as thick as the oblong seed-bearing one, and separated from each other by a narrow groove. Kansas and Missouri to Texas. March- June. Vol. III.] VALERIAN FAMILY. 247 Woods' Corn Salad. 5. Valerianella Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. (Fig. 3479-) Fedia Woodsiana T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 52. 1841. Valerianella Woodsiana Walp. Rep. 2: 527. 1843. Usually larger than any of the preceding species, sometimes 30 high, glabrous or very nearly so throughout. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, entire; upper leaves lanceo- late or linear-oblong, usually dentate; cymes 3//-6// broad, few-flowered; bracts compara- tively large, lanceolate; corolla white, about \" long; fruit glabrous, nearly globular, about \" in diameter, the empty cavities inflated, in- trorse with a depression or concavity between them, as broad as the fertile one. In moist soil, New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Tennessee and Texas. May-July. Valerianella Woodsiana umbilicata (Sulliv.) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 82. 1883. F. umbilicata Sulliv. Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 50. 1842. Empty cells of the fruit bladdery-inflated, curved together at the ends, forming a deep con- cavity. Same ran°;e. Valerianella Woodsiana patellaria (Sulliv.) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 82. 1S83. Fedia patellaria Sulliv.; A.Gray, Man. 183. 1848. Empty cells divergent, the fruit becoming saucer-shaped. Ohio and Pennsylvania, variety and the preceding one are probably but forms of the species. This 6. Valerianella longiflora (T.&G.) Walp. Long-flowered Corn Salad. (Fig. 3480.) Fedia long-flora T. &G. FIN. A. 2: 51. 1841. Valerianella longiflora Walp. Rep. 2: 527. 1843 Glabrous; stem usually several times forked, 6/-i2/ high. Leaves very obtuse, the basal ones spatulate, \'-2%,' long, 4//-8// wide, those of the stem oblong or spatulate- oblong, smaller, somewhat clasping; cymes dense, corymbed, commonly numerous, sev- eral-many-flowered; corolla salverform, pink or purplish, about 6r/ long, the almost fili- form tube 3-4 times as long as the somewhat irregular 5-parted limb, the lobes linear-ob- long; bracts with small gland-tipped teeth; fruit broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in out- line, the empty cavities divergent, larger than the oblong seed-bearing one. In moist rocky situations, Missouri and Ar- kansas. April-May. Family 38. DIPSACACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 699. 1847. Teasel Family. Perennial biennial or annual herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves, and perfect gamopetalous flowers in dense involucrate heads. Stipules none. Flowers borne on an elongated or globose receptacle, bracted and involucellate. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb cup-shaped, disk-shaped, or divided into spreading bristles. Corolla epigynous, the tube usually enlarged at the throat, the limb 2-5-lobed. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; filaments distinct ; anthers versatile, longitudin- ally dehiscent. Ovary inferior, 1 -celled, style filiform; stigma undivided, terminal, or oblique and lateral; ovule 1, anatropous. Fruit an achene, its apex crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. Seed-coat membranous; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight. About 7 genera and 140 species, natives of the Old World. Scales of the elongated receptacle prickly pointed. 1. Dipsacus. Scales of the receptacle not prickly, herbaceous, capillary, or none. 2. Scabiosa. i. DIPSACUS L. Sp. PI. 97. 1753- Rough-hairy or prickly tall erect biennial or perennial herbs, with opposite dentate en- tire or pinnatifid, usually large leaves, and blue or lilac flowers in dense terminal peduncled 248 DIPSACACEAE. [Vol. III. oblong heads in our species. Bracts of the involucre and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny pointed. Involucels 4-8-ribbed with a somewhat spreading border. Limb of the calyx cup-shaped, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla oblique or 2-lipped, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma oblique or lateral. Achene free from or adnate to the involucel. [Greek, to thirst, the leaves of some species holding water.] About 15 species, natives of the Old World. Scales of the receptacle straight-pointed. 1. D. sylvestris. Scales of the receptacle hooked at the apex. 2. D. fullonum. i. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Wild, Common or Card Teasel. (Fig. 3481.) ipsacu Dipsacus fullonum L- Sp. PI. 97. In part. 1753. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Fl. Angl. 49. 1762. Biennial, stout, with numerous short prickles on the stem, branches, peduncles, midribs of the leaves and involucre, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, 3°-6° high. Leaves sessile, or the upper ones connate-perfoliate, lanceolate or ob- long, the upper acuminate and generally entire, the lower obtuse or obtusish, crenate or some- times pinnatifid at the base, often i° long; heads at first ovoid, becoming cylindric, at length 3'- 4' long; flowers lilac, 4//-6// long; leaves of the involucre linear, curved upward, as long as the head or longer; scales of the receptacle ovate, tipped with a long straight subulate barbed awn, usually exceeding the flowers. In waste places, Maine and Ontario to Virginia, west to Michigan. Naturalized from Europe and na- tive also of Asia. July-Sept. Other English names are Venus' Bath, Venus' Cup, Wood- or Church- brooms, Shepherds' Staff, Card or Water Thistle, Gipsy Combs, Hutton-weed. 2. Dipsacus fullonum L. Fuller's Teasel. Fuller's Thistle. (Fig. 3482.) Dipsacus fullonum L. Sp. PI. 97. 1753. Dipsacus fullonum var. sativus L- Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1677. 1763. Similar to the preceding species. Leaves of the involucre, or some of them, shorter than the heads, spreading or at length reflexed ; scales of the receptacle with hooked tips, about equal- ling the flowers, which are usually paler than in D. sylvestris. About wool mills, Eastern and Middle States, rare. Fugitive from Europe. Other English names are Clothiers' Brush, Venus' Bath, or Cup, Drapers' Teasel. Generally regarded as probably a cultivated variety of the preceding species, as it is not found wild, except as an evident escape. 2. SCABIOSA L> Sp. PI. 98. 1753. Herbs, with opposite leaves, no prickles, and blue pink or white flowers in peduncled iuvolucrate heads. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, separate, or slightly united at the base. Scales of the receptacle small, capillary, or none, not sharp-pointed nor hooked. In- volucels 2-8-ribbed, the margins 4-toothed or expanded. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. Limb of the corolla 4-5-cleft, oblique or 2-lipped. Stamens 4 (rarely 2). Stigma oblique or lateral. Achene more or less adnate to the involucel, crowned with the persistent calyx. [Latin, scale, from its repute as a remedy for scaly eruptions.] About 100 species, natives of the Old World. Leaves, or some of them, pinnatifid; receptacle hairy, not scaly. 1. 5". arvensis. Leaves entire, or toothed; receptacle scaly. 2. S. auslralis. Vol.. III.] TEASEL FAMILY. 249 I. Scabiosa arvensis L. Field Scabious. (Fig. 3483.) Scabiosa arvensis L- Sp. PI. 99. 1753. Knautia arvensis Coult. Dips. 29. 1823. Perennial, pubescent, simple or little branch- ed, i°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves pe.tioled, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, lobed, or pinnatifid, 3/-8/ long; upper leaves sessile, often deeply pinnatifid; heads long-peduncled, depressed-globose, i'-i^' broad; flowers lilac- purple, about 6// long; receptacle depressed- hemispheric, not scaly, covered with hairs be- tween the flowers; achene angled, crowned with the 8 or 10 linear- subulate calyx-teeth. Tn cultivated fields and waste places, Massachu- setts, Vermont, New York and Pennsylvania. Ad- ventive from Europe. Other English names are Blue Buttons, Blue Caps, Gipsy or Egyptian Rose, Pincushion. June-Sept. • 2. Scabiosa australis Wulf. Southern Scabious. (Fig. 3484. ) Scabiosa australis "Wulf. in Roem. Arch. 3: Part 3, 316. 1803. Succisa australis Reicheneb. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 196. 1830. Perennial, puberulent, at least above; stem slender, branched, i^°-3° high. Basal leaves oblanceolate to oblong, mostly obtuse, 4/-i2/ long, the petiole often as long as the blade, or onger; stem leaves distant, lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, entire, or toothed, short-peti- oled, or the upper sessile, acute or acuminate; heads of purple flowers long-peduncled, rather less than i' in diameter, oblong-ovoid in fruit; receptacle scaly, the scales about as long as the involucels or longer; achene crowned with 5 calyx-teeth. Naturalized from Europe in central New York and Massachusetts. Pincushion-flower. Summer. Family 39. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. Gourd Family. 1759- Climbing or trailing, herbaceous vines, usually with tendrils. Leaves alter- nate, petioled, generally palmately lobed or dissected. Flowers solitary or race- mose, monoecious or dioecious. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb cam- panulate or tubular, usually 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals usually 5, inserted on the limb of the catyx, separate, or united into a gamopetalous cor- olla. Stamens mostly 3 (sometimes 1), 2 of them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a 1 -celled anther; filaments short, often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 1- 3-celled; style terminal, simple, or lobed; ovules few or numerous, anatropous. Fruit a pepo, indehiscent, or rarely dehiscent at the summit, or bursting irregu- larly; or sometimes dry and membranous. Seeds usually flat; endosperm none. About 90 genera and 650 species, mainly natives of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. Flowers large, yellow; prostrate vine. 1. Cucurbita. Flowers small, white or greenish; climbing vines. Fruit glabrous; seeds numerous, horizontal. 2. Melothria. Fruit prickly; seeds 1 or few, erect or pendulous. Fruit dehiscent at the apex or bursting irregularly; several-seeded. , Leaves 3-7-lobed; anthers 3. Leaves digitately compound; anther 1. Fruit indehiscent, i-seeded. Micrampelis. Cyclantheta. Sicyos. 250 CUCURBITACEAE. [Vol. hi. i. CUCURBITA L. Sp. PI. 1010. 1753. Rough prostrate vines, rooting at the nodes, with branched tendrils, usually lobed leaves mostly cordate at the base, and large yellow axillary monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube cam- panulate, usually 5-lobed. Corolla canrpanulate, 5-lobed to about the middle, the lobes re- curving. Staminate flowers with three stamens, the anthers linear, more or less united and no pistil. Pistillate flowers with 1 pistil; ovary oblong with 3-5 many-ovuled placentae; style short, thick; stigmas 3-5, each 2-lobed, papillose; staminodia 3. Fruit large, fleshy, with a thick rind, many-seeded, indehiscent. [The Latin name of the gourd.] About 10 species, natives of America, Asia and Africa. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Missouri Gourd (Fig. 3485.) 123. Calabazilla. Wild 1. Cucurbita foetidissima H.B.K. Pumpkin. Cucurbita foetidissima H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 1817. Cucumis perennis James in Long's Exp. 2: 20. 1823. Cucurbita perennis A. Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 6: 193. 1850. Stem stout, rough, hirsute, trailing to a length of i5°-25°. Root large, carrot-shaped. Petioles stout, 3' -8' long, very rough; leaves ovate-tri- angular, thick and somewhat fleshy, cordate or truncate at the base, acute at the apex, 4/-i2/ long, usually slightly 3-5-lobed, denticulate, rough above, canescent beneath; peduncles l/- 2/ long; flowers mostly solitary; corolla ly^'-i/ long; pepo globose or globose-ovoid, 2/-3/ in diameter, smooth, its pulp fibrous and bitter. Dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico, west to southern California. May-Sept. Cucurbita Pepo L., the Pumpkin, is found occa- sionally in waste places. Citrullus Citriillus (L-) Karst.,the Watermelon, is found escaped from cultivation along river-shores in Virginia and West Virginia. 2. MELOTHRIA L. Sp. PL 35. 1753. Slender, mostly climbing vines, with simple or rarely bifid tendrils, lobed or entire thin leaves, and small white or yellow monoecious flowers, the staminate clustered, the pistillate often solitary. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers distinct or slightly united, the pistil want- ing or rudimentary. Fertile flowers with 1 pistil; ovary ovoid, constricted below the corolla; placentae 3; ovules numerous; style short; stigmas 3, linear. Fruit small, berry-like, pulpy, many-seeded. [From the Greek for some vine, probably Bryonia Cretica."\ About 64 species, natives of warm and tropical regions, most abundant in the Old World. Only the following occurs in the United States. i. Melothria pendula L. Creeping Cucumber. (Fig. 3486.) Melothria pendula L- Sp. PI. 35. 1753. Root perennial. Stem slender, climbing to a height of 3°-5°, branched, glabrous, grooved; petioles %/-2}if long; leaves nearly orbicular in outline, finely pubescent or scabrous on both sides, cordate at the base, 5-lobed or 5-angled, denticulate or dentate; tendrils puberulent; staminate flowers 4-7, racemose, borne on a peduncle ^/-i/ long; fertile flowers solitary, slender-peduncled; corolla greenish white, about 1" broad; fruit smooth, ovoid, green, 4//-6// long. In thickets, Pennsylvania (Schweinitz, according to Cog- niaux); Virginia to Florida, west to Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana and northern Mexico. June-Sept. Vol. III.] GOURD FAMILY. 251 3. MICRAMPELIS Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 350. 1S08. [Echinocystis T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 542. 1840.] Mostly annual climbing herbs, with branched tendrils, lobed or angled leaves, and small white monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-6-lobed. Corolla very deeply 5-6- parted. Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers more or less coherent. Pistillate flowers with a 2-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity, style very short; stigma hemispheric or lobed. Fruit fleshy or dry at maturity, densely spiny, 1-2-celled, usually with 2 seeds in each cavity, dehiscent at the summit. Testa of the seed roughened. [Greek, small-vine.] About 25 species, natives of America. Besides the fallowing, about 10 others occur in the west- ern United States. Mock Apple. 1. Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. Wild Balsam Apple. (Fig. 3487.) Momordica echinata Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3: 180. Name only. 1793. Sicyos lobata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 217. 1803. Echinocystis lobata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 542. 1840. Micrampelis lobata Greene, Pittonia,2: 128. 1890. Stem nearly glabrous, angular and grooved, branching, climbing to a height of i5°-25°, sometimes villous-pubescent at the nodes. Petioles i'-i/ long; leaves thin, roughish on both sides, deeply cordate at the base, 3-7- lobed to about the middle, the lobes triangu- lar-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the mar- gins remotely serrulate; staminate flowers very numerous in narrow compound racemes; pistil- late flowers solitary, or rarely 2 together; fruit ovoid, green, about 2' long, armed with slen- der spines. Along rivers, and in waste places, Maine to Minnesota and Ontario, south to Virginia (accord- ing to Cogniaux), Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Kan- sas and Texas. Eastward, mostly occurring as an introduced plant. July-Sept. 4. CYCLANTHERA Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1831. Climbing, annual or perennial, mostly glabrous vines, with forked or simple tendrils, usu- ally digitately compound leaves and small white or greenish monoecious flowers. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Staminate flowers racemose or pani- cled, the stamens united into a central column; anther 1, annular in our species. Pistillate flowers solitary; ovary obliquely ovoid, beaked, 1-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cavity; style short; stigma large, hemispheric. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid, beaked, at length irregularly dehiscent, few-seeded. [Greek, circle-anther.] About 40 species, natives of America. i. Cyclanthera dissecta (T. & G. ) Arn. Cut-leaved Cyclanthera. (Fig. 3488.) Discanthera dissecta T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 697. 1840. Cyclanthera dissecta Arn. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 280. 1841. Annual; stem grooved and angular, glabrous, branching, climbing to a height of 3°-4°, or strag- ling. Petioles i/-2/ long; leaves digitately 3-7- foliolate, the leaflets oval or oblong, usually acute at each end, j^/-2/ long, rough on both sides, den- tate, or somewhat lobed; staminate flowers race- mose, borne on a peduncle yz'-2' long; pistillate flowers solitary, very short-peduncled; fruit nar- rowed at the base, slightly oblique, about \' long, armed with slender spines. Thickets, Kansas to Texas, Louisiana and northern Mexico. July-Sept. 252 CUCURBITACEAE. [Vol. III. 5. SICYOS h. Sp. PI. 1013. 1753- Annual climbing vines, with branched tendrils, angled or lobed leaves, and small white or green monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate or cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-parted nearly to the base. Staminate flowers corymbose or racemose, with 3 stamens, the filaments united into a short column, the anthers coherent; pistil want- ing. Pistillate flowers several together in capitate long-peduncled clusters, with no stamens; ovary oblong or fusiform, i-celled; ovule 1, pendulous; style short, slender; stigmas usually 3. Fruit spiny, indehiscent, i-seeded. [Greek, a cucumber or gourd.] About 35 species, natives of America and Australasia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southwestern states. i. Sicyos angulatus L,. One-seeded Bur- Cucumber. Star Cucumber. (Fig. 3489.) Sicyos angulatus L,. Sp. PI. 1013. 1753. Stem angled, more or less viscid-pubescent, climbing to a height of i5°-25°, or trailing. Peti- oles stout, 1/-4/ long, pubescent; leaves nearly or- bicular, rough on both sides, rather thin, deeply cordate at the base, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, the margins denticulate; stam- inate flowers loosely corymbose or racemose, borne on elongated peduncles; fertile flowers capitate, their peduncles shorter; fruits sessile, 3-10 together, yellowish, about )4/ long, pubescent, armed with slender rough spines. Along river banks and in moist places, Quebec and Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. Naturalized in eastern Europe. Called also Nimble Kate. Leaves sometimes 10' across. June- Sept. Family 40. CAMPANULACEAE Juss. Gen. 163. 1789. Bell-flower Family. Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with alternate exstipu- late entire dentate or rarely lobed leaves, acrid and usually milky juice, and racemose spicate paniculate or solitary perfect flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb mostly 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes equal or slightly un- equal, valvate or imbricate in the bud, commonly persistent. Corolla gamo- petalous, regular or irregular, inserted at the line where the calyx becomes free from the ovary, its tube entire, or deeply cleft on one side, its limb 5-lobed, regular, or more or less 2-lipped, or corolla rarely divided into separate petals. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted with the corolla; filaments separate or connate; anthers 2-celled, introrse, separate, or united into a ring or tube. Ovary 2-5-celled (rarely 6-10-celled), with the placentae projecting from the axis, or i-celled with two parietal placentae ; style simple ; stigma mostly 2-5-lobed, pilose by a tuft or ring of hairs, or glabrous; ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds very numerous and small; embryo minute, straight ; endosperm fleshy. About 60 genera and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution. Corolla regular, campanulate or rotate: anthers separate. Corolla campanulate, rarely rotate; flowers all complete. Corolla rotate; earlier flowers cleistogamous. Corolla irregular; anthers connate around the style. 1. Campanula, 2. Legouzia. 3. Lobelia. i. CAMPANULA L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753. Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal leaves. Flowers large or small, soli- tary, racemose, paniculate, or glomerate, regular, complete, blue, violet, or white. Calyx- tube hemispheric, turbinate, obovoid, or prismatic, adnate to the ovary, the limb deeply 5- lobed or 5-parted (rarely 3-4-parted). Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Stamens 5, free from the corolla; filaments usually dilated at the base; anthers separate. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled; stigma 3-5-lobed. Capsule wholly or partly inferior, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, opening on the sides, either near the top, middle or bottom by 3-5 small valves or perforations, or tending to be indehiscent in some species. [Diminutive of the Latin campana, a bell.] About 250 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America; all known as Bell-flower. Vol. ill.] BELLFLOWER FAMILY. 253 •X- Corolla campanulate; flowers solitary, racemose, glomerate, or panicled. Flower solitary at the end of the stem; arctic and alpine plants. Corolla 4"-6" long; capsule-openings near the summit. Corolla 6"-i2" long; capsule-openings near the base. Flowers racemose, glomerate, or paniculate. Corolla 7"-i5" long. Stem leaves linear, the basal orbicular, mostly cordate. Leaves all ovate to lanceolate; plants pubescent or scabrous. Flowers pedicelled in 1 -sided racemes. Flowers sessile in terminal and axillary clusters. Corolla 2" -5" long. Plant rough; style not exserted. Plant smooth, glabrous, slightly viscid; style long-exserted. ■X- -X- Corolla rotate; flowers spicate. i. C. uni flora. 2. C. rotundifolia. 2. C. rotundifolia. 3. C. rapunculoides. 4. C. glornerata. 5. C. aparinoides. 6. C. divaricata. 7. C. Americana. Campanula unifldra L. Bellflower. (Fi: Arctic Harebell or 3490.) Campanula uniflora L- Sp. PI. 163. 1753. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stem simple, i-flow- ered, if-6f high. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute, sessile, thickish, entire or sparingly dentate, 9//-i8// long, or the lower and basal ones spatulate, obtuse and nar- rowed into petioles; flower erect; calyx-tube turbinate, glabrous or pubescent, shorter than or equalling the lobes; corolla campanulate, 4//-6// long, blue; capsule cylindric or club-shaped, about 6" long, erect, opening by valves near the summit. Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 2. Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell. Blue Bells of Scotland. (Fig. 3491.) Campanula rotundifolia L- Sp. PI. 163. 1753. Perennial by slender rootstocks, glabrous or nearly so; stems erect or diffuse, often sev- eral from the same root, simple or branched, 6/-3° high. Basal leaves nearly orbicular or broadly ovate, usually cordate, slender-peti- oled, %f-l' wide, dentate or entire, often wanting at flowering time; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute, mostly entire, sessile, or the lower narrowed into short petioles and somewhat spatulate; flowers several or nu- merous, racemose (rarely solitary), drooping or spreading, slender-pedicelled; calyx-lobes subulate,spreading, longer than the short-tur- binate tube; corolla blue, campanulate, 7"- I2// long; capsule obconic or ovoid, pendulous, ribbed, opening by short clefts near the base. On moist rocks and in meadows, Labrador to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illi- nois, Nebraska, in the Rockv Mountains to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Also in Europe and Asia. Other English names are Thimbles, Lady's Thimble, Heath or Witches' Bells, Round-leaved Bellflower. June-Sept. Campanula rotundifolia Langsdorfiana (A. DC.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 309. 1894. C. linifolia var. Langsdorfiana A. DC. Prodr. 7: 471. 1839. C. rotundifolia var. alpina Tuckerm. Amer. Journ. Sci. 45: 27. 1843. Flower commonly solitary, erect, nearly or quite 1' long; calyx-lobes nearly filiform, spreading or defiexed. Summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire; Quebec to Labrador and Arctic America. Campanula rotundifolia velutina DC. Fl. France, 6: 432. 1815. Stem and leaves pubescent or canescent. Sand hills, Burt L,ake, Michigan (according to Gray). 254 CAMPANULACEAE. [Voi,. III. 3. Campanula rapunculoides L,. Creeping or European Bellflower. (Fig. 3492.) Campanula rapunculoides L- Sp. PI. 165. 1753. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem gla- brous or pubescent, simple or rarely branched, leafy, erect, rather stout, i°-3° high. Leaves pubescent or puberulent, crenate-denticulate, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the lower and basal ones mostly cordate, 3/-6/ long, \'-2f wide, slender-petioled. the upper short-petioled or sessile, smaller; flowers short- pedicelled, drooping, i/-i^/ long in an elongated bracted i-sided raceme; corolla campanulate, blue to violet, rather deeply 5- lobed, much longer than the linear spreading calyx-lobes; capsule globose, nodding, about \" in diameter; opening near the base. In fields and along roadsides, New Brunswick to Ontario, southern New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 4. Campanula glomerata L. Clus- tered Bellflower. Dane's Blood. (Fig. 3493-) Campanula glomerata L,. Sp. PI. 166. 1753. Perennial by short rootstocks; stem stout, simple, erect, pubescent, leafy, i°-2° high. Leaves pubescent on both sides, crenulate, the lower and basal ones oblong or ovate, mostly obtuse, sometimes cordate, slender- petioled, 2/-4/ long, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile or clasping, smaller; flowers about i/ long, sessile, erect and spreading in terminal and axillary glom- erules; corolla campanulate, blue, rather deeply 5-lobed; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acum- inate; capsule ovoid or oblong, erect, about 3// high, opening near the base. In fields and along roadsides, eastern Massa- chusetts. Naturalized from Europe. Some- times called Canterbury Bells, a name more properly belonging to C. medium and C. Trach- elium. June-Aug. 5. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh or Bedstraw Bellflower. (Fig. 3494. ) Campanula aparinoides Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. 159. 1814. Perennial; stems very slender or filiform, weak, reclining or diffuse, rough with short retrorse bris- tles, similar to those of Galium asprellum, leafy, paniculately branched, 6/-2° long. Leaves lanceo- late, or linear-lanceolate, sessile, sparingly dentate with low teeth, or entire, rough on the margins and midrib, acute at both ends, j&'-iyi' long, l//~3// wide; flowers pale blue or white, paniculate, 2%"- 4" long; pedicels filiform; buds drooping; corolla open-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, its tube equal- ling or longer than the triangular-lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; style included; capsule subglobose, opening near the base. In grassy swamps, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory, south to Georgia, Kentucky, Nebraska and Colorado. Called also Slender Bellflower. June-Aug. Vol. III.] BELLFLOWER FAMILY. 255 6. Campanula divaricata Michx. Panicled Bellflower Campanula divaricata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: log. 1803. Campanula fle.vjiosa Michx. loc. cit. 1803 ? Perennial, glabrous but somewhat viscid; stem erect, paniculately branched, slender, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate Qr oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost sometimes linear, sharply serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, the upper ses- sile, the lower petioled, 2/~3/ long, 3//-i2// wide, or the lowest commonly shorter and broader; flowers very numerous in com- pound panicles, drooping, slender-pedi- celled; corolla light blue, campanulate, about 3/x long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, scarcely spreading, often dentate ; style long- exserted; capsule turbinate, about ix/z" long, opening near the middle. On rocky banks, mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee. As- cends to 2500 ft. in North Carolina. June-Sept. 7. Campanula Americana L,. Tall Bellflower. (Fig. 3496.) Campanula Americana L. Sp. PI. 164. 1753. Annual or biennial, more or less pubes- cent; stem erect or nearly so, rather slen- der, simple or rarely with a few long branches, 2°-6° high. Leaves thin, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, peti- oled, or the upper sessile, 3/-6/ long, the lowest sometimes cordate; flowers in a loose or dense terminal sometimes leafy spike, which is often i°-2° long; lower bracts foliaceous, the upper subulate; corolla rotate, blue, or nearly white, about 1/ broad, deeply 5-cleft; calyx-lobes lin- ear-subulate, spreading, style declined and curved upward, long-exserted; cap- sule narrowly turbinate, ribbed, erect, 4//-5// long, opening near the summit. In moist thickets and woods, New Bruns- wick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Flor- ida, Kentucky and Arkansas. Rare near the coast in the Middle States and New England. Ascends to 3000 ft. in West Virginia. uly- Sept. 2. LEGOUZIA Durand, Fl. Bourg. 2: 26. 1782. [Specularia Heist.; A. DC. Mon. Camp. 344. 1830.] Annual herbs, with alternate toothed or entire leaves, the stem and branches long, slen- der. Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so, 2-bracted, or the upper panicled in some exotic species, the earlier (lower) ones small, cleistogamous, the later with a blue or purple nearly rotate corolla. Calyx-tube narrow, the lobes in the earlier flowers 3 or 4, in the later 4 or 5. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments flat; anthers sepa- rate, linear. Ovary 3-celled (rarely 2- or 4-celled) ; ovules numerous; stigma usually 3-lobed. Capsule prismatic, cylindric, or narrowly obconic, opening by lateral valves. Seeds ovoid, oblong, or lenticular.? [Name unexplained.] About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, one extending into South America. Capsule narrowly oblong. Leaved sessile ; capsule-valves near the top. 1. L. biflora. Leaves cordate-clasping; capsule-valves at about the middle. 2. L. perfoliala. Capsule linear-cylindric; leaves sessile; western. 3. L. leptocarpa. 256 CAMPANULACEAE. [Vol. III. i. Legouzia bifldra (R. & P.) Britton. Small Venus' Looking-glass. (Fig. 3497.) Campanula biflora R. & P. Fl. Per. 2: 55. pi. 200, f. 6. 1799. Specularia biflora A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 82. 1876. Legouzia biflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 309. 1894. Glabrous, or nearly so; stem simple or branched, very slender, roughish on the angles, 6/-2° high. Leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, ses- sile, acute or obtuse at the apex, crenate with a few teeth, or entire, 4//-io// long, or the upper smaller; earlier flowers with 3 or 4 ovate to lanceolate calyx- lobes, those of the later flowers 4 or 5, lanceolate-sub- ulate, longer; capsule oblong-cylindric, 3//~5// long, opeuing by valves close under the calyx-teeth. In dry soil, Virginia to Tennessee, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Also in California and South America. April-July. 2. Legouzia perfoliata (L.) Britton. Venus' Looking-glass. (Fig. 3498.) Campanula perfoliata L. Sp. PI. 169. 1753. Specularia perfoliata A. DC. Mon. Campan. 351. 1830. L. perfoliata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 309. 1894. More or less pubescent; stem densely leafy, simple or branched from near the base, slender, rather weak, sometimes prostrate, retrorse-his- pid on the angles, or nearly smooth, 6/-24/ long. Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, strongly cor- date-clasping or the lower merely sessile, cre- nate-dentate or sometimes entire, X/_l/ wide; flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils, ses- sile, the later (upper) ones with 5 (rarely 4) triangulardanceolate acuminate rigid calyx- lobes, and a rotate blue or violet corolla 5//-io// broad, the earlier ones with 3-4 shorter calyx- lobes longer than the rudimentary corolla; cap- sule oblong, or narrowly turbinate, 2//-3// long, Anally opening at about the middle; seeds len- ticular. In dry woods, Maine and Ontario to British Columbia, south to Florida, Louisiana, Mexico, Utah and Oregon. Called also Clasping Bellflower. May-Sept. 3. Legouzia leptocarpa (Nutt.) Brit- ton. Western Venus' Looking-glass. (Fig. 3499-) Campylocera leptocarpa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (11)8:257. 1843. Specularia leptocarpa A. Gra5% Proc. Am. Acad. 11 : 82. 1876. L. leptocarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 309. 1S94. Hirsute, or nearly glabrous; stem slender, simple, or branched from the base, 6/-i5/ high. Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, sessile, not clasping, acute at both ends, or the lowest obtuse at the apex, entire or sparingly denticulate, y2/-i/ long, i//-2// wide; flowers sessile and usually solitary in the axils, the later ones with 4-5 subulate calyx-lobes and a rotate corolla 5//~9// broad, the earlier ones with 3 shorter calyx-lobes and rudimentary corolla; capsule linear-cylindric, 4//-8// long, less than \'r thick; the upper at length opening near the sum- mit; seeds oblong. In dry soil, western Missouri and Kansas to Montana and Texas. May-Aug. Vol. III.] BELLFLOWER FAMILY. 257 3. LOBELIA L. Sp. PI. 929. 1753. Herbs (some tropical species shrubs), with alternate or basal leaves, and racemose spi- cate or paniculate, often leafy bracted, red yellow blue or white flowers. Calyx-tube turbi- nate, hemispheric or ovoid, adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube straight, oblique, or incurved, divided to the base on one side, 2-lipped in our species, the lobe on each side of the cleft erect or recurved, turned away from the other three which are somewhat united, the sinuses inclining to extend to the base of the corolla at maturity so as to divide it into 5 petals. Stamens free from the corolla-tube, mona.delphous, at least above, two or all the 5 anthers with a tuft of hairs at the tips, three of them usually larger than the other two, all united into a tube or ring around the style. Ovary 2-celled, the 2 placentae many-ovuled; stigma 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved. [Named after Matthias de L'Obel, 153S- 1616, a Flemish botanist.] About 225 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 12 others occur in the southern and western United States. ■X- Aquatic; stems simple, nearly naked; flowers light blue. Leaves terete, hollow, obtuse, all tufted at the base. Leaves flat, linear-oblong or spatulate, entire or glandular-denticulate. ■X- ¥r Terrestrial plants of wet or dry soil; stems leafy. 1. Corolla-tube 5" -12" long. Flowers bright scarlet (rarely white); corolla-tube io"-I2" long. L. L. Dortmanna. paludosa. -7" long. 3. L. cardinalis. 4- 5- 6. 7- L. syphilitica. L. amoena. L. puberida. L. glanduosa. L. L. s pi cat a. leptostachys. 10. L. inflata. 11. L. Kalmii. L. Nuttallii. L. Canbyi. Flowers blue, white, or blue and white; corolla-tube 5" Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or the lower ones obovate. Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Calyx-lobes hirsute; sinuses with large deflexed auricles. Calyx-lobes glabrous or glandular, usually without auricles. Leaves densely puberulent; calyx hirsute; auricles small. Leaves elongated-linear, strongly glandular-denticulate. 2. Corolla-tube only 2"-4" long. Stems mostly simple: flowers in terminal spike-like racemes. Sinuses of the calyx without auricles. Sinuses of the calyx with reflexed subulate auricles. Stems mostly paniculately branched; flowers in loose racemes. Stem stout, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, dentate. Stems slender, glabrous; stem-leaves narrow, the basal wider. Pedicels mostly longer than flowers, 2-bracteolate near the middle. Pedicels not longer than flowers, not bracteolate, or only so at the base. Corolla 21A"-t,1A" long; calyx-tube hemispheric in fruit. Corolla 4^"-5^" long; calyx-tube turbinate. i. Lobelia Dortmanna L. Water Lobelia. Water Gladiole. (Fig. 3500. ) Lobelia Dortmanna L- Sp. PI. 929. 1753. Perennial, aquatic, glabrous throughout, somewhat fleshy; roots numerous, white, fibrous; stem slender, sim- ple, erect, hollow, minutely scaly, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves all submersed and tufted at the base of the stem, terete, hol- low, obtuse, longitudinally divided by a partition, i/-2/ long, about 2" thick; flowers in a loose terminal raceme, blue, 6//-S// long; pedicels filiform, shorter than or equal- ling the flowers; calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate, the sinuses usually not at all appendaged; corolla-tube 3//-4// long, its lower lip glabrous or nearly so. Borders of ponds, usually in sandy soil, sometimes wholly emersed when the water is low, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Northwest Territory. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 2. Lobelia paludosa Nutt. Swamp Lobelia. (Fig. 3501.) Lobelia paludosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 75. 1818. Perennial, aquatic, glabrous throughout; roots few and thick; stem nearly naked, slender, simple, or branched above, i°-4° high. Leaves flat, narrowly oblong or spatulate, emersed, obtuse or acutish, entire or repand- denticulate and glandular, those of the stem few, small and sessile, the basal ones 2/-o/ long, 2//-4// wide, nar- rowed into petioles; flowers pale blue, racemose, 5//-6// long; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, the sinuses com- monly not at all appendaged; corolla-tube 3//-4// long, its lower lip pubescent at the base. In swamps and ponds, Delaware to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. May-July. 17 CAM PANULACEAE. [Vol. IIP. 3. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower. Red Lobelia. (Fig. 3502.) Lobelia cardinalis L. Sp. PI. 930. 1753. Perennial by offsets; stem slightly pubescent, or glabrous, leafy, simple or rarely branched, 2°-4^° high. Leaves oblong, oval, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, thin, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 2/-6/ long, X/-IK/ wide, acuminate or acute at both ends, crenulate or denticulate, the upper ses- sile, the lower petioled; flowers racemose, com- monly numerous, bright scarlet or red (rarely white;, i/-ij^/ long; bracts usually glandular; calyx glabrous or pubescent, its lobes linear, elon- gated, acute; corolla-tube nearly or quite i/ long; larger anthers glabrous. In moist soil, New Brunswick to Florida, west to the Northwest Territory, Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. 4. Lobelia syphilitica L. Great Lobelia. Blue Cardinal-flower. (Fig. 3503.) Lobelia syphilitica L. Sp. PI. 931. 1753. Perennial by short offsets; stem sparingly pubes- cent, rather stout, very leafy, usually simple, i°-3° high. Leaves thin, green, glabrous or sparingly puberulent, 2/-6/ long, y^'-i' wide, oval, oblong, or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, repand-denticulate, or irregularly crenate-dentate, sessile, or the lower obovate, obtuse and narrowed into petioles; flowers bright blue, or occasionally white, io//-i2// long, densely race- mose, leafy -bracted ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acumi- nate, pubescent or ciliate, the sinuses appendaged by large deflexed auricles; corolla-tube 5//-6// long, about 1" thick, the lobes of its larger lip oblong- oval, obtuse, glabrous; larger anthers glabrous. In moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota and Dakota, south to Georgia, Louisiana and Kansas. Said to hybridize with the preceding species. July-Oct. Lobelia syphilitica Ludoviciana A. DC. Prodr. 7: 377. 1839. Glabrous or very nearly so; leaves thick, pale green, oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, the lower obtuse and spatulate; calyx-lobes sparingly pubescent; lobes of the larger lip of the corolla acutish. Nebraska to Louisiana. 5. Lobelia amoena Michx. Southern Lobelia. (Fig. 3504.) Lobelia amoena Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 152. 1803. Nearly glabrous throughout, perennial; stem simple, slender, leafy, i°-4° high. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceo- late, narrowly oblong, or oval, repand-dentate or denticu- late, the lower petioled and mostly obtuse, 2/-6/ long, the upper sessile, acute or acutish, smaller; flowers blue, racemose, nearly \f long; bracts narrow and small, or the lower foliaceous, glandular; pedicels i//-2^// long; calyx lobes linear-subulate, acuminate, glabrous, elon- gated, the sinuses usually not auricled; corolla-tube 5"- 7" long, i^//-2// hick; larger anthers glabrous, or pu- berulent at the tip; lobes of the larger lip of the corolla broadly ovate to oval, obtuse, glabrous. In swamps, North Carolina to Florida; probably within- our area, though not reported. July-Sept. Lobelia amoena" glandulif era A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 4. 1878. Smaller, stem very slender; leaves i'-a' long, mostly obtuse, glandular-dentate; bracts small, very glandular; raceme som?what secund; sinuses of the calyx sometimes slightly auricled, the lobes commonly glandular. Southern Delaware and Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Vol. III.] BELLFLOWER FAMILY 6. Lobelia puberula Michx. Downy Lobelia. (Fig. 3505. ) Lobelia puberula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 152. 1803. Perennial, densely and finely puherulent all over, slightly viscid; stem simple, or rarely with a few branches, stout or slender, leafy, i°-3° high. Leaves oval, oblong, ovate, or obovate, rather thick, the lower petioled, all obtuse or the uppermost acute, denticu- late or crenate- dentate, the teeth often glandular; flowers blue, §"-\o" long, in long spike-like racemes; lower bracts, or sometimes all of them, foliaceous, glandular; pedicels very short; calyx hirsute or pubes-. cent, its lobes narrowly lanceolate, elongated, usually with small short rounded auricles at the sinuses; cor- olla-tube about 5" long, \,f-x%" thick, the lobes of its larger lip broadly ovate, glabrous; larger anthers minutely bearded. In moist sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in North Carolina. Aug.-Oct. 7. Lobelia glandulosa Walt. Glandular Lobelia. (Fig. 3506.) Lobelia glandulosa Walt. Fl. Car. 218. 1788. Perennial; stem slender, leafy below, nearly naked above, simple, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, i°-4° high. Leaves elongated-linear to narrowly lanceolate, thick, glabrous, strongly glandular-dentate, the lower petioled, obtuse, often 7' long and 4" wide, the upper sessile,acutish, shorter; flowers racemose-spicate, secund, often few and distant, blue, nearly \' long; bracts nar- row, glandular; peduncles very short, sometimes with a pair of glands near the base; calyx-tube often densely hirsute, its lobes subulate, the sinuses not appendaged; corolla-tube 5//-6// long, i//-i^// thick, about twice as long as the" calyx-lobes; larger lip of the corolla pubes- cent within at the base, its lobes ovate, acutish; anthers all bearded at the tip. In swamps near the coast, southern Virginia to Florida. July-Sept. 8. Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale Spiked Lobelia. (Fig. 3507.) Lobelia spicata Lam. Encycl. 3: 587. 1789. Perennial or biennial, puberulent; stem strict, sim- ple, leafy, i°-4° high. Leaves thickish, pale green, repand-dentate, crenulate, or entire, the basal ones commonly tufted, broadly oblong, oval, or obovate, very obtuse, narrowed into short petioles, i/-^%/ long; i/-2/ wide; stem leaves sessile, oblong, lanceo- late, or spatulate, obtuse, the uppermost gradually smaller and acutish; flowers pale blue, 4//~5// long, densely or distantly racemose-spicate, the inflores- cence sometimes 2° long; bracts linear, entire; pedi- cels very short, ascending; calyx-tube turbinate, usu- ally glabrous, shorter than its subulate spreading lobes, the sinuses usually not at all appendaged; cor- olla-tube about 2y2" long and \" thick. In dry, mostly sandy soil, or in meadows, Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina, Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. Lobelia spicata hirtella A.^Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 6. 1878. Rough or roughish; bracts and calyx-lobes hirsute or ciliate. Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, south to Michigan and Kansas. Lobelia spicata parviflora A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 6. 1878. Glabrous or nearly so; stem low, very slender; flowers only about 3'' long; calyx-lobes^broadly subulate. In a swamp at Lancaster, Pa. CAMPANULACEAE. [Vol. III. g. Lobelia leptostachys A. DC. Spiked Lobelia. (Fig. 3508.) Lobelia leplostachys A. DC. Prodr. 7: 376. 1839. Similar to the preceding species; stem usually stouter, puberulent or glabrous, 2°-4° high. Basal leaves oval or obovate, obtuse; stem leaves spatu- late, oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse, sometimes slightly scabrous, denticulate or entire, or the up- permost narrower and acute; spike-like raceme elongated, usually dense; bracts linear, glabrous; pedicels very short; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, nearly as long as the corolla-tube, the sinuses with subulate deflexed auricles; flowers blue, 4//~5// long. . In dry soil, Virginia to Ohio and Illinois, Georgia and Kansas. June-Aug. 10. Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Wild Tobacco. (Fig. 3509.) Lobelia inflata L,. Sp. PI. 931. 1753. Annual, pubescent or hirsute, very acrid; stem leafy, commonly paniculately branched, i°-3° high. Leaves thin, repand-dentate or denticulate, the lower oval or obovate, ob- tuse, i/-2^/ long, narrowed into short peti- oles, the upper sessile, oval, oblong, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, or the uppermost acute; flowers light blue, 2"-^" long, usu- ally distant in somewhat spike-like racemes; lower bracts foliaceous, the upper subulate; pedicels 2//~5// long in fruit; calyx glabrous or nearly so, its subulate lobes about as long as the corolla; capsule inflated, 3//-4// long, finely transversely veined between the ribs. In fields and thickets, usually in dry soil, Labra- dor to the Northwest Territory, Georgia, Nebraska and Arkansas. Called also Gag-root, Puke -weed, Asthma-weed and Bladder-pod Lobelia. July-Nov. 11. Lobelia Kalmii L. Brook or Kalm's Lobelia. (Fig. 3510.) Lobelia Kalmii L. Sp. PI. 930. 1753. Perennial by short offsets, glabrous through- out, or sparingly pubescent below; stem leafy, erect, paniculately branched, rarely simple, slender, 6/-2o/ high. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into short petioles, sparingly repand-denticulate, or entire, 6//-i2// long, i^/-2^/ wide; upper leaves sessile, usu- ally longer and narrower, linear, linear-oblong, or narrowly spatulate, the uppermost acute; flowers light blue, 4//~5// long,in loose racemes; lower bracts linear-lanceolate, the upper subu- late; pedicels nearly filiform, 4//-i2// long, usually 2-glandular or 2-bracteolate near the middle; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, longer than the turbinate tube, the sinuses not appen- daged; capsule wholly inferior, not inflated, campanulate or subglobose, about 2ff long. On wet banks, and in wet meadows, Nova Scotia to New Jersey, west to Ontario, the Northwest Ter- ritory, Ohio and Michigan. Juty-Sept. Vol. III.] BELLFLOWER FAMILY. 261 (Fig. 3511.) 12. Lobelia Nuttallii R. & S. Nuttall's Lobelia Lobelia gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 77. 1818. Not Andr. Lobelia Nuttallii R. &. S. Syst. 5: 39. 1819. Annual, or perhaps biennial, glabrous throughout, or puberulent below; stem weak, usually reclining, very slender, loosely branched, at least when old,i°-3° long. Basal leaves spatulate to oval, obtuse, mostly petioled, 6//-i2// long, slightly repand, or entire; stem leaves distant, linear, linear-oblong, or slightly spatu- late, longer and narrower, entire or sparingly glan- dular-denticulate; flowers 2.%"-\" long, pale blue, loosely racemose; bracts linear or the upper subulate; pedicels filiform, 2//-4// long, naked, or minutely 2- bracteolate near the base; calyx-lobes subulate, longer than the depressed-hemispheric strongly ribbed tube, the sinuses unappendaged; capsule depressed-globose, half-inferior, about \" long. In sandy soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Georgia. June-Sept. 13. Lobelia Canbyi A. Gray. Canby's Lobelia. (Fig. 3512.) Lobelia Canbyi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 284. 1867. Annual, slightly puberulent, usually glabrous; stem erect, slender, paniculately branched, or simple, 2°-3° high. Stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, K/_I Yz ' long. %ff-\%,f wide, the lower obtuse, sometimes slightly repand-denticulate, the upper acute, narrower, entire; flowers racemose, blue, 4//-5^// long; lower bracts lin- ear, the upper subulate; pedicels erect or ascending, naked, filiform, i//-3// long; calyx-lobes linear-sub- ulate, glandular-denticulate, equalling or somewhat longer than the narrowly turbinate tube, mostly shorter than the tube of the corolla; capsule oblong-turbinate, 2// long, shorter than the calyx-tube. Swamps, New Jersey to South Carolina. July-Sept. Family 41. CICHORIACEAE Reichenb. Fl. Excnrs. 248. 183 1. Chicory Family. Herbs (two Pacific Island genera trees), almost always with milky, acrid or bitter juice, alternate or basal leaves, and yellow, rarely pink, blue purple or white flowers in involucrate heads (anthodia). Bracts of the involucre in 1 to several series. Receptacle of the head flat or flattish, naked, scaly (paleaceous) smooth, pitted, or honeycombed. Flowers all alike (heads homogamous), perfect. Calyx-tube completely adnate to the ovary, its limb (pappus) of scales, or simple or plumose bristles, or both, or wanting. Corolla gamopetal- ous, with a short or long tube, and a strap-shaped (ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray). Anthers connate into a tube around the style, the sacs sagittate or auricled at the base, not tailed, usually appendaged at the summit, the simple pollen-grains usually 1 2-sided. Ovary 1 -celled; ovule 1, anatropous; style very slender, 2-cleft, or 2-lobed, the lobes minutely papillose. Fruit an achene. Seed erect; endosperm none; radicle narrower than the cotyledons. About 65 genera and 1400 species, of wide geographic distribution. The family is also known as Ljguliflorae, and is often regarded as a tribe of the Compositae. tt Pappus of scales, orof scales and bristles, or none isee No. 18). Flowers blue or white; pappus of blunt scales. Flowers yellow. Bracts of the involucre membranous, or herbaceous. Pappus none; achenes 20-30-nerved. Pappus none; achenes 8-10-ribbed. Pappus of rounded scales, with or without an inner series of bristles. Bracts of the involucre thickened and keeled after flowering; pappus none. ' -3f -X- Pappus, at least some of it, of plumose bristles. Receptacle chaffy. Receptacle naked. Plume-branches of the pappus not interwebbed. Flowers yellow; plants scapose, the leaves basal. Flowers yellow; plants leafy-stemmed. 1. Cichorium. Lapsana. Serinea. Adopogon. A moseris. 6. Hypochaeris. Leontodon. Picris. 262 CICHORIACEAE. [Vol.. III. Flowers pink. 9. Pliloria. Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. 10. Tragopogon. ■A- -X- -/,- Pappus of simple bristles 1 of soft white scales with or without bristles in No. 18). f Receptacle with a few deciduous bristles; flowers yellow. 11. Malacothrix. tt Receptacle naked. 1 . Aehenes spinulose, or with short processes near the summit. Heads few- (6-15) flowered, yellow; stem branching. 12. Heads many-flowered, yellow, solitary on scapes. 13. 2. Aehenes smooth, or papillose, not spinulose toward the summit. (a) Aehenes flattened. Aehenes truncate, not beaked: flowers yellow. 14. Aehenes narrowed at the summit, or beaked; flowers blue or yellow. 15. (b) Aehenes cylindric, or prismatic. Aehenes terete, not narrowed either at the base or summit; flowers pink or purple. 16. Lygodesmia. Aehenes narrowed at the base, narrowed or beaked at the summit; flowers yellow. Aehenes slender-beaked. Pappus-bristles not surrounded by a villous ring at base. Pappus of slender simple bristles. Pappus of narrow soft scales, with or without some slender bristles. Pappus-bristles surrounded by a villous white ring at base. Aehenes merely narrowed above, not beaked. Aehenes narrowed at the base, otherwise columnar, truncate (except in 2 species of Hieracium). Flowers yellow, orange, or red. 21. Hieracium. Flowers white, cream-color, or purple. 22. Nabalus. Chondrilla. Taraxacum. Sonchus. Lactuca. 17. Agoseris. 18. Nothocalais. 19. Silt lias. 20. Crepis. i. CICHORIUM L. Sp. PI. 813. 1753. Erect branching herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, those of the stem and branches usually very small and bract-like, and large heads of blue purple pink or white flowers, peduncled, or in sessile clusters along the branches. Involucre of 2 series of herbaceous bracts, the outer somewhat spreading, the inner erect and subtending, or partly enclosing, the outer aehenes. Receptacle flat, naked, or slightly fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5- toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Aehenes 5-angled or 5-ribbed, truncate, not beaked. Pappus of 2 or 3 series of short blunt scales. [From the Arabic name.] About S species, natives of the Old World. r i. Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory. Wild Succory. Blue Sailors. Bunk. (Fig. 3513.) Cicliorium Intybus L. Sp. PI. 813. 1753. Perennial from a long deep tap-root; stems slightly hispid, stiff, much branched, i°-3° high. Basal leaves spreading on the ground, runcinate-pinnatifid, spatulate in outline, 3/-6/ long, narrowed into long petioles; up- per leaves much smaller, lanceolate or oblong, lobed or entire, clasping and auricled at the base; heads numer- ous, i/-i^/ broad, 1-4 together in sessile clusters on the nearly naked or bracted branches; inner bracts of the in- volucre about 8; flowers bright blue, or sometimes white. Roadsides, fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Minne- sota, North Carolina, Nebraska and Missouri. Abundant eastward. The ground-up root is used as a substitute or adul- terant for coffee. Flowers usually closed by noon. July-Oct. Cichorium Intybus divaricatum DC. Prodr. 7: 84. 1838. Some or all the heads on stout spreading peduncles i'-4' long. Frequent with the type. , 2. LAPSANAL. Sp. PI. Si i. 1753. Annual erect branching herbs, with alternate dentate or pinnatifid leaves.and small panicled slender-peduncled heads of yellow- flowers. Involucre nearly cylindric, its principal bracts in 1 series, nearly equal, with a few ex- terior small ones at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagit- tate at the base. Style-branches slender. Aehenes obo- vate-oblong, 20-30-nerved, somewhat flattened, narrowed below, rounded at the summit. Pappus none. [Greek, lampsana, the name of a crucifer.] About 9 species, natives of the Old World. 1. Lapsana communis L. Nipplewort. Succory Dock-cress. (Fig. 3514.) Lapsana communis L. Sp. PI. 811. 1753. Stem paniculately branched, glabrous above, more or less hispid-pubescent below, \°-2>lA° bigb. Lower leaves ovate, repand-dentate, obtuse, thin, pubescent, or glabratc, pctioled, 2/~4/ long, often with ■Vol,. III.] CHICORY FAMILY. 263 2-6 lobes on the petiole, the uppermost oblong or lanceolate, sessile, acute, much smaller, mostly entire; heads very numerous, 3//-6// broad; involucre oblong-cylindric, 2//~3// high, of about 8 linear glaucous principal bracts and several very small outer ones. Along' roadsides and in waste places, Quebec and Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Also •on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Bolgan-leaves, Ballogan. June-Sept. 3. SERINIA Raf. Fl. Ludov. 149. 1817. [Apogon Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 267. 1824.] Low glaucescent branching annual herbs, with alternate clasping entire or lobed leaves, or those of the stem sometimes appearing as if opposite, and few small long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts about S, equal, membranous, becoming concave after flowering. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes obovoid, 8-10- ribbed, contracted at the base, rounded at the summit. Pappus none, or a mere vestige. {Greek, small chicory.] Three known species, natives of the southern United States. i. Serinia oppositifdlia (Raf.) Kuntze. Serinia. (Fig. 3515.) Krigia oppositifolia Raf. Fl. Ludov. 57. 1817. Apogon humilis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 267. 1824. Serinia oppositifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 364. 1891. Glabrous throughout, or slightly glandular-pubescent along the ends of the peduncles, branched from the base, 4/-io/ high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, oblong-lan- ceolate or spatulate in outline, acute or obtuse, entire, lobed or pinnatifid, 3/-5/ long, 2//-6// wide; upper leaves mainly sessile, clasping, alternate, or appearing as if oppo- site, usually entire, smaller; peduncles very slender, some- times 4/ long; heads 1 J^//-2// broad; bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, about the length of the rays. In fields, Missouri (according to Tracy); Kansas to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. March-May. 4. ADOPOGON Neck. Elem. i: 55. 1790. [Krigia Schreb. Gen. PI. 532. 1791.] Annual or perennial herbs, with scapose or leafy stems, basal or alternate, entire sinuate- dentate or pinnatifid leaves, and small or middle-sized heads of yellow or orange flowers, solitary at the end of the scape or its branches. Involucre campanulate, its herbaceous bracts in 1 or 2 series, with no exterior shorter ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5- toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes turbinate or oblong, 15-20-ribbed, truncate. Pappus in 1 or 2 series, the outer of thin broad rounded scales, the inner of slender naked bristles, or these sometimes wanting in the southwestern A. occidentale. [Greek, a pleasing beard.] Five known species, natives of North America. Stem i-leaved and branched above, bearing 2-6 heads. 1. Scape naked, monocephalous. Head about 1' broad; pappus-bristles 12-20; perennial. 2. Head 3" -7" broad; pappus-bristles 5-7; annuals. Bracts of the involucre 5-8, remaining erect, firm, keeled. 3. Bracts of the involucre 8-18, at length refiexed, thin. 4. A. Virginicnm. A. Dandelion. A. A. occidentale. Carolinian u m. i. Adopogon Virginicum (L.) Kuntze. Cynthia. Virginia Goatsbeard. (Fig. 3516.) Tragopogon Virginicum L,. Sp. PI. 789. 1753. Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. Gen. 2: 127. 1818. Cynthia Virginica Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 12: 309. 1829. Adopogon Virginicum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 304. 1891. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous; stem i°-2° high, i-leaved and branched above, bearing 2-6 long-pedun- cled heads at its summit and an oblong clasping leaf below the middle. Basal leaves tufted, runcinate, sin- uate, denticulate, or entire, 2/-7/ long, narrowed into margined petioles; heads about 1%.' broad; involucre of 9-15 lanceolate nerveless bracts 3//-4// long; achenes nearly oblong; pappus of 10-15 small oblong scales and an equal or greater number of capillary bristles; flowers orange to reddish orange. In moist woods and meadows, Massachusetts to southern Ontario and Manitoba, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri and Kansas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-Oct. 264 CICHORIACEAE. [Vol.. III. 2. Adopogon Dandelion (I,.) Kuntze. Dwarf Dandelion or Goatsbeard. (Fig. 3517.) Tragopogon Dandelion L- Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 11 11. 1763. Krigia Dandelion Nutt. Gen. 2: 127. 1818. Cynthia Dandelion DC. Prodr. 7: 89, 1838. Adopogon Dandelion Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 304. 1891. Perennial, acaulescent, glabrous and some- what glaucous; scape 6'-i8' high, slender, leafless, with a single head. Stolons filiform, bearing globose tubers; leaves all basal, tufted, linear-lanceolate to spatulate, entire, denticu- late, sinuate, or pinuatifid, narrowed at the base, 3/-6/ long, i"s" wide; head about 1/ broad; involucre nearly %,' high; pappus sim- ilar to that of the preceding species. In moist soil, Maryland to Florida, west to Kan- sas and Texas. April-June. 3. Adopogon occidentale (Nutt.) Kuntze. Western Dwarf Dandelion. (Fig. 3518.) Krigia occidentalis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 104. 1834. Adopogon occidentale Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 304. 1891. Annual, acaulescent; scapes tufted, 2/-8/ high, usually glandular, at least above, bearing a sin- gle head 5//-io// broad. Leaves basal, lanceo- late to obovate, entire to pinuatifid, mostly shorter than the scapes; involucre 2//~3// high, its bracts 5-8, lanceolate, becoming ovate-lan- ceolate to ovate, firm and keeled at maturity, remaining erect; achenes turbinate, transversely wrinkled; pappus of 5 obovate scales and usu- ally 5 alternating bristles. Prairies, southern Missouri to Texas. 4. Adopogon Carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. Carolinia Dwarf Dandelion. Krigia. (Fig. 351 9.) Hyoseris Virginica L. Sp. PI. 809. 1753. Not Tragopogon Virginicum L,. 1753. Hyoseris Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 194. 1788. Krigia Virginica Willd. Sp. PI. 3; 1618. 1804. Krigia Caroliniana Nutt. Gen. 2: 126. 1818. Adopogon Carolinianum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club. 5: 346. 1894. Annual, acaulescent; scapes usually several from the same root, very slender, glabrous or hispidulous, monocephalous, i'-is' high, sim- ple, or sometimes branched at or near the base. Leaves commonly all basal, tufted, spatulate, lanceolate or linear, pinnatifid, sinuate, lobed, dentate or rarely entire, 1/-6' long, narrowed at the base into usually margined petioles; head 3//-7// broad; involucre of 9-18 linear-lanceo- late bracts, reflexed after the fall of the nar- rowly turbinate somewhat 5-angled achenes; pappus usually of 5 round short scales and 5-10 long capillary bristles. In dry, sandy soil, Maine to Ontario and Minne- sota, Florida and Texas. April-Aug. Vol. III.] CHICORY FAMILY. 265 5. ARNOSERIS Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 355. pi. 157. 1791. A low annual scapose herb, glabrous, or nearly so, with tufted basal dentate or nearly entire leaves. Scapes several or numerous, simple or branched, upwardly thickened below the solitary heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, its bracts in 1 series, narrow, equal, thickened and keeled on the back after flowering, rarely with a few outer minute ones. Receptacle flat, pitted, not chaffy. Anthers sagittate. Style-branches obtuse. Achenes oval, 8-10-ribbed, narrowed below, truncate, or with a denticulate margin. Pappus none. [Greek, lamb-succory.] A monotypic genus of western Europe. i. Arnoseris minima (L,.) Dumort. Lamb Succory. (Fig. 3520.) Hyoseris minima L. Sp. PI. 879. 1753. Arnoseris pusilla Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 355. 1791. Arnoseris minima Dumort. Fl. Belg. 63. 1827. ■ Scapes slender, 3/-i2/ high, leafless, simple, or with 1-4 branches mostly above the middle, gradually thickened and hollow upward for a space of an inch or more below the heads. Leaves oblanceolate, obovate, or oblong, \f-jf long, 3//-io// wide, usually coarsely and sharply toothed, narrowed into margined petioles; heads S" broad, or less; bracts of the involucre linear- lanceolate, acuminate, strongly keeled after flowering, 2//-4//long, curving over the achenes. Mount Desert Island, Maine. Fugitive from Europe. Also called Dwarf Swine's- or Hog's-Suc- cory, Dwarf Nipplewort. Summer. 6. HYPOCHAERIS L. Sp. PI. 810. 1753. Mostly perennial herbs, with scapose, often branched stems and mostly basal tufted leaves, pinnatifid to entire, those of the scapes few, scale- like, very small, or none. Heads mostly large, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. Involucre oblong-cylindric to campanulate, its bracts herbaceous, imbricated in several series, appressed, the outer smaller. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Anthers sagittate. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong to linear, 10-ribbed, somewhat narrowed below, contracted above into a long or short beak, or the outer truncate. Pappus of 1 row of plumose bristles, sometimes with some shorter simple ones. [Greek, for pigs, which are fond of its roots.] About 50 species, natives of Europe, Asia and South America. i. Hypochaeris radicata L,. Long- rooted Cat's-ear. Gosmore. (Fig. 3521.) Hypochaeris radical a L. Sp. PI. 811. 1753. Perennial; stems several together, glabrous, slender, i°-2° high, bracted, or rarely simple, bearing a few scales. Leaves spreading on the ground, oblanceolate to obovate in out- line, pinnatifid-lobed to dentate, 2 '-6' long, hirsute on both sides; involucre oblong-cyl- indric, about 1/ high, its bracts glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; heads i/ broad or more; chaff of the receptacle of narrow soft pointed scales; achenes rough, all with very slender beaks longer than the body; flowers longer than the involucre. In waste places, southern New Jersey. Also in California. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. May-Oct. Hypochaeris glabra L., the smooth Cat's-ear, a smaller species, with nearly or quite glabrous leaves, flowers scarcely longer than the involucre, and the outer achenes truncate, has been found as a waif in Maine, and is naturalized or adventive on the Pacific coast. 266 CICHORIACEAE. [Vol.. III. 7. LEONTODON L. Sp. PI. 798. 1753. Perennial scapose herbs, with tufted basal, mostly pinnatifid leaves, branched and scaly, or simple and naked scapes, and large heads of yellow flowers, solitary at the end of the scape or of its branches. Involucre ovoid or oblong, its principal bracts in 1 or 2 series, nearly equal, with several series of short outer ones. Receptacle fiat, fimbrillate, vil- lous, or somewhat honeycombed. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagit- tate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear, finely striate, contract- ed or beaked at the summit. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of plumose persistent brownish bristles, somewhat broadened at the base, or the outer scale-like and simple. [Greek, lion's tooth.] About 45 species, natives of the Old World. Plant nearly glabrous; scape commonly branched; pappus-bristles all plumose, i. L. atdumnale. Plant somewhat hirsute: scape simple; outer pappus of outer achenes simple. 2. L. nudicaule. i. Leontodon autumnale L. Fall Dandelion. Autumnal Hawkbit. Lion's- tooth. (Fig. 3522.) Leontodon autumnale L. Sp. PI. 798. 1753. Apargia autumttalis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. Ed. 2, 2: 113. 1800. Plant glabrous or very nearly so throughout; scape slender, usually branched and scaly, 6/-2° high. Leaves narrowly oblong to linear- lanceolate, pinnatifid into narrow lobes, or some of them coarsely dentate, ^/-S/ long, 3//-i2// wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed into rather short petioles; heads several, rarely soli- tary, about I2//-15// broad; involucre oblong, glabrous or slightly pubescent; achenes tapering into a short beak, or the outer ones nearly terete; pappus-bristles all plumose. In fields and along roadsides, Newfoundland and Ontario to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Nat- uralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June- Nov. 2. Leontodon nudicaule (L. ) Porter. Rough or Hairy Hawkbit. (Fig. 3523. ) Crepis nudicaulis L. Sp. PI. 805. 1753. Leontodon hirtutn L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 11 23. 1763. Leontodon nudicaule Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 348. 1894. Plant more or less hirsute; scape simple, slender, 4/-i2/ high, minutely scaly, or naked. Leaves linear-oblong to narrowly spatulate, acute or obtuse, not acuminate, nearly entire, coarsely sinuate-dentate or sometimes pinnati- fid, 2/~5/ long, 3//-8// wide, narrowed into peti- oles; head solitary at the end of the scape, 5"- io// broad; involucre canescent or pubescent; outer achenes with an outer pappus of simple nar- row scales and an inner one of plumose bristles. In ballast and waste places about the eastern sea- ports. Also at Seidersville, Penn. (Bechdoldt), and on Vancouver Island (Macoun). Adventive from Europe. June-Oct. 8. PICRIS L. Sp. PI. 792. 1753- Erect hispid, mostly branching, leafy herbs, with alternate leaves (in our species), and rather large, usually corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanu- late or cup-shaped, its principal bracts in 1 series, nearly equal, with 2-3 series of small or large exterior spreading ones. Receptacle flat, short-fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5- toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear or oblong, somewhat incurved, terete or angled, 5-10-ribbed and transversely wrinkled, nar- rowed at the base and summit, or beaked in some species. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of slender plumose bristles. [Greek, bitter.] About 35 species, natives of the Old World, one perhaps indigenous in Alaska. Outer involucral bracts linear; achenes not beaked. 1. P. hieracioides. Outer involucral bracts ovate, foliaceous; achenes short-beaked. 2. P. echioides. Voi,. III.] CHICORY FAMILY. 267 I. Picris hieracioides L,. Hawkweed Picris. (Fig. 3524.) Picris hieracioides L. Sp. PI. 792. 1753. Biennial, more or less hispid, much branched, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, dentate, or nearly entire, the basal narrowed into petioles, acute, often 6' long, those of the stem mostly sessile and smaller; heads numer- ous, >£/-i/ broad; involucre 4//-6// high, its outer bracts linear, subulate, spread- ing, the inner linear-lanceolate, acumi- nate; pappus copious, nearly white. In waste places, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. "Very bitter. June-Sept. Old name L,angde- beef. 2. Picris echioides L. Bristly Ox-tongue. (Fig. 3525.) Picris echioides L. Sp. PI. 792. 1753. Helmintha echioides Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 368. 1802. Annual or biennial, branched, hispid; stem about 2}i° high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, repand-dentate, 2/-6/ long, narrowed into petioles; upper leaves sessile and clasping, oblong or lanceo- late, smaller, the uppermost mainly acute and entire; heads numerous, rather crowded, short-peduncled, about yz' broad; outer bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, foliaceous, ovate, acute, hispid-ciliate, the inner ones lanceolate, membranous; achenes beaked. In waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario, and in ballast about the seaports. Fngitive from Europe. July-Sept. Called also Bugloss and Bugloss Picris. 9. PTILORIA Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832. [Stephanomeria Nutt Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 427. 1841.] Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous, often glaucous herbs, with erect, simple or branched, usually rigid stems, alternate or basal, entire dentate or runcinate-pinnatifid leaves, those of the stem and branches often reduced to subulate scales, and small erect heads of pink flow- ers, paniculate, or solitary at the ends of the branches, opening in the morning. Involucre cylindric or oblong, its principal bracts few, equal, scarious-margined, slightly united at the base, with numerous short exterior ones and sometimes a few of intermediate length. Re- ceptacle fiat, naked. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes ob- long or linear, terete or columnar, 5-ribbed, truncate or beaked at the summit, the ribs smooth or rugose. Pappus of 1 series of rather rigid plumose bristles. [Greek, referring to the feathery pappus.] About i6,species, natives of western and central North America. Involucre about 5" high; pappus brownish, plumose to near the base. 1. P. paucijlora. Involucre about 4" high; pappus white, plumose quite to the base. 2. P. tenuifolia. 268 CICHORIACEAE. [Vol. Ill, 2. Ptiloria tenuifolia (Torr. ) Raf. White-plumed Ptiloria. (Fig. 3527.) Prenanthes? tenuifolia Torr. Ann. I,yc. 2: 210. 1828. Ptiloria tenuifolia Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832. Lygodesmic minor Hook. Fl. Bor.Am. 1: 205. pi. 103 A. 1833. Stephanomeria minor Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 427. 1841. Similar to the preceding species, but commonly lower, bushy-branched, the branches ascending. Basal leaves runci- nate-pinnatifid, those of the stem linear or filiform, entire, or sometimes runcinate- dentate, the uppermost reduced to small scales; heads numerous, usually solitary at the ends of the branchlets; involucre about \" high; pappus bright white, very plumose to the base. Plains and dry, rocky soil, Northwest Terri- tory to western Nebraska and Texas to Brit- ish Columbia, Arizona and California. May-- Aug. i. Ptiloria pauciflora (Torr.) Raf. Brown-plumed Ptiloria. (Fig. 3526.) Prenanthes? pauciflora Torr. Ann. I,yc. N. Y. 2: 210. 1827. Ptiloria pauciflora Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832. Stephanomeria rundnata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:427. 1841. Perennial; stem rather stout, striate, rigid, divergently branched, i°-2° high. Basal and lower leaves runcinate-pinnati- fid, i/-2^/ long, ■$"-(>" wide, the upper all short and narrowly linear or reduced to scales; heads somewhat racemose-pan- iculate along the brauches, usually about 5-flowered; involucre \"-§,f high; rays i//-2// long; pappus brownish, plumose to near the base. Plains, Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas and California. Summer. 10. TRAGOPOGON L. Sp. PI. 789. 1753. Biennial or perennial, erect usually branched, somewhat succulent herbs, with slender fleshy tap-roots, alternate entire linear-lanceolate long-acuminate leaves, clasping at the base, and long-peduncled large heads of yellow or purple flowers, opening in the early morning, usually closed by noon. Involucre cylindric or narrowly campanulate, its bracts in 1 series, nearly equal, acuminate, united at the base. Rays truncate and 5 toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear, terete, or 5-angled, 5-10-ribbed, terminated by slender beaks; or the outermost beakless. Pappus- bristles in 1 series, plumose, connate at the base, the plume-branches interwebbed. [Greek, goats-beard.] About 35 species, natives of the Old World. Flowers j'ellow; involucral bracts equalling or shorter than the rays. I. T. pralensis. Flowers purple; involucral bracts much longer than the rays. 2. T. porrifolius. Vol. III.] CHICORY FAMILY i. Tragopogon pratensis L. Yellow Goat's-beard. Meadow Salsify. (Fig. 3528.) Tragopogon pralensis L Sp. PI. 789. 1753. vStem branched, l%°-$° high. Leaves keeled, tapering from the broad, more or less clasping base to a very long acuminate tip, the lower sometimes io' long and i/ wide; peduncles thickened at the top; heads \'- 2/2 V' broad; bracts of the involucre about 8, lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than or equal- ling (rarely exceeding) the yellow rays; marginal achenes striate, smooth or rough- ened. In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to New Jersey, Ontario, Ohio and Manitoba. Nat- uralized from Europe. June-Oct. Called also Buck's-beard, Noon-flower, Star of Jerusalem, Noontide, Joseph's flower, Go-to-bed-at-noon. 2. Tragopogon porrifdlius L. Oyster Plant. Salsify. Purple Goat's Beard. (Fig. 3529.) Tragopogon porrifolius L. Sp. PI. 789. 1753. Taller, sometimes 4%° high. Peduncles very much thickened and hollow for 1 to 3 inches below the heads; heads 2/-4/ broad, very showy; bracts of the involucre linear- lanceolate, acuminate, usually much longer than the purple rays; achenes sometimes 2/ long, the outer ones covered with scale-like tubercles, especially on the ribs below. In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey, west to Minnesota and Nebraska, mostly escaped from gardens, where it is common. Native of Europe. Called also Vegetable Oyster, Jerusalem Star, Nap-at-noon, Oyster-root. Nat- uralized as a weed on the Pacific Coast. The root is the familiar vegetable known as Oyster Plant. An apparent hybrid between this and the preceding species has been noticed at NewT Brunswick, N. J. June-Oct. 11. MALACOTHRIX DC. Prodr. 7: 192. 1838. Annual or perennial, branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal, mostly pinnat- ifid leaves, and long-peduncled panicled or solitary heads of yellow or rarely white flowers. Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts in 1 or 2 series, equal or nearly so, with sev- eral series of shorter exterior ones. Receptacle flat, naked or bristly. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear, glabrous, 10-15-ribbed, 4 or 5 of the ribs usually more prominent than the others, truncate, or margined and 4-5-toothed at the summit. Pappus-bristles in 2 series, the inner naked or minutely serrulate, slender, coherent at the base and deciduous in a ring, the outer few (1-8), more persistent, or all deciduous in our species. [Greek, soft-hair, in allusion to the soft pappus.] Abouti5 species, natives of the western and southwestern United States and lower California. 2JO CICHORIACEAE. [Vol. III. i. Malacothrix sonchoides (Nutt.) T. &G. Malacothrix. (Fig. 3530.) Leptoseris sonchoides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 439. 1 84 1. Malacothrix sonchoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 486. 1843. Annual, glabrous throughout, or slightly glandular; stem branched, 6/-i2/ high. Leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong or linear-oblong in outline, pinnatifid and the lobes dentate with mucronate-pointed teeth, the basal ones i>^/-3/ long, narrowed into short broad petioles, those of the stem smaller, sessile; heads several or numerous, 8//-i3// broad; principal bracts of the in- volucre linear, acute, scarious-margined, the outer short, oblong, obtuse, or acutish; achenes linear-ob- long, margined at the summit by a 15-denticulate white border; pappus-bristles all deciduous. On dry plains, western Nebraska and Kansas to Cali- fornia and New Mexico. May-Aug. 12. CHONDRiLLA L. Sp. PI. 796. 1753- Perennial herbs, with stiff divaricately branched stems, the basal leaves large and mostly pinnatifid, those of the stem small, narrow, alternate, and few middle sized heads of yellow flowers mostly solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylindric, several-flowered, its inner bracts in 1 or 2 series, nearly equal, with several series of small or minute outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagit- tate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear, 4-5-angled, many- ribbed, more or less spiny near the summit, abruptly contracted into a beak. Pappus of copious soft white simple bristles. [Greek, lump, from the gummy matter borne on the stems of some species.] About 18 species, natives of the Old World. i. Chondrilla juncea L,. Gum Succory. (Fig. 353i.) Chondrilla juncea L> Sp. PL 796. 1753. Stem rush-like, hirsute at the base, glabrous above, much branched, i°-3° high. Basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, dentate or entire, ses- sile, %f-\]i' long, yi'f-\l/z" wide; heads termi- nal and lateral on the branches, short-pedun- cled or sessile, 4//-6// broad; involucre glabrous or nearly so, about 4// high, its inner bracts nar- rowly linear; achenes muricate and spiny near the summit, slightly shorter than the filiform beak. In dry fields and waste places, Maryland and Vir- ginia. Naturalized from Continental Europe. July- Aug. Called also Naked-weed, Skeleton-weed. 13. TARAXACUM Hall. Stirp. Helv. i: 23. 1768. Perennial acaulescent herbs, with basal tufted pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers, solitary, or very rarely 2 or 3 together at the ends of naked hollow scapes. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its inner bracts in 1 series, nearly equal, slightly united at the base, the outer of several series of shorter somewhat spreading ones^ often reflexed at maturity. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the sum- mit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong or linear-fusiform, 4-5-angled, 5-10-nerved, roughened or spinulose, at least above, tapering into a very slender beak. Pappus of numerous filiform unequal simple persistent bristles. [Name of some wild succory, probably of Arabic or Persian origin.] About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and southern South America. Outer involucral bracts reflexed; achenes greenish brown, the beak 2-3 times their length. , 1. T. Taraxacum. Outer involucral bracts spreading or ascending; achenes red, the beak not more than twice their length. 2. T. erythrospermum. Vol. III.] CHICORY FAMILY. 271 i. Taraxacum Taraxacum (D.) Karst. Dandelion. Blowball. (Fig- 3532.)' Leontodon Taraxacum L,. Sp. PI. 798. 1753. T. officinale Weber, Prim. PI. Hoist. 56. 1780. T. Dens-leonis Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2- 228. 1800. T. Taraxacum Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 1138. 1880-83. Root thick, deep, often io/ long, bitter. Leaves oblong to spatulate in outline, usually pubescent, at least when young, acute or obtuse, pinnatifid, sinuate-dentate or rarely nearly entire, rather succulent, 3/-io/ long, ^2/-2-^/ wide, narrowed into petioles; scape erect, 2/-i8/ high; head \'--2.f broad; containing very numerous golden-yellow flowers (150-200), inner bracts of the involucre linear or linear- lanceolate, the outer similar, shorter, not glaucous, reflexed, all acute; achenes greenish-brown, fusiform, spinulose above, narrowed into a filiform beak 2-3-times their length, which support the copious white pappus, the fruiting mass of which becomes globose when ripe. In fields and waste places. Perhaps indi- genous northward, southward naturalized as a weed from Europe. Also in Asia and distributed as a weed in all civilized parts of the world. Jan. -Dec. Called also Lion's-tooth, Cankerwort, Milk-, Witch-, or Yellow-Gowan, Irish Daisy, Monk's-head, Priest's Crown, Puff-ball. Taraxacum Taraxacum alpinum (Koch) Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 349. 1894. Taraxacum officinale var. alpinum Koch, Fl. Germ. & Helv. 428. 1837. Outer bracts of the involucre spreading, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Labrador to British Co- lumbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and Colorado and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Also in Europe. Probably a distinct species, and indigenous. 2. Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. Red-seeded Dandelion. (Fig. 3533.) Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. in Bess. Enutn. PI. Volh. 75. 1821. Similar to the preceding species, the leaves gla- brous, very deeply runcinate-pinuatifid or pin- nately divided into narrower triangular-lanceolate usually long-pointed segments; scapes glabrous, or pubescent above; heads rarely more than 1/ broad, 70-90- flowered; bracts of the involucre glaucous, the outer lanceolate, spreading or as- cending, the inner linear, longer, each usually with an appendage just below the tip; flowers sulphur-yellow, the outer rays purplish without; achenes narrower, bright red, or red-brown, spin- ulose above, the filiform beak not more than twice their length; pappus dirty white. In fields and woods, Maine to southern New York and Pennsylvania, and probably much more widely distributed. Naturalized from Europe ? April-June. 14. SONCHUS L. Sp. PI. 793. 1753. Annual or perennial succulent herbs, with alternate, mostly auriculate-clasping, entire dentate lobed or pinnatifid, prickly-margined leaves, and large or middle-sized, peduncled corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre ovoid or campanulate, usually becoming thickened and more or less conic at the base when old, its bracts herbaceous or membranous, imbricated in several series, the outer successively smaller. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style- branches slender. Achenes oval, oblong, or linear, more or less flattened, 10-20-ribbed, some- what narrowed at the base, truncate. Pappus of very copious soft white simple capillary bristles, usually falling away connected, sometimes with 1 or 2 stouter ones which fall sepa- rately. [The Greek name of the Sow-thistle.] About 45 species, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, another occurs on the Pa- cific Coast. 272 CICHORIACEAE. [Vol. III. Involucre glandular-pubescent: heads nearly 1' high. Involucre glabrous; heads 6"-8" high. Auricles of the leaves acute; achenes striate and transverse^- wrinkled. Auricles rounded; achenes ribbed, not transversely wrinkled. 1. 5". arvensis. 2. 5". oleracens. 3. 5. asper. i. Sonchus arvensis L,. Corn Sow- Thistle. Milk Thistle. (Fig. 3534.) Sonchus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 793. 1753. Perennial by deep roots and creeping rootstocks, glabrous; stem leafy below, paniculately branched and nearly naked above, 2°-4° high. Lower and basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, often I2/ long, spinulose-dentate, narrowed into short petioles, the upper pinnatifid or entire, lanceolate, clasping; heads several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, i/-2/ broad, bright yellow, very showy; involucre nearly 1/ high, its bracts as also the peduncles glandular-bristly; achenes oblong, compressed, with about 10 rugose longitudinal ribs. In low grounds along salt meadows and streams, New Jersey to Quebec and at Great Salt Lake, Utah, and in fields and along roadsides, Newfoundland to Minnesota. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. July- Oct. Called also Dindle, Gutweed, Swine Thistle, Tree Sow-Thistle. 2. Sonchus oleraceus L,. Annual Sow-Thistle. Hare's Lettuce. (Fig. 3535-) Sonchus oleraceus L,. Sp. PI. 794. 1753. Annual, with fibrous roots; stem leafy be- low, nearly simple, i°-io° high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid, 4/- io/ long, the terminal segment commonly large and triangular, the margins denticulate with mucronate or scarcely spiny teeth; up- per leaves pinnatifid, clasping by an auricled or sagittate base, the auricles acute or acum- inate; uppermost leaves often lanceolate and entire; heads several or numerous, pale yel- low, 9//-i5// broad; involucre glabrous, 6//- 8// high; achenes flat, longitudinally ribbed and transversely rugose. In fields and waste places, a common weed in most cultivated parts of the globe except the ex- treme north. Also in Central and South Amer- ica. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Hare's Colewort or Thistle, Milk-weed, Milk Thistle, Milky Tassel, Swinies. The leaves used as a salad and as a pot herb. May-Nov. 3. Sonchus asper (L,.) All. Spiny or Sharp-fringed Sow-Thistle. (Fig. 3536.) Sonchus oleraceus var. asper. L,. Sp. PI. 794. 1753. Sonchus asper All. Fl. Ped. 1: 222. 1785. Annual, similar to the preceding species; leaves undivided, lobed or sometimes pinnatifid, spinu- lose-dentate to spinulose-denticulate, the lower and basal ones obovate or spatulate, petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate, clasping by an auri- cled base, the auricles rounded; heads several or numerous, \' broad or less; flowers pale yellow; involucre glabrous, about 6" high; achenes flat, longitudinally ribbed. In waste places throughout most of our area and in tropical and South America. Widely distributed as a weed in nearly all cultivated parts of the earth. Naturalized from Europe. May-Nov. Vol. III.] CHICORY FAMILY. 273 L. Canadensis. L. hirsuta. 15. LACTUCA L. Sp. PI. 795. 1753- Tall leafy herbs, with small panicled heads of yellow white or blue flowers, and alter- nate leaves. Involucre cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter, or of 1 or 2 series of principal nearly equal inner bracts, and several rows of short outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches mostly slender. Achenes oval, oblong or linear, flat, 3-5-ribbed on each face, narrowed above or contracted into a narrow beak, which is somewhat expanded at the summit into a small disk bearing* the copious soft capillary white or brown pappus- bristles. [The Ancient Latin name, from lac, milk, referring to the milky juice. ] About 95 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. -,r Pappus bright white. 1. Leaves spiny margined and often with spiny or hispid midribs; flowers yellow. Heads 6-12-flowered: involucre very narrow, 4"-6" high. 1. L. Scariola. Heads 12-20-flowered; involucre broader. Involucre 8"-q" high; achene about as long as its beak. 2. L. Ludoviciana. Involucre 4"-6" high; achene longer than its beak. 5. L. sagittifolia. 2. Leaves neither spiii3'-margined nor with spiny midribs, (a) Achenes very thin, flat, contracted into filiform or tapering beaks. •Outer involucral bracts abruptly shorter than the inner; heads 4" -7" high; flowers yellow. Leaves, or some of them, pinnatifid. Plant glabrous throughout, 3°-io° high. 3. Leaves, at least their midribs, hirsute; plant i°-6° high. 4. Leaves entire or dentate, none of them pinnatifid. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate; achene longer than the beak. 5. Leaves lanceolate; achene about equalling the beak. 3. Outer bracts gradually shorter; heads 8"-io'' high; flowers blue. _ 6. (b) Achenes beakless or with short necks, thickish; flowers blue. Leaves oblong to ovate, acuminate, dentate. 7. L. villosa. Leaves pinnatifid, the terminal segment commonly triangular. 8. L. Floridana. ■$f -X- Pappus brown; flowers blue. 9. L. spicata. i. Lactuca Scariola L. Prickly- Lettuce. (Fig. 3537-) Lactuca Scariola L- Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1119. 1763. Biennial, green and glaucous; stem stiff, leafy, usually paniculately branched, glabrous through- out, or hirsute at the base, 2°-7° high. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, spinulose-mar- gined, denticulate or pinnatifid, sessile or auricu- late-clasping, the lowest sometimes io/ long and 3/ wide, the upper much smaller; midrib spinu- lose or hispid; heads 2//~4// broad, 6-12-flowered; very numerous in an open panicle; involucre cyl- indric, \f/-\yz" thick, its outer bracts about one-third the length of the inner; rays yellow; achenes obovate-oblong, about as long as the filiform beak; pappus white. In fields and waste places, New York and Penn- sylvania to Minnesota and Missouri. A trouble- some weed. Naturalized from Europe. Aug-Sept. L. L. L. sagittifolia. Catiadensis. pulchella. 2. Lactuca Ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. Western Lettuce. (Fig. 3538.) ■ Sonchus Ludovicianus Nutt. Gen. 2: 125. 1818. Lactuca Ludoviciana DC. Prodr. 7: 141. 1838. Biennial, glabrous throughout, leafy up to inflor- escence, paniculately branched,2°-5° high. Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong, acute or acutish, 2/-4/ long, auriculate-clasping, spinulose-denticulate, sinuate- lobed, or pinnatifid with spinulose segments; heads 3//~5// broad, numerous in an open panicle, their peduncles bracteolate; involucre cylindric or ovoid- cylindric, glabrous, 8//-o// high, its bracts success- ively shorter and broader, the lower ones ovate; rays yellow; achenes oval to obovate, flat, about the length of their filiform beak; pappus white. Plains and banks, Iowa, Minnesota and Dakota to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. 18 274 CICHORIACEAE. [Vol.. IIL 3. Lactuca Canadensis L. Wild or Tall Lettuce. Wild Opium. (Fig. 3539.) Lactuca Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 796. 1753. Lacluca elongata Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1525. 1804. Biennial or annual, glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous; stem leafy up to the inflor- escence, 3°-io° high, branching above into a narrow panicle. Leaves, or some of them, sin- uate-pinnatifid, those of the stem sessile or auriculate-clasping, 2/-8/ long, the uppermost smaller, often lanceolate, acuminate and entire, the basal often 11' long, narrowed into petioles; heads numerous, 2//-3// broad; involucre cylin- dric, 4//-6// high, its outer bracts shorter than the inner; rays yellow; achenes oval, flat, about as long as the filiform beak; pappus white. In moist, open places, Nova Scotia to the North- west Territory south to Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana and Arkansas. Called also Trumpetweed, Trumpet Milkweed, Trumpets and Fire-weed. June-Nov. Lactuca Canadensis montana Britton. Plant i°-4° high; leaves all lanceolate and entire; bracts of the involucre purple or purplish. Pocono Mountain, Penn., and Catskill Mountains, N. Y. 4. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Hairy or Red Wood-Lettuce. (Fig. 3540.) Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Cat. 69. 1813. Lactuca sanguinea Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 287. 1824. Lactuca elongata var. sanguinea T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 496. 1843. Similar to the preceding species, but com- monly smaller and less leafy; stem i°-6° high, naked and paniculately branched above, usu- ally hirsute, at least below. Leaves, or most of them, sinuate-pinnatifid, pubescent on both sides, or on the midrib beneath, those of the stem mostly sessile or auriculate-clasping, 3/~7/ long, the uppermost sometimes lanceolate and entire, the basal petioled; heads numerous, 2//- 3r/ broad; involucre glabrous, 5//-9// high; outer bracts shorter than the inner; rays reddish-yel- low or paler; achenes oblong-oval, flat, about the length of the beak; pappus white. In dry soil, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Ala- bama and Texas. Stem, peduncles and involucre often red or purple. July-Sept. 5. Lactuca sagittifolia Ell. Arrow- leaved Lettuce. (Fig. 3541.) L. sagittifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 253. 1821-24. Lactuca integrifolia Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 287. 1824. Not Nutt. 1818. L. elofigata var. integ. T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 496. 1843. Biennial; stem glabrous throughout, or hir- sute below, leafy nearly up to the usually pan- iculate inflorescence, 2°-6° high. Leaves ob- long, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, acumi- nate or acute, entire or denticulate, the lower rarely pinnatifid, sometimes spinulose on the margins, those of the stem sessile or sagittate- clasping, 3/-6/ long, y^'-iyi' wide, the basal and lower ones petioled; heads commonly very numerous, 2//~4// broad; involucre cylindric, 7" high, the outer bracts shorter than the 5 inner; rays yellow or reddish; achenes oval, flat, longer than their filiform beaks; pappus white. In dry, open soil, New Brunswick and Ontario to Georgia, Idaho and Nebraska. Called also Devil's- Iron Weed. July-Sept. Vol. III.] CHICORY FAMILY. 275 ig-3542.) 6. Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. Large-flowered Blue Lettuce. (F Sonchus pidchelhis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 502. 1814. Lactuca integrifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 124. 1818. Lactuca pulchella DC. Prodr. 7: 134. 1838. Perennial, glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous; stem rather slender, leafy up to the corymbose-paniculate inflorescence, i°-3° high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire,. dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, those of the stem sessile or partly clasping, 2/-8/ long; 2//-i8// wide, the lowest and basal ones some- times petioled; heads mostly numerous, 6//-io// broad; branches and peduncles scaly; involucre well imbricated, 8//-io// high, its outer bracts successively shorter, ovate-lanceolate; rays bright blue or violet; achenes oblong-lanceo- late, flat, twice as long as their tapering beaks; pappus white. In moist soil, western Ontario to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Michigan, Kansas, New Mexico and California. June-Sept. 7. Lactuca villosa Jacq. Hairy- veined Blue Lettuce. (Fig. 3543.) L. villosa Jacq. Hort. Schoen. 3: 62. pl.j6j. 1798- Sonchus acuminalus Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1521. 1804. Mulgedium acuminatum DC. Prodr. 7: 249. 1838. L. acuminata A. Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 73. 1883- Annual or biennial; stem glabrous, leafy up to the paniculate inflorescence, 2°-6° high. Leaves oblong, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, acutely dentate or the teeth mucronate-tipped, glabrous above, pubescent with short stiff hairs on the veins beneath, sessile and slightly clasp- ing at the base, or petioled, 4/-6/ long, i/-2^/ wide, the lowest sometimes lobed at the base; heads numerous, 3//-5// broad; peduncles usu- ally minutely scaly; rays blue; involucre about 5" high, its outer bracts much shorter than the inner, some or all of them obtuse; achenes thick, oblong, little flattened, nar- rowed above; pappus white. In thickets, New York to Illinois, south to Florida, Georgia and Kentucky. July-Sept. 8. Lactuca Floridana (L.) Gaertn. False or Florida Lettuce. (Fig. 3544.) Sonchus Floridanus L. Sp. PI. 794. 1753. Lactuca Floridana Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 362. 1791. Mulgedium Floridanum DC. Prodr. 7: 349. 1791. Annual or biennial; stem glabrous, rather stout, leafy up to the large, paniculate inflorescence, 3°-7° high. Leaves deeply lyrate-pinnatifid, ses- sile or petioled, 4/-i2/ long, glabrous above, pubes- cent on the veins beneath, the terminal segment usually broad, triangular, acute or acuminate, the lateral ones lanceolate to oval, acute, all usually dentate, or the leaves irregularly lobed; heads numerous, 2>//~5// broad; peduncles commonly scaly; rays blue; involucre about 6// high, its outer bracts much smaller than the inner; achenes thick, somewhat compressed, narrowed above into short necks; pappus white. In moist,^open places, southern New York and Penn- sylvania to Illinois and Nebraska (according to Web- ber), south to Florida and Louisiana. July-Sept. 276 CICHORIACEAE. [Vol. III. g. Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Tall Blue Lettuce. (Fig. 3545.) Sonchus spicatus Lam. Encycl. 3: 401. 1789. Mulgediutn leucophaeum DC. Prodr. 7: 250. 1838. Lactuca leucophaea A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 73. 1883. Not Sibth. 1840. Annual or biennial; stem usually stout, glabrous, 3°-i2° high, leafy up to the large, rather dense panicle. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or lobcd, sharply dentate with mucronate-pointed teeth, sessile, or the lower narrowed into margined petioles, glabrous on both sides, or pubescent on the veins beneath, 5'-"' long, 2/-6/ wide; heads very numerous, about 1" broad; peduncles minutely scaly; rays blue; achenes oblong, compressed, narrowed above into a short neck; pappus brown. In moist soil, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Iowa. Ascends to 2oco ft. in North Carolina. July-Oct. Lactuca spicata integrifolia (A. Gray) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 350. 1894. Lactuca leucophaea var. integrifolia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 444. 1884. Leaves oblong, sharply denticulate, undivided, or some of the lower on Carolina to Michigan. es pinnatifid. North 16. LYGODESMIA D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 311. 1829. Perennial or annual glabrous rigid branching herbs, with linear leaves, or the basal and lower ones sometimes broader and pinnatifid, those of the stem very narrow and entire or reduced to linear scales, and middle-sized 3-12 flowered heads of pink or purple flowers, solitary and erect at the ends of the stem and branches, or sometimes racemose. Involucre cvlindric, its principal bracts 5-8, linear, scarious-margined, equal, slightly united at the base, with several very short outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes lin- ear, smooth or striate. Pappus of copious somewhat unequal simple bristles. [Greek, twig- bundle, from the numerous branches.] About 6 species, natives of western and southern North America. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches; leaves linear or subulate. Heads racemose along the branches; leaves elongated-linear. 1. L.juncea. 2. L. rostrata. i. Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don. Rush-like Lygodesmia. (Fig- 3546.) Prenanthes juncea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 498. 1814. Lygodesmia juncea D. Don, Fdinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 311. 1829. Perennial by a thick woody root; stems stiff, striate, much branched, 8/-i8/ high, the branches erect. Lower leaves linear- lanceolate, rigid, entire, acute, or acumi- nate, Yz'-i' long, %,r-\%ff wide, the upper similar but smaller, or reduced to subulate scales; heads &f-%,f broad, mostly 5-flowered, solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre 6//-8// high; achenes narrowly columnar or slightly tapering, truncate at the summit, about 8-nerved or ribbed, 2>£//~3^// long; pap- pus light brown. Plains, Minnesota to Montana, Missouri, Nebraska and New Mexico. Often infested by a globose gall 2" -5" in diameter. June- Aug. Voi,. III.] CHICORY FAMILY. 277 2. Lygodesmia rostrata A. Gray. Beaked Lygodesmia. (Fig- 3547-) L. juncea var. rostrata A. Gray, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1863: 69. 1863. Lygodesmia rostrata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 217. 1874. Annual, less rigid; stem striate, leafy, paniculately branched, i°-3° high. Leaves elongated-linear, acuminate, entire, 3- nerved. the lower $'-,' long, \"-\l/z" wide, the uppermost very small and sub- ulate; heads numerous, 7-10-flowered, about %' broad, racemose along the branches on scaly short erect peduncles; involucre 5//-7// high; achenes narrowly fusiform, narrowed or somewhat beaked at the summit, 5-8-ribbed or -striate, 4//-5// long, longer than the whitish pappus. Western Nebraska (according to Webber) to the Northwest Territory, Colorado and Wyoming. Aug. -Sept. 17. AGOSERIS Raf. Fl. Ludov. 58. 1817. [Troximon Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813. Not Gaertu. 1791.] Perennial or annual herbs, mostly acaulescent, with tufted usually sessile basal leaves, and solitary heads of yellow or rarely purple flowers at the end of a naked or bracted scape. Involucre campanulate or oblong, its bracts imbricated in several rows, appressed, or with spreading tips, membranous or herbaceous, not thickened after flowering, the outer ones gradually shorter and broader. Receptacle flat, naked or foveolate. Rays truncate and 5- toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes ob- long, obovate, or linear, 10-ribbed, not flattened, beaked at the summit. Pappus of copious slender simple white bristles. [Greek, head- or chief-succory.] About 25 species, natives of western and southern North America and southern South America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western parts of the United States. Head i'-2' broad, achenes 5" -6" long. 1. A. glauca. Head 1' broad or less; achenes about 3" long. 2. A. parvi/tora. i. Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Greene. L,arge-flowered Agoseris. (Fig. 3548.) T. glaucum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 505. 1814. Agoseris glauca Greene, Pittonia, 2: 176. 1891. Perennial, pale or glaucous, glabrous throughout or a little woolly below. Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, entire, dentate or pinnatifid, 2/-io/ long, 2//-io// wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sometimes into margined petioles; scapes stout, glabrous or slightly pubescent, longer than the leaves, often i}i0 high; head \'-i' broad; involucre oblong-campanulate, or broader in fruit, commonly quite glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, often hya- line-margined; achenes conspicuously beak- ed, 5//-6// long, when mature longer than the copious pappus of rather rigid scabrous or denticulate bristles. South Dakota to the Northwest Territory, south to Kansas (according to Smyth), Colorado and Utah. May-July. 278 CICHORIACEAE. [Vol. III. 2. Agoseris parviflora (Nutt.) Greene. Small-flowered Agoseris. (Fig. 3549.) Troximon parviflorum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 7:434- 1841. Troximon glaucum var. parviflortim A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 437. 1884. Agoseris parviflora Greene, Pittonia, 2: 176. 1891. Perennial, glabrous throughout; scape slender, much longer than the leaves, 5/-i5/ high. Leaves narrowly linear, acuminate, entire, 3/-8/ long, \"-2y2" wide; head i/ broad or less; invo- lucre oblong-ovoid, becoming nearly hemispheric in fruit, 6//-S// high, glabrous, its bracts lanceo- late, acuminate; achenes conspicuously beaked, about 4" long; pappus of numerous unequal very slender bristles. Plains, western Nebraska to Manitoba, Idaho and New Mexico. Called also False Dandelion. May- July. 18. NOTHOCALAIS Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. (II) 2: 54. 1886. Perennial herbs, with basal tufted narrow undulate or crisped, tomentose-margined leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers solitary at the ends of simple naked scapes. Involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts in 2-4 series, lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, appressed, nearly equal, the margins hyaline. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Achenes fusiform, contracted or beaked at the sum- mit, 10-ribbed or 10-striate. Pappus of 10-30 white soft unequal narrow scabrous scales, with or without some capillary bristles. [Greek, false Calais.] Three known species, natives of western and central North America. i. Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene. False Calais. (Fig. 3550.) Troximon cuspidalum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 742. 1814. Troximon marginatum Nutt. Gen. 2: 128. 1818. Nothocalais cuspidata Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. (II) 2:55. 1886. Leaves linear, long-acuminate, thick, pubes- cent or glabrate, 4/-8/ long, 2//-5// wide, some- what conduplicate, their margins conspicuously white-tomentose and crisped, or entire. Scape stout, tomentose, at least above, shorter than or equalling the leaves; head i/-2/ broad; involu- cre usually quite glabrous, nearly 1/ high; achenes slightly contracted at the summit; about 3" long; pappus of 40-50 unequal scales and bristles. In dry soil, on prairies and rocky hills, Illinois to the Northwest Territory, south to Nebraska and Kansas. Called also False Dandelion. April-June. 19. SITILIAS Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 85. 1836. [Pyrrhopappus DC. Prodr. 7: 144. 1838.] Perennial herbs (some species annual?), with alternate or basal leaves, and mostly large, solitary or few heads of yellow flowers, borne on long, usually bracted peduncles. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its principal bracts in 1 series, nearly equal, slightly united at the base, with several series of smaller outer ones. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short, obtusish. Achenes oblong or fusiform, mostly 5-ribbed, roughened or hirsute, abruptly narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of numerous soft simple brownish somewhat unequal bristles, surrounded at the base by a villous white ring. [Name unexplained.] Six known species, natives of North America and Mexico. Besides the following-, 2 others occur in the southwestern United States. Vol.. III.] CHICORY FAMILY. 279 :Stem leafy, usually branched; plant glabrous, or nearly so. Scape naked, monocephalous; plant hirsute, or pubescent 1. .S. Caroliniana. 2. S. grandiflora. Sitilias Caroliniana (Walt.) Raf. L,eafy Stemmed False Dandelion. (Fig. 3551. ) Leontodon CarolinianumWaXt. Fl. Car. 192. 1788. S". Caroliniana'&.z.l. NewFl. N. A. Part4, 85. 1836. Pyrrhopappus Carolinianus DC. Prodr. 7: 144. 1838. Glabrous or nearly so; stern leafy, usually branched, 2°-5° high. Basal leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, lobed, coarsely dentate or some of them entire, acute, acumi- nate, or obtusish, Y-S/ long, )4/-i}4/ wide, narrowed into margined petioles; stem leaves sessile or partly clasping, the upper usually lanceolate, entire and acuminate; peduncles usually puberulent; heads 1 or several, \'-\%f broad; involucre commonly puberulent or pu- bescent, about i/ high, its outer bracts setaceous or subulate, spreading, the inner corniculate at the apex; achcncs 2//-3// long, tipped with a fili- form beak of about three times their length. In dry fields, Delaware to Florida, Missouri, Lou- isiana and Texas. April-July. 2. Sitilias grandiflora (Nutt. ) Greene. Rough False Dandelion. (Fig. 3552.) Barkhausia grandiflora Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 7: 69. 1834. Pyrrhopappus scaposus DC. Prodr. 7: 144. 1838. Sitilias grandiflora Greene, Pittonia, 2: 180. 1891. Hirsute or pubescent. Root tuberous-thick- ened; leaves all basal, oblong or spatulate in outline, deeply pinnatifid, $'-•]' long, i'-i^' wide, narrowed into margined petioles; scape naked or sometimes with a small leaf near its base; head solitary, i/-2/ broad; outer bracts of the involucre small, short, subulate, the inner ones obscurely corniculate at the tip. On prairies, Kansas to Texas. April-June. 20. CREPIS L. Sp. PI. 805. 1753. Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal, mostly toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small or middle-sized heads, usually paniculate or corymbose, of yellow or orange flow- ers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate or swollen at the base, its principal bracts in 1 series, equal, with a number of exterior smaller ones. Receptacle mostly flat, naked or short-fim- brillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style- branches slender. Achenes linear- oblong, 10-20-ribbed or nerved, not transversely rugose, narrowed at the base and apex, beakless in our species. Pappus copious, of very slender white bristles. [Greek, sandal; application not explained.] About 180 species, natives of the northern hemisphere • occur in western North America. Involucre glabrous Involucre cylindric; plant pubescent below; introduced. Involucre campanulate; plant glaucous; native, western. Involucre pubescent, glandular, or canescent. Foliage not canescent nor scurfy, sometimes hirsute. Stem naked, or with 1 or 2 small leaves; western, native. Stems leafy; introduced annuals or biennials. Stem leaves narrow, revolute-margined, sessile. Stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, not revolute-margined Involucre 3" -4" high; achenes 10-striate. Involucre 4" -6" high; achenes 13-striate. Foliage cinereous, canescent, or scurfy, sometimes also hirsute. Inner bracts of the involucre 5-8; flowers 5-8. Inner bracts of the involucre 9-21; flowers 10-30. Besides the following, about 10 others C. pulchra. C. glaitca. 3. C. runcinala. 4. C. tectorum. 5. C. virens. 6. C. biennis. 7. C. intermedia. 8. C. occidental is' 28o CICHORIACEAE. [Voi,. III. i. Crepis pulchra L,. Small-flowered Hawksbeard. (Fig. 3553-) Crepis pulchra L. Sp. PI. 806. 1753. Annual; stem 2°-$%° high, leafy and pubes- cent below, mostly glabrous, naked and panicu- lately branched above. Stem leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, dentate, clasping by an auri- cled base or truncate, pubescent, 3 '-4' long, acute or obtuse, or the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate and entire; basal leaves runcinate, narrowed into petioles; heads very numerous, about 3" broad, in a large naked panicle; involucre narrow, cyl- indric, glabrous, about 5" high, its principal bracts 12-15, linear, acuminate, the outer ones very short, ovate, appressed; achenes linear, faintly 10-nerved, slightly narrowed above. Along railroad near Culpepper, Virginia, very abundant in 1890. Naturalized or adventive from Continental Europe. May-July. 2. Crepis glauca (Nutt.) T. & G. Glaucous Hawksbeard. (Fig. 3554-) Crepidium glaucum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (11)7:436. 1841. nn Crepis glauca T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 488. 1843. Perennial; scapose, or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves on the stem, i°-2^° high, glabrous and glau- cous throughout. Basal leaves spatulate, oblan- ceolate, or obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, gradually narrowed into margined petioles, en- tire, dentate, or pinnatifid, 2/-6/ long, %,'-\' wide; heads not numerous, long-peduncled, 67/- I2// broad; peduncles glabrous; involucre cam- panulate, its principal bracts lanceolate, acute, the outer ones very short, ovate, appressed; achenes oblong-cylindric, slightly narrowed above, strongly 10-ribbed. In moist and saline soil, Nebraska to the North- west Territory, Nevada and Utah. July-Aug. Crepis runcinata (James) T. &. Naked Stemmed Hawksbeard. (Fig- 3555-) G. Hieracium runcinatum James in Long's Exp. 1: 453. 1823. Crepis runcinata T. &. G. Fl. N. A. 2: 487. 1843. Perennial, similar to the preceding species but not glaucous or scarcely so, often pubescent be- low; stem leafless or with 1 or 2 small leaves, i°- 30 high. Basal leaves spatulate, obovate, or ob- long, obtuse or acute, entire, repand, dentate, or rarely runcinate-pinnatifid, 2/-6/ long, Yz'-iYz' wide; heads several, long-peduncled, nearly i/ broad ; peduncles glabrous or glandular-pubescent; involucre carupanulate, pubescent or glandular, its principal bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, outer ones short, lanceolate, appressed; achenes linear- oblong, somewhat narrowed above, 10-ribbed. In moist soil, Iowa to Manitoba, west to Utah and- Montana. June-July. Vol. III.] CHICORY FAMILY. 28l 4. Crepis tectdrum L,. Narrow-leaved Hawksbeard. (Fig. 3556.) Crepis tectorum L. Sp. PI. 807. 1753. Annual ; stem slender, puberulent or pubescent, leafy, branched, i°-2° high. Basal leaves lanceo- late, dentate, or runcinate-pinnatifid, 4'-6^ long; stern leaves sessile, sometimes slightly sagittate at the base, linear, entire, dentate, or lobed, their mar gins revolute; heads numerous, corymbose, 6//-io// broad; involucre narrowly campanulate, canescent or pubescent, 3//-5// high, its principal bracts lan- ceolate, acuminate, downy within, the exterior ones linear, spreading; peduncles usually canescent; achenes 10-ribbed, narrowed above into a short beak, the ribs minutely scabrous. In waste places and on ballast, New York and New Jersey to Michigan and Nebraska. June -July. 5. Crepis virens L,. Smooth Hawksbeard. (Fig. 3557.) Crepis virens L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1134. 1763. Crepis polytnorpha Wallr. Sched. Crit. 426. 1822. Annual; stem stout or slender, leafy, corym- bosely branched above, glabrous or somewhat hirsute below, i°-2^° high. Basal leaves spat- ulate, pinnatifid, or dentate, sometimes 8/ long and 2f wide, narrowed into petioles; stem leaves lanceolate or oblong, clasping by a sagittate base, flat, the upper mostly very small and usu- ally entire; heads numerous, 5//-8// broad, slender-peduncled; peduncles glabrous or glan- dular; involucre oblong, more or less pubescent or glandular, 3//~4// high, its principal bracts lanceolate, glabrous within, the outer mostly appressed; achenes 10-ribbed, smooth, slightly narrowed at both ends. In fields and waste places, southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and in ballast about the seaports. Also on the Pacific Coast. Adventive from Europe. Very variable. July-Sept. 6. Crepis biennis L,. Rough Hawksbeard. (Fig. 3558.) Crepis biennis L. Sp. PI. 807. 1753. Biennial, or sometimes annual; stem pubes- cent or hirsute, leafy, at least below, branched above, 2°-3°high. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, usually hirsute, 2/-6/ long, oblong or spatulate, the lower and basal ones narrowed into petioles and sometimes merely dentate, the uppermost lanceolate, clasping, their margins not revolute; heads several, subcorymbose, \'-\y2' broad; in- volucre canescent or pubescent, 4//-6// high, its principal bracts linear-lanceolate, downy within, the outer ones linear-oblong or lanceolate, spreading; achenes oblong, slightly narrowed above, 13-striate, glabrous. In waste places, Vermont, Pennsylvania, and in ballast about the seaports. Naturalized or advent- ive from Europe. June-Aug. j &t 582 CICHORIACEAE. [Vol. III. Crepis intermedia A. Gray. Small-flowered Gray Hawksbeard. (Fig- 3559-) Crepis intermedia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i: Part 2, 432. 1884. Perennial, cinereous-puberulent or scurfy; stem rather slender, 1-3-leaved, i°-2° high, naked and branched above. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid, long acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 4/-6/ long; stem leaves lanceolate, sessile, less divided; heads several, 6//-q// broad, 5-8-flowered; involucre oblong-campanulate, its principal bracts 5-8, lanceolate or linear-oblong, canes- cent, acutish, somewhat keeled by the thickened midrib when old, the outer ones few and short; achenes ob- long, narrowed above, not beaked, strongly 10-ribbed. In dry soil, western Nebraska (according: to Williams) and Colorado to California and British Columbia. May- Sept. 8. Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Large-flow- ered Gray Hawksbeard. (Fig. 3560.) Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7: 29. 1834. Perennial, scurfy and canescent, sometimes also hir- sute; stem rather stout, leaf)*, branched, 6'- 18' high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong in outline, lacini- ate-pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, the lower and basal ones 6/-io' long, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile and slightly clasping; heads few or several, corymbose, stout-peduncled, about i/ broad, 10-30- flowered; involucre oblong-campanulate, canescent, its principal bracts 9-24, linear, acute; achenes oblong, sharply 10-ribbed, glabrous. Plains, western Nebraska (according to Gray) and Colo- rado to California, north to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia May-July. 21. KIERACIUM L. Sp. PI. 799. 1753. Perennial hispid scabrous glandular or glabrous herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and small middle sized or large, solitary corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow orange or red flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its principal bracts in 1-3 series, the outer either regularly and gradually smaller or abruptly much smaller, none of them much thickened at the base after flowering. Receptacle flat, naked or short- fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style- branches slender. Achenes oblong, columnar, or fusiform, not beaked, 10-15-ribbed, terete or 4-5-angled. Pappus copious, or 1-2 rows of simple rather stiff persistent brown or brown- ish bristles. [Greek, hawk.] Not fewer than 300 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South Amer- ica. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in western North America. Known as Hawkweed, Hawk-bit, or Speerhawk. •X- Flowering stem leafless, or with 1-5 leaves. (a) Stem scapose, with a single head onl}-; introduced. 1. H. Pilosella. (b) Heads corymbose or paniculate. Leaves coarsely dentate; introduced species. Leaves cordate or subcordate. 2. H.miirornm. Leaves narrowed at both ends. 3. H. vulgatum. Leaves denticulate or entire Leaves mostly entire, spatulate to oblong; heads corymbose; introduced species. Heads 8" -1 2" broad; flowers red or orange. 4. H. aurantiacum. Heads $"-<)" broad; flowers yellow. Glaucous, slightly hispid. 5. H. praealtum. Densely hirsute. 6. H. pratense. Leaves, at least some of them, denticulate, mostly obovate or oval; heads corymbose-paniculate; natives. Principal bracts of the involucre glabrous, or nearly so. Stem glabrous, or nearly so; leaves usually purple-veined. 7. H. venosnm. Stem pilose below; leaves green. 8. H. Marianum. Involucre and peduncles densely hirsute and glandular. 9 H. Greenii. ■'.'.- -X- Flowering stem abundantly leafy, at least below. (a) Principal bracts of the involucre in 2-4 series; heads corymbose. Leaves sessile, not clasping; involucre glabrous. > 10. H. umbellalum. Leaves, at least the upper, clasping: involucre pubescent. 11. H. Canadense. Vot. III.] CHICORY FAMILY. 283 (b) Principal bracts in 1 series; heads small, paniculate or racemose. I . Achenes columnar at maturity, truncate. Plant nearly or quite glabrous; heads 15-20 flowered. 12. H. paniculatum. Plants scabrous or glandular; heads 15-50 flowered. Peduncles stout, spreading; no tuft of basal leaves at flowering time. 13. H. scabrum. Peduncles slender, ascending; basal leaves present at flowering time. 8. H. Marianum. 2. Achenes spindle-shaped, or with a tapering summit at maturity. 14. H. Gronovii. 15. H. longipilum. Leaves and lower part of the stem pilose. Leaves and stem densely clothed with very long brown hairs. i. Hieracium Pilosella L,. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. (Fig. 3561.) Hieracium Pilosella L. Sp. PI. 800. 1753- Stoloniferous, pilose-pubescent throughout; stolons leafy, rooting, slender, 3/-i2/ long. Scape slender, erect, 4/-io/ high, leafless, with a single head; leaves oblong or spatulate, entire, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed into petioles, often white-tomentose beneath, i}4/~3/ long, 4//-S// wide; head i/ broad or more; flowers yellow; principal bracts of the in- volucre in 1 or 2 series, linear, acuminate, pubescent, usually with 1 or 2 exterior ones; achenes oblong, truncate; pappus a single row of slender bristles. Dooryards and fields, Ontario, New York, Pennsylva- nia and Michigan. Adventive from Europe. Called also LingGowans, Felon-herb, Mouse Bloodwort. May-Sept. Hieracium Pilosella Peleterianum Mer. Nouv. Fl. Paris, Ed. 2, 230. 1821. Stolons shorter, thick; plant silky-pubescent. Fields and roadsides, Prince Edward Island. Naturalized from Europe. 2. Hieracium murdrum I,. Wall Hawkweed. (Fig. 3562.) Hieracium murorum L. Sp. PI. 802. 1753. Stem pubescent or glabrate, simple, or with 1 or 2 branches, i°-2^° high. Basal leaves thin, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, cordate or truncate at the base, or abruptly narrowed into petioles, coarsely dentate or laciniate, at least near the base, i'-\' long, i/-2/ wide, the petioles villous; stem leaves 1 or 2 (sometimes none), short-petioled or sessile; heads 2-several, corymbose, about i/ broad; peduncles ascending, usually glandular; involucre 4//-5// high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, glandular-pubescent, imbricated in 2 or 3 scries; achenes columnar, truncate; pappus of slender nearly white bristles. Woodlands near Brooklyn, N. Y. ; about Quebec. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Called also French or Golden Lungwort. June-Aug. 3. Hieracium vulgatum Fries. Hawkweed. (Fig. 3563- ) H. tnolle Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 503. 1S14. Not Jacq. 1774. U. vulgatum Fries, Fl. Hall. 128. 1817-18. Similar to the preceding species, sometimes taller and slightly glaucous; stem 2-5-leaved, pubescent or glabrate. Basal leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute at both ends, or some of them obtuse at the apex, coarsely dentate or denticulate, pctioled, 2/-5/ long, yi'-t-Vz' wide, stem leaves similar, short-petioled or sessile; petioles more or less pubescent; heads several, corymbose, smaller than those of H. murorum or as large; peduncles mostly glandular, straight; bracts of the involucre imbricated in 2 or 3 series, linear, acum- inate, mostly glandular; achenes columnar, truncate; pappus copious. Labrador and Newfoundand to Quebec, and in southern New York and New Jersey. Probably introduced. Also in Greenland, northern Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 284 CICHORIACEAE. [Vol.. Ill, 4. Hieracium aurantiacum I,. Orange or Tawny Hawkweed. Golden Mouse-Ear Hawkweed. (Fig. 3564.) Hieracium aurantiacum L,. Sp. PI. 801. 1753. Stoloniferous, or stolons wanting; stem leaf- less or rarely with 1 or 2 small sessile leaves,, hirsute, slender, 6/-2o/ high. Basal leaves hir- sute, tufted, spatulate or oblong, obtuse, nar- rowed at the base, entire, or sometimes slightly denticulate, 2/-5/ long, X'-i' wide; heads sev- eral, short-peduncled, corymbose, 7//-i2// broad; peduncles glandular-pubescent; involucre 4"- 5" high, its bracts linear lanceolate, acuminate, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, hirsute and some- times glandular; flowers orange or red; achenes oblong, truncate; pappus a single row of slen- der brownish bristles. In fields, woods and along roadsides, New Bruns- wick and Ontario to New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Has been thought to be native, but the evidence of this is not satisfactory. Called also Grim the Collier, Devil's Paint-Brush. June-Sept. 5. Hieracium praealtum Vill. King- devil. (Fig. 3565.) Hieracium praealtum Vill. Fl. Dauph. 3: 100. 1789. Stoloniferous or stolons wanting; stem gla- brous, or somewhat hispid, glaucous, slender, i^°-3° high, bearing 1-3 leaves near the base. Basal leaves tufted, narrowly oblong, lanceolate, or spatulate, entire, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed below into margined petioles, hirsute with stiff hairs, 2'-^ long, 3//-7// wide; heads several or numerous, corymbose, 4//-6// broad; peduncles mostly short, pilose and glandular; involucre about 3" high, its bracts linear, acute or acuminate, pilose and somewhat glandular, imbricated in about 2 series; flowers yellow; achenes oblong, truncate; pappus a row of slen- der brownish bristles. In fields, meadows and along roadsides, in north- central New York; locally a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. --' ' I 6. Hieracium pratense Tausch. Field Hawkweed. (Fig. 3566.) H. pratense Tausch, Flora, 11: Part 1, Erg. 56. 1828. Stoloniferous, hirsute or pilose with long hairs, those of the stem blackish. Stem scapose, simple, i°-2° high, bearing 1 or 2 leaves below the middle; basal leaves numerous, tufted, light green, oblanccolate to oblong, obtuse, 2/~5/ long, 5//-io// wide, narrowed into margined petioles, or to a sessile base, entire, or with few distant minute glandular teeth; heads several or nu- merous, corymbose- paniculate, 10" wide, or less; flowers yellow; peduncles glandular and often tomentose; bracts of the involucre linear- lanceolate, acuminate, glandular and pilose; achenes columnar, truncate. Dongan Hills, Staten Island, N. Y. Naturalized, or adventive from Europe. Vol. III.] CHICORY FAMILY 7. Hieracium venosum L. Rattlesnake- weed. Poor Robin's Plantain. (Fig. 3567.) Hieracium venosum L. Sp. PI. 800. 1753. Stems solitary or several from the same root, slender, glabrous, or with a few hispid hairs near the base, or also above, leafless or with 1-3 leaves, paniculately branched above, i°-3° high. Basal leaves tufted, spreading on the ground, obovate, oval or obloug-spatu- late, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, sessile or petioled, i/-4' long, y&'-iyi' wide, usually purple- veined, more or less hirsute, some or all of them glan- dular-denticulate; heads commonly numerous, 5//-8// broad, 15-40-flowered, slender-peduncled; peduncles glabrous, or slightly glandular; involucre about 3" high, its principal bracts in 1 series, glabrous or nearly so, with a few short outer ones; acheues columnar, trun- cate; pappus brown, not copious. Dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario and Manitoba, south to Georgia, Kentucky and Nebraska. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Called also Early or Vein-leaf Hawkweed, Striped Bloodwort, Snake Plantain and Hawkbit May-Oet. 8. Hieracium Marianum Willd. Maryland Hawkweed. (Fig. 3568.) H. Marianum Willd. Sp. PL 3: 1572. 1804. Stems usually solitary, slender, pilose-pu- bescent, at least below, paniculately branched above, 2°-3° high, bearing 2-7 leaves. Basal leaves obovate or oblong, ascending or erect, obtuse, narrowed at the base, sessile or peti- oled, villous or hirsute, glandular-denticulate, 2/-S/ long, i/-2/ wide, not purple-veined, those of the stem similar, smaller; heads commonly numerous, corymbose-paniculate, dn-\o" broad, 15-40-flowered, slender-pedun- cled; peduncles more or less glandular and sometimes canescent; involucre about \" high, its principal bracts in 1 series.linear-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, glabrous or nearly so, with a few short outer ones; achenes columnar,trun- cate; pappus brown, not copious. In dry woods and thickets, Rhode Island to southern New York, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Alabama and Florida. May-July. 9. Hieracium Greenii Porter and Britton. Green's Hawkweed. (Fig. 3569.) Pilosella spathulata Sch. Bip. Flora, 45: 439. 1862. Not Hieracium spathulatum Scheele, 1863. Hieracium Marianum var. spathulatum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 446. 1886. H. Greenii Porter and Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 120. 1893. Stem entirely glabrous up to the branches, rather slender, leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves. ij£0-2j£0 high. Basal leaves tufted, ascending, spatulate, oblong, or obovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, mostly petioled, glandular-denticulate or entire, villous-pubescent or somewhat hispid, 4/~7/ long, Yz'-i' wide; heads corymbose-paniculate, sev- eral or numerous, 30-40-flowered, slender-pedun- cled, 8//-io// broad; peduncles and branches canes- cent-tomentose and glandular; involucre 5" high, its principal bracts in 1 series, linear, acute, densely pilose-glandular; flowers bright yellow7; achenes columnar^ truncate; pappus brownish, not copious. In dry soil, mountains of Pennsylvania to Virginia and West Virginia. May-June. 286 CICHORIACEAE. [Vol. III. io. Hieracium umbellatum L,. Nar- row-leaved Hawkweed. (Fig. 3570.) Hieracium umbellatum L. Sp. PI. 804. 1753. Stem rather slender, glabrous or puberulent, sometimes hispid below, usually very leafy nearly or quite up to the inflorescence, usually simple, i°-2^°high. Leaves lanceolate or lin- ear-lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, entire, denticulate or sometimes laciniate-dentate,acute or acuminate, narrowed to a sessile base, i/-3A long, 2//-6'/ wide, glabrous above, mostly somewhat pubescent beneath, the margins com- monly ciliolate; no tuft of basal leaves at flowering time ; heads few or several, corymbose, about \' broad; peduncles rather stout, canes- cent; involucres 5//-7// high, glabrous or nearly so, its bracts imbricated in 2-3 series, the outer spreading; flowers bright yellow; achenes columnar, truncate; pappus copious, brownish. Lower St. Lawrence River to Ontario, Minne- sota, Nebraska, British Columbia and Oregon. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 11. Hieracium Canadense Michx. Canada Hawkweed. (Fig. 3571.) H. Canadense Michx. PI. Bor. Am. 2: 86. 1803. Stemerect,firm,glabrateorpubescent,leafy, i°-5° high. Leaves numerous, oblong-lan- ceolate ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded, sessile, and, at least the upper ones, clasping at the base, i/-3/ long, 3//-i2// wide, serrate or incised, the margins sometimes ciliolate, glabrous or pubescent beneath, the lowest somewhat spatulate and petioled; no tuft of basal leaves at flowering time; heads usually numerous, corymbose-paniculate, about \' broad; involucre about 6" high, pubescent or puberulent, its bracts imbricated in 2-3 series, the outer spreading; flowers yellow; achenes columnar, truncate; pappus copious, brown. In dry woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and the Northwest Territory, south to New Jersey and Michigan. July-Sept. 12. Hieracium paniculatum L,. Pan- icked Hawkweed. (Fig. 3572.) Hieracium paniculatum L. Sp. PL 802. 1753. Glabrous throughout, or somewhat pilose-pu- bescent below, stem paniculately branched above, leafy, slender, i°-3° high. Leaves thin, lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lowest into petioles, denticulate or dentate, 2/-6/ long, 3//-i2// wide; no tuft of basal leaves at flowering time; heads 5//~7// broad, commonly numerous, corymbose-paniculate, 12-20-flowered, peduncles slender, often drooping; peduncles quite glabrous or sometimes glandular; involucre about 3" high, glabrous or nearly so, its principal bracts in 1 se- ries, linear, acute with a few very small outer ones at the base; flowers yellow; achenes columnar, truncate; pappus brown, not very copious. In dry woods.Maine, Quebec and Ontario to Georgia, Alabama and Kentucky. Ascends to 4600 ft. in Vir- ginia. July-Sept. Vol. III.] CHICORY FAMILY Hieracium scabrum Michx. (Fig- 3573-) scabrum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 86. 13- Rough Hawkweed. Hieracium 1803. Stem stout, leafy, densely hirsute or hispid be- low and glandular-pubesceut above, strict, i°- 40 high. Leaves hirsute, obovate, oblong, or broadly spatulate, i'-\' long, i/-2/ wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base or the lowest into margined petioles, denticulate; no tuft of basal leaves at flowering time; heads usu- ally numerous, 6//-S// broad, racemose-panicu- late; peduncles stout, densely glandular; invo- lucre 4//-5// high, glandular, its principal bracts in 1 series, linear, acute with a few very small outer ones; flowers yellow; achenes columnar, truncate; pappus brown. In dry woods and clearings, Nova Scotia to Min- nesota, Georgia, Nebraska and Kansas. July-Sept. 14. Hieracium Gronovii L,. Grono- vius' Hawkweed. Hairy Hawkweed. (Fig. 3574.) Hieracium Gronovii L. Sp. PI. 802. 1753. Stem stiff, mostly slender, leafy and villous or hirsute, at least below, sometimes nearly leaf- less, i°-3° high. Leaves villous or hirsute, the basal and lower ones obovate or spatulate, denticulate or entire, obtuse, 2/-6/ long, usu- alby narrowed into petioles; stem leaves mostly sessile, oblong or oval, obtuse or acute, nar- rowed or broad at the base, the upper gradu- ally smaller; heads numerous, racemose-pan- iculate, Sf/S/f broad; peduncles glandular and canescent, slender; involucre about 4" high, somewhat canescent, its principal bracts in 1 series, linear-lanceolate, acute, with several very small outer ones; flowers yellow; achenes spindle-shaped, with a tapering summit; pap- pus brown. In dry soil, Massachusetts to Ontario, Illinois, Florida and Louisiana. July-Sept. 15. Hieracium longipilum Torr. L,ong-bearded Hawkweed. (Fig. 3575.) H. longipilum Torr. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 298. 1833. Hieracium barbatum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: 70. 1834. NotTausch. 1828. Stem, at least its lower portion, and leaves densely covered with long brown rather rigid bristly hairs %'~\f long, arising from papillae. Stem very leafy below, stiff, simple, 2°-3^° high; basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, mostly entire, 4/-8/ long, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper lanceolate or spatu- late, mostly sessile, the uppermost small and bract-like; heads not very numerous, racemose or racemose-paniculate, 8//-io// broad; pedun- cles short, stout, tomentose and glandular; invo- lucre 4//~5// high, its principal bracts in 1 series, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, with several short subulate outer ones; flowers yellow; achenes fusi- form with a slightly tapering summit; pappus brown. Prairies and dry woods, Ontario to Minnesota, •Illi- nois, Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. 288 CICIIORIACEAE. [Vol.. III. 22. NABALUS Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 34: 94. 1825. Perennial, herbs with alternate, mostly petioled, dentate lobed or pinnatifid leaves, or the upper auriculate and clasping, and numerous small heads of ligulate white yellowish or purplish flowers in open or spike-like terminal panicles, or also in axillary clusters, usually drooping. Involucre cylindric, usually narrow, its principal bracts in 1 or 2 series, nearly equal, with a few smaller exterior ones at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5 toothed at the summit. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or narrowly columnar, truncate, terete or 4-5-angled, mostly 10-ribbed. Pappus of copious rather rigid simple white to reddish-brown bristles. [Modern Latin, from an Indian name for Rattlesnake-root.] About 20 species, natives of America and Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in north- west America. Known by the general name of Rattlesnake-root or Drop-flower. The European and African genus Prenanihes L., is distinct from this. ■X- Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. Heads 5-7-flowered; involucre very narrow, light green, i" thick; pappus light straw-color. 1. JV. altissimus. Heads 8-16-flowered; involucre broader, green, purple or glaucous, ilA"-^" thick. Leaves, or some of them, lobed, divided, or pinnatifid; involucre about l'A" thick. Pappus deep cinnamon-brown. 2. JV. albus. Pappus straw-color or light brown. Inflorescence paniculate. Involucral bracts with some stiff hairs, obviously shorter than the pappus; panicle- branches divergent. 3. JV. serpentarius. Involucral bracts glabrous, equalling the pappus; panicle-branches ascending, or upcurved. 4. JV. trifoliolatus. Inflorescence thyrsoid or glomerate. Leaves palmately lobed or divided; northern. 5. JV. nanus. Leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatifid; southern. 6. JV. virgatus. Leaves irregularly dentate or denticulate, oblong; plant tall. 3. JV. serpentarius. Leaves entire or denticulate; plant low, alpine; involucre 2 ^"-3" thick. 7. JV. Bootlii. ifc ^ Bracts of the involucre hirsute-pubescent. Inflorescence narrowly thyrsoid; heads 8-16-flowered. Leaves and stem rough-puberulent or scabrous. Leaves and stem glabrous, glaucous. Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate; heads 20-25-flowered. 8. JV. asper. 9. JV. racemosus. 10. JV. crepidineus. i. Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. Tall White Lettuce. (Fig. 3576.) Prenanthes altissima L- Sp. PI. 797. 1753. Nabalus altissimus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 294. 1833- Glabrous, or sparingly hispidulous, not glaucous; stem slender, 3°-7° high, green, or sometimes purplish. Leaves thin, has- tate, cordate, ovate, or the uppermost lanceo- late, entire,denticulate, dentate or palmately lobed or divided, most of them long-petioled. the larger sometimes 6' long; heads very numerous, in a narrow panicle, and often in axillary clusters, 5-7-flowered, pendulous, about 2" broad; inflorescence often narrow; involucre narrowly cylindric, 5//-6// long, about i// thick, green, glabrous, its principal bracts about 5; flowers greenish or yellow- ish white; pappus light straw-color. In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Tennessee. A plant from Missouri has bright brown pap- pus. Called also Lion's-foot, Rattlesnake-root. Ascends to 2500 ft. in the Catskills. July-Oct. Vol. III.] CHICORY FAMILY 2. Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. Rattle- snake-root. White Lettuce. (Fig. 3577.) Prenanthes alba L. Sp. PI. 798. 1753. Nabalus albits Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 294. 1833. Glabrous and glaucous; stem commonly pur- ple, 2°-5° high. Leaves hastate, ovate, cordate, denticulate, dentate, lobed, or palniately di- vided,or the upper lanceolate.entire, thicker than those of the preceding species, the larger some- times S' long; heads numerous, pendulous, 8-15- flowered, about 3" broad, paniculate, or thyr- soid, and often in axillary clusters; involucre glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs, glaucous, $"-~" high, about \l/z,f thick, its principal bracts about 8, purplish, with several minute outer ones; flowers greenish or yellowish white, fragrant; pappus dark cinnamon-brown. In woods, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Kentucky. Called also Lion's-foot and White Cankerweed. Aug-Sept. 3. Nabalus serpentarius (Pursh) Hook. Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-Earth. (Fig. 3578.) Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 499. pi. 24. 18 14. Nabalus serpentarius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 294. 1833. Nabalus Fraseri DC. Prodr. 7: 241. 1838. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, green; stem stout or slender, not glaucous, 1 °-4° high. Leaves rather firm, similar to those of the preceding spe- cies, equally variable in outline, often pinnatifid or pinnately lobed, or palmately divided; inflores- cence paniculate, the branches divaricate, up- curved; heads numerous, about 3" broad, S-12- flowered, pendulous, paniculate, and commonly also in axillary clusters; involucre more or less bristly-hispid, rarely glabrous, green or purplish, about l%// thick, 5//-7// long, its principal bracts about 8, shorter than the pappus, with several minute lanceolate outer ones; flowers whitish or cream-color, rarely yellow; achenes about 3//r long; pappus light brown or straw-color. In fields and thickets, Ontario to southern New York, Florida, Alabama and Kentucky. Called also Canker-weed, Rattlesnake-root, White Lettuce and Snake Gentian. July-Oct. Nabalus serpentarius integrifolius (Cass.) Britton. Nabalus integrifolius Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 34: 95. 1825. Leaves oblong to oval, irregularly dentate, denticulate or entire. Long Island to North Carolina. 4. Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass. Tall Rattlesnake-root. (Fig. 3579.) Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 34: 95. 1825. Glabrous throughout; stem usually stout, 3°-9° liigh. Leaves thinnish, the lower long-petioled, usually 3-divided with the divisions stalked or ses- sile, the upper short-petioled or sessile, all com- monly lobed or dentate, but the upper sometimes lanceolate, acuminate and entire; inflorescence paniculate, the panicle-branches ascending, or nearly erect; heads few in the clusters, drooping, 7- 1 2-flowered ; involucre pale green or purplish, gla- brous, about \1/t." thick and 6// long, its principal bracts 6-8, equalling the pappus, the short outer ones ovate to lanceolate; flowers whitish or pale yellow; achenes 2//~3// long; pappus light brown. Tn woods and thickets, Maine to Pennsylvania, and probably much more widely distributed. Aug.-Oct. J9 290 CICHOHIACEAE. [Vol. III. Nabalus nanus (Bigel.) DC. L,o\v Rattlesnake-root, or Lion's-foot. (Fig. 3580.) Prenanthes alba var. nana Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 286. 1824. Nabalus nanus DC. Prodr. 7: 241. 1838. Prenanthes serpenla ria var. nana A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 434. 1884. Glabrous throughout; stem simple, erect, 4/- J6' high. Basal and lower leaves slender-peti- oled, 3-divided, or sometimes broadly hastate, the divisions variously lobed, toothed, or entire, usually sessile, occasionally stalked; upper leaves much smaller, entire, toothed, or lobed, sessile, or short-petioled ; inflorescence thyrsoid, glomer- ate-spicate or racemose, rarely with 1 or 2 short ascending branches; involucre dark purple-brown or nearly black, glabrous, 4//-6// long, its inner bracts 6-8, slightly ciliate at the apex, about as long as the usually bright brownish pappus; outer bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. Alpine summits of the Adirondacks and the mountains of New England; Nova Scotia to Labra- dor and Newfoundland. Aug.-Sept. 6. Nabalus virgatus (Michx.) DC. Slender Rattlesnake-root. (Fig. 3581.) Prenanthes virgata Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 84. 1803. Nabalus virgatus DC. Prodr. 7: 242. 1838. Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; stem strict, mostly simple, 2°-4° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, the basal and lower ones sinuatepin- natifid or pinnately parted, petioled, often io/ long, the lobes entire or dentate, distant; upper leaves all sessile, pinnately lobed, or the uppermost entire, very small and bract-like; heads very numerous, pendulous, about 7." broad, in a narrow, simple or branched, terminal thyrsus, often unilateral; invo- lucre purplish, about Y]^" thick and 5" long, its principal bracts about 8, with several minute outer ones; flowers white or pinkish; pappus straw-color. In moist sandy soil, New Jersey to Florida, near the coast. Called also De Witt's Snakeroot. Sept. -Oct. 7. Nabalus Boottii DC. Boott's Rattlesnake-root. (Fig. 3582.) Nabalus Boottii DC. Prodr. 7: 241. 1838. Prenanthes Boottii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 435. 1884. Glabrous below, commonly pubescent above; stem simple, 4/-1 2/ high. Leaves thickish, the basal and lower ones ovate, hastate, or deltoid, petioled, mostly obtuse, entire, or denticulate, i/-2/ long, the upper ovate or oblong, usually entire, short-petioled or sessile, much smaller; heads several or numerous, 10-iS-flowered, erect, spreading, or some of them pendulous, racemose or somewhat thyrsoid, 4//~5// broad; involucre campauulate- oblong, 2 1^//-3// thick, 4//~7// long, dark purplish-green, its principal bracts 8-10, obtuse or obtusish, with several shorter outer ones; flowers whitish, odorous; pappus brownish. Alpine summits of the mountains of northern New England and New York. July-Aug. Vol. III.] CHICORY FAMILY. 291 8. Nabalus asper (Michx.) T. & G. Rough White-lettuce. (Fig. 3583.) Prenanlhes aspera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 83. 1803. Nabalus asper T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 483. 1843. Scabrous or rough-puberulent; stem virgate, simple, 2°-4° high. Leaves firm, oval, oblong, or oblanceolate, those of the stem all closely sessile, acute or acutish, dentate, denticulate, or the uppermost entire, the lower sometimes clasping, 2/~3/ long, l/z'-i' wide, the basal taperinginto winged petioles, commonly obtuse; heads very numerous, erect, spreading, or slightly drooping, 3//-4// broad, 12- 16-flowered, in a long narrow thyrsus; involucre oblong, i"--2.y2" thick, 5//~7// high, very hirsute, its principal bracts 8-10, with several short outer ones; flowers light yellow; pappus straw-color. On dry prairies, Ohio to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Kentucky, Louisiana and Kansas. Aug. -Sept. 9. Nabalus racemosus (Michx.) DC. Glaucous White-lettuce. (Fig. 3584.) Prenanthes racemosa Michx. Bor. Fl. Am. 2: 83. 1803. Nabalus racemosus DC. Prodr. 7: 242. 1838. Stem virgate, rather stout, glabrous and some- what glaucous; stem striate, 2°-6° high. Leaves thickish, glabrous and glaucous, the lower and basal ones oval, oblong, oblanceolate, or obovate, dentate or denticulate, 4/-8/ long, mostly obtuse, tapering into long margined petioles; upper leaves sessile, smaller and partly clasping, lanceolate to ovate-lan- ceolate, denticulate or entire, mostly acute; heads very numerous, erect, spreading, or slightly droop- ing, 1-16-flowered, 2//~3// broad, in a long narrow thyrsus; involucre oblong-cylindric, hirsute, 5"- 6" long, iK//-2K// thick, longer than the hirsute peduncle, its principal bracts 8-io, with several small outer ones; flowers purplish; pappus straw-color. In moist open places, New Brunswick and Anticosti to the Northwest Territory, south to southern New York, New Jersey, Missouri and Colorado. Aug.-Sept. Nabalus racemosus pinnatifidus (A. Gray) Britton. Prenanthes racemosa var. pinnatifida A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 433. 1884. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. Hackensack marshes, N. J.; near Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Prenanthes Mainensis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 433, from northern Maine, is probably a hybrid between N. 7-acemosus and N tri/oliolatus. 10. Nabalus crepidineus (Michx.) DC (Fig- 3585- ) Prenanthes crepidinea Michx Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 84. 1803. Nabalus crepidineus DC. Prodr. 7: 242. 1838. Stem glabrous or very nearly so below7, corym- bosely branched and sometimes puberulent above, stout, 5°-9° high. Leaves thin, the basal and lower ones hastate, ovate, oblong, or deltoid, sharply den- tate, lobed, or incised, sometimes io' long, usually with broadly winged petioles; the upper much smaller, sessile or short-petioled, narrowed at the base, not clasping, ovate, deltoid, or lanceolate, acute; heads numerous, pendulous, short-ped uncled, corymbose-paniculate, 4//-6// broad, 20-35-flowered ; involucre oblong or oblong-campanulate, hirsute, 5//-8//long, about 3// thick, dark green or purplish, its principal bracts 12-15, with several very short outer ones; flowers cream color; pappus brown. In fields and thickets, western Pennsylvania and New York to Kentucky, west to Minnesota and Kansas. Aug.-Oct. , ' Corymbed Rattlesnake-root. 292 AMBROSIACEAE. [Vol.. III. Family 42. AMBROSIACEAE Reiclienb. Consp. 112. 1828. Ragweed Family. Annual or perennial herbs, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious, many of them weeds, rarely shrubby, with alternate leaves, or the lower opposite, and small heads of greenish or white flowers subtended by an involucre of few, separate or united bracts, the pistillate heads sometimes larger and nut-like or bur-like. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads, or in separate heads. Re- ceptacle chaffy. Pistillate flowers with no corolla, or this reduced to a short tube or ring; calyx adnate to the 1 -celled ovary, its limb none, or a mere border; style 2 -cleft. Staminate flowers with a funnelform tubular or obconic 4-5-lobed corolla; stamens mostly 5, separate, or their anthers merely conni- vent, not truly sjmgenesious, with short inflexed appendages; ovary rudimen- tary; summit of the style often hairy or penicillate. Eight genera and about 55 species, mostly natives of America, a few only of the Old World. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads; involucre of a few rounded bracts. 1. Iva. .Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads, the staminate mostly uppermost; involucre of the pistillate heads bur-like or nut-like. Involucral bracts of the staminate heads united. Involucre of the pistillate heads with several tubercles or prickles in a single series. 2. Ambrosia. Involucre of the pistillate heads with numerous prickles in several series. 3. Gaertneria. Involucral bracts of the staminate heads separate; involucre of pistillate heads an oblong bur. 4. Xanthium. i. IVA I,. Sp. PI. 988. 1753. Puberulent or scabrous herbs, with thick opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and small nodding, axillary and solitary, spicate racemose or paniculate heads of greenish flowers. In- volucre hemispheric or cup-shaped, its bracts few, rounded. Receptacle chaffy, the linear or spatulate chaff enveloping the flowers. Marginal flowers 1-6, pistillate, fertile, their corollas short, tubular or none. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas funnelform, 5-lobed, their styles undivided, dilated at the apex. Anthers entire at the base, yellow, scarcely coherent with each other, tipped with mucronate appendages. Achenes compressed, obovoid, glabrous. Pappus none. [Named after Ajuga Iva, from its similar smell.] About 12 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 6 others occur in the southern and western United States. Heads spicate or racemose, each subtended by a linear or oblong leaf. Heads solitary, pedicelled. Bracts of the involucre 4-5; heads i%"-2" high. Leaves serrate, oval or oblong; eastern. Leaves entire or nearly so, obovate or oblong; western. Bracts of the involucre 6-9; heads 3" -4" high; southeastern. Heads spicate-paniculate; leaves dentate. Heads spicate-paniculate, not subtended by leaves. 1. /. frutescens. 2. /. axillaris. 3. /. imbricata. 4. /. cilia la. 5. /. x'a?ithii/olia. i. Iva frutescens L,. Marsh Elder. High-water Shrub. (Fig. 3586.) Iva frutescens L. Sp. PI. 989. 1753. Perennial, shrubby or herbaceous, somewhat fleshy; stem paniculately branched above, mi- nutely pubescent, or sometimes glabrous below, 3°-i2° high. Leaves oval, oblong, or oblong- lanceolate, all the lower ones opposite, short- petioled, 3-nerved, acute or obtusish,serrate, nar- rowed at the base, the lower 4/-6/ long, i/-2/ wide, the upper smaller and narrower, passing gradu- ally into those of the racemose inflorescence which are much longer than the short-pedi- celled heads; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts about5,orbicular-obovate,separate; fer- tile flowers about 5, their corollas tubular. Along salt marshes and on muddy sea-shores, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, the northern plant mainly broader-leaved and less shrubby than the southern. July-Sept. Vol. III.] RAGWEED FAMILY. 293 2. Iva axillaris Pursh. Small-flowered Marsh Elder. (Fig. 3587.) Iva axillaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 743. 1814. Perennial by woody roots; stems herbaceous.ascend- ing, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, simple or branch- ed, i°-2° high. Leaves sessile, entire or very nearly so, obtuse, faintly 3-nerved, obovate, oblong, or linear- oblong, Yz'-iy^' long, thick, somewhat fleshy, glabrous or pubescent, the lower opposite, the upper alternate and smaller, passing gradually into those of the inflorescence; heads mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, 2//-3// broad, short-peduncled; involucre hem- ispheric, about \W high; its bracts about 5, connate at the base, or united nearly to the summit; pistillate flowers 4 or 5, their corollas tubular. In saline or alkaline soil, Northwest Territory to west- ern Nebraska, New Mexico, British Columbia and Cali- fornia. May-Sept. 3. Iva imbricata Walt. Sea-coast Marsh Elder. (Fig. 3588.) Iva imbricata Walt. Fl. Car. 232. 1788. Perennial by woody roots, glabrous or nearly so throughout, fleshy; stem i°-2° high, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves all but the lowest al- ternate, sessile, oblong-spatulate, or lanceolate, ob- tusish, mucronulate, entire, or rarely serrate, ob- scurely 3-nerved, the larger i/-2/ long, 3//-5// wide; heads about 4" broad, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, the upper ones longer than their subtending leaves; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts 6-9, not united, somewhat imbricated in 2 series; fertile flowers 2-4, their corollas tubular, the stam- inate ones much more numerous; chaff of the re- ceptacle spatulate. On sandy sea-shores, Virginia (according to Gray hand North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. July-Oct. 4. Iva ciliata Willd. Elder. (Fig. Rough Marsh 3539.) Iva annua Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 184. 1803. Not L, ? Iva ciliata Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2386. 1804. Annual, hispid-pubescent; stem simple, or branched, 2°-6° high. Leaves nearly all opposite, ovate, petioled, scarcely fleshy, puberulent be- neath, acuminate at the apex, abruptly or gradu- ally narrowed at the base, coarsely and irregularly dentate, 3-nerved, the lower 4/-5/ long; heads spicate-paniculate, about i// broad; spikes dense or interrupted, erect, 2'-$' long; upper leaves lin- ear-lanceolate, hispid, squarrose, much longer than the heads; bracts of the involucre 3-5, dis- tinct or united below, hispid; fertile flowers 3-5, their corollas slender; staminate flowers 10-15. In moist soil, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Louisi- ana and New Mexico. Plant with the aspect of Ambrosia. Aug. -Oct. 294 AMBROSIACEAE. Iva xanthiifolia (Fresen.) Nutt. (Fig. 3590.) Fresen. Ind. Sem. [Vol. III. Burweed Marsh Elder. Am. Phil. Soe. Cyclachaena xanthiifolia Hort. Franc. 4. 1836. Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. Trans (11)7:347- 1841. Annual; stem much branched, pubescent or puberulent above, glabrous below, 3°-6° high. Leaves nearly all opposite, broadly ovate, long-petioled, acuminate at the apex, abruptly or gradually contracted at the base, coarsely and irregularly dentate, pale and canescent or puberulent beneath, roughish above, 3-ribbed, the lower often 6' long and wide; inflorescence spicate-paniculate, termi- nal and axillary, ample, naked; heads sessile or minutely peduncled, less than \" broad; bracts of the involucre in 2 series of 5, the outer ovate, the inner obovate or truncate, con- cave, subtending the usually 5 achenes; corol- las of the fertile flowers rudimentary or none; staminate flowers io-i5,their corollas obconic. In moist soil, or sometimes in waste places, Michigan to Northwest Territory, south to Wis- consin, Nebraska, New Mexico and Utah. Plant with the aspect of a Chenopodium. July-Sept. 2. AMBROSIA L. Sp. PI. 9S7. 1753. Monoecious (rarely dioecious) branching herbs, with alternate or opposite, mostly lobed or divided leaves, and small heads of green flowers, the staminate spicate or racemose, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of the pistillate heads globose- ovoid or top shaped, closed, i-flowered, usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines; corolla none; stamens none; style-branches filiform; achenes ovoid or obovoid; pappus none. In- volucre of the staminate heads mostly hemispheric or saucer-shaped, 5-12-lobed, open, many- flowered; receptacle nearly flat, naked or with filiform chaff; corolla funnelform, 5-toothed; anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate-tipped; style undivided, penicillate at the summit. [The ancient classical name. ] About 12 species, mostly natives of America. Besides the following-, some 5 others occur in the southern and western United States. Sterile heads sessile; a lanceolate hispid lobe on inner border of involucre. Sterile heads short-pedicelled, involucre depressed-hemispheric. Leaves opposite, palmately 3-5-lobed, or undivided; receptacle naked. Leaves opposite and alternate, 1-2-pinnatifid; receptacle chaffy. Annual; leaves thin; fruiting involucre spiny. 3. A Perennial; leaves thick; fruiting involucre naked or tubercled. 4. A. 1. A. bidentata. 2. A. trifida. a rtemisiaefolia . psilostachya. i. Ambrosia bidentata Michx. L,ance-leaved Ragweed. (Fig. 3591.) Ambrosia bidentata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 182. 1803. Annual, hirsute, usually much branched, very leafy, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, mainly alternate, sessile and somewhat cordate-clasping at the base, acuminate at the apex, 1 -nerved, I/-3' long, 2//~4// wide, usually with 1 or 2 sharp lobes at the base and a few minute sharp teeth above, or the upper ones quite entire, rough and hirsute or ciliate; spikes of staminate heads dense, $'-7' long, their involucres turbinate, bearing a long lanceolate hispid reflexed lobe appearing like a bract on the inner border, their receptacles chaffy; fertile heads solitary, or clustered, oblong, 4-angled, 3//-4// long, bear- ing 4 sharp spines. Prairies, Illinois to Missouri, south to Louisiana and Texas. July-Sept. Vol. III.] RAGWEED FAMILY. 295 2. Ambrosia trifida L. Horse-cane. Bit- ter-weed. Great Ragweed. (Fig. 3592.) Ambrosia trifida L,. Sp. PI. 987. 1753. Annual, scabrous or hispid, or nearly glabrous, branched, 3°-i7° high. Leaves all opposite, peti- oled, 3-nerved, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes lanceo- late or ovate, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate; lower leaves often i° wide, the upper sometimes ovate and undivided; racemes of sterile heads 3'- io' long, their involucres saucer-shaped, 3-ribbed on the outer side, crenate- margined or truncate, their receptacles naked; fertile heads usually clus- tered in the axils of the upper bract-like leaves, tur- binate to obovoid, 5-7-ribbed, conic-beaked, 3//-4// long, each rib bearing a tubercle near the summit. In moist soil, Quebec to Florida, west to the North- west Territory, Nebraska, Colorado and Arkansas. Also called Tall Ambrosia, Richweed, Wild Hemp. July-Oct. Ambrosia trifida integrifolia (Muhl.) T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 290. 1841. A. integrifolia Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 375. 1805. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, not lobed; plant usually lower. Frequent with the type. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Ragweed. (Fig. 3594. 3. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L,. Rag- weed. Roman Wormwood. Hogweed. Wild Tansy. (Fig. 3593.) Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L,. Sp. PI. 987. 1753. Annual, pubescent, puberulent or hirsute, pan- iculately branched, i°-6° high. Leaves thin, 1- 2-pinnatifid, petioled, 2/-4/ long, the upper alter- nate, the lower mostly opposite, pale or canescent beneath, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute; uppermost leaves of the branches some- times linear-lanceolate and entire; racemes of sterile heads very numerous, i/-6/ long, the involucres hemispheric, crenate, the receptacle chaffy; fertile heads obovoid or subglobose, mostly clustered, 1 %,f-2.,f long, short-beaked, 4-6-spined near the summit, sparingly pubescent. In dry soil, often a pernicious weed in cultivated fields, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to British Colum- bia and Mexico. Also in the We^t Indies and South America, and introduced into Europe as a weed. Also called Bitterweed, Stickweed, Stammerwort, Carrot-weed. July-Oct. Western ) Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Prodr. 5: 526. 1836. Similar to the preceding species, but perennial, the leaves thick, the pubescence strigose or hispid. Stems usually much branched, 2°-6° high, rather stout; leaves i-2-pinnatifid, 2/-5/ long, the lobes acutish; racemes of sterile heads several or numer- ous, 2/-6' long, the involucres campanulate, the receptacles chaffy; fertile heads mostly solitary, ovoid or obovoid, reticulated, short-pointed, un- armed, or with about 4 short tubercles, pubescent, il/t"-2." long. In moist open soil, Illinois to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Texas, Mexico and California. July-Oct. 296 AMBROSIACEAE. [Vol. III. 3. GAERTNERIA Med. Act. Pal. 3: 244. 1785. [Franseria Cav. Icon. 2: 78. pi. 200. 1793.] Hispid or tomentose branching herbs, with the aspect of Ambrosias, sometimes wood}- at the base, with mostly alternate lobed or divided leaves, and small monoecious greenish heads of discoid flowers, the staminate in terminal spikes or racemes, the pistillate solitary or clus- tered in the upper axils. Involucre of the pistillate heads ovoid or globose, closed, 1-4- celled, 1-4 -beaked, armed with several rows of spines and forming a bur in fruit; corolla none or rudimentary; style deeply bifid, its branches exserted; stamens none; achenes obo- void, thick, solitary in the cells; pappus none. Staminate heads sessile, or short-peduncled, their involucres broadly hemispheric, open, 5-12-lobed; receptacle chaffy; corolla regular, the tube short, the limb 5-lobed; style undivided; anthers scarcely coherent; mucronate-tipped. [In honor of Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791, German botanist.] About 15 species, natives of America. In addition to the following, some 8 others occur in the western and southwestern United States. Plant hirsute; annual; spines of the fruiting involucre long, flat. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; spines short, conic; perennials. Leaves bipinnatifid. Leaves pinnately divided, the terminal segment large. i. G. acanthicarpa. 2. G. discolor. 3. G. tomentosa. i. Gaertneria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Britton. Hooker's Gaertneria. (Fig- 3595-) Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 309. 1833. Franseria Hookeriana Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:345- 1841. Gaertneria acanthicarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 332. 1894. Annual, erect or diffuse, paniculately branched, i°-2° high; stem hirsute or hispid. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, bi- pinnatifid, 2/-4/ long, the upper short-petioled or sessile, once pinnatifid, or merely lobed; racemes of sterile heads usually numerous, i/-3/ long; fruiting involucres clustered in the axils, 3//-4// long, commonly i-flowered, armed with numerous long flat straight spines. In moist soil, Northwest Territory to western Nebraska and Texas, west to British Columbia and California. July-Sept. 2. Gaertneria discolor (Nutt.) Kuntze. White-leaved Gaertneria. (Fig- 3596.) Franseria discolor Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 345. 1841. Gaertneria rf/jco/o?- Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 339. 1891. Erect or ascending from perennial rootstocks, branched, about i° high. Leaves nearly all bi- pinnatifid, petioled, densely white-tomentose beneath, green and pubescent or glabrate above, 2r-57 long; sterile racemes narrow, commonly solitary, i/-2/long; fruiting involucres clustered in the axils, finely canescent, about 2" long, mostly 2-flowered, armed with short sharp conic spines. In dry soil, Nebraska to Wyoming, and New Mexico. Aug. -Sept. Colorado Vol. III.] 3 RAGWEED FAMILY. 297 Woolly Gaertneria. Gaertneria tomentosa (A. Gray) Kuntze (Fig. 3597-) Franseria tomentosa A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 80. 1849. Gaertneria tomentosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 339. 1891. Erect from a deep perennial root, usually branched at the base, i°-3° high. Leaves pin- nately lobed or divided, finely and densely to- mentose on both sides, or ashy above, the ter- minal segment lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate or entire, very much larger than the 2-6 rather distant narrow lateral ones; sterile racemes solitary, 2'-4' long; fruiting in- volucres solitary, or 2-3 together in the upper axils, ovoid, finely canescent or glabrate, 2- flowered, about 3" long, armed with subulate- conic, very acute, sometimes curved spines. On rich prairies and along rivers, western Ne- braska, Kansas and Colorado. Aug. -Sept. 4. XANTHIUM L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753. Monoecious annual branching coarse rough or spiny herbs, with alternate lobed or den- tate leaves, and rather small heads of greenish discoid flowers, the staminate ones capitate- clustered at the ends of the branches, the pistillate axillary. Staminate heads with a short involucre of 1 to 3 series of distinct bracts; receptacle cylindric, chaffy; corollas tubular, 5- toothed; anthers not coherent, mucronate at the apex; filaments monadelphous; style slen- der, undivided. Pistillate heads of an ovoid or oblong, closed involucre, covered with hooked spines, 1-2-beaked, 2-celled, each cavity containing one obovoid or oblong achene; corolla none; pappus none; style 2-cleft, its branches exserted. [Greek, yellow, from its yielding a yellow hair-dye.] About 5 species (more according to some authors), of wide geographic distribution. Leaves lanceolate, not cordate; axils bearing 3-divided spines. 1. X. spinosum. Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate, or truncate; axils not spiny. Bur 6"~9" long, usually nearly glabrous; beaks nearly straight; introduced. 2. X. strumarium. Bur9"-i2" long, hispid-pubescent; beaks hooked or incurved; native. 3. A". Canadense. i. Xanthium spinosum L. Spiny or Thorny Clotbur, Clotweed or Burweed. (Fig. 3598.) Xanthium spinosum L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753- Stem pubescent or puberulent, much branched, ascending or erect, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, lobed, or the upper entire, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, white- canescent beneath and on the whitish veins of the upper surface, 2/-5/ long; axils each with a short-stalked 3-pronged yellow spine nearly i' long; ripe fertile involucre (bur) oblong-cylindric, 4//-6// long, about 2// in diameter, pubescent, armed with short subulate rather inconspicuous beaks, and numerous glabrous spines about l// long. In waste grounds, Ontario to Florida, west to Illinois, West Virginia, Missouri and Texas. Widely distributed as a weed in western and tropical America. Naturalized from Europe or Asia. Aug.-Nov. AMBROSIACEAE. [Vol,. III. 2. Xanthium strumarium L,. Broad Cocklebur or Bur weed. (Fig. 3599-) Xanthium strumarium L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753. Rough, \°-6l/2° high. Leaves slender- petioled, broadly ovate to orbicular, 3-ribbed and cordate or cordate-reniform at the base, the lower often io' wide, the margins den- tate, or more or less 3-5-lobed, both surfaces roughish and green; bur oblong, glabrous or puberulent, 6//-o// long, about 3" in diame- ter, its 2 sharp conical-subulate 2 toothed beaks straight or nearly so, equalling or slightly longer than the numerous, nearly glabrous or pubescent spines. In waste places, New England and New York to Nebraska, south to Florida and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe or Asia. Called also Ditch-, Sheep- or Clot-bur, Button Bur, Small or Lesser Burdock, Sea Burdock and Bur-thistle. Aug. -Oct. 3. Xanthium Canadense Mill. American Cocklebur. Sea Burdock. Hedgehog Burweed. (Fig. 3600.) X.CanadenseMill.Gaxd. Diet. Ed. 8, N0.2. 1768. Xanthium echinatum Murr. Conim. Goett. 6: 32. pi. 4. 1783. Similar to the preceding species, usually stouter, the branches ascending or diffuse. Leaves similar and roughish and commonly thicker; stem often brown-spotted; bur ob- long, usually densely hispid, 9//-i2// long, 4//-6// in diameter, the two stout beaks hooked or incurved at the apex, longer than or equalling the more or less hispid stout or slender hooked spines. Along rivers and sea-beaches and in waste places, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to the Northwest Territory, Nevada, Texas and Mexico. Not common in the interior region east of the Mississippi. Aug.-Oct. Family 43. COMPOSITAE Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 103. 1763. Thistle Family. Herbs, rarely shrubs (some tropical forms trees), with watery or resinous (rarely milky) sap, and opposite alternate or basal exstipulate leaves. Flowers perfect, pistillate, or neutral, or sometimes monoecious or dioecious, borne on a common receptacle, forming heads, subtended by an involucre of few to many bracts arranged in one or more series. Receptacle naked, or with chaffy scales subtend- ing the flowers, smooth, or variously pitted or honeycombed. Calyx-tube com- pletely adnate to the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, or crown-like, or cup-like, or wanting. Corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes valvate, or that of the marginal flowers of the head expanded into a ligule (ray); when the ray-flowers are absent the head is said to be discoid; when present, radiate; the tubular flowers form the disk. Stamens usually 5, borne on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, their anthers united into a tube (syngenesious), often appendaged at the apex, sometimes sagittate or tailed at the base; pollen-grains globose, often rough or prickly. Ovary i-celled; ovule 1, anatropous; style of fertile flowers 2-cleft, its branches variously appendaged, or unappendaged ; stigmas marginal ; style of sterile flowers commonly undivided. Fruit an achene. Seed erect; endosperm none; embryo straight; hypocotyl inferior. About 760 genera and not less than 10,000 species, of wide geographic distribution. The family- is also known as CARDUACEAE.AGGREGATAE, and by the English name of Asterworts. In Kuhnia, the anthers are distinct, or nearly so. Vol.. III.] THISTLE FAMILY. 299 ■Jf Anthers not tailed at the base ; stigmatic lines of the style-branches only at the base, or not extending beyond the middle ; flowers all tubular and perfect, never yellow ; rays none. Style-branches filiform or subulate, hispidulous; receptacle naked. Tribe 1. Vernoxikai:. Style-branches thickened upward, obtuse, papillose. Tribe 2. Eupatorieae. •X- -/- Anthers tailed at the base, unappendaged at the tip; heads small; rays none (except in Inula where they are large, yellow). Tribe 4. INULEAE. -X- -X- -a- Anthers not tailed at the base ; stigmatic lines of the style-branches in the perfect flowers extending to the summit; flowers tubular only, or tubular and radiate, often yellow. 1. Receptacle naked (see als® Nos. 79, 80, 8i and 82 of Tribe 7.) a. Bracts of the involucre usually well imbricated. Style-branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with terminal appendages. Tribe 3. Astereae. Style-branches truncate, or with hairy tips. Tribe 6. Helenieak. b. Bracts little imbricated, or not at all; pappus of soft bristles. Tribe 8. Senecioneae. 2. Receptacle chaffy (except in Nos. 79, 80, 81 and 82). Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or foliaceous; not scarious. Tribe 5. Heliantheae. Bracts of the involucre dry, scarious. Tribe 7. Anthsmideae. -X- -X- -X- -X- Anthers long-tailed at the base, with elongated appendages at the tip; heads large; rays none. (in Centaurea often with enlarged marginal flowers; ; bracts imbricated. Tribe 9. CYXAREAE. Tribe i. Vernonieae. Pappus double, the inner of rough capillary bristles, the outer of scales, or short bristles; heads not glomerate. 1. Vernonia. Pappus a single series of bristles; heads glomerate, subtended by sessile bracts. 2. Elephantopus. Tribe 2. Eupatorieae. •X- Achenes 3-5-angled, not ribbed. Pappus of 5 broad obtuse scales; aquatic herb with linear whorled leaves. 3. Sclerolepis. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. Involucre of more than 4 bracts; erect herbs. 4. Enpatorium. Involucre of 4 bracts; twining herbaceous vines. 5. Willughbaeya. ■X- -X- Achenes 8-10-ribbed, or 8-10-striate. 1 . Bracts of the involucre in several series, the outer successively shorter. Bracts of the involucre strongly striate-nerved; heads panicled or cormybed in our species. Pappus-bristless rough or serrate; involucral bracts numerous. 6. Coleosanthus. Pappus-bristles plumose; involucral bracts few. 7. Kuhnia. Bracts of the involucre faintly striate, if at all; heads spiked or racemed. 8. Lacinaria. 2. Bracts of the involucre in only 2 or 3 series; all nearly equal. 9. Trilisa. Tribe 3. Astereae. A. Ray-flowers yellow (white in one species of Solidago), or wanting; plants not dioecious. ■X- Pappus of scales, or awns, or wanting, never of numerous capillary bristles. Heads small, not over 2" high; leaves narrowly linear, entire. Perennial herbs, or shrubs; all the flowers fertile. 10. Gulierrezia. Annual herb; disk-flowers sterile. 11. Amphiachyris. Heads large, showy; leaves oblong to lanceolate, spinulose-dentate. 12. Grindelia. -X- -X- Pappus of either the radiate or tubular flowers, or both, of numerous capillary bristles, with or without an outer series of shorter ones, or of scales. t Pappus, at least of the disk-floivers, double, an inner series of capillary bristles, and an outer one of scales or short bristles; heads large. Achenes of the ray- flowers thick, the pappus obsolete, or of a few caducous bristles; achenes of the disk-flowers flat. 13. Heterotheca. Achenes of both ray-flowers and disk-flowers flattened. 14. Chrysopsis. 1 1 Pappus wholly of capillary bristles. I . Heads wholly of disk-flowers (in our species); rays none; leaves narrowly linear. a. Perennial herbs; style-tips not exserted; eastern. 15. Chondrophora. b. Shrubs; style-tips mostly exserted; western. Involucral bracts gradually narrowed to the tip, keeled, chartaceous. 16. Chrysothamnus. Involucral bracts cuspidate, flat, herbaceous. 17. Oonopsis. 2. Heads with both ray-flowers and disk-flowers (in our species). a. None of the leaves cordate; pappus mostly as long as the achene, or longer. Leaves bristly-serrate or pinnatifid. Achenes glabrous; pappus-bristles deciduous. 18. Prionopsis. Achenes white-tomentose; pappus-bristles persistent. 19. Eriocarpum. Leaves entire, or toothed, not bristly-serrate. Leaves narrow, coriaceous, evergreen, entire; low western undershrubs. 20. Stenotus. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves not evergreen. Pappus-bristles unequal; heads loosely panicled; annual. 21. Isopappus. Pappus-bristles equal; heads variously clustered; perennial herbs. Receptacle alveolate; rays mostly not more numerous than the disk-flowers. 22. Solidago. Receptacle fimbrillate; rays more numerous than the disk-flowers; heads corytnbose- pamculate. 23. Euthamia. b. Lower and basal leaves cordate; pappus-bristles shorter than the achene. 24. Brachychaeta. B. Ray-flowers present, not yellow in any of our species. ■%■ Pappus a mere crown, or of a few awns or bristles, or wanting, never of numerous capillary bristles. I . Receptacle conic. Outer bracts of the involucre shorter than the inner; achenes prismatic. 25. Aphanostephus. Bracts of the involucre all about equal; achenes flattened. 26. Bellis. ' 2. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex. Achenes of the disk-flowers compre.-sed, of the ray-flowers 3-angled; perennial herbs with large heads. 27. Toicnsendia. 300 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 28. Chaetopappa. 29. Boltonia. Achenes fusiform, terete; annual herbs with small heads. Achenes obovate, flattened, with thickened or winged margins; perennials. •Sf -X- Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. 1. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles; sometimes with an outer series of shorter ones. a. Bracts of the involucre in 2 to many series. Bracts mostly in 2-5 series; teeth or lobes of the leaves not bristle tipped. Involucre narrow, its bracts firm; rays few, white. 30. Sericocarpus. Involucre turbinate to hemispheric, bracts mostly thin; rays usually numerous, white to purple. Disk-flowers turning red, purple, or brown. 31. Aster. Disk-flowers permanently white; leaves subulate to spatulate, crowded, rigid. 32. Leucelene. Involucre turbinate; rays not exceeding the mature pappus, or none. ^. Brachyactis. Bracts in many series; teeth or lobes of the leaves bristle-tipped in our species. 34. Mackaeranthera. b. Bracts of the involucre in only 1 or 2 series, very narrow; heads mostly long-peduncled. Rays longer than the diameter of the disk. 35. Erigeron. Rays not longer than the diameter of the disk; heads very small, panicled. 36. Leptilon. 2. Pappus distinctly double, the inner bristles long, the outer shorter, leaves lanceolate, ovate, or obovate; rays white. 37. Doellingeria. Leaves narrowly linear; rays violet. 38. lanaclis. C. Ray-flowers none ; dioecious shrubs ; pappus capillary. 39. Baccharis. Tribe 4. InulEAE. ■X- Heads small, rays none ; flowers ■white, or whitish. 1. Receptacle chaffy. Receptacle convex; pappus none. 40. Eilago. Receptacle subulate; pappus of the inner flowers of rough capillary bristles. 41. Gifola. 2. Receptacle naked. a. Pappus, at least that of pistillate flowers, of capillary bristles. Bracts of the involucre not scarious; plants pubescent or glabrous, not woolly. 42. Pluchea. Bracts of the involucre scarious, mostly white or pink; plants woolly. Plants dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious. Pappus-bristles of stanrnate flowers thickened above. 43. Antennaria. Pappus-bristles not thickened; stem leafy. 44. Anaphalis. Plants not dioecious; flowers all fertile. 45. Gnaphalium. b. Pappus none; leaves broad, alternate, woolly beneath. 46. Adenocaulon. -X- ■& Heads large; ray-flowers yellow. 47. Inula. Tribe 5. Heliantheae. A. Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. Achenes thick, short, not flattened; pappus none. Achenes merely subtended by the inner involucral bracts. Achenes embraced and enclosed by the inner involucral bracts. Achenes flattened. Ray-flowers in 2 or 3 series; achenes falling away free. 50. Silphium. Ray-flowers in 1 series; achenes adnate to 2 or 3 scales of the receptacle, falling away with them. Rays large, yellow. Leaves opposite and basal. Leaves alternate. Pappus none, or of 2 caducous awns. Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown. Rays small, the heads appearing discoid. B. Disk-flowers fertile. .}f Ray-flowers persistent upon the achenes. Achenes compressed, or 3-angled; leaves entire. Achenes short, thick; leaves toothed. •X- -X- Ray-flowers deciduous, or none." t Pappus a cup, or crown, or of a few teeth, awns, or, bristles. 1. Achenes, at least those of disk-flowers, not compressed (except in Ratibida and Verbesina) scales of the receptacle mostly concave, or clasping. Scales of the receptacle small, awn-like or bristles-like; rays white, short. Scales of the receptacle broad, larger. Involucre of 4 large somewhat united bracts. Involucre of several or numerous separate bracts. Receptacle conic, or columnar. Ray-flowers fertile, or wanting; leaves opposite. Ray-flowers sterile, or neutral; leaves mostly opposite. Rays yellow. Achenes 4-angled. Achenes compressed, winged. Rays rose-purple. Receptacle flat, or convex (low-conic in species of Nos. 64 and 65.) Low fleshy sea-coast shrubs. Tall herbs, not fleshy. Achenes not much flattened, not winged, nor margined. Achenes of disk-flowers flattened and margined, or winged. 2. Achenes very flat; scales of the receptacle flat, or but slightly concave. a. Bracts of the involucre all separate. Pappus of 2 short teeth or awns, or a mere border, or none. 66. Pappus of 2-6 awns or teeth, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid. 67. b. Inner bracts of the involucre united to about the middle. 68. 1 1 Pappus of numerous scales. Leaves*?>pposite, toothed; ray-flowers fertile ; rays small. 69. Galinsoga. Leaves alternate, entire. 48. Polymnia. 49. Melampodium. 51. Clirysogonutn. 52. 53- 54- 55- 56. 57- 53. Berlandiera. Engelm a n n ia Partlienium. Crassina. Heliopsis. Eclipta. Tet rago notheca. 59. Spilanlhes. 60. 61. 62. Rudbeckia. Ratibida. Brauneria. 65. Borrichia. 64. 65- Helianthus. Verbesina. Coreopsis. B 1 dens. Tlielesperma. Vol. III.] THISTLE FAMILY. 301 Rays large, neutral; receptacle deeply honeycombed. 70. Actinospermum. Rays none; scales of the receptacle narrow, rigid. 71. Marshallia. Tribe 6. Helenieae. A. Ray-flowers persistent on the achenes, falling away with them, papery. 72. Psilostrophe. B. Ray-flowers deciduous, or wanting. ■X- Plants not dotted with oil-glands. a. Pappus none. 73. Flaveria. b. Pappus present (in all our species), of separate scales or bristles. 1. Bracts of the involucre petal-like, colored, their margins and apices scarious. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately parted, or pinnatifid; rays none; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers ovate. 74. Hymenopappus. Leaves entire; rays present, or none; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers linear. 75. Polypteris. 2. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, not scarious-tipped, nor petal-like, appressed, or spreading. Receptacle naked. Bracts of the involucre appressed. Achenes 4-angled, linear or oblong. 76. Bahia. Achenes 5-10-ribbed or 5-10 angled, top-shaped. 77. Picradenia. Bracts of the involucre spreading, or reflexed at maturity. 78. Helenium. Receptacle with bristle-like chaff. 79. Galltardia. -a- -"- Plants dotted with oil-glands, especially the leaves and involucre. Involucral bracts more or less united; style-branches of the disk -flowers elongated. Involucral bracts united at the base. 80. Dvsodia. Involucral bracts united high up into a cup. 81. Tkymophylla. I nwilucral bracts separate; style -branches of the disk-flowers very short. 82. Pedis. Tribe 7. Anthemideae. -X- Receptacle chaffy. Achenes flattened; involucre obovoid to campanulate; heads small. 83. Achillea. Achenes terete; involucre hemispheric; heads large. 84. Anthemis. -;;- -,'- Receptacle not chaffy, naked, or sometimes hairy. 1 . Ray-flowers usually present, sometimes wanting; rays large. Receptacle flat to hemispheric; bracts of the involucre in several series. 85. Chrysantkevium. Receptacle conic to ovoid; bracts in few series; rays white or none. 86. Matricaria. 2. Ray flowers none; heads small. Heads corymbed; pappus a short crown: flowers j'ellow. 87. Tanacetum. Heads racemose, spicate or panicled; pappus none. 88. Artemisia. Tribe 8. Senecioneae. Leaves all basal; heads on scapes. Head solitary; flowers yellow. 89. Tussilago. Heads corymbed; flowers white or purple. 90. Pelasiles. Leaves opposite; ra3's 3rellow. 91. Arnica. Leaves alternate. Flowers white, whitish or pinkish; rays none. Marginal flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect. 92. Erechlites. Flowers all perfect. Involucre of about 5 bracts; sap milky. 93. Mesadenia. Involucre of about 12 bracts and several smaller outer ones. 94. Sj'uosma. Flowers yellow; ray-flowers mostly present. 95. Senecio. Tribe 9. Cyxareae. 4f Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their bases, not oblique. Receptacle densely bristly. Filaments separate. Involucral bracts hooked at the tip; leaves not bristly. 96. Arctium. Involucral bracts not hooked; leaves bristly. 97. Cardans. Filaments united below. 98. Mariana. Receptacle fleshy, not bristly. 99. Onopordon. vr vr Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle. Heads not subtended by bristl3r leaves; involucral bracts often bristly. 100. Cenlaurea. Heads sessile, subtended by bristly leaves. 101. Cnicus. i. VERNONIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 2: 541. 1791. Erect branching perennial herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate (very rarely opposite), in our species sessile leaves, and discoid cymose-paniculate heads of purple pink or white tubular flowers. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or oblong-cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several or many series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, not caudate. Style-branches subulate, hispidulous their whole length. Achenes 8-10-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of our species in 2 series, the inner of nu- merous roughened capillary bristles, the outer of much shorter small scales or stout bristles. [Named after William Vernon, English botanist.] About 475 species, of wide distribution in warm-temperate regions, most abundant in South America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Bracts of the hemispheric involucre, or some of them, with subulate or filiform tips. Involucre 3" -5" broad, its bracts shorter than the head. 1. V. Noveboracensis. Involucre 9"-i2" broad, its bracts as long as the head. 2. V. crinita. Bracts of the involucre merely acute, obtuse, or truncate. Leaves lanceolate to oval, pinnately veined. Bracts of the involucre with squarrose reflexed tips. 3. V. Baldwinii. 302 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. Bracts of the involucre wholly appressed. Leaves glabrous or very nearly so on both surfaces. Leaves thin, pale beneath, the lower oval, coarsely serrate. 4. Leaves thin, green beneath, lanceolate, finely serrate. 5. Leaves thick, narrowly lanceolate, finely serrate. 6. Leaves densely tomentose-pubescent beneath, lanceolate. 7. Leaves narrowly linear, i-nerved, 2 '-3" wide, dentate. 8. i. Vernonia Willd. New Top. V. glattca. V. gig an tea. V.fasciculala. V. Drummondii, V. marginata. Noveboracensis (L,.) York Iron-weed. Flat (Fig. 3601.) Serralula Noveboracensis L. Sp. PI. 818. 1753. V. Noveboracensis Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1632. 1804. C. Noveboracensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 323. 1891. Roughish pubescent or glabrate, 3°-9° high. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, serrulate, 3/-io/ long, 5//-i2// wide, acuminate or acute at the apex; heads peduncled; involucre hemis- pheric, 20-30- flowered, 4//-5// in diameter; bracts brownish-purple, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, tipped with subulate spreading awns usually of twice or three times their own length, or some of the lower linear- subulate, the upper sometimes merely acute; flowers deep purple, rarely white; achenes hispidulous on the ribs. In moist soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. July-Sept. Vernonia Noveboracensis tomentosa (Walt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 311. 1894. Chrysocoma tomentosa Walt. Fl. Car. 196. 178S. Leaves densely puberulent beneath, broader; involucre purple, some scales sometimes merety acute. In dry soil, Virginia to North Carolina. .,., ,. . ;•_ •_,, 2. Vernonia crinita Raf. Great Iron-weed. (Fig. 3602.) V. crinita Raf. New Flora N. A. 4: 77. 1836. Vernonia Arkansana DC. Prodr. 7: 264. 1838. C. Arkansana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 969. 1891. Stout, glabrate or finely rough-pubescent, 8°-i2° high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, finely denticulate, acuminate, 4/-i2/ long, 3"- I2// wide; heads stout-peduncled, the pedun- cles thickened above; involucre hemispheric, 9//-i2// broad, 50-70-flowered ; bracts green, or the upper reddish, very squarrose,all filiform- subulate from a broader base and equalling the head, the inner ones somewhat wider below; achenes hispidulous on the ribs. On prairies and along streams, Missouri to Texas. Aug.-0;t. 3. Vernonia Baldwinii Torr. Bald- win's Iron-weed. (Fig. 3603.) V. Baldwinii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 211. 1827- Cacalia Baldwinii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 969- 1 891. Stout, 2°-5^° high, finely and densely to- mentose-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, sharply serrate, 4/-S/ long, Yz'-i' wide, scabrate above, densely tomentulose beneath; heads stout-peduncled, 15-30-flowered; invo- lucre hemispheric, 3//-4// broad; bracts ovate, the acute tips recurved or spreading. In dry soil, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas. July-Sept. Genus i.] THISTLE FAMILY. 303 4. Vernonia glauca (L,. ) Britton. Broad-leaved Iron-weed. (Fig. 3604.) Serratula glauca L. Sp. PI. 818. 1753. Vernonia Noveboracensis var. latifolia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 89. 1884. Vernonia glauca Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 311. 1894. Slender, glabrous or finely puberulent, 2°-5° high. Leaves thin, the lower broadly oval or slightly obovate, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, A'~l' long. I'-sK' wide, the upper narrower and more finely toothed; inflorescence loosely branched; heads slender- peduncled, 10-20-flowered; involucre campanulate, 2//-3^// broad; bracts ovate, acute, or mucronate, or the upper ones obtuse, all appressed; achenes minutely hispidulous. In woods, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Ohio, south to Florida and Louisiana. Aug.- Sept. 6. Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Western Iron-weed. (Fig. 3606.) Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 94. 1803. Cacalia fasciculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 970. 1 89 1. Glabrous, or puberulent above, 2°-6° high. Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, long-acuminate, 3/-6/ long, 2// -I5// wide, glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces; inflorescence usually compact; heads short-peduncled, or some of them ses- sile; involucre campanulate, 2//~3// broad, 20-30-flowered; bracts all appressed, ovate or oval, acute, ciliate, or sometimes pubes- cent; achenes glabrous, or a little pubes- cent. In moist soil or on prairies, Ohio to Minne- sota and Dakota, south to Kentucky and Texas. July-Sept. 5. Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Britton. Tall Iron- weed. (Fig. 3605.) Chrysocoma gigantea Walt. Fl. Car. 196. 1788. Vernonia altissima Nutt. Gen. 2: 134. 1818. Cacalia gigantea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 324. 1891. Vernonia gigantea Britton; Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 485. 1893. Glabrous or nearly so, 5°-io° high. Leaves thin, lanceolate, sometimes broadly so, usually long-acuminate, finely serrate, 4/-1 2/ long, %'-i Yz' wide, usually glabrous on both surfaces; inflorescence at length loosely branched and open; heads short- peduncled or some of them sessile; invo- lucre campanulate or turbinate, 2"-^" broad, 15-30- flowered; bracts obtuse or mucronate, more or less ciliate, appressed; achenes slightly hispidulous. In moist soil, Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Illinois, Kentucky and Louisiana. July-Sept. if 304 COMPOSITAE. Vernonia Drummondii Shuttlw. Drummond's Iron-weed. [Vol. III. (Fig. 3607.) 8. Vernonia marginata (Torr.) Britton. James' Iron-weed. (Fig. 3608.) / 'ernonia altissima var. marginata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 210. 1827. Vernonia Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 58. 1841. Cacalia marginata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 968. 1891. Vernonia marginata Britton, Meni.Torr.Club, 5: 311. 1894. Glabrous or very nearly so, i°-3° high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, minutely denticulate, i-nerved, firm, punctate, 1'-^' long, ij4//~3// wide, acuminate; inflores- cence rather loose; heads slender-peduncled; involucre campanulate or turbinate, 15-30- flowered, 4//-6// broad; bracts ovate or oval, acute, mucronateorobtusish, purplish, some- what pubescent, appressed; achenes nearly glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Prairies, Nebraska to Texas and New Mex- ico. Autumn. Vernonia altissima var. grand) flora A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 90. 1884. Not V. grand iflora Less. 1831. Vernonia Drummondii Shuttlw.; Wer- ner, Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist. 16: 171. 1894. Stout, densely tomentose,3°-7° high. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, acuminate, finely serrate, 3/-6/ long, yi'-iyi' wide, scabrous above, densely pubescent beneath; inflorescence usu- ally compact; heads short-peduncled; involucre hemispheric or short-cylin- dric, 2//-6// in diameter, 15-50-flow- ered; bracts purplish, appressed, ovate, acute, or mucronate, more or less floc- cose- pubescent or ciliate; achenes gla- brous or a little pubescent. Prairies. Illinois and Kentucky to Mis- souri and Texas. Autumn. 2. ELEPHANTOPUS L,. Sp. PI. 814. 1753. Perennial rigid pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal, simple pinnately-veined leaves, and in our species glomerate bracted heads of blue or purple flowers in branching corymbs. Heads discoid, 2-5-flovvered. Involucre compressed, oblong, its chaffy bracts imbricated in about 2 series, the 4 outer bracts shorter. Bracts of the glomerules large, foliaceous. Recep- tacle small, naked. Corolla nearly regular, 5-lobed, but a little deeper cleft on the inner side. Achenes 10-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of rigid persistent awn-like scales or bristles in 1 or 2 rows. [Greek, ivory, or Elephant's-foot] About 14 species, natives of tropical or warm regions. Only the following are known to occur in the United States. Stem and branches usually leafy. 1. E. Carolinian its. Stem scapiform, naked, or with 1 or 2 leaves. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 9" -2' wide; heads 4" long. 2. E. nudatus. Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, 2' -4' wide; heads 6" long. 3. E. tomentosus Genus 2.] THISTLE FAMILY. 305 1. Elephantopus Carolinianus Willd. Carolina Elephant' s-foot. (Fig. 3609.) Elephantopus Carolinianus Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2390. 1804. Erect, hirsute-pubescent, or glabrate above, branched above, i°-3° high. Leaves oval, ovate, or obovate, thin, the lower rather abruptly narrowed into margined petioles, obtuse, crenate-den- tate, 2>'-S' long, 2/-4/ wide, the upper smaller, narrower and sessile; glom- erules, including the bracts, nearly if broad; scales of the pappus lanceolate- subulate, gradually narrowed into a long slender awn. In dry woods, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 3. Elephantopus tomentosus L. Woolly Elephant' s-foot. Tobacco- weed. (Fig. 361 1.) Elephantopus tomentosus L- Sp. PI. 814. 1753- Erect, villous-pubescent, or some- times glabrate, i°-2° high, the stem branching above, leafless or with 1 or 2 leaves. Basal leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or obovate, obtuse, sessile, narrowed at the base, usually silky-pubescent be- neath, crenate dentate, 4/-0/ long, 2/-4/ wide; glomerules i/-i^/ broad; heads about 6" long; scales of the pappus tri- angular-subulate, gradually narrowed into the awn. In moist soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Kentucky, Arkansas and Louisiana. Called aiso Devil's Grandmother. Aug.- Sept. 2. Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray. Smoothish Elephant' s-foot. (Fig. 3610.) Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 15: 47. 1880. Erect, rather stout, appressed-pubes- cent, or glabrate, i°-2° high. Leaves ob- long or oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, crenate or repand, a'-io' long, 9//-2/ wide, the basal ones usually much larger than those of the stem and branches, or these usually few and bract-like; glomerules 6//~9// broad; heads about 4" long; scales of the pappus ovate-triangular, abruptly nar- rowed into the awn. In sandy woods, Delaware to Florida, west to Arkansas and Louisiana. Aug.-Sept. 306 COMPOSITAE. [Vol.. III. 3. SCLEROLEPIS Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816: 198. 1816. Slender aquatic herbs, with linear entire verticillate leaves, and solitary (rarely 2-4) dis- coid peduncled terminal heads of small purplish flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric. Bracts imbricated in about 2 series. Receptacle conic, naked. Corolla regu- lar, its tube short, its limb campanulate, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style- branches slender, obtuse. Pappus of 5 broad cartilaginous obtuse scales. Achenes 5-angled. [Greek, hard scale, referring to the pappus.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Sclerolepis uniflora (Walt.) Porter. Sclerolepis. (Fig. 3612.) AEthulia uniflora Walt. Fl. Car. 195. 1788. Sparganophorus verticillatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 98. 1803. Sclerolepis verticillata Cass. Diet. 48: 155. 1827. Sclerolepis uniflora Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 311. 1894. Perennial; stem simple, decumbent at the base, erect or ascending, glabrous or slightly pubescent, i°-2° long, leafy. Leaves sessile, verticillate in 4's-6's, linear, i-nerved, 4//-i2// long, ]/z"-\" wide, or the submerged ones filiform; head about 57/ broad; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, acutish, usually puberulent. In shallow ponds and streams, pine-barrens of New Jersey to Florida. July-Sept. 4. EUPATORIUM L,. Sp. PI. 836. 1753. Erect, mostly branching, perennial herbs, with opposite or verticillate, or sometimes alternate, often punctate leaves, and in our species cymose-paniculate discoid heads of white blue or purple flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid, campanulate, or hemispheric, the bracts imbricated in 2-several series. Receptacle flat, convex, or conic, naked. Corolla reg- ular, its tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, appendiculate at the apex. Style-branches elongated, flattened, or thickened above, stig- matic at the base. Achenes 5-angled, truncate. Pappus of numerous capillary usually sca- brous bristles arranged in 1 row. [Named for Mithridates Eupator, i. e., of a noble father.] About 475 species, mostly of warm or tropical regions. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. ■H- Leaves alternate, pinnatifid into filiform segments. 1. E. capillifolium. •>f -x- Leaves petioled, verticillate in 3's-6's, or the upper opposite. Leaves thick, rugose, pubescent; inflorescence depressed. 2. E. macula turn. Leaves thin, nearly glabrous; inflorescence pyramidal. 3. E. purpurenm. ■3fr -X- * Leaves opposite (rarely in 3's), or the uppermost alternate. | Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more series, the outer shorter. 1 . Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled. 4 2. Leaves all sessile, short-petioled or connate-perfoliate a. Leaves not clasping nor connate-perfoliate. # Leaves narrowed at the base. Bracts of the involucre acute or cuspidate. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, 2" -6" wide. 5. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, V^'-iVi' wide. 6. Bracts of the involucre obtuse. Leaves linear, crowded, usually entire, obtuse. Leaves lanceolate, oval, or oblong, usually dentate. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, dentate. Leaves oblong to oval, sharply dentate, obtusish or acute. Leaves lanceolate, sparingly dentate, long-acuminate. $ # Leaves rounded, obtuse or truncate at the base. Plant glabrous; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate. 11. E. Plants pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse. Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded at the base, usually obtuse. 12. E Leaves broadly ovate, crenate-dentate, mostly truncate at the base, obtusish. 13- E E. seroli until. E. leucolepis. E. album. 7. E. hyssopifolintn. 8. E. Torreyanum. E. semiserratum. 10. E. allissimum. sessilifolium. verbenaefoliu in . rolnndifoliutn. Leaves ovate, dentate, acute. 14. E. pubescens. b. Leaves clasping or connate-perfoliate at the base. Leaves connate-perfoliate; involucral bracts acute. 15. E. perfoliatum. Leaves merely clasping; involucral bracts obtuse. 16. E. resinosum. | t Involucral bracts in 1 or 2 series, all equal or nearly so. Receptacle flat; flowers white. Leaves thin, 2'-$' long, sharply dentate, acuminate. 17. E. ageratoides. Genus 4.] THISTLE FAMILY. 307 Leaves thickish, i'-2' long, blunt-toothed, acute or obtusish. Receptacle conic; flowers blue or violet; leaves petioled. 18. E. aroma ti cum. 19. E. coeleslinum. i. Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small. Dog-fennel. (Fig. 3613.) Artemisia capillifolia Lam. Encycl. 1: 267. 1783. Eupatorium foeniculoidcs Wa.\t. Fl. Car. 199. 1788. E.foeniculaceum Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1750. 1804. E. capillifolium Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:3-11. 1894. Erect, paniculately much branched, with the aspect of an Artemisia, the stem finely pubes- cent, 4°-io° high. Leaves crowded, glabrous or nearly so, alternate, pinnatifid into filiform seg- ments, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads very numerous, about i^" high, short - pedicelled, racemose-paniculate, 3-6- flowered; bracts of the involucre in about 2 series, linear, cuspidate, narrowly scarious-margined, gla- brous; flowers greenish white. In fields, Virginia to Florida. Also in the West Indies. Sept. Hog-weed. oblong; heads smaller and fewer; plant low. 2. Eupatorium maculatum I,. Spotted Joe- Pye Weed. (Fig. 3614.) E. maculatum L- Amoen. Acad. 4: 288. 1755. Eupatorium purpureum var. maculatum Darl Fl. Cest. 453. 1837. Similar to the following species, but sca- brous or pubescent, often densely so, 2°-6° high. Stem usually striate, often rough and spotted with purple; leaves thick, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely dentate, verticil- late in 3's-5's, or the upper ones opposite; inflorescence depressed, cymose-panicu- late; pedicels and outer scales of the invo- lucre pubescent; flowers pink or purple. In moist soil, New York to Kentucky, Minne- sota, British Columbia, Kansas and New Mex- ico. Called also Spotted Boneset. Aug.-Sept. Eupatorium maculatum amoenum (Pursh) Brit- ton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 312. 1894. E. amoenum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 514. 1814. Leaves opposite, or in 3's or 4's, ovate or In dryer places, Virginia to New York. 3. Eupatorium purpureum L,. Joe-Pye or Trumpet-weed Tall or Purple Boneset. (Fig. 3615.) Eupatorium trifoliatum L. Sp. PI. 837. 1753. ? Eupatorium purpureum L. Sp. PI. 838. 1753. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, simple, or branched at the summit, 3°-io° high. Stem green or purple, terete or striate, usually smooth; leaves thin, verticillate in 3's-6's, ovate, oval, or ovate- lanceolate, petioled, acuminate, serrate, 4/-i2/ long, I'-?/ wide, glabrous or slightly pubescent along the veins on the lower surface; inflores- cence usually elongated; heads very numerous; involucre cylindric, its bracts pink, oblong, ob- tuse, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, the outer shorter; flowers pink or purple, occasionally white. In moist soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Called also Kidney-root, Queen of the Meadow. Aug.-Sept. Eupatorium purpureum falcatum (Michx.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 312. 1894. E. falcatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 99. 1803. Eupatorium purpureum var. angustifolitim T. & G. F1.>N. A. 2: 82. 1841. Leaves narrower, linear, lanceolate, or linear- oblong, 6"-i5" wide. With the type. Gravel-root. COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 5. Eupatorium leucolepis T. & G. White-bracted Thorough wort. Justice- weed. (Fig. 3617.) E. leucolepis T. &. G. Fl. N. A. 2: 84. 1841. Slender, puberulent, branched above, i°- 2° high. Leaves opposite, sessile, linear, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,glaucous green, rough, thick, blunt-pointed, sparingly ser- rate, or the upper entire, if-j/ long, 2//-5// wide, obscurely 3-nerved and narrowed at the base; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads ^f/-\/r high, about 5-flowered; bracts of the narrow involucre imbricated in about 3 series, white, lanceolate, acute, densely canescent, the outer shorter; flowers white. In moist places, pine-barrens of New Jersey to Florida, Georgia and Louisiana. Aug. -Sept. 4. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Late-flowering Thorough wort. (Fig. 3616.) E. serotinum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 100. 1803. Much branched, finely and densely pubes- cent, or glabrate below, 4°-8° high. Leaves all slender-petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 3/-6/ long, yi'-'z' wide, 5-nerved at the base, the lower opposite, the upper alternate; heads very numerous, the inflorescence broadly cymose; heads 7-15-flowered, 2//-3// high; involucre campanulate, its bracts pubescent, linear-oblong, obtuse or truncate, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In moist soil, Maryland to Florida, west to Iowa, Kansas and Texas. Sept.-Nov. involucre greenish. Eastern Long Island and New Jersey. 6. Eupatorium album I,. White Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3618.) Eupatorium album L. Mant. in. 1767. Eupatorium glandulosum Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 98. 1803. Pubescent with spreading hairs, branched above, i°-3° high. Leaves opposite, sessile or uearly so, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, obtusish or the upper acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, coarsely serrate, \'-\f long, Yz'-\' wide, rather thick, mi- nutely scabrous above, more or less pubes- cent beneath; inflorescence cymose-pani- culate; heads numerous, 4//~5// l°ng. 5~7- flowered; involucre narrow, its bracts bright white, linear, cuspidate, imbricated in 3-4 series, the outer short and usually pubescent, the inner much longer, glabrous and shining; flowers white. In sandy soil, Long Island to Florida, west to Louisiana. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Aug.- vSept. Eupatorium album subvendsum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1. Part 2, 98. 1884. Leaves i'-2( long, acute, less coarsely serrate, prominently 3-nerved at the base; bracts of the Genus 4. J THISTLE FAMILY. 309 7. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L,. Hyssop-leaved Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3619.) Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Sp. PI. 836. 1753. E. linearifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 199. 1788. Roughish-puberulent, densely corymbosely branched above, bushy, i°-2° high. "Leaves linear, opposite, and fascicled in the axils of the stem, or on short axillary branches, entire or very nearly so, y^'-i' long, i//-2// wide, firm, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base; in- florescence densely cymose-paniculate; heads 3//-4// long, about 5-flowered; involucre cam- panulate, its bracts linear or linear-oblong, ob- tuse or truncate, sometimes apiculate, puberu- lent, imbricated in about 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In dry fields, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Called also Justice-weed. Leaf-margins usually revolute. Aug. -Sept. A plant from the coast of Maryland with very narrow leaves, closely approaches Eupatorium lecheaefolium Greene, from Florida. 8. Eupatorium Torreyanum Short. Torrey's Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3620.) Eupatorium Torreyanum Short, 2nd Suppl. Cat. PI. Ky. 5. 1836. Eupatorium hyssopifolinm var. Ian malum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 98. 1884. Rootstock tuberous-thickened; stem usually densely puberulent, mostly branched above, i^0-30 high. Leaves opposite, or sometimes in 3's, commonly with short leafy branches in their axils, often drooping, lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, 1/- 3' long, 2//-6// wide, usually distinctly 3- nerved, distantly serrate, the upper and those of the branches much smaller, linear, entire; inflorescence mostly loose; heads about 3// high, generally 5-flowered; bracts of the cam- panulate involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, pubescent, or puberulent, imbricated in about 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In dry soil, Pennsylvania to North Carolina, Kentucky, Florida and Texas. July-Sept. 9. Eupatorium semiserratum DC. Small-flowered Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3621.) Eupatorium ambiguum Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1:96. In part. 1835. E. semiserratum DC. Prodr. 5: 177. 1836. Pubescent or puberulent, loosely branched above, 2°-3° high. Leaves rather thin, short- petioled, oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, at least above the middle, 2/- 4/ long, 5//-i2// wide, 3-nerved, usually with short branches in their axils; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads 2//-3// high, about 5-flowered; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse, canescent,imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Arkansas. Aug.-Sept. 3io COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. ii. Eupatorium sessilifolium L,. Up- land or Bastard Boneset. (Fig. 3623.) Eupatorium sessilifolium L- Sp. PI. 837. 1753. Glabrous throughout, or pubescent above, branched near the summit, 2°-6° high. Leaves opposite, or the lower rarely in 3's, closely ses- sile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acumi- nate, thin, sharply serrate, 3'-6' long, Yz'-xYz' wide, inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads 4//~5// high, about 5-flowered; involucre cam- panulate, its bracts linear-oblong, imbricated in about 3 series, the inner obtuse, the outer acut- ish, shorter; flowers white. In dry woods, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Alabama. Aug.-Oct. Eupatorium sessilifolium Brittonianum Porter, Bull. Torn Club, 19: 129. 1892. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, sparingly and finely serrate, firm, rounded at the base, acute, the upper i'-2' long, 6"-g" wide, pinnately veined, dark green; cymes dense, their branches puberulent. Budd's Lake, N. J. Perhaps a distinct species. 10. Eupatorium altissimum L. Tall Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3622.) Eupatorium altissimum L. Sp. PI. 837. 1753. Densely and finely pubescent, corym- bosely much-branched above, 4°-8° high. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, tapering below into a short petiole, rough- ish, rather thick, sparingly dentate above the middle.or some of them entire.strongly 3-ribbed, 2/~5/ long, 5//-i2// wide; inflor- escence densely cymose-paniculate; heads about 5-flowered, 3//~4// high; involucre campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse, or truncate, densely pubescent, imbricated in about 3 series, the outer shorter; flow- ers white. In dry open places, Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Alabama, west to Iowa, Ne- braska and Texas. Sept.-Oct. 12. Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Rough or Vervain Thorough- wort. (Fig. 3624.) EupatoriumpilosumWa.lt. Fl. Car. 199. 17S8. ? Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 98. 1803. E. teucrufolium Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1753. 1804. Rough-pubescent, slender, 3°-S° high, branched at the summit. Leaves opposite, or occasionally in 3's, ovate-oblong, usually obtuse or blunt-pointed, closely sessile or rarely short-petioled, rounded at the base, more or less crenate-dentate, 2/~4/ long, ^/- i/ wide, the upper pairs distant and small; in- florescence cymose-paniculate; heads 5-flow- ered, about 3// high; involucre campanulate, its bracts liuear-lauceolate, acute, imbricated in about 3 series, densely pubescent, the outer shorter; flowers white. In moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, south to Florida and Louisiana. Called also Wild Hoarhound. Julv-Sept. Genus 4.] THISTLE FAMILY 13. Eupatorium rotundifdlium L,. Round-leaved Thoroughwort. Wild Hoarhound. (Fig. 3625.) E. rolundifolium L. Sp. PI. 837. 1753. Rough-pubescent, branched at the sum- mit, i°-3° high. Leaves opposite, sessile, broadly ovate, often as wide as long, acut- ish or obtuse, truncate to subcordate at the base, coarsely dentate-crenate, i/-2/ long, ascending; inflorescence cymose-panicu- late; heads about 5-flowered, 2//~3// high; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear-ob- long, acute, densely pubescent, imbricated in about 3 rows, the outer shorter; flowers white. 7 In dry soil, southern New York to Florida, Kentucky and Texas. Reported from Canada, but doubtful. July-Sept. 14. Eupatorium pubescens Muhl. Hairy Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3626.) E. pubescens Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PL 3: 1755. 1804. Eupatorium rolundifolium var. ovatum Torr. ; DC. Prodr. 5: 178. 1836. Puberulent or pubescent, branched above, usually taller than the preceding species. Leaves opposite, ovate, sessile, often twice as long as wide, acute at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, coarsely dentate with acute or acutish teeth, or the lower incised- dentate; inflorescence cymose-paniculate, sometimes io/ broad; heads 5-8-flowered, 2//-3// high; involucre campanulate, its linear-oblong bracts in 2 or 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In dry soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania West Virginia and Florida. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. 50 high. Leaves opposite, or rarely 3's, connate-perfoliate, divaricate, 15. Eupatorium perfoliatum L,. Common Thoroughwort. Bone- set. Indian Sage. (Fig. 3627.) E. perfoliatum L Sp. PI. 838. 1753. Pubescent,- stout, branched above, 2° in lanceolate, long-acuminate with a slen der apex, finely creuate-serrate, rugose and pubescent beneath, 4/-8/ long, \'- \}/z' wide; heads crowded, 10-16-flow- ered, 2//-3// high; involucre campanu- late, its bracts lanceolate, acutish, im- bricated in 2 or 3 series, pubescent, the outer shorter; flowers white, rarely blue. In wet places, New Brunswick to Mani- toba, Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Called also Ague-weed, Cross-wort. Wild Sage, Thorough-wax. July-Sept. Eupatorium perfoliatum truncatum ( Muhl. ) A. Gfay, Syn. Fl. i: Part 2. 99. 1804. Eupatorium truncatum Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1751- 1804. Leaves separated and truncate, or somewhat rounded at the base. Occasional with the type. 312 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 17. Eupatorium ageratoides L. f. White Snake-root. White Sanicle. Deerwort Boneset. (Fig. 3629.) E. ageratoides L. f. Suppl. 355. 1781. Glabrous or nearly so, much branched, i°-4° high. Leaves opposite, thin, acu- minate at apex, rounded, truncate or cor- date at the base, or abruptly narrowed into the slender petiole, coarsely and usually sharply dentate-serrate, sometimes cre- nate, 3/-6/ long, i/~3/ wide, 3-nerved and veiny; petioles %,-2yi/ long; inflorescence rather loose, ample; heads 10-30- flowered; receptacle flat; involucre narrowly cam- panulate, about 1" high, its bracts linear, acute or acuminate, in 1 or 2 series, equal or nearly so; flowers bright white. In rich woods, New Brunswick to western Georgia, Ontario, Nebraska, the Indian Terri- tory and Louisiana. Indian Sanicle. July-Nov. Eupatorium perfoliatum cuneatum ( Engel. ) A.Gray, loc. cit. 100, with leaves smaller, narrowed and sepa- rated at the base, occurring in Arkansas and Mis- souri, is regarded by collectors as a hybrid with E. serotinum. 16. Eupatorium resinosum Torr. Resin Boneset. (Fig. 3628.) E. resinosum Torr. DC. Prodr. 5: 176. 1836. Slender, resinous-pubescent, 2°-3° high, branched at the summit, the inflorescence com- paratively small, 3/-4/ broad. Leaves opposite, closely sessile, clasping, or slightly connate-per- foliate at the base, linear-lanceolate, long-acu- minate, sharply serrate, 3/-6/ long, 3//-6// wide, roughish above, canescent beneath; heads 10- 15-flowered; involucre campanulate, about 2" high, its bracts oblong, obtuse, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In wet places, pine-barrens of New Jersey. Aug.- Sept. 18. Eupatorium aromaticum L,. Smaller White Snake-root. (Fig. 3630.) Eupatorium aromaticum L,- Sp. PI. 839. 1753. Puberulent or glabrate, slender, branched at the summit, i°-2° high. Leaves opposite, petioled, firm, obtuse or acutish at the apex, rounded, cordate or sometimes narrowed at the base, crenate-dentate, 1 ^'-3' long, o/'-i 8" wide, 3-nerved and veiny; petioles 2//-8// long; inflor- escence usually compact; heads 10-25-flowered; receptacle flat; involucre campanulate, i/^//-2// high, its bracts linear, generally obtuse, in 1 or 2 series; flowers white. In dry soil, Massachusetts to Florida. Blooms rather later than the preceding species where the two grow together. Called also Poolroot, Poolwort, and Wild Hoarhound. Aug.-Oct. Genus 5.] THISTLE FAMILY. 313 19. Eupatorium coelestinum L,. Mist-flower. (Fig. 3631.) Eupatorium coelestinum L- Sp. PI. 83S. 1753. Conoclinium coelesti)inm DC. Prodr. 5: 135. 1836. Pubescent or puberulent, branched, i°-3° high. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, ob- tuse or acute at the apex, truncate at the base, or abruptly contracted into the petiole, crenate-dentate, lyi's' long, o/'-iS" wide; inflorescence cymose- corymbose, rather com- pact; heads 2//~3// high; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, equal or nearly so, in 1 or 2 series; receptacle conic; flowers blue or vio- let. In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida, west to Illinois, Kansas, Arkansas and Texas. Also in Cuba. Aug.-Oet. 5. WILLUGHBAEA Neck. Elem. i: 82. 1790. [Mikania Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1742. 1804.] Herbaceous twining vines, or some tropical species erect shrubs, with opposite, petioled leaves, and discoid, mostly cymose-paniculate heads of whitish flowers. Heads 4-flowered. Involucre oblong, of 4 slightly unequal narrow bracts. Receptacle small, naked. Corolla regular, its tube slender, the limb campanulate, 5-cleft. Anthers entire and obtuse at the base. Style-branches elongated, acutish. * Achenes truncate, 5-angled. Pappus of numerous capillary roughish bristles in 1 or 2 series. [Probably named in honor of Francis Wil- loughby, 1635-1672, English naturalist, but the name spelled by Necker as above.]] About 150 species, natives of America. Besides the following another occurs in the southern United States. i. Willughbaea scandens (L,.) Kuntze. Climbing Hemp- weed or Boneset. (Fig. 3632.) E. scandens 1,. Sp. PI. 836. 1753. Mikania scandens WTilld. Sp. PI. 3: 1743. 1804. WillonghbyascandensTs.uniziz, Rev. Gen. PI. 371. 1891. Glabrous or nearly so, twining over bushes, 5°-i5° long. Leaves ovate or hastate, deeply cordate at the base with the lobes rounded or truncate, acuminate at the apex, repand or ob- tusely dentate, 2'-4' long, i/-2/ wide; petioles slender, shorter than the blades; heads in compound clusters borne at the ends of the branches; invo- lucre about 3" long, its bracts lanceo- late, acuminate or apiculate; flowers white or pink; achenes resinous. In swamps and moist soil, Massachu- setts to western Ontario and Indiana, Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies and South America. July-Sept. 6. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. Diet. 10: 36. 1817. [Brickellia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 290. 1S24.] Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and discoid heads of white yellowish or pink flowers, in panicles or cymes, or rarely solitary. Involucre campanulate or oblong, its bracts striate, imbricated in several series, the exterior ones successively smaller. Re- ceptacle flat or convex, naked. Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. 3M COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. Style-branches long, obtuse. Achenes io-striate or io-ribbed. Pappus a single row of nu- merous rough or serrate bristles. [Greek, sheath-flower.] A genus of about 60 species. Besides the following- some 40 others occur in the southern and western United States. Large- flowered 1. Coleosanthus grandiflorus (Hook.) Kuntze Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3633.) Eupalorium grandifloriim Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 26. 1834. Brickellia grandiflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 287. 1841. Coleosanthus grandiflorus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 328. 1891. Erect, glabrous or puberulent, much branched, 2°-3°high. Leaves slender-petioled, deltoid-ovate, cor- date at the base, acuminate at the apex, coarsely crenate-dentate, 2'- 4' long, i/-2/ wide; petioles shorter than the leaves; inflorescence cy- mose-paniculate; heads short-ped- uncled, 6//~7// long; peduncles pu- bescent; involucre campanulate,3o- 45-flowered, the outer bracts ovate, pubescent, usually abruptly acumi- nate or subulate-tipped, the inner linear, glabrous, striate, obtuse or acute; bristles of the pappus sca- brous. Montana to southern Missouri and New Mexico, west to Oregon and Arizona. Aug. -Sept. 7. KUHNIA L> Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. Perennial herbs, with alternate punctate resinous-dotted leaves, and discoid heads of white or purplish flowers in terminal cymose corymbs. Involucre turbinatecampanulate, its bracts striate, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Corolla regular, the tube slender, the limb 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, nearly or quite separate. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes io-striate. Pappus a single row of numerous very plumose bristles. [Named for Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Philadelphia, a pupil of Linnaeus.] About 8 species, native of North America and Mexico. Puberulent; leaves sparingly dentate, or entire; heads loosery clustered, 4"~5" high. 1. K. eupatorioides. Pubescent or tomentulose; leaves sharply serrate; heads densely clustered, 6" -8" high. 2. K. zlutinosa. i. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. False Boneset. (Fig. 3634.) Kuhnia eupatorioides L- Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763- Eupatorium alternifolium Ard. Spec. Bot. 2: 40. pi. 20. 1764. Erect, puberulent and resinous, i°-3° high, branched above. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, sparingly den- tate, or entire, the upper sessile, the lower usually short-petioled; heads several or nu- merous, peduncled, 4//-5// high, loosely clustered; outer bracts of the involucre lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the inner much longer, linear, cuspidate; pap- pus tawny, or sometimes nearly white. In dry soil, New Jersey to Georgia, Ohio, West Virginia and Texas. Ascends to 3300 ft. in West Virginia. Aug. -Sept. Genus 8.] THISTLE FAMILY. 315 2. Kuhnia glutinosa Ell. Prairie False Boneset. (Fig. 3635.) Kuhnia glutinosa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 292. 1821-24. A'ut/niasuaveolens'Fresen. Ind. Sem. Francf. 1838. Kuhnia eupatorioid.es var. corymbulosa T. &. G. Fl. N. A. 2:78. 1841. Stouter and often taller than the preceding species, corymbosely or paniculately branched, pubescent or tomentulose, somewhat viscid. Leaves all sessile, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually sharply serrate with distinct teeth, veiny, x'—tf long, 3//-io// wide; or those of the branches linear-lanceolate and entire; heads numerous, 6//-8// high, densely clustered in the cymes, their peduncles mostly short; inner bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate; pappus tawny or brown. In dry soil, Illinois to South Dakota, Alabama and Texas. Aug.-Oct. ^^ 8. LACINARIA Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 49.pl. 46. 1762. [Liatris Schreb. Gen. PI. 542. 1791.] Erect perennial herbs, usually from a globular tuber, simple or little branched, with alternate entire narrow i-5-nerved„ leaves, and spicate or racemose discoid heads of rose- purple or white flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid or subhemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, or slightly convex, naked. Corolla regu- lar, its tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches elongated, obtuse or flattened at the apex. Achenes 10-ribbed, slender, tapering to the base. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of slender barbellate or plumose bristles. [Latin, fringed, from the appearance of the heads.] About 16 species, natives of eastern and central North America, known as Blazing Star, or Button Snakeroot from the globular tubers. •X- Bracts of the involucre acute, acuminate or mucronate. Involucre cylindric, or turbinate, 15-60-flowered, its base rounded. Bracts with lanceolate spreading rigid tips. Bracts mucronate, closely appressed. Involucre oblong, or narrowly campanulate, 3-6-flowered. Inner bracts with prolonged petaloid tips. Bracts all acute, mucronate or acuminate. Bracts appressed; pappus-bristles very plumose. Leaves i"-2" wide; spike usually leafy below. 4. Leaves less than 1" wide; spike mostly naked. 5. Tips of the bracts spreading: pappus-bristles barbellate. 6. ■X- -x- Bracts of the involucre rounded or obtuse. Involucre hemispheric, %'-i' broad, 15-45 -flowered; heads peduncled. 7. L. scariosa. Involucre oblong, 2"-4" broad, 5-15-flowered. Involucre rounded at base ; bracts usually not punctate ; heads mostly sessile. 8. L. spicata. Involucre narrowed at base ; bracts usually very punctate ; heads peduncled. 9. L. graminifolia. i. Lacinaria squarrosa (L. ) Hill. Scaly 1. L. squarrosa. 2. L. cylindracea. 3. Z,, elegans. L. punctata. L. acidota. L. pycnostachya. Blazing Star. Colic-root. (Fig. 3636.) Serratula squarrosa L. Sp. PI. 81S. 1753. Lacinaria squarrosa Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 49. 1762. Liatris squarrosa Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1634. 1804. Usually stout, y2°-2° high, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves narrowly linear, rigid, sparingly punctate, 3/-6/ long, \"-zyz" wide; heads sessile or short-pe- duncled, 15-60-flowered, usually few, or sometimes solitary, Yz'-xyzf long, \"-W thick; bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5-7 series, lanceolate, rigid, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, their tips spread- ing; flowers bright purple; pappus very plumose. In dry soil, western Ontario to Kentucky and Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas. Called also Rattlesnake-master. June-Sept. ;i6 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. Lacinaria squarrosa intermedia (Lindl.) Porter, Mern. Torr. Club, 5: 314. Liatris intermedia Lnidl. Bot. Reg. pi. 94S. 1825. Liatris squarrom var. intermedia DC. Prodr. 5: 129. 1836. Heads narrower; tips of the bracts less spreading. With the type. 1894. 2. Lacinaria cylindracea (Michx.) Kuntze. Cylindric Blazing Star. (Fig. 3637.) Liatris cylindracea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 93. 1803. Liatris graminifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1636. 1804. Lacinaria cylindracea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891. Glabrous or nearly so, stout, i°-i^° high, sometimes branched above. Leaves narrowly linear, rigid, scarcely punctate, 2>/-~/ long, j//_2// wide; heads several or numerous, peduncled, or the lower sessile, turbinate- cylindric, y2'-i' high, 4//-6// thick, 15-60- flowered; bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5 or 6 series, broadly oval, appressed, ab- ruptly acuminate at the apex; flowers purple; pappus very plumose. In dry soil, western Ontario to Minnesota, south to Illinois and Missouri. July-Sept. 3. Lacinaria elegans (Walt.) Kuntze. Handsome Blazing Star. (Fig. 3638.) Stoepelina elegans Walt. Fl. Car. 202. 1788. Liatris elegans Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1635. 1804. Lacinaria elegans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891. Densely and finely pubescent, rarely glabrate, 2°-3° high. Leaves linear, very punctate, i/-5/ long, i//-3// wide, the upper much smaller than the lower and soon reflexed; heads 4-5-flowered, £,"-*]" high, narrowly campanulate, very numerous in a dense spike or raceme sometimes a foot long; bracts of the involucre in 2 or 3 series, the inner ones linear, dilated above into oblong or lanceolate acuminate rose-colored petaloid tips, or sometimes white; pappus very plumose; flowers purple. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Alabama and Texas. Aug.-Oct. 4. Lacinaria punctata (Hook.) Kuntze. Dotted Button-Snakeroot. (Fig. 3639.) Liatris punctata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 306. pi. 55. 1833. Lacinaria punctata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 6/~30/ high; rootstock stout, branching, or globose. Leaves linear, rigid, very punctate, 2/-6/ long, about 1" wide, or the lower 2", the upper gradually shorter, all erect or ascending; heads 3-6-flowered, 6//-8// long, sessile, crowded into a dense spike; spike commonly leafy below; involucre narrowly cam- panulate, acute or acutish at the base, its bracts ob- long, cuspidate or acuminate, often ciliate on the margins, sometimes woolly, imbricated in 4 or 5 series; flowers purple; pappus very plumose. In dry soil. Minnesota and Manitoba to Montana, south to Missouri, Texas, New Mexico andSonora. Aug.-Oct. Genus 8.] THISTLE FAMILY. 317 5. Lacinaria acidota (Engelin. &Gray) Kuntze. Slender Button-Snakeroot. (Fig. 3640-) Liatris acidota Hngelm. &Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 218. 1847. Lacinaria acidota Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 34.9. 1891. Similar to the preceding species, but usually gla- brous throughout, the rootstock globose", or elonga- ting. Stem 20 high, or less, slender. Leaves narrowly linear, ?4//-/^// wide, or the lower wider, slightly punctate, \'-d/ long, the upper gradually shorter; spike slender, naked, or sparingly leafy at the base, 4/-io/long; heads 3-5-flowered, 6//-c// long; involucre narrowly obloug-campanulate, its bracts oblong to ovate-lanceolate, more or less punctate, abruptly or gradually acuminate; glabrous or sparingly ciliate; flowers purple; pappus plumose. Prairies, Kansas (and Missouri, according to Bush) to Texas. Aug. -Oct. 6. Lacinaria pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze. Prairie or Hairy Button- Snakeroot. (Fig. 3641.) Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 91. 1803. Lacinaria pycnostachya Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891. Hirsute-pubescent above, usually glabrous below, 2°-5° high, very leafy. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed below the middle into a slender margined petiole, acuminate at the apex, often i° long and )/zf wide, the upper much smaller, linear-subulate, rigid, punctate; spikes very dense, 6/-i8/ long; heads 4//-6// long, 3-6 -flowered; involucre oblong or cylindric, its bracts oblong, pubescent and ciliate with acute, slightly spreading, colored tips; flowers purple; pappus barbel- late or roughened, not plumose. On prairies, Illinois and Minnesota to Nebraska, south to Kentucky, Louisiana and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 7. Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill. Large Button-Snakeroot. (Fig. 3642.) Serratula scariosa L. Sp. PI. 818. 1753. Lacinaria scariosa Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 49. 1762. Liatris scariosa Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1635. 1804. Finely pubescent, at least above, i°-6° high. Lower leaves oblanceolate, spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a mar- gined petiole, acute or obtusish at the apex, often i° long and 1%' wide; upper leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, or some- times very obtuse, much smaller, all densely punctate; heads hemispheric, yz'-i' broad, l5-45-flowered,on stout peduncles 2//-2/ long, or sometimes sessile; bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5 or 6 series, spatulate-linear, oblanceolate or obovate, rounded at the apex, appressed, their tips dry and scarious,often col- ored; flowers bluish purple; pappus barbellate. In dry soil, Maine to Florida, west to Minne- sota, western Ontario, Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. Called also Blue Blazing Star, Gay Feather, Rattlesnake-master. Aug.-Sept. Lacinaria scariosa squarrulosa (Michx.) Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 12S. Liatris squarrulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 92. 1803. Liatris scariosa var. squarrulosa A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, no. 1884. Head's smaller, 5"-7" broad, turbinate-hemispherie. Dry woods, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 3300 ft. in West Virginia. Perhaps a distinct species. COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 8. Lacinaria spicata (L. ) Kuntze. Dense Button-Snakeroot. Gay Feather. Devil's Bit. (Fig. 3643.) Serrulata spicata L. Sp. PI. 819. 1753. Lialris spicata Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1636. 1804. L. spicata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891. Glabrous or nearly so, 2°-6° high. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate or linear- oblong, usually blunt-pointed, sometimes i° long and 5" wide, the upper linear or even subulate, somewhat or obscurelv punctate; spike generally dense, 4/-i5/ long; heads short-oblong or cylindric, 5-13-flowered, i"-\" broad, mostly sessile; involucre rounded or obtuse at the base, its bracts appressed, oblong, ob- tuse and scarious-margined at the apex, obscurely punctate, imbricated in 4-6 series; flowers blue-purple, occasionally white; pappus roughened or barbellate. In moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west toWisconsin, Kentucky, Louisiana and Arkan- sas. Called also Rough or Backache-root. Throat-wort, Prairie Pine, Colic-root. Aug.-Oct. Lacinaria spicata pumila (Lodd.) Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 314. 1894. Liatris pumila Lodd. Bot. Cab.pl. 147. 1821. Liatris spicata var. montana A. Gray, Syn. PI. 1: Part 2, in. 1884. Low, stout, i°-2° high. Lower leaves broader and shorter, obtuse; spike shorter; heads larger. g. Lacinaria graminifolia (Walt.) Kuntze. Loose-flowered Button- Snakeroot. (Fig. 3644.) Anonymus gramini/olius Walt. Fl. Car. 197. 1788. Liatris graminifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 508. 1 8 14. Not Willd. 1804. Lacinaria graminifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 349. 1891. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, i°-3° high. Leaves similar to those of the pre- ceding species, but more conspicuously punctate, usually somewhat ciliate near the base and acute or acutish at the apex; heads spicate or racemose, mostly pedun- cled; involucre narrowed or acute at the base, 2//-4// broad, its bracts distinctly punctate, appressed, rounded and scarcely margined at the apex, thick; flowers pur- ple; pappus barbellate; achenes hairy. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Georgia. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Called also Fine-leaved Blazing Star. Aug. -Sept. Lacinaria graminifolia pilosa (Ait.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 314. 1894. Serrulata pilosa Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 138. 1789. Liatris graminifolia var. dubia A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 185. 1856. Leaves usually prominently ciliate; heads larger, spicate, racemose, or even paniculate; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong or spatuiate, narrowly scarious-margined. In sandy soil, New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. 9. TRILISA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1818: 140. 1818. Erect perennial herbs, with fibrous roots and alternate simple leaves; those of the stem sessile or clasping, the basal ones narrowed into petioles. Heads small, discoid, of 5-10 purple or white flowers, in terminal thyreoid or corymbose panicles. Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer scarcely shorter than the inner. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, its limb 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Achenes nearly terete, 10-ribbed. Style-branches slender, obtuse. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of elon- gated, barbed bristles. [Anagram of Liatris.'] Two known species, native of the southeastern United States. .Stem glabrous; heads corymbose-paniculate. i. T. odoratissivia. Stem viscid-pubescent; heads thyrsoid-paniculate. 2. T. paniculata. Genus io.] THISTLE FAMILY. .19 i. Trilisa odoratissima (Walt.) Cass. Vanilla-leaf. Vanilla-plant. Dog's-tongue. Carolina Vanilla. (Fig. 3645. ) Anonymos odoratissima Walt. Fl. Car. 198. 1788. Liatris odoratissima Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:, 93. 1803. Trilisa odoratissima Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1818: 140. 1818. Rather stout, glabrous, 2°-3° high. Leaves thick, entire,or sometimes dentate, the lower oblanceolate, oblong or spatu- late, obtuse, 4/-io/ long, i'-iJ^' wide, those of the stem gradually smaller, ob- long, ovate or oval, the uppermost bract- like; heads corymbose-paniculate, about 3" high; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtusish; achenes glandular-pubescent. In.pine-barrens, Virginia ( according toWat- son and Coulter) to Florida and Louisiana. Called also Deer's-tongue and Hound's- tongue. Aug. -Sept. 2. Trilisa paniculata (Walt.) Cass. Hairy Trilisa. (Fig. 3646.) Anonymos paniculatus Walt. Fl. Car. 198. 1788. Liafris paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 93. 1803. Trilisa paniculata Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom- 1818: 140. 1818. i°-3° high. Stem viscid-pubescent, Leaves entire, the basal ones lanceolate or narrowly oblong, acute or obtusish, 3'- io'long, Yzf-x%' wide, those of the stem much smaller, lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate; heads thyrsoid-paniculate, about 3" high; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtusish; achenes finely pubes- cent. In pine barrens, Virginia to Florida and Georgia. Sept.-Oct. 10. GUTIERREZIA Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 30. 1816. Erect branching, usually glabrous and often glutinous herbs, or shrubs, with linear en- tire alternate leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, corym- bosely paniculate in our species. Radiate flowers few, pistillate. Disk-flowers regular, mostly perfect, or some of them only staminate, the corolla-limb 5-lobed. Involucre ovoid or narrowly campanulate, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in few series. Receptacle flat, convex or conic, commonly foveolate. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- branches narrow, flattened, their appendages slender. Achenes terete, ribbed or 5-angled. Pappus of several scales, those of the ray-flowers shorter than or equalling those of the disk. [Named from Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family.] About 20 species, natives of western North America, Mexico and western South America. Be- sides the following 4 others occur in the southwestern United States. 320 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. i. Gutierrezia Sardthrae (Pursh) Britt. and Rusby. Gutierrezia. (Fig. 3647.) Solidago Sarothrae Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 540. 1814. Gutierrezia Eulhamiae T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 193. 1841. Gutierrezia Sarothrae Britton & Rusby, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 10. 1887. Glabrous or minutely pubescent, bushy, %°-2° high, the branches rigid, ascending. Leaves linear, }4/-i)4/ l°ng> /^//-i// wide, acute; heads oblong, \l/2'f-2" high, few-flowered, usually in clusters of 2-5 at the ends of the numerous branches; rays 1-6, scarcely i// long; scales of the pappus linear-oblong, subulate or acuminate; achenes pubescent. In dry or rocky soil, Minnesota and Manitoba to western Nebraska, Texas and Sonora, west to Nevada, Arizona and California. Aug. -Sept. 11. AMPHIACHYRIS DC. Not. PI. Rar. Jard. Gen. 7: 1. pi. 1. 1835. Erect, much branched, glabrous herbs, with small alternate entire leaves, and very nu- merous small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, solitary or clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucre ovoid or hemispheric, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in few series. Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile, or staminate. Pappus of the ray-flowers obsolete or coroniform, that of the disk-flowers of 5-20 subulate scales or bristles somewhat united at the base. Achenes pubescent. [Greek, chaff-around.] Two known species, natives of the south-central United States. The genus is closely related to the preceding one. I. Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. Amphiachyris. (Fig. 3648.) Brachyris dracunculoides DC. Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen. 7: Part 2, 265. pi. 1. 1836. Amphiachvris dracunculoides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 313. 1841. Annual, slender, much branched, 6/-iS/ high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear, 6//-i8// long, i//-2// wide, acutish, the uppermost al- most filiform; heads solitary at the ends of short branches, 10-30-flowered, about 2" high; invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts oval, obtuse; rays 5-10, about as long as the involucre; disk-flow- ers mostly staminate, their ovaries abortive, their pappus of 5-8 subulate aristate scales, united into a short cup at the base. In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. Found adventive at Faston, Penna. Sept. -Oct. 12. GRINDELIA Willd. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berl. Mag. I: 260. 1807. Perennial herbs, sometimes wroody at the base, with alternate sessile or clasping leaves, usually spinulose-dentate, and rather large heads of both discoid and radiate yellow flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches (rays rarely wanting). Involucre hemispheric or de- pressed, its bracts imbricated in several or many series, usually subulate-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked, foveolate. Ray-flowers fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, or sometimes only staminate. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow, flattened, their appendages linear or lanceolate. Achenes short, thick, sometimes compressed, gla- brous, 4-5-ribbed. Pappus of 2-8 soon deciduous awns or bristles. [Named for Prof. H. Grindel, of Riga, 1776-1836.] Genus 13.] THISTLE FAMILY. 321 About 25 species, natives of western North America, Peru and Chili. Besides the following, some 9 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of North America. Known as Gum- plant or Tar- weed. Leaves spatulate or oblong-, obtuse or obtusish; achenes truncate. i. G. squarrosa. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute; achenes 2-toothed. 2. G. lanceolala. i. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal (Fig. 3649. ) Donia squarrosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 555. 1S14. Grindelia squarrosa Dunal in DC. Prodr. 5: 315. 1836. Glabrous, erect or ascending, branched, lo/-2° high. Leaves oblong or oblong- spatulate, obtuse, more or less clasping at the base, sharply spinulose-dentate, some- times laciniate,%/-i>^/ long, 3//-6// wide; heads io//-i5// broad, very glutinous; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceo- late, subulate- tipped, strongly squarrose; achenes truncate, those of the outer flow- ers usually thicker than those of the in- ner; pappus of 2 or 3 awns. In dry soil, Illinois and Minnesota to Mani- toba, south to Missouri, Texas, Nevada and Mexico. Adventive in southern New Jersey. June-Sept. Grindelia squarrosa nuda (Wood) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 118. 1884. Grindelia tiuda Wood. Bot. Gaz. 3: 50. 1878. Rays wanting. Missouri and westward with the type. Broad-leaved Gum-plant. 2. Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Narrow-leaved Gum-plant. (Fig. 3650.) Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7: 73. 1834. Slender, erect, glabrous, branched, about 20 high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, acute at the apex, sessile or clasping at the base, spinulose-dentate, laciniate, or the upper entire, i/-2/ long, 2//-5// wide; heads nearly as large as those of the pre- ceding species; bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, the inner erect, the outer spreading; achenes 2-toothed; pappus of 1 or 2 awns. In dry soil, Tennessee to Kansas, Louisiana and Texas. July-Sept. 13. HETEROTHECA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 137. 1817. Erect, hirsute or pubescent, branching herbs, with alternate, mostly dentate leaves, and rather large heads of both discoid and radiate yellow flowers, generally solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk- flowers perfect, or some of them only staminate. Style-branches flat, their appendages lanceolate or triangular. Achenes pubescent, obtuse, those of the ray-flowers thick, those of the disk-flowers flattened. Pappus of the ray- flowers obsolete or of a few caducous bristles, that of the disk-flowers of an inner row of numerous capillary rough bristles, and an outer row of shorter stouter bristles or scales. [Greek, different-case, from the dissimilar achenes. ~\ Five or 6 species natives of the southern United States and Mexico. 21 322 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. i. Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby. Heterotheca. (Fig. 3651.) Inula subaxillaris Lain. Encycl. 3: 259. 1799. Heterotheca Lamarckii Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 21: 131. 1821. Heterotheca subaxillaris Britt. & Rusb3% Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 10. 1887. Biennial or sometimes annual, i°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, 2/~3/ long, the upper ones oblong, sessile or clasping, smaller, all acutish or obtuse, dentate; heads rather numerous, 6//-9// broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, 3//-5// high, its bracts linear, or slightly dilated above, the inner with scarious mar- gins; rays 10-25; inner bristles of the pappus of the disk-flowers about 2" long. In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, Louisiana, Kansas, Arizona and Mexico. July-Sept. 14. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Gen. 2: 150. 1818. [DiPLOGON Raf. Amer. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 1818. Not Poiret, 1811.] Perennial branching herbs, with alternate sessile entire leaves, or the basal ones dentate, and large many-flowered heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers (rays wanting in some western species), loosely corymbose, or solitary at the ends of the branches. Invo- lucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts narrow, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle usually flat, more or less foveolate. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk- flowers mostly all perfect. Pappus double in both the disk and ray-flowers, the inner of numerous rough capillary bristles, the outer of smaller or minute scales or bristles. Achenes flattened, oblong-linear or obovate. Style-branches narrow, somewhat flattened, their ap- pendages linear or subulate. [Greek, of golden aspect.] About 20 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Besides the following, about S others occur in the southern and western United States. Leaves elongated-linear, parallel-veined; achenes linear; involucre campanulate. 30 high, silvery-pubescent; leaves grass-like, 3'-i2' long. i. C. graminifolia. C. fa lea la. involucre heniis- C. pilosa. C. Mariana. 4/-10' high, woolly-pubescent; leaves rigid, i'-4' long. 2 Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear, pinnately veined; achenes obovate, or oval: pheric. Plant densely woolly-pubescent. 3 Plants hirsute, or villous-pubescent. Heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate; eastern species. 4. Heads fewer, corymbose, or terminating the branches; western species. Villous-pubescent; leaves oblanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate. Leaves acute. Leaves obtuse. Hirsute-pubescent. Leaves linear, acutish, short. Leaves spatulate, obtuse. Pilose-pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate. 5. C. camporum. 6. C. villosa. 7. C. stenophylla. 8. C. hispida. 9. C. Nuttallii. 1. Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. Grass-leaved Golden Aster. (Fig. 3652.) Inula graminifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 122. 1803. Chrysopsis graminifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 151. 181S. Slender, corymbosely branched above, very silvery-pubescent, i°-3° high. Leaves linear, soft, grass-like, 3-5-nerved, shining, the basal ones df-xi' long, 2//-5// wide, the upper much smaller, and the uppermost subulate and erect; heads several or numerous, about Yzf broad, solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre campanulate, its bracts glabrate; achenes linear- fusiform. In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, west to Ohio (Cooper in Torrey Herbarium) and Texas. Called also Silver-grass, Scurvy-grass. Aug-Oct. Genus 14.] THISTLE FAMILY. 323 2. Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Ell. Sickle-leaved Golden Aster. (Fig. 3653.) Inula falcata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 532. 1814. Chrysopsis falcata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2:336. 1824. Corymbosely branched above, rather stiff, \'-\ 2' high, leafy to the top, very woolly- pubescent, at least when young, or becoming glabrate. Leaves linear, rigid, spreading, sometimes slightly curved, i/-A/ long, i//-3// wide, obscurely parallel-nerved; heads rather few, 3//~5// broad, terminating the branches; involucre campanulate.its bracts slightly pubescent; achenes linear. In sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey. July- Aug. In piue-barreus, Virginia (according to Watson and 4. Chrysopsis Mariana (L,.) Nutt. Maryland Golden Aster. (Fig. 3655.) Inula Mariana L. Sp. PI. Fd. 2, 1240. 1763- C. Mariana Nutt. Gen. 2: 151. 1818. Stout, i°-2_^° high, loosely villous- pubescent with silky hairs when young, at length nearly glabrous, corymbosely branched at the sum- mit. Upper leaves oblong or lanceo- late, acutish or obtuse, sessile, i/-2/ long, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate and narrowed into a petiole, generally obtuse, z'-a/ long and sometimes I'wide; heads commonly numerous, 9//-i2// broad, on glandu- lar peduncles; involucre hemis- pheric, its bracts glandular, acute, viscid -pubescent; achenes obovate. In dry soil, southern New York and Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana. Aug. -Sept. 3. Chrysopsis pilosa (Walt.) Britton. Cottony Golden Aster. (Fig. 3654.) Erigeron pilosum Walt. Fl. Car. 206. 1788. Inula gossypina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 122. 1803. C. gossypina Nutt. Gen. 2: 150. 1818. Chrysopsis pilosa Britton. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 316. 1894. Stout, i°-2° high, branched above, densely woolly-pubescent all over. Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, the lower and basal ones I/-3' long, 3//-5// wide, the uppermost much smaller; heads usually nearly \' broad, termina- ting the branches, bright yellow; invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts densely pubescent when young, becoming glabrate; achenes obovate. Coulter) to Florida and Alabama. Autumn. 5!C?t> 324 COMPOSITAE. [Voi.. III. 6. Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. Hairy Golden Aster. (Fig. 3657.) Amellus villosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 564. 1814. Chrysopsis villosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 151. 1818. Stem villous or strigose-pubescent, i°- 2° high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, obtuse, i/-2/ long, 2//-5// wide, the upper sessile, the lower nar- rowed into a petiole, pale, persistently canescent with appressed hairs; heads rather few, i/ broad or more, terminating the short branches; rays oblong-linear, golden yellow; involucre hemispheric, its bracts 4//-5// high, linear-subulate, pubes- cent and often ciliate; achenes obovate. In dry soil, Minnesota and Illinois to Ala- bama, west to Manitoba, British Columbia and Nebraska. July-Aug. 5. Chrysopsis camporum Greene. Prairie Golden Aster. (Fig. 3656.) Chrysopsis camporum Greene, Pittonia, 3: 88. 1897. Stem villous-pubescent, erect, often branched, i°-2}4° high, leafy up to the inflorescence. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, entire, or with a few low distant teeth, acute, sessile, or the lower narrowed into petioles, appressed- pubescent with short hairs, ciliate, at least near the base, i/-3/ long, 2//-5// wide; heads several or solitary at the ends of the branches, i/-i%/ broad, showy; peduncles if— if long; involucre nearly hemispheric, yz' high, its bracts lanceo- late, acuminate, pubescent; outer pappus-bristles subulate. On prairies, Illinois and Kentucky to Missouri. July-Sept. 7. Chrysopsis stenophylla (A. Gray) Greene. Stiff-leaved Golden Aster. (Fig. 3658.) Chrysopsis villosa var. stenophylla A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 123. 1884. Chrysopsis stenophylla Greene, Erythea, 2: 96. 1894. Low, slender, hirsute or rough-pu- bescent, &-\o' high. Leaves linear or slightly broadened above, densely canes- cent and ciliate, acutish, o/'-is" long, i//-2// wide, the margins revolute in dry- ing; involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts pubescent or the outer densely ciliate; heads few, 6//-io// broad. In dry soil, Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept. Genus 15.] THISTLE FAMILY. 325 8. Chrysopsis hispida (Hook.) Nutt. Hispid Golden Aster. (Fig. 3659.) Diplopappns hispidus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 22. 1834. Chrysopsis hispida Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:316. 1841. Chrysopsis villosa var. hispida A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 123. 1884. Lower than C. villosa, stem rarely over i° high, with spreading hirsute or hispid pubescence. Leaves spatulate to oblong, entire, spreading, 9//-i8// long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, often into petioles half as long as the blade or more; heads smaller, often more numerous; invo- lucre not over 4" high, its bracts lanceolate, hirsute. In dry soil, Manitoba to Idaho, Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. 9. Chrysopsis Nuttallii Britton. Nuttall's Golden Aster. (Fig. 3660.) Chrysopsis pilosa Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7: 66. 1834. Not Erigeron pilosum Walt. 1788. C. Nuttallii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 316. 1894. Pilose-pubescent with soft hairs and minutely glandular, i°-2° high, branched above. Leaves ob- long-lanceolate, mostly acute, i/-2^/ long, 2//~5// wide, entire, or the lower serrate or even incised; heads few, 8//-i2// broad, terminating the branches; involucre hemispheric, its bracts glandular-viscid; achenes obovate. In dry soil, Kansas to Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas. July-Sept. 15. CHONDROPHORA Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 79. 1836. [Bigelowia DC. Mem. Comp. //. 5. 1833. Not Bigelovia Spreng. 1821.] Perennial stiff herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and corymbose-paniculate discoid heads of yellow flowers. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its bracts rigid and glutinous, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, generally foveolate, naked. Corolla regular, tubular, the limb 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed, 1-2-ribbed on each side. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of numerous capillary unequal bristles. [Greek, cartilage-bearing.] One, or perhaps two species, native of eastern North America. . t ' - i. Chondrophora nudata (Michx. ) Britton (Fig. 3661.) Chrysocoma nudata Michx. Fl. Bor.Am. 2: 101. 1803. Bigeloiuia nudata DC. Prodr. 5: 329. 1836. C. nudata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 317. 1894. Glabrous, erect, simple, i°-2^°high. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, or obtusish, 3/-6/ long, 3//-6// wide, attenuate into a mar- gined petiole; stem leaves distant, small, linear or subulate; heads numerous, 2//-3// high, crowded in a compound terminal corymbose cyme; involucre narrowly campanulate, acute at the base, its bracts coriaceous, appressed, linear-oblong, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer much smaller than the inner; achenes short-turbinate; pappus-bristles rigid; edges of the depressions in the receptacle prolonged into subulate teeth. In moist pine-barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Aug. -Oct. Ray less Golden-rod. 326 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. Chondrophora nudata virgata (Nutt. ) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 317. 1894. Chrysocoma virgata Nutt. Gen. 2: 137. 1818. Bigelovia nudata var. virgata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 232. 1841. Chondrophora virgata Greene, Erythea, 3: 91. 1895. Lower leaves linear, shorter, or the basal ones linear-spatulate. Perhaps specificalty distinct. With the type, southward, not certainly known from within our territory. 16. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 629. 7: 323. 1840. Low shrubs, with equably leafy branches, hard wood, linear leaves, and discoid heads of yellow perfect flowTers. Heads narrow, 5-7-fiowered. Involucre oblong to narrowly campanulate, its bracts more or less keeled, thin, or papery, imbricated in several series, often so as to form 5 vertical rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style- branches exserted, their appendages subulate to filiform. Achenes narrow, mostly pubes- cent. Pappus of copious capillary roughened bristles. [Greek, golden-bush.] About 25 species, natives of western North America. Heads about 6" high; involucral bracts obtuse or mucronulate. 1. C. nauseosa. Heads 7"-io" high; involucral bracts subulate-tipped. 2. C. Hozcardi. i. Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pursh) Britton. Fetid Rayless Golden-rod. (Fig. 3662.) C. nauseosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.517. 1S14. C. graveole?is Nutt. Gen. 2: 136. 1818. Bigelovia graveolens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 644. 1873. Chondrophora nauseosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 317. 1894. Densely white-tomentose, at least when young, much branched, very leafy, i°-6° high) odorous. Leaves linear, or slightly spatulate, x'-i' long, i//-2// wide; heads 5//-8// high, very numerous and crowded in terminal compound corymbose cymes, rays none; involucre narrowly campanu- late, acute at the base, its bracts oblong or linear-oblong, acutish, puberulent, imbricated in about 4 series; achenes linear; pappus-bristles soft, copious. In sterile, especially alkaline soil, North- west Territory to western Nebraska (?) and New Mexico, west to British Columbia and southern California. Aug.-Oct. 2. Chrysothamnus Howardi (Parry) Greene. Howard's Ray- less Golden-rod. (Fig. 3663.) Linosyris Hozcardi Parry; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 541. 1865. Bigelovia Hozcardi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 641. 1873. Chrysothamnus Hozvardi Greene, Erythea, 3: 113. 1895. Similar to the preceding species, densely white-tomentose when young, glabrous or nearly so when old, tufted, much branch- ed, 6/-io/ high. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, i/-2/ long, about x" wide; heads 7//-io// long, narrow, 5-flowered, more or less glomerate, usually surpassed by the upper leaves; rays none; involucre slightly pubescent, or glabrous, its bracts lanceo- late, thin, acuminate or subulate-tipped; achenes nearly linear, pubescent. In dry soil, western Nebraska, Colorado and Utah to New Mexico. July-Sept. Genus 17.] THISTLE FAMILY. 327 17. OONOPSIS Greene, Pittonia, 3: 45. 1896. Perennial herbs, the following species glabrous, mostly tufted, with woody roots, the stems leafy to the top. Leaves entire, linear to lanceolate. Heads cymose at the end of the stem or branches. Involucre campanulate to ovoid, its bracts flat, imbricated in severa series, herbaceous, cuspidate, appressed and erect, or the outer spreading. Disk-flowers with a nearly cylindric 5- toothed corolla. Stamens and style included or scarcely exserted. Ray- flowers present or wanting, pistillate. "Style-appendages ovate to subulate. Achenes gla- brous, or somewhat pubescent. Pappus-bristles coarse, rigid. [Greek, resembling an egg, referring to the ovoid involucre.] Four known species, natives of central North America. i. Oonopsis Engelmanni (A. Gray) Greene. Engelmann's Oonopsis. (Fig. 3664.) Bigelovia Engelmanni A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 75. 1S76. Oonopsis Engelmanni Greene, 1896. Pittonia, 3: 45. Perennial by a deep woody root, glabrous throughout; stems stiff, about S' high, densely leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 9//-i8// long, less than i// wide, brittle when dry; heads clustered, or sometimes solitary at the ends of the branches, yi; wide or less, sessile among the upper leaves; involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts in about 4 series, oblong to spatulate, short-acuminate or mucronate, appressed; ray- flowers none; disk-flowers about as long as the rather rigid capillary pappus-bristles; achenes linear-oblong, narrowed at the base, many- striate. Western Kansas and Nebraska. Sept.-Oct. 18. PRIONOPSIS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 329. 1841. A glabrous annual or biennial herb, leafy to the top, with sessile spinulose-dentate leaves, and large heads of yellow radiate and tubular flowers. Involucre broadly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, lanceolate, acuminate, the outer more or less spreading. Receptacle naked. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas 5-toothed. Ray-flowers very numer- ous, pistillate. Achenes glabrous, those of the ray-flowers broader than those of the disk; pappus of a few deciduous rigid unequal bristles, the outer very short. [Greek, resembling a saw, referring to the leaf-margins.] A monotypic genus of south-central United States. i. Prionopsis ciliata Nutt. Prionopsis. (Fig. 3665.) Donia ciliata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2: 118. 1821. Aplopappus ciliatus DC. Prodr. 5: 346. 1836. Prionopsis ciliata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 329. 1841. Stem erect, stout, branched, very leafy, 2°-5° high. Leaves sessile, oval or the lower obovate, obtuse, conspicuously veined, \f-jf long, j4/-ij4/ wide, sharply serrate with bristle-pointed teeth; heads few, clustered, stalked or nearly sessile, i/- i}4/ broad; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts glabrous; achenes of the ray-flowers ellip- soid, those of the disk-flowers oblong, the central sterile; pappus-bristles rigid, the inner ones rough or ciliate. On hillsides and river-banks, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. Aug.-Sept. 328 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 19. ERIOCARPUM Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 320. 1841. Perennial or annual herbs or shrubs with alternate spinulose-dentate or lobed leaves and many-flowered heads of tubular or of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers (heads rarely without rays). Involucre hemispheric to campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer ones gradually smaller. Receptacle flat or convex, generally foveolate, naked. Ray-flowers fertile. Disk-flowers usually perfect. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, lanceolate. Achenes oblong or obovoid, obtuse, white-tomentose, or canescent, usually 8-10-nerved. Pappus of 1-3 series of numerous capillary persistent more or less unequal bristles. [Greek, woolly fruit.] About 10 species, natives of America, ern parts of the United States. Rays none; leaves dentate. Rays present. Leaves dentate: annual. Leaves pinnatifid; perennial. Besides the following, about 6 others occur in the west- i. E. grindelioides. 2. E. rubiginosum. 3. E. spiniilosum. i. Eriocarpum grindelioides Nutt. Rayless Eriocarpum. (Fig. 3666.) Eriocarpum grindelioides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (11)7.321. 1841. Apiopappus Nuttallii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 240. 1842. Perennial by a deep woody root, finely pubescent; stems tufted, simple, erect, 4/-i2/ high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, sessile, or the lower petioled, X/-l/ l°ng. firm, acute or obtusish, spinulose-dentate; heads several or solitary, termi- nating the stem or branches; peduncles \' long, or less; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear, acute, puberulent.their tips somewhat spreading, the outer shorter than the inner; achenes densely silky to- mentose. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to South Dakota, Nebraska, Utah and Arizona. July.-Aug. 2. Eriocarpum rubiginosum (T. & G.) Britton (Fig. 3667.) Apiopappus rubiginosus T. &. G. Fl. N. A. 2: 240. 1841. Eriocarpum rubiginosum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 316. 1894. Viscid, glandular-pubescent, erect, an- nual, branched near the summit, i°-3° high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest narrowed into short petioles, oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, conspicuously dentate with distant awn-pointed teeth, acute or obtusish at the apex, i>^/-2j^/ long, 2//-6// wide; heads several, cymose-paniculate, 8//-i5// broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-subulate with spreading tips; rays large; pappus bristles rigid, very unequal; achenes villous-canescent, turbinate, not compressed. Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. Autumn. Viscid Eriocarpum. Genus 20.] THISTLE FAMILY. 329 3. Eriocarpum spinulosum (Nutt.) Greene. Cut-leaved Eriocar- pum. (Fig. 3668.) A melius spinulosus Vursht Fl. Am. Sept. 2:564. 1814. Aplopappus spinulosus DC. Prodr. 5: 347. 1S36. Eriocarpum spinulosum Greene, Frythea" 2: 108. 1894. Canescent or glabrate, much branched at the base, perennial from thick woody roots, 6/-i5/ high. Leaves pinnatifid, sessile, linear to ovate in outline, Yz'-iYz' long, \"-iy2'f wide, the lobes with bristle-pointed teeth; heads several or numerous (rarely solitary), 6//-i2// broad; involucre hemis- pheric, its bracts linear, acute, appressed; rays narrow; achenes pubescent, narrowed below; pappus soft and capillary. In dry soil, Northwest Territory and North Dakota to Nebraska and Texas, west to Colo- rado, Arizona and Mexico. March-Sept. 20. STENOTUS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 334. 1841. Low undershrubs, with coriaceous narrow entire evergreen leaves, scapose or leafy stems, and rather large heads of both radiate and tubular yellow flowers. Involucre mostly hemis- pheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, ovate to lanceolate. Receptacle alveolate. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, usually somewhat enlarged upward, deeply 5-toothed. Ray-flowers fertile. Anthers obtuse at the base. Appendages of the style-branches short, lanceolate. Achenes white-villous. Pappus of soft white capillary bristles. [Greek, narrow, referring to the leaves.] About 18 species, natives of western North America. i. Stenotus armerioides Nutt. Narrow-leaved Stenotus. (Fig. 3669.) Stenotus armerioides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:335. 1841. Aplopappus armerioides A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 132. 1884. Perennial, tufted from a branched woody caudex, glabrous throughout; flowering stems slender, naked above, or quite leafless, 4/-8/ high. Basal leaves numerous, narrowly spatulate or linear, acute or acutish, firm, i/-3/ long, i//-2// wide, en- tire, narrowed below; stem leaves usually 1-3, sessile, linear, sometimes none; head commonly solitary, about i/ broad; involucre campanulate, 4//-6// high, its bracts broadly oval, green, ap- pressed, obtuse or retuse, scarious-margined, or the inner ovate-oblong and acutish; rays 8-10; achenes canescent or villous; pappus bristles soft, white. In dry, mostly rocky soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming, Utah and New Mexico. June-July. 21. ISOPAPPUS T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 239. 1841. Rough-hairy annual or biennial herbs, loosely paniculately branched, with alternate linear to lanceolate i-nerved entire or somewhat toothed leaves, and small slender-peduncled heads of radiate and tubular yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate-cylindric, its appressed lanceolate or subulate bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle alveolate. Ray-flowers 5-12, pistillate. Disk-flowers 10-20, perfect. Anthers not sagittate. Style-appendages narrow, hirsute. Achenes terete, narrowed below, silky-villous. Pappus a single series of rough capillary bristles, nearly equal in length. [Greek, equal pappus.] Two known species, natives of the southern United States. 33o COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. i. Isopappus divaricatus (Nutt. ) T. & G. Isopappus. (Fig. 3670.) Inula divaricata Nutt. Gen. 2: 152. 1818. Aplopappus divaricatus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 130. 1884. Isopappus divaricatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 239. 1841. Annual or biennial, erect, paniculately much branched, slender, rough-pubescent or glandular, i°-3° high. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, or the lowest linear-spatulate, acute or cuspidate, dentate with distant teeth, or sometimes entire, I'-tf long, I//~3// wide, the uppermost much smaller, subu- late or bract-like; heads numerous, 2//~5// broad; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, subulate-tipped, pubescent, peduncles very slender or filiform. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, east to Georgia and Florida. Aug. -Oct. 22. SOLIDAGO L. Sp. PI. 878. 1753. Perennial erect herbs, sometimes woody at the base, simple, or little branched, with alternate simple toothed or entire leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow or rarely white flowers, in terminal or axillary panicles, thyrsi, or cymose-corymbose or capitate clusters. Involucre oblong or narrowly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer successively shorter. Receptacle small, flat, or somewhat convex, generally alveolate. Ray-flowers in one series, pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly all perfect, their corollas tubular or narrowly campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes terete or angled, usually ribbed. Pappus of numerous capillary rough nearly equal bristles in 1 or 2 series. [Greek, to make whole.] About 85 species, mostly of North America, 2 or 3 in Europe, a few in Mexico and South America. A. Tips of the involucral bracts, or some of them spreading or recurved. Leaves glabrous or glabrate, 4'-io' long. 1. .S. squarrosa. Leaves roughciliate, 1/-2' long. 2. 5. petiolaris. B. Tips of the involucral bracts all erect and appressed. ■Sf Heads in axillary clusters, or also in a terminal spike-like, sometimes branched thyrsus. 1. Heads 2"-$" high, chiefly in axillary clusters; achenes pubescent. Stem and branches terete; leaves lanceolate to oblong. 3. 5. caesia. Stem and branches grooved or angled. Leaves broadly oval, contracted into margined petioles. 4. 5". flexicaulis. Leaves lanceolate, sessile. 5. 5. Curtisii. 2. Heads 2"-^" high, chiefly in a terminal spike-like thyrsus; achenes glabrous, or nearlyso. S. bicolor. S. hispida. S. erecta. S. monticola. S. macrophylla. Rays white; stem pubescent. 6. Ra3'S yellow; stem densely pubescent. 7. Rays yellow; stem glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. Leaves thick, not acuminate, dentate, or the upper entire. 8. Leaves thin, acuminate, sharply serrate. 9. 3. Heads 5" -6" high; bracts elongated, acute; leaves ovate. 10. -X- Heads in a terminal simple or branched thyrsus, not at all secund on its branches, or scarcely so. 1 . Bracts of the involucre acute. High northern; leaves spatulate, glabrous. 44. 5". multiradiata. Eastern; stem minutely puberulent or glabrous; heads 2 % "-3" high. 11. 5. puberula. Western; stem and leaves scabrous or rough-pubescent. 12. 5". Lindheimeriana. 2- Bracts of the involucre obtuse (or the inner acutish in No. 13). (a) Upper leaves abruptly smaller than the lower, appressed. 1^;. 5". slricla. (b) Leaves gradually smaller upward, spreading or ascending. t Lozcer leaves large, oblong or oval, acute or obtusish. X At least the lowest leaves dentate; plants 2°-6° high. Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate; branches of the thyrsus appressed. 14. .S. ttliginosa. Lower leaves ovate or broadly oval; branches of the thyrsus ascending. 15 S. specinsa. X Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire, i'-5' long. 16. 5". rigidiuscula. t t Basal leaves narrowly spatulate. 17. 5. Purshii. t t t Basal leaves obovate, oblanceolate, or broadly spatulate. Plant 3'-i2' high, on alpine summits; stem angular. 18. 5". alpestris. Plant i°-3° high, not alpine; heads 3"-4" high. 19. 5". Virgaurea. ¥t ¥t ¥t Heads in a terminal, usually large panicle, secund on its spreading or recurved branches. X Plant maritime; leaves thick, fleshy, entire. 20. .S. sempervirens. Plants not maritime ; leaves not fleshy. 1. Leaves pinnately- veined, not triple-nerved. (a) Leaves all entire, thin and glabrous. 21. 5. odora. Genus 22.] THISTLE FAMILY. 331 (b) Leaves, at least the lower, more or less dentate or serrate. | Leaves linear or linear-oblong^ 1' -2' long, scabrous. 22. 5. tortifolia. t t Leaves broader, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, 2' -10' long. % Stem densely pubescent; leaves more or less so. Leaves rugose-veiny beneath, sharply serrate. Leaves not rugose, sparingly dentate or entire. % X Stem glabrous, or merely puberulent above Leaves very rough on the upper surface, serrulate. Leaves smooth, or minutely roughened on the upper surface. Racemes few, widely divergent, very slender. Lower leaves oblong, coarsely serrate. Lower leaves ovate or lanceolate, rather finely serrate. Racemes numerous, spreading, recurved or ascending. Leaves all oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile. At least the lower leaves petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Leaves firm, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; heads about 2' rays several. 29 Leaves firm, narrowly lanceolate; heads about 2" 5". rugosa. S. fistulosa. 25. 5". patula. 26. 27. S. ulmifolia. S. Bootlii. 28. 5". Ellioltii. 33- 34- 35- 36. 37- 5". rnpestris. S. serotina. S. Missouriensis. S. Shortii. S. Gattingeri. high; racemes short; 5". neglecta. high; racemes' few, short; rays 1-3. 30. 5". uniligulata. Leaves firm, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate; heads iH"-2" high; racemes numerous, slender. 31- •$"• juncea. Leaves thin, the lower broadly ovate, short-acuminate; heads 2^"-3^" high; racemes numerous. 32. 5. argula. 2. Leaves triple-nerved, *. e., with a pair of lateral veins much stronger than the others. Stem glabrous; bracts of the involucre obtuse. Leaves, and bracts of the involucre thin. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate. Leaves,' and bracts of the involucre thick, somewhat rigid. Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; achenes glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; achenes silky-pubescent. Basal leaves oblanceolate, upper bract-like. Stem pubescent or scabrous. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate or entire, rough above. Leaves oblanceolate, spatulate, oblong, or ovate, the lower crenate. Minutely rough-pubescent, grayish; lower leaves oblanceolate; heads 2" high. 39. .S. nemoralis. Canescent and pale; leaves oblong or ovate; heads 3" high. 40. 5". mollis. Very scabrous, green, not grayish, nor canescent. \\. S. radula. Leaves broadly ovate-oval, sharply serrate, finely pubescent. 42. 5. Drummondii. q. jf y. % Heads in a terminal, corymbiform, sometimes thyrsoid cyme, forming a flat-topped inflorescence. Leaves ovate, oblong, or oval, very rough on both sides. 43. 5. rigida. Leaves lanceolate, linear, oblong, or oblanceolate, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves, at least the lower, oblanceolate; high northern. Leaves not oblanceolate nor spatulate. Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate. Leaves all lanceolate or linear, entire. Stout; leaves lanceolate, the basal 8'-i2( long. Slender; leaves linear, the basal 4' -5' long. 38. 5". Canadensis. 44. 45- 46. 47- S. S. multiradiata. Ohioensis. S. Riddellii. S. Houghtoni. i. Solidago squarrosa Muhl. Stout Ragged Golden-rod. (Fig. 3671.) Solidago squarrosa Muhl. Cat. 76. 1813. Stem stout, simple, or rarely branched above, glabrous or puberulent, 2°-5° higb. Upper leaves oblong, acute, entire or nearly so, sessile; lower and basal leaves obovate, oval, or broadly spatulate, acute or obtuse, 4/-io/ long, i'-y wide, sharply dentate, often narrowed into a margined petiole, all glabrous, or sometimes slightly pubescent; heads 15-25-flowered, 4//-5// bigh, numerous in a terminal narrow often leafy thyrsus some- times I2/ in length; rays 10-15, showy, 2//- 3// long; tips of the involucral bracts green, acute or obtuse, rarely some of them erect, all usually strongly recurved, giving the beads a ragged appearance ; achenes glabrous. In rocky soil, New Brunswick and Ontario, south to Virginia and Ohio. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Catskills. Lower branches of the in- florescence sometimes elongated. Aug.-Oct. 332 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 2. Solidago petiolaris Ait. Downy Ragged Golden-rod. (Fig. 3672.) Solidago petiolaris Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 216. 1789. Stem rather slender, pubescent or puberulent, i°-3° high, simple, or branched above. Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled, oblong to oval, acute, obtuse or mucrouate, entire or dentate, y&'-z' hong, rough or ciliate on the margins; heads 2>//~4// high> iQ a termi- nal narrow more or less compound thyrsus; involucral bracts with green acute to acuminate tips, the outer spreading, the inner appressed; achenes glabrous or nearly so. In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas and Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. Variable, or perhaps includes sev- eral species. Sept. -Oct 3. Solidago caesia L,. Blue- stemmed or Wreath Golden-rod. (Fig. 3673. ) Solidago caesia L. Sp. PI. 879. 1753. S. gracilis Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 8: 476. 1808. Stem glabrous, slender, often glaucous, usually bluish or purple, branched or sim- ple, terete, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, sharply serrate, 2/-5/ long, 3//-i5// wide; heads 2//-3// high, in axillary clusters or racemes, or occasionally with some in a short terminal thyrsus; bracts of the invo- cre obtuse, appressed; achenes pubescent. In woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Called also Woodland Golden-rod. Aug.-Oct. Solidago caesia axillaris (Pursh) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 189. 1882. 5". axillaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 542. 1814. Heads few, in dense short axillary clusters leaves often entire. Nova Scotia to Ontario and New Jersey. much exceeded by the long thin leaves; upper 4. Solidago flexicaulis L. Zig-zag or Broad-leaved Golden-rod. (Fig. 3674.) Solidago flexicaulis L. Sp. PI. 879. 1753. Solidago latifolia L,. loc. cit. 1753. Stem glabrous, angled, usually simple, zig-zag, i°-3° high. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base into a margined petiole, somewhat pubescent, or gla- brous beneath, sharply serrate, 2'-"]' long, \'-\' wide, the uppermost sometimes lanceolate and entire or nearly so; heads about 3" high, in short axillary racemose clusters, and rarely also in a narrow terminal thyrsus; bracts of the in- volucre obtuse to acutish, appressed; achenes hirsute-pubescent. In rich woods. New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri. Ascends to 2300 ft. in the Catskills. July-Sept. Genus 22.] THISTLE FAMILY. 1 "> *? 3j3 5. Solidago Curtisii T. & G. Curtis' Golden-rod. (Fig. 3675.) Solidago Curtisii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 200. 1841. Stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, simple or branched, slender, i>^0— 30 high, angled and grooved. Leaves thin, sessile, elongated-lanceolate or sometimes broader above the middle, long-acuminate, nar- rowed below into an entire base, sharply serrate, 3' -6' long, 4//-i2// wide, glabrous or nearly so; heads 2//-3// high, in rather loose axillary clusters and sometimes also in a narrow terminal thyrsus; bracts of the involucre few, obtuse. In mountain woods, Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia. Aug.-Sept. 6. Solidago bicolor L. White Golden-rod. Silver-rod. (Fig. 3676-) Solidago bicolor 1,. Mant. 114. 1767. Stem rather stout, hirsute-pubes- cent, or nearly glabrous, 6' -4° high, simple or branched. Basal and lower leaves obovate or broadly oblong, mostly obtuse, 2/~4/ long, i/-2/ wide, narrowed into long margined petioles, dentate or crenate-dentate, moie or less pubescent; upper leaves smaller and narrower, oblong or sometimes lanceolate, obtusish or acute, sessile or nearly so, often entire; heads i"-^" high, crowded in a terminal narrow thyrsus 2/-7/ long, and sometimes also clustered in the upper axils; rays white; bracts of the involucre obtuse; achenes glabrous. In dry soil, New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Ontario, Minnesota and Missouri. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept. 7. Solidago hispida Muhl. Hairy Golden-rod. (Fig. 3677.) 5. hispida Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2063. 1804. Solidago hirsuta Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: 103. 1834. Solidago bicolor vzx. concolor T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 197. 1841. Stout, stem densely pubescent or hir- sute, simple, or sometimes branched, 1%°-^° high. Lower leaves oval, acute, or obtuse, petioled, pubescent on both sides, usually dentate, 2/~5/ long, i/-2/ wide; upper leaves oblong, sessile, acute, dentate or entire, smaller, sessile; heads about 3// high, crowded in a dense narrow terminal thyrsus and also often in racemose clusters in the upper axils; rays yellow; involucral bracts obtuse; achenes with a few appressed hairs, or glabrous. In dry soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania, Georgia and Wisconsin. More abundant northward than the preceding species. As- cends to 2000 ft. in the Catskills. Aug. -Oct. 334 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 8. Solidago erecta Pursh. Slender Golden-rod. (Fig. 3678.) Solidago erecta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 542. 1814. Solidago speciosa var. angnstala T. &. G. Fl. N. A. 2: 205. 1841. Stem slender, glabrous, or puberulent above, 2°-3° higb, simple or rarely branched. Leaves firm, nearly glabrous on both sides, ciliolate on the margins, the lower and basal ones broadly oblong or oval, obtuse or obtusish, crenate- dentate, the upper lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acute, usually quite entire; heads 2"-%," bigh in a very narrow terminal thyrsus, rarely also with a few clustered in the upper axils; bracts of the involucre obtuse; achenes glabrous. In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania to Georgia and North Carolina. Aug.-Sept. g. Solidago monticola T. & G. Mountain Golden-rod. (Fig. 3679. ) Solidago Curtisii var. monticola T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 200. 1841. Solidago monticola T. & G.; Chapm. Fl. S. States, 209. i860. Slender, glabrous or nearly so, i°-3° high. Stem leaves ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, thin, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply and sparingly serrate, or the upper en- tire, l'-6' long.4^-1^7 wide, the upper sessile, the lower petioled; basal leaves broadly oblong, obtuse, with slender petioles; heads about 1" high; in a terminal spike- like simple or branched thyrsus; bracts of the involucre acut- ish or obtuse; achenes glabrous. Tn mountain woods, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Georgia and Alabama. 10. Solidago macrophylla Pursh. L,arge-leaved Golden-rod. (Fig. 3680.) Solidago macrophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 542. 1814. Solidago thyrsoidea E. Meyer, PI. Lab. 63. 1S30. Stem striate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, stout, [6'-4° high. Leaves thin, ovate, acumi- nate, or the basal ones obtuse, sharply serrate, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent beneath, 3'-5' long, \'-2]i' wide, abruptly contracted into margined petioles, or the uppermost lanceolate, entire, sessile; heads 5//-6// high in a terminal compact or loose thyrsus and usually also in axillary clusters; bracts of the involucre linear, acute; rays 8-10, linear-oblong, conspicuous; achenes glabrous or nearly so. In rocky woods, Catskill Mountains, N. Y. to Labrador and Hudson Bay, west to Lake Superior. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. July-Sept. Genus 22.] THISTLE FAMILY. 335 11. Solidago puberula Nutt. Downy Golden-rod. (Fig. 3681.) Solidago puberula Nutt. Gen. 2: 162. 1818. Minutely puberulent, or glabrous, visu- ally simple, rather slender, i^°-3° high, leafy. Stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate or entire, i/-2/' long, sessile, or the lower petioled, basal leaves and sometimes the lowest ones of the stem spatulate, obtuse, sharply serrate, i'-\' long, narrowed into mar- gined petioles; heads 2}£//-3// high, in a terminal, often leafy thyrsus, the branches of which are spreading or as- cending; bracts of the involucre subu- late, very acute; achenes glabrous; heads rarely a little secund. In sandy soil, New Brunswick to Florida and Mississippi, near the coast and on sand- stone rocks in the Appalachian mountain system. Aug. -Sept. 12. Solidago LindheimerianaScheele. Iyindheimer's Golden-rod. (Fig. 3682.) Solidago Lindheimeriana Scheele, Linnaea, 21 : 599. 1848. Scabrous, simple, i^°-3° high, leafy, rather stout and rigid. Leaves oblong, oblong- lanceolate or oval, acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, all entire, thickish, rough on both surfaces, sessile or the lowest petioled; heads about 3// high in a terminal, often short thyrsus; bracts of the involucre acute or the outer obtuse, puberulent; achenes nearly glabrous. Southern Kansas (according to Watson and Coulter) to Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico. Aug.-Nov. Solidago Bigelovii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 16: 80, another southwestern species, which is rougher than this one, and with oval or oblong leaves ob- tuse or obtusish at both ends, is reported from Kansas. 13. Solidago stricta Ait. Wand-like or Willow-leaf Golden-rod. (Fig. 3683.) Solidago stricta Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 216. 1789. 5*. virgata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 117. 1803. Glabrous throughout, slender, erect, simple, 2°-8° high. Basal and lowest stem leaves oblong, or somewhat spatulate, with few lat- eral veins, obtuse, entire, or very sparingly dentate, s'-W long, Yz'-i' wide, narrowed into long petioles; upper stem leaves ab- ruptly smaller, narrowly oblong, spatulate or linear, appressed, the uppermost very small and bract-like;heads about 3" high in a dense simple, or sometimes branched, naked thyrsus; bracts of the involucre oblong, ob- tuse, or the inner acutish; achenes glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. In wet sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey to Flor- ida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba. Aug.-Oct. COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 14. Solidago uliginosa Xutt. Bog Golden-rod. (Fig. 3684.) Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: 101. 1834. Stem glabrous, rather stout, simple, 2°-4° high. Leaves oblong lanceolate or lanceo- late, glabrous, firm, more or less ciliolate or -3gj£ scabrous on the margins, few-veined, acute 2 or acuminate, the lower and basal ones 4/-o/ $$££< long, Yz'-iYz' wide, more or less serrate and .j£~2|p narrowed into petioles, the upper smaller, "^^ mostly sessile and entire; heads 2//~3// high in a terminal oblong dense thyrsus, its branches appressed; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous. In swamps and bops, Newfoundland to north- ern New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to west- „ ern Ontario, Minnesota and Wisconsin. Aug.- Sept. 15. Solidago speciosa Nutt. Showy or Noble Golden-rod. (Fig. 3685.) Solidago speciosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 160. 1818. Stem stout, glabrous below, often rough above, usually simple, 3°-7° high. Leaves glabrous, firm, the lower and basal ovate, or broadly oval, 4/-io/ long, i/-4/ wide, dentate or crenate, pinnately veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, long petioled; upper leaves smaller, oblong or oval, acute at each end, crenate-dentate, or entire, sessile or short- petioled, rough-margined; heads 3//-4// high in a large terminal thyrsus, the branches of which are ascending and often leafy; bracts of the involucre oblong, very obtuse; achenes glabrous or nearly so. In rich soil, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Minnesota, Kentucky, Arkansas and Ne- braska (according to J. M. Bates) Aug.-Oct. Solidago speciosa pallida Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 130. 1892. Leaves ovate or oblong, coriaceous, prominently veined, pale green; stems stout, tufted, i°-2° high, densely pubescent above. On the rocky summit of Mt. Mackay, western Ontario. 16. Solidago rigidiuscula (T. & G. ) Porter. Slender Showy Golden- rod. (Fig. 3686.) Solidago speciosa var. rigidiuscula T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 205. 1841. Solidago speciosa var. angustata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 152. in part. 1884. Sohdago rigidiuscula Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 319. 1894. Stem rather slender, usually glabrous below, rough-pubescent above, simple, 2°-4° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, entire, or the basal ones some- times crenate, strongly ciliolate on the margins, x/-$/ long, 3//-i2// wide, the upper sessile, the lower sometimes nar- rowed into petioles; heads similar to those of the preceding species; thyrsus generally narrow, dense, simple or rarely branched, In dry soil, mostly on prairies, Ohio to Ala- bama, wrest to Minnesota, Nebraska, Louisi- ana and Texas. Aug.-Oct. Genus 22.] THISTLEIFAMILY. 337 17. Solidago Purshii Porter. River-bank Golden-rod. (Fig. 3687.) Solidago humilis Pursh, PI. Am. Sept. 543. 1814. Not Mill. Solidago Purshii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21:311. 1894. .S". racemosa Greene, Pittonia, 3: 160. 1897. Glabrous or nearly so; stems simple, usually somewhat glutinous, 6/-i8/ high. Lower and basal leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, dentate, or crenate, 2/-6/ long, /'^/-i/ wide, narrowed into slightly margined petioles; stem leaves sessile, lan- ceolate, oblong or linear, numerous, crenate or entire, mostly acute, smaller; heads 3//~4// high in a terminal simple or branched thyrsus; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acutish; achenes striate, pubescent. On rocky river-banks, Newfoundland to northern New York, Vermont and Virginia. July-Sept. 18. Solidago alpestris Wald. & Kit. Alpine Golden-rod. (Fig. 3688.) Solidago alpestris Wald. & Kit. PL Rar. Hung-. 3. pi. 208. 181 2. Solidago Virgaurea var. alpina Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 307. 1824. Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; stems simple, often tufted, 3/-i2/ high, ascending, or erect, an- gular. Basal leaves obovate, or broadly spatulate, serrate with low sharp or blunt teeth, at least above the middle, obtuse, or acute, 2/-4/ long, narrowed into petioles; stem leaves oblanceolate, spatulate, or oblong, sessile, or the lower petioled, mostly distant; inflorescence a short raceme or thyrsus, with clusters of heads in the axils of the leaves; heads 3//~4// high; bracts of the involucre obtuse or acute; achenes pubescent. Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire and northern New York, mostly above tim- ber line. Also in Europe. Aug. -Sept. 19. Solidago Virgaurea L. European Golden-rod. (Fig. 3689.) Solidago Virgaurea L> Sp. PL 880. 1753. Somewhat pubescent, at least above; stem usually simple, rather stout, i°-2° high. Basal leaves oblan- ceolate, broadly spatulate, or obovate, 2>/S/ long, 1/ wide, or less, obtuse or acute, mostly dentate, nar- rowed into margined petioles; stem leaves sessile, or the lower petioled, oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, acute; heads 3//-4// high, in a narrow, dense or inter- rupted, rarely branched thyrsus which is often io/ long; bracts of the involucre obtuse or acute; achenes more or less pubescent. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and northern New "York, mostly at middle altitudes. Also in Europe. Called also Aaron's-rod, Woundwort. Aug. -Sept. Solidago Virgaurea Randii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 208- More or less glutinous; stem stout, often dark purple; heads in a large paniculately branched thyrsus. Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. Solidago Virgaurea Deanei Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 320. 1894. Solidago Virgaurea var. monticola Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 209. 1893. Not 5. monticola T. & G. 1841. Stemonly3'-i2' high, often slender; thyrsus short, 2' -4' long; heads i\i"-^" high. Mountains, Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire. , Solidago Virgaurea Redfieldii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 209. 1893. Very glutinous; stem 1 -\%° high; leaves thick; thyrsus paniculately branched, large, the strict branches erect-ascending. Mt. Desert Island, Maine, and Indian Pass, Adirondacks, N. Y. 22 333 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. Solidago Virgaurea Gillmani (A. Gray) Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 209. 1893. Solidago humilis var. Gillmani A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 191. 1882. Stout, i54°-3° high; thyrsus paniculately branched; basal leaves very large, sometimes 10' long, sharply serrate. Sand hills, southern shore of Lake Superior. Perhaps not referable to this species. 20. Solidago sempervirens L,. Sea-side Golden-rod. (Fig. 3690.) Solidago sempervirens L. Sp. PI. 878. 1753. Stem stout, leafy, usually simple, 2°-8<> high, glabrous, or slightly puberulent above. Leaves thick, fleshy, entire, with 2-5 pairs of lateral veins, the lower and basal ones oblong, spatulate or lanceolate, mostly obtuse, some- times i° long, narrowed into long petioles; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, acute; heads 3//-5// high in secund racemes of a large terminal often leafy pani- cle; rays 8-10, showy ; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute. On salt marshes, sea-beaches, along tidal rivers and in sandy soil near the sea, New Bruns- wick to Florida and Mexico. Also in Bermuda. Called also Salt-marsh Golden-rod. Aug.-Dec. 21. Solidago odora Ait. Sweet or Anise-scented Golden-rod. (Fig. 3691.) Solidago odora Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 214. 1789. Slender; stem simple, glabrous, or minutely pubescent above, 2°-4° high. Leaves punc- tate, anise-scented when bruised, lanceolate, quite entire, acute or acuminate, 2/~4/ long, 3//-8// wide, sessile, or the lowermost peti- oled; heads 2,/-2}4.,/ high, secund on the spreading racemes of the terminal, usually ample panicle; rays 3 or 4, 2"-$" long; bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute. In dry soil, Nova Scotia (according to Som- mers); Massachusetts to Florida, west to New York, Kentucky and Texas. Called also Blue Mountain Tea. July-Sept. Solidago odora inodora A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 244. 1867. Leaves not punctate, scentless when bruised. Probably a mere form. 22. Solidago tortifolia Ell. Twisted- leaf Golden-rod. (Fig. 3692.) Solidago retrorsa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 539. 1S14. Not Michx. 1803. Solidago tortifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 377. 1824. Stem slender, rough-pubescent or puberu- lent, 2°-3° high, simple. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, often twisted, scabrous, sessile, acute, i/-2/ long, iX//-3// wide, obscurely veined but with a distinct midrib, the lower serrate, the upper entire; heads about 2" high, secund on the usually recurved branches of the terminal panicle; rays 3-5, short; bracts of the involucre linear, obtuse or obtusish. In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Autumn. Genus 22.] THISTLE FAMILY 23. Solidago rugdsa Mill. Wrinkle- leaved, or Tall Hairy Golden-rod. Bitter-weed. (Fig. 3693.) 5". rugosa Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 25. 1768. Solidago altissima Ait. Hort. Kew. 3:212. 1 789. Stetu hirsute, usually stout, i°-7^° high, simple, or branched at the summit. Leaves rather thin, more or less pubescent or sca- brous, oval or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (rarely obtusish) at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, rugosely veined on the lower surface, sharply serrate, i'-^' long, 4//-i8// wide, sessile, or the lowest sometimes tapering into petioles; heads ij4"-2" high, secund on the spreading or recurving, often leafy branches of the usually large and com- pound panicle; bracts of the involucre linear, obtuse or obtusish. Usually in dry soil, in fields and along road- sides, Newfoundland to western Ontario, south to Florida and Texas. Very variable. July- Nov. 25. Solidago patula Muhl. Rough- leaved or Spreading Golden-rod. (Fig. 3695.) Solidago palula Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2059. 1804. Stem stout, rather rigid, usually simple, glabrous, or sometimes puberulent above, 2°- 7° high. Leaves thick, glabrous below, ex- ceedingly rough above, pinnately veined, the lower and basal ones very large, 3/-i6/ long, l/^/-5/ wide, oval or elliptic, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper smaller, oval or oblong, sessile, acute, finely serrate, or the uppermost entire; heads 3//-4// high, secund on the widely spreading and recurving branches of the loose panicle; rays small; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong.obtuse. In swamps, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Missouri and Texas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. Stem strongly angled, at least below. Aug. -Oct. 24. Solidago fistulosa Mill. Pine Barren Golden-rod. (Fig. 3694.) Solidago fistulosa Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 19. 1768. Solidago pilosa Walt. Fl. Car. 207. 1788. Not Mill. 1768. Stem rather stout, simple, or branched above, 3°-7° high, hirsute. Leaves numer- ous, sessile, ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or sometimes lanceolate, thick, rough or hirsute on the margins and mid-rib beneath, the upper small, obtuse or obtusish, entire, the lower sparingly serrate, obtuse or acute, i/-4/ long with a broad base; heads about 2" high, secund on the spreading or recurving branches of the panicle; rays 7-10, small; bracts of the involucre, at least the outer, acute. In moist pine-barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. 34© COMFOSITAE. [Vol. III. 26. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Elm-leaved Golden-rod. 27. Solidago Boottii Hook. Boott's Golden- rod. (Fig. 3697.) 5. Boottii Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 97. 1835. Stem glabrous, or puberulent above, slen- der, usually branched near the summit, 1°- 50 high. Leaves firm, pinnately and finely reticulate-veined, the lower and basal ones ovate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into margined, sometimes ciliate petioles, acumi- nate at the apex, sharply and rather coarsely serrate, 3/-6/ long, the upper smaller, entire, •or finely serrate, sessile; heads ■2"-^" high, •secund on the elongated, spreading or re- curving branches of the usually ample pani- cle; rays few, small; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes pubescent. In dry 'woods, Virginia to Florida°and~Texas" Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. (Fig. 3696.) Solidago ulmifolia Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2060. 1804. Stem slender, glabrous, or puberulent at the summit, 2°-4° high, simple, or branched above, the arched branches puberulent or pubescent. Leaves thin, oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex and base, coarsely and sharply serrate, pinnately veined, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, the lower and basal ones wider, 3/-5/ long, i'-i^' wide, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper smaller, sessile; heads i"-^' high, secund on the usually few and elongated, usually leafy racemose branches of the panicle; rays small, deep yellow; bracts of the invo- lucre oblong-lanceolate, obtusish. In woods and copses, Maine to Georgia, west to Minnesota, Missouri and Texas. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. 28. Solidago Elliottii T. & G. Elliott's Golden-rod. (Fig. 3698.) Solidago Elliot tiit. & G. Fl. N.A. 2: 218. 1841. Solidago elliptica Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 376. 1824. Not Ait. 1789. Stem glabrous, or minutely puberulent above, stout, 3°-6° high, simple, or branch- ed at the inflorescence. Leaves firm, ob- long or oblong- lanceolate, rarely ovate-ob- long, acute or acuminate, sessile by a broad base, or sometimes narrowed below, finely serrate, crenate-serrate, or the upper entire, rough on the margins, pinnately veined, glabrous on both sides, or puberu- lent on the veins beneath, i/-5/ long, 4//- \i" wide; heads about 3" high, more or less secund on the short, spreading or re- curving branches of the narrow panicle; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, ob- tuse; rays 6-12, short; achenes pubescent. In swamps, Massachusetts to North Carolina and Georgia, mainly near the coast. Sept.-Oct. Genus 22.] THISTLE FAMILY 29. Solidago neglecta T. & G. Swamp Golden-rod. (Fig. 3699.) Solidago fieglecla T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 213. 1841. Solidago Terrae-Novae T. & G. loc. cit. 206. 1841? Stem glabrous, or slightly rough above, sim- ple, rather stout, 2°-4° high. Leaves firm, the basal and lower ones lanceolate or oblong-lan- ceolate, large, sometimes I2/ long, acute or ob- tusish, serrate or serrulate, tapering into mar- gined petioles, rough on the margins; upper leaves smaller, lanceolate, acute, sessile, serrate or nearly entire; heads 2l/2//-2," high, more or less secund on the short branches of the thyr- soid panicle; rays 3-8, small; bracts of the in- volucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous, or nearly so. In swamps, New Brunswick to Wisconsin, south to Maryland and Illinois. Forms with the heads little secund resemble 5. uliginosa. Aug. -Sept. 30. Solidago uniligulata (DC.) Porter. Few-rayed Golden-rod. (Fig. 3700.) Bigelovia (?) uniligulata DC. Prodr. 5: 329. 1836. Solidago linoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 216. 1841. Not Soland. Solidago neglecta var. linoides A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2. 154. 1884. Solidago uniligulata Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 320. 1894. Stem simple, slender, i^°-2^° high, gla- brous, or slightly pubescent above. Leaves firm, obscurely pinnately veined, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, the lower long-petioled, 4/-9/ long, 4//-9// wide, the upper sessile, the uppermost very small and erect; heads about 2" high, densely secund on the short spreading or recurving branches of the small naked pani- cle; rays 1-4; bracts of the involucre linear-ob- long, obtuse; achenes glabrous. In swamps, Maine to New York and New Jersey. Aug.-Sept. 31. Solidago juncea Ait. Early or Sharp-toothed Golden-rod. (Fig. 3701 . ) Solidago juncea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 213. 1789. Solidago argula T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 214. 1841. Not Ait. 1789. Stem glabrous, or very nearly so throughout, rigid, rather stout, simple, or branched at the inflorescence, ij£°-4° high. Leaves firm, gla- brous, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, serrulate, or nearly entire, the lower large, sometimes i2/long and 2' wide, long-petioled, the upper smaller, sessile; heads \%.,f-i/f high) secund on the recurved branches of the usually ample spreading pani- cle; rays 7-12, small; bracts of the involucre oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute; achenes glabrous or sparingly pubescent. In dry or rocky soil, New Brunswick to Hudson Bay and Manitoba, North Carolina and Missouri. One of the earliest flowering species. Called also Yellow-top, Plume Golden-rod. June-Nov. Solidago juncea scabrella (T. & G.) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 2, 155. 1884. S. argula var. scabrella T. & G. Fl. N.A. 2: 214. 1841. Leaves rijid, scabrous, especially on the margins Illinois to Wisconsin and Kentucky. 342 COMPOSITAE. [Vor.. III. Solidago jiincea ramosa Porter and Britton, Bull. Torn Club, 18: 368. 1891. Much branched at the summit, the branches slender, erect, slightly curved, the heads in short small racemes. Maine to Western New Jersey, West Virginia and Ohio. 32. Solidago arguta Ait. Cut- leaved Golden-rod. (Fig. 3702.) Solidago arguta Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 213. 1789. S. MuhlenbergiiT. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 214. 1841. Stem simple, rather stout, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above, 2°-4° high. Leaves thin, pinnately veined, the lower and basal ones broadly ovate or oval, short- acuminate, 3/-i6/ long, i'-S' wide, narrow- ed into margined petioles, sharply and coarsely serrate; upper leaves sessile, ovate to oblong, acute or acuminate, more or less serrate, smaller; heads 2l/2/,-T)yz,/ high, secund on the lateral racemose branches of the terminal, often leafy panicle; rays 5-7, large; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous or nearly so. In rich woods, Ontario and New England to Ohio, south to Virginia. Ascends to 2700 ft. in the Adirondacks. July-Oet. 33. Solidago rupestris Raf. Rock Golden-Rod. (Fig. 3703.) Solidago rupestris Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. 1820. Stem slender, glabrous, or minutely pubes- cent above, 2°-3° high. Leaves thin, triple- nerved, linear-lanceolate, 2'-$' long, 3//-5// wide, entire, or sparingly serrate with some- what appressed teeth, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or the lowest pet- ioled, glabrous; heads small, i1/^" high, secund on the short spreading branches of the small panicle; rays 4-6, short; bracts of the involucre thin, linear; achenes small, nearly glabrous. Rocky banks of streams, Pennsylvania to West Virginia, Tennessee and Indiana. Aug.-Sept. 34. Solidago serotina Ait. Late Golden-rod. (Fig. 3704.) Solidago serotina Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 211. 1789. 5. gigantea Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2056. 1804. Not Ait. _I789- Stem stout, 3°-S° high, glabrous, sometimes glaucous. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceo- late, thin, triple-nerved, sharply serrate, or rarely nearly entire, sessile, or the lowest peti- oled, glabrous on both sides but more or less rough-margined, 3/-6/ long, 2//-i2// wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; heads 2^//-3^// high, crowded on the spread- ing or recurving branches of the usually large and often leafy panicle, which are sometimes puberulent; bracts of the involucre oblong, thin, obtuse; rays 7-15, rather large; achenes finely pubescent. In moist soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Ascends to 2300 ft. in Virginia. Aug. -Oct. south to Georgia, Texas, Nevada and Oregon. Genus 22.] THISTLE FAMILY. 343 Solidago serotina gigantea (Ait.) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 180 Solidago gigantea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 211. 1789. Leaves hispid or pubescent on the lower surface, at least on its prominent ve 35. Solidago Missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Golden-rod. (Fig. 3705.) Solidago Missouriensis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7; 32. 1834. Stem glabrous, rather slender, 3°-5° high. Leaves firm or thick, those of the stem linear- lanceolate and sessile, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, i'-\' long, very rough- margined, triple-nerved, entire, or sparingly ser- rate with low sharp teeth, the basal and lowest ones larger, spatulate, petioled; heads 2%"-?)// high, secund on the spreading or recurving branches of the short and broad, usually naked panicle; bracts of the involucre oblong, greenish- tipped, obtuse, or the inner acute, thick; rays 6-13, short; achenes nearly glabrous. On dry prairies, Manitoba and Minnesota to Ten- nessee, west to Nebraska, Washington, Missouri and Texas. Autumn. 1882. ins. With the type. 36. Solidago Shortii T. & G. Short's Golden-rod. (Fig. 3706.) Solidago Shortii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 222. 1841. Stem slender, glabrous below, minutely pubescent above, 2°-4° high. Leaves firm, oblong-lanceolate, sessile (the lowest peti- oled?), triple-nerved, acute or acuminate at the apex, glabrous on both sides, the larger 2/-4/ long, 5//-6// wide, sharply serrate with rather small and distant teeth, the upper gradually smaller, sparingly serrate, or en- tire; heads about 3" high, secund on the usually recurved branches of the com- monly large puberuleut panicle; involucre narrowly campanulate, its bracts linear-ob- long, obtuse; rays 5-7, rather small; achenes silky-pubescent. On rocks at the Falls of the Ohio river and in northwestern Arkansas. July-Aug. 37. Solidago Gattiinger Chapm. Gattinger's Golden-rod. (Fig. 3707.) Solidago Gattingeri Chapm.; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 156. 1884. Stem slender, 2°-3° high, branched at the inflorescence, glabrous throughout. Leaves firm, glabrous beneath, rough above, ciliolate, the lower and basal ones oblanceolate or spatulate, acutish, 3/-6/ long, 6//-io// wide, serrate with low distant teeth, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves abruptly smaller, linear- oblong or oblanceolate, bract-like, entire, sessile; heads 2//-2j high. Leaves lanceolate, triple-nerved, acute at each end, the lower ones sharply serrate and petioled, 3/-6/ long, 4//-i2// wide, the upper smaller, en- tire, sessile; heads i}4//-2// high, very numerous, secund on the spreading or recurving branches of the usually large and dense panicle; bracts of the involucre linear, obtuse or acutish ; rays 9-15 ; achenes glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Usually in dry soil, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Florida and Arizona. Called also Yellow weed. Aug. -Nov. Solidago Canadensis procera (Ait.) T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 224. 1841. 5. p7'ocera Ait. Hort. Kew. 3; 211. 1789. L,eaves less serrate, sometimes all entire, cinereous- pubescent with short appressed hairs. With the type. Solidago Canadensis glabrata Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 310. 1894. Stems 2°-4° high, glabrous or nearly so below, puberulent above; leaves narrowly lanceolate, smooth above, pubescent on the veins beneath; panicles and heads smaller than in the type. Maine to northern New York and Pennsylvania. Solidago Canadensis scabriuscula Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 318. 1894. Solidago Canadensis var. scabra T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 224. 1841. Not 5. scabra Willd. 1804. Leaves shorter, sparingly serrate or entire, rough above, rugose beneath; heads mostly larger than in the type. New York and Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Solidago Canadensis gilvoscanescens Rydberg, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 162. 1895. A foot high, or less, leafy, canescent, yellowish; leaves remotely serrate above the middle, or entire; inflorescence dense; heads smaller than in the type. 39. Solidago nemoralis Ait. Gray or Field Golden-rod. Dyer's Weed. (Fig. 3709.) Solidago nemoralis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 213. 1789. Slender, ashy-gray, 6'-2° high, finely and densely pubescent. Leaves thick, roughish, the basal and the lower stem leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, petioled, obscurely triple-nerved, obtuse or acutish, crenate-dentate, 3/-6/ long, 4//-i2// wide; upper leaves gradually smaller, oblanceolate or linear-ob- long, acute or acutish, entire; heads 2//-3// high, secund on the spreading or recurving branches of the terminal, usually one-sided panicle; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong; rays 5-9; achenes pubescent. In dry soil, Quebec to the Northwest Territory, Flor- ida, Texas and Arizona. July-Nov. Solidago nemoralis arenicola Burgess Depressed, or prostrate, about 6' high; inflorescence dense, flattened, composing most of the plant. Sand hills, Cape Cod to Long Island. 40. Solidago mollis Bartl. Velvety Golden-rod. (Fig. 37 10.) Solidago mollis Bartl. Ind. Sem. Goett. 5. 1836. Solidago incana T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 221. 1841. Solidago nemoralis var. incana A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 197. 1882. Stem rigid, stout, low, canescent or slightly scabrous, 6/-i2/ high. Leaves pale, canescent or rough, entire or dentate, strongly 3-nerved, oblong, ovate or oblan- ceolate, the lower petioled, 2/~3/ long, 3"- 1 2" wide, very obtuse, the upper sessile, smaller; heads 2//-3// high, somewhat or scarcely secund on the short branches of the erect, not one-sided, dense thyrsoid panicle; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse or acutish; rays 5-9; achenesTpubescent. Dry plains, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, south to Texas and Mexico. July-Sept. Genus 22.] THISTLE FAMILY. 345 41. Solidago Radula Nutt. Western Rough Golden-rod. (Fig. 37 11.) Solidago Radula Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 102. 1834. Stem rough-pubescent, rather slender, i°-3° high. Leaves thick, green, rough on both sides, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate, dentate-crenate, obtuse or acutish, petioled, 3/-S/long, 6//-2o// wide, obscurely 3-nerved, the upper smaller, oblanceolate, entire or nearly so, sessile, distinctly 3-nerved, the upper- most very small; heads 2//-3// high, secund on the short, usually somewhat recurved branches of the dense, often one-sided panicle; bracts of the invo- lucre oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 3-7, very short; achenes minutely pubescent. In dry soil, Illinois to Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. Aug. -Sept. 43. Solidago rigida L,. Stiff or Hard-leaved Golden-rod. (Fig. 37 13. ) Solidago rigida L. Sp. PI. 880. 1753. Stem stout, simple, or branched above, densely and finely rough-pubescent, hoary, i°- 50 high. Leaves thick, rigid, ovate to oblong, pinnately veined, often obtuse,rough on both sides, the upper sessile, clasping, and rounded or sometimes narrowed at the base, i/-2/ long, mostly entire ; lower and basal leaves long-petioled, sometimes i° long and 3/ wide, entire or serrulate; heads 4.' '-5" high, many- flowered, in a terminal dense corymbose cyme, the clusters sometimes slightly secund ; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts ob- long, obtuse, the outer pubescent; rays 6-10, large; achenes glabrous, 10-15-nerved. In dry sandy, gravelly or rocky soil, Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to Georgia, Texas and Colorado. Aug. -Oct. 42. Solidago Drummondii T. & G. Drummond's Golden-rod. (Fig. 3712.) Solidago Drummondii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 217. 1841. Stem rather slender, i°-3° high, finely soft- pubescent. Leaves rather thin, broadly ovate or oval, glabrous or nearly so above, finely, but sometimes sparingly pubescent, or rough- ish beneath, sharply serrate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved and pin- nately veined, petioled, or the upper sessile, the larger 3/-4/ long, \%f-ir wide; heads 2"- iy2" high, secund on the usually few, spread- ing or recurving branches of the panicle ; bract- like upper leaves obtuse, or acute, entire; rays 4-6, conspicuous ; bracts of the involucre ob- long-lanceolate, obtuse; achenes pubescent. In rocky soil, Illinois to Louisiana and Mis- souri. Sept. -Oct. COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 44. Solidago multiradiata Ait. Northern Golden-rod. (Fig. 3714.) Solidago multiradiata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 218. 1789. Stem glabrous or somewhat pubescent above, rather slender, 6/-i5/ high. Leaves firm, gla- brous or very nearly so, the basal and lower ones spatulate or oblanceolate, entire, or sparingly serrate, obtuse, finely reticulate-veined, 2/~Sf long, 3//~9// wide, the upper smaller, narrower, sessile, entire; heads about 4" high, usually few in a terminal rather compact, corymbose cyme, but the inflorescence sometimes elongated and thyrsoid ; bracts of the involucre thin, linear- lanceolate, acute; glabrous; rays 8-15, promi- nent, linear, achenes pubescent. Labrador and Hudson Bay to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. July- Aug. 45. Solidago Ohioensis Riddell. Ohio Golden-rod. (Fig. 3715.) Solidago Ohioensis Riddell, Syn. Fl. West. States, 57. 1835. Very smooth throughout ; stem rather slender, simple, 2°-3° high. Leaves firm, the basal and lower ones elongated-lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, long- petioled, serrulate toward the end, or sometimes entire, often i° long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, entire, gradually smaller and those of the inflorescence bract-like; heads 2>^//-3// high, numer- ous in a terminal compound cyme, 15-25- fiowered; rays 6-9, small; bracts of the narrowly campanulate involucre oblong, very obtuse, glabrous; achenes glabrous, 5-nerved. T In moist soil, western New York to Illi- nois. Aug. -Sept. 46. Solidago Riddellii Frank. Riddell's Golden- rod. (Fig. 3716.) Solidago Riddellii Frank; Riddell, Syn. Fl. West. States, 57. 1835. Stem stout, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above, i°-3° high. Leaves numerous, thick, glabrous on both sides, entire, acute at each end, the lower and basal ones long-petioled, elongated, lanceolate, somewhat triple- nerved, often i° long, 4//-io" wide, the up- per smaller, similar, sessile and clasping at the base, couduplicate, somewhat falcate; heads z"-\" high, 20-30-flowered, very numerous in a dense corymbose cyme; invo- lucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts broadly oblong, obtuse; rays 7-9, narrow; achenes 5- nerved, glabrous. On moist prairies, Ohio to Minnesota and Missouri. Also at Fortress Monroe, Va. Aug.- Sept. Genus 22.] THISTLE FAMILY. 347 47. Solidago Houghtonii T. & G. Houghton's Golden-rod. (Fig. 3717.) Solidago HoughtoniiT, & G.; A. Gray, Man. 211. 1S4S. Stem slender, glabrous below, sparingly- pubescent above, i°-2° high. Leaves linear, the basal and lower ones petioled, 4/~5/ long, 2//-4// wide, 3-nerved, en- tire, acute at each end, the upper smaller, sessile, slightly conduplicate, otherwise similar, the uppermost small and bract-like; heads about 3" high, few, in a small corymbose cyme, 20-30- flowered; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse; acheues gla- brous, 4-5-nerved. In swamps, north shores of Lakes Superior and Huron, and in Genesee Co., N. Y. Autumn. 23. EUTHAMIA Nutt. Gen. 2: 162. 1818. Erect, paniculately-branched herbs, perennial by long rootstocks, with linear or linear- lanceolate entire sessile 1-5-nerved punctate leaves, and very numerous small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, clustered in the large cymose, convex or nearly flat-topped inflorescence. Bracts of the involucre obtuse, imbricated in several series, appressed, some- what glutinous. Receptacle flattish, fimbrillate, or pilose. Ray-flowers pistillate, usually more numerous than the disk-flowers, the rays small. Disk-flowers perfect. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches with lanceolate appendages. Achenes top-shaped or oblong, villous-pubescent. [Greek, referring to the clustered heads.] Four known species, the following, and one of western North America. Leaves distinctly 3-5-nerved; ray-flowers 12-20. Leaves 1 -nerved, or with a pair of indistinct lateral nerves; ray-flowers 5-10. Stem-leaves 2" -3" wide: disk-flowers 3 or 4. Leaves Vz"-x%" wide; disk-flowers 5 or 6. 1. E. graminifolia. E. leptocephala. E. Caroliniana. Euthamia graminifolia (L,.) Nutt. Bushy or Fragrant Golden-rod. (Fig. 3718.) Chrysocoma graminifolia L. Sp. PI. 841. 1753. Solidago lanceolata L- Mant. 114. 1767. Euthamia graminifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 162. 1818. Solidago graminifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 391. 1824. Stem paniculately much branched, or rarely simple, glabrous but sometimes slightly rough above, 2°-4° high. Leaves numerous, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at each end, i/-5/ long, 2//-4// wide, 3-5-nerved, minutely rough-pubescent on the margins and nerves of the lower surface; resinous dots few ; heads 2//~3// high, sessile in capitate clusters arranged in a flat-topped corymbose cyme; involucre ovoid-campanu- late, its bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slightly viscid; rays 12-20; disk- flowers 8-1 2. In moist soil, fields and roadsides.New Bruns- wick to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Nebraska and Missouri. Fragrant. July-Sept. 34» COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 2. Euthamia leptocephala (T. & G.) Greene. Western Bushy Golden-rod. (Fig. 3719.) Solidago leptocephala T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 226. 1841. Euthamia leptocephala Greene, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 321. 1894. Stem much branched, smooth, i^°-2^° high. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at each end, 1 -nerved, or with a pair of indistinct lateral nerves, rough-margined, those of the stem usually 2/-3/ long, 2//-3// wide; heads 2//-3// high, rather narrower than those of the preceding species, sessile in the clusters of the flat-topped inflorescence; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong; disk-flowers 3 or 4; ray-flowers 7-10. In moist soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. Aug. -Oct. 3. Euthamia Caroliniana (L,.) Greene. Slender Fragrant Golden-rod. (Fig. 3720.) Erigeron Carolinianum L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753- Solidago tenuifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 540. 18 14. Euthamia Caroliniana Greene, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 321. 1894. Resembles the preceding species but is smaller, glabrous and somewhat resinous, seldom over iyi° high. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, acuminate, sessile, narrowed at the base, i-nerved or with an additional pair of faint lateral nerves, j.f-j/ long, \"-2" wide, punctate, often with smaller ones clustered in the axils, the resinous dots minute; heads about \y2" high, very numerous and crowded in the dense corymbose cyme; involucre oblong-cam- pauulate, its bracts oblong; rays 6-12; disk- flowers 4-6. In dry sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Illinois, Florida, Louisiana and Texas, mainly near the coast. Aug.-Oct. 24. BRACHYCHAETA T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 194. 1841. An erect, perennial herb, with the aspect of a Golden-rod. Leaves alternate, the lower and basal ones large, cordate, long-petioled, the upper ovate, short-petioled or sessile. \ Heads composed of both tubular and radiate flowers, in a terminal narrow spike-like thyrsus. Invo- lucre narrowly campanulate, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in few series, the outer suc- cessively smaller. Receptacle small, naked. Rays small, yellow, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, somewhat expanded above, 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse and en- tire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes 8-10- ribbed. Pappus a single row of scale-like bristles, shoiter than the achene. [Greek, short- bristle, referring to the pappus.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. Genus 24.] THISTLE FAMILY. 349 1. Brachychaeta sphacelata (Raf.) Britton. False Golden-rod. (Fig. 3721.) Solidago sphacelata Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. 1820. 5. corda/a Short, Trans. Journ. Med. 7: 599. 1834. Brachychaeta cnrdata T. cS: G. Fl. N. A. 2: 194. 1841. B. sphacelata Britton; Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 484. 1893. Stem erect, pubescent, simple, or branched above, 2°-4° high. Basal and lower leaves broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at the base, acute at the apex, pinnately veined, sharply ser- rate, 3/-6/ long, the slender petioles 3/-o/ long, stem leaves gradually smaller and shorter-peti- oled, the uppermost very small and sessile; heads about lyi" high, racemose-secund or densely clustered on the short branches of the narrow elongated terminal thyrsus; bracts of the invo- lucre oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish; rays and disk-flowers each about 5. In dry woods, western Virginia to Indiana, south to North Carolina and Georgia. Aug.-Sept. 25. APHANOSTEPHUS DC. Prodr. 5: 310. 1836. Erect or ascending canescent branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or linear, scarious-margined, imbricated in a few series, the outer smaller. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate, white or purplish. Disk-flowers perfect,yellow, their corollas tubular, the limb expanded above, 5-dentate. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, obtuse. Achenes many-ribbed. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Greek, faint-crown.] About 5 species, natives of the southwestern United States and Mexico. i. Aphanostephus skirrobasis (DC.) Trelease. Aphanostephus (Fig. 3722.) Keerlia skirrobasis DC. Prodr. 5: 310. 1836. Leucopsidium Arkansanum DC. Prodr. 6:43. 1837. Aphanostephus Atkansanus A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1: 93. 1852. Aphanostephus skirrobasis Trelease; Coville & Bran- ner, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1884: Part 4, 191. 1891. Erect, or diffusely branched, densely canescent, 6/-2° high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, ob- tuse, I/-4' long, somewhat dentate, laciniate or entire, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, mostly sessile, smaller; heads 8//-i2// broad, 3//-5// high; rays numerous, narrow, entire; achenes ribbed and angled; pappus a lobed or den- tate crown. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas. Also in Florida. May-Aug. 26. BELLIS L. Sp. PI. 886. 1753. Tufted herbs, with branching orscapose stems, alternate or basal leaves, and rather large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches, or of the mono- cephalous scape. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts herbaceous, im- bricated in 1 or 2 series, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers white or pink, pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, their corollas tubular, the limb 4- 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appen- dages short, triangular. Achenes flattened, nerved near the margins. Pappus none, or a ring of minute bristles. [Latin, pretty.] About 9 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known to occur in North America, but 2 others are found in Mexico. Stem branched, 6' -15' high; involucral bracts acute. 1. B. integrifolia. Scapes monocephalous, i'-j high; involucral bracts obtuse. 2. B. perennis. 35Q COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. i. Bellis integrifolia Michx. Western Daisy. (Fig. 3723.) Bellis integrifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 131. 1S03. Slender, diffusely branched, pubescent, 6/-i5/ high. Leaves thin, entire, obtuse, the lower and basal ones spatulate, x'-jf long, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper smaller, oblong, oblanceolate or linear; heads 6//-i5// broad; bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, scarious-margined, glabrous or nearly so; rays usually violet, oblong-linear; peduncles terminating the branches, 2/-7/ long. In moist soil, Kentucky and Tennessee to Arkansas and Texas. May-July. 2. Bellis perennis L. European or Garden Daisy. (Fig. 3724. ) Bellis perennis L> Sp. PI. S86. 1753. Perennial, tufted. Leaves all basal, obovate, ob- tuse, slightly dentate, i/-2/ long, narrowed into margined petioles, pubescent and ciliate; scapes naked, i/-j/ high, usually several from the same root, pubescent; heads 6//-i2// broad; rays numer- ous, linear, white, pink, or purple: bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, usually purple. In waste places, or occasionally spontaneous on lawns, southern New York and eastern Pennsylvania to Nova Scotia and Ontario. Fugitive from Europe. Native also of Asia. Naturalized in California and British Co- lumbia. Other English names are Herb Margaret, Ewe- or May-gowan, Cbilding Daisy, Bone- or Bruise-wort, Bone-flower, March Daisy, Bairn-wort. April-Nov. 27. TOWNSENDIA Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 16. 1834. Tufted scapose or branching herbs, with alternate entire linear or spatulate leaves, and large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanu- late; bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle nearly flat, naked or fimbrillate. Ray-flowers pink or white, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, mostly perfect, their corollas regular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flat- tened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes of the disk-flowers compressed, those of the rays commonly 3-angled. Pappus a single series of rigid bristles or short scales. [Named for David Townsend, botanist, of Philadelphia.] About 17 species, natives of western North America. Branching from the base; heads terminal. i. T. grandiflora. Acaulescent, or nearly so; heads sessile among the leaves. 2. T. exscapa. 1. Townsendia grandiflora Nutt. Large- flowered Townsendia. (Fig. 3725.) Townsendia grandiflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (11)7:306. 1841. Perennial from a long woody root, branching at the base and sometimes also above, pubescent, or at length glabrate, 2/-8/ high. Leaves linear or linear-spatulate, i'-t,' long, i>^//-3// wide, canes- cent; heads \'-\yzf broad, solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre hemispheric, its bracts scarious-margined, lanceolate, conspicuously acu- minate; rays violet or purple; pappus of the ray-flowers a crown of short scales, that of the disk- flowers of rigid bristles longer than the achene, which is pubescent with 2-toothed hairs. In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming and New Mexico. May-Aug. Genus 27.] THISTLE FAMILY 351 Silky or Low Townsendia. 2. Townsendia exscapa (Richards) Porter. (Fig. 3726.) Aster (?) exscapas Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 32. 1823. Townsendia sericea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 16. pi. up. 1834- Toivnsendia exscapa Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 321. 1894. Acaulescent, or nearly so, from a deep woody root, tufted, \f-?f high. Leaves all clustered at the base, narrowly linear or slightly spatulate, i/-2/ long, i"-2]/z'f wide; heads closely sessile, i/-i^/ broad, equalled or surpassed by the leaves; invo- lucre broadly carnpanulate, its bracts lanceolate, acute, the inner scarious-margined; rays white or purplish; pappus of both ray and disk-flowers a row of rigid bristles, those of the rays shorter and smaller. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Nebraska, Arizona and New Mexico. Often silky-pubescent. April-July. 28. CHAETOPAPPA DC. Prodr. 5: 3or. 1836. Annual slender much branched herbs, 'with small alternate entire leaves, and small long- peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre narrowly carnpanulate, its bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, imbricated in few series, the outer slightly shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flowers in 1 row, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, or the cen- tral ones staminate, their corollas 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- branches narrow, flattened, their appendages short, obtuse. Achenes nearly terete, fusiform, or linear, 5-ribbed. Pappus usually of 5 rigid awn-like scabrous bristles, alternating with as many short scales or more. [Greek, bristle-pappus.] Two known species, natives of the southwestern United States. The genus Distasis DC. ( C/iae- topappa modesta A. Gray), is here regarded as distinct. i. Chaetopappa asteroides DC. Chaetopappa. (Fig. 3727.) Chaetopappa asteroides DC. Prodr. 5: 301. 1S36. Annual, pubescent, erect, 2/-i2/ high, the branches filiform. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, ob- tuse, Y^'-V long, petioled, the upper linear, much smaller and bract-like, sessile; heads about 3" broad; involucre about 2" high, its bracts scarious-margined, glabrous or nearly so; rays 5-12, raised on slender tubes; central sterile flowers usually awnless; shorter scales of the pappus of the fertile flowers hyaline, sometimes lacerate. In dry soil, Missouri to Texas and northern Mexico. April-July. 29. BOLTONIA D'Her. Sert. Angl. 27. 1788. Perennial glabrous branching herbs, with striate or angled stems, alternate entire sessile or clasping leaves, and numerous rather large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, paniculate, or solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre hemispheric or broadly carn- panulate, its bracts scarious-margined, imbricated in few series, the outer slightly shorter. Receptacle convex or conic, foveolate. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas elongated, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, lanceolate. Achenes flattened, obovate, their margins thickened or narrowly winged, glabrous or nearly so. Pappus a series of short scales, usually with 2-4 slender rigid bristles. [Named for James Bolton, an English botanist of the iSth century.] As here limited, the genus consists of the 4 following species, with perhaps a fifth in Oregon. 352 COMPOSITAE. Disk about 2" broad; leaves linear. Disk 3" -6" broad; leaves lanceolate. Leaves narrowed at the base, sessile, not decurrent on the stem. Involucre-bracts lanceolate, acute. Involucre bracts spatulate, obtuse, or mucronate. Stem leaves, and sometimes those of the branches decurrent, sagittate. [Vol.. III. 1. B. diffusa. 2. B. asteroides. 3. B. latisquatna. 4. B. decurrens. i. Boltonia diffusa Ell. Paniclecl Boltonia. (Fig. 3728.) Boltonia diffusa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 400. 1824. Paniculately much branched, 2°-7° high, the branches very slender or filiform. Leaves linear, or the lower linear-lanceolate, acutish, the larger i/-2/ long, i]4.,/-2,/ wide, those of the branches very small and subulate; heads about 1" high; disk about 2// broad; rays usually white, i//-2// long; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong or oblong- lanceolate, acutish or obtuse; achenes obovate, nar- rowly winged; pappus of several short scales and 2 subulate bristles shorter than the achene. In dry soil, southern Illinois to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. Aug.-Oct.J 2. Boltonia asteroides (I,.) L/Her. Aster-like Boltonia. (Fig. 3729.) Matricaria asteroides L. Mant. 116. 1767. Mairicariagrlaslifolia'H.i\\,Hort.'Kew. jg.pl.j. 1769. Boltonia asteroides L'Her. Sert. Angl. 27. 1788. Rather stout, 2°-8° high, somewhat cymosely paniculate. Leaves lanceolate, to oblanceolate, sessile, 2/-5/ long, 3//-i2// wide, the upper linear- lanceolate, smaller; heads 2//-4// high; disk 3//-6// wide; rays white, pink or purple, 3//-6// long; invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate; pappus of setose scales, with or without 2-4 slender bristles nearly as long as the obovate or oval achene. In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida, west to Min- nesota, Nebraska and Louisiana. July- Sept. 3. Boltonia latisquama A. Gray. Broad-scaled Boltonia. (Fig. 3730.) Boltonia latisquama A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II) 33-. 238. 1862. Similar to the preceding species and perhaps a variety or form of it. Leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile; heads rather larger; rays blue-violet ; bracts of the involucre oblong- spatulate, obtuse or mucronate; pappus of numerous small short broad scales and 2 long bristles. Western Missouri, eastern Kansas and Arkansas. Autumn. Genus 30.] THISTLE FAMILY. 353 4. Boltonia decurrens (T. & G.) Wood. Clasping-leaved Boltonia. (Fig. 3731.) Boltonia Q-lasiifolia var. (?) decurrens T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 188. 1841. Boltonia decurrens Wood, Bot. & Flor. 166. 1870. Boltonia asteroides var. decurrens Engelm. ; A Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 166. 1S84. Stout, 3°-6° high, branched above. Leaves ob- long-lanceolate or elongated lanceolate, mucron- ate at the apex, those of the stem decurrent and sagittate at the base, 3/-6/ long, 6//-S// wide, those of the branches smaller and merely sessile or some of them also decurrent; heads 2>£//-3// high; involucre hemispheric; rays about 3" long, violet or purple; pappus of several or numerous short scales and 2 very slender bristles. In wet prairies, Illinois and Missouri. Aug-. -Sept. '33- 30. SERICOCARPUS Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 148. 18: Erect perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and middle-sized heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, in terminal cymose panicles. Involucre ovoid, oblong, or campanulate, its bracts coriaceous, with herbaceous or squarrose tips, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle small, foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly perfect, their corollas tubular, narrow, yellowish or purplish, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches with lanceolate-subulate appendages. Achenes slightly compressed, linear-oblong, i-nerved on each side, pubescent. Pappus of numerous capillary scabrous bristles, the outer usually shorter. [Greek, silky fruit, referring to the achenes.] Four known species, natives of North America. Besides the following-, another occurs on the northwestern coast of North America. Leaves entire, linear, spatulate, or obovate, rigid. Glabrous, or nearly so; leaves linear or linear-spatulate. Puberulent or scabrous; leaves obovate. Leaves dentate, oblong, or obovate, thin. 1. S. linifolius. 2. S. bifoliatus. 3. S. asteroides. i. Sericocarpus linifolius (I,.) B.S. P. Narrow-leaved White- topped Aster. (Fig. 3732.) Conyza linifolia L. Sp. PI. 861. 1753. Sericocarpus solidagineus Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 149. 1832. Sericocarpus linifolius B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 26. 1888. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem rather slender, striate, i0-2^° high. Leaves linear or linear-spatulate, spreading, faintly 3-nerved, thick, entire, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, i/-2/long, 1%"- 3" wide, sessile, or the lowest on short mar- gined petioles, their margins scabrous; heads about 3//-4// high, clustered in 2's-6's at the ends of the cymose branches; involucre ob- long-campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse, the outer with somewhat spreading or reflexed green tips, the inner scarious and often lacerate or ciliate at the apex; rays 4 or 5, about 4//-5// long; pappus white. In dry, usually sandy soil, Canada (according- to Gray), Vermont to Ohio, Georgia and Louisi- ana. June-Sept. 23 354 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. Ill, 2. Sericocarpus bifoliatus (Walt.) Porter. Rough White-topped Aster. (Fig- 3733-) Conyza bifoliata Walt. Fl. Car. 204. 1788. Aster tortifolius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 109. 1803. 5". tortifolius Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 151. 1832. 5. bifoliatus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 322. 1S94. Densely puberulent or scabrous, about 2° high, the stern terete, or slightly angled. Leaves sessile, obscurely veined, obovate or broadly spatulate, thick, obtuse, ascending or erect by a twist at the base, %f-\r long, 4//-S// wide, en- tire, mucronulate, densely appressed-puberulent on both sides, the upper mostly oblong, much smaller; heads 4//~5// high, cymosc-paniculate; involucre narrowly campanulate, its bracts ob- long or the inner linear, pubescent, their tips somewhat spreading; rays short; pappus white. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana, mainly near the coast. Called also Rattlesnake- master. July-Sept. 3. Sericocarpus asteroides (L,.) B.S.P. Toothed White-topped Aster. (Fig. 3734.) Conyza asteroides L. Sp. PI. 861. 1753. .S". couyzoides Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 150. 1832. .S". asteroides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 26. 1888. Stem pubescent, or glabrate, slightly angled, l°-2° high. Leaves thin, pubescent or gla- brous, ciliate, pinnately veined and faintly 3-nerved, the basal and lower ones obovate or spatulate, dentate or rarely entire, 2 '-4' long, x'-yYz' wide, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, en- tire or dentate, acute or obtuse, smaller; heads 5//-6// high, densely clustered; involucre campanulate, its bracts oblong, ciliate or pubescent, the outer with green reflexed tips; pappus brown or white. In dry woods, Maine to Florida, west to Ohio, Kentucky and Alabama. July-Sept. 31. ASTER L> Sp. PI. 872. 1753.* Perennial or rarely annual, mostly branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and corym- bose or paniculate (rarely racemose or solitary) heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts various, imbricated in several series, the exterior ones usually smaller and shorter. Receptacle flat or convex, generally foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pink, purple, blue, or violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, perfect, their corollas 5-lobed, usually yellow and changing to red, brown, or purple. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages subulate, lanceolate or ovate, acute. Pappus-bristles slender, numerous, scabrous or denticulate, usu- ally in 1 series, sometimes in 2 series. Achenes mostly flattened and nerved. [Greek, star.] A genus of not less than 250 species, most abundant in North America, where, in addition to the following, about 70 others occur beyond our limits. Known as Asters or Starworts. A. Basal and lower leaves, or some of them, cordate and slender-petioled. (See No. 50.) 1 . None of the stem-leaves cordate-clasping. •jf Rays white, violet, or rose. \ Rays white, or rarely rose, usually 2-toothed; plants not glandular. I Involucre ovoid, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts mostly obtuse or rounded; basal leaves few and small, or commonly none (except in No. 5). (a) Leaves membranous or thin, smooth, or nearly so. Heads short-peduncled, 9" broad or less, the disk turning crimson; leaves acute or short-acuminate. 1. A. carmesinus. Heads long-peduncled, 9" broad or more, the disk turning brown or reddish brown; leaves long- acuminate. Heads 1' broad or more; leaves of the branches large, long, lanceolate, acuminate. 2. A. tenebrosus. Heads ^"-ii" broad; leaves of the branches small, obtuse, or acute. 3. A. divaricatus. * Text prepared with the assistance of Prof. Edward S. Burgess. Genus 3I-] THISTLE FAMILY. 355 (b) Leaves thick, firm, rough. Heads 6"-8" high; inflorescence forking. 4. A. /ureal us. Heads 4" -5" high; inflorescence paniculate or glomerate. Leaves acute, or short-acuminate, pilose beneath; inflorescence glomerate. 5. A. glomeratus. Leaves long-acuminate, not pilose beneath; inflorescence open-paniculate. 6. A. Claytoni. t t Involucre cylindrie, its bracts tapering to an obtuse apex; basal leaves large, tufted. Bracts of the involucre pale, scarious, usually without herbaceous tips. 7. A. curvescens. Bracts of the involucre broader, with herbaceous tips. 8. A. Schreberi. \ \ Rays violet, usually 3-toothed; plants glandular, f Predominant glands large, capitate; leaves thick, coarse, heavy. Sinus broad; glands chiefly confined to the inflorescence; plant usually harsh. 9. A. macrophyllus. Sinus narrow; glands abundant on the leaves and stem; growing plant clammy. 10. A. roscidus. f f Predominant glands minute, scarcely capitate; leaves usually thin. (a) Inflorescence rather regular, flat, or convex-topped; plants usually less than 2^° tall. Sinus broad, shallow. Broader leaves orbicular-cordate, their teeth and the inflorescence-leaves inconspicuous. 11. A. ianthinus. Broader leaves reniform, sharply incised; some inflorescence-leaves conspicuous. 12. A. violaris. Sinus rather deep and narrow; broader leaves ovate-cordate, sharply serrate. 13. A. multiformis. (b) Inflorescence very irregular, paniculate-corymbose; plants often 4°-5° high; broader leaves large, cordate, acute. 14. A. nobilis. •X- -Sf Rays blue or purple; plants not glandular. t Bracts of the involucre spreading or recurved; rays 30-45. 15. A. anomalus. t t Bracts of the involucre appressed, or erect; rays 8-20. (a) Leaves all entire, or nearly so, thick, or firm. Leaves nearly or quite glabrous above. 16. A. Shortii. Leaves rough-puberulent on both sides, the upper bract-like. 17. A. azureus. (b) Leaves nearly all sharply serrate, thin. Heads 2" -3" high, numerous; bracts obtuse or obtusish. Leaves rough; petioles not wing-margined; bracts appressed. 18. A. cordifolius. Leaves smooth, or nearly so; petioles, or some of them, wing-margined. 19. A. Lowrieanus. Heads 4"-5" high, usually few; bracts acute or acuminate. 20. A. Lindleyanus. Heads $"-5" high, numerous; bracts acute or acuminate. Stem densely and finely pubescent. 21. A. Drummondii. Stem glabrous or nearly so; bract-tips spreading. 22. A. sagittifolius. 2. Stem leaves, or some 0/ them, cordate-clasping ; plant rough when dry. ___ jfcgf- 23. A. undulatus. B. No cordate and petioled leaves; those of the stem, or some of them, with more or less cordate or auricled clasping bases. 1. Stem rough, or hirsute-pubescent. ■X- Leaves entire, oblong, linear, or lanceolate. \ Heads 1/-2' broad; leaves sessile, strongly cordate-clasping. t Stem rough; leaves oblong to lanceolate; involucre turbinate. Leaves thick, firm, very rough, oblong to oval. 24. A. patens. Leaves thin, roughish, oblong-lanceolate. 25. A. phlogifolius. t t Stem hirsute; leaves lanceolate; involucre hemispheric. 26. A. Novae- Angliae. ji § Heads 'A'-i' broad; leaves but slightly clasping. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts glandular. 27. A. oblongifolius. Involucre turbinate, its bracts hispid. 28. A. amelhystinus. ■Sfr -K- Leaves, at least the lower, serrate. Stems usually pilose; bracts very glandular. 29. A. major. Stem hispid-pubescent; bracts glabrous, or ciliate. 30. A. puniceus^ 2. Stem glabrous, or only sparingly pubescent above. ■Xr Leaves sharply serrate. ? Leaves tapering to the base. Outer bracts of the involucre foliaceous. 31. A. tardijlorus. Bracts of the involucre narrow, not foliaceous. Leaves lanceolate, to oblong-lanceolate, sessile. 30. A. puniceus. Leaves oval to ovate, the lower often petioled. 32. A. patulus. j/ \ Leaves abruptly contracted into margined petioles, often enlarged near the base. 23. A. prenanlhoides. \\\ Leaves strongly cordate-clasping; bracts green-tipped. 34. A.laevis. %r vc Leaves entire, or very nearly so. § Involucre campanulate, its bracts appressed, green-tipped, t Bracts of the involucre with rhomboid green tips. Stem leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oval-lanceolate. 34. A. laevis. Stem leaves elongated-lanceolate. 35. A. concinnus. f t Bracts of the involucre linear, the tips narrower, lanceolate; stem leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate. 36. A. purpuratus. iJ \ Involucre hemispheric. t Bracts of the involucre narrow, not foliaceous. (a) Bracts in several series unequal. Bracts linear-subulate ; leaves narrowly linear. 37. A.junceus. Bracts lanceolate, linear, or spatulate; leaves lanceolate to linear. Western dry soil plant, i°-2° tall; leaves i'-3' long. 38. A. adscendens. Eastern swamp plant, 2°-5° tall; leaves 2'-6' long. 39. A. Novi-Belgii. (b) Bracts in only 1 or 2 series; leaves linear to lanceolate. 40. A. longifolius. t t Bracts of the involucre green, foliaceous; western. 41. A.foliaceus. C. Leaves sessile, or petioled, not at all clasping, or scarcely so. , 1 . Leaves silky, silvery or canescent on both sides, entire. Heads corymbose-paniculate; bracts oblong; achenes glabrous. 42. A. sericeus. Heads in a narrow raceme; bracts linear; achenes silky. 43. A. concolor. 356 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. A. Fendleri. 45. A. grandifloriis. 46. 47- 48. A. speclabilis. A. surculosus. A. gracilis. 49. A. Radula. 50. 5i. A. A. A A Herveyi. turbinellus. Nebraskensis. paludosus. nemoralis. A. salicifolius. A. paniculatus. A. Missouriensis. A. Tradescanti. 62. A. Faxoni. 2. Leaves neither silky, silvery nor canescent. often toothed. ■& Rays normally purple, blue, pink, or violet ; not white. \ Leaves bristly ciliate, linear, rigid; western species. 44. \ \ Leaves not bristly-eiliate. f Tips of tiie involucral bracts strongly squarrose. Leaves linear to linear-oblong, rigid, obtuse, entire; heads 2' broad. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, at least the lower dentate. Involucre hemispheric, or nearly so; heads 1' broad or more. Bracts of the involucre glandular. Bracts of the involucre ciliate, or glabrous. Involucre turbinate; heads 6" '-9" broad. f t Tips of the involucral bracts appressed, or erect (except in forms of No. 50). (a) Bracts of the involucre coriaceous or herbaceous, oblong, lanceolate, or spatulate. Bracts of the involucre coriaceous, obtuse. Involucre hemispheric; leaves oblong, sharply serrate; stem smooth. Involucre turbinate. Leaves ovate-oblong, the lower dentate; stem rough. Leaves linear-oblong, entire, ciliolate. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, foliaceous, acute; leaves oblong, very rough. 52. A. Bracts of the involucre rigid, lanceolate, large, acute; leaves linear. 53. (b) Bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, membranous, acute. 54. — -if Rays mostly white or nearly so (often pink or purple in Nos. 55, 57, 58 and 59). # Heads corymbose, io"-2o" broad. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate; bracts linear-subulate. 55. A. acuminatum. Leaves linear, entire, or nearly so; bracts oblong, obtuse. 56. A. ptarmicoides. § § Heads solitary at the ends of slender branchlets. 57. A. dumosus. § g § Heads paniculate, or racemose, 4"-io" broad, f Bracts of the involucre acute to obtusish; plants glabrous or pubescent. (a) Heads paniculate, not in i-sided racemes. Stem-leaves lanceolate, serrate or entire. Heads S"-io" broad. Plants glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above. Leaves firm, roughish or rough; rays often bluish. 58. Leaves thin, smoothish; rays chiefly white. 59. Plant puberulent all over. 60. Heads 6" -8" broad; stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate. 61. Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate to subulate, mostly entire. Heads scattered, 6" -9" broad; upper leaves linear. Heads numerous, 4"~7" broad; upper leaves subulate. Paniculately branched, bushy. 63. A. ericoides. Simple, or with ascending slender branches; northern. 64. A. Pringlei. (b) Heads racemose and 1 -sided on the branches. Stem-leaves oval, oblong, or lanceolate, serrate, or chiefly so. Stem pubescent or glabrate. 65. A. lateriflora s. Stem villous; leaves narrowly lanceolate, thin. 66. A. hirsuticaulis. Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, nearly entire; stem glabrate. 67. A. vimineus. f f Bracts of the involucre, at least the outer, obtuse; plants very rough. Heads $"-4." broad, very numerous, densely clustered. 68. A. mulliflorus. Heads 6-8 broad, rather loosely clustered; western. 69. A. incanopilosus. D. Leaves fleshy, narrow, entire; plants of salt marshes or saline soil (No. 71 sometimes in non-saline situations). Perennial; heads 6"-i2" broad; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate. 70. A. tenuifolius. Annuals; heads 3"-5" broad; involucral bracts linear-subulate. Involucre campanulate; disk-flowers more numerous than the rays; rays about 2" long. 71. A. exilis. Involucre cylindraceous; disk-flowers fewer than the very short rays. 72. A. subulatus. i. Aster carmesinus Burgess. Crimson-disk Aster. (Fig. 3735.) Stems erect, delicate, closely tufted, i°-2° high, glabrous, reddish brown, terete. Leaves all peti- oled, glabrate, very thin, but firm and crisp, the lower and basal ones oval, rounded, or with a small deep and rounded sinus at the base, bluntly acute or short-acuminate at the apex, crenate-serrate, the upper ones sometimes ovate-lanceolate, the upper- most short-elliptic; petioles slender, the uppermost sometimes winged; inflorescence 5/ broad, or less, usually of about 5 convex glomerules, each often of 10-15 short peduncled heads, its branches spread- ing, 3' long, or less; rays chiefly 6, white ; disk at first golden yellow, finally deep purplish crimson; florets broadly bell-shaped; outer bracts obtuse, ciliate, pale, with a green tip; achenes glabrous. On shaded rocks, near Yonkers, N. Y. Peculiar in its dense glomerules subtended by large short-elliptic leaves. September. Genus 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 357 2. Aster tenebrosus Burgess. Long-leaved Wood Aster. (Fig. 3736.) Sterns solitary or scattered, glabrate, striate, about 30 high. Leaves very thin and smooth, slender-petioled, broadly oblong, coarsely toothed with remote acuminate teeth, abruptly long-acuminate at the apex, the basal sinus broad, rounded, shallow, except in the lowest ones; leaves of the inflorescence lanceolate, subentire, sessile, sometimes 4' long; inflores- cence broadly corymbose, heads about \" high, often i%/ broad; rays usually 9-12; disk pale yellow, becoming purplish brown, the florets funnelform with a long slender tube; outer bracts chiefly elongated-triangular, acute, green, the others linear, obtusish, the green tip lance- linear; achenes generally glabrous. In moist dark woodlands, New York to Virginia. Peculiar in its large dark leaves with coarser teeth than in the next species. Aug. -Sept. 3. Aster divaricatus L,, White Wood Aster. (Fig. 3737.) Aster divaricatus L. Sp. PI. 873. 1753. Aster corymbosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 207. 1789. Stems tufted, assurgent, flexuous, brittle, terete, i^°-2° high, glabrate at maturity. Leaves thin, smoothish, slender petioled, ovate-lanceolate, closely dentate with sharp teeth, or the small basal ones coarsely serrate, acute to acuminate, the basal sinus moder- ate; leaves of the inflorescence small, short, ovate and acute to orbicular, subentire; corymb broad, flattish, repeatedly forked, the slender branches long, divergent; heads o//_I2// broad; rays chiefly 6-9, linear, white; disk turning brown; bracts of the in- volucre broad, ciliate, the rounded tip with an inconspicuous green spot. In open woodlands and thickets, in rather dry soil, Canada to Manitoba.Georgia and Tennessee. Variable; rays rarely rose-purple. Sept. -Oct. Aster divaricatus cymulosus Burgess. Smaller, bearing a single dense corymb about 4' broad, or several smaller ones; the branches short, suberect; acumination of the leaves, sinus, and teeth conspicuous; upper leaves much re- duced; rays short, broad, chiefly 3"-4" long, sometimes laciniate. In grassy openings in woods, often in dense patches, New England and New York to Virginia. Aster divaricatus curtifolius Burgess. Stem erect, reddish, smooth, sometimes glaucous; leaves small, dull green, firm, ovate and orbicu- lar to reniform, the sinus broad, rounded, the apex obtuse or apiculate; inflorescence loose, flattish; disks turning purple; rays about 5" long; green tips of the involucral bracts conspicuous. In moist woods, New York to Virginia. Aster divaricatus deltoideus Burgess. Delicate, 1%° high or less; lower leaves triangular, cordate with a broad sinus or subtruncate, the apex incurved-acuminate; the teeth large, sharp; petioles often all filiform; veins directed for- ward; heads nearly as in the preceding variety. In moist shaded places, New England to New York, Virginia and Tennessee. Aster divaricatus persaliens Burgess. Stems virgate, 2%° high, or less; leaves extremely thin, firm, chiefly lanceolate-acuminate, long and narrow, the teeth very slender, salient or recurved, the lowest ovate with a small narrow sinus; disk maroon. In deep shade, New England and New York to Virginia and Kentucky. Aster divaricatus fontinalis Burgess, Plants solitary; basal leaves often numerous, tufted, thin, smoothish, sharply serrate or den- tate, 6' long by \%' broad, or smaller, broadly oval, acute, the base subcordate or rounded; inflor- escence usually ample, the long virgate branches with numerous small oval-oblong leaves; involucre turbinate, its bracts with definite green tips. In springy places and grassy ditches in open sunny situations, New England and New York to Virginia. Aster viridis Nees, remarkable for its coarse rough basal leaves, and large oval rhomboid rameal ones, occasional from New York and Pennsylvania to Virginia, may prove to be a hybrid between the preceding and A. macrophyllus L. C0MP0S1TAE. [Vol,. III. 4. Aster furcatus Burgess. Forking Aster. (Fig. 3738.) Stem leafy, il/2° high, or less, loosely forked above. Leaves hispid above, hispidulous beneath, firm, sa- liently cut-toothed, the lower ovate, short-petioled, with a small or shallow sinus, the upper sessile, with broad laciniate winged bases, often 5' long by 2%' wide, the uppermost elliptic-oblong, often iYz' long; teeth long and low, sharp; heads few (5-20), slender- peduncled; involucre turbinate to campanulate, with a truncate or rounded base; rays 3-toothed; disk turning brown, the florets funnelform with rather broad lobes; pappus long, straight; achenes pubes- cent, subaugular, not constricted at the summit. In woods, especially on shaded cliffs, Illinois and Missouri. Aug.-Oct. 5. Aster glomeratus (Nees) Bernn. Bernhardi's Aster. (Fig. 3739.) Aster glomeratus Bernh. in Nees, Ast. 139. 1832. Eurybia glomerata Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 139. 1832. Loosely clustered, dull green. Leaves not large, mostly short-pilose beneath, thickish, rough above; basal leaves present, these and the lower stem-leaves cordate with a deep narrow sinus, the teeth sharp, rather close and small; petioles slender, ciliate; upper leaves much smaller, ovate, truncate with a short broadly winged base, or the uppermost ovate to lanceo- late, sessile, entire; inflorescence compact, of many glomerate clusters, round-topped; heads about 4" high; bracts pubescent, obtuse, green, the inner twice as long as the outer; rays about 6, cream-white, short, soon deciduous; disk turning brown. In moist thickets or swamps, especially in ravines, New York and Pennsylvania. July. 6. Aster Claytoni Burgess. Clayton's Aster. (Fig. 3740.) Similar to A. divaricatus, stems red, tough. Leaves chiefly ovate-lanceolate,not large, rough, thick, slender-petioled, coarsely serrate, pale, or dull, the apex incurved-acuminate, the upper spreading or deflexed, sessile by a broad base, lanceolate-triangular, serrulate; inflorescence high, with percurrent axis, the long suberect branches each bearing a small umbelliform clus- ter of heads; peduncles filiform, as long as the heads. 3//-4//long; bracts pale; rays short, nar- row, chiefly 6, snow-white; disks at first golden- yellow, finally sienna-brown; florets about 20, achenes densely short-hairy. In sunny or slightly shaded rocky places, New York to the mountains of Virginia. Sept. Aster Claytoni crispicans Burgess. Basal leaves often not cordate, deeply incised; those of the stem long-acuminate or even caudate sharply serrate with large acute close teeth, some of which are suberect; chief bracts of the involucre acute. On rocky banks, solitary or in small clusters, Maine to New York and New Jersey. ■Genus 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 359 7. Aster curvescens Burgess. Dome-topped Aster. (Fig. 3741.) Dark green, chiefly glabrous; rootstocks often io' long; stem pale green, striate, delicate, i^°-2° high. Basal leaves tufted, conspicuous, these and the lowest stem leaves with a broad shallow sinus ta- pering into a petiole 1-2 times as long as the blade, abruptly incurved-acuminate; middle leaves ovate, short-petioled, rounded at the base, the upper lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, often falcate; , leaves firm, smoothish, the teeth broad, curved; ( ■ inflorescence small, convex, 3/-5/ broad, its short filiform naked branches widely ascending; heads 4//-5// high; lower bracts short, obtuse, the others longer, nearly uniform, scarious, shining, linear, often acute, usually glabrous; rays about 8, cream- white, about 5" long; disk becoming purple-brown; pappus early reddening; achenes slender, glabrous. In loose moist, shaded soil, New England and New York to Virginia. Aug.-Sept. Aster curvescens umbelliformis Burgess. Stem very smooth, deep red, robust, straight, some- times 3^° tall; leaves apple-green, smooth when dry, sparingly toothed; inflorescence symmetrically umbelliform, decompound; sinus of the lower leaves rather deep and narrow. In grassy woods and thickets, Connecticut and to Virginia. Aster curvescens oviformis Burgess. Stem about 2I/2° high, leafy; leaves dull green, not acuminate, very thin but rough, ovate, cor- date with a deep narrow sinus, 8' long by 4K' wide, or smaller; some of the bracts broader and green-tipped; inflorescence smaller and less branched. Range of the preceding. 8. Aster Schreberi Nees. Schreber's Aster. (Fig. 3742.) Aster Schreberi Nets, Syn. Ast. 16. 1818. Stem stout, 2°-3° high, with long internodes. Basal leaves often in extensive colonies, thin, dull green, firm, rough above, with scattered slender ap- pressed bristles, pubescent beneath on the veins, reniform-cordate or cordate-triangular, often -/ long by 5' wide, the basal sinus when well developed rect- angular, 2' across and 1/ deep; upper leaves ovate- oblong to lanceolate, with a short broad basal wing, or sessile; petioles of the lower leaves long, conspic- uously ciliate when young; inflorescence decom- pound, flattish, or irregularly convex, 6/-i2/ broad; heads about 5" high ; bracts greenish, mostly obtuse, ribs and midrib dark green, ciliate; rays usually 10. In borders of woods, and along fence rows in partial shade, New York to Michigan and Virginia. July-Aug. 9. Aster macrophyllus L. Large- leaved Aster. (Fig. 3743.) Aster macrophyllus L. Sp. PL Ed. 2, 1232. 1763. Rough; rootstocks long, thick; stem reddish, angular, 2°-3° high. Basal leaves forming large colonies, 3 or 4 to each stem, broad, cordate with a large irregular sinus, rough above, harsh, thick, the teeth broad, curved, pointed, the petioles long, narrow; upper stem leaves oblong with short broadly winged petioles, the uppermost sessile, acute; inflorescence strigose and glandu- lar, broadly corymbose, irregular; heads S//~^// high; peduncles rigid, thickish; rays about 16, S"~l" hong, chiefly lavender, sometimes violet, rarely pale; bracts conspicuously green-tipped, the lower acute, the inner oblong, obtuse; disk turning reddish brown; florets short-lobed. In moderately dry soil, in shaded places, Canada to Minnesota and North Carolina. Aug. 360 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. Aster macrophyllus velutinus Burgess. Smaller; leaves small, ovate-triangular, slender petioled, often truncate at the base, about 2)2 long by 2' wide, sometimes none of them cordate; glands fewer; pubescence subpilose or velvety; bracts broad, flat, green ; rays violet or blue. In grassy woods and thickets, especially in mountain- ous regions, Maine to Minnesota and West Virginia. Ascends to 2400 ft. in the Adirondacks. Aster macrophyllus sejunctus Burgess. Strigose-pubescent; glands numerous; leaves apple-green above, pale beneath, chiefly cordate- orbicular, abruptly short-acuminate, thick, spongy, commonly minutely wrinkled; basal leaves few; bracts narrow, obtuse; peduncles slender; inflorescence dense, convex, 4' -8' broad, not leafy; rays lilac. In open grassy places, Maine to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. Aster macrophyllus apricensis Burgess. Glabrate, branched from near the base, the branches numerous, often 18' high; heads small, numerous; rays short, pinkish lavender; leaves broad, oval to ovate, the teeth and sinus little de- veloped; petioles often expanded into a long wing, sometimes 3' long and Vz wide; uppermost leaves short-oblong with a narrowed sessile base. In clearings and open gravelly or sandy places, New York and Pennsylvania. Aster macrophyllus biformis Burgess. Small, stocky, with 3 or 4 small oval closely crenate spongy-thickened lower leaves with long slender petioles, the sinus deep, narrow, the teeth triangular to semicircular; stem-leaves crowded, much reduced, subentire, ovate-oblong, subsessile; inflorescence nearly naked, dense, convex, usually 4' broad; strigose pubescence little developed; rays lilac. In open grassy sunny situations. forming small patches, Maine to Ontario and Lake Erie. Aster macrophyllus pinguifolius Burgess. Stems stout, leafy, glabrous, about 20 high; basal and lower leaves large, forming extensive patches, deep green above, very pale beneath, many of them appearing greasy, some roughening in drying; petioles fleshy, sometimes 9' long; inflorescence broad, flat-topped; heads large; rays lavender to almost white; only the upper leaves sessile. Borders of woods, Connecticut and Long Island to Minnesota. Aster macrophyllus excelsior Burgess. Stem robust, glabrous, often 40 tall, purple, or glaucous; leaves mostly very smooth, pale, nu- merous, narrower, cordate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, chiefly sessile; rays deep lilac to violet. Along paths and borders of rocky woods, Ontario and western New York to Michigan. 10. Aster roscidus Burgess. Dewy-leaf Aster. (Fig. 3744-) Clammy-hairy, odorous, copiously glandular when young, somewhat so at maturity; stem 30 high, or less. Basal leaves in close colonies, coriaceous, the earlier ones cordate- quadrate, low-serrate, the sinus deep, narrow, the later, or winter leaves elliptic, long-petioled, often prostrate, often 5' long; stem leaves chiefly or- bicular and not cordate, with short broadly winged petioles, rarely slender-petioled; inflor- escence convex, sometimes irregular; involucre hemispheric, its bracts chiefly with rounded ciliate tips, rays 14-16, broad, clear violet; disks at first golden yellow, soon turning red; pappus long, white, copious. In slight shade and rich cleared woodlands, Maine to Pennsylvania and Michigan. Aug.-Sept. 11. Aster ianthinus Burgess. Violet Wood Aster. (Fig. 3745.) Glandular, dark green, slightly strigose-pubes- cent. Stem erect, or decumbent, 2°-3° tall; leaves thinnish, rough, the lower and basal ones orbicular to oblong, 5/ long, or less, abruptly acuminate, low- serrate or crenate; the sinus broad, open, shallow, upper leaves sessile by a narrowed base, crenate- serrate; inflorescence open, nearly naked, pedun- cles slender, divergent; heads large; rays 10-13, long, very deep violet or sometimes pale, 4//-6// long; bracts green-tipped, little pubescent. On shaded banks and along woodland paths, Maine to Lake Erie and West Virginia. July-Oct. Genus 3L] THISTLE FAMILY 12. Aster violaris Burgess. Violet-leaf Aster. (Fig. 3746.) Caudex thick, fleshy; plant glabrate, bluish green, minutely glandular. Stem slender, erect, or as- surgent, 2° high, or less; basal and lower leaves broadly reniform, abruptly acuminate-or apiculate, often y long by \' wide, their slender petioles 6'- S' long, the sinus very broad and shallow; middle stem leaves similar, not cordate; the upper numer- ous, long-elliptic, chiefly with narrowed bases, all thin, firm, rough above; inflorescence leafy, small, loose, rather narrow and high, paniculate-corym- bose, nearly level-topped, its slender branches with nearly opposite, oblong leaves; heads 6" high, or more; rays 12-15, Pale violet, narrow. In shaded moist places, sometimes in leaf-mold among rocks, New York from the Hudson to Lake Rrie. Sept.-Oct. 13. Aster multiformis Burgess. Various-leaved Aster. (Fig. 3747.) Deep green, minutely . glandular. Stem erect, slender, i°-2° high, angular-striate in drying. Basal leaves usually 2, large, thick, cordate-oblong, often accompanied by later smaller oblong ones; stem leaves very thin, sharply serrate, rough above, minutely puber- ulent beneath, the lower, ovate, acuminate, usually with a narrow sinus, the upper oval to ovate-lanceolate, petioled, the uppermost elliptic-lanceolate, serrulate, sessile or nearly so; inflorescence small, its branches upwardly curved; heads about 7" high, rays about 13, rounded and retuse at the apex; bracts green, glands few, almost hidden by the minutely strigose pubescence of the peduncles. In moist shaded places, Maine to western New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland. July-Aug. 14. Aster nobilis Burgess. Stately Aster. (Fig. 3748.) Tall, minutely glandular above, stem shining, bright green, 4°-5° high. Leaves thin, but firm, smooth in growth, roughened in drying, minutely puberulent beneath, dark green, basal and lower leaves large, the blade often 0/ long by 6/ wide, about as long as the stout petiole, sharply toothed, the sinus deep, broad, or the lobes overlapping; stem leaves similar, the up- per oblong-lanceolate, sessile; inflorescence ir- regularly cymose-paniculate, with small subu- late recurved leaves; bracts long, acute, green; heads 6" high, or less; rays 13-15, violet- blue or pale violet; disk-flowers not numerous, their corollas funnelform with a long capillary tube. In leaf-mold, Lake Champlain to Lake Erie. Aug. COMPOSITAE. [Vol.. III. 16. Aster Shortii Hook. Aster Short ii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 9. 1834. Stem roughish or smooth, slender, panicu- lately branched above, 2°-4° high. Leaves thick, glabrous or nearly so above, finely and sparingly pubescent beneath, the lower and basal ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cordate at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, slightly dentate, or entire, 2'-6' long, i/-2/ wide, borne on slender naked petioles; upper leaves lanceolate, entire, ses- sile or short-petioled, not cordate, those of the branches small and bract-like; heads numerous, 5//~7// high; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts linear, acute, puberu- lent, imbricated in several series, their green tips appressed; rays 10-15, linear, violet-blue, 5//-6// long; pappus tawny. On banks and along edges of woods, western Pennsylvania to Virginia and Georgia, west to Illinois and Tennessee. Sept.-Oct. 15. Aster anomalus Engelm. Many-rayed Aster. (Fig. 3749.) Aster anomalus Engelm.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 503- 1843. Stem rough, rather stout, branched above, i°-3° high. Leaves thin, the lower and basal ones deeply cordate, ovate, or ovate-lanceo- late, entire or slightly repand, rough-pubes- cent on both surfaces, acute or acuminate at the apex, 3/~4/ long, \f-if wide, on slender naked petioles; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile, lanceolate, oblong, or linear, much smaller; heads few, 4//-6// high, I2//-I5// broad; receptacle hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, hirsute, im- bricated in several series, their foliaceous tips spreading or reflexed; rays 30-45, 5//-6'/ long, bright violet-blue; pappus whitish. On limestone cliffs, Illinois to Missouri and Arkansas. Sept. Short's Aster. (Fig. 3750.) 17. Aster azureus Lindl. Sky-blue Aster. (Fig. 3751.) Aster azureus Lindl.; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 98. 1835. Stem slender, stiff, rough, branched above, i°-4° high. Leaves thick, usually all entire, scabrous on both sides, the lower and basal ones cordate, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or obtusish, 2/-6/ long, with slender naked often pubescent petioles; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile, lanceolate or linear, those of the branches reduced to small appressed bracts; heads numerous, 4//-5// high; involucre turbinate, its bracts glabrous, linear- oblong, abruptly acute, imbricated in several series, their green tips appressed; rays 10-20, bright blue, 3//-4// long; pappus tawnj\ On prairies and along borders of woods, western New York to Georgia, west to Minnesota, Missouri and Texas. Aug. -Oct. Genus 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 363 18. Aster cordifdlius L,. Common Blue Wood Aster. (Fig. 3752.) ' Aster cordifolius L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753. Stem glabrous or nearly so, much branched, bushy, i°-5° high- Leaves thin, rough, more or less pubescent with scattered hairs above and on the veins beneath, sharply serrate, acuminate, the lower and basal ones slender-petioled, broadly ovate-cordate, 2/-5/ long, the upper short-petioled or sessile, ovate or lanceolate, smaller; petioles scarcely mar- gined; heads very numerous, small, 2//~3// high, 6//-o// broad, handsome; involucre turbinate to cylindric, its bracts oblong- linear, obtuse or obtusish, green-tipped, appressed; rays 10-20, 3//-4// long, violet or blue, sometimes pale (rarely white); pappus whitish. Woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Sept.- Dec. Aster cordifolius Furbishiae Fernald, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 129. 1897. Similar; stem and petioles densely villous, the leaves somewhat so beneath. Northern Maine. Aster cordifolius polycephalus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 120. 1804. More robust and more branched than the type; leaves smaller, often rough only when dry, the upper ones sessile, ovate; panicle large; heads usually smaller, very numerous; rays deep blue, or paler. Massachusetts and eastern Pennsylvania to Virginia. Aster cordifolius alvearius Burgess. Leaves thin, usually smoothish, cordate, triangular-lanceolate, or broader; inflorescence dense, thyreoid, not leafy, in form resembling that of the lilac; bracts linear, acute; heads medium sized; rays blue. On shaded banks, Massachusetts to North Carolina and Tennessee. Aster cordifolius pedicellatus Burgess. Stem leaf y, often 40 high; leaves thin, the lower ovate, cordate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, or those of the branches elliptic and subentire; inflorescence loosely pyramidal, often 2° high andij^° broad, its ultimate branchlets long and often naked; heads large, 9" broad, or more, often 5" high; rays chiefly purple-blue; bracts obtuse. In moist wood borders, Ontario to Virginia and Kentucky. 19. Aster Lowrieanus Porter. Lowrie's Aster. (Fig. 3753.) Asler cordifolius var. laevigatus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 16:67. 1889. Not A. laevigatus Lam. 1783. Aster Lowrieanus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 121. 1894. Glabrous, or very nearly so throughout; stem branched, i°-4° high. Leaves thickish, firm, a little succulent, the basal slender-peti- oled, ovate to ovate lanceolate, cordate, acute or obtusish, serrate, 2/-6/ long, those of the stem ovate to oblong, often cordate, Con- tracted into winged petioles, the uppermost lanceolate; heads usually not very numer- ous, 2^//-3// high, loosely panicled; involu- cre turbinate, its bracts obtuse or obtusish, appressed; rays light blue, 3//~4// long, but variable in length. In woods, Connecticut and southern New York to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia and Ken- tucky. Sept.-Oct. Aster Lowrieanus lancifolius Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 325. 1894. A. cordifolius var. lanceolatus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club,i6: 68. 1889. Not A. lanceolaiusWiUd. 1S04. Leaves lanceolate, appressed-serrate, only the basal ones cordate. Southern New York and Pennsvlvania. Aster Lowrieanus Bicknellii Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:325. 1894. Asler cordifolius var. incisus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 224. 1892. Not A. incisus Fisch. 1S12. Leaves all lanceolate, all sharply serrate, or the lowest incised, usually none of them cordate. Southern New York and Pennsylvania. 364 COMPOSITAE. [Vol.. III. 20. Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. Lindley's Aster. (Fig. 3754.) Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 122. 1841. Stem usually stout, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, i°-3K° high, branched above. Leaves rather thick, glabrous, or slightly pubes- cent, especially on the veins, the lower and basal ones cordate at the base, sharply serrate, ovate, acute or acuminate, 2/-4/ long, with slender naked petioles; upper leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, less serrate, or entire, sessile, or with margined petioles, those of the branches lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, smaller; heads usually not numerous, 4//-5/^ high; involucre broadly turbinate or nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated, glabrous, or nearly so, their tips green; rays 10-20, blue or violet, 3//-5// long; pappus nearly white. In open places, Labrador to the Northwest Terri- tory and British Columbia, south to Maine and Michigan. Aug.-Oct. Aster Lindleyanus eximius Burgess. Tall, sometimes 70 high; leaves thick, usually rough and strigose-pubesc.ent above, almost glabrous beneath; inflorescence widely branched, loosely paniculate, often over 20 long; rays bluish purple; heads nearly 1' broad; bracts linear, abruptly acute. New Hampshire to Ohio and Virginia. 21. Aster Drummondii Lindl. Drum- mond's Aster. (Fig. 3755.) Aster Drummondii Lindl. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1:97. 1835. Stem usually stout, finely and densely canes- cent, branched above, 2°-5° high. Leaves mostly thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rough above, canescent beneath, the lower and basal ones cordate, with slender naked petioles, sharply toothed, 2/~4/ long, the upper cordate or rounded at the base, usually on margined petioles, those of the branches sessile and entire or nearly so, much smaller; heads 3//-4// high, rather numerous on the racemose branches; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear, slightly pubescent, acute or acumi- nate, their green tips appressed; rays S-15, blue, 3//-4// long; pappus whitish. In dry soil, borders of woods and on prairies, Ohio to Minnesota, Arkansas and Texas. Sept. -Oct. 22. Aster sagittifolius Willd. Arrow- leaved Aster. (Fig. 3756.) Aster sagittifolius Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2035. 1S04. Stem stout, or slender, strict, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above, 2°-5° high, panicu- lately branched at the inflorescence, the branches ascending. Leaves thin, slightly roughened, or glabrous above, usually glabrate beneath, the lower and basal ones cordate or sagittate, ovate- lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate, 3'- 6' long, with slender naked or narrowly margined petioles; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile, or on short and usually margined petioles, serrate or entire, those of the branches very small; heads -Yz"-^' high,8//-io// broad, numerous.crowded, racemose; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear- subulate, glabrous or nearly so, their tips green and slightly spreading; rays 10-15, light blue or purplish, 3//-4// long; pappus whitish. New Brunswick to North Dakota, New Jersey, Kentucky and Missouri. Aug.-Oct. In dry soil. Genus 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 365 Called also Various-leaved Aster. Aster sagittifolius dissitiflorus Burgess. Differs from the typical form of the species in its broader looser pyramidal inflorescence, the somewhat larger and longer peduncled heads, the leaves less serrate, often none cordate. New York to Florida, Mississippi and Oklahoma. Aster sagittifolius urophyllus (Lindl. ) Burgess. Aster urophyllus Lindl.; DC. Prodr. 5: 233. 1836. Leaves pilose beneath during growth, persistently so on the veins, rough above, lanceolate, acu- minate, the lower, or all of them, cordate; stem often 50 tall, the narrow inflorescence sometimes 30 long; heads about 3" high; rays white. Grassy thickets and river-banks, New York to Minnesota. 23. Aster undulatus I,. Wavy-leaf Aster Aster undulatus L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753. Stem stiff, very rough and pubescent, divaricately branched above, i°-3^° nigh. Leaves usually thick, rough on both sides, pubescent beneath, dentate, undulate or en- tire, acute or acuminate, the lowest and basal ones ovate, cordate, 2/~5/ long, with naked or margined petioles; middle ones ovate, lanceolate or oblong, with margined petioles dilated and clasping at the base, the upper sessile or clasping, those of the branches small and subulate; heads numerous, race- mose and often secund on the spreading branches, about 4" high, W-\o>" broad; in- volucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear- oblong, pubescent, acute or acutish, their green tips appressed; rays 8-15, pale blue to violet, 3//-5// long; pappus whitish. In dry soil, New Brunswick and Ontario, south to Florida, Alabama and Arkansas. Small Fleabane a Sept.-Oct. Aster undulatus abruptifolius Burgess. Tall 3°-5° high; leaves rougher, chiefly short-ovate, sessile, entire and about 2' long, \ZA' broad; inflorescence pyramidal; heads much darker, more crowded. New England to Virginia. Aster undulatus loriformis Burgess. Predominant leaves greatly elongated, linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, often 6' long, with the clasping base narrowed or broadened, only a few of the lower ones contracted into winged petioles; plant little pubescent at maturity. Eastern Massachusetts to Virginia and Pennsylvania. Aster undulatus torquatus Burgess. Leafy, 8' -14' high, dark green, short-downy; leaves small, very short and broad, close together, entire, their bases clasping the stem as a succession of collars often Vz in diameter; lowest leaves petioled; inflorescence much branched, paniculate. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., to Long Island. Aster undulatus triangularis Burgess. Tall, leafy, 3°-7° high, pale; pubescence slight; leaves hispid above, ovate -triangular, acumi- nate, chiefly 2' -3' long, %'. broad and sessile. New York to South Carolina. 24. Aster patens Ait. Late Purple Aster. (Fig. 3758.) Aster patens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3; 201. 1789. Stem slender, rough, i°-3° high, diver- gently branched. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, rough or pubescent, thick and somewhat rigid, strongly cor- date or auriculate-clasping at the broad base, entire, acute, or the lowTest obtuse, i/-3/ long, those of the branches much smaller and bractlike, the margins rough- ciliate; heads if broad or more, solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear-oblong, finely pubescent or scabrous and somewhat glan- dular, imbricated in several series, their green acute tips spreading; rays 20-30, purplish-blue, or deep violet, 4//-6// long; pappus tawny; achenes pubescent. In diy, open places, Massachusetts to north- ern New York and Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Reported from Canada. Known also as Purple Daisy. Aug.-Oct. COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 25. Aster phlogifolius Muhl. Thin- leaved Purple Aster. (Fig. 3759.) A. phlogifolius Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2034. 1804. Aster patens var. phlogifolius Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 49. 1832. Similar to the preceding species, usually taller. Leaves larger, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, entire, thin or membranous, acuminate at the apex, strongly auriculate-clasping at the base, roughish above, pubescent beneath, usually narrowed below the middle, sometimes 6' long; heads usually numerous, \'-i' broad, panicled, or somewhat racemose on the branches; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, glabrate, rather loose, with herbaceous tips; rays numerous, purple-blue. In woods and thickets, New York to Ohio, North Carolina and Tennessee. Aug.-Sept. 26. Aster Novae-Angliae L. New England Aster. (Fig. 3760.) Aster Novae-Angliae L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753. A. roseus Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris, Ed. 3, 401. 181 2. Stem stout, hispid pubescent, corymbosely branched above, 2°-8° high, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate, entire, rather thin, acute, pubescent, 2/-5/long, 6//-i2// wide, clasping the stem by an auriculate or broadly cordate base; heads numerous, i/-2/ broad, clustered at the ends of the branches; involucre hemis- pheric, its bracts linear-subulate, somewhat unequal, green, spreading, pubescent and more or less glandular, viscid; rays 40-50, linear, s'MJ" long, violet- purple, rarely pink or red, or white; achenes pubescent; pappus reddish-white. In fields and along swamps, Quebec to the Northwest Territory, south to South Carolina. Missouri, Kansas and Colorado. One of the most beautiful of the genus. Aug.-Oct. 27. Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Aro- matic Aster. (Fig. 3761.) Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Gen. 2: 156. 1S1S. Aster oblongifolius var. rigidulus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1. Part 2, 179. 1884. Stem much branched, hirsute-pubescent, i°-2^° high, the branches divaricate or as- cending. Leaves crowded, oblong, or oblong- lanceolate, sessile by a broad, partly clasping base, usually rigid, entire, acute or mucronu- late at the apex, rough or hispidulous on both sides, rough-margined, those of the stem i/-2/ long, 2//-4// wide, those of the branches gradu- ally smaller; heads corymbose, nearly 1/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts much imbricated, glandular, aromatic, linear or lin- ear-oblong, the acute green tips spreading; rays 20-30, violet-purple, rarely rose-pink, 3"-5" long; pappus light brown; achenes canescent. On prairies and bluffs, central Pennsylvania to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Virginia, Ten- nessee and Texas. Plant odorous. Aug.-Oct. Genus 31.] THISTLE FAMILY 28. Aster amethystinus Nutt. Amethyst Aster. (Fig. 3762.) Aster amethystinus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 294. 1 84 1. Resembles the preceding species, but is often taller, sometimes 50 high. Leaves often crowded, linear-lanceolate, entire, rough or hispidulous on both sides, partly clasping at the sessile base, acute at the apex, those of the stem i/-2/ long, 2//-3// wide; heads rather numerous, racemose or corym- bose, l/z'-\f broad; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts much imbricated, linear, hispid, not glandu- lar, the acutish green tips spreading; rays 20-30, blue-purple, about 3" long; pappus brown; achenes canescent. In moist soil, Massachusetts to southern New York, eastern Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. Sept. -Oct. 29. Aster major (Hook.) Porter. Great Northern Aster. (Fig. 3763.) Aster Unalascliensis var. major Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:7. 1834. Aster modestus Lindl.; Hook, loc. cit. S. 1834. Aster majus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 325. 1894. Stem stout, leafy to the summit, usually densely pilose-pubescent with many-celled hairs, rarely glabrate, branched above, 4°-6° high. Leaves membranous, lanceolate, partly clasping by a narrowed base, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate with low distant teeth, dark green and slightly pubescent above, villous-pubescent on the veins beneath, 3/-5/ long, 5//-io// wide; heads mostly solitary at the ends of short branches, 1%' broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts little im- bricated, green, linear-subulate, densely glan- dular; rays 35-45, purple, $"-')" long; achenes appressed-pubescent; pappus tawny. In moist soil, western Ontario to Dakota, Oregon and British Columbia. Sept.-Oct. 30. Aster puniceus L,. Red-stalk or Purple-stem Aster. (Fig. 3764.) Aster puniceus L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753. Stem usually stout, reddish, corymbosely or racemosely branched above, hispid with rigid hairs, 3°-S° high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, sessile and clasping by a broad ornarrowred base, sharply serrate, or some of them entire, usually very rough above, pubes- cent on the midrib beneath, 3/-6/long, yi'-iyi' wide; heads generally numerous, iZ-l^' broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear or oblong, attenuate,imbricated in about 2 series, glabrous or ciliate, green, loose, spreading, nearly equal, sometimes broadened; rays 20- 40, violet-purple or pale, 5//~7// long, showy; pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent. In swamps, Nova Scotia to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Ohio and Michigan. Called also Early Purple Aster, Swan- weed, Cocash, Meadow Scabish. July-Nov. Aster puniceus firmus (Nees) T. & Aster firmus Nees, Syn. Ast. 25. 1818. Aster puniceus var. laevicaulis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 195. 1884. Stem sparingly hispid, or glabrous, 2°-5° high; leaves sharply serrate. the type. 368 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. Aster puniceus lucidulus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i: Part 2, 195. 1884. Aster lucidus Wender. Flora, 12: Part 1, Ergbl. 23. 1829. Not Moench 1802. Stem nearly or quite glabrous; leaves crowded, entire, or nearly so, thin, glabrous or slightly rough-pubescent. Quebec to New England, Ontario and Michigan. 31. Aster tardiflorus L. Northeastern Aster. (Fig. 3765.) Aster tardiflorus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1231. 1763. Stem glabrous, or slightly pubescent above, corymbosely branched near the summit, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate with low teeth, or some of them entire, acuminate at the apex, narrowed into a clasping base, glabrous or nearly so on both sides, roughish- margined, 3/-6/ long, 4//-io// wide; heads about i' broad, not very numerous, involucre hemis- pheric, its outer bracts broad and foliaceous, often 6" long, acute, somewhat unequal; rays 20-30, violet; pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent. Along streams, Massachusetts to Labrador. Closely related to the preceding species. Aug.-Oct. 32. Aster patulus Lam. Spreading Aster. (Fig. 3766.) Aster patulus Lam. Encycl. i: 308. 1783. Pubescent, or nearly glabrous; stem i°-4° high. Leaves oval, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, sharply and irregularly serrate, rather thin, acute, acumi- nate, or blunt at the apex, the lower 3/-6/ long, I'-ity wide, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile and somewhat clasping; heads numerous, panicled, about i/ broad; involucre campanulate, 3//-4// high, its bracts linear to lin- ear-lanceolate, acuminate, not foliaceous, loosely imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter than the inner; rays violet-purple or rarely white. New Brunswick to New Hampshire. Also called Smooth Red-stem Aster. Sept. 33. Aster prenanthoides Muhl. Crooked-stem Aster. (Fig. 3767.) Aster prenanthoides Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2046. 1804. Stem glabrous, or pubescent in lines above, flexuous, much branched, i°-2° high. Leaves thin, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate, scabrous above, glabrous or nearly so beneath, 3/-6/ long, 9//-iS// wide, acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed below into a broad margined entire petiole, the base auriculate-clasping; heads usually numerous, i/ broad or more; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, green, spreading, imbri- cated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays 2°~3°, violet, 4//-6// long; pappus tawny; achenes pubescent. In moist soil, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, south to West Virginia, Kentucky and Iowa. Aug.-Oct. Aster prenanthoides porrectifolius Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 326. 1894. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, much elongated, sometimes 8' long, gradually contracted into an entire clasping base. Pennsylvania. Genus 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 34. Aster laevis L,. Smooth Aster. (Fig. 3768.) Aster laevis L. Sp. PI. 876. 1753. vStem usually stout, glabrous, often glaucous, 2°-4° high, branched or simple. Leaves thick, entire, or serrate, glabrous, slightly rough-mar- gined, the upper all sessile and strongly cor- date-clasping, oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate, acute or obtusish, i/-4/ long, 4//-2/ wide, the basal and lower gradually narrowed into winged petioles, those of the branches often small and bract-like; heads usually numerous, about 1' broad; involucre campanulate,its bracts rigid, acute, appressed, green-tipped, imbricated in several series; rays 15-30, blue or violet; pap- pus tawny; achenes glabrous or nearly so. Usually in dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Penn- sylvania and Louisiana, west to the Northwest Ter- ritory and Missouri. Sept. -Oct. Aster laevis amplifolius Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 324. 1894. Stout, somewhat fleshy; leaves broadly ovate, nar- rowed toward the base, strongly clasping. Massa- chusetts to eastern Pennsylvania, Minnesota and Missouri. Aster laevis Potomacensis Burgess. Lower stem-leaves abruptly contracted into winged petioles, sharply serrate; heads few, usu- ally racemose; green tips of the bracts broad, conspicuous. Maryland and Virginia. 35. Aster concinnus Willd. Narrow- leaved. Smooth Aster. (Fig. 3769.) Aster concinnus Willd. Enum. 884. 1809. Similar to narrow-leaved forms of Aster laevis, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above; stem paniculately branched, i°-3° high. Leaves light green, lanceolate to linear, entire, or some- times serrulate, the upper sessile, somewhat clasping, i/-3/ long, the lower and basal ones spatulate, or oblong, narrowed into margined petioles, sometimes coarsely toothed; heads usually numerous, about 1' broad; bracts of the involucre with rhomboid acute herbaceous tips; rays violet to purple. New York and Pennsylvania to Virginia, North Carolina (?) and Arkansas. 36. Aster purpuratus Nees. Southern Smooth Aster. (Fig. 3770.) Aster virgatus Ell. Bot. S. C.& Ga. 2: 353. 1824. Not Moench, 1S02. A. purpuratus Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 118. 1832. Stem slender, glabrous, simple, or branched above, i}4°-3° high, the branches sometimes pu- berulent. Leaves firm, glabrous, dark green, entire, the upper sessile and clasping at the base, elon- gated-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 2/-6/ long, 2r/-4r/ wide, the lower and basal ones petioled, oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, those of the branches very small; heads rather few, loosely paniculate, S//-I2// broad; involucre campanulate, to turbinate, its bracts coriaceous, linear, appressed, green-tipped, acute, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter; rays 5-10, blue or violet, 3//~5// long, pappus tawny; achenes glabrous. , Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and Texas. 24 Aug. -Sept. \ COMPOSITAE 37 [Vol. HI- Rush Aster. Aster junceus Alt. (Fig. 3771-) Ait Hort Kew. 3= *o4- V*>- • Aster jnnceusMt.Ko minutely pubes- Stetn very slender S^ous ^ ^ cent above, simple or ^e . linear, entire, or Leaves firm, glabrous, narro^y & or sometimes with a few d tant ^ acuminate at the ape, sessile by ^ ^^ and often slightly co|dfbaSe 3 , ^de; heads Pao1^' ^ about 3" ^\l1f broad; involucre ^^^ very acute imb- bracts glabrous, ^ear 5£ outer shorter- rays violet cated in 3 ^^fj^long; papP- Pale" , . to nearly white, 4 5 & Northwest „ «»P.5^E^'S^ ^Wisconsin .nd ,R Aster adscendens Lindl. birsute-pubescent, bra^ r0ugh-margmed, high. Leaves *£>££% the stem lmear- sometimes cmolate those ^ obtuslsb) lanceolate or bnear-oblon ^ by a more or x,_3/ long, a"-*". -ide sess y ^^ nar. less clasping base ; ba£ * ds nFot numerous, lowed into short P^° £fspberic, its bracts about 1' broad; involucre *« * inear Gr spatu- inabricated in 3-5 serves oWong ^^ late' ^^h^neroft^nmucronulate; pappus S^wh'-te; achenes pubescent sn On prairies and mol^db^orthwest Territory, 39- A Aster. (Fig- 37730 ^fam"i%. .. mucU branched, glabrous Stem slender, usually mucu Leaves or slightly pubescent above 1 3 glanceolate, deflate, «J»^ **^J*JS and more or less clasping at the , corymbose. J/ S^ wide, the lowest petiolecin _ ^ PanUte, usuall 7 *%££&*£** bracts lin- volucre hemispheric t »J spreading, i» 3-5 ear acute, green, &°me\ T,_25) violet, 4//-5 S ies, the outer .^f^^S glabrous or nearly so. ^^Cte^2S>! Ma- and Oeor.a, ' Aster N6vi-Belgu htow* A. 7 ^ I /4^D , branched; leaves shorter > ^fS't-niarshes, Leaves lanceolate, tapering from them Genus 31. J THISTLE FAMILY. 371 heads usually fewer; inflorescence racemose-corymbose. North Carolina. In shaded swamps, Massachusetts to Aster Novi-Belgii Brittonii Burgess. Leaves thick; heads short-peduncled, racemose-spicate toward the ends of the branches; green tips of the bracts short. Massachusetts to southeastern New York and Virginia, near the coast. 40. Aster longifolius Lam. L,ong-leaved Aster. (Fig. 3774.) Aster longifolius Lam. Encycl. i: 306. 1783. Stem glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, leafy, paniculately branched, i°-3° high. Leaves lan- ceolate to linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, acuminate at the apex, narrowed into a sessile clasping usually slightly cordate base, 3/-S/ long, 2//-6// wide; heads rather numerous, about ir broad; involucre hemispheric, 4//-5// high, its bracts gla- brous, narrow, green, acute, imbricated in only 1 or 2 series, nearly equal; rays numerous, about 4// long, violet or pale purple; pappus pale. In swamps and moist ground, Labrador to the North- west Territory, south to northern New England, Onta- rio and Montana. Summer. Aster longifolius villicaulis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 189. 1884. Stem densely white-villous; leaves narrowly linear- lanceolate, the mid-rib villous beneath; heads fewer, long-peduncled; rays dark violet. Northern Maine and New Brunswick. 41. Aster foliaceus Lindl. Leafy - bracted Aster. (Fig. 3775.) Aster foliaceus Lindl. in DC. Prodr. 5: 228. 1835. Stem usually stout, sparingly pubescent in lines, 2°-3° high, branched above, the branches ascending. Leaves rather thin, oblong-lanceo- late, acute at the apex, entire, or with a few small distant teeth, glabrous on both sides, very rough- margined, 2/-4/ long, Yz'-i' wide, the upper all strongly clasping at the base, the lowest petioled; heads corymbose-paniculate, numerous, i/ broad or more; involucre hemispheric, its bracts green, folia- ceous, oblong, mucronate, the inner mostly nar- rower and acute; rays about 30, violet, 4//-5// long; pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent. Kimball Co., Nebraska (Rydberg). August. As rec- ognized by Dr. Gray, this species comprises several varieties, widely distributed in the Rocky Mountains and extending west to the Pacific. Our description and figure are drawn from Mr. Rydberg's specimens. 42. Aster sericeus Vent. Western Silvery or Silky Aster. (Fig. 3776.) Aster sericeus Vent. Hort. Cels, pi. jj. 1800. Aster argenteus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: m. 1803. Stem slender, paniculately or corymbosely branched, stiff, glabrous, leafy, i°-2° high. Stem leaves sessile, with a broad base, oblong, entire, mucronate, J^'-i J^' long, 2//-5// wide, erect or as- cending, with a dense silvery-white silky pubes- cence on both sides; basal and lowest leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into margined petioles; heads numerous, about xy2; broad; involucre turbi- nate, its bracts oblong, or the inner lanceolate, canescent, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, their tips green, acute, spreading; rays 15-25, violet-blue, 6//-8// long; pappus tawny; achenes glabrous. Ih dry open soil, Illinois to Minnesota and Mani- toba, south to Tennessee, Missouri and Texas. Aug.- Sept. 372 COMPOSITAE. [Vol.. III. 43. Aster concolor L. Eastern Silvery Aster. (Fig. 3777.) Aster concolor L- Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1228. 1763. Stem slender, glabrous, or pubescent above, \°~2y2° high, leafy, simple, or witb few erect branches. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, finely and densely canescent on both sides, or the lower glabrate, sessile, obtuse or mu- cronate, i>^/-2/ long; heads numerous in an elongated narrow raceme resembling Lacin- aria; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear or linear- oblong, appressed, canescent, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, their tips green, acute, the outer shorter; rays 10-15, lilac. 3//-4// long; pappus tawny; achenes villous. In dry sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Florida and Louisiana, near the coast. Lilac flowered Aster. Aug.-Oet. 44. Aster Fendleri A. Gray. Fendler's Aster. (Fig. 3778.) Asler Fendleri A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 66. 1S49. Asler Nuttallii var. Fendleri A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 97. 1856. Stems several or solitary from thick woody roots, rigid, hirsute, 6/-i2/ high. Leaves linear, rigid, i-nerved, acute or acuminate, 8//-l5// long, i//-i/^// wide, glabrous on both sides, but the margins bristly-ciliate; heads usually few and racemose, %r-\' broad; involucre tur- binate, its bracts glandular, linear-oblong, im- bricated in about 4 series, the inner acute, the outer shorter and obtuse; rays 10-15, violet, 3"-5" long. In dry soil on the plains, western Kansas to Colo- rado and New Mexico. Aug. -Sept. 45. Aster grandiflorus L. Large-flowered Aster. (Fig. 3779.) Aster grandiflorus L. Sp. PI. 877. 1753. Stem rather stiff, divaricately much branch- ed, hispid with short hairs, i°-2>^0 high. Leaves oblong, linear.or somewhat spatulate, rigid, sessile by a broad, sometimes slightly clasping base, reflexed, entire, obtusish, his- pid, the larger 2' long and 4" wide, those of the branches very numerous, 2//-5// long; heads about 2' broad, terminating the branches; involucre hemispheric, its bracts very squarrose and foliaceous, imbricated in 5-7 series, linear, or linear-oblong, glandular, the outer obtusish, the inner acute; rays very numerous, deep violet, nearly 1' long, lj£" wide; pappus brownish; achenes ribbed, canescent. In dry soil, Virginia, east of the mountains, to Florida. Sept. Genus 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 373 46. Aster spectabilis Ait. Low Showy Aster. (Fig. 3780.) Seaside Purple Aster. Aster spectabilis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 209. 17S9. Stem stiff, simple, or corymbosely braucbed above, puberuleut, or rough below, more or less glandular above, i°-2° high.. Leaves firm, thickish, the basal and lower ones oval, acute or acutish, 3/-5/ long, i/-ij^/ wide, sparingly dentate with low teeth, nar- rowed at the base into slender petioles; upper leaves sessile, entire or very nearly so, acute, linear-oblong; heads several or numerous, about i)i' broad, corymbose, very showy; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-oblong or slightly spatulate, glandular, imbricated in about 5 series, their green ob- tusish tips spreading; rays 15-30, bright vio- let, 6//-io// long; pappus whitish; achenes slightly pubescent. In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Delaware, mostly near the coast. Aug.-Oct. 48. Aster gracilis Nutt. Slender or Tuber Aster. (Fig. 3782.) Aster gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 158. 1818. Stem slender, finely puberulent and scabrous, corymbosely branched above, \°-\]/z° high. Leaves minutely scabrous, the basal and lower ones oval, acute or obtusish, 2/~3/ long, 4//-8// wide, dentate, narrowed into slender petioles; upper leaves linear, linear- oblong, or slightly oblanceolate, acute, entire, sessile or a little clasping; heads usually nu- merous, 6//-io// broad; involucre nar- rowly turbinate, its bracts coriaceous, glabrous or very nearly so, imbricated in about 5 series, their tips green and spreading, obtusish; rays 9-15, violet, $"- 4^// long; pappus nearly white; achenes minutely pubescent. In dry sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina. Rootstock tuberous-thickened. July-Sept. 47. Aster surculosus Michx. Creeping Aster. (Fig. 3781.) Aster surculosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 112. 1803. Stem slender, from elongated-filiform rootstocks, minutely scabrous-pubescent, jo'-iS' high, corymbosely branched above. Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear, the lower petioled, 2/-3/ long, 4//-S// wide, rough- margined, slightly scabrous above, sparingly dentate, the upper narrower, sessile, entire; heads few, or sometimes solitary, about 15" broad; involucre turbinate-hemispheric, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in about 5 se- ries, ciliate, but scarcely glandular, their green tips spreading; rays 15-30, violet; pappus whitish; achenes nearly glabrous. In sandy or gravelly soil, North Carolina and Georgia. Reported from New Jersey. Sept. -Oct. 374 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. Hervey's Aster. (Fig. 3784.) 49. Aster Radula Ait. Low Rough Aster. File-blade Aster. (Fig. 3783.) Aster Radula Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 210. 1789. Stem glabrous, or puberulent above, slen- der, corymbosely branched near the summit, i°-2° high. Leaves sessile, rough above, more or less pubescent beneath, oblong- lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, strongly pinnately veined, 2/-3/ long, 3//-i2// wide; heads several, or sometimes numerous, i/-i^/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts ob- long or oblong-spatulate, coriaceous, ap- pressed-pubescent, conspicuously ciliolate, their green obtuse tips appressed; rays 20- 30, violet, 4//-6// long; achenes glabrous, striate; pappus nearly white. In swamps, Delaware and southern Pennsyl- vania to Newfoundland. July-Sept. Aster Radula biflorus (Miehx. ) Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 326. 1894. Aster biflorus Miehx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 114. 1803. Aster strictus Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 556. 1814. Aster Radula var. strictus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 176. 1884. Lower, very slender; heads 1-3; leaves narrower, less serrate or entire ; involucral bracts,or some of them acute. Mountains of New England to Labrador and Newfoundland. Perhaps a distinct species. 50. Aster Herveyi A. Gray. Aster Herveyi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 229. 1867. Stem roughish, at least above, slender, sim- ple orcorymbosely branched, rarely paniculate, i°-3° high, the branches glandular-puberulent. Leaves firm, rough above, pubescent on the veins beneath, the basal and lower ones on slender naked petioles, ovate, dentate with low- usually distant teeth, acute at the apex, nar- rowed, rounded or rarely cordate at the base, 2/-6/ long, i/~3/ wide; upper leaves sessile, or narrowed into winged petioles, smaller, entire or nearly so; heads \'-i]/z' broad; involucre turbinate or campanulate, its bracts appressed, or sometimes spreading, densely glandular, ob- long or spatulate, obtuse or mucronulate; rays 15-25, violet, 5//~7// long; achenes minutely pubescent, striate; pappus nearly white. In dry soil, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Apparently hybridizes with A. specta- bilis. Aug. -Oct. 51. Aster turbinellus Lindl. Prairie Aster. (Fig. 3785.) Aster turbinellus Lindl. Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 98. 1835- Stem slender, paniculately branched, glabrous below, puberulent above, 2°-3° high. Leaves firm, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, entire, ciliate, acute or acuminate, 2/-3/ long, the lower and basal ones petioled, the upper ses- sile, those of the branches much smaller; heads about i/ broad, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre turbinate, its bracts oblong, coriaceous, obtuse, appressed, imbricated in 5 or 6 series, their tips green only at the apex; rays 10-20, 2>//~5// long, violet; pappus tawny; achenes finely pubescent. In dry soil, especially on prairies, Illinois to Mis- souri, Kansas, Louisiana and Arkansas. Sept. -Oct. ■Genus 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 375 52. Aster Nebraskensis Britton. Nebraska Aster. (Fig. 3786.) Stem strictly erect, slender, stiff, rough to the base, simple, or with a few short nearly erect branches, very leafy, \%°-2l/40 tall. Leaves thick, rather rigid, ascending, lanceoJate to ob- loug-lanceolate, sessile by a subcordate base, acute or acuminate at the apex, l/-3/ long, 4//-6// wide; very rough on both sides, the mid- vein prominent beueath, the lateral veins ob- scure; heads few, terminating short leafy branchlets, \'-\%f broad; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, about 3" high, its bracts green, oblong, acute, imbricated in sev- eral series, the outer quite foliaceous; rays pur- ple, about 6" long. ] Lake shores, central Nebraska. Sept. Lower and basal leaves not seen. Type, Rydberg, No. 1 724, 1893, " in the lake region of Grant Co. , 2 miles northwest of Whitman." 53. Aster paludosus Ait. Southern Swamp Aster. (Fig. 3787.) Aster palitdosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 201. 1789. Heleaslru?n paludosum DC. Prodr. 5: 264. 1836. Stem roughish, or rough-pubescent, slender, simple, or somewhat branched above, i°~2}4° high. Leaves linear, en- tire, glabrous, the margins rough or ciliate, rather rigid, 2/-6/ long, 2//-4// wide, mostly i-nerved, acute, the lower part commonly sheathing the stem; heads few or several, racemose or paniculate, i^/-2/ broad; in- volucre broadly campanulate or hemis- pheric, its bracts imbricated in about 5 series, foliaceous, ciliate, the outer lanceo- late, acute, the inner oblong or spatulate; rays 20-30, deep violet, 5//~7// long, pap- pus tawny; achenes S-10-nerved, glabrous or nearly so. In swamps, Missouri to Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. Aug.-Oct. Bog 54. Aster nemoralis Ait. Aster. (Fig. 3788.) Aster nemoralis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 198. 1789. Stem puberulent, slender, simple, or corym- bosely branched above, 6/-2° high. Leaves sessile, membranous, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute at each end, pubescent or puberulent on both sides, dentate or entire, i/-2/ long, \%"-\" wide, margins often revo- lute; heads several, or solitary, i'-i^' broad, the peduncles slender; involucre hemispheric, its bracts appressed, linear-subulate, acute or acuminate, imbricated in about 3 series; rays 15-25, light violet-purple to rose-pink; achenes glandular-pubescent; pappus white. In sandy bogs, New Jersey to northern New York, Ontario, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay. Aug.-Sept. Aster nemoralis Blakei Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 311. 1894. Stems i°-2%° high, ascending, leafy from the base; leaves 2"-$%' long, s"-i' wide, oblong-lan- ceolate, remotely and sharply dentate, or nearly entire; heads rather few, sometimes solitary. Maine, New Hampshire and northern New York. Forms resemble the following species. COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 55. Aster acuminatus Michx. Whorled or Mountain Aster. (Fig. 37S9. ) Aster diz'aricatits Lain. Kncycl. i: 305. ij^.v Not I.. 1753. Aster acuminatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 109. 1S03. Stem pubescent or puberulent, zigzag, cor- ymbosely branched, often leafless below, i°- 30 higb. Leaves thin, broadly oblong, acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed to a somewhat cuneate sessile base, sharply and coarsely den- tate, piunately veined, glabrous or pubescent above, pubescent at least on the veins beneath, 3/-6/ long, yi'-^Yz' wide, often approximate above, and appearing whorled ; heads several or numerous, \'-\]A' broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts subulate-linear, acumi- nate, the outer much shorter; rays 12-1S, nar- row, 6//-8// long, white or purplish; pappus soft, fine, nearly white; achenes pubescent. Moist woods, Labrador to Ontario, western New York, and in the mountains to Georgia. July-Oet. 56. Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G. Upland White Aster. (Fig. 3790.) Chrysopsis alba Nutt. Gen. 2: 152. 1818. Not A. a/bus Willd. Doellingeria ptarmicoides Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 183. 1832. A. ptarmicoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 160. 1841. Stems tufted, slender, rigid, usually rough above, corymbosely branched near the sum- mit, i°-2° high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-ribbed, entire, or with a few distant teeth, firm, shining, rough-margined or ciliate, sometimes scabrous, acute, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, the low- est and basal ones 3/-6/ long, 2"-&," wide, the upper smaller, those of the branches linear-subulate; heads not numerous, 8"- I2r/ broad, terminating the branches of the corymb; involucre nearly hemispheric, 1"- 3" high, its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse, ap- pressed, nearly glabrous,green,imbricated in about 4 series; rays 10-20, snow white, 3"- 4// long; pappus white; achenes glabrous. In dry or rocky soil, Massachusetts, Vermont and Ontario, to the Northwest Territory, Illi- nois, Missouri and Colorado. July-Sept. Aster ptarmicoides lutescens (Hook.) A. Gray, Syn Diplopappus albus va.r. lutescens Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 21. Rays pale Fl. 1: Part 2, 199. 1S84. 1834. yellow, short; involucre narrower. Northern Illinois to the Northwest Territory. 57. Aster dumosus L. Bushy Aster. Rice-button Aster. (Fig. 3791.) Aster dumosus L. Sp. PI. 873. 1753. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, pani- culately much branched, i°-3° bigh. Leaves firm, those of the stem linear or linear-lanceo- late, entire, acute, orobtusish, i/-3/long,i>£0 high, with ascending or di- vergent branches. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, ob- tuse, entire, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, those of the stem i/-3/ long; heads larger than those of A, multiflorus, 6//-8// broad, involucre 3//-4// high, its bracts squarrose-tipped and sometimes foliaceous; rays 20-30, about 3// long. On prairies and along rivers, Northwest Territory to western Nebraska and Texas, west to Oregon, Utah and New Mexico. Aug.-Oct. ;S2 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 70. Aster tenuifolius L,. Perennial Salt-marsh Aster. (Fig. 3804.) A sler ten ni/olius L. Sp. PI. S73. 1753. Aster Jlexuosus Nutt. Gen. 2: 154. 1S1S. Perennial, glabrous and fleshy; stem flexuous, striate, at least when dry, sparingly and loosely branched, i°-2° high. Stem leaves linear, en- tire, acute, sessile or partly clasping at the base, the lowest lanceolate-linear, z'-f>' long, 2//-3// wide, those of the branches minute, bract-like, appressed; heads rather few, 6//-i2// broad, terminating the branches; involucre turbinate, about A," high, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate or mucronate, glabrous, green on the back or tip, appressed, imbricated in about 5 series, the outer shorter; rays numerous, longer than the pappus, pale purple or nearly white; pappus tawny; achenes hispid-pubescent, 5-nerved. In salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Flor- ida. Aug. -Oct. 71. Aster exilis Ell. Slim Aster. (Fig. 3805.) Aster exilis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 344. Aster divaricatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 163 1824. 1841. Not E 1753- Annual, glabrous, fleshy; stem slender, usually much branched, the branches usually divergent. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, I'-tf long, \"-2%" wide, entire, sessile, acute or acuminate, or the lowest narrowly ob- long, 3//-4// wide and petioled, those of the branches subulate; heads numerous, panicled, about 5" broad; in- volucre campanulate, about 3" high, its bracts linear- subulate, appressed, imbricated in 3 or 4 series; rays pur- plish, about 2" long, mostly fewer than the disk-flowers, longer than the pappus; achenes somewhat pubescent. In moist or wet soil, especially in saline situations, Kansas to Texas, South Carolina and Florida. Aug.-Oct. 72. Aster subulatus Michx. Annual Salt-marsh Aster. (Fig. 3806.) 1803. 1841. Aster subulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: in. Aster linifolius T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 162. Not L. 1753- Annual, glabrous and fleshy ; stem paniculately branched, flexuous above, i°-6° high, slightly angled, sometimes i/ in diameter at the base, but usually smaller. Stem-leaves linear-lanceo- late, acute, entire, sessile by a broad or slightly clasping base, 2/-io/ long, i//-8// wide, those of the branches very small and subulate; heads numerous, 3//~5// broad; involucre campanulate, or at length hemispheric, 1"-$" high, its bracts linear-subulate, green, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays 20-30, purplish, scarcely exceeding the nearly white pappus, more numer- ous than the disk-flowers; achenes compressed, minutely pubescent. In salt marshes, coast of New Hampshire to Florida. Aug.-Nov. Genus 32.] THISTLE FAMILY. 33; 32. LEUCELENE Greene, Pittonia, 3: 147. 1896. Low perennial herbs, with much branched leafy stems, sessile, rather rigid, narrow entire leaves and small heads of both tubular and radiate white flowers, solitary at the ends of the numerous slender branchlets, involucre turbinate, its bracts well imbricated. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas white, tubular-funnelform, 5-toothed. Ray-flowers numerous, white, or drying red to rose, pistillate. Style appendages acutish. Acheues elongated, flattened, hispidulous. Pappus a single series of slender rough white bristles. [Greek, referring to the white disk.] One species, or more, native of the southwestern States and Mexico. i. Leucelene ericoides (Torr. ) Greene. Inula (?) ericoides Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 212. 1828. Aster ericaefolius Rothrock, Bot. Gaz. 2: 70. 1877. Leucelene ericoides Greene, Pittonia, 3: 148. 1896. Rose Heath Aster. Stems tufted from deep woody roots, corymbosely much branched, 3/-i2/ high, hispid or scabrous, the branches erect or diffuse. Leaves hispid-ciliate, erect, or slightly spreading, obtusish or mucronu- late, the lower and basal ones spatulate, 3//-6// long, tapering into short petioles, the upper ses- sile, linear or linear-spatulate; heads terminating the branches, 5//-8// broad; involucre broadly tur- binate, its bracts lanceolate, appressed, scarious- rnargiued, imbricated in 3 or 4 series; rays 12-15, white to rose, 2//-4// long. In dry soil, western Nebraska to Kansas, Texas and Mexico, west to California. May-Aug. 33. BRACHYACTIS Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 2: 495. 1846. Annual, nearly glabrous, somewhat fleshy herbs, with narrow chiefly entire leaves, and small racemose or racemose-paniculate heads of tubular, or also radiate purplish flowers. In- volucre campanulate. Central flowers of the head few, perfect, their narrow corollas 4-5- toothed; outer flowers pistillate, usually in 2 series or more, and more numerous than the perfect ones; style-appendages lanceolate; rays very short, or none. Achenes 2-3-nerved, slender, appressed-pubescent. Pappus a single series of nearly white bristles. [Greek, short rays.] About 5 species, natives of western North America and northern Asia. i. Brachyactis angustus (Lindl.) Britton. Rayless Aster. (Fig. 3808.) Tripoliurn angxistum Lindl. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2r 15- 1834. Aster angustus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 162. 1841. Stem usually sparsely pubescent, at least above, racemosely or rarely paniculately branched, 6/-24/' high, striate, at least when dry. Leaves linear, fleshy, ciliate on the margins, acutish, entire, sessile by a rather broad base, the basal (when present) spatulate; heads 4//-6// broad, racemose on the as- cending branches, or terminating them; involucre campanulate or nearly hemispheric, 2//~3// high, its bracts linear or linear-oblong, somewhat foli- aceous, green, acute or obtuse, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, glabrous or slightly ciliate, nearly equal; rays none, or rudimentary; pappus soft and copious. In wet saline soil, or sometimes in waste places, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, Utah and Colo- rado. Found also about Chicago. July-Sept. >84 COMPOSITAE. [Vol,. III. 34. MACHAERANTHERA Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 224. 1832. Annual, biennial or perennial branched herbs, with leaf)' stems, alternate, mostly serrate or pinnatifid leaves, the teeth or lobes usually bristle-tipped, and large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre of numerous series of imbricated canescent or glandular bracts with herbaceous or foliaceous spreading or appressed tips. Receptacle alveolate, the alveoli usually toothed or lacerate. Ray-flowers numerous, violet to red or purple, pistillate. Disk flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 5-lobed, yellow, changing to red or brown; anthers exserted, appendaged at the tip, rounded at the base; style-appendages subulate to lanceo- late. Achenes turbinate, narrowed below, pubescent. Pappus of numerous stiff rough un- equal bristles. [Greek, sickle-anther.] About 15 species, natives of western North America. Annual or biennial; leaves pinnatifid. i. M. tanaceti folia. Perennial or biennial; leaves sharply serrate. 2. M. sessiliflora. i. Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (H.B.K.) Nees. Tansy Aster. Dagger-flower. (Fig. 3809.) Aster tanacetifolins H.B.K. Nov. Gen. Sp. 4:95. 1820. Machaeranthera tanacetifolia Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 225. 1832. Annual or biennial; stem glandular-pubescent, often viscid, densely leafy, much branched and bushy, i°-2° high. Leaves sessile, or short-peti- oled, pubescent, the lowest x'-jf long, 2-3-pinnati- fid, their lobes linear or oblong, acute or mucron- ate, the upper pinnatifid, those of the branches sometimes entire; heads numerous, corymbose- paniculate, i/-2/ broad; involucre hemispheric, 4//-6// high, its bracts linear, glandular, imbricated in 5-7 series, their green tips very squarrose; rays 15-25, violet-purple, 5//-S// long, pappus copious, tawny; achenes villous. In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico, west to California. June-Aug. 2. Machaeranthera sessiliflora (Nutt.) Greene. Viscid Aster. (Fig. 3810.) Dieteria sessiliflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 7, 301. 1840. Machaeranthera sessiliflora Greene, Pittonia, 3: 60. 1896. Stem usually stout, finely rough-pubescent or canescent, branched, and viscid-glandular above, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate, linear, or the lowest spatulate, sessile, somewhat viscid, sharply incised- dentate, the larger i/-3/ long, the teeth bristle-tip- ped; heads numerous, racemose, or corymbose above, i'-i V,' broad, the lower often nearly sessile; invo- lucre broadly turbinate or hemispheric, 4//-6//high, its bracts acute, imbricated in 6-10 series, their tips strongly squarrose; rays numerous, violet, 4//-6// long; pappus copious; achenes narrow, appressed- pubescent. In dry soil, central and western Nebraska. Has been referred to Aster canescens. July-Oct. 35. ERiGERON L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753. Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and corymbose, paniculate or solitary, peduncled heads, of both tubular and radiate (rarely all tubular) flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts narrow, nearly equal, imbricated in but 1 or 2 series in our species. Receptacle nearly flat, usually naked. Ray- flowers, in our species, white, violet or purple, pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, their corollas mostly 5- lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches more or less flattened, their Genus 35.] THISTLE FAMILY. 385 appendages short, mostly rounded or obtuse. Achenes flattened, usually 2-nerved. Pappus- bristles fragile, slender, scabrous or denticulate, in 1 series, or often an additional outer ■shorter series. [Greek, early-old, alluding to the early hoary pappus.] A genus of some 130 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the New World. In addition to the following, about 60 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. -;;- Rays long, narrow, usually equalling or longer than the diameter of the disk. t Stem i'-io' high, simple, leafy; head solitary; involucre woolly. 1. E. uniflorus. t t Stem 4'~3° high, leafy, usually branched; involucre hirsute or glabrous. I . Roots perennial, thick and woody. Heads 1/-2' broad; leaves lanceolate, ovate, oblong, or spatulate. Rays violet or purple; stem-leaves ovate, lanceolate, or oblong. Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper much smaller. 2. Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper little smaller. 3. Rays mostl y white; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblong. 4. Heads J&'-i' broad; leaves linear. Plants hirsute or canescent; pappus double; western species. Stem hirsute; achenes pubescent; flowers white. 5. E. pumilis. Stem appressed-canescent; achenes glabrous; flowers purple or white. 6. E. canus. Plant nearly glabrous; pappus simple; northern. 7. E. hyssopifolius. 2. Perennial by decumbent rooting stems or stolons. 8. E. flagellaris. 3. Roots annual or biennial, fibrous; plants often perennial by offsets. E. asper. E. subtrinervis. E. caespitosus. 9. E. ptdchellus. 10. 11. E. Philadeiphicus. E. divergens. 12. E. Bellidiastrum. -X- 13^ 14, 15- E. annuus. E. ramosus. E. vernus. Heads i'-ilA' broad, few; stem simple; eastern Heads %'-i' broad, numerous; stem branched. Rays 100-150, narrow, mostly purple or violet. Pappus simple; plant erect, corymbosely branched. Pappus double; plant diffusely branched, western. Rays much less numerous, purplish or white. Plants 6'-i2' high, diffuse, western; pappus simple. Plants i°-3° high, erect, corymbosely branched; pappus double Stem-leaves lanceolate, nearly all sharply serrate. Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong, nearly all entire. t t t Stem leafless or nearty so; heads %' broad, corymbose. Rays inconspicuous or short ; a row of tubular pistillate flowers inside the row of rays 16. E. acris. i. Erigeron uniflorus L. Arctic Erigeron. (Fig. 381 1.) Erigeron uniflorus L. Sp. PI. 864. 1753. Perennial by short branching rootstocks; stems slender, single or tufted, more or less pubescent, simple, erect, i'-io' high. Basal leaves petioled, spatulate, obtuse, entire, l/-2/ long; stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, en- tire, acute or obtuse; head solitary, peduncled, %f-\' broad; rays about 100, purple or purplish, 2//~4// long; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, copiously woolly; pappus simple. Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and in the Sierra Nevada. Also in Europe. Summer. 2. Erigeron asper Nutt. Rough Erigeron. (Fig. 3812.) Erigeron asper Nutt. Gen. 2: 147. 1818. Erigeron glabellas Nutt. loc. cit. 1818.? Perennial by a woody root; stem simple, or branched above, more or less pubescent, sometimes hirsute, 6/-24/ high. Leaves glabrous, pubescent or ciliate, entire, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, 2/-4/ long, 3//-i/ wide, narrowed into margined petioles; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, obtuse or acute, the upper smaller; heads several or solitary, slender-peduncled, i/-2/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute or pubescent; rays 100-150, very narrow, violet, purple, or nearly white, \,f-r]'f long; pappus double, the outer row of bristles much shorter than the inner. In dry soil, Minnesota to Nebraska, west to the Northwest Territory, Utah and New Mexico. June-Sept. 25 386 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 3. Erigeron subtrinervis Rydberg. Three-nerved Fleabane. (Fig. 3813.) Erigeron glabellas var. mollis A.. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 64. 1864. Not E. mollis D. Don, 1802. Erigeron subtrinervis Rydberg, Mem.Torr. Club, 5: 328. 1894. Similar to the preceding species, perennial by a woody root, finely pubescent all over. Stems leafy to the inflorescence; leaves entire, thin, the basal and lower ones oblanceolate to oblong, obtuse or acute, petioled, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile or somewhat clasp- ing, acute, rather distinctly 3-nerved; heads i'-i^' broad, corymbose, or rarely solitary; in- volucre hemispheric, hirsute; rays numerous, blue to pink; pappus double, the outer bristles very short. South Dakota to Nebraska and Utah. 4. Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. Tufted Erigeron. (Fig. 3814.) Diplopappus canescens Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 21. 1834. Not E. canescens Willd. 1804. Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (11)7:307. 1841. Perennial by a deep root; stems tufted, canes- cent, simple, or branched above, 6/-i2/ high. Leaves canescent or pubescent, entire, the lower and basal ones petioled, narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, i/-3/ long; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, sessile, the upper gradually shorter, heads soli- tary or. several, short-peduncled, i/-i^/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, canescent; rays 40-60, 3"- 6" long, white or pinkish; pappus double, the outer series of bristles very short. In dry soil, Manitoba and the Northwest Terri- tory to Nebraska (according to Webber), New Mexico and California. June-Aug. 5. Erigeron pumilus Nutt. Low Erigeronv (Fig. 3815.) Erigeron pumilus Nutt. Gen. 2: 147. 1818. Perennial by a deep root; stems tufted, hirsute, slender, simple, or branched, 4/-io/ high. Leaves en- tire, hirsute, the lower and basal ones narrowly spatu- late or linear, petioled, obtuse or acutish, \'-\' long, l//-2// wide; stem leaves linear, sessile, Yz'-iYz' long, acute; heads solitary or several, 6//-io// broad, short- peduncled; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute; rays 50-S0, white, 3//-4// long, at length deflexed; pappus double, the outer row of bristles short and, more or less intermixed with the inner; achenes pubescent. Dry plains, Northwest Territory to western Nebraska,, west to British Columbia, Colorado and Utah. May-Sept Genus 35.] THISTLE FAMILY. 387 6. Erigeron canus A. Gray. Hoary Erigeron. (Fig. 3816.) Erigeron canus A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. ( II ) 4: 67. 1849. Perennial by a deep woody root, resembling the preceding species; stems slender, erect, tnfted, ap- pressed-canescent, 6/-io/ high, simple, or branched above. Leaves narrow, entire, canescent, the basal and lower ones narrowly spatulate, petioled, i'-\' long, the upper linear, sessile, acute, gradually smaller; heads solitary, or 2-4, pedunclcd, 6//-8// broad; invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, densely canescent; rays 40-50, purple or white, i"-}," long; achenes glabrous, S-10-nerved; pappus double, the outer row of bristles rather conspicuous. In dry soil, western Nebraska and Wyoming to Colorado and New Mexico. June-Aug. 7. Erigeron hyssopifolius Michx. Hyssop-leaved Erigeron. (Fig. 3817.) Erigeron hyssopifolius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 123. 1803. Aster graminifolius Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 545. 1814. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems tufted or single, very slender, simple or branched, gla- brous or very nearly so, 4/-i5/ high. Leave nar- row, thin, the basal and lower ones oblong or spatulate, short-petioled, \/-\%.f long, \yz"-2" wide, the upper linear or linear-oblong,acute,usu- ally numerous; heads solitary or several, slender- peduncled, 5//-8// broad; peduncles appressed pubescent, involucre hemispheric, its bracts lin- ear-lanceolate, sparingly pubescent; rays 20-30, white or purplish, 2//~3// long; pappus simple. On moist cliffs, Newfoundland to northern Ver- mont, west to the Northwest Territory and Lake Superior. July-Aug. 8. Erigeron flagellaris A. Gray. Running Fleabane. (Fig. 3818.) Erigeron flagellaris A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (11)4:68. 1849. Appressed-pubescent, sometimes densely so, perennial by decumbent rooting stems or stolons; root slender. Stem slender, branch- ed, the branches elongated; leaves entire, the basal and lower ones spatulate or oblong, obtuse or acute, i/-2/ long, narrowed into long petioles, the upper sessile, linear or linear-spatulate, much smaller; peduncles solitary, elongated; heads about \' broad and %.' high; involucre hemispheric, its nar- row bracts pubescent; rays very numerous, white to pink; pappus double, the outer series of subulate bristles. > In moist soil, South Dakota to Colorado, Utah, western Texas and New Mexico. May-July. 338 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 9. Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's or Poor Robin's Plan- tain. (Fig. 3819.) E. pulchellus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 124. 1803. Erigeron bellidifolius Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1958. 1804. Perennial by stolons and offsets, villous- pubescent; stems simple, slender, io/-24/ high. Basal leaves tufted, spatulate or obo- vate, somewhat cuneate at the base, nar- rowed into short margined petioles, obtuse at the apex, i'-?/ long, Y^'-i' wide, dentate or serrate; stem-leaves sessile, partly clasp- ing.oblong, lanceolate to ovate, mostly acute, entire, or sparingly serrate; heads 1-6, slen- der-peduncled, i'-iJ^' broad; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts linear, acuminate, villous; rays numerous, violet or purplish, 4//-7// long; achenes nearly gla- brous; pappus simple. On hills and banks, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Called also Rose Petty, Robert's Plantain and Blue Spring Daisy. April-June. 10. Erigeron Philadelphicus L,. Philadelphia Fleabane. Skevish. (Fig. 3820.) Erigeron Philadelphicus t,. Sp. PI. 863. 1753- Perennial by stolons and offsets, soft-pubes- cent or sometimes nearly glabrous; stems slen- der, mostly branched above, i°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, dentate, 1 '-3' long, narrowed into short petioles; upper stem-leaves clasping and often cordate at the base, obtuse or acute, dentate or entire; heads several or numerous, corymbose-panicu- late, 5//-i2// broad, slender-peduncled; pedun- cles thickened at the summit; involucre de- pressed-hemispheric, its bracts linear, usually scarious-margined; rays 100-150, 2//-4// long, light rose-purple; pappus simple; achenes pu- berulent. In fields and woods, throughout North America except the extreme north, but locally rare. Buds drooping. Called also Sweet Scabious and Daisy Fleabane. April- Aug. 11. Erigeron divergens T. & G. Spreading Fleabane. (Fig. 3821.) Erigeron divergens T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 175. 1841. Annual or biennial, diffusely branched, 6'-i5' high, densely cinereous-pubescent or hirsute. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, mostly petioled, entire, dentate or lobed, i/-2/ long, *"-$" wide, the upper ses- sile, linear or narrowly spatulate, usually acute, gradually smaller; heads slender-peduncled, 8"- \z" broad, usually numerous; involucre hemi- spheric, about 2" high, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute or canescent; rays about 100, purplish, violet or nearly white, i"-\f/ long; pappus double, the short outer row of bristles subulate. In moist soil, Montana to Nebraska, Texas and Mexico, west to Washington and California. April- Sept. Genus 35.] THISTLE FAMILY 12. Erigeron Bellidiastrum Nutt. Western Daisy Fleabane. (Fig. 3822.) Erigeron Bellidiastrum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 307. 1 841. Annual, much branched, 6'-\^. high, cinereous- pubescent throughout. Leaves entire, linear-spatulate, the lower and basal petioled, i'-i^' long, the upper sessile and smaller; heads several, or numerous, 5"-%" broad; involucre hemispheric, about 2" high, its bracts linear, hirsute, acute; rays 30-65, purplish, about 2" long; pappus a single series of capillary bristles. In moist soil, Nebraska and Kansas to Texas. July. May- 13. Erigeron annuus (I,.) Pers. Sweet Scabious. (Fig. 3823.) Aster annuus L. Sp. PI. 875. 1753- Erigeron annuus Pers. Syn. 2: 431. 1807. Annual, sparingly, pubescent with spreading hairs; stem erect, corymbosely branched, i°-4° high. Leaves thin, the lower and basal ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, petioled, usually coarsely dentate, 2/-6'long, i'-?{ wide, the upper sessile or short-petioled, lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, mostly sharply dentate in the middle, those of the branches narrower and often entire; heads rather numerous, tj/z-y// broad, mostly short-peduncled; bracts of the hemispheric involucre somewhat hispid ; rays 40-70, linear, white, or commonly tinged with pur- ple, 2//-4// long; pappus double, the inner a series of slender fragile deciduous bristles, often wanting in the ray-flowers, the outer a persistent series of short, partly united, slender scales. In fields, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri. Naturalized in continental Europe. Also called Daisy Fleabane. May-Nov. 14. Erigeron ramosUs (Walt.) B.S.P. Daisy Fleabane. (Fig. 3824.) Doronicum ramosum Walt. Fl. Car. 205. 1788. E. strigosus Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1956- 1804. Erigeron ramosus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 27. 1888. Resembles the preceding species, but is usu- ally lower and the pubescence more appressed. Stem-leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, nearly all of them entire; basal and lowest spat- ulate or oblong, usually serrate; bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly so; pappus similar to that of the preceding; rays white, or some- times purplish, occasionally minute or wanting. In fields, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. May-Nov. Erigeron ramosus Beyrichii (F. & M. ) Smith & Pound, Bot. Surv. Neb. 2: 11. 1893. Stenactis Beyrichii F. & M. Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 5: 1838. Stem more slender; leaves narrower; heads smaller; pubescence minute. Georgia to Nebraska and Texas. 39° COMPOSITAE. [Voi,. III. 15. Erigeron vernus (L.) T. & G. Early Fleabane. (Fig. 3825.) Aster vermis L. Sp. PI. S76. 1753. Erigeron nudicaulis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 124. 1803. Erigeron vernus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 176. 1S41. Perennial by stolons and offsets; stem slender, simple or branched above, glabrous, or the branches pubescent, i°-2j4° high. Leaves mainly in a basal rosette, glabrous, obovate, oval or spatulate, obtuse, repand-denticulate or entire, 2'-\' long, narrowed into margined pet- ioles; stem-leaves mostly reduced to subulate- lanceolate scales, the lowest sometimes spatu- late or oblong; heads not numerous, corymbose, peduncled, about 5" broad; involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts linear-subulate; rays 20-30, white or pink, 2//~3// long; pappus simple; achenes usually 4-nerved. In marshes and moist soil, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. April-May. 16. Erigeron acris L. Blue or Bitter Fleabane. (Fig. 3S26.) Erigeron acris L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753. Biennial or perennial; stem hirsute-pubescent, slender, simple, or branched above, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves pubescent or glabrous, entire, the basal and lower ones spatulate, mostly obtuse, i/-3/ long, petioled, those of the stem mostly oblong or oblan- ceolate, obtuse or acutish, sessile, shorter; heads several or numerous, racemose or paniculate, pe- duncled, S//~^>// bro'ad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, hirsute; rays numerous, purple, equalling or slightly exceeding the brownish pap- pus; tubular pistillate flowers filiform, numerous; pappus simple or nearly so, copious. Labrador to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. Erigeron acris Droebachianus (O. F. Mueller) Blytt, Norg. Fl. 1:562. 1861. Erigeron Droebachianus O. F. Mueller, Fl. Dan. pi. S74. 1782. Usually taller and less pubescent, orglabrate; involucre nearly glabrous, western Ontario, Alaska, British Columbia and Colorado. Also in Europe. Erigeron acris debilis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 220. 1884. Slightly pilose -pubescent, very slender, heads few. Range of the last. New Brunswick to 36. LEPTILON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 18 18. [Caenotus Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 50. 1S36.] Annual or biennial herbs, with small racemose thyrsoid or panicled heads of white flow- ers, the rays small, usually shorter than the diameter of the disk, or none. Involucre mostly campanulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, their corollas usually 4-lobed or 4-toothed, the anthers obtuse at the base; style-branches somewhat flattened, their appendages short. Achenes flattened. Pappus of numerous simple fragile bristles in 1 series. [Greek, referring to the small heads.] About 20 species, natives of America and Asia. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southwestern United States and one is naturalized from Asia on the southern Atlantic ard Pacific coasts. THISTLE FAMILY. •Genus 36.] 1. Leptilon Canadense (L.) Britton. Horse-weed. Canada Fleabane. (Fig. 3827.) Erigeron Canadensis L- Sp. PI. 863. 1753. Stem hispid-pubescent, or glabrate, $'-\o° high, the larger plants paniculately much branched. Leaves usually pubescent or ciliate, the basal and lower spatulate, petioled, incised, dentate or entire, i'— 4/ long, obtuse or acutish, those of the stem linear and mainly entire; heads usually very numerous; about 2// broad; involucre campanulate, l//-ij^// high, its bracts linear, acute, glabrate, the outer shorter; rays numerous, white, shorter than the pappus and mostly shorter than their tubes. In fields and waste places, a common weed throughout North America except the extreme north. Widely distributed as a weed in the Old World and in South America. Called also Butter- weed, Prideweed, Fireweed, Blood-staunch, Cow's- ■or Colt's-tail, Bitter-weed. June-Nov. 391 2. Leptilon divaricatum (Michx.) Raf. Low Horse- weed. Purple Horse -weed. (Fig. 3828.) Erigeron divaricatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 123. Leptilon divaricatum Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 265. 1818. 1803. Stem diffusely much branched, 3/-i2/ high, pubes- cent or hirsute. Leaves all linear or subulate, entire, 4//-i2// long, about yz" wide, the uppermost minute; heads numerous, about 2" broad; involucre campanu- late, i// high, its bracts linear, acute, pubescent, the outer shorter; rays purplish, shorter than their tubes. In sandy soil, especial^ along rivers, Indiana to Minne- sota, south to Tennessee, Louisiana, Nebraska and Texas. June-Oct. 37. DOELLINGERIA Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 176. 1832. Perennial leafy herbs, the lower leaves reduced to scales or sheaths, the upper large, mostly entire, acute or acuminate in our species. Basal leaves none. Heads corymbose, usu- ally numerous; involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, thin, sometimes scarious-margined, their tips not herbaceous nor foliaceous. Receptacle foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, not very numerous. Disk-flowers per- fect, the corolla with a slender tube abruptly expanded into a campanulate 5-lobed limb, white to greenish in our species. Anthers obtuse at the base; style-appendages ovate to sub- ulate (rarely obtuse). Achenes obovoid, glabrous, or pubescent. Pappus double, the outer series of numerous short bristles or scales, the inner series of long capillary bristles, some or all of which have thickened tips. [In honor of Th. Dollinger, botanical explorer.] About 4 species, natives of eastern North America. Leaves lanceolate to ovate; heads mostly numerous. ^Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. 1. D. umbellata. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. 2. D. humilis. Leaves, at least the lower, obovate; heads commonly few. 3. D. infirma. 392 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. I. Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees. Tall Flat-top White Aster. (Fig. 3829.) Aster umbellatus Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 22. 176&. Diplopappiisumbellatus'Koo^.. Fl.Bor.Am. 2: 22. 1834. D. umbellata Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 178. 1832. Stem glabrous or pubescent above, striate, corymbosely branched at the summit, 2°-8° high. Leaves lanceolate, to oblong-lanceolate, ascend- ing, glabrous above, usually pubescent on the veins beneath, membranous, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, or the uppermost sessile, hispid-margined, those of the stem 5/-6/long, _J^/-i/ wide; heads numerous, 6//-io// broad, in terminal compound corymbs; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, i/^//-2// high, its bracts lanceolate, usually pubes- cent or ciliate, acutish or obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays 10-15, white; style-appendages ovate, acute; pappus nearly white; achenes nerved, slightly pubescent. In moist soil, Newfoundland to Georgia, west to the Northwest Territory, Michigan and Arkansas. July-Oct. Doellingeria umbellata pubens (A. Gray) Britton. Aster umbellatus van pubens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 197. 1884. Under leaf -surfaces pubescent. Michigan to the Northwest Territory. 2. Doellingeria humilis (Willd. ) Britton. Broad-leaved Flat-top White Aster. (Fig. 3830.) Aster humilis Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2038. 1804. D. amygdalina Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 179. 1832. Aster umbellatus var. latifolius A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 197. 1884. Similar to the preceding species, usually lower, seldom over 40 high. Stem striate, corymbosely branched above, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rather firm, ses- sile, or the lower very short-petioled, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed, or some- times rounded at the base, rough-margined, those of the stem \f-2f long, y2'-i' wide, inflorescence as in D. umbellata ; pappus dirty white; achenes somewhat pubescent. In moist soil, southern New Jersey and Pennsylva- nia to Florida and Texas. July-Sept. 3. Doellingeria infirma (Michx.) Greene. Cornel-leaved Aster. (Fig. 3831.) Aster infirmus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 109. 1803. Diplopappus comifolius Less. ; Darl. Fl. Cestr. 474- '837. D. infirma Greene, Pittonia, 3: 52. 1896. Stem slender, glabrous, orroughish above, sparingly branched at the summit, terete, i^°-3° high. Leaves entire, hispid-mar- gined, glabrous above, sparingly hispid on the veins beneath, the lower obovate, small, obtuse, usually sessile, the upper larger, ob- long-lanceolate, acute, 2/~5/ long, x'-y1/^ wide; heads few, about i/ broad, in a diver- gently branched terminal corymbose cluster; involucre broadly campanulate, 2//-3// high, its bracts oblong-lanceolate.obtuse, sparingly pubescent, imbricated in about 4 series, the outer much shorter; rays 8-15, white; style- appendages subulate; pappus tawny; achenes nerved, glabrous. In dry, usually rock3' soil, Massachusetts to New York, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Aug. -Sept. Genus 3S.] THISTLE FAMILY. 393 38. IONACTIS Greene, Pittonia, 3: 245. 1897. Low, mostly branching, perennial herbs with numerous narrow entire i-nerved leaves, and rather large and showy heads of tubular and radiate flowers terminating the stem and branches. Basal leaves none. Involucral bracts coriaceous, imbricated in several series, ap- pressed, their tips not herbaceous. Ray-flowers normally violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla with a campauulate limb. Achenes villous. Pappus double, the inner series of long capillary bristles, the outer much shorter. [Greek, violet rays.] Three known species, natives of North America. i. Ionactis linariifdlius (L,.) Greene. Stiff or Savory-leaved Aster. (Fig. 3832.). Aster linariifolius L- Sp. PI. 874. 1753. Diplopappus linariifolins Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 21. 1834. Ionactis linariifolins Greene, Pittonia, 3: 245. 1897. Stems tufted, stiff, puberulent or scabrous.very leafy, corymbosely branched above, 6/-2° high. Leaves linear or spatulate, spreading, i-nerved, rigid, entire, rough, usually ciliolate on the margins, mucronulate, ©/'-iS" long, i//-2// wide, sessile, those of the branches much smaller and somewhat appressed; heads several, terminating the branchlets, about i/ broad; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, keeled, green on the back,appressed,imbricated in 4 or $ series, the inner obtuse, the outer usually acute; rays 10-15, violet, rarely white, \"-$,f long, entire, or their tips dentate, or even laciniate; pappus bristles in 2 series, tawny, the outer ones setose; achenes silky. In dry or rocky soil, Newfoundland to Quebec and Florida, west to Minnesota, Missouri and Texas. Called also Sandpaper- or Pine-Starwort. July-Oct. 39. BACCHARIS L. Sp. PI. 860. 1753. Dioecious shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small paniculate or corymbose heads of tu- bular flowers. Involucre campanulate in our species, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked, commonly foveolate. Corolla of the pistillate flowers slender, that of the staminate tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow or subulate, those of the fertile flowers smooth, exserted, those of the sterile flowers rudimentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage. Achenes more or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of the fertile flowers copious, capillary, that of the sterile flowers short. [Named for Bacchus; originally applied to some different shrubs.} About 275 species, all American, most abundant in South America. Besides the following', some 18 others occur in the southern and western United States. Shrubs; pappus of fertile flowers in 1 or 2 series. Leaves oblong-, or lance-oblong, mostly obtuse, sparingly dentate. 1. Leaves deltoid-obovate, or oblong, the lower coarsely dentate. 2. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, sparingly dentate. 3. Herbaceous, from a woody base; pappus of fertile flowers in several series. 4. B. salicina. B. halimifolia. B. neglecta. B. Wrightii. i. Baccharis salicina T. &. G. Willow Baccharis. (Fig. 3833.) Baccharis salicina T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 258. 1841. A glabrous glutinous much-branched shrub, 3°-6<> high, the branches ascending. Leaves firm, oblong- lanceolate or somewhat oblanceolate, more or less conspicuously 3-nerved, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed into a cuneate subsessile base, i/-i^/ long, 2//-6// wide, sparingly repand -dentate, or en- tire; heads in peduncled clusters of 1-7, the invo- lucre of both sterile and fertile ones campanulate, 2^//~3// high, its bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacute; pappus usually but a single series of nearly white capillary bristles. Western Kansas and eastern Colorado to Texas. May-July. 394 COMPOSITAE. 2. Baccharis halimifolia L, [Voi,. III. Groundsel- tree or -bush. Pencil-tree. (Fig. 3834.) Baccharis halimifolia L,. Sp. PI. 860. 1753. A branching glabrous shrub, 3°-io° high, the branch- lets angled, sometimes minutely scurfy. Leaves thick, those of the stem and larger branches obovate or del- toid-obovate, obtuse, petioled, coarsely angular-den- tate, i/-3/ long, Yif-2' wide, those of the branchlets oblauceolate, short-petioled or sessile, entire, or few- toothed toward the apex; heads in peduncled clusters of 1-5, those of the sterile plant nearly globose when young, the bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate, ob- tuse, glutinous, appressed, the inner ones of the pis- tillate heads lanceolate, acute or acutish; fertile pap- pus bright white, i"-\" long, of 1-2 series of capillary bristles, much exceeding the involucre. Along salt marshes and tidal rivers, extending- beyond saline influence, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. The white pappus is very conspicuous in autumn. Sept.-Nov. Baccharis glomerulifdlia Pers., which has larger heads glomerate in the axils of the upper leaves,. is doubtfully re- ported from southern Virginia, but occurs along the coast from North Carolina to Florida. 3. Baccharis neglecta Britton. Linear-leaved Baccharis. (Fig. 3835-) A much-branched, glabrous or slightly glutin- ous shrub, 30 high or more, the branches pan- iculate, slender, ascending. Leaves narrowly lin- ear to linear-lanceolate, faintly 3-nerved, acute, or the lower subobtuse at the apex, gradually attenuate into a nearly sessile base, \'-}/ long, l//-3// wide, entire, or remotely dentate or den- ticulate, green in drying; heads in short-pedun- cled clusters; involucre of both kinds of heads campanulate, 1" high, its outer bracts ovate, acute or somewhat obtuse, the inner lanceolate, acuminate; pappus of the fertile flowers a single series of capillary dull-white bristles. Nebraska to Texas and North Mexico. Has been referred to B. anguslifolia Michx. July-Sept. 4. Baccharis Wrightii A. Gray. Wright's Baccharis. (Fig. 3836.) Baccharis Wrightii A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1: 101. 1852. Herbaceous from a thick woody base, much branched, glabrous, not glutinous, i°-3° high, the branches straight, nearly erect, slender, stri- ate. Leaves linear, sessile, i-nerved, entire, 3"- \2" long, yzf,-\n wide; heads solitary at the ends of the branches, 5//-6// broad; involucre of the sterile heads hemispheric, about 3" high, that of the fertile ones somewhat campanulate and longer; bracts of both involucres lanceolate, acu- minate, with scarious margins and a green back; pappus of the fertile flowers of several series of tawny or purplish capillary bristles. Western Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Arizona and Chihuahua. April-July. Genus 40.] THISTLE FAMILY. 395 40. FILAGO L. Sp. PI. 927. 1753. [Evax Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 393. pi. /6j.f. 3. IJ91-] White-woolly annual herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small discoid clustered heads, usually subtended by leafy bracts. Bracts of the involucre few and scarious. Recep- tacle convex or elongated, chaffy, each chaffy scale subtending an achene. Outer flowers of the heads in several series, pistillate, fertile, their corollas filiform, minutely 2-4-dentate. Central flowers few, perfect, mainly sterile, their corollas tubular, 4-5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles acuminate. Achenes compressed or terete. Pappus none. [Latin filum, a thread.] About In add >out 12 species, natives of temperate or warm regions of both the New World and the Old. ition to the following, 3 others occur in the western and southwestern United States. i. Filago prolifera (Nutt.) Britton. Filago. (Fig. 3837. Evax prolifera Nutt. ; DC. Prodr. 5: 459. 1836. Diaperia prolifera Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 338. 1S41. Filago prolifera Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 329. 1894. Stem simple, or branched at the base, very leafy, 2f-& high. Leaves spatulate, obtuse, sessile, as- cending or appressed, 4//-8// long, i//-2-^// wide; heads in a sessile leafy-bracted cluster, usually subtended by 1 or several slender, nearly leafless branches, each terminated by a similar cluster, or these again proliferous; heads oblong or fusiform; receptacle convex; chaff of the central sterile flowers woolly-tipped, that of the fertile flowers scarious, mostly glabrous. In dry soil, Texas to western Kansas and South Da- kota, west to Colorado and New Mexico. April-July. 41. GIFOLA Cass. Bull. Philom. 1819: 143. 1819. [Filago L. Gen. PI. Ed. 5. 1758. Not Sp. PI. 1753-3 White-woolly herbs, closely resembling those of the preceding genus, with alternate en- tire leaves, and small discoid glomerate heads, often subtended by leafy bracts, the clusters proliferous in our species. Involucre small, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series, the outer usually tomentose. Receptacle subulate, cylindric or obconic, chaffy, each chaffy scale near its base enclosing an achene. Outermost flowers pistillate, fertile, with filiform corollas and no pappus, or the pappus a few rudimentary bristles; inner flowers also pistillate and fertile, but with a pappus of capillary scabrous bristles; central (uppermost) flowers few, perfect, their corollas tubular, their pappus capillary and scabrous. Anthers sagittate at the base. Achenes terete or slightly compressed. [Anagram of Filago. ] About 10 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. In addition to the following, 3 Cali- fornian species are probably to be referred to this genus. i. Gifola Germanica (L. ) Durnort. Cudweed. Cotton Rose. Herba Impia. (Fig. 3838.) Gnaphalium Germanicum L- Sp. PI. 857. 1753. Filago Germanica L. Sp. PI, Ed. 2, 131 1. 1763. Gifola Germanica Dumort. Fl. Belg. 68. 1827. Annual, erect, cottony, 4/-i8/ high, simple, or branched at the base, very leafy. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, linear, or slightly spatulate, erect or ascending, obtuse or acutish, 3"- 12" long; stem terminated by a sessile dense cluster of heads, usually subtended by several leafy branches terminated by similar clusters and these often again proliferous; heads 12- 30 in each cluster, many-flowered; involucre ovoid, light yel- low, its bracts mainly acute. In dry fields, southern New York to Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Old names Downweed, Hoarwort, Owl's Crown, Chafe- weed, Childing Cudweed. May-Sept. 396 COMPOSITAE. [Vol.. III. 42. PLUCHEA Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817: 31. 1817. Pubescent or glabrous herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate dentate leaves, and small heads of tubular flowers in terminal corymbose cymes. Involucre ovoid, campanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its bracts appressed, herbaceous, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Outer flowers of the head pistillate, their corollas filiform, 3-cleft or dentate at the apex. Central flowers perfect, but mainly sterile, their corollas 5- cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles caudate. Style of the perfect flowers 2-cleft or undivided. Achenes 4-5-angled. Pappus a single series of capillary scabrous bristles. [Named for the Abbe N. A. Pluche, of Paris.] About 30 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions. In addition to the follow- ing, another indigenous species occurs in the southwestern United States, and two introduced ones have been found in waste places in Florida. Perennial; leaves sessile, cordate, or clasping at the base. 1. P. viscosa. Annual; leaves, at least those of the stem, petioled. Leaves short-petioled; heads about 3" high; involucral bracts densely puberulent. 2. P. camphorata. Leaves slender-petioled; heads 2"-2K" high; involucral bracts granulose, ciliate. 3. P. petiolata. i. Pluchea foetida (L.) B.S.P. Viscid Marsh Fleabane. (Fig. 3839.) Baccharis foetida L. Sp. PI. 861. 1753. Baccharis viscosa Walt. Fl. Car. 202. 1788. Pluchea bifrons DC. Prodr. 5: 451. 1836. Pluchea foetida B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 28. 1888. Root perennial; stem simple or sparingly branched at the summit, puberulent and slightly viscid, i^°-3° high. Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and more or less cordate-clasping at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, sharply denticulate, pubescent or pu- berulent, 2/-4/ long, >^/-iX/ wide, reticulate- veiny; clusters of heads sessile, or stalked, com- pact, leafy-bracted; involucre 2>£//-3// high, its bracts lanceolate, acute, viscid-puberulent. In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mainly near the coast. Also in the West In- dies. July^Sept. 2. Pluchea camphorata (L,. ) DC. Spicy or Salt-marsh Fleabane. (Fig. 3840.) Erigeron camphoratum L- Sp. PI. Fd. 2, 1212. 1763. Pluchea camphorata DC. Prodr. 5: 451. 1836. Root annual; stem usually branched, finely vis- cid-puberulent, or nearly glabrous, 2°-3° high, somewhat channeled. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, puberulent or glabrous, acute or acu- minate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short- petioled, or the upper sessile but not clasping, 3/-8/ long, 1 '-3' wide, serrate or denticulate, not conspicuously reticulate-veined; heads about 3" high, rarely leafy-bracted, mostly in naked open corymbiform cymes; bracts of the involucre ovate- lanceolate, or lanceolate, acute, puberulent; flowers purplish; achenes pubescent. In salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies. Called also Ploughman 's-wort. Aug. -Oct. Genus 42.] THISTLE FAMILY. 397 3. Pluchea petiolata Cass. Inland Marsh Fleabane. (Fig. 3841.) Pluchea petiolata Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 42: 2. Pluchea fact i da DC. Prodr. 5: 452. 1830. 1826. Similar to the preceding species, but glabrate, usu- ally taller, 2}4°-4° high, the stem -stout, rather strongly channelled. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oval, thin, 4/-io/ long, iJ^-3' wide, mostly acumi- nate at the apex, cuneate-narrowed at the base, long- petioled, irregularly serrate; petioles of the larger leaves 8//-i2// long; heads 2//-2j-2'// high, in terminal and often also axillary clusters; bracts of the involu- cre granular, ciliate; achenes short-pubescent. In moist soil, often in woods, Virginia to Florida, Illi- nois, Missouri and the Indian Territory. Aug.-Oct. 43. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 410. pi. 167. 1791.* Perennial woolly dioecious or polygamo-dioecious herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, and small discoid many-flowered heads usually capitate, glomerate or corymbose. Involu- cre oblong, ovoid or campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter, usually woolly. Receptacle convex, or nearly flat, foveolate, not chaffy. Staminate flowers with a truncate or minutely dentate corolla, usually undivided style and scanty pap- pus of club-shaped smooth or minutely barbed bristles. Pistillate or perfect flowers with tubular mostly 5-toothed corollas, 2-cleft style, and copious pappus of capillary naked bris- tles, slightly united at the base. Achenes oblong, terete, or slightly compressed. [Latin, in allusion to the fancied resemblance of the sterile pappus to insect antennae.] About 36 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern South America. In addition to the following, about a dozen others occur in the western parts of North America, and one in the southern states. ■re- Pappus-bristles of sterile flowers with club-shaped or dilated tips. | Plant not stoloniferous; basal leaves oblanceolate. 1. A. Carpathica. tt Plants stoloniferous, growing in patches. Basal leaves 4"-i^' long, i^"-6" wide, i-nerved, or indistinctly 3-nerved. Involucral bracts of fertile heads dark brownish green, lanceolate, acute or acuminate; plant 1 '-4' high. 2. A. alpina. Involucral bracts all light green, or light brown, with white or pinkish scarious tips. Bracts all elliptic or oblong, mostly obtuse; plant 2(-8' high. 3. A. dioica. Bracts of fertile heads lanceolate, mostly acute. Basal leaves spatulate, petiole distinct; fertile plant about 1° high. 4. A . neodioica. Basal leaves obovate or oblanceolate, without distinct petioles. Stem of fertile plant slender, about i° high; stolons long and slender; basal leaves oblanceolate. 5- A. neglecta. Stems all stout, 2'-6' high; stolons short; basal leaves obovate. 6. A. campestris. Basal leaves mostly more than \%' long and %' wide, distinctly 3-nerved. 7. A. piantaginifolia. % -X- Pappus-bristles of sterile flowers not dilated, barbellate; plant about i' high, tufted; head solitary. 8. A. dimorpha, i. Antennaria Carpathica (Wahl.) Hook. Carpathian Everlasting. (Fig. 3842.) Gnaphalium CarpathicumWahl. Fl. Carp. 258.pl. 3. 1814. Antennaria Carpathica Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 329. 1833. Plant floccose-woolly throughout, not stoloniferous; stem 2/-io/ high, simple. Basal leaves oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, i/-2/ long, 2//-4// wide; stem-leaves linear, acute or acutish, erect, the upper gradually smaller; heads in a term- inal subcapitate cluster, or rarely solitary, 2^//-3// broad; in- volucre 2//-3// high, woolly at the base, its bracts brownish purple, the inner ones of the fertile heads mostly acutish, those of the sterile heads mainly obtuse. In dry soil, Labrador and Anticosti to Hudson Bay. Also in Europe and northern Asia. May-Sept. *Text contributed by Mr. P. A. Rydberg. 398 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 2. Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. Alpine Everlasting. (Fig. 3843.) Gnaphalium alpinum I.. Sp. PI. 856. 1753. Antennaria alpina Gaertn. Fr. & Sem 2:410. 1791. Surculose by short stolons; stems floccose-woolly, if-\f high. Basal leaves usually numerous, tufted, spatulate or linear-oblong, obtuse, silvery-woolly on both sides, or glabrate and green above, 4//-l2// long; stem leaves linear and small, few, sessile, woolly; heads in a terminal capitate, or seldom somewhat corymbose cluster, rarely solitary, 2//- zYz" broad; involucre about 2^r/ high, the bracts of the fertile heads dark brownish-green, the inner ones acute or acuminate; those of the sterile heads lighter, brownish, broader and obtuse; achenes glandular. Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and in the Sierra Nevada to California. April-Aug. 3. Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. Mountain Everlasting or Cudweed. (Fig. 3844. ) Gnaphalium dioicum L. Sp. PI. 850. 1753. Antennaria dioica Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 410. pi. 167. jr. 3. 1791. Floccose-woolly or canescent, surculose, form- ing broad patches. Flowering stems 2/-i2/ high; basal leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, narrowed into short petioles, white-canescent on both sides, or sometimes green but rarely glabrous above, 4//r- T5// long, i//-4// wide; stem-leaves linear, sessile; heads }/'-\'f broad in a terminal capitate or cor- ymbose cluster; involucre 2//~3// high, the bracts of the fertile heads oblong, white or pink, all ob- tuse, or the inner ones acute; those of the sterile heads oval or elliptical, obtuse; achenes glabrous, or minutely glandular. Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona, and in the Sierra Nevada to southern California. Also in Eu- rope and Asia. Called also Moor Everlasting, Cat's- ear, Cat's-foot, Cat's-paws, Cotton-weed. May-Aug. 4. Antennaria neodioica Greene. Smaller Cat's-foot. (Fig. 3845.) Antennaria neodioica Greene, Pittonia, 3: 184. 1897. Floccose-woolly, with numerous stolons which are leafy throughout. Stem of fertile plants slender, about i° high; basal leaves about 1/ long, 3//-5// wide, broadly obovate to spatulate, 1- nerved, or indistinctly 3-nerved, white-tomentose beneath, generally pale and glabrate above, nar- rowed into distinct petioles; stem-leaves linear, acute; heads loosely corymbose, 3//~4// broad; outermost bracts of the involucre obtuse, the rest lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, all greenish or brownish below, with white tips; achenes ob- tusely 4-angled, granular-papillose. Sterile plant lower, 3/-8/ high; heads more densely clustered; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse. In dry shaded places, often growing with A. plan- taginifolia, Quebec to Virginia, west to South Da- kota. Also in Europe ? April-July. Genus 43.] THISTLE FAMILY. 399 5. Antennaria neglecta Greene. Field Cat's-foot. (Fig. 3846.) Antennaria neglecta Greene, Pittonia, 3: 173. 1897. Stoloniferous, the stolons long and slender, bearing small leaves, except at the ends, -where they are normally developed. Basal leaves ob- laneeolate, or cuneate-spatulate, gradually taper- ing to a sessile base, without a distinct petiole, white-tomentose beneath, glabrate above, 1 -nerv- ed; stem-leaves linear; fertile plant nearlyi°high; heads 3//-4// broad, corymbose; bracts brownish, with white tips, lanceolate, acute; sterile plant 4'-8' high, the heads densely clustered, the bracts oblong, obtuse. In fields and pastures, Maine to New York, Vir- ginia and Wisconsin. April-June. 6. Antennaria campestris Rydberg. Prairie Cat's-foot. (Fig. 3847.) Antennaria campestris Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 304. 1897. Stolons short, leafy; flowering stems of both fertile and sterile plants 2/-6/ high; basal leaves obovate-cuneate, without a dis- tinct petiole, white-tomentose beneath, gla- brate above, i-nerved,or indistinctly 3-nerved ; stem-leaves small, linear; heads 3//-4// broad in subcapitate clusters; bracts of the fertile heads lanceolate, greenish below, brownish at the middle, the apex white, acute or acuminate; bracts of sterile heads elliptic, obtuse. On dry prairies, Nebraska to the Saskatche- wan. May-June. 7. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L,.) Richards. Mouse-ear Everlasting. (Fig Gnaphalium plantaginifolium L- Sp. PI. 850. !753- Antennaria plantagimfoha Richards. App. Frank. Journ. Ed. 2, 30. 1823. Antennaria Parlinii Fernald, Gard. & For. 10: 2S4. 1897. Floccose-woolly, stoloniferous, forming broad patches, the patches of sterile and fer- tile plants commonly distinct. Flowering stems of fertile plant, 6/-i8/ high; basal leaves obovate or spatulate, or broadly oval, obtuse, distinctly 3-ribbed, petioled, often glabrate and dark green above, silvery be- neath, Ij4'-y long, 5//-i8// wide ; stem-leaves sessile, oblong or lanceolate, the upper usu- ally small and distant; heads in corymbose or often subcapitate clusters, 4//-5// broad; involucre about 3" high, its bracts greenish- white, lanceolate, acute or acutish; achenes minutely glandular; sterile plant smaller, 3'- S' high ; basal leaves somewhat smaller; stem- leaves mostly linear; heads smaller, 3 broad; bracts oblong, obtuse. Plantain-leaf Everlasting. 3848.) f-\>> In dry soil, especially in open woods, Labrador to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas also Spring or Early Everlasting, White Plantain, Pussy-toes, Ladies' Tobacco. April-Jui Called une. 400 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 8. Antennaria dimorpha (Nutt.) T. & G. Low Everlasting. (Fig. 3849.) Gnaphalium dtmorphum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 405. 1 841. A. dimorpha T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 431. 1843. Tufted from a thick woody often branched caudex, i/-i^/ high. Leaves all in a basal cluster, spatulate, white-canescent or tomentose on both sides, obtuse or acutish, Yz'-i' long, l//-2// wide, narrowed into short petioles; heads of staminate flowers about y/ broad and high, solitary and sessile among the leaves, or raised on a very short sparingly leafy stem, with ob- tuse or obtusish brownish involucral bracts, those of pistillate flowers longer, their inner bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate; pappus of the staminate flowers slender, scarcely thick- ened, but barbellate at the tips, that of the pis- tillate flowers of fine and smooth bristles. Dry soil, Nebraska to Utah and California, north to Montana and British Columbia. April-June. 44. ANAPHALIS DC. Prodr. 6: 241. 1837. Perennial white-tomentose or woolly herbs, with leafy erect stems, in our species, alter- nate entire leaves, and small corymbose discoid heads of dioecious flowers. Involucre ob- long to campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series, mostly white, the outer shorter. Receptacle mostly convex, not chaffy. Staminate flowers with a slender or fili- form corolla, an undivided style, and a pappus of slender bristles, not thickened at the sum- mit, or scarcely so ; anthers tailed at the base. Pistillate flowers with a tubular 5-toothed corolla, 2-cleft style, and a copious pappus of capillary separate bristles. Achenes oblong. [Greek name of some similar plant.] About 30 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following- is known to occur in North America. i. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Pearly or Large-flowered Everlasting. (Fig. 3850.) Gnaphalium margaritaceum L. Sp. PI. 850. 1753. Antennaria margaritacea Hook. Fl.Bor.Am.i: 329. 1833. A. margaritacea Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2: 303. 1873. Stem floccose-woolly, corymbosely branched at the summit, leafy, i°-3° high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed to a sessile base, revolute, green, but more or less pubescent above, woolly beneath, 3 '-5' long, 2//-4// wide, the lowest shorter, spatulate, usually obtuse; cor- ymb compound, 2/-8/ broad; heads very numerous, short-peduncled or sessile, about 3" high, 4" broad when expanded; involucre campanulate, its bracts ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, finely striate, pearly white, mostly glabrous; pappus-bristles of the fertile flowers distinct and falling away separately. Dry soil, Newfoundland to Alaska, North Carolina, Kansas, California and northern Asia. Adven- tive in Europe. Silver-leaf, Life Everlasting, Moonshine, Cotton-weed, None-so-pretty. July-Sept. 45. GNAPHALIUM L. Sp. PI. 850. 1753. Woolly erect or diffusely branched herbs, with alternate leaves, and discoid heads of pis- tillate and perfect flowers arranged in corymbs, spikes, racemes, or capitate. Receptacle flat, convex or conic, not chaffy, usually foveolate. Pistillate flowers in several series, their corollas filiform, minutely dentate or 3-4-lobed. Central flowers perfect, tubular, few, their corollas 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles tailed. Achenes oblong or obovate, terete or slightly compressed, not ribbed. Pappus a single series of capil- lary bristles, sometimes thickened above, cohering at the base, or separately deciduous. [Greek, referring to the wool.] About 120 species, widely distributed, known as Cudweed, Cotton-weed, or Everlasting. Tall, erect; inflorescence corymbose, or paniculate; pappus-bristles distinct. Leaves sessile; plant not viscid. i. G. obtusifolium. Leaves sessile; plant glandular- viscid. 2. G. Helleri. Leaves decurrent; plant glandular-viscid. 3. G. decurrens. Low, diffuse; inflorescence mostly capitate; pappus-bristles distinct. Floccose-woolly; involucral bracts yellowish, or white. 4. G. palustre. Genus 45.] THISTLE FAMILY. 401 Appressed- woolly; involucral bracts becoming dark brown. 5. G. uliginosum. Tufted low mountain herbs; heads few; bracts brown; pappus-bristles distinct. 6. G. supinum. Slender, simple; heads spicate; pappus-bristles united at base. Leaves linear or lanceolate-spatulate, acute; heads about 3" high; northeastern. Bracts dark brown; stem leaves lanceolate-spatulate. 7. G. Norvegicum. Bracts brownish tipped; stem leaves linear. 8. G. sylvaticum. Leaves spatulate, obtuse or obtusish; heads 2" to 2%" high; eastern and southern. 9. G. purpiirenm. i. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L,. Sweet or White Balsam. Sweet or Fragrant Life Everlasting. (Fig. 3851.) Gnaphalium obtiisifolium L. Sp. PI. 851. 1753. G. polycephalum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 127. 1803. Annual or winter-annual, fragrant; stem erect, simple, or branched above, tomentose, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute or acutish, or the lower obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, densely white-woolly be- neath, glabrate and commonly dark green above, i/-3/ long, i"-\" wide, the margins undulate; Leads in numerous corymbose or paniculate clus- ters of 1-5, about 3// high; bracts of the involucre white, or tinged with brown, oblong, thin and scarious, obtuse, the outer woolly at the base; pappus-bristles distinct, separately deciduous; achenes glabrous. In dry, mosth' open places, Nova Scotia to Florida, Manitoba, Missouri and Texas. Other names are Pov- erty-, Chafe- or Balsam-weed, Old-field Balsam, Indian Posey. Leaves of winter rosettes oblong. Aug.-Sept. 2. Gnaphalium Helleri Britton. Heller's Everlasting. (Fig. 3852.) G. Helleri Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 280. 1893. Similar to the preceding species, corymbosely or I/O somewhat paniculately branched above, i^"-2^ high, the stem and branches densely glandular- pubescent, not tomentose. Leaves oblong-lanceo- late, sessile, acuminate at both ends, green and hispidulous above, white-tomentose beneath, the larger about 2/ long and 5" wide, the uppermost much smaller and narrower ; heads very numerous, corymbose or corymbose-paniculate, sessile or short- peduncled in the clusters, about 2^" broad; invo- lucre oblong, or becoming campanulate, 3" high, its bracts bright white, tomentose, the outer oblong, the inner linear-oblong, all obtuse ; pappus-bristles distinct to the base, separately deciduous ; achenes glabrous. In fields, southeastern Virginia to Georgia. Sept.-Oct. 3. Gnaphalium decurrens Ives. Clammy Everlast- ing. Winged Cudweed. (Fig. 3853.) ■Gnaphalium decurrens Ives, Am. Journ. Sci. 1: 380. pi. 1. 1819. Annual or biennial, similar to the two preceding species, frag- rant; stem very leafy, glandular- viscid, corymbosely branched above, 2°-3c high. Leaves lanceolate or broadly linear, acutish at the apex, densely white-woolly beneath, glabrate or loosely ^woolly above, sessile and decurrent on the stem at the base, i/-3/ long, 2//-3// wide, or the lowest shorter and slightly spatulate; heads in several or numerous corymbose glomerules of 2-6, about 3" high; bracts of the involucre white or brownish, ovate, acutish or the inner lanceolate and acute, the outer woolly at the base ; pappus-bristles distinct, separately deciduous ; achenes glabrous. In open, moist or dry places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, west to western Ontario, Michigan and British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also called Sweet Balsam and Balsam -weed. July-Sept. 26 402 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 4. Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Western Marsh Cudweed. (Fig. 3854.) Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II ) 7: 403. 1 841. Annual; diffusely branched from the base, densely but loosely floccose- woolly all over, 2/-S/ high. Leaves sessile, oblong, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 6//-i2// long, i}4//~3// wide; heads about 2" high, several together in leafy-bracted glom- erules; involucre rnore or less woolly, its bracts linear or lanceolate, acute, white or pale yellow; pappus- bristles distinct, separately deciduous. In moist wet soil, Northwest Territory to western Ne- braska and New Mexico, west to British Columbia and California. May-Aug. 5. Gnaphalium uliginosum L,. Low or Marsh Cudweed. Wartwort. Mouse-ear. (Fig. 3855.) Gnaphalium uliginosum L- Sp. PI. 856. 1753. Annual; diffusely branched from the base, or the stems sometimes erect or ascending, ap- pressed-woolly all over, 2/-8/ high. Leaves sessile, spatulate-linear, linear, or the lower oblanceolate or spatulate and narrowed into petioles, all obtuse or obtusish, generally mu- cronulate, i'-i^' long; heads about 1" high, numerous in dense leafy-bracted terminal glomerules; bracts of the involucre oblong or oblong-lanceolate, brown, the outer obtuse or obtusish and more or less woolly, the inner acute; pappus-bristles distinct, separately de- ciduous. In damp soil, Newfoundland to Virginia, west to western Ontario, Minnesota and Indiana. Apparently naturalized from Europe, where it is common. Occurs also in the far Northwest, where it is probably indigenous. July-Sept. 6. Gnaphalium supinum L,. Dwarf Cud- weed. (Fig. 3856.) Gnaphalium supinum L. Syst. Ed. 2, 234. 1767. Perennial, white-woolly, much tufted; stems sim- ple, l/-'i%/ high. Leaves mainly basal, linear, acute, narrowed at the base, sessile, 6//-i2// long, i//-2// wide; heads few or several, capitate or short- spicate, about 3" high; flowers yellowish; bracts of the involucre brown, glabrous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute; pappus-bristles distinct, separately deciduous. Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire; Labrador and Greenland, and on high mountains in Europe and Asia. Called also Mountain Cudweed. July-Aug. Genus 45.] THISTLE FAMILY. 4»3 7. Gnaphalium Norvegicum Gunner. Norwegian Cudweed. (Fig. 3857.) Gnaphalium Norvegicum Gunner, Fl. Norveg. 2: 105. 1772. Perennial; stem simple, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves lanceolate to spatulate, elongated, acute, nar- rowed at the base, woolly on both sides, or green and glabrate above, 3/-6/ long, 2//~5// wide, the lower and basal ones petioled ; heads about 3" high, numerous in a more or less leafy spike, the lowest often distant, solitary or glomerate in the upper axils; bracts of the involucre ovate- obloug, dark brown, or brown-tipped, glabrous or slightly woolly, obtuse; pappus-bristles united at the base, falling away in a ring; achenes his- pidulous. Mt. Albert. Gasp6, Quebec, north to Greenland and Arctic America. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 8. Gnaphalium sylvaticum L,. Wood Cudweed. Chafe weed. Owl's Crown. Golden Mother- wort. (Fig. 3858.) Gnaphalium sylvaticum 1,. Sp. PI. S56. 1753. Perennial; stem slender, simple, 6/-iS/ high. Leaves linear, acute, i/-2/ long, about i" wide, or the lowest linear-spatulate, woolly beneath, glabrous or glabrate above; heads about 3// high, numerous in a more or less leafy spike, or the lowest solitary or glomer- ate in the upper axils; bracts of the involucre .linear-oblong, obtuse, mostly glabrous, yel- lowish or greenish with a brown spot at or just below the apex; pappus-bristles united at the base; achenes hispidulous. New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island, per- haps introduced from Europe. Widely distrib- uted in Europe and Northern Asia. June-Aug. 9. Gnaphalium purpureum L,. Pur- plish Cudweed. (Fig. 3859.) Gnaphalium purpureum L- Sp. PI. 854. 1753. Annual or biennial, simple and erect, or branched from the base and the branches as- cending, 2/-2° high. Leaves spatulate, or the uppermost linear, mostly obtuse, mucronulate, woolly beneath, usually green and glabrous or nearly so above when old, sessile, or the lowest narrowed into petioles, i/-2/ long, 2//-6// wide; heads 2//-2j^// high in a terminal, sometimes leafy, often interrupted spike, or the lowest ones distant and axillary; bracts of the invo- lucre yellowish brown or purplish, lanceolate- oblong, acute or acutish, the outer woolly at the base; pappus-bristles united below; achenes roughish. In dry^ sandy soil, eastern Maine to Florida, west to Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Arkan- sas, Texas and Mexico. Also on the Pacific Coast and in South America. May-Sept. 4o4 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 46. ADENOCAULON Hook. Bot. Misc. i: 19. 1830. Perennial herbs, with broad alternate slender-petioled leaves, woolly beneath, and pani- cled small heads of tubular flowers. Involucre carnpanulate, composed of a few herbaceous bracts. Receptacle nearly flat, naked. Corollas all tubular, 4-5-lobed. Marginal flowers pistillate, fertile. Central flowers perfect, sterile, the style undivided; anthers slightly sagittate at the base. Pappus none. Achenes obovoid or clavate, very obtuse, faintly nerved, glandular above, longer than the bracts of the involucre. [Greek, gland-stem.] About 3 species, natives of North America, Japan, the Himalayas and Chile. Only the following is known in North America. i. Adenocaulon bicolor Hook, caulon. (Fig. 3860.) Adeno- Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Bot. Misc. i: 19. pi. 15. 1830. Stem floccose- woolly, or at length glabrous, i°-3° high, leafless and mostly paniculately branched above. Leaves all basal or nearly so, deltoid-ovate, obtuse or acute at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, coarsely repand-toothed or lobed, thin, green and glabrous above, densely and persistently white-woolly beneath, 2/-6/ long and broad, with slender narrowly margined petioles; heads numerous, very slender- peduncled, small; bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, ovate to lanceolate, reflexed in fruit, at length deciduous; achenes 2>//~4// lorjg» Yz" thick, the upper part beset with nail-shaped glands. In moist woods, Northern Michigan "and Lake Superior to British Columbia and California. May-July. 47. INULA L. Sp. PI. 881. 1753. Perennial, mostly tomentose or woolly herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, and large heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or carnpanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer often foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex, areolate or foveolate, not chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, their ligules 3-toothed. Disk- flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles caudate. Style-branches of the disk-flowers linear, obtuse. Achenes 4-5-ribbed; pappus of capillary rough bristles in our species. [The ancient Latin name.] About 90 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. i. Inula Helenium L. Elecampane. Horseheal. (Fig. 3861.) Inula Helenium L- Sp. PI. 881. 1753. Stems tufted from large thick roots, simple or rarely somewhat branched, 2°-6° high, densely pubescent above. Leaves large, broadly oblong, rough above, densely pubes- cent beneath, denticulate, the basal ones acute at each end, long-petioled, io/-20/ long, 4/-8/ wide; stem leaves sessile, or cordate- clasping at the base, acute at the apex, smaller; heads solitary, or few, terminal, stout-peduncled, 2/-4/ broad ; involucre hemi- spheric, nearly i/ high, its outer bracts ovate, foliaceous, pubescent; rays numerous, linear; achenes glabrous, 4-sided. Along roadsides and in fields, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Native also in Asia. Called also Scabwort, Horse-elder, Yellow Starwort, Elfdock. Genus 48.] THISTLE FAMILY. 405 2. P. Canadensis. 48. POLYMNIA L. Sp. PI. 926. 1753. Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with opposite membranous lobed or angled leaves, or the lower alternate, and mostly large corymbose-paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate yellow or whitish flowers, or rays sometimes wanting. Involucre hemi- spheric or broader, of about 5 large outer bracts, and more numerous smaller inner ones. Receptacle chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, subtended by the inner involucral bracts, the ligules elongated, minute, or norje. Disk- flowers subtended by the chaffy scales of the receptacle, perfect, sterile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-toothed at the base. Pappus none. Achenes thick, short, turgid, glabrous. [From the Muse Polhymnia.] About 10 species, natives of America. Only the following are known in North America. Rays commonly 6" long or more, yellow; achenes strongly striate. 1. P. Uvedalia. Rays commonly minute and whitish, or none; achenes 3-ribbed. i. Polymnia Uvedalia L. Yellow or Large-flowered Leaf-cup. (Fig. 3862.) Polymnia Uvedalia L. Sp. PI. Fd. 2, 1303. 1763. Rough-pubescent, stout, branched, 3°-io° high. Leaves broadly ovate or deltoid, 3-nerved, abruptly contracted above the base, minutely ciliate, more or less pubescent on both sides, angulate-lobed, the lower often i° long and broad, petioled, the upper sessile, somewhat clasping; heads few in terminal clusters, peduncled, 1 %r-j/ broad; rays 10-15, com- monly 6//-i2// long, linear-oblong, bright yellow, 3-toothed or entire; exterior bracts of the cup-like involucre ovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliate, \"~\o" long; achenes slightly oblique and laterally com- pressed, strongly striate, nearly 3" long. In rich woods, New York to Indiana, and Michigan (according to Wright), south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. Called also Yellow Bearsfoot. July-Aug. 2. Polymnia Canadensis L. Small- flowered Leaf-cup. (Fig. 3863.) Polymnia Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 926. 1753. Rather slender, viscid-pubescent, at least above, simple or branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves deltoid-ovate to hastate, usually very thin, all petioled, deeply angulate-lobed and the lobes dentate, or the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, 4/-io/ long, the uppermost sometimes ovate and en- tire or merely denticulate; heads few in term- inal clusters, short-peduncled or sessile, 4//-6// broad; outer bracts of the involucre ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 2//-3// long; rays small, minute or none, whitish or yellowish; achenes 3-angled, obovoid, obcompressed, 3- ribbed, not striate. In damp, rich shaded places, western Ontario to Minnesota, North Carolina and Arkansas. June- Sept. Polymnia Canadensis radiata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1: Part 2, 238. 1884. Ligules larger, sometimes 6" long, 3-lobed, nearly white. Occasional in the range of the type. 49. MELAMPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 921. 1753. Herbs, some species woody, with opposite entire or dentate leaves, and terminal peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, white or yellow flowers in our species. Involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts in 2 series, the 4 or 5 outer ones broad, often connate at the base, the inner hooded, embracing or permanently surrounding the pistillate fertile ray-flowers. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy. Ray-flowers in 1 series, the rays spreading, 2-3-lobed or entire. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas with a narrowly campanulate 5-toothed limb, the anthers entire at the base, the style undivided. Achenes obovoid, more or less incurved. Pappus none. [Greek, black-foot, without significance.] About 25 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the southwestern United States. COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. i. Melampodium cinereum Pale Melampodium. (Fig. 3864.) DC. RFelampodium cinereum DC. Prodr. 5: 518. 1836. Perennial, woody at the base, branched, canes- cent, 4/-i2/ high, the branches slender. Leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, sessile, entire, undulate or sinuate, 1/-2' long, i>^//-3// wide, obtuse or obtusish at the apex; heads 8//-i4// broad, terminating the branches; pe- duncles slender, I'-tf long; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or oval, obtuse, united below; rays 5-9, cuneate-oblong, white, 2-3-lobed; inner bracts turbinate or terete, hooded, muricate, the hood wider than the body. In dry soil, Kansas to Arizona, Texas and Mexico. June-Oct. 50. SILPHIUM L,. Sp. PI. 919. 1753. Tall perennial herbs, with resinous juice, opposite or alternate leaves, and large corym- bose or paniculate (rarely solitary) peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts imbricated in few series. Re- ceptacle" flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers in 2 or 3'series, pistillate, fertile, the ligules numerous, linear. Disk-flowers perfect but sterile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed, the style undivided. Anthers minutely 2-toothed or entire at the base. Achenes broad, dorsally flattened, 2-winged, notched at the apex. Pappus none, or of 2 awns confluent with the wings of the achene. [Greek, from the resinous juice.] About 12 species, natives of North America, known as Rosin-weed or Rosin-plant. Stem leafy, the leaves opposite, alternate, or verticillate. L _ Leaves, or their petiole-bases, connate-perfoliate; stem square. Leaves not connate-perfoliate, sessile or petioled. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate; cauline sessile. Leaves, or some of them, verticillate in 3's or 4's, petioled. Most or all of the leaves alternate, entire or dentate. Leaves all alternate, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, large. Stem leafless or nearly so, scaly above; leaves basal, large. 1. 5. perfoliatum. 2. S. integrifolium. 3. 5". trifoliatum. 4. 5". Asteriscus. 5. 5". laciniatum. 6. .S. terebinthinaceum. i. Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup-plant. Indian-cup. (Fig. 3865.) 5. perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1301. 1763. Stem square, glabrous, or rarely some- what hispid, branched above, or some- times simple, 4°-8° high. Leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, opposite, the upper con- nate-perfoliate, the lower abruptly con- tracted into margined petioles, all thin, usually scabrous on both sides, or pubes- cent beneath, coarsely angulate-dentate, or the upper entire, the larger 6/-i2/ long, 4/-8/ wide; heads commonly numer- ous, 2/-3/ broad; rays 20-30, about I'long and 1" wide; involucre depressed-hemi- spheric, its outer bracts broad, ovate, ciliolate, spreading or erect; achenes ob- ovate, emarginate, sometimes 2-toothed. In moist soil, southern Ontario to Minne- sota, south to Georgia, Nebraska and Louisi- ana. Naturalized near New York City. Called also Ragged Cup. July-Sept. Genus 50.] THISTLE FAMILY. 407 2. Silphium integrifdlium Michx. Entire-leaved Rosin-weed. (Fig. 3866.) Silphium inlegrifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 146. 1803. Stem glabrous, rough or sometimes hirsute, oorynibosely branched above, 2°-5° high. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, en- tire, denticulate or remotely dentate, rough above, pubescent or glabrous beneath, those of the stem all closely sessile, often half-clasping but not con- nate-perfoliate at the rounded base, 3/-5/ long, i/-2/ wide; heads usually numerous, i/-2/ broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its outer bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, spreading, cilio- late or pubescent; rays 15-25; achenes oval or obovate, 4//~5// long, deeply emarginate. On prairies, Ohio to Minnesota, south to Louisiana, Nebraska, Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 3. Silphium trifoliatum L. Whorled Rosin-weed. (Fig. 3867.) Silphium trifoliatum L. Sp. PI. 920. 1753. Stem glabrous.sometimes glaucous, corym- bosely branched at the summit, 4°-7° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the middle ones almost always whorled in 3's or 4's, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base and usually somewhat petioled, rough or roughish above, pubescent or nearly glab- rous beneath, entire or denticulate, 3 '-7' long, Yz'-iYz' wide; heads several or numerous, \)/z'-2f broad; involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, glabrous, or slightly pubescent.ciliolate; rays 15-20; achenes oval or obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate, sharply 2-toothed. In woods, Pennsylvania to Ohio, south to Vir- ginia and Alabama. July-Oct. 4. Silphium Asteriscus L,. Starry Rosin-weed. (Fig. 3868.) Silphium Asteriscus L. Sp. PI. 920. 1753. Stem hispid-pubescent, simple, or branched above, 2°-4° high, usually purple. Leaves nearly all alternate, ovate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute or obtusish, sessile, somewhat clasping, or the lower narrowed into short peti- oles, dentate, or the upper entire, 2/-5/ long, Yz'-\f wide; heads commonly few, i/-2/ broad; rays 12-15; involucre hemispheric, its bracts mostly hispid, ovate to oblong, acute or obtuse, squarrose; achenes oval or obovate, narrowly winged, 2-toothed. In dry soil, Maryland to Tennessee and Missouri, rsouth to Florida and Louisiana. June-Sept. 40S COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 5. Silphium laciniatum L. Com- pass-plant. Pilot- weed. (Fig. 3869.) Silphium laciniatum L. Sp. PI. 919. 1753. Rough or hispid, very resinous; stem 6°-i2° high; basal leaves pinuatifid or bi- pinnatifid, long-petioled, i° long or more, the lobes oblong or lanceolate; stem leaves alternate, vertical, their edges tending to point north and south, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, the upper cordate-clasping at the base, gradually smaller and less divided; heads several or numerous, ses- sile or short-peduncled, 2/-5/ broad, the peduncles bracted at the base; rays 20-30, i/-2/ long; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts large, rigid, lanceolate or ovate, very squarrose; achenes oval, about 6/A long, the wing broader above than below, notched at the apex, awnless. On prairies, Ohio to South Dakota, south to- Alabama, Louisiana and Texas. Called also- Turpentine-weed, Polar-plant, Rosin-weed. July-Sept. 6. Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Prairie Dock. Prairie Burdock. (Fig. 3870.) Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Hort. Vind. x: pi. 43. 1770. Stem glabrous or nearly so, branched and scaly above, 4°-io° high. Leaves all basal or nearly so, coriaceous, ovate, mostly long-petioled, acute at the apex, cordate at the base, rough on both sides, often 12' long and 6/ wide, sharply den- tate; heads numerous, i}4/-3/ broad, borne on glabrous peduncles; involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate-oblong, erect, glabrous or minutely pubescent; rays 12-20; achenes obovate, narrowly winged, slightly 2-toothed and emargin- ate at the apex. On prairies and in dry woods, southern Ontario and Ohio to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Iowa and Louisiana. Called also Rosin-plant. July-Sept. Silphium terebinthinaceum pinnatifidum (Ell.) A. Gray, Man. 220. 1848. 5. pinnatifidum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 462. 1824. Leaves laciniate or pinnatifid. Ohio to Georgia. 51. CHRYSOGONUM L,. Sp. PI. 920. 1753. Pubescent perennial herbs, with opposite and basal petioled leaves, and sleuder-peduncled- axillary and terminal, rather large heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers. In volucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series of 5, the outer large, obovate or spatulate, folia- ceous, the inner oval, firm, each subtending a pistillate ray-flower. Receptacle chaffy, each scale subtending and partly enclosing a perfect but sterile tubular flower with a 5-toothed corolla. Anthers nearly entire at the base. Achenes obovate, compressed, their margins- acute, not winged, i-nerved on the back, 1-2-ribbed on the inner side. Pappus a short half- cup-shaped crown. [Greek, golden-knee.] A monot3'pic genus of eastern North America. Genus 51.] THISTLE FAMILY. 409 1. Chrysogonum Virginianum L,. Chrysogonum. (Fig. 3871.) Chrysogonum Virginianum L- Sp. PL 920. 1753. Perennial by rootstocks or runners, pubescent or hirsute throughout, branched from the base, or at first acaulescent, 3/-i2/ high. " Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse or acutish at the apex, the upper sometimes subcordate at the base , crenate-dentate, rather thin, i/-3/ long, y£'-2' wide, the basal ones with petioles as long as the blade or longer, those of the upper ones shorter; peduncles i/-4/ long; heads i'-i^' broad; outer bracts of the involucre obtuse; rays about 5, 4//-7// long. In dry soil, southern Pennsylvania to Florida. April-July. Chrysogonum Virginianum dentatum A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 7: 31. 1882. Leaves dentate, the teeth and acutish apex mu- cronulate; outer bracts of the involucre acute. High Island, Potomac River, near Washington. 52. BERLANDIERA DC. Prodr. 5: 517. 1836. Perennial canescent or pubescent herbs, with alternate leaves and rather large, peduncled solitary or corymbose heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre de- pressed-hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in about 3 series, the outermost small, mostly oblong, the second series broader, oval or obovate, the inner membranous, similar, reticu- lated when mature, subtending the ray-flowers and exceeding the disk. Receptacle nearly flat, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 5-12, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, tubular, sterile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style of the tubular flowers undivided, hirsute. Achenes obovate, compressed, not winged, i-ribbed on the inner side, the pappus obsolete, early deciduous or of 2 caducous awns. [Named after J. L. Berlandier, a Swiss botanical collector in Texas and Mexico.] About 5 species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico. 1. B. Texana. 2. B. lyrata. Stem leafy; leaves ovate to oblong, crenate. Plant acaulescent, or nearly so; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid i. Berlandiera Texana DC. Texan Berlandiera. (Fig. 3872.) Berlandiera Texana DC. Prodr. 5: 517. 1836. Hirsute-pubescent throughout; stem erect, branched above, or simple, 2°-^ high, leafy. Leaves ovate, or the basal ob- long, crenate, acutish or obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 2/-4A long, i/-2/ wide, the upper sessile, the lower petioled; heads few or several, l/— \Yz' broad, in a terminal corymbose-cymose cluster; peduncles X'-iJ^' long; inner bracts of the involucre twice as large as the outer. In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Arkan- sas and Louisiana. July-Aug. 4io COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 2. Berlandiera lyrata Benth. Lyre- leaved Berlandiera. (Fig. 3873.) Silphium Ntitlallianum Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 216. Name only. 1827. Berlandiera lyrata Benth. PI. Hartw. 17. 1839. Finely whitish-canescent, acaulescent or short- stemmed; scapes or peduncles slender, 3/-8/ long, bearing a solitary head, or rarely 2. Leaves lyrate- pinnatifid, obtuse, petioled, the terminal segment usually larger than the lateral ones, the lower ones very small, all obtuse, mostly crenate, sometimes becoming green and glabrate above; head about i' broad; inner bracts of the involucre much broader than the outer, orbicular, or wider than long; achenes obovate, keeled on the inner face. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. 53. ENGELMANNIA T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 283. 1841. Perennial hirsute herbs, with alternate pinnatifid leaves, and corymbose slender-pedun- cled rather large heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer linear, loose, hirsute, ciliate, the inner oval or obovate, concave, appressed, subtending the ray-flowers. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the chaff subtending and partly enclosing the disk- flowers. Rays 8-10, pistillate, fertile. Disk- flowers about as many, tubular, perfect, sterile, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers minutely 2-dentate at the base. Style of the tubular flowers undivided. Achenes obovate, compressed, not winged, i-ribbed on each face. Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown. [Named for Dr. Geo. Engelmann, botanist, of St. Louis.] A monot5Tpic genus of the south-central United States. i. Engelmannia pinnatifida T. & G. Engelmannia. (Fig. 3874.) Engelmannia pinnatifida T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 283. 1 841. Stem usually branched above, i°-3° high. Basal leaves slender-petioled, 4/-8/ long, their lobes lanceolate or oblong, dentate or entire, obtuse or acutish; upper leaves smaller, sessile, less divided, the uppermost sometimes entire, or with a pair of basal lobes; heads usually numerous, about i/ broad; peduncles i/s/ long; outer bracts of the involucre somewhat in 2 series, the first linear, the second broadened at the base. In dry soil, Kansas to Louisiana, Arizona and North Mexico. May. -Aug. 54. PARTHENIUM L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753. Perennial, mostly pubescent or canescent herbs, or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small corymbose or paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate white or yellow flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff membranous, sur- rounding the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers about 5, pistillate, fertile, their ligules short, broad, 2-toothed or obcordate. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas 5-toothed, the style undivided. Anthers entire at the base. Achenes compressed, keeled on the inner face, margined, bearing the persistent rays on the summit. Pappus of 2-3 scales or awns. [Greek, virgin.] About 10 species, natives of North America, Mexico, the West Indies and northern South America, ides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Genus 54-] THISTLE FAMILY. 411 Stem minutely pubescent, or glabrous below; rootstocks thickened. Stem pilose-pubescent; rootstocks slender, creeping, forming runners. I. Parthenium integrifdlium L,. American Fever- few (Fig. 3875. ) Parthenium integrifolium L. Sp. PI. 988. i?53- Stem stout, striate, finely pubescent with short hairs, or glabrous below, corymbosely branched above, i°-4° high. Rootstocks tuberous-thickened; leaves firm, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, crenate dentate or somewhat lyrate at the base, hispidulous and roughish on both sides, the lower and basal ones petioled, often 12' long and 5' wide, the upper smaller, sessile and partly clasping; heads numer- ous in a dense terminal corymb; involucre nearly hemispheric, about 3" high, its bracts firm, the outer oblong, densely ap- pressed-pubescent, the inner broader, gla- brous, or ciliate on the margins; rays white or whitish. In dry soil, Maryland to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Missouri and Texas. Called also Cutting Almond. May-Sept. 1. P. integrifolium. 2. P. repens. Prairie Dock. 2. Parthenium repens Eggert. Creep- ing or Hairy Parthenium. (Fig. 3876.) Parthenium repens Eggert, Cat. PI. St. Louis, 16. 1891. Similar to the preceding species, but lower, seldom over 20 high. Rootstocks slender, forming runners; stem pilose or hispid with spreading hairs; leaves hispid on both sides, irregularly crenate, sometimes lyrate at the base, the teeth rounded and obtuse; heads fewer, slightly larger, in a smaller looser corymb; outer bracts of the involucre propor- tionately broader. Missouri. April- July. 55. CRASSINA Scepin, Sched. Acido Veg. 42. 1758. [Zinnia L- Syst. Ed. 10, 1221. 1759.] Annual or perennial herbs, some species shrubby, with opposite entire, or sparingly ser- rate, mostly narrow and sessile leaves, and large or middle-sized heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, yellow, or variegated, persistent on the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile; corolla cylindraceous, its lobes villous. Involucre campanulate to nearly cylindric, its bracts obtuse, dry, firm, appressed, imbricated in 3 series or more, the outer gradually shorter. Receptacle conic or cylindric, chaffy, the chaff subtending and enwrapping the disk-flowers. Style branches elongated, not appendaged. Achenes of the ray-flowers somewhat 3-angled, those of the disk flattened. Pappus of few awns or teeth. [In honor of Paul Crassus, an Italian botanist of the 16th century.] About 12 species, natives of the United States and Mexico. 412 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. IIL i. Crassina grandiflora (Nutt.) Kuntze. Prairie Zinnia. (Fig. 3877.) Zinnia grandiflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:348. 1 841. Crassina grandiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 331. 1 891. Perennial, woody at the base, tufted, much branched, rough, 4/-6/ high. Leaves rather rigid, linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, 6//-i5''/ long, T-Yz" wide, or less, connate at the base, acute or acutish, crowded; heads numerous, peduncled, terminating the branches, io//-i8// broad; rays 4 or 5, broad, yellow, rounded, or emarginate, their achenes with a pappus of 2 or 4 awns ; in- volucre campanulate-cylindric, 3//-4// high; style-branches of the disk-flowers subulate. In dry soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Mexico- and Arizona. June-Sept. 56. HELIOPSIS Pers. Syn. 2: 473. 1807. Perennial herbs (a tropical species annual), with opposite petioled 3-ribbed leaves, and large peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Invo- lucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong or lanceolate, imbricated in 2 or 3 series. P„eceptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff enveloping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays spreading, the tube very short, commonly persistent on the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, the tube short, the limb elongated, 5-toothed. An- thers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with small hirsute appendages. Achenes thick, obtusely 3-4-angled, the summit truncate. Pappus none, or of 2-4 teeth, or a coroniform border. [Greek, sun-like.] About 6 species, natives of America. Besides the following, two others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Leaves smooth, or nearly so; pappus none, or of 2-4 stout teeth. 1. H. helianthoides^ Leaves rough; pappus crown-like, or of 1-3 sharp teeth. 2. H. scabra. Heliopsis helianthoides (L,.) B.S.P. (Fig. 3878.) Bnphthalmitm helianthoides L- Sp. PI. 904. 1753- Heliopsis laevis Pers. Syn. 2: 473. 1807. Heliopsis helianthoides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 28. 1888. Stem glabrous, branched above, 3°-5° high. Leaves opposite, or rarely in 3's, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, acuminate at the apex, usually abruptly narrowed at the base, sharply and nearly equally dentate, smooth on both sides, or roughish above, 3/-6/ long, i/-2^/ wide; heads long-pedun- cled, somewhat corymbose, i^/-2^/ broad; rays 9//-i2// long, persistent, or at length decaying away from the achenes; bracts of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong, ob- tuse or acutish, the outer commonly longer than the inner; achenes glabrous, the summit truncate; pappus none, or of 2-4 short teeth. Ox-eye. False Sunflower. In open places, Ontario to Florida, west to Illinois and Kentucky. July-Sept. ■Genus 56.] THISTLE FAMILY, 413 2. Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Rough Ox-eye. (Fig. 3879.) Heliopsis scabra Dunal, Mem. Mus. Paris, 5: 56. pi. 4. 1819. Heliopsis laevis var. scabra T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 303. 1842. Similar to the preceding species, but stem rough, at least above, simple or branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or sometimes acuminate, sharply dentate, rough on both sides, firm, 2/-5/ long, \yz'-i' wide, abruptly narrowed at the base, short-petioled; heads few, or sometimes solitary, long-pedun- cled, 2/-2^/ broad; rays usually 1/ long, or more; bracts of the involucre canescent, oblong or linear-oblong; achenes pubescent on the margins when young; pappus a short laciniate crown, or 1-3 sharp teeth. Usually in dry soil, Maine to New York, New Jer- sey, Illinois, British Columbia, and Arkansas. June- Sept. 57. ECLIPTA L. Mant. PI. 2: 157. 1771. Erect or diffuse branching pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite leaves, and small peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate whitish flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in about 2 series, nearly equal, or the outer longer. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy, the chaff awn-like, subtending the achenes. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas tubular, 4-toothed or rarely 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers with obtuse or triangular tips. Achenes thick, those of the rays 3-sided, those of the disk compressed. Pappus none, or of a few short teeth. [Greek, wanting, referring to the absence of pappus.] About 4 species, mostly of tropical distribution. i. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Eclipta. (Fig. 3880.) Verbesina alba L. Sp. PI. 902. 1753. Eclipla erecta L- Mant. 2: 286. 1771. Eclipta procumbens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 129. 1803. Eclipta alba Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 528. 1848. Annual, rough with appressed pubescence, erect or diffuse, 6/-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lance- olate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, den- ticulate or entire, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, I/-5' long, 2//-io// wide; heads com- monly numerous, 3//-6// broad, nearly sessile, or slender-peduncled; rays short, nearly white; anthers brown; achenes 4-toothed, or at length truncate. Along streams, and in waste places, southern New York to Illinois and Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Naturalized from tropical America and widely distributed in warm regions as a weed. July-Oct. 58. TETRAGONOTHECA L. Sp. PI. 903. 1753. Erect perennial mostly branched herbs, with opposite, sessile or connate-perfoliate, broad dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of tubular and radiate yellow flowers. In- volucre depressed-hemispheric, its principal bracts 4, large and foliaceous, inserted in 1 series; inner bracts 6-15, small, subtending the pistillate ray-flowers. Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff concave, enwrapping the perfect fertile disk-flowers, the corollas of wmich are slender and 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers hispid, tipped with elongated appendages. Achenes thick, 4-sided, truncate at the summit. Pappus none, or of several short scales. [Greek, 4-angled-case, referring to the involucre. ] Three known species, natives of the southern United States and northern Mexico. 414 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. I. Tetragonotheca helianthoides Iv. Tetragonotheca. (Fig. 3881.) Tetragonotheca helianthoides L,. Sp. PI. 903. J753- Viscidly pubescent; stem branched or sim- ple, i°-2^° high. Leaves ovate, ovate-ob- long, or somewhat rhomboid, thin, coarsely and unequally dentate, pinnately veined, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, orconnate-perfoliate, 2/-6/long, i/-3/ wide; heads usually few, lyi's' broad; in- volucre 4-angled in the bud, its principal bracts broadly ovate, acute; rays 6-10, strong- ly parallel-nerved, 2-3-toothed; corolla-tube villous below; achenes 4-sided, or nearly terete; pappus none. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. May-June. Sometimes flowering again in the autumn. 59. SPILANTHES Jacq. Stirp. Am. 214.//. 126. 1763. Annual branching herbs, or some species perennial, with opposite, usually toothed leaves and rather small, long-peduncled discoid and radiate heads, terminal, or in the upper axils, or rays wanting in some species. Involucre campanulate, its bracts in about 2 series, her- baceous, loosely appressed. Receptacle convex or elongated, chaffy, its chaff embracing the disk-achenes and at length falling away with them. Ray-flowers yellow, or white, pis- tillate. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, their corollas tubular with an expanded 4-5-cleft limb. Anthers truncate at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers long, sometimes penicillate at the summit. Ray-achenes 3-sided, or compressed, those of the disk-flowers compressed, margined. Pappus of 1-3 awns, or more. [Greek, spot- or stain-flower, not significant.] About 30 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. i. Spilanthes repens (Walt.) Michx. Spilanthes. (Fig. 3882.) Anthemis repens Walt. Fl. Car. 211. 178S. Spilanthes repens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 131. 1S03. Perennial, usually rooting at the lower nodes; stem slender, simple or branched, spreading or ascending, &-20 long, pubescent, or nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, or the lower obtuse, coarsely toothed, or nearly entire, I/-3' long; heads long-peduncled, solitary at the end of the stem and branches, 6//-io// broad; bracts of the involucre oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; rays 8-12, yellow; receptacle narrowly conic; achenes oblong, most of them roughened when mature and hispidulous; pap- pus of 1 or 2 very short awns, or none. In moist or wet soil, Missouri to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. June-Sept. 60. RUDBECKIA L,. Sp. PI. 906. 1753. Perennial or biennial (rarely annual), mostly rigid, usually rough or hispid herbs, with alternate undivided lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and large long-peduncled heads of tubular (mostly purple) and radiate (yellow) flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated Genus 60.] THISTLE FAMILY. 415 in 2-4 series. Receptacle coni; or convex, with chaffy concave scales subtending or en- veloping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers neutral, the rays entire or toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-lobed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-mucronate at the base. Style-branches tipped with hirsute appendages. Achenes 4-angled, obtuse or truncate at the apex. Pappus coroniform, sometimes of 2-4 short teeth, or none. [In honor of Claus Rudbeck, 1630-1702, Swedish anatomist and botanist.] About 27 species, natives of North America and Mexico. In addition to the following, some iS others occur in the southern and western United States. -X- Stem-leaves not cordate-clasping; achenes 4-angled. Disk globose or ovoid and purple or dark brown in fruit; lower leaves entire or lobed. Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided. Plant more or less hirsute ; leaves thin; chaff awned. 1. R. triloba. Plant scabrous; leaves thick; chaff blunt, pubescent at apex. 2. R. sublomenlosa. Leaves neither 3-lobed nor 3-divided. Plants hispid; chaff acute or acutish, hirsute at summit. Stem leaves lanceolate to oblong; involucre shorter than the rays. 3. R. hirta. Stem leaves oval to obovate; involucral bracts foliaceous, nearly as long as the rays. 4. R. Brittonii. Plants pubescent or glabrate; chaff obtuse. Leaves denticulate or entire; rays o"-i2" long. Stem leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate; disk 6" -8" broad, globose. 5. R. fulgida. Stem leaves obovate or spatulate; disk 4" -5" broad, depressed. 6. R. spathalata. Leaves dentate or laciniate; rays about 18" long. 7. R. speciosa. Disk elongated or cylindric in fruit, yellowish or gray; lower leaves pinuately divided or pinnatifkl. 8. R. laciniata. vr ¥: Stem-leaves cordate-clasping; achenes nearly terete, striate. 9. R, amplexicaulis. i. Rudbeckia triloba L,. Thin-leaved Cone-flower. (Fig. 3883.) Rudbeckia triloba L- Sp. PI. 907. 1753. Stem somewhat pubescent and rough, rarely glabrate, branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves thin, rough on both sides, bright green, the basal and lower ones petioled, some or all of them 3-lobed or 3-parted, the lobes lanceo- late or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate; upper leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lance- olate, acuminate or acute, narrowed to a ses- sile base or into short margined petioles, serrate or entire, 2/-4/ long, y2'-\' wide; heads nearly 2' broad, corymbed; bracts of the involucre linear, acute; pubescent, soon reflexed; rays 8-12, yellow, or the base orange or brownish-purple; disk dark purple, ovoid, about 6" broad; chaff of the receptacle awn-pointed; pappus a minute crown. In moist soil, New Jersey to Georgia, west to Michigan, Missouri and Louisiana. Sometimes escaped from gardens to roadsides. Called also Brown-eyed Susan. June-Oct. 2. Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh. Sweet Cone-flower. (Fig. 3884.) Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 575. 1814. Densely and finely cinereous-pubescent and scab- rous; stem branched above, 2°-6° high. Leaves thick, some or all the lower ones deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted, petioled, 2>/~5/ long, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, dentate; upper leaves, or some of them, lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, sessile or nearly so; heads numerous, 2'-i/ broad; rays 15-20, yellow, or with a darker base; disc sub- globose, rounded, purple, 6//-8// broad; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, sweet-scented; chaff of the receptacle linear, obtuse or obtusish, pubescent, or somewhat glandular at the apex; pappus a short crenate crown. On prairies and along rivers, Illinois to Louisiana, Mis- souri and Texas. July-Sept. 416 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. HI. 3. Rudbeckia hirta L,. Black Eyed Susan. Yellow Daisy. (Fig. 3885.) Rudbeckia Jiiiia L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753. Hirsute or hispid throughout, biennial or some- times annual; stems simple or sparingly branched, often tufted, i°-3° high. Leaves thick, sparingly serrate with low teeth, or entire, lanceolate or ob- long, the lower and basal ones petioled, mostly ob- tuse, 3-5-uerved, 2/-7/ long, Yz'-i' wide, the upper sessile, narrower, acute or acutish; heads common- ly few or solitary, if-\' broad; rays 10-20, orange, rarely darker at the base; bracts of the involu- cre very hirsute, spreading or refiexed, much shorter than the rays; disk globose-ovoid, purple-brown; chaff of the receptacle linear, acute or acutish, hir- sute at the apex; style-tips acute; pappus none. In fields, Quebec to western Ontario and the North- west Territory, south to Florida, Colorado and Texas. Native only on the western prairies. Widely distribu- ted in the east as a weed. Called also Nigger-head, Golden Jerusalem, Ox-eye Daisy. May-Sept. 4. Rudbeckia Brittonii Small. Brit- ton's Cone-flower. (Fig. 3886.) Rudbeckia Brittonii Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 130. 1894. Stem stout, hispid, erect, \%°-2y2° high, sim- ple, grooved, leafy, at least below. Leaves ser- rate or crenate-serrate, strigose-pubescent, the basal ones ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3/-4/ long, obtuse, long-petioled; stem leaves obovate to oval, often with a lateral lobe, the petioles wing-margined; uppermost leaves often ovate- lanceolate, sessile, cordate; bracts of the invo- lucre foliaceous, often i/ long or more; head 2/-3/ broad; rays about 12, 2-lobed; outer chaff oblanceolate, the inner linear, acute, purple-tipped, fringed with jointed hairs; style-tips slender, acute. In woods, mountains of Pennsylvania to Vir- ginia and Tennessee. May-July. 5. Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. Orange Cone- flower. (Fig. 3887.) Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 251. 1789. Perennial; stem hirsute, or strigose-pubescent, slender, sparingly branched or simple, i°-3° high. Leaves firm, entire, or sparingly serrate with distant teeth, more or less hirsute or pubescent on both sides, the basal and lower ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse, 2/-4/ long, 3-nerved, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or slightly clasping at the base; heads few, i/-i^/ broad; bracts of the involucre oblong or lanceolate, 3//-8// long; rays 10-15, linear, bright yellow, or with an orange base; disk globose or globose-ovoid, brown-purple, 5//~7// broad; chaff of the receptacle linear-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, or nearly so at the summit; pappus a minute crown. In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Missouri and Texas. Aug. -Oct. Genus 60. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 417 6. Rudbeckia spathulata Michx. Spatulate-leaved, or Flat-headed Cone-flower. (Fig. 3888.) Rudbeckia spathulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 144. 1803. Perennial; stem slender, simple, or little branched, finely strigose-pnbescent, i°-3° high. Leaves ap- pressed-pubescent on both sides, obovate, oval, or spatulate, the lower 2'-\' long, i/-i}4/ wide, or the basal ones sometimes nearly orbicular, obtuse or ob- tusish, denticulate, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves smaller, sessile, mostly entire, oblong and acute; heads few, or solitary, i'-iJ^' broad; bracts of the involucre short, at length reflexed; disk depressed-globose or ovoid, about 5" broad; rays S-12, oblong, yellow, mostly orange at the base; chaff of the receptacle obtuse; style-tips obtuse; pappus a short-toothed crown. In dry woods, Chester Co., Penn., to Tennessee and Florida. Aug. -Sept. 7. Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth. Showy Cone-flower. (Fig. 3889.) Rudbeckia aspera Pers. Syn. 2: 477. 1807.? Rudbeckia speciosa Wender. Ind. Sera. Hort. Marb. 1828. Perennial, more or less hirsute or hispid; stem branched above, i°-4° high. Leaves firm, slender- petioled, 2/~5/ long, i/-2/ wide, dentate with low teeth, acute or sometimes acuminate, 3-5-nerved; stem leaves sessile or partly clasping, or narrowed into broad margined petioles, laciniate or sharply serrate, lanceolate, acuminate, often 6/ long, the uppermost smaller and sometimes entire; heads several, 2/-3/ broad; bracts of the involucre linear- lanceolate, acute; rays 12-20, \'-\%f long, bright yellow, usually orange at the base; disk depressed- globose, 5//-8// broad, brown-purple; chaff of the receptacle obtusish or acute, ciliate or naked; pap- pus a short crown. In moist soil, New Jersey to Michigan, south to Ala- bama and Arkansas. Aug.-Oct. 8. Rudbeckia laciniata L,. Tall, or Green-headed Cone-flower. (Fig. 3890.) Rudbeckia laciniata L- Sp. PI. 906. 1753. Perennial; stem much branched, glabrous, or nearly so, 3°-i2° high. Leaves rather thin, mi- nutely pubescent on the margins and upper surface, broad, the basal and lower ones long-petioled, often i° wide, pinnately 3-7-divided, the segments vari- ously toothed and lobed; stem leaves shorter-peti- oled, 3-5-parted or divided, the uppermost much smaller, 3-lobed, dentate or entire; heads several or numerous, 2^2 /~4/ broad; rays 6-10, bright yellow, drooping; bracts of the involucre unequal; chaff of the receptacle truncate and canescent at the apex; disk greenish-yellow, at length oblong and twice as long as thick or longer; pappus a short crown. In moist thickets, Quebec to Manitoba and Montana, south to Florida and New Mexico, Called also Thim- ble weed. July-Sept. 27 4i8 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. Rudbeckia laciniata hiimilis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i: Part 2, 262. 1884. Simple or branched, glabrous or nearly so, i°-2° high, some or all of the basal leaves orbicular and undivided; heads iW-2%' broad; disk globose or ovoid. Virginia and North Carolina to Ten- nessee and Georgia, mostly in the mountains. 9. Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Vahl. Clasping-leaved Cone-flower. (Fig. 3891-) Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Vahl. Act. Havn. 2: 29. pi. 4. 1783. Annual; glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous; stem branched, grooved, i°-2° high, the branches C ascending. Leaves entire, or sparingly toothed, 1- ribbed, reticulate-veined, the lower oblong to spatu- late, sessile, the upper ovate, ovate- oblong, or lance- olate, acute, cordate-clasping; heads solitary at the ends of the branches, long-peduncled, about 2' broad; bracts of the involucre few, lanceolate, acu- minate; rays yellow, or sometimes brown at the base; disk ovoid-oblong, often becoming \' high; achenes not angled, striate and transversely wrin- kled, obliquely attached to the elongated receptacle; chaff at length deciduous; pappus none. In wet soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. June- Aug. 61. RATIBIDA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 1818. [Lepachys Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 100. 1819.] Mostly perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided or parted leaves, and long-pedun- cled terminal heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the disk-flowers gray or yellow, becoming brown, the rays yellow, or with brown bases, drooping or spreading. Involucral bracts in 2 or 3 series. Disk globose, oblong or cylindric. Receptacle columnar to subulate, the con- cave chaff subtending or enveloping the disk-flowers, truncate, the tips inflexed, canescent. Ray-flowers neutral. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with scarcely any tube. Achenes short, flattened, sharp-margined, or winged, at length deciduous with the chaff. Pappus with 1 or 2 teeth, or none. [Name unexplained.] About 4 species, natives of North America. Style-tips lanceolate-subulate; leaf -segments lanceolate; rays 1/-3' long, Style-tips short, blunt; leaf-segments linear; rays 3" -15" long. Disk cylindric, at length 1' long or more; rays mostly as long, or longer. Disk globose to short-oblong, about %' high; rays mostly short. 1. R. pinna la. 2. R. columnaris. 3. R. Tageles. Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. Gray-headed Cone-flower. ^§|& (Fig- 3892.) Rudbeckia pinnata Vent. Hort. Cels, pi. 7/. 1800. Lepachys pinnata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 314. 1842. Ratibida pinnata Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 410. 1897. Perennial; rough and strigbse-pubescent throughout; stem branched or simple, 3°-5° high. Leaves pinnately 3-7-divided, the basal ones sometimes io' long, petioled, the segments lanceolate-dentate, cleft or entire, acute or acuminate; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, the uppermost commonly small and entire; bracts of the involucre linear or linear-oblong, short, re- flexed; rays 4-10, bright yellow, i/-3/ long, 3"- 9/' wide, drooping; style-tips lance-subulate; disk oblong, gray or becoming brown, rounded, at length twice as long as thick; chaff of the re- ceptacle canescent at the summit; achenes com- pressed, acutely margined, the inner margin produced into a short tooth. On dry prairies, Western New York to Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Louisiana. June- Sept. Genus 6r.] THISTLE FAMILY. 419 Don. Long-headed or Prairie 2. Ratibida columnaris (Sims) D. Cone-flower. (Fig. 3893.) Rudbeckia columnaris Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1601. 181 3. Ratibida columnaris D. Don; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2: 361. 1838. Lepachys columnaris T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 3^3. 1842. Lepachys columnaris var. pulclnrrimaJT. & G. loc. cit. 1842. Perennial, strigose-pubescent and scabrous; stem slender, usually branched, i°-2^° high. Leaves thick, pinnately divided into linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire dentate or cleft segments, the cauline short-petioled or ses- sile, 2/-4/ long, the basal ones sometimes oblong, obtuse and undivided, slender- petioled; bracts of the involucre short, linear -lanceolate or subulate, reflexed; rays 4-10, yellow, brown at the base, or brown all over, 4//-i5// long, drooping; disk gray, elongated-conic or cylindric, obtuse, at length 3 or 4 times as long as thick; chaff of the receptacle canescent at the apex; achenes scar- ious-margined or narrowly winged on the inner side; pappus of 1 or 2 subulate teeth usually with several short intermediate scales. On dry prairies, Northwest Territory to Minnesota, Nebraska, Texas and Arizona, nessee. May-Aug. Also in Ten- 3. Ratibida Tagetes (James) Barnhart. Short-rayed Cone-flower. (Fig. 3894.) Rudbeckia Tagetes James in Long's Exp. 2: 68. 1823. Lepachys Tagetes A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 103. 1856. Ratibida Tagetes Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 100. 1897. Perennial, rough-canescent; stem i°-i^° high, usually much branched, leafy. Leaves firm, pinnately divided into 3-7 narrowly linear, mostly entire segments; peduncles terminal, ]/2f- i' long; heads i/ broad, or less; bracts of the receptacle narrow, deflexed; rays few, mostly shorter than the globose to short-oval disk; style- tips obtuse; achenes scarious-margined; pappus of 1 or 2 subulate deciduous teeth, with no short intermediate teeth. On dry plains and rocky hills, Kansas to Texas, Chihuahua, New Mexico and Arizona. July-Sept. 62. BRAUNERIA Neck. Elem. i: 17. 1790. [Echinacea Moench, Meth. 59 r. 1794.] Perennial erect branched or simple herbs, wTith thick black roots, thick rough alternate or opposite 3-5-nerved entire or dentate undivided leaves, and large long-peduncled heads of tu- bular and radiate flowers, the rays purple, purplish or crimson, the disk green or purple, at length ovoid or conic. Involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, spreading or appressed, imbricated in 2-4 series. Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff carinate and cuspi- date. Ray-flowers neutral, or with a rudimentary pistil. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla cylindric, 5-toothed. Achenes 4-sided, obpyramidal, thick. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Named for Jacob Brauner, a German botanist of the 18th century.] Two known species, natives of eastern and central North America. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly dentate. 1. B. purpurea. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire. 2. B. pallida. 420 COMPOSITAE. [Voi,. III. i. Brauneria purpurea (L,.) Britton. Purple Cone- flower. Black Sampson. (Fig. 3895.) Rudbeckia purpurea L- Sp. PI. 907. 1753. Echinacea purpurea Moench, Meth. 591. 1794. Brauneria purpurea Britton, Mem. Torn Club, 5: 334- i894- Stem glabrous, or sparingly hispid, usually stout, 2°-5° high. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, ovate, mostly 5-nerved, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed or rarely cordate at the base, commonly sharply dentate, y~8/ long, 1'-$' wide; petioles mostly winged at the summit; uppermost leaves lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, sessile or nearly so, often entire; rays 12-20, purple, crimson, or rarely pale, i/^/-3/ long, spreading or drooping. In moist, rich soil, Virginia to Alabama, west to Illinois, Kentucky and Louisiana. Called also Red Sunflower. July-Oct. 2. Brauneria pallida (Nutt.) Britton. Pale Purple Cone-flower. (Fig. 3896.) Rudbeckia pallida Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 77. 1834. Echinacea angustifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 554. 1836. Brauneria pallida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 333- 1894. Stem hispid, slender, often simple, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear -lanceolate, acute and about equally narrowed at each end, strongly 3-nerved and sometimes with an additional pair of marginal less distinct nerves, entire, 3/-S/ long, \"-\iff wide, the lower and basal ones slender- petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile; heads and flowers similar to those of the pre- ceding species, but the rays usually shorter and narrower, often pale. In dry soil, especially on prairies, Illinois to Alabama, west to Minnesota, the Northwest Ter- ritory, Nebraska and Texas. July-Oct. 63. BORRICHIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 130. 1763. Fleshy, more or less canescent, branching shrubs of the sea-coast, with opposite entire or denticulate, cuneate oblong spatulate or obovate, 1-3-nerved leaves, and terminal large long- peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts slightly unequal, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the inner ones coriaceous. Receptacle convex, chaffy, the chaff rigid, concave, subtending or enwrapping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pis- tillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 5-toothed, the style-branches elongated, hispid. Anthers dark-colored, entire at the base, or minutely sagittate. Achenes of the ray-flowers 3-sided, those of the disk-flowers 4-sided. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Named for Olaf Borrick, a Danish botanist.] About 5 species, natives of America. In addition to the following, another occurs in South Florida. 42I Genus 63.] THISTLE FAMILY i. Borrichia frutescens (L,.) DC. Sea Ox-eye. (Fig. 3897.) Buphihalmum frutescens L- Sp. PL 903. 1753. Borrichia frutescens DC. Prodr. 5: 488. 1836. Finely canescent, even when old; stems terete, spar- ingly branched, i°-4° high. Leaves mostly erect or ascending, spatulate or obovate, obtuse or acutish and mucronulate at the apex, fleshy, tapering to the sessile base, somewhat connate, x'-jf long, 2//~7// wide; heads solitary or few, about 1/ broad; rays 15-25, rather short; exterior bracts of the involucre ovate and somewhat spreading, the inner ones and the chaff of the receptacle cuspidate. Sea-coast, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also on the coasts of Mexico and the West Indies. April-Oct. 64. HELIANTHUS I,. Sp. PI. 904. 1753. Erect, annual or perennial, mostly branched herbs, with opposite or alternate, simple leaves, and large peduncled corymbose or solitary heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, the disk yellow, brown, or purple. Involucre hemispheric, or depressed, its bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff sub- tending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers neutral (in our species), the rays spreading, mostly entire. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla tubular, the tube short, the limb 5-lobed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with hirsute ap- pendages. Achenes thick, oblong or obovate, compressed, or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus of 2 scales or awns, or sometimes with 2-4 additional shorter ones, deciduous. [Greek, sun- flower.] About 60 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, about 18 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. -jfr Disk purple, purplish or brown; receptacle flat or convex. 1 . Leaves mostly alternate, the lower opposite. Leaves narrow,' linear or lanceolate; perennials. Stem rough; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; eastern. Stem glabrous; leaves elongated-linear; western. Leaves broad, ovate; annuals. Leaves dentate; bracts ovate, acuminate, ciliate, hispid. Leaves entire or nearly so; bracts lanceolate, canescent. 2. Leaves mostly opposite, the upper alternate. Leaves hispid, abruptly contracted into winged petioles. Leaves gradually narrowed into petioles. ■=f -7T Disk yellow^or yellowish; receptacle convex or conic, t Leaves nearly all basal or ?iear the\base; upper bract-like. 7. H. occidentalis. 1 1 Stems leafy; leaves alternate or opposite. 1. Leaves prevailingly lanceolate and 3-8 times as long as wide. a. Leaves glabrous on both sides; heads i'-\lA' broad. b. Leaves scabrous, at least on the upper surface. Heads %'-\%' broad; leaves thin; stem glabrous. Heads 1%'-^%' broad; leaves firm, many of them often alternate. Stem scabrous, scabrate or hispid; leaves sessile or nearly so. Leaves lanceolate, scabrous above, hirsute beneath. Leaves elongated-lanceolate, very scabrous on both sides. Stem glabrous; leaves sessile by a truncate base. Stem glabrous, glaucous; leaves petioled. 2. Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong. a. Leaves sessile, or very nearly so. Stem glabrous; leaves divaricate. Stem hirsute or hispid; leaves ascending. Leaves cordate-clasping at the base. Leaves narrowed from below the middle. b. Leaves manifestly petioled. Stem puberulent or glabrous. Leaves membranous, slender-petioled, sharply serrate. Leaves firmer, shorter-petioled, less serrate or entire. Bracts of the involucre much longer than the disk. Bracts of the involucre about equalling the disk. Stem hirsute, hispid, or scabrous. Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, short-petioled. Leaves, at least the upper, narrowed at the base Bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, appressed. 1. H. angustif otitis. 2. H. orgyalis. 9- 10. 11. T3 12. 13- 14. 15- H. annuus. H. petiolaris. H. atrorubens. H. scaberrimus. H. laevigatas. H. microcephalus. H. gi^anleus. H Maximiliani. H. divaricatus.'.. H. grosse-serratus. H. divaricatus. H. mollis. H. doronicoides. 16. H. decapelalus. 17. H. tracheliifolius. II. strumosus. 19. H. hirsutus. 20. H. laetiflorus. 422 COMPOSITAE. Bracts of the involucre lanceolate-acuminate, spreading-. Leaves villous-pubescent beneath. Leaves scabrous or puberulent beneath. 21. 22, [Vol. III. H. tomenlosus. H. tuberosus. i. Helianthus angustifolius L. Narrow-leaved or Swamp Sunflower. (Fig. 3898.) Helianthus angustifolius L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems branched above, or simple, slender, rough or roughish above, often hirsute below, 2°-7° high. Leaves firm, entire, sessile, linear, slightly scabrous, rarely somewhat ca- nescent beneath, 2/-j/ long, i"-}," wide, the margins revolute when dry, the upper ones all alternate, the lower opposite; heads usually few, sometimes solitary, 2/-3/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, scarcely squarrose, pu- bescent; receptacle slightly convex; disk purple; chaff entire or 3-toothed; rays 12-20; achenes truncate, glabrous; pappus usually of 2 short awns. In swamps, Long Island, N. Y. to Florida, Kentucky and Texas, mainly near the coast. Aug. -Oct. 2. Helianthus orgyalis DC. Linear- leaved Sunflower. (Fig. 3899.) H. giganteus var. crinitus Nutt. Gen. 2: 177. 1818.? Helianthus orgyalis DC. Prodr. 5: 586. 1836. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems gla- brous, branched near the summit, very leafy to the top, 6°-io° high. Leaves sessile, entire, linear or nearly filiform, or the lowest lanceolate, remotely dentate and short-petioled, rough with mucronate- tipped papillae, especially on the lower surface, acuminate, d/-i6/ long, i//-4// wide, the upper all alternate and i-nerved, the lower commonly oppo- site; heads numerous, about 2/ broad, terminating slender branches; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-subulate to lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, ciliate; disk purple or brown; receptacle convex, its chaff entire, or toothed, slightly ciliate; rays 10-20; achenes oblong- obovate, glabrous, 2]/2"- 2)// long, 2-4-awned. On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. Cultivated Sept.-Oct. 3. Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower. (Fig. 3900.) Helianthus annuus L- Sp. PI. 904. 1753. Stem hispid or scabrous, stout, branched above, 30- 6° high, or in cultivated forms sometimes 15 ° high. Leaves all but the lower alternate, broadly ovate, peti- oled, 3-nerved, dentate or denticulate, acute at the apex, rough on both sides, sometimes pubescent be- neath, the lower cordate at the base, 3/-i2/ long; heads in the wild plant 3' -6' broad; disk dark purple or brown ; involucre depressed, its bracts ovate or ob- long, usually long-acuminate or aristate, hispid-ciliate; chaff of the receptacle 3-cleft; achenes obovate-oblong, appressed-pubescent, or nearly glabrous. On prairies, etc., Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, Missouri and Texas. Much larger in cultivation; an occa- sional escape in the east. Old names, Gold, Gloden, Larea- bell. Its flowers yield honey and a yellow dye : its leaves fodder; its seeds, an oil and food; and its stalks a textile fibre. July-Sept. •Genus 64.] THISTLE FAMILY. 423 1803. 4. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Prairie Sunflower. (Fig. 3901.) H. petiolaris Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 115. 1821. Annual, similar to the preceding species, but smaller and with smaller heads; stem strigose-hispid or hir- sute, i°-3° high. Leaves all but the lowest alternate, petioled, oblong, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, rough on both sides, usually paler beneath than above, \'-t/ long, entire, or denticulate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base; heads i}4/-3/ broad; disk brown; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, densely canescent, not hispid-ciliate, acute or short-acuminate; achenes villous pubescent, at least when young. On dry prairies, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, and Oregon, south to Missouri, Texas and Arizona. Found rarely in waste places farther east. June-Sept. Helianthus petiolaris canus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 334. 1894. H. petiolaris var. canescens A. Gray, Pi. Wright. 1: 108. 1852. Not H. canescens Michx. Leaves ovate, white-canescent beneath. Nebraska to Texas and New Mexico. Helianthus petiolaris patens (Lehni. ) Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 334. 1894. Helianthus patens Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hamburg. 1828. Heads larger, long-peduncled, the peduncles fleshy toward the top; leaves large, long-petioled. Nebraska. 5. Helianthus atrorubens L. Hairy Wood Sunflower. Purple-disk Sunflower. (Fig. 3902.) Helianthus atrorubens L,. Sp. PI. 906. 1753- Perennial; stems hirsute below, often minutely pu- bescent above, branched at the summit, 2°-5° high. Leaves hirsute on both sides, or canescent beneath, mostly thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish, con- tracted near the base into margined petioles, dentate or crenate-dentate, 4/-io/ long,i/-4/ wide, the lower op- posite, the upper few, distant, small, mainly alternate; heads not numerous, slender-peduncled, about 2/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oblong to ob- ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; disk purple; recep- tacle convex, its chaff acute, entire, or 3-toothed; rays 10-20; achenes obovate, truncate, finely pubescent, about 2" long; pappus usually of 2 lanceolate awns. In dry woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Ohio, Miss- ouri, Arkansas and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. 6. Helianthus scaberrimus Ell. Stiff Sunflower. (Fig. 3903.) H. scaberrimus Ell. Bot. S, C. & Ga. 2: 423. 1824. H. rigidus Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris, Ed. 3, 1S4. 1829. Perennial; stems simple or little branched, hispid or scabrate, i°-8° high. Leaves thick, coriaceous, serrate or serrulate, very scabrous on both sides, 1'- 7' long, )/2'-2' wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, the lower ovate or ovate oblong, petioled, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, all opposite, or the uppermost bract- like and alternate; heads solitary or few, 2/-3/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or ob- tusish, ciliate; disk purple or brown; receptacle con- vex, its chaff obtuse; rays 15-25, light yellow; achenes more or less pubescent, oblong-obovate; pappus of 2 broad scales or of 2-4 stout awns. Prairies, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, south to Illinois, Georgia, Texas and Colorado. Aug. -Sept. COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 7. Helianthus occidentalis Riddell. Few-leaved Sunflower. (Fig. 3904.) H. occidentalis Ridd. Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 13. 1836. Perennial; stems appressed-pubescent or some- times nearly glabrous, slender, mostly simple, 2°-3° high. Leaves mainly basal, firm, ovate or oblong- lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-5-nerved, serrulate or entire, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, with slender petioles of about their own length; stem usually bearing 1 or 2 pairs of small distant leaves; heads several or soli- tary, i^/-2^/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate, generally ciliate, appressed; receptacle convex, its chaff acute; disk yellow; rays 12-15; achenes truncate and pubescent at the summit; pappus of 2 lanceolate-subulate awns. In dry soil, Ohio to Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. Aug.-Sept. 8. Helianthus laevigatus T. & G. Smooth Sunflower. (Fig. 390.5.) Helianthus ZaevigalusT. & G. PI. N. A. 2: 330. 1842. Stems slender, from a perennial root, simple or little branched, glabrous, or somewhat glaucous, 2°-6° high. Leaves nearly all opposite, firm, glabrous, lanceolate, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, serrulate or entire, pale beneath, acumi- nate, narrowed at the base, 3/-6/ long, y2'-xl/zf wide, the margins sometimes roughish; heads few or solitary, i/-i^/ broad; involucre campanu- late, its bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, ciliolate, the tips of the outer ones spreading; rays 5-10; disk yellow; chaff linear; achenes slightly pubescent at the summit; pappus of 2 lanceolate or ovate awns, with or without 2 inter- mediate scales. In dry soil, mountains of Virginia and North Caro- lina. Aug. -Oct. 9. Helianthus microcephalus T. &G. Small Wood Sunflower. (Fig. 3906.) Helianthus parviflorus Bernh.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 617. 1826. NotH.B.K. 1820. Helianthus microcephalus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 329. 1842. Stems slender, glabrous, branched above, or rarely simple, 3°-6° high. Leaves thin or thin- nish, petioled, most of them opposite, lanceo- late, or the lower ovate-lanceolate, rough above, canescent or puberulent beneath, long-acumi nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, serru late, or the lower serrate, 3/-J/ long, K/_I wide; heads commonly several or numerous, borne on slender, sometimes roughish pedun- cles, Yzf-\]i' wide; involucre campanulate, its bracts lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate, ciliolate, the tips of the outer ones spreading; chaff of the receptacle oblong, entire, or 3- toothed; rays 5-10; disk yellow; achenes nearly glabrous; pappus usually of 2 subulate awns. In moist woods and along streams, Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Ohio, Missouri and Louisi- ana. July-Sept. w Genus 64.] THISTLE FAMILY. 425 10. Helianthus giganteus L. Tall or Giant Sunflower. (Fig. 3907.) Helianthus giganteus L. Sp. PI. 905. 1753. Perennial by fleshy roots and creeping rootstocks; stems hispid or scabrous, at least above, branched near the summit, or simple, 3°-l2° high. Leaves sessile or short- petioled, firm, lanceolate, very rough above, rough-pubescent beneath, serrate or denticu- late, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, many or all of the upper ones alternate but sometimes all opposite, 2'-6' long, x/z'-\' wide; heads usually several, mostly long-peduncled, i>^/-2^/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts squarrose, lanceolate- subulate, hirsute or ciliate, commonly as long as the diameter of the yellowish disk ; chaff of the receptacle oblong-linear, acute; achenes oblong, glabrous; rays 10-20; pappus of 2 subulate awns. In swamps and wet meadows, Maine and Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Nebraska and Louisiana. Stem commonly purple. Aug.-Oct. Helianthus giganteus subtuberosus (Bourgeau) Britton. Helianthus subtuberosus Bourgeau; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 276. As synonym. 1884. Fleshy roots thick and edible. Leaves more broadly lanceolate and more sharply serrate, largely opposite. Michigan and Minnesota to the Northwest Territory. 11. Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad. Maximilian's Sunflower. (Fig. 3908.) Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1835. Perennial by fleshy roots and thickened root- stocks; stems stout, scabrous or hispid below, 2°-i2t> high. Leaves sessile or short- petioled, long-lanceo- late, folding in drying, alternate or the lower op- posite, very rough on both sides, rigid, acuminate or acute at both ends, denticulate or entire, 3/-7/ long, y^'-iYi' wide; heads few or numerous, 2/-3/ broad on stout densely rough-pubescent peduncles; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acumi- nate, squarrose, densely strigose-pubescent, often 9" long; disk yellowish; rays 15-30; chaff linear, acute, pubescent above; achenes linear-oblong, glabrous or nearly so; pappus commonly of 2 lanceolate awns. On dry prairies, Minnesota and Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, Nebraska and Texas. Aug.-Oct. 12. Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens. Saw-tooth Sunflower. (Fig. 3909.) Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens, Sel. Sem. Hort. Loven. 1839. Perennial by fleshy roots and slender root- stocks; stems glabrous, glaucous, branched above, 6°-io° high, the branches usually strigose-pubes- cent; leaves long-lanceolate, slender-petioled, the upper alternate, the lower opposite, long-acuminate, narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, or merely denticulate, the uppermost entire, rough above, densely puberulent or canescent beneath, 4/-8/ long, %f-x' wide; heads several or numerous, iy&f- 3' broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts squar- rose, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute; chaff linear-oblong, pubescent at the summit, acute, of- ten 3-toothed; disk yellowish; rays 10-20, deep yellow; achenes nearly glabrous; pappus of 2 lanceofate awns. On prairies, Pennsylvania to South Dakota, Missouri and Texas. Reported from further east. Aug.-Oct. 426 COMPOSITAE. [Vol.. III. Helianthus Nuttallii T. & G., a low Rocky Mountain plant with smaller heads, slender usually simple stem, and entire or serrulate leaves, may occur in the western part of our area. 13. Helianthus divaricatus L. Rough or Woodland Sunflower. (Fig. 3910.) Helianthus divaricatus L- Sp. PI. 906. 1753. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem glabrous throughout, or pubescent at the summit, slender, 2°-7° high. Leaves usually all opposite, divaricate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, dentate or den- ticulate, 3 nerved, rough above, pubescent be- neath, sessile, or nearly so by a truncate base, tapering gradually to the long-acuminate apex, 3'- S'long, )i,-x%t wide: heads few or solitary, about 2/ broad, borne on strigose-pubescent peduncles; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strigose or hirsute, the outer ones spreading; disk yellow; rays 8-15; chaff of the re- ceptacle apiculate; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 short subulate awns. In dry woodlands, Ontario to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Florida, Nebraska and Louisiana. July- Sept. 14. Helianthus mollis Lara. Hair}' Sunflower. (Fig. 391 1.) Helianthus mollis Lam. Encycl. 3: 85. 1789. Perennial; stem stout, simple, or sparingly branched above, densely hirsute or hispid, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and somewhat clasping by a broad cordate base, pinnately veined, 3-nerved above the base, all opposite, or the upper alternate, ascending, acute or acuminate, scabrous or cinereous-pubescent above, densely and finely pubescent beneath, serru- late, 2/-5/ long, i/-2-J^/ wide; heads solitary or few, 2/~3/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, densely villous canescent, somewhat spreading; disk yellow; rays 15-25; chaff canescent at the summit; mature achenes nearly glabrous; pappus of 2 lanceolate scales. In dry barren soil, Ohio to Georgia, west to Iowa, Missouri and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 15. Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Oblong-leaved Sunflower. (Fig. 3912.) Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Encycl. 3: 84. 1789. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems stout, rough, or finely rough-pubescent, branched above, 3°-7° high. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, or ovate, thick, ascending, serrate or serrulate, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at or below the middle to a sessile or slightly clasping base, rough on both sides, or finely pubescent beneath, somewhat 3-nerved, 4/-S/ long, i/-2>^/wide; heads commonly numerous, lYz'-A,' broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or hirsute, some- what spreading; disk yellow; rays 12-20, 4//-6// wide; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 subulate awns. In dry soil, Ohio to Michigan, Missouri and Arkansas. Aug.-Sept. Genus 64.] THISTLE FAMILY. 427 16. Helianthus decapetalus L,. Thin- leaved or Wild Sunflower. (Fig. 3913.) Helianthus decapetalus L- Sp. PI. 905. 1753. Perennial by branched, sometimes thickened rootstocks; stem slender, glabrous or nearly so, branched above, i°-5° high; branches puberulent. Leaves thin or membranous, $'-8' long,-i/-3/ wide, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the lower all opposite and slender-petioled, the upper commonly alternate, all usually sharply serrate, roughish above, finely but often sparingly pubescent beneath, acuminate, the rounded or truncate base decurrent on the peti- ole; heads numerous, 2/~y broad; involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute, ciliate, spreading, often longer than the yellow disk; rays 8-15, light yellow; chaff entire or 3-toothed, pubescent at the apex; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 subulate awns. In moist woods and along streams, Quebec to Michi- gan, south to Georgia and Kentucky. Aug.-Sept. 17. Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. Throatwort Sunflower. (Fig. 3914.) Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 7. 1768. Similar to the following species, but the stem usually roughish-pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-lan- ceolate, 3-nerved near the base, green both sides, but darker above, generally rougher on the upper sur- face, the lower ones sharply serrate; branches and pe- duncles scabrous; heads several, lYz'-^Yz' broad; bracts of the hemispheric involucre linear-lanceolate, long- acuminate, ciliate and puberulent, longer than the yel- low disk, sometimes foliaceous, and 3 times its length. In dry soil, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Wisconsin. Aug.-Sept. 18. Helianthus strumosus L,. Pale- leaved Wood Sunflower. (Fig. 3915.) Helianthus strumosus L- Sp. PI. 905. 1753. Perennial by branched, sometimes tuberous- thickened rootstocks; stem glabrous below, some- times glaucous, 3°-7° high, branched above, the branches usually pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, not membranous, rough above, pale and somewhat puberulent or canescent beneath, serrate, serrulate, or nearly entire, acumi- nate, contracted much below the middle and decur- rent on the petiole, 3-nerved above the base, $'-8' long, i/-2^/ wide, mostly opposite, the upper often alternate; heads commonly several, 2}4/~4/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, equalling or a little longer than the diameter of the yellow disk; rays 5-15; chaff pubescent; achenes nearly glabrous. In dry woods and on banks, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas. July-Sept. Helianthus strumosus macrophyllus (Willd.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 335. 1894. Helianthus macro phvllus Willd. Hort. Berol. pi. 70. 1806. Helianthus mollis Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2240. 1804. Not Lam. 1789. H. strumosus var. mollis T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 327. 1842. Leaves finely and densely canescent beneath. Massachusetts to Penns3Tlvania and Iowa. COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 19. Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Stiff- haired Sunflower. (Fig. 3916.) Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. 1820. Perennial; stem densely hirsute, usually branched above, stout, rigid, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate-lance- olate or the upper lanceolate, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex, thick, very rough above, rough-pubescent beneath, 3- nerved, serrate or serrulate, 3 '-6' long, %/-2/ wide, short -petioled, or the uppermost sessile, nearly all opposite; heads usually several, 2,-T>y2/ broad; in- volucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, mostly puberulent, erect or but slightly spreading, equalling or shorter than the yellow disk; rays 12-15; chaff obtusish, pubescent at the summit; achenes oval, rounded at the summit, glabrous; pappus of 1 or 2 subulate awns. In dry soil, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Wisconsin, south to West Virginia, Georgia and Texas. July-Oct. Helianthus hirsutus trachyphyllus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 329 Leaves thick, very rough on both sides; heads larger; involucral bracts more spreading. Nebraska to Arkansas. 20. Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. Showy Sunflower. (Fig. 3917.) Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. Syn. 2: 476. 1807. Perennial; stem scabrous or hispid, leafy, 4°-8° high. Leaves oval -lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, short-petioled, 3-nerved, rough "on both sides, nar- rowed at the base, long-acuminate at the apex, serrate or serrulate, 4/-io/ long, ^'-2^'wide, the upper of- ten alternate; heads usually several, 2/-4/ broad, mostly short- peduncled; bracts of the hemispheric involucre ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, im- bricated in only 2 or 3 series, ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous, appressed or but little spreading, shorter than or equalling the yellow disk; rays 15-25, showy; chaff of the receptacle entire, or sometimes 3-toothed. On prairies and barrens, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Minnesota. Aug.-Sept. 2i. Helianthus tomentosus Michx. Woolly Sunflower. (Fig. 3918.) Helianthus tomentosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 141. 1803. Perennial; stem stout, hirsute or hispid, especi- ally above, branched, 4°-io° high. Leaves rather thin, ovate, or the lower oblong, mostly alternate, 3-ribbed above the base, gradually or abruptly con- tracted into margined petioles, rough above, softly villous-pubescent beneath, sparingly serrate, the lower often i° long and 4/ wide; heads commonly several or numerous, 3/-4/ broad; involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts imbricated in many series, linear- lanceolate, long-acuminate, squarrose, densely hir- sute and ciliate, usually longer than the broad yellowish disk; chaff of the receptacle and lobes of the disk corollas pubescent; pappus of 2 subulate awns. In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Re- ported from Illinois. Aug. -Oct. Genus 64.] THISTLE FAMILY. 429 22. Helianthus tuberosus L,. Jerusalem Artichoke. Earth Apple. (Fig. 3919.) Helianthus tuberosus L. Sp. PI. 905. 1753. Perennial by fleshy thickened rootstocks, bearing tubers; stems hirsute or pubescent, branched above, 6°-i2° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, firm, 3-nerved near the base, narrowed, or "the lower rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, acumi- nate at the apex, rather long-petioled, scabrous above, finely pubescent beneath, serrate, 4/-8/ long, 1 %.'-?/ wide, the upper alternate, the lower opposite; heads several or numerous, 2/-3^/ broad; involu- cre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute or ciliate, squarrose; disk yellow; rays 12-20; chaff of the receptacle acute and pubescent at the summit; achenes pubescent. In moist soil, New Brunswick and Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Often occurs along roadsides in the east, a relic of cul- tivation by the aborigines. Now extensively grown for its edible tubers. Called also Canada Potato, Gira- sole, Topinambour. Sept. -Oct. Helianthus tuberosus subcanescens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2: 280. 1884. Lower; leaves densely white canescent beneath. Prairies, Minnesota to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Missouri. 65. VERBESINA L. Sp. PI. 901. 1753. [Actinomeris Nutt. Gen. 2: 181. 1818.] Perennial or annual, pubescent or scabrous herbs (some tropical species shrubby), with alternate or opposite leaves often decurrent on the stem and branches, and corymbose or soli- tary heads of both tubular and radiate yellow or white flowers, or the rays sometimes wanting. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff embracing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate or neutral. Disk- flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas with an expanded 5-lobed limb, usually longer than the tube. Style-branches of the disk-flowers with acute papillose appendages. Achenes flattened, or those of the ray-flowers 3-sided, their margins winged or wingless. Pappus of 2 (1-3) subulate awns, sometimes with 2 or 3 intermediate scales. [ Name altered from Verbena.] A large genus, variously restricted by authors, mainly natives of the New World, following, about 6 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Involucre campanulate, 2"-$" broad; heads small, numerous. Leaves alternate; rays white. Leaves opposite; rays yellow. Involucre hemispheric, 7" -12" broad; heads few, large. Besides the V. Virginica. V. occidenlalis. Leaves ovate, sessile, serrate. Leaves deltoid, petioled, coarsely dentate. Involucre of a few, at length defiexed bracts; disk globose. 3. V. helianthoides . 4. V. encelioides. 5. V. alternifolia. i. Verbesina Virginica L,. Small White or Virginia Crownbeard. (Fig. 3920.) Verbesina Virginica L- Sp. PI. 901. 1753. Perennial; stem densely puberulent, terete or winged, simple or branched, 3°-6° high. Leaves usually thin, alternate, ovate, roughish above, puberulent, canescent or glabrate beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, 4/-io/ long, i/-3/ wide, con- tracted at the base into winged petioles, the upper- most sessile, lanceolate, smaller, often entire; heads corymbose-paniculate at the ends of the stem and branches, numerous, 6//-io//' broad; involucre oblong-campanulate, 2//~3// broad, its bracts nar- rowly lanceolate, erect, obtuse, pubescent; rays 3-5, obovate, white, pistillate; achenes minutely pubes- cent, winged or wingless; pappus of 2 slender awns, or sometimes none. In dry soil, Pennsylvania (according to Michaux), Virginia to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 430 COM POSIT AE. [Vol. III. 2. Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Small Yellow Crownbeard. (Fig. 392i- ) Siegesbeckia occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 900. 1753. Verbesina occidentalis Walt. Fl. Car. 213. 1788. V. Siegesbeckia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 134. 1803. Perennial; stem glabrous, or puberulent above,, usually much branched, narrowly 4-winged, 30- 70 high, the branches also winged and pubes- cent. Leaves thin, ovate, or the upper oblong, opposite, minutely rough pubescent on both sides, or glabrate, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed or contracted below into slender margined or naked petioles, serrate, 4/-io/ long, i/-'i%r wide; heads numerous, 6//-i2// broad, corym- bose at the ends of the stem and branches; in- volucre oblong-campanulate, 2"-$" broad, its bracts lanceolate, obtuse, erect, or the tips slightly spreading, pubescent; rays 1-5, yellow, usually pistillate, rarely none; achenes wingless; pappus of 2 slender, at length divergent awns. In dry thickets and on hillsides, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania to Illinois, south to Florida and Georgia. Aug. -Oct. 3. Verbesina helianthoides Michx. Sunflower Crownbeard. (Fig. 3922.) Verbesina helianthoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 135. 1803. Actinomeris helianthoides Nutt. Gen. 2: 181. 1818. Perennial; stem hispid or hirsute, 4-winged, usu- ally simple, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate or oval, ses- sile, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, serrate or serrulate, rough or appressed-hispid above, densely pubescent or ca- nescent beneath, i'-/\,' long, \'-\%f wide, all alter- nate, or the lower opposite; heads solitary or few, 2/-3/ broad; involucre hemispheric, about %' high, its bracts lanceolate, acutish, canescent, appressed ; rays 8-15, pistillate or neutral, linear-oblong, yel- low; achenes scabrous or pubescent, broadly winged; pappus of 2 subulate awns. On dry prairies and in thickets, Ohio to Georgia, west to Iowa, Missouri and Texas. June-July. 4. Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) A. Gray. Golden Crownbeard. (Fig. 3923.) Ximenesia encelioides Cav. Icon. 2: 60. pi. 178. 1793. V. encelioides A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 288. 1884. Annual; stem densely puberulent, much branch- ed, 1 °-2° high. Leaves deltoid-ovate or deltoid-lan- ceolate, thin,2/-4/ long, acuminate, acute or blunt at the apex, coarsely dentate, or even laciniate, green and minutely pubescent above, pale and densely canescent beneath, all alternate, or the low- est opposite, narrowed at the base into naked or wing-margined petioles, which are often provided with dilated appendages at the base; heads several or numerous, i/-2/ broad; involucre hemispheric, about yz' high, its bracts lanceolate, canescent; rays 12-15, bright golden yellow, 3-toothed; achenes of the disk-flowers obovate, winged, pubescent, their pappus of 2 subulate awns; those of the ray-flowers rugose, thickened, often wingless. In moist soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Also in Florida and widely distributed in warm regions- as a weed. Summer. Genus 65.] THISTLE FAMILY. 431 5. Verbesina alternifdlia (L,.) Britton. Actinomeris. (Fig. 3924.) Coreopsis allernifolia L- Sp. PI. 909. 1753. Actinomeris squarrosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 181. 1818. Actinomeris allernifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 575. 1836. Verbesina allernifolia Britton; Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 485. 1893. Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrous-, narrowly winged, or wingless, simple, or branched near the summit, leafy, 4°-9° high. Leaves oblong-lanceo- late or lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, serrulate or entire, rough or roughish on both sides, gradually narrowed to the sessile base, or the lower short- petioled, 4/-i2/ long, }i/-2,/4/ wide, sessile, short- petioled, alternate, or the lower opposite and slen- der-petioled; heads numerous, i/-2/ broad, corym- bose-paniculate; rays 2-10, yellow; involucre of few lanceolate, at length deflexed bracts; disk globose, yellow; achenes broadly winged or nearly wingless, sparingly pubescent; pappus 2 divergent awns. In rich soil, New Jersey to western New York, Iowa, Florida and Louisiana. Aug.-Sept. 66. COREOPSIS L,. Sp. PL 907. 1753. Annual or perennial, mostly erect herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and large long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, or brown at the base, or brown throughout, or pink. Involucre usually hemispheric, its bracts in 2 distinct series, all united at the base, those of the outer series commonly narrower and shorter than the inner. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, chaffy, the chaff flat or concave. Ray- flowers neutral. Disk- flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tube and broader 5-toothed limb. Anthers mostly entire at the base. Style-tips truncate or subulate. Achenes flat, orbicular to oblong, winged or wingless. Pappus of 2 short teeth, or a mere coroniform border, or none. [Greek, bug- like, referring to the achenes.] About 50 species, natives of America, South Africa and Australasia, known as Tickseed. In addition to the following, some 10 others occur in the southern and western United States. ■5fr Rays pink, or occasionally white; leaves linear, entire, i. C. rosea. vf -a- Rays yellow with a brown base, or brown; lower leaves pinnately divided. Lobes of the lower leaves oblong or oval; achenes winged. 2. C. cardaminefolia. Leaf-lobes all linear-lanceolate; achenes wingless. 3. C. iinctoria. ■X- -5f ■& Rays yellow throughout. 1 . Leaves sessile, rigid, palmately 3-lobed below the middle. 4. C. palmata. 2. Leaves sessile, some or all 3-divided to the base, appearing verticillate. Leaf-segments oblong or lanceolate, entire. 5. C. major. Leaf-segments 1-2-pinnately parted. Divisions of the segments linear-lanceolate. 6. C. delphinifolia. Divisions of the segments very narrowly linear. 7. C. verticillata. 3. Stem-leaves sessile or petioled, entire, or the lower 3-5-lobed; achenes often with a callus at each end on the inner side. Glabrous or nearly so; stem leaves lanceolate; achenes winged. Plants hirsute, hispid or pubescent at least below. Plant leafy, 2°-4° high; stem leaves oblong, acutish. Leaves few; plants i°-2° high: stem leaves mostly obtuse. Achenes broadly winged; basal leaves oblong. Achenes narrowly winged; basal leaves nearly orbicular. 4. Leaves, or most of them, 1-2-parted into linear segments; rays lobed. 5. Leaves petioled, all but the upper pinnately 3-5-divided, rays entire. 8. C. lanceolata. 9. C. pubescens. 10. C. crassifolia. 11. C. auriculata. 12. C. grandi flora. 13. C. tripteris. i. Coreopsis rosea Nutt. Small Rose or Pink Tickseed. (Fig. 3925.) Coreopsis rosea Nutt. Gen. 2: 179. 1818. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems at length much branched, slender, strict, glabrous, 6/-24/ high. Leaves opposite, linear, glabrous, entire, obscurely 1- nerved, i/-2%/ long, yt',-\'/ wide, sessile, or the lower petioled; heads slender-peduncled, several or numerous, 6//-i2// broad; disk yellow; rays 4-8, pink or rose-colored (occasionally white), oblong to obo- vate, slightly 3-toothed or sometimes entire; inner bracts of the hemispheric involucre ovate-oblong, acutish or obtuse, glabrous, much longer than the lanceolate outer ones; style-tips yellow, truncate; achenes oblong or linear-oblong, thin, not winged, nearly straight, slightly ribbed on the inner face; pappus a very short truncate crown. In open swamps, eastern Massachusetts to Georgia, near the coast. July-Aug. 432 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 2. Coreopsis cardaminefolia (DC.) T. & G. Cress-leaved Tickseed. (Fig. 3926.) Calliopsis cardaminefolia DC. Prodr. 5: 568. 1836. Coreopsis cardaminefolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 346. 1842. Annual; stem glabrous, branched, i°-2>£0 high. Basal leaves petioled, 2'-\' long, 1-2-piunately parted into oblong or oval obtuse segments, the petioles sometimes slightly ciliate; stem-leaves dis- tant, sessile, or nearly so, pinnately parted into lin- ear segments, or the uppermost entire; heads 8//- \2" broad, slender-peduncled; involucre hemi- spheric, its inner bracts brown, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish, scarious-margined, much longer than the lanceolate obtusish outer ones; rays 4-S, yellow with a brown base, 3 -toothed; achenes oval, \"-\y2" long, winged, smooth, or slightly papillose; pappus of 2 minute awns, or none. In moist soil, Kansas to New Mexico, Louisiana and northern Mexico. May-Oct. 3. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Garden Tickseed. (Fig. 3927.) Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 114. 1821. Annual; stem glabrous, branched, i°-y/2° high. Leaves 1-2-pinnately divided into linear obtusish mostly entire segments, or the uppermost linear and entire, the lower petioled; heads slender-pe- duncled, io//-i2// broad, or in cultivation much broader; involucre hemispheric, its inner bracts brown, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, scarious- margined, 3-5 times as long as the obtuse outer ones; rays 6-10, cuneate, yellow with a brown base or brown all over; style-tips truncate; achenes linear or linear-oblong, about \" long, wingless; pappus a mere border, or none. In moist soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Nebraska, Louisiana and Arizona. Es- caped from gardens to roadsides and waste places eastward. May-Sept. 4. Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Stiff Tickseed. (Fig. 3928.) Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Gen. 2: 180. 1818. Perennial, stems rigid, glabrous, simple, or little branched, very leafy, i°-3° high. Leaves sessile, 2/-3/ long, palmately 3-lobed at or be- low the middle, or the uppermost entire, thick, rigid, the lobes linear-oblong, obtusish, entire, or -with 1-3 lateral lobes, their margins rough; heads few or solitary, short-peduncled, i/-2/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts some- what united at the base, those of the outer series narrower and nearly as long as the inner ones; rays 6-10, bright yellow, oblong or obovate, mostly 3-toothed; achenes oblong, narrowly winged, slightly incurved; pappus of 2 short tips, or none. On dry prairies and in thickets, Illinois to Lou- isiana, west to Minnesota, Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. June-July. Genus 66.] THISTLE FAMILY. 433 5. Coreopsis major Walt. Wood, or Greater Tickseed. (Fig. 3929.) Coreopsis major Walt. Fl. Car. 214. 1788. Coreopsis senifolia Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. 2: 138. 180.3. Perennial; stem pubescent, branched above, 2°-3° high. Leaves sessile, more or less pubes- cent, or glabrous, divided to the base into 3, lanceolate or oblong, acute entire "segments 2/-4/ long, 4//-i2// wide, which appear as if in verticils of 6; upper and lower leaves (rarely all of them 1, undivided and entire; heads several or numerous, slender-peduncled, i/-2/ broad; bracts of the hemispheric involucre all united at the base, the outer ones linear-oblong, ob- tuse, equalling or shorter than the broader inner ones, all pubescent; rays 6-10, yellow, oblong, entire; disk yellow; achenes oblong to elliptic, winged, ]i"-i" long; pappus of 2 short deciduous teeth. In dry sandy woods, Virginia (according to Watson and Coulter), North Carolina to Florida. July-Aug. Coreopsis major Oemleri (Ell.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 131. Coreopsis OEmleri Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 435. 1824. Coreopsis stellaia Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 76. 1834. Coreopsis senifolia var. stellata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 342. 1842. Plant glabrous throughout ; leaf -segments often narrower. Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia. 6. Coreopsis delphinifolia Lam. Larkspur Tickseed. (Fig. 3930.) Coreopsis delphinifolia Lam. Encycl. 2: 108. 1786 Perennial; stem glabrous, branched above, rather slender, i°-3° high. Leaves sessile, 1-2- ternately parted into linear or linear-lanceolate segments which are i/-2/ long, i//~3// wide; heads several or numerous, i^/-2/ broad; invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts glabrous, the outer linear-oblong, obtuse, shorter than or equalling the ovate-oblong inner ones; rays 6-10, yellow, entire; disk brown; achenes oblong to oval, narrowed at the base, narrowly winged; pappus of 2 short teeth. In dry woods, Virginia (according to Torrey and Gray), North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. Aug.-Sept. 7. Coreopsis verticillata L. Whorled Tickseed. (Fig. 3931.) Coreopsis verticillata L. Sp. PI. 907. 1753. Perennial; stem stiff, much branched, slender, leafy, i°-2° high. Leaves sessile, glabrous, 2-3-ternately dissected into linear-filiform entire segments; heads numerous, i'-i^' broad; invo- lucre hemispheric, or short-cylindric in fruit, glabrous, its outer bracts linear, obtuse, com- monly somewhat shorter and much narrower than the ovate-oblong inner ones; rays 6-10, yel- low, spatulate-oblong, obtuse; disk dull yellow; achenes oblong, narrowly winged, 1" long; pappus of 2 short teeth. In dry soil, western Ontario to northern Michi- gan, SOuth to Maryland, North Carolina, Kentucky, Nebraska and Arkansas. June-Sept. 28 434 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. Ill, 8. Coreopsis lanceolata L. Lance- leaved Tickseed. (Fig. 3932.) Coreopsis lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 908. 1753- Coreopsis lanceolata var. angustifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 344. 1842. Perennial; stem slender, glabrous, or spar- ingly hispid near the base, i°-2° high. Leaves glabrous, the lower and basal ones slender-peti- oled, spatulate or narrowly oblong, very obtuse, 2/-6/ long, entire, or with 1-3 lateral obtuse en- tire lobes; stem leaves few, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acutish, usually quite entire; heads few or solitary on elongated slender peduncles, i^'-2^' broad, showy; pe- duncles often i2/ long; involucre depressed- hemispheric, its bracts glabrous or ciliate, lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, the outer narrower than the inner, but nearly as long; rays 6-10, bright yellow, cuneate, 3-7-lobed; achenes ob- long, broadly winged, about 1" long; pappus of 2 short teeth. In dry or moist soil, western Ontario to Virginia,. Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. May-Aug. 9. Coreopsis pubescens Ell. Coreopsis pubescens FH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 441. 1824. Perennial; stem pubescent or puberulent, leafy, little branched, or simple, erect, 2°-4° high. Leaves pubescent or glabrous, entire, or some of them 3-5-lobed or divided, the basal and lower ones slender-petioled, obovate-oval, obtuse, the upper short-petioled or sessile, broadly lanceolate or oblong, acute or acutish, 2/-3/ long; heads few, i'-iJ^' broad, long-pe- duncled; involucre depressed-hemispheric, gla- brous, star-like, its lanceolate obtuse or acute outer bracts nearly as long as but much narrower than the ovate inner ones; rays 8-10, yellow, cuneate, lobed at the apex; achenes similar to those of the preceding species or broader. In dry woods, Virginia to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Louisiana. June-Aug. Star Tickseed. (Fig. 3933.) 10. Coreopsis crassifolia Ait. Thick- leaved or Hairy Tickseed. (Fig. 3934.) Coreopsis crassifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 253. 1789. Coreopsis lanceolata var. villosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 137. 1803. Perennial; stem hirsute or villous-pubescent below, ascending, little branched, S/-20/ high. Leaves rather thick, hirsute or pubescent, all entire, the lower and basal ones petioled, oblong to obovate-spatulate, mostly very obtuse, t/-3/ long, 4//-io// wide; stem leaves few, short-peti- oled or sessile, obtuse or acutish, narrower; heads few, i/-2/ broad, borne on slender, puber- ulent peduncles often i° long, similar to those of C. lanceolata, as are the rays, involucral bracts and achenes. Dry soil, Illinois to Louisiana, east to South Carolina and Florida. May-Aug. Genus 66.] THISTLE FAMILY. 435 ii. Coreopsis auriculata L. Running or L,obed Tickseed. (Fig. 3935-) Coreopsis auriculata L- Sp. PI. 908. 1753. Perennial; stoloniferous; stems weak, very slender, decumbent or ascending, 6/-i5/ long, little branched, or simple, pubescent or hirsute, at least below. Leaves thin, entire or pinnately 3-5-lobed or 3-5-divided, the terminal segment entire and much larger than the lateral ones, the lower and basal more or less pubescent, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, with slender pubescent petioles; stem leaves few, petioled or sessile, mostly obtuse; heads i'-i^' broad, slender-peduncled; outer bracts of the involucre oblong, narrower than the mostly ovate and acute inner ones; rays 6-10, cuneate, about 4- toothed, yellow; achenesoval, narrowly winged, the wings involute and thick. In woods, Virginia to Kentucky, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-Aug. 12. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg. Large-flowered Tickseed. (Fig. 3936.) Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg; Gam. 2: pi. 175. 1825-27. Sweet, Brit. Fl; Perennial (or sometimes annual?); stem gla- brous, usually branched above, i°-3° high. Leaves, or most of them, 1-2-pinnately parted, or the lower entire and slender-petioled; seg- ments of the lower stem leaves oblong, obtuse, the terminal one larger than the lateral; seg- ments of most of the stem leaves linear or even filiform; petioles ciliate; heads commonly sev- eral, i/-2/ broad, long-peduncled; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate, narrower and mostly shorter than the oval or ovate- lanceo- late inner ones; rays 6-10, yellow, lobed; achenes oblong, broadly winged when mature, the projections on the inner face usually large; pappus of 2 short scales. In moist soil, Missouri to Texas, east to Georgia. May-Aug. 13. Coreopsis tripteris L,. Tall Tickseed. (Fig. 3937.) Coreopsis tripteris L. Sp. PI. 908. 1753. Perennial; stem glabrous, much branched above, 4°-8° high. Leaves petioled, glabrous, or very nearly so, firm, the lower all divided into lanceo- late entire acute rough-margined segments, which are 2/-5/ long, %/-i/ wide and pinnately veined; uppermost leaves lanceolate, entire; heads nu- merous, slender-peduncled, l/-l^/ broad; outer bracts of the involucre linear, obtusish, much narrower than the ovate-oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute inner ones; rays 6-10, yellow, obtuse, entire; achenes oblong to obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate; pappus none. In moist woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Wis- consin, south to Virginia, Florida and Louisiana. July-Oct. 436 COMPOSITAE. [Voi,. III. 67. BIDENS L. Sp. PI. 831. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite serrate lobed divided or dissected leaves, or the uppermost alternate, and mostly large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays none, or rudimentary. Involucre campauulate or hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, dis- tinct, or slightly united at the base; the outer often foliaceous and much larger than the inner. Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Rays, when present, neutral, mostly entire, yellow in our species. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely sagittate at the base. Style- branches with short or subulate tips. Achenes flat, quadrangular or nearly terete, cuneate, oblong, or linear. Pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate awns, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid. [Latin, two-toothed, referring to the achenes.] About 60 species of wide geographic distribution, in the southern and southwestern United States. Besides the following, about 8 others occur Plants terrestrial, erect; leaves simple, or divided. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, undivided, rarely 3-5-lobed. Rays present, large and conspicuous. Heads persistently erect. 1. B. Heads nodding after flowering. 2. B. Rays rudimentary, or none. Heads nodding after flowrering. 2. B. cernua. Heads persistently erect. Pappus awns downwardly barbed. Involucral bracts not foliaceous; stem purple; flowers orange. Involucral bracts foliaceous; stem straw-color; flowers greenish 4. B. Pappus awns upwardly barbed. 5. B. Leaves some, or all of them, pinnately 1-3-parted or dissected. Rays rudimentary, or none, or very short. Achenes flat; leaves, some or all of them, 1-3-divided. Leaves membranous; heads 2" -3" high. 6. B Leaves not membranous; heads 5" -7" high. 7. B Achenes linear; leaves dissected. 8. B Rays large and conspicuous. Achenes sparingly pubescent, not ciliate; pappus of 2 short teeth. 9. B Achenes ciliate; pappus 2-4 subulate teeth or awns. Achenes cuneate, or linear-cuneate. Achenes obovate, very flat. Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or ciliate, short. 11. B. Outer bracts densely hispid, much longer than the inner. 12. B. Plant aquatic; submersed leaves filiformly dissected. 13. B. laevis. cernua. connata. yellow. comosa. bidentoides. discoidea. frondosa. bipinnata. coronata. 10. B. trichosperma. aristosa. involucrata. Beckii. i. Bidens laevis (L,.) B.S. P. Larger or Smooth Bur-Marigold. Sunflower. (Fig. 3938.) Brook Helianthus laevis L. Sp. PI. 906. 1753. Bidens chrysanthemoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 136. 1803. Bidens laevis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 29. 1888. Annual; glabrous throughout; stems branched, erect or ascending, i°-2° high. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, evenly serrate or serrulate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the sometimes connate-perfoliate base, 3/-8/ long, X/_j/ wide; heads numerous, short-peduncled, erect, i/-2j£/ broad; rays very showy, golden yellow; involucre hemi- spheric, its outer bracts linear-oblong or spatulate, equalling or exceeding the broader, ovate or oblong, membranous inner ones; rays S-10, obovate-oblong, obtuse; achenes cuneate, truncate, 1" long, retrorsely hispid on the margins; pappus of 2-4 (usually 2), rigid downwardly barbed awns. In swamps and wet meadows, Quebec to On- tario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisiana, Mexico and southern California. Aug.-Nov. Genus 67.] THISTLE FAMILY. 437 2. Bidens cernua L. Smaller or Nod- ding Bur-Marigold. (Fig. 3939.) Bidens cernua L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753. Coreopsis Bidens L. loc. cit. 908. 1753. Annual; stems glabrous, or hispid, usually erect, branched, ?/-l° high. Leaves sessile and com- monly somewhat connate-perfoliate .at the base, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, usually coarsely and sharply serrate, glabrous, acuminate, 3/-6/ long, jl'-i' wide; heads numerous, globose, short- peduncled, /I-2/-i/ broad, nodding after or during flowering; rays 6-10, short (3//-6//)l or none; in- volucre depressed-hemispheric, its outer bracts commonly ciliate, often large, foliaceous and much exceeding the broad, yellowish-margined membranous inner ones; achenes cuneate, about 7." long, retrorsely hispid on the margins; pappus of 2-4 (usually 4), downwardly barbed awns. In wet soil, Nova Scotia to Hudson Bay and British Columbia, south to Virginia, Missouri and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Called also Water Agri- mony, Double-tooth. July-Oct. Bidens connata Muhl. Purple-stemmed Swamp Beggar-ticks. (Fig. 3940.) B. connaia Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PL 3: 1718. l8o4- Annual; glabrous throughout; stem erect, usually much branched, 6'-8° high, purple. Leaves petioled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- late, sharply and coarsely serrate, apex acumi- nate, base tapering, thin, 2/~5/ long, X'-i' wide, .the uppermost sometimes sessile, nearly entire and acutish, the lower sometimes with a pair of lateral basal lobes, decurrent on the petiole; heads several or numerous, peduncled, Yz'-'i.'1/^ broad; involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its outer bracts ciliate or naked, somewhat ex- ceeding the ovate-oblong, inner ones; rays none, or 1-5 and inconspicuous; disk-flowers orange; stamens often exserted; achenes cuneate or obovate, hairy and tubercled, or nearly glabrous, often keeled, the margins with either erect or retrorse hairs, or both, the 2-4 pappus-awns downwardly barbed. In swamps or moist soil, Nova Scotia to the North- west Territory, south to Delaware, Georgia. Ken- tucky and Missouri. Called also Cuckold, Harvest Lice. Aug.-Oct. 4. Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand. Leafy-bracted Tickseed. (Fig. 3941.) B. connata var. comosa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 261. 1867. B. comosa Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 436. 1897. Annual, glabrous; stem erect, branched, 6'-4^° high, straw-colored. Leaves short-petioled, lanceo- late, coarsely serrate with mostly smaller teeth than in B. connata, tapering to each end, the petioles broadly margined; heads several or numerous, yzf broad, or more; outer bracts of the involucre spatu- late or lanceolate, foliaceous, often toothed, 2-4 times as long as the head; corollas mostly 4-lobed, pale greenish yellow; stamens and style included; achenes larger, y/%,f-^Yz,f long, evenly cuneate, very flat, retrorsely hairy; pappus-awns commonly 3, downwardly barbed. In wet soil, southern New York and Massachusetts to Illinois. Leaves thicker and paler than in B. con- nata. Aug.-Oct. 433 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 5. Bidens bidentoides (Nutt.) Britton. Swamp Beggar-ticks. (Fig. 3942.) Diodonta bidentoides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (11)7:361. 1841. Coreopsis bidentoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 339. 1842. B. bidentoidesBvitton, Bull. Torr.Club, 20:281. 1893. Closely resembles B. connata, glabrous throughout; stem brauched, i°-4° high. Leaves similar, lanceolate, sharply serrate, petioled, or the upper sessile and entire, acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at the base; invo- lucre narrowly or becoming somewhat broadly campanulate, its outer bracts linear, foliaceous, not ciliate, usually much exceeding the oblong inner ones; rays none, or rarely present and very short; acheneslinear-cuneate, 4//-5// long, their sides and the 2 slender pappus-awns (rarely with 2 short intermediate awns) up- wardly barbed or hispid. Muddy shores of the Delaware River and Bay in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. Aug.-Oct. 6. Bidens discoidea (T. &. G.) Brit- ton. Small Beggar-ticks. (Fig. 3943-) Coreopsis discoidea T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 339. 1842. B. discoidea Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 281. 1893- Annual, glabrous, slender, branching, erect, 2'-6° high. Leaves membranous, very slender- petioled, all the lower ones divided into 3 lan- ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, dentate, acuminate segments which are l'-3' long; uppermost leaves commonly rhombic- lanceolate and undi- vided; heads usually numerous, slender-pedun- cled, 2//-5// broad and about as high; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its outer bracts usually foliaceous and obtuse, usually much surpassing the inner ones; rays appar- ently always wanting; achenes flat, narrowly cuneate, upwardly strigose, about 2" long; pappus of 2 short, upwardly hispid, rarely down- wardly barbed awns. In swamps and wet places, Connecticut to Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Louisiana and Texas. July-Sept. 7. Bidens frondosa L-. Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight. (Fig. 3944-) Bidens frondosa L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753. Annual; stem erect, branched, sparingly pu- bescent, or glabrous, often purplish, 2°~9>£0 high. Leaves thin, but not membranous, slender-peti- oled, pinnately 3-5-divided or the uppermost undivided, the segments lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, usually slightly pu- bescent beneath, stalked, 2 '-4' long, >f broad; involu- cre hemispheric, its bracts oval or oblong, obtusish, glabrous, the outer somewhat shorter than the inner; rays 6-10, obovate, or oblong, obtuse, golden yellow; achenes nearly terete, each end truncate; pappus of 3-6 slender awns, downwardly barbed above,, smooth below, divergent, 6//-i2// long, west to Manitoba and Missouri. Aug.-Sept. Genus 6S.] THISTLE FAMILY. 441 68. THELESPERMA Less. Linnaea, 6: 511. 1831. Glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with opposite linear and undivided, or fineU dissec- ted leaves, and long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays want- ing. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, of 2 distinct series of bracts, the outer short, narrow and somewhat spreading, the inner united nearly to or beyond the middle into a cup, their tips scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the 2-nerved broad white scarious chaff subtending the disk-flowers and achenes: Ray-flowers, when present, neutral, the rays yel- low, entire or toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corolla with a slender tube and 5-toothed limb. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-tips acute. Achenes, some or all of them, papillose on the back, oblong or linear, slightly compressed or terete, wingless. Pappus of 2 retrorsely hispid awns or scales, or sometimes none. [Greek, nipple-seed.] About 7 species, natives of the south central United States, Mexico and southern South America. Rays large; pappus-awns shorter than the width of the achene. Leaves not rigid, their segments filiform-linear; annual or biennial. i. T. ambiguum. Leaves rigid, their segments linear; perennial. 2. T. trifidum. Rays inconspicuous, or none; awns longer than the width of the achene. 3. T. gracile. i. Thelesperma trifidum (Poir. ) Britton (Fig- 395i •) Coreopsis trifida Poir. in Suppl. Lam. Lncycl. 2:353. 1811. Thelesperma fill 'folium A. Gray, Kew Journ. Bot. 1: 252. 1849. Thelesperma trifidum Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 182. 1890. Annual or biennial; stem branched, i°-3° high. Leaves numerous, not rigid, \%'-ir long, bipinnately divided into filiform or linear-filiform segments; heads several or numerous, I2//-i5// broad; outer bracts of the involucre about 8, subulate-linear, equal- ling or more than half as long as the inner, which are united not higher that the middle; rays 6-10, somewhat spatulate, 3-lobed; disk purple or brown; achenes linear-oblong, straight, or slightly curved, the outer ones strongly papillose; awns of the pappus not longer than the width of the summit of the achene. In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas. June-Aug. Fine-leaved Thelesperma. 2. Thelesperma ambiguum A. Gray. Stiff Thelesperma. (Fig. 3952.) Thelesperma ambiguum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 16. 1S83. Perennial from a deep woody root and slender rootstocks; stem rigid, usually much branched, i°-i)40 high. Leaves usually numerous, i>^/-2/ long, bipinnately divided into entire rigid linear segments, but less compound than those of the preceding spe- cies; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate- subulate, usually much shorter than the inner ones, which are united to about the middle; rays (rarely wanting) and achenes similar to those of the preceding. In dry soil, Montana, Colorado and Nebraska to Texas and New Mexico. June-Aug. 442 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 3. Thelesperma gracile (Torr.) A. Gra}'. Rayless Thelesperma. (Fig. 3953.) Bidens gracilis Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 215. 1827. Thelesperma gracile A. Gra3', Kew Journ. Bot. i: 252. 1849. Perennial from a deep root; stem rigid, branched, i°-3° high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves rigid, erect or ascending, 2'-$' long, pinnately or bipinnately divided into linear segments, or the upper linear and entire; heads 6//-ro// broad; rays usually none, sometimes present and 2//~3// long; outer bracts of the involucre 4-6, oblong or ovate, mostly obtuse, very much shorter than the inner ones which are united to the middle or beyond; disk yellow or brownish; outer achenes slightly papillose; pappus-awns longer than the width of the summit of the achene. On dry plains, Nebraska and "Wyoming to Texas, northern Mexico and Arizona. May-Aug. 69. GALINSOGA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per. no. pi. 24.. 1794. Annual branching herbs, with opposite, mostly petioled, dentate or entire leaves, and small peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminal and in the upper axils. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, ovate, obtuse, mem- branous, striate, nearly equal, or the outer shorter. Receptacle conic or elongated, its thin chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, fertile, the rays 4 or 5, short. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches tipped with acute appendages. Achenes angled, or the outer ones flat. Pappus of the disk-flowers of several short laciniate or fimbriate scales, that of the ray-flow- ers of several or few short slender bristles, or none. [Named in honor of M. M. Galinsoga, superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Madrid.] About 5 species, natives of tropical and warm temperate America. i. Galinsoga parvifldra Cav. Galinsoga. (Fig. 3954.) Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Icon. 3: 41. pi. 281. 1794. Slightly appressed-pubescent, i°-3° high. Leaves thin, ovate or deltoid-ovate, 3-nerved, i/-3/ long, acute at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, dentate, the lower slender-petioled, the upper short-petioled or ses- sile, and sometimes nearly or quite entire; heads usu- ally numerous, 2//~3// broad, slender-peduncled; bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly so, the outer shorter; pappus of the disk-flowers 4-16, oblong to spatulate, fimbriate obtusish scales, shorter than the finely pubescent obpyramidal achene. In door-yards and waste places, eastern Massachusetts to Oregon. North Carolina, Missouri and Mexico. Natu- ralized from tropical America. Introduced into Europe as a weed. June-Nov. Galinsoga parviflora hispida DC. Prodr. 5:677. 1836. Pubescence more abundant, especially above, spreading; pappus of the disk-flowers attenuate, bristle-tipped. In waste places, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, North Caro- lina and Wisconsin. 70. ACTINOSPERMUM Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 448. 1824. [Balduina Nutt. Gen. 2: 175. 1818. Not Baldwinia Raf. F. 1818.] Annual or perennial, simple or branched, erect herbs, with alternate entire narrow punctate leaves, and large terminal heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or those of the disk purplish. Involucre hemispheric, its small bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, or with spreading tips, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, deeply honey-combed, chaffy, the persistent chaff coriaceous or cartilaginous, laterally united, subtending the disk-flowers. Rays large, neutral, toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches with truncate subulate tips. Achenes turbinate, silky- villous. Pappus of 7-12 scarious nearly equal scales. [Greek ray-seed.] Two known species, natives of the southeastern United States. Genus 70.] THISTLE FAMILY. 443 1. Actinospermum uniflorum (Nutt.) Barn- C hart. One-headed Actinospermum. (Fig. 3955.) Balduina uniflora Nutt. Gen. 2: 175. 1818. A. uniflorum Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 411. 1897. Stem stout, puberulent, simple, or with a few erect branches, i°-3° high. Leaves thick, spatulate-linear or the upper linear, sessile, erect or ascendiug, i/-2/ long, the lower 2"-$" wide; heads long-peduncled, solitary, 2/-2/I4/ broad; bracts of the involucre ovate, acuminate, thick, their tips at length spreading; rays 20-30, cuneate, 3-4-toothed at the truncate apex; disk 8//-i2// broad; chaff of the receptacle cuneate, truncate, very cartilaginous, more or less united laterally, the summit eroded; achenes obconic; pappus of 7-9 oblong scales about as long as the achene. In wet pine-barrens, Virginia (according- to Torrey and Gray), North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. July-Sept. 71. MARSHALLIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 810. 1789. Perennial, often tufted, simple or branched, nearly glabrous herbs, with basal or alter- nate, entire leaves, and large long-peduncled discoid heads of purple pink or white, glandu- lar-pubescent flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in 1 or 2 series, herbaceous, narrow, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or at length conic, chaffy, the scales narrow, rigid, distinct. Rays none. Flowers all perfect and fertile, their corollas with a deeply 5-lobed or 5-parted campanulate limb and a slender tube. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches long, truncate. Achenes turbinate, 5-ribbed and 5- angled. Pappus of 5 or 6 acute or acuminate, ovate or lanceolate-deltoid, nearly entire scales. [Named for Humphrey Marshall, of Pennsylvania, botanical author.] Four known species, natives of the southern and central United States. Leaves ovate or oval, or oval -lanceolate, thin, 3-nerved. 1. M . trinervia. Leaves linear, or the basal spatulate, thick. 2. M. caespitosa. i. Marshallia trinervia (Walt.) Porter. Broad-leaved Marshallia. (Fig. 3956.) Athanasia trinervia Walt. Fl. Car. 201. 178S. Marshallia latifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 519. 1814. Marshallia trinervia Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 337. 1894. Stem simple, or little branched, leafy to or beyond the middle, i°-2° high. Leaves thin, those of the stem ovate, oval, or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, 2/-3/ long, 9//-iS// wide; heads yi'-i' broad, corolla purplish; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid; chaff of the receptacle subulate-filiform; pappus-scales lanceolate-acuminate from a triangular base; achenes glabrous when mature. In dry soil, Virginia to Alabama and Mississippi. May-June. 2. Marshallia caespitosa Nutt. Narrow- leaved Marshallia. (Fig. 3957-) Marshallia caespitosa Nutt.; DC. Prodr. 5: 680. 1836. Stems usually tufted and simple, sometimes spar- ingly branched, leafy either only near the base or to beyond the middle, 8/-i5/ high. Leaves thick, faintly 3-nerved, the basal ones spatulate, or linear-spatulate, obtuse, those near the base usually much longer and linear, sometimes \' long and 3" wide, the upper ones linear, acutish, shorter; head about ir broad, borne on a peduncle often io' long, corollas pale rose or white; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acut- ish; chaff of the receptacle linear, or slightly dilated above; a,chenes villous on the angles; scales of the pap- pus ovate, acutish, equalling or longer than the achene. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas. May-June. 444 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 72. PSILOSTROPHE DC. Prodr. 7: 261. 1838. [Riddeuja Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 371. 1841.] Branched annual or perennial woolly herbs, often nearly glabrous when old, with alter- nate leaves, and middle-sized heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, corymbose, or clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylindraceous, its bracts 4-10 in 1 series, narrow, equal, densely white-woolly, separate, but erect and connivent, commonly with 1-4 scarious ones within, and occasionally a narrow outer one. Rays broad, becoming papery and whitish, persistent, 5-7-nerved, 2-3-toothed, pistillate. Receptacle small, naked. Disk- flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with a short proper tube and elongated cylindraceous limb, 5-toothed, the teeth glandular-bearded. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- branches of the disk-flowers capitellate. Achenes linear, striate. Pappus of 4-6 nerveless acute scales, glabrous or villous. Three species, natives of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. i. Psilostrophe Tagetinae (Nutt.) Kuntze. Psilostrophe. (Fig. 3958.) Riddellia Tagetinae Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7:371. 1 841. Psilostrophe Tagetinae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 358. 1891. Perennial, branched, 6/-2° high, loosely white- woolly, or at length glabrous. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, entire, dentate or rarely pinnatifid, mostly obtuse, 2/-4/ long; upper leaves sessile, or nearly so, smaller, linear, or spatulate, usually entire; heads several together in the clusters, y2f- r/ broad, short-peduncled; rays few, commonly as wide as long, with 2 or 3 broad teeth or lobes at the summit; achenes glabrous, or sparingly pubes- cent; pappus-scales linear-lanceolate to oblong-lan- ceolate, glabrous, shorter than the disk-corollas. In dry sandy soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas and Arizona. June-Sept. 73. FLAVERIA Juss. Gen. PI. 186. 1789. Glabrous or minutely puberulent, light-green, mostly annual herbs, with opposite sessile entire or serrate leaves, and small i-several-fiowered, usually sessile, oblong and densely cymose-capitate heads of tubular, or both tubular and radiate yellow or yellowish flowers. Involucre of 2-5 narrow, nearly equal, appressed bracts, sometimes with 1 or 2 additional small exterior ones. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flower commonly 1, pistillate, fertile, sometimes wanting. Disk-flowers 1-15, perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or linear- oblong, 8-10-ribbed. Pappus none. [L,atin, flavus, yellow, from its dyeing properties.] About 7 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. In addition to the following, 3 others occur in the southern United States. i. Flaveria angustifolia (Cav.) Pers. Narrow-leaved Flaveria. (Fig. 3959.) Milleria angustifolia Cav. Icon. 3: 12. pi. 223. 1794. Flaveria angustifolia Pers. Syn. 2: 489. 1807. Annual, glabrous or very nearly so, erect, i°-2° high, little branched. Leaves linear or lanceolate, serrulate or entire, 3-nerved, acuminate or acute at the apex, sessile by a broad and somewhat clasping base, \,-l'l/tr long, 2//~4// wide; heads about 3// high, closely ses- sile in terminal glomerules or these pedunculate from the upper axils; involucre usually of 3 oblong-lanceo- late bracts, 2-5-flowered; ray equalling or longer than the breadth of the disk; achenes linear, glabrous, about V," long. In alkaline soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. Aug.-Oct. Genus 74.] THISTLE FAMILY. 445 74. HYMENOPAPPUS I/Her.; Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 103. 1803. Perennial or biennial, erect herbs, with angled stems, alternate or basal, mostly pinnatifid or dissected leaves, and corymbose or solitary, small or rather large discoid heads, of white or yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts 6-12 in 1 or 2 series, nearly equal, mostly appressed, colored, petal-like, the margins and apices scarious. Receptacle small, naked. Rays none. Disk-flowers all perfect and fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and reflexed or spreading campanulate 5-lobed limbs, the lobes ovate. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches with short conic appendages. Achenes obovoid or obpyramidal, 4-5-angled, the faces usually prominently 1-3-nerved. Pappus of 10-20 thin obtuse scales, sometimes very short or none. [Greek, membrane-pappus.] About 7 species, natives of southern and central North America and Mexico. Bracts of the involucre broadly ovate or oval, bright white. 1. H. Carolinensis. Bracts obovate to oblong, green or with white tips. Heads numerous, 4" -6" broad; biennials. Achenes puberulent; corolla white. 2. H. cotymbosus. Achenes densely villous. Plant glabrate, or loosely woolly; corolla dull white. 3. H. tenuifolius. Plant densely white-woolly; corolla yellow. 4. H. flavescens. Heads few, 6"-i2" broad; corolla yellow; perennial. 5. H. filifolius. i. Hymenopappus Carolinensis (Lam.) Porter, pappus. (Fig. 3960.) Rothia Carolinensis Lam. Journ. Hist. Nat. 1: 16. pi. 1. 1792. Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Her. ; Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 104. 1803. Hymenopappus Carolinensis Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 33S. 1894. Biennial: stem woolly-pubescent or glabrate, leafy below, corymbosely branched and nearly naked above, 2°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, 4/-6/ long, 1-2-pinnately parted or deeply pinnatifid into linear or oblong, obtuse or obtusish lobes, more or less white-tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above; upper leaves few, smaller, sessile, less divided; heads com- monly numerous, corymbose, 6//-io// broad; bracts of involucre oblong, ovate or oval, some- times slight^ obovate, thin, bright white, pu- berulent or glabrate; corolla-lobes about as long as the throat, white; achenes puberulent or pu- bescent; pappus of very small nerveless scales, shorter than the width of the top of the achene. In dry sandy soil, Illinois to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. March-June. White-bracted Hymeno- 2. Hymenopappus corymbdsus T. & G. Corymbed, or Smooth White Hymeno- pappus. (Fig. 3961.) Hymenopappus corymbosus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 372. 1842. Biennial; stem~glabrous,or nearly so, corymbosely branched and nearly naked above, i°-2° high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, 1-2-pinnately parted into linear or nearly filiform, acute or acut- ish glabrous lobes, or somewhat torn entose beneath; upper leaves few, much smaller and less divided, or the uppermost reduced to linear scales; heads cor- ymbose, numerous, 4//-6// broad; bracts of the in- volucre obovate to oblong, puberulent, their tips greenish white; corolla white, its lobes about as long as the throat; achenes puberulent; pappus-scales small, nerveless, shorter than the width of the top of the achene. On dry prairies, Nebraska to Texas. Summer. 446 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 3. Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh. Woolly White Hymenopappus. (Fig. 3962.) Hyme?iopappus tenuifolius Pursh, Am. Sept. 742. 1814. Biennial; stem lightly tomentose, or at length glabrate, i°-2° high, slender, leafy below, cor- ymbosely branched and nearly naked above. Lower and basal leaves petioled, 1-3-pinnately parted into linear or filiform lobes, woolly pu- bescent beneath, at least when young; upper leaves much smaller and less compound; heads numerous, corymbose, 4//-6// broad; bracts of the involucre obovate-oblong, usually densely tomentose; corolla white, its lobes slightly shorter than the throat; achenes densely villous- pubescent; pappus of several oblong to ovate, ribbed or nerved scales, which are about as long as the width of the top of the achene. On dry prairies, Nebraska to Texas. June-Sept. 4. Hymenopappus flavescens A. Gray. Woolly Yellow Hymenopappus. (Fig. 3963.) Hymenopappus flavescens A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (11)4:97. 1849. Biennial; stem densely white- woolly, at least when young, i°-2^° high, leafy, branched above. Leaves 1-3-pinnately parted or divided into linear segments; heads numerous, usually larger than those of the preceding species; in- volucral bracts obovate to ovate with greenish white margins; corolla yellow or yellowish, the lobes about equalling the throat, achenes short- villous; pappus-scales spatulate, shorter than the slender corolla-tube. In sandy soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico. 5. Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. Low Tufted Hymenopappus. (Fig. 3964.) Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 317. 1833- Perennial from a deep woody root; stems usually tufted, woolly when young, sometimes glabrate when old, densely leafy toward the base, usually naked or nearly so and sparingly branched above, 6/-i8/ high. Leaves tomentose when young, the lower and basal ones petioled, 1-3-pinnately parted or pinuatifid into narrowly linear, somewhat rigid lobes; heads commonly few, 6//-i2// broad; bracts of the involucre obovate-oblong, usually densely woolly, their tips whitish ; corolla yellow or yellow- ish, its lobes much shorter than the throat; achenes densely villous; pappus-scales costate, short. On prairies and in dry rocky soil, Northwest Terri- tory to Nebraska and Arizona. June-Sept. Genus 75.] THISTLE FAMILY. 447 75. POLYPTERIS Nutt. Gen. 2: 139. 18 18. Erect rough, glandular or cinereous, branching herbs, with alternate, mostly entire leaves, or the lower opposite, and corymbose heads of tubular or both tubular and radiate pink or purple flowers. Involucre campanulate or obconic, its bracts in 1 or 2 series, narrow, herbaceous, nearly equal, or with a few exterior shorter ones, appressed, usually colored. Receptacle small, flat, naked. Ray-flowers, when present, pistillate, fertile, the rays 3-cleft. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and deeply 5-parted campanu- late limbs. Anthers entire or emarginate at the base. Style-branches filiform, acutish, glandular-pubescent throughout. Achenes linear or narrowly obpyramidal, quadrangular. Pappus of S-12 lanceolate strongly costate scales, that of the outer achenes often much shorter. [Greek, many-winged.] About 6 species, natives of the southern and south-central United States and Mexico. Rays purple, deeply 3-lobed; leaves lanceolate. 1. P. Hookeriana. Rays none; leaves linear. 2. P. callosa. i. Polypteris Hookeriana (T. & G.) A. Gray. Hooker's Polypteris. (Fig. 3965.) Stevia sphacelata Nutt.; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 214. Without description. 1827. Palafoxia Hookeriana T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 368. 1842. Polypteris Hookeriana A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 31. 1883. Annual; stem rather stout, glandular-pubescent and. viscid above, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, rough on^ both sides, the upper alternate, the lower opposite and slender-petioled, 2/-4/ long, 3//-5 " wide; bracts of the involucre 10-16, linear-lanceolate or spatulate, glandular-hispid, the inner with purplish tips; ray- flowers 8-10; rays rose-purple, deeply 3-cleft, some- times small, or none; achenes about A," long and y^" thick; pappus-scales of the disk-flowers 6-S, lanceolate, awned, more than half the length of the achene, those of the ray-flowers as many, spatulate, obtuse, shorter. In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico. July-Sept. 2. Polypteris callosa (Nutt.) A. Gray. Ray less Polypteris. (Fig. 3966.) Stevia callosa Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 121. 1821. Polvpteris callosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 30. 1883. Annual, glandular, at least above; stem slender, paniculately branched, i°-2° high. Leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, \'-2l/2' long, \,/-2%// wide, entire, short-petioled, mostly alternate; heads dis- coid; bracts of the top-shaped involucre 8-10, linear or narrowly oblong, herbaceous, pubescent, about X/ l°ng; corollas purple, deeply 5-parted; achenes narrowly obpyramidal, pubescent or gla- brous, nearly as long as the involucre; pappus- scales obovate or nearly orbicular, rounded, or retuse, or sometimes minute, or none. In dry soil, Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. June-Oct. 76. BAH I A Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 30. 1816. Herbs or shrubs, more or less woolly, wtth opposite or alternate leaves, and small or rather large, corymbose or solitary heads, of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers. In- volucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts in 1 or 2 series, herbaceous, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle small, nearly flat, naked, foveolate. Ray-flowers in 1 series, pis- tillate, Yertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with campanulate or cylindric, 448 COMPOSITAE. [Voi,. III. 5-cleft limb. Anthers entire or emarginate at the base. Style-tips mostly truncate and ob- tuse. Achenes quadrangular, linear or oblong. Pappus of several nerveless or costate scales, rarely none. [Named for J. F. Bahi, Professor of Botany at Barcelona.] About 16 species, natives of western North America, Mexico and Chile. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the western parts of North America. i. Bahia oppositifolia Nutt. Bahia. (Fig. 3967.) Trichophyllum oppositifolium Nutt. Gen. 2: 167. 1818. Bahia oppositifolia Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 376. 1842. Perennial, herbaceous;*stem densely cinereous, much branched, 4/-i2/ high, very leafy. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, long, palmately 2-5-parted into linear, obtuse or obtusish, entire segments, finely cinereous on both sides; heads short-peduncled, 6//~9// broad! involucre campanulate, or becoming hemi- spheric, its bracts oblong, obtuse, densely to- mentose; rays 5-7, short; achenes linear-oblong, glandular-pubescent; pappus of 4-8 spatulate to lanceolate scales with thickened bases. On plains, Nebraska and Montana to New Mex- ico. June-Sept. 77. PICRADENIA Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 317. 1833. [Actineixa Nutt. (1818), not Pers. (1807) nor Adinea Juss. (1803).] Branched or scapose, villous-pubescent or glabrous, bitter and aromatic herbs, with al- ternate or basal, often punctate leaves, and small or rather large, peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or rays rarely wanting. Involucre hemispheric, cam- panulate or depressed, its bracts imbricated in 2-3 series, appressed, the outer ones some- times united at the base. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, the rays 3-toothed, 3-lobed Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with 4-5- toothed limbs. Anthers entire or minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. Achenes turbinate, 5-10-ribbed or angled, villous or pubescent. Pappus of 5-12 thin aristate acuminate or truncate scales. [Greek, bitter glands.] About 20 species, natives of western North America and Mexico. Besides the following, some 11 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of the United States. Leaves entire; bracts of the involucre distinct to the base. Stem leafy, branching; stem-leaves linear. Stems tufted, simple, scapose; leaves basal. Leaves linear or narrowly spatulate, glabrous or slightly villous. 2. P. scaposa. Leaves spatulate, mostly densely silky- villous. 3. P. acaulis. Leaves 1-3-parted into filiform segments; outer bracts connate. 4. P. odorata. i. Picradenia linearifdlia (Hook.) Britton. Fine-leaved Picradenia. (Fig. 3968.) Hymenoxys linearifolia Hook. Icon. pi. 146. 1837. Actinella linearifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 383. 1842. Annual or perhaps biennial; stem usually dif- fusely branched, finely hirsute, or glabrous, or woolly at the base, slender, 6/-i5/ high. Stem- leaves narrowly linear, sessile, ^'-i^' long, %,/- i// wide; basal leaves spatulate, often villous, much broader, obtuse, narrowed into margined petioles; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, 6"- S// broad; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse, pubescent, distinct to the base, imbricated in about 2 series; receptacle conic; rays 6-10, oblong; achenes pubescent; pap- pus of 5 or 6 ovate awned scales. In dr}- soil, Kansas to Louisiana, Texas and New Mexico. May-Sept. 1. P. linearifolia. Genus 77.] THISTLE FAMILY. 449 2. Picradenia scaposa (DC.) Britton. Dotted Picradenia. (Fig. 3969.) Cephalophora scaposa DC. Prodr. 5: 663. 1836. Actinella scaposa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II. ) 7: 379. 1841. Perennial by thick roots and a sfender branching caudex; scapes tufted, slender, monocephalous, pubescent or glabrate, some- times woolly below, 6/-i5/ high. Leaves all basal, or near the base, linear or narrowly spatulate, entire (rarely somewhat cleft), glabrous, or slightly villous, conspicuously punctate, \'-i]/2' long, i//-2]4// wide; heads i/-i^/ broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts often obtuse, densely tomentose; rays 12-20; pappus of about 5 ovate or oblong awned scales. In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. May-Nov. 3. Picradenia acaulis (Nutt.) Britton. Stemless Picradenia. (Fig. 3970.) Actinella acaulis Nutt. Gen. 2: 173. 1818. Similar to the preceding species,perennial from thick roots and a stout branched caudex; scapes tufted, rather stout, or slender, densely silky or tomentose, 2/-8/ high. Leaves all borne on the ends of the branches of the caudex, spatu- late, entire, obtuse or obtusish, i/-2/ long, i%/f- 3// wide, densely silky or villous; heads 9//-i8// broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts densely villous; rays 10-15; pappus of 5 or 6, ovate or oblong, awned scales. In dry or rocky soil, Northwest Territory to Mon- tana, Nebraska, Arizona and New Mexico. May- Aug\ 4. Picradenia odorata (DC.) Britton. Fragrant Picradenia. Limonillo. (Fig. 3971 .) Hymenoxys odora/a DC. Prodr. 5: 661. 1836. Actinella odorata A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II.) 4: 1 01. 1S49. Annual; stem much branched, puberulent, spar- ingly hirsute or glabrous, i°-2° high, leafy. Leaves i/-2/ long, 1-3-parted into filiform entire somewhat pubescent segments about W wide; heads com- monly numerous, 6//-io// broad; involucre cam- panulate, puberulent, its outer bracts 6-9, lanceo- late, keeled, acute, united at the base; rays 7-10, cuneate; pappus-scales lanceolate, acuminate. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Mexico and southern California. April-July. 29 45Q COMPOSITAE. [Vol. IIL 78. HELENIUM L. Sp. PI. 886. 1753. Erect, mostly branching herbs, with alternate, mainly decurrent, punctate bitter entire or dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow or brownish-yel- low flowers, or rays sometimes wanting. Involucre broad and short, its bracts in 1 or 2 series, linear or subulate, reflexed or spreading. Receptacle convex, sub-globose or oblong, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the rays cuneate, 3-5-lobed. Disk-flowers per- fect, fertile, their corollas 4-5-toothed, the teeth glandular-pubescent. Anthers 2-toothedor sagittate at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers dilated and truncate at the apex. Achenes turbinate, ribbed. Pappus of 5-8 entire, dentate or incised, acuminate or aristate scales. [The Greek name of some plant, from Helenus or Helena.] About 24 species, natives of North and Central America. In addition to the following, some 18 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, dentate; rays fertile; disk yellow. 1. H. autumnale. Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, mainly entire; rays neutral; disk purple. 2. H. nudiflorum. Leaves all linear-filiform, entire; rays fertile. Helenium autumnale L,. False or Swamp Sunflower. (Fig- 3972.) 3. H. tenuifolium. Sneezeweed. Helenium autumnale L. Sp. PI. 886. 1753. Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrous, rather stout, narrowly winged by the decur- rent bases of the leaves, corymbosely branch- ed above,2°-6° high. Leaves firm, oblong, lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate,acuminate or acute at apex, narrowed to the sessile base.pinnately few-veined, 2/~5/long, X'-s'wide, dentate or denticulate, puberulent or glabrous, bright green; heads numerous, i/-2/ broad, borne on long puberulent peduncles; bracts of the flatfish involucre densely canescent; rays 10-18, drooping, bright yellow, equalling or longer than the globose yellow disk, pistillate and fertile, 3- cleft; achenes pubescent on the angles; pappus-scales ovate, acuminate or aristate, often lacerate or toothed. In swamps and wet meadows, Quebec to Flor- ida, west to the Northwest Territory and Arizona. Called also Yellow-star, Ox-eye. Ascends to- 2600 ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Oct. Helenium autumnale pubescens (Ait.) Britton, Mem. Torn Club, 5: 339. 1894. Helenium pubescens Kit. Hort. Kew. 3: 287. 1789. Leaves pale, pubescent, or densely canescent beneath. Minnesota to British Columbia, Nebraska and Texas. 2. Helenium nudifldrum Nutt. Pur- ple-head Sneezeweed. (Fig. 3973.) Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7:384. 1841. Leplopoda brachypoda T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 388. 1842. Perennial; stem mostly slender, puberulent at least above, corymbosely branched near the summit, i°-3° high, narrowly winged by the decurrent leaf-bases. Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticu- late, acute or obtusish at the apex, l>£/-3/ long, 2//-6// wide, sessile; basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, more or less dentate, taper- ing into margined petioles; heads several or numerous, i/-i^/ broad, on slender or short- puberulent peduncles; rays 10-15 (sometimes wanting), drooping, yellow, yellow with a brown base, or brown throughout, 3-toothed, neutral, or with rudimentary pistils, sterile, equalling or exceeding the brown or purple globose disk; pappus-scales ovate, aristate. In moist soil, Missouri and Illinois to Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. Also near Philadelphia, where it is apparently naturalized from the south. June-Oct Genus 78.] THISTLE FAMILY. 451 3. Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. * Fine-leaved Sneezeweed. (Fig. 3974.) Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7:66. 1834. Annual; glabrous or minutely pubescent above; stem slender, very leafy and usually much branched, 8/-24/ high. Leaves all lin- ear-filiform, entire, sessile, often fascicled, y2f- iyi' long, ]/z" or less wide; heads several or numerous, corymbose, <$"-i$" broad, borne on slender or filiform peduncles; bracts of the in- volucre few, linear or subulate, sometimes pu- bescent, soon reflexed; rays 4-S, fertile, 3-4- toothed, at length drooping, longer than the globose disk; achenes villous; pappus-scales ovate, tipped with slender awns. In moist soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Oct. 79. GAILLARDIA Foug. Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1786: 5. pi. 1, 2. 1786. Branching or scapose, more or less pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting. Involucre de- pressed-hemispheric, or flatter, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, their tips spreading or reflexed. Receptacle convex or globose, bristly, fimbrillate or nearly naked. Rays cuneate, yellow, purple, or parti-colored, neutral or rarely pistillate, 3-toothed or 3-lobed. Disk-flow- ers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and 5-toothed limbs, the teeth pubescent with jointed hairs. Anthers minutely sagittate or auricled at the base. Style-branches tipped with filiform or short appendages. Achenes turbinate, 5-ribbed, densely villous, at least at the base. Pappus of 6-12, i-nerved awned scales, longer than the achene. [Named for M. Gaillard de Marentonneau, a French botanist.] About 12 species, natives of the south-central part of the United States, and Mexico, 1 in southern South America. All the following called in Texas Blanket-flower. Stem leafy: style-tips with filiform hispid appendages. Fimbrillae of the receptacle obsolete, or short; southern. 1. G. lanceolata. Fimbrillae subulate or bristle-like, mostly longer than the achenes. Rays yellow; fimbrillae exceeding the achenes. 2. G. aristata. Rays purple, or red at base; fimbrillae about equalling the achenes. 3. G. pulchella. Leaves basal; style-tips with short naked appendages; rays none, or few. 4. G. suavis. i. Gaillardia lanceolata Michx. Sweet Gaillardia. (Fig. 3975.) Gaillardia lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 142. 1803. Annual, or perhaps perennial; stem puberulent with jointed hairs,orcinereous,usually branched, i}4°-3° bigh, the branches straight, nearly erect. Stem-leaves sessile, spatulate or linear, entire or sparingly serrate, puberulent, ciliolate, acute or obtusish and mucronulateat the apex, narrowed to the base, i/-3/long, 2//-4// wide; basal leaves broader, very obtuse, sometimes short-petioled; heads i/-2/broad, long-peduncled; flowerssweet- scented; bracts of the involucre about equalling the violet disk; rays S-12, yellow or reddish with darker veins,rarely none; style- tips with filiform hispid appendages; achenes villous at the base, or to beyond the middle; fimbrillae of the recep- tacle short or none; awns of the pappus slender. In dry woods, Kansas to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. May-Sept. 452 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 2. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Great- flowered Gaillardia. (Fig. 3976.) Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 573. 1814. Perennial; stem simple, or little branched, hirsute, or densely pubescent with jointed hairs, i°-3° high. Leaves firm, densely and finely pubescent, the lower and basal ones peti- oled.oblong or spatulate, laciniate, pinuatifid or entire, mostly obtuse, 2/-5/long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, or oblong, or slightly spat- ulate, smaller, entire or dentate, rarely pin- uatifid; heads i^/-4/ broad, long-peduncled; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute; rays 10-18, yellow; style-tips with fili- form appendages; fimbrillae of the receptacle mostly longer than the achenes, which are villous at least at the base. On plains and prairies, Minnesota to the North- west Territory and British Columbia, south to Colorado and New Mexico. Leaves sometimes all basal. May-Sept. 3. Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Showy Gaillardia. (Fig. 3977.) Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1786: 5. 1786. Annual; diffusely branched at the base, the branches ascending, 6/-i5/ high, or larger in cultivation, more or less hirsute or pubescent with jointed hairs. Leaves lanceolate, ob- long, or the lower spatulate, I'-jf long, en- tire, dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid, all but the lowest sessile; heads i/-3/ broad, long-pe- duncled, bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute or pubescent; rays 10-20, red or purple at the base, yellow toward the apex; style-tips with filiform hispid appen- dages; fimbrillae of the receptacle equalling or scarcely longer than the achenes, which are more or less villous, or glabrous. In dry soil, Nebraska and Missouri to Louisi- ana, Mexico and Arizona. May-Sept. 4. Gaillardia suavis (A. Gray) Britt. & Rusby. Rayless Gaillardia. (Fig. 3978.) Agassizia suavis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, i : 49. 1846. Gaillardia simplex Scheele, Linnaea, 22: 160. 1849. Gaillardia suavis Britt. & Rusby, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7:11. 1887. Annual or biennial. Leaves in a basal tuft, or a few near the base of the slender pubescent scape, spatulate or obovate in outline, 2/-6/ long, pinnati- fid, dentate, or some of them entire; scape i°-2° high, monocephalous; head about \' broad with the odor of heliotrope, globose in fruit; rays none, or short and pistillate, or a few of them longer and neutral; bracts of the involucre oblong or lanceo- late, sparingly pubescent; fimbrillae of the recep- tacle obsolete; style-appendages short, naked; achenes densely villous; pappus-scales broad, their awns very slender. In &xy rocky soil, Kansas to Texas. April-June. Genus So.] THISTLE FAMILY. 453 80. DYSODIA Cav. Ann. Cient. Nat. 6: 334. 1801-2. Erect or diffuse, branching, mostly annual, strong-scented more or less glandular herbs, with opposite or alternate, mostly finely dissected leaves, and small peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulatc or nearly hemispheric, its bracts in 1 series, united into a cup, usually with a few small additional outer ones. Re- ceptacle flat, pubescent, or covered with short bristles. P„ay-flowers pistillate, the rays short. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers elongated, hirsute, sometimes apiculate. Achenes narrowly obpyramidal, 3-5-angled, striate. Pappus of about 10 scales, patted to be- yond the middle into numerous capillary, rather stiff, bristle-like segments. [Gretk, ill-smell.] About 15 species, natives of the south-central United States and of Mexico. Besides the fol- lowing, 2 others occur in the southwestern United States. Fetid Marigold. False 1. Dysodia papposa (Vent.) A. S. Hitchcock Dog-fennel. (Fig. 3979.) Tagetes papposa Vent. Hort. Cels, pi. j6. 1800. Boebera chrysantliemoid.es Willd. Sp. PL 3: 2125. 1804. Dysodia chrysanthemoides Lag. Gen. etSp. Nov. 29. 1816. D. papposa Hitchc. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 503. 1891. Annual, very leafy, glabrous or finely pubescent, gland-dotted, much branched, S'-iS' high, the branches diffuse or erect. Leaves opposite, sessile, or short-peti- oled, yz'-iYz' long, pinnately parted into linear or slightly spatulate, sharply serrate or incised segments; heads numerous, short-peduncled, 3//-5// broad; invo- lucre campanulate, of 8-10 appressed oblong obtuse, green or purplish, glabrous or ciliate bracts, with sev- eral narrow shorter outer ones; rays few, not longer than the width of the disk; receptacle and achenes pubescent. Along streams and roadsides, Ohio to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Louisiana, Mexico and Arizona. Oc- casionally found as a weed in waste places in the Eastern and Middle States, and in Ontario. July-Oct. 81. THYMOPHYLLA Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 25. 1816. [Hymenatherum Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 12. 1S17.] Annual or perennial herbs, some species low undershrubs, with gland-dotted foliage and involucre, alternate or opposite leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate, mostly yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts united into a cup, sometimes with smaller outer ones. Receptacle naked, or fimbrillate, not chaffy. Ray-flowers pistil- late, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile. Style-branches truncate or blunt. Achenes stri- ate. Pappus of several or numerous scales or bristles. [Greek, thyme-leaf, not applicable to the following species.] About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the west- ern parts of the United States. i. Thymophylla aurea (A. Gray) Greene. Thyme-leaf. (Fig. 3980.) Lowellia aurea A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (11)4:91. 1849. Hymenatherum aureum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 42. 1883. Annual, glabrous, 4/-i2/ high, much branched; the leaves and involucre with large oval oil-glands. Leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, sessile, or nearly so, very deeply parted into 5-9 linear-fili- form, mostly entire, blunt segments; heads nu- merous, corymbose, 6//-io// broad, terminating the branches; involucre about 3" high, its bracts acute; rays about 12, 2j£//-3// long; pappus of 6-8 erose truncate scales, somewhat longer than the thickness of the achene. Kansas and Colorado to Texas. June-Sept. 454 COMPOSITAE. [Voi* III. 82. PECTIS L. Syst. Nat. Ed. io, 2: App. 1376. 1759. Annual or perennial, diffuse prostrate or erect, mostly glabrous herbs, gland-dotted and strong-scented, with opposite narrow sometimes ciliate leaves, and small usually cymose heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric, oblong or campanu- late, its bracts in 1 series, narrow, keeled, distinct. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate, the rays small, entire or 3-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas with ex- panded, somewhat irregularly 5-cleft limbs. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers very short, obtuse. Achenes linear, slightly angled, striate. Pappus of several or numerous scales, slender bristles or awns, sometimes with a few outer smaller additional ones. [Latin, pecten, comb, referring to the pappus.] About 50 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Besides the following, about io others occur in the southern and western parts of the United States. i. Pectis angustifolia Torr. Lernon-scented Pectis. (Fig. 3981.) Pedis angustifolia Torr. Ann. Lye N. Y. 2: 214. 1827. Annual, much branched, 4/-i2/ high, the branches diffuse or ascending. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, obtusish, y£f-2' long, i// wide or less, often ciliate with a few bristles near the base; heads several or nu- merous, short-peduncled, about 3r/ broad; involucre short-cylindric or narrowly campanulate, its bracts about 8, linear, acutish, partly enclosing the outer achenes; rays few, 3-toothed, or entire; pappus a crown of 4-6 somewhat united short scales, with or without 2 slender short awns. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Mexico and Ari- zona. Plant with the odor of lemons. May-Oct. 83. ACHILLEA L. Sp. PI. 898. 1753. Herbs, mostly perennial, with erect leafy stems, finely dissected, pinnatifid or serrate al- ternate leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, corymbose at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre obovoid, or campanulate, its bracts appressed, imbri- cated in few series, the outer shorter. Receptacle nearly flat or convex, chaffy, the mem- branous chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white or pink. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas yellow, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and en- tire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or obovate, slightly compressed. Pappus none. [Named for Achilles.] About 75 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, mostly of the Old World. Besides the following-, another, or perhaps 2 others, occur in northwestern North America. Involucre broadly campanulate; leaves serrate. 1. A. Ptarmica. Involucre ovoid; leaves finely dissected. 2. A. Millefolium. i. Achillea Ptarmica L. Sneezewort. White Tansy. Sneezewort- Yarrow. (Fig. 3982.) Achillea Ptarmica L- Sp. PI. 898. 1753. Perennial from horizontal or creeping rootstocks; stem glabrous, or slightly pubescent, nearly or quite simple, i°-2° high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceo- late, sessile and slightly clasping at the base, acute at the apex, regularly and closely serrate, sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath, i/-2^/ long, \%r/- 3// wide; heads not very numerous, $"-<$" broad; peduncles puberulent; involucre broadly campanu- late, its bracts ovate-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, slightly tomentose; rays 5-15, white, rather large. In moist soil, Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Quebec to Massachusetts and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Called also Goose-tongue, Wild, Bastard or European Pellitory, Fair Maid of France, Sneezewort Tansy. July-Sept. ■Genus S3.] THISTLE FAMILY. 455 2. Achillea Millefolium L,. Yarrow. Milfoil. (Fig. 3983.) Achillea Millefolium L. Sp. PI. 899. 1753. Perennial from horizontal rootstocks; flow- ering stems pubescent, or nearly glabrous, simple, or corymbosely branched above, i°- 2° high. Basal leaves, and those of the nu- merous short sterile shoots, mostly petioled, sometimes io/ long and Vz' wide, those of the stem sessile, all narrowly oblong or lanceolate in outline and finely dissected into narrow pinnatifid segments, tomentose, pubescent •or nearly glabrous; heads numerous, 2//-3// broad, in terminal compound dense, some- what convex corymbs; involucre ovoid, its bracts oblong, obtusish, pubescent; rays 4-6, white, or often pink or purple. In various situations throughout North Amer- ica; in the east occurring' as a naturalized weed, •greener and less tomentose than the native west- ern plant, which is probably specifically dis- tinct. Native also of Europe and Asia. Old names, Sanguinary, Thousand-leaf, Nosebleed, Old Man's Pepper, Soldier's Woundwort. June-Nov. 84. ANTHEMIS L-. Sp. PI. 893. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid or dissected, alternate leaves, and usually large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminating the branches. Invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, scarious-margined, appressed, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, conic or oblong, chaffy at least toward the summit, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the tube terete or 2-winged, the ray white or yellow, entire or 2-3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fer- tile, yellow, their corollas with 5-cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong, angled, ribbed or striate. Pappus none, or a short coroniform border. [Greek name of Camomile.] About 60 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. Rays white. Rays neutral; plant glabrous, or nearly so, fetid. 1. A. Cotula. Rays pistillate; plants pubescent. Annual; chaff of the receptacle acute. Perennial; chaff of the receptacle obtuse. Rays yellow; plant pubescent, or tomentose. A. arvensis. A. nobilis. A. tinctoria. Mayweed. Dillweed. 1753- 1837. 1. Anthemis Cotula L,. Dog's, or Fetid Camomile. (Fig. 3984.) Anthemis Cotula L. Sp. PI. 894. Manila Cotula DC. Prodr. 6: 13. Annual, glabrous, or sometimes pubescent above, glandular and with a fetid odor and acrid taste, much branched, i°-2° high. Leaves mostly sessile, i/-2/ long, finely 1-3- pinnately dissected into narrow, or almost filiform, acute lobes; heads commonly nu- merous, about 1/ broad; bracts of the invo- lucre oblong, obtuse or obtusish, usually somewhat tomentose; rays 10-18, white, at length reflexed, neutral, or rarely with abortive pistils, mostly 3-toothed; receptacle convex, becoming oblong, its chaff bristly, subtending the central flowers; achenes 10- ribbed, rugose or glandular-tuberculate; pap- pus none. In fields, waste places and along roadsides, all over North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe, and widely distributed as a weed in Asia, Africa and Aus- tralasia. Other names are Mather, Dog-fennel, Dog-finkle, Morgan. June-Nov. 456 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 2. Anthemis arvensis L. Corn or Field Camomile. (Fig. 3985.) Anthemis arvensis L. Sp. Pi. 894. 1753. Annual or sometimes biennial, not fetid; stem finely pubescent, usually much branched, about i° high, the branches decumbent or ascending. Leaves sessile, \'--xf long, 1-2-pinnately parted into linear or lanceolate acute lobes, less divided than those of the preceding species and with broader segments; heads commonly numerous, i'-\y2' broad; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, usually somewhat pubescent, with broad scarious margins; rays 10-18, white, pistillate, spreading, mostly 2-toothed; chaff of the obtuse receptacle lanceolate, acute or acuminate; achenes oblong, obtusely 4-angled; pappus a mere border. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Vir- ginia, west to Michigan, Missouri, and on the Pa- cific coast. Naturalized from Europe. May-Aug. 3. Anthemis nobilis L. Garden, Scotch, White or Low Camomile. (Fig. 3986.) Anthemis nobilis L. Sp. PI. 894. 1753. Perennial, pubescent, aromatic, much branch- ed, 6/-i8/ high, the branches procumbent. Leaves numerous, \'-i' long, finely and com- pactly dissected into nearly filiform lobes and segments; heads about 1/ broad; bracts of the involucre obtuse, pubescent, their scarious margins broad; rays 12-18, white, spreading, pistillate, 2-3-toothed; chaff of the conic recep- tacle broad, membranous, obtuse; achenes ob- long, obtusely 3-angled; pappus none. Sparingly escaped from gardens, Rhode Island to Delaware and Michigan. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 4. Anthemis tinctoria L,. Yellow or Ox-eye Camomile. (Fig. 3987.) Anthemis tinctoria L- Sp. PI. 896. 1753. Perennial, pubescent or tomeutose; stem erect, branched, 1 °-3° high, with nearly erect branches. Leaves sessile, I'-if long, pinnately divided, the oblong segments pinnatifid into narrow acute lobes; heads few or several, i'-i >itliemum Parthenium Pers. Syn. 2: 462. 1807. Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrate, much branched, i°-2^° high. Leaves thin, the lower often 6/ long, petioled, or the upper sessile, pinnately parted into ovate or oblong, pinnatifid or incised segments; heads numerous, corymbose, slender-peduncled, S^-io'' broad; bracts of the depressed invo- lucre lanceolate, rather rigid, keeled, pubes- cent, acute or acutish; rays 10-20, white, oval or obovate, spreading, mostly toothed, long- persistent; pappus a short toothed crown. In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to New Jersey, and locally in the interior, mostly escaped from gardens. Naturalized or adven- tive from Europe. Called also Pellitory, Wild Camomile. Rays variable in length. Summer. 4. Chrysanthemum Balsamita L,. Costmary. (Fig. 3991.) Chrysanthemum Balsamita L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1252. 1763. Pyrethrum Balsamita Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 2153. 1804. Perennial, puberulent or canescent; stem much branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate-dentate, i/-2/ long, those of the stem mostly sessile, and often with a pair of lateral lobes at the base; heads numerous, corymbose, slender-peduncled, 5//-8// broad, or when ray less only 3// broad; bracts of the involucre narrow, obtuse, pubescent; rays 10-15, white, spreading; pappus a short crown. Sparingly escaped from gardens, Ohio to On- tario and Nova Scotia. Native of the Old World. Other English names are Cost, Alecost, Alecoast. Summer. 86. MATRICARIA L. Sp. PI. 890. 1753. Annual or perennial, mostly erect herbs, similar to some species of the preceding genus, with alternate leaves, dissected into filiform or narrowly linear segments and lobes, and pe- duncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting in some species. Invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts appressed, imbricated in few series, the outer shorter. Re- ceptacle conic, elongated or hemispheric, naked. Rays, when present, white, pistillate and fertile. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, fertile, their corollas 4-5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate, penicillate. Achenes 3-5- ribbed. Pappus none, or a coroniform border. [Latin, matrix, from its medicinal vittues.] About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and South Africa. The following are the only ones known to occur in North America. Rays present, white. Achenes obpyramidal, strongly 3-ribbed. Plant tall, much branched; bracts of the involucre green. 1. Plant low, nearly simple, arctic; bracts dark brown or black. 2. Achenes nearly terete, oblong, faintly 3-5-ribbed. 3. Rays none; achenes oblong, faintly nerved. 4. M. inodora. M. grandiflora. M. Chamomilla. M. matricarioides. Genus S6.] THISTLE FAMILY. 459 I. Matricaria inodora L. Scentless Camomile. Corn Mayweed. (Fig. 3992.) Matricaria inodora L- Fl. Suec. Ed. 2, 297. 1755. Chrysanthemum inodorum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1253. 1763. Annual; stem usually much branched, gla- brous, or very nearly so throughout, i°-2° high. Leaves numerous, sessile, 2-3-pinnately dis- sected into filiform lobes, the rachis somewhat dilated at the base. Heads several or numerous, terminating the branches, Yz'-^Yz' broad; bracts of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, green with brown scarious margins; rays 20-30, white, spreading; receptacle hemispheric or ovoid; achenes obpyramidal with three promi- nent ribs; pappus a short entire or 4-toothed crown. In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to New Jersey, and locally in the interior. Naturalized or .adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 2. Matricaria grandiflora (Hook.) Britton. Arctic Camomile. (Fig. 3993-) Chrysanthemum grandiflorum Hook, in Parry's 2d Voy. 398. 1825. Pyrethrum inodorum var. nanuni Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:320. 1833. M. grandiflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 340. 1894. Perennial; stem usually simple and monocephal- ous, glabrous, 4/-i2/ high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest short-petioled, 1-2-pinnately dissected, i/-2^/ long. Head not very long-peduncled, i/-2/ broad; bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, brown or nearly black, or with broad, brown, scarious margins; rays 15-35, bright white, slightly 3-5-toothed at the summit; receptacle hemi- spheric when mature. Coast of Hudson Bay to Alaska. Reported from Lake Huron. .Summer. 3. Matricaria Chamomilla L. Wild or German Camomile. (Fig. 3994.) Matricaria Chamomilla L- Sp. PI. 891. 1753. Annual, glabrous, much branched, i°-2° high. Leaves aromatic, finely 2-3-piunately dissec- ted into numerous linear lobes; heads numer- ous, 8//-i2// broad, slender-peduncled at the ends of the branches; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, green, or with brownish mar- gins; rays 10-20, white, spreading; receptacle ovoid, becoming conic and hollow; achenes nearly oblong, or somewhat obovoid, faintly 3- 5-ribbed; pappus none. In waste places and on ballast, southern New York to Pennsylvania. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Called also Horse-gowan. Summer. 460 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 4. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Rayless Camomile. (Fig. 3995O Santolina suaveolens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 520. 1814. Not M. suaveolens L. 1755. Artemisia matricarioides Less. Linnaea, 6: 210. 1831. Matricaria discoidea DC. Prodr. 6: 50. 1837. Matricaria tnatricarioides Porter. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 341. 1894. Annual, glabrous; stem very leafy, at length much branched, 6/-iS/ high. Leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected into linear acute lobes; heads numerous, 3//-4// broad, pe- duncled; bracts of the involucre oval or ob- long, green with broad white scarious mar- gins, much shorter than the ovoid yellow disk; rays none; receptacle conic; achenes oblong, slightly angular, faintly nerved, pappus an obscure crown, sometimes pro- duced into 2 coriaceous oblique auricles. In waste places, in ballast and along rail- roads, Missouri to Maine. Adventive from the Pacific coast. Naturalized as a weed in northern Europe. May-Aug. 87. TANACETUM L,. Sp. PI. 843. 1753. Erect, strongly aromatic herbs, our species perennials, with alternate, 1-3-pinnately dis- sected or divided leaves, and numerous small corymbose heads of tubular flowers, or with rays sometimes present and imperfectly developed. Involucre hemispheric, depressed, or campanulate, its bracts appressed, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Marginal flowers pistillate, fertile, their corollas 2-5-toothed or lobed, sometimes produced into short rays. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers ob- tuse and entire at the base, their tips broad. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. Achenes 5-angled or 5-ribbed, truncate or obtuse. Pappus none, or a short crown. [From tanasie, old French for tansy; Greek, athanasia, immortality.] About 35 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 6 others occur in western and northwestern North America. Glabrous, or nearly so; heads numerous, 3" -5' Villous-pubescent; heads few, 6" -8'' broad. broad. T. mi Iff a re. T. Huronense. i. Tanacetum vulgare L, Tanacetum vulgare L. Sp. PI. 844. 1753. Stem stout, usually simple up to the in- florescence,glabrous,or sparingly pubescent, i^2°-3° high. Leaves pinnately divided into linear-oblong, pinnatifid or incised seg- ments, the lobes acute, usually serrate; lower segments of the leaves often smaller than the others; basal leaves often i° long; heads commonly numerous, 3//~5// broad, rather short-peduncled ; involucre depressed- hemispheric, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, or the outer acute, slightly pubes- cent or ciliate; receptacle fiat; flowers yel- low; marginal corollas with short oblique 3-toothed limbs; pappus a short crown. Along roadsides, mostly escaped from gar- dens, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri. Natu- ralized or adventive from Europe. Other Eng- lish names are Bitter Buttons, Hindheal, Gin- ger-plant., July-Sept. Tanacetum vulgare crispum DC. Prodr. 6: 128. l837; . Leaf-segments more incised and crisped. Occasional, in similar situations. In some places more plentiful than the type. Tansy. (Fig. 3996.) GENUS 87.] THISTLE FAMILY. 2. Tanacetum Huronense Nutt. : ■,- Lake Huron Tansy. (Fig. 3997-) H Tanacetum Huronense Nutt. Gen. 2: 141. 1818. Villous-pubescent throughout, at least when youug, less so when mature, i°-2° high.' Leaves 2-pinnately divided, the lobes dentate or incised, acute, the lower segments commonly smaller than the others; heads 1-8, 6//-8// broad, on very stout pubescent peduncles; involucre depressed- hemispheric; marginal flowers with 3-5-lobed limbs, often expanded into short rays; pappus a short crown. In moist soil, especially along streams or lakes, New Brunswick to Hudson Bay, Maine, Lake Superior, Alaska and Oregon. Juty-Sept. 88. ARTEMISIA L, Sp. PI. 845. 1753. Odorous herbs or shrubs, often canescent or tomentose, with alternate leaves, and small pendulous or erect, discoid racemose spicate glomerate or paniculate heads, of greenish or yellowish flowers. Involucre ovoid, oblong, or broadly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few series, the outer gradually shorter. Receptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked or pubescent, not chaffy. Central flowers perfect, sometimes sterile, with abortive ovaries and undivided styles, sometimes perfect and fertile, with truncate style-branches; marginal flow- ers usually pistillate and fertile, their corollas 2-3-toothed; or flowers all perfect and fertile in some species. Authers obtuse and entire at the base, often tipped with subulate appen- dages. Achenes obovoid or oblong, 2-ribbed or striate, rounded at the summit, usually bearing a large epigynous disk. Pappus none. [Named for Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.] About 200 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and southern South America. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the western parts of North America. ■X Marginal flowers pistillate ; central flowers perfect, sterile. a. Biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate^- dissected into narrowly linear lobes. Heads very numerous, 1" broad; leaves mostly glabrous. Heads 2" broad, in narrow panicles; leaves silky-pubescent. Heads few; involucre brown, mostly pubescent. 2. Heads numerous; involucre green, mostly glabrous. 3. Leaves linear, the lower sometimes 3-cleft or pinnately divided. Leaves glabrous. 4- Leaves finely and densely pubescent. 5' b. Shrubby, silvery-canescent; heads small and numerous. 6. A. filifolia -;:- X Marginal flowers pistillate ; central flowers perfect, fertile. a. Receptacle villous-pubescent. Leaf-segments linear-filiform, short. Leaf-segments oblong, or linear-oblong; introduced. b. Receptacle glabrous, or sparingly pubescent Leaves dissected, glabrous or pubescent, green, not tomentose. Heads about 2" broad, numerous in panicled racemes; perennial. Heads about 1" broad, paniculate or spicate; annuals. Leaves finely 2-3-pinnately divided; heads paniculate. 10. A. annua. Leaves pinnately divided; segments pinnatifid; heads in leafy spikes. 11. A. biennis Leaves densely white-canescent or tomentose, at least beneath. Leaves pinnatifid or dissected. Heads 3" -4" broad, racemose-glomerate; sea-beach plant. Heads i"-2" broad, spicate-paniculate or racemose. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the segments mostly incised. Leaves finely dissected into short linear lobes. Leaves pinnately parted into 5-7 narrow entire segments. Leaves lanceolate or linear, serrate or entire, not pinnatifid. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, glabrous above. Leaves linear, oblong, or lanceolate, entire or lobed. Leaves elongated, at length glabrous above. Leaves shorter, oblong or lanceolate, tomentose both sides. Leaves cuneate, %' long, 3- toothed at the apex. ■X- ■X- * Flowers all perfect and fertile ; far western species. Leaves" cuneate, 3-toothed or 3-lobed. 20. Leaves linear, entire. 21. 1. A. caudata. A. boreal is. A. Canadensis. A. dracunctiloides. A. glauca. 7. A. frigida. 8. A. Absinthium. 9. A. Abrotanum. 12. A. Stelleriana. 13. A. vulgaris. 14. A. Potitica. 15. A. Kansana. 16. A. serrata. 18. 19- A. longifolia. A. gnaphalodes. A. Bigelozii. A. tridentata. A. cana. 462 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 1. Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall or Wild Wormwood. (Fig. 3998.) Artemisia caudata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 129. 1803. Root biennial ( sometimes perennial?); stems slender, glabrous, tufted, strict, very leafy, 2°-6° high, at length paniculately branched, the branches glabrous, or rarely slightly pubescent, nearly erect. Lower and basal leaves and those of sterile shoots slender-petioled, sometimes a little pubescent, 3/-6/ long, 2-3-pinnately divided into narrowly linear acute lobes about %'r •wide; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, pinuately di- vided, or the uppermost entire and short; heads about i// broad, very short-peduncled, very numerous in a large somewhat leafy panicle, mostly nodding; bracts of the ovoid-campanulate involucre ovate, or the inner elliptic, glabrous; receptacle hemispheric, naked; central flowers sterile. In dry sandy soil, abundant on sea-beaches, from Quebec to Florida, west to Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. July- Sept. 2. Artemisia borealis Pall. Northern Wormwood. (Fig. 3999.) Artemisia borealis Pall. Iter. 129. pi. hh, f. 1. 1771. Artemisia Groenlandica Wormsk. Fl. Dan. pi. 1585. 1818. Perennial, s'-is' high, densely silky-pubescent all over, resembling small forms of the following species. Leaves less divided, the basal and lower ones petioled, i/-2^/ long, the upper sessile, lin- ear and entire or merely 3-parted; heads about 2// broad in a dense terminal rarely branched thyrsus; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts brown or brownish, pilose-pubescent or nearly glabrous; re- ceptacle convex, naked; disk-flowers sterile. Maine (according to Fernald) ; Quebec to Greenland, west through arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Asia. July-Aug. 3. Artemisia Canadensis Michx. Canada Wormwood. (Fig. 4000.) Artemisia Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 129. 1S03. Root perennial (or sometimes biennial); stem pubes- cent or glabrous, strict, simple or branched, i°-2° high, the branches appressed and erect. Leaves usually pubes- cent, but sometimes sparingly so, the basal and lower ones petioled, 2/-3/ long, 2-pinnately divided into linear acute lobes which are shorter and broader than those of Artemisia caudata; upper leaves sessile, less divided; heads short-peduncled, about 2" broad, commonly num- erous in a narrow virgate panicle, mostly spreading or erect, in small forms the panicle reduced to a nearly or quite simple terminal raceme; involucre ovoid, its bracts ovate or oval, green, glabrous or pubescent; re- ceptacle hemispheric; central flowers sterile. In rocky soil, Hudson Bay to northern Maine and Ver- mont, west along the Great Lakes to Minnesota and Mani- toba and to the Canadian Pacific coast, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, and to Nebraska. Called also Sea or Wild Wormwood. July-Aug. Genus 88.] THISTLE FAMILY. 463 4. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh. Linear-leaved Wormwood. (Fig. 4001.) Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh, PI. Am. Sept. 742. 1814. Perennial, glabrous; stem somewhat woody, usually much branched, 2°-4° high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves linear, I'-^yi' long, i//-2// wide, acute, entire, or the lower and basal ones sometimes 3-cleft or even more divided; heads very numerous, i//-i}4// broad, nodding, very short-peduncled, racemose-paniculate; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts ovate or oblong, green, scarious-margined; receptacle hemispheric, naked; disk- flowers sterile. Dry plains and prairies, Manitoba to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Texas, New Mexico and California. July-Nov. 5. Artemisia glaiica Pall. Silky Wormwood. (Fig. 4002.) A. glauca Pall.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1831. 1804. Artemisia dracunculoides var. incana T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 416. 1843. Perennial, similar to the preceding species; stems strict, leafy, usually simple or little branched, i°-2° high, pubescent, tomentose or canescent, or glabrous below. Leaves linear, Yz'-^Yz' long, about xff wide, entire, finely and densely pubescent, obtuse or obtusish, or the lower or sometimes nearly all of them 3-cleft into linear lobes \'-\]/zf long; panicle narrow, branched, its branches nearly erect; heads droop- ing, sessile, very numerous, scarcely more than i^// long; involucre hemispheric, its bracts scarious-margined, obtuse; receptacle naked; disk-flowers sterile. y ^0 r? Minnesota and Manitoba to the Northwest Territory. 6. Artemisia filifolia Torr. Silvery Wormwood. (Fig. 4003.) Artemisia filifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 211. 1827. Shrubby, finely silvery-canescent throughout; stem branched, i°-3° high, the rigid branches nearly erect. Leaves i/-2/ long, nearly all 3-parted into filiform entire segments less than y^" wide, or the uppermost undivided; heads exceedingly numerous, about yz" broad, racemose-paniculate, very short- peduncled, 3-5-flowered; involucre oblong, its bracts densely canescent; receptacle small, naked or slightly fimbrillate; central 1-3 flowers sterile. On dry plains, Nebraska to Utah, south to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. Wormwood Sage. July-Oct. 464 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 7. Artemisia frigida Willd. Pasture Sage- Brush. Wormwood Sage. (Fig. 4004.) Artemisia frigida Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1838. 1804. Perennial, woody at the base, densely silky- canescent all over; stem branched or simple, io/- 2o/ high. Leaves %/-\Y/ long, ternately or 5- nately divided into numerous short acutish mostly entire lobes less than ]/z" wide, the lower and basal ones petioled, and often with a pair of en- tire or 3-cleft divisions near the base of the peti- ole, the upper sessile and less divided; heads rather numerous, racemose or racemose-panicu- late, short-peduncled, nodding, about 2" broad; in- volucre hemispheric, its bracts oblong, canescentor tomentose; receptacle villous-pubescent; central flowers fertile. On dry plains and in rocky soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory and Idaho, south to Nebraska, Texas and New Mexico. Called also Wild Sage. July-Oct. 8. Artemisia Absinthium L,. Common Wormwood. Absinth. (Fig. 4005.) Artemisia Absinthium L,. Sp. PI. 848. 1753. Shrubby, finely canescent; stem much branched, 20- 40 high. Leaves 2/-5/long, 1-3-pinnately divided into numerous oblong to obovate obtuse lobes, the lower loug-petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile, the uppermost commonly linear aud entire; heads numer- ous, yellow, racemose-paniculate, drooping, short-pe- duncled, 2//-2^// broad; involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts linear, the inner much broader, scarious- margined; receptacle pilose-pubescent; central flowers fertile, the marginal ones fertile or sterile. In waste places, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay to Massachusetts, western Ontario and New York. Natu- ralized or adventive from Europe, mostly escaped from gardens. Old English names, Maderwort, Mugwort, Mingwort, Warmot. July-Oct. g. Artemisia Abrotanum L,. Southernwood. (Fig. 4006.) Artemisia Abrotanum L. Sp. PI. 845. 1753. Perennial, somewhat shrubby; stem puberulent or glabrous, much branched, 2°-4° high, the branches short, erect or ascending. Leaves glabrous or some- what pubescent, i/-3/ long, 1-3-pinnately parted into linear obtuse entire lobes about Yz" wide, or the uppermost linear and entire, the lowest petioled; heads several-flowered, yellow, very numerous, nod- ding, racemose-paniculate, 2//-2^// broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, pubescent, its outer bracts lan- ceolate, acute, the inner ones obovate; receptacle glabrous; central flowers fertile. In waste places, Massachusetts to western New York, southern Ontario, and Nebraska. Adventive from con- tinental Europe. Old English names, Lad's Love, Boy's Eove, Slovenwood, Old Man. Artemisia procera Willd., a similar species, but with glabrous involucre, is stated by Dr. Gray (Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 370) to have escaped from gardens at Buffalo, N. Y., but is not recorded in Mr. D. F. Day's Catalogue of Plants of that vicinity. Genus SS.] THISTLE FAMILY io. Artemisia annua L,. Annual Wormwood. (Fig. 4007.) Artemisia annua I,. Sp. PI. 847. 1753. Annual, glabrous throughout, much branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves 2/-6/ long, finely 2-3-piunateh' dissected into very narrow short obtuse" lobes, the lower and basal ones slender-petioled, the upper sessile and less divided, but none of them entire; heads very numerous, about \'f broad, drooping, borne on very slender peduncles of about their own length or less; involucre hemispheric, glabrous, its bracts few, ovate to oblong; receptacle glabrous; flowers commonly all fertile. c* In waste places, Ontario to West Virginia, Tennessee and Kansas, a bad weed in some places. Adventive or naturalized from Asia. Summer. 11. Artemisia biennis Willd. Biennial Wormwood. (Fig. 4008.) Artemisia biennis Willd. Phytogr. n. 1794. Annual or biennial, glabrous throughout; stem very leafy, usually branched, i°-4° high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves i/-t>/ long, 1-2-pinnately di- vided into linear or linear-oblong, acutish, serrate or incised lobes, the lowest petioled, the uppermost less divided or rarely quite entire; heads about i^// broad, not drooping, sessile and exceedingly numer- ous in axillary glomerules which are crowded, form- ing a compound spicate inflorescence, the subtend- ing leaves much exceeding the clusters; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts green, scarious-mar- gined; receptacle naked; central flowers fertile. Native in the Northwest Territory and the northwest- ern United States, now widely distributed as a weed from Manitoba to Nova Scotia, south to Missouri, Kentucky and Pennsylvania. Plant not odorous. Aug.-Oct. 12. Artemisia Stelleriana Bess. Beach Wormwood. (Fig. 4009.) Artemisia Stelleriana Bess. Abrot. 79. pi. 5. 1829. Perennial, densely white-tomeutose; stem branched, i°-2/^° high, bushy, the branches ascending. Leaves obovate to spatulate, xf-\' long, pinnatifid into oblong obtuse entire or few-toothed lobes, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, all densely tomentose beneath, but be- coming green and glabrous above when old; heads racemose-spicate or racemose-glomerate, 3//-4// broad, not drooping; involucre oblong- campanulate, its bracts tomentose, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; receptacle naked; central flowers fertile. f Sandy sea-beaches, Maine and Massachusetts to New Jersey. Cultivated in gardens along the coast. Native of northeastern Asia. Occurs also on the coast of Sweden. Foliage similar to that of the Dusty Miller, Cineraria maritima L- July-Aug. 30 466 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 13. Artemisia vulgaris !,. Common Mugwort. (Fig. 4010.) Artemisia vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 848. 1753. Perennial; stem glabrous or nearly so, much branched, i°-3^° high. Leaves i'-aYz' long, deeply pinnatifid, into linear, oblong or some- what spatulate, pinnatifid, toothed or entire lobes, densely white-tomentose beneath, dark green and glabrous above, the lower petioled and often with 1 or 2 pairs of small lateral divis- ions at or near the base of the petiole, the upper sessile, the uppermost sometimes linear and en- tire; heads numerous, erect, about i,f broad, in panicled simple or compound spikes; involucre oblong- campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtusish, scarious-margined, tomentose or glabrous; re- ceptacle naked; central flowers fertile. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Michi- gan, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Reported as native in arctic America. Called also Motherwort, Fellon-herb, Sailor's Tobacco, Wormwood, Bul- wand. July-Oct. 14. Artemisia Pontica L,. Artemisia Pontica I_. Sp. PI. 847. 1753. Perennial; stem branched, glabrous or canescent, i°-3°high. Leaves \Yz,-2Yz/ long, 2-3-pinnately dissected into short narrow lobes less thani// wide, canescent on both sides, or tomentose beneath, the lower petioled and the petioles somewhat clasping or auricled at the base, the upper mostly linear and entire; heads numerous, i//-2// broad, drooping, slender-peduncled; involucre hemispheric, canes- cent, its bracts oblong or obovate, obtuse, the outer short, lanceolate; receptacle glabrous; central flowers fertile. Railway embankment near Tumble Station, Hunt- erdon Co., N. J.; mountain-side near Lily Lake, Lu- zerne Co., Pa. Both specimens in leaf only, and re- ferred to this species with some hesitation. Fugitive or adventive from central Europe. July-Aug. Roman or Hungarian Wormwood. (Fig. 401 1.) 15. Artemisia Kansana Britton. Kansas Mugwort. (Fig. 4012.) Densely white-woolly all over; stem erect, much branched, the branches strict, bearing very numerous small heads forming a narrow dense panicle. Leaves numerous, crowded, the lower pinnately divided into 3-7 narrowly linear revolute-margined segments Yzfr wide or less, greenish above; upper leaves mostly narrowly linear and entire; heads oblong-oval, ses- sile, or very short-peduncled, erect, or somewhat spreading, i^//long; involucre very woolly, its bracts ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute; recep- tacle naked. Plains, Lane Co., Kansas, Aug. 15, 1895 (A. S. Hitch- cock). Genus 88.] THISTLE FAMILY 16. Artemisia serrata Nutt. Saw-leaf Mugwort. (Fig. 4013.) Artemisia serrata Nutt. Gen. 2: 142. 1818. Perennial; stem stout, tomentose or be- coming glabrous, much branched, 5°-io° high. Leaves lanceolate, 2/-6/ long, .3"- 12" wide, densely white-tomentose beneath, dark green and glabrous above, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lowest petioled, sharply serrate or in- cised, or the upper entire; heads very nu- merous, greenish, erect, about l}^// broad, sessile or short-peduncled in panicled spikes or racemes; involucre canescent, its bracts oblong, obtuse, or the outer ones lanceolate; receptacle naked; central flowers fertile. Prairies, Illinois to Minnesota and Dakota. Introduced on the Mohawk River, near Sche- nectady, N. Y. Aug. -Oct. 17. Artemisia longifolia Nutt. Long-leaved Mugwort. (Fig. 4014.) Artemisia longifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 142. 1818. Perennial; stem densely white-tomentose, branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves linear or lin- ear-lanceolate, elongated, entire, a'-s' long, l//~5// wide, acuminate, tapering to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, densely white- tomentose on both sides, or becoming green and glabrate above; heads numerous, erect, spicate-paniculate, about 2" broad; involucre tomentose, its bracts oblong, obtuse; recep- tacle naked ; central flowers fertile. In dry rocky soil, western Nebraska to Min- nesota, Montana and the Northwest Territory. Aug. -Sept. 18. Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. Prairie, Western or Cud-weed Mugwort. (Fig. 4015.) Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. Gen. 2: 143. 1818. Artemisia Ltidoviciana var. gnaphalodes T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 420. 1843. Perennial, similar to the preceding spe- cies; stem white-tomentose, usually much branched, i°-4° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, I/-3' long, 2//-6// wide, entire, or the lower somewhat toothed, lobed or in- cised, white tomentose on both sides, acute or acuminate, sessile or the lower narrowed into short petioles; heads numerous, erect, spicate-paniculate, above i%;/ broad; invo- lucre oblong, tomentose; receptacle naked; central flowers fertile. On prairies and dry banks, western Ontario and Illinois to British Columbia, south to Mis- souri, Texas, Arizona, Mexico and California. Aug.-Oct COMPOSITAE. [Vol.. III. ig. Artemisia Bigelovii A. Gray. Bigelow's Sage-Bush. (Fig. 4016.) Artemisia Bigelovii A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: no. 1856. Perennial, shrubby, silvery-canescent through- out, §'-15' high, much branched, the branches erect. Leaves narrowly cuneate, or oblong, obtuse, truncate, or 3-5-toothed at the apex, 5//-9// l°ng> about \" wide; beads very numerous, about \" broad, densely glomerate-spicate in a narrow vir- gate panicle, 2-5-flowered, 1 or 2 of the marginal ones pistillate, the others perfect and fertile; invo- lucre short-oblong, canescent or tomentose, its bracts oblong, obtuse; receptacle naked. Kansas (according to Smyth), and Colorado to Ari- zona. Aug.-Oct. 20. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Common Sage-bush. Sage-brush. Sage-wood. Mountain Sage. (Fig. 4017.) Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (11)7:393. 1841. Shrubby, silvery-canescent; stem much branched, i°-i2° high. Leaves narrowly cune- ate, VS. ■\%' long, i//-3// wide, sessile, 3-7- toothed at the truncate apex; heads very nu- merous,5-8-flowered, about i/^// broad, sessile, or very nearly so, in large dense panicles; invo- lucre oblong, tomentose,its inner bracts oblong, the outer short, ovate, all obtuse or obtusish; re- ceptacle naked; flowers all perfect and fertile. On dry plains and in rocky soil, western Ne- braska to Colorado, Utah and California, north to Montana and British Columbia. July-Sept. 21. Artemisia cana Pursh. Hoary Sage-Bush. (Fig. 4018.) Artemisia cana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 521. 1814. Shrubby, densely white-canescent; stem much branched, i°-2^°high. Leaves linear, linear-oblong or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, acute at both ends, i/-2/ long, i%"-3f/ wide, usually quite entire, rarely with 2 or 3 acute teeth or lobes; heads numerous, about x%,r broad, glomerate or sometimes solitary in the axils of the leaves, or crowded into a naked thyrsus at the summit, 5-9-flowered; invo- YV lucre oblong, canescent, its inner bracts ob- long or lanceolate, obtuse, usually with 1- 3 shorter outer ones; receptacle naked; flowers all perfect and fertile. Plains, Nebraska and Colorado to North Da- kota and the Northwest Territory. July-Sept. Genus S9.] THISTLE FAMILY. 469 89. TUSSILAGO h. Sp. PI. 865. 1753. An acaulescent herb, more or less white-tomentose, with slender perennial rootstocks, broad basal cordate, dentate or lobed, long-petioled leaves, and large solitary, monoecious heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers at the summit of a scaly scape, appearing before the leaves of the season. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, its principal bracts in a single series, equal, with or without a few shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Ray- flowers in several series, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, the corolla 5-cleft, the style undivided and obtuse, lobed. Achenes of the ray-flowers linear, 5-10-ribbed. Pap- pus copious, of numerous slender roughish bris- tles, that of the sterile flowers shorter than that of the fertile. [Latin, tussis, cough, for which the plant was a reputed remedy.] A monotypic genus of northern Europe and Asia. i. Tussilago Farfara L. Coltsfoot. Coughwort. (Fig. 4019.) Tussilago Farfara L. Sp. PI. 865. 1753. Scape slender, 3/-i8/ high, bearing a solitary large head at the summit. Leaves nearly orbicu- lar, or broadly ovate-reniform, angulately lobed and dentate, 3 '-7' broad, green and glabrous above, persistently white-tomentose beneath; head about i' broad; involucre campanulate; rays bright yellow, numerous, linear, pistillate, fertile. In moist soil, along roadsides, etc., Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Massachusetts, New York and Minnesota. Naturalized from Europe. Other names are Horse-foot, Horse-hoof, Dove-dock, Sow- foot, Colt-herb, Hoofs, Cleats, Ass's-foot, Bull's- foot, Foal-foot, Ginger, Clay-weed. April-June. 90. PETASITES Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 406. pi. 166. Herbs with perennial thick horizontal rootstocks, broad basal petioled leaves, and scaly scapes bearing racemose or corymbose heads of tubular or both tubular and radiate, white or purplish, often dioecious or subdioecious flowers. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, its bracts in 1 series, equal. Receptacle flat, or nearly so, not chaffy. Corolla of pistillate flow- ers very slender, 2-5-toothed, truncate or sometimes with a ray, marginal, or composing most of the head; perfect but sterile flowers with a tubular 5-cleft corolla, the style undivided. Anthers entire or minutely sagittate at the base. Fertile achenes linear, the pappus of nu- merous capillary rough or barbellate bristles. [Greek, a broad-rimmed hat, referring to the broad leaves of these plants.] About 12 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Flowers whitish, the pistillate radiate; natives; northern. Leaves orbicular, 7-11-cleft nearly to the base. I. P- palmata. Leaves hastate-reniform, sinuate-lobed or toothed. 2. P. frigida. Leaves deltoid-ovate, repand-denticulate. 3- P- sagittaia. Flowers all rayless, purple; introduced. 4. P. Petasites. i. Petasites palmata (Ait.) A. Gray. Palmate-leaf Sweet Coltsfoot. (Fig. 4020.) Tussilago palmata Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: iSS. pi. 2. 1789. Nardosmia palmata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:308. 1S33. Petasites palmata A. Gray in Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1:407. 1S76. Scape very scaly, stout, 6/-24/ high. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 3/-i2/ broad, deeply 7-11-cleft to much beyond the middle, green and glabrous above, densely white-tomentose beneath, at least when young, sometimes becoming glabrate, the lobes oblong or obovate, acute, often somewhat cuneate, sharply dentate or incised; heads mostly dioecious, corymbose or racemose-corymbose, nu- merous, 4//-6// broad; flowers nearly white,fragrant, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads radiate. In swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Alaska and British Columbia, south to Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin and California April-June. 47© COMPOSITAE. [Vol.. III. 2. Petasites frigida (L,.) Fries. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot. (Fig. 402 r.) Tussilago frigida L. Sp. PI. 865. 1753. Petasites frigida Fries. Summa Veg. Scand. 182. 1845. Scape very scaly, 3/-io/ high. Leaves hastate- reniform to triangular-ovate, \'-\f long, irregu- larly and angulately lobed and incised, green and glabrous above, persistently white-tomen- tose beneath, the lobes entire or few- toothed; heads usually fewer and larger than those of the preceding species; involucre short-campanulate; flowers nearly white, fragrant, the margiual ones of the pistillate heads radiate. Lake Winnipeg (according to Richardson), to the Arctic Sea, west to Alaska and the mountains of British Columbia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 3. Petasites sagittata (Pursh) A. Gray. Arrow-leaf Sweet Coltsfoot. (Fig. 4022.) Tussilago sagittata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 332. 1814. Nardosmia sagittata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 307. i833- Petasites sagittata A. Gray in Brew. & Wats. Cal. Bot. 1: 407. 1876. Scape and racemose-corymbose inflorescence similar to those of the two preceding species. Leaves deltoid-ovate or reniform-ovate, persist- ently white-tomentose beneath, glabrous or nearly so above, 4/-io/ long, their margins sinu- ate denticulate, neither cleft nor lobed; involucre campanulate; flowers nearly white, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads radiate. In wet ground, Hudson Bay to Manitoba and Minnesota, west to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. May-June. 4. Petasites Petasites (L,. ) Karst. Butter-bur. Butterfly-dock. (Fig. 4023.) Tussilago Petasites L. Sp. PI. 866. 1753. Petasites officinalis Moench. Meth. 568. 1794. Petasites vulgaris Desf . Fl. Atlant. 2: 270. 1798. P. Petasites Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 1062. 1880-83. Scape very scaly, 6'-i5' high. Leaves or- bicular or hastate-reniform, often 12' broad when mature, rounded or pointed at the apex, repand-denticulate all around, persistently white-tomentose beneath, green and mostly glabrous above; heads 4//-6// broad, mostly dioecious, in a dense raceme, the staminate ones smaller than the pistillate; flowers pink- purple, fragrant, none of them radiate. In cultivated and waste ground, Bucks Co. to Delaware Co., Pa. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Other names are Batter-, Butter- or Flea-dock, Bog- or Poison- rhubarb, Eldin, Gallon, Umbrella-leaves, Pesti- lence-wort, Ox-wort. April. •Genus 91.] THISTLE FAMILY. 471 I. A. acaulis. 2. A. cordifolia. 3- 4- A. A. Chamissonis alpina. k 91. ARNICA L. Sp. PI. 884. 1753. Erect, simple or little branched herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper rarely alternate, and large, long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or rays wanting in some species. Involucre turbinate or campanulate, its bracts in 1 or 2 series, narrow, nearly equal. Receptacle flat, naked, fimbrillate or villous. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays spreading, entire, or 2-3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla 5-lobed, the style with slender branches. Anthers entire or minutely 2 auriculate at the base. Achenes linear, 5-10-ribbed, more or less pubescent. Pappus a single series of rough or bar- bellate rigid slender bristles. [Derivation uncertain, perhaps from Ptarmica.] About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some n others occur in the western parts of North America. Basal leaves ovate or oval, sessile; southern. Basal leaves oblong, lanceolate, or cordate -ovate, petioled. Basal leaves cordate-ovate. Basal leaves not cordate, tapering to the petiole. Stem-leaves 3-5 pairs; upper somewhat smaller. Stem-leaves 1-3 pairs; upper much smaller. I. Arnica acaulis (Walt.) B.S.P. Leopard' s-bane. (Fig. 4024.) Doronicum acaule*Wz\X.. Fl. Car. 205. 1788. Arnica Claytoni Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 527. 1814. Arnica nudicaulis Nutt. Gen. 2: 164. 1818. A mica acaulis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 30. 1888. Glandular-hirsute; stem i°-3° high, bearing several slender-peduncled heads at the sum- mit. Basal leaves tufted, ovate or oval, ob- tuse, narrowed to a sessile base, denticulate orentire, 2/-5/ long, i^/~3/ wide; stem-leaves 1-3 pairs, and some alternate, very small ones above; heads I'-iyi' broad; bracts of the in- volucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acutish; rays 12-15, commonly 3-toothed at the trun- cate apex; achenes pubescent when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature. In low woods, Delaware and southern Penn- sylvania to Florida. April-May. 2. Arnica cordifolia Hook. Heart-leaf Arnica. (Fig. 4025.) Arnica cordifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 331- 1833. Hirsute, or pubescent; stem simple, or sparingly branched, i°-2° high. Basal and lower leaves ovate to nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute, deeply cordate at the base, dentate, i/-3/ long, with slender some- times margined petioles; stem-leaves 1-3 pairs, ovate to oblong, sessile or short-peti- oled, much smaller; heads i-8,2/-3/ broad; bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, 6//-io// long; rays 12-16, toothed at the apex; achenes hirsute-pubescent, or gla- brous at the base. Western Nebraska to the Northwest Terri- tory', west to Nevada and British Columbia. May-July. 472 COMPOSITAE. 3. Arnica Chamissonis Chamisso's Arnica. (Fig. [Vol. III. Less. 4026.) Arnica Chamissonis Less. Linnaea, 6: 317. 1831. Arnica mollis Hook. PI. Bor. Am. 1:331. 1833. Villous-pubesceut; stem simple, or little branched, \°-2%° high, bearing 1-6 heads at the summit. Leaves oblong or oblong-lan- ceolate, dentate or entire, acute or obtuse, 2/-5/ long, 3//~9// wide, the lower and basal ones narrowed into petioles, the upper ses- sile, and usually somewhat connate by a broad or narrowed base, those of the stem 3-5 pairs, usually with some alternate small ones on the branches; heads i/-2/ broad; bracts of the involucre acute; rays 10-15, 3" toothed; achenes hirsute-pubescent. Mountains of northern New York, New Hampshire and Maine to New Brunswick, west to Lake Superior, Alaska and California, south in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and Colorado. June-Aug. 4. Arnica alpina (L,.) Olin. Mountain Tobacco. Arctic Leopard' s-bane. Arctic Arnica. (Fig. 4027.) Arnica montana var. alpina L. Sp. PI. 884. 1753- Arnica alpina Olm, Mon. Arn. Upsala. 1799. Arnica angustifolia Vahl, Fl. Dan. pi. 1524. 1814. Similar to the preceding species, but smaller and more slender, d'-i^' high, villous or pu- bescent. Stem simple, usually bearing but a single head, but sometimes with 1-3 addi- tional ones from the axils of the upper leaves; leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong, or the lowest spatulate, thickish, entire or denticulate, 3- nerved, the basal ones petioled, those of the stem 1-3 pairs, sessile or short-petioled, scarcely connate, the upper pair usually much smaller than the lower ones; heads about 2/ broad; rays 10-15, toothed; achenes hirsute or glabrate. Labrador to Greenland and the Arctic Sea, west to Manitoba (according to Macoun), Alaska and British Columbia, south in the Sierra Ne- vada to California and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe. May- Sept. 92. ERECHTITES Raf. Fl. Ludov. 65. 1817. Erect, usually branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and (in our species) rather large discoid many-flowered heads of whitish flowers, corymbose-paniculate at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre cylindric, swollen at the base, its principal bracts in 1 series, linear, with or without some much smaller outer ones. Receptacle concave, naked. Mar- ginal flowers in 2-several series, pistillate, fertile, their corollas filiform, the limb 2-4-toothed. Central flowers perfect, fertile; corolla narrowly tubular, the limb 4-5-toothed, the style- branches elongated, truncate or obtuse at the summit. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Achenes linear-oblong, angled or striate. Pappus of copious capillary soft smooth white bristles. [Ancient name of some groundsel.] About 12 species, natives of America and Australasia. The following is the only one known to occur in North America. Genus 92.] THISTLE FAMILY. 473 1. Erechtites hieracifdlia (Iv. ) Raf . Fire-weed. Pilewort. (Fig. 4028.) Senecio hieracifolius L. Sp. PI. 866. 1753- Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. DC. Prodr. 6: 294. 1837. Annual, glabrous, or somewhat hir- sute; stem striate, succulent, usually branched, i°-8° high. Leaves thin, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, den- tate and often deeply incised, 2'-%' long, the upper sessile or auriculate- clasping, mostly acuminate, the lower usually narrowed into petioles; heads W-\o" long, about 3" in diameter, the involucre conspicuously swollen at the base before flowering, its bracts numerous, striate, green, with narrow scarious margins; pappus brightwhite. In woodlands, thickets and waste places, very abundant after fires, New- foundland to Florida, west to the North- west Territory, Nebraska and Louisiana. Also in Mexico and South America. Ju^-Sept. 93. MESADENIA Raf.; Loud. Gard. Mag. 8: 247. 1832. Tall perennial mostly glabrous herbs, with alternate petioled leaves and numerous, rather small, corymbose, discoid heads of white, yellowish or pinkish flowers, all tubular and perfect. Sap milky (at least in some species). Involucre cylindric or nearly so, its princi- pal bracts 5, in 1 series, equal, usually with a few short outer ones. Receptacle flat, not chaffy, with a fleshy projection in the centre. Corollas with somewhat spreading 5-cleft limbs, the lobes usually with a mid-nerve. Style-branches conic or obtuse at the apex. Achenes oblong, glabrous. Pappus of copious white scabrous bristles. [Greek, referring to the cen- tral projection of the receptacle.] About 12 species, natives of North and Central America. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Leaves thin, reniform or fan-shaped, lobed, or angulate-dentate. Leaves green both sides, angulate-dentate. 1. M. reniformis. Leaves glaucous beneath, green above, angulate-lobed. 2. M. atriplicifolia. Leaves thick, green both sides, ovate or oval, entire, or repand. 3. M. tuberosa. i. Mesadenia reniformis (Muhl.) Raf. Great Indian Plantain. Wild Collard. (Fig. 4029.) Cacalia reniformis Muhl.; Willd. .Sp. PI. 3: 1735. 1804. Mesadenia reniformis Raf.New Fl.4: 79. 1836. Glabrous; stem angled and grooved, 40- lo° high. Leaves thin, green both sides, coarsely angulate-dentate with mucronate- pointed teeth, the basal and lower reniform, long-petioled, sometimes 2° wide, the upper ovate or fan-shaped, mostly cuneate at the base, the uppermost small and oblong; heads numerous, mostly 5-flowered, about 2// broad, in large compound corymbs; in- volucre $"-\" high, its bracts about 5, lin- ear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, scarious-mar- gined, with or without 1-3 minute outer ones. In woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. Juty-Sept. 474 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 2. Mesadenia atriplicifdlia (I,.) Raf. Pale Indian Plantain. (Fig. 4030.) Cacalia atriplicifolia L,. Sp. PI. 835. 1753. Senecio atriplicifolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:332. 1833. Mesadenia atriplicifolia Raf. New Fl. 4: 79. 1836. Stem terete, glabrous and glaucous, 3°-6° high. Leaves thin, angulate- lobed, glaucous beneath, the lower and basal ones slender-petioled, sometimes 6/ wide, the upper reniform, fan-shaped, or triangular with a nearly truncate base, the uppermost commonly small, lanceolate or oblong and entire; heads very numerous, about \l/2" broad, in large loose compound corymbs; invo- lucre 3//-4// high, its bracts about 5, linear-oblong, scarious-margined, with or without 1-3 minute outer ones. In woods, western Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Missouri and Kansas. Rare or absent near the coast. Called also Wild Caraway. July-Sept. Mesadenia tuberosa (Nutt.) Britton. (Fig. 4031.) Tuberous Indian Plantain. Cacalia tuberosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 138. 1S18. Mesadenia plantaginea Raf. New Fl. 4: 79. Senecio Nultallii Seh. Bip. Flora, 27: 499. 1836. 1845. Glabrous and green throughout; stem angled, stout, 2°-6° high. Leaves thick, strongly 5-9- nerved, the lower and basal ones oval, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, usually quite entire, but sometimes repand, long-peti- oled, narrowed at the base, or rarely subcordate, 4/-8/ long, i/~3/ wide; upper leaves ovate to oblong or cuneate-obovate, sessile or short-pet- ioled, much smaller, sometimes toothed toward the apex; heads very numerous in a compound corymb, about 2" broad, mostly 5-flowered; involucre 3//-4// high, its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, scarious-margined. On wet prairies and in marshes, Ohio and west- ern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Alabama, Louisi- ana and Arkansas. June-Aug. 94. SYNOSMA Raf. Loud. Gard. Mag. 8: 247. 1832. A perennial leafy herb, glabrous or very nearly so, with triangular or hastate, alternate leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, and several or numerous, corymbose or corym- bose-paniculate, discoid heads of white or pinkish flowers. Involucre nearly cylindric, its principal bracts 12-15, linear, acute, usually with some subulate outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Flowers perfect; corolla 5-lobed. Style-branches not appendaged. Pappus of very numerous white soft capillary bristles. [Greek, perhaps signifying a fragrant composite.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. Genus 94-] THISTLE FAMILY. 475 1. Synosma suaveolens Sweet-scented Indian Plantain. (L.) Raf. (Fig. 4032.) Cacalia suaveolens L. Sp. PI. 835. 1753. Senecio suaveolens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 328. 1821-24. Synosma suaveolens Raf. ; Loud. Gard. Mag. 8: 247. 1832. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem stri- ate, 3°-5° high, leafy to the infloresceuce. Leaves triangular lanceolate or hastate, sharply and irregu- larly serrate, acuminate, 4/-io/ long, 2/-6/ wide at the base, the auricles sometimes with 1 or 2 lobes on the lower side; petioles margined, or those of the basal leaves naked and slender; uppermost leaves sometimes merely lanceolate and sessile; heads 2//-3// broad in a usually large and compound corymb; involucre 4//-6// high, its principal bracts linear, acute; heads 20-30-flowered. In woods, Connecticut and New Jersey to Illinois and Minnesota, south to Florida, West Virginia and Kentucky, Called also Wild Carawa3\ Aug.-Oct. 95. SENECIO L. Sp. PI. 866. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs (some tropical species shrubby or even arborescent), with alternate or basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate many-flowered heads, of both tubular and radiate, or only tubular flowers, in our species yellow. Involucre cylindric or campanulate, its principal bracts in 1 series, distinct, or united at the base, usually with some shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, mostly naked, often honeycombed. Rays, when present, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular, the limb 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, or rarely slightly sag- ittate. Style- branches of the disk-flowers usually recurving or spreading. Achenes terete, or those of the marginal flowers somewhat compressed, 5-10-ribbed, papillose or canescent, at least after wetting, and then usually emitting a pair of spiral threads. Pappus of numer- ous slender or capillary, smooth or rough, mostly white bristles. [Latin, sene.v, an old man, referring to the hoary character of some species, or to the white pappus.] An immense genus of probably at least 1000 species, of very wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, some 50 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Our species known as Groundsel, Ragwort, or Squaw-weed. ■& Heads conspicuously radiate (except in forms of Nos. g, 10 and 15). (a) Heads solitary or few, 6"-i2" high; northern species. Stout; leaves 4'-8' long; heads i^'-2' broad. 1. 5". Pseudo-Arnica. Low; leaves 1' -2' long; heads lA'-i' broad. 2. S. frigidus. (b) Heads several or numerous, corymbose, mostly smaller. f At least the lowest leaves entire or dentate, not pinnatifid (or sometimes pinnatifid in No. 7 I. % None of the leaves cordate. Heads 5"-7" high; plants i°-5° tall; northwestern species. Involucral bracts acuminate; leaves mostly entire. 3. S. integerrimus. Bracts acute or obtuse, mostly black-tipped; leaves denticulate. 4. S'. lugens. Heads 3" -5" high; plants 6' -30' tall. Leaves and stems persistently more or less tomentose or wooll}'. Achenes glabrous. 5. .S*. canus. Achenes hispidulous or glandular. Basal leaves long-petioled, crenate-dentate or sometimes pinnatifid; plants tall. Basal leaves crenate-dentate; eastern. 6. S. tomentosus. Stem leaves and often also the basal, pinnatifid; western. 7. 5*. Platlensis. Basal leaves short-petioled, much tufted, oval, few-toothed, or entire; plant low. 8. 5". antoinariifolius. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; stem often woolly, especially below. Basal leaves obovate, spatulate, or oval; achenes glabrous. Basal leaves obovate or suborbicular, crenate or dentate; involucral bracts 2" -2 '2 long. long. 9- 10. S. obovatus. S. discoideus. Basal leaves ovate to oval; involucral bracts 3"~5' Basal leaves oblong; achenes hispidulous. Heads few or several, 3"-4." high; basal leaves 1' -3' long. Heads numerous, 2"-2^" high; basal leaves 3' -6' long. Basal leaves linear-cuneate, entire or 3-toothed at apex. % % Basal leaves cordate or subcordate; plants mostly glabrous. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 14. 5. Robbinsii. Basal leaves orbicular or ovate-oval. 15. S. aureus. ft Leaves narrowly linear, entire, or with linear, entire lobes. 16. -S-. Douglasii. Ttt Leaves all pinnatifid or coarsely sinuate-dentate ; plants glabrous, or somewhat woolly when young. 11. 12. 13- S. Balsamz'lae. S. S ma I Hi. S. compactus. Leaves sinuate-dentate, lanceolate; heads 4"-$" high. Leaves pinnately divided; segments entire or dentate; heads 2" -3" high. Leaves 2-pinnatifid; heads 3" high; introduced species. ~r tc- Heads discoid, the rays none, or minute. Leaves pinnatifid: plants glabrous or puberulent; achenes canescent. Heads 3" -4" high; involucre naked, or nearl3* so at the base. 17- 18. 19. S. palustris. S. lobatus. S. Jacobaea. 20. S. sylvaticus. 476 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. Heads 4" -6" high; involucre with several short outer bracts. Leaves pinnatifid; plant viscid-pubescent; achenes glabrous. Basal leaves obovate, orbicular, or spatulate, merely dentate. 2,1. 5". vulgaris. 22. 5. viscosus. Varieties of Nos. 9, 10 and 15. Sea- 1. Senecio Pseudo-Arnica Less, beach Senecio. (Fig. 4033.) Arnica maritima L. Sp. PI. 884. 1753. Not S. maritimus L. Senecio Pseudo- Arnica Less. Linnaea, 6: 240. 1831. Perennial, somewhat fleshy; stem stout, mostly simple, very leafy, 6'-3° high. Leaves obloug-ob- ovate, or the lower spatulate, acute or obtuse at the apex, 4/-8/ long, Yz'-z' wide, densely tomentose beneath, at least when young, repand-dentate or denticulate, narrowed to a sessile and partly clasp- ing base, or the lowest into margined petioles; heads solitary, or several (2-7) and corymbose, stout-peduucled, \]/2'-2' broad, nearly i/ high; in- volucre broadly campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, mostly tomentose, commonly with sev- eral subulate spreading ones at the base; rays 12- 15, linear, 3-toothed, conspicuous; disk-corollas 5-lobed; achenes glabrous; pappus dull. On sea-beaches and rocks near the sea, Maine, New Brunswick and the lower St. Lawrence to Labrador and the Arctic Sea. Also in Alaska and northern Asia. July-Aug. 2. Senecio frigidus L,ess. Arctic Senecio. (Fig. 4034.) Senecio frigidus Less. Linnaea, 6: 239. 1S31. Perennial, more or less tomentose, or becoming glabrous when old; stem slender, 6/-i2/ high, bearing a solitary head (rarely 2 or 3) Y%'-\' broad. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, i/-2/ long, petioled, obtuse, repand-dentate or entire; stem-leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, sessile, mostly entire, smaller; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, acute, with no exterior smaller ones; rays 10-16, 6//-io// long, 3-toothed, linear-oblong, or cuneate at the base; achenes glabrous or sparingly pubescent; pappus white. Labrador and arctic America to Alaska. Also in northeastern Asia. Summer. 3. Senecio integerrimus Nutt. Entire-leaved Groundsel. (Fig. 4035.) Senecio integerrimus Nutt. Gen. 2: 165. 1818. Perennial, more or less woolly when young, glabrous or nearly so when old; stem stout, i°-4° high. Leaves entire, or sparingly dentic- ulate, somewhat fleshy, the lower and basal ones oval or oblong, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 3/-6/ long, \'-\%f wide, petioled, the upper linear or lanceolate, acute, the uppermost very small; heads numerous, corymbose, loug-pedun- cled, 6//-io// broad; involucre nearly cylindric, 4//-5// high, its principal bracts linear, acumi- nate, green, usually with a few subulate outer ones; rays 8-12, linear-oblong; achenes nearly glabrous, pappus white. Minnesota and Manitoba to Wyoming and British Columbia. June-July. Genus 95.] THISTLE FAMILY. 477 4. Senecio lugens Richards. Black-tipped Groundsel. (Fig. 4036.) Senecio lugens Richards. App. Frankl. Joum. Ed. 2: 31. 1823. Similar to the preceding species, more or less woolly when young, soon glabrous; stem stout, i°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves oblong, oval, or slightly spatulate, obtuse or acute, den- ticulate or dentate, 2'-$' long, ^/-i^/ wide, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves few, sessile, small and bract-like; heads several or numerous, corymbose, often short-pedun- cled, 6//-io// broad; involucre campanulate, 3//-4// high, its bracts lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acute or obtuse, often with con- spicuous black tips; rays 10-12, oblong-linear; achenes glabrous; pappus white. In moist soil, arctic America and the Northwest Territory to Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska, west to Alaska and California. June-Aug. 5. Senecio canus Hook. Silvery Groundsel. (Fig. 4037.) 5". canus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 333. pi. 116. 1833. Perennial, densely and persistently white- tomentose to the inflorescence; stems slender, usually tufted, 6/-i8/ high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oval, entire, or rarely some- what repand, very obtuse, i/-2r long, nar- rowed into petioles; upper leaves oblong or spatulate, obtuse or acute, mostly sessile, smaller, entire or dentate; heads several or numerous, 8//-io// broad, usually slender-peduncled; in- volucre campanulate, or at first short-cylindric; about 5" high, its bracts linear- lanceolate, acute sparingly tomentose, or glabrate, usually with no exterior smaller ones; rays 8-12; achenes glabrous, at least below; pappus white. In dry soil, Manitoba to Minnesota and Ne- braska, wrest to British Columbia and California. May-Aug. 6. Senecio tomentosus Michx S. tomentosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 119. 1803. Perennial, more or less densely and per- sistently tomentose or woolly-canescent; stems rather stout, solitary, or sometimes tufted, iD-2^° high. Basal and lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong or rarely spatu- late, long-petioled, erect, very obtuse, 2/-6/ long, Yz'-i' wide, crenate-dentate, narrowed or truncate at the base; stem-leaves few and distant, small, linear-lanceolate or spatu- late, crenate or rarely laciniate; heads several or numerous, corymbose, mostly long- peduncled, S^-io" broad; involucre cylindric, or narrowly campanulate, its bracts linear-lan- ceolate, acute or acuminate, at length glabrate, with or without a few small outer ones; rays 10-15; achenes hispidulous, at least on the angles; pappus white. In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, •west to Louisiana. April-June. Woolly Ragweed Ash wort. (Fig. 4038.) COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 7. Senecio Plattensis Nutt. Prairie Ragwort. (Fig. 4039.) S. Plattensis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 413. 1 841. Perennial, similar to the preceding species, usu- ally smaller-leaved, lower and less tomentose, or becoming glabrate in age, seldom over i}4° high. Basal leaves oval, ovate or oblong, some or all of them more or less pinnatifid, with the terminal segment much larger than the lateral ones, crenu- late or dentate, long-petioled; heads several or numerous, compactly or loosely corymbose, con- spicuously radiate. Illinois to South Dakota, Nebraska and the Indian Territory. April-June. 8. Senecio antennariifolius Britton. Cat's-paw Ragwort. (Fig. 4040.) Perennial, tufted in mostly large clumps; stems slender, S'-iS' high, loosely white-woolly. Leaves nearly all basal, commonly numerous, oval to spatulate, angulately few-toothed or entire, mostly obtuse, narrowed into a petiole as long as the blade or longer, densely white-tomentose beneath, green and finally glabrous above, \f-i%' long; stem-leaves small, spatulate, laciniate, or the upper narrowly linear and entire; heads several, corymbose, slen- der-peduncled, rather less than i/ broad; rays golden yellow, showy; involucre 3" high, white- woolly; achenes glandular-pubescent. White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, on a loose slate hillside, T. F. Allen and N. L. Britton, May 16, 1897; Blue Ridge, Virginia, S. B. Buckley, 1838. 9. Senecio obovatus Muhl. Round-leaf Squaw-weed. (Fig. 4041.) Senecio obovatus Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1999. 1S04. Senecio Elliottii T. &. G. Fl. N. A. 2: 443. 1843. S. aureus var. obovatus T. & G. loc. cit. 442. 1843. Perennial; stems commonly several from the same root, glabrous, or a little woolly at the base, 9'-24/ high. Leaves glabrous, rather thick, the basal ones obovate with a cuneate base, or spatu- late, very obtuse and rounded at the apex, \'-Zx/tr long, ykf-2.' wide, crenate-dentate, often purplish, usually with short margined petioles, or the earli- est sessile; stem-leaves commonly few and sessile, spatulate to oblong, often incised or piunatifid, the uppermost very small; heads several, corymbose, 6//-8// broad, about 3// high, slender-peduncled; involucre nearly cylindric, its principal bracts linear-lanceolate, 2//-3// long, acute, usually with 1-3 small exterior ones; rays 8-12, usually con- spicuous, achenes glabrous; pappus white. In moist soil and on banks. Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Michigan, Kentuck3- and Missouri. April-June. Senecio obovatus elongatus (Pursh) Britton. Senecio elongatus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 529. 1814. Stem slender, weak; leaves, or some of them, with tufts of wool in their axils; heads few, ray- less or short-rayed, often long-peduneled. On moist shaded banks, eastern Pennsylvania. Genus 95.] THISTLE FAMILY. 479 Senecio obovatus rotiindus Britton. Basal leaves orbicular, broadly oval, or ovate-orbieular, rather abruptly narrowed into the peti- ole, the larger 2%'-$ broad. On wet banks, or rocks, Kentucky to Missouri and the Indian Territory. 10. Senecio discoideus (Hook) Britton. Northern Squaw- weed. (Fig. 4042.) Senecio aureus var. discoideus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 333- l$33- Perennial, glabrous except for small tufts of wool in the axils of the lower leaves; stem rather stout, i°-2° tall; basal leaves oval to ovate, obtuse, thin, sharply dentate, abruptly narrowed into peti- oles longer than the blade; stem-leaves few, small, more or less laciniate; heads few or several, slen- der-peduncled, corymbose; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, 3//-5// long; rays very short, or none; achenes glabrous. In moist places, Michigan to the Northwest Territory. June-Aug. 11. Senecio Balsamitae Muhl. Bal- sam Groundsel. (Fig. 4043.) Senecio Balsamitae Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 1999. 1804. Senecio aureus var. Balsamitae T. & G. Fl. N. A.> 2: 442. 1843. Perennial, often tufted, stems slender, io/-2o/ high, woolly at the base and in the axils of the lower leaves. Basal leaves slender-petioled, oblong, rarely slightly spatulate, very obtuse, narrowed at the base, mostly thick, crenate, often purplish, \'-2>' long, 3//-6// wide, their petioles and sometimes their lower surfaces persistently tomentose or woolly, or glabrous throughout; lower stem-leaves petioled, lacini- ate or pinnatifid, the upper sessile, very small; heads few or several, slender-peduncled, 6//-io// broad, 3//-4// high; rays 8-12; achenes usually hispidulous on the angles; pappus white. In dry or rocky soil, Nova Scotia to North Caro- west to Washington, British Columbia, Texas and Nebraska. May-July. lina 12. Senecio Smallii Britton. Small's Squaw- weed. (Fig. 4044.) 5". aureus VAX. a ngustifolius Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 2:39. 1890. Not S. august if olius Willd. 1804. S. Smallii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 132. 1893. Similar to the preceding species but taller, grow- ing in large clumps. Stem il/4°-2j4° high, slender, densely and persistently floccose-woolly at the base and in the lower axils, or finally glabrate; basal leaves elongated-oblong or linear oblong, obtuse or acute, long-petioled, crenate-dentate, S'-V long, 3//-9// wide, at first tomentose, at length nearly glabrous; stem-leaves several, deeply pin- natifid, or the lower lyrate, the uppermost very- small ; heads very numerous, 4//~5// broad, about 2x/2" high, slender-peduncled, forming large cor- ymbs; rays S-10; achenes hispidulous; pappus white. ' In meadows and thickets, mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. May-June. 480 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 13. Senecio compactus (A. Gray) Rydberg. Western Squaw-weed. (Fig. 4045.) Senecio aureus var. compactus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 391. 1884. Senecio compactus Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 342. 1893. Perennial; stem usually tufted, low, rather stout, 6/-i2/ high, woolly at the base and in the lower axils, or glabrous. Basal leaves linear-cuneate, entire or 3- toothed at the apex, \r~j/ long, 1"-$" wide, thick, slender-petioled, the petioles commonly woolly-mar- gined; lower stem-leaves often much larger and broader, usually laciniate or pinnatifid, but sometimes similar to the basal, the uppermost very small and sessile; heads several, 8//-io// broad, short- peduncled in a com- pact corymb; rays 10-15; achenes hispidulous; pap- pus white. On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. May- June. 14. Senecio Robbinsii Oakes. Rob- bins' Squaw- weed. (Fig. 4046). Senecio Robbinsii Oakes; Rusby, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 19. 1893. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through- out; stems slender, i°-2^° high. Basal leaves long-petioled, lanceolate, obtuse oracute at the apex, cordate, subcordate or truncate at the base, usually thin, 2/-4/ long, yz'-\%' wide, sharply dentate; heads several or numerous, slender-peduncled in an open corymb, 8//-io// broad; rays 6-12; achenes glabrous; pappus white. In swamps and mountain meadows, northern New Hampshire, Vermont and New York, and on the summit of Roan Mountain, N. C. June-Sept. 15. Senecio aureus L. Golden Ragwort. Life-root. Swamp Squaw- weed. (Fig. 4047.) Senecio aureus L,. Sp. PI. 870. 1753. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stems rather slender, solitary or tufted, i°-2)40 high. Basal leaves cordate- ovate or cordate-orbicular or reniform, cre- nate-dentate, very obtuse and rounded, often purplish, i/-6/ long, with long slender peti- oles; lower stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong, usually laciniate, pinnatifid or lyrate, the uppermost small, sessile, somewhat auricu- late and clasping; heads several, 8//-io// broad, 4//-5// high, slender-peduncled in an open corymb; rays S-12, golden-yellow; achenes glabrous; pappus white. In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Florida, west to Ontario, Missouri and Texas. Called also Grundy Swallow, False Valerian. Root strong-scented. May-July. Senecio aureus pauciflorus (Pursh) Britton. Senecio pauciflorus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 529. 1814. Glabrous or with a little wool in the axils of the lower leaves; stem rather stout, 6'-i2' high ; basal leaves ovate to orbicular, about %! broad, cordate or subcordate at the base, crenate; stem-leaves few, pinnatifid; heads 1-10, short-peduncled, rather large, apparently always rayless. Perhaps a distinct species. Newfoundland to the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Genus 95.] THISTLE FAMILY. 481 Senecio aureus gracilis (Pursh) Britton. Senecio gracilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 529. 1814. Stem slender, i°-2° high, the lowest axils some- times woolly. Basal leaves smaller than those of the type, cordate or subcordate; heads numerous, rather small; rays conspicuous. In wet soil, Rhode Island to Michigan, South Dakota, Virginia and Missouri. 16. Senecio Douglasii DC. Douglas' Senecio. (Fig. 4048.) Senecio Douglasii DC. Prodr. 6: 429. 1837. Woody at the base, usually branched, some- times shrubby, glabrous or tomentose, leafy, l°-6° high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest peti- oled, mostly thick, i/-3/ long, pinnately parted into 3-9 linear or filiform entire segments, or the upper, or sometimes all of them, linear and en- tire; heads corymbose at the ends of the branches, ^/-i/ broad, slender-peduncled; involucre cyl- indric or becoming campanulate, 4//-6// high, its bracts linear, acute or acuminate, usually with some subulate exterior ones; rays 8-15; achenes canescent; pappus bright white. Plains, in dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico, west to California. June-Sept. 17. Sen ecio palustris (L>) Hook. Marsh Fleawort. Pale Ragwort. Marsh Groundsel. (Fig. 4049.) Cineraria palustris L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 243. 1763. Senecio palustris Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 334. 1833. Annual or biennial, pubescent or glabrate; stem stout, simple, hollow, 6/-24/ high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or spatulate, entire, dentate, or laciniate, acute or obtuse, 2/~7/ long, 3//-i5// wide, or the upper linear-lanceolate and small, those of the stem sessile and somewhat auricu- late-clasping, the basal petioled; heads numer- ous, 6//-i2// broad, mostly short-peduncled in a large, rather dense, terminal corymb; involucre cylindric, becoming campanulate, 3//-4// high, its bracts linear, acute, more or less pubescent, with no shorter outer ones; rays 15-20, pale-yel- low; achenes glabrous; pappus white, elongated, at length twice the length of the involucre. In swamps, Iowa and Wisconsin to Manitoba and arctic America, west to Alaska. Reported from Labrador. Also in Greenland, northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 18. Senecio lobatus Pers. Butterweed. Cress-leaved Groundsel. (Fig. 4050.) .S. /jvtf/tt.sMichx.Fl.Bor.Am.2: 120. 1803, Not L. 1753. Senecio lobatus Pers. Syn. 2: 436. 1807. Annual, glabrous throughout, or slightly woolly when young, fleshy and tender; stem hollow, sim- ple or branched, i°-3° high. Leaves 2/-io/ long, pinnately divided, the segments orbicular, oblong, obovate or cuneate, obtuse, sinuate-dentate, entire or lobed, the terminal segment usually larger than the others; lower and basal leaves slender-petioled; heads numerous, 7//-io// broad, slender-peduncled in terminal corymbs; involucre nearly cylindric, 2%" high, its bracts linear, acute, usually with no small outer ones; rays 6-12; achenes minutely his- pidulous on some of the angles; pappus white, somewhat longer than the involucre. In swamps, Missouri and southern Illinois to North Carolina, New Mexico, Mexico and Florida. April- Sept. 3i 482 COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. Senecio Jacobaea L,. Tansy Ragwort. Staggerwort. (Fig. 4051.) Senecio Jacobaea L. Sp. PI. 870. 1753. Perennial by short thick rootstocks, some- what woolly, or glabrous; stems stout, simple, or branched above, 2°-4° high, very leafy. Leaves 2-pinnatifid, 2/-8/ long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the lobes oblong-cuneate, den- tate or incised; heads very numerous, 6//-8// broad, short-peduncled in large compact corymb; involucre narrowly companulate, about 2_^// high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, green, or tipped with black, usually with a few subulate outer ones; rays 12-15; achenes of the disk- flowers pubescent, those of the rays glabrous; pappus white. In waste places, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Ontario, and in ballast about New York and Philadelphia. Adventive from Europe. Called also Staverwort, Cankerweed, Kettle-dock, St. James'- wort, Felon-weed, Fairies' Horse, Ragweed. July- Sept. 20. Senecio sylvaticus L. Wood Groundsel. (Fig. 4052.) Senecio sylvaticus L. Sp. PI. 868. 1753. Annual, glabrous or puberulent; stem usually much branched, i°-2}4° high, leafy. Leaves pinnatifid, oblong or lanceolate in outline, the segments oblong or spatulate, obtuse, dentate, lobed or entire, or the uppermost leaves linear and merely dentate; heads several or numerous in the corymbs, slender-peduncled, about 27/ broad, 3//-4// high; involucre usually quite naked and swollen at the base; rays none, or very short and recurved; achenes canescent; pappus white. In waste places, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Also on the coasts of California and British Columbia. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. April-Sept. 21. Senecio vulgaris L,. Common Groundsel. (Fig. 4053.) Senecio vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 867. 1753. Annual, puberulent or glabrate; stem hollow, usually much branched, (y'-\$' high. Leaves pinnatifid, 2/-6/ long, the lower spatulate in outline, petioled, obtuse, the upper sessile or clasping at the base, more deeply lobed or in- cised, their segments oblong, dentate; heads several or numerous in the corymbs, nearly 3// broad, 4//-6// high; bracts of the involucre linear, often blackish-tipped, almost always with a few subulate outer ones; rays none; achenes slightly canescent; pappus white. In cultivated ground and waste places, New- foundland and Hudson Bay to Virginia, west to Minnesota and Michigan. Also on the Pacific Coast Naturalized from Europe. Other names are Grinsel, Simson, Birdseed, Chickenweed. April-Oct. ^1^2 Genus 95.] THISTLE FAMILY. 22. Senecio viscosus L. Fetid or Viscous Groundsel. (Fig. 4054.) Senecio viscosus L. Sp. PI. 868. 1753. Anpual, viscid-pubescent, strong-scented; stem usually much branched, i°-2° high. Leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, x1/^- 3/ long, oblong or somewhat spatulate in outline, the seg- ments oblong or cuneate, dentate or incised; lower leaves petioled; heads few in the corymbs, 3//-4// broad, mostly slender-peduncled; involucre nearly cylindric, 4//-5// high, its bracts linear, acute, usually with 1-3 shorter outer ones; rajs commonly about 20, very short, recurved and inconspicuous; achenes glabrous; pappus bright white, about one-third longer than the involucre. In waste places and on ballast near the coast, New Bruns- wick to North Carolina. July-Sept. 96. ARCTIUM L. Sp. PI. 816. 1753. Large coarse branching, rough or canescent, mostly biennial herbs, with broad alternate petioled leaves, and rather large heads of purple or white perfect tubular flowers, racemose, corymbose or paniculate at the ends of the branches. Involucre subglobose, its bracts rigid, lanceolate, tipped with spreading or erect hooked bristles, imbricated in many series. Recep- tacle flat, densely bristly. Corollas tubular with 5- cleft limbs. Filaments glabrous. Anthers sagittate at the base. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed and 3-angled, ribbed, truncate. Pappus of numerous short serrulate scales. [Greek, bear, from the rough involucre.] About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Bracts densely cottony; heads corymbose. 1. A. tomenlosum. Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or slightly woolly. Involucre 1 ' broad ormore; inner bracts equalling or exceeding the flowers. 2. A. Lappa. Involucre 6"-q" broad; inner bracts not exceeding the flowers. 3. A. minus. i. Arctium tomentosum (Lam.) Schk. Woolly or Cottony Burdock. (Fig. 4055.) Lappa lomentosa Lam. Enc3'd. 1: 377. 1783. Arctium tomentosum Schk. Bot. Handb. 3: 49. 1803. Arctium Lappa var. tomentosum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 397. 1884. Similar to the following species. Heads 8"- io// broad, corymbose at the ends of the branches, mostly long-peduncled; bracts of the involucre densely cottony, the inner ones erect and somewhat shorter than the flowers. In waste places, New Brunswick to Massachusetts and southern New York. Adventive from Europe. July-Aug. 2. Arctium Lappa L. Great Bur, Burdock, or Clotbur. (Fig. 4056.) Arctium Lappa L. Sp. PI. 816. 1753. Lappa major Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 379. pi. 162. 1802. Stem much branched, 4°-9° high. Leaves thin, broadly ovate, pale and tomentosecanescent beneath, obtuse, entire, repand or dentate, mostly cordate, the lower often jS' long; petioles solid, deeply furrowed ; heads clustered or subcorymbose, sometimes long-pe- duncled, \r-iyif broad; bracts of the involucre gla- brous or nearly so, their spines all spreading, the inner ones equalling or exceeding the flowers; corolla-tube longer than the limb. 484 COMPOSITAE. [Vol.. III. In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to southern New York, and locally in the interior. Not nearly as common as the next species in the Middle States. Naturalized frrm Europe. Other names are Cockle-bur, Cockle-button, Cuckold-dock, Hurr-bur, Stick-button, Hardock, Bardane, Beggar's Buttons. July-Oct. 3. Arctium minus Schk. Common Burdock. (Fig. 4057.) Arctium w/«?^'Schk. Bot. Handb. 3: 49. 1803. Lappa minor DC. Fl. Fran. 4: 77. 1805. Arctium Lappa var. minus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I: Part 2, 397. 1884. Smaller than the preceding species, seldom over 50 high. Leaves similar, the lower deeply cordate; petioles hollow, not deeply furrowed; heads num- erous, racemose on the branches, short-peduncled or sessile, 6//~9// broad; bracts of the involucre glabrous or slightly cottony; the spines of the outer ones spreading, those of the inner erect and shorter than the flowers; corolla-tube about as long as the limb. In waste places, common throughout our area. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Cuckoo Button. Leaves rarely laciniate or pinnatifid. July-Nov. 97. CARDUUS L. Sp. PI. 820. 1753. Erect, branching or simple, prickly herbs, some species acaulescent, with alternate or basal, sinuate-dentate lobed or pinnatifid, usually very spiny leaves, sometimes decurrent, and large many-flowered, solitary or clustered, discoid heads of purple, yellow or white, tubular, perfect and fertile, or rarely dioecious flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts prickle- tipped or unarmed, imbricated in many series. Receptacle flat or convex, bristly. Corolla- tube slender, the limb deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose, or rarely glabrous. Anthers sagit- tate at the base. Style-branches short or elongated, obtuse. Achenes obovate or oblong, compressed or obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, smooth or ribbed. Pappus of several series of slender, plumose, minutely serrulate, or simple bristles, connate at the base. [The ancient Latin name of these plants.] Besides the following, some About 250 species, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. 35 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. ■X- Pappus-bristles, at least those of the inner flowers, plumose. (Plumed Thistles.) f Outer involucral bracts, or all of them, strongly prickly-pointed. 1. Leaves glabrous or hispid above, tomentose beneath. All the bracts of the involucre tipped with prickles; naturalized weed. 1. C. lanceolatus. Outer bracts prickle-tipped, the inner merely acuminate; native species. Branches leafy up to the heads; involucral bracts firm or rigid. Leaves undivided, lobed or dentate, rarely pinnatifid. 2. C. altissimus. Leaves deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear segments. 3. C. discolor. Heads naked-peduncled, 1' high: involucral bracts thin. 4. C. Virginianus 2- Leaves tomentose on both sides, or becoming glabrous above; western. Leaves pinnately parted; segments linear, entire or lobed. 5. C. Pitcheri. Leaves pinnatifid into triangular or lanceolate dentate segments. Outer bracts with spines less than one-half their length. Leaf-lobes triangular; flowers pink or purple. 6. Leaf -lobes linear-lanceolate to oblong; flowers cream-color. 7. Outer bracts with spines of nearly or quite their length. 8. Leaves entire or undulate; outer pappus-bristles barbellate. 9. 3. Leaves green both sides, somewhat pubescent beneath. Leaf-lobes acute; bracts of the involucre faintly nerved. 10. Leaf -lobes blunt; bracts with prominent glutinous midnerve. 11. t t Bracts of the involucre not at all prickly-pointed, or scarcely so. Heads large, few, 1/-4' broad; flowers all perfect and fertile. Heads involucrate by the upper very spiny leaves; flowers usually yellow. 12. C. spinosissimus Heads peduncled, naked, or with 1 or 2 bracts at the base; flowers purple. 13. C. muticus. Heads small, numerous, 1' or less broad; flowers imperfect, dioecious. 14. C. arvensis. •Sf ~ Pappus-bristles simple, or minutely serrulate. (Plumeless Thistles.) Head solitary, nodding; bracts of the involucre lanceolate. 15. C. nutans. Heads clustered, erector ascending; bracts linear. 16. C. crispus. C. inidulatus. C. Piatt ensis. C. ochrocentrus. C. Nebraskensis. C. odoratus. C. Hillii. GENUS 97.] THISTLE FAMILY 1. Carduus lanceolatus L. Common Bur or Spear Thistle. (Fig. 4058.) Carduus lanceolatus L. Sp. PI. S21. 1753. Cirsium lanceolatu»> Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 130. 1772. Cnicus lanceolatus Willd. Prodr. Fl. Berol. 259. 1787. Biennial; stem stout, branched, more or less tomentose, 3°-5° high, leafy to the heads. Leaves dark green, lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, 3/-6/ long, or the lowest larger, decurrent on the stem and branches, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, tipped with stout prickles, the margins and decur- rent bases bristly, the upper surface strigose-pubes- Qent or hispid, the lower brown-tomentose and mid- nerve pilose especially when young; heads mostly solitary at the ends of the branches, i^/-2/ broad, Ti^/_2/ high; bracts of the involucre cottony, nar- rowly lanceolate, acuminate, all tipped with slen- der erect or ascending prickles; flowers dark purple. In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Georgia, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. Natural- ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Other names are Plume, Bank, or Horse Thistle, Bell, Bird, Blue, Button, Bull or Roadside Thistle Carduus altissimus Lr. Tall or Roadside Thistle July-Nov. (Fig. 4059. ) Carduus altissimus L- Sp. PI. 824. 1753. Cnicus altissimus Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1671. 1804. Cirsium altissimum Spreng, Syst. 3: 373. 1826. Biennial or perennial; roots often thickened; stem pubescent, or tomentose, stout, branched, leafy to the heads, 3°-io° high. Leaves ovate- oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or slightly clasping.sparingly pubescent above.densely white- tomentose beneath, scarcely or not at all decurrent, acute, spinulose-margined, entire, dentate with bristle-pointed teeth or lobed, sometimes pinnati- fid into oblong or triangular-lanceolate segments, the lowest sometimes S/ long, narrowed into mar- gined petioles, the uppermost linear or lanceolate, much smaller; heads about 2/ broad, \%'-2' high, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, with a dark, slightly glandular spot at the apex, tipped with short prickles, the inner linear- lanceolate, acuminate, unarmed; flowers light purple. In fields and thickets, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 3. Carduus discolor (Muhl.) Nutt. Field Thistle. (Fig. 4060.) Cnicus discolor Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3-" 1670. 1S04. Carduus discolor Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818. Cirsium discolor Spreng. .Syst. 3: 373. 1S26. Cnicus altissimus var. discolor A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 57. 1883. Similar to the preceding species, but lower and more leafy, seldom over 70 high. Leaves deeply pinnatifid into linear, linear-lanceolate, or falcate, prickly toothed segments. white tomentose beneath, sessile, the basal ones sometimes I2/ long; heads iy2,-2/ broad, about \Y2' high, usually involucrate by the upper leaves, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre coria- ceous, ovate, slightly woolly, tipped with slender bristles, which are longer than those of the preced- ing species; inner bracts lanceolate, acuminate, un- armed; flowers light purple or pink, rarely white. In fields and along roadsides, Quebec and Ontario to Georgia, Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. July-Nov. 486 COMPOS1TAE. [Vol. III. Y-\ v V'kt V I V I ' - ' I I A 4. Carduus Virginianus L. Virginia Thistle. (Fig. 4061.) Carduus Virginianus L. Sp. PI. 824. 1753. Cirsium Virginianum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 90. 1803. Cnicas Virginianus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 506. 1814. Biennial; stem slender, naked or scaly above, pubescent or somewhat tomentose, simple or branched, 2°~3 J^° high. Leaves oblong, oblong- lanceolate, or the lowest slightly spatulate, ses- sile, or somewhat clasping, not decurrent, acute or acutish, spinulose-margined, entire, lobed or pinnatifid into triangular-lanceolate lobes, the lower sometimes 8' long and 2r wide, narrowed into margined petioles, all pubescent or glabrate above, and densely white-tomentose beneath; heads long-peduncled, \/-\x/2' broad, about i/ high ; outer bracts of the involucre not coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tipped with weak short bristles, the inner ones very narrow and merely acuminate; flowers purple. In dry woods and thickets, Virginia to Kentucky, Ohio, Florida and Texas. April-Sept. 5. Carduus Pitched (Torr.) Porter Cnicus Pitcheri Torr.; Eaton, Man. Ed. 5, 180. 1829. Cirsium Pitcheri T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 456. 1843. Card it its Pitcheri Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 345. 1894. Biennial, persistently white-tomentose throughout; stem stout, leafy up to the heads, usually branched. i°-2° high. Leaves sessile, partly clasping, or slightly decurrent, pinnately divided into narrowly linear, entire lobed or pinnatifid, acute sparingly prickly segments iff-^" wide, with revolute mar- gins; basal leaves often I2/ long; heads solitary or several and racemose-spicate at the ends of the branches, about i^' broad; outer bracts of the in- volucre ovate-lanceolate, sparingly pubescent and tomentose-ciliate, glutinous on the back, tipped with short spreading bristles, the inner narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or sometimes tipped with weak prickles; flowers cream color. Shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior. June-Aug. Pitcher's Thistle. (Fig. 4062.) Cni 6. Carduus undulatus Xutt. Wavy- leaved Thistle. (Fig. 4063.) Carduus undulatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818. Cnicus undulatus A.. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10:42. 1874. Biennial, persistently and densely white-tomen- tose throughout, or the upper surfaces of the leaves at length green and glabrous; stem stout, leafy, usu- ally branched, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline, acute, sessile or decur- rent, or the lowest petioled, undulate, lobed or pin- natifid, the lobes dentate, triangular, often very prickly; basal leaves often 8/ long; heads about 2' broad, and nearly as high, solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate- lanceolate, firm, glutinous on the back, tipped with short spreading prickles, the inner ones lanceolate, acuminate; flowers purple or pink. On plains and prairies, Lake Huron to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Kansas, New Mexico and Oregon. June-Sept. Carduus undulatus megacephalus (A. Gray) Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 345. 1894. cus undulatus var. megacephalus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 42. 1874. Heads larger than in the type, 2' -3' broad. Minnesota to Idaho and Arizona. ■Genus 97.] THISTLE FAMILY 7. Carduus Plattensis Rydberg. Prairie Thistle. (Fig. 4064.) Carduus Plattensis Rydberg, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 167. pi. 2. 1895. Perennial or biennial, tbe root thick and deep. Stem stout, simple, or little branched, i%°-2y2° tall, densely white-felted. Leaves deeply pin- natifid, white- tome ntose beneath, green, loosely tomentose, or glabrate above, the lower 5/-7/ long, the lobes lanceolate to oblong, acute, prickly tipped and margined; upper leaves small- er and less divided; heads few, about 1' high and broad; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, firm, dark, tipped with a short weak spreading prickle, the inner linear- lanceolate, unarmed, tipped with a scarious re- flexed erose appendage; corolla yellow, its lobes linear; pappus of outer flowers merely barbel- late. Sand hills, Nebraska and South Dakota. May- July. 8. Carduus ochrocentrus (A. Gray) Greene. Yellow-spined Thistle (Fig. 4065.) Cirsium ochrocentrum A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 1: no. 1849. Cnicus ochrocentrus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 57. 1883. Cardu us ochrocentrus Greene, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1892:336. 1893. Similar to Carduus undulalus, but com- monly taller and more leafy, often 6° high, equally white- tomentose. Leaves oblong- lanceolate in outline, usually very deeply pinnatifid into triangular-lanceolate, serrate or entire segments, armed with numerous long yellow prickles; lower leaves often 6/-8/ long; heads about 2/ broad, i/^/-2/ high, solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate; tipped with stout yellow prickles of nearly or quite their own length, the inner narrowly lanceo- late, long-acuminate; flowers purple (rarely white ?) . On plains, Nebraska to Texas, Nevada and Arizona. May-Sept. g. Carduus Nebraskensis Brittou. Nebraska Thistle. (Fig. 4066.) Stem densely white- woolly, apparently over 1° high. Leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate, white- woolly beneath, green and sparingly loosely woolly above, irregularly slightly toothed or entire, the upper 3/-6/ long, %'-i' wide, the margins prickly; heads solitary, or few, short-peduneled, about \%,f high; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate, prickle-tipped, the inner narrower with a reflexed acute scarious appendage; pappus- bristles of inner flowers plumose, of the outer barbellate. Scott's Bluff, western Nebraska (P. A. Rydberg, No. no. 1891). 48S COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. io. Carduus odoratus (Mulil.) Porter. Pasture Thistle. Fragrant Thistle. (Fig. 4067.) Cnicus odoratus Muhl. Cat. 70. 1S13. Carduus pumilus Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818. Cnicus pumilustorr. Compend. 282. 1826. Carduus odoratus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 345- 1S94. Biennial, more or less villous-pubescent; stem stout, simple or branched, leafy, i°-3° high. Roots thick, branched, solid; stem-leaves green both sides, sessile and clasping, oblong or oblong-lan- ceolate in outline, acute, $'-"]' l°ng, i'-2' wide, pinnatifid into triangular acute dentate prickly lobes; basal leaves petioled; heads solitary, termi- nal, 2/-3/' broad, about 2/ high, often involucrate by the upper leaves; outer bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, with a slight glutinous strip on the back, glabrous or sparingly tomentose, tipped with slender prickles, the inner narrow, long-acum- inate; flowers purple, rarely white, fragrant; tips of the pappus-bristles usually spatulate. In fields, Maine to Pennsylvania and Delaware. July-Sept. 11. Carduus Hillii (Cauby) Porter. Hill's Thistle. (Fig. 4068.) Cnicus Hillii Canby, Card. & For. 4: 101. 1891. Carduus Hillii Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 344. 1894. Biennial ? low, villous-pubescent or somewhat woolly; stem leafy, simple or branched, i°-2° high. Root perpendicular, fusiform, slender and hollow above, enlarged below, 8/-i2/ long; leaves green both sides, mostly obtuse, lobed or pinnatifid, the lobes mostly broad and rounded, dentate, spinulose or with some rather stout prickles, the upper oblong, sessile and clasping, the lowrer spatulate- oblong, narrowed at the base or the lowest ones petioled and 6/-S/ long; heads 2/-3/ broad, about 2' high; outer bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, tipped wTith short bristles, conspicuously glutinous on the back, the inner narrowly lanceolate, long-acu- minate; flowers purple; pappus-bristles slender- pointed or some of them slightly spatulate. In fields, western Ontario to Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. June-July. 12. Carduus spinosissimus Walt. Yellow Thistle. (Fig. 4069.) Carduus spinosissimus Walt. Fl. Car. 194. 1788. Cirsium horridulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 90. 1803. Cnicus horridulus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 507. 1814. Biennial or perennial, somewhat woolly when young, but becoming glabrate; stem branched, leafy, 2°-5° high. Leaves green both sides, lanceolate or oblong in outline, sessile and clasping or the basal ones short - petioled and somewhat spatulate, pinnatifid into tri- angular or broader,spinulose-margined and prickle-tip- ped, entire or dentate lobes; heads involucrate by the upper leaves, 2/-4/ broad, iJ^-2^' high; bracts of the involucre narrowTly lanceolate, roughish and ciliate, long-acuminate, unarmed; flowers pale yellow7, yel- lowish, or occasionally purple. In moist or dry sandy soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, Florida and Texas. Abundant along the edges of salt- meadows in New York and New Jersey. May- Aug., or earlier in the South. Genus 97. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 489 13. Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers. Swamp Thistle. (Fig. 4070.) Cirsium muticum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 89. 1803. Carduus muticus Pers. Syn. 2: 386. 1807. Cnicus muticus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 506. 1814. Biennial; stem woolly or villous when young, becoming glabrate, slender, striate, leafy, paniculately branched above, 3°-S° high. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath when young, sometimes becoming glabrous on both sides, deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or ob- long, entire, lobed or dentate, spiny segments usually tipped withslender prickles; basal leaves petioled, 4/-S/ long, those of the stem sessile and smaller; heads about i%f broad and high, solitary, terminal, naked-peduncled, or with a few small bract-like leaves near the base; outer bracts viscid, appressed, more or less cottony, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the inner linear-lance- olate, acute, all unarmed; flowers purple. In swamps and moist soil, Newfoundland to Florida, Northwest Territory and Texas. July-Oct. Carduus muticus subpinnatifidus Britton. Leaves lobed, not deeply pinnatifid, green, and nearly glabrous on both sides. New Jersey to West Virginia. 14. Carduus arvensis (L,.) Robs. Canada Thistle. Creeping Thistle. Serratula arvensis L- Sp. PI. 820. 1753- Cirsium arvense Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 2: 126. 1772. Carduus arvensis Robs. Brit. Fl. 163- 1777. Cnicus arvensis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. Ed. 2, 1: Part 2, 130. 1804. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, forming patches, nearly glabrous; stems striate, i°-3° high, branched above. Leaves sessile and slightly clasp- ing, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, deeply pin- natifid into very prickly, lobed or dentate segments; basal leaves sometimes petioled, $/-S/ long; heads numerous, corymbose, dioecious, i' broad or less, nearly 1/ high, purple or white, staminate heads globose, corollas projecting; pistillate heads ob- long-campanulate, corollas shorter, the long pap- pus conspicuous; outer bracts ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, appressed, tipped with short prickly points, inner bracts of the pistillate heads linear, elongated. In fields and waste places,Newfoundland to Virginia, Minnesota and Nebraska. In many places a pernicious Called also Way June-Sept. weed. Naturalized from Europe. or Cursed Thistle, Corn or Hard Thistle 15. Carduus nutans L,. Musk Thistle. Plumeless Thistle. (Fig. 4072.) Carduus nutans L. Sp. PI. 821. 1753- Biennial, branched, sparingly tomentose, 2°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate in outline, deeply pinnat- ifid, acuminate, 3/-6/ long, the lobes triangular, very prickly; heads long-peduncled, solitary at the end of the stem or branches, i^/-2/^/ broad, nod- ding, purple, rarely white, fragrant; bracts of the involucre in many series, lanceolate, long-acumi- nate, the prominent mid-nerve prolonged into a prickle, or the inner nerveless and awned; pappus- bristles io//-i/ long, white, very minutely barbed. In waste places, Pennsylvania and New Jersey to New Brunswick, and in ballast about the sea ports. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia' Bank or Buck Thistle, Queen Ann's Thistle. July-Oct. 49Q COMPOSITAE. [Vol. III. 1 6. Carduus crispus L. Curled Thistle. Welted Thistle. (Fig. 4073.) Carduus crispus L- Sp. PI. 821. 1753. Biennial, somewhat tomentose; stem much branched, densely prickly, 2°-4° high. Leaves lanceolate in outline, -with undulate and ciliate- spiny margins, all sinuate-pinnatifid into broad, 3- lobed, toothed segments, the teeth prickle-pointed, heads several, usually crowded at the ends of the winged branches, V broad or less, purple or white, sessile or short-peduncled, or some of them rarely solitary and slender- peduncled; bracts of the in- volucre very numerous, linear, the outer prickle- tipped and rigid, the inner thinner and merely acuminate. In waste places, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 98. MARIANA Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 19. 1762. [Silybum Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 39S. pi. 162. 1802.] Annual or biennial, simple or branched, nearly glabrous herbs, with large alternate clasp- ing, sinuate-lobedor pinnatifid, white-blotched leaves, and large discoid heads of purple tubu- lar flowers, solitary at the end of the stem or branches. Involucre broad, subglobose, its bracts rigid, imbricated in many series, the lower ones fimbriate-spinulose at the broad trian- gular summit, the middle ones similar but armed with huge spreading or recurved spines, the inner lanceolate, acuminate. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the limb expanded and deeply 5-cleft. Filaments monadelphous below, glabrous. Anthers sagit- tate at the base. Style nearly entire. Achenes obovate-oblong, compressed, glabrous, sur- mounted by a papillose ring. Pappus-bristles in several series, flatfish, barbellate or scabrous. A monotypic genus of the Mediterranean region. \ \Jk\ i. Mariana Mariana (%.) Hill. Milk Thistle. (Fig. 4074.) Carduus Marianus L. Sp. PI. 823. 1753. Mariana Mariana Hill, Hort. Kew. 6t. 1769. Silybum Marianum Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 378. 1802. Stem striate, glabrous or slightly woolly, little branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, prickly,stronglyclasping,the lower often 12' long and 6' wide, the upper much smaller, scarcely lobed, acute; heads about 2j^/ broad; spines of the middle involucral bracts often i%' long; pappus-bristles white, barbellate. Escaped from gardens near Kingston, Ontario (T. Walker, according to Macoun), in ballast about the eastern seaports, and on the Pacific Coast from British Columbia to southern California, where it is naturalized. Called also Virgin Mary's Thistle, Lady's Milk, Holy Thistle. June-Aug. 99. ONOPORDON L. Sp. PI. 827. 1753. Coarse, branching or rarely acaulescent, tomentose herbs, with stout stems winged by the decurrent bases of the alternate dentate or pinnatifid, prickly leaves, and large discoid heads of purple violet or white flowers, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches. Invo- lucre nearly globular, its bracts imbricated in many series, all tipped with long spines in our species, the inner narrower than the outer. Receptacle flat, fleshy, honeycombed, not bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the limb expanded and deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose. An- thers sagittate at the base. Achenes obovate or oblong, 4-angled or compressed, smooth or corrugated. Pappus-bristles in several series, filiform, barbellate or plumose, united at the base. [Greek, Asses' thistle, the ancient name.] About 12 species, natives of the Old World. Genus 99.] THISTLE ^FAMILY. 491 1. Onopordon Acanthium L, Thistle. Scotch Thistle. (Fi; Cotton 4075- ) Onopordon Acanthium L. Sp. PI. 827. 1753. Biennial, white-tomentose all over; stem usu- ally much branched, leafy, 3°-9° high. -Leaves oblong, lobed and dentate, acute, very spiny, the lower often I2/ long; heads \%.'-2' broad, about \Y2' high, solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, minutely serrulate, tipped with long stout spreading spines; flowers pale purple; achenes slightly corrugated; pappus-bristles brownish, longer than the achene. In waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to New Jersey and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Argentine, Asses', Oat or Down Thistle, Queen Mary's or Silver Thistle. July-Sept. 100. CENTAUREA L. Sp. PI. 909. 1753. Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate entire dentate incised or pinnatifid leaves, and large or middle-sized heads, of tubular purple violet white or rarely yellow flowers. Involu- cre ovoid or globose, its bracts imbricted in many series, appressed, fimbrillate, or dentate. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Marginal flowers usually neutral and larger than the central ones, which are perfect and fertile, or flowers all perfect and fertile in some species. Corolla- tube slender, the limb regular or oblique, 5-clef t or 5-lobed, the segments sometimes appearing like rays. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short, somewhat connate, obtuse. Achenes oblong or obovoid, compressed or obtusely 4-angled, usually smooth and shining, obliquely or laterally attached to the receptacle, surmounted by a disk with an elevated mar- gin. Pappus of several series of bristles or scales, rarely none. [Greek, of the Centaurs, who were said to use it in healing.] About 350 species, mostly natives of the Old World. Besides the following, 2 others, intro- duced species, occur on the Pacific Coast, and are rarely found in ballast about the eastern seaports. Bracts of the involucre lacerate or fimbriate, not spiny. Heads 1%' broad or less; achenes laterally attached; introduced species. Annual; pappus about the length of the achene. Perennials; pappus obsolete, or short. Flowers all perfect; marginal ones scarcely enlarged. Marginal flowers neutral, with palmately cleft corollas. Heads 2' -4' broad; achenes obliquely attached; native western species. Bracts of the involucre tipped with stout, nearly simple spines. i. Centaurea Cyanus L,. Blue-bottle. Corn Blue-bottle. (Fig. 4076.) Centaurea Cyanus L. Sp. PI. 911. 1753- Annual, woolly or tomentose, at least when young; stem leafy, slender, branched, i°-2%° ^L high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear or 1 linear-lanceolate, mucronate,3/-6/loug, the basal and lower ones mostly dentate or pinnatifid, the upper, or sometimes all of them, entire; heads i'-i^' broad, on long naked peduncles; invo- lucre campanulate, its bracts greenish-yellow or with darker tips and margins, appressed, fimbri- ate with scarious teeth; flowers blue or purplish, varying to white, the marginal ones neutral with large radiant corolla-limbs; achenes slightly compressed, or 4-angled; pappus-bristles une- qual, nearly as long as the achene. In waste places, escaped from gardens, and in bal- last, Quebec to western New York and Virginia. Other names are Witches'-bells or Thimbles, Corn- Centaury, Corn-bottle or -binks, Brushes, Hurt- sickle, Blue Bcnnets, Blaver, Blue Poppy. July-Sept. 1. C. Cyanus. 2. C. nigra. 3. C. Jacea. 4. C. Americana. 5. C. Calcitrapa. Corn-flower. COMPOSITAE. 2. [Vol,. III. Black Knap- Hardheads. 4077.) i/53- Centaurea nigra L,. weed. Horse-knops. Centaury. (Fig. Cenlaurea nigra L. Sp. PI. 911. Perennial, scabrous or pubescent; stem stiff, branched, i°-2° high. Lower and basal leaves spatulate or oblong, acutish, entire, denticulate, dentate or lobed, not pinnatifid, 3/-6/ long, nar- rowed into long petioles; upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, sessile, or partly clasping, entire or nearly so; heads rarely \r broad, bracted by the small, uppermost leaves; involucre globose, its- bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, closely im- bricated, tipped with brown fimbriate append- ages, or the uppermost merely lacerate; flowers rose-purple, all perfect, the marginal ones usu- ally notatall enlarged; achenes slightly 4-sided; pappus none, or a ring of minute scales. In waste places and fields, Newfoundland to On- tario and New Jersey. Naturalized from Europe. Among many other English names are Iron-head or -weed, Club-weed, Matfelon, Hurt-sickle, Tassel, Horse-knobs, Crop-, Knob-, Bole-, or Button-weed, Loggerheads, Lady's Cushion, Blue-tops. July-Sept. 3. Centaurea Jacea L. Brown or Rayed Knapweed. (Fig. 4078.) Centaurea Jacea L. Sp. PI. 914. 1753. Perennial, similar to the preceding species. Leaves entire or denticulate, rarely lobed; heads x'-iYz' broad; involucre globular to ovoid, its bracts closely imbricated, brown or with brown backs, the outer ones with fimbriate appendages, the middle ones lacerate, the inner entire or nearly so; marginal flowers neutral with en- larged radiant corolla-limbs; achenes obscurely 4-sided; pappus none, or a minute crown. In waste places northern New York and Vermont, and in ballast about eastern seaports. Also in Brit- ish Columbia. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 4. Centaurea Americana Nutt. American Star Thistle. (Fig. 4079.) C. Americana Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 2: 117. 1821. Plectocephalus Americanus Don, in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. (II). pi. 51. 1831. Annual, roughish; stem stout, simple, or little branched, 2°-6° high. Leaves entire or dentic- ulate, the lower and basal ones spatulate or ob- long, 2/-5/ long, narrowed into petioles, the upper oblong-lanceolate, sessile, mucronate; heads solitary at the ends of the leafy stem or branches, very showy, 2/-4/ broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts ovate or lanceo- late with conspicuously pectinate appendages; flowers pink or purple, the marginal ones with enlarged and radiant corolla-limbs; achenes somewhat compressed, obliquely attached at the base; pappus of copious unequal bristles longer than the achene. Dry plains, Missouri and Arkansas to Louisiana, Mexico'and Arizona. Ma5'-Aug. Genus ioo.] THISTLE FAMILY. 493 5. Centaurea Calcitrapa L. Star Thistle (Fig. 4080.) Cenlaurea Calcilrapa L. Sp. PI. 91?- T753- Annual, pubescent or glabrous, green; stem mucb branched, i°-i>£0 high. Leaves 1-2- pinnatifid into oblong- lanceolate to linear, ser- rulate-spinulose, dentate or entire mostly acute lobes, the upper sessile and slightly clasping, the lower and basal short-petioled, 4/-7/ long, the uppermost somewhat involucrate at the bases of the sessile heads which are about i' broad; involucre ovoid, its outer bracts ovate- oblong, tipped with stout spreading spines which are simple, or commonly with 2-6 bristles at the base; flowers purple, none of them radi- ant; achenes compressed or obscurely 4-sided; pappus none. In waste places and ballast, southern New York and New Jersey to Virginia. Also in British Co- lumbia. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Called also Caltrops, Maize Thorn. June-Oct. 101. CNICUS L. Sp. PI. 826. 1753. An annual herb, with alternate pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate leaves, the lobes or teeth spiny, and large sessile heads of yellow tubular flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches, subtended by the upper leaves. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several series, the outer ovate, the inner lanceolate, tipped by long pinnately branched spines. Receptacle flat, bristly. Achenes terete, striate, laterally attached, the horny margin 10-toothed at the summit; pappus of 2 series of awns, the inner fimbriate, the outer longer, naked; anther-ap- pendages elongated, united to their tips. [Latin name of Safflower, early applied to thistles. ] A monotypic genus of the Old World. i. Cnicus benedictus L,. Blessed Thistle. Our Lady's Thistle. (Fig. 4081.) Cnicus benedictus L- Sp. PI. 826. 1753. Ceniaurea benedicta L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1296. 1763- Hirsute or pubescent, much branched, seldom over 2)/z° high. Leaves oblong- lanceolate in outline, rather thin, reticu- late-veined, 3/-6/ long, the upper clasping, the basal and lower ones narrowed at the base and petioled; heads about 1' broad, subtended by several large lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate leaves; bristles of the re- ceptacle soft, long; outer awns of the pappus alternating with the inner. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Maryland, Pennsylvania and Alabama, and on the Paci- fic Coast. Adventive from southern Europe. Called also St. Benedict's Thistle. May- Aug. Appendix. The following are new discoveries or new determinations, mostly from the west, made while the work has been in press. [Vol. i: p. 2.] 2. Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl. Engelmann's Adder's- tongue. (Fig. ia.) Ophioglossum vulgatum Eaton, Ferns of the Southwest, U. S. Geol. Surv. 340. 1878. Not L. 1753. Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl. Jahrb. d. k. Bot. Gart. Ber- lin, 3: 318. pi. 8, fig. 17. 1884. Rootstock cylindric; stems often several, 1-5 from the same root, 3 '-9' high, bearing the sessile fleshy elliptic leaf below the middle; blade X'-^W long, ^/-2/ wide, with -wide oblique meshes containing numerous anastomosing veinulets, the apex niucronulate ; spike 6//-i2// long, apiculate, borne on a stalk 1/-4/ long, sporangia 12-27 pairs. In damp, sterile places or on rocks in cedar woods, in the Cen- tral States, from Indiana to Texas and Arizona, also in Virginia. April-Oct. [Vol. i: p. 2.] 3. Ophioglossum arenarium E. G. Britton. Sand Adder's-tongue. (Fig. ib.) Ophioglossum arenarium E. G. Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 555. pi. 318. 1897. Rootstock slightly thickened, with 1 or 2 stalks; stem rigid, erect, 2/~7/ high, bearing the sessile lanceolate fleshy leaf beloiu the middle; blade i/-2/ long, 3//-6// wide, acute or apiculate, not pellucid, ■with indistinct venation forming long narroxv meshes, with few, if any, free veinlets; spike 6//-i3// long, apiculate, borne on a stalk 2/-4/ long, often twisted; sporangia 12-26 pairs. Gregarious in a colony of many plants in sandy ground under trees at Holly Beach, New Jersey. The genus is also called Ad- der's-fern, Adder's-spear and Snake-tongue. July. [Vol. i: p. 3.] 4a. Botrychium dis- sectum Spreng. Cut-leaved Grape- fern, or Moonwort. (Fig. 5a.) Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Anleit, 3: 172. 1804. Botrychium ternatum var. dissectum D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1: 150. 1878. Plant %'-\d' high with slender fleshy stems. Sterile portion long-stalked from near the base of the stem with broadly deltoid basal divisions, decompound ; secondary pinnae lanceolate from a broader base, pinnate with /aciuiale and deeply cut pinnules, the ultimate divisions divergent, often two toothed at their apices, usually less than half a line wide; fertile portion with a long stem, bi-tripinnate; bud pilose, enclosed in the base of the stem, the apex of both portions bent downward in vernation. In low grounds, rare in New England as far as eastern Massachusetts, more common southward from New York to Virginia and inland to Indiana and Kentucky. VOL. III.] APPENDIX. 495 [Vol. i: p. 47.] 5a. Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton. Dodge's Quillwort. (Fig. 1 06a.) Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull. 6:6. 1898. Plant amphibious from a bilobed trunk. Leaves 10-75, S'-iS' long when submersed, erect, or spirally ascending when scattered; emersed leaves 4'-6' long, tortuous and often interlaced, with numerous stomata and usu- ally 4 bast bundles: velum narrow, covering } to X of the sporange; sporanges thickly sprinkled with light brown cells; macro- spores more numerous on submersed plants, globose, 500-675," in diameter, sparsely cov- ered -with irregular crests which at maturity separate into irregular groups leaving bare spaces, serrate or spinulose at the top; mi- crospores more numerous on emersed plants, 22-40//, ashy, papillose. Growing in mud flats, East Kingston, New Hampshire. [Vol. 1: p. 47-] 5b. Isoetes Eatoni Dodge. Eaton's Quillwort. (Fig. 1 06b.) Isoetes Eatoni Dodge, Ferns and Fern Allies of New Eng. 39. 1896. Amphibious from a large trunk i/-2/ to i/- 4' in diameter. Leaves of the submerged plant 20-200, varying in length up to 28', marked with an elevated ridge on the ven- tral side; leaves of the emersed plant shorter, 3-6; stomata abundant; peripheral bast bun- dles irregular in occurrence or often wanting; velum covering 1-4 of the sporange, polyg- amous; sporanges large, 0.4' by o. I5/, pale spotted; macrospores small, 300-400// in diam- eter, marked witk convolute labyrinthine, ridges and cristate on the angles of the. inner face ; microspores 25-30,// in diameter, smooth or slightly papillose. In mud flats, East Kingston and Epping, New Hampshire. [Vol. 1: p. 47.] 5c. Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton. Pitted Quillwort. (Fig. 106c.) Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton; Dodge, Ferns and Fern Allies of New Eng. 38. 1896. Amphibious from a bilobed or rarely trilobed base. Leaves 15-70, stout, 2/-6/ long, pinkish even when dry, or rarely dark green; stomata scattered, found only near the tips; no peripheral bast bundles; monoicous or becoming dioicous; velum covering 1-4 or 1-3 of the sporange; ligule round-ovate; sporanges thickly sprinkled with dark cells which are often collected in groups; macrospores 380-560//, covered beneath -with very thick-walled reticula- tions, the openings appearing like little pits ; reticulations elongate on the upper surface of the spore; microspores dark brown, 22-35// long, densely reticulate and usually slightly papillose. In muddy banks of the Pautuckaway river, Epping, N. H., also at East Kington of the same state. 496 APPENDIX. [Voi,. III. [Vol. i: p. 55.] 4- Picea brevifolia Peck. Swamp Spruce. ( Fig. 122a.) Picea brevifolia Peck, Spruces of the Adirondacks, 13. 1897. A small slender tree, sometimes 300 high, or on moun- tain summits reduced to a low shrub. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata glabrous, or slightly pubescent; leaves straight, or a little curved, mostly glaucous, obtuse, or merely mucronulate, stout, 2"-$" long; cones oval, persistent for two seasons or more, 8//-l2// long, the scales with eroded margins; wing of the seed about 2" long. In swamps and open bogs, Vermont and northern New York to Michigan. June. [Vol. i: p. in.] 2a. Syntherisma serotina Walt. Late- flowering Finger-grass. (Fig. 241a.) Svntheristna serotina Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788. Panicum serotinum. Trin. Gram. Panic. 166. 1826. Culms slender, erect, often creeping and branch- ing at the base, 8/-24/ tall, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths about one-half as long as the internodes, pilose with long spreading hairs; ligule a scarious ring; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, I'-sf long, 2//-4// wide, acuminate, pilose on both sur- faces; inflorescence composed of 2-6 i-sided slender erect or ascending spike-like racemes x'-^yi' long, arranged singly, in pairs, or scattered and approximate; spikelets numerous, oval, about %" long and one-half as broad, acute, in pairs, one short-, the other long-pedicelled, in 2 rows on one side of a flat and winged rachis less than yi" wide; first scale wanting, the second about one-half as long as the spikclct, 3-nerved, the third scale 7-nerved, both scales appressed-pubescent on the margins. Fields and roadsides, Delaware (according to Scribner); North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi. [Vol. 1: p. 113-] ia. Panicum colonum L,. Jungle Rice. (Fig. 243a.) Panicum colo?ium L. Syst. Ed. 10, 870. 1759. Panicum IValteri'EW. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 115. 1817. Not Pursh, 1814. Culms tufted, smooth and glabrous, 6' -2%° tall, often decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths com- pressed, usually crowded; ligule wanting; leaves flat, 1/-7' long, i//-4// wide; inflorescence composed of 3-18 i-sided more or less spreading dense racemes, ]ir-\ %' long, disposed along a 3-angled rachis and generally somewhat exceeding the length of the internodes; spikelets single, in pairs, or in 3's in 2 rows on one side of the hispidulous triangular rachis, obovate, pointed, the first scale about one half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the second and third scales a little more than \" long, azvnless, 5-nerved, hispid on the nerves, the fourth scale cuspidate. Fields and roadsides, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Common in all tropical countries. March-Sept. Vol.. III.] APPENDIX. 497 [Vol. i: p. 118.] 17a. Panicum Liebergii (Vasey) Scribn. Lieberg's Panicum. (Fig. 259a.) Panicum scoparium Lam. var. Liebergii Vasey, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Bot. 8: 32. 1889. Panicum Liebergii Scribn.; Vasey, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Bot. 8: 32. As synonym. 1889. Culms erect, slender, glabrous, roughish, espe- cially near the nodes, i°-2° tall, at length branched. Sheaths papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs, usu- ally longer than the internodes; ligule a short scarious ciliolate ring; leaves erect or ascending, lanceolate, 2/-4/ long, 3//-6// wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the partly clasping base, papillose-hispid beneath and sometimes sparingly so on the rough upper surface; panicle oblong, 2/-4/ long, its branches erect or ascending; spike- lets iyif/-2f/ long, oval, the outer three scales pap- illose-hirsute with long spreading hairs, the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute, 1-3-nerved, the second and third scales broadly oval when spread out, 7-9-nerved. Dry soil, Ohio to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to Missouri and Nebraska. June-July. [Vol. 1: p. 120.] 21a. Panicum Brittoni Nash. Britton's Panicum. (Fig. 263a.) Panicum Brittoni Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 194. 1897. Smooth and glabrous. Culms coarsely striate, not branched, tufted, slender, erect, rigid, 4/-8/ tall; sheaths less than one-half as long as the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves longer than the sheaths, those on the culm three in number, the middle one the longest, yi'-i^i' long, 3^//-i^// wide, erect, acuminate, 5-7- uerved; panicle ^,-i%/ long, its branches spreading or ascending; spikelets one-half as long as the pedicels, or less, obovoid, obtuse, i{/f long, the first scale one-third as long as the spikelet, the second and third scales 7- uerved, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Moist sand in the pine barrens of southern New Jersey. May-June. I? [Vol. 1: p. 120.] 22a. Panicum Nashianum Scribn. Nash's Panicum. (Fig. 264a.) Panicum Nashianum Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 7: 79. 1897. Culms tufted, glabrous or puberulent, slender, 6/-i5/ tall, at length much branched. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower pubescent, the primary about one-third as long as the internodes, those on the branches overlapping; ligule a short scarious ring; leaves erect or ascending, lanceo- late, acuminate, smooth and glabrous, ciliate, at least at the base, %'-2.' l°ug> i//-2>^// wide, the leaves of the branches smaller; primary panicle i/-2/long, the branches widely spreading; spike- lets about i// long, obovate, the first scale 1- nerved, the second and third scales 7-nerved, densely pubescent zvith short spreading hairs. PineMands, Virginia to Florida. March-July. 32 498 APPENDIX. [Vol. III. [Vol. i: p. 121.] [Vol. i: p. 120.] 22b. Panicum sphagnicolum Nash. Sphagnum Panicum. (Fig. 264b.) Panicum sphagnicolum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 422. 1895. Culms slender, smooth and glabrous, l}40-3° long, at length much elongated, dichotomously much branched and declining. Sheaths smooth and gla- brous, or the lower ones pubescent, one half the length of the internodes or less; ligule a short ring; leaves erect, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, lanceolate, principal nerves 5-7, the primary leaves \f-2)/2' long, i//-5// wide, those on the branches \y^' or less long, concealing the small contracted panicles; primary panicle loose and open, I ^'-3' long, its branches spreading or ascending, the lower S/i'-iYz' long; spikelets on elongated filiform pedi- cels, scattered, y%"-\%.,f long, oval to obovate, the scales glabrous or sparsely pubescent, the first less than one-half as long as the spikelet, i-nerved, the second and third scales 7-nerved. Sphagnum bogs, District of Columbia and southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas. June-Sept. 24a. Panicum lanugindsum Ell. Woolly Panicum. (Fig. 266a.) P. lanuginosum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 123. 1817. Culms, sheaths and leaves villous with spreading hairs, those on the leaves and the upper part of the culm shorter. Culms leafy, tufted, 1 °-2}4° tall, erect, at length branched, a smooth ring below each barbed node; sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of long hairs; leaves erect, lanceolate, acumi- nate, iK/~5/ l°ng. 2//-4>^// broad; panicle ovate, i^/-4/ long, the axis pubescent, the branches ascending, the larger i/-2/ long; spikelets numerous, broadly obovate, about y%" long, the first scale orbicular, glabrous or pubescent, i-nerved, the second and third scales nearly orbicular when spread out, 7- 9-nerved, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Dry sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Flor- ida and Alabama. [Vol. i: p. 121.] 25a. Panicum implicatum Scribn. Hairy-panicled Panicum. (Fig. 267a.) Culms tufted, erect, io'-iS' tall, very slender, more or less pubescent.at length much branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, densely papillose-hirsute , at least the lower ones; ligule a ring of long hairs; leaves erect, lanceolate; Yz'-i' long,i,,/-3// wide.tf/ least the lower ones papillose- hirsute on both surfaces, especially beneath; pani- cle open, ovate, ^-2%' long, its branches widely spreading; spikelets broadly obovate, obtuse, purplish, about %,f long, the outer 3 scales pu- bescent with short spreading hairs, the first scale nearly one-half as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate, obtuse, i-nerved, the second and third scales orbicular-oval, 7-nerved. Dry soil, Maine to New York. Related to P. pubescens I^am., but certainly distinct. Vol. III.] APPENDIX. 499 [Vol. i: p. 121.] 25b. Panicum Colum- bianum Scribn. American Panic-grass. Short-leavecl Panicum. (Fig. 267b.) Panicum Columbianum Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 7: 78. 1897. Culms tufted, erect, softly pubescent, 8'-2° tall, at length dichotomously branched, the branches erect. Lower sheaths pubescent, the upper glabrous, the primary one- half as long as the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves lanceolate, erect, thich- ish and firm, glabrous above, the lower ones more or less pubescent beneath, the primary xYz'-iyi' long, 2//-3// wide, those on the branches smaller; panicle small, ovate, \,-\%f long, its branches as- cending; spikelets broadly obovate, a little more than %" long, the outer 3 scales densely pubescent with spreading hairs, the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, i-nerved, the second and third scales 7-nerved. Fields and open woods, Massachusetts to North Carolina, west to Tennessee and Alabama. June-Sept. [Vol. i: p. 121.] 25c. Panicum Eatoni Nash. Eaton's Panicum. (Fig. 267c. ), ', Panicum Eatoni Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 84. 1898 Smooth and glabrous. Culms i>^0-3^0 tall, erect, at length dichotomously branched and swollen at the nodes; sheaths much shorter than the internodes, usually more or less ciliate on the. margins; ligule a ring of long hairs; leaves erect, lanceolate, acuminate, \yi'-\f long, l%//-$,/ wide; panicle finally long-exserted, dense and contracted, 3/~5/ long, i%/ or less broad, its branches erect-as- cending ; spikelets oval, about %" long, acutish, the first scale about one-third as long as the spike- let, pubescent, i-nerved, the second and third scales broadly oval when spread out, 7-nerved, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Along the coast, in damp or wet places, Maine to New York. May-Aug. [Vol. i: p. 121.] 25CL Panicum tsugetorum Nash. Hemlock Panicum. (Fig. 2670".) P. tsugetorum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 86. 1898. Culms and sheaths pubescent with short oppressed or ascending hairs intermixed toward the base with longer ones. Culms tufted, i%° or less tall, somewhat slender, at length much branched and decumbent or prostrate; sheath shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of hairs about yi" long; leaves erect or ascend- ing, firm, lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, minutely appressed- pubescent beneath, smooth and glabrous above, or the upper primary leaves sometimes with a few long erect hairs, the primary leaves i/^/~3/ long, 2^//-4// wide, th ose on the branches smaller and partly concealing th e small panicles; primary panicles broadly ovate, 1 x/2'- 7.y2f long, the branches spreading-ascending; spikelets broadly obovate, about y%" long, the outer 3 scales pubescent, with short spreading hairs, the first scale 1-3-nerved, the second and third scales 7-9-nerved. Dry soil in hemlock woods, Connecticut and New York. 5oo APPENDIX. [Vol. III. Panicum Addisonii Nash. Rigid Panicum. (Fig. 267c) P. Addisonii Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 83. 1898. Culms io'-is' tall, rigid, tufted, erect or decum- bent at the base, at length much branched, the branches erect, pubescent below with long nearly appressed hairs which decrease in length toward the summit where they are very short. Sheaths often longer than the internodes, appressed-pubes- cent, at least the lower ones; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves erect, lanceolate, thickish, smooth and gla- brous on both surfaces, rough on the margins, acuminate, i'-tf long, i^//~3// wide; panicle ovate to oblong, %'-2)i' long, its branches spreading or ascending; spikelets obovate, \" long, the first scale acute or acutish, about one-half as long as the spikelet, i-nerved, pubescent, second and third scales 9-11-nerved, densely pubescent with long spreading hairs. Sandy soil, southern New Jersey. May-June. [Vol. i: p. 121.] 25f. Panicum Atlanticum Nash. Atlantic Panicum. (Fig. 267f.) P. Atlanticum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 346. 1897. Papillose-pilose with long white spreading hairs. Culms tufted, at length branched, i2/-20/ tall, erect or ascending, a smooth ring below the nodes which are barbed with spreading hairs; sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of hairs i//-2}i// long; leaves erect, rigid, thickish, linear-lanceolate, iX'-^long, 2//-t)}4// wide, acuminate, 7-1 i-nerved, middle leaves the longest; panicle i}4/-2}4/ long, \%,-2%/ wide, the branches and their divisions hispidulous; spikelets numerous, obovate, a little over \" long, %'// wide, obtuse, the outer 3 scales densely pubescent with short spreading hairs, the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, i-nerved, the second and third scales 9-nerved. Dry soil, New York to Virginia. June-Aug. [Vol. 1: p. 127.] 26a. Panicum linearifolium Scribn. Linear-leaved Panicum. (Fig. 268a.) Culms tufted, slender, erect, smooth and glabrous, simple, 6/-i6/ tall. Sheaths gla- brous or pilose with long white hairs, longer than the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves elongated, smooth or rough, glabrous or more or less pilose, especially upon the lower surface, 3/-io/ long, i//-2// wide, the uppermost leaf the longest and often extending beyond the panicle; primary panicle loose and open, often long-exserted, \y2'-\' long, its branches ascending, second- ary panicles small and contracted on very short culms and partly concealed by the bases of the long culms ; spikelets \"-i}i,f long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent with spreading hairs. Dry soil, especially hillsides, New York and New Jersey to Missouri. Vol. III.] APPENDIX. 501 [Vol. i: p. 121.] 26b. Panicum Werneri Scribn. Werner's Panicum. (Fig. 268b. ) Smooth and glabrous, light green. Culms tufted , erect, slender, simple or later sparingly branched, io/-i8/tall; sheaths equalling or shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves erect, elongated, linear, acuminate, 2j£'-4/!4v long, i>^//- 2%" wide, panicle finally long-exserted, loose and open, 2%/-t,}2/ long, its branches ascending; spike- lets about i// long on longer hispidulous pedicels, oval, minutely and sparsely pubescent, the first scale orbicular, about one-quarter as long as the spikelet, 1 -nerved, the second and third scales 7-nerved, the fourth scale oval, slightly apiculate. Dry knolls in swamps, New York and Ohio. The smaller spikelets and the entire absence of the small basal panicles serve to distinguish this from P. tinea ri- folium, to which it otherwise has a great resemblance. June-July. [Vol. 1: p. 121.] 26c. Panicum Bick- nellii Nash. Bicknell's Panicum. (Fig. 268c.) P. Bicknellii Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 193. 1897. Culms erect or decumbent at the base, slender, 8/-i6/ tall, at length sparingly branched, the lower internodes puberulent, the nodes sparingly barbed. Sheaths generally longer than the internodes, cili- ate on the margins, the lowermost pubescent; ligule a fringe of very short hairs; leaves elongated, increasing in length toward the top of the culm, erect, linear- lanceolale,acummate, narrowed toward the ciliate base, 7-9-nerved, primary leaves 3/~7/ long, 2}4//s// zuide ; primary panicle 2}4/~3/ long, its branches ascending, secondary panicles smaller, with appressed branches; spikelets obovate or oval \%"-\V2." long, pubescent with short spread- ing hairs, the first scale i-nerved, the second and third scales 9 nerved. Dry wooded hills, New York and Pennsylvania. July- Aug. [Vol. 1: p. 122.] 27a. Panicum neuran- thum Griseb. Nerved Panicum. (Fig. 269a.) Panicum nenranthum Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 232. 1866. Culms tufted, slender, at length much branched, the primary simple.erect, glabrous or pubescent, 12'- 30/ tall. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower pubescent, the primary about one-half as long as the internodes, those on the branches overlapping; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves smooth and glabrous, the primary erect, acuminate, \'-\' long, \"-2yz" wide, those on the branches shorter, erect or ascending, usually involute when dry, concealing the small secondary panicles; primary panicle \'-\f long, its branches at first erect, at length widely spreading; spikelets numerous, broadly obovate, about \" long, densely pubescent with short spreading hairs, the second and third scales 7-nerved. Dry or moist soil along the coast, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba. June-Oct. 502 APPENDIX. [Vol. III. [Vol. i: p. 132.] ia. Savastana Nashii Bicknell. Nodding Vanilla-grass. (Fig. 294a.) 5. Nashii Bicknell, Bull. Torr.Ciub, 25: 104. PL32S. 1898. Plant smooth, glabrous and shining. Culms erect, slender, simple, 2°-3° tall. Sheaths over- lapping, striate ; ligule scarious, 2//~3// long ; leaves erect or ascending, elongated, a little rough- ened above, the culm leaves 5 or 6, 2/-8/ long, 2//- 3// wide, acuminate; panicle long-exserted, loose and open, 7/-i7/ long, its apex nodding, the capil- lary branches drooping, the larger 3/~7/ long, in pairs, the divisions more or less flexuous; spike- lets 2>£//-4// long, on capillary pedicels; scales 5, the outer 2 empty, abruptly long-acuminate, the first i-nerved, the second 3-nerved, the third and fourth scales about 2>£// long, rough, ciliate on the margins with ascending hairs, 5-nerved, acute, usu- ally awn-pointed, the fifth scale smaller, smooth, hispidulous at the apex, sometimes awn-pointed. Along brackish marshes, New York City. July-Aug. [Vol. i: p. 136.] 10a. Aristida divaricata H. & B. Spreading Aristida. (Fig. 306a.) Aristida divaricata H. & B.; Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 99. 1809. Culms lj£°-3° tall, tufted, erect. Sheaths over- lapping, rough, usually with a tuft of long hairs on each side at the apex; ligule a short ciliate ring; leaves smooth beneath, rough above, those of the culm 6/-i2/ long, i//-2// wide, erect or ascending; the sterile shoots from one-third to one-half as long as the culm, the leaves narrower; panicle compris- ing one-half of the plant, or more, often included at the base, its branches rigid, at length widely spreading; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about }4.; long,numerous; empty scales acuminate, usually awn-pointed; flowering scale commonly slightly shorter than the empty ones, firm, sometimes spotted with purple, hispidulous above; awns not articulated to the scale, the lateral ones shorter than the central, which is 6//-io// long; callus pilose. Dry sandy soil, Kansas to Arizona and New Mexico, south to Mexico. Agrostis coarctata Ehrh. Dense-flowered Bent-grass. , (Fig. 362a.) Agrostis coarctata Ehrh.; Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. Ed. 2, 1: 37. 1800. Glabrous. Culms tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base and often rooting at the lower nodes, smooth, 1 2/-20/ tall, at length branching; sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule scarious, yi"-\" long; leaves erect, rough on both sur- faces, iX/_3/^/ l°ng> i/^" or less wide; patiicle dense and contracted, i)4/-4/ long, tf'-yZ' thick, its branches erect, the longer 1%' long or less ; spikelets numerous, crowded, acute at both ends and lanceolate when closed, i//-i%// l°ng, on shorter hispidulous pedicels which are much thickened at the apex; empty scales acute, his- pidulous on the upper part of the keel, espe- cially in the first scale; flowering scale hyaline, about three-quarters as long as the spikelet, den- ticulate at the truncate or rounded apex; palet about one-half as long as the scale. Maine to New Jersey. Also in Europe. July-Sept. ■Vol. III.] APPENDIX. 503 [Vol. I: p. 160.] 4a. Agrostis rupestris Allioni. Rock Bent-grass. (Fig. 365a.) Agrostis rupestris Allioni, Fl. Pedera. 2: 237. 1785. Culms tufted, 6' or less tall, slender, erect, or decumbent at the base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths longer than theinternodes; ligule about Yz" long; leaves smooth and glabrous, those on the culm \' or less long, the basal leaves from one-third to one-half as long as the culms; panicle contracted, if or less long, its axis and branches smooth, the latter erect or nearly so, spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets about 1" long; empty scales about equal, 1- nerved, acute, usually purple, hispidulous on the keel; flowering scale shorter, hyaline, den- ticulate at the obtuse or truncate apex, bearing about the middle a dorsal scabrous awn a little over i// long; palet wanting. Labrador and the high mountains of Nevada. Also in Europe. Summer. jC. [Vol. i: p. 174.] 2a. Danthonia glabra Nash. Smooth Wild Oat-grass. (Fig. 398a.) Danthonia glabra Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 43. 1897. Glabrous. Culms erect, tufted, i6/-28/ tall, slightly roughened j ust below the panicle and puberulent below the brown nodes; sheaths usually shorter than the in- ternodes; ligule densely ciliate with long silky hairs; leaves smooth excepting at the apex, \"-i" wide, erect, those on the sterile shoots 6/ or more long, the culm leaves 2/~4/long; panicle 2/~3/ long, contracted; spike- lets, including awns, 9//-io// long, 5-io-flowered, on hispidulous appressed pedicels; empty scales acumi- nate; flowering scales 2}4//~3// long to the base of the teeth, pilose on the margins below and sometimes spar- ingly so on the midnerve at the base, the remainder of the scale glabrous, teeth, including the awns, i//-i^// long, the central awn 4^//-6// long, more or less spreading. In swamps, southern New Jersey to Georgia. May-July. Tricuspis albescens Munro; A. Gray, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 335. Name only. 1863. Triodia albescens Vasey, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Bot. 12: Part 2, 33. 189 1. Sieglingia albescens Kuntze; I,. H. Dewey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2:538. 1894. Culms tufted, erect, smooth and glabrous, i2/-20/ tall, the sterile shoots one- half as long as the culm or more. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves smooth beneath, roughish above, acuminate, 2^/-ii/ long, i//-2// wide; panicle dense and contracted, white, Sieglingia albescens (Vasey) Kuntze. Sieglingia. (Fig. 422a.) White ¥-5' long, %' -%' ascending, \' or flowered, i"-iy2" i-nerved, about broad, its branches erect or less long; spikelets about 7-1 1- long, the empty scales white, equal; flowering scales about 1%" long, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing be- low the apex, all the nerves glabrous, the midnerve excurrent in a short scabrous point, denticulate and irregularly and obscurely lobed at the truncate .apex,, short- pilose on the callus. Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Aug.-Sept. 504 APPENDIX. [Vol. III. [Vol. i: p. 185.] 2b. Sieglingia elongata (Buckley) Nash. Long-panicled Sieglingia. (Fig. 422b.) Uralepis elongata Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. Sci. 1862: 89. 1863. Tricuspis trinerviglumis Munro; A. Gray in Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 333. Name only. 1863. Culms i°-3° tall, tufted, erect, rough, the ster- ile shoots about %. as long as the culms. Sheaths rough, longer than the internodes, a ring of hairs at the apex, the lower sheaths usually sparingly papillose-pilose; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves rough, usually involute when dry, 3/-io/ long, i//-2// wide; panicle narrow, 5/-io/ long, y2' wide, its branches erect, \y2' or less long, usually exceeding the rachis-internodes; spike- lets 10-12-flowered, 4)£//-6// long, the empty scales scabrous, hispidulous on the midnerve, the first i-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flow- ering scales about 3" long, obtuse at the scabrous apex, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing at or below the apex, the midnerve usually excur- rent in a short point, all the vervs pilose below the middle. Prairies, Kansas to Arizona and Texas. June-Aug. [Vol. i: p. 185.] 2C. Sieglingia pilosa (Buck- ley) Nash. Sharp-scaled Sieglingia. (Fig. 422c. ) Uralepis pilosa Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 94. 1863. Tricuspis acuminata Munro; A. Gray in Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 335. Name only. 1863. Culms tufted,2^/-i2/ tall,smooth and glabrous, the ster- ile shoots 4/ tall or less. Sheaths smooth, a tuft of hairs on each side at the apex, much shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves strict or curved, thick, linear, obtuse, 1 -nerved, the margins white, serrulate, \y2' long or less, less than i// wide, folded, at least when dry, pubescent with long hairs, especially beneath; panicle al- most racemose, long-exserted, >^/-i^/ long; spikelets 3-10, crowded, 8-12-flowered; empty scales acuminate, i-nerved; flowering scales ^''-^A" long, acuminate, 3-nerved, the midnerve generally excurrent in a short point, all the nerves (the lateral at the top and bottom, the midnerve below the middle), the callus, and the base pilose. Dry soil, Kansas to Colorado, Texas and New Mexico. April- Sept. [Vol. I: p. 208.] 21a. Poa arachnifera Torr. Texas Blue-grass. (Fig. 479a.) Poa arachnifera Torr. Marcy's Exped. 301. 1853. Culms tufted, i°-3° tall, smooth and glabrous, from running rootstocks; sterile shoots from one-half as long as the culms to equalling them. Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth or roughish, hyaline on the margins; ligule a short membranous ring; leaves linear, erect, usually folded when dry, smooth beneath, rough above, iX/_9/ long. i^//-3// broad, abruptly acute; panicle dense and contracted, sometimes interrupted below, 3/-6/^/ long, J^'-i,^' broad, its branches as- cending or erect; spikelets numerous, 4-7-flowered, the scales acuminate, the empty ones hispidulous on the midnerve; flowering scales 2//-2>^// long, often pointed, pubescent at the base with copious long cob- ivebby hairs, ^-nerved, the midnerve and lateral nerves pilose belovv the middle. Prairies, Kansas to New Mexico, south to Louisiana and Texas. Also introduced in Florida. April-May. VOL. III.] [Vol. I: p. 213.] 8a. APPENDIX. Panicularia borealis Nash (Fig. 491a.) 505 Northern Manna-grass. Glyceria Jluitans var. angustata Vasey, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 91. 1895. Not G. angus- tata T. Fries. 1869. P. borealis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 348. 1897. Glabrous. Culms erect from a creeping base, i^°-5°tall;sheathsoverlapping,smoothorrough- ish, the uppermost one enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule 2%."-']Yz'/ long, membranous; leaves linear, abruptly acuminate, 3 J^-21' long, \"-*/' wide; panicle slender, narrow, the ex- serted portion 6/-2o/ long, its branches appressed or nearly so, the lower in 2*s or 3's, the longer of which bear 5-12 spikelets; spikelets $"-$' long, 7-13-flowered, appressed; outer two scales empty, i-nerved, smooth and shining, unequal; flowering scales thin, 2//-2j^// long, 7-nerved, the nerves hispidulous, a broad scarious margin at the obtuse and erose apex; palet hyaline, slightly shorter than the scale, shortly 2-toothed at the obtuse apex. In shallow water, Maine to New York, Idaho, Cali- fornia, Washington, and northward. [Vol. 1: p. 213.] ga. Panicularia brachyphylla Nash. Short-leaved Manna- grass. (Fig. 492a.) P. brachyphylla Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 349. 1897. Glabrous. Culms erect from a creeping base, 2°-3° tall; sheaths generally longer than the internodes, almost closed, the uppermost one enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule 3//-4^// long, membranous; leaves linear, acuminate, 2^/-5/ long, 2//-2>^// wide; panicle slender, narrow, the exserted portion i2/-i6/ long, its branches appressed or nearly so, the lower in 2's or 3's, the longer of which bear 2 or 3 spike- lets; spikelets compressed-cylindric, io//-i4// long-, 7-12-flowered; empty scales i-nerved, the second 2}i//-y/ long; flowering scales hispidulous all over, 7-nerved, about 2^" long, the obtuse apex obscurely and irregularly few-toothed; palet about 3" long, acuminate, a little exceeding the scale. In shallow water, New York. June-July. [Vol. i: p. 217.] 4a. Festuca brachyphylla Schultes. Short-leaved Fescue-grass. (Fig. 500a.) Festuca brevifolia R. Br. Append. Parry's Voy. Suppl. 289. 1824. Not Muhl. 1817. Festuca brachyphylla Schultes, Mant. 3: Addit. 1, 646. 1827. Festuca ovina I,, var. brevifolia S. Wats, in King's Rep. U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Paral. 5: 389. 1871. Smooth and glabrous. Culms densely tufted, 8' or less tall, slender, erect, much exceeding the short basal leaves; sheaths coarsely striate; ligule a short scarious ring; leaves very narrow, involute, at least when dry, those on the culm%' or less long, erector ascending; panicle \' or less long,near\y simple,its branches appressed; spike-' lets 2-4-Jlowered, the empty scales acuminate, the first i-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flower- ing scales acute or acuminate, rough toward the apex, 2//-214// long, exclusive of the scabrous awn which is yz"-\%" long. Newfoundland to British Columbia, the higher mountains of Vermont, and the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer. APPENDIX. [Vol. III. [Vol. i: p. 217.] 4b. Festuca capillata Lam. Filiform Fescue-grass. (Fig. 500b.) Festuca capillata Lam. Fl. Franc. 3: 598. 1778. Densely tufted. Culms erect with a decumbent base, 6/-i5/ tall, slender, smooth and glaucous, shin- ing; sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes, confined to the base of the culm; ligule a short membranous ring; leaves filiform , smooth or rough, the basal ones from one-third to one-half as long as the culm, the culm leaves i'-i^' long; panicle contracted, %'-2,f long, its branches erect, %.' or less long; spikelets 2//-2^// long, \-5-fl0wered ; outer scales empty, unequal, the first acuminate, the second acute; flowering scales about i%" long, unowned, acute. Fields and roadsides, Maine and New York. Intro- duced from Europe. June-July. [Vol. sis i: p. 220.] 4a. Bromus Madriten- L. Compact Chess. (Fig. 509a.) Bromus Madritensis L,. Amoen. Acad. 4: 265. 1755- Culms i°-2° tall, tufted, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth, glabrous.or the lower ones pubes- cent, usually shorter than the internodes; ligule scarious, lacerated, i//-2// long; leaves 2^-8' long, i^//-3// wide, rough above, often pubescent on both surfaces; panicle dense, 3/-6/ long, its rough branches erect or ascending, the longer 2'- 3' long; spikelets numerous, i^/-2/ long, includ- ing the awns, the scales acuminate, scarious on the margins, the first scale i-nerved, the second 3- nerved; flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 6//-7// long, sparsely and minutely appressed-pu- descent, the apex acuminately 2-toothed, 5 -nerved, bearing an erect or divergent awn 6//-g// long. Waste places, Michigan and Virginia; also in Cali- fornia. Locally adventive from Europe. Summer. [Vol. I: p. 222.] 10a. Bromus arvensis L,. (Fig. 515a.) Field Chess or Brome. Bromus ari'ensis L. Sp. PI. 77. 1753- Culms erect, i°-3° tall, smooth and shining, glabrous except at or near the brown nodes. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, softly and densely pubescent with short reflexed hairs ; ligule scarious, yi"~\y?." long; leaves erect or ascending, more or less hirsute on both surfaces, 3'-6' long, 2//-3// wide; panicle ample, 5 '-9/ long, its rough branches erect or ascending, rarely spreading, branching and spikelet-beariug above the middle, the longer 3/-6/ long; spikelets, including the awns, 9//-i2// long, lanceolate, somewhat shining, the scales membranous, scarious on the margins, mi- nutely and sparsely appressed-pubescent toward the acute apex, papillose along the nerves, the first scale 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved ; flowering scales broadest at the middle, 5-nerved, zYz"-A" long» bearing an erect awn of about the same length. Fields and waste places, New York, New Jersey and Michigan. Locall}' adventive from Europe. Summer. Vol. HI.] [Vol. i: p. APPENDIX. 507 False 226.] ia. Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. & Sm. Couch-grass. (Fig. 524a.) Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. & Sm. Bull. U. S- Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 34. 1897. Light green. Culms i°-3° tall, erect, smooth and glabrous, from a running rootstock; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; ligule a short membranous ring; leaves erect, prominently nerved, rough on both surfaces, acuminate, the culm leaves 3/-S/ long, i"-}>" wide, the basal leaves about one-half as long as the culms; spikes 3/-S/ long, strict; spikelets 5//-8// long, 3-7-flow- ered, a little compressed, appressed to the rachis which is hispidulous on the margins; empty scales lanceolate, equalling or somewhat shorter than the spike! et, acuminate and often awn-pointed, 5-7- nerved, the nerves hispidulous; flowering scales 5- nerved, roughish toward the apex, usually awn- pointed. Rich river bottoms, Montana to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Arizona and Texas. July-Aug. [Vol. 1: p. 226.] ib. Agropyron spi- catum (Pursh) Scribn. & Sm. Western Wheat-grass. (Fig. 524b.) Festuca spicata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 83. 1814. Agropyron spicalum Scribn. & Sm. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 33. 1897. Pale green, glaucous. Culms i}4°-4° tall, erect, from a slender creeping rootstock, smooth and glabrous; sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes, smooth; ligule a short .membranous ring; leaves erect, 2/-S/ long, 2//-4// wide, acu- minate, very scabrous above, smooth beneath, becoming involute when dry; spike long-ex- serted, strict, 4/-8/ long; spikelets crowded, divergent fro in the rachis, compressed,\&nczo\ale when closed, yz'-\' long, 6-12-flowered; empty scales acuminate, awn-pointed, shorter than the spikelet, hispidulous on the keel; flowering scales 5" -6" long, acute or awn-pointed, gla- brous or sparsely pubescent. Moist land, Manitoba and Minnesota to Oregon, south to Missouri and Texas. [Vol. 1: p. 226.] ic. Agropyron tetra- stachys Scribn. & Sm. Coast Wheat-grass. (Fig. 524c.) Agropyron tetrastachys Scribn. & Sm. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 32. 1897. Glaucous. Culms rigid, slender, erect, ij£°-3° tall, from a running rootstock; sheaths shorter than the in- nodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule wanting; leaves erect, acuminate, 5/-S/ long, 1" or less wide, smooth beneath, glaucous above, scabrous on the margins; spikes long-exserted, 3/~5/ long, 4-sided ; spikelets crowded, 6"- Jo" long, 6-ii-fiowered, appressed to the 4-angled articulated rachis, the angles hispidulous; empty scales lanceolate, 5" long, rough on the keel, 5-7-nerved; flowering scales lanceolate, keeled, rough toward the apex, acute, awn-pointed or short-awned. Sandy beaches, coast of Maine. July-Aug. 5o8 APPENDIX. [Vol.. III. Agropyron Gmelini Scribn. & Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 30. S. Agropyron Gmelini Scribn. & Sm. Gmelin's Wheat-grass. (Fig. 528a.) Sm. Bull. U 1897. Culms i^0-4° tall, erect, slender, tufted, smooth and glabrous, no rootstocks. Sheaths smooth, usually longer than the internodes; ligule a short membranous ring; leaves erect, 4/-io/ long, l//-3// wide, acuminate, smooth be- neath, scabrous on the margins and sometimes also sparsely so above; spike slender, long-ex- serted, 2/-S/ long; spikelets 6-20, somewhat crowded, appressed to the rachis, more or less compressed, 5-9-Jlowered; empty scales 5//~7// long, shorter than the spikelet, acuminate into a shorter awn; flowering scales 4//-6// long, acuminate, bearing at or just below the apex a slender scabrous awn 7//-i5// long. Bottom lands, Washington to western Nebraska, [Vol. i:p. 231.] 3a. Elymus inter- medins (Vasey) Scribn. & Sm. Strict Wild Rye. (Fig. 535a.) Elymus Canadensis var. intermedins Vasey; Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 673. 1890. Elymus intermedins Scribn. & Sm. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 38. 1897. Culms erect from a perennial root, 2°-3° tall, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth, the uppermost often inflated and enclosing the base of the spike; ligule a short membranous ring; leaves 7/-i2/ long, 4//-9// wide, acuminate, very rough on both surfaces; spikes 2j^/-6/ long, stout, the rachis pubescent; spikelets crowded, in pairs, 2-5-flowered; empty scales linear, 5//-6// long, thick, 3-5-nerved, the nerves hirsute, acuminate into a scabrous awn as long as or shorter than the scale; flowering scales lanceolate, 5-nerved, appressed-hirsute, 4//-5// long, acuminate into a rough awn 6//-8// long. River banks, Maine to Virginia, west, to Illinois and Nebraska. July-Aug. [Vol. 1: p. 231.] 3b. Elymus robustus Scribn. & Sm. Stout Wild Rye. (Fig. 535b.) Elymus robustus Scribn. & Sm. Bull.U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 37. 1897. Culms erect, usually stout, 3°-6° tall, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth or slightly roughened; ligule a short cori- aceous ring with acute lateral auricles; leaves firm, very rough on both surfaces, 4/-i5/ long, 4//-io// wide, acuminate; spike little exserted, stout, 4/~9/ long, the rachis usually glabrous except on the angles; spikelets numerous, crowded, in 2's-^s, 3-4-flowered; empty scales subulate, 5//-6// long, bearing an awn 6//~9// long; flowering scales lan- ceolate, 5//-6// long, 2-toothed at the apex, from sparsely to densely appressed-pubescent, bearing aflexuous or bent azvn \$"-2\" long. River banks, Ontario and Vermont to Oregon, south to North Carolina, Texas and Arizona. Vol. III.] APPENDIX. 509 [Vol. i: p. 268.] 19a. Scirpus Novae- Angliae Britton Coast Sedge. (Fig. 627a.) Perennial by rootstocks; culm stout, erect, 4°-7° tall, sharply 3-angled, the sides flat or nearly so. Leaves long, 4//-6// wide, somewhat roughish on the margins when dry, the lowest reduced to pointed sheaths, those of the invo- lucre 2-5, the longer of them much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets narrowly cylindric, acute, }{/-2/ long, less than %' thick, solitary or 2-5 together at the ends of the rays of the umbel, the rays 1/-4/ long; scales awned; bristles 2-4, shorter than the grayish-white dull obovate achene, which is distinctly 3-angled; stamens 3; style 3-cleft. In fresh water and brackish marshes, Stratford and Fairfield, Conn. (Dr. Edwin H. Eames), Spuy- ten Duyvil, New York City (E. P. Bicknell). New England [Vol. i: p. 366.] 2a. Lemna minima Philippi. Least Duckweed. (Fig. 886a.) Lemna minima Philippi, Linnaea, 33: 239. 1844. Thallus oblong to elliptic, i//-2// long, obscurely i-nerved, or nerveless, with a row of papules along the nerve, the lower surface plat, or slightly convex ; the apex rounded, rootcap usually short, a little curved, rarely perfectly straight, cylindric, blunt ; spathe open; pistil short-clavate; stigma concave; ovule solitary, obliquely orthotropous; seed oblong, pointed, about 16 ribbed, with many transverse striations. Georgia and Florida to Kansas, Wyoming and California. [Vol. 1: p. 367.] 2a. WOLFFIELLA Hegelm. Engler's Bot. Jahrb. 21: 303- 1895. Thallus thin, unsymmetrical, rootless, curved in the form of a segment of a band, punc- tate on both surfaces with numerous brown pigment-cells. Pouch opening as a cleft in the basal margin of the thallus, a stipe attached to its margins. Flowers and fruit unknown. [Diminutive of Woljfta.] About 7 species, mostly of tropical regions. Besides the following, 2 others are known from western North America. i. Wolffiella Floridana (J. D. Smith) Thompson. Florida Wolmella. (Fig. 889a.) Wolffia gladiata var. Floridana J. D. Smith, Bull. Torr. Club, 7: 64. 1880. Wolffia Floridana J. D. Smith; Hegelm. Engler's Bot. Jahrb. 21: 305. 1895. Wolffiella Floridana Thompson, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 17. 1897. Thalli solitary, or commonly coherent for several genera- tions forming densely interwoven masses, strap-shaped, scythe- shaped, or doubly curved, tapering from the rounded oblique base to a long-attenuate apex, 1]^"-$" long, 14-21 times as long as wide; basal portion of the long stipe persistent, the pouch elongated-triangular, or the upper angle rounded. Georgia and Florida to Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. 5io [Vol. i: 9 9 8^ APPENDIX. 367.] 2a. Wolffia papulifera Thompson. (Fig. 891a.) [Vol. III. Pointed Duckweed. -o=<5^" Wolffia papulifera Thompson, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 20. pi. 4D. 1897. Thallus slightly unsymmetrical, obliquely broadly ovate, about yz" broad, the apex rounded, the upper surface flat at the margin, gradually ascending into a prominent conic papule on the median line, brown-punctate, the under surface strongly gibbous, less punctate; stomata numerous on the upper surface; flower and fruit unknown. Floating, with the entile upper surface exposed to the air, Kennett and Columbia, Mo. [Vol. 1: p. 377-1 ia. Tradescantia bracteata Small. Spiderwort. (Fig. 910a.) Long-bracted Perennial, deep green, glabrous to the inflorescence, or nearly so. Stems erect, 4/-io/ tall, simple or spar- ingly branched; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 4/- 8/ long, long-acuminate; sheaths paler than the leaf- blades, conspicuously ribbed, glabrous, or the upper ones sometimes ciliate; involucres of 2 bracts, these broader than the leaves, more or less strongly saccate at the base, ciliate and often sparingly villous on the back; umbel-like cymes few-flowered; pedicels glan- dular-pubescent, yi'-l' long; sepals ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, glandular, more or less involute; corolla blue or reddish, about 1/ broad. In sandy soil, Minnesota to South Dakota, south to Kansas. Spring and summer. Ascends to 7500 feet in the Black Hills. [Vol. 1: p. 377.] 2a. Tradescantia reflexa Raf. Reflexed Spiderwort. (Fig. 911a.) Tradescantia reflexa Raf. Atl. Journ. 150. 1832. Perennial, glabrous, glaucous. Stems erect, i°-3° tall, nearly straight, commonly much branched; leaves linear, S'-ao'long, straight, or somewhat curved, long-attenuate; sheaths large, 5//-i5// long; involucres of 2 unequal finally refiexed leaf-like bracts; umbel-like cymes usually dense at maturity; pedicels slender, io//-i3// long, recurved; sepals ob- long or elliptic, apparently lanceolate by the involute edges, 4//-5// long, hooded, mostly ■with a tuft of hairs at the apex ; corolla blue or red, \o'f-\$" broad, the petals suborbicular ; capsule ovoid to oblong, 2^//-3// long, glabrous. In sandy or clayey soil, Minnesota to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. Vol. III.] APPENDIX. 511 [Vol. i: p. 436.] ia. Trillium viride Beck. Green Wake-robin. (Fig. 1043a.) Trillium viride Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. n: 178. 1S26. Perennial by a short corm-like rootstock, light green. Stems solitary, or several together, 4/-i5/ tall, rough-pubescent near the top, or glabrous in age; leaves oblong to ovate, 2/-4/ long, obtuse or acutish, 3-5-nerved, usually blotched, more or less pubescent on the nerves beneath; flowers sessile ; sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, i/-2/ long, bright green, acute or obtuse; petals clawed, the blades lin- ear or nearly so, surpassing" the sepals, light green or purplish green, the claws sometimes brown or purple; stamens about j/( as long as the petals; fila- ments flattened, X~i shorter than the anthers. In woods and glades, Missouri and Tennessee to Mississippi and Arkansas. Spring. [Vol. i: p. 473.] ia. Listera reni- formis Small. Kidney-leaf Twayblade. (Fig. 1128a.) L. reniformis Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 334. 1897 Perennial, deep green. Stems erect, 4/-1 2' tall, slender, glabrous below, densely glandular- pubescent above; leaves 2, opposite, about the middle of the stem, r en if or m, or ovate-reui- form, 5//-i4// broad, apiculate or short-acumi- nate, more or less pubescent beneath, cordate or subcordate at the base, sessile', racemes ^/-4/ long; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, i^//-2^// long, acute; pedicels 2//-4// long, less densely pubescent than the adjacent stem, or glabrate; sepals oblong or linear-oblong, about T-Yz" long, reflexed; corolla greenish, the lip wedge-shaped, 3//~3>£// long, with 2 prominent teeth near the base, sharply cleft, the segments obtuse; capsules oval, 2//-2^// long. In damp thickets in the mountains, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina. Spring and summer. [Vol. 1: p. 485.] 4a. Hicoria Carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. Southern Shag-bark. (Fig. 1154a.) Hicoria Carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe, Notes on Hickories. 1896. A small tree attaining a maximum height of about 8o°, and diameter of il/z° , with gray bark hanging in long loose strips. Bud-scales 8-10, imbricate, the inner greatly enlarging in leafing, and tardily deciduous; terminal bud ovate-lanceolate, truncate, the scales spreading, barely %' long; lateral buds oblong; twigs very slender^ )%' thick, glaucous, smooth, purplish-brown ; staminate aments in threes, glabrous on short peduncles, at base of shoots of the season; stamens gla- brous; ovary glabrous ; young foliage black- ening in drying, glabrous, ciliate, with few resinous globules; leaflets 3-5, the 2 upper ^./-i%/ wide, 4/-6/ long, lanceolate ; lower pair often smaller; fruit subglobose, jf-1%' long; husk soon falling into 4 pieces; nut white or brownish, much compressed, angled, cordate o\- subcordate at top, thin-shelled; seed large and sweet. Sandy or rocky woods, rarely entering "bot- toms," Delaware to Georgia and Tennessee. 512 APPENDIX. [Vol. III. [Vol. i: p. 486.] 6a. Hicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe. Scurfy Hickory. Woolly Pignut. (Fig. 1156a.) H. glabra var. villosa Sarg. Sylva, rj: 167. 1895. Hicoria pallida Ashe, Notes on Hickories. In part. 1896. H. villosa Ashe, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 11, 530. 1897. A small or medium sized tree reaching a max- imum height of about 8o°, and a diameter of 2°, with deeply furrowed dark gray bark. Buds of 6-8 imbricated scales, the outer usually thickly dotted -with resinous globules, the inner some- what enlarging in leafing; terminal bud ovate, X/ long, lateral buds mostly short-stifed ' ; stam- inate aments pubescent, and gland and scurf covered, peduncled in 3's at base of shoots of the season; twigs slender, ]/(/ thick or less, usually glabrous, bright pur pie-brown ; petiole pubes- cent; leaflets 5-9, at first thickly covered betteath ivith silvery peltate glands, mixed ivith resinous globules, generally pubescent; fruit about i/ long, obovoid or subglobose, the husk dotted ivith resinous globules, y$/ thick and partly splitting; nut brown, thick-shelled, angled; seed small, but sweet. Poor sandy or rocky soils, Delaware to Georgia (according to Ashe), west to Missouri. Wood hard, strong, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 50 lbs. Hicoria villosa pallida Ashe. Hicoria pallida Ashe, Notes on Hickories. In part. 1896. Less pubescent; fruit ovoid, flattened laterally ; husk thin, splitting to the base ; nut light brown, not angled. Virginia to Georgia. [Vol. 1: p. 487] after Hicoria glabra add Hicoria glabra hirsuta Ashe, Notes on Hickories. 1896. Similar to type, but leaves larger, pubescent beneath, thinner, generally destitute of resinous globules on the lower surface; fruit larger. Virginia to Georgia, along and near the mountains. [Vol. 1: p. 486.] 6b. Hicoria borealis Ashe (Fig. 1156b.) Hicoria borealis Ashe, Notes on Hickories. 1896. A small tree, with rough furrowed bark when young, becoming shaggy in long narrow strips with age. Bud-scales 8-10, imbricated, the inner bright- colored and sericeous, enlarging in leafing and tardily deciduous; terminal bud ovate-lanceolate, Y^ long; twigs very slender, )s/ thick, glabrous, bright brownish red ; staminate aments in 3's at base of shoots of season; middle lobe of staminate calyx much prolonged ; young foliage blackening in drying, pubescent when young, becoming smooth, ciliate, with few resinous globules on lower surface', leaflets 5, occasionally 3, lanceolate, the upper )£'- Northern Hickory. 1// wide, ■>%'-« long; lower pair often smaller; fruit ovoid, much fattened, fyf or more long; husk very thin, rugose, coriaceous, usually not splitting; nut white, somewhat angled; shell thin and elastic ; seed large, sweet and edible. A small tree of dry uplands, growing with oaks and Hicoria microcarpa. Southern and eastern Michigan, east to Belle Isle, Detroit river. Probably also in southern Ontario. [Vol. 1: p. 537.] 2a. NESTRONIA Raf. New Flora, 3: 12. 1836. [Darbya A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II) 1: 3S8. 1846.] A low glabrous dioecious shrub, with opposite short-petioled, oblong to ovate entire leaves. Staminate flowers small, in axillary peduncled umbels; calyx top-shaped, 4-5-cleft, the lobes spreading, each with a tuft of wool; stamens as many as the calyx-segments and opposite them; disk crenate. Pistillate flowers solitary in the axils, short-peduncled; calyx narrowly top-shaped, 4-lobed; stamens 4; style short, 4-lobed; ovary adnate to the calyx. Fruit an oval i-seeded drupe. [From the Greek name of Daphne.] A monotypic genus of the southeastern United States. Vol. III.] APPENDIX. 513 I. Nestronia umbellula Raf. Nestronia. (Fig. 1276a.) Nestronia umbellula Raf. New Flora, 3: 13. 1836. Darbya umbellulata A. Gray, Am. Joum. Sci. (II.) 1:388. 1846. Shrub i°-3° high, branching. Leaves thin, i/-2/ long, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, pinnately veined, "bright green above, petioles i//-3// long; peduncles of the stamiuate 3-9-flowered umbels filiform, nearly or quite one-half as long as the leaves, the pedicels about 2" long, equalling the green calyx; stamens shorter than the oblong-ovate calyx-segments; pistillate calyx glaucescent, about 3// long, the lobes much shorter than the tube; drupe about %' in diameter. In woods and along: streams, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. April -May. [Vol. 1: p. 538.] ia. Asarum acu- minatum (Ashe) Bicknell. Long-tipped Wild Ginger. (Fig. 1277a.) A. Canadense var.' acuminatum Ashe. Oct. 1897. Similar to A. Canadense but more pubescent, at least when young. Leaves thin and mem- branous, reniform-cordate and acutely short- pointed or broadly reniform and blunt, at first densely cinerous tomentulose on the lower sur- face, less so when old, the larger veins often densely divaricate- pubescent, giving the leaves beneath a coarsely white- reticulated appearance; calyx-lobes much longer than in A. Canadense and duller bro-.uish-J>urJ>le, caudate-acuminate, or flagellate, the. slender terminations rec.urved- spreading, often flexuous, 5//-lo// long. Rich woods, Minnesota and Wisconsin to Iowa, Indiana and Ohio. May-June. [Vol. 1 : p. 538.] ib Ginger. Asarum reflexum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 533- pl- 3i7- 1897. Similar to A. Canadense, more loosely pubes- cent, rootstocks more elongated, slender. Leaves reniform, broader than long, the basal sinus shal- low or deep, obtusely pointed, the upper surface commonly nearly glabrous, the petioles often nearly glabrous in age ; flowers smaller than those of A. Canadense, the calyx-tube white within; lobes of the calyx-limb early reflcxed, pur- plish-brown, 4//-5// long, about as long as the tube, triangular, with a straight obtuse tip, \"- Asarum reflexum Bicknell. (Fig. 1277b.) Short-lobed Wild >// long. In rich woods, along streams or river valleys, often forming large patches, Connecticut and south- eastern New York to Iowa, North Carolina, Mis- souri and Kansas. April-May. Asarum reflexum ambiguum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 24:535. 1897. Leaf-blades short and very broad, with a wide, often rectangular sinus; calyx-lobes narrower and longer, 6"-8" long, the straight tip 2"-4" long, sometimes extending back to the base of the ovary. Michigan, Illinois and Missouri. 33 5H APPENDIX. [Vol.. III. [Vol. 2: p. ii.] na. Silene conica L Striate, or Corn Catchfly. (Fig. 1450a.) Silene conica L. Sp. PI. 418. 1753. Annual, canescent or puberulent; sterns solitary, or several together, erect, commonly forked above, 6'-24/ high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile, 1%' long, or less, about \yz" wide; inflorescence cymose; flowers 1 -several; pedicels X/-i/ long; calyx ovoid, rounded or truncate at the base, densely about 30 in irved, its teeth triangular-subulate; petals rose, <>bi ordate : capsule oblong-ovoid, distending the calyx and nearly equalling it. Clyde, Ohio. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-July. [Vol. 2: p. 60.] 3a. Delphinium Nelsoni Greene. Nelson's Larkspur. (Fig. 1564a.) Delphinium Nelsoni Greene, Pittonia, 3: 92. 1896. Finely puberulent, at least above; stem slen- der, simple, §'-l%° high from a cluster of tuber- ous roots near the surface of the ground. Leaves firm, the lower fedatcly divided into linear lobes or segments, long-petioled, the petioles sheath- ing the stem, the upper short-petioled, less di- vided; flowers in the upper axils and forming a loose terminal raceme, blue, slightly villous, slender-pedicelled; lower pedicels i/-2/ long, longer than the flowers; sepals oblong:, shorter than the slender spur; lower petal i-cleft, with a tuft of hairs about the middle; follicles 3, ap- pressed-pubescent; seeds wing-angled above Wyoming, western Nebraska and Colorado. May-June. [Vol. 2: p. 117.] 10a. MYAGRUM L,. Sp. PI. 640. 1753. An annual glabrous glaucous branching herb, with entire or undulate oblong to lanceo- late leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile and deeply auricled at the base. Flowers small, yellow, in elongating racemes; pedicels short, erect-ascending, bractless. Sepals nearly erect. Petals short; longer stamens somewhat connate in pairs. Silicle obcuneate to spatulate, flattened, indehiscent, falsely 3-celled, 1- seeded, tipped by the short style. Seed pendulous; cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, a fly-trap.] A monotypic genus of southern and central Europe and western Asia. i. Myagrum perfoliatum L,. Myagrum. (Fig. 1699a.) Myagrum perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. 640. 1753. Lower leaves oblong, narrowed into petioles; upper leaves 2/~5/ long, J^'-i' wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, the basal auricles mostly rounded; racemes, in fruit, elongating to several inches in length; pedicels \"-i" long, 2-3 times shorter than the pods, equalling or a little longer than the calyx; longer stamens about equalling the petals. In waste places about Quebec. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. Vol. Ill] APPENDIX [Vol. 2: p. 139.] ia. Camelina micro- carpa Andrz. Small-fruited False- flax. (Fig. 1753a.) Camelina microcarpa Andrz.; DC. Syst. 2: 517. 1821. Camelina sylvestris Wallr. Sched. Crit. 347: 1822. Stem pubescent, at least below, simple or with few elongated branches. Leaves lanceo- late, sessile, auricled, or the lower narrowed at the base; fruiting racemes much elongated, often i° long or more; pedicels relatively somewhat shorter than those of C. sativa ; pod smaller, rather more flattened, i"-}," long, strongly margined. In waste places, Rhode Island to West Virginia, Idaho, British Columbia and Kansas. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. May-July. r [Vol. 2: p. 154.] 37a. CONRINGIA Link, Enum. 2: 172. 1822. An erect glabrous annual herb, with elliptic or ovate entire leaves, sessile and cordate at the base, and middle-sized yellowish white flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals narrow. Style 2-lobed or entire. Siliques elongated-linear, angled, the valves firm, 1-3- nerved. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons incumbent. [In honor of Hermann Conring, i6o6-i6Sr, Professor at Helmstadt.] i. Conringia orientalis (L,. ) Du- mort. Hare's-ear, Treacle Mustard. (Fig. 1790a.) Brassica orientalis L- Sp. PI. 666. 1753- E. perfoliatum Crantz, Stirp. Aust. 1: 27. 1762. Brassica perfoiiala Lam. Encyel. 1: 748. 1783. Erysimum orientate R. Br. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 117. 1812. Conringia perfoliata Link, Enum. 2: 172. 1822. C. orientalis Dumort. Fl. Belg. 123. 1827. Stem usually erect, simple, or somewhat branched, i°-3° high. Leaves light green, obtuse at the apex, 2/-5/ long, }i/-2/ wide, the upper smaller; racemes at first short, much elongating in fruit; pedicels slender, ascending, 4//-8// long; petals about yzf long; nearly twice as long as the sepals; pods 3/-5/ long, about \" wide, 4-angled, spreading. In waste places, Michigan and Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, and on the Atlantic Coast from New Brunswick to Pennsylvania. Recently become a bad weed in the Northwest. [Vol. 2: p. 216.] 23a. Potentilla pu- mila Poir. Dwarf Five-finger. (Fig. 1935a.) P. Pumila Poir. in Lam. Enc. Meth. 5: 594. 1804. Potentilla Canadensis var. pumila T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:443. iS+°- Low perennial herb, seldom more than a few inches high; flowering stems at first very short and upright; later in the season producing some slender prostrate runners; -whole plant densely silky sfrigose : basal leaves digitately 5-foliolate, on slender petioles; stem-leaves few and often only3-foliolate; leaflets obovate, sharply serrate, 5i6 APPENDIX. [Vol.. III. usually less than \' long; stipules small, lanceolate; flowers few, on slender i-flowered axil- lary peduncles, the first usually from the axil of the first stem-leaf , yellow, 3//-5// broad; petals broadly obovate, slightly exceeding the narrowly lanceolate, sub-equal sepals and bractlets; stamens about 20; style terminal, filiform. In poor soil, New England to Pennsylvania. Closely related to P. Canadensis, but differing in its smaller size, denser and perfectly appressed pubescence, earlier blooming, and the lack of the long adsurgent stems characteristic of that species. [Vol. 2: p. 218.] ia. Waldsteinia parvi- fldra Small. Southern Dry Strawberry. (Fig. 1939a.) Waldsteinia parviflora Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 137. 1898. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, villous-hirsute, or glabrous in age. Leaves basal, 5/-i2/' high; peti- oles much longer than the blades, usually less densely pubescent than the scapes; leaflets cuneate-obovate or broadly rhomboidal, i)4/~3/ long, coarsely and irregu- larly crenate or lobed; scapes erect, solitary or sev- eral together, commonly shorter than the leaves, cor- ymbose at top; calyx usually hairy, the tube broadly turbinate, iX//-T^// long, the segments triangular- lanceolate, or lanceolate-acuminate, often shorter than the tube; petals linear-oblong or narrowly elliptic* shorter than the calyx-segments or barely longer; achenes obovoid, i}^// long. In woods and shaded soil, southwestern Virginia to North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. Ascends to 2100 feet in Virginia. March-May. [Vol. 2: p. 256.] 3a. PROSOPIS t. Mant. i: 10. 1767. Trees or shrubs often with spines in the axils, with 2-pinnate leaves, the pinnules few or nu- merous, and small spicate or capitate perfect flowers. Calyx campanulate, with 5 short teeth. Petals 5, valvate, distinct, or connate below. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments long. Ovary often stalked, many-ovuled; styleslender or filiform; stigma very small. Pod linear, straight or curved, compressed, leathery, indehiscent, the mesocarp spongy or dry. Seeds flattened. [Ancient name for some very different plant] About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regions, occur in the southwestern United States. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others i. Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Prairie Mesquite. (Fig. 2032a.) Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 192. pi. 2. 1828. A glabrous or minutely pubescent shrub, the axils usually with a pair of sharp spines. Leaves petioled, with 2 spreading short-stalked pinnae, each of numerous sessile pinnules; pinnules lin- ear or linear-oblong, entire, acute or obtuse, mostly mucronulate, firm, veiny, %'-2f long, \"-7." wide; spikes or spike-like racemes axil- lary, often numerous, peduncled, very densely many-flowered, i'-$' long, nearly %' thick; pedi- cels %,,-xff long; calyx campanulate; petals 2-4 times as long as the calyx; ovary villous; pods linear, stipitate, 4/-8/ long, 4//-6// wide, con- stricted between the seeds. Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Appa- rently distinct from the West Indian P. juliflora. April-June. Vol.. Ill,] APPENDIX. 517 [Vol. 2: p. 288.] 4a. Parosela nana (Torr.) Heller. Low Parosela. (Fig. 2107a.) Dalea nana Torr.; A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4:31. 1849. Parosela nana Heller, Contr. Frankl. & Marsh. Coll. 1:49. l894- Suffrutescent, erect, silky-villous throughout. Stems several from the same root, branched, 3/-io/ high; leaflets 3-5, rarely 4//~5// long, obovate to linear-oblong, obtuse or mucronulate, narrowed at the base, rarely glabrate above, and usually minutely glandular beneath; petioles as long as the leaflets; spikes oblong-ovoid, $"-\o" long, short-peduncled; bracts ovate, mucronate or aris- tate, caducous; corolla yelloxv, somewhat longer than the setaceous aristate ami plumose calyx-tec/// ; standard shorter than the wings and keel. Sand hills and prairies, Comanche Co., Kansas to Texas and California. [Vol. 2: p. 294.] ia. Kraunhia macro- stachys (T. & G.) Small. Long- clustered Wistaria. (Fig. 2120a.) Wistaria frntescens var. macrostachys T. & G. Fl. N. A 1:283. 1838. Wistaria macrostachys Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 283. As synonym. 1838. K. macrostachys Small, Bull. Torr. Club. 25: 134. 1898. A vine, sometimes 2o°-25° long. Stem becoming \%f thick, branching; leaves 4/-8/ long; leaflets usu- ally 9, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, \'-2%r long, acumi- nate, or acute, rounded or cordate at the base; racemes 8'-i2/ long, loosely-flowered, drooping; rachis and pedicels densely hirsute and glandular; calyx pubes- cent like the pedicels, the tube campanulate, the seg- ments lanceolate, lateral ones about as long as the tube, lower one longer; corolla lilac-purple or light blue; standard with blade 7" broad, decurrent on the claw; pods i'-\r long, constricted between the black lustrous seeds. Tennessee to Missouri and Arkansas. Spring. In swamps, [Vol. 2: p. 312.] ia. Stylosanthes riparia Kearney. Decumbent Pencil-flower. (Fig. 2168a.) Stylosanthes riparia Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 565. 1897. Stems decumbent, or ascending, 2,/-l2/ long, usually with a tomentose line on the elongated internodes. Stipules sheath- ing, subulate above; petioles pubescent; leaflets elliptic to obovate-cuneate, the terminal one 5" -9" long, the lateral ones somewhat smaller; spikes terminal, about 6-flowered, with only 1 or 2 perfect flowers; calyx-tube conspicuously veined, about 2/y long; vexillum proportionately longer than in 5. biflora / Jloral bracts (prophylla). usually deeply cleft to the middle, or beyond (entire in 6". biflora'), 2-nerved; upper seg- ment of the pod nearly twice as broad as in 6". biflora. In dry woods, Virginia and West Virginia to Alabama and Tennessee. May-Aug. [Vol. 2: p. 361.] ia. ANDRACHNE L. Sp. PL 1014. 1753. Herbs, or shrubby plants, with diffusely branching stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, the blades pften membranous. Flowers monoecious, axillary, pedicelled, the staminate often clustered, with a 5-6-lobed calyx, 5 or 6 petals, a glandular or lobed disk, 5 or 6 stamens and dis- 5i8 APPENDIX. [Vol. III. tiuct filaments; pistillate flowers solitary, with a 5-6-lobed calyx, minute petals or these wanting; ovary 3-celled; styles stout, 2-cleft or 2-parted; ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsules dry, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seed somewhat curved, rugose; endosperm fleshy; embryo curved. [From the Greek for Portulaca ] About 10 species, of wide geographic distribution. i. Andrachne phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Mull. Arg. Northern Andrachne. (Fig. 2289a.) Lepidantlius phyllanthoides Nutt. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 5: 175. 1837. Andrachne phyllanthoides Miill. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15: 435. As synonym. 1862. A straggling much branched shrub, i°-3° tall, with glabrous lustrous branches and minutely pubescent twigs. Leaves numerous, the blades obovate or oval, 4//-9// long, rctuse or obtuse at the apex, often mucronulate, bright green, paler beneath than above, short-petioled; pedi- cels filiform, 3//-io// long, glabrous; calyx-seg- ments oblong-obovate,^//-ij4//long,spreading; petals of two kinds, those of the staminate flow- ers narrowly obovate, or oblong-obovate, 3-5- toothed, greenish-yellow, those of the pistillate flowers smaller, broadly obovate, entire; capsule subglobose, rather fleshy until mature. On rocky barrens, Missouri to Arkansas and Texas. Summer. [Vol. 2: p. 363.] 3a. Croton Lindheimeri- anus Scheele. L,indheimer's Croton. (Fig. 2292a.) Croton Lindheimerianus Scheele, Llnnaea, 25: 580. 1852. Somewhat shrubby, whitish-tomentose. Stems erect, 4/-i5/ tall, sometimes diffusely branched; leaves rather numerous, the blades ovate to oblong-ovate, Yzr-2' long, obtuse or acutish, green above, undulate; petioles almost l/2 as long as the blades or shorter; pedicels i//-3// long, recurving; calyx slightly accres- cent, its segments oblong or elliptic-oblong, becoming 1" long, slightly keeled in age; petals pubescent; capsules oval, 3//-3K// l°ng> 3-celled, tomentose, truncate-obtuse at both ends, drooping; seeds oblong- elliptic, nearly 1" long. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas and New Mexico. Summer. [Vol. 2: p. 373.] 8a. Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr. ) Wiegand. Hairy Spurge. (Fig. 2314a.) E.hypericifolia wax. hirsuta Torr.Fl.N.& Mid. St. 331. 1826. Euphorbia hirsuta Wiegand, Bot. Gaz. 24: 51. 1897. Euphorbia Rafinesqut Greene, Pittonia, 3: 207. 1897. Annual, more or less hirsute. Stems branched at the base, the branches prostrate or decumbent, 2/-io/ long, dichotomous, zigzag; leaves ovate- oblong, 4//-8// long, acutish, serrulate nearly to the oblique base, pale beneath; petioles about y2" long; stipules lacerate; peduncles surpassing the petioles; involucres funnel- form, Yz" high, glabrous, hearing 4 stalked saucer- shaped dark-brown glands, each subtended by white eremite appendages; capsule about l/f in diameter, broader than long, glabrous, retuse at the apex, its angles obtuse; seed slightly more than ]/2n long, 4- angled, black with a white coating, its faces even or slightly wrinkled. In sandy or gravelly soil, Quebec and Ontario to Con- necticut, New York and Pennsylvania. June-Sept. Vol.. III.] APPENDIX. 519 [Vol. 2: p. 391.] 4a. Ilex lucida (Ait.) T. & G. Shining Inkberry. (Fig- 2359a.) Prinos lucidus Ait. Hort. Kew, 1:478. 1789. Prinos coriaceus Pursh, PI. Am. Sept. 221. 1814. Ilex coriacea Chapm. PI. S. States, 270. i860. Ilex lucida T. & G. ; S. Wats. Bibl. Index, 1: 159. 1 878. A glabrous shrub, 150 high or less. L,eaVes thick, evergreen, oval to obovate or oblong, acute at both ends, entire, or with a few small sharp teeth, 1/-;/ long, dark green and shining above, paler and dotted beneath, short-petioled, somewhat viscid when young; flowers clustered in the axils, or the staminate solitary, the cymes sessile; pedicels bractless, short; calyx-segments 6-9; drupe black, 3//-4// in diameter; nutlets flat, smooth. Dismal Swamp, Virginia, to Florida and Louisiana. April-May. [Vol. 2: p. 423.] ia. Sphaeralcea cus pidata (A. Gray.) Britton. Sharp- fruited Globe-Mallow. (Fig. 2431a.) Sida stcllata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. "V. 2: 171. 1827. Not Cav. 1802. Sphaeralcea stellata T. & G. PI. N. A. 1: 228. 1838. Spliaeralcea angustifolia var. cuspidala A. Gray, Proe. Am. Acad. 22: 293. 1887. Perennial, densely stellate-canescent ; stems rather stout, simple, or somewhat branched, leafy, i°-4° high. Leaves lanceolate, linear-lan- ceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, or acutish, firm, crenulate, the lower with petioles as long as the blade, the others short-petioled, the larger 2'-\' long, %/-i/ wide, sometimes has- tately lobed toward the base; fio-wers red, 6//- io// broad, clustered in the axils, short-pedi- celled; carpels 1-3-seeded, cuspidate, the tip often deciduous, wrinkled on the sides, stellate- canescent, or glabrate. Kansas to Texas, Colorado, Arizona and Mexico. April-Aug. [Vol. 2: p. 447.] 4a. Viola domestica Bicknell. Yard Violet. (Fig. 2487a.) Glabrous; fleshy, acaulescent, similar to V. obliqua, Rootstock short, or often elongated and stout; flowering scapes usually obliquely as- cending; petioles stout, 1-3 times as long as the blades; blade broadly reniform, often only a little cordate or contracted at the base, cucul- late in unfolding, irregularly crenate-dentate or crenulate nearly all arouud, mostly wrinkled and wavy, often 4/-5/ wide, somewhat decur- rent on the petiole; petals dark blue, the lower n\ v and lateral ones bearded; peduncles of cleistog- amous flowers usually very numerous, hori- zontal, mostly subterranean, very stunt, often thickened toward the end, bearing pods about \" long. Apparently always in cultivated soil, especially about buildings, southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. April-May. 520 APrENDIX. [Vol. III. [Vol. 2: p. 447.] 4b. Viola cucullata Ait. Marsh Blue Violet. (Fig. 2487b.) Viola cucullata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 228. 1789. Glabrous or rarely sparingly pubescent, acaules- cent; rootstock usually short. Leaves thin, light green^ broadly ovate to reniform in outline, irregu- larly and not deeply crenate-dentate, usually cor- date,cucullate in unfolding; blade mostly less than one-half as long as the petioles; flowering scapes elongated, usually equalling or exceeding the leaves; petals light blue (sometimes white); pedun- rlrs of clcistogamoiis flowers slender, erect, often as long as the petioles, or longer. In marshes and wet woods. Common in the East- ern and Middle States. April-June. [Vol. 2: p. 448.] 7a. Viola emargi- nata (Nutt.) Le Conte. Triangle-leaved Violet. (Fig. 2490a.) Viola sagittata var. emarginata Nutt. Gen. 1: 147. 1818. Viola emarginata Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 142. 1828. Glabrous or very nearly so, often growing in large clumps, succulent, acaulescent. Root- stocks stout; petioles mostly much longer than the blades; blades triangular, or ovate-triangu- lar in outline, from merely dentate to deeply cleft, then simulating forms of V. palmata ; flowering scapes about as long as the leaves; flowers blue, the petals often emarginate; fods of clcistogamoiis ftozvers on slender erect pedun- cles. In fields and on hillsides, southern New York to Virginia April-May. [Vol. 3: p. 12.] 21a. Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Bedstraw Milkweed. (Fig. 2920a.) Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: li iSii Glabrous, except the minutely pubescent stems and pedicels. Stems erect, i° high or more, from a horizon- tal rootstock; leaves erect or spreading, in whorls of 2-6, narrowly linear, 2/-3/ long, the margins revolute ,' pedun- cles longer than the pedicels and shorter than the leaves; umbels 9//-i3// in diameter; flowers greenish-white; co- rolla-segmeuts 2" loug; hoods as high as the anthets, broadly rounded at the summit, dorsally hastate-sagittate, the ventral margins slightly involute, entire; horn arising from the base of the hood, long-exserte.d over the anthers ; anther-wings minutely notched at the base; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, attenuated, if-2}{' long, glabrous or minutely puberulent. Kansas to Colorado, Arizona and Mexico. May-July. Vol. III.] APPENDIX. 521 [Vol. 3: p. 98.] ia. Stachys Germanica L-. Downy Woundwort. Mouse-ear. (Fig. 3122a.) Stachys Germanica L- Sp. PI. 581. 1753- Annual; stem erect, simple.or somewhat branched, I i°-3° high, densely villous. Leaves oval, ovale or lanceolate, crenatc-dentatc. villous, the lower round- ed or subcordate at the base, long-petioled, mostly obtuse at the apex, the upper short petioled or ses- sile, narrowed at both ends; clusters of flowers dense, borne in most of the axils; bracts lanceolate, half as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth ovate, acuminate, awned; corolla purple, its tube about as long as the calyx. Roadsides near Guelph, Europe. July-Sept. Ontario. Adventive from [Vol. 3: p. 411.] 7a. Parthenium auriculatum Britton. Auricled Parthenium. (Fig. 3875a.) Rootstock an oval erect tuber twice as long as thick; stem villous-pubescent, iJ^0-2^° high. Leaves rough above, villous, especially on the veins beneath, oval, ovate or oblong, irregularly crenate-dentate, some or all of them laciniate or pinnatifid at the base, the basal and lower slender-petioled with petiole as long as the blade, or longer, the tipper with a sessile clasp- ing- auricled base, or with margined clasping petioles; inflorescence densely corymbose, its branches villous-tomentose; bracts of the invo- lucre densely canescent. Near Clarksville, Va. (W. W. Ashe, No. 2400), Alleghany Mountains (H. H. Eaton, 1831). SUMMARY. Families. Genera. pteridophyta ii 3° Spermatophyta Gymnospermae 2 10 Angiospermae Monocolyledones 28 217 Dicotyledones Choripetalae 92 4°s Gamopetalae . 44 37S Total r77 iio3 Figures 1-4081 " Appendix 81 Total Species. 115 27 1058 1601 1361 4162 4162 Glossary of Special Terms. Acaulescent. With stern subterranean, or nearly so. Accumbent. Cotyledons with margins folded against the hypoeotyl. Achene. A dry one-seeded indehiscent fruit with the pericarp tightly fitting around the seed. Aciculai . Needle-shaped. Acuminate. Gradually tapering to the apex. Acute. Sharp pointed. Adnate. An organ adhering to a contiguous dif- fering one; an anther attached longitudinally to the end of the filament. Adventive. Not indigenous, but apparently be- coming naturalized. Albumen. See Endosperm. Alliaceous. Onion-like, in aspect or odor. Alternate. Not opposite; with a single leaf at each node. Alveolate. Like hones-comb; closely pitted. A ment. A spike of imperfect flowers subtended by scarious bracts, as in the willows. Amphibious. At times inhabiting the water. Amphitropous. Term applied to the partly inverted ovule. A mplexicaul. Clasping the stem, or other axis. A nastomosing. Connecting so as to form a well- defined network. A natropous. Applied to an inverted ovule with the micropyle very near the hilum. Androgynous. Flower clusters having statnin- ate and pistillate flowers. Angiospermous. Pertaining to the Angio- spermae; bearing seeds within a pericarp. Anther. The part of the stamen which contains the pollen. Antherid. The male organ of reproduction in Pteridophyta and Bryophyta. Anthesis. Period of flowering. Apetalous. Without a corolla. Apical. At the top, or referring to the top. Apiculate. With a minute pointed tip. Appressed. Lying against another organ. Arborescent. Tree-like, in size or shape. Archegone. The female reproductive organ in Pteridophyta and Bryophyta. Areolate. Reticulated. Areolation. The system of meshes in a net- work of veins. Areole. A mesh in a network of veins. Aril. A fleshy organ growing about the hilum. Arillate. Provided with an aril. Aristate. Tipped by an awn or bristle. Aristulale. Diminutive of aristate. Ascending. Growing obliquely upward, or up- curved. Asexual. Without sex. Assurgent. See Ascending. Auricled. ( Auriculale)wiih basal ear-like lobes. Awn. A slender bristle-like organ. Axil. The point on a stem immediately above the base of a leaf. Axile. In the axis of an organ. Axillary. Borne at, or pertaining to an axil. . Baccate. Berry-like. Barbellate. Furnished with minute barbs. Basifixed. Attached by the base. Berry. A fruit with pericarp wholly pulpy. Bilabiate. With two lips. Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. Bipinnatifid. Twice pinnatifid. Blade. The flat expanded part of a leaf. Brad. A leaf, usually small, subtending a flower or flower-cluster, or a sporange. Bracteate. With bracts. Bracteolate. Having bractlets. Bractlet. A secondary bract, borne on a pedicel, or immediately beneath a flower; sometimes applied to minute bracts. Bulb. A bud with fleshy scales, usually subter- ranean. Bulblel. A small bulb, especially those borne on leaves, or in their axils. Bulbous. Similar to a bulb; bearing bulbs. Caducous. Falling away very soon after devel- opment. Caespilose. Growing in tufts. Callosity. A small, hard protuberance. Callus. An extension of the inner scale of a grass spikelet; a protuberence. Calyx. The outer of two series of floral leaves. Cavipanulate. Bell-shaped. Campylotropous. Term applied to the curved ovule. Cancellale. Reticulated, with the meshes sunken. Canescenl. With gray or hoary fine pubescence. Canaliculate. Channelled; longitudinally grooved. Capitate. Arranged in a head; knob-like. Capsular. Pertaining to or like a capsule. Capsule. A dry fruit of two carpels or more, usually dehiscent by valves or teeth. Carinale. Keeled: with a longitudinal ridge. Carpel. The modified leaf forming the ovary, or a part of a compound ovary. Caruncle. An appendage to a seed at the hilum. Carunculate. With a caruncle. Caryopsis. The grain; fruit of grasses, with a thin pericarp adherent to the seed. Caudate. With a slender tail-like appendage. Caudex. The persistent base of perennial herbs, usually only the part above ground. Caudicle. Stalk of a pollen-mass in the Orchid and Milkweed Families. Cauline. Pertaining to the stem. Cell. A cavity, of an anther or ovaryr. Chaff. Thin dry scales. Chalaza. The base of the ovule. Chartaceous. Papery in texture. Chlorophyll. Green coloring matter of plants. CMorophyllous. Containing chlorophyll. Ciliate. Provided with marginal hairs. Ciliolale. Minutely ciliate. Cilium. A hair. Cinereous. Ashy; ash-colored. Circinnate. Coiled downward from the apex. Circutnscissile. Transversely dehiscent , the top falling away as a lid. Clavate. Club-shaped. Cleistogamous. Flowers which do not open, but are pollinated from their own anthers. Cleft. Cut about halfway to the midvein. Clinandrium. Cavity between the anther-sacs in orchids. Cochleate. Like a snail shell. Coma. Tuft of hairs at the ends of some seeds. Commissure. The contiguous surfaces of two carpels. Conduplicate. Folded lengthwise. Confluent. Blended together. Connate. Similar organs more or less united. Connective. The end of the filament, between the anther-sacs. Connivent. Converging. Convolute. Rolled around or rolled up longi- tudinally. Coralloid. Resembling coral. Cordate. Heart-shaped. Coriaceous. Leathery in texture. Corm. A swollen fleshy base of a stem. Corolla. The inner of two series of floral leaves. Corona; Crown. An appendage of the corolla; a crown-like margin at the top of an organ. Coroniform. Crown-like. Corymb. A convex or flat-topped flower-cluster of the racemose type with pedicels or rays arising from different points on the axis. Voh. III.] GLOSSARY. 5^3 Corymbose. Borne in corymbs; corymb-like. Coslate. Ribbed. Cotyledon. A rudimentary leaf of the embryo. Crenate. Scalloped; with rounded teeth. Crennlale. Diminutive of crenate. Crustaceous. Hard and brittle. Cucullale. Hooded, or resembling a hood. Culm. The stem of grasses and sedges. Cuneate. Wedge-shaped. Cusp. A sharp stiff point. Cuspidate. Sharp-pointed; ending in a cusp. Cyme. A convex or flat flower-cluster of the deter- minate type. the central flowers first unfolding. Cymose. Arranged in cymes; cyme-like. Deciduous. Falling away at the close of the growing period. Decompound. More than once-divided. Decumbent. Stems or branches in an inclined position, but the end ascending. Decurrent. Applied to the prolongation of an organ, or part of an organ running along the sides of another. Deflexed. Turned abruptly downward. Dehiscence. The opening of an ovary, anther- sac or sporange to emit the contents. Dehiscent. Opening to emit the contents. Deltoid. Broadly triangular, like the Greek let- ter delta, A. Dentate. Toothed, especially with outwardly projecting teeth. Denticulate. Diminutive of dentate. Depauperate. Impoverished, small. Depressed. Vertically flattened. Dextrorse. Spirallj' ascending to the right. Diadelphous. Stamens united into two sets. Diandrous. Having two stamens. Dichotomous. Forking regularly into two nearly equal branches or segments. Dicotyledonous. With two cotyledons. Didymous. Twin-like; of two nearly equal segments. Diffuse. Loosely spreading. Digitate. Diverging, like the fingers spread. Dimorphous. Of two forms. Dioecious. Bearing staminate flowers or an- therids on one plant, and pistillate flowers or archegones on another of the same species. Discoid. Heads of Compositae composed only of tubular flowers; rayless; like a disk. Disk. An enlargement or prolongation of the receptacle of a flower around the base of the pistil; the head of tubular flowers in Com- positae. Dissected. Divided into many segments or lobes. Dissepiment. A partition-wall of an ovary or fruit. Distichous. Arranged in two rows. Distinct. Separate from each other; evident. Divaricate. Diverging at a wide angle. Divided. Cleft to the base or to the mid-nerve. Dorsal. On the back, or pertaining to the back. Drupaceous. Drupe-like. Drupe. A simple fruit, usually indehiscent with fleshy exocarp and bon3' endocarp. Drupelet. Di-ninutive of drupe. Echinate. Prickly. Ellipsoid. A solid body, elliptic in section. Elliptic. With the outline of an ellipse; oval. Emarginate. Notched at the apex. Embryo. A rudimentary plant in the seed. Embryo-sac. The macrospore of the flowering plants, contained in the ovule. Endocarp. The inner layer of the pericarp. Endogenous. Forming new tissue within. Endosperm. The substance surrounding the embryo of a seed; albumen. Ensiform. Shaped like a broad sword. Entire. Without divisions, lobes, or teeth. Ephemeral. Continuing for only a day or less. Epigynous. Adnate to or borne on the upper part of the ovary. Epiphytic. Growing on other plants, but not parasitic. Eguitatits Folded around each other; strad- dling. Erose. Irregularly margined, as if gnawed. Evanescent, Early disappearing. Evergreen. Bearing green leaves throughout the year. Excurrent. With a tip projecting beyond the main part of the organ. „„,_ Exfoliating. Peeling off in layers. Exocarp. The outer layer of the pericarp. Exogenous. Forming new tissue outside the older. /■'. i sated. Prolonged past surrounding organs. Exstipulate. Without stipules. Extrorse. Facing outward. Falcate. Scythe-shaped. Farinaceous. Starchy, or containing starch. Fascicle. A dense cluster. Fascicled. Borne in dense clusters. Fasligiale. Stems or branches which are neatly erect and close together. Fenestrate. With window-like markings. Fertile. Bearing spores, or bearing seed. Fertilization. The mingling of the contents of a male and female cell. Ferruginous. Color of iron-rust. Fetid. Ill-smelling. Fibrillose. With fibres or fibre-like organs. Filament. The stalk of an anther; the two form- ing the stamen. Filamentous. Composed of thread-like struc- tures; thread-like. Filiform. Thread-like. Fimbriate. With fringed edges. Fimbrillate. Minutely fringed. Fislular. Hollow and cylindric. Flabellate. Fan-shaped, or arranged like the sticks of a fan. Flaccid. Lax; weak. Flexuous. Alternately bent in different direc- tions. Floccose. With loose tufts of wool-like hairs. Foliaceous. Similar to leaves. Foliolate. With separate leaflets. Follicle. A simple fruit dehiscent along one suture. Follicular. Similar to a follicle. Foveate. Foveolate. More or less pitted. Free. Separate from other organs; not adnate. Frond. The leaves of ferns. Frutescent. Frnlicose. More or less shrub-like. Fugacious. Falling soon after development. Fugitive. Plants not native, but occurring here and there, without direct evidence of be- coming established. Funiculus. The stalk of an ovule or seed. Fusiform. Spindle-shaped. Galea. A hood-like part of a perianth or corolla. Galeate. With a galea. Gametophyte. The sexual generation of plants. Gamopetalous. With petals more or less united. Gemma. A bud-like propagative organ. Gibbous. Enlarged or swollen on one side. Glabrate. Nearly without hairs. Glabrous. Devoid of hairs. Gladiate. Like a sword-blade. Gland. A secreting cell, or group of cells. Glandular. With glands, or gland-like. Glaucous. Covered with a fine bluish or white bloom; bluish-hoary. Globose. Spherical or nearly so. Glomerate. In a compact cluster. Glomerule. A dense capitate cyme. Glumaceous. Resembling glumes. Glume. The scaly bracts of the spikelets of grasses and sedges. Granulose. Composed of grains. Gregarious. Growing in groups or colonies. Gynobase. A prolongation or enlargement of the receptacle, supporting the ovary. Habit. General aspect. Habitat. A plant's natural place of growth. Hastate. Halberd-shaped; like sagittate, but with the basal lobes diverging. Haustoria. The specialized roots of parasites. Head. A dense round cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers. 524 GLOSSARY. [Vol. III. texture and color; of attachment of a the Herbaceous. Leaf-like in pertaining to an herb. Hilum. The scar or area seed or ovule. Hirsute. With rather coarse stiff hairs. Hispid. With bristly stiff hairs. Hispidulous. Diminutive of hispid. Hvaline. Thin and translucent. Hvpocotyl. The rudimentary stem of embryo; also termed radicle. Hypogynium. Organ supporting the ovary in some sedges. Hypogynous. Borne at the base of the ovary, or below. Imbricated. Overlapping. Imperfect. Flowers with either stamens or pis- tils, not with both. Incised. Cut into sharp lobes. Included. Not projecting beyond surrounding parts. Incumbent. With the back against the hypo- cotyl. Indehiscent. Not opening. Indusium The membrane covering a sorus. Inequilateral. Unequal sided. Inferior. Relating to an organ which arises or is situated below another. Inflexed. Abruptly bent inward. Inflorescence. The flowering part of plants; its mode of arrangement. Integument. A coat or protecting layer. Internode. Portion of a stem or branch be- tween two successive nodes. Introrse. Facing inward. Involucel. A secondary involucre. Involucrate. With an involucre, or like one. Involucre. A whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower-cluster. Involute. Rolled inwardly. Irregular. A flower in which one or more of the organs of the same series are unlike. Labiate. Provided with a lip-like organ; be- longing to the family Labiatae. Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes or segments. Lanceolate. Considerably longer than broad, tapering upward from the middle or below; lance-shaped. Latex. The milky sap of certain plants. Leaflet. One of the divisions of a compound leaf. Legume. A simple dry fruit dehiscent along both sutures. Lenticular. Lens-shaped. Ligulale. Provided with or resembling a ligule. Li^ule. A strap-shaped organ, as the rays in Compositae. Limb. The expanded part of a petal, sepal, or gamopetalous corolla. Linear. Elongated and narrow with sides nearly parallel. Lineolale. With fine or obscure lines. Lobed. Divided to about the middle. Loment. A jointed legume, usually constricted between the seeds. Loculicidal. Applied to capsules which split longitudinally. Lodicules. Minute hyaline scales subtending the flower in grasses. Lunate. Crescent-shaped, Lyraie. Pinnatifid, with the terminal lobe or segment considerably larger than the others. Macrosporange. Sporange containing macro- spores. Macrospore. The larger of two kinds of spores borne by a plant, usually giving rise to a female prothallium. Marcescent. Withering but remaining attached. Medullary. Pertaining to the pith or medulla. One of the carpels of the Umbel- Mericarp. liferae. Mesocarp. Micropyle. The middle layer of a pericarp. Orifice of the ovule, and corre- sponding point on the seed. Microsporange. Sporange containing micro- spores. Microspore. The smaller of two kinds of spore borne by a plant, usually giving rise to a male prothallium; pollen-grain. Midvein {Midrib). The central vein or rib of a leaf or other organ. Monadelphous. Stamens united by their fila- ments. Moniliform. Like a string of beads. Monoecious. Bearing stamens and pistils on the same plant, but in different flowers. Monstrous. Unusual or deformed. Alucronale. With a short sharp abrupt tip. Mucronulate. Diminutive of mucronate. Muricate. Roughened with short hard pro- cesses. Mulicous. Pointless, or blunt. Naked. Lacking organs or parts which are nor- mally present in related species or genera. Naturalized. Plants not indigenous to the re- gion, but so firmly established as to have become part of the flora. Nectary. A sugar-secreting organ. Node. The junction of two internodes of a stem or branch, often hard or swollen, at which a leaf or leaves are usually borne. Nodose. Similar to nodes or joints; knotty. Nodulose. Diminutive of nodose. Nut. An indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a hard or bony pericarp. Nutlet. Diminutive of nut. Obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped. Oblanceolale. Inverse of lanceolate. Oblong. Longer than broad with the sides nearly parallel, or somewhat curving. Obovate. Inversely ovate. Obovoid. Inversely ovoid. Obsolete. Not evident; gone, rudimentary, or vestigial. Obtuse. Blunt, or rounded. Ochreae. The sheathing united stipules of Polygonaceae. Ochreolae. The ochreae subtending flowers in the Polygonaceae. Ochroleucous. Yellowish white. Oosphere. The cell of the archegone which is fertilized by spermatozoids. Operculate. With an operculum. Operculum. A lid. Orbicular. Approximately circular in outline. Orthotropous. Term applied to the straight ovule, having the hilum at one end and the micropyle at the other. Ovary. The ovule-bearing part of the pistil. Ovate. In outline like a longitudinal section of a hen's egg. Ovoid. Shaped like a hen's egg. Ovule. The macrosporange of flowering plants, becoming the seed on maturing. Palate. The projection from the lower lip of two-lipped personate corollas. Palet. A bract-like organ enclosing or subtend- ing the flower in grasses. Palmate. Diverging radiately like the fingers. Panicle. A compound flower cluster of the racemose type, or cluster of sporanges. Paniculate. Borne in panicles or resembling a panicle. Papilionaceous. Term applied to the irregular flower of the Pea Family. Papillose. With minute blunt projections. Pappus. The bristles, awns, teeth, etc., sur- mounting the achene in the Chicory and Thistle Families. Parasitic. Growing upon other plants and ab- sorbing their juices. Parietal. Borne along the wall of the ovary, or pertaining to it. Parted. Deeply cleft. Pectinate. Comb-like. Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a flower- cluster, or of a sporange. Peduncle. Stalk of a flower, or a flower-cluster, or a sporocarp. Pedunculate. With a peduncle. Peltate. Shield-shaped; a flat organ with a stalk on its lower surface. Vol. HI.] GLOSSARY. 525 Penicillate. With a tuft of hairs or hair-like branches. Perfect. Flowers with both stamens and pistils. Perfoliate. Leaves so clasping the stem as to appear as if pierced by it. Perianth. The modified floral leaves (sepals or petals), regarded collectively. Pericarp. The wall of the fruit, or seed-vessel. Perigynium. The utricle enclosing the ovary or achene in the genus Carex. Per igy nous. Borne on the perianth, around the ovary. Peripheral. Pertaining to the periphery. Persistent. Organs remaining attached to those bearing them after the growing period. Petal. One of the leaves of the corolla. Petaloid. Similar to petals; petal-like. Petiolate. With a petiole. Petiole. The stalk of the leaf. Phyllode. A bladeless petiole or rachis. Pilose. With long soft hairs. Pinna. A primary division of a pinnately com- pound leaf. Pinnate. Leaves divided into leaflets or seg- ments along a common axis. Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft to the middle or beyond. Pinnule. A division of a pinna. Pistil. The central organ of a flower containing the macrosporanges (ovules). Pistillate. With pistils; and usually employed in the sense of without stamens. Placenta. An ovule-bearing surface. Plicate. Folded into plaits, like a fan. Plumose. Resembling a plume or feather. Plumule. The rudimentary terminal bud of the embryo. Pollen. Pollen-grain. See Microspore. Pollinia. The pollen-masses of the Orchid and Milkweed Familes. Polygamous. Bearing both perfect and imper- fect flowers. Polypetalous. With separate petals. Pome. The fleshy fruit of the Apple Family Procumbent . Trailing or lying on the ground. Prophylla. Bractlets. Prolhallium. The sexual generation of Pteri- dophyta. Puberulent. With very short hairs. Pubescent. With hairs. Punctate. With translucent dots or pits. Pungent. With a sharp stiff tip. Pyriform. Pear-shaped. Raceme. An elongated determinate flower-clus- ter with each flower pedicelled. Racemose. In racemes, or resembling a raceme. Rachilla. The axis of the spikelet in grasses. Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf, or of a spike or raceme. Radiant. With the marginal flowers enlarged and ray-like. Radiate. With ray-flowers; radiating. Radicle. The rudimentar3* stem of the em- bryo; hypocotyl. Radicular. Pertaining to the radicle or hypo- cotyl. Raphe {Rhaphe). The ridge connecting the hi- lum and chalaza of an anatropous or amphi- tropous ovule; the ridge on the sporocarp of Mar si lea. Ray. One of the peduncles or branches of an um- bel; the flat marginal flowers in Compositae. Receptacle. The end of the flower stalk, bear- ing the floral organs, or, in Compositae, the flowers; also, in some ferns, an axis bearing sporanges. Recurved. Curved backward. Reflexed. Bent backward abruptly. Regular. Having the members of each part alike in size and shape. Reniform. Kidney-shaped. Repand. With a somewhat wavy margin. Reticulate. Arranged as a network. Relrorse. Turned backward or downward. Retuse. With a shallow notch at the end. Rolled backward. See Rachis. .See Root stock. A subterranean stem, or part of one. The gaping mouth of a two-lipped Revolulc. Rhachis. Rhizome. Rootstock. Ringent. corolla. Roslellum. Beak of the style in Orchids. Rostrate. With a beak. Rosulate. Like a rosette. Rotate. With a flat round corolla-limb. Rugose. Wrinkled. Runcinale. Sharply pinnatifid, or incised, the lobes or segments turned backward. Sac. A pouch, especially the cavities of anthers. Saccate. With a pouch or sac. Sagittate. Like an arrow-head, with the lobes turned downward. Samara. A simple indehiscent winged fruit. Saprophyte. A plant which grows on dead organic matter. Scabrous. Rough. Scale. A minute, rudimentary or vestigial leaf. Scape. A leafless or nearly leafless stem or pe- duncle, arising from a subterranean part of a plant, bearing a flower or flower-cluster. Scapose. Having scapes, or resembling a scape. Scarious. Thin, dry, and translucent, not green. Scorpioid. Coiled up in the bud, unrolling in growth. Secund. Borne along one side of an axis. Segment. A division of a leaf or fruit. Sepal. One of the leaves of a calyx. Septate. Provided with partitions. Septicidal. A capsule which splits longitudi- nally into and through its dissepiments. Serrate. With teeth projecting forward. Serrulate. Diminutive of serrate; serrate with small teeth. Sessile. Without a stalk. Setaceous. Bristle-like. Setose. Bristly. Silicle. A silique much longer than wide. Silique. An elongated two-valved capsular fruit, with two parietal placentae, usually dehiscent. Sinuate. With strongly wavy margins. Sinuous. In form like the path of a snake. Sinus. The space between the lobes of a leaf. Sorus (Sort). A group or cluster of sporanges. Spadiceous. Like or pertaining to a spadix. Spadix. A fleshy spike of flowers. Spathaceous. Resembling a spathe. Spathe. A bract, usually more or less concave, subtending a spadix. Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula; spoon-shaped. Spermatozoids. Cells developed in the antherid, for the fertilization of the oosphere. Spicate. Arranged in a spike; like a spike. Spike. An elongated flower cluster or cluster of sporanges, with sessile or nearly sessile flowers or sporanees. Spikelet. Diminutive of spike; especially ap- plied to flower-clusters of grasses and sedges. Sfiinose. With spines or similar to spines. St>inule. A small sharp projection. Spinulose. With small sharp processes or spines. Sporange. A sac containing spores. Spore. An asexual vegetative cell. Sporocarp. Organ containing sporanges or sori. Sporophyle. The asexual generation of plants. Spreading. Diverging nearly at right angles; nearly prostrate. Spur. A hollow projection from a floral organ. Squarrose. With spreading or projecting parts. Stamen. The organ of a flower which bears the microspores (pollen-grains). Staminodium. A sterile stamen, or other organ in the position of a stamen. Standard. The upper, usually broad, petal of a papilionaceous corolla. Stellate. Star-like. Sterigmata. The projections from twigs, bearing the leaves in some genera of Pinaceae. Sterile. Without spores, or without seed. Stigma. The summit or side of the pistil to which pollen-grains become attached. 526 GLOSSARY. [Vol.. III. Stipe. The stalk of an organ. Stipitate. Provided with a stipe. Stipules. Appendages to the base of a petiole, often adnate to it. Stipulate. With stipules. Stolon. A basal branch rooting at the nodes. Stoloniferous. Producing or bearing stolons. Stoma {Stomata). The transpiring orifices in the epidermis of plants. Strict. .Straight and erect. Strigose. With appressed or ascending stiff hairs. Strophiole. An appendage to a seed at the hilum. Strophiolate. With a strophiole. Style. The narrowed top of the ovary. Stylo podium. The expanded base of a style. Subacute. Somewhat acute. Subcordale. Somewhat heart-shaped. Subcoriaceous. Approaching leathery in texture. Subfalcate. Somewhat scythe-shaped. Subligneous. Somewhat wood}' in texture. Subterete. Nearly terete. Subulate. Awl-shaped. Subversalile. Partly or imperfectly versatile. Succulent. Soft and juicy. Sulcale. Grooved longitudinally. Superior. Applied to the ovary when free from the calyx; or to a calyx adnate to an ovary. Suture. A line of splitting or opening. Symmetrical. Applied to a flower with its parts of equal numbers. Svncarp. A flashy multiple or aggregate fruit. Tendril. A slender coiling organ. Terete. Circular in cross section. Ternate. Divided into three segments, or ar- ranged in threes. Telradynamous. With four long stamens and two shorter ones. Thallus. A usually flat vegetative organ. Thyrsoid. Like a thyrsus. Thyrsus. A compact panicle. Tomentose. Covered with tomentum. Tomentulose. Diminutive of tomentose. Tomentum. Dense matted wool- like hairs. Torsion. Twisting of an organ. Tortuous. Twisted or bent. Tracheae. The canals or ducts in woody tissue. Tracheids. Wood- cells. Triandrous. With three stamens. Tricarpous. Composed of three carpels. Trimorphous. Flowers with stamens of three different lengths or kinds; in three forms. Triquetrous. Three-sided, the sides channeled. Truncate. Terminated by a nearly straight edge or surface. Tuber. A thick short underground branch or part of a branch. Tubercle. The persistent base of the style in some Cyperaceae; a small tuber. Tuberculate. With rounded projections. Turbinate. Top-shaped. Uliginous. Inhabiting mud. Umbel. A determinate, usually convex flower- cluster, with all the pedicels arising from the same point. Umbellate. Borne in umbels; resembling an umbel. Umbellet. A secondary umbel. Umbelloid. Similar to an umbel. Uncinate. Hooked, or in form like a hook. Undulate. With wavy margins. Urc&olate. Urn-shaped. Utricle. A bladder-like organ; a one-seeded fruit with a loose pericarp. Valvate. Meeting by the margins in the bud, not overlapping; dehiscent by valves. Vascular. Relating to ducts or vessels. Vein. One of the branches of the woody por- tion of leaves or other organs. Veinlet. A branch of a vein. Velum. A fold of the inner side of the leaf- base in Isoetes. Velutinous. Velvety; with dense fine pubes- cence. Venation. The arrangement of veins. Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in the bud. Versatile. An anther attached at or near its middle to the filament. Verticillate. With three or more leaves or branches at a node; whorled. Vestigial. In the nature of a vestige or rem- nant. Villous. With long soft hairs, not matted together. Virgate. Wand-like. Whorl. A group of three similar organs or more, radiating from a node. Verticil. Whorled. See Verticillate. Winged. With a thin expansion or expansions. ERRATA. Vol. I, Fig. 63. For " one-forked " read "once- forked." Fig. 114. First line, read Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Gordon. The citation is Pinus divaricata Gordon, Pinetum; 163. 1858. p. 86. Generic description of Lophotocarpus, after " Perennial " add " or annual." p. 93. Line 4, Read "elongated." Fig. 467. Add Poa pseudopratensis Scribn. & Rydb. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 531. pi. 20. 1896. p. 209. Under Scolochloa, for "rickle-like," read "prickle-like." Fig. 496. Read Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Redf. & Rand, Fl. Mt. Desert, iSr. 1S94. Fig. 918. For"l"-lK" long." read "i'-i'A'." p. 410. Under Liliaceae, for Agave read Yucca in two places. p. 416. Under Lilium ; for "diciduous," read " deciduous." p. 456. Key, for Periamium read Peramium. p. 476. Citation of Leptorchis. read "Philorn." Fig. 1 174. For Wardii read Wardi. Vol. II, Fig. 1595. Read ter resin's. Fig. 1630. For "recurved" read "inflexed." p. 118, Key, for Sinapistrum read arvensis. p. 127, Key, for Douglasii read purpurea. Fig. 2065, after Blackseed insert period. Fig. 2249. Read " Pink Needle." Fig. 2250. Read " 2'-6' high." p. 370, Key. For stricfospora read stictospora. Figs. 2314, 2315. For "ash- colored," read " brown." Fig. 2425. Read Malvastrum. Fig. 2530. For "according to Hitchcock," read "according to B. B. Smyth." Fig. 2669. For Anethrum read Anethum. Fig. 2698. For "Britton," read" Heller," and add citation Spermolepis echinatus Heller, Contr. F. & M. Coll. 1: 73. 1895. Fig. 2776. Read " Burren Myrtle." Vol. Ill, p. 18, First line, for laevis read laeve. Fig. 3174. Note, read "Sage of Bethlehem." Fig. 3229. For "or" read " Adam's -flannel." p. 144. For Fig. 2333 read 3233. Fig. 3412. For "Clover" read " Claver" grass. Fig. 3434. Read "Wayfaring." p. 300, Key, No. 38, for Ianactis read Ionaclis. Fig. 3708. Note, Var. 4, Read gilvocanescens. p. 396, Key, for viscosa read foetid a. A few errors in accent and in index paging are corrected in the General Index. General Index of Latin Names. [Classes and Families in small capitals; genera in heavy face; synonyms in italics. Heavy face figures indicate the volume ; other figures, the page.] Abama 1 400 Acnida 1 591 Adopogon Agropyron (Narthecium) cannabina 59i occidentale 3 263-264 unilaterale 1 228 Americana 1 401 Floridana 591 Virginicum 263 violaceum 227 Abies 1 56 rnsocarpa 59i Adorium Agrostemma 2 7 alba 54 tamariscina 59 1 divaricatum 2 527 coronaria 16 balsamea 57 " concatenata 591 tenuifolium 527 Githago 7 Ca?iadeusis 54. 56 " prostrata 592 Adoxaceae 3 242 Agrostis 1 159 Carol iniana 56 var. subnuda 591 Adoxa 243 airoides 155 Fraseri 57 " tuberculata 591 Moschatellina 243 alba J59 Mariana 55 Aconitum 2 60 A Egilops algid a L50 nigra 55 Xoveboracense 6l aromatica 1 177 altissima 162 Abronia x 596 paniculatum 6l AEgopodium 2 539 arachnoides 160 Cycloptera 597 reclinatum 6l Podagraria 539 aspera 151 frag ran s 597 uncinatum 6l AEschynomene 3ii asperifolia 160 tnierantha 597 Acorus I 364 his pi da 312 brevifolia 153 Abutilon 2 422 Calamus 364 Virginica 312 canina 160 Abutilon 422 A crostich 11 m AEsculus 400 coarctata 3 502 A vicennde 422 alpinnm I 10 arguta 401 compressa 1 156 Acacia 2 254 areola! um 20 Jla 401 cryptandra 155 brack v! 255 hyperboreum IO " purpurascens 401 diffusa 143 filicina 254 Ilvense IO glabra 401 el at a 162 filiculoides 254 plalyneuros 23 Hippocastanum 400 Elliottiana 160 Acalypha 2 365 polypodioides 33 hybrida 400 exarata 160 Caroliniana 365 Thelypteris 15 1 11 tea 400 jiliformis 142 gradient 366 Actaea' 2 55 octandra 401 hyemalis 161 ostryaefolia 365 alba 56 Pavia 402 In die a 154 Virginica 366 a r gut a 55 A Et hull a intermedia 162 ACAXTHACEAE 3 201 racemosa 56 uni flora 3 306 juncea 154 ACERACEAE 2 396 rubra 55 AEthusa 2 5'9 latifolia 158 Acer 2 397 " dissecta 55 Cynapium 520 longifolia 151 barbatum 398 spicata vars. 55-6 Afzelia 3 172 Mexicana 142 dasycarpum 397 Actinella (Seymeria Novae-Angliae 162 Drummondii 398 see Picradenia 3 4 macrophylla 172 paucifliira 144 eriocarpum 397 glabra 449 Agassizia perennans 161 glabrum 399 Actinomeris 429 sua: is 452 racemosa U3 montanum 399 alter ni [folia 43i Agastache 3 84 rubra 161 Negundo 400 helianthoides 430 (Lophanthus) rupestris 1 161 3 503 nigrum 398 squarrosa 431 anethiodora 85 sea bra 1 161 Pennsylvanicum 399 Actinospermum 3 442 nepetoides 84 serotina 156 platanoides 400 (Baldzoinia) scrophulariaefolia 85 Spica-venti 167 Pseudo-Platanus 400 unifiorum 443 Agave 1 445 sobolifera 142 rubrum 397 Acuan 2 255 Virginica 445 sylvatica 159 saccbarinum 397 (Desman thus) Aggregatae 3 298 tenuiflora 144 Saecharum 398 Illinoensis 255 Agoseris 277 I 'irginica *53 spicatum 399 leptoloba 255 ( Troximon vulgaris L59 striatum 399 Adelia 2 603 glauca 277 Ailanthus 2 354 tripartitum 399 (Forestiera) parviflora 278 glandulosa 355 Acerates 3 14 acuminata 603 Agrimonia 2 225 Aira 1 168 angustifolia 14 Adenocaulon 3 404 Brittoniana 227 aqualica 194 auriculata 15 bicolor 404 Eupatoria 226-7 atropurpurea 170 Floridana 15 Adiantum 1 27 birsuta 226 caespitosa 169 lanuginosa 15 Capillus-Veneris 27 microcarpa 226 caryophyllea 168 longifolia 15 pedatum _27 mollis 227 coerulea 187 viridiflora 14 Adicea 1 533 parviflora 226-7 crista ta 194 " Ivesii 14 (Pi lea) pumila 226 flex no sa 170 " linearis 14 pumila 533 rostellata 226 melicoides 210 " lanceolata 14 Adlumia 2 105 striata 226 nitida 193 Achillea 3 454 cirrhosa 105 Agropyron 1 226 obtusala 192 Millefolium 455 fungosa 105 caninum 228 praecox 169 Ptarmica 454 Adnaria 574 dasystachyum 227 purpurea 185 Achroantb.es 1 475 Adonis 2 S9 glaucum 226 7 minor 37 rubra 37 Bulbilis 1 183 ( Bucliloe) dactyloides 183 Buliiarda aquatica 2 164 Bumelia 2 595 densifiora 596 lanuginosa 596 lycioides 596 Bunias edentula 2 117 Buphthahnum frutescens 3 421 helianthoides 412 Bupleurum 2 529 529 455 455 456 138 139 139 504 95 95 95 384 4i 4i Bupleurum rotundifolium 2 Burmaxniaceae 1 Burmannia 1 bi flora Bursa 2 (Capsella) Bursa-pastoris pastor is Burs hi a hum His Butneria fertilis florida Buxaceae Cabomba Caroliniana Cacalia See Vemonia 3 302-4 atriplicifolia 474 reniformis 473 suaveolens 475 tuber osa 474 Cactaceai; 2 460 Cactus 461 ferox 464 frag His 464 humifusus 463 mamillaris 462 Missouriensis 462 " similis 462 Opunlia 463 viviparus 462 Caenotus 3 390 Caesalpixiaceae 2 236 Caesalpinia Falcaria famesii Cakile Americana edentula Calamagrostis are nar i a brevipilis breviseta Canadensis cinnoides con fin is Lapponica Langsdorfii longi/olia Macouniana neglecta Xuttalliana Pickeringi i Porteri robust a stricla sylvatica Calamintha Clinopodium glabella var. Nutt 3 109 officinalis 109 Nuttallii 109 See Clinopodium 3 108-10 Calamovilfa brevipilis longifolia Calceolaria ( Solea ) verticillata Calla palustris sa^ittaefolia Callicarpa Americana Calligonum canescens 1 580 Ca I Hop sis cardaminefolia 3 432 Callirrhoe 2 418 alceoides 418 259 259 117 117 117 163 166 166 164 163 165 165 165 164 167 163 165 165 164 164 165 165 164 3 108 166 166 167 456 456 363 363 362 74 74 532 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Vol. III. Callirhoe digitata 2 418 involucrata 419 triangulata 419 Callitrichaceae 2 381 Callitriche 2 381, 470 Austini 382 autuninalis 382, 470 bifida 2 382 heterophylla 382 palustris 382 terrestre 382 verna 382 vernalis 382 Calluna 2 573 vulgaris 573 Calochortus 1 421 Gunnisonii 422 Nuttallii 422 Calophanes 3 201 oblongi folia 202 Calopogon pulchellus 1 480 Caltha 2 5 1 fiabellifolia 51 natans 52 palustris 51 C AL Y CA NTH ACE A E 2 94 Calycanthus 95 fertilis 95 floridus 95 glaucus 95 laevigatus 95 Calycocarpum 2 93 Lyoni 93 Calymenia angustifolia 1 596 Calypso 1 477 borealis 477 bulbosa 477 Calystegia senium 3 25 " pubescens 25 spithamaea 26 Fraseri 1 423 Camelina 2 139 microcarpa 3 515 sativa 2 139 sylvestris 3 515 Campaxulaceae 3 252 Campanula 252 Americana 255 aparinoides 254 bi flora 256 divaricata 255 flexuosa 255 glomerata 254 linifolia var. 253 perfoliata 256 rapunculoides 254 rotundifolia 253 " alpina 253 " Langsdorf. 3 253 " velutina 253 uniflora 253 Camptosorus 1 21 rhizophyllus 21 Campulosus 1 177 ( Clenium) aromaticus 177 Ca mpylocera lep/ocarpa 3 256 Cannabis 1 530 sativa 530 Cantua aggregate, 3 39 longiflora 38 pungens 38 Capnoides 2 105-7 ( Corydalis) aureum 106 " occidentale 107 Capnoides crystallinum 107 curvisiliquum 107 flavulum 106 micranthum 106 montanutn 107 sempervirens 105 Capparidaceae 2 154 Capraria gratioloides 3 163 mnltifida 159 Caprifoliaceae 3 227 Caprifolium Douglassii 238 gratnni 237 Capriola 1 175 ( Cynodon ) Dactylon 175 Capsella Bursa-pastoris 2 139 el I i plica 138 Cardamine 2 127 arenicola 129 bellidifolia 130 bulbosa 131 Clematitis 130 Douglasii 130 flexuosa 129 hirsuta 128 " sylvatica 129 Ludoviciana 147 parviflora 129 purpurea 130 Pennsylvania 128 " Briltoniana 128 pratensis 128 liwmboidea 131 rotundifolia 131 spalhulata 147 uniflora 135 Virginica 129, 147 see Dentaria 2 132-3 Cardiospermum 2 403 Halicacabum 403 Carduaceae 3 298 Carduus 3 484 (inc. Cirsinm and Cnicus mostly) altissimus 3 4vs arvensis 489 crispus 490 discolor 485 Hillii 488 lanceolatus 485 Marianus 490 1 muticus 3 489 " subpinnatifidus 3 489 Nebraskensis 487 undulatus 486 nutans 489 ochrocentrus 487 odoratus 488 Pitcheri 486 Plattensis 487 pa mil us 488 spinosissimus 488 undulatus 486 " megacephalus 486 Virginianus 486 Carex 1 284-360 abacta 292 abbreviata 324 acutiformis 303 adusta 357 aestivalis 317 alata 359 alba seti folia 332 albicans 334 albolutescens 359 Albursina 329 alopecoides 344, 345 alpina 306 altocaulis 326 ambusta 297 Carex amphibola 1 angustata aperta anceps var. 1 aquatilis arcta arctata arid a arenaria argy ran Ilia aristata Asa-Grayi Assiniboinensis Atlantica atrata ovata atratiformis atrofusca aurea 295, Backii Baileyi 1 Barrattii Bellardi Bella-villa Bicknellii bicolor Bigelovii blanda Boottiana bromoides brunnescens bullata Buxbaumii caespitosa canescens 351, capillaris 1 capitata Careyana Caroliniana castanea 319. cephaloidea cephalophora 344, chordorhiza Collinsii 1 communis comosa compacta concinna conjuncta conoidea cos la la costellata Crawei 323, crinita 314, cristala cristatella Crus-corvi 1 cryptocarpa curia var. cuspidata Davi^ii debilis 320, decomposita 1 deflexa Deweyana digitalis distans Douglasii Drummondiana durifolia eburnca echinata var. Eleocharis 1 Emmonsii exilis extensa festucacea filifolia filiformis filipendula flaccosperma flava 323, flexilis foenea 357, folliculata 321 308 308 327 309 352 320 355 342 357 302 293 3^9 306 306 3l3 338 299 312 284 294 360 331 310 327 336 354 351 298 3°7 3°9 352 320 339 328 3i7 320 348 349 34i 292 333 301 296 332 342 325 3>6 316 360 315 357 357 343 3H 35i 3" 3i8 321 343 334 354 328 324 342 338 338 332 350 346 334 34o 323 359 339 305 314 322 324 3'9 358 293 Carex formosa 1 31S, Frankii 1 Fraseri Fraseriana fulva fusca gigantea 294, glabra glare osa glauca glaucodea globularis Goodenovii 1 gracilis gracillima grandis granularis gravida Grayi grisea 321, gynandra 1 gynocrates Ha lean a Halei 294, 322, Hartii Haydeni Heleonastes heterostachya hirsuta 316. hirta 1 Hitchcockiana Hoppneri Houghtonii hyperborea hystricina incurva interior 350, intumescens irrigua I Jamesii Kniiskerjii laeviconica lagopina lagopodioides lanuginosa laxiculmis laxiflora 322, 327- L,eavenworthii 1 lenticularis leporina leptalea limosa> 313, littoralis livida longirostris Louisianica 1 lupuliformis lupulina lurida macrokolea Magellanica marcida maritima maxima Meadii media membranacea membranopacta Michauxii Michauxiana microglocliin 1 miliacea miliaris 295, viirabilis 1 misandra monile Muhlenbergii muricata Muskingumensis mutica nardina Nebraskensis nigro-marginata Xorvegica 320 301 336 336 324 307 295 32t 353 315 322 293 309 299 317 295 322 345 293 322 315 340 322 343 299 30S 352 323 306 325 310 305 310 300 34i 35t 293 337 320 302 353 356 305 329 -329 349 309 356 339 33i 312 33i 319 294 294 294 299 3i5 313 344 3U 344 327 334 296 296 292 292 2S5 3ii 296 35S 312 297 3*9 348 355 322 34o 335 35i Voi,. III.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 5-> i jo Carex Novae-Angliae i oblita i Oederi Olneyi oligantha oligoearpa oligosperma ova /a oxylepis pallescens paludosa panicea Parry an a pauci flora 2S5, pedicellata Peckii pedunculata 1 Pennsylvania picta plantaginea 329, platyphylla podocarpa polystachya 294, polymorpha polytrichoid.es Porteri praecox prairea 1 prasina prate n sis Pseudo-Cyperus 300, ptychocarpa pubescens 317, pulla 295, Raeana ratnosa rari flora Redowskyana 1 retrocurva retroflexa retrorsa 294, Richardsoni rig i da riparia rosea rostrala rupestris sabulosa salina 310, Salluensis Sartwellii saxatilis f cab rata scabrior Schweinitzii 1 seirpoidea scoparia 356, setacea setifolia Sbortiana siccata silieea Smithii sparganioides squarrosa 301, stellulaia var. sienolepis stenophylla 1 sterilis Steudclii stipata straminea 358 striata stricta striclior styloflexa stylosa subspathacea subulata Sullivantii supina sychnoeephala tenella 324 321 323 297 285 325 295 306 3i8 324 303 33o 307 292 333 334 333 333 336 330 330 313 352 326 339 3i5 335 344 3ii 354 301 330 336 296 295 344 312 340 329 347 298 332 309 303 347 292 338 358 3" 326 346 296 304 346 300 337 358 346 332 303 355 358 317 348 302 350 301 34i 35o 337 343 ■360 304 308 321 328 307 310 292 317 338 360 346 Carex tenera 1 358 tentacitlala 299 tenuiflora 352 tenuis 320, 321 teretiuscula 344 tetanica 326, 327 Texensis 347 Torreyana 318, 324 Torreyi 324 torta 311, 314 tribuloides 356, 357 triceps 316, 317 trichocarpa 302 trisperma 353 Tuekermani 298 typhinoides 302 umbellata 1 335 utriculata 297 ursina 353 Vahlii 306 vagina ta 326 varia 333, 334 ve?iusia minor ' 321 verrucosa 315 vestita 304 virescens 316, 320 viridula 324 vulgaris 309, 310 vulpina 342 vulpinoidea 1 345 Walteriana 304 Willdenovii 337 Xalapensis 349 xanthocarpa 345 xanthophysa 292 xerantica 355 xerocarpa 308 Carpinus 1 506 Caroliniana 506 Virginiana 507 Carum 2 535 Carui 535 Ca rya alba 1 485 amara 485 olivaeformis 484 porcina 487 tomentosa 486 see Hicoria 1 485-6 Caryophyllaceae 2 6 Cassandra calvculata 2 570 Cassia 2 257 Chamaecrista 258 " robusta 258 fasciculata 258 Marylandica 258 nictitans 257 oblusifolia 258 occidentalis 259 Tora 258 Cassiope 2 565 hypnoides 565 tetragon a 566 Castalia 2 44 ( Nymphaea ) Leibergii 45 odorata 44 " rosea 44 pudica 44 pygmaea 45 tetragona 45 tuberosa 44 Castanea 1 514 dentata 515 pumila 515 vesca var. Anier. 515 Castilleja 3 178 acuminata 180 affinis var. 179 coccinea 179 indivisa 179 minor 179 Castelleja pallida var. 3 180 septentrionaiis 180 sessili flora 180 Catabrosa 1 194 aquatica 194 Catalpa 3 199 bignonioides 199 Catalpa 199 cordifolia 200 speciosa 200 Caucalis 2 510 Anthriscus 511 nodosa 510 Caulinia flex His 1 81 Guadalupensis 81 Caulophyllum 2 91 thalictroides 91 Ceanothus 2 407 Americanus 407 oval is 407 ovatus 407 " pubescens 407 Cebatha 2 93 (Cocculus) Carolina 94 Cedronella cordata 3 86 Celastraceae 2 393 Celastrus 395 scandens 396 Celosia paniculata 1 593 Celtis 1 526 Mississippieusis 527 occidentalis 526, 527 pumila 526 Cenchrus 1 127 Carolinianus 127 racemosa 105 tribuloides 127 Centaurea 3 491 Americana 492 benedicta 493 Calcitrapa 493 Cyanus 491 Jacea 492 nigra 492 Centaurella verna 2 621 Centella 2 541 ( Hydrocotyle in part) Asiatica 541 Cenlrosema Virginianum 2 333 Centunculus 2 593 minimus 593 Cephalanthus 3 216 occidentalis 216 Cephalophora scaposa 3 449 Cerastium 2 25 alpinum 27 aquaticum 20 arvense 27 brachypodum 26 " compactum 27 cerastioides 28 Fischerianum 27 glomeratum 25 quaiernellum 29 lonsipedunculat'm 26 nutans 26 oblongifolium 27 semidecandrum 25 trigynum 28 trii'iale 26 veluHnum 27 viscosum 25, 26 vulgatum 25, 26 Cerasus demissa 2 253 Mahaleb 252 Pen?isylvanica 252 Cerasus pumila sero/ina " montana Virginiana Ceratochloa breviaristata 250 253 253 252 Ceratophyllaci.ai; 223 Ceratophyllum demersum Cercis Canadensis Cercocarpus parviflorus Ceresia fluitans Cereus caespitosus viridiflorus Chaerophyllum procumbens " Shortii sativum Teinturieri Chaetopappa asteroides modesta Chamaecistus ( Loiseleuria) procumbens serpyllifolia Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea thyoides Chamaedaphne ( Cassandra) calyculata Chamaelirium Ca rot in ia n u m luteum Chamaenerium 2 46 46 46 2 256 257 2 223 223 1 106 2 461 460 2 529 529 529 528 530 3 351 351 351 2 563 2 563 563 1 58 59 59 2 57o 570 1 402 402 402 480 ( Epilobium in part) angustifolium latifolium Chamaeraphis glauca Italica verticillata viridis Chamaesaracha conioides Coronopus sordida Cheilanthes Alabamensis dealbata gracilis lanosa lanuginosa tomentosa Chelidonium 2 diphyllum Glauciuvi majus Chelone Digitalis glabra hirsuta Lyoni obliqua Penstemon Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album 570, ambrosioides anthelminticum Berlandieri Bonus-Henricus Boscianum Botrys capifatum Fremontii glaucum 481 481 1 126 127 126 126 3 133 i33 134 133 1 30 30 32 31 31 3* 3i 102-3 102 103 103 3 H9 152 149 151 150 150 152 1 569 570 57i 575 575 572 574 572 574 576 572 571 534 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Vol. III. Chenopodium Cicuta Clinopodium hybridutn 1 573 bulbifera 2 536 glabellum 3 no kptophylluni 548, 571 maculata 536 incanum 114 maritimum 1 585 virosa maciil ala 536 Nepeta 108 multifidum 576 Cimicifuga 2 56 vulgare 108 mu rale 573 Americana 57 Clintonia 1 42S polyspermum 571 cordifolia 57 borealis 428 Scoparia 581 palmata 72 cilia I a 429 rubrum 574 racemosa 56 umbellata 429 urbicum 573 " dissecta 56 umbellulata 429 viride 57o Cineraria Clitoria 2 333 Chimaphila 2 553 maritima 3 .465 Mariana 333 corymbosa 554 palustris 481 Virginiana 333 maculata 553 Cinna 1 158 Clypeola umbellata 554 arundinacea 158 alyssoides 2 153 Chimonanthus 2 95 glomerata 102 maritima J53 Chiogenes 2 581 lateralis 102 Cnicus 3 493 hispidula 58i latifolia 158 see Carduus 3 485-9 Japonica 581 pendula 158 benedictus 493 serpyllifolia 581 Circaea 2 499 horridulus 488 Chionanthus 2 603 alpina 500 pumilus 488 V'irginica 603 Lutetiana 499 Cocculus Chironia Cirsium Carol inus 2 94 see Sabbatia 2 609-12 see Carduus 3 4S5-9 Cochlearia 2 "3- "4 Chloris 1 178 horridnlum 488 A rmoracia 127 curtipcndula 180 Cissus Coronopus I(3 verticillata 178 A mpelopsis 2 412 oblongifolia 115 Chondriila 3 270 slans 412 officinalis "5 juncea 270 ClSTACEAE 2 439 Coelopleurum 2 520 1 Chondrophora 3 325 Cistus Gmelini 520 {Bigelovia in part) Canadensis 440 Coix nauseosa 326 Citrullus dactyloides 1 98 nudata 325 Citrullus 3 250 Coleosanthus 3 313 " virgata 326 Cladium 1 281 (Brickellia) Choripetalae 1 482 mariscoides 281 grandifiorus 3J4 Chrosperma 1 402 Cladothrix 1 592 Collinsia 3 155 (Amianl/iium ) lanuginosa 592 parvi flora 156 niuscaetoxicuru 403 Cladrastis 2 264 verna 156 Chrysanthemum 3 457 fra grans 264 violacea 156 aretieum 457 lutea 264 Collinsonia 3 123 Balsamita 458 tinctoria 264 Canadensis 123 grandiflorum 459 Claytonia 2 2 Collomia 3 4i inodorum 459 Caroliniana 3 linearis 42 Leucanthemum 457 Chamissoi 3 see Gilia 38-40 Parthenium 458 lanceolata 3 Col podium Chrysocoma perfoliata 4 la ti folium 1 157 gigantea 3 303 Virginica 3 Comandra 1 536 graminifolia 347 Clematis 2 67 livida 537 nudata 325 Addisonii 69 pallida 536 tomenlosa 302 Catesbyana 67 umbellata 536 virgata 326 crispa 68 Comaropsis 2 218 Chrysogonum 3 4o8 cor data 68 frag a rio ides 218 Virginianuni 409 cylindrical 68 Comarum 2 217 " dentatum 409 Fremontii 70 palustre 217 Chrysopogon 1 103 hirsutissima 67 COMMELIXACEAE I 374 avenaceus 104 ligusticifolia 68 Commelina 375 nutans 104 ochroleuca 69 agraria 375 Chrysopsis 3 322 ovata 69, 79 communis 375, 376 alba 376 Piicheri 2 68 dubia 380 camporum 324 Scottii 70 ere eta 375. 376 falcata 323 sericea 69 hirtella 1 375 gossypina 323 Simsii 68 longi folia 375 graminifolia 322 verticillaris 7i nudiflora 375 hispida 325 Virginiana 67 Virginica 376 Mariana 323 Viorna 69 Willdenovii 376 Nuttallii 325 viornioides 69 Compositae 3 298 pilosa 323, 325 Cleome 2 155 Comptonia 1 488 stenophylla 324 dodecandra 157 aspleni folia 489 villosa 324 integrifolia 155 peregrina 489 Chrysosplenium 2 181 lutea 156 Co XI FERAE 1 49 alternifolium 181 pinnata 109 Conioselinum 2 512 Americanum 181 pungens 155 Canadense 512 oppositifolium 181 serrulata J55 Chinense 512 Chrysothamnus 3 326 spinosa 155 Conium 2 531 {Bigelovia in part) Cleomella 2 156 maculatum 532 graveolens 3 326 angustifolia 157 Conobea 3 159 Howard i 326 Cl.ETHRACEAE 2 54S multifida 159 nauseosus 326 Clethra 548 Conoclinium Cicendia acuminata 549 coelestinum 3 313 exallata 2 608 alnifolia 548 Conopholis 3 196 ClCHORIACEAE 3 261 Clinopodium 3 107 Americana 197 Cichorium 262 (inc. Calami) tha) Conostylis Intybus 262 Acinos 3 109 Americana 1 446 " divaricatuin 262 Calamintha 109 Conringia 3 515 Cicuta 2 535 glabrum 109 orientalis 515 Conringia per/uliala. 3 515 COXVALLARIACEAE I 427 434 433 434 434 429 430 430 Convallaria b 1 flora commit lata majalis racemosa st el lata trifolia COXYOLYULACEAE 3 19 Convolvulus 21 aquaticus 21 arvensis 26 Carolinus 23 humishatus 20 incanus 26 Japonicus 25 panduratus 23 Pickeringii 21 purpureus 24 repens 25 sepium and var. 25 spithamaeus 26 Conyza asteroides 3 354 bifoliala 354 linifolia 353 Cooperia * 444 Drummondii 444 Coprosmantlius herbaceus 1 439 tamnifolius 439 Coptis 2 53 trifolia 54 Coiallorhiza 1 477 Corallorhiza 478 i una la 478 Macraei 479 multi flora 479 odontorhiza 478 striata 479 Wisteriana 478 Corema 2 383 Conrad ii 3S4 Coreopsis 3 431 alternifolia 431 arista ta 440 a ris/osa 440 a urea 439 auriculata 435 Bidcns 437 bidentoides 43S cardaminefolia 432 coronaia 3 439 crassifolia 434 delphinifolia 433 disco idea 438 grandiflora 435 lanceolata 434 " angustifolia 434 " villosa 434 involucrata 440 major 3 433 " Oemlcri 433 palmata 432 pubescens 434 rosea 431 senifolia var. 433 tinctoria 432 slcllata 433 tripteris 435 verticillata 433 iricosperma var. 439 trifida 441 see Bidens 3 436-40 Corispermum 1 581 hyssopifolium 5S2 CORXACEAE 2 542 Cornucopiae allissima i 162 hicmalis 161 perenna/is 161 Voi,. III.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 535 Cornus 2 542 alba 545 alternifolia 546 Amonum 544 asperi folia 544 Baileyi 545 Canadensis 543 candidissirna 545 circinata 544 fastigiata 546 Drummondii 544 florida 543 pauiculata 545 rugosa 544 sericea 544 stolonifera 545 strieta 546 Suecica 543 Coronilla 2 310 varia 310 Coronopus 2 '113 (Senebiera) Coronopus 2 113 didymus 113 Corydalis Canadensis 2 I04 glauca 105 see Capnoides : 2 105-7 Corylus I 507 Americana 507 rostrata 508 Cotinus 2388 {Rhus in part) Americanus 38Q cotinoides 389 Cotinus 389 Cotoneaster 2 245 ( Crataegus in part) Pyracantha 245 Cracca 2 292 ( Tephrosia) hispidula 293 spicata 293 Virginiana 292 " holosericea 293 Crantzia It neat a 2 521 Crassina 3 4ii (Zinnia) grandiflora 412 Crassulaceae 2 103 Crataegus 2 239 apiifolia 242 arborescens 242 eoccinea 242 " flabellata 242 " oligandra 243 cordata 241 Crus-Galli 240 flava 244 " pubescens 244 flexispina 244 glandulosa 243 macraeantha 243 mollis 243 Oxyacantha 241 parvifolia 244 popiilifolia 24 e punctata 241 "' canescens 241 Pyracantha 2 245 racemosa 237 rotundifolia 243 spathulata 240 spicata 238 subvillosa 243 tomentosa 244 uniflora 244 Vailiae 245 viridis 242 " nitida 242 Crepidium glaucnm x 3 280 Crepis 3 279 biennis 281 Crepis Cuscuta Cyperus glauca 3 280 Polygonorum 3 28 ovularis 1 245 intermedia 282 pulcherrima 29 parvus 242 nudicaulis j,,,, rostrata 3(J phymatodes 241 occidentalis 282 ten ni flora 29 pseudovegetus 238 polyviorpha 281 Trifolii 28 refractus 244 pulchra 280 vulgivaga 30 retrofractus 244 runcinata 280 Cyclachacna rivularis 236 tectorum 281 xanthiifolia 3 294 rotundus 240 virens 281 Cyclanthera 3 251 Schweinitzii 238 Cristaria dissecta 251 spathaceus 247 eoccinea 2 421 Cycloloma 1 576 speciosus 242 Cristatella 2 156 atriplicifolia 577 strigosus 243 jamesii 156 plat ypli vllu in 577 Torrevi 245 Crotalaria 2 267 Cymbalaria 3 M4 Cypripedium 1 457 alba 267 Cymbalaria 144 acaule 457 oval is 268 Cymbidiutn album 458 rotundifolia 268 hyemale 1 481 arietinum 457 sagittalis 26S odontorhizon 478 bulbosum 477 " oval is 268 pulchellnm 480 candidum 458 Croton 2 362 Cymopterus 2 517 hirsutum 458 capitatus 363 acaulis 517 parviflorum 459 glandulosus 362 glomerafus 517 pubescens 458 Lindheimeiianus montanus 517 reginae 458 3 518 Cynanchum 3 16 ■ spectabile 458 monanthogynus 2 363 ( Vincetoxicum ) Cyrillaceae 2 389 Texensis 363 Carol inense 18 Cyrilla 389 Crotonopsis 2 364 hi) turn 18 racemifiora 389 linearis 364 nigrum 16 Cyrtorhyncha 2 85 Cruciferae 2 108 obliquum 18 ( Ranunculus in part) Crypsis suberosum 17 Cymbalaria 86 schoenoides I 147 Cyxareae 3 301 ranunculina 85 squarrosa 183 Cynoctonum 2 605 Cystopteris 1 12 Cryptanthe 3 56 1 Mitreola) bulbifera 12 (Krynitzkia in part Mitreola 606 fragilis 13 crassisepala 57 peiiolatum 606 montana 13 Fendleri 57 Cynodon Cytisus 2 265, 271 Cryptogramma 1 28 Dae ty Ion 1 175 rhombifolius 265 acrobtichoides 28 Cynoglossum 3 53 scoparius 271 Cryptotaenia glomeratum 58 Dactylis 1 200 Canadensis 2 536 Morisoni 55 glomerata 200 Ctenium officinale 53 see Spartina 1 175-7 Americannm I 177 pilosum 55 Dactyloctenium 1 182 Cubelium 2 456 Virginicum 54 Aegyptium 182 ( Solea ) Cynosciadium 2 521 Aetrypliacnm 182 concolor 456 pinnatum 521 Dale a 2 287 Cucubalus Cynosurus I 200 alopecuroides 288 Behen 2 9 Aegyplius 182 lanuginosa 288 niveus 9 cristatus 200 laxiflora 287 stella his 9 1 nd it its l8l nana 3 5i7 Cucumis Cynthia parviflora 2 302 perennis 3 250 Dandelion 3 264 violacea 290 CUCURBITACEAE 3 2 Virginica 263 see Parosela 2 287-S Cucurbita 250 Cyperaceae 1 234 see Kuhnistera 289-91 foetidissima 250 Cyperus 1 234 Dalibarda 2 205 Pepo 250 acuminatus 239 fragarioides 218 perennis 250 aristatus 237 repens 205 Cunila 3 116 arundinaceus 247 violaeoides 205 glabella no Baldicinii 246 Danthonia 1 173 Atari ana 116 calcaratus 238 Allen i 174 origanoides 116 compressus 238 compressa 174 pulegioides 106 cylindricus 245 glabra 3 503 Cuphea dentatus 240 sericea 1 174 petiolata 2 473 diandrus 236 spicata 174 znscosissima 473 echinatus 246 Daphne 2 465 Cupressus Engelmanni 243 Mezereum 465 disticha 1 58 esculentus 241 Darby a thyoides 59 erythrorhizos 241 umbel lu lata 3 513 CUSCTJTACEAE 3 27 ferox 242 Darlingtonia 2 255 Cuscuta 27 ferruginescens 242 Dasystoma 3 i73 arvensis 28 filiculmis 245 (inc. Gerardia in part) Cephalanthi 29 flavescens 235 Drummondii 3 174 c/ilorocarpa 28 rlavicomus 237 flava 173 com pacta 31 fuscus 239 grandiflora 174 Coryli 29 Grayi 246 laevigata 174 cuspidata 30 ( Halei 1 241 Pedicularia 173 decora 29 Hallii 240 pubescens 173 densiflora 27 Haspan 239 quercifolia, var. 174 Epilinum 27 Houghtoni 246 Virginica 174 Epithymum 28 Hydra 240 Datisca glomerata 31 inflexus 237 hirta 2 386 Gronovii 30 Lancastriensis 244 Datura 3 139 indecora 29 Michauxianui 242 Metel 140 inflexa 29 microdontus 237 Stramonium 139 paradoxa 3i Nuttallii 236 Tatula 139 536 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Vol. III. Daucus 2 509 Dicksonia Dodecatheon 2 593 Dryopteris Carota 510 pilosiuscula 1 12 Meadia 594 intermedia 1 18 divaricatus 537 punetilobula 12 " Frenchii 594 Lonchitis 14 Decodon 2 470 Dicliptera 3 204 Doellingeria 3 391 marginalis 17 ( Nesaea ) brachiala 205 {Diplopappus) Noveboracensis ' 15 aquatic us 471 Diclytra amygdalina 392 simulata 16 verticillatus 471 see Bicuculla 2 104 humilis 392 spinulosa 18 Decumaria 2 185 DlCOTYLEDOXES 1 482 in firm a 392 Thelypteris 15 barbata 185 Didiplis 2 470 pla rmicoides 376 Duchesnea 2 207 Delphinium 2 59 diandra 470 umbellata 392 {Eragaria in part) Ajacis 59 linearis 470 pubens 392 Indica 208 azureum 60 Diclytra Dolichos Dulichium 1 247 Carolinianum 60 Cucullaria 2 104 Catj'aug 2 340 arundinaceum 247 Consolida 59 Diervilla 3 242 polystachyus 338 spathaceum 247 i xaltatum 59 Diervilla 242 regularis 335 Dupatya 1 372 Nelsoni 3 5 '4 trtfida 242 Sinensis 34o ( Paepalanlhus ) tricorne 2 60 Dietcria Dondia 1 584 flavidula 373 urceolatum 59 sessiliflora 3 384 ( Sued a ) Dupontia 1 209 Dendrium 2 562 Digitalis 3 171 Americana 584 Cooleyi 210 {Leiophyllum ) purpurea 171 depressa 585 Fisheri 209 buxifloruni 562 Digitaria maritima 585 Dysodia 3 453 Dentaria 2 131 til iformis 1 in Don ia chrysanthemoides 453 diphylla 132-3 hiimifusa in ciliata 3 327 papposa 453 heterophylla 133 paspaloides 109 squarrosa 321 Eatonia 1 192 laciniata I32-3 sanguinalis in Doronicum Dudleyi 193 maxima 132 Diodia 3 217 acaule 3 47i nitida x93 Dentidia teres 217 ramosum 389 obtusata 192 Nankinensis 3 124 Virginiana 218 Draba 2 140 Pennsylvanica 193 Deringa 2 536 Diodonta alpina 144 Ebenaceae 2 596 ( Cryptotaenia bidentoides 3 438 and rosacea 141 Echinacea Canadensis 536 DlOSCOREACEAE 1 446 arabisans 142 angustifolia 3 420 Deschampsia i 169 Dioscorea 447 aurea H3 purpurea 420 atropurpurea 170 villosa 447 brachycarpa 143 Echinocactus 2 461 caespilosa 169 Diospyros 2 596 Caroliniana Mi Simpsoni 461 flexuosa 170 Virginiana 597 confusa 142 Echinocereus 2 460 Descurainia Diotis cuneifolia 141 caespitosus 461 Hartwegiana 2 145 la 11 a la 1 581 Fladnizensis 141 viridiflorus 460 i Hcisa 145 Diphylleia 2 91 hispid u la 141 Echinocystis 3 251 pinnata 145 cymosa 91 incana 142 1 0 bat a 251 Sophia 144 Diplachne 1 186 micrantha 141 Echinodorus 1 85 Desman thus faseicularis 186 nemorosa 143 cordifolius 86 brachylobus 2 255 rigida 190 nivalis 142 parvulus 85 leplolobus 255 Diplogon 3 322 ramosissima 142 radicans 86 Desmodium Diplopappus verna 140 rostralus 86 see Meibomia 2 313-20 see Doellingeria 3 392 Dracaena tend I us S5 acuminatum 2 3i4 amygdalina 392 borealis 1 428 Echinosperm u m Canadense hit sut.317 canescens 386 umbellulata 429 deflexum Am. 3 56 '■ longifolia 317 cornifolius 392 Dracocephalum 3 87 Re do w ski i cup. 55 cilia re 321 //isp id us 325 cordatum 86 see Lappula 54-6 cuspidal u m 317 linariifolius 393 denticulatum 90 E chiles lineatum 3l5 umbcllalus 392 intermedium 90 difformis 3 4 Deyeuxia Diplotaxis 2 119 Moldavicum 88 Echium 3 68 Macau niana 1 163 mural is 120 parviflorum 87 vulgare 69 Dianthera 3 203 tenuifolia 120 sped os u in 89 Eclipta 3 413 Americana 204 DlPSACEAE 3 247 Virginianum 89 alba 413 hum ills 204 Dipsacus 247 Dracontium creda 413 ovata 204 fullonum 248 foetidum 1 363 procumbens 4i3 Dianthus 2 18 " salivus 248 Droseraceae 2 160 Elaeagxaceae 2 466 Armeria 19 , sylvestris 248 Drosera 161 Elaeagnus 2 466 barbatus 20 Diptcracantlius Americana 161 argentea 467-8 deltoides 19 biflorus 3 202 A nglica 162 Canadensis 467 prolifer 19 ciliosus var. parvi- filiformis 162 Elatixaceae 2 437 Saxifraga 17 florus 203 intermedia 161 Elatine 2 437; 3 145 Diapedium 3 204 micrau/lius 202 linearis 162 Americana 2 437 ( Dicliptera ) Dirca 2 466 longifolia 161, 162 ' brachysperma 438 braehiatum 205 occidentalis 466 rotundifolia i6r, 162 triandra 438 DlAPENSIACEAE 2 582 palustris 466 ten u i folia 162 Elatinoides 3 145 Diapensia 582 Discanthera Drupaceae 2 246 ( Linaria in part) barbulata 583 dissccta 3 251 Dryas 2 222 Elatine 145 Lapponiea 583 Discopleura 2 537 chamaedri folia 222 spuria 145 Diaperia capillat 1 ii 538 Drummondii 223 Eleocharis 1 24S prolifera 3 395 Nu ttallii 538 integrifolia 222 acicularis 252 Diarina 1 196 Disporum 1 431 \ octopetala 222, 223 acuminata 255 Diarrhena ( Prosartes) tenella 222 albida 254 Americana 1 196 lanuginosum 431 Dryopteris 1 13 atropurpurea 250 Dicenlra trachycarpum 432 (Aspidium) capitata 250 see Bicuculla 2 104 Distasis 3 35i acrostichoides 14 compressa 255 Dichondra 3 20 Distichlis 1 198 aculeata 15 Engelmanni 251 evolvulacea 20 (Uuiola) Boottii 18 cq/tisdoides 248 rtpCUS 20 ma ri lima 198 Braunii 15 intermedia 255 Dichromena 1 256 spicata 198 cristata 16 interstincta 248 colorata 256 Ditaxis 2 364 dilatala 18 melanocarpa 254 latifolia 257 (Argvrolhamnia 1 Filix-mas 17 microcarpa 253 leucoi cphala 256 humilis 365 fragrans 16 mutata 249 Dicksonia 1 12 mercurialina 364 Goldieana 17 ochreata 249 Vol. III.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 537 Eleocharis olivacea i 250 ovata 251 palustris 251 pauciflorus 262 pygmaea 262 quadrangulala 249 Robbinsii 249 rostellata 256 tenuis 255 Torreyana 253 tortilis 253 tricostata 254 tuberculosa 253 Watsoni 252 Wolfii 252 Eleogen us ochreatus 1 249 Elephantopus 3 304 Carolinianus 305 nudatus 305 tomentosus 305 Eleusine 1 181 Aegyplia 182 Indica 181 mucronata 182 Ellisia microcalyx 3 45 Nyc/elea 45 Elodea campanulala 2 436 Canadensis 1 93 petiolata 2 437 Virginica 436 Elodes 436 Elsholtzia 3 124 cristata 124 Patrinii 124 Elymus 1 230 Americanus 231 arenarius 232 Canadensis 231 condensatus 232 elymoides 232 glaucifolius 231 glaueus 231 Hyslrix 233 intermedius 3 508 Macounii 1 231 robustus 3 508 Sibiricus 1 231 Sitanion 232 striatus 230 Virginicus 230 Elyna 1 283 Bellardi 284 spicata 284 Elytrosperm u m Californicum 1 267 Empetraceae 2 383 Empetrum 2 383 Conradii 384 nigrum 383 Enemion biternaium 2 54 Engelmannia 3 410 pinnatifida 410 Enslenia albida 3 16 Epifagus Americana 3 197 Epigaea 2 571 repens 571 Epilobium 2 481-5 adenocaulon 484 alpinum 482 " tnaj'us 485 anagallidifolium 482 | angustifolium 481 coloratum 484 glandulosum 484 hirsutum 482 Horneinanni 485 lactiflorum 482 latifolium 481 Epilobium Erigeron Ervum lineare 2 483 flagellaris 3 387 hirsutum molle 483 glabellus var. 385 Lens oiiganthum 483 graminifolius 387 viultiftorum palustre 483 hyssopifolius 387 tetrasperm u m . paniculatum 484 macranthus 385 Eryngium spicatum 481 mollis 386 aquaticum strictum 483 nudicaulis 390 integrifoliuni Epipactis 1 469 Philadelphicus 388 Leavenworthii convallarioidei 473 pilosum 323 prostratum Helleborine 469 pulchellus 388 Virginianum latifolia var. 469 pumilus 386 yticcaefolium viridiflora 469 ramosus 389 Erysimum 2 n Epiphegus " Beyrichii 389 Alii aria Virginiana 3 197 slrigosus 389 Arkansanum Equisetaceae 1 35 " discoideus 389 asperum Equisetum 35 subtrinervis 386 Barbarea arvense 36 uniflorus 385 cheiranthoides fluviatile 37 vera us 390 inconspicuum hyemale 38 Eriocarpum 3 328 lanceola/um laevigatum 38 {Aplopappusiv part) officinale limosum 37 grindelioides 328 orientate littorale 37 rubiginosum 328 parviflorum palustre 37 spinulosum 329 perfoliatiMii pratense 36 E RI 0 CAULACE AE 1 37i pinnattim robustum 38 Eriocaulon 37i praecox scirpoides 39 anceps 373 syrticolum sylvaticum 36 arlicu latum 371 Erythraea variegatum 39 compressum 372 calycosa Eragrostis 1 187 decangulare 372 Centauriurn campestris 191 flavidulum 373 Douglasii capillaris 188 gnaphalodes 372 exaltata Caroliniana 189 septangulare 37i pulchella curtipedieellata 190 Eriochloa no ramosissima Eragrostris 189 polystachya no spicata erythrogona 188 punctata no Erythronium Frankii 188 Eriocoma albidum hypnoides 192 cuspidata 1 141 Americanutn major 189 Eriogonum 1 542 angustatum megastachya 189 alatum 542 bracteatum minor 189 Alleni 543 mesachoreum oxylepis 191 annuum 544 propullans peetinacea 190 brevicaule 546 Eulophus pilosa 188 campanulatum 546 Americanus poaeoides 189 cernuum 546 Euonymus Pursbii 189 corymbosum 544 Americanus refracta 191 effusu m 544 atropurpureus reptans 192 flavum 545 Europaeus secundiflora 191 gnaphaloides 545 obovatus sessilispica 190 Jamesii 543 EUPATORIEAE tenuis 191 lachnogynum 546 Eupatorium triehodes 191 Lindheimerian 11 m agreratoides Erantbis 2 53 1 544 album hyemalis 53 longifolium 543 " subvenosum Erechtites 3 472 micranthum 546 alternifolium hieracifolia 473 microthecum 544 altissimum Erianthus 1 98 multiceps 545 ambiguum alopecuroides 98 parviflorum 545 amoenum brevibarbis 99 pauciflorum 545 aromaticum compactus 99 sericeum 543, 545 capillifolium saccharoides 99 Texanum 543 coelestinum Ericaceae 2 556 Eriophorum 1 271 falcalum Erica 573 alpinum 271 foeniculaceum cinerea 573 capital um 272 foeniculoides Tetralix 573 cyperinum 271 glandulosum vulgaris 573 graeile 273 grandiflorum Erigenia 2 541 lalifoliu m 273 hyssopifolium bulbosa 542 polystachyon 273 " laciniatum Erigeron 3 384 russeolum 272 lecheaefolium acris 390 Scheuchzeri 272 leucolepis " debilis .TOO triqnetrum 273 linearifolium " Droebachianus 390 vaginatum 272 maculatum annuus 3 389 Virginicum 273 " amoenum asper 385 Erilri chiu m perfoliatum Bellidiastrum 389 Californicum 3 56 " cuneatum bellidifolius 388 crassisepalum 57 " truncatum caespitosus 386 glomeratum 58 pilosum camphoralum 396 fu Ivoca nescens 59 pubescens Canadensis 39i Jamesii 58 purpureum canescens 386 Erodium 2 344 " angustifoliu canus 387 cicutarium 344 " falcatum Carolinian um 348 moschatum 344 resinosum divaricatus 39 1 Erophila rotundifolium divergens 388 vulgaris 2 140 " ovatum Droebachianus 390 Ervum 2 328 scandens 328 329 305 328 521 522 523 522 523 522 522 151 115 152 152 122 151 151 152 Il6 515 151 515 H5 122 152 607 608 607 608 608 608 608 607 419 420 420 420 420 421 421 528 528 393 394 394 395 394 299 306 312 308 308 314 310 309 307 312 307 313 307 307 307 308 3H 309 309 30Q 308 309 307 307 3" 312 3" 310 3" 307 in 1 307 307 312 3" 311 313 3 3 35 538 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Voi,. III. Eupatorium seruiserraturn 3 309 serotinum 308 sessilifoliutn 310 " Brittonianum 310 Torreyanum 309 teucriifolium 310 trifoliatutn 307 truncal 11 in 311 verbenaefolium 310 EUPHORBIACEAE 2 361 Euphorbia 2 369 arcnaria 371 commutata 380 corollata 375 cuphosperma 376 Cyparissias 381 Darlingtonii 378 dentata 376 dictyosperma 379 Esula 380 Fendleri 374 Geyeri 372 glyptosperma 373 Helioscopia 379 heterophylla 377 hexagona 375 hirsuta 3 518 humistrata 2 373 hypericifolia 375 Ipecacuanhae 377 Lathyris 377 lata 374 maculata 373 marginata 376 monlana robust a 381 Nicaeensis 2 380 nutans 375 Nuttallii 371 humistrata 373 obtusata 378 Ohiotica 380 Peplus 379 petaloidea 371 platypbylla 378 polygonifolia 371 Preslii 375 Rafinesqui 3 518 robusta 2 381 serpens 372 serpyllifolia 372 stietospora 374 zygophylloides 371 Euphrasia 3 181 Americana 182 lati folia 182 Oakesii 182 Odontites 183 officinalis 182 Euploca coni'olvulacea 3 52 Eurotia 1 580 lanata 581 Eurybia glomerata 3 358 Eustoma 2 612 Russellianum 612 Eustylis 1 452 Euthamia 3 347 [Solidago in part) Caroliniana 348 graminifolia 347 leptocephala 348 Eutoca Frank! i nii 3 47 Euxolus cris pus 1 590 deflexus 591 1 lividus 589 pumilus 590 Evax prolifera 3 395 Evolvulus 3 21 argenleus 21 piiosus 21 Fagaceae 1 513 Fagopyrum 1 553 esculentum 553 Fagopyrum 553 Tataricum 554 Fagus 1 514 Americana 514 tanea dentata 515 ferruginea 514 pi: in it a 515 Falcata 2 333 (Amphicarpa) comosa 334 Pitcheri 334 Fedia 3 246-7 see Valerianella Fagopyrum 246 patellaria 247 umbilicata 247 Ferula Canadensis 2 519 foenieiilacea 516 Z'itlosa 512 Festuca 1 215 brachyphylla 3 505 brevifolia 505 capillata 506 decumbens 1 185 diandra 196 duriuscula 217 elatior 217 fascicularis 1 186 fluitans 213 gigantea 218 Myuros 216 nutans 218 octoflora 216 ovina 217 " brevifolia 3 505 pratensis 1 217 rubra 216 scabrella 217 Shortii 2 [8 spicata 3 507 tend I a 1 216 unioloides 224 Ficaria 2 85 Ficaria 85, 103 ranunculoides 85 FlCOIDEAE seeAizoACEAE 1 597 Filago 3 395 Germanica 395 prolifera 395 Ftlices 1 1 Fimbristylis 1 259 autumnalis 260 Baldioiniana 260 capillaris 258 castanea 259 congest a 260 laxa 260 spadicea 259 Vahlii 260 Flaveria 3 444 angustifolia 444 Floerkea 2 385 proserpinacoides 385 Foeniculum 2 525 Foeniculuin 525 vulgare 525 Forcstiera a eit 111 in a la 2 603 Forsteronia diffbrmis 3 4 Fothergilla 2 192 alnifolia 192 Carolina 192 Garden i 192 Fragaria 2 206 Americana 207 Canadensis 206 Indira. 208 rubens 209 vesca 207 Fragaria Yirginiana 2 206 " lllinocnsis 206 Frangula Caroliniana 2 406 Franseria discolor 3 296 Hookcriana 296 tomentosa 297 Frasera 2 619 Carolinensis 619 Fraxinus 2 600 Americana 601 Caroliniana 602 lanceolata 601 nigra 601 Pennsylvanica 601 platycarpa 602 pubescens 601 quadrangulata 602 sambu cifol i a 602 viridis 601 Fritillaria 1 419 alba 422 atropurpurea 419 Froelichia 1 592 Floridana 592 gracilis 593 Fuirena 1 274 hispida 274 simplex 274 squarrosa 274 Ftjmariaceae 2 99 Furnaria 2 104, 108 Cucullaria 104 eximia 104 fungosa 105 officinalis 108 parviflora 108 sempcrvirens 105 Gaertneria 3 296 {Franseria) acanthicarpa 296 discolor 296 tomentosa 297 Gaillardia 3 451 aristata 452 lanceol: ta 451 pulchella 452 simplex suavis Galactia glabella mollis pilosa regularis volubilis Galax aphylla G a leg a see Cracca Galeopsis Ladanum Tetrahit Galinsoga parviflora " hispida Galium Anglicum Aparine and Arkansanum asprellum Bermudense boreale 452 452 2 335 335 336 336 335 336 2 583 584 292 292-3 3 92 92 92 3 442 442 442 3 218 219 var. 220 223 225 221 222 circaezans 222 " glabellum 222 " lauceolalum 221 " mon la nit in 222 Claytoni 3 224 concinnum 225 hispidulum 226 Kamtschaticutn 222 lanceolatum 221 latifolium 223 Liltcllii 222 Galium Mollugo 3 219 obi it sum 224 palustre 225 Parisiense 219 Parviflorum 225 pilosum 221 " puncticulosum 221 septentrionale 222 spurium 220 tinctorium 224 " filifolium 224 " Labradoricum 224 Torreyi 221 tricorne 3 220 trifidum 224 " bifolium 225 " latifolium 224 " pit si Hit 111 224 triflorum 223 Vaillantii 220 verum 218-19 virgatum 221 Galpinsia 2 495 ( Oenothera in part) Hartwegi 495 Gamopetalae 2 548 Gaultheria 2 571 procumbens 572 Gaura 2 496 biennis 497 coccinea 497 filipes 497 linifolia 499 Michauxii 497 parviflora 496 sinuata 498 villosa 498 Gaurella 2 493 guttulata 494 Gaylussacia 2 574 brachycera 575 dumosa 575 " hirtella 575 frondosa 574 resinosa 574 Gelsemium 2 604 nit id urn 605 sempervirens 605 Gemmingia 1 452 (Belamcanda) {Pardanthus) Chinensis 453 Genista 2 270 tinetoria 271 Gentiaxaceae 2 606 Gentiana 2 612 acuta 614 afHnis 615 alba 616-7 Amarella var. 2 614 Andrewsii 616 angustifolia 618 Catesbaei 616 Cenlanrium 607 crinita 612 detonsa 614 Elliottii 616 flavida 617 Grayi 617 linearis 617 " lanceolata 617 " latifolia 617 ochroleuca 618 Porphj-rio 618 propinqua 614 puberula 615 pulchella 608 purpurea 618 quinquefolia 615 " occidentalis 615 quinqucflora 615 ramosissima 608 rubricaulis 617 Saponaria 616 VOI,. III.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 539 Gentiana scaberrima 2 616 serrata 614 Spied lit 607 ventricosa 61.3 villosa 618 Geraniaceae 2 3)o Geranium 34o Bicknellii 343 Carolinianum 342 cicutarium 344 columbiiium 342 dissectum 343 ruaculatum 34i molle 344 pusillum 343 Robertianum 341 rotundifolium 342 Sibiricum 34i Gerardia 3 1/5 aspera 175 auriculata 178 Besseyana 177 densiflora 178 intermedia 176 linifolia 175 macrophylla 172 177 maritima 176 parvifolia 177 paupercula 176 purpurea 176 quercifolia 174 Skinneriana 177 tenuifolia 177 " asperula 177 see Dasystoma 173-4 Geum 2 209, 218 album 220 Canadense 220 Canadense 221 Carolinianum 220 ciliatum 219 flavuni 221 macrophyllum 221 Pcckii 219 radiatum 219 " Peckii 219 rivale 219 strictum 221 triflorum 219 urbanum 221 Glaux maritima Glecoma hederacea Gleditsia aquatica monosperma triacantbos vernum 220 Virginianum 220 Gifola 3 395 Germanica 395 Gilia 3 37 aggregata 39 eongesta 40 coronopifolia 38 gracilis 38 iberidifolia 40 inconspicua 39 linearis 42 longiflora 38 minima 42 pinnatifida 39 pumila 40 pungens 38, " caespitosa 3* [ spicata 39 tricolor 40 Gillen ia 2 197 stipulacea 198 irifoliata 198 Ginseng quinquefolium 2 507 trifolium 507 Gisopteris Pa I ma la 1 7 Glandularia bipinnalifida 3 72 Carolinensis 72 Glauciurrf 2 102 Glaucium 103 luteum 103 2 592 592 3 86 87 2 260 260 260 260 Glycerii 1 210-14 see Panicularia fin Hans ang. 3505 Glycine Apios 2 335 comosa 334 frutescens 294 monoica 334 tomentosa 336 umbel I a la 339 Glycyrrhiza 2 310 lepidota 310 Gnaphalium 3 400 alpinum 398 Car pat hie um 397 decurrens 401 dimorphum 400 dioicnm 398 Germanicum 395 Helleri 401 margaritaceum 400 Norvegicum 403 obtusifoliurn 401 palustre 402 polycephalum 401 purpureum 403 plantaginifolium 399 supinum 402 sylvatievxm 403 uliginosum 402 see Antennaria 3 397-400 Gonolobns 3 17-19 laevis 18 macrophyllus 17 see Vincetoxicum Gonopyrum Americanum 1 568 Goodyera see Peramiurn 1 474-5 Gordonia 2 427 Lasianthus 427 Gramixeae 1 94. Graphephorum 1 210 festucaceum 209 flexuosum 186 melicoideum 210 Gratiola 3 161 acuminata 160 aurea 162 Monniera 160 pilosa 163 sphaerocarpa 162 Virginiana 161 viscosa 162 Grindelia 3 320 lauceolata 321 nit da ' 321 squarrosa 321 " nuda 321 Grossulariaceae 2 187 Guilandina dioica 2 261 Gutierrezia 3 319 Euthamiae 320 Sarothrae 320 Gymnandra rubra 3 166 Gymnocladus 2 260 Canadensis 261 dioica 261 Gymnopogon 1 17S ambiguus 178 brevifolius 179 racemosus 178 Gymxospermae i 49 Gymuostiehum Hystrix Gypsophila muralis paniculata Gyrostachys {Spirant/ics) cernua gracilis lalifulia odorata plantaginea praecox RomanzofEana simplex Gyrotheca {Lachnanthes) capitata tincloria Habenaria 233 16 16 17 470 47i 472 470 47i 470 47i 470 472 442 443 443 460 (inc. Orchis in part) blephariglottis 1 465 bracteata 463 ciliaris 464, 465 clavellata 1 463 cristata 464 dilatata 462 fimbriata 466 flava 464 grandi flora 466 Hookeriana 461 hyperborea 462 integra 463 lacera 465 leucophaea 465 uivea 462 obtusata 461 orbiculata 461 peramoena 466 psycodes 466 tridentata 463 virescens 464 Z'iridis 463 Haemodoraceaei 442 Halenia Brentoniana 2 620 de/le. va 620 Halesia Carolina 2 598 felraplera 598 Haloragidaceae 2 500 Hamamelidaceae 2 192 Hamamelis 2 192, 193 Virginiana 2 193 " Carol ilia 192 Hamiltonia oleifera 1 537 Hartmannia 2 492 ( Oenothera in part ) speciosa 492 Hedeoma 3 105 c Hi at a 106 Drummondii 106 glabra 109 hirta 106 hispida 106 pulegioides 106 Hedera quinquefolia 2 413 Hedyosmos 0riga710id.es 3 116 Hedyotis see Houstonia 3 312-14 Hedysarum 2 311 acuminatum 314 alpinum Amer. 311 Americanum 311 boreale 311 ciliare 321 lineatum 315 Mackenzii 311 pedunculatum 285 Virginicum 312 Hedysarum volubile 2 336 see Meibomia 2 314-20 " Lespedeza 322-4 Heleaslrum paludosum 3 375 Helenieae 3 301 Helenium 450 autumnale 450 " pubescens 450 nudiflorum 450 pubescens 450 tenuifolium 451 Heleochloa 1 147 (Crypsis) schoenoides 147 Helianthemum 2 439 Canadense 440 corymbosum 440 majus 439 Heliantheae 3 300 Helianthus 3 421 angustifolius 422 annuus 422 atrorubens 423 decapetalus 427 divaricatus 426 doronicoides 426 giganteus 425 " crinitus 422 " subtuberosus 425 grosse-serratus 425 hirsutus 428 " trachyphyllus 428 laetiflorus 428 laevigatus 424 laevis 436 macrophyllus 427 Maximiliani 425 microcephalus 424 mollis 3 426, 427 Nuttallii 426 occidentalis 424 orgyalis 422 pari'ijlorus 424 patens 423 petiolaris 423 canescens " canus " patens rigidus scaberrimus subtuberosus strumosus 423 423 423 423 423 425 427 " macrophyllus 427 " mollis 427 tomentosus 428 tracheliifolius 427 tuberosus 429 " subcanescens 429 Heliopsis 3412 helianthoides 412 laevis and var. 412-13 scabra 413 Heliosciadium leplophyllum 2 534 Heliotropium 3 51 convolvulaceum 52 Curassavicum 52 Europaeum 51 Indicum 53 tenellum 52 Helleborus 2 52-53 hyemalis 2 53 orientalis 52 trifolius 54 viridis 53 He! mint ha echioides 3 267 Helonias 1 401 asphodeloides 401 bullata 402 graminea 403 Hemerocallis 1 410 flava 411 54° GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES [Vol. III. Hemerocallis fulva Hemianihus inicranthemoid.es 3 164 Hemicarpha inicrantha sitbsqnarrosa Hendecandra Texensis 1 411 275 2/5 275 2 363 Hepatica 2 65 acuta 66 acutiloba 66 Hepatica 65 triloba 65 Heracleum 2 513 lanatuni 514 Herpes lis 3 159 amplexicaulis 160 cuneifolia 160 Monniera 160 nigrescens 160 See Monniera 3 160-1 Hesperis 2 154 pinnatifida 123 matronalis 154 Heteranthera 1 379 dubia 380 graminea 380 limosa 380 reniformis 380 Heterotheca 3 321 Lamarckii 322 subaxillaris 322 Heuchera 2 178 Americana 179 hispida 180 " hirsuticaulis 180 pubescens 179 Richardsonii 180 Rugelii 178 villosa 179 Hexaphoma petiolaris 2 176 Hexalectris 1 480 {Bletia) aphyllus 481 squamosus 481 Hibiscus 2 424 lasiocarpus 425 militaris 425 Moscheutos 424 roseus 424 Syriacus 426 Trionum 425 Virginicus 424-5 Hicoria 1 484 (Carya) alba 1 486 aquatica 485 borealis 3 512 Carolinae-septentrio- nalis 3 511 glabra 1 487 " hirsuta 3 512 " odorata 1 486 " villosa 3 512 laciniosa 1 486 microcarpa 486 minima 485 pallida 3 512 ovata 1 485 Pecan 484 sulcata 486 villosa 3 512 " pallida 512 Hieracium 3 282 aurantiacum 284 barbatum 287 Canadense 286 Greenii 285 Gronovii 287 longipilum 287 Marianum 285 molle 283 3 283 286 283 283 284 284 280 287 285 286 285 283 132 132 132 Hieracium murorum paniculatum Pilosella " Peleterianum praealtum pratense rnncinaliim scabrum spathulaium umbellatum venosum vulgatutn Hierochloa alpina borealis pauciflora HlPPOCASTANACEAE 2 40O Hippuris 2 501 maritima 501 tetraphylla 501 vulgaris 501 Hoffmanseggia 2 259 Falcaria 259 Jamesii 259 stricta 259 Holcus 1 168 alp inns 132 Halepensis 1 04 lanatus 168 laxns 197 odoratus 132 Holosteum 2 28 umbellatum 28 Homalobus 2 305 (Astragalus in part) caespitosus 306 montanus 306 mnltiflorus 305 tenellus 305 Homalocenchrus 1 128 {Leersia) lenticularis 129 oryzoides 129 Virginicus 129 Homotropa macranthum 1 539 Honkenya peplotdes 2 36 Hopea tine tor ia 2 597 Hordeum 1 228 jubatum 229 murinum 229 nodosum 228 pratense 228 pusillum 229 Hosackia Purshiana 2 280 Hottonia 2 586 inflata 586 Houstonia 3 212 angustifolia 215 ciliolata 214 coerulea 212 Linnaei minor 213 longifolia 214 minima 213 minor 213 patens 213 purpurea 214 " calycosa 214 " pubescens 214 serpyllifolia 213 tenui folia 215 Hudsonia 2 440 ericoides 441 tomentosa 4+1 Humulus 1 529 Lupulus 530 Hutchinsia 2 138 procumbens 138 Hyacinthus botryoides 1 424 Hyacinthus racemosus 1 425 Hydrangea 2 184 arborescens 184 " Kanawhana 184 nivea 185 radiata 185 vulgaris 184 Hydrastis 2 50 Canadensis 50 Carolinensis 72 Hydrocharis cordifolia 1 94 Spongia 94 Hydrocotyle 2 521, 539 ambigua 2 540 Americana 540 Asiatica 541 Canbyi 540 Chinensis 521 interrupla 540 lineata 521 natans 541 ranunculoides 541 repanda 541 umbellata 539 " ambigua 540 verticillata 540 Hydro lea Caroliniana 3 50 see Nama 3 49-50 Hydropeltis purpurea 2 42 Hydrophyllaceae 3 43 Hydrophyllum 43 appendiculatum 44 Canadense 44 macrophyllum 44 Virginicum 43 Hymenatherum aureum 3 453 Hymenocallis 1 444 occidentalis 445 Hymenolobus divaricattis 2 138 Hymenopappus 3 445 Carolinensis 445 corymbosus 445 filifolms 446 flavescens 446 scabiosaeus 445 tenuifolius 446 Hymenophyllaceae 1 6 Hymenoxys linearifolia 3 448 odorata 449 Hyoscyamus 3 138 niger 138 Hyosens Caroliniana 3 264 minima 265 Virginica 264 Hypericaceae 2 427 Hypericum 2 427, 429 adpressum 431 angulosum 432 Ascyron 429 boreale 434 ca mpa n u la turn 436 Canadense 435 corymbosum 433 densiflorum 430 dolabriforme 432 Drummondii 435 ellipticum 432 galioides 431 graveolens 433 gymnanthum 434 Kalmianum 430 Lasianthus 427 maculatum 433 majus 435 mutilum 434 Hypericum nudicaule 2 436 perforatum 433 petiolatum 437 prolificum 430 Pyra m ida I u m 429 Sarothra 436 sphaerocarpum 431 virgatum 432 " ovalifolium 432 Virginicum 4^6 Hypochaeris 3 265 glabra 265 radicata 265 Hypopeltis obtusa 1 11 Hypopitys 2 556 Hypopitys 556 Monotropa 556 Hypoporum verticillalum 1 283 Hypoxis 1 445 erecta 446 hirsuta 446 Hyssopus 3 no anisatus 85 officinalis no See Agastache 84-5 Hystrix 1 233 (Asprella) Hystrix 233 Ilex 2 390 Amelanchier var. 392 Cassine 2 391 c or i ace a 3 519 Dahoon 2 391 decidua 392 glabra 391 laevigata 393 lucida 3 519 mollis 2 392 montana 392 rnonticola 392 opaca 390 verticillata 392 " pad i folia 393 " tenuifolia 393 vomitoria 391 Ilicaceae 2 390 Ilicioides 2 393 (Nemopanthes) mucronata 393 Ilysanthes 3 163 attenuata 164 gratioloides 163 " cur ti pedicel. 164 riparia 163 Impatiens 2 403 aurea 404 bifiora 403 fulva 403 pallida 404 Imperatoria 2 514 Ostruthium 515 Indigofera 2 292 leptosepala 292 Inula 3 404 divaricata 330 ericoides 383 falcala 323 gossypina 323 graminifolia 322 Helenium 404 Mariana 323 subaxillaris 322 Inuleae 3 300 Iodanthus 2 123 ( Thely podium in part) hespendoides 123 pinnatifidus 123 Ionactis 3 393 ( Diphipappus in part) linariifolius 393 Ionidium Vol. hi.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 5*1 Ionidium lineare 2 456 polygalaefolium 456 Ipomoea 3 22 Carolina 23 coccinea 22 commuiata 23 hederacea 24 lacunosa 23 leptophylla 24 Nyctelea 45 pandurata 23 purpurea 24 Quamoclit 22 trichocarpa 23 Iresine 1 593 celosioides 593 paniculata 593 Iridaceae 1 447 Iris 1 447 aphylla 450 Caroliniana 449 cristata 45 1 cuprea 450 Duerinckii 450 fulva 450 Germanica 450 gracilis 450 hexagona 448 Hookeri 449 lacustris 451 Missouriensis 449 prismatica 450 Pseudacorus 451 verna 452 versicolor 448 Virginica 448, 450 Isanthus 3 77 ( Trichostema in part) brachiatus 77 coeruleus 77 Isnardia 2 476 {Ludwigia in part) palustris 476 ISOETACEAE I 45 Isoetes 45 Braunii 46 Butleri 48 Dodgei 3 495 Eatoni 495 echinospora 1 46 Engelmanni 48 foveolata 3 495 lacustris 1 46 macrospora 46 melanopoda 48 muricata 47 riparia 47 saccharata 47 Tuckermani 46 Isopappus 3 329 divaricatus 330 Isopyrum 2 54 biternatum 54 trifolium 54 Itea 2 187 Virginica 187 Iva 3 292 annua 293 axillaris 293 ciliata 293 frutescens 292 imbricata 293 xanthiifolia 294 Ixia acuta 1 452 Chinensis 453 Ixophorus 1 125 ( Seta ria ) glaucus 126 Italicus 127 verticiilatus 126 viridis 126 Jacksonia trachysperma 2 158 Jatropha 2 368 Jussiaea stiniulosa 369 diffusa 2 480 Jeffersonia 2 92 repens 480 Barton is 92 Justicia binata 92 bracliiala 3 205 diphylla 92 Kallstroemia 2 352 JUGLANDACEAE 1 483 maxima 352 Juglans . 483 Kalmia 2 563 cinerea 484 angustifolia 563 nigra 483 glauca 564 tomentosa 486 hirsuta 564 see Hicoria 1 484- latifolia 564 JUNCACEAE 1 381 " myrtifolia 564 Juncoides 1 396 Keerlia {Luzula) skirrobasis 3 349 campestre 398 Kentrophyta hyperboreum 398 monlana 2 306 nemorosum 397 viridis 306 nivale 398 Knautia parviflorum 397 arvensis 3 249 pilosum 396 Kneiffia 2 489 spicatum 397 (0 Enothera in part) Juncus 1 381 Alleni 2 490 acuminatus 395 fruticosa 491 at pi mis 391 " pilosella 491 aristulatus 388 glauca 491 articulatus 391 linearis 490 as per 392 linifolia 489 Balticus 384 longipedicellata 490 biglumis 389 pumila 491 brachycarpus 393 Kobresia 1 284 brachycephalus 394 bipartita 284 bufonius 385 caricina 284 bulbosus 390 scirpina 284 Caesariensis 392 Kochia 1 581 campestris 398 Americana 58i Canadensis 394 a triplici/olia 577 castaneus 389 Scoparia 58i conglomeratus 383 Koeleria 1 193 debilis 395 cristata 194 dichotomus 387 nitida 194 diffusissimus 396 Pennsylvanica 193 effusus 382, 383 Koellia 3 in Engelmarini 1 393 (inc. Pycnanthemum filiformis 383 and Brachy sternum) Gerard i 385 albescens 3 "4 Greenei 387 aristata I!3 gymnocarpus 383 clinopodioides "3 Leersii 383 flexuosa in longistylis 388 hyssopifolia "3 maritimus 384 incana 114 marginatus 388 montana "5 megacephalus399, 394 mutica 115 militaris 1 39i pilosa 112 nemorosus 397 pycnanthemoides 114 nodosus 392 verticillata 112 parviflorus 397 Virginiana 112 pelocarpus 390 Koenigia pilosus 396 Islandica 1 542 polycephalus 393 Koniga 2 153 repens 388 ( Alyssum in part) Richardsonianus 391 maritima 153 robustus 395 Korycarpus I I96 Roemerianus 3S4 ( Diarrliena) scirpoides 393 arundinaceus 196 secundus 386 diandrus 196 setaceus 1 387 Kosteletzkya 2 423 Smithii 383 Virginica 424 s pica t us 397 Krameriaceae 2 261 stygius 389 Krameria 2 26l subtilis 390 secundiflora 261 tenuis 386 Kraunhia 2 293 Torreyi 392 ( Wisteria') trifidus 385 frutescens 294 triglumis 390 macrostachys 3 517 Vaseyi 386 Krigia Juniperus 1 59 amplexicaulis 3 263 communis 59 Caroliniana 264 nana 60 Dandelion 264 Sabina 60 occidentalis 264 Sibirica 60 opposilifolia 263 Virginiana 60 Virginica 264 Jussiaea 2 480 Krynitzkia 3 56 brachycarpa 478 crassisepala 57 decurrens 480 Fen leri 57 Krynitzkia glomerata 3 58 Jamesii 58 sericea 58 Kuhnia 3 314 eupatorioides 314 " corymbulosa 315 glutinosa 315 suaveolens 315 Kuhnistera 2 289 {Petaloslemon) Candida 2 289, 290 " occidentalis 2 290 compacta 289 foliosa 291 multiflora 290 oligophylla 290 purpurea 290 tenuifolia 291 villosa 291 Kyllinga 1 247 pumila 247 Kyllingia macula la 1 275 ovularis 245 Labiatae 3 74 Laclinanthes tinctoria 1 443 Lachnocaulon 1 373 anceps 373 Mic/iauxii 373 Lacinaria 3 315 ( Lialris) acidota 317 cylindracea 316 elegans 316 graminifolia 318 " pilosa 318 punctata 316 pycnostachya 317 scariosa 317 " squarrulosa 317 spicata 318 " pumila 318 squarrosa 315 " intermedia 316 Lactuca 3 273 acuminata 275 Canadensis 274 " montana 274 elongata vars. 274 Floridana 275 hirsuta 274 integrifolia 274-5 leucophaea 3 276 " integrifolia 276 Ludoviciana 273 pulchella 275 sagittifolia 274 sanguinea 274 Scariola 273 spicata 276 " integrifolia 276 villosa 275 Lamiaceae 3 74 Lamium 94 album 95 amplexicaule 94 hispiduluni 91 maculatum 95 purpureum 94 Laportea Canadensis 1 533 Lappa major 3 483 minor 484 tomentosa 483 Lappago racemosa 1 105 Lappula 3 54 ( Ech inosperm u m ) Americana 3 56 floribunda 55 Lappula 54 Myosotis 54 542 GENERAL INDEX OE LATIN NAMES. [Voi,. III. Lappula Tex an a 3 55 Virginiana 55 Lapsana 3 262 communis 262 Larix 1 54 Americana 54 laricina 54 Lathyrus 2 329 decapli3rllus 33 1 glaucifolius 332 linearis 326 maritimus 330 myrtifolius 33i " macranibus 33 1 ochroleucus 332 ornatus 33i palustris 330 polymorphus 33 [ pratensis 332 venosus 330 Latraceae 2 95 Laurus Benzoin 98 Borbonia 96 Carolinensis var. 96 geniculata 97 melissaefolia 98 Sassafras 97 Lavauxia 2 493 {OEnolhera in part) braehycarpa 493 triloba 493 " Watson ii 493 Leavenworthia 2 134 Michauxii 135 torulosa 135 uniflora 135 Lechea 2 441 intermedia 444 juniperina 444 Leggettii 443 major 439, 442 maritima 443 minor 442-3 Novae-Caesareae 442 racemulosa 2 442 stricta 444 tenuifolia 443 thymifolia 442-3 villosa 442 Ledum 2 557 buxifoliu m 562 Groenlandicum 557 latifolium 557 palustre 557 Leersia see Homalocenchrus 1 129 Legouzia 3 255 {Specularia) bi flora 256 leptoearpa 256 perfoliata 256 Legumixosae 2 262 Leiophyllum buxifolium 2 562 Leitneriaceae 1 489 Leitneria 489 Floridana 489 LEMNACEAE 1 365 Lemna 365 Angolensis 365 gibba 367 minima 3 509 minor 1 366 paucicostata 365 perpusilla 366 polyrhiza 365 trisulca 366 Valdiviana 366 Lemolrys hyacinthina 1 423 Lentibulackak 3 188 Leon lice Leon I ice lhaliclroides 2 Leontodon 3 autumnale Carolinianum hirtum nudieaule Taraxacum Leonurus 3 Cardiaca Marrubiastrum Sibiricus Lejmchys 3 columnaris " pulcherrima pinnata Tagetes Lepargyraea 2 (Skep/ierdia) argentea Canadensis rotundifolia Lepidanche compositarum Lepidanthus phylla n thoides Lepidium apetalum campestre didymum Draba intermedium. medium procumbens ruderale sativutn Virginieum Leptamnium ( Epiphegus) Virginianum 197 Leptandra 3 171 ( Veronica in part) Virginica 3 171 Leptanthus 1 380 see Heteranthera 1 380 Leptilon 3 390 Erigeron in part 9l 266 266 279 266 266 271 92 93 93 93 418 4i9 419 418 419 467 468 467 467 3 31 3 518 2 no 112 in 113 in 112 112 138 in, 112 112 112 3 197 Canadense divaricatum Leptocaulis divaricalus echinatus patens Leptochloa mucronata Lcptodactylon caespilosum Leptoglottis Leptopoda brachvpoda Leptorchis (Li pari s) liliifolia Loeselii Leptoseris sonckoides Lepturus filiformis pa nicn tains Lespedeza angustifolia capitata " sericea frutescens birta, and var. leptostachya longifolia Nuttallii polystachya procumbens repens reticulata striata 39i 391 537 537 527 182 182 3? 255 450 476 476 477 3 270 1 225 226 179 2 321 324 324 324 323-4 324 2 325 324 322 324 322 321 323 325 Stuvei, and vars. 323 Lespedeza violacea 2 322 " angustifolia 323 Virginica 323 Lesquerella 2 136 ( Vesicaria in part) arctica 138 " Purshii 138 argentea 137 Kngelmanni 137 globosa 136 gracilis 137 Ludoviciana 137 ovalifolia 137 spathulata 136 Leucanlhemum arcticum 3 457 vulgare 457 Leucelene 3 383 (Aster in part) ericoides 383 Leucocrinum 1 411 montanum 411 Leucophysalis grandiflora 3 133 Leucopsidium Arkansanum 3 349 Leucothoe 2 566 axillaris 566 Catesbaei 567 racemosa 567 recurva 567 spicata 567 spinulosa 567 Liatris see Lacinaria 3 315-18 gramtni folia 316-318 " dubia 3 318 intermedia 316 odoralissima 319 paniculata 319 pumila 318 spicata " montana 318 squarrulosa 317 Ligusticum 2 519 actaeifolium 519 Canadense 519 Scoticum 519 Ligustrum 2 604 vulgare 604 Lilaeopsis 2 520 ( Crantzia) lineata 521 Liliaceae 1 410 Lilium 1 416 andinum 417 Canadense 417 Carolinianum 418 Catesbaei 417 Grayi 418 Philadelphicum 416 superbum 417, 418 tigrinum 419 umbellatum 417 I.IMNANTHACEAE 2 385 Limnanthemum 2 622 aquaticum 623 lacunosum 622 nymphaeoides 623 trachyspermum 623 Limnobium 1 94 Spongia 94 Limodorum 1 480 (Calopogon) praecox 471 tuberosum 480 unifolium 480 Limonium 2 594 (Stat ice) Carolinianum 594 Limosella 3 164 aquatica 165 austral is 165 calycina 160 Limosella tenuifolia LlN'ACEAE Linaria Canadensis Cymbalaria E la Una genistaefolia Linaria repens spuria striata vulgaris Lindera Benzoin mehssaefolia Lindernia atlenuata Linnaea boreal is Linosyris Hozuardi Linum Boottii catharticum diffusum Floridanum humile Lewisii medium perenne rigidum simplex striatum sulcatum usitatissimum Virginianum Liparis liliifolia Loeselii Lipocarpha maculata Lippia cuneifolia lanceolata nodiflora Liquidambar asplenifolia peregrina Styraciflua Liriodendron Tulipifera Lisianthus glaucifolius Russellianus Listera australis convallarioides cordata reniformis Lithospermum angustifolium arvense canescens Carolinianum Gmelini hirtum latifolium officinale pilosum teiuituiu Torreyi Virginianum Li I sea geniculata Littorella lacuslris uniflora LOASACEAE Lobelia amoena " glandulifera Canbyi cardinalis Dortmanna 3 165 2 348 3 H5 146 144 145 146 146 147 145 147 146 2 98 98 3 164 3 234 235 3 326 2348 35o 35i 35o 35o 348 349 349 349 35i 350 350 350 348 349 476 477 275 275 72 73 73 73 193 489 489 193 49 49 2 612 612 1 472 473 473 473 3 5ii 3 63 65 63 65 65-6 65 65 64 64 64 52 64 67 97 211 211 211 458 257 258 258 261 258 257 Vol. III.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 543 Lobelia glandulosa 3 259 gracilis 261 inflata 260 Kalmii 260 leptostacliys 3 260 Nuttallii ' 261 paludosa 257 puberula 259 spicata 259 " hirtella 259 " parviflora 259 syphilitica 258 " Ludoviciana 258 Lobular ia 2 153 Loeflingia 2 38 Texana 38 LOGANIACEAE 2 604 Loiseleuria procumbens 2 563 Lolium 1 225 perenne 225 temulentum 225 Lonicera 3 237 Caprifoliuru 237 ciliata 241 coerulea 240 Diervilla 242 dioica 238 Douglasii 238 flava 239 glauca 238 glaucescens 238 grata 237 hirsuta 238 involucrata 242 Japonica 240 Marylandica 2 605 oblongi folia 3 240 parviflora 238 sempervirens 239 Sullivantii 239 Symphoricarpos 236 Tatarica 241 Xylosteum 241 Lophanthus see Agastache 3 84-5 anisalus 85 Lophiocarpus 1 86-7 Lophiola 1 446 Americana 446 aurea 446 Lophotocarpus 1 86 (Sagittaria in part) calycinus 87 LORANTHACEAE I 534 Lotus 2 279 (inc. Hosackia) American us 280 corniculatus 280 sericeus 280 Lowellia aurea Ludwigia alata alternifolia " linearifolia arena I a cylindrica decurrens glandulosa hirtella linearis palustris polycarpa rudis sphaerocarpa Ludwigiantha ( Ludwigia in arcuata Lunaria annua biennis rediviva Lupinus 3 453 2 477 47S 479 479 477 478 480 478 479 479 476 478 477 477 2 476 part) 477 2 133 134 134 133 2 268 Lupinus Lythrum argenteus 2 269 petiolatum 2 473 argophyllus 269 Salicaria 473 decutnbeus 269 verticillatum 471 ornatitSY'Ar. glab. 269 Vulneraria 472 perennis and var. 269 Machaeranthera 3 384 Plattensis 269 sessilifiora 384 pusillus 270 tanacetifolia 384 Luzula Madura see Juncoides 1 396 auran/iara 1 529 Lychnis^ 2 13 Macounastium 1 54' affinis 15 Island i cum 542 alba 13 Macrocalyx 3 45 alpina 7 ( Ellisia ) apetala 15 Nyctelea 45 Chalcedonica 14 Magnoliaceae 2 47 Coronaria 16 Magnolia 2 47 dioica 14 acuminata 48 dinrna 14 auriculata 47 Drummondii 15 Fraseri 47 Flos-cuculi 14 glauca 48 Gilhago 7 macrophylla 47 vespertina 13 tripetala 48 Lycium 3 137 umbrella 48 Barbarum var 138 Virginian a 48 vulgare 138 Mahonia Lycopersicon 3 137 re pens 2 90 (Solatium in part, Maianthemum Lycopersicum) Canadense 1 431 esculent ion 137 Mairania 2 572 Lycopersicon 137 ( A rctostaphylos in Lycopodiaceae 1 39 part) Lycopodium 1 39 alpina 573 alpinum 42 Malachodendron alopecuroides 4i ovatum 2 427 annotinum 42 Malapoenna 2 97 apodnni 45 ( Tetranthera, Lit sea) Carolinianum 43 geniculata 97 clavatum 43 Malacothrix 3 269 complanatum . 43 sonchoides 270 dendroideum 4i Malaxis inundatum 41 unifolia 1 476 lucidulum 40 Malus 2 234 obscurum 4i angustifolia 234 rupestre 44 coronaria 235 sabinaefolium 42 Ioensis 235 selaginoides 44 Malus 236 Selago 40 Soulardi 235 Lycopsis 3 68 Malvaceae 2 415 arvensis 68 Malva 2 416 Virginica 63 Alee a 417 Lycopus 3 n6 Caroliniana 423 Americanus 117 coccinea 421 Europaeus 118 crispa 417 "' vars. 117 involucrata 419 lucidus 118 moschata 417 rubellus 117 rotundifolia 416, 417 sessilifolius 117 sylvestris 416 sinualns 117 triangulata 419 Virginicus 116 verticillata 417 Lygodesmia 3 276 Malvastrum 2 420 juncea 276-7 angustum 420 minor 268 coccineum 421 rostrata 277 Malveopsis Lygodium 1 7 hispid a 2 420 palmatum 7 3fa miliaria Lyonia Nuttallii 2 462 ligustrina 2 57o see Cactus 2 462 Lysimachia 2 587 Manisuris I IOO hybrida 59o rugosa IOO longifolia 591 Marantaceae 1 454 Nummularia 589 Mariana 3 490 punctata 588 ( Carduus in part) quadrifolia 588 Silyb 11 m stricta 588 Mariana 490 terrestris 588 Ma rise us thyrsi flora 591 cylindricus 1 245 vulgaris 587 echinatus 246 see Steironema 589-90 Marrubium 3 »3\ Lythraceae 2 468 vulgare 84 Lythrum 2 471 Marshallia 3 443 alatum 472 caespitosa 443 Hyssopifolia 471 latifolia 443 Kennedyanum 472 trinerva 443 lineare 472 Marsileaceae 1 33 Marsilea 1 33 mucronata 34 natans 34 quadrifolia 33 vestita 34 Martyniaceae 3 200 Martynia 200 Louisiana 201 proboscidea 201 Marula Colula 3 455 Mat our ea nigrescens 3 160 Matricaria 3 458 asteroidea 352 Chamomilla 459 disco idea 460 glaslifolia 352 grandiflora 459 inodora 459 matricarioides 460 Parthenium 458 Mayacaceae 1 367 Mayaca 368 Aubleti 368 Michauxii 368 Meconopsis diphylla 2 102 Medeola 1 435 Virginiana 435 Medicago 2 271 Arabica 273 denticulata 272 lupulina 272 maculata 273 sativa 272 Virginica 323 Meehania 3 85 ( Cedronella in part ) cordata 86 Megapterium 2 494 ( OEnothera in part) Fremontii 495 Missouriense 494 Meibomia 2 313 (Destnodium) angustifolia 2 318 arenicola 315 bracteosa 317 Canadensis 320 canescensandvar. 317 Dillenii 319 Floridana 318 glabella 316 grandiflora 314 Illinoensis 319 laevigata 318 longifolia 317 Marylandica 320 Michauxii 315 nudiflora 314 obtusa 321 ochroleuca 315 paniculata, vars. 318 pauci flora 314 rhombifolia 318 rigida 320 rotundifolia 315 sessilifolia 316 stricta 316 viridiflora 319 Melampodium 3 403 cinereum 406 Melampyrum 3 187 Americanum [88 latifolium 188 lineare Melanthaceae 1 399 Melanthium 406 glaucum 405 hybrid inn 407 latifolium 407 muscaetoxicum 403 parviflorum 407 racemosum 400 544 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Vol.. III. Melanthium Virginicum I 406 Melastomaceae 2 473 Melica 1 194 altissima 195 diffusa 195 mutica 195 parvi flora 195 Porteri 19s Smithii 172 Melilotus 2 273 alba 273 Indica 274 officinalis 274 vulgaris 273 Melissa 3 107 Clinopodium 108 officinalis 107 pulegioid.es 106 see Clinopodium 108-9 Melothria 3 250 pendula 250 Menispermaceae 2 93 Menispermum 2 93, 94 Canadense 94 Ca?-oliniim 94 Lyoni 93 Mentha 3 118 alopecuroides 120 aquatica 121 arvensis 121 borealis 122 Canadensis 122 ' c glabrala 122 citrata 119 erispa 121 gentilis 122 longifolia 120 Palrinii 124 piperita 119 rotundifolia 120 sativa 122 spicata 119 sylvestris 1 20 viridis 119 Mentzelia 2 458 albicaulis 459 a n rea 458 decapetala 459 laevicaulis 459 nuda 458 oligosperma 458 ornata 459 Menyanthaceae 2 621 Menyanthes 2 621 nymphaeoides 42, 623 pel lata 2 42 trachysperma 623 trifoliata 622 Menziesia 2 56 c ferruginea var. 562 glabella 562 globularis 562 pilosa 562 taxifolia 565 Merimea Tex ana 2 438 Meriolix 2 495 (OEnolhera in part) serrulata and var. 496 Mertensia 3 59 lanceolata 60 ma rili ma 59 paniculata 60 Virginica 60 Mesadenia 3 473 (Cacalia in part) atriplicifolia 474 reniformis 473 tuberosa 471 Mespilus Azarolus 2 240 cornifolia 241 Mespilus hycmalis 2 244 see Amelanchier 237-9 Aronia 2 236-7 Crataegus 241-3 Micrampelis 3 251 ( Echinocyslis) lobata 251 Micranthemum 3 164 micranthemoides 164 Nutlallii 164 Microslylis monophylla 1 475 ophioglossoid.es 476 Mikania scandens 3 313 Milium 1 141 amph ica rpo n no cilialum no co mp ress urn 1 09 effusum 141 punctatum no Milla coerulea 1 416 Milleria angustifolia 3 444 Mimosaceae 2 254 Mimosa filicitloides 2 254 Illinoensis 255 Intsia 256 Mimulus 3 157 alatus 158 guttatus 158 Jamesii 158 moschatus 159 ringens 157 Mitchella 3 216 repens 216 Mitella 2 180 diphylla 180 nuda 181 Mitreola 2 605 petiolata 606 Modiola 2 423 Caroliniana 423 multifida 423 Moehringia 2 35 lateriflora 35 macrophylla 35 Moenchia 2 28-29 ere eta 29 Mohrodendron 2 598 ( Halesia ) Carolinum 598 Molinia 1 187 coerulea 187 Mollugo 1 598 verticillata 598 Momordica echinala 3 251 Monarda 3 102 arista la 104 Bradburiana 104 cilia la 105 citriodora 104 Clinopodia 102 clinopodioides 104 didyma 102 fistulosa 103 " rubra 103 hirsuta 105 media 103 mollis 103 punctata 104 scabra 103 Monardella montana 3 115 Moneses 2 552 grand 1 flora 553 uni flora 553 Monniera 3 159 (f/erpeslis) acuminata 160 amplexicaulis 160 Monniera Myrica Caroliniana 3 160 cerifera 1 488 Monniera 160 Gale 487 rotundifolia 161 Myriophyllum 2 502 MONOCOTYLEDONE! alterniflorum 503 1 62 a?nbiguum 504 Monolepis 1 577 Farwellii 504 chenopodioides 577 heterophyllum 504 Nuttalliana 577 humile 504 Monopetalae 2 548 nu d uni 503 MONOTROPACEAE 2 554 pinnatum 504 Monotropa 555 proserpinacoides 505 Hypopitys 556 scabralum 504 procera 554 spicatum 503 uni flora 555 tenellum 503 Monotropsis 2 555 verticillatuni 503 (Schweinilzia) Myriopteris odorata 555 gracilis 1 3i Montia 2 2-4 Myrrhis Chamissonis 3 C l ay t on i 2 530 fontana 4 longislylis 530 Morongia 2 255 Nabalus 3 288 {Schrankia) ( Prenanlhes in part) angustata 256 albus 289 uncinata 256 altissimus 288 Moraceae 1 527 asper 291 Morus 527 Boottii 290 alba 528 crepidineus 291 papyri/era 529 Fraseri 289 rubra 528 integrifolius 289 Muhlenbergia 1 141 nanus 290 ambigua H3 racemosus 291 capillaris 145 " pinnatifidus 291 cornata 144 serpentarius 289 debilis 145 " integrifolius 289 diffusa 144 trifoliolatus 289 erecla 146 virgatus 290 glomerata T43 Naiadaceae 1 65 gracillima 145 Naias 80 Mexicana 142 flexilis 81 microsperma 145 gracillima 81 pungens 146 Guadalupensis 81 racemosa J43 Indica 81 sobolifera 142 major 80 sylvatica 143 marina 80 tenuiflora 144 Nama 3 49 Willdenovii 144 ( Hydrolea ) Mulgedium affinis 49 acuminatum 3 275 ovata 50 Floridanum 275 quadrivalvis 50 leucophaeum 276 Napaea 2 419 Munroa 1 183 dioica 420 squarrosa 183 hernia ph rodita 422 Muscari 1 424 Nardosmia botryoides 424 palmata 3 469 racemosum 425 sagittal a 470 Musenion Nardua 1 224 see Musineon 2 527 stricta 224 Musineon 527 Narthecium divaricatum 527 Americanum 1 401 tenuifolium 527 glutinostim 400 trachyspermum 527 ossifragum 401 Myagrum 3 5i4 pubens 400 argenleum 2 137 Nasmythia panicu latum 140 articulata 1 37i perfoliatum 3 5'4 Nasturtium sativum 2 139 amphibium 2 127 Myosotis 3 61 A rmoracia 121 arvensis 62 curvisiliqua 126 Lapp u la 54 l/ispidum 125 laxa 62 lacustre 127 palustris 61 natans var. Amer. 127 scorpioides vars . 61-2 obi u sum 2 124 suffrulicosa 3 58 officinale 126 verna 63 palustre 125 Virginiana 55 " hispid um 125 Virgin ica 63 sessiliflorum 126 versicolor 62 sinualuvi 124 Myosurus 2 71 sphaeroca rpu m 125 minimus 7i sylvestre 124 Shortii 7i terrestre 125 Myricaceae 1 487 Naumbergia 2 591 Myrica 487 (Lysimachia in part) asplenifolia 489 guttata 59i Carolinensis 488 thyrsiflora 59i Vol. III.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 545 Navarretia 3 42 Nymphaea Ophioglossom Osmunda ( Gilia in part) tuberosa 2 44 vulgatum 1 2, 3 494 Lunaria 1 3 minima 42 Nyssa 2 546 Ophiorhiza rrgalis 5 Nazia 1 105 aquatica 547 Mitreola 2 606 Struthiopteris 9 ( Tragus) bi flora 547 Ophrys tcrnala 3 racemosa 105 mult (flora 547 cernua 1 471 I 'irginiana 4 Neckeria 2 105 sylvatica 547 Corallorhiza 478 Ostrya 1 507 Negundo it 11 1 : flora 547 cor da la 473 Virginiana 507 aceroides 2 400 Oakesia 2 383 hliifolia 476 Virginica 507 Negundo 400 puberula 1 410 Loeselii 477 Oxalidaceae 2 344 Neillia sessilifolia 409 monopliyllos 475 Oxalis 345 opuli folia 2 195 Obolaria 2 620 0 pi 0 thee a Acetosella 345 Nelumbium Caroliniana 3 160 Florida na 1 592 corniculata 346 luteum 2 45 Virginica 2 620 Opulaster 2 195 cymosa 347 speciosum 46 Ocitnum {Physocarpa) filipes 346 Nelumbo 2 45 frulescens 3 123 {Neillia) grandis 347 lutea 45 Odontites 3 183 opulifolius T95 recurva 347 Nelumbo 46 (Barlsia in part) Opuntia 2 462 stricta 346 nucifera 46, Odontites 183 arborescens 465 violacea 345 Nemastylis 1 452 OE)ianthe Camanchica 464 Oxybaphus acuta 452 ambigua 2 513 fragilis 464 see Allionia 1 594-6 gemmiftora 452 Jiliformisa 5*3 humifusa 463 angustifolius 596 Nemopanthes 2 393 teretifoli 5J3 mesacantha 463 Bodini 596 Canadensis 393 OEnothera 2 485-96 Jlfissouriensis 464 hirsulus 595 fascicularis 393 brachycarpa 493 Opuntia 463 Oxycoccus 2 581 Nemophila 3 45 caespitosa 492 polyacantha 464 erythrocarpus 582 microcalyx 45 canescens 494 Rapnesquii 463 macrocarpus 582 Neobeckia chrysantlia 491 tortispina 463 Oxy coccus 581 aquatica 2 127 Fremontii 495 vulgaris 463 palustris 581 Neottia grandiflora 486-7 Orchidaceae 1 456 Oxydendrum 2 570 see Gyrostachys gullulata 2 494 Orchis 1 459 arboreum 5ll i 470-2 Hartwegi 495 fissa 466 Oxygraphis 2 86 pubescens 1 474 humifusa 487 rotundifolia 460 ( Ran unculus in part ) Nepeta 3 86 laciniata 487 spectabilis 459 Cymbalaria 86 Cataria 86 " grandis 487 see Habenaria 1 460-6 " alpina 86 Glechoma 87 lavendulaefolia 495 Oreocarya 3 57 Oxypolis 2 513 hederacea 87 macrocarpa 494 {Erilrichium and ( Tiedemannia' Nephrodium minima 487 Krinitzkia in part) filiformis 513 acrostichoides 1 14 Missou riensis 494 fulvocanescens 59 iigidus 513 lanosum 3l maricata 486 glome rata 58 " longifolius 513 panctilobulum 12 Nuttallii 489 sericea 58 Oxyria 1 553 Nesaea pinnatifida 488 suffruticosa 58 digyna 553 verticillata 2 471 rhombipetala 487 Origanum 3 no reniformis 553 Neslia 2 139 serrulata 496 flexuosum in Oxytropis panieulata 140 " spinulosa 496 vulgare in podocarpa 2 3°7 Nestronia 3 512 sinitata 487 Ornithogalum 1 423 sericea 309 (Darby a) "grandis 487 bivalve 415 see Spiesia 2 307-9 umbellula 5i3 scapigera 492 hirsutum 446 Pachylophus 2 492 Nicandra 125 speciosa 492 nutans 424 (OEnothera in part) Nicotiana 3 J4o triloba 493 umbellatum 423 caespitosa 492 axillaris 141 " parvi flora 493 Orobaxchaceae 3 194 Pachy podium longi flora 141 see Anogra 2 488-9 Orobanche 195 -1 ntegri folium 2 no rustica 140 Kneiffia 489-91 Americana 197 Pachy sandra 2 384 Noiaphoebe Onagra 485-6 fasciculata 195 procumbens 384 Borbonia 2 96 Oldenlandia 3 215 Ludoviciana 196 Pachystima 2 395 Nothocalais 3 278 uni flora 215 minor 196 Canbyi 395 ( Troximon in part) see Houstonia 212-15 ramosa 196 Myrsinites 395 cuspidata 278 Oleaceae 2 600 uni flora 195 Paepalanthus Notholaena 1 32 Onagraceae 2 475 Virginiana 197 flavidulus 1 373 deal bat a 32 Onagra 2 485 Orontium 1 364 Palafoxia nivea 32 [OEnothera in part) aquaticum 364 Hookeriana 3 447 Nothoscordum 1 415 biennis 2 486 Orophaca 2 306 Panax 2 507 bivalve 4i5 " grandiflora 486 (Astragalus in part ) (Aralia in part) striatum 4r5 cruciata 485 caespitosa 306 quinquefolium 507 Nnphar Oakesiana 486 sericea 307 trifolium 507 see Nymphaea 2 J 2-3 Onoclea 1 S Orthocarpus 3 180 Pancratium Nuttallia sensibilis 9 luteus 181 Carolinianum 1 445 digitata 2 418 Struthiopteris 9 Oryzopsis 1 139 occidentale 445 involucrata 419 Ononis 2 274 asperifolia 140 Panicularia 1 210 Nyctagixaceae 1 594 repens 274 Canadensis 139 ( Glyceria) Nymphaeaceae 2 41 Onopordon 3 490 cuspidata 141 acutiflora 213 Nymphaea 42 Acanthium 491 juncea '39 Americana 212 advena 42 Onosmodium 3 66 melanocarpa 140 angustata 215 Fletcheri 43 Carolinianum 66 membranacea 141 borealis 3 505 Kalmiana 43 niolle 66 micrantha 140 brachyphylla 505 lutea var. Kalm. 43 Virginianum 67 Osmorrhiza Canadensis 1 211 microphylla 43 Onychium brevistylis 2 530 distans 215 Nelumbo 46 den sum 1 30 see Washingtonia elongata 212 odorata 44 Oonopsis 3 327 2 530 fluitans 213 " rosea 44 ( Bigelovia in part) Osmuxdaceae 1 4 laxa 211 " minor 44 Engelmanni 327 Osmunda 5 nervata 212 reniformis 44 O PHIOGLOSSACEAE cinnamomea 5 obtusa 211 rubrodisca 43 Ophioglossum 1 1 Claytoniana 6 pallida 213 sagiftae folia 43 arenarium 3 494 interrupta 6 Panicum 1 11 2-1 25 tetragona 45 Engelmanni 494 lanceolata 4 Addisonii 3 500 36 546 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Vol. III. 'anicum Panicum agrostidifornu- 1 i'5 Walteri s/oides 115 1 113. "7 3 496 amarum 122 Werneri 501 anceps 115 Wilcoxianum 1 119 angustifoliuni 122 xanthophysum 118 Atlaiiticum 3 500 Papaveraceae 2 98 autnmnale 1 124 Papaver 99 barbulatum 120 alpinum ICO Bicknellii 3 501 Argemone 100 boreale 1 119 dubium 100 Brittoni 3 497 nudicaule 100 cam pest re 1 123 Rhoeas 99 capillaie i 23, 124 somniferum 99 i arinatum 11 ; PAI'ILIoXACEAE 2 262 clandestinum 118 Pardanthus colonum i 113 , 3 496 Cliinensis 1 453 Columbian utn 3 499 Parietaria 1 534 eommutatum 1 117 Pennsylvanica 534 consanguineum 122 Parnassia 2 182 Crus-galli 113 asarifolia j 84 Curtisii 114 Caroliniana 182 Dactyl on 175 grandifolia 182 debile 125 Kotzebuei 183 depauperatum 121 palustris 183 dichotomum 120 parviflora 183 diffusa »i 124 Paronychia 2 38 digitarioides 114 argyrocoma 38 divaricatum 114 dichotoma 39 divergens 124 Jamesii and var 39 Eaton i 3 499 sessiliflora 39 elongatum 1 115 Parosela 2 287 filiforme in {Dale a) flexile 124 aurea 288 geniculalum 123 Dalea 288 gibbum 125 enneandra 287 glabrum in lanata 288 gl an cum 126 nana 3 517 hians 114 Parsonsia 2 473 hirtelhim "3 {Cuphea) hispidum "3 petiolata 473 implicatum 3 498 Parthenium 3 4io involutum 1 121 auriculatum 521 Italic u m 127 integrifolium 411 lanuginosum repens 411 1 121; 3 498 Parthenocissus 2 413 latifolium 1 115 quinquefolia 4J3 laxiflorum 119 '' laciniata 413 Liebergii 3 497 tricuspidata 413 line are 1 in vitacea 413 linearifolium 3 500 Paspalum 1 105 longifolium 1 116 ambiguum in macroearpon 117 a?-enarium 108 melicarium 114 ciliatifolium 107 microcarpon 116 compressum 109 miliaceum 123 dasyphyllutn 107 minus 124 debile 108 Nashianum 3 497 dilatatum 107 nervosum 1 117 distichum 106 neuranthum 3 501 Ellioltii 109 nitidum 1 120 filiforme in nudum 124 Floridanum 108 obtusum 114 fl Hi la us 106 pauciflorum 118 laeve " 108 pedunculatuni 118 longipeduneulatum Porterianum 117 1 108 proliferum 123 macrospermum 108 pubescens 121 membranaceum 106 ramulosum 120 Michauxianum 109 rostratum "5 mueronatum 106 sanguinale in ovatam 107 scoparium 118, 121 paspaloides 109 scoparium var. platycaiilon 109 3 497 pubescens 107 Scribnerianum 1 118 sanguinale in serolinum 3 496 setaceum 107 sphaerocarpon 1 116 tristachyutn 109 sphagnicolum 3 498 Walterianum 106 strict u vi 1 121 Passifloraceae 2 457 tsugetorum 3 499 Passiflora 457 verrueosum 1 125 incarnata 457 verticil la tit vi 126 lutea 457 virgatum 122 Pastinaca 2 514 viride 126 sativa 5H visciduni 121 Paulownia 3 157 Paulownia imperialis 3 157 tomentosa 157 Pectis 3 454 angustifolia 454 Pedicularis 184 auriculata 185 Canadensis 186 capitata 187 euphrasioides 185 flammea 186 Furbishiae 186 Groenlandica 184 lanceolata 185 Lapponica 184 palustris 185 parviflora 185 pedicellata 184 iriassoviana 185 Pellaea 1 29 atropurpurea 29 densa 30 gracilis 29 Stelleri 29 Peltandra 1 362 alba 362 sagittaefolia 362 undulata 362 Virginica 362 Pentstemon 3 150 acuminatus 154 albidus 152 angustifolius 155 eanescens 151 Cobaea 153 coeruleus 155 cristatus 151 Digitalis 152 glaber 154 gracilis 153 grandiflorus 154 Haydeni 155 hirsutus 151 laevigatus and vars. 151-2 Pentstemon 152 pubescens • 151 tubiflorus 153 Pentherum 2 168 sedoides 169 Peplis Americana 2 437 diandra 470 Peramium 1 474 ( Goody era ) Menziesii 1 475 pubescens 474 repens 474 Perilla 3 123 frutescens 123 " Nankinensis 124 ocimoides 123 " crispa 124 Persea 2 96 Borbonia 96 Caro/i?iensis 96 ' ' palustris vars. 96 pubescens 96 Petalostemon macrostachyus 2 289 violaceus 290 see Kuhnistera 2 289-91 Peta sites 3 469 (Nardosmia) frigida 3 470 officinalis 470 palmata 469 Petasites 470 sagittata 470 vulgaris 470 Petunia 3 141 axillaris 141 nyctagin iflo ra 141 parviflora 141 Petunia violacea 3 Mi Peucedanum 2 5'5 foeniculaceum 516 graveolens 5"6 Kingii 516 nudicaule 5i6 sativum 514 verticillatum 538 villosum 517 Phaca 2 298-304 Americana 304 argophylla 306 astragalina 304 bi sulcata 300 elongala 302 frigida var. A- m. 304 longifolia 2 305 neglecta 305 parviflora 302 villosa 298 see Astragalus 2 300-4 Orophaca 306-7 Phacelia 3 46 bipinnatifida 47 Covillei 48 dubia 47 fimbriata 49 Franklinii 47 helerophylla 46 hirsuta 48 integrifolia 46 leucophylla 46 pa?-viflora 47-8 Purshii 48 Phalaris 1 130 Americana 130 arundinacea 130 Canariensis 131 Caroliniana 130 erucaeformis 181 intermedia 130 oryzoides 129 pi eta 130 Pharnaceum marilimum 1 598 Phaseolaceae 2 262 Phaseolus 2 338-9 angulosus 338 diversifolius 338 leiospermus 339 perennis 338 polystachyus 33S see Strophostyles 338-9 Phegopteris 1 18 calcarea 19 Dryopteris 19 hexagonoptera 19 Phegopteris 19 polypodioides 19 Phelipaea lutea 3 195 Philadelphus 2 185 coronarius 186 grandiflorus 186 inodorus 186 Philotria 1 93 (Anacharis) Canadensis 93 Phippsia 1 150 algida 150 Phleum 1 147 alpinum 148 pratense 147 schoenoides 147 Phlomis 3 91 tuberosa 91 Phlox 3 32 amoena 34 bifida 35 bryoides 36 Carolina 3^ divaricata 34 Vol. hi.] Phlox Douglasii 3 37 " andicola 37 " longifolia 37 glaberrinia 33 Hoodii 37 Kelseyi 36 longifolia 37 maculata 33 " Candida $3 ovata 33 paniculata 32 pilosa 34 reptans 35 stellaria 35 suaz'eolens 33 subulata 36 Phoradendron 1 535 flavescens 535 Phragmites 1 184 communis 184 Phragmites 184 Phrymaceae 3 205 Phryma 205 Leptostachya 205 Phyllanthus 2 361 Carolinensis 362 obovaius 362 Phyllodoce 2 565 coerulea 565 Physalis 3 125, 126 aequata 128 Alkekengi 132 ambigua 131 angulata 127, 128 Barbadensis 127 " obscura 127 comata 3 131 grandiflora 133 liederaefolia 131 heterophylla 130 " ambigua 131 " nyctaginea 131 ixocarpa 3 128 Lagascae 1 27 lanceifolia 127 laticeolata 129, 130 " laevigata 129 " hirta 130 lobata 132 longifolia 129 macrophysa 1 29 minima 127 nyctaginea 131 obscura 127, 131 Pennsylvania 129, 130, 132 Philadelphica 3 128 Peruviana 131 pruinosa 126 pubeseens 126 pumila 130 rotundata 131 Virginiana 130 " intermedia 130 " ambigua 131 viscosa 130, 132 Physalodes 3 125 {Nicandra) Peruvianum 125 physalodes 125 Physaria 2 135 didymocarpa 135 Physocarpa 2 195 Physostegia 3 89 denticulata 90 intermedia 90 parvi flora 90 Virginiana 89 Phytolacca ceae GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 547 Picea alba brevi folia Canadensis Mariana nigra rubra Picradema ( Actinella) acaulis " glabra linearifolia odorata scaposa Picris echioides hieraeioides Pieris 54 496 54 55 55 55 44» 449 449 448 449 449 266 267 267 568 ( A ndromeda in part ) floribunda Mariana nitida Pilea pumila Pilosella spatliulata Pimpinella integerrima Saxifraga Pinaceae Pinguicula acutifolia alpina vulgaris Pinus alba australis balsa mea Banksiana Canadensis divaricata echinata Fraseri inops I arid 11a mil is nigra palustris pendula ponderosa pungens resinosa rigida rubra Strobus Taeda Virginiana Pi sum maritimum Planera aquatiea 568 569 569 1 533' 285 526 526 526 49 J93 193 J94 J94 1 50 54 5i 57 52 56 52 52 57 52 54 52 55 5' 54 5i 53 5i 53 55 50 53 52 330 525 526 Phytolacca decandra Picea x {Abies in part) 593 594 594 54 PLANTAGINACEAE3 205 Plantago 3 206 arenaria 211 aristata 209 eordata 208 decipiens 209 elongata 210 eriopoda 208 glabra 208 gnaphalioides 209 heterophylla 210 laneeolata 207 major 206 maritima 209 media 207 occidentalis 210 Patagonica vars. 209 Purshii 209 pusilla 210 Rugelk 207 sparsiflora 208 uni flora 211 Virginica 210 " longifolia 210 492 618 Platanaceab Platanus occidentalis Plata nthera holopetala rolu ndi folia see Habenaria 461, 465 Plectocephalus Ami rif anus Pleurogyne (Swerlia) Carinthiaca rotata Pleuropogon Sabinii Pluchea bifrons catnphorata foetida petiolata Plumbaginaceae 2 594 Pneumaria 3 59 {Merlensia in part) 619 618 1 196 196 3 396 396 396 396-7 397 maritima Poa abbreviata airoides alpina alsodes andina auguslata annua aquatiea arachnifera arida autumnalis brevifolia Buckleyana caesia capill arts Caroliniana cenisia Chapmaniana compressa crista! a debilis dislans elongata Eragrostis flava flexuosa glauca glumaris hypnoides interrupta laxa maritima memoralis nervala obtusa pectinacea pilosa pratensis pseudopratensis refracta seslerioides serotina sylvestris tenuifolia te?iuis trichodes trivialis Wolfii Podalyria brae tea la mollis Podophyllum diphyllum peltatum PODOSTEMACEAE Podostemon Ceratophyllum Pogonia affinis 59 1 201 202 215 203 207 208 215 201 212 3 504 1 208 206 207 208 205 188 188-9 1 203 202 202 202 206 214 212 189 205 206 205 208 192 191 1 203 214 205 212 211 190 188 204 204 191 184 205 206 208 188 191 204 207 2 266 264 2 92 92 92 2 163 2 163 163 I 467 468 Pogonia divaricata I ophioglossoides pendula trianthophora wrticillata Polanisia 2 graveolens trachysperma POLEMONIACEAE 3 Polemonium coeruleum dubium Nyctelea reptans Van Bruntiae POLYGALACEAE 2 Polygala 2 acuiiflora alba ambigua brevifolia corymbosa cruciata Curtissii cymosa fastigiata mcarnata lutea Mariana Nuttallii paucifolia polygama ramosa sanguinea Senega and var. tenuifolia uniflora verticillata viridescens POLYGOXACEAE Polygonatum bi riorum commutatum giganteum Polygonella Americana articulata ericoides Polygonum acre amphibium arifolium articulatum aviculare Bellardi camporum Careyi ciliuode Convolvulus cristatum cuspidalum densiflorum Douglasii dumetorum emersum erectum exsertum Fagopyru m glaucum Hartwrightii Hydropiper hydropiperoides -560 468 467 467 467 2 157 157 I5& 3 3i 41 4i 47 45 4i 4i 2 355 2 355 356 360 35S 357 356 357 359 356 359 358 356 359 359 36i 360 356 358-9 2 360 360 361 357 358 1 54i 1 433 433 434 434 1 568 568 568 568 1 554 560 555 567 568 56i 562 564 559 565 565 566 567 556 565 566 556 563 563 553 562 556 560 incanitm incarnatum lapathifolium " incanum " nodosum littorale longistylum tnaritimum m ite Mil h lenbergii nodosa m Opelousanum 557 557 557 557 557 562 558 562 560 556 567 559 548 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Vol.. III. Polygonum Portulaca 2 4 Potentilla Pseudacacia orientale I 56l grandiflora 6 nemoralis 2 216 odorata 2 294 Pennsylvanicum 557 oleracea 5 Nicolletii 213 Psilocarya 1 257 Persicaria 558 pilosa 5 nivea 210 nitens 2.S7 persicarioides 558 retusa 5 Norvegica 212 rynchosporoides 257 Portoricense 556 Portuna palustris 217 scirpoides 258 punctatum 660 floribunda 2 568 paradoxa 213 Psilostrophe 3 444 Rayi 563 Pbtamogeton 1 65 Pennsylvaniea 214 ( Riddel I ia) ramosissimum 564 alpinus 68 " strigosa 214 Tagetinae 444 sagittatum 567 aniplifolius 67 pentandra 212 Psoralea 2 280 scandens 566 angustifolius 70 pilosa 210 argophylla 283 setaceum 559 Clayton ii 67 procumbens 217 aurea 288 Tataricum 554 covipressns 72-74 pumila 3 5'5 eollina 283 tenue 564 confervoides 1 72 recta 2 210 cryptocarpa 284 Virginianum 56i crispus 72 reptans 216 cuspidata 284 viviparum 555 diversifolius 76 rivalis 213 Da lea 288 Zuccarinii 567 Faxoni 68 Robbinsiana 211 digitata 283 Polymnia 3 405 filiforrais 77 rubens 209 esculenta 284 Canadensis 405 flabella/us 78 Salisbrugensis 209 floribunda 282 " radiata 405 fluitans 68 simplex 216 hypogaea 284 Uvedalia 405 foliosus 73 supina 213 incana 283 Polyoius Friesii 74 tridentata 215 lanceolata 281 angustifolius 3 14 gemmiparus 76 Poterium linearifolia 282 POLYPODIACEAE 1 8 graminens 69 Canadense 2 228 longifolia 3°5 Polypodium 1 32 heterophyllus 69 Sanguisorba 228 macrorhiza 2 284 btilbiferum 12 Hillii 73 Pra si it m melilotoides 2S5 cristatum 16 hybridus 76 purpuretim 3 90 micrantha 281 dilatatum 18 illinoensis 70 Prenanthes obtusiloba 282 Dryopleris 19 interruptus 78 see Nabalus 3 288-91 Onobrychis 285 Filix-foem ina 26 lateralis 75 Mainensis 3 291 pedunculata 285 Filix-mas 17 lonehites 68 pauciflora 268 slipulata 285 fontanum 25 lucens 70 tenuifolia 268 tenuifolia 281 fragile 13 major 74 Primulaceae 2 584 Ptelea 2 354 fragrans 16 Mysticus 7i Primula 2 584 trifoliata 354 hex ago n opleru m 19 natans 66 Egaliksensis 585 Pteridophyta 1 1 incanum 33 Niagarensis 1 73 farinosa 585 Pteris 1 28 Lonchitis 14 Nuttallii 67 Mistassinica 585 Alabamensis 3° marginale 17 Oakesianus 66 Prinos see Ilex aquilina 28 montanum 13 obtusifolius 73 2 391-3 3 5i9 atro purpurea 29 Noveboracense 15 Panormitanus 75 Prionopsis 3 327 Cauda la 28 oblusum 11 pauciflorus 73 {Aplopappus) gracilis 29 Phegopteris 19 peetinatus 77 ciliata 327 Stelleri 29 polypodioides 33 perfoliatus 7i Prosaries Pterospora 2 554 Robertianum 19 pinnatum 2 504 lanuginosa 1 43i Andromedea 554 spinulosum 18 praelongus 1 71 trachycarpa 432 Ptilimnium 2 537 vulgare 32 pulcher 67 Prosperinaca 2 501 [Discopleura) Polypogon 1 157 pusillus 74-76 palustris 502 capillaceum 538 Monspeliensis J57 Robbinsii 1 78 peciinacea 502 Nuttallii 538 Polypremum 2 606 rufesceus 68 pectinata 502 Ptiloria 3 267 procumbens 606 rutilus 74 Prosopis 3 516 ( Slepha nomeria ) Polypteris 3 447 spathulaeformi ; 69 glandulosa 5'6 pauciflora 268 callosa 447 Spirillus 77 Prunella 3 88 tenuifolia 268 Hookeriana 447 trichoides 72 {Brnnella) Puccinellia 1 214 Polystichum 1 13 Tuckermani 72 laciniata 89 ( Glyceria in part) Polytaenia 2 515 Vaseyi 74 vulgaris 88 airoides 215 Nuttallii 515 Zizii 70 " pinnatifida 89 angustata 215 POMACEAE 2 232 zosteraefolius 72 Prunus 2 246 distans 214 Pom aria Potentilla 2 208 Alleghaniensis 248 maritima 1 214. 215 glandulosa 2 259 agrimonioides 209 Americana 247 Pnlmonaria PONTEDERIACEAE I 379 Anserina 216 angustifolia 248 see Mertensia 3 60 Pontederia 1 379 argentea 209 Avium 251 maritima 59 cordata 379 arguta 209 Besseyi 251 Pulsatilla 2 66 lancifolia 379 bipinnaiifida 214 cerasifera 249 ( Anemone in part) limosa 380 Canadensis 216 Cerasus 251 birsutissima 67 Populus 1 490 " pumila 216; 3 5i5 Chicasa 248 Pycnanthemum 3 hi acuminata' 491 eollina 2 209 cuneata 250 see Koellia 111-115 alba 490 effusa 214 demissa 253 lanceolatnm 3 112 angulata 493 Egedii 216 gracilis 249 linifolium in angustifolia 491 emarginata 211 Gravesii 249 Monardella 102 Atlieniensis 492 frig 1 da 211 hortulana 247 Torreyi 112 balsamifera 491 fruticosa 215 " Mined 247 Tulli'a 114 candicans 491 intermedia 210 insititia 250 Pyrethrum Carol inensis 493 Hippiana 21 3. 214 Mahaleb 2 252 Balsam ita 3 458 deltoides 493 hirsuta 2 212 maritima 249 inodorum var dilatata 493 intermedia 210 mollis 247 nanum 459 grandidentata 492 leueocarpa 212 montana 253 Pyrolaceae 2 549 heterophylla 492 leucophylla 213 nigra 247 Pyrola 2 549 monilifera 493 littoralis 214 Pennsylvaniea 252 asari folia 551 nigra 493 maculata 209 pumila 250 chlorantha 550 tremuloides 492 millegrana 212 serotina 253 elliptica 550 Porteranthus 2 197 minima 211 " Smallii 253 maculata 553 ( Gillenia ) Monspeliensis sphaerocarpa 249 minor 552 stipulatus 198 210, 212 spinosa 250 ox3Tpetala 551 trifoliatus 198 multifida 2 215 Virginiana 252 rotundi folia 550 PORTULACACEAE 2 1 nana 211 Watson i 248,: " pumila 550 Vol.. III.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 5 49 i 552 552 55i 554 553 s 32 Pyrola secunda " puniila uliginosa umbellaia u ni flora ]'] 1 rhopappus Carolinianu sea posits Pyrularia oleifera pubera Pyrus arbutifolia Botryapium communis n igra see Sorbus Malus Pyxidanthera barbulata Quamasia ' (Set! la) hyacinthina 423 Quamoclit 3 22 ( Ipomoea ) coccinea Quamoclit vulgaris Quercus acuminata alba ambigua aquatica bicolor Brittoni coccinea digitata falcata heterophylla ilicifolia imbricaria laurifolia Leana lyrata macrocarpa Marylandica Michauxii minor Muhlenbergii nana nigra obtusiloba olivaeformis palustris 1 Phellos platanoides prinoides Prinus 1 rubra Rudkini stella la Texana tin do ria tridentata veliitina virens Virginiana Queria Canadensis 2 capillacea Quinaria 2 Quincula 3 ( P/iysalis in part) lobata Rajania ovata 1 Ranunculaceae 2 Ranunculus abortivus acris afliuis 2 alismaefolius 76 All^ghaniensis 78 ambigens 76 aquatilis vars. 84 /9 279 1 537 537 537 233-8 236 238 234 237 2 233 234-6 2 583 583 I 422 22 22 22 515 522 520 5'6 5'9 521 5i8 5ll 518 519 518 520 519 520 521 521 518 522 520 522 518 518, 519 I 520 521 516. 520 518, 519 I 521 523 520, 522 516, 518 1 518 520 • 517 517 520 517 523 523 520, I 40 40 413 132 132 569 50 2 72 77,78 79. 80 Ranunculus arvensis 2 83 bulbosus 80 ca rd iophyllus 77 circinatus 84 Cymbalaria 86 delphinifolius 73 " terresti is 73 divaricattts 84 fascicularis 82 Ficaria 85 fill for mis 2 75 Flammula reptans 75 ' intermedins 76 Harveyi 77 | hederaceus 84 hispidus 80, 81 hyperboreus 74 lacustris 73 ' Lapponicus 74 limosus 73 Macounii 80 micranthus 78 j Missouriensis 74 multifidus 73 " repens 73 muricatus 83 nivalis 76 j Nuttallii 85 oblongifolius 75 obtusiusculus 76 ovalis 77 parviflorus 82 parvulus 2 82 pedatifidus 77 Peunsylvanicus 80 Plulonotis 82 Purshii 73 pusillus 75 pygmaeus 76 ranunculinus 85 recurvatus 79 repens 80, 81 reptans 2 75 " intermedius 76 rhomboidens 77 sceleratus 79 septentrionalis 81 trickophyllus 84 Raphanus 2 120, 140 Kaphanistrum 121 sativus 121 Rapistrum 2 140 rugosum 140 Ratibida 3 41 8 ( Lepachys) columnaris 419 pinnata 418 Tagetes 419 Razoumofskya 1 535 ( A rceuthobium ) pusilla 535 Redfieldia 1 186 flexuosa 186 Renealmia tisneoides 1 374 Resedaceae 2 158 Reseda 2 158 alba 159 lutea 159 Luteola 158 odorata 159 Rhamnaceae 2 404 Rhamnus 2 405 alnifolia 406 Caroliniana 406 cathartica 405 Frangula 406 lanceolata 405 Rhexia 2 474 aristosa 475 ciliosa 475 Mariana 474 peliolata 475 Rhexia Virginiea 2 474 Rhinanthus 3 187 Crista-Galli 187 minor 187 Virgin icus 174 RhodioUi rosea 2 165 Rhododendron 2 559-61 Canadense 560 Catavvbiense 561 Lapponicum 560 maximum 561 Rhodora 559 see Azalea 2 558-60 Rhodora 2 559 Canadensis 559 Rhus 2 385 aromatica 387 Canadensis 387 copallina 386 coiinoides 389 Cotinus 389 glabra 387 hirta 3S6 radicans 388 Toxicodendron 388 tri lobata 2 387 typhtna 386 venenata 388 Vernix 388 Rhynchosia 2 336 ere eta 337 latifolia 337 reniformis 337 simplicifolia 337 tomentosa 336 " mouoplivlla 337 " volubilis 3^6 Ribes 2 187 aureurn 192 " chrysococcum 192 albinervium 2 191 cereum I9t Cynosbati i»8 floridum 191 gracile 188 Grossularia 189 hirtellum 189 Hudsonianum 190 lacustre 190 nigrum 190 oxyacanthoides 189, 190 Pennsylvanicum 191 prostr.it um 2 190 rotundifolium 189 rubrum 191 " subglandulos. 191 setosum 188 Uva-crispa 189 Ricinus 2 368 communis 368 Riddel It a Tagetinae 3 444 Roberlsonia 2 174 micranthidifolia 174 Robinia 2 294 hispida 295 Pseudacacia 294 viscosa 295 Roripa 2 123 {Nasturtium) Americana 127 Armoracia 127 curvisiliqua 126 hispida 125 Nasturtium 126 obtusa 124 palustris 125 sessili flora 126 sinuata 124 sphaerocarpa 125 sylvestris 124 Rosaceae 2 194 Rosa acicularis Arkansana blanda canina Carolina cinnamomea eg la nte > ia Engelmanni Fendleri humilis " villosa lucid a micranl/ia nitida pa rvi flora rubiginosa Sayi setigera Woodsii Rotala ramosior Rot /i? a Carolinensis Rottboellia flh/ormis rugosa Roubie va multifida Rubiaceae Rubus Alleghaniensis Americanus arcticus Baileyanus Canadensis " roribaccus Chamaemorus cuneifolius Dalibarda frond os us fruticosus hispidus " sttberecta 2 228 230 230 229 232 231 232 232 230 2 230 231 23I 231 232 231 231 232 230 229 230 2 47" 470 3 445 1 226 100 1 575 576 3 211 2 198 202 201 200 204 205 205 200 203 205 202 202 203 204. Idaeus var. 200-1 invisus 204-5 lacinialus 2 202 Millspaughii 203 montantts 202 neglectus 201 Nutkanus 199 obovalis 203 occidentalis 201 odoratus 199 parviflorus 199 parvifoltus 203 saxaiilis vars. 201 setosus 204 strigosus 200 triflorus 201 trivialis 204 villosus vars. 202-205 Rudbeckia 3 414 amplexicaulis 418 as per a 417 Brittonii 416 columnaris 419 fulgida 416 hirta 416 laciniata 417 " humilis 418 pallida 420 pinnata 418 purpurea 420 spathulata 417 speciosa 417 subtomentosa 415 Tagetes 419 triloba 415 Ruellia 3 202 bi flora 202 ciliosa 203 " parvi flora 203 " ambigua 203 oblongifolia 202 203 202 202 202 548 547 549 550 551 551 553 548 548 550 552 552 550 550 550 552 552 549 55i 548 549 78 79 79 79 352 276 277 279 278 279 276 280 279 550 Ruellia pedunculata 3 strepens " mierantha " cleistantka Rumex 1 Acetosa Aeetosella altissimus Britannica 549, conglomeratus 1 crispus digynus Engelmanni hastatulus Hydrolapath 11 m maritimus obtusifolius occidentalis orbiculalus Patientia persicarioides pulcher salicifolius sanguineus venosus verticillatus Ruppia 1 maritima lacuslris occidentalis Rutaceae 2 Rynchospora 1 (inc. Schoenus) alba 1 axillaris capillacea cephalantlia corniculata cymosa fusca glomerata 278 gracilenta 279 inexpansa 280 Knieskernii 278 macrostachya 276 nitens 257 oligantha 277 pallida 277 panic u lata 278 scirpoides 258 Torreyana 280 Sabbatia 2 608 annularis 610 angustifolia 609 bra cliia ta 609 calycina 610 calycosa 610 campanulata 611 campestris 610 clu 'oroides 612 dodecandra 612 Elliottii 611 gracilis 611 lanceolata 609 paniculata 609-11 stellaris 611 Sagina 2 29 apetala 29, decutnbens 2 " Smithii erect a fontinalis Lintiaei nodosa procumbens saginoides sub u lata Virginica Sagittaria 1 ambigua arifolia calycina cristata cuneata GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 30 30 30 29 24 30 30 29 30 30 621 87 90 89 87 Qi 89 Sagittaria Engelmanniana 1 88 fa lea ta 90 graminea 91 heterophylla 90 land folia 90 latifolia 88 longiloba 89 longirostra 88 natans 92 platyphylla 92 pubescens 88 pus ilia 92 radicans 86 rigida 90 sagittaefolia 88 subulata 90 teres 88 variabilis 92 Salicaceae 1 491 Salicornia 1 582 ambigua 583 Bigelovii 583 Europaea var. 582 fruticosa 583 herbacea 582 mucronata 583 Virginica 583 Salix 1 493 adenophylla 504 alba 496 amygdaloides 495 angustata 503 arctica 502 argyrocarpa 500 Babylonica 496 balsam if era 504 Barclayi 504 Bebbiana 498 Brownii 502 Candida 501 coerulea 496 cordata 503 Culleri 505 desertorum 500 discolor 499 eriocephala 499 falcata 494 fluviatilis 497 fragilis 496 glauca 501 gracilis 500 glaucophylla 1 503 herbacea 505 humilis 498 longifolia 497 lucida 495 Missouriensis 503 myrtilloides 505 nigra 494, 495 petiolaris 500 phylicifolia 500, 502 prinoides 1 499 purpurea 497 reticulata 497 rostrata 498 sericea 499, 503 tristis 1 499 Uva-ursi 505 vestita 498 viminalis 501 vitellina 496 Wardi 495 Salpiugia 2 495 Salsola 1 585 depress a 585 Kali 586 salsa Americana 584 Tragus 586 Salvia 3 99 a: urea grandif. 100 lanceolata 100 lyrata 99 Pitched 100 pratensis 100 1 Salvia Sclarea 3 101 urticifolia 101 verbenaca lot Salviniaceae i 34 Salvinia 1 34 natans 34 Sambucus 3 227 Canadensis 228 nigra laciniata 228 pubens 228 " dissecta 228 Samolus 2 587 floribundus 587 Valerandi var. America 11 11s 587 101 102 228 228 228 523 524 524 523 524 536 Sanguinaria Canadensis Sanguisorba Canadensis Sanguisorba Sanicula Canadensis gregaria Marylandica trifoliata Santalaceae Santolina suaveolens Sapindaceae Sapindus acuminatus marginatus Saponaria Saponaria officinalis Vac carta Sapotaceae Saracha Sarcobatus vermicularis Sarolliainnus sco pa riiis Sarothra Driitnmondii gentianoides Sarraceniaceae 2 159 Sarracenia 159 flava 160 heterophylla 160 purpurea and var. 160 460 402 402 402 402 402 17 18 18 595 133 583 584 2 271 435-6 435 436 Sassafras officinale Sassafras Satureia hortensis origanoides Thymus Virg. Virginia na I 'irginica Satyrium repens Saururaceae Saururus cernuus Savastana ( Hierocloe) alpina Nashii odorata pauci flora Saxifragaceae Saxifraga acomtifolia aizoides Aizoon caespitosa Carol iniana cernua comosa erosa foliolosa Forbesii Geum Grayana 97 97 97 107 107 116 in 112 in 474 482 482 482 131 132 502 132 132 169 170 177 171 173 173 175 172 175 174 175 173 176 175 [Vox.. III. Saxifraga Hirculus 2 171 leticanlhemifoiia 176 Michauxii 2 176 nivalis 174 oppositifolia 171 Pennsylvania 173 rivularis 172 stellaris and var. 175 Sullivantii 177 tricuspidata 172 Virginiensis 174 Scabiosa 3 248 arvensis 249 australis 249 Scandix 2 528, 531 Ccrefolium 528 Pecten-Veneris 531 Schedonnardus 1 179 paniculatus 179 Tex anus 179 Scheuchzeriaceae Scheuchzeria palustris Schizaeaceae Schizaea pusilla Schoenus mariscoides rufus see Rynchospora 379: Sc holler a 1 graminea Oxycoccus Schrankia angustata uncinata Schwalbea Americana Sclnveinitzia Caroliniana odorata Scilla Fraseri Scirpus aciculai is acuminatus Americanus atropu rpureus atrovirens autumnalis caespitosus Californicus campestris Can by i capillar is capitatus casianeus Clintoni cylindricus cyperinus debilis divaricatus equisetoides Eriophorum fluviatilis glaucescens Hallii intermedins interstinctus lacustris leptolepis lineatus maritimus vi i era nt litis microcarpus mucronatus mulatus nanus nitens Novae-Angliae Olneyi ovatus 82 84 84 7 7 7 281 267 276 581 380 581 256 256 181 181 3 18 266, 555 555 423 261 252 255 265 250 269 260 262 267 267 266 258 250 259 263 266 271 264 270 248 271 268 252 264 255 248 266 266 270 268 275 269 266 249 262 257 509 265 251 Vol. III.] Scirpus palustris i 251 pauciflorus 262 Peckii 270 planifolius 263 polyphyllus 269 pungens 265 quadrangulatus 249 retrofractus 244 robustus 268 rostellatus 256 rufus 267 Smithii 264 spadiceus 259 subterminalis 263 supinus 264 sylvatieus 268, 269 Tat or a 1 267 tenuis 255 Torreyi 265 torlilis 253 luberculosus 253 Vahlii 260 validus 266 Wolfii 252 Scleranthus 2 40 annuus 41 Selena 1 281 la.ra 282 oligantha 281 pauciflora 283 reticularis 282 Torreyana 282 triglornerata 282 verticillata 283 Sclerolepis 3 306 uniflora 306 verticillata 306 Scolochloa 1 209 festucacea 209 Scolopendrium 1 21 Scolopendrium 21 vulgare 21 SCROPHULARIACEAE 3 142 Scrophularia 148 leporella 149 Marylandica 148 nodosa var. Mar. 148 Scutellaria 3 78 ambigua 81 Brittonii 82 campestris 82 canescens 79 cordi folia 80 Drummondii 81 galericulata 83 hirsuta 80 hyssop if oli a 80 incana 3 79 integrifolia 80 laevigata 79 lateriflora 79 mollis 82 nervosa 83 ovalifolia 80 parvula 81 pilosa 80 resinosa 81-2 saxatilis 3 82 serrata 79 teucriifolia 83 versicolor 80 Wrightii 8i Sedum 2 164 acre 166 Nevii 168 pulchellum 167 reflexum 167 Rhodiola 165 roseum 165 spa rs iflo ru m 1 66 steriopetalum 166 telephioides 165 Telephium 165 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Sedum ternatum 2 167 Torreyi 166 Selaginellaceae 517 512 168 168 113 113 30 1 475 478 474 1 44 Selaginella 44 apus 45 rupestris 44 selaginoides m 44 spin os a 44 Selenia 2 134 aurea 134 Selinum acaule Canadense Sempervivum tectorum Senebiera Coronopus 2 didytna Senecioneae 3 Senecio 3 antennariifolius atriplicifoliits aureus and var. 479-81 " august ifol 111 s 479 " pauciflorus 3 480 gracilis 481 Balsamitae 479 canus 477 compaetus 480 discoideus 479 Douglasii 481 Elliottii 478 elongatus 478 frigidus 476 // ieracifolius 473 integerrirnus 476' Jacobaea 3 482 obtusus 481 lelgan 477 ly rains 481 obovatus var. 478-9 " elongatus 3 478 " rotundus 479 palustris 481 pauciflorus 480 Plattensis 478 Pseudo-Arnica 476 Robinsii 480 Smallii 479 sylvaticus 482 tomentosus 477 viscosus 483 vulgaris 482 Serapias viridiflora 1 Sericocarpus 3 asteroides bifoliatus conyzoides linifolius solidagineus tortifolius Serinia 3 (Apogon) _ oppositifolia Serratula see Lacinaria a rve nsis glauca Noveboracensis Sesban (Sesbania) macrocarpa Sesbania Seseli divaricatum Sesleria dactyloides 1 183 Sesuvium 1 598 maritimum 598 pent and ru tn 598 Set aria 469 353 354 354 354 353 353 354 263 263 3I5-I8 3 4S9 303 302 2 295 296 2 295 2 527 2 418, Se/aria dactvloides 1 see Ixophorus 126- Seyvieria macrophylla 3 vt Shepherdia a > gen tea Canadensis Sherardia arvensis Sibbaldia procumbens Sibthorpia evolvulacea Sicyos angulatus lobata Sida Abut Hon alceoides Elliottii herinaphrodita hispida Napaea spinosa si el lata Sideroxylon lanuginosum ly do ides Siegcsbeckia occidentalis Sieglingia ( Tricuspis, albescens decumbens elongata pilosa purpurea 1 seslerioides stricta Silene 2 acaulis alba Anglica antirrhina " divaricata Armeria Caroliniana conica 3 Cucubalus 2 dichotoma Drumviondi Gallica inftata Menziesii nivea noctiflora nocturna nutans ovata Pennsvlvanica 183 ■127 |.68 467 226 226 217 217 20 252 252 251 421 422 418 421 422 420 422 421 5i9 596 596 43o 184 3 1 Triodia ) 3 503 1 3 185 504 504 185 184 1S5 8 8 9 12 11 11 11 11 5'4 9 12 15 12 9 13 9 12 12 9 8 11 racemosa 12 regia 2 10 rotundifolia 10 stellata 8 Virgin ica 10 vulgaris 9 Silphium 3 406 Asteriscus 407 integrifolium 407 laciniatum 408 Nuttallianum 410 perfoliatum 406 terebinthinaceum 408 " pinnatifidum 408 trifoliatuni Silybum Marianum SOIARUBACEAE Sinapis alba arvensis juncea nigra Si son 407 3 490 490 2 354 2 117 117 119 Il8 Il8 534-6 551 Si son Am mi 2 534 Canadense 536 Sisymbrium 2 115 Alii aria 115 altissimum 116 brachycarpon 145 canescens 145 denial um 148 humifusum 147 humile 116 mural e 120 officinale 116 Pannonicum 116 Sinapi strum 116 leu uifolium 120 Thalianum 146 see Roripa 2 124-6 Sophia 144 Sisyrinchium 1 453 anceps 1 453, 454 angustifolium 1 454 Atlanticum 454 Bermudiana 453 graminoides 453 mucronatum 454 Sit anion elymoides 1 232 Sitilias 3 278 ( Pyrrhopappus) Caroliniana 279 grandiflora 279 Sium 2 513, 532-8 angustifolium 2 538 Carsoni 532 cicutaefolium 532 erect u m 538 latifoliiim 532 I i uea re 532 to ngifoliu m 513 rigidum 513 Smilaceae 1 438. Sviilacina b if oli a 1 431 see Vagnera 1 429 Smilax 1 438 Bona-nox 441 caduca 440 ecirrhata 439 glauca 440 liastata 441 herbacea 439 hispida 440 lanceolata 442 laurifolia 441 Pseudo-China 441 pulverulenta 439 quadra ngularis 440 rotundifolia 1 440 spinulosa 440 tamnifolia 439 tamnoides 441 Walteri 442 Smyrniuvi atropurpureum 2 518 aureum 534 barbinode 518 cordaluin 535 in tegerrim u m 526 nudicaule 516 SOLANACEAE 3 124 Solanum 3 134 Carolinense 135 citrullifolium 136 conioides 133 Coronopus 134 Dulcamara 137 elaeagnifolium 135 helerandrum 136 heterodoxutn 136 Lycopersicum 137 nigrum 134 rostratum 136 552 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Vol. III. Solanum Torreyi 3 136 triflorum 135 triquetrum 137 Solea concolor 2 456 Solidago 3 330 alpestris 337 altissima 339 arguta 3 342 " scabrella 34i axillaris 332 bicolor 333 " concolor 333 Bigelovii 335 Boottii 340 caesia 332 " axillaris 332 Canadensis 344: " gilvocanesceus 344 " glabrata 3 344 "procera 344 " scab r a 344 " scabriuscula 344 cordata 349 Curtissii and var. 333 Drummondii 3 345 Elliottii 340 elliptica 340 erecta 334 fistulosa 339 flexicaulis 332 Gattingeri 343 gigantea 342-3 gracilis 3 332 graminifolia 347 hirsuta 333 hispida 333 Houghtoni 347 humilis 337 " Gillmani 338 incana 3 344 juncea 34i " ramosa 342 " scabrella 34i lanceolata 347 laiifolia 332 lateriflora 380 leptocephala 348 Lindheimeriana Iinoides 34' macrophylla 334 Missouriensis 343 mollis 314 monticola 334, 337 Muhlenberg! 1 342 multiradiata 346 neglecta and var. 341 nemoralis 3 344 " are ni cola 344 odora 338 " inodora 338 Ohio;nsis 346 patula 339 petiolaris 332 pilosa 339 procera 314 puberula 335 Purshii 337 racemosa 337 Radula 345 retrorsa 338 Riddellii 346 rigida 345 rigidiuscula 336 rugosa 3 339 rupestris 342 Sarolhrae 320 sea bra 344 sempervirens 338 serotina 342 " gigantea 343 Shortii 343 sphacelala 349 Solidago speciosa 3 336 " angustata 334-6 " pallida 3 336 " rigidiuscula 336 squarrosa 331 stricta 335 tenuifolia 348 Terrae- Novae 341 thyrsoidea 334 tortifolia 338 uliginosa n6, 341 ulmifolia 3 34o uniligulata 34i virgata 335 Virgaurea 337 " alpina 337 " Deanei 337 " Gilmani 338 " Randii 337 " Redfieldii 337 " monticola 337 Sonchus 3 271 acuminalus 275 arvensis 272 asper 272 Floridanus 275 Ludovicianus 273 oleraceus 272 pulcliellus 275 spicatus 276 Sophia 2 144 (Sisymbriumin part) Hartwegiana 145 incisa 145 pinnata 145 Sophia 144 Sophora 2 263 a u straits 265 sericea 26^ tinctoria 266 villosa 266 Sorbus 2 233 Americana 233 Aucuparia 233 microcarpa 233 sambucifolia 233 Sorghum I I04 avenaceum 104 Halepense 104 nutans 104 Spargaxiaceae I 63 Sparganium I 63 androcladum 64 angusti folium 64 eurycarpum 63 flu Hans 64 minimum 64 simplex 64 Sparganophorus verlicillatus 3 3°6 Spartina 1 175 alterniftora 177 cynosuroides 175 glabra i77 gracilis 176 juncea 176 patens 176 polystachya 176 stricta 177 Spariium scoparium 2 271 Spathyema 1 363 foetida 363 Specularia biflora 3256 leplocarpa 256 pcrfoliata 256 Spergula 2 30, 36 arvensis 36 decumbens 30 nodosa 30 saginoides 30 Spergularia media 2 37 196, 2 Spergularia rubra 2 salina Spermacoce 3 diodina glabra Spermatophyta 1 Spermolepis 2 divaricatus echinatus Sphaeralcea 2 aceri folia cuspidata 3 rivularis 2 stella I a 3 Spiesia 2 {Oxytropis) arctica Belli campestris inflata Lamberti " sericea multiceps splendens Spigelia 2 Marylandica Spilanthes 3 repens Spiraea 2 170, Aruncus 170, betulifolia var. 2 corymbosa op ul if oli a salicifolia sorbi folia tomentosa stipulata trifoliala Virginiana see Ulmaria Spiranthes decipiens graminea var. see Gyrostachys Spirodela {Lemna in part polyrhiza Sporobolus (inc. Vilfa) airoides argutus asper asperifolius brevifolius compressus cryptandrus cuspidatus depauperatus heterolepis Indicus junceus longifolius minor neglectus pilosus serotinus vaginaeflorus Virginicus Stachys ambigua arvensis aspera Betonica Cincinnatensis cordata Germanica glabra hyssopifolia hispida Nuttallii palustris tenuifolia Stanleya pinnata 37 37 217 217 217 49 537 537 537 422 423 519 423 519 307 308 309 308 307 309 309 308 309 605 605 414 414 195 197 396 196 195 224 197 196 198 198 197 224 I 47, 475 471 470 365 365 150 1 155 154 I5i 156 153 156 155 153 153 155 154 154 151 152 152 152 156 152 153 3 96 "7 98 98 99 97 98 521 97 96-7 98 98 96-7 97 2 109 109 Stanleya pinnatifida 2 Staphyleaceae 2 Staphylea trifolia Statice 2 Armeria Caroliniana Limonium var. vulgaris Steironema 2 ciliatum intermedium lanceolatum longifolium quadriflorum radicans tonsum Stella ria alpestris 2 aquatica biflora borealis cerastioides crassifolia Edwardsii fontinalis Friesia na graminea 22 Groenlandica 2 Holostea humifusa longtfolia longipes media peduncularis P libera uliginosa Stenanthium 1 angustifolium gramineum robustum Stenophragma 2 ( Sisymbrium in part ) Thaliana 146 Stenophyllus 1 25S ( Fun bristylis'ya. part ) capillaris 258 Stenosiphon 2 498 linifolium 499 virgalus 499 Stenotus 3 329 ( Aplopappus in part) 109 396 396 396 595 595 594 594 595 589 589 59° 59° 591 591 59° 590 24 20 32 24 28 24 23 24 22 . 23 34 22 21 22 23 21 23 22 21 403 403 403 404 146 armerioides Stephauomeria minor runcinata Stevia caUosa sphacelala Stewartia Stillingia sylvatica Stipa avenacea bar bat a bicolor capilla ris comata juncea Macounii membranacea Richardson ii spartea Virginica viridula Stoepelina elegans Stramonium Streptopus amplexifolius lanuginosus roseus Strophostyles 329 3 26S 268 3 447 447 2 426 2 369 369 I 137 I3S 138 138 145 138 139 137 141 *37 138, 139 1 138 138 3 316- 125 1 432 432 43i 433 338 ( t'haseoius in part ) Vol. ill.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 553 Strophostyles ! Tagetes Therofon 2 176 Tradescantia angulosa 2 338 papposa 3 453 (Boykiuia) Jlexuosa 1 378 helvola 338 Talinum 2 1 aconiti folium 177 montana 377 " Missouriensis 339 calycinum 2 napelloides 177 pilosa 378 pauciflora 2 339 parviflorurn 2 Tlicsiu i)i reflexa 3 5io peduncularis 339 teretifolium 1 umbellalum 1 536 rosea 1 378 umbellata 339 Tanacetum 3 46o Thlaspi 2 113 Virginiana 377 Stuartia 2 426 Huronense 461 arvense 114 Tragia 2 366 Malachodendron 426 vulgare .460 Bursa-pastoi is 139 cordala 368 pentagyna 2 427 " crispum [t>, 1 ca mpestre 11 1 innocua 367 Virginica 426 Taraxacum 3 270 perfoliatum 114 macrocarpa 368 Stylipus Dens-leonis 271 Thuja 1 58 nepetaefolia 367 vermis 2 220 erytbrospermum occidentalis 58 ramosa 367 Sty I ism a officinale 271 Thymeleaceae 2 465 stylaris 367 see Breweria 3 20-1 Taraxacum 271 Thymophylla 3 453 urens 367 Stylophorum 2 I02 " alpinnm 271 ( Hymenanthei ■11 m ) Tragopogon 3 268 dipli3'llum 102 Taxaceae 1 61 aurea 3 453 Dandelion 264 Stylosanthes 2 312 Taxodium 1 57 Thymus 3 115 parvifolius 269 bi flora 312 distichum 58 Acinos 109 pratensis 269 elatior 312 Taxus 1 61 Serpyllum US Virginicum 263-4 racemosa 285 baccata 61 Tiarella 2 1 70. 177 Tragus 1 105 riparia 3 517 brevifolia 61 biternata 170 Tra'paceae 2 500 Styraceae 2 598 Canadensis 61 cordifolia 17S Trapa 2 500 Sty rax 598 minor 61 Tiedemannia natans 500 Americana 599 Tecoma 3 198 rig i da 2 513 Trautvetteria 2 72 grandifolia 599 radicans 199 tere/i/olia 513 Carolinensis 72 pulverulenta 599 Tephrosia Tiliaceae 2 413 palmata 72 Suaeda holosericea 2 293 Tilia 2 4'3 Triadenum 2 436 depressa 1 585 see Cracca 292-3 alba 414 {E lodes) linearis var. 584 Tetragonanthus 2 619 Americana 414 petiolatum 437 maritima 585 (Halenia) " Walteri 414 Virginicum 436 Subularia 2 no deflexus and var. 620 Canadensis 414 Tribulus 2 352 aquatica no Tetragonotheca 3 413 Europaea 414 maxim us 352 Succisa helianthoides 4i4 glabra 414 terrestris 352 austral is 3 249 Tetranthera heterophylla 414 Trichochloa Sullivantia 2 177 geniculate/. 2 97 pubescens 4i4 m icrospenna 1 145 Oh ion is 177 Teucrium 3 76 Tillaea 2 164 Trichodiuin Sullivantii 177 Canadense 76 aquatica 164 see Agrostis 1 159 Swertia occidentalis 77 simplex 164 Trichomanes 1 6 Carinthiaca 2 619 Virginicum 76 Tillandsia 1 374 radicans 6 difformis 611 Thalesia 3 194 usneoides 374 Trichophyllum deflexa 620 (Aphyllon) Tipularia 1 479 oppositifolium 3 448 rot a la 618 fasciculata *95 discolor 480 Trichostema 3 77 Sympetalae 2 548 " lutea J95 unifolia 4S0 brachiatum 77"7S Symphoricarpos 3 235 uniflora 195 Tissa 2 36-7 dichotomum 78 occidentalis 236 Thalia 1 455 ( Buda ) lineare 78 orbiculata 236 dealbata 455 (Spergularia) Tricuspis pauciflorus 236 Thalictrum 2 86 Canadensis 37 acuminata 3 504 racemosus 235 alpinum 86 marina 37 albescens 503 Symphoriearpos 236 anemonoides 66 rubra 37 purpurea 1 185 vulgaris 2^6 cam pest re 88 salina 37 Irinerviglumis 3 504 Symphytum 3 67 clavatum 87 Tofieldia 1 399 Trientalis 2 591 officinale 67 coriaceum 87 glutinosa 400 Americana 592 Symplocarpus Cornuti 88 palustris 399 Trifolium 2 274 foetid us 1 363 dioicum 87 pubescens 400 agrarium 275 Symplocaceae 2 597 polygamum 88 racemosa 400 arvense 276 Symplocos 597 purpurascens 88 Tordylium Beckwithii 277 tinctoria 597 " ceriferum 88 Anthriscus 2 511 biflorum 312 Synandra 3 91 venulosum 88 nodosum 510 Carolinianum 279 g rand i flora 91 Tl/apsia Tori I is dubium 275 hispidula Qi trifoliata 2 518 Anthriscus 2 511 erect u 1/1 337 Syndesmon 2 66 Thaspium 2 518 nodosa 510 hybridum 278 ( Anemonella) atropurpureum 518 Tormentilla incarnatum 276 thalictroides 66 aurcum 2 518 rep tans 2 2l6 medium 277 Synosma 3 474 " apteruni 534 Torreya minus 275 ( Cacalia in part) barbinode 518 grand (flora 3 9i pratense 276 suaveolens 475 " angustifolium 518 Towndsendia 3 350 procumbens 275 Syntherisma 1 no pinnatifidum 5i8 gran di flora 35o reflexum 278 {Digi/aria ; trifoliatum 5i8 exscapa 35i repens 279 Panic urn in part) " apteruni 535 sericea 35i siniplici folium 337 filiformis 1 in Walteri 5i8 Toxicodendron stoloniferum 278 glabra in Theaceae 2 426 c renal u m 2 387 Virginicum 277 linearis in Thelesperma 3 441 pin nation 388 Triglochin 1 82 praecox in ambiguum 441 vulgar e 388 eiata 83 sanguinalis in fi I '1 [folium 441 Toxylon 1 52S maritima 83 serotina 1 in 3 496 graeile 442 1 Madura) paluslris 83 villosa 1 in trifidum 441 pomiferutn 529 striata 83 Synthyris 3 165 Thelypodium 2 110 Trachelospermum 3 4 triandra 83 Houghtoniana 166 integrifolium no ( Echites in pari ■) Trigonella rubra 166 pinnatifidum I23 difforme 4 Americana 2 280 Syringa 2 600 Therm i a Trachynotia Trilisa 3 318 vulgaris 600 rhombifolia 2 265 Polystachya 1 176 (Liatris) Tabernaernontana Thermopsis 2 264 Tradescantia 1 377 odoratissima 319 Amsonia 3 1 mollis 264 bracteata 3 510 paniculata 319 Tagetes rhombifolia 265, brevicaulis 1 378 Trillium 1 435 554 Trillium cernuum i 437 erectum 437 erythrocarpum 43S grandi riorum 437 nivale 1 436 recurvatutn 436 rhomboideum 437 sessile undulatum 438 viride 3 511 Triodia albescens 3 503 cuprea 1 184 decumbens 185 stricta 185 Triosteum 3 234 angusti folium 234 perfoliatum 234 Tripoli uni angustum 3 383 Tripsacum 1 97 daetyloides 98 Tripterella coerulea 1 456 Tripieridium micranthum 597 Trisetum 1 170 flavescens 171 paluslre 171 Pennsylvanicum 171 pratense 1 171 subspicatum 171 Tri lie urn see Agropyron 1 226 Trollius 2 52 Americanus 52 laxus 52 " albiflorus 52 Troximon cuspidalum 3 27S glaucum 277 marginatum 278 parvifiorum 27S Tsuga 1 55 ( Abies) Canadensis ;6 Caroliniana 56 Tullia 3 114 pvenanthemoides 114 Tunica 2 17 Saxifraga 17 7~« rrilis see Arabis 2 149-30 Tussilago 3 469 Farfara 469 frigida 470 pa I ma la 469 Pela sites 470 sagitlata 470 Typhaceae 1 62 Typha 1 62 angustifolia 63 lati folia 62 Udora 1 93 Ulex 2 270 Europaeus 270 Ulmaceae i 523 Ulmaria 2 223 {Spiraea in part) palustris 224 rubra 224 Ulmaria 224 Ulmus 1 524 alata 525 Americana 524 ca in pest r is 524 fulva 525 pubescens 525 racemosa Umbelliferae 2 508 Uncinia 1 284 microglochin 285 Unifolium 1 1.30 {Maianthemu m ) GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Vol. TIL Unifolium [Smilacina in part) Canadense liliaceutn Uniola gracilis lax a latifolia paniculata spicata stricta Uracil 11c asperifolia mi era nt ha racemosa U rale pis el on gat a pilosa Urticaceae Urtica chamaedryoides ciii ndrica divaricata dioica gracilis pit mi la urens Urticastrum ( La port ea ) divaricatum Utricularia bi flora bipartite/, ceratop'hvlla elandestina cleistogama cornuta fibrosa fornicata gibba iufiata intermedia macrorhiza juncea longirostris minor purpurea resupinata sac cat a setacea striata subulata vulgaris and var Uvularia amplexifolia grandiflora perfoliata puberula sessilifolia Vaccaria 43i l |0 197 [97 197 197 198 198 140 140 140 504 504 53o 53i 532 1 534 533 531 531 533 532 1 532 533 3 188 193 192 190 190-1 190 189 192 193 193 190 192 191 1 89 193 192-3 191 190 191 190 191-2 190 • 191 1 p8 432 409 409 410 40Q 2 18 Vaccinium stamineum 2 580 tenelluni 377 uliginosum 576 vacillans 579 virgatum 377 Yitis-Idaea 580 see Gaylussacia 574-6 Oxycoccus 581-2 Vagnera 1 429 (inc. Smilacina in part) (Saponaria in part) Vaccaria vulgaris Vaccixiaceae 2 Vaccinium 2 album 3 amoenn m 2 arboreum atrococcum Im xi [folium caespitosum Canadense corymbosum disomorphum hirlellum hispiduliim ligustrinum membranaceum m/icronatii m myrtilloides nigrum ovali folium pallidum Pennsylvanicutn " augustifolium 18 1 8 573 575 241 577 589 578 575 576 578 577 -7X 575 581 570 57" 393 576 579 577 579 578 amplexicaulis racemosa stellata trifolia Valerianaceae Valeriana dioica edulis Locust a " olit. , rad. officinalis pauci flora sylvatica Valerianella ; chenopodifolia Locusta longiflora olitoria radiata stenocarpa Wood si ana " patellaria " umbilicata Yallisxeriaceae 1 429 429 43o 430 3 243 3 243 244 244 245 245-6 245 244 244 3 245 246 24s 247 245 246 246 247 247 247 Vallisneria 1 spiralis Vaseya comata 1 Veratrum 1 angustifolium lutein 11 parvifiorum viride Woodii Verbascum 3 Blattaria Lychnitis phlomoides Thapsus Verbexaceae 3 Verbena angustifolia Aubletia bipinnatifida bracteosa Canadensis hastataand var. nodiflora officinalis paniculata pinnatifida ripens riparia stricta urtici folia Verbesina 3 alba alternifolia encelioides helianthoides occidentalis Siegesbeckia Virginica Verxoxieae 3 Vernonia 3 altissima " grandiflora " marginata Arkansana Baldwinii crinita Drummondii 92 92 93 144 407 403 402 407 408 408 143 144 144 143 143 69 69 7i 72 72 7i 72 70 73 7" 70 70 7i 7o 7' 70 429 4'3 431 430 43o 430 430 429 299 301 303 304 304 302 302 302 304 Vernonia fasciculata gigantea glauca Jamesii marginata 3 303 303 303 304 304 Noveboracensis 302 " latifolia 303 tomentosa 302 Veronica 3 166 agrestis and var. 170 alpina 168 Americana 167 Anagallis-aquatica 167 arvensis 3 169 Ruxbaumii 170 Byzantina 170 Chamaedrys 168 hederaefolia 170 officinalis 168 peregrin a 169 scutellata 167 serpyllifolia 169 Virginica 171 \resicaria a rg en tea 2 137 arc I it a 138 didvmocarpa 135 globosa 136 gracilis 137 Short ii 136 Viburnum 3 228 acerifolium 230 alnifolium 229 cassinoides 232 Demetrionis 231 ferrugineum 233 dentatum 231 " pubescens 230 lantanoides 229 Lentago 232 molle 231 nudum 232 "' Claytoni 232 obovatum 3 233 Opulus 229 " eradiatum 230 pauciflorum 230 prunifolium 233 globosum 233 "ferrugineum 233 pubescens 230 rufotomentosum 233 trilobuin 229 Vicia 2 325 Americana 2 326 angustifolia 329 Caroliniana 327 Cracca 326 hirsuta 328 linearis 326 Ludoviciana 327 micrautha 327 Mitchelli 328 pa ri'i flora 327 sativa 328 sepium 329 tetrasperma 328 truncata 326 Vigna 2 339 Catjang 340 Sinensis 340 I 'il/'a see Sporobolus 1 152-6 I 'it tarsia aquatica 2 623 lacunosa 622 Vinca 3 2 minor 2 Vincetoxicum 3 17 ( Gonolobus) Baldwinianum 19 Carolinense 18 gonocarpos " laevis 17 18 Vol.. III.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 555 Vincetoxicum Virgilia Wolffia 1 367 hirsutum 3 18 lu lea 2 264 Brasiliensis nigrum 16 Viscaria 2 7 Columbiana 367 obliquum 18 alpina 7 Floridana 3 509 Shortii 19 VI sen in gladiala var. 509 siiberosum 17 Jlavescens 1 535 papulifera 510 VlOLACEAE 2 445 terrestre 2 588 Wolffiella 3 509 Viola 2 446-56 VlTACEAE 2.407 Floridana 509 a»/oe>ia 45o Vitis 408 Woodsia 1 9 arenaria 454 aestivalis 409 alpina 10 arvensis 455 " canescens 409 glabella 10 Atlantiea 446 arhorea 412 liyperborea 10 blanda 45o Baileyana 411 Ilven-i- 10 " palustriformis 450 bicolor 409 obtusa n Canadensis 2 453 bipinnata 412 Oregana 11 canina var. 454 cinerea 409 seopulina 11 concolor 456 cordifolia 410 Woodwardia 1 20 cucnllata 2 447 3 520 indivisa 412 angiistifolia 20 delphi)iifolia 2 447 Labrusca 408-9 areolata 20 domestica 3 519 palmata 410 Virginica 20 emarginata 520 qiu'nquefolia 413 Wulfenia 3 165 hastata 2 452 riparia 410 (Synlhyris) Labradorica 454 rotundifolia 411 Houghtoniana 166 lanceolata 45i rupestris 411 rubra 166 Muhlenberg rii 454 Virginiana 411 Xanthium 3 297 multicaulis 454 vulpina 4 10, 411 Canadense 298 Nuttallii 452 Vleckia echinatiini 298 obliqua 447 see Agastache 3 84-5 spinosum 297 odorata 449 a hi sal a 85 strumariura 298 ovata 448 Volvulus Xanthorrhiza 2 54 palmata 446 spithamaeus 3 26 apiifolia 55 palustris 450 Waldsteinia 2 218 simplicissima 55 pedatiiida 447 fragarioides 218 Xanthosoina pedata 449 parvi flora 3 516 sazittaefolia 1 362 " bi color 449 Washingtonia 2 530-1 Xanthoxylum 2 353 primulaefolia 45i (Osmori < hiza) Americanum 353 pubescens 2 452 Claytoni 53o Carolinian it in 353 renifolia 45i divaricata 531 Clava-Hereulis 353 rostrata 455 longistylis 530 Xerophyllum 1 401 rotundifolia 449 Weigela 3 242 asphodeloides 401 sagittata 448 Willughbaea 3 313 selifoliit m 401 " emarginata 3 520 (Mikania) Ximeiiesia scabriuscula 2 453 scandens 3l3 encelioides 3 430 Selkirkii 45° Windsoria Xolisma 2 569 sororia 448 stricla 1 185 ( A ndromeda in part ) striata 453 pallida 213 ligustrina 570 tenella 455 Wistaria ( Wisteria) Xylosteu 111 tricolor and vai '• 455 frutescens 2 294 involucratuni 3 242 verticillata 456 viacrostachys 3 5i7 oblongi folium 240 villosa 447 speciosa 2 294 Xyridaceae 1 368 Xyris 1 368 Caroliniana 370 communis 369 difformis 369 elata 370 fimbriata 370 flexuosa 369 Jupacai 370 montaua 369 torta 370 Yucca 1 426 angiistifolia 427 baecata 426 rilamentosa 427 glauca 427 Zannichellia 1 79 palustris 80 Za pa nia cuneif&lia 3 73 Zephyranthes 1 143 Atamasco 444 Zinnia 3 411 grandiflora 412 Zizania I 128 aquatiea 128 miliacea 128 Zizaniopsis 1 127 miliacea 128 Zizia 2 534 aurea 534 Bebbii 534 cordata 535 integerrinia 526 pinnalifida 518 Zornia 2 312 bracteata 313 letraphylla 313 Zostera 1 82 marina 82 Zygadenus 1 404 elegans 405 glaberrimus 404 g la uc us 405 leimanthoides 406 Nuttallii 405 venenosus 405 Zygophyllaceae 2 351 English Index, including Popular Plant Names. [The heavy face figures i, 2, 3 indicate the volume; those following them, the page. Names in italics are additional popular names, not printed in the text, but referred to the proper plant by the number of the Illustration or Figure [i ).] Aaron's Beard 3 144, * 1883 Aaron's Rod 2 165, 3 143, Abele 1 Abel- tree Abronia 337 490 f 1 164 1 597 Ailanthus Airif Aise-weed A it en Alder Abscess-root, Am.i 2993 Absinth 3 464 Acacia 2 254 Bastard, False 294 , Illinois i 2030 Prairie 2 254 • Rose 2 295, f 2122 J Three-thorned 2 260 Acanthus Family 3 201 j Ache 2 533 Aconite 61 Winter 53 Aconite Saxifrage 177 Actinomeris 3 431 Actinospermum 443 Adam-and-Eve 1 481 i Adam's-c«/> f 1801 i -flannel 3 143. f 3481 -needle 1 427; 2 531 Adder's-fern f 1 -flower 2 14 -meat 22 -mouth 1 475-6 Pogonia f 1114 Adder 's-spear i 1 Adder' s-spil f 61 Adder's Tongue Family i i Adder's-tongue 1 2, 420; 3 494 Engelmann's 3 494 Sand 494 Adder' s-violet i 1132 Adders-wort i 3056 Adelia 2 603 Adenocaulon 3 404 Adonis-flower i 1639 African-rose i 1659 Agave 1 445 Agoseris 3 277 8 Agrimony 2 220-7 Water 3 437 -bark i 2271 -grass, -root f 1023 -tree 2 97 Ague-weed 2 615: 3 311 Ailanthus Family 2 354 355 3 220 2 539 f 131 512-13 Alder American f 1222 Berry 2 406 Black 392, 406, fi22i, 1223 406, i 1222 f 1878 f 2362 f 1222 f 2724 i 1879 i 2362 f 1219. 1221-2 f 2362, 2771 f 1878 3 458 87 2 518 Common Dwarf 2 False Green Spiked Spotted Striped Tag IV kite Witch Alecoast, Alecost Alehoof Alexanders Golden 2 518, f 2670, 2690-1 Heart-leaved 2 535 Alfalfa 2 272 Alfilaria 2 344 At filar ilia f 2249 Alkali-grass f 977 Alkanet f 3048 Bastard 3 63 Alkekengi 3 132 All-bone 2 22 Alleghany Fringei\6~2 Alleghany Vine 2 105 Alleluia 2 271, 345 Alloood f 1370 All-heal 3 88, 97, 245 \ Alligator- tree 2 193 ' -bonnets f 1530 Allionia 1 505 : Allison, Sweet f 1788 | While f 1775 I Allocarya 3 56 ' Allseed f 1362 Allspice, Carolina 2 95 Wild 98 ] Almond, Cutting 3 411 Earth f 559 Aloe-root f 1023 Alpine Bistort 1 555 Alsike 2 278 Althaea, Shrubby 426 Alum-bloom Alum-root Common Alyssum Hoary Sweet Yellow Amaranth Amaranth Dwarf Green 2 17c; i 2239 179. 34i f 1845 2 152 J54 153 153 Family 1 586 1 586 90 i 1408 f 1398-9 Amaranth Bed 1 f 1399 var. Thorny " f 1400 Amaryllis Family 1 443 Amber 2 433 Ambrose f 1371 Ambrosia, Tall 3 295 Ammannia 2 469 Ampelopsis 412 Amphiaehyris 3 320 Amphicarpon 1 no Amsonia 3 1 Amy-root 3 3 Anchusa, Amer. f 3048 Andromeda 2 568-71 Lyon's i 2771 Privet 2 570 Andrachne 3 518 Androsace 2 576 Androstephium 1 416 Anemone, Canada 2 64 Carolina 62 Cut-leaved 63 False-rue 54 Long-fruited 63 Meadow-rue f 1580 Mountain 2 65 Northern 62 Prairie i 1581 Richardson's 2 64 Round-leaved f 1574 -headed i 1574 Rue 2 66 Small-flowered f 1570 Star ' i 2S22 Tall 2 63 Wind-flower i 1580 Wood f 1576 Angel-eyes f 3393 Angelica 2 511-12 Hairy f 2637 High i 2636 Sea coast 2 520 Angelica-tree 506, f 2269 Angelico 2 519 Angel's-eyes 3 168 Angleberries 2 332 Angle -pod 3 17 Anise, Sweet t 2681 Anise- root t 2681 Aphanostephus 3 349 Apiastrum 2 527 Appalachian Tea 3 232 f 2359 Apple Family 2 232-45 Apple 2 236 Devil's t 1646, 3222 Hog 2 92 Honeysuckle 558 Indian f 1646 Apple Love 3 137 Mad i 3222 May 2 92 Mock 3 251 Osage f 1 259 Peru f 3222 Prairie 2 284 Swamp 558 Thorn 3 139-40 While 1 2227 Wild Balsam 3 251 Apple of Peru 3 125 Apple of Sodom 135 A pple-pie (smell) f 2568 Apple-root i 2321 April-fools f 1 58 1 Arbof-vitae 1 58 Arbutus, Trailing 2 571 Archangel f 2636 Black 3 96 Green f 3168, 3173 Red or Sweet 3 94 White 95 Arctagrostis 1 157 Arethusa 469 Argentina f 1934 Argentill 2 225 Arnica 3 471-2 f 3532 Arnica-bud i 3522 Aristida 1 133-7 ArrowT-arum 1 362 Arrow-beam 2 395 Arrow-grass Family 1 82 Arrow-grass 1 83, f 301 Arrow-head 1 82-90 Arrow-leaf f 193-8 Arrow- root Family 1 454 Arum Family 1 360 Arum 1 362-3 Arrow-wood 2 406, 543; 3 230-1 12367 Indian f 2712 Arsenic, Wild 1 2735 Artichoke, Jerusalem 3 429 Asarabacca ] ■ 538-9 Asarum 538-9 Ash 2 601, f2838 Basket f 2843 Bitter f 2367 Black 2 602, f 238 0, 2840 Blue 2 600, 602, f 2839 Brown f 2S43 Cane f2838 Carolina f 2841 Flowering t 2845 Green 2 601 VOL. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 557 Ash Aster Hoop 2 602, f 1255 Northeastern 3 368 Maple f 23S0 Panicled 377 Mountain 2 233 Prairie 374 Ox 596 Pringle's 379 Poison 2 388, f2S45 Purple 365-7 Pop, or Poppy f 284I Early 367 Prickly 2 353 Late 365 Red 601 Seaside - 373 Rin 1 * 1255 Thin-leaved 366 Sea 2 353 Purple -stem 367 Southern Prickly 353 Rayless 383 Swamp f 2839, 2843 Red-stalk 367 Wafer 2 354 Red-stem, Smooth 368 Water Rice-button 376 2 602, f 23S 0, 2839 Rose Heath 3 3s:, White Rosemary 380 2 601 , f 2839. 2845 Rough 374 Yellow f 2046 Rush 37o Ash-weed 2 539 Salt-marsh, Annual -wort 3 477 382 Asp, Mountain f 1 1 70 Perennial 382 Quaking f 1 1 70 Savory-leaved 393 While f 1164 Schreber's 359 Asparagus 1 428 Seaside, Purph '- 373 Aspen, American 492 Short's 362 Great f 1164 Showy, Low 373 Asphodel 1 399, 401 Silkseed f 3733 Bastard t 969 Silky, Western 3 37i Bog 1 401 Silver f 3652 False [966-7 Silvery, Western Lancashire f 969 3 371 Scottish 1 399 Eastern 372 Ass-foot 3 469 Sky-blue 362 Aster 3 354 Slender 373 Amethyst 367 Slim 382 Aromatic 366 Small White 38i Arnnv-leaved 364 Smooth 369 Bee-weed f 375 ^ Narrow-leave d 369 Bernhardi's 3 358 Southern 369 Blue- Devil f 3753 Smooth Red-stem 368 Blue Wood 3 363 Spreading 3 368 Bog 375 Starved 380 Bushy 376 Stately 361 Calico 380 Stiff 393 Clayton's 358 Swamp, Southern 375 Cornel 392 Tall White 377 Creeping 373 Tansy 384 Crimson-disk 356 Thin- leaved Purple Crooked- stem 368 365 Dense-flowered 381 Tradescant's 378 Dewy-leaf 360 Tuber KJ* 373 Dome-topped 359 Various-leaved Drummond's 364 3 61. 365 Early Purple 367 Violet-leaf 3 361 Eastern Silvery 372 Violet Wood 360 Fall f 3753 Viscid 384 Faxon's 3 378 Wavy-leaved 365 Fendler's 372 Western 370-I File-blade 374 White Flat-topped 392 Flat-top 3 392 Forking 358 Small 381 Frost-weed 379 Tall 377 Great Northern 367 Upland 376 Ha rdy 13760 White Heath 379 Hair-stemmed 3 380 White Prairie 38i Hervey's 374 White-topped 353-4 Heath, Rose 383 White Wood 3 357 White 379 White Wreath 381 Large-flowered 372 Whorled 376 -leaved 359 Willow 377 Late Purple 365 Wood Leafy-bracted 371 Common Blue 363 Lilac-flowered 372 Long-leaved 357 Lindley's 364 Violet 360 Long-leaved 37i White 357 Lowrie's 363 Asterworts 3 298 Low Rough 374 Asthma-weed 260 Low Showy 373 Astilbe 2 170 Many- rayed 362 Atamasco Lily 1 444 Missouri 378 Atriplex 1 579-So Mountain 376 Aunt Jericho f 2636-7 Nebraska 375 Autumnal Hawkbit" New England 366 3 266 New York 370 Avens 2 219-23 Aven^ Cream colored Drooping Early Water Large-leaved Long- plumed Mountain Purple Rough Spring Water White Yellow Yellow 2 221 f 1940 f 1943 2 221 219 222-3 2 219 220 220 . * x943 220 f 1945 2 221 Mountain 2 219 219 2 tio 310 539 310 f 1820 558-9 563 559 559 f 2744 Awlwoit, Water Axeseed Axweed Axe wort Aye-green Azalea Alpine Clammy Flame Hoary Mountain Pink, Purple, Smooth Trailing Tree, White, Azolla Babies'-breath f 1021, 1464, 3409 -feet, -toes, -slippers f 2288 Baccharis 3 393-4 Bachelor's Buttons 2 356; 3 492, f 1614, 35i3> 4076 Backache-brake i 58 Backache-root 3 31S Back-wort 67 Bacon-zveed i 1359 Badger f 1581 Bag-lea ves Baked-apple, Balsam Poplar 1 491 -weed 3 401 Bamboo, Red berry "f 1059 Bamboo Brier i 1054 Banana, False i 1543 Baneberry 2 55-6 Bank-cress f 1696 Bannal 2 271 Ban:, vrt f 3724 Bar beau f 4076 Barbary-fig f 2527 Barberry Family 2 89 Barberry 90 Holly-leaved f 1642 Bardane 3 484 Bargeman's Cabbage i 1704 Barley Mouse, Way, 55* 558 559 563 559 35 Bartonia Bartsia, Alpine Red Base Vervain Basil 3 108-9, IIX» * 3155 Cow f 1467 Field, Stone, 3 10S f 1811 berry, f 1892 3 448 1 58 f 2869 1 257-8 f 3984 f 1658 f 1754 3 263 2 102 102 Bahia Bald Cypress Baldmoney Bald Rush Balders Bale wort Ball Mustard Ballogan Balloon Vine Balm, Basil ; Bee, Amer. Calamint Field Fragrant Garden Lemon Low Moldavian Ox Red Yellow Balm-leaf Balm-mint 3 107, f 3181 Balm-of-Gilead 1 491 403 109 107 109 87, 108 102 107 107 ^313! 13097 13186 f3t3i f 2813 3 IQ7 -Fir Balmony Balsam 2 403 Canada He Mountain Old-field She Sweet, White Wild Balsam Apple Balsam Fir Balsam-flowers f 1 168 f 126 3 149 f 126-7, 2337 f 126 f 122 f 127 3 401 f 127 3 401 f 2388-9 3 251 1 57 2 274 1 228-9 Wild f 532 2 621 3 183 183 168 Wild 3 108, 114, f 3160, 3167 3 102, 109 3 109, f 3147 10S 1623 2 414, f 1542 2 414 1 241 1 Basil-balm -thyme -weed Bass Bass-wood White Yellow Bastard -Alkanet 3 63 -Boneset 310 -Chinarool f 1056 -Cress f 1684 -Elm fi255 -Gentian i 2869 -Hellebore f 1120 -Hemp 3 92 -Hoarhound ^3115 -Jasmine f 3220 -Pennyroyal 3 78 -Pimpernel f 2825 -Rocket f 1703 -Toad-flax 1 536 Bast-tree f 241 1 Bath-flozcer f 1046-7 Batter-dock 3 470, f 142 Battlefield-flower f 251 1 Bay 2 48, 96, 427 Dwarf 2 465 Holly i 2441 Loblolly 2 427 North Carolina ^1537 Red 2 96 Rose 2 560-1, f 2566 Swamp 2 96 Sweet 48, f 1652 Tan 2 427 White 48, f 1652 Bayberry Family 1 487 Bayberry 1 488, 1 1160 Tallow 1 1 160 Baybush-buds fii59 Bay Galls i 1652 Beach Pea 2 330 Bead- ruby f 1034 Beak-sedge f 648-660 Beaked Rush 1 277-80 Beam Tree 2 236 Bean, Blackeyed 340 China 340 Indian 3 199-200 Smoking 13367 Water 2 45 Wild Kidney 338 553 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vol. Ill- Bean (Wild) 2 338-9, * 2227 Bean-tree 3 199 Bean-trefoil 2 622 Bean-vine Bean-weed Bear-berry 2 572-3, f 2360, Bear- bind 3 26, f 13 |s Bear-corn 1 984 -grass f 2474 -tongue i 1029 Beard-grass 1 98, 101-3 Beard-tongne 3 151-5 Cobaea 153 Crested 151 Foxglove 152 Funnelform 153 Gray 151 Hairy 151 Hayden's 155 Large -flowered 154 Large Smooth 154 Pale-blue 155 Sharp-leaved : 54 Slender 153 Smooth 152 White-flowered 152 Bearded-join I 1 265 Bear's-bilberry 2 572 Bear's-foot i 1956 Yellow 3 405 Bear's-grape 2 572 Bear's-moss f 1027 -paw root f 36 -t /tread f 1027 Beaumont-root i 3299 Beaver-/ /7y 1 1527 -poison 2 536 -root i 1527 -tree 2 488 -zcood f 1255 Beekmannia 1 181 Bedeguar f 1973-4 Bed-flower 3 219 Bed's-foot 3 108-110 Bed-straw Arkansas 3 223 Clayton's 224 Coast 226 Corn 220 Fragrant 223 Great Hedge 219 Hairy 221 Lady's 219 Marsh 3 224, 225 Northern 222 Purple 223 Rough 225 Shining 225 Small 224 Southwestern 221 Sweet-scented 223 Three-jloivered i 3420 Wall * 3 219 White 219 Yellow 219 Bee-balm 3 102, 107 -tree t 241 1 B3ech Family i 513 Beech, American 514 Blue 1 506 Dutch f 1 1 64 Red, While, i 1225 Water 1 506, f 1881 Beech-drops 3 197 Albany 2 554 Carolina 555 False 556 Beech-fern r 19 -wheat i 1316 Beefsteak plant 3 186, f 3187 var Beef-suet Tree 2 468 Bee's-nest-plant i 2632 Beellebung f 2721 Beetle-weed 2 584 Bee weed f 3752 Been art i B83 Beggars'-lice 3 55, 220, 438, f -buttons 3 1 -needle 2 53] Beggar-ticks 3 55, 438, L957, 2171 Swamp 437-8 Beggar-weed f 1337, 1513 Belien 2 9 Bella, Low f 3509 High i 3503 Belino 3 138 Bellbind 25 Bellbine 26 Bell Flower Family 3 252 Bellflower 3 252-5 American Red 22 Arctic 253 I Bedstraw 254 ! Clustered 254 j Creeping 254 Clasping 256 European 254 Marsh 254 Panicled 255 Round-leaved 253 Slender 254 Tall 255 Bells f 1559 Bel I -tree t 2833 Bell-ware 1 183 Bell wort 1 409-10 Mealy f 986 Benjamin, Red i 1047 .Sk eet f 4006 White f 1048 Benjamins f 1046-49 Benjamin-bush 2 98 Bennels f 420 Bennert f 3724 Bennett Herb i 1944-5, 1948 Bennet Pimpernel2 527 - Weed t 336 Bent-grass 1 160; 3 502-3 Sea i 821 Benzoin-gum 2 98 Berbine 3 70 Bergamot 103 I -herb, or -mint 3 119 Prairie f 3138 Bergia, Texas 2 438 Berlandiera 3 409-10 Berry-alder 2 406 -tree f 1870 Besom 2 271, 573 Beth-jlower, -root, f 1047-8 Betony 3 99 Head f 3335 Paul's 3 168; f 3171, 3293 Wild f 1949 Wood 3 99, 116, 186 Bibernel 1 1963 Biddy's Eyes 2 455 Bigbloom f 1538 Bilberry 2*572; f 1985, 3443 Bog i 27S3 Dwarf 2 576 Great 576 Oval-leaved 577 Red f 2795 Tall 2 577 Thin-leaved 576 Bilsted 2 193 Bindweed 3 22, 25-6 Black 1 565 Bindweed Blackbird 1 f 1348 Blue 3 137 i: 1 acted f 2951, 2953 Climbing f 1348 Corn or Ivy i 1348 False 3 22 Fringed Black 1 565 Great 3 25 Hedge 3 25, f 2952 Hoary 3 26 Knot t 1348 Low i 2953 Small 3 26 Trailing 25 Upiight 3 26 Birch Family i 506 Birch 1 508-11 Alpine f 1219 American 1 508 Black 510, f 1213. 1214 Boleau f 1212 Bog f 2394 Canoe 1 509 Cherry 1 510, f 1213 Dwarf 1 511, f 1 217-19 Glandular 1 510 Gray 1 510, f 1211, 1213 Low 1 511 Mahogany t 1215 Mountain f 1215 Old Field fi2ii Paper 1 509 Pin or Poverty f 1211 Red 1 509 River 509 f 1215 Running i 2798 Scrub 1 510 Silver t 1212. 1216 Spice f 1 215 Szcamp f 1 216 Sweet 1 510, f 1213 JVaier 1 1213, 1214 Western Red 1 509 White 1 508, f 1 21 2 Yellow 510 Bird-brier f 1973 -bell f 3576 -seed 3 206, 482, f 292 -need f 1337 Bird-on-lhe-7tingf22bS In-the-bush I 1663 Bird's-bread 2 166 -eye 3 168, 170, f 1494, 1639. 2084, 2824 Red f 1456, 2240 White f 1475, 1477 Bird 's-foot Trefoil 2 280 Bird's-nest 2 510, 556, f 2642 Giant 2 554 1 'el low f 2740 Bird's-nest-plant f 2739 Bird's-pepper i 1687 Bird's-tongtie i 1337, 2824 Birth-root 1 435, f 1047-8 Birthwort Family Birthwort Upright Biscuit-leaves Biscuits Bishop weed Mock Bishops-cap •elder ■ -wig -wort Bistort Bite-tongue Bitter-ash -bloom -bush 1 537 1 54o f 1282 f 1054 f 1802 2 539 o538 2 1 80-I M 539 f 1775 3 99 1 555 i 1333 12367 2 610 f 1234 Hitter-clover f 2858 -buttons 3 460 Bitter-cress 2 128-130 JJiller-grass f 1023 -herb 2 607; 3 149 Bitter-nut 1 4S5, f 1158 Water f 1153 Bitter-root 3 2 Bitter-sweet 3 137, f 2736 Climbing 2 396 False or Shrubby 396 Bitter- trefoil t 2889 -weed 3 295, 339, 391 -worm f 2889 Black Alder 2 392, f 3440 Black-a-moor f 136 Blackberry 2 202-5, * ^96 Bailey's 2 204 Bristly 204 Creeping f 1906 High Bush 2 202 Hispid 203 Knee-high _ 203 Low f 1901 Low Bush 2 204 Low Running 205 Millspaugh's 203 Mountain 202 Running Swamp 203 Sand 203 Blackberry Lily 1 453 Black-bui' i 1948 Black-cap 2 201 f 136, 965, 1896 -Dogwood f 2395 Black-eyed Susan 2 425; 3 416 Black-flower f 981 Black-grass 2 272 Black-head Grass f 965 Black-gum 2 547 -haw 3 233, f 2830 -heart f 1327 -jacks 3 207 -laurel f 2441 -lime-tree i 241 1 -linn i 1541 -moss i 904 -root 3 171 -sampson 420 -sanicle f 2624 Black-seed 2 272 -Snake-root 2 524, f 2666 -snaps f 2780 Black-thorn 2 250 Black Walnut 1 483 Blackweed f 140, 3593 Black-wheat 3 1S7 Black-wort 67 Bladder-campion 2 6 -ketmia 2 425 Bladderxut Family 2 396 Bladder-nut 2 396 Bladder-pod 2 135-8 Bladderwort Family 3 188 Bladderwort 3 1S9-193 Closed 3 190 Fibrous 192 Flat-leaved 192 Greater 191 Hidden-fruited 191 Horned 189 Humped 193 Lesser 192 Purple 191 Reversed 190 Rush 189 Swollen 190 Tiny 190 Two-flowered 193 Zig-zag 190 VOL. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING TOPULAR PLANT NAMES. 559 Blanket-leaf 3 143 -flower 451 Blaver 3 491, i 1660 Blazing Star 1 4r'2: 3 315-51'S f ' Bleaberry 2 570 Bleeding-heat t. Wild 2 104 Blepliilia 3 105 Blind-eyes 1 1659-60 Blinks 2 4 Blister-flowers 2 80 -plant i 1614 -need f 1615 or/ f 161 2 Blite 1 5S5, fi37o Sea 1 584-5 Strawberry 1 576 Blood-leaf 1 593 -root 2 102 -staunch 3 391 Bloodslranse i 1593 Bloodwort Family 1 442 Bloodwort 2 228, 607, f 131 1 Mouse 3 283 Striped 285 Bloody Warrior f 3318 Bloomfell 2 280 Blooming Sally f 2566 Bloomy-down f 1471 Blowball 3 271 Blue Beech 1 506 Blue Bell f 1021. 15S4, 2993. 3288 Blue Bells 3 60, fis6i of Scotland 3 253 Blue-bonnet 3 491 -bottle 491, f 1021 -buttons 249 -caps 249, 491 -curls 78, 88 -flag 1 448-50 -Gentian f 2875, 3072 -poppy 3 491 -tops 492 Blueberry 2 577, f 1643 Black 578 Bog f 2783 Canada 2 578 Dwarf 578 Early f 2791 High-bush 2 577 Low 579 Low Black 579 Low-bush 578 Mountain 579 Pale 579 Sugar 578 Swamp 577 Tall 577 Blueberry-root f 1643 Blue-eye 3 168 Blue-eyed Babies f 3393 -grass 1 453, f 1085, 3393 -Mary 3 156, f 1085 Blue Devils f 3056 Blue-flag 1 448-50 Slender 11080 Blue-hearts 3 172 Blue-joint f 219 Blue Mountain Tea 338 Blue-pipe 2 600 -sailors 3 262 Blue-stem f 373, 3056 Big f 219 Bushy f 221, 224, note Little 121 6 Blue tangles 2 574 -thistle 3 69 -weed 69 Bluets 3 212-13 Clustered 215 f2099 1 4.. 1 2 622 581 I f 2394 I f 2889 i 2889 8* 876 1 382 so f Bob's-root Bog-asphodel Bog bean Bogberry Bog-bilberry -birch -hop -myrtle -nut -onion Bog Rush (Many /unci called) False i 654 Water f 661 Bog-sir an berry f 1937 Bog wort 2 58] Bokhara-clover 273 Bolder f 623 Bole-wort 2 538; 3 492 Bolgan-leaves 3 263 Boltonia 352-3 Bonaparte's Crown f 2337 3 350 67. 3" 310 f363i 3 3!3 312 314-15 3 307 312 307 313 310 35o 400 f 1527 f 1530 3 147 3 2 Boneflower Boneset ; Bastard Blue Climbing Deerwort False Purple Resin Spotted Tall Upland Bonewort Bongay Bonnets Alligator Bonny Rabbits Boor- or Bore-tree f 3433 var 2 Boots fi545 Borage Family 3 50 Borage 3 68 Bottle Brush 2 501, 1 77- 79. 54i Bottle-grass f 2074 Bouncing- bet 2 18 Bouteloua 1 180 Boutry i 3433 var. 2 Bowel-hive f 1955 Bowman's-root 2 198. f 2321, 3299 Bo'f-wood f 1259 Box Family 2 384 Box f 3403 Box, Flowering 2 580 Mountain f 2776 Wild Running i 3404 Box-berry -elder -thorn Box-wood False 2 572 2 543> 3 216 2 400 3 138 119S5 f 2712 Boys' Love 3 464, f 4005 Boys and Girls i 1669 Brachyelytrum Brake, Braken Backache Buckhorn Knotty Lady Osmond Rock Royal Swamp Sweet Winter Bramble Horse Brank Bread-and-butter f 1054 1 146 28-30 f 8 f 61 f 8 f 71-2 f 8 xf9 U6 *63 2 200 1 1973 11316 3236 Bread-root 2 284, i 9 Breakstone 225 f 1404 Breasi-n f 1 148 Breeches-flower I [669 Breeches, Kit ten f 1669 Little-boy's t [669 Breweria 3 20-21 Bnck-limbt r i 2364 Bride's Laces I 29 > Brideweed 3 146 Bridewoit 2 224 Brier Bird or ////> f 1973 Brier Rose i 1973 Bright-eyt s i 3393 J,' 1 niton- root f 3299 I Broad-leaf 3 206 Brome 1 219-24 Bn -alike f 517 Field 3 506 y?j',? f 514 Short-awncd f 51S •So/? f 513 //'//a? fsig Brook-bean f 2889 -flower f 2996 -grass f 221 Brooklime 3 167, f 1721 Brook-mint 3 120 Brook Sunflower 436 Brookweed 2 587 Broom Clover i 2050 Base or Dyer's 2 271 Green, Scotch, 2 271 Indigo 266 Sweet 31 1 Thorn, Prickly 270 Yellow 266 Broom-brush f 2446 Corn. 11 'ltd f 420 Broom Crowberry 2 384 Broom-grass f 216, 220 Broom-rape Family 3 194 Broom-rape 3 195-6 Naked f 3358 Broom-sedge f 216, 220 -need f 3647 Brotherwort 3 115 Brown Belly f 3885 Brown-eyed Susan 3 415. * 3885 Brownwort 3 88 Bruise-wort 2 18; 3 67, 350, f 1667 Brunella 3 88 Brunnichia 1 569 Brush f 3893 Bubby-bush f 1651 Buck-bean Family 2 621 Buck-bean 622 Buckberry 2 580 Seedy f 2771 Buckbush f 3453-4 Buckeye Family 2 400 Buckeye 2 401-2, 1 23S2-4 Big, Fetid, 2 401 Large i 2384 Little i 2385 Ohio 2 401 Purplish 401 Red 402 Sweet, Shrubby, 401 Buckhorn Brake f 8 Buck's-beard 3 269 Buck's horn 2 113; 3 209, f 96 Buckthorn Family 2 404 Buckthorn 2 250, 405, i 2394 Alder 2 406, f 2294 Buckthorn Alder leaved 2 406 Carolina 2 406, f 2i Lance- leaved 2 405 Purging f 2391 Southern 2 596 Woolly 596 Buckwheat Family 1 54i Buckwheat 1 553-4, 566 False 1 566, f 1350 Rough i 1317 Buffalo-berry 2 467-8 -apple, -bean i 2125 -6//r x32i6 -nut 1 537 -pea i 2125, 2205 - u eed f 3592 Bugbane, Amer. 2 57 False 72 Bugle 3 76 Bitter ^3171 Brown 3 76 Bugle-weed 3 116 Bitter i 3171, 317:; 5zcw/ f 3168 Bugle-wort 3 116 Bugloss 267 Sea 59 Small 68 Small Wild 61 Viper's 69 Bugseed 1 5s- B u^ weed i 1388 Bullace 2 250 Bui I- berry i 2538 ■ brier i 1056 Bull-dogs 3 147 -flower f 1545 -nut t 1156 -thistle f 4067 Bullock' 's-eye i 1820 Bull's-eye f 3988 English f 3885 Bull's-foot 3 469 Bullpaies i 387 Bui I poll f 387 Bull rattle f 1443, 1455 Bull-segg f 136 Bull-weed f 4077 Bullwort 2 538 Bulrush 1 261, 265-70 Bulwand 3 466 Bumblebee-root f 1047 Bumelia f 2829 Bunchberry 2 543 Bunch- Evergreen i 92 Bunch-Flower Family i 399 Bunch-flower 1 406-7 Bunch-grass f 318, 354- 538 Buffalo f 501 Early f 441 Feather f 310 Great i 501 Bunch-Pink 2 20 -Plums f 2710 Bunk 3 262, f 2684 Bur 3 483 Buffalo i 3216 Button, Clot, 3 29S Canadian f 3919 Creeping 1 96 Ditch, Sea, Sheep, 3 298 £>0£- * 3919 Great 3 483 Sand 136 Small Sheep f 3021 Bur-chervil 2 52S -clover f 2066 Bur Marigold 3 436-8 Bur-reed Family 1 63 560 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vol. III. Bur-reed 1 63-4 Button-Snakeroot Floating f 140, note Dense 3 3i8 Bur-thistle 3 298 Dotted 3i6 Burdock 3 298. 483-4 Hairy 3J7 Prairie 3 408 Large 317 Burhead 1 86 3 220 Loose-flowered 318 Btjrmannia Family Prairie 317 1 455 Slender 3r7 Burmannia 1 456 Button-tree 3 216 Burnet 2 22S Button-weed Burnet Rose 593 3 217-218, 492 12430 Burning Bush 394 Button-wood 2 194 Burnt-weed f 2566 -Shrub 3 216 Burnut, Ground 2 352 Buzzies f 4057 Bum-wood Bark f 2355 Cabbage 2 11S Burreu Myrtle Bargeman's f 1704 2 572. f "59 Sit a nip f88i Burseed 3 54 Cabomba 2 41 Bu rsting-hea ri f2365 Cactus Family 2 460 Burweed 3 297- Cactus 2 461-4 Bush-Clover 2 322 Prickly Peat- f 2527 Creeping 321 Russian f 1397 Hairy 324 Tree f 2533 Japan 325 Cad lock f 170 [, 1707 Narrow-leaved 324 Calabazilla 3 250 Nuttall's 322 Calais, False 278 Prairie 325 Calaruint 3 i 08-10, Round-headed 324 1316 1. 3164 Slender 323 Field f 3H7 Stuve's 323 Water f 31S2 Trailing 322 Calamint Balm 3 109 Wand-like 323 Calamus-root 1 364 Bush-Honeysuekle Calathian Violet f 2875 3 242 Calfkill 2 563 Tartarian 241 Calf-snout 3 147 Butcher's Prick-tree Calico-bush 2 564 f 2368, 2395 -wood 598 Butter-bur Ca I la, Wild f -so 3 470, f 4019-23 Calmus, (N. J.) 1883 Butter-and-Eggs 3 146 Calophanes 3 202 Butter-cresses Caltrop Family f 1614-1 5, i6rS 2 351 Buttercup 2 73-85 Caltrop, Greater 2 352 See Crowfoot 2 77-82 Land 352 Arctic 74 Water 501 Bristly 80 Caltrops 3 493 Bulbous 80 Calypso 1 477 Bundle-rooted f 1621 Camass, Death f 979 Creeping 2 81 Eastern f 1018 Early 82 CamePs-foot f 1089 Figwort 85 Cam mock Hairy 82 f 2454, 39S 3. 4051 Harvey's 77 Camomile, Arctic 3 459 Hispid 81 Corn or Field 456 Lapland 74 Dog's or Fetid 455 Macoun's 80 German 459 Marsh 81 Garden or Low 456 Meadow 2 79, * 15+5 Rayless 460 Missouri 2 74 Bed f 1639 Northern 77 Scentless 3 459 Nuttall's 85 Scotch or White 456 Pigmy 76 Wild 458-9 Pursh's . 73 Yellow or Ox-eye 458 Running f 1935 Campion Snow 2 76 Spotted-lea/ f 1618 Swamp 2 81 Tall 79 Tufted 82 Butter Daisy f 1614-15, 1618 Butter-flowers 2 80 Great f 1445 Butter-print i 2430 Butterfly-dock 3 470 -Pea 2 333 -weed 3 5-6 Butternut 1 4S4, f 3539 Butte rweed 3 39i. 48i, f 2430 Butterwort 3 193-4 Button-ball 2 194 -bush 3 216 Button-Snakeroot 2 522; 3 315 Bladder 2 9 Meadow 14 Moss 8 Red 14 Red Alpine 7 Rose 16 Snowy f 1442 Starry 2 8 Western White 9 White 13 Canada-balsam 1 57 -pest f 2865 -potato 3 429 -root i 2900 -snake -root 1 538 -tea f 2775 Canadian Bur f 3019 Canary Grass 1 130-1 Southern f 291 Wild f 2916 Canary-vine f 1672 Canby's Mountain Lover 2 395 Cancer-drops f 3364 ■jalap f 1415 -root 3 195, 197 --weed f 3124, 3577 -wort 3 145 Candleberry fn6o Candles, Swamp f 2^14 Candle-tree 3 199 Candlewick 3 143, f 136 Can-dock f 1528 Cane 1 233, f 400 Maiden f 225 Switch f 542 Cane-brake 1 233 Can -hoop f 2363 Canker-blooms 2 232 -lettuce 550 -root 2 54, 594; 3 145 -rose 2 99, 232 -weed 3 289, 482 -wort 271 Canna-down f 63S Canoe-wood f 1542 Canterbury-bells 3 254 Cape Gooseberry 13 1 Dwarf 126 Caper Family 2 154 Caper, Wild 377 Caper- bush 377 Capers f 1545 Capmint 3 109 Capon's-tail f 1561 -grass f 498 Caraway 2 535 Wild 3 474-5 Car be try f 1870 Cardinal-flower 3 258 Blue 25S Careless XI399 Carnation grass 1 33o, * 7T3. 742 Carpenter'-herb 3 76, 88 -square 1 3242 - u ecd f 3098 Carpet-grass f 236 Carpet Weed Family 1 597 Carpet-weed 598 Carrion-flower 439 Carrot Family 2 508 Carrot, Wild 510 Carrot-weed 3 295 Carvies 2 535 Case-weed 139 Cashes 552 Cassandra, Dwarf 570 Cassena 591 Evergreen f 2358 Cassia, Dwarf f 2035 Cassiope 2 565-6 Castor-bean 368 Castor-oil Plant 368 Catalpa 3 199 Hardy f 236S Western 13368 Catawba 3 200, f 3367 Cat-berry i 1870, 2364 Catbrier 1 440 Catch fly, Corn 3 514 Dover 2 9 English 12 Forked 12 Garden f 1450 Limewort f 1450 Lobel's 2 11 Night-flowering 12 Nodding 9 Nottingham 9 Round-leaved 10 Royal 10 Sleepy 11 Small-flowered 12 Catchfly, Corn Striate 3 5i4 Sweet William 2 11 Catch-weed 3 61, 220 , t 342s Catgut 2 292 Cat-locks f 6^8 Cat-mint, Catnep 3 86 Cat-o' nine-tails f 136 Cat-peas 2 326 Cat-tail Family 1 62 Cat-tail 1 62-3 -tree 2 395 -whin 2^2 -'whistles f N , Cats-clover 28o -ear 3 265, 398 13574 -eye 1 68, 170 -faces 2 455 -foot 3 87 . 398-9 -milk 2 379 -paws 3 398 -tail 2 502, 1 J\ Blue 13056 Cedar 1 58-60, fi 29. 133 Carolina f 133 False White f 129 Feather-leaf f 129 Ground '2474 Post f 130 Indian f 1208 Red 1 60 Shrubby Red 60 Southern White 59 Swamp f 130 White 1 58 Celandine 2 103, f 1638 Greater 2 103 Brook f2388 Lesser 2 85 Wild f 2388-9 Celandine Poppy - 2 102 Celery, Wild 533, i 208 Water 1 208, 161 2 Celery-seed f 1313 Cenizo f 1385 Centaury 2 607-8; 3 492. f 2287 American Red 1 2858 Corn 3 491 European f 2852 Ground f 22S4 Cercocarpus 2 223 Cereus 2 460-1 Chaerophyllum 529 Chadlock 119 Chaelopappa 3 35i Chafe-weed 39; , 401-3 Chaff -seed 3 181 Chaff-weed 2 593 Chain-fern 1 20 Netted f43 Chair-maker's Rush 1 265 Chamaesaracha 3 133-4 Charlock 2 119, 121, f 1700 Cheat 1 222, f 522 1753 Pine f 1513 Checkerbern' 2 572; 3 216 Cheese-rennet 3 219 Cheeses, Cheese-flower 2 416 Dog, Dutch, Fairy 416 Cheese-bowl 2 99 f 1658 Cheese-cake 2 416 Chenile 3 138 Cherry, Appalach. 2 250 Bird f 2022 Bessey's 2 251 Cabinet -253 Choke 252, f 2026 Western f 2025 VOL. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 561 2 22 27 4 f 1481 2 21 27 40 3 170 * 1524 2 22 598 170 1 3 Great Indian Ivy Jagged Low Marsh Meadow Mouse-ear Nodding Red Sea Short-stalked Silver Slender-forked Star Slar-flowered i 2822 Starwort 2 28 Water 2 4, f 1472, 2340 Water, Mouse-ear 2 20 Chicory Family 3 261 Chicory 262 Chicot f 2043 Chigger-weed f 3984 Childing Cudweed ' 3 395 Cherry Crab 2 251 Dwarf 250 Egriot 251 Fire i 2022 Ground 3 126-133 Indian f 2394 Jean 2 251 Mahaleb 252 Mazard 251 Perfumed 252 Pigeon or Pin 252 Red f 2022 Rum 2 253 Sand 250 Sour 251 Sweet 251 Western Sand 251 Western Wild 253 Whiskey f 2026 Wild 2 251, f 2024, 2026, 3202 Wild Black 2 253 Wild Red 252 Winter 3 132, f 2387 Cherry-pie f 256S Cherry-tomato 3 137 -wood 230 Chervil, Bur 2 528 Garden 528 Hemlock 511 Needle 531 Rough 511 Spreading 529 Sweet f268i i Teinturier's 2 530 Wild 528 Chess 1 219, 221-4 I Compact 3 506 Field 506 Swamp i 506 Chestnut 1 515 Water 2 500 Chicken-berry „. , f 2775 3404 -fighters f 2484 Chicken 's-ioes f 1389 Chickenweed 3 4S2, f 1475 duckweed, Allbone Alpine Blinking Clammy Common Field Forked Germander Gravel * 28 [ 21 21 f 1489 2 25-26 26 593 36 26 38 40 f 1476 Childing Cudweed -fink f 1468 -Sweet William f 1468 Children 's-bane f 2694 Chimney-pinks i 1466 -sweeps 3 207, f 965 China-root, Amer. or False i 1056 China-tree, Wild -2 402 Chinks f 2775 Chinquapin I 515 Chinzvood f 135 Chittam-wood 2 389 Chitttm-wood f 2829 Chive Garlic 1 412 Chives 412 Chloris 178 Chocolate, Indian f 1940 Chocolate-flower f 2239 -root f 1940, 1945 Choke-berry 2 236-7 -cherry 252 -dog, False f 2934 Choke-pear 2 234, f 1 983-4 -vetch 3 195 Chowley 2 340 Chris-root i 1549 Christmas Evergreen * f 99 -flower 1 1550 ■rose f 1549 Christmas-green 1 43 Christopher, Herb 2 55. f 8, 1954 Chrysogonum 3 409 Church-brooms 248 Churnstaff 2 379 Cicely, Fool's 520 Rough 511 Sweet 530-31 Cicely-root f 2681 Cinnamon-wood f 1654 Cigar-tree f 3367-8 Indian f 3367 Cinquefoil 2 209-17 Arctic 211 Branched 214 Bushy 213 Coast 214 Common f 1935 Cut-leaved 2 215 Diffuse 212 Downy 210 Five-stamened 212 Glandular 209 Hoary "209 Low 211 Nicollet's 213 Northern 209 Marsh 217 Prairie 214 Purple 217 Robbins' 211 Rough 212 Rough-fruited 210 Shrubby 215 Silvery 209 Snowy 210 Tall 209 Three-toothed 215 Wood 216 Woolly 213 Citronella 3 123 Civet f 993 Cladothrix 1 592 CI a m my Ho n eysu ckle f 2747 Clammy-weed 2 157-8 Clamoun 564 Clap wort ^3363 Clary, Wild Clary 3 101 Vervain f3i29 Claver-grass, (not Clo- ver) 3 220, f 3412 36 Claver Claytonia Clayweed Cleareye Clearweed Cleats Cleavers Dyer's f 2084 2 3-4 3 469 101 1 533 3 469 3 219-224 13424 see Bedstraw 3 219-26 Cleever-wort 3 220 Clematis 2 67-70 Addison Brown's 69 Curl-flowered f 1 ss 4 Dwarf f 1588 Fremont's 2 70 Marsh 68 Mountain 2 70, f 1592 Scott's 2 70 Silky 69 Sim's 68 Whorl-leaved f 1592 Cleome 2 155-6 Prickly f 1792 Cleomella 2 157 Cliff-brake 1 29-30 Climath 2 388 Climbing Bittersweet 2 396 Climbing False Buck- wheat 1 566 Climbing Fern Fam- ily 1 7 Climbing-Fern 7 -fumitory 2 105 -hempweed 3 313 -sailor 144 Cling-rascal 220 Clintonia 1 428-9 Clock 3 207 Cloistered Heart f 2876 Clot-bur 3 297-8, 483 Spring f 3598 Clothiers' Brush 3 248 Clotweed 297 Cloud- berry 2 200, f 1898 Clove-strip f 2564 Clover 2 272-80 Alsatian 278 Alsike 278 Beckwith's 277 Bokhara 273 Brazilian 272 Broad-leaved f 2075 Buffalo 2 278 Bur 2 273, f 2066 Burgundy 2 272 Bush 321-5 California f 2067 Carnation 2 276 Cabul 273 Calf f 2074 Carolina 2 279 Cat's 280 Chilian 272 Cow f 2076 Crimson 2 276 Dutch 279 Dust}' f 2200 French f 2073 Giant f 2076 Hare's-foot 2 276 Hart's 274 Heart 273 Honeysuckle 276, 279 Hop 272, 275 Horned f 2065 Honey f 2068 Italian 2 276 Japan 325 King's 274 Lady's f 2250 Least Hop 2 275 Low Hop 275 Mammoth f 2076 Marsh f 2889 Clover Meadow Old-field Pea-vine Pin Plaster 2 276 276 f 2076 2 344 t a i >') Prostrate Mountain 2 277 Prairie 2 289-91 Purple 276 Pussy 276 Rabbit-foot 276 Red 276 Running Buffalo 278 Sleeping f 2250 Smaller Hop 2 275 Snail 272 Spotted 273 Stone 276 Swedish 278 Sweet 273-4 Tree « 273 White 279 Wild f 2203 Winter 3 216 Yellow 2 275 Zig-zag 277 Clover-broom f 2050 Clown's All-heal 3 97 -heal 97 Club-Moss Family 1 39 Club-moss 1 40-43 Dwarf f 99 Interrupted f 93 Marsh f 90 Prickly f 100 Savin-leaved f 94 Tree-like f 92 Upright f 88 Club-rush 1 262-4 Chairmaker's 265 Hedge-hog f 570 Fiver f 628 Sea i 627 Wood 1 263, f 629 Club-weed 3 492 Cluckies f 1559 Clump-head grass f 636 Cluster-berries f 2795 Coakum f 1415 Cocash 3 367 -weed f 4047 Cock-head 3 97 Cockle f 1467 Cockle-bur 3 298, 484, f 1957 Sea f 3600 Cockle-button 3 484 Cocks 207 Cockscomb, Red f 1399 Yellow f 3339 Cocksfoot f 457, 1 56 1 Cock-sorrel f 1301 Coco-grass f 557 Cod-head 3 149 Codlings and Cream 2 482 Coe-grass f 926 Cohosh 2 55-6 Flack f 1554 Blue 2 91, f 1555 Red f 1554 White fi555 Coffee, Magdad 2 259 Negro 259 Wild 3 234 Coffee-bean, Am. i 2043 Coffee-nut 2 261 -plant i 2579 -senna 2 259 -tree, Kentucky 2 261 Cojote, Chili f 3485 Coleseed 2 119. f 1704 C^lewort, Hare's 3 272 5^2 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vol. III. Colic-root i 425-6; 3 315, 318, i 1068, 1277 -weed f 1669-70, 1674 ■wort f 1955 Coliard 3 473, *88i Collinsia 3 156 Colli nson's Flower (3186 Collomia 3 42 Colt-herb 469 Coltsfoot 3 469, I f 1277, 1545,2804 False f 1277 Sweet 3 469-470 Colt's-tail 391 Columbine 2 58 Feathered f 1634 Columbo, Amer. 2 619 Com a f 2829 Comandra 1 536-7 Comb {Dak.) i 3896 Comb-flou er f 3900 Comfrey 3 67 Middle 76 Saracen's 14051 Wild 3 54 Compass-plant 3 408 Cone-flower Brilliant f 3887 Britton's 3 416 Clasping-leaved 418 Flat-headed 417 Gray-headed 418 Green-headed 417 Long-headed 419 Orange 416 Prairie 419 Purple 420 Short-rayed 419 Showy 417 Spatu'late-leaf 417 Sweet 415 Tall 417 Thin-leaved 415 Congo-root f 2099 Conifers i 49-53 Conobea 3 159 Conquer-John fio^g Conquerors 2 400 Con sound i 3053 King's f 1562 Consumption-weed f 2726 Continental-tea i 2742 Convulsion-weed or -root Coolweed Cool wort Coon-root Cooperia Copal- balsam Cop aim f 2739 f 1268 2 178 f 1665 1 444 2 193 193 Coral-and-Pcarl f 1554 Coral-berry 3 236 Coral Evergreen f 96 Coral-root 1 478-9 Crested 481 Small, Late, f 11 40 Wister's 478 Cord-grass 1 175-6 Fresh-water i 401 Coreopsis, Golden f 3927 Cork-elm 1 524 Corkscreiv-piant f 1127 Cork-wood Family 1 489 Cork-wood 489 Corn-eampion 2 7 -bind 3 26, f 1348 -binks 491 -blue-bottle 3 491 -bottle 491 -centaury 491 -cockle 2 7 Corn -flower 3 491 -grass f 257 -gromwell 3 63 -kale 2 119 -lily 3 26 -Mayweed 459 -poppy 2 99 -pink f 143S -root i 1665 -rose 2 7, 99 -salad 3 245-7 -spurry 2 36 Cornel 3 543-6 Alternate-leaved 546 Bailey's 545 Blueberry f 2714 Dwarf 2 543 Lapland 12711 Low 2 543 Northern Dwarf 543 Panicled 545^2719 Red-osier 2 545 Rough-leaved 544 Round-leaved 544 Silky 544 Stiff 546 Waxberry f 2717 White f 2712, 2718 Cornelian Tree 2 543 Cornstalk-weed f 154 Coronilla 2 310 Copper-lea/ f 2726 Corpse-plant 2 555 Corydalis 2 105-7 Golden f 1678 Pale f 1673 Yellow f 1674 •Cost 3 458 Costmary 3 458 Cottagers 171 Cotton, Wild i 2896, 2914 Cotton-grass 1 271-3 Hare's-tail f 638 Cotton-gum 2 547 -rose 3 395 ■rush, -g?-ass 1 271-3 -seed tree f 3834 -tree f 1172 -weed 3 398, 400, f 2430 Cottonwood 1 491-3, f 1 1 68, 2413 Big f 1 172 Black 1 491, fn66 Rive?- f 1 168 Sic amp f 1 1 68 Will mc f 1 1 66 Yellow f 1 172 Couch-grass 1 226 Black f 336 False 3 507 Cough-root f 1048 Co u g h u eed i 4047 Coughwort 3 469 Cowbane 2 513 Spotted 536 Cow-basil TH67 Cowbell 2 9 Cowberry 217, 580, 13404 Cow-cress 2 m -grass 277, f 1337, 2075 -herb 2 18 -lily 42, f 1545 -parsnip 2 514 -plant f 2750 -quake f 455, 1513 • rattle f 1455 -tongue f 1029 -wheat 3 188 Cowslip 2 51, f 1034, 1621, 2388 American 2 594> f 1545 Cowslip Spring f 1545 Virginia 3 60 Cowslops f 1545 Cow's-lungwort 3 143 -tail 391 -wort 185 Cowthwort 93 Crab Apple 2 234-5 Fragrant f 1979 Iozi a f 1980 Southern f 1978 Wild i 197S-9 Crab-grass i 1337. 1389 Little 3 496, f 241a Sprouting f 273 Crab-stock i 1982 Crab Tree 2 235, f 1978, 1982 Cracker-berry f 2710 Crackers f 2780 Grain f 1629 Crake-berry 2 383 -needles 531 Cram berry f 2799, 2800 Crambling Rocket 2 159 Cramp-bark 1 3435 Cranberry 2 5S0-S2, f 2799 High-Bush 3 229 Hog f 2343, 2776 Marsh f 2799, 2800 Mountain 2 582, 1 2776 i?0£-£ f 2795 Upland, Wild f 2776 Cranberry-tree 3 229-30 Crane-willow f 3403 Crane's-berry f 2799 Crane's-bill 2 341-4 Bicknell's 343 Carolina 342 Culver-foot 344 Cut-leaved 343 Dove's-foot 344 Long-stalked 342 Pigeon-foot 344 Round-leaved 342 Siberian 341 Small-flowered 343 Spotted 341 Starlights 344 Wild 341 Crap f 1 316 Crashes f 1721 Crazvley-root f 11 40 Crazy-Bet f 1545 Crazy-weed Colorado 2 309 Stemless 309 Woolly 298 Creek-grass f 146 Creek-stuff f 402 Low f 405 Upland f 401 Creek-thatch 1 176 Creeper f 2410. 2951, 3487 Creeping-Charlie 3S7, 11S13 -Jennie 2 589, f 96, 98, 1816. 34S7 -Milchella f 3404 Creeping Snowberry 2 581 -bur f 96 Cress ( see Peppergrass ) 2 110-12 Alpine 2 130 American f 1711 Bank f 1696, 171 1 Bastard 2 1 14, f 1684 Belle-Isle 2 122 Bermuda f 1711 Bitter 2 122, 128-30 Brown f 1721 Bulbous 2 131 Cow in Curved-fruited 126 Dock 3 262 Early Winter 2 122 Field in Garden 112 Golden 112 Hoary in Lamb's f 1725 Land f 1711, 1725 Mouse-ear 2 146 Penny 114 Purple 130 River f 1723 Rock 2 147-50 Rocket 122 Round-fruited 125 Sessile-flowere d 126 Spring f 1733 Swine's 2 113 Thale 146 Tower f 1781 Town 2 112 Wall 146 Wart 2 ill, 113 Water 1 24-127 Winter 122 Yellow 122-24, f 1713 (see Watercress) 2 124-127 Crested Dwarf Iris 1 451 Crinkle-root 2 132 Cristatella, James' 156 Crocus (N. C. ) f 2774 Prairie, Wild, f 1581 Croneberry f 2799 Crop-weed 3 492 Cross, Herb-of-the 70 Cross-of-Jerusalem 2 14 Crosstoes f 2084 Cross Vine 3 198, f 3366 Crosszceed i 1705-6 Crosswort 2 588, 3 311 Croton 2 362-3 Lindheimer's 3 518 Crotonopsis 2 364 Crouper-bush f 3403 Crowberry Family 2 333 Crowberry 3S3-4, f 2776 Brown f 2344 Plymouth f 2344 Crowd-weed f 1684, 1703 Crow-flower 2 14 Crowfoot Family Crowfoot /7 50 82, f 92, 98, 1545, 1574. 1735. 2239 Biting Bristly Celery-leaved Corn Cursed Ditch Dwarf Hooked Ivy-leaved Kidney-leaved Marsh Mountain 2 Musk Prairie Rock Bough i 1612 f 1616 2 79 . 83 1 1612 2 79 1 1600 2 79 84 78 I 1612 78 I1604 3 243 2 77 > 78 f 1613 Bough-fruited f 1606 Seaside 2 86 Small-flowered 82 Smooth i 1609 Spiny-fruited 2 83 Vol. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 563 Crowfoot Water 2 73, S4 Wood 3 243 See Buttercup 2 73-85 Crownbeard 3 429 Golden 430 Small Yellow 4 51 1 .Sunflower 430 White 429 Crown-of-the-field 2 7 Crow-needles 531 Crow's-nest 510 Crow-pea 2 329. 383 -poison f 973 Crowtoes 2 280, f 1735 Crow-victuals i 3095 Cryptanthe 3 57 Crystal-wort f 1578 Cuckle-bur f 3600 Cackles f 3944 Cuckold 3 437 -dock 484 QucVoo-buds f 161 5 -button 3484 -flower 2 14, 12S, f 1455. 2250 -gtlliflower f 1458 -grass f 965 -spit f 1724 Cuckoo's-raeat 2 345 Cucumber, Bur 3 252 Creeping 250 Star 252 Wild f 1576, 3487, 348Q Cucumber-root 1 435 -tree 2 47-8, , f 1537. 1539, 1542 Cudweed Dwarf 3 402 Low 402 Marsh 402 Mountain 398, 402 Norwegian 3 403 Purplish 403 Western Marsh 402 Winged 401 Wood 403 Culver-foot 2 344 •wort f 1 561 Culver's Physic 3 171 -root 171 Cuphea, Clammy 2 473 Cupid's-dcliglit 12511 Cupid' s-flewer f 2943 Cup-plant 3 406 Cupseed 2 93 Curdwort 3 219 Curlew-berry f 2343 Cur lock f'703, 1707 Curly-grass 1 7 Curly Head i 1588 Currant, Black 2 190-1 Buffalo 192 Clove i 1877 Fetid 2 190 Flowering f 1877 Golden 2 192 Indian 3 236 Missouri 2 192 Northern Black 190 Red 191 Skunk f 1872 Squaw 2 191 White-flowered 191 Wild Black 191 Currant-leaf f 1S4S Cushion Pink 2 8 Custard-apple Fam- ily 2 49 Custard-apple 1 1543 Cut-heal 3 245 Cut-paper f 1260 Cutting Almond 3 411 Cyclanthera 251 Cycloloma 1 577 Cytnopterus 2 517 Cynosciadium 521 Cyperus 1 234 Awned 2.37 Baldwin's 246 Brown 239 Coatse 242 Coast . 237 Elegant 237 Engelmanu's 243 Flat 238 Globose 245 Gray's 246 Hade's 241 Hall's 240 Houghton's 246 Lancaster 244 Low 236 Marsh 238 Miehaux's 242 Nuttall's 236 Pine-barren 245 Red-rooted 241 Reflexed 244 Rough 244 Round-root 1557 Schweinitz's 1 238 Sheathed 239 Shining 236 Short pointed 239 Slender 2-15 Straw-colored 243 Toothed 240 Yellow 1 235. 241 Cynthia 3 263 Cypress 1 58, f 120, 2337 Bald 1 58 Belvedere f 1387 Black, Red, Swamp. Sou/Item, Virginia or While f 128 Broom, f 1387 j Heat k f 94 Standing f 2985, note Summer f 1387 Cypress-moss i 94 Cypress- vine 3 22, f 1672 Cvpress-grass f 544 Cyrilla Family 2 389 ! Cystopteris 1 12-13 '' Daddy-nuts 12411 Dagger-flower 3 384 j Daggers f 290, 1077 Dasies (Ohio) any Aster Daisy 3 350, £3815, 3820 j Arctic 3 457 Big, or Bull 457 Blue f 35 1 3 Blue Spring 3 388 Brozcn f 3885 Butter 3457, f 1614-15,1618 Childing 3 350 Dog 457 European 350 Field f 3988 Garden, March, 3 350 Horse 457 Irish 271 Michaelmas 378, 13760 (and Asters gener- ally) Midsummer 3 457 Moon, or Maudlin 457 Nigger f3885 Ox-eye, Poor-land 457 Purple 3 365 Western 350 White 457 Yellow 416 Daffy-do-.cn-dilly f 1047 Dakota Potato f 2227 Dalibarda 2 205 Damask Violet 154 Dame 's-gilli flower 2 154 -rocket, -violet 154 Dandelion 3 271, f 3550 Blue f 3513 Dwarf 3 264 False 3 278-9, f 3516 Fall or Dog 266, f 3522 High 1 3571 Red-seeded 3 271 Danes' Blood 254 Dansdeberry 2 574, £2796 Daphne 2 465 Darnel 1 225 Dai bra 3 513, f 1276a Date Plum 2 597 Day -berry f 1870 Day-flower 1 375-6 -lily 1 411 Dead-Men's Bones f 3236 Dead-nettle 3 92, 94-5. 97 Hemp 3 92 Henb'.t 94 Death Camass i 979 Decumaria 2 185 Deerberry 2 572, 580; 3 216 Seedy f 2788 Deer-food f 1526 -grass 2 474 -hair f 61 1 Deer-laurel i 2750 -vine f 3450 -wood f 1208 Deer's-tongue 3 319, f 1012-13 Deil's- spoons f 142, 188 Dez'iVs-apple £1646,3222 -bit 1 402, 3 318, f 072 -bite £984, 3642 -c!u a 5 f 1 625 -darning-needle 2 531, f 1582 -fig f 1663 -ft a. 1- 13216 -fingers f 11 71, 2084 -flower f 1456 -grandmother 3 305 -grass f 229, 3531 ■grip f 1425 -guts f 1513, 2963 ■head-in-a-busli f 2437 -hair f 1582 -hop-vine f 1054 -iron-weed 3 274. f 3539 -milk f 2332-3 -paint-brush 3 284 -pitchforks f 3944 -plague f 2632 -rattle-box f 1443 -root 3 196 -sh oest rings f 2 1 1 7 -tether f 1348 -tongue f 2527-8 -trumpet i 3222 -walking-slick f 2272 -need f 3539 Dewberry 2 204-5, f'897 Dew-cup 2 225 Dewdrop f 1907 Dew-plant 2 161-2 De Witt's Snakeroot 3 290 Dewtry 139 Diapedium 205 Diapensia Family 2 582 Diapensia 583 Dichondra 3 20 Dichromena 1 256-7 Dicksonia, Hairy f 22 Dill 2 525 Dillweed 3 455 Dindle 272 Diplachne 1 186 Dish-cloth f 1047 Dish-mustard f 1692 Disporum 1 431-2 Ditaxis 2 364-5 Ditch bur 3 298 ■grass t 176 -moss 1 93 Dittany, Amer. 3 116 Mountain f 3167 Dock 1 548-51 Batter 3 470, f 142 Bitter 1 552 Bloody 551 Blunt-leaved f 1313 Broad-leaved 1 552 Butter 3 470, f 1313 Butterfly 3 470 Can f 1528 Clustered 1 551 Cuckold 3 484 Curled 1 551 Dove 3 469 Elf 404 Fiddle 1 552 Flea 3 470 Golden 1 552 Great Water 550 Kettle 3 482 Mullen 143 Narrow f 1309 Pale 1 549, f 1305 Patience 1 550 Peach-leaved 549 Prairie 3 408, 411 Red-veined 1 551 Sharp f 1301 Smaller Green 1 551 Sour 548, f 1299, 1309, 1315 Swamp 1 549 Tall 549 Veined 548 Velvet 3 143 Water 1 550, f 8b2 Western 1 550 White 549 Willow-leaved 549 // inged f 1302 1 el low f 1 309 Dock-cress, Succory 3' 262 Dockmakie 230 Dodder Family 3 27 Dodder 27-31 American i 2967 Beaked 3 30 Button-bush 29 Clover 28 Compact 31 Cuspidate 30 Field 28 Flax 27 Glomerate 31 Gronovius' 30 Hazel 29 Lesser 28 Love-vine i 2958 Lucerne f 2957 Pretty 3 29 Smart-weed 28 Thyme 28 Dogbane Family 3 1 Dogbane Bitter f 2895 Clasping-leaved3 3 St. fohns f 2897 Spreading 3 2 Velvet 3 Dogberry 2 188, 233, f 1029 -tree 2 236, f 2717 Dog-bur i 3019-20 564 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vol. III. Dog-fennel 3 307, 455 Fal*e 453 Dog-Ankle 3 455 -grass t B68 -laurel f 2764 -lily f 1527 -mini ^3146 -plum f 1030 -poison 2 520 -lose 232 -toes i 3848 Dog's-dinuer f 2474 -mouth 3 147 -parsley 2 520 -rib 3 207 -tongue 3 53, 319 Dog's-tooth Violet 1 420 Yell fioi2 White i 1013 Dogwood Family 2 542 Dogwood 2 543-6, f 1985, 2368, 2712, 2720, 3434 (See Cornel 2 543-6) Alder-leaved i 2713 American f 2712 Black f 2395 Blue f 2720 European f 2368 False 2 399 Florida f 2712 Flowering 2 543 Green Osier f 2713 Poison 2 388 Pond 3 216 Purple f 2720 Red Osier 2 545 Striped 399 Swamp 2 354, 388, 544 White 3 229 While-fruited f 2718 Dollar-leaf i 2726 Dolphin-flower f 1562 T>oor-grass, -weed 1 561 Double-claw 3 201 -leaf f 1 1 29 -tooth 3 437 Dove-dock 3 469 Dove's-foot 2 344 Down-hill-of-Life f 2815 Down Ling f 641 Down-weed 3 395 Draba, see Whitlow- grass 2 140-4 Dragon Broun f 876 Female or Water f 880 "Dragon-head 3 87-8, f 3098 False 3 s9 Dragon-root 1 361 Dragon's Blood 2 341 -claws i 1 140, 1 142 -mouth 3 147, f 1 1 19 -tongue f 2735 Drake f 395 Z?r f 1S11. 1833 Alpine 3 398 Carpathian 397 Clammy 401 Heller's 401 Early 399 Large-flowered 400 Life 400, 401 Fragrant, .Sweet, 401 Low 400 Moor 398 Mountain 398 Mouse-ear 399 Pearly 400, f 3848 Plantain-leaf 3 399 Spring 399 ~E\er\asting-grass f 239 -pea 2 330, f 2219 Sea-side 2 330 Eve's Darning-needle f 1027 Eve's-th rea d f 990 Evolvulus 3 21 Ewe-gowan 350 Eyebright 3 168, 182-3 f 1803, 2739, 2824, 3393- 3509 Eye seed f 3129 Eyewort 13326, note Eve-balm, or -root f 1544 Eabes, Fa pes f 1870 Fair Maid of France 3 454 Fairy-bells 171 -circle f 131 -creeper f 1672 -cup f 1848 -fingers, -glove 3 171 -grass f 455 -smoke f 2739 -thimbles, weed 3 171 Fairies' Horse 482 Faitour's-grass 2 380 Fall Dandelion 3 266 -flower 381 T?a\se-alder f 2362 -aloe 1 445 -banana f 1543 -Beech-drops 2 556 -bindweed 3 22 -bittersweet 2 396 -boneset 3 314-15 -box, boxwood i 2712 -buckwheat 1 566, f 1350 -bugbane 2 72 -Calais 3 278 -Choke-dog f 2934 -Colt's- foot f 1277 -Couch-grass 3 507 -Dandelion 279 -Dog-fennel 453 -Dragon-head 89 -elm 1 526 -flax 2 139; 3 515. f 1684 -foxglove 3 173-4 -garlic 1 415 -Goat's-beard 2 170 -Golden-rod 3 349 -grape 2 413 -gromwell 3 66-7 -heather 2 441 Vol. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 565 False -hellebore 1 408, 1984 False Indigo 2 286 Blue 2 265 Dwarf i 2102 Fragrant 2 286 While f 2054 ) 'ellowish i 2052 False Johnswort f 2463 -lettuce i 3543 -lily-of-the-valley 1 431 -loosestrife 2 476, i 2558 -mahogany f 1652 False-mallow 2 420-1 -mallo: f 2427 False Mermaid Fam- ily 2 385 False-mermaid 3S5 -Mitrewort 178 -mustard i 1796 -nettle 1 534 -Oat 171 -Pennyroyal 3 77 -Pimpernel 163-4 -Rue-anemone 2 54 -Sanicle f 1848 -Sarsaparilla f 2628 Solomon' 's-seal i 1031-2 -sunflower 3 412, 450 -Sweet-Hag f 1077 -sycamore f 1881 -valerian 3 480 - Varnish-tree f 2272 --wheat i 524 -:i intergreen f 2726 Fame-flower 2 1 Fancy 455 Farewell Summer f 3800 Farkleberry 2" 580 Farmer's Ruin 11513 i^z/ //,f Striped 2 618 Swollen 613 Yellow f 2^1 yellowish 2 617 Gentlema n 's Canefi 335 Geranium Family 340 Geranium 2 341-4 See Crane's-bill Feather 1 574 Fox, Wild f 2240 Mountain f 2240 Turnpike 1 574 Wood f 2246 Gerardia 3 175-8 Auricled 178 Bessey's 177 Bushy f 3303 Cut-leaved 3 178 Flax-leaved 175 Large Purple 176 Rough Purple 175 Salt-marsh 176 Sea-side 176 Skinner's 177 Slender 177 Small-flowered 176 Germander.Amer. 3 76 Hairy 77 Germander Chickweed 3 170 Ghost-flower 2 555 Giant Hyssop 3 84-5 Gibbals 209 Gilia 3 38-40 Cypress f 2985 note Gill, Gill-ale 3 87 Gill-go-by-the-Ground 3 87 Gill-over-the-Ground 3 87 Gilliflower Cuckoo f 1458 Dame's 2 154 Marsh f 145S Mock i 1466 Night-scented 2 15; Queen's, Rogue's 154 Sea 595 Winter 154 G ill-run f 3095 Gilt-cups f 1615 Ginger 3 469, f 1813, 1816 Green f 4010 Indian f 1277 Southern Wild f 1278 Wild 1 53s: 3 513- f I283 Ginger-plant 3 460 -root 14019 Ginseng Family 2 505 Ginseng ,="7 Blue f 1643 Horse 3 234 Gipsy-flower 3 53 -herb 118 -rose 249 -zceed f 316S. 3290 -wort 3 118, f 3170-1 Gipsy-Combs 3 24S Girasole 429 Glass wort 1 582-3 Jointed f 1389 Glasswort Prickly f 1396 Glenn-pepper f 1684 --weed f 16S4 Glide-wort f 3107 Globe-flower 2 52 Spreading ; 3 216 i 1548 Si*, a mp f 1548 Globe-mallow Maple-leaved 2 423 Sharp-fruited 3 519 Gloden 3 422 Glory-less 243 Goat's-beard 2 197 Dwarf 3 264 False 2 170 Virginia 3 263 Yellow, Purple 269 Goat-foot 2 539 Goat's-rue 292-3 God's-eye 3 168 Goggles f 1870 Gold 3 422 Gold-and-silver- plant f 1740 Gold-balls f 1618 Gold-chain 2 166 Gold-cups 80 -knops f 16] 4, 1618 -thread 2 54 -zceed f 1625 Gold-of-pleasure 2 139 Golden Alexand :rs 2 518, f 2670, 2690-1 Golden Aster J 322-5 Cottony 323 Grass-leaved 322 Hairy 324 Hispid 325 Maryland 323 Nuttall's 325 Prairie 324 Sickle-leaved 323 Stiff-leaved 324 Golden-bush 326 -club 1 364 -coreopsis f 3927 -eorydalis2 106, f 1678 -cup i 1629 -currant 2 192 -flower, Ground f 3653 -guineas f 1629 -Jerusalem 3 416 -knops f 1614-15, 1618 -meadow-parsnip 2 534 -motherwort 3 403 -moss 2 166 -oak f 3307 Goldenpert 3 162 Golden Ragwort 480 Golden Rod 3 330-49 Alpine 337 Anise-scented 338 Beach f 3690 Blue-stemmed 3 332 Bog 336 Broad-leaved 332 Boott's 340 Bushy 347 Canada 344 Curtis' 333 Cut-leaved 342 Double f 3708 Downy 3 335 Downy Ragged 332 Drummond's Dwarf Early Elliott's Elm-leaved European False x 345 f3709 3 34i 34o 34o 337 349 Vol.. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 567 Golden Rod Few-rayed Field Flat-top Fragrant Gattinger's Gray Ground Hairy Hard-leaved High Houghton's Large-leaved Late Lindheimer's Minaret Missouri Mountain Noble Northern, Ohio, 3 3+i M 344 f 371S 3 347 343 344 f 3709 var. 3 333 345 f 3708 3 347 334 342 335 f 3bSi 3 343 334 336 346 Pale f 3676 Pine Barren 3 339 Plume 341 Pyramid f 3693. 3699. 37oi Ragged 3 331-2 Rayless Fetid Howard's Riddell's River-bank Rock Rough-leaved Salt-marsh Sea-side Sharp-toothed Showy Short's Slender -fragrant -showy Spreading Stiff Stout Ragged Swamp 3 341 Sweet Tall Hairy True Twisted-leaf Velvety Wand-like Western Rough " Bushy White Willow-leaf Woodland Wreath Wrinkle-leaved Yellow-top Zig-zag Golden-saxifrage -seal 2 50, -si a ;-, Mary I a ndi 3655 -trefoil f 1578 -willow-herb f 281 1 Good-bye-summer ^( pur- ple asters, N. C. ) Good King Henry 1 574 Good Morn 1 ng Sp 1 1 u % i 1429 Goo Is f 1545 Good Friday Grass f965 Gooseberry Family 2 187 Gooseberry f 2796-7 325 326 326 346 337 342 339 338 33» 34i 3 336 343 331 348 336 339 345 33i f 3684 3 33* 339 f 3691 3 338 344 335 345 348 333 335 332 332 339 341 332 2 181 f 1031 Gooseberry Prickly Wild t 1865 Slender f 1867 Smooth f 186S-9 Swamp 2 190 Wild 183 Goosebcrrv-pie f 256S Goosefoot Family 1 569 Goosefoot i_ 570-6 Berlandier's " 572 Bosc's 572 City 1 573 Cut-leaved 576 Feather Geranium 574 Fremont's 572 Good King Henry 574 Jerusalem Oak 1 574 Many-seeded 571 Maple-leaved 573 Mercury i 1370 Narrow-leaved 1 571 Nettle-leaved 573 Mexican Tea 575 Oak-leaved 571 Perennial 574 Red 574 Sea fi393 Turnpike Geranium 1 574 Upright 573 White 570 Wormseed 575 Goose-grass 1 214; 2 216; 3 220, f 415, 713, 1337 Great 3 61 Lesser 220 Goose-tansy 2 216 -tongue 3 454, f 3144 Bristly Cape 3 Eastern Wild Garden Hawthorn Illinois Missouri Northern 2 126, 2 Goplier-ivood Gordolobo Gorse Gosling Gosling-grass -weed Gosmore Go-to-bed-at-noon Gourd Family Gourd, Missouri Gout-weed, -wort Gowan, Ewe Horse Ling May Meadow Milk or Witch Open or Water f 1545 Yellow 3 271, f 1614-5, 1618 Gozell f 1870 Grape Family 2 407 Grape f 2046 f 3983 2 270 i 1581 3 220 220 265 269 249 250 539 35o 459 283 35o 5i 271 2 3 2 3 188 131 189 189 189 f 1867 2 188 189 A rroyo Ashy Bailey's Bear's Blue Bull Bullace Catawba Chicken Concord Downy False Fox 2 408 Frost Isabella Missouri Mountain Muscadine Oregon Plum Possum 411, 410, Rocky i 2402 f 2400 2 411 572 409 I 2402 2 411 408 410 408 409 413 f 2404 I 2402 2 408 410 f 2406 i 2402 f 1642 2 40S 410 Grape Riverside 2 410 Salt f 1396 Sand 2 411 Scuppernong 411 Sea f 1396 English f 1389 Small 2 409 Southern Fox 411 Sugar 411 Summer 409 Sweet-scented 410 Winter Mountain i 1642 2 409, 4 10, 1 2402 Grape-fern 1 2-4 Cut-leaved 3r2 Hitchcock's Rattlesnake *7 Grape://o:<'tv- 1 1021-2 -hyacinth 1 424-5 -pear t 1986 -root f 1642 Grapezcorl f 1554-5 Graphephorurn 1 210 Grass Family i 94-233 Grass Ague f 1023 Alkali f 454. 977 Aristidai 133-7; 3 502 Arrow 1 83, * 301 Bahama f 400 Barley 1 228-9 Mouse, If ay, Wild f 532 Barnacle f 183 Barnyard 1 113 Beach f 380- 453 Bead f 231 Bear 1 427- f284, 1027, 2474 Beard 1 98, 101-3, 157, f 299. 304 Annual *358 Indian f 221 Naked f 408 Short leaved f 409 Triple-azc 3 Blue ] 202, 204, f 524 786, 1085 Grass, Blue Colorado f 524, var. English f 521 Oregon f 479 Texas 3 504 Blue-eyed 1 453-4. f 3393 Blue-joint 1 163, f 219, 524, var. Big f 216 Blue-stem i 373 Big i 216, 219 BUshy f 221. 224 Little f 216 Bonnet f 362 Bottle i 282, 2074 Bottle-brush 1 233 Bottle-rush i 541 Bride' s-laces i 290 Bristle, Green i 282 Glaucous f 281 Rough i 280 Brome 1 219-224 Barren 1 221 Briza-like f 517 Field 3 506 Hairy 1 220, f 506 Smooth Rye f 514 Soft i 513 Short-atcned i 518 Wild fsig Brook i 221 Broom i 216, 219 Broom-corn, Wild i 420 Buck i 96 Buffalo 1 183, f 411-12 Bull f 513 Bull pates i 387 Bunch f 216, 312, 318, '354. 538 Buffalo Early Feather Bur Burdock Button Burden's Canary Southern Candy Cane 1 Maiden S:> itch Capon's-iail Carnation 1 330, Carpet Catch-fly Cat's- tail Alpine Meadow Rush Causezcav Cheat " 1 Chess 1 Compact Field Sit {a nip Wild Claver Clump-head Cock Cocksfoot Cockspur Coe Coco Corn Cord Fresh-water Slender Cotton Horsetail Couch Black f 501 f 441 f 310 1 127 f 226 *396 f 362 1 130-1 f 291 f 433 233, f 400 f 225 ^542 f498 222, 219, f 713. 742 f236 1 129 * 334 f 335 f 334 1 147 f 459 f 522 221-4 3 5o6 506 f5o6 f 512 f 3412 f636 f 5H f 457 1 113 f 926 f 557 f 257, 383 1 175-6 175 f 404 271-3 f638 1 226 *336 1 271 568 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vol.. Ill Grass, Couch False 3 507 Cow 2 277, f 1 337, 2075 Coiv-quake f 455 Crab 1 109, in, Itii, f 416, 1337, 1389 Sprouting f 273 Texas f 410 Crap f 521 C> < f 146 Crested Hair f 444 Crowfoot f 240. 410 Cuckoo f 965 Cuba f 225 Curly 1 7 Cut, Rice 129 Cypress i 544 Darnel 1 225 Bearded, Poison, i 522 ■/?r<£ f 521 Dart f384 Deer 2 474-5 Deer-tongue f 257 Devil's " f 229, 3531 Ztae' f 457 Summer i 362 Z?zYcA f 176 Dodder f 455 Z>0£- f 524, 368 Dog-bent f 365 Dog-wheat f 528 Dog's-tail 1 200, f 415 Crested i 458 Dog's-tooth 1 175, f 528 Door f 1337 Dottier ing Dicks f 455 Dover f 502 Dragge, D rawke f 522 Drake f 395 Drop-seed 1 144, 154-6 Drunk f 522 Dudder f 59 Earning 3 194 Eel 1 82, 93 Green f 1 626 Egyptian 1 182 -millet f 225 English Blue 1 202 iszrr f 521 Evergreen f 396. 502 Everlasting f 239 Ptory f455 Faitour's 2 380 Pa/rc f 288 False Buffalo f4i9 False Oat 1 171 False Red-top 1 205, f 436 Feather t 311, 384. 417 Richardson's f 309 Feather Bunch f 310 Felun 2 515 Fescue 1 216-18; 3 505-6 Hard f 500, var. Fine John f 302 F*M£ 7o/> f 365 Finger 1 1 1 1 Hairy f 240 L,ate-flowering 3 496 Smooth f 241 Fiorin 1 159 Fire 2 225 Flote I337.49I Fly-away f 368 Fowl Meadow 1 205, f 468. 488 Fox f 403 Fox-tail 1 126, Bristly f 280. 281 Bro:> n i 280 Floating f 337 Grass, Fox-tail Water f 337 French f 2100 Frisky Meadow i 502 /•><<«- f 926, 1389 Furze Top 1365 Gall 0:1 f 1262 I < '.ama 1 q8 GillifloTx t r f 742, 786 Good Friday f 965 Goose 1 214; 2 216; 3 61, 220, f 415, 713, 1317 Grama 1 180 Black f 411 Blue f4i2 Common f 412 .SVaV Oa Ay f 413 Tall 1413 Great Goose 3 61 Green f 466 Hair 1 168-70 Crested f 444 Long-awned 1 145 Rough 161 Water f 445 Hard 1 226, f 457 Hassock i 387 Haver i 510, 513 -corn f 395 Heather 1 185 Hedgehog 127 Marsh f 766 Hendon Bent f 458 Herd's 1 147, 159 Hever i 395-6 Hirse f 272 Holy 1 132 Hooded f 513 Hungarian 1 127 H11 i/ger f 336 Indian 1 104, f 427 Indian-Beard f 221 Indian-Doob f 400 Indian Rice 1 128 -millet f 318 Iron f 799 Ivray 1 225 Johnson 1 104, f 519 Joint 1 106 June 1 204, f 397 Prairie f 444 Kentucky Blue 1 204 Knob f 3186 Knot 1 561, £229. 524 Lady f 290 Lady-Hair f 455 -laces f 290 Lavender f 427 Leghorn Straw f 458 Lemon i 406 /.o/; or Lop f 513 London Lace f 290 Louisiana f 236 Love 1 187 Lyme 232 Maiden Cane f 225 Maiden-Hair f 455 Manna I 211-13:3 505 Poland i 491 Manna-croup f 491 Marani 1 166 Marl 2 277, f 2075 Marram Sea f 539 Marsh 1 175, 177 Marsh-hedgehog i. 766 Mat 1 224 -reed i 520 -weed 1 166 May f 459 Meadow 1 201-7, 212, 214-15, f 488 Common f 466 Fowl 1 205, f 468, 488 Grass, Meadow Reed 1 212 Sea i 493 Short-stalked f 429 Meadow-fescue 1 217 -spear f 488 Melic 1 195 Merlin's f 102 Mesquite 1 180, f 304. 413 Bristly f 41 1 Honey 3516, f 2032a Prairie 3 516 Velvet f 384 Vine f 246 Milk 3 245 Millet 1 no, 123, 127, 141 Molinia 1 187 Purple f 427 Money f 3339 Monkey's f 362 Moor f 969, 1803 Mountain Rice 1 139-41 Mouse f 385 Mouse-tail f 336, 498 Munro's 1 183 Myrtle f 883 Nard 1 224 Natural t 466, 468, 2065 Needle f 31 2 Neele f 522 Nimble Will 1 144 Nonesuch, While f 521 Nut 1 240, 241 Oat 1 138,171-4, 198 Downy f 390 False f 396 Golden f 391 Poor f 395 Tall f 391, 396 Oats, Sea-side, f 453 O/rf White-top f 384 <9/rf »%A f 274 Onion f 396 Orange 2 436 Orchard 1 200 Painted 130 Panic 1 1 13-125; 3 496-501, See Panic Pearl i 396, 455 Penny 3 187 Pepper f 1083-4 Pigeon 1 126; 3 70, f 240 Pin 2 344 Pink i 436, 742, 799 Pitchfork f 231 Plume 1 99 Pond f 173, 524, var. Poor Oat f 395 Porcupine 1 139, f 312 Poverty 1 133; 2 441, 1 595, 2074, 2473 Southern f 344 Prairie 1341,353- 44 1 -June f 444 -rush 1 153 Prickle 1 105 Prim f 293 Purple i 2067, 2083, 2549 Quake, Quaking 1 199 Quick, Quack f 524 Quickens i 524 Quitch 1 226 Black f 362 Panda 1 1 f 502 Pal- tail f 334 Rattlesnake 1 211 Ray 1 225, Bed i 521 Bed- si em, Little f 216 Red-top 1 159, 184, 205 Grass, Red-top Bit nch f 479 False 1 205, f 436 Northern f 363 Wild i 270 Reed 1 128, 130, 158, 163-7, 176, 184, f 542 Common, Bog, i 420 Ditch, Pole f 420 Indian i 360 Salt 1 176 Reed-bent 1 380 Reed-Canary 1 130 -meadow 212 Rescue f 519 Ribbon i 291 Rice 1 128, 139-40 Rice Cut 1129 Ripple 3 207 Rot 3 194 Rush 1 151-4, f 352 Rush Cat's-tail 1 147 Russia f 491 Rye 1 225, 230-2 Giant 1 538 Perennial f 521 Wild 1 230-2, 3 508 Ryle f 522 St. Mary's f 225 Salem f 384 Salt f 352, 417. 454 Clustered f 426 Fine- lop f 352 Rush 1 403 Salt-marsh i 405 Salt-meadow 1 176 Sand 1 185, f 3S0, 1356 Big i 382 Sand-bur 1284 Sand-reed 1 166 Sand-spur i 284 Satin i 321-2, 326-7 Scorpion " 3 61-3 Scratch i 1355 Scutch 1 175 Cane 233 Scurvy 2 115, 122; 3 322 Sea f 176, 183, 1389 -Marram i 539 -meadow i 493 Sea-oats 1 198 -reed, -sand, t 380 -spur f 494 Seneca 1 132 Serpent f 131 8 Sesame f 210 Shakers t 455 Shave f 84 Shear i 524 Shelly f 524 Shining f 1634 Short-husk f 332 Side-oats f 413 Sickle f 1355 .SYAt f 312, 1027, 3652 Silky f 31 8 Silver 3 322 Slender t 41 7 Slough f 414, 524, var. Small Cane 1 233 Smut 154 Snake i 1477 Soft 1 1 68 Soldier's Feather f f 334 Sour f 1 30 1 Southern Reed f 291 5bzo f 1691 Snake 3 61, f 1477 Sparrow t 1028 Spart i 405 Spear 1 201-3, 205-8, 214 Bunch f 478 Vol. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Grass, Spear Meadow f 488 Mountain 1 203, f 464 Southern i 431 Spike 1 197-8, f 453 Sfiiked f 186 Spires f 290, 380, 420 Spring f 293 Spurt f 627 Squirrel-tail 1 229 Squitch f 461, 524 Stagger 1 444 Star 1 ^80, 425, 446; 2 3S1; 3 227 Steep 3 194 Slroil f 524 Sturdy 1 522 Sweet f 1 S3, 491, 883 Sweet Vernal 1 131 Swine's f 1337 Switch f 270 Sword f 290, 618 Syrian i 225 Tare f 522 Tassel f 176 Terrell 1 230 Texas Blue 3 504 Thin 1 161 Tall I 369 Three-awned 1 133 Three-fork 140} Tickle f 274, 368 Timothy I 147 California f 291 Mountain f 335 Wild 1322 Tine 2 326 Toad f 926 Tongue f 1475, 1689 Toothache 1 177 Triple-awned f 304. 306 Tumble-weed 1 123 Turkey-foot f 218 Turtle f 183 Twin f 367 Twin-spike f 405 Twitch i 524 Black t 500 Butter f 396 Onion f 396 /r- f 362 Two-penny f 2815 Umbrella f 644-5 Union f 451-3 Vanilla 1 132 Nodding 3 502 Velvet 1 168 -mesquite f 384 Vine-mesquite f 246 Wag-wanton 1455 Wart 2 379 Water i 445, 1721, 2703 Large f 230 Water Oats 1 128 Way f 1337 Way-bent f 532 WW/ 11721 Wheat 1 227-8, f 524. var. Bearded f 528 Coast 3 507 £>^ f 528 False f 524 Gmelin's 3 508 Western 3 507 »'/(//> f 663 White 1 129 FPftz'fej f 384 rFZr// Nettle 3 92 Water 2 591 Wild 3 92, 295 Hemp Dead-nettle 92 Hemp-nettle, Red 92 Common f 3loj lb mpweed, Climbing Hirse f 272 3 3r-> Hive-vine 3 216 f 2164 Hen-and-chukens Hoarhound, Black f 1820, 3724 3 96 Henbane, Black 3 138 Common i 3089 Yellou f 320b Fetid 3 96 Henbit 3 94. q6 Marsh 11S Small 170 Water 3 117-118 Henbit Dead-nettle 94 White 84 Hen-plant 3 206-7 Wild 310-312 He 11s f 2505 Hoarwort 3 395 Hep- or Hip-tree i 1973 Hobble-bush 229 Herb-bane 3 196 Hoffmanseggia 2 259 -Barbara f 1709 Hog-apple 92 -bennet f 1944-5, J94S -bed f98 -Christopher -bile * 353i 2 55- f 8, 195+ Hog Peanut 2 334 -Gerard 2 539 -ph vsic f 3502 -impious 3 395 Hog's-bean 3 138 -ivy 2 113 -fennel 2 515 f 3984 -John 433 -polatoe f 979 -Margaret 3 350, 457 Hogweed 3 295, 307. Herb-of the-Cross 3 70 f 2634, 3827 Herb-Robert 2 341 Ho 2: wort 2 363 -Sherard 3 226 Hoi lard f 1223 -Sophia 2 144 Hollow-root 3 243 -twopence 5S9 Holly Family 2 390 -Trinity 2 455, f 1578 Holly, American 39o -zvicopv f 2566 Dahoon 2 39i -William 2 5^8 Deciduous f 2360 Herba Impia 3 395 Emetic f 2358 Hercules' Club Ground f 2736 2 506, f 2270 Large-leaved 2 392 Heron's-bill 2 314 Meadow 392 Heuchera 2 178-80 Mountain 393 f 2361 Hickory 1 4S4-7 Swamp 2 392 Big Shag-bark 486 White f2356 Bitter f 1 152 Wild 2 393 Bitter-nut Holly -bay f 2441 1 4S5, f 1 158 Hollyhock, Sea f 2434 Bitter Pig-nut f 1 152 Holy-/^aj' f 2064 Black f 1 1 56. 1 1 58 -herb 3 70 Brown, or Broom -rose, Marsh 2 568 f 1 158 Homevvort 168 Bull nut f 1156 Honesty i34 Fragrant 1 486 Honewort * 536 Hardbark i 11 56 Honey i 2041 King-nut 1 486 Honey-balls 3 216 Mocker-nut 486 Honey-blob f 1S70 Northern 3 512 Honey-bloom 3 2 Pecan 1 484 -locust 2 260 Pig f 1 152 -lotus 273 Pig-nut 1 487:3 512 -mesquite Bed f 1 156. 1 158 3 5i6, f 2032a Redheart f 1154 -plant 3 107 Scurfy 3 512 -sh ucks 1 2041 Shag-bark -stalks 2 279 1 485: 3 5ii Honeysuckle F AMILY Southern 3 511 3 227 Shell-bark 1 485, 1 1 155 Big fn55 Thick, or Western t 1155 Small-fruited 1 486 Soft -shell i 1 151 ; Swamp 1 485, f 1 153 Upland f 1 154 Water 1 485 While i 1154, 1156, 1158 j White-heart 1 486 White Walnut 485 Hickory Poplar f 1542 High-belia f 3503 High Dandelion if 357] High or Hig Taper 3 143 Hiarh-water shrub 3 292 Hillberry 2 572 Hill wort 3 115 Hmdheal 3 460. f 1371 Hip-brier, -rosef 1973-4 -tree 11970 Hippo, Wild f 2321 Indian f 1888 Honeysuckle 2 280; 3 237-42; f 1559 Bush 3 241-2 Chinese 240 Cinnamon t 2747, var. 2 CI a vi my f 2747 Coral 3 239 Crimson i 3458 Douglas' 3 238 Early f 2743 Fly " 3 240-42, f 3467 Glaucous 3 23S Ground 2 280 Hairy 3 238 Italian 237 Japanese 240 Garden Ely f 3467 Perfoliate 3 237 Purple f 274 3 Scar lei Trumpet f 301 Small Yellow 3 238 $mooth i 2740 Sullivant's 3 239 Swamp 2 559, f 2743 Honeysuckle Tartarian Bush 3 241 Trumpet 3 239 White f 2747 Wild 2 558, f 2604, 2607-8 Yellow 3 239, f 2745, 3458 Honeysuckle Apple 2558 -clover 276, 279 Honey-sweet 224 Hood wort 3 79 Hoofs 469 Hook-heal 88 - u eed i 3098 Hoop-ash 2 602, f 1255 Hoopkoop-plant 2 325 Hoopwood t 2363 Hop or Hops 1 530 Bog f 2889 Wild 3 99, f 1582 Hop-clover 2 272, 275 -hornbeam 1 507 Hop-tree 2 354 -trefoil 275 -vine, Devil's f 1054 Hornbeam 1 506-7 Swamp f 2721-3 Horn-bine f 2721 -pine, -pipe, f 2721 Horned Clover i 2065 Horned Rush 1 276 Horn-weed 1 1536 Hornwort Family 2 46 Hornwort 46 Horse-balm 3 123 Horse-blob 2 51 -bramble f 1973 Horse -brier 1 440 cane 3 295 Horse-chestnut 2 400 American f 2382 Horse-elder 3 404 -foot 469 Horse-fleaweed i 2050 Horsefly-weed 2 266 Horse-gentian 3 234 -ginseng 234 -gold i 1614-15, 1618, 1625 Horse-gowan 3 459 Horse-heal 404 -hoof 469 -knobs, -knop 492 Horse-laurel 12750 -lily t 1527 Horse-Mint 3 104, 120, f 3131, 3139 European i 3177 Ohio f 3139 Sweet 3 116 Horse-nettle 135 Horse-pipe f 77, 84 Horse-radish 2 127 Horse-sorrel i 1299 Horse sugar 2 597 Horse-tail Family 1 35 Horse-tail 1 35-7 Cornfield f77 Meadow f78 Rough f84 Water f 82 Horse-thyme 3 108 Horse-weed 3 123, 391, f35 39' 3592 Low, Purple, 3 39i Houndbeue 3 84 Hound's-berry 134 -tongue 3 53. 3 '9 House-leek 2 166-8 Houstonia 3 214-215 Hove 87 Vol. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 571 Huckleberry Family 2 573 Huckleberry 2 574-5. f 2791 Black 2 574 Blue 579 Box 575 Bush 575 Dwarf 575 He * 23.55 High-bush 2 574 Southern Black 577 Squaw 580 Straivberry f 2791 Tree f 2797 Huckleberry Lily f 1003 Hudsonia 2 441 Hunger-flower 142 Hunger-weed 83 Hungry -vine 1 1054 Huntsman's Cup 2 160 Hurr-bur 3 484 Hurt-sickle 491-2 Huskroot f 1023 Hutchinsia 2 138 Hutton-weed 3 248 Hyacinth 1 423 Grape 1 424-5 Wild 1 423, f 1670 Hydrangea 2 181-5 Snowy f 1859 Hyeble f 2629 Hymenocallis 1 445 Hymenopappus 3 445-6 Hyssop 3 no A nise f 3092 Garden f 3152 Giant 3 84-5 Hedge 160-3 Prairie 3 112 Water f 3271 Wild 3 70 Hyssop Hedge-nettle 3 96 Iceland-moss i 1818 -poppy t 1662 Ice-leaf 3 143 -plant, Amer. 2 555 Illinois-nut f 1151 Ivi pudent-lauyeri 3236 Indian-apple f 1646 -arrow 2 394 -arroiv-wood i 2712 -balm f 1047 -bark t 1540 -bean 3 199 -beard-grass f 221 -black-drink f 2358 -boys and girls f 1669 -bread-root 2 284 -cedar f 1208 -cherry f 1985, 2394 -chickweed 1 598 -chief f 2826 -cucumber-root 1 435 -cup 2 160; 3 406 -currant 2 236 -doob f 400 -dve f 1514 -elm f 1253 -fig 2 463 -fog f 1816 -^ra zW- root f 36 1 5 Indian-hemp „, t 33.^2430 Black f 2^96 White f 2905-6 Indian- /#/>/> Kelp f 1527 Ixdian-pipe Family -flower * 1578 A'elpwort i 1396 2 554 -weed 3 144 Kemps, Kempseed Indian-pipe 555 Jack-by-the-hedge2 115 3 207 -pitcher f 1801 Jack-in-the-pulpit 1 361 Sea 209 -plantain 3 47,; -in-trousers f 1559 Kentuck v Mahogan y -poke 1 408, f 985 Jack-straws 3 207 f 2043 -posy fackson-vine f 3220 Kerlock f 1701, 1703 3 401, f 2900. 3850 facob' s-ladder Ketmia, Bladder 2 425 -potato f 2227 f237 0. 3236 Kettle-dock 3 482 -puccoon f304S American 3 41, f 1050 Kicking-colt f 2388 -red -root f 1061 Jacob's-staff 3 143 -horses i 2388 -root 2 506 -5:. ord f 1077 Kidney-bean, Wild -sage 3 3" fa lap, Cancer f 1415 2 338 -shamrock f 1047 II 'ild 12945 Kidney-bean Tree 294 -shoe 1 1092 Jasmine, Amer. f 2944 Kidne3'-root 3 307 -soap-plant f 2386 Bastard f 3220 -wort i 1836 -strawberry f 1375 Carolina 2 605 Rill-cow f 595 -thistle *34Si Bed f 2943 -kid f 2756 -tobacco II wild f 1576 -wart f 1668 3 260, f 3225. 384 faundice-berry or -tree Kingcups 2 80, f 1545 -turmeric 1 1544 f 1640 -devil 3 284 Indian-turnip 1 ^61 -root * 1544 -nut 1 486, f 1154-1156 Three-leaved f 876 fenny Jf'reu f 2240 -of the Meadow f 3615 Indian-zcickup 12566 Jersey Tea 2 407 King's-clover 2 274 Indian's Dream f 64 Jerusalem-oak -crown 274 Indian's Plume 3 102 1 574, f 1373 -cure i 2736 Indigo, Wild 2 265-7 -artichoke 3 429 -cure-all i 2579 False. Bastard, 2 286 -sage 91 -fern f 8 Blue False 265 -star 269 Kinnikinnik Dwarf False f 2102 Jessamine f 3220 2 544. 572, f 2717 Fragrant False 2 286 Blue f 1584 Kino-root, Am. f 2239 Prairie f 2053 Red f 2943 Kisky- Thomas Nut Indigo-broom. 2 266 Water 13275 f 1 150 -plant 292 Yellow 2 605 Kiss-me ^2511 -zceed f 2050 fesuit' s-bark f 3586 Kiss-me-Dick f 2337 Infa n Vs-breath f 3409 - Water-nut f 2612 Kisses f 251 1 Inkberry 1 594 ; 2 391 Jewel-weed Family Knap 2 276 Shining 3 519 2 403 -bottle i 1443 Ink- root 2 594 fezcels, Speckled f 2388 Knapweed 3 492, f 4080 Innocence 3 1 56, 212 Jewel-weed 2 403-4 Knawel 2 41 Insane-root 138 Speckled f 2}8S Knight-cross i 1457 Iodanthus 2 123 feu' sharp-plant f 1048 Knight's-spur 2 59 Ipecac, Americar few's Far f 3219 Knit-back 3 67 2 198, f 2325 Jimson-weed Knob-gi-ass, -rooti 3186 False f 1888 3 139, f 3223 -weed 3 492, f3i86 Milk f 2321 foan Silver-pin f 1658 Knot-berry 2 200 Spurge, White, f 2325 fob's-tears f 1031 Knot-grass 1 561; 2 501, Wild Wild 13052 f 229, 524 2 377; 3 234, f2S95 Joe Pye Weed 3 307 Bird's f 1337 Wood 3 234 Spotted 307 Coast i 1340 Iresine 1 593 fohnnv-jump f 2S26 German 2 41 Iris Family 1 447 Johnny-jumper 2 455 Knot -root f3i86 Iris 451-2 Johnny-jump-up Knotweed 1 561-7 Spring f 10S0 2 455. f 2484, 2492 Biting f 1333 Irish-daisy 3 271 -smokers f 1942 Spoiled i 1327 -mahogany f 1223 fohnswort f 2454 Knout-berry f i8q2 Iron-head 3 492 False f 2463 Kobresia 1 284 Iron-weed Joint-vetch 2 312 Kochia 581 3 302-4, 492, f 3059 -weed 1 568 2 501 Koeleria 194 Devil's 3 274 Jointed Charlock 2 121 Koniga, Seaside 2 153 Iron Wood 1 507; Joseph 's-flower 3 269 Kory carpus 1 196 f 1207, 2829 fove's-fruit f 1657, 283c Kosteletzkya 2 424 Southern 2 389 foy, American 1 2410 Krameria Family Ironwort 3 92, 13*07 Juba's Bush 1 593 2 261 Isabella wood 2 96 Judas-tree, Amer 2 257 Krameria 261 Isopappus 3 330 Red f 2033 Kraut-zveed i 1703, 1707 Itch -weed f9«4 Juniper 1 59. 60, Kyllinga 1 247 Itea 2 187 f 120, 122, 1 3°. l33 Labrador f 2742 Ivory Plum 2 572 f279S Creeping f 134 Labrador Tea 2 557 Ivray I 225 Red *i33 Lace-button i 3823 Ivy, American 2 413 funiper-bush f l33 -flower f 2632 Big-leaved f 2757 -tree f 1255 Lad's Love 3 464 Climbing 2 388 June-berry 2 237-9 Ladies' -eardrop f 2388 Coliseum 3 144 -/lower f 2505 -pocket f 2388 Five-fingered f 2410 Juno's-tears 3 70 Ladies'-slipper Five-leaf f 2410 Jupiter's- beard f 1820 1 457-9, f 2288, 2388 572 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vol. TIT. Ladies' -slipper Dou ny f 1092 Pink or Purple i 1089 Ladies'-smock 2 T2S -sorrel 2 346, f 2254 -tobacco 3 399, Ladies' Tresses 1 470-2 Drooping I II 23 Lady-by-t/ie-Galei 1466 Lady-fern I 26 -fingers, -glove, 3 171 -laurel 2 465 -thimble 3 171 Lady-never-fade f385o h&dy's-clover f 22 so -comb 2 531 -cushion 2 595 3 492 -fingers f 20S4, -delight 2 455 -hair f 455 -laces f 290 -lint f 1477 -mantle 2 225 -milk 3 490 -needlework f 2634 -nightcap 3 25 ■purse 1 1752 -shoes 1 1561 -shoes-and-stockings f 20S4 -thimble 3 253 -thumb 1 558 Lakeu 'eed 1 1.33.3 Lamb-kill 2 563, f274S -lilies f 966 -mint 3 119, 1 3174 -sucklings 2 279 Lambs f 2381 ~L&mh's-cress 1 1725 -foot 3 206 -lettuce 3 207 . 245-6 -quarters 1 57o. f 1048, 1379 -succory 3 265 -I ails f 96 -tongue 3 1: 1. 207, f 1012 Land-cress f 1711, 1725 Langdebeef 3 267 Lap-love 26 Larch 1 54 Black or Red f 120 Lareabel 3 422 Lark-heal 2 59 Lark' 's-claw f 1562 Larkspur 2 59-60 Azure or Blue f 1564 Garden f 1562 Nelson's 3 514 Prairie f 1564 Laurel Family 2 95 Laurel 2 563-4, f 2757 American Big, Big-leaf Black Deer Dog Dwarf Great Florida Ground Hairy Horse Lady Mountain Pale Sheep Small Spurge 564, 2 465, f 2757 Swamp 48, 564, 1 244 c White f 1540 // bod f 2757 Laurel Magnolia 2 48 Lavender-thrift 594 Lawyers 1 1973 Lead-plant 2 287 Leaf -cup 3 405 heather-bush 1 2535 -flower 2 69, f 1585 -leaf 2 570 Leather-wood 466 Southern 389 Leavenworthia 134-5 Leaver-wood i 2535 Ledum-oil 2 557 Leech wort 3 207 Leek, Wild 1 412 Three-seeded f 992 Leitneria 1 489 Lemon, Wild 2 92 Ground f 1646 Lemon-balm 3 107 -lily i 990 -lobelia f 3144 -monarda 3 104 -walnut i 1150 Lentil 2 329 1 1'aler f 888 Leopard-flower f 1082 Leopard's-bane 3 471 Leptochloa 1 182 Lesquerella 2 136 Lettuce 3 273-6, 288 Arrow-leaved Blue Canker False 3 275, Florida Hare's Hairy Wood Indian Lamb's \ Liverwort Prickly Red Wood Spanish Tall Tall Blue Tall White Western White 2 564 f 2750 i 2441 f 2750 f 2764 f 2756 2 561 f 2832 2 57i 564 i 2750 2 465 f 2750 2 564 563 f 1540, 2757 3 274 275-6 2 550 1 3543 3 275 272 274 2 55o 245-6 f 2726 3 273 274 2 4 3 274 276 288 273 3 289, 291 Wild 274, f 2726, 3537 Wood 3 274 Leucocrinum 1 411 Leucothoe 2 566-7 Lever-wood i 1208, 2535 Licorice, American f 2163 Wild 2 310: 3 221-2, f 2628 Licorice-root 1 2163 Life-everlasting 3 400 Fragrant or Sweet 401 Life-lasting 13851 Life-of-man i 181 1, 1975, 2627, 3469 Life- root 3 480 Lilac 2 600 Summer f 1790 Liliaeopsis 2 521 Lily Family i 410 Lily 1 416, f 1013 Asa- Gray's 1 418 Atamasco 444 Beaver i 1527 Blackberry 1 453 Bullhead i 1527 Canada 1 417 Carolina 418 Clinton's 1 1029 Con-.il f 1041 Corn 3 26 Cow 2 42, f I545 Day 1 411 Dog, Horse, f 1527 arf Tiger 1 1082 ;ier, Fairy, f 1062 Field f 1006 Flag, Liver, 1 1069 Flame i 1003 Lily Frog Glade Great Velio- v Ground Gunebo Ha rvest Hedge Huckleberry famestown Lemon Little Water Mariposa May Meadow Nodding Northern Philadelphia Pond fi527 f 1003 1 1534 f 1048 f 2520 f 2951 3 25 f 1003 f 3222-3 1990 f 1526 1 422 f 1041 f 1006 f 1006. 1008 f 1029 1 416 2 42-4 Liquorice See Licorice Little Good 2 379 Little-boy's Breeches f 1669 Litlle-pollom f 2288 ■washerwoman f 3393 Prairie f 1063, 2520 Red 1 416-17 Bock f 1559. 1581 Southern Red 1 417 Snake f 1069 j Spider f 910 j Spring f 1 01 3 Swamp f 1062 j Straw f 988 Tiger 1 419, f 1003 Dwarf f 1082 Wild i 1008 Toad i 1 531 Trinity f 1046 Trout f 1012 Turk's-cap 1 418 -head f 1008 Water 1 880, 1534 Western Red White White Water Wild Orange Wild Yellow Wood 1 416; 2 552, Yellow 1 417 Yellow Pond Lily-bind LlLY-OF-THE-V ALLEY Family i 427 Lily-of-the-valley 431 False Wildf 1029, 1034 Lime Tree 2 414, Black Li men ort-catchfl v ' f 1450 Limonillo 3 449 Lin 2 348, f 2412-13 Li /id. White f 2411 Linden Family 2413 Linden, American 414 Ling 1 417 f 1046 2 44-5 1 1003 1 417 f 1041 f 1012 2 42-3 3 25 431 2728 f 241 1 f 241 1 Wire Ling-berry -go wans Linn 573 383 580 3 283 f 2411-13 Black, Yellow, f 1541 Southern White Linseed Lint Fairy Lady's Lint-bells Lin-tree Lion's-^ar -foot 2 -heart -mouth 3 -snap -tail -tooth Lip-fern Lipocarpha Liquidambar 225; f 2412 1 2413 2 348 348 351 f 1477 2 348 f 241 1 f 3108 3 288-90 3 ?9-9° 147. 171 f 3240 3 92-3 266, 271 1 30-31 275 f 1880 Littlewale 3 64 Live-forever 2 165 Wild f 1812 Live-long 2 165 Liver-berry i 1037-8 -leaf 2 65-6 -lily f I069 -moss * 1578 Liverwort, Noble 2 63 Heart 1 1578 Three-leaf 1 1578 Lizard's Tail Family 1 482 Lizard's-tail 482 Loasa Family 2 458 Lobelia 3 257-61 Bladder-pod 260 Brook 260 Can by 's 261 Downy 259 Glandular 259 Great 258 Kalrri's 260 Nuttall's 261 Pale-spiked 259 Red, Southern, 258 Spiked 260 Swamp, Water, 257 Loco-vetch, Colorado 2 309 Loco-weed 2 309, 12055 Stemless 309 Woolly 298 Locust, Black 2 294, f 2041 Bristly, or Moss 2 295 Clammy : 295 Green 1 2121 Honey 2 260, f 2021-3 Pea-flower f 2121 Post, or While f 2121 Red-flowering f 2121-2 River f 2101 Rose-flo we ring f 2122 Swamp 2 260 Sweet, Water, 260 Thorn f 2041 Yellow 2 294 f 2046 Loefiingia, Texan 2 38 Logania Family 604 Loggerheads 3 492 London Lace f 290 -pride f 1466, 1471 -tuft II47I L,ong-beard f 904 -moss 1 374 Long Purples 2 473 Longshucks f 11S Loosestrife Family 2 46S Loosestrife Bulb-bearing 588 Creeping 589 False 2 476 l2558 Fringed 2 589 Golden 587 Hyssop 471 Kennedy's Lance -leaved 590 Linear-leaved 472, 591 Purple 2 473 Southern 590 Spiked 473 Spotted 588 Swamp 471 Trailing 590 Tufted 591 Vol. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 573 Loosestrife Whorled 2 588 Yellow 587 Wing-angled 472 Lotus, American 2 45 Honey 273 Indian 46 Lophiola 1 446 Lophotocarpus 87 Lopseed Family 3 205 Lopseed 205 Lotus-tree i 2831 Louseberry-tree i 2368 Louse\vort3 184-6, 3303 Marsh, Swamp 3 185 Lovage, Scotch 2 519 Love-apple 3 137 -grass 1 1S7 -entangled i 18 13 -in-a-chain i 1816 -in winter f 2736 -in-idleness 2 455 Loveman 3 220 Love-me 61 Lover's Pride f 1327 Love roses f 3435 Love-vine 3 30, f 1582. 2966 Love's test i 3848 Lucerne 2 271-2 Ludwigia 477~9 Ludwigiantha 477 Lungwort 3 59-60 Bullocks f 3229 Cow's 3 143 French, Golden, 283 Sea 59 Smooth f 3034-5 Tree 3 60 Lupine 2 269-70 Perennial 1 2057 Lustwort f 1803 L5'chnis, Arctic 2 15 Evening 13 Nodding 15 Scarlet 14 Lygodesmia 3 276-7 Lyre-tree f 1542 Macounastrum 1 542 Mad-apple f 3222 Madder Family 3 211 Madder 219 Blue Field 226 Wild 3 219, f 3423 Mad-dog Weed f 18S, 3075 Maddenvort 3 212, 464 Madnep 2 514 Madweed 3 79 Mad Woman 's Milk f 2332 Madwort 2 152, f 1753. 1788 German 3 61 Magotly Boy Bean f 2035 Magnolia Family 2 47 Magnolia, Fraser's 47 Great-leaved 47 Laurel 48 Mountain 48 Small, Swamp, f 1540 Mahaleb 2 252 Mahogany, Lrish f 1223 False f 1652 Kentucky f 2043 Mountain f 1215 Mahonia, Trailing 2 90 Maiden-hair; see Fern 1 27, f 1940, 2798 Maiden' s-tears f 1443 Maid's Hair 3 219 Ma ise f 3984 Maize Thorn 3 493 Malacothrix 3 270 Malice f 2416 Mallow Family 2 415 Mallow Bristly-fruited ■ 423 Common 2 416, f 2416 Country Curled Dwarf European False f 2415-16 2 417 416 417 420-1 420 2 423; 3 2 Glade Globe 2 423; 3 519 High 2 416 Indian 422 Low 416 Marsh 415 Musk 417 Poppy 2 418-19 Rose 424-5 Running 416 Swamp i 2434 Venice 2 425 Vervain f 2419 Virginia 2 422 Water f 2434 Whorled 2 417 Mallows, Blue f 2416 False i 2427 Indian f 2427 Maltese Cross f 1457 Mandrake, Wild 2 92, f 2610 Manisuris 1 100 Manna-grass 1 211-13; 3 505 Manna, Poland i 491 Man-of-the-earth 3 23 Mail -root f 2945, 2948 Man's Motherwort f 2304 Maple Family 2 396 Maple 2 397-400 Ash-leaved Bark Bird's-eye Black Black Sugar Creek Curled Cut-leaved Drummond's Dwarf Goose-foot Hard Low Moose Mountain Northern Norway Red Red-river f 2 River Rock 400 f 2377 2 398 1 2375-6 2 398 12372 2 398 f 2380 2 398 399 399 f 2373-6 f 2379 f 2379 2 399 12378 2 400 397 372. 2380 f 2372 2 398 Rock3^ Mountain 399 Scarlet 397 Shoe-peg i 2373 Shrubby f 2377 Silver 2 397 Silver-leaf f 2372 Soft 2 397, f 2373, 2377 Striped Sugar Swamp 2 397. Sycamore Water 2 397. White Marble-flower f 165S March f 2687-8 Mardling f 888 Mare's-tail 2 501, f 84 Marigold 2 399 398, 400 f 2372, 2379 2 400 f 2372, 2379 397. \ 2373 Marigold Fetid 3 453 Marsh 2 51-2 Rayless 3 43S Water 440 Wild 13995 Mariposa Lily 1 422 Marjoram, Pot 3 in Wild in Markry f 2353 Mark-weed f 2353 Markerry f 1370 Marl-grass 2 277, f 2075 Marram I 166 -sea-grass i 539 Marrube 3 84 Marsh -beetle f 136 -berry f 2799 -clover f 2889 -elder 3 292-4 -fleawort 3 481 -five-finger t 1937 -fleabane 3 396-7 Fetid f 3839 Spicy 3 396 Marsh-gentian f 2S75, 2880 -gillifiower i 1458 -grass 1 175, 177 -hoarhound 3 118 -holy-rose 2 568 -louse wort 3 185 -mallow 2 415 -marigold 51-2 -milkwort 357 -parsley 2 533-4 -pennywort 539~4i -pestle f 136 -pink 2 611-12 -root f 2827 -rosemary 2 594, f 2767 -samphire 1 582 -tea 2 557 -trefoil 622 -turnips f 876 -valerian f 3473 -reed i 80 Marshallia 3 443 Marshlocks, Purple 2 217 Marsh wort 581 Marsilea Family 1 2:3 Marsilea 33-4 Marti noe f 3369 Marvel 3 84 Master wort 2 5H, 539. f 2636 Imperial f 2643 Matfelon 3 492 Mather 455 Matrimony-vine 3 138, f 1740 Matweed Maul Maw-seed May May-apple -blob -blossoms -bush cherry 1 166 2 416 f 1658 2 241 92 5i f 1041 2 241 237 Mayflower 2 571, f 1429, 1569. 1576, 1578-81, 1724, 1S33, 2743 May-gowan May-grass May-lily -pear -pops -rose -star -wings 3 35o *459 i 1041 f 1985 2 457 3 230 f 2822 f 228S Mayaca Family i 367 Mayaca 368 Mayweed 3 455 Corn 459 Mead-sweet 2 224 Meadow Beauty Family 2 473 Meadow-beauty 474-5 Meadow-bouts 1 1515 -cabbage i 881 -fern f 11 59, n 62 -i>urs f 1 1 59 -gowan 2 51 Meadow-grass 1 201-7, 212-15 Annual 1 201 Arctic 215 Flat-stemmed 202 Fowl 1 205, f 468, 488 Grove 1 207 Prairie 204 Round-stalked f 468 Reed 1 212 Rough ish 204 Rough-stalked f 468 Short-stalked f 429 Slender 1 215 Spreading 214 Wavy 203 Wood 205 Meadow-nuts f 1937 Meadow-parsnip 2 518 Early, Golden, 534 Meadow-pink 2 14, f mi, 1470, 2747 -queen 2 224 Meadow-rue 86-8 Fall f 1638 Slender i 1633 Tall 2 88, f 1637 Wax-leaved i 1637 Wind-pZower f 1580 Meadow-scabish 3 367 Meadow-sweet 2 224, f 1884, 1888 American 2 196 Birch-leaved f 1885 Meadow-wort 2 224 Meakin f 2617 Meal-berry 2 572 -plum f 2776 Mealy Starwort f 1023 Mealy Tree 3 231 Media Meek 23 Mechoacanna f 2945 Medaddy-bush f 3465 Medic 2 271-3 Black or Hop 272 Purple Toothed Spotted Medlar Meehania Meeting-houses Melampodium Melanthiuni Melilot Melilot-trefoil Melmot-berries Mentzelia Menziesia Mercury, Black English Scotch Three-seeded Mercury --weed Mermaid-weed Merry, Black Merry i 2021 Mesquite, Prairie 3 516 (See Grass) Mexican-poppy 2 101 -tea 1 575 Mexico-seed f 2304 Mezereox Family 2 465 Mezereon 465 2 3 272 272 273 237 86 f 1559 3 406 1 407 2 273-4 272 f 131 2 458-9 562 f 2353 f 1370 3 171 2 365-6 f 2298 2 502 574 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING Mezereon Milkweed American f 2535 r< iiow t 21 ,■ K • Micranthemum 3 164 Milkwort Family Midsummer-men 2 165 2 355-61 Mignonette Family Milkwort, Bitter 2 158 Cross-leaved 2 357 Mignonette 2 158-9 Curtiss' 559 Mile 533 Dwarf f 22b8 Milfoil 3 455 Field 2 35H Water 2 503-5, f 1626 Fringed 361 Milk-gowan 3 271 Loose-spiked 358 -grass 245 Low Pine-barren 356 -ipecac ;f 2321 Marsh 357 -maids f 1724 Maryland 559 -pea : •335-6 Nuttall's 359 -purslane 2 375 f 2321 Orange 356 Milk-vetch 2 297-307 Pink 2 358, f 2287 Alpine 304 Purple 2 358 Arctic 304 Raeemed 360 Ascending 299 Sea 592 Bent 3°i Short-leaved 357 Canadian f 2130 Tall Pine-barre n 556 Carolina 2 29S White 360 Cooper's 305 Whorled , 557 Drummond's 299 Yellow 12275 Flexile 302 Milky Tassel 3 272 Hoar}' :v >7 Millet 1 110, 123, 1 27. 141 Indian w Broom-corn f 272 Long-leaved 3°5 Cat-tail f 283 Loose-flowered 305 Dotted 1 no Low 301 ■Egyptian f 225 Missouri 301 German, Golden Narrow-leaved 300 1283 Notched-leaved 302 Hungarian i 28} Platte 297 Indian f 318 Pretty 3°^ Italian 1 127 Prickly 306 Tall 141 Purple 299 White f 2068 Racemose 300 } 'ellozv f 2069 Robbins' 304 Mill-mountain f 2266 Sessile-flowered 306 Mimosa Family 2 254 Short's 301 Mimosa 255 Slender 302 Mingwort 3 4u Ripple-grass River-bush River-Weed Family 2 163 River-weed Roanoke Bell 163 *3034 Robert's Plantain 3388 Robin, Robins I 1456 Robi n-r u n-azcay f 1907, 3095 Robin's Plantain 3 285, 388 Rock-berry i 2776 -brake 1 28, f 71, 72 Rock-cress 2 147-150 Low, or Northern 116 Rock-lily i 1559 -plant f 1813 Rock-Rose Family 2 439 Rock-rose 439-40, f 2446 Rock-weed 3 227, f 2240 Rocket Bastard i 1703 Crambling 2 159 Dame's 154 False 123 Italian f 1798 Prairie i 1786 Sm a ll-flo ivered f 1784 Purple 2 123, f 2566 Sand 2 120 Sea, American 117 ' Scrambling f 1696 Sweet f 1790 Wall 2 120 Winter, or Wound, f 1709 1 Yellow 2 122. f 1798, 281 1 Rocket Cress 2 122 Rocky Mountain Grape f 1642 Rogation-ftozcer f 2280 Rogue's Gilliflower 2 154 Roman-plant f 1370 -willow 2 600 -wormwood 3 295 Roosters f 2484 Rooster-heads f 2826 Rope- bark f 2535 Rope-zi ind f 2949 Rosa-solis 2 161, f 969 Rose Family 2 194 | Rose 2 229-232 African f 1659 Rose Arkansas 2 230 /: rumble f 1973 /.';< > e, Brier f 1973 Burnet 2 593 Canker 2 99, 232 Christmas f 1549 Corn 2 99 Cotton 3 395 Climbing 2 229 Cinnamon 232 Dog 232 Dwarf Wild f 1971 Early Wild f 1966 Egyptian, Gipsy, 3 249 Hip f 1973-4 Kitchen i 1974, note Low 2 231 Maple-leaf Guelder f3437 Marsh Holy 2 568 Meadow 229 Mexican i 1437 Michigan 2 229 Northeastern 231 Pate f 1966 Pasture 2 231 Praiiie 229 Prickly 230 Rock 2 439-40, f 2446 Rosin 2 433 Sensitive f 2031 Shining i 1972 Smooth 2 229 Snowdon 165 Sun 2 439-40 Swamp 2 231 // V/a" f 1970-72 Wind 2 100 Woods' 230 Rose-acacia 2 295, f 2122 Rose-bay 2 561, f 2566 Ground 2 480 Lapland 560 Mountain 561 Wild or Dzvarfi 2750 Rose-blush f 1965 Rose-campion 2 16 Rose-mallow 2 424-5 Rosemary Marsh 2 594, f 2767 Maryland 3 380 White 379 Wild 2 557, 568 Rose-moss f 1437 Rose-noble 3 53 Rose-of-Plymouth 2 611 Rose-of-Sharon 426 Rose-petty 3 388 Rose-pink . 2 610 Rose-zi illow f 2714 Rosewort, Roseroot 2 165 Rosin-plant 3 406-8 -rose 2 433 -weed 3 406-8 -wood f 3657 Rosy -bush f 1884 Rotala 2 470 Rot-grass 3 194, f 384 Roubieva 1 576 Rough-root 3 318 -weed 97 Round Dock 2 416 Round-heart f 2651 -rush f 919 -zcood, -tree i 1975 Roving Sailor 3 144 Rowan-berry f 1975 Rowan-tree 2 233 American i 1975 Dog 3 229 Royal Bracken f 8 Royal Fern Family 58o ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vol. III. Royal Fern i 5 Royal Osmond i 8 Rue Anemone, False 2 54 Rue Family 2 352 Ruellia 3 202-3 Long-tubed f 3372 Short-tubed f 3371 Ranch f 1703 Running-pine 1 43 -moss f 96 Ruppia 1 79 Rush Family i 381 Rush 1 382-396 Aglet -head f 586 Awl-leaved 1 3S7 Bald 1 257-8 Baltic 384 Bass f 623 Bayonet 1 391 Beaked 1 277-80 Black i 623 Black-grass 1 385 Bog 382 Bolder, Boulder f 623 Brownish-fruited Bulbous Bulrush Canada Candle Carolina 1 390 390 1 265-70 1 394 f 919 1 394 Chair-maker's 265 Chestnut 389 Club 1 262-4 Common 382 Cotton 1 271-3 Cotton-grass 1 271-3 Creeping 388 Sea f 627 Clustered Alpine 1 389 Diffuse 396 Dutch i 84 False Bog I 654 Forked 1 387 Glomerate 383 Grass-leaved 388 Greene's 387 Hare's-tail f 638 Hard f 919 Highland 1 385 Horned 1 276 Jointed 391 Knotted 392 Knotty-leaved f 956 Long-styled 1 388 Many-headed 393 Mat 1 266 Moor 389 New Jersey 392 Nut _ 1 281-83 Pennsylvania 383 Pin I 919 Pith f 920 Richardson's 1 391 Roemer's 384 Round f 919 Scirpus-like 1 39 ^ Scouring 38 Sea 384 Secund 386 Sharp-fruited 395 Short-fruited 393 Slender 386 Small-headed 394 Soft 382 Spart f 945 Spike 1 248-56 Staff f 920 Stout 1 395 Sweet f 883 Thread 1 383 Three-flowered 390 Three-square 265 Rush St. John's-wort Sapodilla Family Toad 1 385 False f 2463 2 595 Torrey's 392 Giant 2 429 Saracen's Corn f 1316 Tide f 623-4 Great 2 429 Sarah f 1049 Twig 1 2Si K aim's 430 Sardian Nut f 1226 T wo- fl 0 we re d 389 Larger Canadian 435 Sarsaparilla Vasey's 386 Larger Marsh 437 2 506-7, f 1053 Water i 919 Marsh 436 Big f 1283 Wood 1 396-8 Mountain 433 Bristly 2 507, f 1055 Yard 386 Northern 434 False f 2628 } 'ellow-flowering Pale 432 Rough i 2629 f.893 Round-podded 431 ; Texas or i'elloic (see Bulrush) 1 265 Shrubby 2 430, f 2445 i 1649 (see Clubrush) 262 Slender i 2458 Virginia 2 506 Rush-garlic f 993 Spotted 2 433 Sassafras, Swamp 2 48 •nut f 559 Small-flowered 434 Sassafras-tree 97 Russia-grass f 491 Straggling 432 Satin f 1740 Russian Thistle 1 586 Virgate 432 Satin-flower Rutland Beauty 3 25 St. Peter's Wort 2 428 2 133. f 1475. 1740 Rye, Wild, Salad Tree 1 2033 -grass 1 321-2 1 230-2; 3 508 Salfern Stone-seed Satin-pod 2 133 Rye-grass 1 225 3 63 -walnut f 1880 Sabbatia 2 609-611 Sally-bloom f 2566 Sauce-alone 2 115 Branching 609 Salmon-berry 2 199 Savin 1 60, f 134 Coast 610 Saloop f 1654 Horse f 131 Elliott's 611 Salsify, Meadow 3 269 Red f 133 Lance-leaved 609 Salt-grass f 454 Savory, Summer 3 107 Narrow-leaved 609 Rush i 403 Saw-wort f 3643 Prairie 610 Salt-grape i 1396 Saxifrage Family Square-stemmed 610 Salt-meadow Grass 2 169 Sabino-tree f 128 1 176 Saxifrage 2 171-77 Saddle-tree f 1542 Salt-of-Lemons 2 345 Aconite 177 -leaf f 1542 Salt-rheum need f 3244 Alpine-brook 172 Safflower 3 493 Saltweed f 926 Bulbous 172 Sage Saltwort 1 586, f 1389 Burnet 526 Indian 3 311 Black 2 592 Clustered Alpine 174 Jerusalem 91 Salyinia Family 1 34 Drooping 172 Lance-leaved 100 Salvinia 34 Early 2 174 Lyre-leaved 99 Samphire, Marsh 1 582 Foliose 175 Meadow 100 Jamaica i 3897 Golden 181 Mountain 468 Sanctuary f 2852 Gray's 175 Nettle-leaved 101 Sand-bur Kidne3'-leaved 176 Pitcher's 100 3 136, f 284, 3595 Lettuce 1 74 Tall f 3126 -cherry f 1985 Livelong 173 J Tes tern ^4015 -grass f 1356 Michaux's 176 White 1 581 Sand-myrtle 2 562 Mountain 171 Wild 3 101, 464, -nettle f 2305 Nodding 172 f 3124, 3128 -parsley 2 525 Pennsylvania 173 Wood 3 76 -reed 1 166 Purple 171 Wormwood 3 463-4 -spur f 284 Sengreen 171 Sage-brush 3 468 -spurry 2 37 Spring f 1833 Pasture 464 -vine 3 16 Starry 2 175 Sage-bush 468 Sandalwood Family Swamp 173 Sage-of-Bethlehem 119 1 536 Three-toothed 172 Sage-lea/ f 3105 Sandweed 2 36 Tufted 173 Sage-willow f 1193, 2549 Sandwort 2 31-7 Yellow Marsh 171 -wood 3 468 Arctic 32 Yellow Mountain 171 Sagittaria 1 90-92 Bed f 1514-16 Scabby-head 2 511 Sailor, Climbing 3 144 Blunt-leaved 2 35 Scabious 3 249 Sailor' s-knot 1 2240 Fendler's 32 Sweet 388-9 -tobacco 3 466 Fringed 31 Scabish f 2579, 2592-3 St. Andrew's Cross Hooker's 32 Scabwort 3 404 2 428 Large-leaved 35 Scaldzveed f 2963 St. Anthony's Turnip Mountain 34 Scammony, Wild f 2945 i 1615 Pine-barren ^3 German f 2951 St. Bennett's Herb Pitcher's 34 . Scarb-lree f 1982 2 532 Purple 37 Scarlet-berry f 3218 St. James'-weed 139 Rock 33 -lightning 2 14 -wort 3 482 Sea-beach 36 Schedonnardus 1 179 St. John t 2454 Seaside 37 Scheuchzeria 84 St. John's Wort Showy f 1 510 Schizaea f 12 Family 2 427 Texas 2 34 Sclerolepis 3 3(56 St. John'swort 2 429 Thyme -leaved 31 Scolochloa 1 209 Bedstraw 431 Vernal 33 Scoke 594 Bushy 430 Sa?ig f 2630 Scorpion-grass 3 6t Canadian 435 Sanghara-nut 2 500 Early 63 Clasping-leaved 434 Sangree-root or Field 62 Common 433 Sangrel f 1281 Marsh, Mouse-ear, 61 Copper-colored 432 Sanguinary 3 455 Spring 63 Coryrnbed 433 Sanicle 2 523 Yellow and Blue 62 Creeping 431 American 2 179, f 1845 Scotch-cap 2 201 Dense-flowered 430 Black f 2664 Scotch-mercury 3 171 DrummoHd's 435 Great f 1956 Scouring Rush 1 38 Dwarf 434 Indian, White, 3 312 Scrambling Rocket 1 Elliptic-leaved 432 Yorkshire 3 194 f 1696 Vol. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 581 Scratch-grass 3 220, f 1355 -weed f.i-l'2 Screw-auger fii23 Screzi -stem f 2887 Scrofula-plant f 2471, 3242 -root f 1012 -weed f 1 132 Scurf y-pea 2 280, f 208 8, 2090 Scurvish f 2579 Scurvy f 1701 Scurvy-grass 2 115 . 2 322 -a eed f 1694 Sea-ash 2 353 -bent f 821 Sea-blite ] 584-5 Annual f 1394 Western f '395 Sea-bugloss 3 59 -burdock 298 Sea-chickweed 2 36 -gillyflower , 595 Sea -grape f 1396 English f 1389 Sea-grass 2 595. f 1 76, 183 -hav '183 -hollyhock * 2434 -kerups 3 209 -lavender 2 594 -lungwort 3 59 -milkwort 2 592 -Ox-eye 3 421 -parsley 2 519 -pea 330 -pimpernel f 1512 -pink 2 595 f 1443 -purslane 1 598; 2 36 -rocket 2 117 -sedge f 821, 883 -thrift 2 595 f 1396 -trifoly 2 592 -wrack f 183 Seal wort f 039-40 Sedge Family 1 234 Sedge 1 292-360 Alpine 306, 312 Arctic Hare's-foot 353 Assiniboia 1 3!9 Awl-fruited 343 Awned 302 Back's 338 Bailey's 299 Barratt's 312 Beak f 648-60 Bent 1 328 Bicknell's 360 Bigelow's 310 Black 306 Black-edged 335 Blackened 297 Bladder 293 Blunt Broom 356 Boott's 336 Bottle 297 Bristle-leaved 332 Bristle-stalked 339 Bristly 301 Bristly-spiked 346 Broad-leaved 33° Broad-winged 359 Brome-like 354 Broom f 216, 220 Brown I 307 Browned 357 Brownish 351 Bur-reed 348 Button 298 Capitate 339 Carey's 328 Carnation-grass 530 Carolina 317 Sedge Cat-tail 1 302 Chestnut 319 Clustered 1 344, 352-3 Coast 1 340 New England 3 509 j Collins' 1 292 Common f 724 Great > f 7114 Lesser ' f 705 Crawe's 1 323 Creek i 405, var. 1 Creeping 1 341 Crested 357 Curved 341 Cuspidate 311 Cyperus-like 300 Dark Green 321 Davis' 318 Dense Long-beak 360 Dewey's 354 Douglas' 342 Downy Green 316 Drooping 1 311 Drooping Wood 320 Dry-spiked 355 Eastern 350 Emmons' 334 Fescue 359 Few-flowered 292 Few-fruited 325 Few-seeded 295 Fibrous-rooted 1 333 Field 325 Fox 345 Fox-tail 344 Fragile 296 Frank's 301 Fraser's 336 Fringed 314 Glaucescent 322 Glaucous 315 -heath f 742 Golden-fruited 1 331 Goodenough's 309 Graceful 317 Grass-like 330 Gray 321 Gray's 293 Green 324 Greenish-white 359 Hairy-fruited 302 Hairy 306 Hair-like 320 Hammer f 71 3 Handsome 1 318 Hare's-foot 1 353, 356 Hart Wright's 299 Hay 357 Hayden's 308 Heavy 345 Hidden-fruited 314 Hillside 355 Hirsute 316 Hitchcock's 325 Hoary f 847 Hop 1 294 Hop-like 294 Hoppner's 310 Houghton's 305 Hudson Bay 352 Inland 350 Involute -leaved 341 James' 337 Large 295 Large-panicled 343 Leavenworth's 349 Lenticular 309 Lesser Panicled 344 Lesser Prickly 348 Little Prickly 350 Livid 331 Long 293 Long-awned 313 Long-beaked 319 Sedge Long-bracted 1 323 Long-stalked 333 Loose-flowered 327 Loose-flowered Alpine 312 Low Northern 332 Louisiana 294 Magellan 313 Marsh f 705 Marsh Straw i Meadow 1 322 358 354 1 327 313 349 355 f883 Mead's Mud Muhlenberg's Muskingum Myrtle Nard 1 340 Narrow-leaved 321 Nebraska 308 Necklace 297 New England 334 -coast 3 509 Nodding 1 315 Northeastern 296 Northern 334 Northern Clustered 1 352 Northern Meadow 354 Norway Oval-headed Pale Parry's Parti-colored Penns3-lvania Pink- leaf Plantain-leaved Pointed Broom Porcupine Prickly 1 Greater Pubescent Rae's Raven 's-foot Redowsky's Reflexed Retrorse Ribbed Richardson's River-bank Rock Rough Russet Sallow Salt-marsh Sand Sartwell's Schweinitz's Scirpus-like Sea Seabeach Seaside Sharp-scaled Sheathed Short-leaved Short's Silvery Slender Slender-stalked Slender Wood Soft Fox Soft-leaved 35i 349 324 3°7 33l 333 f 7b6 1 329 356 300 348, 350 f 838 1 336 295 343 340 347 298 316 332 3°3 338 304 296 299 310 342 346 300 337 f 821, 883 1 358 314 3i8 326 312 303 351 305 320 328 342 346 Southern Glaucous Sparse-flowered Spreading Squarrose .Stellate Straw Summer Swamp S'weet Texas Thicket Thin-fruited Sedge Thin-leaved Thread-leaved Three-fruited Torrey's Tuckerman's Tufted Tussock Twisted Umbel-like Variable Variegated Velvet Vernal Walter's Water Weak Arctic Weak Clustered White-bear White-scaled Whitish Willdenow's Wood's Woolly Yellow Yellow-fruited Yellowish See-bright Seed-box 1 348 339 353 324 298 f 724 1 308 3il 335 326 Wl> 304i 335 304^ 309» 338- 353 329 355 1847 1 337 326 305 323 345 292 3 ioi 479 Selaginella Family 1 44 Selaginella 44_5 Selenia 2 1 34 Self-heal 3 88-9 Seneca Snakeroot 2 360 Senecio 3 476 Arctic 476 Douglas' 481 Sea-beach 476 Senega- root f 2285 Sengreen 2 168 -saxifrage 171 Senhalanac f 2349 Senna Family 2 256 Senna, American 258 Coffee 259 Low 258 Prairie i 2035 Sickle i 2036 Wild 2 258 Sensitive-brier 256 -fern 1 9 -Joint-vetch 2 312 -pea 257-8 -plant 2 257, f 2032 Bastard 2 312 -rose i 2031 Sen vie f 1700, 1701 Serenia 3 263 Serpent-grass t 131S Serpentary 1 540 Serpenl's-longue f 1 Service-berry 2 237-9 Service-tree American Sesban Setwell Seven-bark -sisters 1 315 352 329 301 347 358 3'7 303 f883 1 347 33o 322 f 1985 2 233 296 3 245 f 1858 f 2332-3 Shad-bush 2 23S, f 1985 -flower f 1755, 2774 Shag-bark 1 485-6 Little i 1 157 Southern 3 511 Shakers i 455 Shame-face f 2239 -vine i 2031 Shamrock 2 272, 275, 279. 345 Indian f 1047 Water f 2889 Shave-grass Weed f 84 Shavings i 2845 Shaicnee-zcood f 3368 Sheath-flower 3 314 582 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vol. III. Sheep-berry 3 232, 13445 Silver-leaf 2 369, 403. -bine 3 26 468; 3 400, f 1538. 1884 -bur 298 Suver-pm, Joan f 1658 Sheep-bur, Small f 3021 Silver- rod 3 333 Sheep-foot 2 280 -weed 2 216, t 1638, Sheep-laurel _ 563 1884, 2388-9, 3676 -lice f 3019 Simpler's Joy 3 70 Sheep-nose f 1910 Simson, Simpson 482 Sheep-poison 2 563 Si uk field f 1935 Sheep-root, -rot 3 194 Sisymbrium, Tall 2 116 Sheep-sorrel Siljast f 161S 1 547. f 2250-1, 2254 Skedge, Skedgw th Poison 1 2254 2 604 Sheep's-gowan 2 279 Skedlock f 1707 Sheepweed 2 18; 3 194, Skegs f 2430 Water, Yel, f 1077 Shell-bark 1 485 Skeleton-weed 3 270 Biff, Thick, f 1 155 Skevish 388 Western f 11 55 Skewer-wood 12368 Shell-flower 3 149 Skiver-wood 2 395 Shepherd's Clock 2 593 Skull-cap 3 78^83 -club f 3229 Blue 13075 -delight f 2S24 Britton's 3 82 -needle 2 531 Downy 79 -purse, -bag, -pouch Drummond's 8£ 139 European f3o87 -staff 3 248 Hairy 3 80 -Weather-glass 2 593 Heart-leaved 80 Sherard, Herb 3 226 Hyssop 80 Sheriff-pink f 3988 Large-flowered f 3080 Shield-fern 1 15-18 Larger 3 80 - root f 36 Little *3oS3 Shining-grass Mad-dog 3 79 f 1634, 2388 Marsh 83 Shin-leaf Prairie 82 2 550, f 2727, 2732-3 Resinous 81 Shin-wood f 135 Rock 82 Shittim-wood Showy 79 2 596, f 2833 Side-Jlo zee ring f 3075 Shoe-make f 2349 Small 3 81 Sh oes-a n d -Stock inffs, Veined 83 Lady's i 20S4 Skunk-bush 2387 Shoe-strings 2 287 -cabbage 1 363 f 1801 Devil's f 21 17 Sk u nk-cu rra n t f 1872 5Aoo ^/j/ f 2050 -weed f 881 Shooting Star 2 594 Sleek-leaf f 2754 Saore-grass, -weed Sleeping Beauty f 2250 3 211 Sleepy Dick f 1019 Short-husk, Bearded Slink-weed i 2544, 3502 \ 332 Slippers f 2389 Short-shucks f 1 15 Slipper-root f 1092 Shotbush f 2628 -weed 12388 Shovel-iveed f 1752 Slippery-elm 1 525 Shrub Yellow-root vSloe 2 250 ; 3 233 2 55 Alleghany f 2012 Shrubby Althaea 426 Slone-bloom f 2016 •fern f 1 1 62 Slovenwood 3 464 -trefoil 2 354 Slunkweed f 3615 Shunts f 2655 Smallage 2 533 Sibbaldia 2 217 Small-pox plant f i8o[ Siberian Oilseed f 1753 Smartweed 1 560 Sickle-grass f 739, 1355 Smelling Stick f 1654 Sickle-pod 2 149 Smick Smock f 1724 Sickle-senna i 2036 Sm iddy-lea ves f 1370 ! -weed f 1333 Smilax Family 1 438 -wort 3 76. 88 Smilax 439 Sida 2 421 Smoke-tree, Wild 2 389 Side-saddle Flower 160 Smoking-bean f 3367 Sieglingia 1 185; 3 503-4 Snaffles f 3335 Silk-grass Snag-bush I 2016 f 312, 1027, 3652 Snag Tree f 2721 Silk-plant f 3379 Snake-berry Silk-weed 3 5, 10 3 137. f 1554, 3404 Rose or Swamp f 2905 -bite f 1048, 1665 Silky-grass f 318 -flower 3 69, 95, f 1455. Silver-beard f 217 1477, 2822, 3056 Silver-bell Tree 2 598 -gentian 3 289 Silver-berry 467 -grass 3 61, f 1477 -button i 3850 -head 3 149 -chain 2 294 -leaf, Yellow f 1012 -chickweed 38 -lily f 1069 -feather f 1934 - m ilk •f 2321 196 -/fr, American f 126 -moss -grass 3 322 Snake-mouth 1 467 Silverhead 2 38 Whorled f 1 1 17 Snake-pipes f 77, 80 Snake-root 1 540; 2 523-4. f 1554. 4047 Black 2 56, 523, I 2666 Button 2 522, 3315-18 Canada 1 538 Coltsfoot f 1277 Corn i 2660 De Witt's 3 290 Evergreen f 2288 Heart f 1277 Heart-leaved 2 57 Poison f 2684 Redberry i 1554 Sampson i 2874-5, 2880 Samson's 2 285 Seneca 360 Southern i 1277 Thermo n f 1441 Vermont f 1277 Virginia 1 540 White 3 312 White-berry f 1555 Wild f 3095 Snake-tongue 3 494, f 1 Snake-weed f 1281, 1316, 2694 Black f 1278 Poison f 2684 Snapberry i 3454 Snap-dragon 3 147-8, f 1561, 2388. 3236 Corn f 3241 Snap Jack i 1477 Snappers f 1443, 1477 Snap-weed 2 403-4. f 1656. 2388 Snap- wood f 1656 Sneezeweed 3 450-51 Sneezewort 3 454 -tansy 454 -yarrow 454 Sniddel f 705 Snow-ball, Little i 3403 Wild 2 407 Snowberry 3 235-6 Creeping 2 581 Snow-blossom 603 -drift f 1775, 1788 Snowdon Rose 2 165 Snowdrop f 3451 Yellow f 1012 Snowdrop-berry 3 235 Snowdrop Tree 2 598 Snowdrops i 1576 Snow/lake t 1471 Snowfloiver Treei 2845 Snow-on-the-Mou nta in i 2322 Snowy Campion f 1442 -Hydrangea f 1859 Soap, Poor-man's f 1884 Soapberry Family 2 402 Soap-berry 402 -plant, Indian f 2386 -root i 1466 Soap- weed f 1026 Soap wort 2 18 -gentian 2 616, f 1466 Soapwort, White i 1456 Soldier Buttons f 1545 Soldiers 2 473, f 1456, 1973. 3023 Soldier's-cap 2 104 -plume f 1 1 12 -woundwort 3 455 Sole n tine f 2388 Solomon 's-seal 1 430-I, 433-4, f 1097 Dwarf i 1039 False f 1 03 1 -2 Great or Giant t 1040 Small or Zigzag i 1031 Sophora, Silky 2 263 Sorrel 1 547-8, 553 Cock, English f 1301 Cow f 1299 Gentleman's f 1299 Green or Meadow f 1301 Horse f 1299, 1307 Ladies' 2 346, f 2254 Meadow f 1301 Mountain f 1299 Red or Wood f 1299 Sheep 1 547. f 2250- 1. 2254 Toad's f 1299 Sorrel-tree 2 571 f 2770 Sour- or Sow-berry f 2799 Sour-bush f 3068 Sour-dock 1 548, f 1299, 1309, 1315 -grass i 1299, ^o1 Sour-grass, Ladyi 2254 Sour-gum 2 547, f 2723 -leek i 1299 -trefoil, -trifoly 2 345 -wood 571 Southernwood 3 464 Sow-barte 1 573, f 1368 -berry i 2799 -foot 3 469 -grass i 1691 Sow-thistle 3 271-2 -tit f 1898, 1910 Spanish Bayonet 1 426 Spanish Lettuce Spanish Needles Sparkleberry Spa rro zv-gra ss -tongue Spart Spatter-dock Spattling Poppy Spear-grass r 201 Alpine Arctic Buckley's Bunch Chapman's Flexuous Glaucous 205 Large-flowered 208 Low 201-2 Meadow f 488 2 4 3 439 2 580 f 1028 I 1337 f 945 2 42 2 9 •8, 214 1 203 203 208 1478 1 202 206 203, f 464 i 205 208 214 207 f 43i 1 206 1 206 207 Mountain 1 Northern Prairie Sea Short-leaved Southern Sylvan Weak Wolf's Spearmint 3 119. f 3183-4 Spearwort 2 75-6 Speckled Jewels i 2388 Speedwell Alpine 3 168 Buxbaum's 170 Byzantine 170 Common 168 Corn 169 Field 170 Garden 170 Germander 168 Ivy-leaved 170 Marsh 167 Procumbent 170 Purslane 169 Skull-cap 167 Tall f 3299 Thyme-leaved 3 169 Upland 168 Wall 169 VOL. Ill] ENGLISEI INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 533 Speedwell Water Speerhawk Sperage Spermolepis Spice -berry 3 167 282 f 1028 2 537 572 -bush 2 98, fi65o. 2627 ■ :rr>od i 1 656 Spider-flower 2 155 -lily 1910 Spiderwort Family 1 374 Spiderwort 377-8; 3 510 Spignet 2 506 Spikenard 1 42Q American 2 506 False i 1031 Ploughman's i 3834. Small 2 506 Wild 1 429 Spikenard-tree 2 506 Spike-rush 1 248 Beaked 256 Black-fruited 254 Bright Green 250 Capitate 250 Creeping 251 Engelniann's 251 Flat-stemmed 255 Knotted 248 Large-tubercled 253 Least i 587 Matted 1 255 Needle 252 Ovoid 251 Pale 249 Purple 250 Quadrangular 249 Robbins' 249 Slender 255 Small-fruited 253 Three-ribbed 254 Twisted 253 White 254 Wolf's 252 Spilanthes 3 414 Spinach, French f 1369 Strawberry f 1375 Wild f i359> 1370 Spindle-tree 2 395, * 2367 Spingel 2 525 Spink f 1470, 1724 Spiraea 2 196-7 Spires f 290, 380, 420 Spirit-weed t 1061 , Spleen-amaranth f 1399 Spleen wort 1 22 See Fern Spleenwort-bnsh i 1162 Spool -wood i 1 212 Spoon flower, Arrow- leaved f 879 Spoon hunt f 2757 Spoonhutch f 2750 Spoomcort f 1694 Spoon-wood 2 564 Spoon wood-ivy f 2756 Sprangles f 2396 Spring Beauty 2 3, I 1578 White-leaved t 1430 Spring-cowslip f 1545 -lily 1 1013 Springwort 2 377 Spruce 1 54-55 Black 1 55, f 121 Blue f 122 Cat f 1 21-2 Double t 122, 127 Hemlock f 124 />/«h 3 233 Stagger-bush 2 569 -grass 1 444 -weed f 1562, 1671 -wort 3 482 Slaghorn t 2348 Staghorn-moss I 96 Stammer-root 3 295 Stanleya 2 109 Starchwort f 870 Star -bloom f 2^4* -duckweed f 1476 -eyed grass f 1085 -flower 2 592, f 1019, 1477, 1935 Star-grass 1 380, 425, 1 446; 2 381; 3 227 Star-leaved Gum 2 193 Star-of-Bethlehem 1 423-4, f 2822, 3393 Star-of-Jerusalem 3 269 Star-quince 2 245 -root f 1023 Stare I 724. 821 Starlights 2 344 Starry Campion 8 Slarveacre f 1625 Starwort, Bog 2 21 Drooping 1 402 Greater 2 22 Lesser 23 Mealy i 1023 Mountain 2 34 Pine 3 393 Sandpaper 393 Water 2 382 Yellow 3 404 Starworts 354 Staverwort 482 Stedfast f 2304 Steep-grass 3 194 Steeple-bush 2 196 Stenanthium 1 403-4 Stenophyllus 258 Stenosiphon 2 499 Stenotus 3 329 Stepmother i 25 11 Stevia f 3629 Stick-a-back 3 220 Stick-button 484 Stickle-back 220 Stickseed 3 54-6. 438, f 1957 Stick-tight 3 438, f 3021, 3023 -weed 3 295, * 1957- 3924 Old Virginia f 3800 Stinging-bush i 2305 -nettle 1 531 Stipa 1 137-8 Stitchwort, Bog 2 21 Fleshy 24 Greater 22 Lesser 23 Long-leaved 22 Long-stalked 23 Marsh 21 Northern 24 Swamp f 1474 Water 2 24 Stonecrop, Biting 2 166 Crooked Yellow 167 Ditch 169 Mossy 166 Narrow-petaled 166 Nevius' 168 Stonecrop Reflexed 2 167 Three-leaved i 1818 Torrey's 2 166 Virginia 169 Wild 167 Stone-mint 3 116 -root 123 -rue *53 -seed. Salfern 3 63 - :. red f 1337 Storax Family 2 598 Storax 599 Stork's-bill 344 Stramonium 3 1 25, 139 Strangle-tare 2 328, f 3360-2 Strangle-weed 3 27 Straw-bell f 986 Strawberry 2 . 2136-7 American Wood 207 Barren 2 218, f 1922 Bog f 1937 Dry 2 2l8 European Wood 2 207 Hedge f I9IO Indian 2 208 f 1.375 Mock f I912 Mountain f I909 Northern Wild 2 206 Scarlet 206 Southern Dry 3 516 Virginia 206 Wild 216 Yellow 208 Strawberry Blite 1 576 •bush 2 394, f 1650. 2367 -spinach f 1375 Strawberry-Shrub Family 2 94 Strawberry-shrub 2 95: 3 19 -tassel i 2281 -tomato 3 126, 128, 131-2 -tree f 2367 Straw-lilies f 988 Stuartia 2 426-7 Stub-wort 2 345 Stud-flower f97t Styptic-weed f 2038 Succory, Gum 3 270 Dwarf Hog's or Swine's 265 Lamb 265 Wild 3 262 Succory Dock-cress 262 Suck-bottle 95 Suckles 2 276 Suckling, Yellow 275 Lamb 279 Sugar-berry 1 526, f 1985 Sugar Maple 2 398 -pear 2 238, f 1985 Sugar-plum f 1985, 2075 Sugar-tree 2 398 Sullivantia 2 177 Sumac Family 2 385 Sumac, Amer. f 2348 Black 2 386 Chinese 355 Climbing f 2353 Common f 2347 Dwarf 2 386 Fragrant 387 Hairy i 2348 Ill-scented 2 387 Mountain 2 386, f 1975 Pennsylvania f 2349 Poison 2 388 Scarlet 387 584 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vol. III. Sumac Sweet Sleek i 2349 -Beth' f 1466 Smooth 2 387 12347 Sweet-brier 2 232 Staghorn 2 386 -broom 3ii Steam p f 2352 -bush f 1162 Sweet-scented 2 387 -cane f883 Trailing f 2353 Sweet-cicely 2 530-^1 Upland 2 386 Hairy f 2680 Velvet f2348 Sweet-clover 2 273-4 Virginia f 2348 -fern I 489 White f 2349 -ferry f 1162 Summer Sweet Flag I 364 -lilac f 1790 False f 1077 -savory 3 107 Sweet-gale I 487 -Snozcflake f 1019 Canada f 1 162 Sundew Family • 2 160 Sweet-grass 3 2 27, f 883 Sundew : . 161-2 Sweet-gum 2 193 Sun-dial f 2057 -hairhoof 3 227 Sundrops 2 489-491 -hay * 1954 Sunflower 3 422, f 2824 Szceelheart f 1812 Brook 3 436 Sweethearts 3 220 Common 422 Szveet-jarvil f 26S0-81 False 3 412, 450 Szi eet-John f 1471 Few-leaved 424 Sweet-Leaf Family Garden 13900 2 597 Giant 3 425 Sweet-leaf 597 Hairy 426 -Mary f 31 31- 3144 Hairy Wood 423 -myrtle f883 Linear-leaved 422 -pea, Wild 2 292 Maximilian's 425 -pepper-bush 2 548-9 Narrow-leaved 422 -potato, Wild f 2945 Oblong-leaved 426 -rocket f 1790 Pale-leaf Wood 427 -root, -rush f883 Prairie 423 -scabious 3 388-9 Purple-disk 423 -scented Shrub 2 95 Red 420 -sedge 1883 Rough 426 -shrub f 1650-1 Saw-tooth 425 -slumber i 1665 Small Wood 424 -Susan f 1450 Smooth 424 -tree f 2375 Showy 428 -ivalnut f "54 Stiff 3 423 Sweet William Stiff-haired 428 2 20, f 1457, 2972 Swamp 422, 450 Barbadoes 3 22 Tall 3 425 Childing f 1468 Throatwort 427 Mock f 1450 Thin-leaved 427 Wild 3 33, 34, f 1466 Tick-seed Sweet-willow f 1 159 3 439-40, f 3937 Szteet Wilson f 1833 Wild 3 427. Swine-cress 2 113 f 3861, 3900, 3907 Szcine's-bane f 1368-9 Woodland 3 426 Sziine's-grass 1 1337 Woolly 428 Swinies 3 272 Sun-plant 2 6 Switch-grass f 270 -rose 439 Sword-flag f 1077 -weed 379 -grass i 290, 618 Supple-Jack 404 Sycamore 2 194, f 1254 Suterberry 1 2269 False f 1881 Swallow-wort Synandra 3 91 2 103; 3 5. 16 Syndaw f 1956 Orange f 2900 Syrian Tobacco f 3223 Silky f 2914 Syringa 2 185-6 Swamp-apple 2 558 Tacamahac 1 491 -berry f 1897 f9 Talinum 2 2 -brake Tallozu-bayberry f 1160 -cabbage f 881 -root f 1 144 -fern f 30 -shrub f 1160 -globefioiuer f [548 Tamarack 1 54 -hornbeam f 2721-2 Tangleberry 2 574 -redberry f 2799 Tangle-foot f 3434 -Robin f 880 -legs f 3434 -spruce 3 490 -tail f 1813 -wood 2 466 , f 3403 Tank 2 514 Swan-weed 3 3^7 Tansy 3 460-1 Sweat-root 12993 Goose 2 216 Sweat-weed f 2414 Lake Huron 3 461 Sweating-weed 2 425 Sneezewort or White reps f 96 5. 4077 3 454 Sweet Allison f I788 Wild 2 21 6; 3 295 .Sweet-bay 2 48 f I652 Tansy Mustard 145 -bean f 2041 Tansy Ragwort 3 482 -Benjamin f 4006 Tape-Grass Family -berry 1 3444 1 92 -Betsies f 1650 Tape- grass 93 Tar-weed Tare Tare-grass Tarrify Tassel -ftozcer, Red White Tassel-pondzceed --weed Taukiu Tea Family : Tea, Appalachian 2 391, f 2359 Canada Carolina Continental Labrador Marsh Mountain New Jersey Oswrego 3 102. i 3133 Paraguay {False) f 3442 Prairie South Sea Swamp Walpole Wild Teaberry 2 189, 572, f 2798 473! 3 321 2 328-9 f 522 f 1783 3 492 1 2112 f 2109 f 176 f 3593 f 882 2 426 12775 2 39i i 2742 2 557 557 572 407 f 2292 2 39i f 2741 12396 i 2103 Tea-plant Tear-thumb Teasel Family Teasel, Common Card, Draper's, Fuller's, Wild, Teil, Tile, f 2413 1 567 3 247 248 248 248 note Ten-o'clock f 1019 Tench-zceed f 142 Tentwort f 53 Tetragon otheca 3 414 Tetter-wort 2 103, f 1665 Thale-cress 2 146 Thalia 1 455 Thaspium 2 518 Thatch f 270 Creek 1 176, f 405 var. 1 Thelesperma 3 441 Thelypodium 2 no Thermopsis 264-5 Thick-stamen, American f 2345 Thimble-berry 2 201. f 1S90-1, 1898 -flower 3 88 Thimble-weed 2 63; 3 417- f 1576, 21 12 Thimbles 3 171, 253 Fair}- 171 Witches 3 491, f 3300 Thistle Family 3 298 Thistle 3 485 Argentine 3 490, 491 Asses' 491 Bank 3 4S5, 489 Bell, Bird, Button, 485 f 40S1 3 493 3 69. 485 f 4058 3 485, * 4067 3 4^9 I 2662 3 298, 485 -birch 2 581, f 1213 Tar-fitch, Yellow 2 332 Bitter Blessed Blue Boar Bull Buck Briery Bur Canada, Corn, '3 489 Card 24S Common, Bur, 485 Cotton, Down, 491 Creeping, Cursed, 489 Curled 490 Field, 485 Flowering f 166^ Fragrant 3 48S Fuller's 24S Thistle Hard 3 489 Hare's 272 Hedgehog 2 461 Hill's 3 488 Holy 3 490, f 4081 Horse 485, f 3537 Indian f 3481 Jamaica Yellow fi663 Milk 3 272, 490 Musk 3 489, f 4075 Nebraska 3 487 Oat 491 Our Lady's 493, f 4074 Pasture 3 488 Pitcher's 486 Plume 485 Plumeless 489 Prairie 3 487, f 4063 Pricky f 4071 Queen Ann's 3 489 Queen Mary's 495 Roadside 485 Russian 1 586, i 1396 St. Benedict's 3 493 Scotch, Silver, 491 Sow, Swine, 272 Spear, Tall, 485 Star 493 American 492 Swamp, Way, 489 Virgin Mary's 3 490 Virginia 486 Water 24S Wavy-leaved 486 Welted 490 Yellow 3 488, i 1663 -spined 3 487 Thorn 2 240, 250 (see Haw) 2 240-5 Black 2 250; 3 232, f 2002 Buck 2 250, 405-6 Christ's f 2006 Cock spur 2 240 Common i 2002 Downy f 2001 Egyptian f 2006 Evergreen 2 245 Fire 245 Dwarf 244 Glandular 243 Glastonbury i 1995 Hairy i 1999 Haw 2 241, f 1991, 1998 Hay, Hedge, 241 Heart-leaved f 1994 Large-fruited 2 241 Long-spined 243 Maize 3 493 May 2 241 Mouse f 4080 Narrow-leaved i 1992 Newcastle 2 240 Parsley-leaved 242 Pear 244 Pin f 1991 Red-fruited 2 243 Scarlet 242 Southern 242 Tree f 1996 Virginia f 1994 Washington 2 241 White 2 241, f 1993, 199S, 2002 Thorn-apple 3 139, 140, f 1 99 1, 1998, 2002 Thorn-bush f 1991 Red i 1998 Thorn-locust f 2041 -plum f 1991, f 1998, 2002 -poppy f 1663 Vol. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 585 309 3i4 308 310 3" 309 310 309 308 308 310 3 455 2 163 f 1027 f 1115 Thoroughwax , 2 529; 3 3" Thorough wort 2 529; 3 308-n Common, Hairy, 311 Hyssop-leaved Large-flowered Late-flowering Rough Round-leaved Small-flowered Tall Torrey's White YVhite-braeted Vervain Thousand-leaf Thread-foot -and-needle Three-birds Three-leaved Ivy 2 388 -nightshade 1 435 -seeded Mercury 2 365-6 Three-square 1 265 Thrift 2 595 American f 2827 ; European f 2828 ( Lavender 2 594 Throat- root f 1945 Throat-wort 3 171, 318 Through-grow f 3627 Thrum-wort f 188 Thunder-/?o:£rr f 1455. 1477. i659 -plant 2 168 Thyme 3 87, 115! Basil 3 109, f 3147 Creeping 3 115 Field f 3146 Horse 3 108 Mother of, 115; Mountain f 3155 Shepherd's 3 115 Virginia 112 Wild 115 Thyme-leaf 3 453 Tickle-zcced 1 984 Tickseed 2 313; 3 431-5 Cress-leaved 3 432 Garden 432 Greater 433 Hairy 434 Large-flowered 435 Larkspur 433 Lanee-leaved 434 Leafy-braeted 437 Lobed, Running, 435 Pink, Rose, 431 Star 434 Stiff 432 Tall 435 Thick-leaved 434 Whorled, Wood, 433 Tickseed Sunflower 3 439-4o Tick-trefoil 2 313-321 Canadian 2 320 Cream-flowered 315 Dillen's 319 Few-flowered 314 Hairy, Small-leaved 2 321 Hoary 317 Illinois 319 Large-bracted 317 Long-leaved 317 Naked-flowered 314 Panicled 318 Point-leaved 314 Prostrate 315 Rhomb-leaved 318 Rigid^ Showy. 320 Round-leaved f 2174 Sand 2 315 Tick-trefoil Sessile-leaved 2 316 Smooth 318 Smooth Small- leaved 320 Stiff 316 Trailing 2 316, f 2174 Velvet-leaved 2 319 Tick-weed 3'io6 Tiger's-mouth 147 Timothy 1 147 Wild f 322 Tine-grass 2 326 Tine-tare 328 -weed f 221 1 Tinker's-weed 3 234 Tipsin, Tipsinna i 2096 Tiresome-weed f 183 Tissivood f 1652, 2833 Tithymal 2 380 Titi ; Red, White f 2355 Toad-flax 1 536, 3 144-7 Blue 3 146 Broom-leaved 146 Ivy-leaved 144 Pale-blue 147 Round-leaved 145 Sharp-pointed 145 Wild 146 Yellow 146 Toad-grass f 926 -lily i 1531 •pipe, Tadpipe f 77-87 -root Toad's-mouth Toad spit Toad's-iail Tobacco Indian 3 260, f Ladies' Mountain Oregon Poison Real Syria n f 1554 3 147 f888 f 96 3 140-1 3225, 3848 3 399 472 244 f 3221 f 3225 f 3225 Wild 3 140, 260, i 3236 f334S f 1879 3 244 305 400 332 128 137 137 131 3 1 2 3 Woman's Tobacco-ziood -root -weed Tofieldia Tom Thumb Tomatillo Tomato Cherry Husk Strawberry 3 126, 128, 131-2 Tongue f 3752 Tongue-grass t 1475, 1687. 1689 Wild t 1688 Toothache-grass 1 177 -tree 2 353, 506 Tooth-cup i 2540 Toothroot 2 131 Toothwort 2 132, f 1752 Pu rple-flo zc cred f 1735 Toper's Plant 2 228 Topinambour 3 429 Torches 143 Tormentil, Trailing 2 216 Torrets f 724 Tory-weed f 3019 Touch-andheal f 2454 Touch-me-not 2 403-4, f 172s Wild f2388 Tow-cok 2 340 Tozver-cress f 17S1 Tower Mustard 2 150 Townsendia 3 350-1 Toyicort f 1752 Trachelospermum 3 4 Tragi a 2 367-8 Traveller's Joy 115S2 Treacle-mustard 2 151; 3 515 Treaclewort f 1692 Tread-softly 2 369 Treasure-of-love f 1813 Tree-beard f 904 Tree-fern f 8 Tree-of-heaven 2 355 Tree Primrose f 2579 Trefoil (see Clover) 2 272 Bean 622 Bird's-foot 280 Bitter i 2889 Black, Great, 2 272 Golden f 1578 Heart 2 273 Hop 275 Marsh 622 Melilot 272 Shrubby 354 Sour 345 Spanish ^ 272 Water 'i 2889 White i 2083 Wild 2 275 Yellow f 2072 Traveller' s-delight f 2227 Trick Madam f 1816 Trickle f 1736 Trifoly, Sea 2 592 Sour i 2250 Trilisa 3 31 9 Trillium, Red, Purple, i 1047 Trinity f 910 Herb- f 1578 Trinity Violet f25ii Trip Madam f 1816 Trip-toe i 3434 Trompillo f 3214 Trout-flower f 1012 -lily fioi2 True-love f 1047 Trumpet, Devil' si 3222 Trumpet-ash 3 199 Trumpet-Creeper Family 3 198 Trumpet Creeper 199 Trumpet-flower 3 198-9 Evening 2 605 Trumpet Honeysuckle 3 239 Scarlet f 3461 Trumpet-leaf 2 160 -milkweed 3 274 Trumpet-vine 3 199 -weed 274 Trumpets 2 160; 3 274 Yellozu f 1802 Tuberose, Wild f 11 23 Tuber-root f 2900 Tule f 623-4 Tulip-tree 2 49 Tulip Poplar f 1542 Tumble-weed 1 123, 588. f 1376, 1388, 2086 Tunhoof " 3 87 Tunica 2 17 Tupelo 547 Large 547 Szcamp f 2723 Water 2 547 Turkey-beard 1 401 -berry f 3454 -claw f 1 140 -corn i 1 670-1 -grass 3 220 -pea f 1670, 21 1 7, 2709 Turkey -pod f 1770 -troop f 1334 Turmeric, Indian f 1544 Turmeric-root 2 5i Turnip 119 Cree, Dakota, f 2096 Marsh f876 Prairie 2 284 Wild f876 Turnpike Geranium 1 574 Turnsole 2 379 , 3 5i. f 3018 Turpentine-weed 3 408 Tu rrels f 724 Turtle-bloom * 3244 Turtle-head 3 1 49-150 Tussocks f 362 Tway-blade 1 473 476-7 Tzci-foil f 1 1 29 Twin-berry 3 216 -flower 235 -grass i 367 -leaf 2 92 -sisters f 3450 Tzcv-eyed berries f 3404, 3450 Twisted stalk 1 432-3, f 1127 Tzco-hps f 1089 Tzuo-pen ny grass f 2815 Ulim f 2061 L'mbrella-leaf 2 91 -grass f 644-5 -leaves 3 470 Umbrella-tree 2 47-8, f 2720 Eraser's i 1537 Silver-leaf *i538 Umbrella-wort ] 595-6 Uncinia 285 Unicorn-Plant Family 3 200 Unicorn-plant 3 201, f 1023 False f 972 Unicorn-root 1 402, *97 2, 1023 Unicorn' s-horn *97 2. 1023 Universe-vine f 2776 Unlucky-tree fii4 Valerian Family 3 243 Valerian 3 244-5 f 1089 American f 1088, 1092-3 Cat's 3 245 Common f 3474 False 3 48o Garden or Great 245 Greek 3 4i Marsh * 3473 Wild 3 244-5 f 1089 Vandal-root 3 245 Vanilla, Carolina 319 Vanilla-grass 1 132 ; 3 502 Vanilla-leaf, -plant 3 319 Varnish-trce, False f 2272 Vegetable-Z/az'r f 904 -oyster 3 269 -satyr f 1 103 Velvet-leaf 2 422 -plant f 3229 ■ weed f 2430 Velvets f 2492, note Venus' Bath 3 248 -comb 2 53t -hair 1 27 -cup 3 248 536 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vol. HI- Venus' -looking-glass 3 256 -pride 212, <3397, 3401 Verbena 3 70-72 Vervain Family 3 69 Vervain 3 70-72 American f 3059 Base 3 168 False f 3059 Mallow f 2419 Prostrate f 3062 Vetch, American 2 326 Blue 326 Bush 329 Carolina .1-/ Choke 3 195 Common 2 328 Cow 326 Hairy 328 Milk 2 297-307 Narrow-leaved, American 2 326 Louisiana 327 Pale f 2207 Pebble 2 328 Purple f 2205 Sensitive Joint- 2 312 Slender 328 Smaller Common 329 Small-flowered 327 Spring f 22 r 2 Tufted 2 326 // lid f 2085 Vetchling, Cream- colored 2 332 Marsh 330 Pale f 2221 Prairie 2 331 Showy 331 Yellow 332 Viburnum 3 231-3 Sweet 232 Xaked f 3443 Vincetoxicum 3 17-19 Vine, Wild 2 408 Pepper 412 Vinegar Tree 2 386-7 Violet Family 2 445 Violet 2 446-56 Adder's f 11 32 Arrow-leaved 2 448 Beaked f 2510 Bird's- foot 2 449 Blue 446-8 Bog 3 194 Calathian i 2875 Canada 2 453 Canker f 2510 C/i icken-fghters f 24S4 Coast 2 446 Crowfoot t 2492 Dame's 2 154 Dog, American 454 Doar's-tooth 1 420 White t 1 01 3 Yellow f 1012 Downy Yellow f 2503-4 Early Blue 2 446, f 2490, f 2507 English 2 449 Field f 2512 Garden i 251 1 Great-spurred f 2496 Green 2 456 //a//)/ f 2488 Hairy Yellow 2 452 Halberd-leaved, Yel- low 2 452 Hand -leaf t 24^4 Hois f 2505 Hood-leaf f 2484 Hooded Blue 2 447 Violet li'anderiwrfenii v Water Horse, horse-shoe. f28i5 ->iavclwort f 2492 Wandering Jew 3 144 -Di ilk weed 12K95 f 2616, 2703 Johnny-jump-up -nerve root f 2905 2 455, f 2484, 2492 -sailor i 2815 Water-Nut Family Kidney-leaved 2 451 Wankapin 2 45, f 1527 2 500 Lance-leaved 451 Warlock f 1 70 1, 1707 Water- nut f 1534 Larkspur f 2486 Warmot 3 464 Swimming 2 500 Long-spurred 2 455 Wart-cress 2 11 1, 113 Water-nymph 2 44 March 449 -grass 379 -oats 1 128 Marsh 2 450; 3 [94 -weed 2 379, f 2333 Water-Parsnip 2 532 Marsh Blue 3 520 -wort 3 402, Carson's 532 Meadow Blue 2 447 f 1691, 2332 Creeping f 2701 Nodding 456 JValches, Dumb 1 1801-2 Cut-leaved 2 538 Nuttall's 452 Water-agrimony 3 437 Hemlock 532 Ovate-leaved 448 -archer i 193 Lesser 538 Pale 453 -arum 1 363 Narrow-leaved 538 Pansy 455 -awlwort 2 no Water-pennywort Prairie 2 447 -bean 45 2 539-41 Yellow i 2501 -beech 1 506, f 1881 -pepper 1 560 Primrose -leaved -blinks 2 4 -pimpernel 2 587 2 451 -blob 51 Water Plantain Prostrate Blue 454 -cabbage 44 Family i 84 /Rattlesnake's -calaviint f 3182 Water- plan tain f 1012, 2491 -caltrop 2 500 1 85; 3 208 Round-leaved 2 449 -can f 1529 -Poplar 1 1172 Sand 454, f 2490, 2492 -carpet 2 181 -purslane 2 470, 476 Selkirk's 2 450 -celery f 208, 1612 -rush f 919 Smoothish Yellow 453 -chestnut 2 500 -seg, -skegs f 1077 Southern Wood -chickweed 2 4, i 1472 -shamrock f 2889 2 447 -chinkapin 2 45 -shield 2 41-2 Snake i 2492 Water-cress 2 126, 1 1703 -spike (any Potamoge- Spear-leaved f 2502 American 2 131 ton) f 142-175 Spade-leap f 2490 Crane f 3403 -speedwell 3 167 Stepmother f 251 1 Creeping Yellow Water Starwort Striped 2 453 2 124 Family 2 381 Star f 3395, 3401 Lake 127 Water-starwort 2 381-2 Sweet 2 449 Marsh, Yellow, 125 -target 42 American Mountain f 1732, 1734 -thyme 1 93 f 2497, 2505 Round-leaved 2 131 -torch i 136 Sweet White 2 450 True i 1721 -trefoil f 2889 Triangle-leaved 3 520 Water-crowfoot -tupelo 2 547 Trinity f 251 1 White 2 84 -violet 586 Velvets f 2492. note Yellow 73 -weed 1 93 Water 2 586, f 2500 Water-cup 2 539, f 1802 -willow 3 204 Wood t 2492 -dock i 882 Waterwort Family Whorl-leaf f 2514 -dragon 2 51, f 880 2 437 Woolly Blue 448 -dropwort 2 513, f 2639 Waterwort 2 437-8 Yard 3 519 -elm 1 526 Water-yarrow 586 Yellow 2 452-3 -eryngo f 2660 Wax berry Yiper's-bugloss 3 69 -feather 2 586 1 488, f 1 160, 3451 -herb, -grass, 69 -fennel 382 XVa.x-bush f 2550 Virginia-creeper 2 4 13 -fern i 8 -dolls f 1680 -silk f 2914 Water-fag 1 1069 Wax Myrtle 1 488 Virgin's Bower Yellow i 1077 Wax-pinks 1 1437 2 67-8, f 2120 Water-gladiole 3 257 -plant f 1450 Purple 2 71 -goggles i 1545 Wax-weed 2 473 Wafer Ash 354 -gowan i 1545 Wax-work 396 Wahoo 1 525- 2 394, -grass i 1721. 2703 Roxbury 12370 2 414, f I25I-2 -gum f 2722 Way-bread 3 206 Wait-a-bit f 1054 -hemlock 2 536 Wayfaring Tree . 229 Wake-robin -hemp 1 591 11 'ay -grass f 1337 1 436-8, f 876 -hickory 485 Waythorn 2 405 Dwarf White f 1045 -hoarhound 3 1 17-18 Weathercock f 2388 Green 3 511 -jessamine f 3275 Weather-glass 2 593 Virginia f 878 Water Leaf Family Welcome-to-o u r- House Purple i 1047 3 43 f 2337 Showy i 1045 Water-leaf 43-44, f 1409 Weld 2 158 Walking-fern 1 21 -lentils i 888 Well -grass iij2\ -tea/ f 45 Water Lily Family Western Dropwort Wall-cress 2 146 2 41 i 1888 see Rock-cress Water-lily f 880 Wheat-grass Wall -flower, Western Great 2 45 1 227-8; 3 507-8 2 152, f 2895 Little f 1526 Whin 2 270 Wallink f 3288 Sweet-scented 2 44 Cat 232 Wall -moss f 1813 Tuberous 44 Dyer's 271 Wall -pep per 2 16b White 2 44-5 Whit>-grass f 663 -rue 1 25 Water-lilv Tree f 1537 Whippoorzoill f 1089 -rocket 2 120 Water Marigold 3 440 -boots f 1801 Walnut Family i 483 Water-Milfoil -5//0I? f 1089-90, 1 801 Walnut 1 483-5, f 1 1 54 Family 2 500 Whip-tongue 3 219 Lemon i 1 1 s< > Water-milfoil Whistle-wood 2 399, 414 Satin f 1880 2 503-5. f l626 White-Alder Family Sweet f 1 1 54 Hooded 3 191 2 548 Walpole-tea f 2396 ■ Water-melon 3 250 Wbite-alder 2 548, f 2771 Vol. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 587 White Allison f 1775 Willow- Willow Herb Wistaria -apple f 2227 Bog 1 505, f 1 187 Downy 2 483 Woody t 2i 20 -Arrow-arum 1 362 Brittle 1 496 French f 2566 Witch-alder f 1878 White-ash Herb f 2702 Broad-leaved 503 Golden f 281 1 -gowau 3 271 White- dark f 1164 Bush f 1185 Great 2 481 •hobble, -hopple, -bay 2 4S, f 1652 Cane Withy Great Hairy 482 f 3434-5 -beads f 1555 f 1 1 78 var. 2 Hooded 3 83 Witch-hazel Family -Ben f 1443 Common European Hornemahn's 2 485 2 192 -Benjamin f 1048 fn78 Linear-leaved 483 Witch Hazel 193 -bush f 2724. 2771 -Osier i 1 194 Marsh 483 -wood 2 395, f 1975 -cankerweed 3 289 Crack 1 496 Milk f 2546, 2549 Witches'-bells -cap f 1884 Crane i 3403 Night 2 486 3 253, 491 -coolwort f 1842 Dark Long -leaf Northern 484 -milk f 2613 -daisy 3 457 f 1 189 Panicled 484 -money-bags t 181 1 -Demi f 3800 Desert 1 500 Purple f2549 -pouches f 1752 -fringe i 2845 Diamond f 1200 Purple-leaved 2 484 -thimbles 3 491, f 3300 -gum f 1880 Drooping f 1179 Purple-veined f 2575 Withe-rod 3 232, f 3439 -hellebore, Am. 1 408 Duck fii78 Pimpernel 2 482 Naked f 3443 "White-heart Hickory Dwarf 1 505 Soft 483 Withe-wood f 3439, 3943 1 486 Dwarf Gray 499 vSpiked 2 473, 481 With-wind f 2954 White Man*s-foot 3 207 Flowering i 2566 Swamp 2 471, 483 Withy Twig f 1194 -weed 3 457 French f 2566 Yellow f28n Wood, Wild f 1798 White-osier f 2766 Furry 1 504 Willow-Oak 11238 Woad -waxen 2 271 -robin f 1455 Garb f 1 179 Willow-weed f 1319, Wobsqua-gtass i 270 -root f 2900 Glaucous 1 499 f 1324, 1327, 2549 Wode-whistle 2 532 -rosin-tree f 112 Glossy 495 Willow-wort 2 5S7 Wolfberry 3 236 -sage 1 581 Golden Osier 496 Wind 3 26 Wolffiella 3 509 ■soapzcorl f 1456 Ground 1 502, f 13 19 Wind-berry 2 5S0 Wolf-foot 116 -thorn 2 241 Hairy I 498 Wind-flower 2 64 Wolf's-bane f 1550, 1567 -walnut 1 484-5 Heart-leaved 503 f 1580, 1583, 1752 Trailing 2 61 -weed 3 457 Herb-like f 1206 Red 2 63 Wolf's-claws fg5 -wood 2 49, 414 Hoary 1 501 Wind-root 3 5 Wolf's-milk 2 379 Whites f 384 Huntingdon 496 -rose 2 100 Wood Betony Whitlow-grass 2 140-4 Livid f 1 184 Windles 3 207 3 99, 116, 186 Alpine 144 Long-leaf i 1181 Windlestraw Woodbind 3 25 Arctic 141-2 Low-bush f 1 1 85 1 167, f 387 Woodbine 2 413, Branching 2 142 Missouri 1 503 Wine-berry f 1582, 2951, 3461 Carolina 141 Mock f 1883 2 580, f 1870. 1875 American 3 237-8 Golden 143 Myrtle f 1 204 -tree f 1975 Carolina Wild 2 605 Hoary 142 Narrow-leaved f 1181 Wing-seed 2 354 Fragrant 3 237 Short-fruited 143 Net-veined 1 497 -stem i 3924 Rough 238 Twisted 142 Northern 501 Wink-a-peep f 2824 Small f 3458 Vernal 140 Osier 1 496, 501, f 1181 Winterberry Wood-broom 3 248 Wedge-leaved 141 Peach-leaved 1 495 2 391-3, f 2356-63 -cress, Yellow t 171 7 Wood 143 Persian i 2566 Winter-bloom f 1879 -flower i 1576 Whitlow-wort 2 38-9 Prairie Winter-cherry -lily 2 552, f 1041 Whitten-tree 3 229 1 498, f 1 185, 1 191 3 132, f 2387 -nep 2 538 Whorlywort f 3299 Primrose 2 480 -clover 3 216 -rip, -rowel, 3 227 Whortleberry Purple 1 497 -cress 2 122 Woodruff, Sweet 3 227 Bog 2 576 Pussy 1 499, f 1 173 -fat f 1386 Wood-rush 1 396-8 Blue f 2779 Red f 11S1, 2714 Winter Grass f 748 Wood Sorrel Family Giant f 2788 Red- wood f 1177 WlNTERGREEN 2 344 Red 2 580 Ring 1 496 Family 2 549 Wood -sorrel 2 345-7 Squaw f 2796 River-bank 497 Wintergreen Pu rple f 225 1 Wiekakee f 33*8 Roman 2 600 2 55o-3> f 2736 Wood-sour 2 345, [f 1640 Wick, 11 'ic kens Rose 1 497, f 2714 Bitter f 2736 Wood-wax f 2062 f 524. 1995 Robert Brown's 1 502 Bog 2 551 Woodsia, see Fern 1 10 Wicke i 2770 Sage 1499, f 1193,2549 Chickweed 592 Woollen 3 143 Wick uh Sandbar 1 497 Creeping 572 Woolly Pipe-vine 1 541 f 2411,2535. 2571 Scythe-leaved False 2 550 World' s-wonder f 1466 Indian f 2566 f 1 1 73 var. Flowering 2 361 Worm -grass 2 605 Wicky 2 563 Shining 1 495 Greenish-flowered 550 Worm-seed 1 575, 2 15c Wicopy f 2535, 2566 Shrub fu8i Larger 550 Wormweed f 1796 Herb f 2566 Silky 1 499 Lesser 552 Wormwood 3 462-6 Widow's Cross 2 167 Silver 1 500, f 1 187 Liver-leaf 551 Annual 3 465 Wilding-tree f 1982 Slender 1 500 One-flowered 553 Beach 465 U'ilgers f 1 194 Snap f 1 177 One-sided 552 Biennial 465 Willow Family i 490 Stag's head f 1177 Pear-leaved 550 Canada 462 Willow 494 Swamp f 1 1 73, 1 1 87 Round-leaved 550 Common 464 Almond-leaf f 11 75 Sweet f 1 159 Serrated 552 Hungarian 466 Arctic 1 502 Tea-leaved 1 502 Sharp-petaled 551 Linear-leaved 463 Ausier f 11 94 Twig Withy f 1 194 Shin-leaf 2 550, f 2727 Northern 462 Balsam 1 504 Varnished f 11 77 Spicy f 2775 Roman 295, 466, f 1673 Barclay's 504 Virginia 2 187 Spotted 2 553 Sea 3 462 Basket f 1 194 Ward's 1 495 Spring 572 Silky 463 Bay f 2566 Water 3 204 Winter-pink f 2774 Silvery 463 Beaked f 1184 Weeping 1 496 -plum f 2831 Tall 462 Bearberry 1 505 Whipcord 497 -rocket i 1709 Wild 462 Bebb's 498 White 1 496, f 1 181 -sweet i 3153 Wormwood-sage 463-4 Bitter 497 Wrinkle-leaf 11182 -weed 3 170, f 1475 Woundwort 3 97-8, 337 Black 1 494, 1 1 175 Yellow f 1178 var. 2. Wire-grass f 929, 1337 Downy 521 Scythe-leaf Willow Herb 2 482-6 Wire-ling 2 383 Soldiers 455 fii73var. Alpine 482 -weed f 1337, 3800 Wulfenia 166 Bloom tug 1 2566 Bay f 2566 Wistaria, Amer. 2 294 11 'ren 's Flower f 2240 Blue i 496 Broad-leaved 2 481 Long-clustered 3 517 Wymote 2 415 588 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vol. III. Yam Family i 446 Yam-root, Wild 447 Yari f 151 3 Yarrow 3 455 Water 2 586 Yaupon 2 391, f 2357 Yaw-root f 2306 Yellow-bark f 1232 -bells i 1 01 2 ■bird's Nest f 2740 ■ eye f 1544 Yellow-Eyed Grass Family i 368 Yellow-e3Ted Grass 1 369 Ycllozc-flower -gum-tree Yellow Root Shrub Yellow-seed -skcgs -star -starwort -top •tops (any rod) 70 251 f 1703 f 2721 f 1551 2 55 hi f 1077 3 45o 404 3 34i Golden- 3 331-49 Yellow-weed (any Golden-rod) 2 158; 3 344- f 1615, 1798, 3708 Yellow-wood 2 55, f 1259, 2270, 2354, 2832 American 2 264 Kentucky 264 Prickly f 2270 West Indian f 2270 Yellow-wort, Parsley- leaved f 1553 Yellows 1 1092 Yew Family 1 61 Yew, American 61 Dwarf f 135 Yorkshire -fog I384 -sanicle 3 194 Youth-wort 2 161 Zannichellia 1 80 Zeus'-wheat 2 596 Zinnia, Prairie 3 412 Zizaniopsis 1 128 Zizia, Bebb's 2 534 Zornia 3'3 Zygadenus 1 404-6 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO ENGLISH INDEX. p. 556. After Agrimony, Water, read Ague-bark, -grass, -root, -tree. Androsace, read 2 586. Arrow-head, read 1 88-90. p. 557. Ash, Ox, read 2 595. Aster, Beeweed, read f 3752-3; after Frostweed, insert Golden 3 323. For Aunt Jericho, read A nntjerichos. After Bachelor's Buttons, insert f 1456, 4077. p. 558. For Bear-grass, read Bear-grass 1 427, f 284, 1027, 2474. Beards-moss, read Bear's- grass. After Bellwort insert Belly-ache Weed f 3676. Beaver tree, read 2 48. For Belino, read Belene. Bennet Pimpernel, read 2 526. Birch, Alpine, read f 1218. B\a.ck-sanicle, read f 2664. Black Snakeroot, read 2 523. Bladder-campion, read 2 9. p. 559. Blue-caps, read 3 249, f 4076. Boneset, Tall, read 3 307. After Brome, for Rye, read Smooth Rye. Broom-grass, read f 216, 219. Under Buckeye, Sweet, insert Western 2 401. Buckthorn, Alder, read 2 406, f 2394. Bur, Canadian, read i 3600. 560. Butter-flowers, Great, read f 1545. But- ternut, carry f 3539 to Butterweed. Caltrop, Water, read 2 500. Camomile, Yellow, read 3 456. For Cane-brake, read Cane-brake i 542. Cassena, read 2 391. Catalpa, Hardy, read f 3368. Cat's-clover, read 2 2S0. Cat's-tail, read Cat's-tail, 2 501; for Blue, read Blue Cat's-tail. Under Cheeses, for Dog, read Doll. 562. After Copalm, insert Copper-leaf i 2726. After Crashes insert Crawberry f 2343, 2799. , 568. Grass, Rot, read 3 194, f 384. 569. Grass, Whorl, read 1 194. Groundsel, for Cross-leaved, read Cress-leaved 3 481. 574. Morocco, Red, read f 1639. LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO ettry Britton, Nathaniel Lord An illustrated flora of the Northern United States PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY W?m& ■%&, sHffr